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^' J^ .^ jiJl'oi^i .iA jir ^' ^j ijj^i juj, Jl bj_,t ^
• ^. JJi'»^J>r -4^ J "L^jj Uyji ^J- JUi J Natural Milieu L>^\
JUdl UiJl J^U C;0 tjj>. Tj:^U' I^^l ^1 ^_ ^ ^1^1 J^
^^^ f;,A-Huzayym changes in climate, vegetation and human
adjustment m the Sahara-Arabian belt with a special refe-
""IrfS i'^^T' ^u Man's role in changing the face of the
earth, Edit, by Thomas, Chicago, 1956, P. 306.
'^.kA JL*^J <^jl^x^l Jiyi J^:, -^U\ i^^l Ji :uUiVUj
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<iy ^pl -1^1 S^LJ-1 U^Ij Hamroada S.LJ-I ^i ^_^1| \_^
J. 4^1j ^_^1 ^u o^y .1^1 s.LO-i ^i,^ ^j^ j^^ _ ^
ji^. ^i^i juji ; ^,, J^^, ^. ^ui, l,^ J^. .,^^1
^i>- jl^b. ^j ^^1 ^i^ ; s^^^.^. ^^^1 ^j.^ ^1 ^^
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iJi^^ll jUSsJl isljfli 4 i",-^' r-^i ytlii' ,yi*J ^ Uiul *j-^' (<% -^
ji-ij il!'^ .SJjLJI 7-\y ji\ fllif-1 til ji-*' U^hossil Sand diine9_^>»>«J,l
AjljiAl \y^^ ^*J^ Lp' CjLs,iki>dl ,_/a«J «■' /~^l ti '^"Ji (J*^^J
. (\) l^j^ (J*^ O-lPu- j_pl T-^JI S_yi_j Aw*-!'
(1) Mc Burney, C.B.M., The Stone age ot Northern Africa, A
PeUcan book, 1960, P. 67.
<a^l .a.a.j; ^l i.Ulol^lliJl^a^| Ji (^) .-^l^r J E.F.Gautier
^^ J S^,^ Ot^ C^^; ^aa_,i, ^^__^ , I ^. ^,| _^|
Biological Indications A^^^JU.Vl - 1
Physiographical Indications V'^JiJ^l^jyi - .^
Archaeological Indications '^Jj^j^\ ^Jj^^l _ >.
KF. Ga_utier. Le Sahara, coIlection^Pa^rpii^f ig^e ^ ' ^
2 - Huzayyin, op-cit, P. 307. ''"s, lyab.
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Ibid, p. 72. _ 1
(f)
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Castany, G., Quaternaria, Romeri954, vol. 11.
I
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1 — I Bid, P. 73.
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1 — I Bid, P. 74.
2-1 Bid, P. 75.
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U^ Vj c^lj Ioa ijjj\t jj Mj . Neolithic ^_4J-1 (^^>,i-l
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I— Alimen, H., The prehistory of Africa, London, I967
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Ot Jp Wij ^^j^J.b- Vt /ij ^^YV ^U- (^ (t)Geog. Journal ^
jl,lll ^y ^i t>. Jil ^gi J^i J*>U CJ\r o>5l ^^ *iy»w^
.^^b ^^ l^JlA -ki«J ^1 jUa^N! CJ^' '4 ^ '■^ 'AJf^ ^J
1 — Mc Burney, Op. cit., P. 77.
2 -- Ball, J., Problems of the Libyan Desert, Geog. Joiitn., Jan.
1927, PP.23 3^
in
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A^jj^saijSjiiiJi Ajji^uji ^^Ni oipt^i o^^ip Oi^ (j v^'
I — Caton Thompson, The Levalloisian industries of Egypt, Proc.
Prehistory Soc, Vol. 12. 1946.
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F. E., The Pleistocene period, London, 1959, P 282.
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J)^^;>1 i_,L»l^l jl River Terraces *-lj^\ lIjI^-jOII Ji.fi-^ -^ J '
i_jL^)Ml (_$jlw« -ulp jik; U jl ^>»^!! {Sjr-^ iJst)t>-lj ^^^yj Jl-»-i J.
|L<2.J Jji'l AiL>^ /"^ i-^' j'^t'^ "-^ *^ UAiixi,* __i>iJI iS y-'-^ '^fi^. ^*~p^*
Ji'yi .ji-l Jp ♦HI ^yJaui ^>,.JI tijX^ fU'jl ^y.J IJliil iJU-l J Ut
Ibid, P. 45. ( o
oA
ii,>Ji j,>ji ^J,^ ^_^^,| ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ .| ^^^
^.^1 i.>JI i^.i^ ^ i,^. ^t ^ ^^ ^L-,VI l^ d.a^
o^j^)0) git. t.lkl.'^, jj_, ^^ u ^, ^1, j,i, '^^ ^^ ^
oU.aii .0. ^ .1^1 ^^ ^y^ ^,1 ., _^. .^^1 ^1^ .^ ^-^
Vbi ^o^l.^fb 6UV1 ^ ^ c,^. oi^ . .1^,^ ^, ^ ^,^,
^^ -.;^ >- J->ab .jau ^U,! , ^.1^1 j^ -,[ X., ^
'U^a**
V>. i-^-jj l^^lj^^ l**C^I ^fJJI^V Jp oUjOll^
1 - Ball, J, Contributions to. the Geography of Sj^tTc^
1939. , '
el
iJliil
ifAiJl <u^^4-l ;jLi>J «y-»L»' oLr^j-u — J.
Ji J^J ^Ml J^l y-C^J-A::!^ jH^ ^^^ ^ ' >^* <i7 ^^'
*;•
Jj*J jloxc, JU.|. .Iv^ ut .... ,^1, ,., ^
•■jULI Jj^I ;^|_,aJ ;_j'l i^vi •. ^ -i ,~^^ T ~~ ' ~~
• -^,' -"^ J- -.^1 .b'vi ji^- los:., . ^_^ .^ut
... , . ^^-^ V-ij^i o-JJ^ ^Ulj ^LJi-l olj^ U ^^1 . , r
LJ- . JJ J'j ijy ^jL. _^j| 4J_^
^^
J__p AJy.1 oVToJirj L»:^J Vc^ '^"^^ J*' j^ ^* ^^"^ .(,5 j^ ^i
ns^j oVTlyU ^^ £jwU J Jbr-j aij . C->Jlj Si>dl J.!jP ik-ljj
, 4-*4J rv»«il j'^^J' til J^' ^
S.A.Huzayym, Hcccnt Phyriogrophic Stage In The Lower NUe Valley,
In Proceeding! of Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, Oxfo««d.
1947. p. 76.
1 — Alimen, op. cit., P. .79
P^STi
^^*^' t^ Oil -
4^'ljL4>- ,^^-
JUL! 0.t - ,;^ '=' 'J"^ r ^^ ^ (^ ^.Oill ^^^1 ,y
^ui 0^, ,.it| . J „ ' .. r , -^ ^' ^^ -V. ^1 d
^ aA; -.1 ■ J . "• f^ ■ -> • .^ cr-* v'jc^j Vl^ SU -U)
1/ ■•——
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^1 eJW >-; ,1 •>ilj ' ^^^' J"-^ '>' ''■^- '^■^' ^ '^-' ^'
til^l ^5U ^ d ^j ' >» i*^ -^ ^ 'j'^ c-»' ^^ ^'
;;. i.^ -^y .i.. . j>- -^ ^ ^>"^ •^^' -- r'^' "f
j^ J iDi. v^^ 0^ -^ ^'^ ^-^^^ ^^ ^ •'^- ^■^' ""^^l
jiw ^1 c5^> ;^> a- ^^ ''^^ y^ ^^^ ^ "^-^ ^- ' ^"^
u-jit^M* ^ 0>:-.l Pluvial Periods lj^j\j^\ M^_ '*^Ji '^^ ^^ -^i
1 1
M
Inter Pluvial Period J j"Vl 4jvy,l_;iPSjLill-^ljoJL«> C>[ii~\ iji ^y^j
oir ifJUij Ujjl- ^_, juNi i^vv.* jj"^t s^i ^ Sj^iii cjir
J ir Jill U-JI oUi53l cij^; -Aii . *1 j>»v»JI 7«k- J-^" ^y \^\ Jj
V^^ C.->^ ->-X^ oir>l *iA ^ ^ aij . ^yj yiji.1 ol^^.
(J Jij'l The Second Pluvial Phase OU jJ»« jji *U- liJlli JU; j
jtri c^Of^ i^'t jj^ ^/i\ i;ji\ ^ _^\ ijiiji 5^1 s^i cjir oij
o^U. Vt-£^t ijlill cyj^ Jj'^l SjUll ^ ob'lj^l o^l^ Sj^i!! ,1a
jut>\ \£jj . ULJ, Jl Uijl Jo-j ^ U^ c~Jj ^^1 J,^ ^
'Vai*. oir ^liii >ii jjjii ^ sji>i A>.ji j^._^ ot jp '%jj li*
,j,^i^.6ir (^ill ^__^| c^-^l Ji, ^^ mi. ij^ ;|^^J _j| ,^
B ■ fJ^i Huzayyin, changes in climate, vegetation, op. cit.,
P. SIS.
Ruhlman, A., Prehistoric Morocco, in Proceedings of the
Pan-African Congress on prehistory, Oxford, 1947, P. 14.
(0)
^9
. *\j>^\ Ji iJU^I oL-Ulj oUi_^1 ,_j^o s_^>^ Jp a<>U t^JUl ^"Vl
j-.-ip' 4jI^" ^' ifJJSj iJl} JjU>- 5j^ olill S__;Jall ljji\ ^L5pi J »U-j
illijWet Phase U^j S^ij l^" jj lJsULI iJU- jt ^ c Oi-'j^^l
oa>-j (^>i!l ^yi>Nl J^l 0^ Jj"^ ^j Uyjl JLJi J 3ij^_^l
Jl jJ^ L;U aJ;.! Jp I^j Cj^\ JJfj ( ^ ) j:S'\y, J iyj^ *bUj
. D^l -uip j^JUl ^J\ ^\,[ iJuyi
'-7'l>»l (ii Aili c5it Oij . V-'jlaJ ^ liJUi Jjo iC i^l hij^\ «-Jlj>- Jpj
Mc Bumey, Op. cit., P. jy
■"IT
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I
> Vi^i juj. J >^ cis:.^ ^xui^ ji^x.'yi ijui ^.>' ut
5^- r . . . soi dUi o^ c.^^\j .^ . J ;^,ui ^Vl .Jw^. J
^1 iJlu l^i. jILI 5JJU !ii l-v u,>l JUi^ ^1 ^1 ^sil >.^ ^ I, ( ^ )' '
oL-U^ :^| .i. ^ JJ1 ^ jL^i ^■^_ Makalin Wet Phase' o.UI oLlTL ;^
Chmate Optimum Phase ^Ul^l:>^ L^_,, ^ ^. ;^j,_^ ^^ _ ^^ _,
„ XT ■ . • ^Jj' V> JUS J
3— Huzayym, op. cit., p. 316.
jiiS)il^4^<
i^^l j_^-ajJl jjlj iijij Jlr"
Vl>L| AiJl j>- 0^ J>i:. (^jUJ-lj JL-Nl OUVI j>- ^j ^i
U^^_ *I^>^1 j_^j , JJI j^jIj ^__jS:;j c ol^lj)r^_^ olsjj
j\^^\ ^>^laic-i L4IJ ^ 6ir sajjip 01^ ^^\ <it IT t 4Ji
J. ^>]l loA I4J iU Jll s^i!! i,^- oir j^* J. J A;NTjW^tr jU^-^lj
\_j> AxiUJj A7jU^ J ^-^^ ^i a^ jt_, J ^^jO-I <^^1 ^1
Jol f ^yj SJja>. oljo^ iijUl ^-1^ Ji iju^_ jt iJsOfcj . i^j^\
^ :ai> S^ J^U iAIij ^,^UI ^ ^^ Jl ^^jUi JJ U _^^ ^
. ( A ) Jr^jil
j^\ A J »U»1 iJ%' Jl 4.*-*.^; j;^^ Vdj*i J^->-^ci tl)tJ^U
Middle Paleaolithi Ja^jl/ljt Lower paleaolithic J-i-- jl X'-Aill (_^^;>e»JI
Aij_ji!>4l»-^ lH^"^' S*!"*-^' fSy^^ /■^^-i • Upper Paleaolithic (IpVIj
^ U!)^ jL,j^/l j^' ii^ i • « .« « • j^ '-r'^ ^ cJjc^l iyji\ ^
iilij (Y) Homo Faber )Jl^lOLJ'Vliiv''---*-;^j'*^t-JNl aJU*^ J*5sj ui
ujj^ijtl uJb oujNi das' tJi-^ ^J>^i>- cjI^j o^j<=' j^!i!»^^ ijo Ajjiii*
ij>-Lil i_jj_^l 4_j*J JU-JJj ^_>>7l Jlj>- j/l *j*vj (j^ ii^,i»vaJI i^lj^'j
»jJw9 :ilJU;l J jjivjtj jjj:>l*^l OIpUj^ cJlS'j t c5>**?"j t^J^' ^J**,
OUNI -CiJ^Jj aICa J^ V-U J> AJSj V Ji-'Vl (TJuiSi t^>>J-l y^l
. ( f )^jiJiv» *^ (*•>«>■ Oir iT LUi 8i^l ^;y. *JtJl ^--jy els' i\ j^U-i
CMldc, G., Social evplution, London, 1961 — CMlde, G., What
happened in history, Middlesex, 1943.
OLI jJlll OV'I ■^J . Lj.^^ JJJJ l+.J«- i.U^ ijuaij iJLL- *Si ^Ulp i'ikJ j^ illj^'j
'cfJ
v«
I
Olj:.Vi ^>0 ApU^ Al,lidlj ^.UJaJI ^^ ^1 i^ ^^^-1 ^-^
SjU^i ^^ ^ut 5J:iW Ji iju^i j^i^i ".^ ^ W^" 0^.
. ^J>iNI J UJI 5jU:l-l J pebble Culture a;j^I
oOa ^v» ^_ OUVl olTj . 4:x^ sikiL. oUl^ c^\l ;i>Ja-.. ^'"jS^
o*. i^^j^l ol^b^l Oj>' aij , ( ^ ) "V ^t _^yi j3^_ ^1 j^j
w( ■ '>H'-' 'J*^ '^H^ J-^" J" Atlanthropus Mauritanicans -«_
14 ^ J .UJI Jil ^ ^^L i^liil VUVI ob^il ^ ^^1 ;,^ ^^^ ^-^
•iJli ^1 o-^j o^l x>-^ ^>I ai> oUI^ :^L^ oa>.^j , ^^1 ^ ^.^
Grottes Des Littorines ^.,^=J^ <j U » . ^U J .j^l J^ .Uj ^ ^-U." Jl
. jisgu oUl J. JjI .iL-l ^ Ol ^ palilcao ^ISJI 3*^ J( UJ ^_ ^jyj
iLJ J. v^i^ FossilSand dunes i^,^ u., OLiT^ ^^ ^.Jj ^^^1 Ll
,^V. ^l^b oUI yi ^. Jil ^^_i| ^ jj ^_ ^(^^1 ^^1 . j JI ^^^J
S-L-. cJ^. U,^! JU j W^ > ^1 c.1,^1 ^ ,Li ^>1 .,L,, . ^j\ ^
^^^\ .4, y^j - ^^ o-^ij^j^-i OUL w jx.^1 ^_^| ^^1 ^^1 j^^
oole, S., Races of Man, London, 1963.
1 - Z Oakley, on Man's use of fire with comments on to 1 -
rtatang and hunters, in social life of Early Man Edit hv <?
Washburn, N.Y., 1962, PP. 126-180. ^ ^'
^ ^ Jp j^\ j\A C^J ' ^^V' ^ u> ^^"^^ *-^ >
^ ;Ui«.j Sy'Ux. ^jTUl J Ij^ oL^j Oi*- J^. '»^^^^ '^'^'
^b V'yT iIpL^ ^_5*-Jj iJ_^"Vl 5jU=LI Jl ii>\^\ »1» i^"j
Inkerman (^^^ O^J ' a*^J> '^ ^-^ j>.^<^j^\ (j ^l>>
JLJJI Jl r . ii "V J^. (> ^' <P' cr^^ ^-> ' ^*^iJ* ui*>jDeprez
( ^ N JSli ) St. Arnod :> ji jl CJU « A;-J*ll » ^ i^>5S
,y^J\ JLP c^Ju^ >>»>^ 4JU-UI ^1^1 o'^ J^
OiP Ji« v*v^'j c^"''* o^ ^ ^1 '^^'^' ^. '<ik-' d}j^ - ^
d^'y 0*1 Jp ^. (^Ail Ei.ma.ei. Abiod ^.'^1 *U.l ^.-^J ^'^/
jl^ uii:3>jOU-JU jlj^ Karar j\j^'»J^.J ' cM' Ui^ Cl^ J^
_ i
. jUi-l WA (j Tihodaine (ji^^cl Ji> ^iJ^j^-^ ^^'J^
2 — K. OaWey, The earliest tool-makers, antiquity, vol. xxx,
19^6, PP. 4-7.
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J ;;^l ON^II Ojlx^li Ja-j*^! (C-^l iiy?.J-» ^1 *l^*^ J L.^
J__p j_ji^l tj U iT c v-WI oNNl ip\:-^ O^ ^L^ ^>Jlj ^^
Flake bUiJJl^ C^w' l^^t l^'NT Ojl^l ^> aj ^^^1 SjUJ-l « j^l
Ji ^l4Jlj ^\J-\ ^Jj/ v^NT 5-Ai^ C^O^^i -lij . oljJl C^J
^l>t j^ iDi Ji Uj d\jJ-\ i>r ^ J ^--^' Jll oN Nl v^U
c_j> J Jjj^sOi ^ ji IL Oi^ J jik* ^^ iJua ovr d^ Ui>l
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'^'j >.^ eiJ^l 61 IT . ii^i ^gi ^, ^1^ ^^ ^, ^^
-^ ""^ ^'>*^' f^ ^^ ^i -iviVb iui . ;iijwi uji 0:1^
. ( \ ) Homo prigmensis
>o of Oj^rj. Oii-ui ,^ ot Ji Aiuvb iui ^jji ^^1 ^^
^> ^^ j>^ ^.-j 0- JL"ja;y oUi ^' l^j ^] ^^, ^^^ _ '^_^|
JU-t J ia*ij1ll |tj;Jl4ll <^>!«^' v^l 5jUfl»" ftjjw jy»^ ^» ^^
Ivsjl ^^r**' SjU**" *iJ^^_A^ SjUii-! 0' *-iJ t^i *l5-*^ Ji>-!5^ Vi^^
SjUii-l *U-^l) iilx* CijP 1^-^ ( ^ ) ''^.)\. J\*4J (^j^^ j^J Vjj^
iJyiNlblkiJI ;pbv> ^ 'oj^ '"Jf-^"^ »jUJ-i CiirU jj . ijljJUJH
AAbvaJlOjjkf iI--3- (J*^'S/I (tl-i^l cSj'?^' yva»5' OUL^ aJI O j^' (^iJI
. iU-Jl iiJj Sjviivs ij>>«^ -^VT J| ^^r^l '4j'J'^r^^
Olpjij)) im ^;;^s^l ^y -ul McBurney J ;_j-SC^ ^'^ '-'^ (:?' J**
Jiydl c^^l SjUio jl i^.jil JUjJ i_jjUaJ-l jU»Nl J>-li (( V'j*^
Technical Innovation Differs Greatly From One Geographical Area
To The Next . ( y )
^>J-I >_j^ oLJU^ Jp Ar\Jj!l blkiJI AP-lXstf jl j^ *pjl Jp liJllij
1^ — 4j_;i»Ull SjUiiJ-l jOaJj IOa . oU- v^:>' jjDjebbana iJt>- i^^^jj
cj-jJjj v^' -kiis3.ij bUiiii apM V^y - V^'^T' ^^- ^r^
. li^-j*^! ^m (^^1 ^1 il>-jl 5>il OV VI ^ UjjPj ^l^JI
I III I II , 1
u^ u- -^jj^^ (r)
. olkUl jb Cfi^ i ULJI SjU^ oi^Tj lj>/jX.\ c^^r.
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Jc. jU^flloA jltTo^ it ^^1 ^^.M\s: j\k.^\ *>• >_^ ^_ai]|
t?^! ^1 5jU4 AiUi ^i_^i u! . io>)ij ii^^i ,jc^i\ ^
; . 4)jUJ-l ii^J,! ill; J^ hj\j>^\ Jl_^)fl jU:J}j cjlii-l
«j^j f>!l -^ id'r «j^ J'^'^' f.-^-^ii (^v=^^' ^^i' ^/"l^ ^'j
Olj_^- Oj_jL'j i^/>J-t SjLiJ-l C^j;J ^pa*Jl IJUb Jj . b jjl jj a^^-
tjitjt^iri >i ^^t ^/ ik-i_^ ^jA 4 ^ ot J4J1 ^ ^j
jt 4«. C.J>J>\ J\ ^Uoll Ji- dDi jj |»^j ; UtsL. t^jitj Ui^-
'^^ a* 'J^^l u^iW^^I ^^ (j JiUll uU)/l^" oju JU- j^t Jp
JUaJI 3jU;>. ^_ jtj c ijiyi JLJ, l^ U jlU)l j*-s jliT *l j>.! jj ^,^_
^ x>-_^l oTjll *^^lj . UT*_.> :uk-. Ji ^- 4iJbl-|-4Ji'^| ^j
v~ ^1 10* '^ 61- Jp"^l ^,ji!l j^^>J-| ^1 oir/ jr ol
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. Sjo:-'^! iiaJbLI SjLSl J'iU jjST (J'vr^.
.( \Y J5li ) iitr*'' *J^*^^ -'■■'^■'^-' ^'-^-^'-'
I
V>i^l o^JL^I o^,U .'s,l_i)| ^ ^,. ^ ^' ^^ ^_^,^^.
Cj^ -^i f o-J Vi>V a^*^! J-LJI ^> JLJ. ^^-1 ^- ^^"_^g| ■
^.^^1 ijU^b iU ^A uir i>Wi s^u^i ^:^t ct jii.; u^
^ s.uLi J o^ ^1 ^ii; ^- ^1 ,^, ^,^, ^^._^^ ,;^
o.ULl .^- a:., ^"^ . ^,^,^11 ^^^ ^.^ ^^ ^iir^.ib^-J^ji
^u:i juii s^u^ xj4^i ^1^1 ^^^- ^,_^^j| ^.^,j^| ^^^ _
J-UIJp Oranian Culture ol.^^l S^Ui-l ^1)^. o^ ^^ Oi^ '
- •■^■J-»''^'-*=J'^l J^»-^^\jvJ-MagosianajU.^Ul
ij^ Ji v"^ c?-*^ ^-'-' ' ^''''^^'^ *'***^ i^^^^l:=!!Lj^?^_
.^ . j ^MX - Ne OH ^ '-r^* til U^.>*
*l^,w^ I^^^l^l j^>JI a: '\r^t JU o>i:l ^>JI J> J^ IjV.
Jl A^; ij^ i-> Ui^ JUi (> cij^l ^,j^" >l^ (j V^'
ol ^.Jiill iliu^'^l ^} ^S^^ y^> ^j/ ^> ^ ^JJ^^ ^^ Jit^ -^
j_> ^>- oj^ Oljil Jp (^y:^' i/J ojU^I oi* ^uU 01. *it
Ja^_^i (^^1 ^1 ij^ ^1 i/*^" Upper Capsian UUl A^l
SjU»JJ >-' ^ t (jj^>3l Ji>d( ii> jt il ^> *W^1 V^ ^*^ ip'
Uv. "^t ii^^b Sj^l •JLA(j Ui>i J**^ (/^* CiJ^' '^^ <^^L. -
■Ijjlx*! ^Ul l4:i OJb-j ^pi ^Ijll J^ (j V'^j!' h^^"^ V^
(i) Hawkes (J.) and WooUey (L.) , Prehistory and the begrinninga-
of civilization, London, 1964, P. -88.
'A*
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Oi^"'^j" Jr* W'^'0^1jt*>y^ >^l LUl lyir viiiJl SjU^I e^U^t
^^ ayir J o^>l;!l :,_,^_ |_,;ir_, c oly.^1 5^1.^1 ^Uv^f ^!
jLtUi ii> y :;vi>.Ui oo Ul^ tiliJi iJL* of ^JUb y_a>- ^ u^
Jp OpU ^UI IIa- jt il ^iJ! JjUI j>JI Jp liyj JUJi J Ja^^l
^Siil jiirol J>U >.^! ^_^i ^Jb_, ; ( y ) U J^i ^^ijl CJJ\ ^
. i\j>^\ (j c^>vvaJI jiJb ;;ly' ^; 4J jls' Lc^^
(f) ^i JLL 0^1 iibLl J> Jp ^_^'^i ^^i^i ^, j^_^ ^.^ ■
^l> ^>^ ^ 4*>. .Ij^f j_, jUuL! ju ^ \^ U,t a>.j If
J^l L^ Vj A-^iil cUlj^ ;^ j^J iajoJi iii^-yi ^^ j^
^1 J a«j LJ o^ ^^1 ijtUi C.'b-I_^t ^ libiit c.|p_^l
oU^ ^ UJ ,»rV 1^^*^ oi"^' v^l »jU;.| ^\^\ ot j^ij
I— I Bid, P, 90. ^~~
2 — Burk'tt, M., Prehistory, Cambridge, 1925. p. 149.
. iJWi .0^1 - ^iJiiii ;.ji - , ^ ^ , _ iL^i ^1 ^^ ^^|, ^^1 _ ^1 ^^1
0) AV
• y^' 0^' ^^ 0^ OiJ J^> (^ Ji^* iS^h J '^.-^1 (/yr»=^l j^l 5L^
jU-i (J i*i*il-l JUiaII ojUis- j^ ijviiii!! SjUiJ^I o! is^t>U^lj
o'b/Ui -la-jdl c$_/^^l _^lijC)jjJa; l^t^4ijy.II l^kil^j lAfc^
■y^^/l ,_;^lj ^J^^Ji Jxi Jp- l^^ iUi:^ ;^a;jb JlCifoli iJUj__^
flJ.A JaI J«__^ diliTj c i^oiA ^j^ji_ ijj^j ^Idi ^j oIju*! ^
( ^ ) j-^ 4 '^J^ Lp' Sebilian Cultui-e ijLJl SjLvU-l ^;,p Ut .
A — pLs^I ^^,Js> j\y>:^\ ly ^J\ Jp_j i ajJLIL* oUU- oli Sj^ii^
^Jixi-j :>jaat jwu — |».JUi iT _ Mesolithic Ja^^di (_j__,>iJ-l -^Ij
^y|^_ y jir j^l CjIjUJ-I aLmU ^\Ji\ jLi^J*^! Jl SjU^U Jaii
- (1) Hawkes, op. cit, p. "9
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j! Neolithic doJuLl c^^l ^1 ^\^. S-^.-^' ^>1 '^ ^J^-f
OUVI CiiJ H ii^M' Cr>" 4 '"J^ '"^ *-^^ • ^ "^^^^r-^ ^ -^
.^ 1,0=, t>; ut j^ J. .,^-.i>-Ni ji J^^»^ J^'.;^'
. j^i .bj ^;!i ji-jj ^j ji( -^-^j u^f^^ ^^. -^'^^
c S^l Ol^l »U:oi ^. V^yl J^-^ V^^. V-^^^ ^J-^*' ^'
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(2) Huzayyin. S.. IT^e Place of Egypt in Prehistory. Cairo. 1941. P. 300.
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(1) Alimen. op. cit., P. 105.
(2) Baumagartel, E.J.. The Culture of Prehistoric Egypt, London, 1947,
P, 220 & Childe. op. cit., P. 12
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Geog. Mag., 1917. Vol. 13, PP. 29-30
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^'V.^'r^^^'^^^'-y • ^' • ' Urban Studies in The Nile DcJ.a From
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(3) Barbour , O P . Cit . , P . 297 .
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(1) LongrJgg«S.H.», The Middle East, A social geography. London.
1958, P. 73.
Issawi, C, Egypt: an Economic and Social analysis, London. 1947
and la couture (J), Egypt intransition, London, 1958 — Issawi,
(C), Egypt at mid century, London, 1954.
(3) Early Cromer, Modern Egypt. London, 1905, Vol. 2. P. 310.
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(1) Ben Wattenbcry & Rolph Lee Smith, The New Nations of Africa.
N.y. 1963, P. 26.
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(1) DemogTaphic Year book, U.N.,N.Y., 1965, P. 15.~~ ~
VA \
4jij jjf- Ujj u!>b>-! v„iJ;ai <drn;j. ^\>~ ^;Uiw iilidi eJ* c)lx*J jj^t-j!
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JjiU J-:»- (Jh^, J \~^\ AliUlSj 4 4J ji^liS" Ijjji '-:Jj^ JU.W JjJb
Jjj A* *t!jJ*^' f^Aii! jl_^fciv»b -uUl «-,.z>j t^jl>- A-v«_jili jl-7 01 jii>
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»lva>-i i*^^>- (^j^i^ ii -^y^' »J^' OlSw ^ ' jlt^ '■S'Ap gj£ \~\ Jj
v-j^fr Jjj (1)ICJ t)_jj.< '\% iljijd! \j^ J^.- ii i)l$lJi i^lp tL^ jjj^
i. Ibid, p. 103.
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j U- '^^j Oi'^W^Ul OitiJj"^' u^ *Ji/ ^l-^> f^j^rj ^ ^J=^' ^
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il OlOl ^Uijl J* uc]^\ 09. ji^^l ^1 *^J j*5j : '^^'-
under employed AJi^l^^.il.>p> j^J^^^OjOj ipljjl'J iUUllt^jiJlj;^
h
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Si J'U- oJill A<' Ji^ \S\r^\f- Ca',''::^ J Oiii»UJI iJlp ^ ij
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i«;J=> A,: »i'^ii_ V (jlS^ j^vii.lj jJu; ^!l iji-^l aJ\$LJI Siljjil (— Jl>-
jiv" AbL«j ( Y ) j~.ll jUv*. v-J f-^'jl ol ib OiW -^JiJ ■ ■^^l -^j'j-*
li^. tn^^l_, tUL-jl t^^-^l' Jx->uJI ^>JI Jjj ^ Jil ji^\y jt
; Jiv-^l ^1 Uj^\jiS'\jA *>-j)_ b\'j^_ t>^-^ _^>Ji Oidj \v.
,f O^J '-r'J^! '-r'J'^ Aikll .«iA ax£ ii ^_^tJ,l ^Uxll ^^U- Jj liDJ
(1) Hance, op. cit., 'P, 79.
(>* ^j^ (^t cj t^JI ol^i* iHJUj ob^l icb jifA \s\ J^\y ij
.(r ♦ j^ ) .oLjjjNi v*b^ V"j^" ot^. V viyl v> 'J^ 'Jj^
/^%* (^^iil ^^V Li^*!l V^^' ->' Jit^' Vj^' ij/j. M -1=-->AI ^1
jjjjl d.:iU i^lj^f' .yj . (^itUl ,^ ^li!l o>ii Jl j^wroyji ^
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J J . Jjjl .Juil Yflo J" >-J^ ^^^"y Jj.' '^J::^ s^'j=*- y'j^' iJ-J
SjU-.^IaJI^;,!! SjJUIIj Jill ^-Ijj Oljlj^ SjL^ C^*J>\^jJu J J vW_^i
ia-ijdljs^!! jLwi Jj'ij jit^l i_jytll J jj ijo /^T^_piJUj ^^j-^jij
Clarke (J.), The Maghreb : The Bural landscape, In The Western
Mediterranean Worlds Edit, by Housten (T.M.) , London, 1964,
P. 667.
.-c.
1
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Of)
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iSj\ Ja iX^i ic-ijjJb, /,J>J Vj*-'* f*-^i *^-f '^ 't'^^ ^'jj t>*
ii i-Ul .V t>« *s*i>i 4 ^.^ 5* J J^ ^'- ^■^" ip' W o^ *"^
O'u^i ^^.j* uvJ^'^0 oi^L* 'i^-^.'> "J^H CA-^^ ( ^ ) ^^."^'^
cTf". '-^^ -P^.-^' <>^^ J* V^*^^ ^'^V ^^ J^iiJ • ^J^^'^
;u^i jjil (J J*r.J t^j>.t aLU VJ i»-iW- Ji dil.^ 4!>.Ull U^ ^ Ado i
: ^^JX^J t>li^ ^jt (j W <,^ VbjJ' <^'j^' .r.*»*^'j
a .The economis development of Libya, A report «i a mission
organized by ilie intenmtioBal bank for recon^tmction and deve-
lopment, Baltimore, 1963, P, 29.
I
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1. i.'avbour, np. cit,, P. IS.
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CjtA-^'.jit ^Ut vip (_ii' tL*?- Jij^'yi ^-^ l*>«v» Vr^ *^ iJ'^J^J
^y U^j bjliilj ^^ J^ (^ iliJt wJ^I J_^l ^ bJlp L^j
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jy ^Op L^;^ ^j ii alj^ olj3^,4)lir Jsu-j]lj (^.;^l (jJli>! ^lUJj
t^jljj Ja^l J], J^" 01 Ji "IaI^ ija;f" j^oll Iji (^jIj Jt. Ajlj^vail
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CI) Ashford. D.E., Political change, in Morocco, New Jersey, 1961,
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Lonaon, 1959, P. in. '
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(1) Ibid, P. 307.
(2)" Haftce, op. cit., PP. 88-89.
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Zartman, Lw., Government and Politics in Northern Africa, Lon-
don, 1964. PP. 66 -84.
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(2) Hance, op. cit.. P. 98.
(3) Ibid, P. ?10 ■
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(1) Barbour, op. cit., P. 294.
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N.Y.. 1956, P. 11,
The New Kingdom of North Africa,
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(1) The economic development of Libya, op. cit., P. 101.
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The economic development of Libya, op. cit., P. 28.
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(1) Demographic Year book, op. clt., PP. 166-167.
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(1) FAO, Production Year book, 1965, Vol, P. 12.
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(1) World Crop Statistics : area, Production and Yield 1948-
1964. FAO, Rome, 1966, P. 271,
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(1) The economic development of Libya, op. clt.. P. 148.
(2) Ibid, P. 149.
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(1) Ibid, P. 113. —
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(1) Ibid, P. 115.
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Kubbah, A.A.Q,, Libya its oil industry and economic system,
Beirut, 1964.
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(1) The economic development of Libya, op. cit., p. 463.
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(1) Ibid. p. 182. ~ ' ' ~ ~
(2) Kncowhary, Y.. Urban Studies in the Nile Delt^ f^nrv, fv,
beginning of. the Igth on wards Asturiv h. £ ! /^T ^^®
unpublished thesis lh.D!RTaSn£?S vol. nllT^^ ''''■
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civilization series. N.Y., 1963, PP. 143-149.
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P. 12.
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(>■ ^^ diii^ liUi A\ft-^ Y>" ^^Ipyiooil LjLUo- o_^ J]!
diir - ^bii ciji J AXiJi[ i^ujL? jui )o, . j;ia^ J ija ; iui
rM Y j^u^ J jUi tA- ^A Y - > /IP J ikj^ i;,.a 4.,^i ;^ui
(X) Ibid, Vol. 11., P. 24P. " ^
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f^ ij*'-^: s^<^i ^•«"Vi ui^:-^' a^' o\j*j^\ ji-c-! jiLi j*v<J tJ*"*^
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^\yi ^Uj _yk ;!SLU.l »JA J»- j^ oT i^tj tj> . <::«^bj" i^^^j"^^
jbN-^!i iOf- ^t ii_^^l Sibjli (Isi Ljtjl Jjliii \.* ii>aU i>-\?- ^j-aSj j;j^
^jjJUiil Ol5^Jl J-Ai:- J* ,'L; ^"jl ■I'A* J-* ^cJ "bi 4J4^-< /^Ui! oUW
J ^_^,i^»i ^ijl J<«iSl ja^l ^l ,»Y'. ty^ <-^i^ ii -".iojJ-l ,;■ v' j-.^vi dc"^-
(^^•Vl ^>\i)\ (lit A J A.«U 4A.;4>- jl _)!d\ -^y Ot ....^ iiU* 5 . ^-0.1
Ja>.*>b ^^^>-i A4>- J.1J i^>- ^y Ua . t5./*5l (i *^ 'j^^'' J*' i.'.'Jl' c*
(1) iunmar. A., A den^ograpKic study of an Egyptian province
(Sharqiya), London. 1941, P. 32.
iAA
^U-^ vJi*^' uii^yi ui^ ^-j^'^ iSjT -^ <j^ ^iJb ^asr jA Ifj
^^1 iiU* ais' !i! jTUU^jl ^li*^ !_jilk jl J^-. jlCJlj ^J1
i^jj cii j^" ot.>.iJi\j^ JJoxU ^^__j j\SC-! asOL^ A^rl-^i 0^ t^t
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*^'i..vr<^^ii! (><^-l-l^.^l ^L* ^ Ji>y iS^y C»^ oall jlC V-'
!Si
*J III
(1) Pear,"5bri, S.V., The growth and the distribution of popula-
tion, London, 193S, P.: 369. HiU«,
(2) Pitt Rivers, G., Regjoiiai planning in relation to popnla-
tion movement, Population Joiirua], 1936, Vol. 2, P, 30.
jl juj jl^.Ji :>bij)i i>«jii ^^k; oUj i;)aS.l j^y' J^li> oS ^c-
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j^<^b f.l^Vi (>-v-**^ ^^^ ^^ ':?J'^' ^^* *^'^ -^ ^ f^-^*"
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ijij^ j!>Ui^t Jj?~ jt^iiUj *j*« Dbj*Jij SJiHidl AjjyJ! Ajjj^.*3LI Oi^
^;;oj Ifr^^j oNjUi Cij^lj i:)b_jJb \^aA SjjJ C-^U ^ JJl at*
Oij aLUI SOjJbj- ii^'k W^''j Jc^' *V <^^ S'^x.il <rf^l ijijj4*sL.|
0^" otl^JpolTtiry-t jrUL. iiU Ot Vi JJl :>jl_^* J- ^ci-^ Sibj
tpljc^^J'cSvi^^* U.j.v±^ yj jMl Ji>-j* ijyw^ W^J. a* J ^'^^
(1) Ctxwch, RJ.H., Africa and the Islands, London. 1964,
P. 174.
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• VitJaii Jl^il ^IJ Jp
Jf-. ^ SjU ^^Ijlifl ^p1 61 ObjJI ^,jU; Jp ^% U ^\j
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Jb^Jl ^^L. ^_^^ ^4:11; r S\j>- ;.• ^ Y- ^p l^U-ji a.j, ^"Ji
(1) Barbour, K.M., The Ropublic of the Sudan, London, 19(u"
P. 2G.
a_)UP _;.«'^'l »(5^b J CJliT . -jij-jill 4)_^J Ia^j >— '^' ij A*" rp' ^J'-'j^'
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l^Jai; ii «k..Jl Ja _^4iaj" "Vj Basement Complex ^.-b v>^i icuS
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(J jljjJl <_!-j>- (J -ypryi Lateritic Soil Cjy:>Ul 4Jy — T
J^i tP'j • *l^-*^l Aiiyi AJj^b Jai; ^^Ij tjj^l «^l ji'ldl
/t^j^ (J j^j'' (^' ^1 «j'^^j ^^' (J-*^ ^?*r^ *i-/*-'' "-^ cJJSJ^a5J
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£^ iiUJl (_jijL»jy Af-Lli« (jisb^ tj ■^y i AjJ,)JJ-l i-^UAal Ajy — i—j
■ i\) Toic dbyll ^1 l^Jp jikj J p> \ Y * • J \ * ' * uH L. aj jXJl
(1) Ibid, P. 55.
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