A TEACHING GUIDE
to the TREES AND SHRUBS
of GREATER NEW YORK
Graves and Rusk
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2017 with funding from
IMLS LG-70-15-0138-15
https://archive.org/details/teachingguidetotOOunse_O
A TEACHING GUIDE
TO THE TREES AND SHRUBS OF
GREATER NEW YORK
hi eluding the Kinds
Most Commonly Seen in Cultivation
BY
ARTHUR HARMOUNT GRAVES, Ph.D.
Curator Emeritus, Brooklyn Botanic Garden
AND
HESTER M. RUSK, A.M.
Instructor, Brooklyn Botanic Garden
THIRD PRINTING
{with a few slight changes )
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHORS
IOOO WASHINGTON AVENUE
BROOKLYN 25, NEW YORK
1947
Copyright, 1947, by
Arthur H. Graves and Hester M. Rusk
PRINTED IN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY
LANCASTER PRESS, INC., LANCASTER, PENNA.
To our Students
who have inspired us
a?id kept us alert
Map Showing the Greater New York Region.
The numbers correspond to those of the Pathfinder beginning on the next page.
(The 8th Avenue Subway is not shown on this map.)
PATHFINDER *
How to Reach the Most Important Parks and Woodlands of the
Greater New York Region
The cost of each trip is figured on the basis of Grand
Central Station or Times Square, Manhattan, as the start-
ing point. The numbers correspond to those on the map
facing this page.
1. Bay Terrace, Staten Island (Richmond). Ferry to Staten Island
from South Ferry Slip, at the southern end of Manhattan. (South Ferry-
Station of I.R.T. or Whitehall Station of B.M.T. Subway.) From land-
ing at Staten Island (St. George) take Staten Island Rapid Transit R.R.
(electric train) at east side of station, upstairs. Get round trip ticket for
Bay Terrace. Cost: about 60 cents.
2. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Broadway -7th Avenue or 7th Avenue
I.R.T. Subway to Eastern Parkway-Brooklyn Museum Station, or Lexing-
ton Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Nevins Street, Brooklyn, there changing to
7th Avenue train; or B.M.T. Subway, Brighton Line, to Prospect Park
Station. Cost : 10 cents.
3. Central Park, Manhattan (north end of park). 7th Avenue (Bronx
Park) I.R.T. Subway to 110th Street Station. Cost: 10 cents.
4. Coytesville, New Jersey. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. or 8th
Avenue Independent Subway to 168th Street. Public Service Bus No. 86
across George Washington Bridge to north end of Coytesville. Cost: 30
cents.
Cunningham Park, Queens. See 7.
5. Forest Park, Queens. Take 8th Avenue Independent Subway to
Woodhaven Boulevard ; then bus along Woodhaven Boulevard to Myrtle
Avenue. Or 8th Avenue Subway to Union Turnpike; walk southwest on
Union Turnpike. Cost: 10 or 20 cents.
6. Fresh Kills, Staten Island. Ferry to Staten Island from South
Ferry Slip, Manhattan. From landing at Staten Island (St. George)
take Richmond bus to Arthur Kill Road. Cost : about 40 cents.
7. Cunningham Park, Queens. Eighth Avenue Subway to 169th
Street, Jamaica. Bus along Hillside Avenue to 212th Street. Walk
under parkway drive into park. Cost : 20 cents.
8. Inwood Park, Manhattan. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. or 8th
Avenue Independent Subway to Dyckman Street Station. Walk west
* Adapted from a circular issued to Brooklyn Botanic Garden field classes.
VI
PATHFINDER
along Dyckman Street to Payson Avenue, and turn right on Payson
Avenue. Cost: 10 cents.
9. Kissena Park, Flushing (Queens). Flushing Subway from Times
Square or Grand Central, I.R.T. or B.M.T. (lowest level), to end of line.
At Main Street and Roosevelt Avenue take bus Q65 to east end of lake
in Kissena Park. Cost : about 20 cents.
10. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. Lexington Avenue or 7th
Avenue I.R.T. Subway (marked “180th Street” or “241st Street White
Plains Road”) to 149th Street -3d Avenue Station; then take Third Avenue
Elevated to the New York Botanical Garden or the 200th Street Station.
Cost : 10 cents.
11. Palisades of the Hudson, New Jersey. Broadway-7th Avenue
I.R.T. Subway to Dyckman Street. Walk west on Dyckman Street.
Take Englewood Ferry to base of Palisades. Cost: 20 cents.
12. Pelham Bay Park, Bronx. Lexington Avenue I.R.T. Subway,
Pelham Bay Park Branch, to end of line. Cost : 10 cents.
13. Prospect Park, Brooklyn (north end). Broadway-7th Avenue or
7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway to Grand Army Plaza, or Brighton Line of
B.M.T. to 7th Avenue Station. Cost: 10 cents.
14. Van Cortlandt Park, East (Bronx). Lexington Avenue I.R.T.
Subway, Woodlawn Branch, to end of line. Cost: 10 cents.
15. Van Cortlandt Park, West. Broadway-7th Avenue I.R.T. Subway,
Van Cortlandt Park Branch, to end of line. Trolley about V2 m^e north
to Mosholu Avenue and Broadway. Cost : 20 cents.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction to the First Printing ix
Introduction to the Third Printing xii
Summer and Winter Characters 1
Suggestions on the Use of the Keys 4
Key to Genera Based on Summer Characters 8
Key to Genera Based on Winter Characters 18
Distinguishing Characters of Species 27
Glossary 67
Reference Books 71
Index 74
vii
INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST PRINTING
Although the list of books on trees and shrubs is already a long one,
the authors believe that publication of this new handbook is much needed
for the following reasons :
1. There are very few books which deal to any extent with both the
winter and the summer characters of woody plants.
2. Very few books include both the shrubs and the trees.
3. Only rarely are the commoner exotic or foreign species included.
This is unfortunate for those who live in large cities, where, in the parks
and gardens, these exotic species are often as commonly planted as the
native ones.
4. Although many of the States have issued publications of various
sorts dealing with their native woody plants, no book has yet appeared
which treats of the trees and shrubs of Greater New York. Few people
realize the extent of the area covered by the Greater City. With its five
boroughs, Manhattan, The Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn, and Richmond
(Staten Island), the total area is 308.95 square miles, about one-fourth
the size of Rhode Island.
The authors have endeavored to fill these needs in this book. It deals
with both summer and winter characters of shrubs as well as of trees ;
and includes the common exotic species as well as those which are native
or naturalized in Greater New York.
The book is the result of a gradual development. For eight years,
mimeographed outlines have been distributed to the members of the tree
and shrub classes at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. These outlines con-
tained a summary, in a form as brief as possible, of the distinctive
characters of each species studied. This summary has been amplified to
some extent for the present edition ; but lengthy, technical descriptions
have been avoided, and only those features have been included which are
significant as diagnostic characters. The few technical terms which are
used are considered a necessary part of the student’s vocabulary. A
glossary of these terms will be found on pages 67 to 70. The numbered
species are those which are considered more important, in most cases
because they are of more frequent occurrence. Others of lesser im-
portance are noted in small type. Also in small type are mentioned some
species not found in Greater New York, hut of frequent occurrence near by.
For those who may desire to use this handbook but who do not attend
the Brooklyn Botanic Garden classes, there are keys for the identification
IX
X
INTRODUCTION
of the genera, one based on summer and the other on winter characters;
also a section explaining the nature of these characters, as well as sug-
gestions regarding the use of the keys.
In the section on “ Distinguishing Characters ” :
Names in heavy type are of species native or naturalized (i.e. grow
“ wild ”) in Greater New York.
Names starred are of species native or naturalized in North Amer-
ica but found in Greater New York only in cultivation.
Names neither in heavy type nor starred are of foreign species
not naturalized and found only in cultivation in Greater New
York. The parts of the world in which they are native are
usually mentioned.
0 before a name indicates a shrub.
00 before a name indicates a climber.
All names not thus marked arc of species classed as trees.
The scientific name of each plant is followed by an abbreviation of the
name of the botanist or botanists responsible for naming the plant. The
explanation of these abbreviations may be found in any of the standard
manuals.
As an aid to the pronunciation of the scientific names, the syllable to
be accented is marked ; two accents are used : the grave ( ' ) to indicate
the long English sound of the vowel, the acute ( ' ) for the short sound.
The following abbreviations are used for words constantly recurring
in the descriptions, in addition to the familiar ones used for feet, inches,
and the various States :
br. — branch. Ift. — leaflet.
brt. — branchlet. L. I. — Long Island.
cult. — cultivated or cultivation. Ivs.— leaves.
fl. — flower. nr. — near.
fr. — fruit. S. /.—Staten Island.
If. — leaf. var. — variety.
Some of the localities in Greater New York and vicinity where the
species may be found have usually been added at the end of the descrip-
tions. These lists do not aim at completeness, but merely direct one to
some of the good specimens available.
The names of these localities have been abbreviated as follows:
B.B.G. — Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
B. Ter. — Bay Terrace, Staten Island.
C. Pk. — Central Park, Manhattan.
For.Pk. — Forest Park. Queens.
INTRODUCTION
XI
Inw. — Inwood Park, Manhattan.
Kis.Pk. — Kissena Park, Queens.
N.Y.B.G. — New York Botanical Garden.
Pal. — Palisades of the Hudson, near Englewood, N. J.
Pel.Pk. — Pelham Bay Park, The Bronx.
Pros.Pk. — Prospect Park, Brooklyn.
V.C.Pk. — Van Cortlandt Park, The Bronx.
The authors are pleased to acknowledge their indebtedness for the
llustrations to Miss Maud H. Purdy of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Brooklyn, New York
September, 1932.
INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD PRINTING
In the fourteen years since this book was first published, the charac-
teristics of the trees and shrubs have not changed, but the transportation
facilities of the City have been greatly enlarged, and numerous new books
have been written on trees and shrubs. It has been necessary, therefore,
to revise the pathfinder (p. v) and the list of reference books (p. 71).
Also, our students have called our attention to the omission of two native
woody plants — Gaultlieria procumbens and Ceanothus americanus — and to
the need of including the page numbers in the keys. The keys themselves
could doubtless be improved, for there are many possible ways of making
an artificial key to the same list of plants, and we have no reason for imag-
ining that we have discovered the one best way. But no significant change
has been made in the keys except where it was necessary for the inclusion
of the two additional species.
Any further suggestions from users of the book will be welcome.
Brooklyn, New York
July, 1947.
xii
SUMMER AND WINTER CHARACTERS
The chief feature by which woody plants may be recognized in the
summer is the leaves. One should not try to identify a plant by detached
leaves, however, as the arrangement of the leaves is just as important as
their form. Also of importance are the characters of the branchlets with
their buds, and the bark of the older branches and of the trunk. Flowers
and fruits are very helpful, too, and sometimes practically necessary; but
their absence at certain times of the year and on young specimens makes
them less desirable as key characters.
The most important winter character is the buds : their arrangement on
the branchlet, the presence or absence of a true terminal bud, the angle
they assume in relation to the branchlet, the arrangement and character
of their scales, etc. The characters of the branchlets are also important,
with their leaf scars and, in some cases, stipule scars. In addition, the
bark of the trunk is helpful, as well as the fruits, and, in
some cases, clusters of flower buds for the next season.
The features of a winter twig are less familiar to most
people than those of a leafy stem. For this reason a
brief description of a typical winter twig, such as that
of the largetooth aspen, is given here. At the tip of the
stem is a large bud, the terminal bud, A, Fig. 1. Along
the sides of the stem are other buds, lateral buds, cf. B,
usually smaller, each one situated above a leaf scar, C. A
leaf scar is left where a leaf of the previous summer fell
from the stem. The location of buds above the leaf scars
shows that these buds were formed in the axils of the
leaves; and they are, therefore, called axillary buds. (In
some plants there are several buds above a leaf scar; in
these cases the middle or the lowest one of these buds
is axillary, and the others are termed accessory buds.
Some plants do not have a true terminal bud ; but in these
cases the uppermost axillary bud looks like a terminal bud
and takes its place.) The leaf scar is marked with several
small dots ; these are the vascular bundle scars, cf. D,
marking the place where the conducting strands extended
from the stem into the leaf. On this stem there is a pair
of small scars, one on each side of the leaf scar ; these are
stipule scars, cf. E, showing where these appendages were
1
largetooth as-
pen. For ex-
planation of let-
tering see text.
2
SUMMER AND WINTER CHARACTERS
attached. (Many plants do not have stipules.) The place on the stem
where a leaf is borne (in some plants several leaves) is called a node, F ;
and the part of the stem between two adjacent nodes is the internode, G.
Scattered over the surface of the stem are small dot-like markings, slightly
raised. These are the lenticels, H, regions of loosely fitting cells, with air
spaces among them, in the otherwise impervious corky covering of the
stem.
A bud is an undeveloped shoot ; it consists of a little stem, bearing
tiny leaves, or flowers, or both; in woody plants of this climate it usually
has its lowest leaves modified into scales, bud scales, I, which cover and
protect the rest of the bud. The young stem and leaves within the bud
lie dormant during the winter. In the spring the stem begins to lengthen
and the leaves to expand, and the scales drop off. By this development
of the terminal bud, the stem that bears it grows in length. The inter-
nodes between the expanding foliage leaves usually lengthen considerably,
but those between the bud scales lengthen very little or not at all. Hence,
when the bud scales fall, they leave a series of scars very close together;
the scars themselves are very narrow, and they look like a succession of
rings around the stem. A group of such bud scale scars, J , marks the
beginning of each year’s growth in length ; these are visible on the stem
for a number of years, until they are obliterated by its growth in thickness.
The age of a twig can be determined by counting the groups of bud scale
scars back from the tip. Some of the axillary buds may develop simi-
larly, forming side branchlets, cf. N .
Some plants have buds of definite grozvth, in which all the leaves that
are to develop on a given branchlet in one season are laid down in the bud
the previous summer. When these leaves have expanded, the stem stops
growing in length, and usually forms a terminal bud, unless the branchlet
ends in a flower or flower cluster; a bud is also formed in the axil of each
of the leaves. Other plants have buds of indefinite growth, in which there
are a few fully formed leaves, and many others just beginning. When
such a bud unfolds, the fully formed leaves expand and some of the partly
formed leaves finish their development, and buds are formed in their
axils. The stem continues to grow in length and to put out new leaves
until cold weather stops it in the fall ; it forms no terminal bud, and its
growth in length the next year is taken up usually by the uppermost well
formed axillary bud.
The stem is divided roughly into three concentric regions: bark, K,
wood , L, and pith, M. The age of any part of the stem may be determined
by counting the annual rings in the wood, which are clearly visible in cross
section. The age thus determined would, of course, agree with the age
computed by counting groups of bud scale scars.
SUMMER AND WINTER CHARACTERS
3
The phyllotaxy, or arrangement of leaves on the stem (and conse-
quently the arrangement of axillary buds), is in a general way constant
for each species, although there may be some variation on different parts
of the same plant, and occasionally some distortion due to twisting of the
stem during growth. The leaves may be arranged in whorls (circles) of
three or more at a node; or they may be opposite (two at a node), in
which case adjacent pairs alternate with each other at right angles, making
four vertical ranks of leaves; or they may be spirally arranged (alternate).
Spirally arranged leaves may be in two, three, five, or eight ranks, or rarely
more, but there is always just one leaf at a node.
SUGGESTIONS ON THE USE OF THE KEYS
Poison ivy and poison sumac should be thoroughly familiar before any
attempt is made to identify strange plants; descriptions and illustrations
of these plants are to be found on page 55. The summer key here is so
arranged that both poison ivy and poison sumac can be identified without
being touched.
A hand lens is necessary to identify plants by these keys; for while
many of the key characters are easily visible to the naked eye, some of
them are not ; and it is absolutely impossible to be sure of a correct
determination of such questions as the presence or absence of a true
terminal bud, of stipule scars, of appressed pubescence, etc., without the
aid of a lens. A lOx lens is good for general use; but any power between
6x and 20x will answer the purpose.
The whole plant should be at hand when these keys are being used,
whenever this is possible, particularly in the winter. When this is not
possible, the plant should be studied carefully, and notes should be made
on its stature, its bark, and any other characters that do not show in a
small specimen. Since there is a considerable amount of variation among
the branches of any individual plant, the specimen chosen should be one
that is fairly representative of the plant as a whole. (The summer key
is constructed in such a way that, in most cases, a plant can be identified
from a small specimen; but this is not always possible.)
The keys themselves may now be considered. The summer key, for
example, beginning on page 8, reads : “ A. Lvs. needle-shaped, awl-shaped,
scale-like, or linear ” ; and on page 9, “ A. Lvs. comparatively broad and
flat.” We must first decide, then, according to the shape of the leaves, in
which of these two “ A ” groups the plant belongs. We may then proceed,
under the appropriate “ A ” group, to the “ B ” groups. Having decided,
according to the arrangement of the leaves, in which of the two “ B ”
groups the plant belongs, we go on to the “ C ” groups ; and so on, by
gradual stages, until we come to the name of a genus, or in some cases, of
a species.
In most cases the keys require a decision between only two groups
at each point ; occasionally there are three or four, but in these cases the
reader is directed, at the second group, to look farther. When distinc-
tions become fine and somewhat difficult to determine, several characters
are often given together, especially when some of these are temporary or
obscure or variable. In such cases we should try to test each of the
4
THE USE OF THE KEYS
5
characters named ; but where, for example, the fruit is lacking, or the
specimen is too young to show typical bark, we must use those features
which are present.
The tentative identification thus determined should be checked by
reading the description of that genus in the section on “ Distinguishing
Characters ” beginning on page 27. In this section the names are ar-
ranged by families ; but anyone unfamiliar with the families may readily
locate a name by using the index.
The genus determined, we must find the species by reading the species
descriptions to see which one fits the specimen. This is usually not
difficult, as this handbook gives less than ten species for each of the genera
except Quercus and Salix. We may further check the identification of
the species by some of the reference books mentioned on pages 71 to 73,
in which there may be illustrations and more detailed descriptions.
A considerable amount of judgment is necessary, in some cases, to
determine characters from descriptions, and this judgment comes with
experience. One should not be discouraged, therefore, if he does not
always identify his plants correctly on first trial. In case of any possible
doubt as to the meaning of terms, the glossary should be consulted, and
this may be supplemented by a study of tbe same terms as defined and
illustrated in Gray’s Lessons in Botany, mentioned on page 71.
If the description of the genus arrived at in the key does not fit the
plant, it is either because the plant is not within the scope of this handbook,
or because the student has made a mistake. He should go back to the
beginning of the key, and try to discover where he might have gone astray.
In every case at least a tentative decision between two groups must be
made; but the possibility of a mistake in judgment must always be kept
in mind ; and in case of doubt, both groups must be tried.
Plants which are variable have been included in more than one group
in the keys. For example, certain plants, such as Abuts and Hamamclis,
which are sometimes shrubs and sometimes tree-like, are included both
under shrubs and under trees in the winter key. And certain plants, such
as Kabnia ancjustifolia, whose leaves are sometimes opposite and some-
times in whorls, are put in both of these groups in the summer and
evergreen key.
In anticipation of some of the difficulties in using the keys, the follow-
ing suggestions are given :
1. To determine the presence or absence of a true terminal bud one
must examine the tip of the branchlet carefully with the lens. If the end
bud is situated just above a leaf scar, it is axillary, and a true terminal
bud is lacking. Usually, in this case, a small stub, the true terminus of the
stem, can be seen at tbe other side of tbe bud. opposite the leaf scar; or,
6
THE USE OF THE KEYS
instead of the stub, another scar (different from the leaf scars) where the
dead end of the stem or the flower cluster fell off.
2. A young tree may look like a shrub; and therefore what appears
to be a shrub may have to be sought under “ trees ” in the winter key.
3. A climber is not always easy to distinguish in the very young stage
if it lacks tendrils and has not yet started to climb; but the branchlets are
usually long and very slender, and early show a tendency to coil as though
reaching out for something to climb on.
4. Whether the leaves are opposite or whorled, or alternate is some-
times puzzling if the internodes are very short, as in Kalmia latifolia and
in some of the conifers. In case of uncertainty, it should be assumed
that the leaves are alternate, as pairs and whorls of leaves usually show
fairly distinctly, especially if the stem is viewed from the tip rather than
from the side. The leaves of any pair or whorl are usually of approxi-
mately the same size; hence if leaves appear to be at the same level but
are markedly different in size, the probability is that the small one is
actually younger and nearer the tip of the stem. A notable exception
occurs in Catalpa, in which there are usually two large leaves and one
small one at a node. Leaf scars on older parts of the twig often show
their arrangement more clearly than the leaves of the current season.
5. A compound leaf can be distinguished from a branchlet with several
simple leaves by the presence of a bud in its axil, and by the lack of buds
in the axils of its leaflets ; it may be terminated by a leaflet, but never by
a bud. A branchlet has no bud in its axil, but has a bud in the axil of
each of its leaves ; it may be terminated by a bud, but never by a leaf. A
deeply cut leaf is not considered compound unless it is divided into separate
parts all the way to the rachis or midrib.
6. Plants classed as having “ lvs. symmetrical at base ” often have
some unsymmetrical leaves ; and even on plants characterized by having
“ lvs. very unsymmetrical at base,” some of the leaves are nearly sym-
metrical. One must look at many leaves, therefore, and try to judge the
plant fairly by the majority.
7. The difference between shallow lobes in a leaf and large, coarse
teeth may not always be clear, in such plants as Ilex opaca and Quercus
bicolor. One should be ready to change his opinion concerning such char-
acters if he has trouble in naming his plant.
8. By midsummer the buds for the following season are well formed
in the axils of the leaves and at the tips of the branchlets, and are typical
in appearance. Early in the summer, however, when the buds are not
fully developed, they may not look typical or may not be visible at all ; at
this time, therefore, one must look for dormant buds on twigs of the
previous year.
THE USE OF THE KEYS
7
9. Evergreens may be recognized in the summer by the presence on
the plant of leaves of more than one season. Leaves of the current season
are usually much lighter in color. The stem of the current year, too, can
usually be recognized by a difference in color, and by the position (at its
base) of the last group of bud scale scars. If leaves are still present on
older parts of the stem, the plant is evergreen; but it must be remembered
that very short branchlets of the current year (bearing new leaves) may
occur along the sides of older parts of the stem; and the leaves on these
may at first appear to be borne directly on the old wood. As a general
rule, the leaves of evergreens are of firmer texture than those of deciduous
plants ; at least one can be sure that very thin-leaved plants are not ever-
green.
These keys must never be used to build up a description of a genus by
starting from its name in the key and working backwards. The purpose
of the keys is to guide the student to the name of a plant strange to him.
The characters used are such as to identify those species of each genus
which are included in this list, and will not necessarily answer for species
out of the range of Greater New York, or for species so uncommon in
cultivation that they have not been included in this handbook. Further-
more, in many cases, a genus occurs in several places in the key, on
account of differences among the species or great variability even within
a species. For example, Glcditsia triacantlios, whose very name indicates
thorniness, may be found under “ stems without thorns,” because there is
a thornless variety; and such plants as Broussonetia, which are charac-
teristically variable, having both alternate and opposite leaves and buds,
may be found in the keys under either of these groups.
KEY TO GENERA BASED ON SUMMER CHARACTERS
Numbers refer to pages.
A. Lvs. needle-shaped, awl-shaped, scale-like, or linear.
B. Lvs. in pairs or in three’s around the stem, or (at least some of them) in clusters
C. Lvs. in alternating pairs or in three’s around the stem.
D. Lvs. in alternating pairs, at least some of them scale-like.
E. Scale-like lvs. forming 4-sided brts. (sometimes awl-shaped lvs. on same
plant) Juniperus 32
E. Lvs. all scale-like, forming flat or cord-like brts.
F. Lvs. usually whitish below, cones globular, cone scales thick.
Chamaecy parts 31
F. Lvs. usually not whitish below, cones conical, cone scales thin ...Thuja 32
D. Lvs. in alternating pairs or in three’s, at least some of them awl-shaped of
linear.
E. Lvs. awl-shaped, stiff and sharp, either in pairs, with scale-like lvs. form-
ing 4-sided brts. on same plant, or in three’s Juniperus 32
E. Lvs. awl-shaped or linear, pointed but usually soft, all alike on one plant,
in pairs Chamaecyparis pisifera vars. 32
C. Lvs., at least some of them, in clusters of 2 or more.
D. Lvs. 2-5 in each cluster, sheathed at the base by dry scales Pimts 28
D. Lvs. many in each whorl-like cluster.
E. Lvs. 3-5 in. long, in whorls around the stem, each If. in the axil of a lit-
tle scale Sciadopitys 31
E. Lvs. less than 3 in. long, in whorls on short, thick spurs (lvs. also ar-
ranged spirally along long growths of stem).
F. Lvs. stiff, sharp, evergreen Cedrus 29
F. Lvs. soft, blunt, deciduous.
G. Lvs. short, %-% (1/4) in. long; cone scales persistent Larix 29
G. Lvs. longer, 94-1% (3) in. long; cone scale deciduous . .Pseudolarix 29
B. Lvs., at least some of them, spirally arranged.
_C. Lvs. needle- or awl-shaped.
D. Lvs. mounted on little stalks.
E. Lvs. 4-sided, all spirally arranged, set close together on brts Picea 29
E. Lvs. 3-sided, sparsely scattered on long growths of stem, whorled on short
spurs Cedrus 29
D. Lvs. not on stalks.
E. Lvs. strongly decurrent on stem Cryptomeria 31
E. Lvs. not decurrent Taxodium ascendens 31
C. Lvs. linear, flattened.
D. Lvs. abruptly narrowed into short stalks, all spirally arranged.
E. Lvs. sharp-pointed at end Taxus 27
E. Lvs. not sharp-pointed at end Tsuga 30
'D. Lvs. not abruptly narrowed into distinct stalks.
E. Lvs. deciduous, soft.
F. Lvs. very short, up to % in., apparently 2-ranked on most of the brts.,
making these resemble compound leaves Taxodium distichum 31
8
SUMMER KEY
9
F. Lvs. longer, 14-114 (3) in., spirally arranged on long growths of stem,
in whorls on short spurs.
G. Lvs. short, 14-% (114) in.; cone scales persistent Larix
G. Lvs. longer, 94-1(4 (3) in.; cone scales deciduous Pscudolarix
E. Lvs. evergreen, firm, all spirally arranged, leaving circular leaf scars.
F. Leaf scars flat against the twig Abies
F. Leaf scars raised from the twig at lower edge Pseudotsuga
. Lvs. comparatively broad and flat.
B. Lvs. more than one at a node (opposite or whorled) (2d B, p. 11).
Note : The barberry, a spiny shrub, might be sought here by the student, as the
lvs. appear to be opposite or whorled on the short spurs in the axils of the
spines. The spines themselves are modified leaves, however, and are clearly
alternate ; hence this genus is put in the alternate-leaved group.
C. Lvs., at least in some cases, in whorls of 3 or 4 at a node, sometimes opposite.
D. Lvs. evergreen, small, 94-2(4 in. long, 2, 3, or 4 at a node; shrubs.
Kaltnia angustifolia
D. Lvs. deciduous, larger, 2(4-12 in. long, 2 or 3 at a node; shrubs or trees.
E. Lvs. large, 4-12 in. long, mostly 3 at a node, without stipules; trees.
Catalpa
E. Lvs. smaller, 2(4-6 in. long, 2 or 3 at a node, with triangular stipules ;
shrub or small tree Cephalanthus
C. Lvs. 2 at a node (opposite).
D. Lvs., at least some of them, compound.
E. Climbing; with aerial rootlets Tccomci
E. Not climbing; without aerial rootlets.
F. Brs. hollow, lvs. often simple Forsythia
F. Brs. with solid pith, lvs. all compound.
G. Lvs. palmately compound Aesculus
G. Lvs. pinnately compound.
H. Lfts. 3, finely serrate; shrub Staphylea
H. Not as above.
I. Buds completely hidden under bases of petioles; lfts. 5-13; trees.
Phellodendron
I. Buds not hidden under petioles; lfts. 3-11; trees or shrubs.
J. Brts. slender and flexible; lfts. 3-7 (rarely 9).
K. Lfts. 3-5 (rarely 7-9) with few, large, irregular teeth; tree.
Acer Negundo
K. Lfts. 5-7, regularly serrate with many teeth ; shrubs.
Sambucus
J. Brts. stout and stiff; lfts. 5-11, entire or toothed; trees.
Fraxinus
D. Lvs. simple.
E. Lvs., all or some of them, lobed.
F. Brs. hollow or with chambered pith, lvs. often not lobed.
G. Twining; half-evergreen; lvs. small, 1-3 in., brts. pubescent.
Lonicera
G. Not twining; deciduous; brts. smooth, or lvs. much larger.
H. Lvs. large, 5-10 in. long, shallowly 3-5-lobed or undivided, not
toothed ; trees Paulownia
H. Lvs. smaller, 2(4-5(4 in. long, deeply 2- or 3-parted or undivided,
serrate or occasionally entire; shrubs Forsythia
29
29
30
31
61
64
65
64
63
58
56
54
57
66
63
65
64
63
10
SUMMER KEY
F. Brs. with solid pith.
G. Lvs. irregularly lobed or undivided, sometimes alternate, very rough
above Broussonetia
G. Lvs. palmately 3-11 -lobed, all opposite, not rough above.
H. Lvs. 3-lobed, with tiny black dots below, and with stipules; shrub.
Viburnum acerifolium
H. Lvs. 3-11 -lobed, without black dots or stipules; trees Acer
E. Lvs., at least some of them, not lobed.
F. Sap milky; lvs. often lobed, sometimes alternate Broussonetia
F. Sap not milky.
G. Lvs. very large, 4—12 in. long; trees.
H. Lvs. pubescent on both sides, regularly opposite, sometimes shal-
lowly 3-5-lobed Paulownia
H. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so above, more often in 3’s, not lobed.
Catalpa
G. Lvs. smaller, not more than 6 in. long; shrubs or trees.
H. Lvs. entire.
I. Twining Lonicera
I. Not twining.
J. Triangular stipules present, lvs. sometimes in three’s.
Cephalanthus
J. Stipules lacking.
K. Lvs. evergreen.
L. Lvs. sometimes in three’s or four’s ; flower clusters axil-
lary ; low, rarely more than 3 ft.
Kahnia angustifolia
L. Lvs. regularly opposite; flower clusters terminal (often
kept trimmed and not allowed to bloom) ; taller unless
trimmed Ligustrum
K. Lvs. deciduous.
L. Brs. hollow or with chambered pith; lvs. often serrate, at
least above the middle (sometimes 3-parted or with 3 lfts. ) .
Forsythia
L. Brs. with solid pith ; lvs. regularly undivided and entire.
M. Lvs. small, %- Wi (2%) in. long, mostly elliptic.
Ligustrum
M. Lvs. larger, 1% to 4 or 6 in. long.
N. Lvs. smooth, broadly ovate Syringa
N. Lvs. usually pubescent at least on veins below; or if
smooth, then narrow, elliptic or lanceolate Cormcs
H. Lvs. toothed.
I. Lvs. oblanceolate, often alternate ; buds with a single cap-like
scale Salix purpurea
I. Not as above.
J. Lvs. somewhat fleshy, the upper ones alternate ; plants of salt
marshes Iva
J. Not as above.
K. Lvs. finely toothed and finely ciliate
K. Not as above.
45
65
57
45
64
64
65
65
61
63
63
63
63
59
34
66
Diervilla 65
SUMMER KEY
11
L. Lvs. with rounded, shallow teeth Evonymus
L. Lvs. with pointed teeth, or occasionally entire.
M. Brs. hollow or with chambered pith; lvs. sometimes 3-
parted or with 3 lfts., occasionally entire Forsythia
M. Brs. with solid pith Viburnum
B. Lvs. only one at each node (alternate).
C. Lvs. compound.
D. Stems without spines or prickles.
E. Lvs., at least some of them, with 3 lfts.
F. Lfts. entire or wavy-toothed or with few, large, irregular teeth.
G. Lfts. approximately equal; at least the terminal one distinctly slender-
stalked; poisonous to touch Rhus Toxicodendron
G. Lfts. not definitely stalked ; the terminal one often much larger.
H. Lvs. all similar and with pellucid dots; shrub or tree Ptelea
H. Lvs. without pellucid dots, some of them often undivided or only
lobed; plant climbing or trailing Solanum
F. Lfts. sharply serrate except at base, sometimes more than 3.
G. Lfts. smooth or nearly so, 3 to 7 in number.
H. Tree with stout, stiff brts. ; lfts. 3-7, usually 5 Cary a glabra
H. I .ow shrub, almost herbaceous; lfts. 3 or 5 Rubus tri floras
G. Lfts. tomentose below, sometimes up to 9 in number, or lvs. only lobed.
Sorbus hybrida
E. Lvs. with more than 3 lfts.
F. Stems with tendrils; lvs. palmately compound of 5 lfts. . . Parthenocissus
F. Stems without tendrils ; lvs. pinnately compound.
G. Lvs. once pinnate.
H. Lfts. entire or nearly so.
I. Rachis winged Rhus copallina
I. Rachis not winged.
J. Lfts. with a few large, gland-bearing teeth at base . .Ailanthus
J. Not as above.
K. Shrub or small tree of swamps ; twigs smooth, light gray,
marked with dark lenticels ; very poisonous to touch.
Rhus Vernix
K. Not as above.
L. Lfts. marked with little dots; shrub Amorpha
L. Not as above.
M. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, faintly wavy-toothed ; lvs. some-
times twice pinnate Gleditsia
M. Not as above.
N. Twiners Wisteria
N. Trees.
O. Lfts. 7-9, alternate, large, up to 4 in. long.
Cladrastis
O. Lfts. 7-25, opposite, smaller, not over 2 in. long.
P. Lfts. blunt and mucronate or brts. glandular-
viscid; brs. often with stipular spines Robinia
P. Lfts. acute, glaucous and appressed-pubescent be-
low; brs. without stipular spines Sophora
56
63
65
55
54
64
36
50
49
58
55
54
55
53
52
53
53
54
53
12
SUMMER KEY
H. Lfts. distinctly toothed.
I. Sap milky Rhus typhina and R. glabra 55
I. Sap not milky.
J. Teeth long-spiny; shrub Mahonia 46
J. Teeth not spiny; trees.
K. Pith chambered Juglans 35
K. Pith not chambered.
L. Lfts. 5-11, large, 3-7 in. long Carya 36
L. Lfts. usually 9-17, smaller, %-4 in. long (lvs. sometimes
compound only at base, the upper part or even the whole
only lobed) Sorbus 49
G. Lvs. twice pinnate.
H. Lfts. ovate or elliptical, entire Gymnocladus 52
H. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, with a slightly wavy-toothed margin; lvs.
sometimes only once pinnate Gleditsia 52
D. Stems with spines or prickles.
E. Stems with comparatively few stout spines ; lvs. not prickly ; trees.
F. Spines in pairs at bases of lvs Robinia 54
F. Spines solitary, above attachment of lvs., often branched Gleditsia 52
E. Stems with many prickles ; lvs. often prickly ; shrubs.
F. Lvs. pinnately compound of 5-9 lfts., not white-downy below Rosa 51
F. Lvs. of 3-5 lfts., pinnately or palmately compound, sometimes white-
downy below .....Rubus 50
C. Lvs. simple.
D. Lvs., at least some of them, lobed.
E. Lvs. parallel veined, fan-shaped, 2- (or more-) lobed, sometimes undivided.
Ginkgo 27
E. Not as above.
F. Lvs. palmately veined.
G. Sap milky ; lvs. sometimes undivided.
H. Bark of medium sized brs. gray, with greenish inner streaks and
conspicuous orange lenticels ; lvs. sometimes opposite . .Broussonetia 45
H. Bark of medium sized brs. yellowish or brownish, without contrast-
ing lenticels; lvs. all alternate Morus 45
G. Sap not milky.
H. Stems with axillary thorns Crataegus 50
H. Stems without axillary thorns.
I. Climbing.
J. With tendrils Vitis 58
J. Without tendrils Menispermum 46
I. Not climbing.
J. Shrub with glandular-hairy stems Rubus odoratus 50
J. Trees with stems not glandular-hairy.
K. Lvs. star-shaped, finely serrate Liquidambar 47
K. Lvs. not star-shaped ; lobes coarsely toothed or entire.
L. Twigs and petioles aromatic when broken; lvs. sometimes
not lobed Sassafras 46
L. Not aromatic.
M. Lvs. white-tomentose below even when mature, some-
times not lobed; bark of twigs very bitter ..Populus alba 34
SUMMER KEY
13
M. Lvs. nearly smooth when mature; bark of twigs not bit-
ter Platanus 47
F. Lvs. pinnately veined.
G. Twining; lvs. sometimes undivided Solatium 64
G. Not twining.
H. Stems with axillary thorns Crataegus 50
H. Stems without axillary thorns.
I. Lvs. 4-6-lobed, squarish at apex ; a stipule scar encircling brt. above
each petiole Liriodendron 45
I. Lvs. 2-many-lobed, pointed or rounded at apex.
J. Lvs. aromatic.
K. Lvs. narrow, regularly pinnately lobed ..Myrica asplenifolia 35
K. Lvs. broad, irregularly palmately lobed or undivided.
Sassafras 46
J. Lvs. not aromatic.
K. Lvs. and brts. with many, small, dark resin glands.
Betula pcndula var. gracilis 39
K. Lvs. and brts. without resin glands.
L. Pith angled or lobed; lvs. occasionally undivided ..Quercus 40
L. Pith round.
M. Lf. lobes entire, sharp; buds long, slender, sharp-pointed.
Fagus sylvatica var. incisa 40
M. Lf. lobes toothed ; buds shorter and broader or blunt.
N. Lvs. very unsymmetrical at base, lobed only at the
broad apex or not at all Ulmus glabra 44
N. Lvs. symmetrical at base, sometimes with 1-4 pairs of
lfts. at base Sorbus liybrida 49
D. Lvs., at least some of them, not distinctly lobed.
E. Lvs. parallel veined (fan-shaped, sometimes lobed) Ginkgo 27
E. Lvs. not parallel veined.
F. Lvs. palmately veined.
G. Climbing.
H. With tendrils.
I. Entirely glabrous; stems usually prickly Smilax 33
I. More or less pubescent or woolly; not prickly (lvs. sometimes
lobed) V it is 58
H. Without tendrils (lvs. sometimes lobed) Menispermum 46
G. Not climbing.
H. Sap milky ; lvs. often irregularly lobed.
I. Lvs. often opposite ; bark of medium sized brs. gray, with con-
spicuous orange lenticels Broussonetia 45
I. Lvs. all alternate ; bark of medium sized brs. yellowish or brown-
ish, with yellowish lenticels Moms 45
H. Sap not milky; lvs. not lobed.
I. Lvs. somewhat fleshy, the lower ones opposite ; shrub of salt
marshes Iva 66
I. Not as above.
J. Lvs. toothed.
K. Lvs. with tufts of hairs in axils of veins below, or whole
lower surface tomentose Tilia 59
14
SUMMER KEY
K. Lvs. smooth or slightly hairy below.
L. Lvs. very unsymmetrical at base, long- and slender-pointed
at tip, prominently toothed ; tree Celtis 44
L. Lvs. symmetrical at base, acute but not long-pointed at tip,
very shallowly toothed; shrub Ceanothus 58
J. Lvs. entire, heart-shaped or nearly round Cercis 53
F. Lvs. pinnately veined.
G. Evergreen.
H. Lvs. toothed, at least at tip.
I. Stems very slender; upright ones 2-6 in. tall Gaultheria 62
I. Stout shrubs or trees several or many feet tall when mature. .Ilex 56
H. Lvs. entire.
I. Lvs. small, less than % in. long; trailing shrub.
Vaccinium mcicrocarpon 62
I. Lvs. larger, more than % in. long; upright shrubs.
J. Buds very inconspicuous, much flattened ; capsules roundish.
Kalmia latifolia 61
J. Buds easily visible, conical, with several overlapping scales ;
capsules ovate or oblong Rhododendron 61
G. Deciduous.
H. Lvs. sprinkled with shiny, yellow resin dots.
I. Lvs. aromatic, obscurely toothed near tip Myrica 35
I. Lvs. not aromatic, entire Gaylussacia 62
H. Lvs. not as above.
I. Stipule scar or scars nearly or quite encircling brt. above each
petiole.
J. Stipule scar completely encircling brt Magnolia 45
J. Stipule scars not quite meeting around brt Fagus 39
I. Not as above.
J. Stems aromatic when broken.
K. Lvs. entire.
L. Lvs. obovate or elliptic, evenly distributed along brts. ;
often several buds in axil of a If Benzoin 46
L. Lvs. ovate or elliptic or irregularly lobed, very unevenly
distributed along brts. ; only one bud in axil of each If.
Sassafras 46
K. Lvs. toothed.
L. Petioles glandular Prunus serotina 51
L. Petioles not glandular Betula lenta and B. lutea 38
J. Stems not aromatic when broken.
K. Sap milky; stems sometimes with spines; tree Maclura 44
K. Sap not milky.
L. Stems spiny.
M. Spines stout, in If. axils Crataegus 50
M. Spines smaller, replacing lvs. of main shoots, with short
brts. in their axils Berberis 46
L. Stems not spiny.
M. Twining.
N. Lvs. toothed Celastrns 56
N. Lvs. entire, or pinnately or irregularly lobed at base,
or even compound Solanum 64
SUMMER KEY
15
M. Not twining.
N. I .vs. very unsymmetrical at base.
O. Lvs. coarsely wavy-toothed Hamamelis 47
O. Lvs. sharply serrate.
P. Lvs. ovate, doubly serrate, often pubescent below
but never white Ulmus 43
P. Lvs. heart-shaped, simply serrate, or if doubly
serrate, then white-tomentose below T ilia 59
N. I .vs. symmetrical at base.
O. Lvs. with elongated dark glands along upper side
of midrib Aronia 49
O. Not as above.
P. Bark of twigs bitter.
Q. Lvs. about as broad as long Populus 34
Q. Lvs. distinctly longer than broad.
R. Lvs. entire or nearly so.
S. Lvs. not at all toothed, elliptic or ovate,
glaucous and pubescent below (but not to-
mentose), without stipules; fr. fleshy; buds
with several scales showing.
Vaccinium stamhieum 62
S. Lvs. usually at least sparingly toothed, lan-
ceolate or elliptic, tomentose at least when
young, sometimes glaucous, sometimes with
stipules ; fr. dry ; buds with a single cap-like
scale Salix 33
R. Lvs. distinctly toothed.
S. Buds with a single cap-like scale; lvs. either
lanceolate or glaucous below or short-petioled
(% in. or less) ; petioles usually not glandu-
lar, or if so, then lvs. both lanceolate and
either silky below or glandular-serrate .Salix 33
S. Buds with more than 1 scale showing ; other
characters not combined as above.
T. Lvs. with 2 or more glands on petiole or
at base of blade Prunus 51
T. Not as above Malus 43
P. Bark of twigs not bitter.
Q. Lvs. entire or nearly so.
R. I -vs. a pprcsscd-pubesceni over whole lower
surface even when mature ..Corpus altcrnifolia 50
R. Not as above.
S. Margins of lvs. ciliate and midribs strigose;
lvs. often all crowded together at tips of
brts. (scattered on more vigorous shoots)
and brts. clustered at end of previous year’s
growth Rhododendron 59
S. Lvs. not both ciliate on margin and strigose
on midrib ; lvs. and brts. distributed more
evenly.
16
SUMMER KEY
T. Brts. very slender ; lvs. small, mostly %-
214 (sometimes to 4) in. long; shrubs.
U. Lf.-bud scales sharp-pointed; frs. fleshy,
usually in short, dense clusters ; lvs. some-
times ciliate Vaccinium
U. Bud scales blunt; frs. dry, usually in
longer, terminal, branched clusters; lvs.
sometimes obscurely toothed, not ciliate.
Lyonia
T. Brts. stouter; lvs. larger, mostly 2-4
(sometimes to 5%) in. long; trees.
U. Pith angled or lobed in cross section;
lvs. occasionally lobed.
Quercus Phcllos and Q. heterophylla
U. Pith round.
V. Lvs. obovate or elliptic, usually acute
at both ends ; If. scars with three dis-
tinct bundle scars; frs. small, dark.
Nyssa
V. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, more often
rounded at base; If. scars with many
bundle scars crowded into a continu-
ous line ; frs. large, about 1 in. in
diam., yellowish Diospyros
Q. Lvs. distinctly toothed or notched.
R. Buds stalked; cone-like woody pistillate cat-
kins present on mature plants all summer .Alnus
R. Buds sessile; woody pistillate catkins lacking.
S. Brts. marked with lengthwise lines starting
from nodes (lines sometimes obscured by
dense tomentum).
T. Lvs. coarsely toothed.
U. Lvs. large, 5-10 in. long, with slender-
pointed teeth ; stems usually growing
from stumps of dead trees Castanea
U. Lvs. smaller, %-3 in. long, with blunt-
pointed teeth ; shrub of salt marshes.
Baccharis
T. Lvs. finely toothed.
U. Tiny, dark stipules or their scars pres-
ent; frs. fleshy; lvs. usually pubescent,
at least on veins below . .Ilex vcrticillata
U. Stipules lacking; frs. dry; lvs. densely
tomentose or entirely glabrous below.
Spiraea
S. Brts. not marked with lengthwise lines.
T. Lvs. doubly and sharply serrate.
U. Bark marked with transversely elon-
gated lenticels, even on brs. only 5 or
6 years old.
V. Buds pointed; trees
62
61
43
60
63
39
40
66
56
48
Betula 38
SUMMER KEY
17
V. Buds blunt; shrub Corylus 37
U. Bark not as above.
V. Brts. dull, slightly hairy; shrub.
Corylus 37
V. Brts. shining, usually smooth ; trees.
W. Lvs. smooth except for a few hairs
on veins below and tufts of hairs in
axils of veins; bark smooth; buds
reddish Carpinus 37
W. Lvs. slightly hairy on both sides ;
bark scaly; buds greenish ...Ostrya 37
T. Lvs. simply toothed, sharply or bluntly.
U. Lvs. obovate, entire toward base.
Clethra 60
U. Not as above.
V. Buds long, slender, pointed; lvs.
folded lengthwise when young ; bark
smooth Amelanchicr 49
V. Buds short.
W. Lvs. with fine teeth ending in lit-
tle hairs which are sometimes gland-
tipped Vacciniutn 62
W. Not as above.
X. Lvs. very short-petioled ; frs.
dry; shrub Leucothoe 61
X. Lvs. on longer petioles (% in.
or more) ; frs. fleshy; tree . .Pyrus 49
KEY TO GENERA BASED ON WINTER CHARACTERS
(for evergreens see summer key)
Numbers refer to pages
A. Buds opposite.
B. Woody climbers (vines).
C. Purely stem twiners; If. scars crescent-shaped, raised (in L. japonica, base of
petiole often persistent) ; usually several pairs of bud scales exposed; lvs. often
half -evergreen Lonicera 55
C. Climbing mainly by aerial rootlets arising at nodes ; If. scars elliptical or
shield-shaped, low; 2 bud scales exposed; lvs. deciduous Tecoma 54
B. Shrubs (see 3d B).
C. Terminal bud absent (occasionally present in Syringa).
D. Stipule scars present.
E. Buds small (often in whorls of 3), sunken in depressed areas above If.
scars ; globular heads of fr. persistent in winter ; swamps and ponds.
Cephalanthus 65
E. Buds larger, about 14 in. long, ovoid, with 4 blunt scales exposed; older
stems white-striped ; 3-celled, bladdery fr. persistent ; rocky woods.
Staphylea 56
D. Stipule scars absent (If. scars meeting laterally or connected by transverse
lines or flaps in Sambucus and Iva) .
E. Brts. with distinctly wide pith, prominent lenticels, and without vertical
lines Sambucus 66
E. Brts. not as above.
F. Two pairs of vertical lines on brt., descending from If. scars; usually
cult Syringa 63
F. More than two pairs of lines; shrub of salt marshes Iva 66
C. Terminal bud present.
D. Brts. with 1 pair of vertical lines, which descend from the middle points be-
tween the If. scars Diervilla 65
D. Brts. with 2 pairs of vertical lines, each pair descending from sides of If.
scars (in some species of Evonymus parallel corky ridges or “wings” also
present) (see 3d and 4th D’s).
E. Brts. yellow Forsythia 63
E. Brts. green or purplish Evonymus 56
D. Brts. with more than 2 pairs of vertical lines; shrub of salt marshes ...Iva 66
D. Brts. without vertical lines.
E. Lvs. half-evergreen Ligustrum 63
E. Lvs. early deciduous.
F. Lvs. entire; If. scars joined transversely by a more or less distinct ridge
or flap (usually notched or depressed between the If. scars) ; buds with
mainly 2 scales exposed (4 in fl. buds of C. florida) which are valvate or
nearly so Cornus 59
F. Lvs. toothed; If. scars not quite meeting at sides (sometimes joined by
a transverse ridge) ; buds covered by 2 valvate or 2 or 3 pairs of scales.
Viburnum 65
18
WINTER KEY
19
B. Trees.
C. Terminal bud absent (rarely present in Phellodendron) .
D. Sap milky Broussonetia
D. Sap not milky.
E. Lf. scar shield-shaped or nearly circular ; buds smajl, superposed, the
upper one much sunken in the bark ; ovoid capsules and panicled fl. buds
persistent in winter; pith usually chambered, white Paulownia
E. Lf. scar horseshoe-shaped, almost surrounding bud ; bud silky, with promi-
nent keel ; pith not chambered, brownish Phellodendron
C. Terminal bud present.
D. Brts. with 2 pairs of vertical lines (sometimes developed into wings) de-
scending from sides of lf. scars Evonymus
D. Brts. without such lines.
E. Terminal bud large, V>-1 in. or more in length; sessile, blunt, ovoid.
A esc ul us
E. Terminal bud smaller, less than % in. in length; or if longer, then sharp-
pointed and stalked.
F. Shrubs or small trees.
G. Lvs. entire; lf. scars joined transversely by a more or less distinct
ridge or flap (usually notched or depressed between the lf. scars) ;
lf. buds with mainly 2 scales exposed (4 in fl. buds of C. florida)
which are valvate or nearly so Cornus
G. Lvs. toothed; lf. scars not quite meeting at sides (sometimes joined
by a transverse ridge) ; buds covered by 2 valvate or 2 or 3 pairs of
scales Viburnum
F. Large trees.
G. Lf. scars triangular or u-shaped; bundle scars in 3 groups, one at the
base and one at each side of the lf. scar Acer
G. Lf. scars crescent-shaped to almost circular ; bundle scars more nu-
merous, in a crescent- or c-shaped aggregate Fraxinus
A. Buds in whorls of 3 (see 3d A).
B. Tree; one small lf. scar and two large lf. scars at each node; long, cylindrical
pods; cult, or escaped in Greater N. Y Catalpa
B. Shrub; lf. scars not as above; fr. heads persistent through winter; wet places.
Cephalanthus
A. Buds, i.e. axillary buds, alternate.
B. Woody climbers (vines).
C. Prickles present on stem Stnilax
C. Prickles absent.
D. Climbing mainly by aerial rootlets (whole plant poisonous to touch) ;
tendrils absent Rhus Toxicodendron
D. Climbing mainly by tendrils formed at the nodes, although the slender stems
often assist in the climbing process (aerial rootlets also rarely present on
old stems of Parthenocissus ) (see 3d D).
E. Pith brown; stems striate; tendrils unbranched, without expanded ad-
hesive disks at their tips Vitis
E. Pith white or greenish; stems terete; tendrils branched, the tips of the
branches expanded into adhesive disks Parthenocissus
D. Stem twiners ; aerial rootlets and tendrils absent.
E. Lf. scars low, buds projecting outwards at right angles to axis of brt.
Celastrus
45
64
54
56
58
59
65
57
63
64
65
33
55
58
58
56
20
WINTER KEY
E. Lf. scars raised, buds not as above.
F. Lf. scars with horn-like protuberances (at least on long shoots) . Wisteria 53
F. All lf. scars without horn-like protuberances.
G. Lf. scars semicircular, flat ; brts. more or less downy, terete or some-
times irregularly 3-sided; buds small, hairy, scales blunt Solanuni 64
G. Lf. scars circular or sometimes cleft at the top, concave; brts. not
downy, fluted; buds minute Menispermum 46
B. Trees or shrubs.
C. Sap milky.
D. Thorns present, axillary; usually a small bud at their base Maclura 44
D. Thorns absent.
E. Lf. scars nearly encircling the buds Rhus typhina and R. glabra 55
E. Lf. scars rounded or semicircular, entirely below the buds.
F. Buds nearly covered (except at tip) by one or two striate scales (buds
often opposite) Broussonetia 45
F. Buds with several scales exposed Morus 45
C. Sap not milky.
D. Brts. sticky (glandular) Robinia viscosa 54
D. Brts. not sticky.
E. Brts. with bristles, prickles, or spines.
F. Shrubs.
G. Brts. bristly or with weak, irregularly distributed prickles.
H. Petiole base persistent Raspberry group of the genus Rubus 50
H. Petiole base deciduous; buds sub-petiolar Robinia hispida 54
G. Brts. armed with stiff spines or prickles.
H. Prickles irregularly distributed.
I. Petiole base persistent Blackberry group of genus Rubus 50
I. Petiole base deciduous; lf. scars low, narrow Rosa 51
H. Spines or prickles regularly distributed.
I. A single spine at each node.
J. Spine (simple or branched) a modified If., subtending bud at
each node Berberis 46
J. Spine simple, axillary, a modified brt., usually with a bud along-
side the base Crataegus 50
I. Two prickles, usually somewhat recurved, below each node ..Rosa 51
F. Trees.
G. Spines branched Gleditsia 52
G. Spines simple.
H. In pairs at lf. scars Robinia Pseudoacacia 54
H. Not in pairs.
I. Single in lf. axils, usually with a bud alongside the base. Crataegus 50
I. Terminating tips of short brts Pyrus 49
E. Bristles, prickles, or spines absent.
F. True terminal bud present (2d F, p. 23).
G. Buds clustered toward tip of brt.; scales closely 5-ranked; pith star-
shaped in cross section Quercus 40
G. Buds not clustered toward tip of brt. ; or, if apparently so, other char-
acters not as above.
H. Shrubs.
WINTER KEY
21
I. Staminate and pistillate catkins present and naked during the win-
ter; buds stalked, covered by 2 or 3 valvate or nearly valvate
scales; pith 3-sided Alnus
I. Fis. not in catkins.
J. Buds stalked Hamamclis
J. Buds sessile or nearly so.
K. Bud scales valvate or nearly so; brts. shining, green or red-
dish purple; small tree, rare in Greater N. Y.
Corn us alternifolia
K. Bud scales imbricated; brts. not as above.
L. Base of petiole persistent, partly sheathing the bud ..Rubus
L. Petiole entirely deciduous, leaving a well defined If. scar.
M. Buds clustered toward tip of stem so that brts. tend to
grow out in a whorl-like manner each season; fl. buds
much larger than If. buds; pith round ....Rhododendron
M. Buds not clustered as above, fl. buds not clearly differ-
entiated from If. buds.
N. Buds very small; terminal bud about Vi6 in. long;
lateral, 14a in., commonly with a very tiny extra bud
at their bases; brts. dark purple or grayish purple, very
slender Ilex verticillata
N. Buds, at least the terminal, larger.
O. Buds smooth or nearly so, long, slender, sharp-
pointed.
P. Buds carmine, sometimes with greenish tints ;
scales usually with glandular or ragged edges ;
clusters of berry-like frs. or their stalks persistent
in winter Aronia
P. Buds greenish, sometimes with pinkish tints ; scales
often hairy or ciliate on margins ; berry-like frs.
early deciduous Amelanchier
O. Buds not as above, i.e., either very hairy, or short
and broad, or blunt.
P. Lenticels conspicuous ; twigs stout ; fr. : clusters of
grayish white drupes ; very poisonous to touch.
Rhus V ernix
P. Lenticels inconspicuous; twigs slender; fr. : dry
capsules ; not poisonous to touch.
Q. Lf. scar triangular; bundle scar longitudinal,
projecting; no stipule scars Clethra
i Q. Lf. scar half-elliptical ; bundle scar transverse,
not projecting; stipule scars present .. Ceanothus
H. Trees. <
I. Buds small, not more than ^4 in. in length.
J. Buds minute, hidden under bark, or in groups of 2 or more at
the tips of the very slender brts. ; bark shedding from brs. of 3
yrs. and older; fr. a woody cone Taxodium
J. Buds larger, globose, those on the brs. of 2 or more years back
located at the tip of short shoots ; fr. an open, scaly cone.
K. Cones persistent Larix
39
47
60
50
60
56
49
49
55
60
58
31
29
22
WINTER KEY
K. Cones (at least the cone scales) deciduous ; short shoots
longer than in the last Pseudolarix 29
I. Buds, at least the terminal, more than Ym in. in length.
J. Buds stalked, tomentose ; the terminal one-sided, the lateral more
or less so ; fl. buds distinct, small and globular, usually in groups
of 3 Hamamelis 47
J. Buds sessile.
K. Pith chambered.
L. Chambers empty; buds tomentose, not covered by typical
scales; stipule scars absent Juglans 35
L. Chambers stuffed.
M. Buds covered by a single scale; stipule scars encircling
brt Magnolia 45
M. Buds covered by 2 valvate scales, smooth, flattened, and
blunt like duck’s bill; stipule -scars encircling brt.
Liriodcndron 45
M. Buds with at least 4 small scales exposed, ovoid, pointed;
stipule scars absent Nyssa 60
K. Pith not chambered.
L. Stipule scars present and distinct.
M. Stipule scars encircling brt. ; buds covered by a single
scale, terminal bud often much larger, ovoid . .. .Magnolia 45
M. Stipule scars nearly meeting around brt. ; buds covered
by many scales, long (about 1 in.) and slender (% in.)
Fagus 39
M. Stipule scars shorter.
N. 3 scales exposed; stipule scars unequal; buds yellow-
brown, thick and blunt, about Ys in. long; pith star-
shaped Castanea 40
N. 5 or more scales exposed.
, O. Pith angled; lowest bud scale directly over If. scar.
Populus 34
O. Pith round; lowest bud scale not as above . Primus 51
L. Stipule scars absent or indistinct.
M. Brts. with a pronounced green color.
N. Light to dark green, with spicy taste, internodes very
variable in length ; buds green, dull Sassafras 46
N. Olive- or yellow-green, often with corky ridges; buds
the same color, shining, sharp-pointed . . . .Liquidambar 47
N. Dark red above, green beneath; buds brown or red-
dish, hairy, blunt Primus Persica 52
M. Brts. without a pronounced green color.
N. Bundle scars 2 ; buds short, stout, blunt, lateral ones
pointing outward at a wide angle, developing into short,
spur-like shoots Ginkgo 27
N. Bundle scars more than 2.
O. Bud scales valvate or nearly so.
P. Lf. scars crescent- or u-shaped, buds purplish.
Cornus alternifolia 60
WINTER KEY
23
P. Lf. scars heart-shaped or lobed. buds sulphur-yel-
low Carya cordiformis
O. Bud scales imbricated.
P. Brts. thick, \i in. or slightly less in diameter; lf.
scars heart-shaped or lobed.
Q. Brts. glabrous, gray or light red-brown, speckled
with dark dots (lenticels) ; very poisonous to
touch ; pendent clusters of ivory or whitish drupes
persistent in winter ; shrub or small tree of wet
places Rhus Vernix
Q. Brts. more or less pubescent, dark gray or dark
red-brown to almost black ; fr. a nut with de-
hiscent husk; tall forest trees.
Carya alba and C. ovata
P. Brts. of medium thickness, about % in. in diameter
(see 3d P).
Q. Lf. scars heart-shaped or lobed, low.
Carya glabra
Q. Lf. scars not heart-shaped or lobed, more or
less raised.
R. Buds more or less pubescent, terminal bud
much larger than lateral.
S. Brts. pale woolly, at least toward apex, buds
more or less woolly Mains
S. Brts. glabrous, buds pubescent with long,
matted hairs Sorbus Aucuparia
R. Buds glabrous ; terminal of about same size
as lateral (except sometimes in Pyrus).
S. Brts. without any distinct taste; short shoots
often with thorn-like ending Pyrus
S. Brts. with bitter taste like that of cherry
pits; short shoots without thorn-like ending.
Primus
P. Brts. slender, about Vie, in. in diameter, olive-green
to reddish brown, often covered with a gray skin;
terminal bud often much larger than lateral, slender,
long-pointed, green or with mingled shades of green
and red; lf. scars linear; small tree or shrub.
Amclanchier
F. True terminal bud absent.
G. Shrubs.
H. Buds without evident scales; hairy Rhus cnpallina
H. Buds covered by a single, hollow-cbnical or flattened scale ..Salix
H. Buds with more than one scale exposed.
I. Staminate catkins present.
J. Catkins pendulous, gray; brts. without aromatic fragrance.
Corylus
J. Catkins more or less erect, brown ; brts. with aromatic fra-
grance Myrica asplenifolia and M. Gale
I. Staminate catkins absent.
36
55
36
36
48
49
49
51
49
55
33
37
35
24
WINTER KEY
J. At least the fl. buds with their uppermost scales sprinkled with
resin globules or encased in a resinous coating.
K. Resin globules plentiful on brts. as well as on buds ; buds not
brightly colored ; brts. with aromatic fragrance.
Myrica caroliniensis 35
K. Resin globules usually evident only on the uppermost scales
of the fl. buds ; bud scales crimson with dark brown margins ;
brts. without aromatic fragrance Gaylussacia 62
K. Resin forming a coating which completely covers the bud ;
plant of salt marshes Baccharis 66
J. All buds without resin.
K. Fl. buds distinctly differentiated from If. buds in shape, and
with a definite position on brts.
L. Fl. buds in pairs, one bud on each side of a If. bud, globose,
greenish, and stalked in the lowermost scales of the If. bud ;
brts. spicy-aromatic Bensoin 46
L. Fl. buds in racemose clusters 1-2 in. in length, each bud
stalked, dark red or purple, ovate, pointed Lcucothoe 61
K. Fl. buds not distinctly differentiated from If. buds in shape
(although they may be of larger size), and without a definite
position on brts.
L. Fl. buds much larger than If. buds ; brts. with shades of
bright green or red Vaccinium 62
L. Fl. buds not markedly larger than If. buds; brts. without
shades of bright green or red.
M. Buds superposed, with 2 or 3 scales exposed, the lower
bud small, much sunken in bark Amorpha 53
M. Buds solitary or sometimes ( Primus and Spiraea ) col-
laterally multiplied.
N. Brts. yellow or light brown.
O. Brts. smooth, buds carmine Lyonia 61
O. Brts. pubescent or tomentose, buds not carmine.
P. Brts. pubescent, with rusty brown lenticels; If.
scars u-shaped, concave ; large shrub or small tree.
Rhus copallina 55
P. Brts. covered with rusty wool, lenticels not notice-
able; If. scars raised, triangular; low shrub, 2-3 ft.
Spiraea foment osa 48
N. Brts. dark purple or almost black.
O. Buds and brts. velvety, brts. with bitter taste of
cherry pits; medium-sized shrub of sea coast.
Prunus maritima 52
O. Buds and brts. smooth, brts. without bitter taste;
low shrub of meadows Spiraea latifolia 48
G. Trees.
H. Catkins (staminate) present.
I. Bark in large plates, scaly, papery, or curly; dwarf shoots nu-
merous along 2-year-old or older twigs, giving an appearance like
lateral buds Betula 38
WINTER KEY
25
I. Bark shedding in long, narrow, irregular, thin strips; dwarf
shoots absent O strya
H. Catkins absent.
I. Buds more or less sunken in the bark.
J. Buds surrounded at sides and below or entirely hidden ( Robinia )
by If. scar, superposed, very close together ; brts. slender or
of medium size.
K. Brts. dark green, fr. a legume Sophora
K. Brts. brown or reddish.
L. Brts. conspicuously swollen at and just below If. scars;
fr. a legume Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis
L. Brts. not conspicuously swollen at nodes.
M. Fr. a circular samara Ptelea
M. Fr. a legume Robinia Pseudoacacia var. inermis
J. Buds not surrounded (or only the lowest) by If. scar, super-
posed some distance apart; fr. a legume; brts. stout.
Gymnocladus
I. Buds not evidently sunken in bark.
J. Buds very hairy ; no typical scales evident.
K. Buds solitary; shrubs or small trees Rhus copallina
K. Buds superposed in 3’s, but so close together as to appear
as a single bud; large tree Cladrastis
J. At least the If. buds not hairy, but glabrous or somewhat
pubescent ; typical scales present.
K. Pith chambered, at least near nodes; chambers often stuffed.
L. Buds (about Yiq in. long) closely appressed to brt. ; bark
of trunk warty ; stipule scars present ; pith often chambered
only near nodes Celtis
L. Buds pointing outward from brt. ; bark of trunk deeply
divided into small polygonal chunks ; stipule scars absent ;
pith irregularly chambered, the chambers often stuffed.
Diospyros
K. Pith not chambered.
L. Buds covered by a single scale.
M. Scale rather symmetrically conical ; stipule scars en-
circling brt Platanus
M. Scale more or less flattened against brt. ; stipule scars
shorter or lacking Salix
L. Buds with 2 scales exposed; pith circular in section (see
3d and 4th L’s).
M. Scales of about the same size (an inner pair often show-
ing under the outer pair) ; brts. stout (14-% in. thick) ;
If. scars large, heart-shaped or shield-shaped ; pith col-
ored Ailanthus
M. Scales unequal, outer scale shorter and giving bud lop-
sided appearance ; brts. more slender (Ys-li in. thick) ;
If. scars half-elliptical; pith white Tilia
L. Buds with 3 scales exposed, pith star-shaped in section (see
4th L) Castanea
37
53
53
54
54
52
55
53
44
63
47
33
54
59
40
26
WINTER KEY
L. Buds (at least the fl. buds) with more than 3 scales ex-
posed, pith roundish (sometimes 5-sided in Carpimis) .
M. Buds blunt, stipule scars absent.
N. Buds coated with resin ; plant of salt marshes.
Baccharis 66
N. Buds not coated with resin.
O. Buds glabrous, fl. buds apparently on old wood; fr.
a legume Cercis 53
O. Buds pubescent, no distinction between If. and fl.
buds; fr. a samara Ailanthus 54
M. Buds (at least the If. buds) pointed, stipule scars present.
N. Bark of trunk smooth, fluted; buds not markedly at
side of If. scar; scales in 4 ranks Carpinus 37
N. Bark of trunk scaly ; buds at one side of If. scar ;
scales in 2 ranks Ultnus 43
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SPECIES
GYMNOSPERMAE — GYMNOSPERMS
Seeds naked ( gymnos , naked; spermon, seed); trees or shrubs with
needle- or scale-like (in Ginkgo fan-shaped), mostly evergreen lvs. ; in
Ginkgo, Larix, Pseudolarix , and Taxodinm, lvs. are deciduous.
GINKGOACEAE — GINKGO FAMILY
Ginkgo
(Pronounced with a soft or hard initial “G”)
1. G. biloba L. Ginkgo. Dioecious; lvs. fan-shaped, often two-lobed
( biloba ), deciduous; short, thick, spur-like growths (short brs.) along
the main brs. ; seed with a thick, fleshy, outer coat, when ripe superficially
resembling a yellow cherry. Native of China. Commonly cult.
TAKACEAE — YEW FAMILY
Tax us — Yew
Seed solitary, surrounded by a red (rarely yellow), fleshy aril. Lvs.
evergreen, linear, green or yellow-green beneath and paler than above, but
without white bands; without resin ducts; distinctly petioled ; midrib of If.
raised along upper surface. Dioecious, rarely monoecious ; small trees,
some vars. shrubby. Much cult.
2. T. baccata L. English Yew. Lvs. come to a point gradually; brts.,
petioles, and under side of lvs. greenish ; upper side of lvs. shining ; scales
of buds obtuse, not keeled.
3. T. cuspidata Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Yew. Lvs. abruptly pointed;
brts. reddish brown when mature; petioles and stripes on under side of
lvs. yellowish ; upper side of lvs. dull ; scales of buds acute, keeled.
A great many vars. of these two species are commonly cult.
The American Yew, or Ground Hemlock, *°T. canadensis Marsh., a low shrub,
but sometimes 3-6 ft. high, is native in eastern N.A. ; found in the Catskills and at
one station on L.I., but not in Greater N.Y.
PINACEAE — PINE FAMILY
The Pine Family, as represented in this vicinity, may be divided into 3
tribes, as follows :
1. The Fir Tribe (Abieteae) including Pinus, Larix, Picea, Abies,
Tsnga, and Pseudotsuga.
27
28
PINACEAE
2. The Bald Cypress Tribe (Taxodieae) comprising Taxodium and
Sequoia ( Crypt omcria and Sciadopitys are exotic cult, genera).
Sequoia is a genus of two species : *S. sernpervirens Endl., the Redwood, and
*S. gigantea Decne., the Bigtree, both of them famous species of the Pacific Coast
region.
3. The Cedar or Cypress Tribe (Cupresseae), with usually scale-like
lvs., comprising Chamaecyparis, Thuja, and Juniperus.
Abieteae — Fir Tribe
Lvs. spirally arranged, fascicled, or whorled ; needle-like or linear ; cone
scales borne in the axils of bracts.
PInus — Pine
Lvs.1 long, needle-like, evergreen, in our species in fascicles of two or
more. The common native species of Greater N.Y. and immediate vicinity
are P. Strobus and P. rigida.
4. P. excelsa Wall. Himalayan Pine. 5 lvs. in a fascicle; long (4-7
in.) and drooping; cones 6-10 in. long, thicker than in the following species.
B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
5. P. Strobus L. Northern White Pine. 5 lvs., shorter (2%-5 in.)
than in the last, and only slightly drooping; cones long (3%-8 in.), chiefly
near top of tree. B.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
6. P. nigra Arnold. Austrian Pine. Lvs. in 2’s, long (3-6 in.),
heavy, dark green. Native in southern Europe. Commonly cult.
7. P. sylvestris L. Scotch Pine. Lvs. in 2’s, of medium length
(1^4-3 in.), blue-green ; inner bark shows orange color. Native in Europe
and Siberia. Commonly cult.
8. P. montana Mill. var. Mughus Willk. Mugho Pine. Lvs. in 2’s,
very short and stout (% to 2 in. long) ; habit dwarf and shrubby. Native
in southern Europe. Commonly cult.
9. P. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Lvs. in 3’s ; cones short, on any part
of the tree, and persistent. Common on L.I.
10. P. virginiana Mill. Virginia (or Scrub) Pine. Lvs. in 2’s, of
medium length (1*4-3 in.). Occurs at one station on S.I.
The Norway Pine, *P. resinosa Ait., also called the Red Pine, is an American
species common in northern N.Y. State, northern New England, and Canada. It
closely resembles the Austrian pine, but its lvs. (2 in a fascicle) are more slender, and
its cone scales are without the short prickle typical of the Austrian. Its bark has a
reddish tinge (hence the common name) somewhat like that of the Scotch pine.
Although it grows southward in the mountains of Pa. and W. Va., its nearest locality
to N.Y. City is in Greene County among the Catskills, several miles above Kingston.
1 Strictly, these are the secondary lvs., borne in a whorl (fascicle) on a very
short br., which is subtended by a scale-like primary If. ; these scale lvs. are more
prominent in the bud stage, there functioning as bud scales.
PINACEAE
29
Cedrus — Cedar
Lvs. acicular, 3-sided, mainly in dense, whorl-like clusters on short,
spur-like brs. Much like Larix, but lvs. are evergreen and cones much
larger.
11. C. atlantica Manetti. Atlas Cedar. Habit of tree is stiff ; lvs.
bluish green ; cones erect on the brs., about 2-3 in. long and 1V2 in. in diam.
A species rather rare in cult. Native in northern Africa. B.B.G.
The other two species are the Cedar of Lebanon, of biblical fame, C. libanotica
Link, of which there is a superb, large specimen in Flushing; and the Deodar Cedar
of the Himalayas, C. Deodara Loud., which is not hardy here.
Larix — Larch
Lvs. deciduous, borne mainly in whorl-like clusters at the ends of short,
spur-like brs. ; cones persistent.
12. L. decidua Mill. (L. europaea DC.). European Larch. Cones
% to 1% in. long; cone scales slightly downy outside, 40-50 to a cone.
The species commonly seen in parks and private grounds. Kis. Pk., Pal.,
Pel. Pk.
13. *L. laricina (DuRoi) Koch (L. americana Michx.). Tamarack.
Cones 34 to % in. long; cone scales smooth outside, 12-15 to a cone; lvs.
about as in last (% to 1% in.). Prefers moist soil and grows in abun-
dance in the swamps of the northern States. Occasionally, however, it
takes kindly to cult, in drier soil.
PsEUDOLARIX GOLDEN LARCH
Lvs. deciduous, borne mainly in whorl-like clusters at the ends of spur-
like brs. Much like the true larch {Larix), but with cone scales deciduous,
leaving the axis of the cone standing on the tree ; the spur-like brs. and the
lvs. are longer than in Larix.
14. P. Kaempferi Gord. (P. amcibilis Rehd.). Golden Larch. The
only species. Native in China. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
Picea — Spruce
Lvs. (in our species) 4-sided, acicular, borne on short peg-like projec-
tions on the stem, which remain when the lvs. are shed, giving brs. a rough
appearance and feel : cones pendulous, their scales persistent.
15. P. Abies Karst. (P. excelsa Link). Norway Spruce. The com-
monly cult, spruce, recognized by its long cones (4—6 in.) and pendulous
brts., which are glabrous. A multitude of vars. and forms in cult. Native
in northern and central Europe. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pal.
16. P. orientalis Carr. Oriental Spruce. Lvs. very short, blunt, shin-
ing; brts. pale brown, short-pubescent; cones 234-334 in- long. Native in
30
PINACEAE
Asia Minor and the Caucasus region. Occasionally cult. B.B.G.,
N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
17. *P. pungens Engelm. ( P . Parryana Sarg.). Blue Spruce. Lvs.
stiff, sharp, blue; brts. glabrous. Often cult.; with many vars., of which
the Koster Spruce (var. Kosteri ) is a popular one. Native in Colo., Utah,
and Wyo. Probably the best species for planting in a dry climate.
B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
The White Spruce, *P. glauca Voss (P. canadensis (Mill.) B.S.P.) ; the Red
Spruce, *P. rubra Link; and the Black Spruce, *P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., are the
common native species of the northeastern U.S.; the first two, especially the first, are
occasionally seen in cult, in Greater N.Y. The white spruce has glabrous brts. and
might be mistaken for the Norway, but it has glaucous lvs., and its brts. lack the pend-
ent character of those of the Norway, giving the tree a much stiffer aspect, and the
cones are much smaller, l%-2 in. long. Both the red and the black spruce have
glandular-pubescent brts., and small cones similar to those of the white spruce, but
differing in color and other details. The black spruce is a typical swamp species, with
cones long persistent. It may be seen in a swamp near Merrick, L.I. All these three
species are common farther north.
Abies — Fir
Lvs. linear, flat, with two white lines beneath ; leaving a circular scar
with a dot in the center when they fall. Cones erect, falling off scale by
scale, leaving the persistent axis.
18. A. Nordmantiiana Spach. Nordmann Fir. Lvs. notched at tip;
buds not resinous. Native in Greece, Asia Minor, and the Caucasus region.
Commonly cult., and grows well in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.,
Pros. Pk.
The Balsam Fir, *A. balsamea (L.) Mill., common in northern New England
and northern N.Y. State (also found in the mountains to W.Va., and west to Minn,
and Iowa) does not take kindly to cult, in Greater N.Y. It may be recognized by its
very resinous buds and fairly short lvs., in. long, disposed usually (but not
always) in fairly flat series on each side of the br. (although in reality inserted spi-
rally). Very popular as a Christmas tree. The White (or Silver) Fir, *A. concolor
Lindl. & Gord., of the western U.S., is occasionally cult, here; while it also has resinous
buds, it is characterized especially by its long, curved, bluish lvs.
Tsuga — Hemlock
Lvs. linear, flat, with two white lines beneath, and distinct short petioles.
(The lvs. of Abies, the fir, which resembles this, have no distinct petioles,
although they are much contracted at the base.)
19. T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock. Lvs. blunt at tip;
usually several small lvs. occur upsidedown along brt. The only common
native species in the eastern U.S.; grows on rocky ridges and in rocky
ravines. Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., V.C. Pk. Weeping and other vars. occur
in cult.
PINACEAE
31
PSEUDOTSUGA
20. *P. taxifolia (Lam.) Britton (P. Dougldsii Carr.). Douglas Fir.
Buds red-brown, smooth, sharp-pointed ; lvs. linear, with two grayish lines
beneath; If. scars circular, somewhat as in Abies, but tilted at an angle
from the twig. The characters of the buds and If. scars are very distinct
and are important for the recognition of this species. Native in the moun-
tains of western N.A. Much cult, in several vars. in Greater N.Y., and
grows well here. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.
Taxodieae — Bald Cypress Tribe
Lvs. linear, spirally arranged (whorled in Sciadopitys ) ; cones without
bracts.
Taxodium — Bald Cypress
Brts. of two kinds: those near tip of shoot persistent and with buds
in the axils of the lvs. ; those on lower part of shoot without axillary buds
and deciduous. Buds very small, globular, scaly. Lvs. small, flat, yellow-
green on both sides; those on persistent brts. projecting radially; those on
deciduous brts. appearing as if 2-ranked.
21. *T. distichum (L.) Richards. Southern Cypress (Bald Cypress).
Twigs more or less horizontal. Native in swamps of southeastern U.S.
Grows well in moist soil. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
Some good specimens of the Pond Cypress, *T. ascendens Brongn., may be seen
at the N.Y. Botanical Garden, to the southeastward of the conservatories, where they
may be compared with T. distichum nearby. The pond cypress has more upright
brs. and much narrower lvs. than the commoner species.
Sciadopitys — Umbrella Pine
22. S. verticillata Sieb. & Zucc. Umbrella Pine. Lvs. (said to be
the morphological equivalent of 2 connate pine needles) long, linear, ever-
green, borne in whorls, each If. in the axil of a little scale. Native in
Japan. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.
Cryptomeria
23. C. japonica D. Don. Cryptomeria. Lvs. very short, awl-shaped,
curved, evergreen, strongly decurrent on the stem. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.
Cupresseae — Cypress or Cedar Tribe
Lvs. usually small and scale-like, sometimes acicular ; decussately op-
posite or in whorls of 3 ; cone scales opposite or in whorls of 3.
Chamaecyparis — White Cedar
Lvs. small and scale-like (awl-shaped or linear in some vars.) ; in the
Japanese species listed below, whitened beneath. Cones composed of
32
PINACEAE
shield-shaped scales (the stalk of the scale being produced from the center
of its under surface), the scales being fitted together in such a way that
the whole forms a little ball. The Japanese species and vars. are much
cult, in Greater N.Y. The native species, inhabiting swamps, does not
do so well in cult.
24. C. pisifera Sieb. & Zucc. Sawara Cypress (Retinospora). Cones
small (J4 in- in diam. or slightly larger), brown. Native in Japan.
B.B.G., N.Y.B.C., Pros. Pk.
Vars. commonly cult, are:
25. C. pisifera var. plumosa Beissn., with feathery or plume-like brts.
and awl-shaped lvs. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
26. C. pisifera var. squarrosa Beissn. & Hochst., with spreading, linear
lvs. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
27. C. pisifera var. filifera Beissn., with gracefully drooping, thread-
like brs. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
28. C. obtusa Sieb. & Zucc. Hinoki Cypress. Lvs. blunt or only
short-pointed. Native in Japan. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.
The native American species is the Southern White Cedar, *C. thyoides (L.)
B.S.P., which grows in swamps along the coast from Me. to Fla. and Miss. The lvs.
are not whitened beneath and the cones are a trifle smaller and bluish bloomy when
ripe. Abundant in a swamp at Merrick, L.I.; also found in swamps in N.J. not far
from the Greater N.Y. region.
Thuja — Arbor Vitae
Lvs. tiny and scale-like ; those on edges of brt. keeled ; those on upper
and lower surfaces flat. Cones small, constructed on the plan of the pine
or spruce cone.
29. *T. occidentals L. Northern White Cedar (Arbor Vitae). Cones
Vi-x/i in. long. Commonly cult, in Greater N.Y. Has been found in
Westchester County and is very common in wet ground in the North.
The Oriental Arbor Vitae, T. orientalis L., is easily recognized by the vertical
plane in which the brts. are disposed. Commonly cult.
Juniperus — Juniper
Cone berry-like, the scales having become fleshy and welded together.
30. J. virginiana L. Eastern Red Cedar. Lvs. scale-like, in 4 rows,
making the brts. 4-sided ; but on young trees or on vigorous shoots, lvs. are
needle-like. Fr. about % in. >n diam., with a bloom. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.,
V.C. Pk.
The Dwarf Juniper, *J. communis L., with all its lvs. ncedle-likc and in whorls of
3, is common northward. Found at one station on L.I. B.B.G.
LILIACEAE — SALICACEAE
33
AN GIO SPERM AE — ANGIOSPERMS
Seeds enclosed in an ovary ( angion , a vessel; spernion, seed); lvs.
mostly broad (rarely needle- or scale-like) ; deciduous (rarely evergreen).
LILIACEAE — LILY FAMILY
SmIlax — Green Brier
In woods and along fences and borders of fields two woody, climbing
species of Smilax are common in this region. Being closely related to the
lilies, they have no central pith, but the vascular bundles are distributed
throughout the stem. These two species have perennial, aerial stems,
which are usually green and prickly, and have a pair of tendrils near the
base of the If. stalk.
31. 0OS. rotundifolia L. Green Brier. The commoner of the two;
can be recognized by its thicker stems, stronger prickles, and lvs. rounded
and shining on both surfaces. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C.
Pk.
32. 00S. glauca Walt. Saw Brier. Has more slender stems and
prickles and ovate lvs. which are glaucous beneath. B. Ter., Pel. Pk.
SALICACEAE — WILLOW FAMILY
Dioecious ; both staminate and pistillate fls. in catkins ; lvs. alternate
(in V. purpurea often opposite), simple; bark bitter; wood light and soft.
Salix — - Willow
Buds covered by a single hollow-conical scale, often more or less flat-
tened against brt. ; true terminal bud absent ; lvs. mostly long and narrow.
33. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A large tree ; lvs. narrow, often
scythe-shaped, green and smooth on both sides ; petioles glandless. Grows
in wet places. Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
34. S. fragilis L. Crack Willow. A large tree ; lvs. very long- pointed,
light green or blue-green and at length smooth beneath, serrate, with glands
at base of blade; brs. and brts. very brittle, easily knocked off with the
finger. Native in Europe. Kis. Pk., Pel. Pk.
35. S. alba L. European White Willow. A large tree ; lvs. lanceolate,
long-pointed, finely toothed, silky pubescent and white beneath, in one var.
silky pubescent also above; brts. greenish. Native in Europe. B.B.G.,
Inw.
36. S. alba L. var. vitellina (L.) Koch. Golden Willow. A large
tree, more common than the last. Mature lvs. similar, but smooth; whitish
beneath. Brts. yellow. Inw., Kis. Pk.
34
SALICACEAE
37. S. babylonica L. Babylon Weeping Willow. May be recognized
by its very long, slender, olive-brown, drooping brts. Native in Europe.
Often cult. Kis. Pk., Pal., V.C. Pk.
38. °S. cordata Muhl. Pleart-leaf Willow. A shrub with finely ser-
rate Ivs., green beneath and cordate (at least some of them) at base;
stipules long persistent. Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., V.C. Pk.
39. S. discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow (Glaucous Willow). Usually
a shrub ; fl. buds much larger than If. buds and opening early ; lvs. smooth
and glaucous beneath, irregularly serrate. B. Ter., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
40. °S. humilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. A small, low shrub ; lvs. ob-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, tomentose beneath ; buds and brts. hairy.
Occasional on S.I. B. Ter.
41. S. rostrata Richards. Beak Willow. A large shrub or small
tree ; lvs. with conspicuous veins, somewhat sunken below upper If. surface,
obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, usually pubescent beneath. Rare in Greater
N.Y. Pel. Pk.
42. °S. sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. A shrub, 6-12 ft. high; lvs.
narrow, finely serrate, silky beneath. Very common in swamps, and grow-
ing in large colonies. V.C. Pk., Kis. Pk.
The following species are also found in this region : the Shiny Willow, S. lucida
Muhl., with brts. and long-pointed lvs. shining (Pel. Pk.) ; the Dwarf Gray W., °S.
trfstis Ait., closely related to S. humilis, but smaller; the Sage W., °S. Candida
Fliigge, with brts. and under side of lvs. white-woolly; the Purple W. or Purple
Osier, °S. purpurea L., with smooth brts. purplish when young, becoming gray, and
with oblanceolate, often opposite lvs. The last species, a native of Europe, was
originally cult., but now naturalized ; B.B.G.
Populus — Poplar
Buds with many scales ; true terminal bud and stipule scars present ;
bark very bitter; pith 5-angled; lvs. in general broader than in Salix;
bark on young trees and brs. smooth and pale, gray or yellowish, but dark
and rough on old trunks.
43. P. alba L. White Poplar. Young brts. and under surface of lvs.
with a white, felty covering ; lvs. rhombic ; buds more or less woolly ;
young bark very pale gray or nearly white ; dark, rough bark appears
later than in other species of Populus. Native in Europe. Kis. Pk.,
N.Y.B.G., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk.
44. P. tremuloides Michx. Aspen (Quaking Aspen). Common in
forests, usually in rather dry locations. Lvs. ovate to rounded, with small,
regular teeth ; petioles flattened ; buds narrow, very sharp-pointed, shining
as if varnished, appressed close to brt. ; young bark often more yellowish
than that of last species ; old bark nearly black. B. Ter., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
SALICACEAE TO JUGLANDACEAE
35
45. P. grandidentata Michx. Largetooth Aspen. Lvs. round-ovate,
with large, irregular teeth ; buds plumper than in the last, somewhat down)' ;
young bark usually more distinctly yellow than that of the last. Common
in forests. B. Ter., Inw., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
46. P. deltoides Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood. Lvs. deltoid in shape ;
brts. yellowish, often showing 3 ridges extending downward below If.
scars ; buds large, smooth, with a yellow resin within ; young hark much
like that of the last; old bark grayish. Often cult, on account of its rapid
growth. Pal.
47. P. nigra L. var. italica Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. A species
much cult., and easily recognized by its erect, columnar habit ; lvs. com-
paratively small, usually wider than long. B.B.G.
The Balm-of-Gilead Poplar, P. candicans Ait., with large, sticky, fragrant buds,
and with brts., petioles, and under side of broadly ovate lvs. (especially on the veins)
pubescent, or at least the margins of the lvs. ciliate, is also occasionally seen. B.B.G.,
Pal. The Carolina Poplar, P. Eugenei Dode, often planted (only in the staminate
form) as a street tree, and of pyramidal habit, is said to be the result of a cross
between P. deltoides and P. nigra. Similar forms with a different parentage probably
also occur.
MYRICACEAE — SWEET GALE FAMILY
Myrica
48. °M. caroliniensis Mill. Bayberry. Lvs. aromatic, falling late ;
brts. and buds with long black hairs (seen under lens) and dotted with
yellow resin glands; bud globose, about x/\2 in- hi diam. ; staminate cat-
kins enclosed in the winter buds ; fr. grayish white, waxy. B. Ter., B.B.G.,
Pal., Pel. Pk.
The Sweet Gale, °M. Gale L., occurs on L.I.; a usually larger shrub, with similar
lvs., but with resin-dotted fr. in cone-like bunches at the ends of the brts., and with
usually pointed buds. B.B.G. The Sweet Fern, "M. asplenifolia L., with fragrant,
more or less deeply cleft, fern-like lvs., is common on L.I. and S.I. B.B.G. In both
of these species the staminate catkins are exposed during the winter, and are more or
less erect.
JUGLANDACEAE — WALNUT FAMILY
Lvs. of hickory and walnut, our two genera in this family, pinnately
compound ; true terminal bud present ; fr. a nut enclosed by an outer husk ;
large forest trees.
Juglans — Walnut
Husk of fr. not splitting when ripe ; pith chambered ; buds naked ; If.
scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed ; stipule scars lacking; lfts. numerous
(11-23).
36
JUGLANDACEAE
49. J. cinerea L. Butternut. Transverse, downy pads above triangu-
lar If. scars; buds gray-brown; pith dark brown; nuts long; lfts. 11-17;
bark with broad, light, smooth, lengthwise stripes. Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk.
50. J. nigra L. Black Walnut. Lf. scars heart-shaped ; buds grayish ;
pith lighter brown; nuts spherical; lfts. 13-23; bark dark and rough, with-
out stripes. B.B.G., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk.
Carya (Hicoria) — Hickory
Husk of fr. splitting open into 4 valves, at least part of the way down
from apex, when ripe; pith not chambered ; buds (except in C. cordiformis)
scaly; lf. scars shield-shaped or 3-lobed ; stipule scars lacking; lfts. (5-11)
usually fewer than in Juglans. Forms of C. glabra and C. alba sometimes
occur, and are difficult to determine with exactness ; C. ovata and C. cordi-
formis are quite distinct.
51. C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Shagbark Hickory. Bark shaggy;
buds of medium size, with outermost scales produced into long points;
husk of fr. thick, splitting readily to base; nut white, kernel sweet; the
hickory nut of commerce ; lvs. downy below when young, later usually
smooth, with usually 5 lfts. (sometimes 7). B. Ter., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G.,
Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
52. C. alba (L.) K. Koch. Mockernut Hickory. Bark close, i.e., not
readily peeled off with the fingers ; buds large, the terminal one %-% in-
long, outer scales early deciduous; brts. stout and thick, usually pubescent;
husk of fr. thick, not splitting to base; nut light brown, shell thick; lvs.
pubescent below, with 5-7, often 9 lfts., fragrant when crushed. B. Ter.,
Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
53. C. glabra (Mill.) Spach. Pignut Hickory. Bark scaly; buds
smaller (%~/4 in. long), outer scales early deciduous ; brts. slender, smooth;
fr. obovate, husk thin, not splitting more than halfway to base ; lvs. smooth,
with usually 5 lfts. (may have 3-7), smaller than in the last. B. Ter.,
Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Another species of pignut, the Small Pignut, C. ovalis Sargent (//. ovalis
(Wang.) Sudworth), is also recognized, characterized by small (about 1 in. long),
ovoid fr. with a thin, scaly husk, which splits tardily to near the base, and by bark
which is often shaggy on old trunks ; lfts. 5-7 ; both lfts. and brts. scurfy-pubescent
while young, glabrous when mature. Several vars. of this species, depending on the
size and shape of the fr., are described. Here belongs H. microcarpa Britton.
54. C. cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch ( H . minima Britton). Bitter-
nut Hickory. Bark close ; buds sulphur-colored, naked; husk and shell of
nut thin, kernel bitter; lfts. numerous (7-11). Closely related to *C.
pecan, the pecan nut of the southern States. C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk.,
N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C Pk.
BETULACKAE
37
BETULACEAE — BIRCH FAMILY
Monoecious; staminate and pistillate fls. in catkins, except in Corylus,
where the pistillate fls. are in short, few-flowered heads ; staminate catkins
naked throughout the winter in all genera except Carpinus; pistillate cat-
kins naked throughout the winter only in Alnus, in other genera enclosed
in the buds. The naked catkins are a conspicuous winter character, and
are therefore an easy means of identification of membership in this fam-
ily. Lvs. simple, alternate, usually doubly serrate.
Corylus — Hazelnut
Shrubs ; staminate catkins gray, pendulous ; buds somewhat flattened,
blunt, with 4-6 scales exposed; true terminal bud lacking; lvs. often in 3
ranks. Stipule scars present, unequal.
55. °C. americana Walt. Hazelnut (American Hazelnut). Brts. and
petioles with stiff, glandular hairs; lvs. oval, pointed, downy below; fr.
enclosed in a broad involucre. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
56. °C. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Brts. more slender than in
the last, smooth or only slightly hairy; lvs. broader than in the last; fr.
with a long, tube-like involucre. Not common in Greater N.Y. Native
in Canada and in northern and central U.S. B.B.G., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Ostrya — Hop-hornbeam
57. O. virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch. Hop-hornbeam. Small tree,
with bark in long, narrow, loose, ragged, vertical strips ; buds ovoid, gen-
erally tinged with green, about 6 striate scales exposed ; true terminal bud
lacking; staminate catkins, often in 2’s or 3’s, present on mature trees;
lvs. oblong-ovate, sharp-pointed, slightly hairy on both sides; frs. enclosed
in bladder-like sacs which occur in cone- or hop-like clusters. C'. Pk., Inw.,
N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk.
Carpinus — Blue Beech
Neither staminate nor pistillate catkins evident during the winter, both
being enclosed in the buds; buds small, pointed, with 10 to 12 scales ex-
posed in 4 rows; true terminal hud lacking; stipule scars present; frs. in
loose, pendulous clusters, each individual nut-like fr. subtended by a
three-lobed bract; bark smooth, fluted (with muscle-like ridges).
58. C. caroliniana Walt. Blue Beech (American Hornbeam). Bark
steel-gray. Likely to be confused with Ostrya when young, but the lvs.
are entirely smooth above, and the buds are smaller, reddish, usually
angled, and show more scales; also, catkins are absent. B.B.G., C. Pk.,
Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
38
BETULACEAE
59. C. Betulus L. European Hornbeam (European Blue Beech).
A larger tree (60-70 ft.) than the American species (30-40 ft.) ; lvs.
thicker, with veins sunken in upper surface, turning yellow in fall, and
often persistent all winter; bracts large, 1% in. long (in American, 1 in.
long), margin of bract nearly entire; buds longer (% in.) than in Ameri-
can (% in.). B.B.G., C. Pk., common in Pros. Pk. Cult. vars. occur.
Betula — Birch
Staminate catkins conspicuous in winter on mature trees, pendulous ;
bark marked by horizontally elongated lenticels ; dwarf shoots numerous
along 2-year-old or older twigs ; terminal bud lacking except at tips of the
numerous dwarf shoots; buds with 2-3 scales showing; stipule scars nar-
row; frs. in compact cylindrical spikes, each individual fr. (or winged
nut) subtended by a 3-lobed bract.
60. B. lenta L. Sweet Birch. Bark dark brown ; twigs with strong
wintergreen flavor; buds sharply pointed and long (% to x/2 in.); fr.
bracts smooth. Has lvs. like Ostrya and Carpinus, with which it may
be confused when young; but it can always be distinguished by the taste
of the nearly smooth brts. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B G.,
Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
61. B. lutea Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Bark peeling into thin, silvery-
yellow, ribbon-like layers ; twigs with wintergreen flavor (but not so strong
as in the last), pubescent, at least when young; lvs. like the last; spikes of
fr. a little thicker and shorter; fr. bracts pubescent. A native tree in
Greater N.Y., but rare. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., V.C. Pk.
The River Birch, B. nigra L., is common along rivers just south and west of N.Y.
City (e.g., Delaware R. and N.J. streams) ; has curly, papery, reddish bark, and
rhombic lvs., bluish beneath. Sometimes cult.
62. B. populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. Bark dirty white, not chalky,
nor dividing readily into thin layers; lvs. triangular, very long-pointed ;
buds short, about \\ in. ; brts. roughened with resin dots ; a small tree, typi-
cally with several oblique trunks from a single base. Very common.
B. Ter, Kis. Pk, N.Y.B.G, Pal., V.C. Pk.
63. *B. papyrifera Marsh. ( B . alba L. var. papyrifera (Marsh.)
Spach). Paper Birch (Canoe Birch). Similar to the gray birch so
commonly growing wild in Greater N.Y, but the lvs. are ovate; the brts.
pubescent; the bark chalky white, separable into thin layers; and the tree
is larger, with usually a single main trunk. A northern species. Not
known in Greater N.Y. except in cult. B.B.G.
64. B. pendula Roth ( B . vcrrucdsa Ehrh.). European Birch. The
common, cult, white birch. Bark rather dirty white; brts. with resin
BETULACEAE FAGACEAE
39
glands, not pubescent ; Ivs. rhombic-ovate. The cut-leaved horticultural
var. gracilis Rehd. is the one most commonly seen. B.B.G.
Another white-barked European species often cult, is B. pubescens Ehrh., with
glandless, pubescent brts., and lvs. much like those of B. pendula.
Alnus — Alder
Buds, in our species, stalked, covered by 2 or 3 valvate or nearly valvate
scales ; both staminate and pistillate catkins naked and conspicuous during
the winter; old fr. heads (cone-like) also persistent; true terminal bud
and stipule scars present.
65. °A. incana (L.) Moench. Speckled Alder. Lvs. ovate, downy
and glaucous beneath, doubly serrate ; bark speckled with large lenticels ;
pistillate catkins recurved, apparently lateral. Often grows in drier soil
than the next. B.B.G.
66. °A. rugosa (DuRoi) Spreng. Smooth Alder (Hazel Alder).
Lvs. green on both sides, almost regularly serrate, narrowing somewhat at
their bases; pistillate catkins erect, apparently terminal. Usually in moist
soil. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw, Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
These two alders often grow in the same habitat, but are usually easily
distinguished, although intermediate forms sometimes occur.
FAGACEAE — BEECH FAMILY
Mainly trees (a few are shrubs) with alternate, simple lvs.; character-
ized particularly by the fr., a nut, more or less surrounded by a woody or
spiny involucre — the cup of the acorn, or the bur of the chestnut or beech.
Fagus — Beech
Easily recognized by the very long (sometimes nearly an in.), narrow,
cylindrical, sharp-pointed buds; stipule scars linear, nearly meeting around
brt. ; true terminal bud present ; bark light gray and smooth ; in winter the
pale, dead lvs. tend to persist on the tree ; nuts triangular, usually two in a
spiny bur, the involucre. Only one species ( F . grandifolia ) is native in
the U.S. The European species, F. sylvatica, and its vars., are commonly
cult.
67. F. grandifolia Ehrh. Beech (American Beech). Lvs. ovate-
oblong, long-pointed, coarsely serrate, 2%-5 in. long, with 9-14 pairs of
veins. B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
68. F. sylvatica L. European Beech. Lvs. similar, but 2^4 in. long,
with only 5-9 pairs of veins, and with smaller teeth than in the American
species; bark somewhat darker than in the latter. B.B.G., C. Pk., Pros.
Pk., V.C. Pk.
Vars. of the European beech commonly planted in parks are:
40
FAGACEAE
69. F. sylvatica L. var. purpurea Ait. Copper or Purple Beech. Lvs.
copper-colored or purple, changing to dark green in late summer. C. Pk.,
Pros. Pk.
70. F. sylvatica L. var. incisa Hort. Cut-leaved European Beech.
Lvs. deeply and variously cleft and toothed. C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pros. Pk.,
V.C. Pk.
71. F. sylvatica L. var. pendula Loud. Weeping European Beech.
Brs. drooping. A famous specimen, perhaps the largest in the U.S., is
in Flushing.
Castanea — Chestnut
Characterized particularly by the fr., 1-3 rounded nuts in a spiny bur,
the involucre; and by the lvs., like those of the beech, but longer, wider,
and with longer, sharper teeth. The American species is now rare in this
part of its range, having been killed by a parasitic fungus brought into the
U.S. from the Orient ; but young shoots are occasionally seen in Greater
N.Y., growing from the old roots, which have persisted because of their
greater resistance to the disease.
72. C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut (American Chestnut).
Buds blunt, ovoid, light to dark brown, with only 2 or 3 scales showing;
true terminal bud frequently lacking ; stipule scars elongated, unequal ; on
erect shoots lvs. usually in 5 ranks, on lateral shoots in 2 ranks ; pith star-
shaped in section ; bur about the size of a small apple.
Quercus — Oak
Characterized by a cluster of buds toward the end of the brt., the bud
scales being numerous and in 5 ranks ; by simple lvs., lobed or cleft in the
majority of the species; and by the fr., known as the acorn. Here the
involucre (the cup of the acorn) does not entirely enclose the fr. as in
the beech and chestnut. Stipule scars small; pith star-shaped in section.
Although there are many subdivisions, for convenience two main groups
of oaks may be recognized in this region, as follows:
WHITE OAKS BLACK OAKS
Leaf lobes rounded, without bristle Leaf lobes with bristle tips,
tips (sharp-pointed in Nos.
76 and 79) .
Buds blunt (except in chestnut oak). Buds more or less sharp-pointed.
Acorns mature first year (except in Acorns mature second year.1
Turkey oak).
1 On this account all species of the black oak group, if old enough to bear fr., will
be found in any given autumn to have two sizes of nuts: those of the current year,
still tiny, and those in their second year, now ripening.
FAGACEAE
41
Species in the White Oak Group
73. Q. alba L. White Oak. Buds smooth and blunt ; bark light gray
and scaly; brts. smooth, usually reddish brown at maturity, often glaucous;
acorns ovoid-oblong, cups shallow ; lvs. deeply lobed, pale and smooth be-
low; dead lvs. often persist on tree in winter. Var. latiloba Sarg. is the
form most generally seen in this vicinity; in this the If. lobes are broad,
and extend less than halfway to the midrib. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw.,
Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
74. Q. stellata Wang. Post Oak. Buds pubescent and blunt ; brts.
stout, tomentose ; bark of trunk red-brown, or sometimes lighter, scaly;
acorns small, with hemispherical cups; lvs. with squarish lobes, pubescent
beneath ; small tree. Common on L.I. and Hunter’s I. Pal.
The Bur Oak, *Q. macrocarpa Michx., with light colored, scaly bark, and large
acorns, their cups with fringed borders, has lvs. separated into 2 parts (upper and
lower) by a pair of deep sinuses 14 or % of the way down If., and is often cult. Native
in central and northern N.Y. State. B.B.G., C. Pk., Pros. Pk.
75. Q. bfcolor Willd. (Q. platanoidcs Sudworth). Swamp White
Oak. Buds blunt, with fine capillary scales often present in the terminal
bud cluster; brts. at length smooth and yellowish; lvs. narrower and entire
towards the base, tomentose beneath, with numerous rounded lobes, but
these usually not so deep as in Q. alba (rarely lobed halfway to midrib) ;
bark exfoliating on young portions of brs. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G.,
Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
76. Q. prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chinquapin Oak. A dwarf species;
brts. brittle, slender, smooth; buds small, very blunt; lvs. of the chestnut
oak type, regularly crenately toothed, gray-downy beneath. Found on S.I.
(nr. Arlington) and L.I.
77. Q. montana Willd. ( Q . Prinus L. of Gray’s Manual). Chestnut
Oak. Buds yellowish, smooth, pointed; bark not flaky, dark brown, in
mature trees with deep, more or less vertical grooves, v-shaped in cross
section ; cup somewhat warty, but thin, covering %-/4 °f acorn ; lvs. with
numerous, regular, rounded teeth. B. Ter., Hunter’s I., Inw., Pal.
78. Q. Robur L. English Oak. Brts. glaucous, usually reddish above,
green beneath; buds short, thick, blunt. Resembles Q. cdba in some re-
spects, but lvs. are smaller, often with ear-like lobes at base. The acorns
ripen the first year, and although the bark is dark colored, this species is
closely related to the white oak. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., commonly cult.
79. Q. Cerris L. Turkey Oak. Capillary scales of buds numerous;
lvs. with shallow, abruptly pointed lobes; acorn (about 1 in. long) with
large “ mossy ” cup, ripening the second year ; bark dark colored and
rough. Native in southeastern Europe and western Asia, and rarely cult,
here. Several vars. cult. C. Pk., Pros. Pk.
42
FAGACEAE
Species in the Black Oak Group
80. Q. borealis Michx. f. (Q. rubra L. var. ambigua (Michx. f.)
Fernald). Red Oak. Buds large, those at tip of brt. about 34 in- l°ng
or more, red- or dark-brown and usually shining; rounded on the sides
(not strongly angled), somewhat pubescent towards the pointed tip. Lvs.
with numerous bristle-tipped lobes which are more or less triangular in
rough outline; smooth beneath except for occasional tufts of hairs in axils
of veins. Brts. usually strongly ridged or fluted. Acorns large, about
1 in. long, with cup-shaped cups covering about % of acorn. The bark
of old trunks is the smoothest of all our oaks, vertically grooved, but with
smooth, light-colored strips between the grooves. The red oak is a common
tree with us, especially in rocky situations; it is a vigorous, fast grower,
and is best recognized by the red, shining buds, the many-lobed (7-11)
lvs., the sinuses varying considerably as to depth, and the large acorns.
Var. maxima Sarg., common in this vicinity, has larger acorns and flat ,
saucer-shaped cups. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G.,
Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
81. Q. palustris Muench. Pin Oak. Buds about 34 in. long, sharp-
pointed, angled, entirely smooth and usually shining, brown ; many short,
pin-like brs. throughout tree ; lower main brs., especially in younger trees,
droop characteristically downward; lvs. small and deeply cleft, the lobes
often standing out nearly at right angles to the long axis of the If. ; acorns
very small, about 34 in. in diam., often striped, nearly hemispherical, with
flat cups. Best recognized by its smooth, sharp-pointed buds, pin-like brs.,
and small acorns with flat cups. Prefers moist soil. Much planted as a
street tree and in parks and estates. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk.,
N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
82. Q. coccfnea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Buds 34-34 in. long, fairly
smooth and reddish brown at base; gray and distinctly pubescent above
middle, and pointed at tip. Lvs. scarlet in the fall, hence the name ; shaped
as in pin oak, but larger ; lobes less numerous than in red oak. Acorn
with hemispherical cup and white meat. Inner, living bark not yellow,
but reddish or pinkish; outer bark black and rough. Apt to be confused
with the pin oak, but lacks the pin-like brs., and its buds are larger and
pubescent in the upper half. Also may be mistaken for the black oak.
B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., Pros. Pk.
83. Q. velutina Lam. Black Oak. Buds large, of about the dimen-
sions of those of the red oak, but 5-angled or -sided, grayish-pubescent.
Brts. apt to be downy or scurfy. Lvs. usually pubescent or scurfy below,
with prominent tufts of hairs in axils of veins ; with fewer lobes than in
red oak, (7-9) usually 7, and lobes more oblong. Acorns have hemispher-
ical cups and yellow meat. Inner, living bark bright orange-yellow ; hence
FAGACEAE URTICACEAE
43
tree sometimes called yellow oak; outer bark of old trunks rough and black,
divided into polygonal chunks. Best recognized in winter by its stout, en-
tirely grayish-hairy, angled buds ; by these and by its yellow inner bark
it can be distinguished from the scarlet oak, with which it may be confused.
B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
84. Q. ilicifolia Wang. Bear or Scrub Oak. A dwarf species usually
about 6 ft. in height, but sometimes attains 20 ft. ; much branched and
spreading ; lvs. semipersistent, very variable in shape, tomentose beneath ;
brts. minutely downy; buds short, pointed, shining; acorns small, about
Yo in. high, with saucer-shaped cups. In barren soil on L.I. and S.I., and
along the tops of the nearby ridges in N.Y. and N.J. B.B.G.
The Blackjack Oak, Q. marilandica Muench., occurs on L.I. and S.I. Best
recognized by the very broadly obovate, almost triangular outline of its lvs. ; buds
about Vi in. long, pointed, pubescent, red-brown.
85. Q. Phellos L. Willow Oak. Buds sharp-pointed, about Vs in-
long; acorns much like those of the pin oak; best recognized by its long,
narrow, willow-like lvs. A rare species in this vicinity but occasionally
cult, here, and common in wet grounds farther south. Found rarely on
S.I. and L.I. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
The Rudkin Oak, Q. Rudkini Britton, a hybrid between Q. marilandica and
Q. Phellos; the Britton Oak, Q. Brfttoni W.T. Davis, a hybrid between Q. mari-
landica and Q. ilicifolia; and the Bartram Oak, Q. heterophylla Michx. f. (B.B.G.),
a hybrid between Q. Plicllos and Q. borealis maxima, occur on S.I.
The commonest oaks in the N.Y. region are Q. borealis, Q. alba, and
Q. velutina. The first and second prefer the higher, drier locations, while
the last is not particular. In swamps and wet soil Q. palustris and Q.
bicolor are common. Q. montana is almost entirely restricted to higher
elevations and rocky woods, but occurs in low, sandy woods on S.I. Q.
stellata is found in sterile soil ; usually, in this vicinity, not far from the
sea coast (common on Hunter’s I.), although it occurs as far west as Kan.
Except in the low, sandy woods of S.I., Q. coccinea is not very common
in this neighborhood, but may be looked for in company with Q. velutina.
Q. ilicifolia and Q. prinoides, the scrub oaks, as well as Q. stellata, are
common on L.I. east of the Hempstead Plains.
URTICACEAE — NETTLE FAMILY
In the mulberry subfamily, including the mulberry, paper mulberry,
and Osage orange, the sap is milky.
Ulmus — Elm
Fr. surrounded by a membranous wing; lvs. usually inequilateral at
base ; buds with about 6 scales exposed, arranged in 2 ranks ; true ter-
minal bud absent ; stipule scars unequal ; bundle scars 3, or in 3 groups.
44
URTICACEAE
86. U. fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. Lvs. large, very rough to the
touch, ovate-oblong, pointed, doubly serrate, pubescent below, not sym-
metrical at base ; brts. gray, pubescent, and rough to the touch, with
mucilaginous taste ; buds, especially the fl. buds, large, with rusty brown
hairs, blunt ; frs. borne in short-stalked, dense clusters. Occasional in
rocky woods. Inw., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
87. U. americana L. American Elm. Lvs. as in slippery elm, but
smaller, not so rough to the touch, and smoother below ; brts. brown, some-
what zig-zag, with elm taste, but not mucilaginous ; buds red-brown and
fairly smooth, often situated a little at one side of the If. scar; frs. smaller
than in last, borne in long-stalked clusters ; a larger tree than the last,
with bark more deeply grooved ; trunk typically dividing above into sev-
eral leaders. Common in moist soil, and much planted as a street tree.
B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk.,
Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
88. U. campestris L. ( U. procera Salisb.). English Elm. Similar in
a general way to the American elm, but differs mainly as follows : lvs.
smaller, and more pubescent below ; buds darker or almost black ; brts.
generally downy; bark darker colored, and divided into small, irregular,
polygonal plates ; tree with a single main trunk, not dividing into a number
of leaders. Native of England and western and southern Europe. Often
cult, and has several vars. C. Pk., Pros. Pk.
The Wych Elm, U. glabra Huds., from Europe and western Asia, has a light
gray bark which stays smooth for a long time, and some of the lvs. 3-lobed at tip.
Pros. Pk. The Camperdown Elm, U. glabra var. Camperddivnii Rehd., with pen-
dulous brts. and round-topped head, is occasionally cult. Pros. Pk. There are many
other cult. vars.
Celtis — Hackberry
89. C. occidentals L. Hackberry. Buds small, sharp-pointed,
pressed close to brt. ; true terminal bud lacking ; stipule scars narrow ;
pith of brts. closely chambered, sometimes only at the nodes ; bark warty
(caused by local growths of cork) ; insect galls usually plentiful on lvs.
and twigs, often causing “witches’ brooms” on latter; lvs. ovate, long-
pointed, serrate, unequal at base, with 3 prominent veins starting from
base; fr. a drupe the size of a pea, with thin, sweet, edible flesh, yellow
when ripe; a small tree. C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
MACLURA — OSAGE-ORANGE
90. M. pomifera (Raf.) Schneider. Osage-orange. Medium-sized
tree with yellow-brown bark ; shining, entire lvs. ; axillary, simple thorns;
milky sap; and large multiple frs. the size of an orange, mostly falling
green ; buds small, globular ; true terminal bud lacking ; stipule scars small.
URTICACEAE M AGNOLIACEAE
45
Native in the Middle West. Cult, and sparingly naturalized in Greater
N.Y. Used for hedges. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., S.I. nr.
Richmond.
Broussonetja — Paper Mulberry
91. B. papyrifera (L.) Vent. Paper Mulberry. A medium-sized
tree with smooth bark, gray with pinkish tinge, and milky sap; Ivs. often
opposite, pubescent below, rough above, and often lobed ; If. scars rounded,
elevated; buds mostly covered by 2 striate scales; terminal bud lacking;
pith white, with a thin, green partition at each node. From China and
Japan. Cult, and sparingly naturalized in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., Pal.,
Pros. Pk.
Morus — Mulberry
92. M. alba L. White Mulberry. Lvs. smooth and shining, often
variously lobed; sap milky; bark with yellowish tinge; buds red-brown,
triangular. Naturalized from China. Several vars. cult. B.B.G., C.
Pk., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
93. M. rubra L. Red Mulberry. Lvs. broad, occasionally lobed,
rough and hairy ; sap milky; bark darker than in last ; buds larger, with
green tinge. Native species in woods, but rare. C. Pk., Inw., Pal.
MAGNOLlACEAE — MAGNOLIA FAMILY
Magnolia
Buds with only one scale showing, the inner scales (in If. buds) alter-
nating with the rudimentary lvs. ; large true terminal bud ; stipule scars
linear, encircling brt. ; pith sometimes with firmer diaphragms.
Many of the cult, magnolias in Greater N.Y. are Asiatic, and bloom in early
spring before the lvs. appear. The species native in the U.S., of which there are eight
or nine, bloom after or with the appearance of the lvs., and the fls. are therefore not
so conspicuous, although often large.
94. M. virginiana L. Sweet Bay. Small tree; lvs. half-evergreen,
glaucous beneath ; brts. bright green. Grows in one spot on the south
shore of L.I., on and near the coast of N.J., and on S.I. B.B.G.
The Cucumber Magnolia, *M. acuminata L., a large, pyramidal forest tree,
native in central and western N.Y., with downy buds and u-shaped If. scars; and the
Umbrella Magnolia, *M. tripetala L., a smaller tree (Pa. southward), with large,
smooth or glaucous buds, and lvs. up to 20 in. long, are commonly cult. B.B.G.,
Kis. Pk.
Liriodendron — Tulip Tree
95. L. Tulipffera L. Yellow Poplar (Tulip Tree). A tall, straight
forest tree, valuable for its timber ; lvs. squarish at apex ; pith white,
chambered ; bud shaped like a duck’s bill, smooth, covered by two valvate
46
MAGNOLIACEAE TO LAURACEAE
scales ; true terminal bud present ; stipule scars encircling brt. ; frs. cone-
shaped, conspicuous, and long persistent, often throughout the winter.
Likes deep, rich soil. B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal.,
Pros. Pk„ V.C. Pk.
MENISPERMACEAE — MOONSEED FAMILY
Menispermum — Moonseed
The Moonseed, 0oM. canadense L., is a woody climber with broad, peltate, lobed
or angular, alternate lvs. ; and small, black, fleshy frs. ; each with one crescent-shaped
seed (hence the name) ; brts. minutely fluted, slender ; If. scars elliptical, raised, and
with concave surface; buds very small. B.B.G., Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk.
BERBERIDACEAE — BARBERRY FAMILY
Berberis — Barberry
Shrubs with red berries and a spine (modified If.) at each node.
The two species of barberry commonly seen are the Common Barberry, “B.
vulgaris L., a native of Europe, but naturalized in woods and fields, with berries in
a long cluster, and with usually 3-pronged spines; and the Japanese Barberry, °B.
Thunbergii DC., much cult, for hedges, with berries borne singly or in umbel-like
clusters, and with usually simple spines. B.B.G.
Mahonia
The Oregon Grape, *°M. Aquifdlium Nutt., a low shrub with evergreen, pinnate,
spiny-margined lvs., and blue-black, glaucous fr., is occasionally cult. B.B.G.
LAURACEAE — LAUREL FAMILY
Sassafras — Sassafras
96. S. variifdlium (Salisb.) Ktze. Sassafras. Brts. and buds green,
with characteristic taste ; internodes conspicuously variable in length ; true
terminal bud present, large, with about 4 scales exposed ; stipule scars
lacking; lvs. simple, variously lobed or entire; bark brown, in old trees
deeply furrowed into broad, flat ridges, which are sometimes cut by
transverse lines ; often a large tree, the trunk sometimes nearly 6 ft. in
diam. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel.
Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Benzoin — Spice Bush
97. °B. aestivale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush. Brts. with characteristic
spicy taste; buds of two kinds: fl. buds larger and globular, If. buds
smaller and pointed, with about 3 scales ; on brts. where fl. buds occur,
they are arranged in pairs at the nodes, one on each side of a If. bud ; true
terminal bud and stipule scars lacking; lvs. simple, obovate. B. Ter.,
B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk.,
V.C. Pk.
HAMAMELIDACEAE • — PLATANACEAE
47
HAMAMELIDACEAE — WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY
Ham am elis — Witch-hazel
98. H. virginiana L. Witch-hazel. Usually a shrub, but sometimes
tree-like; brts. zig-zag; buds naked, stalked, the terminal crescent-shaped,
tomentose, flat, the lateral more cylindrical ; lvs. oval, wavy-toothed, very
one-sided at base ; stipule scars unequal ; fls. with long, narrow, crinkly,
yellow petals, opening in Oct. and Nov.; fr. a 2-chatnbered capsule, shoot-
ing out its 2 seeds in the fall and remaining gaping open on the plant
through the winter. Common in many of our woodlands. B.B.G., C.
Pk„ Inw, N.Y.B.G., Pal., V.C. Pk.
Liquidambar — Sweet Gum
99. L. Styraciflua L. Red Gum (Sweet Gum). Large tree with
slar-sliaped lvs.; buds pointed, shining, scaly, and red-brown or greenish;
terminal bud large, % in. long; bud scales with a minute point at tip,
and fringed on margin; stipule scars lacking; brs. of second year and
older often with corky ridges ; brts. often brown above, green beneath ;
bark light gray and smooth on small trunks and brs. ; scaly and light
brown on older trunks; fr. a spiny ball, often hanging on the tree through
the winter. An important timber tree. This is near the northern limit
of its range; grows wild as far north as South Norwalk, Conn., but is
common in the southern States. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Ivis. Pk.,
N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
PLATANACEAE — PLANE TREE FAMILY
Platanus — Plane Tree
Outer bark peeling off in thin plates of varying size, revealing whitish
or yellowish inner bark ; buds conical, covered by a single cap-like scale,
and hidden under hollow base of petiole; true terminal bud lacking;
stipule scars narrow, encircling brt. ; If. scars encircling bud ; lvs. pal-
mately lobed ; fr. head a conspicuous ball, made up of many little hard frs.,
each surrounded by long hairs ; large trees, the native species with the most
massive trunk of all the deciduous trees in N.A.
100. P. occidentals L. Sycamore. Inner bark, where exposed,
white; lvs. shallowly 3-5 -lobed (lobes shorter than hroad) ; fr. heads
borne singly (rarely in 2’s), a little more than 1 in. in diam., and not
markedly bristly. Native in woods and fields, usually in moist soil.
Easily recognized at a distance by its chalky-white patches of bark. Inw.,
Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
101. P. orientalis L. Oriental Plane. Inner bark of a greenish
white or grayish hue; lvs. deeply 5-7- (rarely 3-) lobed (lobes longer than
48
PLATANACEAE — ROSACEAE
broad) ; fr. heads 2-6, bristly, the smallest of the three species, 1 in. or
less in diam. Native in western Asia and southeastern Europe. C. Pk.,
Pros. Pk.
102. P. acerifolia Willd. London Plane. A hybrid between P. occi-
dental's and P. orientalis, sometimes resembling more the one, and some-
times more the other parent ; inner bark of a greenish or yellow hue ; Ivs.
3-5-lobed, the middle lobe as long as, or slightly longer than broad ; lobes
not, or only sparingly toothed; Ivs. have the general aspect of maple Ivs.
(hence the specific name) ; fr. heads usually in 2’s (rarely 3’s), bristly,
about 1 in. in diam. The species commonly planted along streets ; seems
better adapted to city conditions than any other tree. B.B.G.
ROSACEAE — ROSE FAMILY
A large family, divided into several tribes, some of which are:
I. Spiraeas, with dry frs.
II. Apple tribe, with characteristic fleshy fr. (pome) ; includes apples,
pears, quinces, shadbush, and hawthorns.
III. Rubus tribe ; includes blackberries and raspberries.
IV. Roses.
V. Prunus tribe ; includes cherries, plums or prunes, peach, nectarine,
and almond.
Spiraea Tribe
Spiraea
Two species of Spiraea are common, native, low shrubs of Greater N.Y. : the
Meadow-sweet, °S. latifolia Borkh., with Ivs., frs., and purplish brts. glabrous, and
white or pinkish fls. ; and the Hardback, °S. tomentosa L„ with Ivs., frs., and brts.
rusty woolly (hence the specific name), and fls. mostly deep rose-color; true terminal
bud lacking. B.B.G. Many other species cult.
Apple Tribe
Malus — Apple
103. M. pumila Mill. ( Pyrus Malus L.). Wild Apple. Brts. more
or less woolly, at least toward tip ; buds grayish, hairy at tip, blunt, terminal
bud present, much larger than the lateral ; stipule scars lacking ; bundle
scars 3 ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, pubescent beneath. The common “ eating apple ”
of Asiatic origin, and now self-sown throughout the U.S. The Baldwins,
Greenings, Pippins, etc., are cult. vars. of this species, and can not be
relied on to grow true to seed, but must be grafted. The wild apples
coming from chance-sown seed, therefore, usually bear dwarfed, knubbly
fr. Inw., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
ROSACEAE
49
Pyrus — Pear
104. P. communis L. Pear. Buds usually glabrous, sharp-pointed ;
often with thorn-like short brs. ; stipule scars lacking; bundle scars 3;
lvs. elliptic, smooth beneath. In the same category as Mains pumila, i.e.,
of Asiatic origin, and long cult., but not so commonly found in a wild
state. B. Ter., Pel. Pk.
Aronia (Pyrus) — Ciiokeberry
Shrubs of wet places, occasional in drier soil; true terminal buds, with
about 5 scales exposed ; bundle scars 3 ; stipule scars lacking. The fol-
lowing, as well as forms intermediate between them, are common on S.l.
105. °A. arbutifolia (L.) Pers. Red Chokeberry. A shrub with
clusters of small, apple-like frs. ; buds carmine, sometimes with greenish
tints, long, narrow, and sharp-pointed ; lvs. elliptic, pubescent beneath,
with many rounded teeth, and with glands along midrib on upper side ;
frs. bright red. B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., Pel. Pk. °Var. atropurpurea
Robinson, the Purple-fruited Chokeberry, has fr. a little larger than that
of the type, and very dark red or purple. B. Ter.
106. °A. melanocarpa (Michx.) Britton. Black Chokeberry. Simi-
lar to last species, but fr. is very dark purple or nearly black, and lvs. are
smooth beneath. B. Ter., Pal.
Sorbus (Pyrus) — Mountain Ash
Small trees, with clusters of attractive, bright red frs. in the fall, ap-
pearing like berries, but in reality like small apples in structure.
107. S. Aucuparia L. European Mountain Ash (Rowan Tree). A
small tree with pinnate lvs. resembling those of ash, but not opposite;
Ifts. blunt, pubescent beneath, at least when young ; terminal buds much
larger than lateral, pubescent with long, matted hairs ; bundle scars 3 or 5 ;
stipule scars lacking. Often cult.
In the American Mountain Ash, *S. americana Marsh., which grows wild in
Westchester Co., and is found from there northward in N.Y. State, the Ifts. are
taper-pointed and glabrous beneath. S', hybrida L., a form in which the lvs. are
tomentose on the under side, pinnate only toward the base, the upper part being lobed,
or sometimes the whole If. only lobed, is occasionally cult.
Amelanchier — Juneberry
Besides the following, other species may be looked for in the Greater
N.Y. region, but the lvs. and fr. are necessary for their identification.
(See Wiegand, Rhodora 14: 117 and 239. 1912; also 22: 146. 1920).
108. A. canadensis (L.) Medic. Serviceberry (Shadbush). Bark
smooth, colored somewhat like that of blue beech ; buds like those of choke-
berry in shape, narrow and long-pointed, but larger, usually of a green
50
ROSACEAE
color ; terminal bud much larger than lateral ; bud scales sometimes twisted ;
bundle scars 3 ; stipule scars lacking ; lvs. usually obovate and heart-
shaped at base, pointed at tip, 1—3 in. long; fls. white, with oblong or
linear petals, in early May; fr. small, purplish, usually tasteless. B. Ter.,
Inw., Pal., Pros. Pk.
The Southern Swamp Shadbush, °A. oblongifolia (T. & G.) Roem., has similar
buds, but slightly smaller, oblong lvs., usually rounded at both ends; and sweet
nearly black fr.
Crataegus — Hawthorn
Small trees or shrubs with thorns in the axils of the lvs., and apple-like
frs. ; buds rather small, rounded. Several native species grow in Greater
N.Y., but they are difficult to distinguish. They can be identified as
hawthorns by the axillary thorns. B.B.G.
109. C. Oxyacantha L. English Hawthorn. Has small, deeply lobed
lvs., and mostly white or pink fls. The “ May ” tree of English literature.
C. Pk., Pros. Pk.
Rubus Tribe
Rubus — Bramble
To this genus belong the raspberries and blackberries. Basal portion
of petiole persistent; buds commonly superposed, the lower one covered
hy the petiole base.
Raspberries
The raspberries are either without prickles, or their prickles are weak
and bristle-like. The fr. is like a thimble in shape, and when picked, leaves
the cone-shaped receptacle on the plant ; lvs. usually compound.
The Wineberry, °R. phoenicolasius Maxim., a native of Japan, with stems and
petioles covered with soft, reddish, glandular hairs, a few prickles also on the stems,
is occasionally seen in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., Inw.
110. °R. occidentals L. Black Raspberry (Black Cap). Has glau-
cous, prickly stems , and lvs. white beneath. The common species in this
neighborhood. B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk.
111. °R. odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. A handsome
species, with large, purple fls., simple, large-lobcd lvs., and light brown,
loose, shreddy bark. It has no prickles, but its stems, when young, are
covered with glandular hairs. Rather common along the Palisades, oppo-
site Dyckman St., Manhattan, and often cult. B.B.G.
The Dwarf Raspberry, "R. triflorus Richards., a low, weak species, almost herba-
ceous, with smooth lvs. and sour frs., grows occasionally in wet, places.
Blackberries
The blackberries have (mostly) strong prickles and compound lvs.
The fr., when picked, includes the pulpy receptacle.
ROSACEAE
51
112. "R. hfspidus L. Swamp Dewberry. Creeping, in swamps or
wet woods, with prickles pointed backwards ; lvs. smooth on both sides,
somewhat leathery. B. Ter.
113. ”R. villosus Ait. Dewberry. Creeping, on dry soil, with stronger
prickles pointed backwards ; lvs. thinner than in the last, and may be
slightly soft-hairy below. B. Ter.
Several species of high blackberries are native in Greater N.Y. They
are difficult to distinguish when not in tl. and fr. One of the commonest
is :
114. °R. Andrewsianus Blanchard. Andrews’ Highbush Blackberry.
Distinguished particularly by prickles and glandular hairs on the fl. and
fr. stalks, and bv lfts. sparingly pubescent above, velvety beneath, green
on both sides. B. Ter., Iinv., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Rose Tribe
Rosa — Rose
Shrubs, with stems usually prickly, lvs. usually pinnately compound.
Fr. somewhat resembles a little apple externally, but is really a fleshy
structure enclosing many little achenes.
115. °R. Carolina L. Swamp Rose. Tall; young brts. with a pair of
usually curved prickles at each node ; lvs. dull above, finely toothed, paler
and often pubescent below. Grows in wet places. Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
The Virginia Rose, °R. virginiana Mill., with more or less hooked prickles,
longer than in the last, and smooth, shining lvs., grows in moist places. The Sweet-
brier, "R. rubiginosa L., naturalized from Europe, with strong, hooked prickles, and
lvs. resinous beneath and with the odor of green apples when bruised, is occasionally
seen in rocky places and pastures. B.B.G.
Prunus Tribe
Prunus — Cherry, Plum, Peach, etc.
Trees or shrubs; lvs. simple, mostly toothed; fr. fleshy, with one stone
inside; bark and lvs. of all species with a characteristic bitter flavor; buds
usually with 4 or more scales exposed ; terminal bud usually present, but
lacking in the plums ; bundle scars 3 ; stipule scars indistinct.
116. P. serotina Ehrh. Black Cherry. Lvs. simple, thick, shining,
serrate with incurved teeth; frs. black, in racemes; buds bright reddish
brown, shiny, about 4 scales showing; brts. with bitter taste like that
of cherry pits ; bark on young trees reddish brown and smooth, on older
brs. and young trunks marked with horizontally elongated lenticels, on
old trunks covered with small, red-brown scales. One of the commonest
trees in the woods of Greater N.Y. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis.
Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk„ V.C. Pk.
52
ROSACEAE — LEGUMINOSAE
117. P. virginiana L. Choke Cherry. Usually a shrub, sometimes a
tree; buds rather large (% in. long), sharp-pointed, paler than in last
species, the margins of the scales light gray; taste of bark cherry-like, but
different from that of black cherry; lvs. thin, sharply serrate, with teeth
pointing outward; frs. also in racemes, dark red, very puckery, ripening
earlier than in P. scrotina. Not common in Greater N.Y. B.B.G., Pros.
Pk.
118. P. avium L. Sweet Cherry (Mazzard). Lvs. usually with
rounded, unequal teeth; brts. stout, and of a paler hue than in last two;
bark of young trees and brs. somewhat like that of black cherry, but lenti-
cels are larger and more yellowish ; frs. in umbel-like clusters. The sweet,
dark red cherry of the garden, native in Europe and western Asia, now
growing wild over a large part of eastern U.S. B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk.,
Pah, Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
119. P. Persica (L.) Stokes. Peach. Lvs. smooth, long, narrow,
tapering to a long point ; brts. smooth, reddish on upper side, green be-
neath; buds pubescent; bark somewhat similar to that of cherries. Fr.
velvety. Native in China. Often escaped in Greater N.Y. Inw., Pal.
The Pin Cherry (Wild Red Cherry), *P. pennsylvdnica L. f., with long, narrow,
long-pointed, finely serrate, smooth lvs., and small, translucent, red frs. in umbel-like
clusters, is found on nearby NJ. ridges and farther north. The Beach Plum, °P.
mantima Wang., a low, spreading shrub with velvety buds and brts., lvs. pubescent
below, and red or purple frs. with a bloom, in umbel-like clusters, grows on sea
beaches of L.I. and S.I. B.B.G.
LEGUMINOSAE — PULSE FAMILY
Lvs. pinnate, except in Cercis; fls. papilionaceous, except in Gynino-
cladus and Gleditsia; fr. a legume; brts. and inner bark zvith taste of raw
beans or peas; true terminal bud lacking in our genera.
Gymnocladus — ■ Coffee-tree
120. *G. dioicus (L.) Koch. Coffee-tree. Lvs. bipinnate; fls. regu-
lar ; brts. stout, very irregular in arrangement and position ; pith salmon-
colored ; buds two or three together, superposed, and deeply sunken in the
bark; pods woody and thick, 5 in. or more long, rather persistent. Best
known by its bark, which has thin, twisted ridges standing out at an angle
from surface of trunk. Native from western N.Y. south and west.
Often cult. here. B.B.G., Flushing, Pros. Pk.
Gleditsia — Honey Locust
121. G. triacanthos L. Honey Locust. Lvs. once or twice pinnate;
pods a foot or more long (sometimes less) ; fls. regular or nearly so; buds
superposed, partly sunken in bark, but not so deeply as in coffee-tree;
LEGUMINOSAE
53
thorns, which are often branched, arise above the If. axils (a thornless var.
occurs, var. inermis) ; brts. swollen at or below If. scars ; bark compara-
tively smooth, but often with deep, more or less vertical fissures and many
branched thorns. Native from Pa. southward and westward. B.B.G.,
C. Pk„ Kis. Pk„ Pal.
Cercis — Redbud
1 22. *C. canadensis L. Redbud. Lvs. broadly heart-shaped, entire ;
buds small, blunt, glabrous, purplish, superposed, with 2, or, in the fl. buds,
with several scales exposed; If. scars somewhat raised, with decurrent
ridges ; bundle scars 3 ; stipule scars lacking ; fls. pink, papilionaceous,
borne close to old wood before lvs. appear; small tree. Native from
(N.Y. ?) N.J. and central Pa. south and west. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pros.
Pk.
In the oriental species, C. chinensis Bunge, sometimes cult., the lvs. have a very
narrow, transparent margin.
Cladrastis — Yellow- wood
123. *C. lutea (Michx. f.) K. Koch. Yellow-wood. Bark smooth
and gray, like that of beech ; buds naked, hairy, superposed, several so
close together as to appear as a single bud, almost surrounded by If. scar;
stipule scars lacking ; lvs. pinnate, petioles much swollen at base ; fls.
papilionaceous, white, fragrant, in June. Native in southeastern U.S.
A rare tree in its wild state; much cult. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
Sophora
124. S. japonica L. Japan Pagoda-tree. Brts. dark green ; buds small,
reddish-brown-hairy, almost hidden under u- or v-shaped, raised If. scars;
stipule scars minute ; lvs. pinnate ; fls. very light yellow, papilionaceous, in
July and August. Native in China. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
Amorpha
The False Indigo, °A. fruticosa L., a tall shrub, native from southern Pa. south-
ward and westward, is sometimes escaped from cult. Has pinnate lvs. marked with
minute dots, spikes of violet, papilionaceous fls. in May and June, and 1-2-seeded,
small, rough pods; buds with 2 or 3 scales exposed, superposed; stipule scars small.
B.B.G., Kis. Pk., Richmond, S.I.
Wisteria — • Wisteria
Twining climbers, with pinnate lvs., and without tendrils or aerial rootlets; fls.
blue, purple, or white, in racemes; If. scars raised, and with horn-like protuberances
(at least on long shoots) which seem to be of assistance in climbing. Several species
cult. B.B.G.
54
LEGUMINOSAE TO SIMAROUBACEAE
Robinia — Locust
125. R. Pseudoacacia L. Black Locust. Bark somewhat resembles
that of American elm; a pair of stipular spines normally at nodes of brts.,
but often lacking ; buds superposed, hidden under fringed cracks of bark
of If. scar; lvs. pinnate; fls. white, papilionaceous, fragrant, in late May
or June; pods 3—4 in. long, % in. wide, thin. Native south and west of
N.Y., but thoroughly established here. A thornless form, var. inermis,
exists; many other vars. cult. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk.,
Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
The Clammy Locust, *R. viscosa Vent., with sticky, dark red-brown brts., and
pink fls., is native in the mountains of N.C. and S.C., and cult. ; naturalized at Rich-
mond, S.I. The Bristly Locust, *"R. hispida L., with bristly brts. and rose-colored or
pale purple fls., is a southern shrub, sometimes cult. B.B.G.
RUTACEAE — RUE FAMILY
Ptelea — Hoptree
126. P. trifoliata L. Hoptree (Wafer Ash). A tall shrub or low tree.
Lvs. alternate, with 3 If ts., closely resembling those of poison ivy, but the
terminal 1ft. here is larger than the others, and narrows gradually tozvard
its usually sessile base (in poison ivy the terminal 1ft. is conspicuously
stalked) ; also, the translucent dots characteristic of the lvs. of this family
may readily be seen with a lens. Fr. a thin, circular disk composed of the
fr. proper in the center surrounded by a circular wing, the whole about the
size of a quarter ; frs. in dense clusters persisting during the winter ; buds
very blunt, pubescent, almost surrounded or often covered by the triangu-
lar, raised If. scars; true terminal bud and stipule scars lacking. Fr. has
been used as a substitute for hops. Perhaps native in Greater N.Y. ;
ranges mostly southward and westward. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pros.
Pk.
Phellqdendron
The Amur Cork Tree, P. amurense Rupr., with opposite, pinnate lvs., keeled,
silky-pubescent buds, and soft, corky, light gray bark, deeply grooved, is a native of
China, and rarely naturalized in Greater N.Y. True terminal bud rarely present;
If. scars horseshoe-shaped, almost surrounding buds; pith brownish; clusters of
black frs. persistent during the winter ; brts., except for their opposite lvs., similar
in appearance to those of poison sumac. B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.
SIMAROUBACEAE — QUASSIA FAMILY
Ailanthus
(Ai pronounced like “a” in paper)
127. A. altissima (Mill.) Swingle ( A . glanduldsa Besf.). Ailanthus
(Tree of Heaven). Brts. thick (extremely so on young shoots), with a
SIMAROUBACEAE — A NACARDIACEAE
55
wide, colored pith; If. scars large, heart-shaped or shield-shaped; buds
hemispherical, more or less pubescent, relatively small, with 2 or some-
times 4 scales exposed, the terminal hud lacking; lvs. pinnate (1*4-2 ft.
long), with a few blunt, glandular teeth at the base of each 1ft., and with
a rank odor when crushed ; sap not milky. A native of China, extensively
naturalized in Greater N.Y. ; remarkably tolerant of city conditions, grow-
ing vigorously in the most densely populated sections of the City. B.B.G.,
C. Pk., Inw, N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
ANACARDIACEAE — CASHEW FAMILY
Rhus — Sumac
(Pronounced “ shoomac ” or “soomac”)
Sap milky (except in R. copallina and R. V ernix ) ; lvs. pinnate (ex-
cept in R. Toxicodendron) ; lfts. serrate or entire; stipule scars lacking.
In this region, the poisonous species of Rhus have whitish fr. ; harmless,
red. The first, third, and fourth species, although usually shrubs, some-
times attain the size and habit of small trees.
128. R. typhina L. Staghorn Sumac. Young brts. brozvn-hairy,
somewhat resembling stags’ horns; buds almost surrounded by If. scars;
true terminal bud lacking; lfts. serrate; fr. red. B.B.G., Inw., Pal., V.C.
Pk.
129. °R. glabra L. Smooth Sumac. Brts. smooth, usually glaucous ;
true terminal bud lacking; lfts. serrate; fr. red. Inw.,
Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
130. R. copallina L. Dwarf Sumac. Brts. downy ;
true terminal bud lacking; lvs. with winged rachis, lfts.
mostly entire; sap watery; fr. red. B. Ter., Pel. Pk.
131. R. Vernix L. Poison Sumac (Poison Dog-
wood). Brts. smooth, speckled with dark dots (lenti-
cels) ; true terminal bud present; lfts. entire; fr. whit-
ish ; grows only in wet places. Very poisonous to the
touch. B. Ter., B.B.G. (labeled specimen), Kis. Pk.,
V.C. Pk.
132. 0PR. Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy (Poison
Oak). A woody climber with aerial rootlets, but often
creeping on the ground and sending up short, erect
shoots; buds stalked; fr. whitish; lfts. 3, entire or
toothed, with stalks. Poisonous to the touch. Cf.
Ptelea, No. 126. Stapliylea, No. 137, also has 3 lfts.,
but there the buds are opposite. B. Ter., B.B.G. (la-
beled specimen), N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
- .)
Fig. 2. Branch-
lets of poison ivy
(left) and poison
sumac (right).
See description in
text.
56
AQUIFOLIACEAE TO STAPH YLEACEAE
AQUIFOLIACEAE — HOLLY FAMILY
Ilex — Holly
133. I. opaca Ait. Holly. Lvs. persistent, spiny, not so glossy nor
with such wavy margins as in English holly (/. Aquifdlinm L.) ; berries
red. Rarely found on L.I. south of the moraine and also on S.I.; com-
mon southward not far from the coast; the holly commonly used here
for Christmas decoration. B.B.G., C. Pk.
134. °I. verticillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry. Lvs. deciduous, ser-
rate, not spiny ; berries red and much the same as in holly ; brts. slender,
dark purple or grayish purple; buds tiny, blunt, superposed, a small one
very close to the base of a larger one ; If. scars crescent-shaped, with one
vascular bundle scar ; true terminal bud and minute stipule scars present.
Also popular for decoration, and becoming scarce; moist soil or swamps.
B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
The Inkberry, °I. glabra (L.) Gray, with smooth, shining, evergreen or half-
evergreen lvs., almost entire, and black fr., grows along the south coast of L.I.
B.B.G. The Japanese Holly, °I. crenata Thunb., with small, shining, toothed, ever-
green lvs., borne very thickly, and black fr., is much cult, and thrives under city con-
ditions. B.B.G.
CELASTRACEAE — STAFF TREE FAMILY
Evonymus — Spindle Tree
135. E. europaeus L. European Spindle Tree. Often cult, and
sometimes escaped. Opposite, simple, crenate lvs. ; tiny, conical buds ;
slender, green brts. with corky lines on the angles ; fr. 4-lobed, smooth,
pink, with red inner parts disclosed when ripe. B.B.G.
The Strawberry Bush, °E. americanus L., with warty fr., grows on S.I. and has
been recorded from L.I.
., Celastrus — Staff Tree
136. 00C. scandens L. Climbing Bittersweet. A woody stem tzvincr,
with orange-colored, berry-like fr., showing scarlet interior when ripe ; lvs.
simple, finely serrate, alternate ; buds small, projecting at right angles to
stem. N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
STAPH YLEACEAE — BLADDERNUT FAMILY
Staphylea — Bladdernut
137. °S. trifolia L. Bladdernut. Bark striped; buds opposite, with
3 or 4 scales showing, smooth, red-brown, pointed ; If. scars triangular,
with 3-5 bundle scars ; stipule scars present ; terminal bud absent ; lvs. with
3 finely serrate lfts. ; f r. a 3-divided bladdery pod. Palisades below Engle-
wood Heights. B.B.G.
ACERACEAE
57
ACERACEAE — MAPLE FAMILY
Acer — Maple
Lvs. in our species simple (pinnately compound in A. Negundo) , pal-
mately lobed, opposite; true terminal bud present; If. scars triangular or
u-shaped ; bundle scars in 3 groups ; stipule scars lacking ; fr. a doable
samara. The species commonly found wild in Greater N.Y. is A. rubrum.
138. A. saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple. Bark not scaly, in old
trees in long, thick, irregular plates ; buds sharp-pointed and scaly, about
% in. long, brown or often purplish, somewhat pubescent, especially to-
ward tip ; lvs. with rounded sinuses and sparingly toothed, pale beneath.
B.B.G., Inw., N.Y.B.G., Pal., V.C. Pk.
139. A. platanoides L. Norway Maple. Bark close (not scaly) ;
buds large, reddish (sometimes intermixed with green) ; sap milky ; lvs.
like those of sugar maple, but green and shining beneath. B.B.G., C. Pk.,
Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk. A red-leaved var. commonly cult, is var.
Schwedleri. The red color disappears in late June. B.B.G.
140. A. saccharinum L. Silver Maple. Bark scaly; buds small,
red ; lvs. deeply cleft, silvery white beneath, with sharp sinuses. Brts.
have a rank odor when crushed, and tend to point upward at their tips.
B. B.G., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk.
141. A. rubrum L. Red Maple. Bark scaly, much like that of the
last, but on young trees and brs. pale as in the beech ; buds similar to those
of last species ; lvs. not so deeply cleft, but also with sharp sinuses, glau-
cous beneath. B. Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal.,
Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
142. A. Pseudoplatanus L. Sycamore Maple. Bark in roundish, ir-
regular scales ; buds green, sometimes tinged with red ; lvs. with sharp
sinuses; If. veins prominent on lower surface and pubescent ; fls. and frs.
in long pendent clusters. Native in Europe and western Asia. B.B.G.,
C. Pk., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros. Pk.
143. A. campestre L. Hedge Maple (European Field Maple). Bark
close; sap milky; lobes and teeth of lvs. rounded. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
144. A. Negundo L. Boxelder. Buds short-stalked, reddish and
usually woolly; If. scars v-shaped; brts. green or reddish; lvs. compound,
with usually 3-5 Ifts.; fr. in long (6 in.), pendulous clusters. Native in
New England and southward and westward. Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pros.
Pk., S.I. nr. Richmond.
Two small Japanese maples are commonly cult.: the Japanese Maple, A. palmatum
Thunb., with lvs. very deeply palmately 5-9-lobed ; and the Fullmoon Maple, A. japoni-
cum Thunb., with lvs. not deeply 7-11-lobed. B.B.G. , Kis. Pk. Two other small
maples are found on the near-by N.J. ridges and on the Hudson Highlands : the Striped
Maple (Moosewood), *A. pennsylvanicum L., with smooth, green, white-striped bark,
58
ACERACEAE TO VITACEAE
3-lobed, finely toothed lvs., and red buds covered by 2 valvate scales, the terminal bud
stalked and large; and the Mountain Maple, *A. spicatum Lam., with thin, red-brown
bark and downy brts., 3-5-lobed, coarsely serrate lvs., and small buds with only 2
scales showing, the terminal bud % in. long.
HIPPOCASTANACEAE — HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY
Aesculus — Horse-chestnut
145. A. Hippocastanum L. Horse-chestnut. Buds resinous, oppo-
site; lvs. opposite, palmately compound, with usually 7 lfts. Native in
the Balkan Peninsula. B.B.G., C. Pk., Kis. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Large, pink- or red-flowered horse-chestnuts, often cult., are usually A. carnea
Hayne, with slightly resinous buds and 5 lfts., a cross between A. Hippocastanum and
A. Pavia L., the latter a shrubby, red-flowered species of the southeastern U.S. Kis.
Pk. The Ohio Buckeye, *A. glabra Willd., a native of the Middle West, sometimes
cult, here, has non-resinous buds and usually 5 lfts. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
RHAMNACEAE— BUCKTHORN FAMILY
Ceanothus — Red-root
New Jersey Tea, "C. americanus L., grows up to 3 ft. tall, and lias small hairy
buds; lvs. alternate, ovate, smooth or slightly pubescent below, acute at tip, shallowly
toothed, with 3 prominent nerves and small deciduous stipules. B.B.G., Pal.
VITACEAE — VINE FAMILY
Parthenocissus
146. 00P. quinquefolia Planch. ( Pscdcrct quinquefolia (L.) Greene).
Virginia Creeper. Sometimes mistaken for poison ivy, but can be distin-
guished by its palmately compound lvs. of 5 lfts.; bluish black berries;
circular, raised If. scars subtending blunt buds (often 2 at a node, 1 large
and 1 small) ; and by its usual lack of aerial rootlets, the branched tendrils
with expanded adhesive disks at their tips serving as holdfasts (older stems
sometimes develop aerial roots in abundance) ; pith white or greenish.
B. Ter., B.B.G., Inw., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
VItis — Grape
Lvs. simple, usually lobcd ; pith brown; stems striate; tendrils unbranched, with-
out disks at their tips.
Two species of wild grape are common in this neighborhood. The Northern Fox
Grape, °°V. labrusca L., has very woolly brts. ; lvs. persistently woolly below ; a
tendril or a fl. cluster at every node ; and large, dark purple or amber-colored frs. ;
has given rise to the Concord and many other vars. of cult, grapes. Pel. Pk., V.C.
Pk. The Summer Grape, o0V. aestivalis Michx., has more loosely pubescent brts. ;
mature lvs. with scattered rusty woolliness below ; tendrils intermittent ; and smaller
black frs. with a bloom. B.B.G.
TILIACEAE — CORNACEAE
59
TILIACEAE — LINDEN FAMILY
Ti'lia — Linden
Stalk of fl.- or fr. -cluster appears to grow from about the middle of a
large strap-shaped bract; fr. hard, spherical, about the size of a pea; lvs.
alternate, more or less heart-shaped ; buds lopsided, 2 scales exposed ; true
terminal bud lacking; stipule scars unequal.
147. T. americana L. Basswood. Lvs. heart-shaped, the under sur-
face with tufts of hairs in axils of lateral veins but wanting in those at
base of If.; buds carmine or greenish, with a large scale on one side, giv-
ing a lopsided appearance. B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel.
Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
A common European species much cult, is the Common Linden, T. vulgaris
Hayne, with smaller lvs., which have tufts of hairs in axils of all the veins. Kis. Pk.,
Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk. The Silver Linden of southeastern Europe and western Asia,
T. tomentdsa Moench., occasionally cult., is easily recognized by the white tomentose
under surface of the lvs. B.B.G., Pros. Pk.
CORNACEAE — DOGWOOD FAMILY
Lvs. opposite (alternate in C. altcrnifolia and in Nyssa), entire; fls.
small, in rather close bunches (cymes or heads) ; If. buds narrow, with a
pair of nearly or quite valvate scales.
Cornus — Dogwood
148. C. florida L. Dogwood. Small tree; bark appearing like alli-
gator skin; lvs. pale beneath; fr. a bright red drupe; fl. buds globular, If.
buds narrow. The only native species of this region in which the bud
scales of the fl. buds grow out into large petal-like bracts at the time of
flowering. Very common. C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel.
Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
149. °C. Amomum Mill. Kinnikinnik (Silky Dogwood). Lvs. silky,
downy, and often rusty beneath; brs. red, pith tawny (this shows best in
stems 3 years old or more); fr. pale blue. Wet places; very common
B.B.G., V.C. Pk.
150. °C. stolonffera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Brs. red, with
white pith at all ages ; lvs. whitish beneath, pubescent on both surfaces ;
fr. white or lead color; stems (stolons) when they touch the soil root
easily, making new plants. Wet places; not so common in Greater N.Y.
as last species ; distinguished from last by stolons, zvhite fr., and white pith.
Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
151. °C. paniculata L’Her. Panicled Dogwood (Gray Dogwood).
Common, and often in drier soil, along fences, etc. Fls. in somewhat
convex or elongated clusters, not flat-topped as in three preceding species ;
60
CORNACEAE — ERICACEAE
brts. gray or reddish gray; pith brown; fr. white, on red stalks; lvs. glau-
cous below. Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
152. C. mas L. Cornelian Cherry. Yellow fls. blooming early in
April, enclosed in the winter bud stage by 4 scales which, however, do
not expand at flowering time as in C. florida, and are early deciduous. A
species from Europe and western Asia, commonly cult. B.B.G.
The Blue Dogwood (Alternate-leaved Dogwood), C. alternifolia L. f., a small
tree with alternate lvs. appressed-pubescent below, occurs on L.I. B.B.G. The
Round-leaf Dogwood, *°C. circinata L’Her. (C. rugosa Lam.), with large, almost
round lvs., woolly beneath, and green or pinkish purple brts., grows in rocky places
to the northward and westward. B.B.G. The Bunchberry, *C. canadensis L., is an
herbaceous species common in northern and western N.Y. and in New England.
Nyssa — Tupelo
153. N. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum (Tupelo, Pepperidge, Sour
Gum). Large tree; in wet places; the many short, wide-angled brs. re-
mind one of a pear or a hawthorn. Lvs. alternate, simple, turning crimson
in fall; pith unequally chambered, the chambers stuffed; If. scars reddish,
with 3 very distinct vascular bundle scars in a straight or curved row;
stipule scars lacking ; fr. small, a dark blue drupe ; buds smooth, ovoid,
dark red-brown ; true terminal bud present, about 4 scales exposed. B.
Ter., B.B.G., C. Pk, Kis. Pk, N.Y.B.G, Pal, Pel. Pk, Pros. Pk,
V.C. Pk.
ERICACEAE — HEATH FAMILY
A large family, including huckleberries, blueberries, cranberries,
mountain laurel, rhododendron, azalea, trailing arbutus, etc. In most of
the genera the anthers open by a pore at the tip. Lvs. simple, often ever-
green; corolla usually gamopetalous (petals distinct in Clethra).
Clethra — White Alder
154. °C. alnifolia L. Sweet Pepperbush. A tall shrub with long,
erect spikes of white, fragrant fls. in July or August, and dry frs. ; buds
minutely pubescent ; terminal buds pointed, lateral buds very small and
inconspicuous or developing into short brts. the same season ; brts. downy
or scurfy, angled; outer bark peeling off the second year; If. scar oval or
triangular, with bundle scar forming a prominent semicircular or broad
u-shaped ridge ; lvs. obovate, pointed, smooth, serrate. In wet ground or
swamps; also cult. B. Ter, B.B.G, Kis. Pk, N.Y.B.G, Pros. Pk.
Rhododendron
Often has a number of brs. growing out in whorl-like fashion at end
of previous year’s growth. FI. buds much larger than If. buds; true
terminal bud present. By some authorities the two following species are
ERICACEAE
61
classed as azaleas, on account of their deciduous lvs. ; true rhododendrons,
according to them, have evergreen lvs.
155. °R. viscosum (L.) Torr. Clammy Azalea (White Swamp
Honeysuckle). Lvs. deciduous, shining, somewhat narrowed toward their
bases, often arranged in a conspicuous, flat mosaic near tip of brt. ; brts.
bristly; fl. buds large, with ciliate scales, terminal; If. buds much smaller;
fls. (in June and July) white, fragrant, sticky. Grows in swamps. B.
Ter., B.B.G., N.Y.B.G.
156. °R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Purple Azalea (Pinxter Flower).
Much like the last, but usually not so tall ; with duller lvs. and generally
smoother brts. ; fls. opening much earlier, with the unfolding of the lvs. ;
usually of various shades of pink; buds as in the last. Grows in drier
soil. From the winter characters alone, this and the last species are diffi-
cult to distinguish. B. Ter., B.B.G., Pal., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Various species and vars. of ° Rhododendron with large, thick, evergreen lvs., arc
cult.
Kalmia — • Laurel
Smooth shrubs with showy fls., evergreen lvs., and small buds with
only 2 scales showing.
157. K. latifolia L. Mountain Laurel. Has ovate, thick, leathery,
alternate lvs. Fls. terminal. B.B.G.
158. °K. angustifolia L. Sheep Laurel. A small shrub with smaller,
thinner, oblong lvs., which are opposite or in 3’s (rarely in 4’s). Fls.
lateral. Poisonous to stock; sometimes called lambkill. B. Ter., B.B.G.
Leucothoe — Fetter Bush
The Fetter Bush, °L. racemosa (L.) Gray, is a shrub with thin, deciduous, alter-
nate, toothed lvs., and very fragrant, white fls. in one-sided, terminal racemes ; in
winter the roundish dry frs. are still to be seen, as well as the racemes of fl. buds for
the next year; the brts. are often reddish brown above, green below; buds small,
roundish; If. scars crescent-shaped or semicircular, with one central bundle scar;
true terminal bud lacking. Poisonous to stock. Native on S.I. B. Ter., B.B.G.
Lyonia
The Stagger-bush, °L. mariana (L.) D. Don., has small, roundish, crimson buds
standing out at a wide angle from the smooth, yellow brts., and urn-shaped, per-
sistent, dry frs. ; buds with at least 4 scales exposed ; true terminal bud lacking.
Poisonous to stock. B. Ter.
159. °L. ligustrina (L.) DC. Male Berry. Has one-sided racemes
of small, white fls., and roundish, dry frs.; brts. often minutely pubescent,
yellow ; buds smooth, slender, sharp-pointed, crimson, with 2 scales show-
ing, flattened, lying close to brt. ; true terminal bud lacking; If. scars shield-
shaped; lvs. oval, pointed, mostly smooth. B. Ter.
62
ERICACEAE
Gaultheria — Aromatic Wintergreen
The Aromatic Wintergreen, or Teabcrry, or Checkerberry, °G. procumbens L.,
has slender stems creeping on the ground or just below; flowering brs. upright, simple,
or branched very little, 2-6 in. tall, with alternate evergreen lvs. crowded at the tip ;
lvs. with short petioles, oval or obovate, obscurely serrate, smooth and shining ; lvs. and
bright red “berries” with characteristic wintergreen flavor. B. Ter., B.B.G.
Gaylussacia — Huckleberry
Fr. sweet, with ten large seeds; lvs. (in our species) more or less
dotted on the under surface with resin globules ; true terminal bud lacking.
160. °G. baccata (Wang.) K. Koch. Black Huckleberry. Stems
stiff, much branched, finely pubescent on younger parts ; lvs. densely cov-
ered on under side with shiny resin globules which are sticky when young;
fl. buds larger than If. buds, with resin globules; fr. black, shiny, edible,
in short, dense clusters. FIs. more slender than those of blueberries, and
more reddish. The common species in Greater N.Y. B. Ter., B.B.G.
The Dwarf Huckleberry, °G. dumosa (Andr.) T. & G., has glandular-hairy brs.
coming up from a creeping stem, shiny lvs., glandular-pubescent below, and elongated
clusters of black, tasteless frs. The Dangleberry, nG. frondosa (L.) T. & G., has
slender, smooth, glaucous steins, lvs. glaucous and finely pubescent beneath, and dark
blue, edible frs. with a white bloom. B. Ter., B.B.G.
Vaccinium — Blueberry, Cranberry
Fr. usually more acid than that of huckleberries, and with numerous
small seeds ; true terminal bud lacking.
The Deerberry, °V. stamfneum L„ is low and much branched, with bitter-tasting,
pubescent stems; pale lvs., glaucous and pubescent below; fls. with projecting stamens;
and greenish, glaucous, tart fr. B. Ter., Pal.
161. °V. pennsylvanicum Lam. Early Sweet Blueberry. Low;
stems smooth ; lvs. smooth, shining, green on both sides, not mucronate ;
fr. mostly bluish black and glaucous. B.B.G.
162. °V. vacfllans Kahn. Late Low Blueberry. Low; stems smooth
and yellowish green; lvs. dull above, glaucous below, mucronate ; fr. blue,
glaucous, later than in the last species. Tnw., Pal., V.C. Pk.
163. °V. corymbosum L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Tall; brts.
green or often reddish; fl. huds red, plump, pointed; If. buds (smaller
than fl. buds) pointed, the scales each with a prominent, spine-like point;
If. scars very narrow, sometimes merely transverse lines on brt. ; lvs. usu-
ally somewhat pubescent below; fr. blue-black, glaucous. Very common.
B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
The Black High Blueberry, °V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller, is somewhat similar
to the last, but has lvs. densely pubescent below and black, shiny fr.; blooms and frs.
earlier. B.B.G. The American Cranberry, °V. macrocarpon Ait., evergreen, with
sour, red frs., grows on L.I. and is said to occur on S.I. B.B.G.
EBENACEAE OLEACEAE
63
EBENACEAE — EBONY FAMILY
Diospyros — Persimmon
164. D. virginiana L. Persimmon. A tree with alternate, ovate-
oblong, entire, smooth lvs. ; yellowish, fleshy frs. an in. or slightly less in
diam., very pnckery ; somewhat triangular buds with only 2 or 3 greatly
overlapping scales showing; hark deeply cut into thick, squarish segments;
terminal hud and stipule scars lacking; pith irregularly chambered, the
chambers often stuffed. B.B.G., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pel. Pk.
OLEACEAE — OLIVE FAMILY
Fraxinus — Ash
Lvs. pinnately compound ; true terminal hud present ; fr. a samara or
key; If. scars crescent-shaped to almost circular; bundle scars numerous
in a crescent- or c-shaped aggregate. The ash is sometimes confused
with the hickory, but can readily be distinguished by its opposite lvs. and
buds (alternate in hickory).
165. F. americana I.. White Ash. Buds stout, rusty to dark brown
or sometimes nearly black ; usually a pair of lateral buds very close to the
base of the terminal one; If. scars crescent-shaped ; bark close but grooved
as in mockernut ; lfts. stalked, may or may not be pubescent beneath ; brts.
smooth and shining, usually gray or greenish brown. The common spe-
cies. B.B.G., C. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk.,
V.C. Pk.
166. F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Red Ash. Buds smaller than in
white ash, rusty brown ; If. scars semicircular, not or only a little concave
on upper margin; lfts. stalked; lvs. and ends of brts. downy; smaller tree,
with more slender brts. and more irregular in habit, but with bark like
that of the last. Grows in moist soil. B.B.G., Inw., V.C. Pk.
167. F, nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Buds usually black and rather
sharp-pointed, the first pair of lateral buds at a little distance below the
terminal bud, giving it a stalked appearance ; brts. stout, yellow or buff-
colored, not shining but smooth ; If. scars circular to semicircular ; large
trees with corky bark which easily rubs off; lfts. sessile. In swamps.
Kis. Pk., V.C. Pk.
168. F. excelsior L. European Ash. Has jet-black buds, with a
pair just below the terminal bud, as in white ash; If. scars semicircular;
lfts. almost sessile, serrate. Commonly planted in parks.
The Golden Bell, °Forsythia, from Asia (B.B.G.) ; the Common Lilac, "Syringa,
from Europe (B.B.G.) ; and the Privet, °Ligustrum, from Europe (B.B.G.), commonly
used for hedges, also belong to this family, and all have opposite leaves.
64
SOLANACEAE TO BIGNONIACEAE
SOLANACEAE — NIGHTSHADE FAMILY
Solanum — Nightshade
169. 00S. Dulcamara L. Bitter Nightshade or Bittersweet. A
woody climber naturalized in some places, with clusters of bright red
berries said to be poisonous. Lvs. simple, ovate or heart-shaped, or with
two ear-like lobes at the base which often become separate Ifts. ; stems light
gray with an olive tint, usually somewhat downy, terete or irregularly
3-sided; buds globose, alternate; If. scars raised, semicircular. Not a
relative of the true bittersweet. Native in Europe and Asia. B.B.G.,
C. Pk., Kis. Pk.
SCROPHULARIACEAE — FIGWORT FAMILY
Paulownia
170. P. tomentosa Steud. Royal Paulownia. Lvs. opposite, heart-
shaped, soft-pubescent, often showing very shallow lobing, indicated by
projecting points on the margins ; large, violet, unequally 5-lobed fls. in
upright panicles in May ; clusters of large, ovoid capsules to be seen in
winter, as well as clusters of fl. buds for the following year; seeds small,
winged; If. buds blunt, sunken in bark, superposed above large, nearly
circular If. scars; terminal bud lacking; pith usually chambered, white.
A Chinese species escaped in the U.S., from southern N.Y. to Fla. and
Tex. B.B.G., Inw. (River Rd.), N.Y.B.G., Pal., B’way at V.C. Pk.
BIGNONIACEAE — BIGNONIA FAMILY
Tecoma — Trumpet Creeper
The Trumpet-creeper, *oaT. radicans (L.) Juss. ( Cdmpsis radicals Seem.), is a
vine with opposite, deciduous, pinnately compound lvs., and conspicuous, orange-
scarlet, tubular fls., climbing mainly by aerial rootlets arising at the nodes. Lf. scars
elliptical or shield-shaped; buds with 1-3 pairs of scales exposed. Native in N.J.
and Pa. and southward and westward. Cult.
Catalpa — Catalpa
Apt to be confused with paulownia, but has lvs. usually 3 at a node
(sometimes opposite), smoother, without a tendency toward lobing, and
with solitary buds in their axils ; nearly white, spotted fls., opening later
than in paulownia ; very long, nearly cylindrical pods, with large, winged
seeds.
171. *C. speciosa Warder. Hardy Catalpa. Fls. (in June) incon-
spicuously spotted; lvs. long-pointed, without odor when crushed; fr. 8-20
in. long, in. in diam. at the middle; wings of seeds rounded at end,
with a fringe of short hairs. Native in the Middle West. B.B.G., Pel.
Pk.
BIGNONIACEAE TO CAPRIFOLIACEAE
65
172. C. bignonioides Walt. Common Catalpa. FIs. (in June and
July) conspicuously spotted ; lvs. short-pointed, with unpleasant odor when
crushed; fr. 6-20 in. long, in. in diam. at the middle; zvinejs of
seeds pointed at end, with a fringe of long hairs. Native in the southern
States. B.B.G.
RUBIACEAE — MADDER FAMILY
Cephalanthus — Buttonbush
The Buttonbush, C. occidentalis L., usually a shrub, with ovate, entire lvs.,
opposite or in 3’s, with triangular stipules; small buds in depressed areas above the
circular If. scars; white fls. in July and August in dense, round heads, and small, dry,
persistent frs. clustered the same way; grows in swampy places. B. Ter., B.B.G.,
Kis. Pk„ V.C. Pk.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE — HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY
Entire family has opposite lvs. (and buds).
Diervilla — Bush Honeysuckle
The Dwarf Bush Honeysuckle, °D. Lonicera Mill., has oblong-ovate, pointed,
serrate, ciliate lvs. ; yellow to red fls. ripening into slender, long-pointed, persistent,
dry frs.; pointed, scaly buds; terminal bud present; stipule scars lacking.
Lonicera — Honeysuckle
173. °°L. japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle. The common
species, a usually pubescent climber and creeper ; very variable ; lvs. ovate
or oblong, half-evergreen, sometimes lobed ; fr. black ; grows wild in
abundance in many parts of our woods and thickets, especially on L.I.
B.B.G., C. Pk., For. Pk., Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal.
The Trumpet Honeysuckle, °°L. sempervirens L., a smooth, more or less ever-
green climber with red fr., is said to occur on L.I. and S.I.
Viburnum ■ — Arrow-wood
Likely to be confused with Cornus, because of the opposite, simple
lvs. and somewhat similar-appearing, white fls. ; but the lvs. are serrate,
while in Cornus they are entire. Fr. (in our species) black or very dark
blue; true terminal bud present; stipule scars lacking; If. scars not quite
meeting at sides (sometimes joined by a transverse ridge) ; buds covered
by 2 valvate or 2 or 3 pairs of scales.
174. °V. acerifolium L. Maple-leaf Viburnum. A low shrub ; lvs.
pubescent, toothed, shaped like those of red maple, with minute dark dots
on the under side; bud scales separate, i.e., not valvate, the outermost
pair very short. Very common in woods. Inw., Pal., V.C. Pk.
175. °V. dentatum L. Arrow-wood. Lvs. with coarse teeth, nearly
smooth beneath ; bud scales separate, the outermost pair longer than in
66
CAPRIFOLIACEAE — COMPOSITAE
the last species, often reaching the middle of the bud. In wet places.
B. Ter., B.B.G., Kis. Pk„ Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
The Downy Arrow-wood, *"V. pubesccns (Ait.) Pursh, which closely resembles
V. dentatum, grows on higher, drier ground, and has lvs. pubescent beneath. Found
sparingly along the Palisades opposite Dyckman Street. The Nannyberry, V.
Lentago L„ has upper lvs. very long-pointed, on winged petioles, valvate bud scales,
and long, limber brs. B.B.G.
176. V. prunifolium L. Blackhaw. Shrub or small tree with short,
stiff brs. ; bark somewhat like that of Cornus florida; lvs. oval, finely ser-
rate, on only slightly winged petioles ; bud scales valvate or grown to-
gether. C. Pk., B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., Pal., Pel. Pk., V.C. Pk.
Sambucus — Elder
Lvs. pinnate; pith wide and soft; true terminal bud lacking; stipule
scars lacking; If. scars meeting laterally, or connected by transverse lines.
177. °S. canadensis L. Common Elder. Pith white; fls. and frs. in
flat-topped clusters. Tbe common species, with black berries. B. Ter.,
B.B.G., Inw., Kis. Pk., N.Y.B.G., Pal., Pel. Pk., Pros. Pk., V.C. Pk.
178. °S. pubens Miclix. (S. racemdsa L. of Gray’s Manual). Red-
berried Elder. Pith o-range; buds and young brts. often with purplish
tinge; fls. and frs. in elongated clusters; berries red. Likes rocky woods.
Pal., Inw.
COMPOSITAE — COMPOSITE FAMILY
Two species of this family are shrubby and of common occurrence in
the salt marshes of Greater New York.
Baccharis — Groundsel-tree
The Groundsel-tree, B. halimifolia L., sometimes attains the dimensions of a
tree, and is distinguished by its alternate, obovate, simple lvs., bluntly toothed in the
upper part (upper lvs. entire) ; slender, green or brownish, ridged brts. with minute,
resinous buds, and broadly v-shaped If. scars. Stipule scars absent. Since the brts.
have indeterminate growth, a typical terminal If. bud is lacking. Fls. in dense terminal
panicles ; dioecious, the pistillate plants conspicuous in the late fall with their tassels
of white pappus.
Iva — Marsh-elder
The Marsh-elder, “I. oraria Bartlett, is lower (2-4 ft.), has longer, oval or
lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, sharply toothed, mostly opposite lvs., ridged brts., and
fls. resembling those of the ragweed. Lf. scars broadly triangular, and when opposite,
connected by lateral flaps. Stipule scars absent.
GLOSSARY
Accessory buds. Buds near the nodes but
not in the leaf axils.
Achcne. A small, dry, one-seeded, inde-
hiscent fruit.
Acicular. Needle-shaped.
Acute. Sharp-pointed.
Alternate. Not opposite; (leaves) only
one at a node; (buds) only a single
axillary bud at a node.
Aril. A fleshy outgrowth from a seed,
sometimes more or less surrounding it.
Aivl-shaped. Tapering from a thick base
to a sharp point.
Axil. Angle ; e.g., the angle between a
leaf and stem, or the angle of a branch-
ing vein.
Axillary. Situated in an axil.
Axis. The center line of any organ, or
the central organ around which others
are attached.
Berry. A many-seeded, entirely fleshy
fruit.
Blade. The expanded part of a leaf.
Bract. A small leaf or scale in the axil
of which a flower or flower cluster may
be borne.
Branch. A subdivision of the main stem.
Branchlet. The growth of the last sea-
son on any stem.
Bristle. A stiff hair.
Bud. An undeveloped stem with unde-
veloped leaves, or flowers, or both.
Bud scales. Small, dry, modified leaves
covering a bud.
Bundle scars. Small marks on a leaf
scar where the vascular bundles (con-
ducting strands) passed from the stem
and connected with the veins in the
leaf.
Capsule. A dry, dehiscent fruit devel-
oped from a compound ovary.
Catkin. A spike of unisexual flowers,
each borne in the axil of a bract.
Chambered. (Pith) interrupted by hol-
low spaces or regions of looser tissue.
Ciliatc. Fringed with hairs.
Collateral buds. Accessory buds at the
sides of the axillary bud.
Compound leaf. A leaf whose blade is
divided into separate parts called leaf-
lets.
Cone. A spike-like cluster of scales bear-
ing naked seeds.
Connate. Grown together.
Cordate. (Leaves) with 2 rounded lobes
at the base, and a deep sinus between
them, where the stalk is attached.
Corolla. Collective name for the petals.
Crenate. Scalloped, or with rounded
teeth.
Deciduous. Falling off; applied to
leaves which drop off in the autumn
of their first year.
Decurrent. (Leaf) extending down the
stem below the place of insertion.
Decussate. Arranged in pairs which al-
ternate with each other at right angles,
making four vertical ranks.
Dehiscent. Splitting open when ripe.
Dioecious. Having staminate and pis-
tillate flowers on separate plants.
Downy. Covered with short, soft hairs.
Drupe. A stone fruit, the fleshy part
surrounding a stone which encloses the
seed, as in the peach.
Elliptic. About twice as long as wide,
and with the general outline of an
ellipse, the two ends about the same
width.
Entire. With an even margin, not
toothed or divided.
Evergreen. (Leaves) remaining green
through the winter.
Exfoliating. Peeling off in layers.
Exotic. Of foreign origin and not nat-
uralized.
67
68
GLOSSARY
Falcate. Sickle- or scythe-shaped ; flat
with parallel, curved edges.
Fascicle. A bundle or close cluster.
Fluted. With rounded ridges.
Fruit. A ripened ovary or seed vessel.
Glabrous. Smooth, i.e., without hairs.
Gland. A secreting organ, embedded, or
mounted on a stalk, or tipping a hair
or tooth; or any protuberance resem-
bling such an organ.
Glandular. Furnished with glands.
Glaucous. Covered with a white or blu-
ish bloom, which rubs off, as on plums.
Globose. Spherical or nearly so.
Hairy. With fairly long hairs.
Half-evergreen. (Leaves) remaining
green through part of the winter.
Imbricated. Overlapping.
Indehiscent. Not splitting open when
ripe.
Internode. The part of the stem between
two nodes.
Involucre. A group of modified leaves
around a flower or flower cluster.
Keeled. With a central ridge, like the
keel of a boat.
Lanceolate. Shaped like the head of a
lance ; much longer than wide, tapering
to a point at the upper end, and slightly
narrowed at the base.
Lateral. Situated on the side.
Leader. The trunk of a tree.
Leaf bud. A bud containing leaves and
stem, but no flowers.
Leaf scar. A scar left where a leaf fell
from the stem.
Leaflet. One of the parts of a compound
leaf.
Legume. A dry fruit formed from a
simple ovary, and splitting into 2
valves when ripe, as the pea pod.
Lenticel. A raised dot, a region of loose
aerating tissue in the bark.
Linear. Long and very narrow, with
parallel margins.
Lobe. A segment of a leaf whose mar-
gin is too deeply cut to be called
toothed.
Midrib. The central vein of a leaf.
Mixed bud. A bud containing both
leaves and flowers.
Monoecious. Having staminate and pis-
tillate flowers on the same plant.
Mucronate. Abruptly tipped with a
short, blunt point.
Multiple fruit. A structure composed
of the fruits of several flowers so
close together as to appear as a single
fruit.
Naked. Not covered: (bud) without
specially modified, covering scales ;
( catkin ) not enclosed in a bud; (seed)
not enclosed in an ovary.
Needle. A long, slender, more or less
needle-shaped leaf.
Node. A place on the stem where one
or more leaves are (or were) borne.
Nut. A hard, mostly one-seeded, inde-
hiscent fruit, larger than an achene.
Oblanceolate. Lanceolate with the taper-
ing point toward the base.
Oblong. Longer than wide, with mar-
gins nearly parallel.
Obovate. Ovate with the narrow end
toward the t>ase.
Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the end.
Opposite. (Leaves or axillary buds) two
at a node, inserted on opposite sides of
the stem at the same level.
Oval. Broadly elliptical, less than twice
as long as wide.
Ovary. The part of the flower in which
the seeds will be formed ; compound
ovary, one composed of 2 or more
parts.
Ovate. With the general outline of a
lengthwise section of an egg, with the
wider end toward the base.
Palmate. Resembling a hand : palmately
veined, with three or more veins about
the same size arising from the same
GLOSSARY
69
point at the base of the blade ; — lobed,
with sinuses pointing toward the peti-
ole; — compound, with leaflets all at-
tached to the tip of the petiole.
Panicle. An elongated, loose, branching
or compound flower cluster.
Papilionaceous. With flowers con-
structed like those of the sweet pea.
Pappus. The modified calyx in the Com-
posite Family.
Parallel veined. With veins nearly par-
allel, from the base to the tip of the
leaf.
Parasitic. Getting food partly or wholly
from another living organism.
Parted. (2-, 3-, etc. -parted) : too deeply
cut to be called lobed, but not deeply
enough to be called compound.
Pendulous. Drooping.
Persistent. Remaining on ; not decidu-
ous ; applied to leaves, pubescence, etc.
Petal. One of the modified leaves (usu-
ally bright-colored) forming the inner
circle of leaf-like parts of a flower,
next to and surrounding the stamens.
Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.
Pliyllotaxy. The arrangement of leaves
on the stem.
Pinnate. Resembling a feather; pin-
nately veined, lobed, or compound, with
veins, lobes, or leaflets arranged along
the sides of a central axis, midrib or
rachis. Twice pinnate. Pinnately
compound of leaflets which are also
pinnately compound.
Pistil. The central organ of a flower,
in the base (ovary) of which the seeds
will be formed.
Pistillate. Having one or more pistils,
but no stamens.
Pith. The softer, central part of a
stem.
Pollen. A powder, usually yellow, dis-
charged from the enlarged tips (an-
thers) of the stamens of a flower.
Prickle. A slender, sharp-pointed out-
growth from the young bark or epi-
dermis.
Pubescent. Bearing hairs of some sort,
soft and fine ones particularly.
Raceme. A cluster of stalked flowers on
an elongated axis.
Racemose. Raceme-like.
Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf
(or of a spike).
Receptacle. The tip of the stem (usually
somewhat enlarged) on which the parts
of the flower are borne.
Resin duct. A lengthwise or transverse
canal which carries resin.
Rhombic. With 4 nearly equal sides, but
not rectangular.
Samara. A winged fruit.
Scale. (1) A very small leaf, usually
appressed and often dry; e.g., mod-
ified leaves that cover buds ; mod-
ified leaves on cones and catkins.
(2) A tiny flattened outgrowth from
the epidermis.
(3) A flake of bark.
Serrate. Saw-toothed ; with sharp teeth
pointing forward.
Sessile. Without a stalk.
Shoot. Stem and leaves.
Shrub. A woody plant branched from
the base, usually less than 8 ft. tall.
Simple. Not branched; not compound.
Sinus. The indentation between two
lobes.
Spike. A cluster of sessile flowers
borne close together on an elongated
axis.
Spine. A sharp-pointed, rigid outgrowth
from the stem, a modified branch or
leaf or part of leaf.
Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing or-
gans of a flower.
Staminate. Having stamens but no pis-
tils.
Stipules. Small appendages occurring in
pairs at the bases of the petioles of the
leaves of certain plants.
Stipule scar. A scar left on the stem
where a stipule fell.
Striate. Marked with lengthwise stripes
or ridges.
Strigose. With appressed bristles.
Subpetiolar. Underneath the base of the
petiole.
70
GLOSSARY
Subtended by. Situated just above.
Superposed buds. Accessory buds above
the axillary bud.
Tendril. A thread-like organ (modified
stem or leaf) which coils around a
support.
Terete. Cylindrical.
Thom. Usually a hardened, sharp-
pointed branch.
Tomentose. Covered with a woolly felt
{t omentum) .
Toothed. With short projections be-
tween shallow notches on the margin.
Tree. A woody plant usually with one
main trunk and reaching a height of
at least 8 feet and a diameter of at
least 2 inches.
Trunk. The main stem of a tree.
Tivig. A small branch, usually includ-
ing several years’ growth.
Umbel. Umbrella-like flower cluster;
with flower stalks all from one point,
the tip of the axis.
Unisexual. Staminate or pistillate.
Valvate. With edges meeting and not
overlapping.
Valve. One of the pieces into which a
dehiscent fruit splits.
Veins. Strands of conducting tissue
forming the framework of leaves.
Whorl. A circle of three or more
(leaves or buds) around the stem.
Wing. A thin expansion of, or append-
age to, an organ.
Woolly. Covered with long, entangled,
soft hairs.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Bailey, L. H. The cultivated conifers. New York, Macmillan Co., 1933. xii + 404
pp., illus., $6.00. Descriptions and illustrations of about 300 kinds of conifers from
all parts of the world. About half of the book deals with the cultivation of conifers.
. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. New York, Macmillan Co., 1943.
3 vols., illus., $25.00. Valuable for descriptions of cultivated species of trees and
shrubs.
Barrett, Mary F. A field key to the genera of the wild and cultivated hardy trees
of the northeastern United States and Canada. Bloomfield, N. J., published by
the author, 1931. 40 pp., 35 cents. Based on leaf and twig characters combined.
Illustrated glossary.
Blakeslee, A. F., and C. D. Jarvis. Trees in winter, their study, planting, care,
and identification. New York, Macmillan Co., 1913. 446 pp., illus., $3.50. Very
valuable for the winter study of trees. The comparisons of the species with
others with which they are likely to be confused are particularly helpful.
■. Trees in winter. New York, Macmillan Co., 1931. New, abridged. 292
pp., 516 figs., $2.00.
Britton, N. L. Manual of the flora of the northern States and Canada. 3d ed.
New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1907. xxiv-j-1122 pp. Technical descriptions,
with keys, of the flowering plants and ferns of the northeastern U. S. Out of
print.
. North American trees, being descriptions and illustrations of the trees grow-
ing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico and the West
Indies. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1908. x -(- 894 pp., 781 figs. Technical
descriptions of the various North American trees. Out of print.
, and Addison Brown. An illustrated flora of the northern States, Canada, and
the British possessions. New York, Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1913. 3 vols., $13.50.
Description and illustration of each species of flowering plant and fern.
Brown, H. P. Trees of New York State, native and naturalized. Syracuse, N. Y.,
Tech. Publ. No. 15, N. Y. State Coll, of Forestry, Syracuse Univ., 1921. 401 pp.,
illus. Paper, $1.00; cloth, $1.60. Technical descriptions, with figures, of the
trees of N. Y. State. Contains a chapter on the ecology of the N. Y. State trees
and also an interesting article on the derivation of tree names. Glossaries.
Collins, J. Franklin, and Howard W. Preston. Illustrated key to the wild and
commonly cultivated trees of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada
based primarily on leaf characters. New York, Henry Holt & Co., 1912. vii -|-
184 pp., 279 figs., $1.35. A good key to trees by leaf characters. Can be carried
in the pocket. Contains also a glossary, and list of standard works on trees.
Collingwood, G. H. Knowing your trees. Washington, D. C., American Forestry
Association, 1943. 214 pp., illus., $2.50. Popular descriptions, with range, habitat,
uses ; photographs of winter and summer characters of over a hundred outstanding
American trees.
Curtis, Carlton C. A guide to the trees. New York, Greenberg, 1925. 208 pp.,
illus., $2.00. A good, non-technical little book containing a key to, and descrip-
tions of, the native trees.
71
72
REFERENCE BOOKS
Dame, Lorin L., and Henry Brooks. Handbook of the trees of New England
with ranges throughout the United States and Canada. Boston, Ginn & Co., 1902.
xv -f- 196 pp., 87 figs. A small book with good figures and technical descriptions.
Can be carried in the pocket. Out of print.
Emerson, Arthur I., and Clarence M. Weed. Our trees: how to know them. 5th
ed. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1936. 288 pp., illus., $2.75. Popular de-
scriptions, with photographs of winter and summer characters of over a hundred
trees. No keys.
Gray, Asa. Lessons in botany. The elements of botany for beginners and for
schools. New York, American Book Co., 1887. Revised ed. 226 pp., 589 figs.
$1.28. “A companion and interpreter to the manuals and floras”; practically an
extended glossary with descriptions and illustrations.
Gray’s manual of botany. See Robinson and Fernald.
Harlow, William M. Twig key to the deciduous woody plants of eastern North
America. Ann Arbor, Mich., Edwards Brothers, 1934. 51 pp., illus., $1.00. A
pocket key, with photographs of twigs accompanying the enumeration of distin-
guishing characters. No descriptions.
, and Ellwood S. Harrar. Textbook of dendrology. New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., 1937. xiii + 527 pp., $4.00. Covers the important forest trees of the
United States and Canada. Photographs of winter and summer characters.
Hough, R. B. Handbook of the trees of the northern States and Canada east of
the Rocky Mountains. Lowville, N. Y., published by the author, 1924. x + 470
pp., 498 figs., $8.00. Good pictures of bark, fruit, leaves, etc. The range of
each species is clearly shown on a map of the U. S. Many species have mag-
nified cross sections of the wood shown.
House, Homer D. Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York
State. N. Y. State Museum Bull. 254, 1924. 759 pp. Valuable as a record of
the plants known to occur in this State.
Huntington, Annie Oakes. Studies of trees in winter. Boston, Knight and Mil-
let, 1910. xviii 198 pp., illus., $3.50. Non-technical and popular, dealing with
the winter characters. The figures, which are excellent, are mainly of the bark
and habit of the tree.
Illick, Joseph S. Common trees of New York. Washington, D. C., American
Tree Association, 1927. 123 pp., illus. A non-technical handbook of the common
and introduced trees of N. Y.
. Tree habits: how to know the hardwoods. Washington, D. C., American
Tree Association, 1924. 341 pp., $4.00. Valuable for the comparative tables for
distinguishing different species of the same genus.
Keeler, Harriet L. Our native trees and how to identify them. New York, Chas.
Scribner’s Sons, 1912. xxiii -f- 533 pp., illus., $3.00. Both technical and popular
descriptions of the native trees.
. Our northern shrubs and how to identify them. New York, Chas. Scribner’s
Sons, 1928. xxx -(- 521 pp., illus., $3.00. A popular book on shrubs with excellent
photographs and drawings.
Makins, F. K. The identification of trees and shrubs. New York, E. P. Dutton &
Co., 1937. vii + 326 pp., illus., $4.00. Key, with diagrams ; and descriptions of
1300 kinds of trees and shrubs of the north temperate zone.
Mathews, F. Schuyler. Field book of American trees and shrubs. New York,
G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1925. 482 pp., illus., $3.75. Popular descriptions of the
native trees and shrubs hardy in North America.
REFERENCE BOOKS
73
Muenscher, W. C. Keys to woody plants. 5th ed. Ithaca, N. Y., Comstock Pub-
lishing Co., 19-16. 105 pp. No descriptions. Keys to genera and to species, based
on summer and on winter characters. Glossary and illustrations of descriptive
terms. Includes the common native woody plants of the northeastern United States,
and a few of the commonly planted exotics.
Reiider, Alfred. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs. 2d ed. New York, Mac-
millan Co., 1940. xxx + 996 pp., $10.50. The latest and best technical manual of
cultivated trees and shrubs.
Robinson, B. L., and M. L. Fernald. Gray’s new manual of botany. 7th ed. New
York, American Book Co., 1908. 926 pp., illus., $3.00. Technical descriptions,
with keys, of the flowering plants and ferns of the central and northeastern U. S.
and adjacent Canada.
Robinson, Florence Bell. Tabular keys for the identification of the woody plants.
Champaign, 111., The Garrard Press, 1941. 156 pp. Designed for quick reference
and comparison, and for use in the field ; based mainly on external characters.
Keys to summer and winter characters ; glossary. Includes 500 useful trees and
shrubs. No descriptions; no illustrations.
Rogers, Julia E. The tree book, a popular guide to a knowledge of the trees of
North America and to their uses and cultivation. New York, Doubleday, Doran
& Co., 1931. 565 pp., illus., $3.50. Good illustrations. Describes many cultivated
species.
Sargent, Charles S. Manual of the trees of North America exclusive of Mexico.
Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1922. 2d ed. viii -\- 910 pp., 783
figs., $12.50. The most recent, complete, and concise technical account of the
native trees of the whole of North America excluding Mexico.
. The silva of North America. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1894-1902.
14 vols., 4to, $350.00. Superbly illustrated, with excellent descriptions and
copious footnotes. The most complete and the finest work in the world on trees.
Out of print.
Schaffner, John H. Field manual of trees. 4th ed. Columbus, Ohio, R. G. Adams
& Co., 1936. 160 pp., $1.25. Keys to genera in summer and in winter condition;
non-technical descriptions; glossary; key to fruits. Includes native trees of south-
ern Canada and northern United States, and common cultivated exotic trees.
Schneider, C. K. Dendrologische winterstudien. Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1903. vi +
290 pp., illus., $2.50. Keys, descriptions, and excellent drawings of twigs and buds
of woody plants of all parts of the world.
Sudworth, G. B. Checklist of the forest trees of the United States, their names
and ranges. Miscellaneous Circular 92, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington,
D. C., 1927. 295 pp., $.40. A list of the native and naturalized trees of the U. S.
with their ranges, their common names in the various localities, and the scientific
and common names recommended for uniform usage.
Trelease, William. Plant materials of decorative gardening. Urbana, 111., pub-
lished by the author, 1917. 204 pp., $1.00. A pocket manual with keys based on
summer characters. Includes wild and cultivated trees and shrubs.
. Winter botany. Urbana, 111., published by the author, 1925. xl -|- 396 pp.,
illus., $2.50. A companion volume to the above. A pocket manual of wild and
cultivated trees and shrubs with keys based on winter characters, and detail draw-
ings and descriptions of twigs.
INDEX
Descriptions are on pages 27 to 66; keys on pages 8 to 26.
Abies, 9, 30
Acer, 9, 10, 19, 57, 58
Aceraceae, 57
Aesculus, 9, 19, 58
Ailanthus, 11, 25, 26, 54
Alder, 39
White, 60
Almond, 48
Alnus, 5, 16, 21, 37, 39
Amelanchier, 17, 21, 23, 49,
50
Amorpha, 11, 24, 53
Anacardiaceae, 55
Angiosperms, 33
Apple, 48
Aquifoliaceae, 56
Arbor Vitae, 32
Arbutus, Trailing, 60
Aronia, 15, 21, 49
Arrow-wood, 65, 66
Ash, 63
Mountain, 49
Wafer, 54
Aspen, 1, 34, 35
Azalea, 61
Baccharis, 16, 24, 26, 66
Bald Cypress, 31
Balm-of-Gilead Poplar, 35
Barberry, 9, 46
Family, 46
Basswood, 59
Bay, Sweet, 45
Bayberry, 35
Beech, 39, 40
Blue, 37, 38
Family, 39
Benzoin, 14, 24, 46
Berberidaceae, 46
Berberis, 14, 20, 46
Betula, 13, 14, 16, 24, 38,
39
Betulaceae, 37
Bignonia Family, 64
Bignoniaceae, 64
Bigtree, 28
Birch, 38, 39
Family, 37
Bitternut Hickory, 36
Bittersweet, 56, 64
Black Cap, 50
Gum, 60
Blackberry, 50, 51
Blackhaw, 66
Bladdernut, 56
Family, 56
Blue Beech, 37, 38
Blueberry, 62
Boxelder, 57
Bramble, 50
Brier, 33
Sweetbrier, 51
Broussonetia, 7, 10, 12, 13,
19, 20, 45
Buckeye, 58
Buckthorn Family, 58
Bunchberry, 60
Bush-honeysuckle, 65
Butternut, 36
Buttonbush, 65
Campsis, 64
Caprifoliaceae, 65
Carpinus, 17, 26, 37, 38
Carya, 11, 12, 23, 36
Cashew Family, 55
Castanea, 16, 22, 25, 40
Catalpa, 6, 9, 10, 19, 64, 65
Ceanothus, 14, 21, 58
Cedar, 29
Red, 32
White, 31, 32
Cedrus, 8, 29
Celastraceae, 56
Celastrus, 14, 19, 56
Celtis, 14, 25, 44
Cephalanthus, 9, 10, 18, 19,
65
Cercis, 14, 26, 52, 53
Chamaecyparis, 8, 31, 32
Checkerberry, 62
Cherry, 51, 52
Cornelian, 60
Chestnut, 40
Horse-chestnut, 58
Chokeberry, 49
Cladrastis, 11, 25, 53
Clethra, 17, 21, 60
Coffee-tree, 52
Compositae, 66
Composite Family, 66
Cork Tree, 54
Cornaceae, 59
Cornelian Cherry, 60
Cornus, 10, 15, 18, 19, 21,
22, 59, 60
Corylus, 17, 23, 37
Cottonwood, 35
Cranberry, 62
Crataegus, 12, 13, 14, 20,
50
Cryptomeria, 8, 31
Cucumber Magnolia, 45
Cypress, 31, 32
Dangleberry, 62
Deerberry, 62
Dewberry, 51
Diervilla, 10, 18, 65
Diospyros, 16, 25, 63
Dogwood, 59, 60
Family, 59
Poison, 55
Douglas Fir, 31
Ebenaceae, 63
Ebony Family, 63
Elder, 66
Boxelder, 57
Marsh-elder, 66
Elm, 43, 44
Ericaceae, 60
Evonymus, 11, 18, 19, 56
74
INDEX
75
l'agaceae, 39
Fagus, 13, 14, 22, 39, 40
Fetter Bush, 61
Figwort Family, 64
Fir, 30
Douglas, 31
Forsythia, 9, 10, 11, 18, 63
Fraxinus, 9, 19, 63
Gale, Sweet, 35
Gaultheria, 14, 62
Gaylussacia, 14, 24, 62
Ginkgo, 12, 13, 22, 27
Family, 27
Ginkgoaceae, 27
Gleditsia, 7, 11, 12, 20, 25,
52
Golden Bell, 63
Larch, 29
Grape, 58
Oregon, 46
Ground Hemlock, 27
Groundsel-tree, 66
Gum, Black, 60
Red, 47
Sour, 60
Sweet, 47
Gymnocladus, 12, 25, 52
Gymnosperms, 27
Hackberry, 44
Hamamelidaceae, 47
Hamamelis, 5, 15, 21, 22,
47
Hardhack, 48
Haw : Blackhaw, 66
Hawthorn, 50
Hazel : Witch-hazel, 47
Hazelnut, 37
Heath Family, 60
Hemlock, 30
Ground, 27
Hickory, 35, 36
Hicoria, 36
Hippocastanaceae, 58
Holly, 56
Family, 56
Honey Locust, 52
Honeysuckle, 65
Bush, 65
Family, 65
White Swamp, 61
Hop-hornbeam, 37
Hoptree, 54
Hornbeam, 37, 38
Hop-hornbeam, 37
Horse-chestnut, 58
Family, 58
Huckleberry, 62
Ilex, 6, 14, 16, 21, 56
Indigo, False, 53
Inkberry, 56
Iva, 10, 13, 18, 66
Ivy, Poison, 4, 55
Juglandaceae, 35
Juglans, 12, 22, 35, 36
Juneberry, 49
Juniper, 32
Juniperus, 8, 32
Kalmia, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 61
Kinnikinnik, 59
Lambkill, 61
Larch, 29
Golden, 29
Larix, 8, 9, 21, 29
Lauraceae, 46
Laurel, 61
Family, 46
Leguminosae, 52
Leucothoe, 17, 24, 61
Ligustrum, 10, 18, 63
Lilac, 63
Liliaceae, 33
Lily Family, 33
Linden, 59
Family, 59
Liquidambar, 12, 22, 47
Liriodendron, 13, 22, 45
Locust, 54
Honey, 52
Lonicera, 9, 10, 18, 65
Lyonia, 16, 24, 61
Maclura, 14, 20, 44
Madder Family, 65
Magnolia, 14, 22, 45
Family, 45
Magnoliaceae, 45
Mahonia, 12, 46
Male Berry, 61
Malus, 15, 23, 48
Maple, 57, 58
Family, 57
Marsh-elder, 66
May Tree, 50
Mazzard, 52
Meadow-sweet, 48
Menispermaceae, 46
Menispermum, 12, 13, 20,
46
Mockernut Hickory, 36
Moonseed, 46
Family, 46
Moosewood, 57
Morus, 12, 13, 20, 45
Mountain Ash, 49
Laurel, 61
Mulberry, 45
Paper, 45
Myrica, 13, 14, 23, 24, 35
Myricaceae, 35
Nannyberry, 66
Nectarine, 48
Nettle Family, 43
New Jersey Tea, 58
Nightshade, 64
Family, 64
Nyssa, 16, 22, 60
Oak, 40-43
Poison, 55
Olea, 63
Oleaceae, 63
Olive, 63
Family, 63
Oregon Grape, 46
Osage-orange, 44
Osier, 34
Ostrya, 17, 25, 37
Pagoda-tree, 53
Paper Mulberry, 45
Parthenocissus, 11, 19, 58
Paulownia, 9, 10, 19, 64
Peach, 52
Pear, 49
Pecan Nut, 36
Pepperbush, Sweet, 60
Pepperidge, 60
Persimmon, 63
Phellodendron, 9, 19, 54
76
INDEX
Picea, 8, 29, 30
Pignut Hickory, 36
Pinaceae, 27
Pine, 28
Family, 27
Umbrella, 31
Pinus, 8, 28
Pinxter Flower, 61
Plane Tree, 47, 48
Family, 47
Platanaceae, 47
Platanus, 13, 25, 47, 48
Plum, 52
Poison Dogwood, 55
Ivy, 4, 55
Oak, 55
Sumac, 4, 55
Poplar, 34, 35
Yellow, 45
Populus, 12, 15, 22, 34, 35
Privet, 63
Prune, 48
Prunus, 14, 15, 22, 23, 24,
51, 52
Psedera, 58
Pseudolarix, 8, 9, 22, 27, 29
Pseudotsuga, 9, 31
Ptelea, 11, 25, 54
Pulse Family, 52
Pyrus, 17, 20, 23, 48, 49
Quassia Family, 54
Quercus, 5, 6, 13, 16, 20,
40-43
Quince, 48
Raspberry, 50
Red Cedar, 32
Gum, 47
Redbud, 53
Red-root, 58
Redwood, 28
Retinospora, 32
Rbamnaceae, 58
Rhododendron, 14, 15, 21,
60, 61
Rhus, 11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 23,
24, 25, 55
Robinia, 11, 12, 20, 25, 54
Rosa, 12, 20, 51
Rosaceae, 48
Rose, 51
Family, 48
Rowan Tree, 49
Rubiaceae, 65
Rubus, 11, 12, 20, 21, 50, 51
Rue Family, 54
Rutaceae, 54
Salicaceae, 33
Salix, 5, 10, 15, 23, 25, 33,
34
Sambucus, 9, 18, 66
Sassafras, 12, 13, 14, 22,
46
Sciadopitys, 8, 31
Scrophulariaceae, 64
Sequoia, 28
Serviceberry, 49
Shadbush, 49, 50
Shagbark Hickory, 36
Sheep Laurel, 61
Simaroubaceae, 54
Smilax, 13, 19, 33
Solanaceae, 64
Solanum, 11, 13, 14, 20, 64
Sophora, 11, 25, 53
Sorbus, 11, 12, 13, 23, 49
Sour Gum, 60
Spice Bush, 46
Spindle Tree, 56
Spiraea, 16, 24, 48
Spruce, 29, 30
Staff Tree, 56
Family, 56
Stagger-bush, 61
Staphylea, 9, 18, 56
Staphvleaceae, 56
Strawberry Bush, 56
Sumac, 4, 55
Sweet Bay, 45
Fern, 35
Gale, 35
Gale Family, 35
Gum, 47
Pepperbush, 60
Sweetbrier, 51
Sycamore, 47
Syringa, 10, 18, 63
Tamarack, 29
Taxaceae, 27
Taxodium, 8, 21, 27, 31
Taxus, 8, 27
Teaberry, 62
Tecoma, 9, 18, 64
Thuja, 8, 32
Tilia, 13, IS, 25, 59
Tiliaceae, 59
Tree of Heaven, 54
Trumpet Creeper, 64
Honeysuckle, 65
Tsuga, 8, 30
Tulip Tree, 45
Tupelo, 60
Ulmus, 13, 15, 26, 43, 44
Umbrella Magnolia, 45
Pine, 31
Urticaceae, 43
Vaccinium, 14, 15, 16, 17,
24, 62
Viburnum, 10, 11, 18, 19,
65, 66
Vine Family, 58
Virginia Creeper, 58
Vitaceae, 58
Vitis, 12, 13, 19, 58
Wafer Ash, 54
Walnut, 35, 36
Family, 35
White Alder, 60
Cedar, 31, 32
Willow, 33, 34
Family, 33
Wineberry, 50
Winterberry, 56
Wintergreen, 62
Wisteria, 11, 20, 53
Witch-hazel, 47
Family, 47
Yellow Poplar, 45
Yellow-wood, 53
Yew, 27
Family, 27
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