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TERRESTRIAL
ATR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
THE UNITED STATES, &c.
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LIBRARY
THE
TERRESTRIAL
AIR-BREATHING MOLLUSKS
or
THE UNITED STATES,
AND THE
ADJACENT TERRITORIES OF NORTH AMERICA:
DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED BY
AMOS BINNEY.
EDITED BY
AUGUSTUS A. GOULD.
VOL. II.
BOSTON:
CHARLES C. LITTLE AND JAMES BROWN.
MDCCCLI.
Division of Mollmsles
Sectional Librore
CAMBRIDGE:
PRINTED BY BOLLES AND HOUGHTON.
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CONTENTS OF VOL. IL.
X
PNEUMOBRANCHIATA.
Famizy I. LIMACID2. . ; : c +
VAGINULUS,
TEBENNOPHORUS,
ARION,
Limax, . : : : 0 ;
Famity Il. Henicip2.
SuccINEA,
Herix,
Buuimus,
ACHATINA, -
GLANDINA,
Famity Ill. Purap2.
CYLINDRELLA,
Pura, .
VERTIGO,
Famity IV. HELICINAD2.
CycLostoma, -
HELIcina, .
263
291
295
304
304
312
332
345
345
350
+ es
Stas
\
PNEUMOBRANCHIATA.
FAMILY I.
LIMACID.
THE SLUGS.
Cuaracters. Body elongated, sub-cylindrical, upper
surface convex, lower surface flat, and consisting through-
out its whole length of a muscular disk or plane, by the
action of which the animal crawls. Back wholly or par-
tially covered with a fleshy mantle or cuirass, oval in shape
and differing in size and position in the different genera, but
in all of them protecting the respiratory and circulatory
organs. Integuments transparent, and without much
consistence, containing numerous glands with intervening
furrows ; the glands secrete a copious watery mucus, and
the furrows, anastomosing with each other, form a some-
what symmetrical network of channels, which convey the
mucus to every part, and constantly lubricate the whole
surface. Mouth anterior, the head provided with four
VOL. Il. 1
D2 LIMACID.
contractile and retractile cylindrical tentacles, gradually
diminishing in diameter towards the end, and terminating
in a bulbous expansion ; the superior pair long, and bear-
ing, in the terminal bulbs, organs supposed to be eyes ; the
inferior pair under the head, short and without eyes.
Orifices of the organs of respiration, generation, and
digestive excretion on the right side, but varying in posi-
tion in the genera. Hermaphrodite, but requiring the
union of two individuals for fecundation. Shell rudi-
mentary or none. Herbivorous, or carnivorous, or both.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distrrpution. This family is distri-
buted through the temperate climes of the world, different
genera and species being peculiar to different countries.
Europe is the common centre from which they radiate
into other parts of the old world, and from whence the
species of that continent are destined to spread to every
country which is reached by European commerce. Some
of them have already gained a permanent footing in this
country, though their range is yet limited. The native
species have a general range, from the Great Lakes
nearly as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and from
beyond the Mississippi to the sea-coast. One or more
species have been already found on the western side of
the continent. There cannot be a doubt that other spe-
cies, not now known, will be discovered in the United
States; for it would be most extraordinary if the vast
area of this country should be found to be occupied by
only two or three native species of the family.
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 8
Hasits snp Properties. The Limactp& are more
especially nocturnal than the other families of the order,
and they are so rarely visible in the day time that thou-
sands may be near without being known. The injury
which they commit in kitchen-gardens, for this reason,
is often vaguely ascribed to Yorms or to birds ; and no
measures are taken against the real culprits. Their
habits, in general, coincide with those which have been
described as distinguishing the order; and we shall
therefore mention here only those which are peculiar to
them. They differ from the other famihes in not possess-
ing the faculty of hibernation, or suspension of their
organic functions during the cold season. In temperate
latitudes, the Helicide hibernate, under all circum-
stances, on the approach of cold weather ; the Limacide,
on the contrary, having the power of resisting extreme
cold, continue in their usual haunts until severe frosts set
in, when they retire into the earth and other sheltered
retreats. Here they remain in a state of maction and
partial torpidity ; the functions of the body, however, still
going on, though slowly and with diminished force. A
slight increase of heat arouses them and stimulates their
organs to renewed action, and they accordingly often
come abroad in mild weather, even during the winter.
Those which mhabit cellars and other protected situations,
are in motion throughout the year; and individuals of
all the genera and species which we have kept in con-
finement have continued active, fed freely, and increased
in size as much in the coldest months as in the summer.
4 LIMACIDAE.
All the species which have yet come under our notice
possess the power of suspending themselves in the air by
a gelatinous thread. ‘This they effect by accumulating a
quantity of tenacious mucus at the posterior extremity of
the foot, which they attach to the object from which they
are to commence their descent; then, loosing their own
hold, they hang suspended by this point. Continuing
the secretion, their own weight attenuates the mucous
attachment, and draws it out into a thread. As this
dries and hardens, a fresh supply is afforded, the thread
is lengthened, and the animal lets itself down any desira-
ble distance. At this time, also, the margin of the foot
pours out mucus freely, and during the whole operation
the locomotive disk is in active undulatory motion, in
the same manner as when in ordinary progression. It
appears in this way to guide and force towards the ex-
tremity the mucus which is secreted on its surface, and
which, collected at its extreme point, forms the thread.
The slug often pauses in its descent, and extends its
tentacles and its whole body in various directions, as
if seeking some object on which to make a lodgment.
The faculty of suspendmg themselves in this manner
indicates that they pass some part of their lives on trees,
from which they can thus make a convenient descent to
the earth; there are some species, indeed, which are
stated to inhabit trees almost exclusively. It may serve
also as a means by which they can suddenly escape from
the attacks of their enemies, and particularly of birds.
It is mostly, however, when they are young, or at least
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 5
not grown to their full size, that they enjoy this power.
Those which have attained their extreme dimensions and
weight are too heavy to trust themselves to so frail a
support. They have no power to elevate themselves
agam, and in this respect are inferior to the spiders,
which can both lower and raisé themselves by the aid of
the secreted thread. Like the spiders, however, they
often remain suspended in mid-air for a time, and it is not
unlikely that there is some pleasurable sensation con-
nected with the act, which induces them thus to prolong
it- We have seen the descent actually practised by
every one of our Atlantic species.
Besides the watery fluid which at all times lubricates
the integuments, the animals can, at their will, secrete at
any point, or over the whole surface of their bodies, a
more viscid and tenacious mucus than is usually exuded.
This power is used as a means of defence. Whenever
a foreign substance touches them, immediately a quantity
of this mucus, of the consistence of milk and nearly of
the same color, is poured out and forms a kind of mem-
brane interposed between themselves and the irritating
substance. So, also, when they are surrounded by a
corrosive gas, or are thrown into water or alcohol, they
form over themselves in this way a thick protecting cov-
ering, which is undoubtedly a non-conductor of heat and
impervious, at least for a time, to liquids. Shielded by
this coating, they can live the greater part of a day
immersed in water, and for a shorter time in alcohol ; and
M. Férussac asserts that they have survived for hours in
VOL. Il. 2
6 LIMACID.
boiling water. They leave a trace of their usual secre-
tion on every object over which they pass, and thus can
easily be tracked to their retreats. The ordinary secre-
tion is most abundant at their posterior extremity. The
secretion of the mucous fluid over their surface is neces-
sary to their existence. Death immediately follows the
failure of this power, and is preceded by the drying up
of the skin.
All the species are extremely voracious, and devour
an incredible quantity of food in a short time. Those
found in this country are generally supposed to be vege-
table feeders, but nearly all of them subsist occasionally
upon dead animal matter of which they seem to be fond,
and when in confinement sometimes attack and devour
each other ; and the foreign genus, Zestacella, is known
to prey habitually upon earth-yorms. It is probable,
therefore, that in their natural condition, all of them at
times resort to animal food, and devour earth-vorms,
insects and their larvee, and such other animals as,
inhabiting the same retreats, are like themselves slow of
motion and defenceless. It is certain, however, that the
principal food of those species which frequent the neigh-
borhood of houses and gardens, consists of the tender
leaves of succulent plants and of ripe fruits. Upon
these, in Europe, they perpetrate serious ravages,
often destroying in a night the labors and hopes of the
gardener, and in some years committing so much in-
jury, and interfering to such a degree with the prosperity
of the agriculturist that they are ranked among the
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 7
scourges of the country. Like caterpillars, locusts, and
rats, they are considered to be perpetual enemies, and
a war of extermination is carried on against them. ‘To
limit the extent of the evil, many remedies have been
proposed, and among others the prayers and exorcisms
of the church have been clainted, but without any consid-
erable abatement of it. Happily, we are not in this
country subject, in the same degree, to the mischief
done by these animals, for their excessive increase is
kept in check, probably, by the vicissitudes of the cli-
mate ; but it may be useful to know that a border of
ashes, sand, or sawdust, laid around the bed contaiming
the plants it is desired to protect, will prove an impassa-
ble barrier to the slugs, so long as these substances remain
dry. When the slugs attempt to pass the barrier, they
become entangled in the dry ashes or sand, which en-
velops them entirely. The particles of these adhere
to the viscid surface of the animals, who, in vain endeay-
oring to disengage themselves from them by secreting
new mucus, at length become exhausted and die.
Their growth is remarkably rapid. We have known
the young to double their size and weight in a week.
The earliest hatched young of the season generally attain
their full maturity before the end of the first year,
although they may afterwards increase somewhat in bulk.
Those which leave the egg at a later period, mature dur-
ing the ‘second year. Individuals kept m confinement
and fully fed reach a much greater size than when in
their natural condition.
8 LIMACID.
They possess, in a remarkable degree, the power of
elongation and contraction of the body. When fully ex-
tended it is long, narrow, more or less cylindrical, and
generally terminating in a sharp poimt. ‘The carina of
the carinated species disappears. The head is protruded
far beyond the mouth; the tentacles are long, slender,
and graceful. The mouth is changed from an oval to an
elongated form, with parallel sides and rounded ends.
The glands are lengthened, lose their prominence, and
appear nearly smooth. But when alarmed by the touch
of a foreign substance, an instant change occurs, and a
sudden contraction takes place. The tentacles are
retracted and the head is drawn under the mantle. The
anterior edge of the mantle is brought to the level of the
foot, and its form becomes nearly circular. The body is
shortened to one-fourth of its former length, and tumid ;
the back is rounded and rises high in the centre, and the
skin is rough with prominent glandular protuberances.
The carma, when it exists, becomes conspicuous. This
is the form which they assume in their retreats when they
retire to protect themselves from the effects of drought
and cold. It differs so much from their form when in
motion, that one not well acquainted with them would
hardly recognize the same animal in its new shape. It
is among the Limaces, perhaps, that the change is most
striking, and the difference of form between the extremes
the greatest.
They commence reproducing their kind as early as the
end of the first year, before they have attained their full
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 9
dimensions, and hence the eggs of the same species often
vary considerably in size. These are deposited in a clus-
ter of thirty, or thereabouts, in the soil and in other
moist and protected situations; or if the species be one
that frequents houses, then in the crevices or corners of
the walls or under the decaying planks of cellars. In
general form and appearance they resemble the eggs of
the Helicide, but differ from them in several important
particulars. The eggs of the Helicide are all opake,
while those of this family are more or less transparent,
permitting, in the Limaces, a view of the cicatricula,
and affording an opportunity of observing its develop-
ments. Those of the former family are all deposited
free, or unconnected except by a slight agglutination ;
those of the latter, in some of the species, are connected
together by a prolongation of the outer membrane at
their longest diameter, thus forming a sort of rosary.
The deposits of eggs when made, are abandoned by the
slug, who then removes to some other convenient place.
A considerable number of separate deposits are made
during the year.
The slugs, and some species of snails were considered
by the Romans to possess medicinal properties, and this
belief continued, among the nations of Europe, through the
middle ages down to comparatively recent times. There
is hardly a disease, internal or external, of man or the
domestic animals, in which, according to the statements
of authors, they have not proved beneficial; and the
relations concerning them are numerous and truly mar-
VoL. Il. 3
10 LIMACID.
vellous. The testaceous rudiment of the imax acquired
in this respect a preéminence above the animal itself, and
enjoyed a high rank among the numerous bezoars and
amulets which were supposed to protect the body from
evil influences, and to impart health and activity to its
various functions.* The accounts of their virtues, copied
from one author to another, on the authority of names,
show how easily error is perpetuated, and how difficult it
is to eradicate from the public mind a false opinion which
has once obtaimed a footing. A full relation of all the
absurdities which gained credence, would form a curious
page in the history of credulity and superstition. The
more general diffusion of knowledge at the present day
has dispelled these ideas in a great degree; but some
relics of them still linger among the rural population
of many parts of Europe. In this country, no such
belief has ever prevailed; and so hidden and clandes-
tine are the habits of the animals, that but a small part
of the population is aware of their existence, and those
who are familiar with them view them with such feelings
of disgust as would effectually prevent their use either
as medicine or as food. ‘They have also from very early
times been used in the preparation of cosmetics ; and the
water procured from them by distillation, no longer than
two or three centuries ago, was much celebrated and used
by ladies, to impart whiteness and freshness to the com-
plexion.
* As late as the close of the sixteenth century, Helling published a disser-
tation with this title: “ Osstcalorwm limacum usus in febribus.”
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 11
Remarks. The type of the family, as the term implies,
is the genus Limazx consisting of animals known by the
name of slugs. They are found throughout the greater
part of Europe and North America, and also in many other
parts of the world; indeed, the more common species are
almost universally diffused thrdughout the temperate lati-
tudes, and are undoubtedly destined to spread over every
country which is accessible to European or North Ameri-
can commercial enterprise. The family corresponds with
the Limaciens of M. Lamarck, and includes all the air-
breathing land-mollusks not furnished with a spiral shell
in which the internal organs, arranged in convolutions,
are lodged. It is a very natural division, and although
the species at one extreme of the family are entirely
naked, and destitute of even the rudiments of a shell,
internal or external, at the other, they approach to the
Helicide, and exhibit a near affinity to some of the
genera of that family. The terminating link is the genus
Testacella, which is wanting in this country. The divid-
ing line is however obvious. estacella does not possess
a truly spiral shell, while Vitrina, which is the connect-
ing genus of the next family, is provided with a fleshy
mantle, and with a well defined spiral shell, im which a
portion at least of the internal organs are placed, thus
uniting in itself some of the characters of both families.
There is no difference among authors, therefore, as to the
limits of the family ; but the genera are not so well estab-
lished, and cannot be, until their animals are better
known. Some of those proposed by M. Férussac will be
12 LIMACID.
found to want essential distinctions sufficient to constitute
genera. Confining our attention to such of them as
have representatives in this country, we find that Arion
is not universally received, and that its diagnostic char-
acters are by some thought to be of little importance.
We shall not enter into this question, but shall only
remark, that unless the whole family is reduced to a
single genus, as it stood in the time of Linnzeus, it will,
in consequence of the general similarity of their organi-
zation, be necessary to found the genera upon slight
differences of structure. Considerable difference exists
between the structure of Zimax and Arion; besides
which, as the former has become numerous in species, it
is desirable, as a matter of convenience, to subdivide it.
We have therefore adopted the latter genus.
Very little attention has hitherto been given, in the
United States, to the animals of this family. The only
paper on the subject which we have met with, excepting
that published by ourselves, in the Journal of the Bos-
ton Society of Natural History, is one by the late M.
Rafinesque, contained in one of his abortive periodicals
entitled “ Annals of Nature” for 1820. In this paper
that author, with his usual facility in proposmg new
genera and species, gives the characters of two genera
and six species, from animals noticed by him in various
parts of the country, but not since recognized by other
naturalists. We have discussed the character of M.
Rafinesque in the preface, and have given the reasons
why we cannot adopt his proposed genera; we have also
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 13
copied there his generic and specific characteristics.
We refer those who consider his pretended discoveries
of more weight than we do, to that part of this work.
M. Férussac gave his sanction to the genera of M. Raf-
inesque by adopting them in his great work ; but they
were by nearly every other naturalist received with
much doubt, and considered to require further confirm-
ation.
In examining the species which was first noticed by
M. Bose under the name of Limaz caroliniensis, we be-
came aware that, instead of bemg destitute of a mantle,
as might be inferred from his description, that organ was
more fully developed than in any described species, and
covered the whole body. As this characteristic excludes
it from Lima, according to the received definitions, it
became necessary to establish a new genus for its recep-
tion, which we proposed in January, 1842, under the
name of Zebennophorus. The distinction thus founded
on its external characters, has been confirmed by an ac-
quaintance with its anatomical peculiarities, since ascer-
tained by Dr. J. Wyman. In August, 1842, a genus
which he called Jnecillaria,* was proposed by Mr. W. H.
Benson, in a Memoir on the fauna and flora of Chusan,
by Dr. Cantor, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural
* The following are the generic characters as given in the Memoir:
‘* Corpus elongatum, posticé attenuatum, repens, undique velo marginatum.
Tentacula quatuor, superioribus oculiferis, inferioribus integris. Foramen
commune in latere dextro, non procul ab extremitate antica veli situm.”
The name is derived from “ incile,” a gutter, and has reference to the gutter-
like channel which divides the mantle from the foot.
VOL. II. 4
14 LIMACID.
History, Vol. IX. p. 486, to include an animal resembling
- the type of Zebennophorus, and so far as we can judge
by the description, corresponding with it generically.
Whether either of these genera will be received, is un-
certain, and will depend of course upon the opinion of
other naturalists, after the animals shall be fully known.
If neither of them should be adopted, the characters of
Limax will need an entire revision and enlargement.
The following formula shows the generic strength of
the family in this country.
VaGINULUS,
TEBENNOPHORUS,
Limacipz.
ARION,
Limax.
These are the only genera hitherto discovered. Of
these Vaginulus is a tropical genus, and barely touches
the most southern point of the United States, rendering
it probable that it was introduced from the West Indies.
Tebennophorus, before the publication of Dr. Cantor’s
Memoir, was supposed to be peculiar to the United
States and Canada. It must now be at least doubtful
whether it is exclusively an American genus. Avion is
certainly an imported genus, owing its introduction to
our commercial relations with Western Europe. Limax
is also an introduced genus, so far as regards two out of
three of its known species, and perhaps as to the third.
We have then, not even one genus which is unquestion-
ably indigenous to our territory.
VAGINULUS. 15
Genus VAGINULUS, Ferrussac.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL. Body oblong oval when contracted, more
or less linear when extended ;~mantle covering the whole
body : foot narrow, wrinkled transversely as if composed
of numerous rings ; head distinct, and capable of being
retracted under the mantle ; buccal mass with a jaw and
with papillz arranged around the mouth; tentacles four,
unequal, contractile, but not fully retractile, the upper
ones long and slender, annulated, obtuse and oculiferous
at tip, the lower ones short and more or less branched at
tip. Pulmonary cavity on the right side, at about two-
fifths the length of the animal, and opening, by means of
a tube running along the side, at the posterior extremity,
between the mantle and the free point of the foot, in com-
pany with the anal opening. Organs of generation sep-
arate and distant, the male organ protruding at the base
of the right tentacle ; the female opening about the mid-
dle of the right side. Mucous pore none.
SHELL. None.
GrograPHicaL DistrreuTion. Has been found at a
single locality, namely, at Charlotte Harbor on the west
coast of Florida. It is a tropical genus, inhabiting the
West Indies, and according to D’Orbigny, nearly every
part of South America as far as 34° south, on the east
of the Andes, though its range is not so great on the
Pacific coast. It is also found in other tropical regions.
16 LIMACID&.
Remarks. This genus was instituted by Férussac in
1821, but had been previously designated by Blainville
under the name of Veronicella, who subsequently, how-
ever, merged them both in the genus Onchidiwm of
Buchanan. There can be no doubt of the propriety of
separating the terrestrial species from the marine species,
all of which were combined in the original genus Onchi-
dium, to whichever group we may assign that name.”
Their habits, form, tentacles, and their anatomical de-
tails are all different.
The contractility of the animal is very great. When
extended it is very long and slender, and smooth or
faintly reticulated, three or four times as long as when
contracted ; in which latter state it has an oblong form,
equally rounded at both ends, and its surface is coarsely
wrinkled, granular or tuberculated. The lower tentacles
are generally bifurcate at tip, or rather there is a sup-
plementary tentacle or spur, which can be protruded just
short of the point of the tentacle ; sometimes the tips are
said to be even palmate.
It lives in families under stones and trunks of trees,
and sometimes buried in the earth. It is capable of
retirmg from damp places, and sometimes inhabits very
dry localities. It issues forth in the night and on wet
days, when it may be found upon trees. Its movements
are very rapid.
* I employ in this instance the name selected by Dr. Binney, though both
the names of Blainville and Buchanan have priority. — G.
VAGINULUS. 17
VAGINULUS FLORIDANUS.
Prate LXVI.
V. corpore elongato-ovali, lateribus vix arcuatis, extrem-
itatibus semicircularibus, dorso yotundato, quoquoversum ar-
cuato, subtiliter rugoso, cinereo, fusco-marmorato, linea
mediana alba et fasciis lateralibus imperfectis fuscis ornato ;
subtus luteo-albido, disco transversim plicato, trientem lati-
tudinis componente ; tentaculis inferioribus incerté bifurcatis.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal (contracted in alcohol) elongated oval, about
four times as long as broad, the sides very slightly
curved, and the extremities circularly rounded; back
convex, regularly arched in every direction; surface
very slightly wrinkled; color dark ashy gray, mottled
with black, with a median whitish line, on each side of
which, at about one-third the distance towards the mar-
gin, is an ill-defined stripe of black; beneath drab col-
ored ; foot occupying about one-third the width; ten-
tacles short, annulated, the lower ones not very distinctly
bifureate. Length two and one-fourth inches; breadth
three-fourths of an inch.
GrogRAPHIcAL DistripuTion. Found at Meta-lee-
chee Key, Charlotte Harbor, on the western coast of
Florida, in a moist place, a little under ground.
Remarks. The above description is obviously very
imperfect, inasmuch as it is described from a dead and
greatly contracted specimen, and as no notes of the ani-
VOL. Il. 5
18 LIMACID.
mal have been found excepting as to its locality. The
characters, however, are sufficiently marked to distinguish
the species. From its slight reticulation, in its contracted
state, it must have been quite smooth when extended.
Its colors are similar to those of Zebennophorus Carolin-
zensis, and similarly distributed. The lower tentacles are
not very conspicuously spurred, but the puncture for the
protrusion of a spur is manifest.
As the anatomical details have been fully given in the
first part, this animal, the only one of the genus yet
found in the United States, will not be without interest.
Genus TEBENNOPHORUS, Binney.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL. Body somewhat flattened, terminating ob-
tusely, or in a somewhat truncated form. Back con-
vex, more flat when fully extended. Integuments with ir-
regular vermiform glands, anastomosing with each other,
and having a general longitudinal direction. Mantle
covering the whole body. Locomotive disk expanded at
its margin, and visible beyond the sides of the mantle ;
no median band. Respiratory orifice near the head.
Anal orifice contiguous to, and a little above and in
advance of, the pulmonary orifice. Orifice of organs
of generation behind and below the superior tentacle.
Without terminal mucous pore. No shell.
TEBENNOPHORUS. 19
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTiIoN. This genus occurs in
every part of the country from the Gulf of Mexico to
Lake Erie, except the tertiary section of the extreme
south, where it has not yet been noticed.
Remarks. ‘The species of which this genus is found-
ed is Limax Caroliniensis of Bosc. M. Férussac included
it in Rafinesque’s genus Philomycus, which is distin-
guished from Zimax by the absence of the mantle.
Having adopted Rafinesque’s genus with all its char-
acters, he nevertheless, by a singular inconsistency or
oversight, arranged it under that division of the family
containing the species entirely covered with a mantle.
It thus found a position more in accordance with its real
characters than it would have done, if the generic defi-
nition of M. Rafinesque or the description of M. Bose
had been kept in mind. The editors of the new edition
of M. Lamarck’s work have again, more recently, de-
seribed it as destitute of a mantle, but in truth it pos-
sesses a well characterized mantle, detached from the
body at its anterior part, and around its whole margin.
M. Férussac, supposing the other genera included in the
same division to possess only contractile tentacles, by a
convenient method of generalization, inferred, that this
species also was destitute of the power of retracting these
organs; we know very well, however, that they are
retracted by inversion, in the same manner as those of
the Limaces and Helicide. He speculated also upon
the uses of the development of the structure of the
20 LIMACIDZ.
a
mantle, which he thought might the better enable the
animal to resist the heat of warm climates; it must,
however, in this genus at least, be intended for some
other purpose, for it is a northern rather than a southern
genus, inhabiting the most northern parts of the United
States, where the winters are long and severe. It is
also, by its habits, very much removed from the influence
of heat. An opinion the reverse of that of M. Férussac,
namely, that it is an additional protection from cold,
seems to be more probable.
i. TEBENNOPHORUS CAROLINIENSIS, Bosc.
Puate LX. Ficures 1, 2.
T. corpore albido, fusco irrorato, fasciis tribus male-
circumscriptis longitudinalibus, et punctis nigris sparsis,
ornato, clypeo lato et elongato dorsum totum vestiente,
glandulis undulatis, confertis, instructo; apertura communi
antica.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Limaz Caroliniensis, Bosc, loc. cit. p. 80.
Férussac, Hist. p. 77, pl. 6, fig. 3.
Desnayes, in Lamarck, 2d edit. VI. p. 719.
Limaz Carolinianus, De Roissy, loc. cit. V. p. 183.
Limaz togata, GouuD, Inverteb. of Mass. p. 3.
Philomycus Caroliniensis, FErussac, Tab. Syst. p. 15.
Tebennophorus Caroliniensis, Binney, Limacide, p. 11.
Apams, Shells of Vermont, p. 13.
DESCRIPTION.
Color of upper surface whitish, or yellowish white,
variegated with clouds and spots of brownish and black-
ish, so arranged as to form three ill-defined longitudinal
TEBENNOPHORUS. 91
=
bands, one on the centre of the back, and one on each
flank, extending from the head to the posterior extremity,
anastomosing more or less with each other, and having
smaller spots of the same color between them; inferior
margin white, or yellowish; foot whitish. Mouth sur-
rounded with a circular row of papille. Body elongated,
sub-cylindrical, flattened towards its posterior extremity,
which is obtuse ; superior tentacles one-fourth of an inch
long, brownish or blackish, stout, terminating in a bulb ;
ocular points on the superior part of the bulb; inferior
tentacles immediately below the upper, white, very short,
nearly conical. Mantle fleshy, covering the whole body,
its anterior edge tinged with brownish, and falling in a
slight curve between the two superior tentacles, reaching
on the sides to the margin of the foot; posterior extrem-
ity rounded; cuticle covered with irregular vermiform
glands, anastomosing with each other, and having a gen-
eral tendency to a longitudinal direction, with shallow
furrows between, lubricated with a watery mucus, and
susceptible of contractions which produce a slow, undu-
latory motion, like the flowing of water, over the whole
surface. Foot whitish, extending a little beyond the
mantle posteriorly, showing a whitish flattened border.
Orifice of the organs of generation on the right side, at
a little distance behind and below the superior tentacle.
Respiratory orifice large, on the right side, one-fourth of
an inch behind the origin of the superior tentacle; anals
orifice in close contact, a little above and in front of it;
above the respiratory orifice, on the back, is a deep
VOL. II. 6
22 LIMACID.
eurved furrow, running upwards and backwards. Lo-
comotive band not distinguished from the lower surface
of the foot.
Greatest length, when fully extended, four inches;
ordinary length three inches.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Noticed by the origi-
nal discoverer in South Carolina; is common in Ver-
mont, the western part of Massachusetts, New York, and
Ohio, and was found in Missouri by Professor C. B.
Adams, and by Mr. Haldeman in the south-western angle
of Virginia.
Remarks. In this species the head never projects
beyond the mantle. The tentacles are contractile and
retractile, as in the other slugs. When handled it
secretes from the skin a thick, milky, adhesive mucus.
Small individuals suspend themselves by a thread. We
have noticed its posterior extremity curved upwards when
the animal was in motion; at other times flattened and
expanded, and again very much corrugated, and appa-
rently truncated; sometimes there appear to be one or
more mucous glands at this part, and the secretion of
mucus from it is more plentiful than from other parts
of the body. The mantle is not cleft from the respira-
tory foramen to the margin, as in most of the Limacide,
but is provided with a deep furrow or canal running from
*the orifice to the edge of the mantle below it.
It is very inactive and sluggish in its motions. It
inhabits forests, under the bark, and in the interior of
TEBENNOPHORUS. 93
the decayed trunks of fallen trees, among which it is par-
ticularly partial to the Bass-wood, Tilia Americana.
The variations from the common coloring are nume-
rous. We have already observed the following varieties :
a. Whitish, without clouded spots, tending to grayish.
b. Whitish, slightly clouded longitudinally.
ce. Irregularly clouded with brownish, without any
tendency to longitudinal arrangement.
d. With three distinct rows of large clouded spots.
e. With great numbers of fine black spots.
f. Gray, with a line of minute black dots along each
side.
g. Blackish-gray, with black lines along each side, and
an indistinct line down the middle of the back.
The appearance of the surface of the mantle is con-
stantly changing, from the play of light on its lubricated
tentacles and furrows, which are in almost ceaseless
motion.
* There can be no doubt that this is the animal origi-
nally described by M. Bose under the name of Limax
Caroliniensis, though his description is so imperfect that
it can only be recognized by the arrangement of colors
which belongs to it. His original drawing, engraved in
M. Férussac’s work, is a tolerably accurate representa-
tion of one of its varieties. He makes no mention of
the mantle, and it does not appear in the figure.
An individual of this species kept in confinement,
deposited about thirty eggs, June 20, 1843; on the 10th
July the young made their way out of the shell. The
24 LIMACID.
eggs were semi-transparent, oval, about one-fifth of an
inch in the greatest diameter. The young when ex-
cluded were more than a fourth of an inch long, semi-
transparent and gelatious; tentacles bluish-black at
base, black at tip, the inferior pair very minute and
hardly visible. Body broad; back whitish, with two
distinct rows of minute black dots down the middle,
and other scattering spots on the sides. No percep-
tible furrow between the mantle and body. They in-
creased very rapidly in size, and in a few days were four
times as large as when hatched.
2. TEBENNOPHORUS DORSALIS, Brivney.
Puate LXID. Ficure 3.
T. corpore cylindraceo, posticé attenuato; dorso linea
longitudinali nigrescente interrupté et glandulis minutis
elongatis instructo ; apertura laterali parva, antica.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. s
Philomycus dorsalis, Brxyney, Limacide, p. 14.
2 Apams, Shells of Vermont.
DESCRIPTION.
Color of upper surface ashy, with a shade of blue, an
interrupted black line extending down the centre of the
back; superior tentacles black, about* one-eighth of the
length of the body ; lower tentacles blackish, very short.
Body cylindrical and narrow, terminating posteriorly in
an acute point; base of foot white, very narrow, its
separation from the body not well defined. Upper sur-
TEBENNOPHORUS. 25
face covered with elongated and slightly prominent
glandular projections, the furrows between indistinct.
Respiratory orifice very minute, situated on the right
side, about one-eighth of an inch behind the insertion of
the superior tentacle. The mantle is closely connected
with the body. Ne
Length three-fourths of an inch.
3 F '
GEOGRAPHICAL Distribution. Noticed hitherto only
in Vermont and Massachusetts.
REMARKS. This animal is found in woods and forests,
in the soil under decaying trunks and logs. It is lubri-
eated by a watery mucus which is not secreted in quan-
tity sufficient to preserve its life when removed from its
native haunts and exposed to the air. It is even difficult
to preserve it long enough for examination, as it becomes
dry, diminishes in bulk more than one-half, and dies.
We have seen but three specimens. They were very
active in their movements, and one of them suspended
itself by a thread of mucus, in the manner of the Lima-
ces. Our specimens were found in Vermont. Dr. Gould
has recognized this or a similar species near Boston. .
It is quite possible that this is one of the species de-
scribed by Rafinesque, but from the poverty of his descrip-
tions, we are unable to identify it with either of them.
When we for the first time procured this animal, not
being able to distinguish the separation of the margin of
the mantle from the edge of the foot, we felt assured
that it must be a species of M. Rafinesque’s genus Philo-
VOL. Il. 7
26 LIMACIDA.
mycus, and we accordingly described it as such. Havy-
ing an opportunity since that time of examining several
of them, we noticed, on throwing some of them into
alcohol for preservation, that the contraction, caused by
the liquor, revealed and detached the mantle from its
adhesion. Its characters, therefore, correspond with
those of the present genus. It is by no means certain,
however, that it may not jfove to be the young of the
preceding species.
Genus ARION, Ferrussac.
GENERIC CHARACTERS. Posterior termination of body
obtuse. Integuments crowded with elongated tuberos-
ities on the back, and on the sides with elongated tuber-
cular plates having furrows between. Mantle anterior,
oval, small, covered with granulations, free at the front
and on the sides, attached posteriorly, containing in its
posterior part numerous fine calcareous sandy grains.
Locomotive disk not expanded at the margin, when the
animal is fully extended very narrow, having in some
species a narrow median band, and in others not. Re-
spiratory orifice at the anterior margin of the mantle,
small. Anal orifice contiguous to the former. Orifice of
organs of generation under the two last. On the upper
part of the posterior extremity of the body is a triangular
pore or sinus, with the point directed forwards, a process
or projection of the integument serving as a cover to the
sinus.
ARION. 27
“
GuoegrapuicaL Drsrripurion. Has been noticed
hitherto only in gardens in the city of Boston, and at
road-sides in its vicinity.
Remarks. The genus Arion was separated from
Limax by M. Férussae, to epntain those species of the
latter genus having a terminal pore or sinus. Besides
this distinction, the mantle of the Arion contains no rudi-
mentary shell, a few calcareous grains being deposited in
its place; the respiratory foramen also is situated at the
anterior in place of the posterior margin of the mantle.
These differences, with their anatomical peculiarities,
seemed to him to furnish sufficient reason for the separa-
tion. His example has been generally followed, though
there are some who, like M. Deshayes, deny the pro-
priety or expediency of the change.
e
1. ARION HORTENSIS, FsrRussac.
Puate LXIV. Ficvrel. Prare LXV. Ficure 2.
A. corpore albido, aut griseo, aut rufescente, glandulis
confertis elongatis striato ; clypeo ovali, granuloso ; cauda
obtusa, absque carina ; apertura communi antica ; margine
fascia fuscd obscuré ornafo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Arion hortensis. Fir. Hist. p. 65, pl. 2, f. 6. Sup. p. 96, a
Lamarck, 2d edit. p. 719.
Boucnarp-CHanTEREAUX, loc. cit. p. 24.
Binney, Limacide, p. 10.
DESCRIPTION.
Color, whitish, or light ashy, sometimes with a tint of
28 LIMACIDE.
brown, or dark grayish ; an obscure, ill defined dark co-
lored line or band rises where the mantle meets the base
of the tentacles on both sides, and extending along the
whole length of the mantle to its posterior extremity
converges towards the line of the opposite side; another
band proceeding from under the posterior edge of the’
mantle, not quite continuous with the above described
line, runs along the sides of the body to its extremity.
Body, cylindrical, narrow, when extended very much
elongated, expanding a little towards its extremity, and
ending in a flat and rounded termination; its upper sur-
face is covered with narrow, oblong, prominent glands,
appearing sometimes as if carmated, and arranged in
parallel rows, the flanks with elongated tuberculated
plates and finer granulations. Head darker than the
body, projecting very little beyond the mantle. Supe-
rior tentacles blackish, one-eighth éhe length of the
body, stout, bulbs translucent, ocular spot at the supe-
rior part, black. Lower tentacles immediately under
the upper, very short, conical. Mantle small, oval, nar-
row, commencing just behind the insertion of the ten-
tacles, less than one-third of the length of the animal ;
covered with granulations tending to a vermiform shape.
Disk of the foot whitish, without a separate locomotive
band, the marginal boundary between it and the body
marked by a furrow, projecting beyond the body poste-
riorly. Respiratory foramen small, with a cleft to the
margin of the mantle. Between the superior tentacles
is a tubercular ridge with furrows on each side. The
triangular mucus-pore is on the upper surface of the
ARION. 29
posterior extremity, is very apparent, and has a process
of the skin which seems to cover it, and sometimes to
project above it. When fully grown, the extreme length
is more than two inches, its usual length about one inch.
Remarks. When the animal is fully extended, the
mantle occupies less than a fourth part of its whole
length, and the dark lines on the mantle and back are
continuous with each other. The head only, projects
from the mantle, the neck not being visible. Its surface
is constantly covered with a watery mucus, and it sus-
pends itself with a thread of mucus like the other spe-
cies. The mucous secretion from the terminal pore is
transparent and very viscid. It is not distinguished by
any considerable variety of Golor or markings. It occurs
in small numbers in the vicinity of Boston, under stones,
at road-sides, in company with Limaz agrestis, and more
plentifully in gardens within the city. In our remarks
on this species, formerly published, we hesitated in con-
sidering it to be identical with the foreign species of the
same name. Having since found it somewhat numerous
in a locality in the city, we have procured specimens
agreeing very well with foreign descriptions and figures,
especially with that variety described by M. Férussac as
“ griseus, unicolor, fasciis nigris,’” and have no longer
any doubt on the subject. The specimens found in gar-
dens are however, much larger than the size indicated by
the descriptions. It is called a small species by both M.
Férussac and M. Lamarck, and so it is, as it exists in the
VOL. II. 8
30 LIMACIDZ.
country ; but in the city it is sometimes two inches in
length, when not fully extended, and of a corresponding
bulk. The dark lines are most strongly marked in the
large variety. The small variety is more delicate in its
markings, and has a tinge of yellow on the foot. It is
still restricted im its distribution, so far as observed, to a
limited range in the neighborhood of Boston alone, and
its numbers do not appear to be large. There can be no
doubt, we think, of its being an introduced species.
ARION FOLIOLATUS, GovuLp.
Prats, LXVI. Ficure, 2.
A. corpore depresso, fulvo, sulcis nigricantibus obliqué
reticulato, areolis inclusis foliosis; clypeo prelongo, levi,
fulyo, concentricé fusco notato ; apertura communi ante-me-
diani ; tentaculis parvis, brevibus.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Arion foliolatus, Goutp, MS., Mollusca of the U. S. Exploring Expedition.
Color a reddish fawn, coarsely and obliquely retic-
ulated with slate-colored lines forming areolee, which are
indented at the sides, when viewed by a magnifier, so as
to resemble leaflets ; the cuirass is concentrically mottled
with slate color, and the projecting border of the foot is
also obliquely lineated. The body is rather depressed,
nearly uniform throughout, and somewhat truncated at
the tip, exhibiting a conspicuous pit, which was probably
oceupied by a mucous gland. ‘The shield is very long,
smooth, and has the respiratory orifice very small, situa-
LIMAX. = 284i
ted a little in front of the middle. The tentacles are
small and short. Length, three and one-half inches.
Remarks. That this animal belongs to the genus
Arion there can be little doubt, from the peculiar struct-
ure of the tail, as represented in Mr. Drayton’s figure,
and from the anterior position of the respiratory orifice.
It is a well-marked species, characterized especially by
the hittle leaflike areolze by which the surface is marked.
It was found by Dr. Charles Pickering near Discovery
Harbor, Puget Sound.
Genus LIMAX, ° Frrussac.
GmENERIC CHARACTERS. Body lessening towards the
posterior extremity, which terminates in a point. Back
with a carima or keel when contracted, convex when
extended. Integuments with longitudinal elongated
glands, and anastomosing furrows arranged in the same
manner upon both sides. Mantle anterior, oval, marked
with fine concentric strize, unattached and free at the
front and sides, but connected with the body at its poste-
rior part, and containing in this part a testaceous rudi-
ment or shell. Locomotive disk not expanded at margin,
having a narrow band running longitudinally along
its centre and separated’ from the sides by a well-
defined line or furrow. Respiratory orifice near the
posterior margin of the mantle, large. Anal orifice im-
39 LIMACIDZ.
mediately adjacent to, but a little above and anterior to
the respiratory orifice, with a cleft or fissure through the
mantle from the orifice to its edge. Orifice of organs of
generation near, and immediately behind, the superior
tentacle. Testaceous rudiment, thin, concentrical, not
spiral, covered above with a thin and transparent perios-
traca, below smooth.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits all parts of
the United States except, perhaps, the tertiary section
of the Gulf of Mexico, in which it has not yet been
noticed. There is every reason to believe that some of
the species will be found in that section also, although
not so numerously as in the more temperate climate
further north. ‘The favorite locality of the genus is in
the milder parts of the temperate zone, where it flour-
ishes in great numbers. Individuals become less numer-
ous on approaching the equator, and also in going to
the extreme north. One or more undescribed species
are known to occupy the western coast of North Amer-
ica, in the Oregon territory.
Remargs. The animals of this genus appear to possess
the power of accustoming themselves to changes of cli-
mate and condition in a greater degree than any others
of the order; hence they accompany man in his voyages,
and are found wherever he makes a permanent settle-
ment. Some of the European species are probably
found in every country, and almost upon every island
which has been colonized by Europeans; and in the mari-
a4 " LIMAX. 33
time parts of the United States they are extremely abun-
dant. Like rats and mice, and various destructive in-
sects which have proceeded from continent to continent
and from island to island in the same mamner, they
occupy the houses and other structures, and the imme-
diate vicinity of man, preyilg upon the fruits of his
industry, and consuming his stores of provisions. Like
them they thrive only in the vicinity of, and, as it were,
in contact with man, and never withdraw from him to
resume their original manner of living in the wilds.
These habits are the cause of much mischief, and when
the animals are numerous, render them the pests of
the house and the garden. Their increase therefore,
beyond a certain point, becomes prejudicial, and means
are adopted to keep them in check. In various ways
thousands of them are destroyed durmg the year, but
their extraordinary fertility enables them to make the
loss good, and to sustain themselves in undiminished
numbers.
Dr. Dekay, in his Catalogue of the Animals of New
York, has indicated by name, two new species of Limax,
L. lineatus and L. marmoratus. But as they are not
subsequently mentioned in his final report, it is probable
that he regards them as varieties of some of the other
described species.
M. Rafinesque also described a supposed species as
LTimax gracilis ; its characters have been given in the
introduction.
VOL. Il. 9
34 LIMACIDA.
1. LIMAX VARIEGATUS, DRararnavp.
Pirate LXV. Ficure 1.
L. corpore lutescente, maculis albidis insignito; dorso
glandulis elevatis angustis instructo; clypeo ovali, lineis
circularibus concentricis et maculatis ornato ; tentaculis cx-
ruleis; carina brevi.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Limaz variegatus, DRaparnavn, loc. cit. p. 127, No. 9.
De Roissy, loc. cit. V. p. 182.
Frrussac, Hist. p- 71, pl. 5, fig. 1-6. Sup. p. 96, e.
Lamarcg, loc. cit. 2d edit. VIL. p. 722.
Gray, loc. cit. p. 114.
LIimaz flavus, Bixney, Limacide, p. 4.
DESCRIPTION.
Color brownish, yellowish brown, or ashy brown, with
oblong-oval uncolored spots, which have a longitudinal
disposition ; mantle with rounded spots ; head, neck, and
superior tentacles blue, semi-transparent ; lower tentacles
white ; base of foot sallow white. Body when extended
cylindrical, elongated, terminating acutely with a short
but prominent keel; upper part covered with long
and narrow prominent tubercles. Mantle ample, oval,
rounded at both ends, with numerous very fine concentri-
cal striz. Sides paler, and without spots. Respiratory
foramen large, placed near the posterior lateral margin
of the mantle and cleft to the edge. Generative orifice
indicated by a white spot a little behind the upper tenta-
cle of the right side.
Length, when fully extended, usually about three
LIMAX. 35
inches; an individual kept in confinement with abun-
dance of food attained the length of nearly five inches,
and several others that of four inches.
GuoGRAPHICAL DistRipuTion. Noticed hitherto in
Massachusetts at Boston and Cambridge ; in the cities
of New York, Philadelphia, 4nd Baltimore ; in Virginia
at Richmond, and at the University of Virginia.
Remarks. The contrast of colors, and the elegant
arrangement of the spots and lines, render this a beauti-
ful species. The tubercles of the surface are very fine,
and so much compressed as to appear in some lights to
be carinated. There is often a well defined row of spots
down the back. The upper tentacles are long and deli-
cate, the mantle sometimes terminates posteriorly in an
obtuse point, and the locomotive band of the foot is navr-
row and well defined. There is a prominent ridge on
the head and neck between the tentacles, and a furrow
marks the edges of the foot. It is active im its motions,
turns rapidly, and often bends the body so as to form two
parallel lines. It does not secrete mucus so freely as
Limax agrestis. The carina is often yellowish. The
testaceous rudiment is oblong-oval, convex above and
concave below, thin and membranaceous in young indi-
viduals, with the superior surface smooth and covered
with a delicate periostracum, and with the lower surface
uneven. No spiral arrangement is visible to the eye,
and it appears to be only a thin testaceous plate, im-
bedded in the mantle. In old individuals it attains a
greater thickness.
36 LIMACIDZ.
It inhabits cellars and gardens in moist situations,
in the cities. It is considered noxious to vegetation. It
feeds upon the leaves of plants in kitchen gardens, and
upon the remains of the cooked vegetables, and bread,
thrown out from houses. Its most common habitat is
in cellars, where it makes its presence most disagreeable
by attacking articles of food, and especially by insinuat-
ing itself into vessels containing meal and flour. It is
common, but not so numerous as Limax agrestis. The
young suspend themselves by a thread of mucus.
This species is of foreign origin, but the period of its
introduction is not known. It was noticed by Mr. Say,
more than twenty years since. It is probable that it
inhabits all the cities of the sea-coast, and their vicinage,
but it has not been noticed in the interior, except at the
University of Virginia, at Charlottesville.
2. LIMAX AGRESTIS, MULLER.
Puate LXIV. Ficure 2.
L. corpore albo, griseo, cinereo, rufescente aut nigres-
cente, unicolore aut maculato, sub-cylindraceo, glandulis
elongatis et sulcis fuscis reticulatis instructo; clypeo ante-
riori, ovali, gibboso, lineis concentricis striato ; carina brevi ;
apertura laterali postica.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Timac agrestis, MiLer, loc. cit. 2d part, p. 8, No. 204.
Linnzvs, Syst. Nat. 2d edit. p. 1082.
Draparnavp, loc. cit. p. 126, pl. 9, fig. 9.
Férussac, Hist. p. 73, pl. 5, fig. 7-10. Sup. 96.
Lamarcs, loc. cit. 2d edit. VIL p. 717.
Boucuarb-CHaNTEREAUS, loc. cit. p. 30.
Buyney, Limacidee, p. 6.
Limaz tunicata, Goutp, Report, p. 3.
LIMAX. 37
DESCRIPTION.
Color varying from whitish through every shade of
cinereous and gray to black, and through various shades
of yellowish, or amber-color, to brownish, and sometimes
irregularly spotted with small Hack points or dots ; tenta-
cles darker than the general surface, sometimes black ;
mantle sometimes mottled with a lighter color; base of
foot sallow white; sheath of tentacle indicated by black
lines extending backwards from their base under the
edge of the mantle. Body when in motion cylindrical,
elongated, terminating acutely, the sides towards its pos-
terior extremity compressed upwards, so as to form a
short carina or keel ; foot very narrow. Mantle oblong-
oval, fleshy, convex and prominent, rounded at both ex-
tremities, equalling in length one-third of the length of
the body, its surface marked by prominent, irregularly
waved, concentrical lines and furrows, having their centre
on the posterior part, and its edges free throughout the
whole circumference. Upper surface of the body marked
with longitudinal lines, or shallow furrows, darker than
the general surface, sometimes black, anastomosing with
each other, and forming a sort of net-work ; between the
reticulated lines are narrow, irregular oblong plates, or
smooth, flattened’ tubercles, giving the surface the ap-
pearance of a mosaic work, with lines of dark cement ;
reticulations less distinct on the sides, and disappearing
towards the base; a prominent tubercular ridge extends
from between the superior tentacles backward to the
VOL. II. 10
38 LIMACID.
mantle, with a furrow on each side. Superior tentacle
cylindrical, about one-eighth of the length of the body,
with small, black, ocular points on the superior part of
the terminal bulb ; inferior tentacles immediately under
the upper, very short. Respiratory foramen near the pos-
terior lateral edge of the mantle, large, surrounded with
a whitish border. Orifice of rectum immediately adjacent,
but a little above and anterior to the respiratory foramen.
Foot narrow ; locomotive band bounded by two distinct
longitudinal furrows. Generally about one inch in length,
but when fully grown nearly two inches.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits the neigh-
borhood of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and other
maritime cities. It will probably be found diffused pretty
generally along the whole sea-board, but has not yet pen-
etrated far into the interior of the country. We have
not noticed it at a greater distance than one hundred
miles from the coast.
Remarks. Itis undoubtedly of European origin. It
is common in the neighborhood of Boston, under stones
at road-sides, and about stables and farm-yards, and in
other moist situations, under wet and decaying pieces
of wood. It is also found in cellars and gardens, and
causes some mischief by its depredations. A consid-
erable number of individuals often congregate in the
same retreat. Their food appears to be the green leaves
of succulent plants, and sometimes ripe fruits; they feed
during the night, and are rarely found out of their re-
LIMAX. 20
od
treats in the day time. Their growth is rapid, the ani-
mal excluded from the egg in the spring arriving at full
maturity and producing eggs before the succeeding win-
ter. They defend themselves from injurious contact by
instantly secreting, at the part touched, a quantity of
milky-white, glutinous mucus.\ ‘They are active in their
motions, and soon escape when disturbed. Suspending
themselves, head downwards, they lower themselves
from plants and fences by forming a mucous thread which
they attach to the point from which they hang. They
are occasionally seen in this situation in rainy weather.
During the process of excreting the mucous thread, the
alternate undulating expansions and contractions of the
locomotive band of the foot are seen to take place, in the
same manner as when they are in motion on a plane
surface.
This species is much more prolific thanethe others, the
number of eggs deposited during the year being some-
times several hundreds ; its numbers, in favorable locali-
ties, are therefore very great. It begins to lay its eggs
early in the spring, and continues, with intervals, until
checked by the cold of approaching winter. The last
deposit of them often remains in the soil until the suc-
ceeding spring, when they are hatched with the first gen-
eration of the year. The eggs are semi-transparent, and
nearly globular. They produce young in about twenty
days after they have been deposited.
M. Bouchard-Chantereaux has observed them to de-
posit eggs in sixty-six days after their own birth, and to
attain their full size in eighty-two days.
40 LIMACID.
This species varies very much in color, and the descrip-
tions by different authors being drawn principally from it,
differ greatly from each other; but whatever may be the
color, the peculiar character of the furrows and tubercles
remains constant. In a state of contraction, the back is
arched, the head is entirely withdrawn under the mantle,
the glands of the skin are very prominent, making the
surface appear rough, the carina is more apparent, and
the posterior extremity, being a little turned to one side,
appears to be oblique. It is described by some authors
as constantly oblique, but the obliquity disappears when
the animal is fully extended. When in motion, the head
extends considerably beyond the mantle, and there is an
interval between its margin, and the base of the superior
tentacle, equal to the length of the tentacles. The
mantle adheres to the body by its posterior central por-
tion, and’ it is in this part of it that is found imbedded
the testaceous rudiment, or shell. This is oval, curved
above, very thin and delicate, having a transparent epi-
dermis. At its posterior part there is a slight apical
prominence, and the appearance of indistinct concentric
lines of growth.
There is no considerable variation in the species except
in regard to color, which varies almost infinitely.
LIMAX. AL
3. LIMAX CAMPESTRIS, BINNEY.
4
Puate LXIV. Ficure 3.
L. corpore cylindraceo, glandulis elevatis, elongatis sub-
rugoso, colore succineo ; clyped ovali-oblongo, lineis et
sulcis concentricis striato ; caudaé sub-carinata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Limaz campestris, Bryney, Limacidee, p. 9.
Apams, Shells of Vermont, p. 13.
DESCRIPTION.
Color usually of various shades of amber, without
spots or markings, sometimes blackish ; head and tenta-
cles smoky. Body cylindrical, elongated, terminating in
a very short carina at its posterior extremity. Mantle
oval, fleshy, but little prominent, with fine concentrical
lines. Back covered with prominent elongated tubercles
and furrows. Foot narrow, whitish. Respiratory fora-
men on the posterior dextral margin of the mantle.
Body covered with a thin, watery mucus.
Length, about one inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTion. Inhabits all the New
England, Middle, and Western States, and is probably
widely diffused through the country.
Remarks. The resemblances between some of the
species of this genus are so great that it is difficult to
provide them with distinctive characters, and it is only
VOL. Il. 11
42 LIMACID.
by close comparison that their differences can be seen.
The present species, although considerably smaller, is
nearly allied to Limax agrestis.
Its differential characters are as follows: It is always
much smaller, and at all ages possesses a peculiarly
gelatinous or semitransparent consistency. The tuber-
osities of the surface are more prominent in proportion
to their size, are not flattened or plate-like, and are not
separated by darker colored anastomosing lines, the inter-
vening furrows being of the same color as the general
surface. It does not secrete a milky mucus at every
part of the surface when touched. Like that species, it
is active in its motions, and suspends itself by a thread
of mucus.
This species appears to be common to all the northern
parts of the United States. It is found under decaying
wood inthe forests and in open pastures, and under
stones at roadsides. From its wide distribution, it
would seem to be indigenous.
Its testaceous rudiment is minute and delicate in pro-
portion to the small size of the animal.
We give this as a species with some hesitation. Its
near resemblance to Limax agrestis, m every respect
except size and difference of habitat, induces us to doubt
whether it is any thing more than that species living in its
natural condition. On the other hand, the permanence
of these differences, and the minor variations of surface
which are more apparent in the dead animal preserved
in alcohol, seem to entitle it to the rank of a species.
LIMAX. 43
LIMAX COLUMBIANUS, GovLD.
Pirate LXVI. Ficure 1.
L. corpulentus, corpore elongato, posticé carinato, sor-
dide flavo, unicolore vel maculi& atropurpureis nubeculato,
tuberculis elongatis longitudinaliter dispositis tessellato ;
clypeo lato, anticé truncato ; apertura communi postica.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Limaz Columlianus, Goutp, MS. of Mollusea of the U. S. Exploring
Expedition.
Color a dark, dirty, greenish yellow, either uniform or
in some varieties clouded with large, purplish-black, irreg-
ular blotches. The body is large and corpulent, the
anterior portion elevated, with the back rounded, and the
posterior portion strongly carinated ; at the posterior tip
there is apparently a mucus pore. The margin of the
foot extends beyond the mantle and forms a ruffle around
the animal, with transversely oblique markings. The
surface is tessellated with coarse, elongated papille ar-
ranged longitudinally. The cuirass is broad, truncated
in front, minutely granulated with the respiratory orifice
at the posterior third. Face vertically wrinkled: upper
tentacles rather short, thickened at base, colored like
the body and finely granulated ; lower tentacles long
and slender. Length, five and one half inches.
GrogrAPHicaL Distrisution. This fine American
species was found on the western coast of North Amer-
44 LIMACIDE.
ica, at Nisqually by Lieut. Case, and at Discovery Har-
bor, Puget Sound, by Mr. Dyes.
Remarks. There can be no doubt that the mottled ani-
mals are varieties of the uniformly colored ones, because
they were not only taken in company, but in coitu.
A smaller specimen is of a uniform slate color. It gen-
erally resembles A. empiricorwm in form, marking, and
coloring, with the exception of the head, which in that
species is slate-colored. The position of the respiratory
orifice is also much more anterior. No land mollusk
has yet been found to the west of the Rocky Mountains
identical with any species on the Atlantic side; and
although several European slugs have been carried to
distant shorés, where they have become naturalized in
limited districts, it is too much to suppose that any of
them have thus become numerous at several localities
about Puget Sound.
th — Syl. i meee
= Sil. a
ra ee INE eal
mK Za
i
n
. Zs Zi
-
FAMILY MI.
HELICID.
THE SNAILS.
Cuaracters. Animal. Having the body divided
into two distinct parts; the one consisting of a mem-
branous sack, and including most of the viscera, is
arranged in a spiral form within the convolutions of
the shell; the other comprising the head, the anterior
portions of the organs of digestion and generation, and
the locomotive disk, is elongated, sub-cylindrical, covered
with a glandular membrane, and resembles in its external
characters, the animals of the family of Limacide ; it
ean be retracted entirely within the shell. The junction
of the two parts is encircled by a fleshy contractile pro-
cess or collar which is expanded into, and fills up, the
aperture of the shell. Tentacles four, the two superior
long and cylindrical, terminating in bulbs containing the
ocular points; the two inferior short, and more or less
conical. In some of the genera there are buccal appen-
dages, or prolongations of the external membrane near
the mouth, of various shape, but in the genus Glandina
taking an elongated, curved form, resembling a third
VOL. II. 12
46 HELICIDA.
pair of tentacles. Respiratory foramen or cleft, in the
collar at the angle of the aperture of the shell, with the
anal orifice immediately adjoming. Organs of genera-
tion uniting at a single outlet, and opening on the right
side, usually a little behind the superior tentacle, but
sometimes as far back as the collar. Hermaphrodite,
but requiring a double union. Herbivorous or carniv-
orous.
SHELL. Always spiral, but variable in form, covering
the animal entirely, without operculum.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTripution. The Helicidw are
spread throughout the tropical and temperate regions
on the continents, and islands. They are most numerous
near the equator, and diminish in numbers towards the
north, until, in the colder latitudes of the temperate zone,
they become rare, and are believed to be entirely want-
ing in the arctic circle. Their distribution in the United
States, according to their genera and species, has been
exhibited in the tables given in the introduction ; but it
may be repeated here, in a more condensed shape. V%t-
rina is exclusively a northern genus, and has not yet
been noticed south of 44° of north latitude. Glandina
is quite as exclusively a southern genus, and is confined
to the alluvial lands on the southern Atlantic coast, and
the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Bulimus is also a
southern genus, though having a much wider range than
Glandina, yet Bulimus harpa may be an exception, and
so far as known, is found only in the more northern local-
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. Ay
ities. Possibly, it belongs to the genus Pupa rather
than to Bulimus. The introduced species Bulimus
lubricus is everywhere diffused, but it differs in some
respects from the true Bulimi, and may be considered
to be the type of a sub-generic group. Helix is plen-
tifully distributed in the whole territory, except in the
extreme north and the extreme south; the difference in
the two stations being, that each species declines numer-
ically in the north, while at the south many of them dis-
appear entirely, but are replaced by a smaller number of
species, better suited to the climate. Helix rhodocheila
for instance, is exclusively a southern species, and has
thus far been met with only in the southern part of the
peninsula of Florida, and the adjacent islands. Still
further north, the polygyral Helices prevail, and then
appear the great mass of species which occupy nearly
the whole area of country up to the Great Lakes. Sue-
cinea is everywhere disseminated, its distribution beg
as universal as its forms are unvarying. It is probably
the most universally disseminated genus. Of the distri-
bution of the genera and species occupying the country
west of the Rocky Mountains, we know but very little.
Haxits, &c. The manner of life of the Helicide
has been described, in general terms, when treating of
the habits of the whole order. They were said to live
mostly in the forest, sheltered under the trunks of fallen
trees, layers of decaying leaves, stones, or in the soil
itself. In these situations they pass the greater part of
48 HELICIDZ.
their lives. In the early days of spring, they sometimes
assemble in considerable numbers, in warm and sunny
situations, where they pass hours in indolent enjoyment
of the warmth and animating influence of the sunshine.
Whether these meetings serve any useful purpose in the
economy of the animal, or are caused by the pleasurable
sensation, and renewed strength derived from the warmth
of the situation after the debility of their winter’s tor-
pidity, is uncertain; it is probable, however, that they
precede the business of procreation. It is certain that
they last but a short time, and that after early spring,
the animals are to be found in their usual retreats.
In the course of the months of May or June, earlier
or later, according to the locality and as the season is
more or less warm, they begin to lay their eggs. These
are deposited, to the number of from thirty to fifty and
even more, in the moist and light mould, sheltered from
the sun’s rays by leaves, or at the side of logs and
stones, without any order, and slightly agglutinated
together. The depth of the deposit is usually measured
by the extreme length of the animal, which thrusts its
head and body into the soil to the utmost extent, while
the shell remains at the surface ; but sometimes the ani-
mal burrows three or four inches deep before making the
deposit, in order to insure a sufliciently moist position.
Three or four such deposits, and sometimes more, are
made by one animal during the summer and autumn.
When the deposit is complete it is abandoned by the
animal. The eggs vary in size according to the magni-
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 49
tude of the species producing them. They are nearly
globular, one axis being somewhat longer than the other,
white and opaque. They consist, in general, of an ex-
ternal, semi-calcareous, elastic membrane investing the
whole, the interior surface of which is usually studded
with numerous rhombic, microstopic crystals of carbonate
of lime, some species however having a hard enveloping
calcareous shell, of the consistence of that of a bird’s
egg; of an inner thin, transparent, shining membrane
which immediately encloses a transparent and somewhat
viscid fluid, analogous to the albumen of bird’s eggs ; of
the albumen itself, and of the vitellus, which, possessing
the same degree of transparency as the albumen, cannot
be distinguished from it at this time. The elastic eggs
when first laid are often flaccid, and seemingly only half
full of fluid, but they soon absorb moisture and become
distended. The embryo animal, with its shell, is observ-
able in the albuminous fluid in a few days after the egg
is laid. Its exclusion takes place, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, in from twenty to thirty days, according to
the state of the atmosphere. Warmth and humidity
hasten the process, while cold and dryness retard it to
an almost indefinite extent. The hatching of eggs laid
late in the autumn is often interrupted by the approach
of cold weather and of snow, and delayed until the next
spring.
The young animal gnaws its way out of the egg, and
makes its first repast of the shell which it has just left.
Tt consists at first of about one and a half whorls, the
VOL. II. 13
50 HELICIDE.
umbilicus being minute, but open. Its growth is rapid,
and it has usually increased in magnitude three or four
times, before the close of the first year.
In the month of October, or at the epoch of the first
frost, the snail ceases to feed, becomes inactive, and fixes
itself to the under surface of the substance by which it
is sheltered, or partially burrows in the soil, and with the
aperture of the shell upward, disposes itself for its annual
sleep or hybernation. Withdrawing into the shell, it
forms over the aperture a membranous covering, con-
sisting of a thin, semi-transparent mixture of lime mu-
cus or gelatine, secreted from the collar of the animal.
This membrane is called the epiphragm. It is formed in
this manner. The animal being withdrawn into the shell,
the collar is brought to a level with the aperture, and a
quantity of mucus is poured out from it and covers it. A
small quantity of air is then emitted from the respiratory
foramen, which detaches the mucus from the surface of
the collar, and projects it in a convex form, like a bubble.
At the same moment, the animal retreats further into the
shell, leaving a vacuum between itself and the membrane,
which is consequently pressed back by the external air toa
level with the aperture, or even further, so as to form a
concave surface, where, having become desiccated and
hard, it remains fixed. These operations are nearly sim-
ultaneous, and occupy but an instant. As the weather
becomes colder the animal retires further into the shell,
and makes another septum, and so on, until there are
sometimes as many as six of these partitions. The circu-
HABITS AND PROPERTIES. 51
lation becomes slow, the pulsations of the heart, which
in the season of activity vary from forty to sixty in a
minute, according to the temperature of the air, decrease
in frequency and strength, until they at length become
imperceptible. The other functions of the body cease,
and a state of torpidity succeeds, which is interrupted
only by the reviving heat of the next spring’s sun.
During the months of April or May, on the accession of
the first warm weather of the season, the animal breaks
down and devours the membranous partitions, and comes
forth to participate in the warmth and freshness of the
season. At first it issweak and inactive, but recovering
in a short time its appetite, resumes its former activity.
The season of hybernation continues from four to six
months. ‘The final cause of this extraordinary condition
is undoubtedly to enable the animal to resist successfully
the extreme reduction of temperature, and to survive
through the long period when it must, in northern cli-
mates at least, be entirely destitute of its usual food.
With a view to the first purpose, a place of shelter is
provided, and the aperture of the shell is hermetically
sealed by the epiphragm or the hibernaculum ; for the
second, the state of torpor is adopted, during which the
functions of digestion, respiration, and circulation being
suspended, and all the secretions and excretions having
ceased, there is no drain upon the strength and vitality
of the animal, and no exhaustion of its forces. Hence
it comes forth, at the end of the period, in much the same
condition in which it commenced it, and resumes almost
52 HELICID.
immediately its usual functions and habits. So entire is
the cessation of the function of respiration, that the air
contained between the epiphragm and the animal is
found to be unchanged. The circulation, however, may
be partially restored by a small degree of heat, the
warmth of the hand being sufficient to stimulate the
heart to action.
Genus VITRINA, Drapanrnavp.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Antmat. Body elongated, limaciform; mantle cov-
ermg the back and neck, and extending to the base of
the superior tentacles, with one or more processes or
prolongations of its margin, which are reflected upon the
shell. Inferior tentacles very short. Respiratory ori-
fice in the mantle, behind its usual position in the Lima-
ces. Generative orifice behind and below the superior -
tentacle.
SHELL. Small, depressed, very thin, shining. Whorls
two to three, the last very large. Aperture wide, rounded-
ovate. Axis imperforate. Peristome acute.
GeEoGRAPHIcAL DistripuTion. Inhabits the north-
eastern and north-western sections of the United States.
So far as noticed it is not widely diffused. It is found
on every continent unless it be New Holland, and on
VITRINA. 53
very many of the islands of both the Atlantic and the
Pacific.
Remarks. This genus, as before observed, is a con-
necting link between the Limacide and the present
family. In addition to the akterior part of the mantle, —
which, as in that family, lies upon the back and extends
to the head, there are one or more processes or prolon-
gations of its margin, narrow and somewhat tongue-
shaped, which are given off from its anterior and pos-
terior parts, and reflected back over the shell, the peri-
ostraca of which they protect from the adhesion of
foreign matter, and retain in a smooth and polished con-
dition. The respiratory orifice is in the mantle, on the
right side, but posterior to its position in the Limaces.
The tentacles are short compared with those of Helix,
and the inferior pair especially so. The upper surface
is covered with minute glandular granulations and fur-
rows, and moistened with a limpid mucus. It is asserted
by many authors, that the animal can withdraw itself
only partially into its shell; but this must be an error,
for M. Nilsson declares most positively of Vitrina pellu-
eida, and Mr. Lowe* of Vitrina lamareckii, that the
shell can contain the entire body. Its aspect when in
motion is that of a Limaz bearing the shell of a Helix
upon its back.
The genus is one preferring a low temperature, occu-
pying, in Europe, the northern countries, and when found
* Zoological Journal, iv. p. 338.
VOL. Il. 14
54 HELICIDA.
in southern latitudes, confined to an altitude of from two
thousand to five thousand feet above the sea. On the
American continent it has been observed as far north as
Greenland. The most recent observations render it
probable that it is carnivorous.
The type of the genus is Helix pellucida, Miiller.
The genus itself was proposed in 1805, by M. Drapar-
naud, who was the first to see the propriety of separating
it from Helix; M. Férussac soon after suggested the
same genus under the name of Helicolimax. The name
of M. Draparnaud has universally obtained, and the
genus has been adopted by all the naturalists of the day.
Its only essential distinction, however, is the prolongation
of the mantle or collar mto a free and unattached lobe,
which lies over the back, and thus resembles the mantle
or cuirass of the Limaces ; it is however but a resem-
blance. It connects Vitrina to Limaz by analogy, but not
by affinity ; for the uses of the organ are very different
from those of the true mantle of Zimazx. In the latter
it affords a partial protection to important viscera which,
in this genus, are much more effectually protected by the
shell. Processes of the mantle, of various extent and
form, exist in several species of Helicide, and without
doubt, differ in development in the different species of
this genus. Their uses are for the most part unknown,
though they do not seem to serve any important purpose
i the economy of the animal. It is not easy to see,
therefore, why a generic distinction, founded upon a
greater or less development of these parts, should be
VITRINA. 55
more valid than one founded upon the absence of so
important organs as the lower pair of tentacles, a de-
parture from the ‘structural type of the family, which
is alvays accompanied by the modification and adapta-
tion of some other organ to perform their usual functions.
The general structure of the animal is like Helix, and
as in that genus, as well as in Limaz, there are species
which possess a terminal mucus pore like Arion. To
these M. Férussac gave the name of Helix-arion, while
he retained the name of Helico-limax for those which,
like the true Limaa, are destitute of the terminal sinus
or pore.
The species hitherto discovered are few, and do not
appear to be so prolific as the other genera, hence they
are not numerous in individuals.
1. VITRINA PELLUCIDA, MULLER.
Pruate LXVII.a. Ficure 1.
V. testa sub-depressa, tenuissima, hyalina, nitida, imper-
forata ; anfractibus tribus conyexiusculis ; apertura sub-ovata,
obliquissima ; peristomate simplici.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Vitrina pellucida, Say, Exped. St. Peters. II. p. 258.
Apams, Shells of Vermont, p. 12.
DESCRIPTION.
Animat. Whitish, grayish, or blackish, large com-
pared with the shell. Head, tentacles, and eyes black ;
inferior tentacles very short. The prolongation of the
56 HELICIDZE.
mantle extends from under the shell, over the back and
neck to the base of the tentacles, but is unattached and
free ; from the right side of the mantle posteriorly, there
arises a tongue-shaped process, which is reflected back
upon the shell, and reaches to the spire. Respiratory
foramen in the posterior part of the mantle.
SHELL. Globose-discoid, thin, fragile, transparent,
shining ; whorls two and a half to three, scarcely convex,
with very minute lines of increase, the last whorl large,
and much expanded. Suture not much impressed, some-
times with an impressed line revolving near it ; aperture
large, sub-ovate, somewhat diminished by the intrusion of
the penultimate whorl. Peristome thin and acute, the
columellar margin a little reflected. Axis imperforate.
Greatest transverse diameter nearly one-fourth of an
inch.
GnoGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION. ‘This species was first
noticed in the United States by Mr. Say, near Coldwa-
ter Lake, North-western Territory, in latitude 48° 45/
North, and between that point and Lake Superior it fre-
quently occurred. Prof. C. B. Adams has recently dis-
covered it on Rogers’ rock, an island at the north-eastern
extremity of Lake George, in latitude 43° north. It
has likewise been found in considerable numbers in the
vicinity of Portland, by Dr. J. W. Mighels; it is said to
occur also, in the north-eastern part of Maine.
Remarks. It is found under stones, decaying leaves,
VITRINA. 57
and rotten wood. Its geographical distribution denotes
that it is a hardy species. When kept in confinement
it has not been noticed to feed upon vegetable matters
placed within its reach, and it has been detected in sev-
eral instances preying upon dead, and even upon living
earth-worms. It is hence interred, with some probabil-
ity, that its habits are carnivorous. Observations upon
Vitrina lamarekit tend to confirm this opinion. It is
said to deposit its eggs, which are nearly globular, in the
autumn. They are placed under decaying leaves, and
stones, and in the soil, in parcels of ten or fifteen,
slightly agglutinated together ; they are hatched in from
fifteen to twenty days, and acquire their full size and
maturity in eight or ten months. The animal is active,
moving with rapidity, and particularly vivacious in rainy
weather. M. Bouchard-Chantereaux, who observed great
numbers of V. pellucida withdrawn into their shells,
dying and dead, in the month of January, supposes that
their term of life is from one year to fifteen months, and
that they die after having completed their deposit of
eggs. This, however, is only problematical, as great
numbers of other species of Helicide are cut off by the
severe weather of the winter, before they have provided
themselves with sufficient shelter.
[ Having had opportunities for a more critical com-
parison of the European and American shells, I am in-
duced to believe that they are different species. It is
true that V. pellucida is known to vary rather widely in
VOL. Il. 15
58 HELICID.
size, form, and color. But I find differences in the shells
of the two contents in these respects, which are con-
stant. The American shell is more globose ; the plane of
the aperture is more oblique, and the basal portion of the
lip sweeps round from the columella in a rapidly curving
are, instead of stretching off almost horizontally ; indeed,
the whole aperture is more rounded. ‘These differences
become quite conspicuous when the shell is greatly
enlarged. The color of the European species is always
more or less green or yellow, whereas, all the American
specimens are colorless, and decidedly thimer. In size,
our shells are about one quarter smaller than the foreign
ones, and invariably have half a whorl less, two and a
half, even when shells of the same size are compared.
The suture, in the true V. pellucida when closely exam-
ined, is found to be much excavated, and barred with
transverse septa. Mere vestiges of these characters
appear in the American shell. It is more nearly like
V. sub-globosa, Mich., which, however, has the spire
much more elevated, and its basal face much more
inflated.
These differences, in a genus where marked specific
characters are rarely found, together with the fact that
our shell inhabits a remote continent, on which it ranges
for more than a thousand miles inland, it appears to me
are sufficient to authorize us to regard it as distinct from
the European shell ; and I would propose for it the name
of V. limpida, in the expectation that my diagnosis will
be confirmed by the observations of others. — @. ]
SUCCINEA. 59
Genus SUCCINEA, Draparnavp.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL. Resembling the animal of Helix, but shorter.
Superior tentacles short, expanded at their base or co-
noid ; inferior pair very short and small. Respiratory
foramen in the mantle, in the angle at the posterior part
of the aperture of the shell.
SHELL. Shell ovate-conic, generally amber-colored,
thm, translucent; periostraca smooth and shining.
Whorls about three, mereasmg rapidly from the apex
to the aperture ; the last whorl comprising three-fourths
of the volume of the shell; spire poimted. Aperture
very large, longer than wide, a little oblique, rounded
anteriorly and angular behind. Peristome thin, acute,
not reflected. Axis imperforate.
GuoGRaPHIcAL DisrripuTion. ‘The species of this
genus inhabit nearly all the temperate regions of the
earth, and portions of the intertropical countries and
islands. At the Navigator and Friendly Islands they
are quite numerous. They are found in nearly every
part of the United States and of North America.
Remarks. The genus includes a natural group of
mollusks, which affords in the characters of the shell,
the means of readily distinguishing it from other genera,
and yet hardly supplies structural differences in the ani-
mal sufficient to authorize its removal from Helix. It
60 HELICIDZ.
was first separated from the latter genus by M. Bru-
guiére, who included it in his genus Bulimus. M. Dra-
parnaud, dissatisfied with this arrangement, which brought
together species connected only by loose analogies, insti-
tuted the present genus, the type of which was Helix
succinea, Miller, (Helix putris, Lin.) and hence the
specific name of M. Miiller was adopted as the generic
term. About the same time, M. Lamarck, ignorant
apparently of what had been done by M. Draparnaud,
proposed his genus Amphibulimus, founded on another
species evidently belonging to the same generic group.
The propriety of the generic distinction was generally
admitted, and the name of M. Draparnaud was pre-
ferred. M. Férussac, not finding the anatomical char-
acters of the genus sufficiently different from those of
Helix to justify its continuance, according to his views,
formed of it a subordinate division of his great genus
Helix, with the title of sub-genus, under the name of
Cochlohydra. The system of M. Férussac, however,
not having been generally adopted, either within or out
of France, the genus Suceinea is very generally retained,
and will probably keep its place, from considerations of
convenience if from no other, until the principles of clas-
sification shall be placed on a certain basis. M. Des-
hayes, with whom the ideas of M. Férussac found but
little favor, seems to intimate indeed, that the anatomical
peculiarities of Swccinea are sufficient to confirm the
distinction." He asserts that he found important differ-
1 Lamarck, 2d edit., Art. Saccinea.
SUCCINEA. 61
ences in the structure of the organs of generation, and
notices the absence of the organs called by M. Cuvier,
vesiculee multifidee, of the dart, and of the sack or pocket
in which the dart is contained. The want of these is,
however, by no means peculiar to Succinea. They are
equally wanting in all but on’ of the American species
of true Helices which have as yet been examined.
M. Deshayes here falls into an error too common among
naturalists, that of generalizing too much upon the few
species with which they are most acquainted.
The habits of the animal do not vary much from those
of Helix. They are described in many works as being
amphibious, which means that they possess the power of
living in the water as well as upon the land. Such
appears to have been the opinion of M. Lamarck. They
are not, however, in any proper sense amphibious, as
they live upon the land exclusively, and breathe air;
and some of them occupy situations very distant from
bodies of water. It is not difficult, however, to account
for this general belief. Some of the species inhabit wet
localities at the borders of swamps and ponds, and are
even found attached to the leaves of plants growing out
of the water. They resemble also, in external charac-
ters, certain species of Zimnea, which live in the water
itself. The two have, therefore, been confounded in pop-
ular belief.
It is also stated very generally, that they cannot with-
draw their bodies entirely into their shells. This is cer-
taimly an error as regards the American species, and
VOL. II. 16
62 HELICIDE.
probably as to all others. They all retire into their
shells on the approach of winter, and during seasons of
drought ; every part of the body is then retracted within
the plane of the aperture, and over it is extended a
membranous epiphragm, like that of our Helices. They
cannot, however, retract the body much beyond the
plane of the mouth, and the foot is never wholly drawn
into the aperture of the mantle and concealed by it as in
Helix; the posterior extremity of the locomotive disk
being always visible, on a level with the mantle or collar.
The epiphragm sometimes possesses considerable thick-
ness and consistence.
Nearly all the acknowledged species of this genus
inhabiting the United States were early described by
Mr. Say, and were characterized with his usual care.
After the publication of these, and until the period of
his death, there was an interval when conchology was
but little cultivated, or at least, during which no works
appeared embracing this genus. Since that time a new
generation of naturalists has come forward, mostly in the
northern States, who are diligently engaged in investi-
gating the zodlogy of the country. To them the works
of Mr. Say have been almost the sole guide; but the
only depositories of authentic specimens of his species
being the museum of the Academy at Philadelphia, and
the private cabinets of his friends and contemporaries in
the same city, such specimens have remained almost
unknown elsewhere. Observers seeking to identify spe-
cies coming into their hands with those of Mr. Say, have,
SUCCINEA. 63
in the absence of such means of comparison, been com-
pelled to rely on descriptions alone, and consequently
some errors have been committed; and there is a want
of a common understanding as to the species referred to
by him, under his respective names. And Mr. Say him-
self, preparing his descriptions under inconvenient cir-
cumstances, and at great intervals of time and position,
has apparently sometimes repeated his own species.
Owing to the slight variation of specific form which
prevails in the Limacide and in this genus, it is in these
that the greatest amount of discrepancies occur. We
give here Mr. Say’s names and descriptions.
‘* Succinea ovalis. Shell sub-oval, pale yellowish, diaphanous,
very thin and fragile, with nearly three oblique volutions.
Body very large. Spire small, but little prominent, some-
what obtuse. Aperture longitudinally sub-ovate, large. Col-
umella much narrowed, so as almost to permit the view of
the interior spire. Length nine-twentieths. Aperture seven-
twentieths of an inch.
“* Succinea campestris. Shell oval, very fragile, whorls three,
not remarkably oblique; pale yellowish, with opaque white
and vitreous lines irregularly alternating. Length not quite
three-fifths ; breadth seven-twentieths of an inch.
‘* Succinea avara. Shell sub-oval, pale reddish yellow, sub-
diaphanous, fragile, covered with an earthy crust; whorls
three, minutely wrinkled; body whorl very large; spire
small; aperture large, sub-ovate, about two thirds of the
length of the shell. Length three-twentieths of an inch.
‘* Succinea obliqua. Shell oblong-oval, nearly pellucid, pale
amber-colored ; whorls three, very obliquely revolving, dis-
tinctly wrinkled ; spire a little prominent; aperture sub-oval,
somewhat oblique. Length seven-tenths of an inch.
64 HELICID.
“* Succinea vermeta. Shell sub-oval, yellowish, very thin and
fragile, somewhat diaphanous, with nearly three very oblique
volutions ; whorls very much rounded, wrinkled; suture
very profoundly impressed; spire rather prominent and
acute ; aperture ovate, the superior termination rounded.
** Succinea undulata. Shell sub-oval, pale yellowish, translucent,
fragile ; volutions three and a half. Spire moderate, obso-
lete ; body whorl wrinkled, or rather slightly undulated.
Columella narrowed, so as to exhibit the appearance of an
interior umbilicus. Length half an inch.”
Considerable confusion prevails in the use of the
names of these species, and we attempt to reconcile
the differences in the following manner.
Succinea campestris, Say, is an exclusively southern
species. The shell commonly mistaken for it is the
species which Mr. Say called ovalis, and which most
resembles it. Consequently the occurrence of Sue-
cinea campestris, Say, in the works of Messrs. Gould,
Mighels, and Sager is erroneous. We confine the use
of that name to the southern species.
Succinea ovalis, Say. This species, diffused universally
in the middle and northern States of the Union, is
that which is described in the works of Messrs. Gould,
Mighels, Kirtland, and Sager, as Suecinea campestris,
Say. It varies much in size, and in the divergence
of the last whorl from the axis of the shell, and this
last variation when strongly developed constitutes Sie-
cinea obliqua, Say. Succinea ovalis of Messrs. Gould,
Adams, Mighels, and Sager is not the ovalis of Say,
SUCCINEA. 65
but a species which was umknown to him. As, how-
ever the ovalis of Gould is that now most commonly
known under the name of Succinea ovalis, we propose
to retain it, and to apply to Mr. Say’s species, his
second name, obliqua.
Suceinea avara, Say. The received opinion is, that this
is a well-established species, founded, however, on a
young shell, and that the mature shell was afterwards
characterized by Mr. Say, as Swecinea vermeta. We
propose to retain for it the earliest name, avara.
Suceinea undulata, Say, is a Mexican species, of which
specimens do not exist in our cabinets. Judging by
the description alone, it may prove to be a variety of
Succinea ovalis, Say.
Mr. Isaac Lea of Philadelphia has published the fol-
lowing descriptions of North American Succinea.
Suceinea retusa. Testa ovata, oblonga, tenuissim4, pellucida,
flavidula ; spira brevi, anfractibus binis; apertura inferne
dilatata et retracta. Hab. Ohio. Diameter, .3; length .7
of an inch.
Succinea aperta. Testa sub-rotunda, tenui, flavescente, levi;
spira brevissimé; anfractibus binis, ultimo grandissimo ;
apertura latissima. Hab. Banks of Columbia river.
Succinea wardiana, Test& obliquo-ovata, sub-nitida, diaphana,
obsolete striata, lutea; spira breviuscul4; suturis sub-im-
pressis ; anfractibus ternis convexis; apertura sub-rotunda.
Hab. Ohio.
Succinea tolteniana. Testa obliquo-ovata, sub-nitida, sub-diaph-
ana, obsolete striata, corned ; spird brevi; suturis impressis;
VoL. I. 17
66 HELICIDA.
anfractibus ternis, convexis, apertura elliptica. Hab. Rhode
Island.
Succinea nuitalliana. Testa longo-ovata, obliqua, sub-nitida,
diaphana, striata, pallido-luted; spira sub-elevata ; suturis
impressis ; apertura longo-ovati. Hab. Oregon Territory.
Succinea aurea. Testa obliquo-ovata, nitida, diaphana, levi,
aureé ; spira sub-elevata, suturis impressis ; anfractibus ternis,
convexis ; apertura ovata. Hab. Ohio.
Succinea oregonensis. Testa obliqua, tenui, rugoso-striata, rufa
sub-diaphana ; spira exserté; suturis valde impressis; an-
fractibus ternis inflatis; apertura magna, lato-ovata. Hab.
Oregon Territory.
Succinea inflata. Test sub-rotunda, inflata, tenui, lactea ; spira
brevi; suturis sub-impressis; anfractibus ternis, sub-rotund-
atis ; apertura lato-ovata. Hab. South Carolina.
Of these species we have seen S. wardiana, S. tot-
teniana, S. nuttalliana, and S. aurea; we have no
knowledge of the others except what we derive from the
descriptions and figures. On a careful examination of
these, it appears to us that S. aperta and S. aurea are
well-established species ; that S. wardiana is synonymous
with . avara, Say ; 8. totteniana with S. ovalis, Say ;
S. nuttalliana with S. ovalis, Gould; S. inflata with
S. campestris, Say ; that S. retusa is probably synonym-
ous with S. ovalis, Gould; and that S. oregonensis can-
not at present be ascertained. We cannot, however,
include 8. aperta, Lea, in this work, in consequence of
the rule we have adopted, not to insert any species which
we have not ourselves seen and examined.!
f} In reference to the above synonymy it may be remarked, that
SUCCINEA. 67
Dr. DeKay also indicated a new species in his “ Re-
port,” under the name of Succinea lineata, but as it does
not appear in his final Report, we presume it was sub-
sequently regarded as merely a variety.
S
SUCCINEA CAMPESTRIS, Say.
Puate LXVII.d. Ficure 1.
S. testa ovato-inflata, albida, rugosula ; anfractibus tribus,
ultimo anfractu ventricoso; spira brevi, apice acuto ; aper-
tura orbiculato-ovata ; peristomate acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea campestris, Say, Phil. Journ. i, p. 281, an. 1818.
Férussac, Tab. Syst. p. 31, Hist. pl. 11, fig. 12.
Succinea inflata, Lea. Proceedings, &c. p. 32.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmau. ‘ Whitish; eyes, inferior tentacula, and a
line passing from the eyes disappearing under the shell,
black ; a gamboge-colored vitta is visible through that
part of the shell which is opposed to the mouth.”
SHELL. Yellowish-white, or yellowish horn-color,
rounded-oyate ; periostraca shining, wrinkled; whorls
S. aperta is undoubtedly a species belonging to the Sandwich Islands,
described by me under the name of S. rotwndata, in the Proceedings of the
Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. II. p. 182. Specimens of S. Wue-
talliana and S. oregonensis having been furnished by Mr. Lea, leave no
doubt as to their being decidedly well-marked species, and they will there-
fore be included among the other species described. Some other species
collected by Mr. Bartlett in Texas, have also been added. —c.]
68 HELICIDA.
three, not oblique, the last whorl large and ventricose,
the other two constituting the spire, small, short, with
acute apex; aperture ample, not much elongated,
rounded anteriorly ; peristome thin and sharp.
“ Length, not quite three-fifths ; breadth, seven-twen-
tieths of an inch.”
GrogRAPHIcaL Drstrrpution. Mr. Say makes the
following statement. “‘ This shell is extremely common
in many parts of the Southern States ; it abounds in the
sea islands of Georgia, in the low, marshy grounds
behind the sand hills of the coast, where they are de-
stroyed in great numbers by the annual conflagration of
the old grass ; on Amelia Island in East Florida, I found
them in plenty on the highest sandy ground of the island.
On Cumberland Island, in Mr. James Shaw’s garden I
obtained several specimens from the leaves of radishes.”
It was found by Mr. Bartlett in many parts of East
Florida.
Remarks. Mr. Say observes further concerning this
species. ‘The resemblance between this species and
the ovalis is very great ; it differs, however, in being less
elongated, and of a more robust form; the revolution of
the spire is much less oblique, the shell itself is thicker
and less fragile.” These remarks indicate sufficiently
the distinctive characters of the species. The numerous
specimens we have now seen leave no doubt as to their
characters. They are short, rounded, and ventricose,
the surface is unequally wrinkled, and there is more cal-
SUCCINEA. 69
careous matter in the shell than in the other species.
When somewhat advanced in age they want the peculiar
transparency and delicate periostraca common to other
species of the genus, and in general aspect are not un-
like some Bulimi. If differences are admitted, where
all are so much alike, this sottthern species 1s unques-
tionably different from any of its northern congeners.
The shell described by Messrs. Gould and Mighels,
and that indicated by Dr. Sager, by name, as Succinea
campestris, is in our opinion not the shell described by
Mr. Say under that name.
2. SUCCINEA OBLIQUA, Say.
Puate LXVII. 3. Ficure 3.
S. testa ovata, lymnez-formi, tenui, pellucida ; anfractibus
ternis vel quatuor convexis, ultimo anfractu magno; aper-
tura ovali, obliqua ; spira brevi.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Suceinea ovalis, Say, Phil. Journ. I. p. 15, IT. p. 163.
Karrranp, Loe. cit. p. 173.
Férussac, Tab. Syst. No. 8, pl. 11, A., f. 1.
Lamakcr, 2d edit. VIII. p. 319.
Succinea obiiqua, Say, Exped. St. Peters, II. p. 260, pl. 15, f. 7.
Apams, Shel!s of Vermont, p. 6.
De Kay, Loc. cit. p. 31.
Succinea campestris, Gouup, Inverieb. of Mass. p. 195, f. 126.
Sacer, Loc. cit. p. 11.
Micxets, Loc. cit. p. 28.
Succinea totteniana, Lea, Proceed. Amer. Philos. Soc. II. 31-2.
DESCRIPTION.
AnimAL. Superior tentacles blackish, their base
VOL, II. 18
70 HELICID.
large and conical, lower tentacles under the upper,
white, very small. Head and neck finely mottled with
black, mantle grayish, foot light saffron-color, a saffron
border around the respiratory foramen. A deep furrow
running from under the anterior part of the mantle, on
each side, downward and forward, terminating behind the
inferior tentacle. Length of the animal somewhat more
than that of the shell.
SHELL. Ovate, pale green, yellowish green, amber-
colored, or cuneous, very thin and fragile, pellucid, some-
times roseate at apex. Periostraca shining, minutely
wrinkled or striated. Whorls rather more than three,
the last very large, and much expanded, and more or
less oblique; spire very small, not prominent nor pointed ;
suture distinct, impressed. Aperture oval, large and
expanded, more or less oblique ; columellar margin with
a slight testaceous glazing; columella thin, sharp, nar-
rowed ; peristome thin, its edge blunted by the reflection
of the periostraca. :
Greatest length about one inch, ordinary length three-
fourths.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrRrpuTiIoN. Inhabits all the north-
ern and middle States from Maine to Missouri. We have
noticed it as far south as Arkansas.
Remarks. The shell of this species, as it usually
occurs in the northern States, is extremely delicate, con-
sisting merely of a transparent periostraca, with only cal-
SUCCINEA. zal
careous matter enough to give it consistency. In the
western States, and especially on the banks of the Mis-
sissippi it acquires more lime, and becomes somewhat
robust, and attains its greatest size. The largest speci-
mens we have seen, measuring one inch in extreme
length, were taken from the oozy mud left by the Mis-
sissippi in low places, by an inundation. Like the other
species, it prefers moist situations, but it is also spread
abroad upon the hill-sides, as in Vermont, at considerable
distances from water.
When the shell is oval, the last whorl very ample and
expanded, forming nine-tenths of the whole volume, and
but little oblique, the spire bemg at the same time very
small and not prominent, and the aperture oval and well
rounded at both extremities it is the form described as
Suecinea ovalis by Mr. Say. The variation to which it
is most subject is a lengthening and narrowing of all its
parts. ‘The spire becomes more produced, and its con-
yolutions less close ; the last whorl is compressed at the
sides, and more oblique. The aperture by this process
becomes elongated and narrow, and its posterior margin
more angulated. In this condition it is Succinea obliqua,
Say. The extremes of the two varieties differ much
from each other, yet they are blended together by almost
inappreciable degrees of variation, and we have never
met with specimens in the northern States which could
not be referred to one or the other of these varieties.
Occurring as this species does, plentifully, over a
great part of the Union, and therefore everywhere
79, HELICIDA.
-_
accessible for comparison, and presenting only a limited
amount of variation, which in any other genus would
not produce inconvenience, there has nevertheless been
a good deal of uncertainty in the identification of it. It
has been taken for both the species which we consider
synonymous, as its characters may have leaned to one or
the other. It is thought to be Suceinea campestris, Say,
by those who consider this to be a northern species ; and
it 1s unquestionably Succinea totteniana, Lea.’ It is
thus the representative of four nominal species, and per-
haps of even more. That we have made no mistake,
and that the shell described by Mr. Say as Succinea
ovalis is the same as that called by Drs. Gould and
Mighels Succinea campestris, is rendered certain by
inspection of the original specimens labelled by Mr.
Say, and by others from the contemporary collections of
Mr. Hyde, and of Dr. Griffith, as well as by familiar
acquaintance with the cabinets of the two former. That
Suecinea ovalis, Say, and Succinea obliqua, Say, are
synonymous we infer from numerous specimens collected
in many parts of the country.
[! There seems to be good reason for regarding Mr. Lea’s S. totteniana as
a distinct species. It is a local species, confined, so far as I can ascertain,
to the New England States, and east of the Green Mountain range. Com-
pared with S. obligua, the following characters appear constant. It is a
thinner and more fragile shell, proportionally more ventricose in form, with
a shorter spire and larger aperture; and it has a decided green color almost
unshaded with yellow, while in S. oddigua the amber yellow predominates.
It is hardly to be supposed that either the colder climate or the want of lime
could account for a group of such differences, so constant. — G. ]
SUCCINEA 73
It resembles very closely some forms of Limnea.
The identity of the shell commonly known as SS. cam-
pestris, and WS. obliqua, Say, seems to have been clearly
perceived by Prof. Adams, and expressed in both his
works quoted by us.
S
3. SUCCINEA AVARA, Say.
Puate LXVII. c. Figure 4.
S. testa parva, conica, pellucida, cornea, rosea, aut vires-
cente ; anfractibus ternis convexis ; spira elevata, acuta ;
sutura valdé impressa ; apertura rotundo-ovali.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea avara, Say, Exped. to St. Peters, IL., p. 260, pl. 15, f. 5.
Goutp, Invertebrata, &c., p. 196, fig. 127.
Avams, Shells of Vermont, p. 6.
Kurtianp, Loc. cit. p. 173.
Micuets, Loe. cit. p. 28.
Succinea vermeta, Say, Disseminator, reprint, p. 23.
Succinea wardiana, Lea, Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc. 1841, II. 31. No. 13, p. 31.
DESCRIPTION.
Anmau. Head dark, foot flesh-colored, narrow.
SHELL. Rather small, very thin and fragile, straw-
colored, rosy, amber-colored or greenish; periostraca
shining, or presenting minute hairy processes in the
young. Whorls three, very convex, separated by a
deep suture ; last whorl rather large, not much expand-
ed; spire very prominent, acute; aperture ovate, round-
ed at both extremities, about half as long as the shell.
Extreme length about one-fourth of an inch.
VOL. Il. 19
74 HELICID
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiIBuTION. Inhabits all the north-
ern and middle States; very common.
Remarks. This shell at first sight appears to be the
young of some of the larger species, but it has as many
whorls as any of them, though not attaining more than
one-fourth part of their size. It differs from all others
in having a long and pointed spire, and in its shorter
aperture, which is only half as long as the shell. The
whorls do not expand so fast from the apex towards the
aperture, and the last whorl consequently forms a much
smaller part of the whole volume of the shell. One of
its characters, but not entirely peculiar to it, is the loose
manner in which the whorls are united, the suture being
in some instances so deep as nearly to separate them.
This variety was considered by Mr. Say to be a dis-
tinct species, and described by him under the name of
Suecinea vermeta. We have carefully compared Sue-
cinea wardiana, Lea, with the present species, but can-
not detect any difference.
In the young shells the spire is not so prominent, and
the periostraca is covered with numerous fine, hairy pro-
cesses, as in some Helices, which accumulate particles of
dirt, which in this way sometimes coat over its entire
surface. The apex of the spire is often rosy.
Found under stones and fragments of wood in moist
places.
SUCCINEA. 75
4. SUCCINEA LUTEOLA.
Puate LXVII.c. Ficure 1.
Testa variabili, ovato-turrita, solidiuscula, laxé striata,
extus alba vel corned, sed plerumque lutescente, intus
lutea; anfr. 4, supernis rotuddatis, ultimo conico-ovato ;
apertura modica, ovaté, dimidiam longitudinis teste vix
superante ; columella normaliter arcuaté, haud plicata, ad
regionem umbilicalem reflexiuscula.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea luteola, Goup, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL of a conical, turreted form, sometimes rather ©
corpulent, and again quite slender, the last whorl be-
ing much less ventricose in proportion than the upper
ones, rather thick in substance ; color, when young, pale
yellowish green or drab, becoming bleached or gray with
age, the interior, however, sometimes haying the bright
yellow of yolk of egg, and always more or less tinted
thus when living, becoming at last dead white ; surface
irregularly and loosely wrinkled; whorls four, forming a
well-proportioned spire, the upper ones well rounded,
and separated by a deep suture, the apex acute, colored
yellow ; last whorl conical at its upper third; aperture
ovate, rather more than half the length of shell, the lip
somewhat incumbent ; columella without a fold, rounded,
its edge above being seen winding far within the spire.
Length, half an inch ; breadth, one-quarter of an inch.
76 HELICIDA:.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTION. Found in Florida, and
more abundantly in Texas, especially in the region of
Galveston.
Remarks. This species is very variable in its pro-
portions, but is easily distinguished from our other spe-
cies by its small aperture, elongated spire, and its color ;
its golden interior in fresh specimens, instead of the
usual silvery lustre, being its principal characteristic.
Its characters agree pretty well with a Mexican species
described by Mr. Say under the name of JS. wndulata ;
and if any of our species were in view im that descrip-
tion, it must have been this one. In form it most resem-
bles S. avara, but it differs in size and color. The short-
est specimens resemble S. campestris, but there is no
fold of the columella.—[@.]
5. SUCCINEA AUREA, LEA.
Puate LXVII.c. Ficure 3.
Testa elongato-ovata, tenui, lucida, succinea, anfractibus
tribus conyexis, superné subtabulatis; sutura impressa ;
apertura angusta, ovata ; columella vix plicata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Sucevnea aurea, Lea, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1841, II. 32.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL very symmetrical in form, elongated oval, the
texture very thin and lucid, and of a clear amber color ;
whorls three, the suture deeply impressed, and the
SUCCINEA. [7
whorls a little tabulated posteriorly. Aperture narrow-
ovate, acute posteriorly ; the columella has an indistinct
fold.
Length, three-tenths of an inch; breadth, three-twen-
tieths.
. . .
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTion. As yet, this species
has been found only in the State of Ohio.
Remarks. ‘This small species is about the size of
S. avara, but is less ventricose in form, and of a more
vitreous structure, and more yellow cast of color. The
aperture especially, is far less rounded ; indeed, it is
more narrow than in any other American species.—[G. ]
6. SUCCINEA OREGONENSIS, LEzEa.
Puate LXVII. c. Ficure 2.
Testa elongato-ovata, tenui, crocea, striis obsoletis re-
motis cincta: spira anfractibus tribus rotundatis; sutura
conspicua ; apertura ovata ; columella arcuata, absque plica,
vitrea.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea oregonensis, Lea, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1841, II. 32.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL elongated ovate, thin, of a somewhat saffron-
yellow color, rather coarsely, though obtusely and dis-
tantly striated transversely. Spire with two and a half
or three well rounded whorls, separated by a distinct
suture, the last whorl seven-eighths the length of the
VOL. II. 20
78 HELICIDE.
shell. Aperture two-thirds the length of the shell,
strictly ovate, one-third longer than broad; columella
arcuate, but not folded, a thin white callus of consider-
able extent covering it.
Length, one-fourth of an inch; greatest lateral diam-
eter, one-eighth ; least, one-tenth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTION. Found by Mr. Nut-
tall, in Oregon.
Remarks. Compared with S. aurea it is much
smaller, and combines red in its coloration; the aper-
ture is more rounded at base, so as to be more broadly
ovate; the whorls are also more rounded. Grains of
sand adhere to its surface, much as in the young of
S. avara, but I can discover no epidermal hairs.—[«. ]
7. SUCCINEA OVALIS, GouLD.
Puate LXVII.a. Ficure 3.
S. testa oblongo-ovata, sub-conica, tenui, diaphana ; an-
fractibus ternis arctis, minutissimé striatis, ultimo anfractu
elongato ; apertura conico-oyata, lata, ad anfractum ante-
riorem expansa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea ovalis, Gout, Invertebrata, p. 194, f. 125.
Avams, Catalogue, p. 270. Shells of Vermont, p. 6.
Micuets, Loc. cit., p. 28.
Sacer, Loc. cit., p. 14.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL. A little longer than the shell, whitish or
SUCCINEA. 79
amber-colored, and translucent, with minute black dots,
scattered and in clusters of dots upon the surface, most
frequent upon the head and upper part of neck. Foot
free from dots. A black line running from the ocular
poits of the tentacles through their length, and along
the sides of the neck to the shell, marking the sheath of
the tentacles. Upper tentacles rather short, thick at
base, attenuated towards the end, bulb distinct; lower
tentacles short, small, and rather conical. Respiratory
cleft near the lip of the shell, about midway between its
centre and its junction with the last whorl.
SHELL. Ovate, somewhat conic, very thin, pellucid,
watery horn color, sometimes tinted roseate ; periostraca
shining, very minutely striate ; whorls three, the last
compressed and elongate when viewed above; spire
short but acute ; suture impressed ; aperture produced
by a deep truncation of the shell, elongated, more than
three-fourths the length of the shell, patulous, expanding
anteriorly, exhibiting the interior of the volutions. When
viewed on the side of the aperture, the conical shape of
the shell appears, the broadest part of the cone is below
the centre of the aperture, and it tapers gradually to
the apex.
Extreme length about half an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrirpuTion. It is diffused abund-
antly through the northern and north-eastern States.
Remarks. This is not Succinea ovalis, Say. It
80 HELICIDZ.
appears to have been overlooked until lately, when it was
mistaken for Mr. Say’s species, from which it differs very
considerably, resembling, indeed, Suceinea oblonga, Drap.
more than any other species.
It does not offer any considerable variation except in
size, and the greater or less expansion of the aperture,
the latter variation affecting its conical figure. When
the anterior part of the aperture is not much contracted
the body whorl has the appearance of being compressed,
and the aspect of the shell is long and narrow. The
shell is particularly thin and delicate, so that the color
of the animal is seen through it. The quantity of the
dotting of the animal varies very much, in some being
so thick as to give the whole animal a dark gray color, in
others so sparse as to leave them almost white. It ap-
pears to prefer the margins of water on wet and marshy
ground, especially where there are fragments of wood
saturated with water. We are not aware of its having
been found in any other situation. It is also frequently
taken on the leaves of flags, (Iris versicolor,) on the stems
of Pontederia and other aquatic plants.
It deposits its eggs, to the number of about twenty,
enveloped in a mass of thin transparent gelatine, at the
foot of aquatic plants. These gelatinous masses are
very numerous in this latitude, in the warm days of
June. The eggs are oval and transparent.
SUCCINEA. 81
8. SUCCINEA NUTTALLIANA, LEa.
Puate LXVII. a. Ficure 4.
Testa ovato-lanceolata, fragili, lucidé, cornea, striata:
spira anfractibus tribus, conico-convexis ; sutura impressé :
apertura ovata ; columella arcuataé, tumida, haud sinuata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea nuttalliana, Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., N. S. IX., 4.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL, lanceolate-ovate, thin and fragile, of a dull
horn-color, somewhat rudely undulated by the lines of
growth ; composed of about three tumid whorls, forming
a conical spire, the last whorl constituting nearly the
whole shell; suture well marked: aperture nearly two-
thirds the length of the shell, ovate, broadly rounded in
front, the posterior angle being also somewhat rounded
by the abrupt curvature of the lip; columella very
gently curved, the region bemg somewhat gibbous; no
fold on the columella, but in the region of the spire it is
slightly sinuous.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Brought from Lewis’s
River, Oregon, by Thomas Nuttall, Esq., and also by the
United States Exploring Expedition.
Remarks. This shell so closely resembles the speci-
mens of JS. ovalis found in the region of the Hudson and
the Mohawk, that it may not be possible to point out any
VOL. Il. 21
82 HELICID.
important difference. The aperture may perhaps be a
little narrower, posteriorly, by the rolling in of the lip.
It is very similar to S. oblonga of Europe, but its out-
lines being more curved it is consequently less strictly
conical. Its principal claim to be regarded as a new spe-
cies is that it comes from a region whence no other shell
common to the Atlantic slope has yet been brought.—[G. ]
9. SUCCINEA CONCORDIALIS, Govu.p.
Prate LXVII.a. Ficure 2.
Testa tenui, lucidé, obliqué ovata, acuminata, reflexa,
cerea et ad apicem rubicunda, leviter striata et lineis obscu-
ris volyentibus insculpta: anfr. 3 perobliquis, supernis par-
vulis, tumidis ; sutura profunda: apertura ovata, trientes
duz longitudinis teste equante, basi rotundata ; columella
arcuata, absque plica, paululum arrecta ; intus micante.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Succinea concordialis, Gouin, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL, obliquely ovate, elongate, reflexed, apex acute,
thin but firm, transparent, shining, feebly striated length-
wise and spirally, color pale honey-yellow, with the tip
ruddy ; whorls three and somewhat more, very oblique,
the two .uppermost very small, outer whorl somewhat
compressed aboye the middle; suture well marked ;
aperture ample, not less than two-thirds the length of the
shell, well rounded at base ; columella regularly arcua-
HELIX. 83
ted, more so than the outer lip, simple, but its upper por-
tion is reflexed and raised so as to form a marginal wall
to the aperture, as it enters the shell, and produces a
slight fold where it disappears within the spire ; a broad,
thin callus covers the left margin, which is slightly de-
tached anteriorly, so as to-form the rudiment of an
umbili@us.
Length, half an inch; breadth, one-third of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found near Lake Con-
cordia, in Texas.
Remarks. At first view this shell might be mistaken
for Limnea columella. Its color and texture are like
S. amphibia, from which it differs chiefly in the slight
upturning of the edge of the columella lip, the faint re-
volving lines, and the ruddy apex.—[e. ]
Genus HELIX, Aucr.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
Antmat. Body elongated, semi-cylindrical, tapering
to a point posteriorly, convex above, plane beneath, the
whole area forming a locomotive disk; integument re-
ticulated by furrows surrounding numerous longitudinal
mucus-glands ; mantle simple, not extending beyond,
and accurately fitting to, the lip of the shell, into which
84 HELICIDE.
the whole animal may retire. Head obtuse, without a
constricted neck. ‘Tentacles four, retractile, the supe-
rior long, slender, terminating in an oculiferous bulb ;
inferior one short, delicate, but always conspicuous.
Lip simple, mouth inferior, armed with a transverse cor-
neous jaw, and containing a lingual organ beset with
ranges of numerous hooks or denticles. e
SHELL. Form variously discoidal, globose, or conical,
the axis seldom equalling the diameter. Aperture gen-
erally longitudinal, oblique, circular, lmate or ringent ;
lip simple or reflexed, not continuous, though often con-
nected by a deposition of enamel ; columella continuous
with the curve of the lip; throat simple or armed with
denticles or lamina. Base perforated or imperforate.
Surface without varices or deep sculpture.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. This genus inhabits
every part of the territory of the United States, as it
does every region of the earth where land shells of any
kind are found. It may well be called cosmopolite.
The genus Vitrina alone, may perhaps extend to some-
what higher latitudes and altitudes.
Remarks. The genus Helix, as originally constituted
by Linnzeus, embraced not only all the Helicide, but also
all the fresh-water univalves, and even some marine
genera. It has been successively amended by various
authors, especially by Miiller, Lamarck, and Draparnaud,
so that at least a dozen well characterized genera have
HELIX. 85
been separated. Even now, it embraces a very great
number of widely diversified species, furnishing grounds
for numerous subdivisions. Still, there is little difficulty
in at once distinguishing the members of this genus
from all others, if we except the genus Bulimus, with
which it seems continuous™by means of the groups
found in the region of the Philippine Islands. The
species inhabiting the United States, however, present
no difficulty in this respect. The genus Carocolla,
which has been pretty generally admitted by conchol-
ogists, comprising species with an acute or carimated
periphery, is now restored to Helix. The mere circum-
stance of carination seems not to be a sufficient ground
for separation ; for the young of most species, however
globular they may become when adult, are generally
carinated ; and it does not yet appear that there is any
corresponding differences in the structure or habits of the
animal. It would not be worth our while however, to
attempt to enter into detail respecting the diversity and
economy of this great genus as it is found over the
wide world; but we will confine our remarks to those
members of it with which we are specially concerned,
namely, to the groups which inhabit the United States;
nor need they be much extended in this place, as we
have already dwelt upon the points of principal interest
in the history of the snails, in owr preliminary remarks
on the whole family.
The snails pass the greater part of their lives under
dead leaves and logs, under stones, or burrowing in the
VOL. Il. 22
86 HELICID.
ground. They seldom come from their lurking places
while the sun shines, and indeed are never seen rang-
ing in the daytime unless the day be damp and dark.
Should they then be surprised by the appearance of the
sun, they immediately take shelter from its rays, under
some cover or on the shaded side of the trunks of trees.
The natural food of the genus is vegetable ; and the
formation of the mouth and the organs with which it is
armed seems to be peculiarly well adapted for cutting
fruits and the succulent leaves of plants. The dental
edge of the upper jaw, with its minute serratures, being
applied against the substance to be eaten, the semilu-
nar rough instrument, which Spallanzani calls the tongue,
is brought up against it, cutting out and carrying
into the mouth semicircular portions of nutriment.
This operation is carried on with great rapidity, and the
substance to be eaten soon disappears. It is certain,
however, that they are also fond of animal food, and
sometimes prey upon earth-worms, their own eggs,
and even upon each other; but the slowness of their
motions and their consequent inability to pursue prey
forbids the idea of their being dependent on animal food.
They, in their turn, become the prey of various birds
and reptiles; and it is no uncommon thing to observe,
in the forest, clusters of broken shells lying on logs or
stones which have been chosen by birds as convenient
places for breaking the shell and extracting the animal.
The snails of the United States are for the most part
solitary in their habits, differing very much, in this re-
HELIX. 87
spect, from the snails of Europe. It is true that in
localities favorable for their residence they may be col-
lected in considerable numbers; and especially is this
the case in the States north of the Ohio river. But
even there, they seem to, live independently of each
other, and not to unite into herds or communities.
There are occasional exceptions however, as in the case
of H. alternata, very large numbers of which have been
observed collected into a small space, especially in win-
ter, as if for the purpose of imparting warmth to each
other. The few species of European snails which have
been introduced retain their native habits. H. hortensis
for instance, which has been transplanted to some of the
small islands in the vicinity of Cape Ann, is found there
in countless numbers, literally covermg the soil and
shrubs. It is worthy of notice also, that each island is
inhabited by a variety peculiar to itself, showing that
the variety which happened to be introduced there has
propagated itself, without a tendency to run into other
variations. Thus, on one islet we have the yellowish
green, uni-colored variety, once described as H. subglo-
bosa; and on another, within a very short distance, we
find a banded variety, and none others.
In regard to colors, our snails are quite plain and
exceedingly uniform ; in this respect also, differing essen-
tially from the species of the old world. They vary
from yellowish-green through horn-color to chestnut, most
of them being simply horn-colored. This is perhaps
owing to the fact that our species do not infest our gar-
88 HELICIDZ.
dens and open fields, but are generally confined to
forests, sheltered under logs and stones, and are rarely
seen abroad except during twilight or on damp and dark
days; indeed, they almost entirely disappear as the
forests are cut down, and seem to flee the approach of
man. The European species, on the other hand, follow
in the track of cultivation, and are common in gardens
and fields, on walls and hedges, and other places exposed
to the action of light. With the exception of H. alter-
nata and H. polychroa, there is scarcely a species hay-
ing bands or variegated colors inhabiting the United
States proper; and eyen this latter species can scarcely
be regarded as an exception, as it is only to be found at
the southern part of Florida, and is more properly a
West India shell. In Texas, and beyond the Rocky
Mountains in Oregon and California, many of the spe-
cies haye one or more bands.
Another peculiarity of the American snails is the
tooth-like appendages with which the aperture of a large
proportion of them is armed, and which are characteris-
tic of the group designated by Férussac under the name
Helicodonta. More than one-half of the whole number,
and more than three-fourths of those with reflected lips,
are thus provided. In some species these appendages
assume the form of folds rather than teeth; and in
others we have simple threads or lamine revolving with-
m the aperture in the course of the spire. They are
not formed until the shell has attained its full growth.
The Helices are found in every region of the United
HELIX. 89
States, but they are not everywhere equally abundant ;
nor do all the specieS range over an equal extent of ter-
ritory, some of them being nearly omnipresent, while
others are quite local. Thus we have H. arborea, thy-
roidus, tridentata, and lahyrinthica over nearly the
whole extent of the country; H. profunda, solitaria,
intertexta, multilineata confined to the States bordering
on the great lakes; H. auriculata, septemvolva, fati-
giata, mobiliana, and rhodocheila on the confines of the
Gulf of Mexico; H. spinosa, edgariana, and cumber-
landica in the region of Tennessee and Georgia; H.
major in Georgia; and so on with other species and
regions. The number of species is smaller at the south
than at the north, but the number of individuals is
greater. In limestone regions, where the materials for
the shell are furnished in abundance, as in Ohio and
Western New York, snails may be collected in great
numbers ; whereas in the granite regions of New Eng-
land, the collection of a small number is so tedious a
task, that it would be fortunate to obtain twenty speci-
mens of the larger species in a day’s search.
Remarks. It forms no part of our object to attempt
a division of the genus into lesser groups in accordance
with natural characters, as the few species on which we
are engaged would not afford the basis for such a division.
Numerous subdivisions have already been made, founded
upon the shell; but none of them can claim to represent
natural series. We doubt not, however, that hereafter,
vou, I. 23
90 HELICIDA.
when the anatomical structure and. embryological devel-
opment of the animal shall have beén more fully investi-
gated, such divisions will be made. The investigations
already made by Drs. Leidy and Wyman into the ana-
tomical details of the snails, have not only made it possi-
ble to determine the limits of species which could not be
satisfactorily settled by the character of the shell alone,
but have shown that there are distinct and various types
in the structure of the animals; and that for a group of
allied shells the animals belonging to them haye a peculiar
and allied structure also. In confirmation of this we need
only to refer to the cuts of the denticles on the tongue of
HI. profunda, solitaria, and multilineata, of H. albolabris
and thyroidus, of H. tridentata and auriculata, and of
H. pulchella and lineata, to see that there is no less a
correspondence in the forms of the denticles, in these
respective groups, than in the conformation of the shells
themselves. ‘This is still further evident if we inspect
also the viscera, especially the generative system, as
seen in the instances of H. ligera and intertexta, and H.
concava, perspectiva, solitaria, and alternata, two groups
of shells in each one of which there is a peculiar con-
formation of the viscera, quite different in one from what
we find it in the other. .
Without attempting to indicate the natural relations
of all the species to each other, a few of the principal
groups may be noted, in which the species named are
evidently allied to each other, though the grouping does
not correspond to any arrangement hitherto made,
HELIX. 91
First in importance, we have the common and more
normal form of Helix, of which H. albolabris may be
considered as the type, to which belong also H. major,
thyroidus, exoleta, elevata, pennsylvanica, columbiana,
labiosa, bucculenta, clausa, townsendiana, §c. Some
of these are found in every region from the Atlantic to
the Pacific, except in the extreme south.
The ringent species, of which H. tridentata is the
type, embracing that portion of those denominated Heli-
codonta, by Férussac, which are depressed in form and
have generally several pointed teeth; such as H. fallax,
palliata, inflecta, loricata, dejecta. In close proximity
to these we have a group of which H. hirsuta is the
type, embracing also H. spinosa, edgariana, fraterna,
maxillata, and germana. Most of these inhabit a wide
extent of the country, though none of them are found
at the extreme south.
The polygyroid group, on the contrary, is confined to
the extreme south, and with its type, H. fatigiata, we
have H. septemvolva, auriculata, pustula, vultuosa,
texasiana. ‘They are all of a discoidal form, with more
than the usual number of whorls, but with considerable
variation in the development of the aperture.
Another southern form embraces H. mobiliana, sele-
nina, saxicola, and berlanderiana, which are small,
simple, thin, discoidal shells, entirely different from all
the other North American forms.
A peculiar type is found in California, with which H.
aspersa would be numbered, or still more like H. aperta,
92 HELICIDZ.
such as H. californiensis, nickliniana, tudiculata, and
buffoniana. They are large, thin, vesicular shells,
banded, and with the surface more or less indented.
Another natural group may be instituted having H.
Ffuliginosa for its type, associated with H. lucubrata,
inornata, demissa, and subplana; near these, if not
strictly united with them, is another group composed of
H. arborea, electrina, Ottonis, and indentata. They
are, in both cases, of a lenticular form, and remarkable
for their smooth and glistening surface and delicate
structure. They are closely allied in characters to the
genus Nanina, and belong to Férussac’s genus Helicella.
The first group is mostly confined to the Southern and
South-western States, while those of the second group
are very widely distributed.
H. gularis, lasmodon, and suppressa compose another
small group, similar to the preceding in form and in
the polish of their surface, but peculiar on account of
a curious lamination within the throat of the aperture.
They are found only in the middle Atlantic States and
the region of Tennessee.
H. alternata, perspectiva, striatella, and eumberland-
iana form another group, remarkable for their discoidal
form, broad umbilical concavity, and especially for their
lyrately ribbed surface.
Helix ligera and intertexta, from the region of the
Ohio River, are naturally allied to each other.
Thus we see that many of the groups formed by allied
species are also quite local in their distribution, while
HELIX. 93
others prevail over a broad extent in every direction.
These hints are sufficient to show the direction which
should be given to our investigations, before we can come
at the true history and natural classification of the snails.
For reasons already given, we would not attempt a
definitive arrangement of our whole list on the ground of
natural alliance. But as the number of species is such
as to require some kind of systematic arrangement for
convenience’ sake, the divisions and subdivisions in the
following table are adopted ; although unfortunately, in
several instances, it separates species from each other
which are naturally allied. This arrangement supposes
the shells to have arrived at maturity ; and some little
difficulty might arise, practically, to those not familiar
with the differences which often exist between the young
and adult shell, were these differences not pointed out.
Immature shells always have a simple, sharp lip, with
the epidermis a little in advance of the calcareous por-
tion ; they are always destitute of teeth or lamine in
the aperture ; many of them have an angular periphery,
and an open umbilicus, in species where such an opening
does not appear in the adult shell. As maturity comes
on, the lip becomes thickened, in many species widely
reflected, and then armed with teeth. An abundant
callus is deposited, which in many instances covers over
and closes the umbilical opening ; and as the last whorl ap-
proaches the aperture it loses the angular character which
distinctly marked the shell in its earlier stages.—[«. ]
VoL. Il. 24
94 HELICID.
Section I. Lie REFLECTED.
Comprising all those species the margin of the aper-
ture of whose shell is more or less reflected.
A. umbilicus wholly or partially covered.
Containing species in which the centre of the base of the
mature shell is wholly or partially covered by the reflection
of the lip, at its junction with the base.
a. Aperture destitute of tooth-like processes.
H. abjecta, albolabris, berlanderiana, bufloniana, californiensis, clausa,
hortensis, major, multilineata, nickliniana, peunsylvanica, polychroa, tudicu-
lata.
.
b. Aperture furnished with one or more tooth-like processes.
H. appressa, bucculenta, dentifera, edgariana, elevata, exoleta, germana,
hirsuta, inflecta, loricata, maxillata, monodon, palliata, spinosa, thyroidus.
B. wnbilicus not covered.
Containing species in which the centre of the base of the
shell is never covered by the reflection of the lip, but in
which the open space, or imaginary axis about which the
whorls of the shell revolve, is more or less open and visible.
ce. Aperture destitute of tooth-like processes.
H. columbiana, concava, labiosa, mobiliana, nuttalliana, pulchella, saxi-
cola, townsendiana, vancouverensis.
d. Aperture furnished with one or more tooth-like processes.
H. auriculata, fallax, fatigiata, labyrinthica, leporina, profunda, pustula,
sayi, septemvolva, texasiana, tridentata, vultuosa.
nh” aa
HELIX. 95
Section Il. Lie siIMpPLe.
Comprising all those species, the margin of the aper-
ture of whose shell is not in any degree reflected, al-
though it is sometimes a little thickened. The aperture,
properly speaking, is never ‘urnished with teeth, but in
some of the species there are lamellar processes or
prominent teeth within the aperture.
In the species belonging to this section, the terminat-
ing axis of the shell, about which the whorls revolve,
being never covered with testaceous matter, the umbili-
cus may be said to be always open ; but it varies from
a mere perforate point at the centre of the base of the
shell, to an expanded cup-like cavity, exhibiting the infe-
rior surface of all the volutions. The degree of separa-
tion differs considerably in the same species.
e. Aperture destitute of teeth or folds, within,
H. alternata, arborea, cellaria, chersina, cumberlandiana, demissa, egena,
electrina, fuliginosa, indentata, inornata, intertexta, ligera, limatula, lucida,
lucubrata, minuscula, ottonis, rotula, selenina, solitaria, sportella, striatella,
strigosa, subplana.
f. Aperture having one or more teeth or folds, within.
H. gularis, interna, lasmodon, lineata, roultidentata, perspectiva, sup-
pressa.
96 HELICIDZ.
Section J. Lip REFLECTED.
A. umbilicus covered, or nearly so.
a. Aperture destitute of tooth-like processes.
HELIX MAJOR, BINNEY.
Prate I.
H. testa orbiculato-globosa, imperforata, luteo-cornea vel
sub-castanea ; striis elevatis, crebris, undatis ; anfractibus
sex ; ultimo anfractu ventricoso ; apertura sub-rotunda,
contracta, prope basin sub-unidentaté ; labro albo, crasso,
margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix major, Binney. Bost, Jour, Nat. Hist., I. 473, pl. 12.
Heliz albolabris, Frnussac. Hist., pl. 43, f. 4. 46 a, f. 7.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat. Head, upper part of neck, and tentacles
ferruginous ; eyes black; foot rusty, the sides more or
less shaded with blue by the fluids of the animal, which
are visible through its semi-transparent substance. 'Ten-
tacles short, in proportion to the size of the animal, and
robust, their situation when retracted marked by brown
lines. Foot large and thick. Genital orifice indicated
by a slight prominence. Superficial glands large and
distinct. On the centre of the back is a line of them, of
an oblong narrow shape, with a furrow on each side ;
HELIX. 97
those on the sides and posterior part of the foot, when ex-
amined by a microscope, exhibit numerous sub-cutaneous
white dots, or points, arranged in clusters. Length
equalling twice the diameter of the shell.
SHELL. Convex, ventriegse ; epidermis uniform yel-
lowish or brownish horn-color; whorls six, with numerous
coarse, raised, parallel strive, the body whorl very large
and turgid; suture deeply marked ; aperture rounded,
contracted by the lip, and small in proportion to the size
of the shell; lip white, thickened, reflected, inner mar-
gin near the base of the shell projecting, more or less
prominent and tooth-like ; umbilicus covered ; base thick-
ened with a testaceous callus in old specimens.
Greatest diameter one inch and three-quarters.
GEoGRapHicaL DistrrBution. ‘This species is found
in Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and
Florida, and probably in other Southern States. It is com-
mon in hickory and oak woods, near streams in Florida.
Remarks. This is the largest Helix hitherto discov-
ered in the United States. It is not uncommon in cab-
inets, but has generally been considered to be a large
variety of Helix albolabris, Say. This was probably
Mr. Say’s opinion, as the specimens figured by Férussac
were received from him. Some acquaintance with the
species in its native habitat, and comparison of a large
number of specimens with Helix albolabris, have induced
me to give it a place as a distinct species. It cannot be
confounded with any other than that shell, and differs
VOL. II. 25
98 HELICID.
from it in the following particulars: —It is much more
globose, of a coarser and more solid texture, and the
strize of increase are much more raised and prominent,
so much so, indeed, as to leave distinct grooves between
them. The revolving striz, so distinct on that shell,
are either wanting or very indistinct. The aperture is
smaller in proportion to the size of the shell, less flat-
tened towards the plane of the base, and more rounded.
The pillar lip and umbilicus are in many instances coy-
ered with a smooth and shining, semi-transparent, testa-
ceous callus. The margin of the lip is thickened, the
lip itself is narrower, less abruptly reflected, and not so
much flattened, and there is often a tooth-like process on
the inner and upper side of the margin near the umbil-
icus. The color of the epidermis is generally much
darker. The only considerable variation in the charac-
ters of the shell is caused by the depression of the spire
in some individuals, and indeed in all specimens from
certain localities. In its most perfect condition it is
often sub-conical. It is subject to some irregularities in
the form of the mouth, and there is sometimes an indi-
cation of pale bands in the epidermis of the body whorl.
In those parts of the Eastern and Middle States where
Helix albolabris abounds, it is in general but about half
the size of this species, and is altogether a more delicate
and beautiful shell. That this is not the same species,
increased in size by the influence of a warmer climate,
would seem to be proved by the fact that other species
are not larger in Florida than in situations further north,
HELIX. 99
and that Helix tridentata, Say, common in every part of
the country, is smaller in Florida than elsewhere. The
color of the respective animals is widely different.
2. HELIX ALBOLABRIS, Say.
Prate II.
H. testa orbiculato-convexa, imperforata, luteo-cornea, vel
sub-castanea ; anfractibus transversé striatis, striis crebris,
obliquis ; labro albo, expanso, margine late reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz albolabris, Say, Nich. Encye. 181. pl. 1, f. 1.
Exped. St. Peter’s Riv. II. 258.
American Conch. No. 2, pl. 13.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 36, No. '75. Hist, pl. 43, f. 1, 2, 3,
Buney, Bost. Jour, Nat. Hist. I. 475, pl. 13.
Kirtianp, Report, 172.
Der Kay, New York Report, &c., 31.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, &c., 14,
Gouxp, Invertebrata, &c., 170, pl. 101.
Apams, Mollusca, &c., 8. Am. Jour, XI, 272,
PremFeR, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 290.
DESCRIPTION.
AnimAL. Varying from pure white and cream color,
through various shades of gray to blackish ; upper part
of head and neck slightly brownish ; extremities of ten-
tacles smoky; eyes black. Superior tentacles more
than half an inch in length when fully extended, slender,
and cylindrical. Foot with a slightly expanded margin
terminating posteriorly in an acute angle. Glandular
100 HELICIDZ.
tubercles very distinct and prominent, on the back
arranged longitudinally, on the tentacles long and nar-
row. Dental edge of the upper jaw saffron color.
Extreme length, two inches and a half.
SHELL convex; epidermis immaculate, of a uniform
yellowish brown, russet, or light chestnut color; whorls
between five and six, with fine parallel strie running
obliquely across them, and spirally striated with very
minute and delicate, but distinct, wavy, impressed lines,
which are most apparent on the back of the reflected
lip; suture well marked and distinct; aperture con-
tracted by the lip; lip white, flattened in the plane of
the mouth, abruptly and very widely reflected; umbili-
cus of the mature shell covered by the reflected lip,
which is continued to the base of the shell.
Greatest transverse diameter one inch and a half,
ordinary size about one inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRipuTIoN. ‘This species has been
noticed on the banks of the Missouri as high as Coun-
cil Bluffs, and in the North-western Territory. It is
found in all the States from Canada to South Carolina,
in Tennessee and in Arkansas, and may be supposed to
inhabit the whole extent of the United States except the
most southern part, where it appears to be replaced by
Helix major. Itis more frequent in well wooded than
in cleared sections, and is particularly abundant in the
Middle and Western States, in tracts based on the lime-
stone formation.
HELIX. 101
Remarks. Although inhabiting a geographical range
of great extent, it is very uniform in its characters, indi-
viduals from the most distant localities not exhibiting any
considerable differences ; but western specimens are usu-
ally darker, heavier, and thicker than those from the
North-eastern States. Destttute of brilliant tints and
markings, it is still a beautiful species, and will always
attract attention in a collection by its delicately striated
surface, its broad white lip, its pleasing though modest
color, and its elegant contour.
The animal deposits about fifty eggs at each laying,
which is repeated one or more times during the season.
The eggs are three-sixteenths of an inch in their greatest
diameter, and covered with minute points. The last lay-
ing is often delayed to so late a period of the year that
the earth is covered with snow before they are hatched.
The development of the embryo is then suspended until
the next spring. When newly excluded from the egg
the shell consists of one whorl and a half, the length of
its column omaxis being about one-eighth of an inch, and
its breadth somewhat less. No umbilicus is then dis-
cernible. I have not been able to determine how much
time is required to complete its growth, but I am in-
duced to believe that the reflected lip, the evidence of
maturity, is added in the second year.
This species, as before remarked, offers but few varie-
ties when arrived at maturity; but the young shell
might be taken for a distinct species, it beg umbili-
cated, and destitute of the reflected lip. It is not until
VOL. Il. 26
102 HELICIDE.
the shell has attained its full size that the reflected lip is
added, and the umbilicus is covered. It resembles He-
lix thyroidus, Helix exoleta, and Helix major, but is dis-
tinguished from the former by its greater size, covered
umbilicus, and want of the tooth-like process on the pillar
lip, and from H. exoleta by the absence of the tooth, and
its less ventricose form. ‘The differences between it and
H. major are pointed out in the remarks on that species.
Lister’s figure, (tab. 47, f. 45,) referred to by Férussac
and others as representing this shell, is very unlike it.
The spire is too much produced, and the last whorl too
voluminous. It would not have been conjectured to be
this species, were it not that the locality is indicated by
the word virginiana engraved upon the plate.
HELIX. 103
3. HELIX MULTILINEATA, Say.
Puate III.
H. testa orbiculato-convexa, imperforata, luteo-cornea,
lineis fuscis diversissimé fasciata ; anfractibus elegantissimé
striatis ; striis confertis ; peristomate albo, margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix multilineata, Sax, Jour. Acad. If. 150.
Férussac, Hist. pl. 46, a. f. 3.
Binney, Bost. Jour. I, 480, pl. 14.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, &c., 173, 199.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
DESCRIPTION.
Ayimau. Blackish, granulated ; granules, whitish
with darker interstices ; foot, beneath black.
Surety. Rounded, convex, rather thin; epidermis
yellowish-brown, or russet color, with numerous reddish
brown, finely undulated, revolving lines and bands;
whorls, between five and six, with delicate, parallel, ob-
lique strize; suture distinctly marked ; aperture lunated,
slightly contracted by the lip; lip white, not much
expanded, reflected, rather thin; umbilical region im-
pressed.
Greatest transverse diameter, three-fourths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. ‘An exceedingly nu-
merous species in the moist forests on the margin of the
104 HELICIDZ.
Mississippi River, near the Ohio,” according to Mr. Say.
It is also common in the States bordering upon the Ohio
River, but has not been noticed east of the Alleghany
mountains.
Remarks. This is a beautiful species, distinguished
by its shining epidermis, its crowded and delicate raised
strie, and the numerous reddish-brown revolving lines,
which contrast well with the russet or yellowish ground
on which they are traced. The lines vary in number
from three or four to thirty or more, and are sometimes
united into bands. On the sides and base they are
usually finely undulated. The general contour of the
shell resembles that of Helix thyrotdus. It is in general
thinner and more fragile than other shells found in the
same region, and varies very much in size ; individuals
with the mature lip occur, not exceeding half an inch in
diameter. It is occasionally entirely destitute of lines
and bands, and in one or two instances I have noticed
the epidermis of the living shell to be white.
It would appear from the statement made by Dr. Kirt-
land that their habits are somewhat peculiar. ‘ Wet
marshes are its principal resort, where, durmg summer,
it may be seen climbing about on weeds and blades of
grass, apparently endeavoring to avoid the water col-
lected beneath it. At the approach of winter it retreats
to the tops of the carex-bogs, where several dozen may
be found collected together in a torpid state, with the
mouths of their shells closed with an epiphragm. They
usually form a shallow excavation on the bog, concealed
HELIX. 105
beneath the tufts of dead grass.” The numbers col-
lected in these retreats are sometimes “agglutinated
into one mass.”” This habit of attaching themselves to
each other in numbers, during their hybernation, I have
not witnessed in any other of our species, but I believe
it is common in some Europein species.
4. HELIX PENNSYLVANICA, GREEN.
Puate VII.
H. testé elevato-convexa, imperforaté, corneo-rufes-
cente ; anfractibus tenuiter striatis, siriis obliquis, confertis ;
spira elevata, apice obiuso ; aperiura sub-triangulari ; labro
albo, margine reflexo ; regione umbilicali depress.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Heliz Pennsylvanica, Green, Contribuiions, No. 1, p. 8.
Karrranp, Ohio Report, 173.
Binney, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. I. 483, pl. 16,
PreiFrFER, Symbole, IT. 36.
Monog. Helic. Viv. I, 291.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat. Upper surface of a dull, uniform lead-color,
lower surface of the foot lighter; about twice as long as
the transverse diameter of the shell.
SHELL. Convex, elevated ; epidermis yellowish horn
color, or russet; whorls six, convex, with crowded, ele-
vated, oblique strize ; suture distinctly marked ; aperture
sub-triangular, contracted by the lip ; lip white, narrow,
VoL. Il, 27
106 HELICIDE.
reflected, not flattened, with sometimes a slight thick-
ening on the inner side near the base ; umbilical region
indented.
Extreme transverse diameter, three-fourths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits Ohio, and
the western part of Pennsylvania, and may probably be
found in all the States bordering on the Ohio river.
Remarks. A very well marked species, distinguished
chiefly by its triangular mouth and elevated spire. The
volutions are usually about six, rounded, or convex. The
shell is rather thin, and the lip but narrowly reflected.
Some individuals resemble H. elevata, Say, as is mention-
ed in the remarks on that species. The color of all the
thinner shells of this genus appears darker when the
animal is retracted into the shell, and this species has
then, sometimes, a purplish tinge. The shell varies in
being more or less elevated ; in some individuals the spire
is much flattened. It differs greatly in size also, some
perfect shells not attaining more than one half the size of
others. Some persons have thought that H. clausa,
Say, is a small variety of this shell ; but the rounded aper-
ture, which is a constant character in that shell, precludes
that supposition. The specimen figured in the plate is a
rather large one.
The animal of this, and many other species, is often
overrun with great numbers of Acari, resembling Acarus
limacum of Europe. There appears to be at least two
species of them. They are very minute, flesh colored,
¢
HELIX. 107
and move with great rapidity, often entering and
coming out of the respiratory foramen. Their presence
does not seem to cause any uneasiness, nor even to be
felt by the snail.
5. HELIX CLAUSA
Puate IV.
H. testa sub-globos4, sub-imperforata, luteo-cornea ; an-
fractibus striatis, striis minutis, crebris; apertura rotun-
data; peristomate albo, margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix clausa, Say, -Jqur. Acad. II. 154.
American Conch. No. 4. pl. 37, f. 1.
Binney, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. I. 482, pl. 15.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 172.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Helix Mitchelliana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. vi. 87, pl. 23, f. 71.
Helix Mitchella, Kirtland, loc. cit. 173.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat. Blackish.
Suett. Rounded, or somewhat globular; epidermis
light yellowish brown or russet color; suture distinct ;
1 Hypopus concolor, Haupeman. Oval, nearly colorless
or very pale ochraceous; bristled; sides impressed.
Length, 0.4 millim.
Differs in outline from the European species, which it
resembles in general appearance, mode of life, and in the
large pair of projecting setee anteriorly and posteriorly. A
colored dorsal line has been observed.
108 HELICID.
whorls five, with delicate raised, oblique strie ; aperture
rounded, upright, its plane making an acute angle with
the axis of the shell, somewhat contracted by the lip; lip
white, reflected; base rounded; umbilicus nearly cov-
ered by the reflected lip.
Greatest transverse diameter five-eighths of an inch ;
ordinary size about half an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Occurs plentifully in
the Western and Southwestern States, and in the States
bordering upon Lake Erie. It has not hitherto been
noticed in the Hastern States.
Remarks. This is a well marked and beautiful spe-
cies. Its form is quite globular, especially in small indi-
viduals. Its surface is shining, and its striz of increase
delicate and regular. Its aperture is rounded and the lip
reflected but not flattened. The umbilicus in specimens
entirely mature is covered, but, as commonly seen, a
small opening still remains. Its extreme diameter never
exceeds three-fourths of an inch, and sometimes does not
attain half that size. In the larger specimens the spire
is less elevated in proportion to the other dimensions.
The whorls are well rounded and do not exceed five. It
may be confounded with small specimens of H. pennsyl-
vanica, and of H. thyroidus in their immature condition,
but the former can be detected by its sub-triangular
aperture, and the latter, when closely examined, by the
rudiments of the tooth, exhibited by a slight thickening
in its place, resembling the touch of a pencil of varnish,
HELIX. 109
over the epidermis. From young specimens of H. buceu-
lenta, which it resembles still more nearly, it may be
distinguished by the same marks.
I formerly supposed this to be a doubtful species, but
it was at a time when but few.specimens had been pro-
cured, and when it was almost unknown in collections in
this neighborhood. I now esteem it to be as well estab-
lished as any other species.
Ihave examined Mr. Lea’s original specimen of H.
mitchelliana, and entertain no doubt of its specific iden-
tity with the present species. The lower outline figure
represents that shell.
The history of this species affords an instance of the
disregard of European naturalists to Mr. Say. The
first description was published by him in January, 1821,
under the name of Helix clausa ; yet a year afterwards,
M. Férussac applied the same name to another American
species, which had also been described by Mr. Say as
Helix inflecta. Both of Mr. Say’s descriptions are con-
tained in a well known Journal accessible to, and quoted
by them; but notwithstanding this, the error committed
by M. Férussac has been perpetuated by M. Deshayes
and others, down to the present time.
6. HELIX BERLANDERIANA, MOoRICAND.
Puate XLIX. Ficures 1, 2.
H. testa sub-globosa, arcté perforata, lucida, sub-opalina,
pallida, vix striata; anfractibus quinque convexis, sutura
VOL. Il. 28
110 HELICID.
bené discretis ; apertura constricta, lunata, peristomate albo,
reflexo, intus incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Hf. Berlanderiana, Moricanp, Mem. de Genéve, VI. 537, tab. 1. fig. 1.
Lamarck, An. sans Vert. (Desh, ed.) VII. 133.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 165, No. 425.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL quite transparent, yellowish white, immacu-
late; tentacles darker, with a dark line running back
from them quite under the shell; eyes black.
SHELL rather small, depressed globose, thin and trans-
lucid, scarcely striated, shining and with a somewhat
silken or opaline lustre, pale yellowish green, sometimes
nearly colorless, and generally having a faint, narrow,
brownish band around the posterior third of the last whorl.
Spire consisting of five well rounded whorls, separated by
a deeply impressed suture, the last whorl broadly rounded
at the periphery ; contracted at the aperture, which is
small crescentic, with a white, polished, roundly reflexed
peristome, presenting a sharp, inner edge to the interior.
The peristome is somewhat angular near its posterior
junction, and at this part the shell is thickened within
with callus, and is opaque white. Base rounded, and
perforated by a minute umbilicus.
Diameter half an inch; altitude variable, on an aver-
age one-fourth less.
GerogRApurcaL Drisrrreutron. Inhabits the south-
HELIX. 111
western region beyond the Mississippi, and was found
quite abundant at Corpus Christi, in Texas, and at the
Washita Springs, in Arkansas.
Remarks. The aspect of this shell is quite different
from that of any other North American species except
H. mobiliana, which is a much smaller shell. Small
specimens of H. clawsa approach large specimens of this
shell somewhat. H. stmilaris is also allied in its charac-
ters. I am inclined to think that H. pachyloma, Menke,
is one of the forms of this variable species. [4.]
7. HELIX HORTENSIS, MULLER.
Puate VIII.
H. testa sub-globosa, imperforata, glabra, luted, unicolore
vel fasciata ; anfractibus quinis, ultimo anfractu ventricoso ;
labro albo, sub-reflexo, intus incrassato; basi convexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix hortensis, Mute, loc, cit. 52, No. 247.
Govtp, Invertebrata, &c. 172.
Helix sub-globosa, Binney, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. I. 485. pl. 17.
DESCRIPTION.
AntmaL. Head and neck blackish, with a slight tinge
of brown; tentacles smoky; eyes black; base of foot
inky, posterior extremity dirty flesh-color. Foot rather
slender, terminating acutely. Respiratory foramen sur-
rounded with a blackish circle. Genital orifice indicated
112 HELICIDA.
by a blackish spot a little behind the large tentacle of
the right side. Length about twice the breadth of the
shell.
SHELL, sub-globose; epidermis shining, smooth, oli-
vaceous-yellow, very rarely with rufous horizontal bands
or lines; whorls five, convex ; spire somewhat elevated ;
suture, at the extremity of the last whorl, curved towards
the aperture; lip slightly reflected, white, obsolete on
the base, with the margin thickened internally ; aperture
rounded, slightly contracted at the base by the thickening
and indentation of the lip; umbilicus covered, indented ;
base convex.
Greatest transverse diameter three-quarters of an inch.
GxroGRAPHIcAL DistripuTIon. Inhabits the eastern
part of Massachusetts, near the sea. Is common on the
lower parts of Cape Cod, and on Cape Ann, and is very
abundant on Salt Island, a rocky, uninhabited islet near
Gloucester. It is also said to occur in the northern
part of Vermont, in Maine, Canada on the St. Law-
rence, Nova Scotia, and the islands of St. Pierre and
Miquelon.
Remarks. ‘This species was formerly described by
me as Helix sub-globosa, from the belief that its distinctive
characters were so strongly marked as to separate it from
Helix hortensis of Europe. Iam now convinced of its
identity with the latter species, and believe its origin, in
this country, to be due to the constant commercial inter-
HELIX. 113
course with those parts of Europe where it abounds. It
is yet found only in restricted localities, and chiefly near
the sea-shore, but being acclimated it may probably be-
come more generally diffused.
It may be distinguished from the foreign varieties, by
its general aspect, its uniformity of coloring, the greater
prominence of the spire, the difference in the color of
the animal, which Draparnaud describes as “‘ commonly
pale, or a little grayish, or slightly reddish;” a descrip-
tion that could not be applied to the variety in ques-
tion ; and lastly by its epiphragm, which is a thin trans-
parent membranous pellicle, as in one other species, in
place of an opaque papyraceous one, as stated by that
author.
In the young shell, the umbilicus, which is at length
hardly large enough to admit the point of a pin, is open,
and the lip is simple.
Its habits seem to differ, in some degree, from those of
our indigenous species. Unlike them, it does not appear
to burrow under stones, or decaying wood and leaves, but
is found on the surface of the ground, or ascending the
stems, and adhering to the leaves of the shrubs which
cover the soil. I have thought, too, that in captivity it is
less disturbed by the want of moisture than any of our
native species.
Having kept a large number of this species in confine-
ment, I have frequently had an opportunity of noticing
the manner in which the epiphragm is formed, a process
which seems not to have been heretofore correctly
VOL. II. 29
114 HELICIDA.
described. The aperture of the shell being upwards, and
the collar of the animal having been brought to a level
with it, a quantity of gelatinous matter is thrown out,
which covers it. The pulmonary orifice is then opened,
and a portion of the air within suddenly ejected, with
such force as to separate the viscid matter from the collar
and to project it, like a bubble of air, from the aperture.
The animal then quickly withdraws further into the shell,
and the pressure of the external air forces back the vesi-
cle toa level with the aperture, when it hardens and forms
the epiphragm. In some of the European species in
which the gelatinous secretion contains more carbonate
of lime than ours, solidification seems to take place at
the moment when the air is expelled, and the epiphragm
in these is strongly convex.
The prevalent characters of this, and probably of other
species ina given locality, seem to undergo a considerable
change from time to time. When I first visited Salt
Island, where this species abounds, ten years ago, it was
impossible to find a single specimen with either lines or
bands. One uniform color prevailed throughout. At
the present time, the banded varieties are said not to be
uncommon. [ They have recently been discovered by
Dr. Samuel Cabot, in great numbers, on House Island,
another of the little islets in the vicinity of Cape Ann,
where all of them are of the banded variety. On the
Outer Gooseberry, another neighboring islet, he found
still another variety.—. ]
HELIX. 115
8. HELIX BUFFONIANA, PFEIFFER.
Puate XLII.
H. testa ventricosd, sub-imperforata, griseo-albida, granu-
losa, fasciis tribus rufis cinetay; apice sub-acuto ; anfracti-
bus quatuor, anfractu ultimo permagno; apertura obliqua,
ampla ; labro sub-reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
H. buffoniana, Preir., Menke’s Zeitsch, fir Malacozodl. Oct. 1845, p. 152.
Symb. Heliceor, II. No. 473.
Monog. Heliceor. I. 196.
Puruirrt, Abbild. &c. Helix, p. 47. tab. IX. fig. 2.
DESCRIPTION.
Anima. Not noticed.
SuetL. Ventricose, grayish white, spire acuminate ;
whorls four, rapidly enlarging in diameter from the apex
to the aperture, last whorl very ample, with rough irregu-
lar strize and wrinkles: aperture oblique, large; lip
narrow, white, sub-reflected; umbilicus only partially
covered by the reflection of the lip as it rises from the
base: base turgid, a thin testaceous deposit connecting
the two extremes of the lip; surface of the shell sha-
greened or covered with minute rough granulations ;
three rufous bands revolve upon the whorls, only partly
visible on the spire.
Greatest transverse diameter, one inch and a half.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrisuTion. Inhabits Mexico, in
some parts of which it is abundant.
116 HELICID.
Remarks. [ This shell has a general resemblance in
form and coloring to H. aspersa of Europe, for which it
was unfortunately mistaken by the author, and is erro-
neously so lettered on the plate. It is of larger size,
and an examination of its surface, which is singularly
granulated, can leave no doubt of its distinctness.—é. ]
9. HELIX ASPERSA, MULL.
H. testa imperforata, conico-globosa, rugulosa, griseo-
lutescente, fasciis variis castaneis flammulisque _flavidis
ornata: anfractibus quatuor convexiusculis, ultimo ventri-
coso; apertura lunato-rotundata, peristomate acuto, ex-
panso, albo, margine columellari dilatato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix aspersa, Mtu., Verm. II. 59. No. 253.
Ferussac, Hist. tab. 18, 19, 21, B. 24.
Lam. An. sans Vert. (Desh, ed.) VIII. 32.
DESCRIPTION.
SuHeLt. Sub-globose, imperforate, rather thin, the
surface rather coarsely and irregularly striate, and finely
wrinkled and indented; the ground color is yellowish or
grayish, with chestnut-colored bands of various width,
across which are narrow undulating flammules of yel-
lowish. The spire is rather obtuse, composed of four
or five moderately convex whorls, the principal one being
very large and ventricose. The aperture is large, a
little oblique, rounded lunate; the lip white, sharp,
HELIX. 117
turned slightly outward, and in the region of the um-
bilicus turning over the columella in a broad appressed
callus, which is continued to the upper junction of the
lip.
Greatest diameter, about one inch and a quarter.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distereuatoy. It has been found at
New Orleans, Charleston, 8. C., Nova Scotia, and also
on the coast of Maine.
Remarks. This well known species, so common in
every part of Europe, is among those which commerce
has introduced to this country. Wherever it has hitherto
been found, it could be traced directly to the Old World.
It is known to have been brought from Spain to New
Orleans in captivity, as an article of food. It is a large
species, more ventricose than any of our large ones, and
is readily recognized by its peculiar bands, intersected
by yellow flames and stripes. It may be distinguished
from H. buffoniana, which it otherwise closely resem-
bles, by the want of granules upon its surface, and its
bands are much more distinctly defined.
10. HELIX TUDICULATA, BINNEY,
Puate XVI.
H. testa orbiculato-convexa, imperforata, rufo-olivacea,
fascia unica castanea cinctaé, et impressionibus squamoidis
undique signata; apertura transversa; labro albido, sub-
reflexo; basi convexa.
VOL. II. 30
118 HELICIDZ.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix tudiculata, Binney, Bost. J. N. H. IV. 360. pl. 20.
Preir., Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 363.
DESCRIPTION.
Anta. Not observed.
SHELL. Orbiculate-convex; epidermis olivaceous ;
spire a depressed cone ; whorls between five and six,
shghtly convex ; body-whorl voluminous, expanding some-
what towards the aperture: aperture transverse, rather
circular: lip whitish, slightly reflected; umbilicus cov-
ered by a testaceous collar uniting with the reflected lip ;
base convex ; a well-defined, rather wide, dark chestnut
band, margined with a light color above and below,
revolves near the centre of the body whorl, and is more
or less visible above the suture on the two whorls pre-
ceding the last; surface of the outer whorl covered with
somewhat regular impressions or indentations with ridges
between, causing it to look as if covered with scales ;
when these are not apparenf,.it is marked with oblique
wrinkles.
Transverse diameter one inch and a quarter.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. The only individual
I have seen, belonging to the cabinet of Andrew Belknap,
Esq., was taken near St. Diego, California.
Remarks. This beautiful and well defined species is
unlike any shell which I have, and no description has
been met with which corresponds to it. It resembles
in its general appearance Helix Dupetithouarsti of Des-
hayes (Guerin, Mag. de Zool. 1841, pl. 30,) but it is
HELIX. 119
destitute of an umbilical opening, which in that species is
large. The singular indentations of the surface resem-
ble the indentations of the hammer on the interior of
silver vessels, and hence the specific name. In this
respect it resembles H. townsendiana, Lea, from the
same region, which however has a large umbilicus, a
widely reflected lip, and a more robust form, like H.
exoleta.
11. HELIX NICKLINIANA, LEA
Puate VI. Ficure 1. Puare VI. a.
H. testa conico-globosa, vix perforata, tenui, leviter striata,
concinné indentata et granulata, diluté cornea, rufo-zonata ;
spira elevata, anfractibus sex convexis, ultimo ventricoso ;
apertura rotundata, labro reflexo, albo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz Nickliniana, Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. VI. 100., pl. 23. f. 84.
DESCRIPTION.
Anima. Not observed.
SHELL conic-globose, rather thin, the surface lightly
marked by the lines of growth, faintly indented and
delicately shagreened with fine microscopic granules
arranged in quincunx. It is pale horn-color or some-
times cinereous, girdled with a single narrow chestnut
brown zone, paler at its edges ; the whole covered with a
thin, yellowish-brown epidermis. Spire elevated, whorls
six, moderately convex, the outer one ventricose, with
some approach to an angular periphery. Base tumid,
120 HELICID&.
depressed at centre and perforated by a very small um-
bilicus. Aperture rounded, forming two-thirds of a
circle; lip white, slightly reflected above, more so
below, until at the umbilicus it is quite revolute and
mostly covers the opening. Within, flesh color.
Diameter seven-eighths of an inch; axis three-fourths
of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRrBuTIoN. Mr. Lea’s specimens
were brought from California. Others were obtained by
the Exploring Expedition along the Sacramento River.
Remarks. The general aspect of this species in
form and coloration is much like that of H. arbustorwm.
The shell is thinner, somewhat more conical, and the
aperture larger, with the lip less reflected. It belongs
to the same group with H. tudiculata, and has the same
general marking ; but it is smaller and more elevated.
The coloration varies in being more or less clear brown
or flecked with ash color. There is also considerable
variation in solidity. One specimen deviates so much
in these respects and others, that there would be no
hesitation in regarding it as a distinct species, were it
seen unaccompanied by others. It is quite solid, gray-
ish, with a band scarcely perceptible. The strix of
growth crowded and beautifully decussated by revoly-
ing impressed lines which deviate as they pass over
the larger longitudinal ridges. The peristome is much
thickened within, so as greatly to contract the aperture.
It is represented by the middle figure of Plate VI.
HELIX. 121
12. HELIX CALIFORNIENSIS, Lea.
Puate VI. Ficure 2.
H. testa globoso-conica, vix perforata, tenui, lucida, subtil-
issime indentata et granulata, luteo-cornea fascia rufa cineta ;
spira eleyata, anfractibus quinis, ultimo vesiculoso; apertura
semicirculari, labro reflexiusculo, intus incrassato, albo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Californiensis, Lea, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. VI. 99, pl. 23, f. 79
DESCRIPTION.
Antmau. Not observed.
SHELL, ventricose, sub-globular, thin and transparent,
shining, delicately indented and granulated, faintly but
regularly striate, of a pale yellowish horn-color, minutely
flecked with pale spots and girded by a narrow brown band,
paler at its edges. Spire elevated, whorls five, convexly
rounded, the last very broad, vesicular ; base ventricose.
Aperture rather small, sub-circular, the lip shghtly evert-
ed, thickened within, more everted towards its immer junc-
tion, where it is roundly reflected nearly covering a very
small umbilical perforation. The interior has a silky
lustre.
Diameter six-eighths, axis five-cighths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Brought by Mr. Nut-
tall from San Diego, Upper California.
Remarks. This species is closely allied to the pre-
ceding by its general contour, coloring, and marking, and
VOL. Il. oy! |
422 HELICIDA:.
might be regarded, at first sight, as a young, or starved
specimen of it. It is much more delicate, and generally
much smaller. Its form is much more globose, approach-
ing, in the form of the large whorl, to H. aperta ; and the
brown band is more clearly edged with yellow.—[¢. ]
18. HELIX ABJECTA, GOULD.
Prate XIII. a. Ficure 2.
H. testa imperforata, orbiculari-depressa, cornea, liris
obliquis porcaté ; spira depressa, anfractibus quinis con-
vexiusculis, ultimo subangulato; basi convexa, ad centrum
impresso et callo albo obtecta; apertura rotundato-lunari,
labro albo, flexuoso, valdé reflexo, posticé instricto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
H. abjecta, Goutp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 40, Oct. 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL. Not observed.
SHELL, rather small, depressed, somewhat discoidal,
of medium thickness and a dingy horn-color, sculptured
with coarse oblique furrows. Spire slightly convex, whorls
about six, alittle convex, and separated by a well impressed
suture ; the outer whorl is a little angular at its periphery.
Beneath, it is more smooth, moderately convex, with
the central region excavated, and covered with a glaz
ing of white callus. The aperture is lunate, and very
oblique ; the lip is white, broadly reflected, its basal
portion horizontal, and its outer portion flexuous.
HELIX. 123
Diameter three-fourths of an inch; axis three-tenths
of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Inhabits Arkansas,
in the region of the Washita Springs.
Remarks. Its general aspect is that of H. appressa.
On a closer examination it is found to be thinner, more
coarsely ridged, and a little more globular. The aper-
ture is larger, more rounded, and destitute of a tooth;
the lip is peculiarly flexuous. The umbilical region is
the same. H. dentifera is still more like this in form,
but it has also a tooth, and its surface is minutely granu-
lated by fine decussating lines. H. colwmbiana is much
more globular, smooth, with the umbilicus open, and
also with a sinus to the lip.—[«.]
14. HELIX POLYCHROA, BINNEY.
Prate XLVJ., XLVI.
H. testa solidula, arcté perforaia, globoso-conica, striat-
ula, levi, versicolore, alba, fuscescente, virescente, vel
rubescente, unicolore vel fasciis variis nigricaniibus cincta ;
apice et labiis semper rosaceis; spira elevata, anfractibus
5-6 convexis ; basi convexiuscula ; apertura parva, sub-cir-
culari, peristomate acuto, reflexiusculo, intus incrassato,
portione columellari dilatato, planulato; fauce plerumque
rosaceo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Heliz submeris, Micuets, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. I. 187.
124 HELICIDA.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL. Body of a delicate white color, very finely
granulated, upper tentacles rather long; a dark line
arising between the tentacles and along the back passes
under the shell; a fainter line is found along each side
of the neck.
SHELL of medium size, solid, conic-globose, delicately
striate, but leaving the surface smooth and shinmg. The
ground color is variable, being white, dusky, greenish or
reddish, and either plain or variously encircled by dark
bands ; the tip and the lip, especially the columellar
portion, is always rose red, and generally, likewise, the
throat. The spire is elevated, composed of about five
and a half convex whorls, the outermost broadly rounded
at the periphery. The base is moderately convex and
perforated by a minute umbilicus, nearly covered by the
expanded and flattened pillar lip. Aperture small, ap-
proaching two-thirds of a circle, the peristome acute,
thickened within, a little everted, becoming more so
towards its inner junction. Among the varieties the
following may be enumerated :
«, elevated, white with a median black band on the
outer whorl, which is sutural on the spire margined with
pale citron.
6. the same, with two approximate black basal bands.
jy. elevated, white with two narrow bands on the outer
HELLX. 125
whorl, one of which is median, the other sutural on the
spire, the latter interrupted.
6. the same, with a broad basal fascia.
e. yellowish, with numerous bands partially blended
by dusky lines in the direction of the increment.
¢. fuliginous, with a single“white peripheral fascia and
white umbilical area. (This variety was described by
Dr. Mighels under the name of H. submeris.)
7. depressed, ashy-olive, with a white peripheral band.
6. elevated, uniform yellowish green.
«. uniform pale reddish.
Diameter seven-tenths of an inch; axis five to six-
tenths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTIoN. Inhabits Florida. It
was found by Mr. Bartlett near the beach at Cape
Florida and Key Biscayene, under dead leaves among
palmetto and sea-grape trees; at Key West by Capt.
Walden.
Remarks. This is the only shell among all our
North American Helices which has the aspect of a
decidedly tropical species, and there is more reason to
suppose that it has been derived from some of the neigh-
boring West India Islands, than that it is indigenous,
though we do not yet know of its having been found else-
where. With the exception of H. alternata, or H. cumber-
landica, it is the only species which has any thing like
variegated coloring. Although it-approaches closely to
several described species, and especially to H. versicolor,
VOL. II. 32
126 HELICID.
Born, and H. carnicolor, Menke, yet we feel compelled
to regard it as similar and not identical, a member of a
group such as is usually found in particular geographi-
cal regions. It is doubtless the shell alluded to by Mr.
Forbes, in his catalogue of species common to both sides
of the Atlantic, as H. Pisana, ‘which it greatly re-
sembles, especially in the color of the aperture. A
comparison of the base and other characters will show
their difference. It cannot be confounded with any
other North American species.—[4. ]
b, Aperture toothed.
15. HELIX ELEVATA, Sav.
Puate IV.
H. testa orbiculato-conoideé, imperforata, luteo-cornea ;
spira elevata; anfractibus tenuiter striatis, striis obliquis ;
apertura sub-angulata ; labro albo, parte inferiori interné
sub-dentato, margine reflexo; columella dente robusto,
albo, sub-arcuato armat..
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix elevata, Say, Journ. Acad, II. 154, anno 1821.
American Conchology, No. 4. pl. 37, f. 2.
Kirttanp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Boston Jour, Nat. Hist. I. 490, pl. 19.
DeKay, New York Report, 31.
Heliz Knoxvillina, Frrussac, Tab. Syst. 37, No. 94.
Hist. pl. 49, f. 5, 6.
Helix Tennesseénsis, Lea. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. N.S. VI. (young.)
HELIX. 127
DESCRIPTION.
AnimaL. Ashy brown on the upper surface, lighter
on the posterior extremity and sides; collar grayish-
white ; glands prominent and distinct.
SHELL. Very convex, elevated, almost conical; epi-
dermis yellowish horn-color; whorls nearly seven,
rounded, with fine oblique transverse striz ; suture dis-
tinct ; aperture contracted by the lip, somewhat trian-
gular; lip white, reflected, lower inner margin a little
thickened ; pillar-lip with a large, white, robust, oblique-
ly-curved tooth ; umbilicus covered.
Greatest transverse breadth seven-eighths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTION. Inhabits the Northern
States, from New York to Missouri, the western parts of
Pennsylvania and Virginia, East Tennessee, and the
States bordering upon the Ohio River. It is very abun-
dant in the neighborhood of Cincinnati.
Remarks. This is a rather thick and heavy shell.
It resembles H. Pennsylvanica in general aspect, but is
larger, has one more whorl, and is a coarser shell. The
tooth on the pillar lip, which is wanting in the other, will
always enable one to distinguish the mature shells ; but
the young resemble each other so nearly that it is diffi-
cult to discover a difference. The variations of the
species are small, the greater or less elevation of the
spire being the common cause of the differences.
In captivity, it burrows much under the surface of the
128 HELICIDZ.
ground, and keeps itself hidden the greater part of the
time.
The first description of this shell was published by
Mr. Say, in the Journal of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, in January, 1821. Early in
1822, it was indicated by Férussac in his Tableau Syste-
matique, as H. Knoxvillina, as was afterwards shown,
when the explanation of the supplementary plates of his
work was published, in which the figure of this species
is referred to as H. Knozvillina of his Tableau, and as
HT, elevata of Say. Mr. Say’s deseription having been
published a year before the name of Férussac, which
was unaccompanied with specific characters to enable
the reader to identify it, should give the name first
imposed the precedence, and I therefore retain it.
M. D’Orbigny, in his Synopsis of the land and fresh
water shells of South America, published in Guerin’s
Magasin de Zoologie for 1835, has applied the same
name to one of the species described by him. He was
doubtless ignorant that it had been pre-occupied, and
will of course replace it by another, when the fact is
known to him. On careful comparison of specimens of
Mr. Lea’s H. Tennesseénsis with the inner whorls of this
species, there can be little doubt that it is the same shell
in an immature state.
HELIX. 429
16. HELIX THYROIDUS, Say.
Puate XI.
H. testa orbiculato-convexa, dub-umbilicata, luteo-cornea ;
anfractibus tenuiter striatis, striis confertis, obliquis ; appen-
diculo dentiformi, obliquo, columellz adnato ; peristomate
albo, margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix thyroidus, Say, Nich. Encye. (Amer. ed.) IV.
Journ. Acad. I, 123, II. 161.
American Conchology, No. 2, pl. 13.
Frrussac, Hist. pl. 49, a. f. 4; pl. 50, a. f. 6. ?
Desnayes, Encye. Meth. II. 230.
Lamarck, An. sans Vert. 2 ed. VIII. 114.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. I. 488, pl. 18.
Dr Kay, New York Report, 31.
Goutp, Invertebrata, &c., 171, pl. 108.
Apams, Mollusca, &c., 9.
Helix thyroides, Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 356.
DESCRIPTION.
AnimaL. Color a dirty yellowish white, with a grayish
hue in some individuals, tentacles darker, eyes black,
base of foot dirty white ; foot rather narrow, terminated
posteriorly in an acute angle. Length equal to twice
the breadth of the shell.
SHELL rounded, convex; epidermis, of a uniform
yellowish brown or russet color ; whorls five, with fine,
parallel striae, running obliquely across them; suture
distinctly impressed; aperture rounded, contracted by
VoL, Il. 33
130 HELICIDA.
the lip, the plane of the aperture making a considerable
angle with the plane of the base of the shell: pillar
lip with a prominent, white, toothlike process placed
obliquely to the axis of the shell; lip white, widely re-
flected, and sometimes grooved on its face ; exterior of
the reflected lip yellowish; umbilicus exhibiting only
one volution, partially covered by the reflected lip where
it unites with the base of the shell.
Extreme transverse diameter one inch, ordinarily
three-fourths.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTriBuTION. Inhabits plentifully
all the States from New York to Missouri, and from
South Carolina to Arkansas. It is very common in the
country bordering on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers,
and though sometimes found, is not common in the New
England States.
Remarks. This species bears a strong resemblance
to H. albolabris, with which it is sometimes confounded.
It has, however, striking specific characters, which are
never wanting, and which will enable one always to dis-
tinguish it. These are, the partially closed umbilicus,
and the tooth on the pillar lip. The yellow color on the
posterior part of the reflected lip is also a very constant
character; this is derived from the mantle of the animal,
which, in a state of rest, frequently overlaps the margin
of the aperture. It is asmaller shell than H. albolabris,
and more convex, and the plane of the aperture makes
a much larger angle with the plane of the base.
HELIX. 131
It varies considerably in appearance. Some individ-
uals never reach half the standard size of the species.
It is more or less globose, has the umbilicus sometimes
covered, and at other times is destitute of the tooth.
The animal, though usually yellowish, I have noticed to
be in a few cases blackish. h is probable that the color
of the animals of this genus is much influenced by the
nature of their food.
Lister’s figure, Synopsis Conch. etc. t. 91, f 91, is
probably intended to represent this species.
17. HELIX EXOLETA, BINNEY.
Puate X.
H. testa orbiculato-ventricosa, imperforata, luteo-cornea ;
anfractibus transversé striatis; striis confertis, obliquis;
appendiculo dentiformi, albo, columelle obliqué adnato;
peristomate albo, margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix zaleta, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. I. 492, pl. 20.
Kartianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14,
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Heliz albolabris, var. FErussac, Hist. pl. 46, a. f. 6.
132 HELICIDA:.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL grayish-brown or blackish above, paler on
the posterior extremity and base ; superior tentacles black,
long, and slender; glands very prominent ; length, when
fully extended, including the tentacles, equal to thrice
the breadth of the shell.
SHELL convex, somewhat ventricose; epidermis of
a uniform, yellowish horn, or russet-color ; whorls between
five and six, with fine, parallel striae crossing them ob-
liquely ; body whorl large and ventricose; suture well
marked and distinct; aperture rounded, contracted by
the lip, the plane of the aperture making a considerable
angle with the plane of the base; lip white, reflected ;
pillar-lip with a prominent, white, oblique tooth; umbili-
cus covered.
Greatest transverse diameter, about one inch.
GroagrapuicaL DistrrputTion. Common in the States
bordering on the Ohio River, in East Tennessee, the west-
ern parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and the nor-
thern States from New York to Missouri. I have not
heard of its having been noticed in New England, or
eastward of the Alleghany mountains.
Remarks. This shell has frequently been confounded
with Helix albolabris, Say; and I have seen it in cabi-
nets labelled as a toothed variety of that species. It is,
however, quite as distinct from it as the other allied spe-
cies, and is generally received as an independent species.
Though resembling H. albolabris in many respects, it
differs in general aspect, and in many very observable
particulars. It is smaller, more convex, and the body
whorl is more yentricose than in that species. The re-
flected lip is less flat and broad, and is sometimes a little
grooved. The aperture ix more round, and the plane
of the mouth, instead of being flattened in the direction of
the plane of the base, is much more upright, making a
considerable angle with the base of the shell. Attention
to these differences will enable one to distinguish the
shell, even before the tooth is added. In those indivi-
duals where the tooth is wanting, there is often a slight
deposition of testaceous matter in its place, not distin-
guishable without close observation.
The color of the animal varies-in being more or less
dark; but I have never seen an individual which ap-
proached the white, pearly, or cream color, which is so
common in the animal of H. albolabris. The eggs are
white, one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and are laid in
the earth as deep as the body of the animal will extend,
in clusters of about twenty.
There is certainly a strong resemblance between many
of our species which, with H. albolabris as their type,
form a well-marked division. But as their differences
are as constant as their resemblances, it cannot be proper
to unite them into one.
When I published the first description of this shell, in
1837, I adopted, without examination, the name zaleta,
which I found applied to it in some cabinets, and which
VOL. Il. 34
134 HELICID.
I then supposed had been imposed by Mr. Say. Not
having since been able to procure any information about
its origin, and finding it to be destitute of meaning, and
probably a corruption of the word intended to be used,
I have ventured to substitute for it the specific name of
exoleta. This word was undoubtedly suggested to the
person first proposmg it by the idea that the shell was
the adult, or superannuated form of H. albolabris.
18. HELIX DENTIFERA, BINNEY.
Puate XII.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, imperforata, luteo-cornea ;
spira subplanulata, subtus convexa ; anfractibus transversé
striatis, striis crebris, minutis; peristomate albo, margine
laté reflexo; columella valdé unidentata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix dentifera, Bryney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. I. 494, pl. 21.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Apams, Mollusca, &c., 9.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 317.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL grayish on the sides and posterior extremity,
brownish on the upper parts, darker on the head and neck,
foot long and narrow, superior tentacles long and slen-
der, eyes black.
SHELL flattened-convex on the upper surface, convex
below; epidermis yellowish horn-color, immaculate;
HELIX. 135
spire depressed; whorls five, with delicate, parallel,
oblique strie; suture distinct, not deeply impressed ;
aperture contracted by the lip, flattened towards the
plane of the base; lip white, broadly and abruptly re-
flected ; pillarlip with a prominent, white, toothlike
process nearly parallel with the lower margin of the
aperture, not projecting towards the umbilicus; base
convex.
Greatest transverse diameter, about three-quarters of
an inch.
GEoGRAPHICAL DistriBuTIon. Noticed by me, hith-
erto, only in the State of Vermont, on the eastern slope
of the Green Mountains. Dr. De Kay includes it in his
Catalogue of the Mollusca of New York ; and it has also
been found in Ohio.
Remarks. This species does not appear to be common
in the localities which it inhabits. Several years since,
they were very numerous in the town of Strafford, Ver-
mont, but have latterly entirely disappeared. It can
only be compared with Helix appressa, the large variety
of which it resembles. It differs from it, however, in
having no projection on the inner margin of the lip, and
in the character of the columellar tooth, which is straight
and prominent, never curved. ‘The lip is more acutely
reflected, broader and more flattened, and the base is
more convex. The general aspect of the two is quite
different. H. abjecta is also similar in form, but is des-
titute of a tooth.
136 HELICID&.
19. HELIX PALLIATA, Say.
Puates XIV., XV.
H. testa orbiculato-depressi, imperforaté, castanea, hir-
suta ; anfractibus minuté striatis; apertura angusta, trilo-
bata; labro albo, laté reflexo, dentibus duobus instructo ;
columella dente unico sub-arcuato, armata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix palliata, Say, Journ. Acad. If. 152, anno 1821.
Kirtranp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. II. 353, pl. 7.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Avams, Mollusca, 9.
Helix obstricta, Say, loc. cit. IL. 154.
Helix denotata, Frrussac, Tab. 38, No. 102, anno 1822.
Hist. &e. pl. 49. a. f.5; pl. 50. a. f. 7.
Desuayes in Lamarck, VIII. 115.
Helix notata, Desuayes, Encye. Meth. I. 224, No. 28.
Helix Caroliniensis, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. IV. 108, pl. 15, f. 33.
Carocolla helicoides, Lea, loc. cit. 1V. 159, pl. 15, f. 34.
DESCRIPTION.
Anmat. Of a uniform, blackish, slate color over the
whole upper surface ; foot narrow, in length double the
diameter of the shell, and terminating in an acute point ;
superior tentacles one-third of an inch long; eyes not
distinguishable from the general color.
SHELL depressed; epidermis dark brown or chest-
nut color, and rough with minute, acute projections and
stiff hairs; whorls five, flattened above and rounded
below, with numerous very fine, oblique striz ; aperture
HELIX. 137
three-lobed, much contracted by the lip and teeth; lip
white, sometimes edged with brown, widely reflected,
with two projecting teeth on the inner margin, the one
near its junction with the body-whorl acute and prominent,
the other, in the base of the aperture, long, lamellar, and
but little prominent ; pillatlip with a very prominent,
white, curved tooth, projecting nearly perpendicularly
from the shell, and forming one boundary of the aperture ;
umbilicus covered with a white callus, the continuation
of the reflected lip ; base convex.
Greatest transverse diameter, nearly one inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTrIBuTION. Inhabits all the North-
ern and Western States, and the Atlantic States as far
south as South Carolina, and probably may be found in
every State of the Union, and in Canada. It is most
common in the Western States, where it attains its
greatest size.
Remarks. This is a remarkable species, easily dis-
tinguished from every other by its rough, hairy exterior,
prominent falciform tooth on the columella, and con-
tracted, trilobate aperture. As in all other imperforate
species with reflected lip, the umbilicus remains open until
the lip is completed ; and, of course, the young shells are
destitute of the most striking characteristics as above
described. It resembles H. tridentata, Say, in its upper
surface, so much that, when placed side by side, they
might be considered identical ; but on the lower surface
the resemblance no longer holds ; for, though the aper-
VOL. Il. 35
138 HELICID.
ture is nearly the same, the umbilicus of that species is
never closed, and it never attains the size of the present
species. The lower lip-tooth is also very different.
Varieties of the type are caused by the absence of the
upper or lower lip-tooth, or of both, the want of the raised
projections of the epidermis, and of the transverse striae,
and by the great depression of the spire in some individ-
uals, which produces a distinct angle or carina on the
outer whorl. ‘This last variation brings it within the
genus Carocolla of Lamarck, and shows that the dis-
tinctive characters of that genus are of no value.
A carinate variety, which was noticed by Mr. Say as
“a variety with a very prominent, acute carina, destitute
of minute protuberances,’ and having the carina crenu-
lated by prominent transverse strize, has been described
by Mr. Lea as Carocolla helicoides. It is the same
figured by Férussac, pl. 50, a. fig. 7.
A carinate striate variety with smooth epidermis, was
described by Mr. Say as Helix obstricta.
Another variety, having the oblique strie widely
separated, and very distinct, and being at the same time
somewhat carinate, has been described by Mr. Lea as
Helix Carolinensis. An inspection of the shells from
which these descriptions were made has convinced me
that they are only varieties of this species.
A singular variety is found in the neighborhood of
Vicksburgh, Mississippi, in which the lip, though thickened
and white within, is scarcely reflected, but forms a con-
tinuous line with the last whorl. Instead of beimg ap-
HELIX. 139
pressed to the base of the shell, so as to cover the umbili-
cal opening, as is usual, it makes a curved line around
the umbilicus, and projects perpendicularly from the
base.
The smooth, amber-colored, finely striated variety is
rare, and differs so much from the common type that it
induces those who are not well acquainted with the spe-
cies to consider it distinct. But the character of the
aperture is the same in both; and all the intermediate
modifications may be seen in the various collections.
Mr. Say’s description was published in January, 1821;
and the shell has been known in the United States by
the name of H. palliata since that time. In 1822, the
name of H. denotata was applied to it by Férussac. The
editors of the new edition of Lamarck’s Animaux sans
Vertébres, have chosen to retain the latter name; but,
inasmuch as it is inconsistent with the rules of priority,
as advocated by themselves, it ought not to obtain.
Plate XV. represents the variety of this species.
140 HELICIDA.
20. HELIX APPRESSA, Say.
Puavre XIII.
H. testa depress, imperforata, luteo-cornea ; anfractibus
obliqué striatis; apertura angusta; labro albo, sub-dentato,
margine reflexo ; collumella dente unico arcuato armata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix appressa, Say, Journ. Acad. IT. 154, anno 1821.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 172.
Binney, Boston Journ. III. 356, pl. 8.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Cuemnitz Conch. 2d. ed. t. 63, f. 17, 18.
Preirer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 317.
Helix linguifera, Lamarck, VI. 90, anno 1822.
Ferussac, Prodr. 95; Hist. pl. 49, a. f. 3.
Desuayes in Lamarck, VIII. 70.
Encye. Meth. II. 224.
Tridopsts appressa, Beck, Index, 22.
DESCRIPTION.
Anta. Uniform blackish slate color, and resem-
bling in all respects the animal of Helix palliata.
Swett depressed; epidermis yellowish horn-color ;
whorls five, often somewhat angulated, with fine, dis-
tinct, transverse strie ; aperture rather flattened, con-
tracted ; lip white, reflected, near the base appressed to
the body-whorl and covering the umbilicus, with one, or
two, or even no projecting teeth on its inner edge;
pillar-lip with an oblique, compressed, white tooth; base
convex ; umbilical region slightly indented.
Greatest transverse diameter, less than three-fourths
of an inch.
HELIX. 141
GroGRaPHIcAL Distrisurion. Inhabits all the West-
ern and South-western States, and the western part of
New York. Dr. Griffith has noticed it on the Lehigh,
in Pennsylvania; and I have received it from the moun-
tains of the Carolinas, Georgia, and Tennessee.
Remarks. I consider this species not to be well
established ; but I retain it in deference to the opinions of
conchologists generally, who differ fromme. The descrip-
tion of Mr. Say hardly points out any difference between
it and the preceding; and accordingly, varieties of H.
palliata are commonly seen in cabinets as H. appressa.
Well marked specimens of the two are very unlike; but
they approach each other by nice, and hardly apprecia-
ble shades of difference, until they at length seem to
blend into one. It is impossible to say how far the
characters of shells are modified by the accident of their
locality and other causes; but that they are so to a con-
siderable degree is certain; and it appears to me that
the differences between this and the preceding species
are not greater than might be produced by the influence
of external circumstances. The shell intended to be
described is very common in the Western and South-
western States, is usually only about half as large as H.
palliata, and considerably more flattened in shape. It
has a smooth and shining epidermis, without the hirsute
projections, and is finely striated, and sometimes carinate.
The lip is narrower and less broadly expanded, the aper-
ture much less contracted, and the tooth on the pillar-lip
VOL, Il. 36
142 HELICID.
“
less prominent and thick than in that species. The teeth
on the outer lip are sometimes entirely wanting, at other
times very distinct; sometimes the upper, but usually
the lower one is alone present. The lower lip-tooth is a
lamellar enlargement of the lip, extending from the base
nearly to the superior extremity of the lip. The smaller
sized specimens resemble considerably Helix inflecta,
Say; and it seems almost to form a connecting link
between that species and H. palliata. The larger speci-
mens are hardly inferior in size to individuals of the last-
named species, which they closely resemble. Large
specimens, without teeth on the outer lip, also resemble
the species which I have called Helix dentifera; but
that species never has the lip-teeth, and is not so much
depressed. A favorite place of resort of this species is
under flat stones about neglected quarries.
The first publication of a description of this shell was
by Mr. Say, in the place referred to, in 1821; the next
year a second appeared, by Lamarck, in the first edition
of his Animaua sans Vertébres, under the name of
Helix linguifera, reference being made to Férussac’s
Histoire des Mollusques, which was not then published.
Mr. Say’s name ought, therefore, to be preferred.
HELIX. 143
21. HELIX INFLECTA, Say.
Puate XLV. Ficure 3.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, imperforata, corneo-lutes-
cente, raré hirsuta ; anfraétibus striatis, striis minutis,
obliquis ; apertura angustissima, trilobata ; labro albo, denti-
bus duobus, acutis, inflectis, armato; margine reflexo;
regione umbilicali impressa ; dente albo, arcuato ad colu-
mellam affixo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz inflecta, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 153, anno 1821.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14,
Binney, Boston Journ. III. 358, pl. 9, f. 1.
Heliz clausa, Frrussac, Tab. Syst. 38, No. 104.
Hist. pl. 51, f. 2.
DesHaveEs, Encyc. Meth. II. 230.
in Lamarck, VIII. 114.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 420.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. t. 64, f. 25, 26.
Gonostoma clausum, HELD, Isis, 1837.
Tridopsis inflecta, Brox, Index, 22.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL dark bluish slate color, head and tentacles
almost black ; superior tentacles long and slender ; foot
narrow, in length more than twice the diameter of the
shell, terminating in an acute angle.
SHELL depressed; epidermis brownish horn color,
sometimes with very fine, hair-like projections ; whorls
five, with very minute, transverse striz ; suture not much
impressed ; aperture three-lobed, very much contracted ;
144 HELICIDZ.
lip white, narrow, reflected, with a deep groove or inden-
tation behind the reflection, contracting the opening so
that the outer edge of the lip does not project beyond
the surface of the whorl; on the inner margin of the lip
are two acute teeth, with the points directed inwards,
one near the base, the other midway between that and
the junction of the lip with the body-whorl, with a circu-
lar sinus between them, forming one of the lobes of the
aperture; pillarlip with a long, arcuated, white tooth ;
umbilicus covered, its place considerably impressed.
Greatest transverse diameter, one half of an inch;
ordinary size, about one-third of an inch.
GrocRapmicaL Distripution. Inhabits the Western
States, on the borders of the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers ; it was noticed by Mr. Say in Missouri, and by
others in North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, and
Michigan. It has not been observed upon the Atlantic
coast.
Remarks. ‘This species is not likely to be mistaken
for any other. It resembles that variety of Helix tri-
dentata called by Mr. Say Helix fallax ; but it differs
from it in having the umbilicus entirely covered. ‘The
resemblances of the two are in some instances so striking
as to suggest the thought, that the greater development
of the lip at its junction with the base of the shell may
be only an accidental circumstance, due to locality or
some other cause ; and that the two may be only varieties.
The umbilicus, in those species which possess it, is so
HELIX. 145
variable in its characters that it cannot be depended upon
alone, for specific distinctions.
Large individuals resemble in general appearance H.
appressa, SAy. The epidermis is sometimes delicately
hirsute, and the aperture of a rose color. ‘The lip is
occasionally destitute of oné or both teeth. The name
Helix inflecta, by which it is universally known in the
United States, and the description, were published in
1821 by Mr. Say, more than a year before it was noticed
by other naturalists, and several years before any other
description appeared.
Lister’s figure, Synops. Conch. tab. 93, fig. 95, pro-
bably represents this shell.
22. HELIX LORICATA, GouLD.
Puate XXIX. a. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, depressa, flavo-viridi, arcté umbilicata,
squamulis undique loricata ; spird. depress, anfractibus 54
convexiusculis, ultimo ad peripheriam superné subangulato ;
apertura lunata, trilobata, dente laterali, dente basali, et
dente columellari ringente ; peristomate reflexo, albo; callo
copioso conjuncto.
SYNONYMS AND. REFERENCES.
Heliz loricata, Gouup, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II. 165, Aug. 1846.
Exped. Shells, p. 17.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 416.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL, not yet observed.
SHELL small, depressed, spire less convex than the
VOL. II, 37
146 HELICID®.
base, thin, of a yellowish green color, having the surface
everywhere ornamented with small, crescent-formed scales
of the epidermis, in relief, arranged along the lines of
growth, and in quincunx. Whorls five and a half, slightly
convex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, and
forming a low, conical spire; the periphery of the last
whorl is slightly angular near its posterior portion. The
base is rounded, tending rapidly to a deep, umbilical
depression, with a small perforation. Aperture small,
crescentic, having a small, acute tooth on the right mar-
gin, a transversely oblong one at base, and a prominent,
compressed, curved, nearly horizontal one on the colu-
mella, thus giving a three-lobed outline to the aperture.
Peristome white, slightly reflected, having a very pro-
found constriction of the whorl directly behind it.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis three-twentieths
of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. The specimen from
which this description was drawn was brought by the
U. 8. Exploring Expedition from the Sacramento River,
in California.
Remarks. Its general form, and its aperture, are
very much like H. inflecta, Say, though it is a much
smaller shell, and the teeth of the aperture are less
developed. Its peculiar surface, resembling a scaly
coat of mail, when closely examined, is highly charac-
teristic. It is interesting as another example of species
from the west of the Rocky Mountain range resembling
forms on the eastern side.—[«. ]
HELIX. 147
23. HELIX MONODON, RACKETT.
Puate XLI.
H. testé convexiuscula, umbilicaté, sive imperforata,
corneo-fuscescente, hispidula, tenuissimé striata ; apertura
semilunata ; labro albo, makgine angusto, reflexo; dente
unico albo, longo, compresso, ad columellam obliqué ad-
nato; regione umbilicali impressa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix monodon, Racket, loc. cit. XIII. 42, pl. 5, f. 2.
Woon, loc. cit. Supplem. pl. 7, f. 15.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 360, pl. 10, f. 1.
GouLp, Invertebrata, 174, f. 115.
Avams, Mollusca of Vermont, 9.
Heliz fraterna, Say, Exped. St. Peters, II. 257, pl. 15, f. 3.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 363, pl. 10, f. 2.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Heliz convera, Drsuayes in Lamarck, VIII. 112. Encye, Meth. II. 253.
Ferussac, Hist. pl. 50, a. f. 2.
Cuem. 2ed. t. 10. f. 17, 18; t. 66. f. 24-27.
PreirFrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 420.
DESCRIPTION.
AnimaL yellowish brown, darker on the head, neck,
and tentacles. Foot narrow, cylindrical, one and a half
times as long as the diameter of the shell, terminating in
a point. Superior tentacles one-fourth of an inch long.
Eyes black. Some individuals much darker than others.
SHELL slightly convex ; epidermis varying from light
russet to chestnut color, with numerous very minute,
hairy projections ; whorls five to six, narrow, diminishing
very gradually in width from the outer whorl to the
148 HELICIDA.
apex ; aperture somewhat flattened, arcuated, contracted
by a deep groove behind the lip; lip white, narrow, a
little grooved on its face, reflected, extending on the
base to, and slightly contracting or wholly covering, the
umbilicus, its outer edge not projecting above the surface
of the whorl; umbilicus open, deep, but not exhibiting
all the volutions, or partially covered by the extended
lip, or entirely closed; base rounded, indented in the
region of the umbilicus, with a compressed, elongated
white tooth at the edge of the aperture.
Greatest transverse diameter nearly one half of an
inch, ordinary size much less.
GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripution. Inhabits the New
England States, in some parts of which it is very com-
mon, the States bordering upon the lakes, the Ohio River,
and the Mississippi as far south as Louisiana, and in Can-
ada. It will probably be found throughout the Middle
States, and in the hilly parts of the Southern States.
Remarks. ‘The varieties of this shell present remark-
able differences in size, colormg, and in the form of
the umbilicus. The transverse diameter varies from one-
sixth to three-sixths of an inch, and the form from sub-
globular in small specimens to a very flattened shape in
the larger. The coloring exhibits every shade, from
light amber to dark chestnut. The whorls of some
revolve about the axis at such a distance as to leave a
deep and wide umbilicus; while in others they are in
such near approximation as to permit only a small per-
HELIX. 149
foration, which the narrow, reflected lip is sufficiently
wide to cover.
The hairy projections of the epidermis are most distinct
upon the young shells, but are often wanting at every
stage of growth. The oblique strize are so fine as hardly
to be visible ; and in some instances the shell appears to
be glabrous. Very beautiful specimens, about one-fourth
of an inch in diameter, with a dark, shining epidermis
and open umbilicus, occur in Ohio. They are more con-
vex, and, as the same number of volutions is contained in
half the space, they appear to have more whorls than the
common variety. Some persons have considered these
to form a distinct species (H. leaii, Ward, Mss.) ; but I
do not see that they can, with propriety, be separated.
In the Western States, this species is generally found
in the forests. In New Hampshire and Vermont, it is
also found in forests with other species, but more com-
monly in hill-side pastures, under flat stones, a situation
where other species rarely occur. Two individuals are
commonly found together.
I was formerly induced to believe that the two princi-
pal varieties of this species were specifically distinct ; but
a careful investigation of a great number of specimens
has convinced me that there are no definite limits to
either of them, but that both are by imperceptible grada-
tions blended together.
The first published description of this species appeared
in 1821, under the name of Helix monodon ; in 1824,
Mr. Say published his description, and proposed the spe-
VoL. Il. 38
150 HELICIDA.
cific name of fraterna ; and in 1828, Wood gave a figure
of it as H. monodon. Yet, notwithstanding these proofs
that it was well known in England and the United States,
M. Deshayes, in 1830, ten years after the first publica-
tion, produced another description under the name of He-
lix convexa, a name already preoccupied ; and has re-
tained it in the second edition of the ‘‘ Animaux sans
Vertebres,” in 1838. Lister’s figure, Synops. Conch. t.
93, f. 94, represents this species.
24. HELIX HIRSUTA, Say.
Piate XLII. Ficures 3, 4.
H. testa parva, globulosa, imperforata, castanea, hirsuta,
subtus convexa ; apertura angustissima ; labro intus incras-
sato, margine interno fissura diviso; dente laminato, elon-
gato, ad columellam affixo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz hirsuta, Say, Journ. Acad. I. 17, I. 161.
Kurtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 365, pl. 10, f. 3.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Goutp, Invertebrata, 175, pl. 116.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38. Hist. pl. 50, a. f. 1, and 3.
Desuayes in Lamarck, VIII. 113.
Encye. Meth. II. 253.
Heliz stenotrema, Frr., Mus.! fide Pfeif.; Symb. IT. 39.
CuemniTz, 2 ed. t. 65. f. 12-14.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 421.
Helix fraterna, Woop, loc. cit. Supplem. pl. 8, f. 16.
Helix porcina, Say, Long’s Exped. II. 257, pl. 15, f. 2. (young.)
Tridopsis hirsuta, Beck, Index, 22,
HELIX. 151
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL whitish, head and tentacles slate color; foot
slender, semitransparent, length less than twice the dia-
meter of the shell, terminating acutely. Cavity of the
tentacles apparent, when they are retracted, by two dark
lines with a white space between.
Suext sub-globose ; epidermis brownish, or chestnut,
covered with numerous, sharp, rigid hairs; whorls five,
rounded ; suture distinct; aperture contracted, very nar-
row, almost closed by an elongated, lamelliform tooth,
situated on the pillarlip, and extending from the centre
of the base, within the junction of the lip with the outer
whorl, into the edge of the aperture; lip narrow, very
much depressed, and reflected against the outer whorl,
with a deep cleft or fissure near the centre of the inner
margin; umbilicus wholly covered ; base convex.
Greatest transverse diameter nearly one half of an
inch; ordinary size less than one-fourth.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTiIon. Inhabits the Middle,
and all the Western States, where it is common, and the
New England States more rarely. In Massachusetts it
is an uncommon shell.
Remarks. This is a very peculiar species. The sin-
gular abrupt fissure on the inner edge of the lip distin-
guishes it from every other, except the three succeeding
species, which bear a slight resemblance to it in this re-
spect. It varies in diameter from one-sixth to one-half an
152 HELICIDA.
“=
inch; the smaller specimens being nearly globular, and
the large strongly convex above and below. The ex
ternal color varies from corneous to dark chestnut; that
of the parts about the aperture from whitish to light
rufous. The surface is usually covered with a hairy ves-
ture, but it is sometimes quite smooth. There is often a
tooth-like projection on the superior and inner part of the
lip, opposite to the termination of the columellar tooth,
immediately above which there is an angular depression.
Large individuals have six whorls. The lip cannot strictly
be said to be reflected ; it is depressed below the surface
of the whorl, and a thin, testaceous deposit is laid back
against it, causing it to appear as if the lip were absorbed
into the whorl. I have once or twice noticed a single
white band on the outer whorl.
Wood has figured this and the preceding species in the
supplement to his Indea Testaceologicus, but has caused
great confusion by mistaking the present species for
Helix fraterna, Say, which it resembles only in size.
Another shell was described under this name by the
Abbé Brumati, in his “‘ Catologo Sistematico,” published
in 1836 ; but it cannot displace Mr. Say’s species, which
had been known by his name thirteen years. Helix
poreina of Mr. Say appears to correspond to this species
im an immature state.
HELIX. 153
25. HELIX SPINOSA, LEa.
Puate XLIV.
H. testa lenticulari, carinata, tenui, imperforata ; epider-
mide castanea hirsutiuscula; spira planulaté, subtus con-
vexa ; apertura angustissima> columella dente unico, longo,
laminato, armatd; labro incrassato, sinuato, ad marginem
superiorem angulato et subreflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Carocolla spinosa, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. IV. 104, pl. 15, f. 35.
Heliz spinosa, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IL. 367, pl. 11, f. 2.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 421.
Caro:olla Edgariana, Lea, Proc. Am, Philos. Soc. IL. 31. (var.)
Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. N. S. IX. 2.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not yet observed.
SHELL lenticular, with the upper surface much flat-
tened, acutely carinated ; epidermis dark chestnut color,
with minute, hairlike processes lying flat upon the
whorls in the direction of their lines of growth; whorls
six, of nearly uniform width, and decreasing very gra-
dually from the aperture to the spire; suture distinct,
slightly raised; aperture very narrow; lip yellowish-
white, near its junction with the body-whorl thickened,
angulated, and slightly reflected ; pillarlip with a long,
yellowish, narrow, projecting tooth, extending from the
umbilical axis to the angle of the outer lip, and parallel
with its thickened edge; base convex, with the umbilical
region slightly indented.
VOL. II. 39
154 HELICID.
Greatest transverse diameter rather more than half an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distriputron. Noticed, hitherto,
only in the upper parts of Alabama, Georgia, and Ten-
nessee, but will probably be found im all the South-
western States.
Remarks. ‘This is a beautiful and singular species.
Its form is very much flattened above, and it is acutely
carinated. The epidermis, in good specimens, is chestnut-
colored, and covered with prostrate hairs; these are par-
tially noticeable on the edge of the carina, and suggested
to Mr. Lea the specific name spinosa. The base is
somewhat convex, and is remarkable for the long, narrow
tooth which, rising from an indentation of the umbilical
axis, and running parallel with, and closely approximat-
ing to the lip, terminates near where the latter joins the
body-whorl. The aperture is merely a narrow space left
between this tooth and the lip, and is so small that it
appears hardly possible that the animal should be able
to pass through it. In most specimens there is an inden-
tation in the lip, about midway of its length, resembling
the cleft in the lip of Helix hirsuta.
The surface of each whorl is placed in the slightest
possible degree below the edge of the preceding whorl,
so that the suture is defined by a raised line of hardly
appreciable diameter. In its early age, the base is
broadly umbilicated, and the hairs, equal in length to
two-thirds the width of a whorl, project from the peri-
phery of each of them like a fringe.
HELIX. 155
The aspect of the base of this shell somewhat resem-
bles that of Helix hirsuta, Say ; but its superior size and
carinated edges at once prevent its being considered the
same. Moreover, instead of the fissure at the inner
margin of the outer lip, we have only a slight flexure or
emargination. It is, indedd, among the most distinctly
marked of our species, and cannot be mistaken for any
other.
Hetrx Epegartana. [There is a small variety of this
species, having about half the usual diameter, and haying
its faces much more convex, which Mr. Lea has de-
scribed under the name of Carocolla Edgariana. Mr.
Lea says its aperture has the form of H. hirsuta, except
that the superior and thick part of the lip joins the tooth
of the columella. We are not yet prepared to admit this
as a distinct species, though farther researches may
prove it to be so. The junction of the lip with the colu-
mellar tooth seems to have been accidental in Mr. Lea’s
specimens; at least, we have several specimens, corres-
ponding to his in other respects, where this character is
wanting. Moreover, there is a large, carinated variety
of H. hirsuta, from the same locality, which so far as
the aperture is concerned, corresponds still better with
Mr. Lea’s description. His other character, by which
he distinguishes H. edgariana from H. spinosa, its being
without cilia, is not constant; for fresh specimens of
both large and small are well garnished with hairs, quite
156 HELICIDE.
as abundantly as in H. hirsuta; and the difference in
the two species is that in the latter, the hairs are erect,
while in H. spinosa they are prostrate. Unfortunately,
the engravings were made from specimens destitute of
hairs.—6. |
26. HELIX GERMANA, GOULD.
Puate XL.a. Ficure 3.
H. testa parva, imperforata, globoso-lenticulari, ad peri-
pheriam sub-angulata, epidermide rufo-corneo, sparsim hir-
suto induta; anfractibus 5} conyexis; suturd impressa ;
apertura lunata, lamina alba, obliqua, erecta, munito; labro
incumbente, reflexo, roseo.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, solid, imperforate, depressed, low-conical
above, convex beneath, slightly angular at periphery,
covered with a scabrous, rusty horn-colored epidermis,
beset with scattered hairs. Whorls five and a half,
closely revolving, separated by a well impressed suture ;
aperture lunate, the basal portion being but slightly
curved, and turning upward at a rather sharp angle ;
lip incumbent, with a deep stricture behind it, moderately
reflexed, roseate ; on the intruding portion of the penult
whorl is a distinct, oblong, erect, white tooth, not con-
nected with either extremity of the lip.
Diameter three-tenths of an inch; axis one-fifth of an
inch.
HELIX. 157
GrogRapHicaL Distrisution. This shell was brought
from the Pacific coast by the U. S. Exploring Expedition,
and was marked Oregon.
Remarks. At first sight this would not be distin-
guished from H. monodon., But, besides coming from a
different zodlogical region, it has an imperforate, convex
base, like H. hirsuta, instead of the pitted umbilical:
region which H. monodon has, whether perforated or not;
and the hairs are much more sparsely distributed, being
not more than one-fourth as numerous. The basal por-
tion is less arcuated, so that the aperture is more trans-
versely elongated, and less properly crescentic.—[a.]
27. HELIX MAXILLATA, Govutp.
Prate XL.a. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, globoso-lenticulari, solidula, castanea, H.
hirsute simili; apertura lineari; labro reflexo, integro pre-
ter emarginationem dente obsoleto divisam, fauce lamellam
sicut maxillam pone labrum gerente; lamella columellari
recta, superné bifurcata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix mazillata, Gourp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 38, July, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, rather solid, of a rounded lenticular
form and pale chestnut color, resembling very closely
H. hirsuta. Besides being considerably smaller, a close
VOL. Il. 40
158 HELICIDA.
inspection of the aperture shows a different structure.
The aperture is very narrow, and nearly closed by an
elongated lamina on the pillar margin, which is dilated,
or rather bifurcated, at its outer end. The outer lip is
narrow, reflexed, and has an emargination near its upper
junction, which is divided into two portions by a toothlike
process ; and alongside of the lip, but nearly concealed
within the fauces, is another lamina, leaving a mere fis-
sure for the exit of the animal.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTION. Brought by Mr. Bart-
lett from Tennessee.
Remarks. This is another interesting example,
among several recently furnished by an exploration of
the South-western States, of the gradual transition, by
almost imperceptible modifications, from one species to
another, and of the many changes which are wrought by
the varied combination of a few characters signalizing a
group. Tloweyer great its general resemblance to H.
hirsuta may be, this species is decidedly characterized
by the singular, jaw-like plate within the fauces.—[@. ]
-
HELIX. 159
B. umbilicus open.
c. Aperture without teeth.
28. HELIX NUTTALLIANA.
PraresXVIII.
H. testa sub-conicd, subtus convexa, umbilicata, tenuiter
striata; colore superné lutea aut fusca, subtus castanea ;
anfractibus septem, fascia nigra aut castanea cinctis ; aper-
turd sub-rotundaté, depressé, intus fasciata; labro sub-
reflexo; columella levi.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix nuttalliana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 88, pl. 23, f. 74.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. Il. 369, pl. 12.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, p. 46.
Heliz fidelis, Gray, Proc Z. 8. July, 1834, p. 67.
Preirrer Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 338.
DESCRIPTION.
Anmat. Color dull ochre, slaty towards the tail.
Coarsely granular upon the neck ; but from a line run-
ning from the dorsal line, where it issues from the shell,
to the mouth, the granules diminish, and are succeeded
by coarse, undulating, interrupted ridges, radiating in
every direction from the aperture, and terminating in a
line nearly marginal ; edge simple.
SHELL sub-conical; epidermis light yellow or brown-
ish on the upper surface, with a black or chestnut
colored, revolving band visible on the four outer whorls,
the lower surface dark chestnut; suture distinct, im-
160 HELICIDZ.
pressed ; whorls seven, rounded, spirally striate, with
minute, delicate, impressed lines, the striz of increase
very distinct; lip reflected below, simple above ; aper-
ture ovate; umbilicus open, a little contracted by the
reflection of the lip; base flattened-convex.
Greatest transverse diameter nearly one and a half
inches.
GuoGRAPHICAL DistrrBurion. Inhabits the Oregon
Territory from Fort Vancouver to the ocean, where it
was discovered by Mr Nuttall during his late expedition,
and also, rather commonly, by the U. 8. Exploring
Expedition.
Remarks. This beautiful species is unlike any other
North American Helix, bemg much more brilliant in its
coloring and more striking in its markings than is com-
mon. The upper surface, in those specimens which
have come under my observation, is either light yellow,
strongly contrasted with a single dark band revolving on
the middle of the body-whorl, and on the lower edge of
the other whorls, or a light chestnut with a black band.
The lower surface, or base, is of a uniform dark chestnut
color. On some individuals there is a faint tracing
of intermediate bands, and some are quite destitute of
bands ; so that it is probable, that when the shell
becomes more common, it may be found that there is
considerable diversity of coloring and marking. The lip
varies from ashy-white to rufous. The revolving band is
generally obsolete on the three whorls nearest the apex.
HELIX. 161
The spire rises in a subconical form to the apex, each
whorl gradually and regularly diminishing, from the
body-whorl upwards. The whorls are convex, the strie
of growth regular and fine and very delicate. Crowded,
impressed lines revolve upon the whorls. The lip is dis-
tinctly reflected at the base bf the shell; but the reflec-
tion diminishes towards its upper part, and becomes
entirely obsolete before it joins the body-whorl. The
umbilicus is of inconsiderable diameter, but deep, and is
somewhat encroached upon by the reflection of the lip.
The description of the animal has been drawn from
Mr. Drayton’s figure in the Mollusca of the Exploring
Expedition.
Dr. Pfeiffer regards this as the H. fidelis, Gray,
(Proce. Zodl. Soc. July, 1834, p. 67.) and has so cata-
logued it in his Monography, I. 338. If it is really so,
Mr. Gray’s description anticipates that of Mr. Lea
about five months.
29. HELIX TOWNSENDIANA, Léa.
Pirate XIX.
H. testa orbiculato-convexa, luteo-rufescente, rugosa,
umbilicata ; apertura sub-rotundata ; labro albo, reflexo,
ad basim interné incrassato ; columella levi; basi tumido.
° SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz Townsendiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 99, pl. 23, f. 80.
Binney, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. lJ. 371, pl. 13.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, p. 46.
Preirrer, Monos. Helic. Viv. I. 341.
voL. ll. 41
162 HELICID.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL corpulent, gradually tapering. Color pale
yellowish green; surface with rather sparse, feebly
developed, elliptical granules, not seeming to have any
regular arrangement. Margin of disk rather broad,
granulated, but regularly marked with radiating fur-
rows.
SHELL obtusely convex ; epidermis yellowish and
brownish horn-color more or less intermixed; suture
distinct ; whorls five and a half, with minute, impressed,
longitudinal strize, which can scarcely be traced by the
eye, and coarse, oblique wrinkles and strize ; body-whorl
large, voluminous, rough, and corrugated; aperture
rather large, somewhat rounded; lip white, fully re-
flected at the base, and but partially so towards its
superior part, thickened and a little projecting internally
in the base of the aperture ; umbilicus open, deep, a
little contracted by the reflection of the lip; base con-
vex and turgid.
Greatest transverse diameter one inch and _three-
eighths.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTion. Inhabits the neigh-
borhood of the Wahlamat, near its junction with Colum-
bia River, whence it was brought by Mr. Nuttall, by
Dr. Townsend, and by the U. 8. Exploring Expedition.
Remarks. This shell is peculiar by the irregular
es
HELIX. 163
corrugations and depressions on its surface, and the sin-
gular intermixture of colors, the prominent parts being
yellow and the depressions brown or chestnut. The
spire is usually more regularly striated and rufous.
The color internally is rufous or chestnut.
The upper surface resembles in general aspect large
and coarse specimens of H. albolabris, Say. The num-
ber and arrangement of the whorls are the same, and
the size corresponds ; but the epidermis is much more
yellow, and the delicate and beautiful oblique strie of
that species are replaced by rough corrugations. The
body-whorl is also decidedly larger and more voluminous,
and the aperture is consequently larger. On the lower
surface the resemblance disappears ; the umbilicus being
open’ and deep, the lip much less reflected and not flat-
tened, and the aperture more rounded. ‘The greater
capacity of the body-whorl is also more apparent on the
base. In size, color, and sculpture, it resembles H.
tudiculata, Lea, but it is more depressed, and has a
very different base. It is a peculiar and marked
species.
30. HELIX CONCAVA, SAY.
Prate XXI.
H. testa planulataé, laté umbilicata, albido-cornea ; an-
fractibus quinis ad basim rotundatis ; apertura sub-rotundata,
superné depress ; labro subtus reflexo, supra simplici ;
columella brevi, callosa.
164 HELICIDZ.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz concava, Say, Journ. Acad. If. 159, anno 1821.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist, III. 372, pl, 14.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 9.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, p. 33, pl. 2, f. 15, a. b.
Heliz planorboides, Fixussac, Tab. Syst. 45.
Hist. Nat. des Moll. tab. 82, f. 4.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 200.
Symbole, II. 37.
Circinaria planorboides, Beck, Index, p. 24.
DESCRIPTION.
AniMAL. Upper surface grayish, tentacles bluish,
base dirty-white, color reddish-orange, posterior extrem-
ity slightly tinged with the same. ‘Tentacles slender,
cavities into which they are retracted visible, foot nar-
row, twice as long as the diameter of the shell.
Suet depressed, very slightly convex on the upper
surface ; epidermis whitish horn-color, sometimes with a
tinge of green; whorls five, above flattened, below
rounded, finely striate obliquely, the outer whorl spread-
ing a little towards the aperture; suture rather deeply
impressed ; umbilicus wide, deep, exhibiting all the volu-
tions to the apex; aperture rounded, somewhat flattened
above, its edge frequently tinged with reddish brown;
lip sub-reflected at the base of the shell, simple above,
and in some specimens considerably depressed near its
junction with the outer whorl ; columella with a thin cal-
lus, the edge of which connects the upper and lower
extremes of the lip.
HELIX. 165
Greatest transverse diameter, three-fourths of an inch.
Common size half an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION. ‘This species has
been noticed in Michigan, Vermont, New York, Vir-
ginia, Georgia, Tennessee, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and
the North-western Territory. It may, therefore, be con-
sidered to inhabit the whole territory of the United
States.
Remarks. This shell, though frequently seen, does
not seem to be so numerous in our forests as some other
species. It is peculiar for the elegant, rounded shape
of the whorls, as seen on their lower surface. It rarely
varies from the common type, and cannot be mistaken
for any other species, with the exception hereafter men-
tioned. The animal is voracious in its appetite, almost
always preying upon other species with which it may be
kept, and so certainly destroying them that I have been
obliged to keep them by themselves. This they effect
by inserting their narrow bodies, which they have the
power of elongating and protruding very far from their
own shells, into the shells of their victims, and then feed-
ing upon them at their leisure. It burrows in the soil
under decaying logs.
The earliest description of this shell was by Mr. Say,
in 1821, under the name of H. concava. Férussac
noticed it (without description or figure) in 1822, as
H. planorboides, and some years afterwards gave a
figure of it under the same name. Mr. Say’s name has
VOL, Il. t 42
166 HELICIDZ.
therefore the right of priority, and is universally adopted
in this country, as it should be elsewhere. Férussac
quotes Rafinesque for the specific name in this case, as
well as in some others; but it is not known when or
where his descriptions were published.
In a former account of this species, I considered it to
be identical with H. Vancouverensis, Lea, for reasons
then given. Good authorities have differed from me in
opinion; and in deference to them, but without entire
conviction on my part, I now treat them as distinct. A
more particular notice of their differences and resem-
blances is given in the remarks on that species, which
immediately follows.
31. HELIX VANCOUVERENSIS, Lea.
Puate XX.
H. testa planulata, laté umbilicata, luteolo-viridescente ;
anfractibus quinis, ad basim rotundatis ; apertura transversa
sub-circulari, superné depressa ; labro subtus sub-reflexo,
supra simplici; columella brevi, callosa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Heliz Vancouverensis, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 87, pl. 23, f. 72.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, p. 45.
PreirFer, Symbole, II. 41.
Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 200.
Helix concava, Brnney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 372, pl. 14.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat short posteriorly, sub-cylindrical, very light
colored, giving a straw-colored reflection, sides pearly,
HELIX. 167
marked with longitudinal lines of coarse, elongated,
squamose granules, about eight or ten on each side.
SHELL depressed, very slightly convex on the upper
surface ; epidermis light greenish-yellow ; whorls five,
nearly flat above, protuberakt and rounded on the lower
surface, lines of growth very minute, the outer whorl
expanding a little towards the aperture ; umbilicus wide
and deep; aperture transverse, somewhat rounded, flat-
tened above by a depression of the lip near its junction
with the body-whorl, its edge tinged with rufous; lip
slightly reflected at the base of the shell, simple above,
the two extremities approaching each other, and con-
nected by a thin callus, which covers the columella.
Greatest transverse diameter one inch and a quarter.
°
GeroeRAPHIcAL DistripuTion. Brought by Mr.
Nuttall, and by the U.S. Exploring Expedition, from
the shores of Columbia River, where it is said to be
common.
Remarks. As before remarked, I have heretofore
considered this shell to be identical with H. concava, Say.
At first sight, the difference of size and color is so strik-
ing, that it appears to be distinct from that; but on
further examination, it is found that there is a strong
resemblance in every particular usually relied on in the
discrimination of species. ‘The specific characters on
which Mr. Lea scems to have relied are the ‘“‘ remarka-
ble depression” of the upper part of the lip, and the cal-
168 HELICIDZ.
lus uniting its upper and lower terminations ; but these
are common in H. concava. Of numbers which I have
examined, the greater part have the depression, and all
except the young have the uniting callus.
The differences observable are the following: the
size of this shell greatly exceeds the former in all its pro-
portions, its transverse diameter being nearly twice as
great. his difference is not caused by an increased
number of whorls, for the number in both is precisely
the same ; but this shell seems to be projected originally
upon a larger scale, the nucleus being as much larger as
mature specimens. The color is a light greenish, or
rusty yellow. The umbilicus is not so widely expanded,
and does not admit of counting all the whorls; and the
whorls seem to be more voluminous. ‘The strize of
growth are usually coarser. i
When specimens of this shell shall be obtained in suffi-
cient numbers for comparison, the question of its identity
with the other can be satisfactorily settled. In the
mean time, it will probably be received as a good spe-
cies. The color of the animal, also, as given by Mr.
Drayton in the drawings of the Exploring Expedition,
from which our description is derived, as well as the
form of the foot, go to establish the difference in ques-
tion.
HELIX. 169:
32. HELIX COLUMBIANA, LEa.
Puate V.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, perforata, cornea ; anfracti-
bus sex, minutissimé striatis ;\spira depressa, apice acumin-
ato; apertura transversé ; labro reflexo; basi sub-depressa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz columbiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 89, pl. 23, f. 75.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, p. 46.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 343.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not hitherto observed.
SHELL sub-depressed; epidermis rather smooth, cor-
neous ; whorls six, slightly rounded, very minutely stri-
ated, rising gradually, but regularly, one above the
other to an acuminated apex; suture strongly im-
pressed ; aperture transverse, a little contracted and
thickened, by a testaceous deposit or border, at the
angle of reflection of the lip; lip whitish, or brownish
white, reflected but not flattened, rather grooved on its
face, the basal margin horizontal in its direction, with a
slight thickening or projection before it reaches the base
of the shell; umbilicus open, partially hidden by the
reflected lip at its junction with the base ; base a little
flattened.
Transverse diameter about five-eighths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisrripuTion. Found near Fort
VOL. Il. 43
170 HELICIDZ:.
Vancouver, Oregon Territory, whence numerous speci-
mens were brought by Mr. Nuttall, and by the Explor-
ing Expedition. It was also brought by Mr. Hinds
from the region of Nootka Sound.
Remarks. This species is remarkable for the pro-
minence and distinctness of the smaller whorls to the
very apex. They rise above each other with such a
regular diminution from the outer whorl to the point,
that the profile resembles a depressed cone. It is of
very nearly the same size as H. clausa, Say, which it
resembles in general appearance ; but it has one more
whorl, is more flattened, has a more conical spire, and
less rounded whorls, and wants the rounded aperture.
The umbilicus is also more open than in that species.
The general shape is much less globular. It must also
be compared with the next species.
33. HELIX LABIOSA, -GouLD.
Prate. XIII. a. Figure 1.
H. testa depresso-conica, subtus convexa, arcté umbili-
cata, luteo-cornea, pilis sericeis quincuncialiter dispositis
undique villosa; spiraé anfractibus sex convexis, ultimo
abnormaliter crescente, et poné labrum valdé contracto ;
apertura angusta, lunata, labro albo, laté revoluto; fauce
livida.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz labiosa, Gouin, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Il, 165, Aug. 1846.
Expedition, Shells, p. 16.
Premrrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 343.
HELIX. 171
DESCRIPTION.
Anrmat slender, tentacles much elongated. Color
pale ferruginous, with a lilac tint, darker on the neck.
Whole surface, even the tentacles, marked with coarse,
elliptical granules, in longitudinal series ; no marginal
border.
SHELL depressed, about equally convex above and
beneath, with a very small umbilicus partially covered
by the lip; yellowish horn-color. The epidermis is
strong, and everywhere hispid with very fine, short,
shining hairs, closely arranged in lozenge, so that the
principal lines seem to run diagonally to the axis of the
shell. When denuded of the hairs, the lines of growth
are found to be scarred, at regular distances, with trans-
verse elevations, on which the hairs were seated.
Whorls six, the last one increasing very rapidly near
the aperture, having nevertheless a deep constriction
directly behind the lip. Aperture more than usually
vertical, narrow lunate. Lip white, widely reflected,
flexuous in its course, not decidedly flattened. Throat
pale violet or slightly livid.
Diameter over three-fifths of an inch; axis two-fifths
of an inch.
GeocRAPHICAL DistripuTionN. Found in Oregon,
at Astoria and Fort George, on the Columbia River, by
the naturalists of the U. 8S. Exploring Expedition.
Remarks. This, like the preceding, is another shell
172 HELICIDE.
=
from beyond the Rocky Mountains, corresponding in
type to species of the Atlantic slope. It is closely
allied to H. palliata, but is smaller, more convex, and
lacks the columellar tooth. It is still somewhat doubtful
if it be really distinct from H. columbiana, which may
possibly have been described from small, denuded speci-
mens; but I cannot, with a magnifier, discover on Mr.
Lea’s specimens, the papillze on which hairs might have
been situated, and which are so readily seen in this spe-
cies. The lip is also considerably broader, and pecu-
liarly flexuous.—[6. ]
34. HELIX MOBILIANA, Lea.
Pirate XLII. Ficure 2.
H: testa parva, sub-globosa, arcté perforata, rufo-carnea,
glabra ; spira depressa, anfractibus senis convexis ; apertura
rotundata, lunata ; labro reflexiusculo; basi convexa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz mobiliana, Lea, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. II. 82, anno 1841.
Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. N.S. LX. 17.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 323.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL sub-globose ; epidermis corneous, nearly
smooth; spire rather prominent; suture impressed ;
whorls rather more than five, the last ample; striz of
increase hardly visible; lip white, very narrow, re-
flected, a deep groove behind it; aperture well rounded,
HELIX. 173
semi-circular, considerably contracted by the impressed
groove behind the lip, and a corresponding testaceous
deposit, or rib, within; umbilicus small, round, not
expanded ; umbilical region not impressed ; base con-
vex.
Transverse diameter fue ese entlis of an inch; ordi-
narily considerably less.
GEoGRAPHICAL DisrripuTion. It was found by Mr.
Charles Lea in the vicinity of Mobile, Alabama. Speci-
mens have been received by me from J. H. Couper,
Esq. from near Darien, Ga.
Remarks. ‘The above description applies to the
mature shell only. A great part of the specimens have
the aperture in a much less developed condition, — the
lip being acute, or the reflection but partly completed,
and the depression behind the lip not visible. The color
of the aperture, in some recent specimens, is delicately
roseate. The general aspect of this species is somewhat
like that of a Helicina. It is a pretty, and very dis-
tinct species.
VOL, II, 44
174 HELICIDE.
35. HELIX SAXICOLA, PFEIFFER.
Puate XXIX. a. Ficure 4.
H. testa depresso-conica, tenui, brunnea, obliqué striata,
umbilicata ; anfractibus quatuor cum dimidio arcté spiratis ;
labro acuto, tenui; apertura orbiculari, campanulata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz saxicola, Preirrer, Wiegm. Archiv. 1840, I. 251.
Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 87.
Heliz mauriniana, D’Ors. in Sagra’s Cuba, I. 162, t. 8, f. 20-23.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL minute, planorboid, smooth, horn-colored ;
spire slightly elevated, composed of four or five well-
rounded whorls separated by a deeply impressed suture ;
beneath, with a broad, umbilical pit, one-third the dia-
meter of the shell, exhibiting all the whorls within.
Aperture circular, being but slightly impinged upon by
the penult whorl, across which passes a slightly ap-
pressed scale of enamel, rendering the lip continuous;
lip slightly reflexed, so as to render the aperture some-
what campanulate.
Diameter about one-eighth of an inch; height about
half as much.
GerocRAPHICAL Disrrisution. Found at Galveston,
Texas, by Mr. Bartlett, but was probably introduced
from Cuba, where it appears to be not uncommon.
Remarks. This shell might at first be taken for a
HELIX. 175
small Planorbis, rather than a Helix. It is closely
allied to H. rupestris of Europe, but is somewhat larger.
Tt bears a closer resemblance to H. lineata than to any
other North American species. Its circular, campanu-
late aperture, almost disconnected with the preceding
whorl, is one of its most striking peculiarities.—[4@. ]
36. HELIX PULCHELLA, MULLER.
Puate XVII. Ficure 1.
H. testé minuta, orbiculato-depressd, umbilicata, alba ;
anfractibus quatuor; apertura circulari; labro crasso, albo,
margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz pulchella, Mister, loc. cit. 30, No. 232.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 375, pl. 9, f. 2.
Goutp, Invertebrata, 176, f. 102.
Avams, Vermont Mollusea, 9.
Silliman’s Journ, XLI, 272.
Helix minuta, Say, Nicholson’s Encye.; Journ. Acad. I. 123.
Kartianp, Ohio Report, 173.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Nat. Hist. New York, p. 40, pl. 3, f. 33, a. b.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL whitish, semi-transparent.
SHELL depressed, slightly convex above, thin, and
transparent ; epidermis colorless ; whorls four, very
minutely striated, the last large, and spreading at the
mouth like a trumpet; aperture orbicular, a little
dilated; lip much thickened, white, reflected, making
176 HELICID.
nearly a continuous circle; umbilicus large, exhibiting
all the yolutions.
Extreme transverse diameter one-tenth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTIon. Inhabits all the At-
lantic States from Maine to South Carolina, and from
Vermont to Council Bluffs on the Missouri. It is com-
mon in the neighborhood of Boston, and so common in
Vermont that Prof. Adams states that he has taken
eleven hundred in an hour.
Remarks. I have recently received from Dr. Grif-
fith specimens with the raised striz, or parallel ribs,
taken in gardens in Philadelphia. It is the variety
which Miller described as Helia costata.
Though very minute, it is a beautiful species; and its
form, which is seen to most advantage by the aid of a
magnifying glass, resembles very much that of Cyclo-
stoma volvulus. It is commonly found under stones. It
is thought by some to have been introduced from
Europe ; but I am of opinion that it is a native species.
Tt does not seem possible that so small an animal, if
naturalized near the sea-shore since the arrival of Euro-
peans, should have been able to penetrate to the remote
points in the interior of the continent where it is now
found.
HELIX. 177
d. Aperture toothed.
37. HELIX PROFUNDA, Say.
Puate XXII.
H. testa orbiculato-depressit lats umbilicata, luteo-cornea,
lineis fuscis cinctaé ; anfractibus striatis, striis confertis obli-
quis ; apertura orbiculari; labro albo, ad basim sub-uniden-
tato; margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz profunda, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 160, anno 1821.
American Conchology, No. 4, pl. 37, f. 3.
Ed. Chenu, pl. 13, f. 2 b.2-c.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIL. 377, pl. 15.
Cuemnitz, 2 ed. tab. 77. f. 14-16.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 382.
Heliz Richardi, Firussac, Tab. Syst. 43; Hist. pl. 70, 3 lower figs.
Lamarck, loc. cit. VI. 72.
Desuayes, Encyc. Meth. II, 212; in Lamarck, VIII. 40.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL light brown, darker on the head, neck, and
tentacles, and pale on the posterior extremity; foot
rather thick, in length less than twice the diameter of
the shell, terminating acutely.
SHELL depressed-conyex ; epidermis yellowish horn-
color, with reddish-brown, revolving lines and bands ;
whorls from five to six, convex, obliquely striated with
delicate and regular raised strive ; suture distinct ;
aperture almost circular, a little contracted by the lip,
VOL. II, 45
178 HELICIDE.
flattened towards the plane of the base; lip white,
reflected, with a slightly prominent callus, or obtuse
tooth, on the inner edge near the base ; umbilicus rather
large and profound, exhibiting all the volutions to the
apex; base convex, with the strise converging into the
umbilicus.
Greatest transverse diameter one inch and one-eighth.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distrrpurion. Inhabits the banks
of the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri Rivers; has been
observed on the latter as high as Council Bluffs. Found
also in the western parts of New York, Pennsylvania,
and Virginia, and in Tennessee.
The most eastern locality which I have heard of, is
near the mouth of the Juniata River in Pennsylvania,
where it was noticed by Dr. Griffith.
Remarks. ‘This is one of our most remarkable shells,
by reason of its reddish-brown bands and lines. There
is usually one band, on the upper side of each whorl,
wholly visible on the body-whorl, and partially concealed
on the spire, while on the lower part of the shell there
are numerous fuscous lines. In some instances the
broad band is deficient; in others, the lines, and occa-
sionally the rufous coloring, extend over the whole shell,
leaving only one or two lighter bands. Specimens are
not uncommon of a uniform, pale horn-color, without
bands or lines. The superior and inferior extremities
of the lip approach each other at their junction with the
body-whorl, leaving only a small space of the whorl
HELIX. 179
between them, and rendering the aperture almost cir-
cular; a thin, whitish callus sometimes completes the
union. ‘The tooth is wanting in immature shells.
Mr. Say’s “ description of this shell was published in
the year 1821. Lamarck’s description of H. Richardi
did not appear until April> 1822; but he quotes by
anticipation Férussac, Hist. Nat. des Moll. No. 174,
for the specific name; which, however, was not then
published in that work, but appeared in the Tableau
Systématique of that author, in the earlier part of the
same year. The name of profunda has therefore the
priority, and consequently must be adopted.”
These are Mr. Say’s words, extracted from his Ameri-
can Conchology, No. 4.
This species seems to represent, in America, the group
of which H. cingulata is the type in Europe. The prin-
cipal difference consists in the little, tooth-like callus
which our shell has upon the lip, and the more numerous
bands.
180 HELICID&.
38. HELIX SAYI, BINNEY.
Prate XXIII.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, tenui, luteo-cornea, profundeé
umbilicata ; anfractibus tenuiter striatis, striis confertis, obli-
quis ; apertura rotundaté; labro albo, margine angusté re-
flexo, ad basim unidentato; columella dente unico albo,
exiguo, armata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix diodonta, Say, Exped. St. Peter’s, II. 257, pl. 15, f. 4.
Kortzanp, Ohio Report, 173.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Desuayes in Contin. Férussac, pl. 69, i. f. 2, an. 1826.
Heliz Sayi, Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 379, pl. 16.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 10.
PreirFer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 382.
DESCRIPTION.
Anima light reddish-brown, tentacles smoky, eyes
black ; head and neck cylindrical, foot narrow, terminat-
ing in an acute point; length about twice the diameter
of the shell.
SHELL depressed, convex, thin; epidermis light rus-
set, shining ; whorls between five and six, with numerous
fine, oblique striz ; suture impressed ; aperture rounded,
not dilated; lip white, narrow, reflected, with a slightly
projecting tooth on the inner edge near the umbilicus ;
columella with a sub-prominent, white tooth; umbilicus
open, deep, not wide, exhibiting all the volutions, slightly
contracted by the reflected lip; base rounded, with the
striz distinct, converging into the umbilicus.
HELIX. 181
Transverse diameter commonly less than one inch;
but there are specimens in the Philadelphia Museum,
from Mr. Hyde’s collection, measuring one inch and
three-quarters.
GxrOGRAPHICAL DistrrBuNoN. Inhabits all the north-
ern parts of the United States, from Ilinois to Maine.
Is rather common on the slopes of the Green Mountains,
in Vermont.
Remarks. This is a handsome species, with a deli-
cate, shining epidermis. It is not likely to be taken for
any other speeies, except H. profunda, Say, from
which it is distinguished by its inferior size and solidity,
its narrow lip and less circular aperture, the absence of
the brown lines and bands, and the presence of the tooth
on the pillar-lip. It varies in the greater or less depres-
sion of the spire, and is sometimes destitute of the tooth
on the pillar-lip.
On the third day of July, 1836, I discovered an indi-
vidual of this species in the act of laying its eggs in a
damp place under a log. I transferred them, with the
animal, to a tin box filled with wet moss. The eggs were
not much more than half as large as those of H. albola-
bris, Say; they were white, adhering together very
slightly, flaccid, and apparently not entirely filled with
fluid. During the succeeding night the number had
increased to about fifty, and in a few hours they became
full and distended. As the snail now began to devour
the eggs, I was obliged to remove it. On the twenty-
VOL. I. 46
182 HELICIDA®.
ninth of July, all the eggs were hatched: the young
snails had one whorl and a half; the umbilicus was
open; the head and tentacles were bluish-black, and the
other parts whitish and semi-transparent. They imme-
diately began to feed, and made their first repast of the
pellicle of the eggs from which they had just emerged.
They grew rapidly, and before the middle of October,
when they went into winter quarters, they had increased
their bulk four or five times beyond its original measure-
ment.
Mr. Say published his description of this species,
under the name of H. diodonta, in 1824; but that spe-
cific name seems to have been preoccupied for a very
different shell, (See Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. 2d. ed.
VIII. 116,) and is now recognized by several authors as
applied to a species established by Von Muhlfeld. It is
proper, therefore, to adopt a new name. I propose that
of Sayi, in honor of Tomas Say, the describer of the
greater part of our land shells. I am aware that the
use of proper names for this purpose has been so much
abused, that such an application might no longer be con-
sidered a compliment by a living naturalist; but Mr.
Say’s reputation is too well established to suffer by his
name being mingled with those of the great crowd of
known and unknown persons to whom a similar honor
has been offered.
HELIX. 183
39. HELIX TRIDENTATA, Say.
Prates XXVII. XXVIII.
H. testa depressa, profundé, umbilicata, corneo-rufescente ;
anfractibus striatis, striis distinctis, crebris, obliquis ; aper-
tura contracta, trilobata; labro albo, reflexo, dentibus duo-
bus instructo; columella dente albo sub-arcuato armata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix tridentata, Say, Nich. Encyc. IV. pl. 2, f. 1.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist. pl. 51, f. 3.
Woop, loc. cit. Supplem. pl. 7, f. 2.
Desuayes, Encyc. Meth, II. 213.
in Lamarck, VIII. 115.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIT. 382, pl. 17 & 18.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Avams, Vermont Mollusca, 10.
Gou tp, Invertebrata, 173, f. 115.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. pl. 10, f. 7, 8.
Preirrer, Monog, Helic. Viv. I. 412.
Heliz fallax, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 119.
Cuemnitz, 2d. ed. pl. 64, f. 7-9.
Preirrer, Monog. I. 412.
Kirtianp, Sacer, De Kay, wt supra.
DESCRIPTION.
Anat dark bluish slate color, deeper on the head
and tentacles; length of superior tentacles about a quar-
ter of an inch ; foot narrow, equal in length to nearly
twice the diameter of the shell, terminating in an acute
angle.
SHELL depressed, a little convex; epidermis varying
from light corneous, or russet, to chestnut; whorls four
184 HELICID.
and a half to six, crossed obliquely by numerous acute,
raised lines; aperture trilobate, more or less contracted
by a groove behind the lip; lip white, reflected, its outer
contour rounded, furnished on its inner margin with two
acute, projecting teeth; pillar-lip with a white, project-
ing, slightly curved tooth placed obliquely in the
aperture ; umbilicus open, deep; base rounded, stric
converging into the umbilicus.
Greatest transverse diameter three-fourths of an inch ;
common size less than half an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION. Inhabits all the States.
Common in forests in the interior, less frequent near the
sea-coast.
Remarks. This common and well-marked shell varies
considerably in size. In the fertile sections of the West-
ern States, it attains its largest diameter; in Vermont
it usually measures about half an inch, and on the sandy
soil of Florida only a fourth of an inch in diameter. It
varies also in the characters of the lip and aperture.
In specimens from the North-eastern States, the lip is
usually narrow, but slightly contracting the aperture, the
teeth are but little prominent, and the spire is flattened,
comprising less than five whorls. In those from the
Western States, the lip is wider, the aperture more con-
tracted, the spire more prominent, and the whorls com-
prise more than five volutions. But the most remarkable
variety is that which Say considered distinct enough to
form a separate species, under the name of H. fallax.
HELIX. 185
In this, the spire is more elevated, and sometimes has
six full volutions. There isa deep groove behind the
lip, contracting the aperture ; the lip is widely reflected,
and directed inwards, forming a basin-shaped mouth ;
the upper labial tooth is broader, sometimes bifid, and
even trifid, and very much inflected; the columellar
tooth extends quite to the base of the shell, and unites
with the extremity of the lip; the aperture is nearly
filled up by the teeth and the contraction of the lip. If
this variety were to be seen alone, it would be adjudged
to be a good species, and is generally so considered.
Having examined a great number of every variety, from
numerous localities, I have found every gradation be-
tween the extremes, and am convinced that they form but
one species. The animals do not differ in the least degree.
Helix tridentata resembles Helix palliata on its upper
surface, but differs from all others. The situation in
which I have most commonly found it, is under the
layers of wet and decaying leaves in forests ; it is also
found under flat stones. I have one specimen in which
the direction of the whorls is reversed.
The figure of Férussac represents a very small shell,
probably the southern variety. Lister’s figure, tab. 92,
figure 92, is probably intended for this shell.
VOL. Il. 47
186 HELICIDZ.
40. HELIX AURICULATA, Say.
Pruate XL,
H. testa depressa, subtus convexa, corneo-rufescente ;
anfractibus striatis, striis distinctis, crebris, elevatis ; aper-
tura auriculata, angustissima, contortuplicata, ringente, mar-
ginibus connexis; columella plica reflexa, dentiformi, in
aperturam intrante ; labro supra eminente, subtus ad basim
appresso, interné bi-plicato ; umbilico aperto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Polygyra auriculata, Say, Nich. Encye. IV.; Journ. Acad. I. 277.
Heliz auriculata, FErussac, Tab. Syst. 37; Hist. pl. 50, f. 3, 4.
Desuayes in Lamarck, VIII. 112.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 384, pl. 19, f. 1, 2.
Cuemnitz, 2 ed. tab. 65, f. 3, 4.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 417.
Polygyra avara, Say, Nich. Eucye. 1V.; Journ. Acad. I. 277.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 37; Hist. pl. 50, f. 2.
Stenotrema avara, Harriman, Erd und Susswasser Gasterop. p. 84, tab. 22.
Helix Sayii, Woop, loc. cit. Sup. pl. 7, f. 34. ?
DESCRIPTION.
Anta longer than the breadth of the shell, acute
behind, above granulated and blackish, beneath and each
side white ; upper tentacles long, slender, and tapering ;
lower ones short, and of nearly equal diameter.”
SHELL depressed, very slightly convex above, below
convex; epidermis brownish horn-color ; whorls more
than five, a little rounded, crossed by numerous distinct,
equidistant, oblique striz; the upper part of the last
whorl, near the mouth, is suddenly reflected from the
* Say, in Nicholson’s Encyclopedia, American edition, Vol. IV.
HELIX. 187
preceding whorl, and turned outwards, having a sharp
carina on its inner edge; the lower part is slightly
reflected, but attached ; lip projecting at the upper part,
somewhat reflected in the middle, and appressed to the
whorl and indented below ; pillar-lip emarginate, strongly
reflected, and pressed upwards into the aperture in an
acute angle; aperture ear-shaped, throat very narrow,
with a lamellar fold or tooth within above, and another
more external below, with a deep sulcus between them;
umbilicus open, carinated and grooved on the last whorl,
exhibiting nearly two volutions.
Greatest transverse diameter more than half an inch.
GxocrapuicaL Disrriputron. Inhabits Georgia and
South Carolina, near the coast, and Florida 3 common
near St. Augustine and at various places on St. John’s
River ; it has also been found at Natchez.
Remarks. ‘This is one of several curious species
which were discovered by Mr. Say in Florida, and of
which he formed the genus Polygyra, so called from the
numerous whorls of some of them. The animal does not
appear to differ from that of Helix; and, as mere pecu-
liarities in the shell are not recognized as sufficient for
the subdivision of genera, his distinction has not ob-
tained. Mr. Say gives a separate measurement of males
and females, from which it would seem that he con-
sidered the animals to be unisexual; a distinction which,
if correct, would effectually separate it from Helix, the
animal of which, in every case, combines both sexes in
188 HELICIDZ.
the same individual. I have had occasion to notice con-
siderable numbers of the animal of Polygyra septem-
volva, Say, but have not observed any fact which would
tend to confirm such an opinion. On the contrary, it
has appeared to me that they were analogous in all
respects to the animals of the genus Helix.
This shell is peculiar for the complicated form of its
aperture, which bears a considerable resemblance to the
human ear. In mature individuals the lip is very much
projected, the folds within the aperture are prominent,
and the aperture greatly contracted. The laminated
folds within are marked by corresponding depressions
externally, behind the reflection of the lip. At different
periods of growth the aperture differs very much in
appearance, and has led naturalists into error. When
the lip is just beginning to be formed, and as yet projects
but little, there are two projecting teeth on its imer edge,
with a deep sulcus between them; as these continue to
grow, they assume more and more the appearance of
lamellar folds, the lower one of which, when viewed on a
line perpendicular to the base of the shell, hides the
other. The columellar fold, at the same early period,
appears more like an independent tooth, to each extrem-
ity of which the lip is connected. It is this variety
which Mr. Say described as a distinct species, under the
name of Polygyra avara. This opinion I derive not so
much from his descriptions as from the examination of
original specimens collected and labelled by him, now in
my possession. I have specimens of the mature shell
HELLX. 189
smaller than any specimen of H. avara that I have seen,
and have other specimens of H. avara, so called, as large
as the most mature H. awriculata. Plate XL. figure 1,
represents the mature shell; figure 2, the young shell,
described by Say as P. a
Sop Ses
41. HELIX VULTUOSA, Gov Lp.
Puate XL. a. Ficure 4.
H. testa orbiculari, utrinque convexiuscula, rufo-cornea,
laté umbilicata, confertim striata: spira depressa, anfract-
ibus 53 convexis, ultimo ad peripheriam subangulato:
apertura lunari; labro albo, crasso, tortuoso, dente basali,
marginali, falcato, et dente mediano, obliquo, profundo,
armato; lamella columellari obliqua, arcuata, erecta, nisi
infra ad Jabrum juncta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix vultuosa, Gouxp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 39, anno 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL orbicular, depressed, about equally convex on
both sides, rather solid, dark horn-color, delicately stri-
ated; spire a low dome, composed of about five and a
half whorls, which are moderately convex, and separated
VOL. Il. 48
190 HELICID.
by a well-defined suture, the exterior one somewhat
angular at periphery. Beneath, well rounded, and per-
forated by a deep umbilicus, about one-fourth as broad
as the base. Aperture rather large, lunate ; lip moder-
ately reflexed, tortuous, white, having at the base a
small tooth, and at the centre a deep seated, more ex-
panded, reflexed tooth. The columella bears a stout,
elevated, arcuated, oblique lamella, jomed to the lower
extremity of the lip only.
Diameter two-fifths of an inch, axis one-fifth of an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTrion. Found by Mr. Bart-
lett in Texas, near Corpus Christi and Galveston.
Remarks. At first glance this might be regarded as
an immature form of H. inflecta. It is generally smaller
and more convex, has a narrower aperture more nearly
closed by the pillar-tooth, the basal tooth is more devel-
oped, and the median one is deeper seated, and remark-
ably directed backwards into the aperture. From H.
Texasiana, it differs n having an open umbilicus, and by
having no line of callus connecting the pillar-tooth with
the upper angle of the lip, thereby forming a reéntering
angle. It is, in truth, intermediate between H. fallax
and H. Texasiana.—[6.]
HELIX. 191
42. HELIX TEX ASIANA, Moricanp.
Puate XLV. Ficure 1.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, cornea, superné planulata,
sulcato-striata, ad peripheriam angulata, inferné convexa,
glabra, nitida, arcté perforata ; anfractibus quinis, ultimo
deflecto, poné labro albo reflexo constricto; apertura co-
aretato-lunari, labro inferné bidentato, extremitatibus lamella
angulata ad collumellam adnata coadunatis.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix Texasiana, Moricanp, Mem. Genev. VI. 538, pl. 1, f. 2.
Desuayes, ed. Lamarck, VIII. 133.
Férussac, Hist. des Moll. pl. 69, D. f. 2.
Helix auriculata, Bixney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 387.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL brownish, or dingy white ; tentacles darker,
sheaths visible by a dark line, superior tentacles much
enlarged at tip.
SHELL depressed, orbicular, rather solid, of a pale
horn color, with crowded rib-strie above, smooth, or
faintly striated, and shining beneath. Spire nearly flat,
of five whorls separated by a well-marked suture, the
outer one obtusely angular at periphery, nearly at the
plane of the spire, and somewhat deflected near the
aperture. Beneath convexly rounded, with a somewhat
distorted appearance in consequence of the whorl becom-
ing narrower, rather than broader, towards the aperture,
leaving a minute umbilical perforation. Aperture nar-
192 HELICIDE.
row lunate, the lip forming about two-thirds of a circle,
reflected, white, with a constriction behind it, and armed
with two denticles at its inner edge, one near the centre,
the other at the middle of the basal portion. The extrem-
ities of the lip are connected by a callus across the colu-
mella, of an acutely angular form, pointing to the middle
of the portion of the lip above the upper denticle, the
lower ramus of the angle being longest and largest, and
a little concave inwardly.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch, axis three-twentieths
of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Disrripurion. Collected by Mr.
Bartlett at Corpus Christi, and Galveston, in Texas.
Remarks. The numerous specimens now in our pos-
session render the specific value of this shell no longer
doubtful. In the monograph in the Boston Journal of
Natural History, it was regarded as a form of H. auricu-
lata; and M. Férussac (Bulletin Zodlogique, 2d section,
85,) referred it to the next species. In the former, even in
the immature stage, all the oral appendages are more
lamellar, and are not appressed to the shell; in the
mature state, the development of the lip admits of no
mistake. It is larger, thinner, and smoother, both above
and below. HH. fatigiata is smaller, more discoidal, the
teeth on the outer lip are deeper within the throat, and
the triangular lamella on the columella is obliquely trun-
cated at tip, so as to render it linguiform. H. pustula
is still smaller, and has a very different umbilicus. In
HELIX. 193
H. Texasiana the columellar lamella goes off more
directly from the lower junction of the lip, leaving no
intervening channel. Dr. Pfeiffer seems also to have
made still greater confusion, in his Monographia, by
regarding it as identical with the plicata and auriculata
of Say, which he places as synonyms under Moricand’s
species, while he makes a distinct species of H. T'roos-
tiana, Lea. It is impossible, indeed, to say which spe-
cies he actually had under his eye when he made his
description; and, indeed, so far as may be made out from
the description, his H. ventrosula accords with the true
Texasiana.—[G. ]
43. HELIX FATIGIATA, Say.
Puate XXXIX. Ficures 2, 4.
H. testa subplanulaté, umbilicata, luteo-corneé ; anfract-
ibus striatis, striis distinctis, crebris, elevatis ; apertura sub-
orbiculari, contracta; labro albo, reflexo, intus bidentato ;
columella plica, sub-acuta, in medio aperture projecta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz fatigiata, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIT. 388, pl. 19, f. 3.
Helix Troostiana, Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 419.
Polygyra plicata, Say, Nich. Encye. 1V.; Journ. Acad. II, 161.
Polygyra fatigiata, Say, Disseminator, &c.
Polygyra Dorfeuillana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 107, pl. 24, f. 118.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Polygyra Troostiana, Lea, loc. cit. VI. 107, pl. 24, f. 119.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not hitherto noticed.
SHELL plane above, or a little convex ; epidermis light
VOL, Il. 49
194 HELICID A.
russet ; whorls more than five, with numerous raised,
oblique, equidistant striz ; aperture shaped like a horse-
shoe; lip equally reflected, regularly arcuated, describ-
ing two-thirds of a circle, with a depression behind its
reflection ; within the aperture, on the outer side of the
whorl, are two prominent, white teeth, the lower near
the base conical, the upper more compressed and placed
farther within ; columella with an oblique tooth or fold
projecting towards the centre of the aperture, and con-
nected by slightly raised, curved lines of callus with the
superior and inferior extremities of the lip; base of
the shell showing about one and a half yolutions of the
spire.
Greatest transverse diameter more than one-third of
an inch, common size less than one-fourth.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTripuTIoN. Found hitherto in
Illinois, Ohio, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Kentucky,
Tennessee, and Texas. Though not common, it seems
to be a widely spread species.
It is oftenest found in the States bordering upon the
Gulf of Mexico.
Remarks. This peculiar and interesting shell has
been hitherto rare in collections, and is therefore but
little known. Some specimens are entirely flat on the
upper surface, in some the strize of the whorls are dis-
tinct on the upper and lower surfaces, in others only on
the upper, leaving the lower surface smooth. The outer
whorl is occasionally carinated. The aperture is usually
HELIX. 195
shaped like a horseshoe. The teeth within the aperture
might escape notice if not looked for. The columellar
tooth varies considerably, being in some thin and oblique,
connected by delicate lines of callus at either extremity
with the lip, in others larger and more prominent, with
the space between the two hhes of callus more or less
filled up with testaceous matter.
There is a variety with the upper surface flat, the strize
of increase very prominent and sharp, and more widely
separated, six entire whorls, acutely carmated, the base
exhibiting one and a half volutions and a deep umbilicus.
This, by some, would .be considered a distinct species ;
but it does not seem to me to be entitled to any other
rank than that of a marked variety.
This species was first described by Mr. Say, as Poly-
gyra plicata. A variety, differing in some slight parti-
culars, but found at a point very remote from the first,
was described by him as Polygyra fatigiata. Recently,
Mr. Lea has enlarged its synonymy by the addition of
two new specific names. The distinctions on which the
latter has founded his species, in this instance, are not,
I think, sufficient for that purpose; if admitted to be
valid, they would lead to an infinite multiplication of spe-
cies, and burden the descriptive part of Natural History
with a mass of matter beyond the compass of any mind.
Having in my possession original specimens of Poly-
gyra plicata labelled by Mr. Say, and having, through
the politeness of Mr. Lea, had the opportunity of examin-
ing the specimens from which he made his descriptions
196 HELICIDA.
of Polygra Dorfeuillana and Troostiana, the opinion
which I derived from his descriptions and figures has
been confirmed, and I cannot doubt the specific identity
of the three. There is, however, much difficulty in iden-
tifying specimens of Mr. Say’s Polygyre: they vary
much in size, at maturity; and the younger shells differ
from the older, in a remarkable manner, in the character
of the aperture.
The original specific name, plicata, being preoccupied
in this genus, I have adopted Mr. Say’s second name,
fatigiata.
44. HELIX SEPTEMVOLVA, Say.
Pirate XXXVIII. XXXIX. Ficure 1.
H. testa orbiculari, discoidea, umbilicata, cornea; an-
fractibus numerosis, obliqué et acuté striatis; apertura ab
axe remota, sub-orbiculari, marginibus connexis; columella
unilamellata ; labro albido, margine reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix septemvolva, Say, Journ. Acad. I. 278, anno 1818.
Nich. Encyc. IV.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 391, pl. 19, f. 4.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist. pl. 51-B. f. 6.
Woop, Index, Sup. pl. 7, f. 14.
DesuayeEs, in Ferussac, Contin. 5.
Sowersy, Conch. Manual, 2d. ed. f. 275.
Helix planorbula, Lamarck, VI. 89.
Desuayes, Encye. Meth. IT. 208; in Lamarck, VIII. 67.
Detessert, Recueil, tab, 26, f. 3.
Helix cereolus, Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 408.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL brownish, tentacles darker, very long and
HELIX. 197
slender, eyes black; foot narrow, thin, semi-transparent, .
receiving its color, in some degree, from the substance
on which it is placed, not projecting behind the shell
when in motion; length less than twice the breadth of
the shell, which it carries mgacly horizontally.
SHELL discoidal, sub-carinated ; epidermis corneous ;
whorls from less than six to more than eight, narrow,
compressed, diminishing very gradually in width from
the aperture to the apex, with raised, acute, transverse
lines, which are nearly obsolete on the base; lip com-
monly white, continuous round the aperture ; outer lip
reflected, with a groove behind the reflection, regularly
rounded so as to describe two-thirds of a circle; pillar-
lip with an acute fold, or tooth, projecting towards the
aperture ; base showing from two to four volutions in the
same plane, with a moderate umbilicus, extending to the
apex.
Greatest transverse diameter nearly five-eighths of an
inch, commonly much less.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distribution. Inhabits Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, and Texas. Very common on the
Sea Islands. I noticed immense numbers of them on a
small island in St. Joseph’s Bay, Florida, under the
decaying leaves of the palmetto, in company with Heli-
emma orbiculata.
Remarks. The compressed, discoidal shape of this
shell, and its numerous narrow whorls revolving around
VoL. Il. 50
198 HELICIDE.
their axis in the same plane, serve to distinguish it from
other species. It varies in being occasionally a little
convex, more or less carinate, and in exhibiting a greater
or less number of full volutions on the base.
The reflected lip in this shell seems to be formed at
various periods of growth, thus creating a greater diver-
sity of size in the apparently mature shell than exists in
any other species. From the nucleus until the accom-
plishment of five full whorls, each whorl on the base is
curved a little lower than that which precedes it; and
up to this time, consequently, the umbilicus is deep and
gradually expanding, exhibiting, when carefully exa-
mined, all the volutions. Up to this period, also, the
spire is almost always prominent. After five whorls are
completed, the succeeding ones usually follow in the
same horizontal plane, and give a discoidal character to
the shell. It is manifest, therefore, that specimens in
each of these stages must present considerable differ-
ences; and, accordingly, the small, delicate shell, having
a slightly convex spire of five whorls, a deep umbilicus,
and a transverse diameter of only one-eighth of an inch,
forms a beautiful variety, and has been thought to be a
distinct species.
The name planorbula was applied by Lamarck, in
defiance of received rules of nomenclature, as his refer-
ences show that he knew that another specific name was
already-in use. It seems probable that this shell was
first described by Megerle, in the Berlin Magazine,
1816, as H. cereolus ; but as both his description and
HELIX. 199
figures are said by Deshayes to be indefinite, the benefit
of the uncertainty is given to Mr. Say’s name.
I have seen specimens of this shell which were said to
be brought from one of the West India islands. It is
very probable that this, as well as other species, is com-
mon both to the peninsula of Florida and the nearest
islands of the Gulf of Mexico.
45. HELIX LEPORINA, GoUvULD.
Puate XL. a. Ficure 1.
H. testa parva, lenticulari, rufo-cornea, pilosiuscula, levi-
ter striata, vix perforata ; spira depressd, anfractibus quinis
convexiusculis, ultimo superné subangulato; apertura lu-
nata, labro incumbente, reflexo, roseo, dentibus duobus sinu
disjunctis instructo ; lamella columellari obliqua, erecta,
acuta, rectangulari, callo lineari superné ad angulum aper-
turee juncta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz leporina, Gouxp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 39, anno 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, depressed, orbicular, thin, reddish horn-
color, delicately striated, and when fresh, having a deli-
cate down on its surface. Spire depressed, composed of
five slightly convex whorls, the last of which is obtusely
angular at its upper portion. The base is convex, exca-
vated at the umbilical region, with a minute perforation.
Aperture lunate, the lip incumbent, rose-colored, re-
flexed, bearing on its inner edge two expanded teeth
200 HELICID.
separated by a deep, narrow fissure. On the columella
is a quadrate, erect, oblique lamella, its upper edge
joined to the upper angle of the aperture by a threadlike
callus.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch, axis one-eighth of an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Found by Mr. Bart-
lett in Mississippi and Arkansas.
Remarks. ‘This pretty little shell is intermediate be-
tween H. hirsuta and H. inflecta, though smaller than
either. It is less globose than hirsuta, while the aper-
ture is much the same, except that the sinus of the lip is
formed by the projection of two teeth instead of by an
emargination, in this respect resembling H. inflecta.
From the latter it differs in the columellar tooth. It re-
sembles H. pustula still more; but the umbilical region
is quite different.—[a. ]
HELIX. 201
46. HELIX PUSTULA, FxrRussac.
Puate XXXIX. Ficure 3.
H. testa parva, planorboidea, cornea, striatula ; spira
planulata, anfractibus quinis, convexis, arcté yolutatis, sutura
bené discretis, ultimo subangufato; apertura coarctata, lu-
nata, peristomate albo, reflexo, bilobato, marginibus dente
obliquo linguiformi junctis ; infra convexa, laté umbilicata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix pustula, Firussac, Hist. Nat. des Moll. pl. 50, f. 1.
PFEIFFER, Symbolee, III. p. 81. Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 422.
Cuemnitz, 2d, ed. t. 65, f. 18 - 20.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, planorboid, pale rufous or horn-colored,
delicately striated. The spire is flat, has five closely
revolving, rounded whorls, separated by a deep suture,
the outermost obtusely angular at its upper limit ; beneath
convexly rounded into a large umbilicus, one-third the
breadth of the base, and exhibiting the other whorls
within, and with a constriction behind the lip. Aperture
narrow, crescentic, the lip somewhat broadly reflected,
white, its inner margin divided by a median fissure, from
which it is narrowed each way, forming two dentiform
lobes ; on the columella is an erect lamella proceeding
obliquely from below, its upper extremity being annexed
to the upper extremity of the lip by a filiform callus.
Diameter one-fifth, axis one-tenth of an inch.
GuocgrapnicaL DisrrrpuTion. Found at Darien, and
in Lee county, Georgia, and in Florida.
VOL, Il. 51
202 HELICID.
Remarks. This rare species has hitherto been ad-
mitted with hesitation. In the Monograph in the Bos-
ton Journal, III. 390, it was noticed under H. fatigiata,
without venturing to decide on its claims to a specific
place. No doubt, however, can remain, after an examin-
ation of numerous specimens, the distinctive characters
being found constant. It is smaller than H. fatigiata,
its umbilical perforation is far broader than in any other
of the polygyral group, and the sharp projecting inner
edge of the lip is bisected by a fissure as in H. hirsuta.
The columellar callus is much as in H. fatigiata.
47. HELIX LABYRINTHICA.
Puate XVII. Ficure 3.
H. testa minutissima, sub-conica, apice obtuso, corneo-
rufescente ; anfractibus striatis, striis eminentibus, obliquis ;
labro incrassato, sub-reflexo ; umbilico minimo, impresso ;
columella dente laminato in aperturam intrante.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz labyrinthica, Say, Journ. Acad. I. 124; Nich. Eneye. IV.
Kuirrtanp, Ohio Report, 173.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIT. 393, pl. 26, f. 1.
GouLp, Invertebrata, 184, f. 106.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 10.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 38; Hist. pl. 51, B. f. 1.
Preirrer, Symbole, II. 31; Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 416.
Cuemni7z, 2d ed. t. 66, f. 17-20.
DESCRIPTION.
AntMat bluish black on the head, neck, and tentacles ;
other parts lighter, base of foot whitish.
HELIX. 203
SHELL very minute, conic, apex obtuse; epidermis
brownish horn-color ; suture well impressed ; whorls six,
with conspicuous, elevated, obtuse, equidistant, oblique
ribs ; lip thickened, somewhat reflected; columella with
a long, lamelliform, raised line, or tooth, which appears
to revolve within the shell Parallel to the suture, and
sometimes a second, nearer to the base, less conspicuous,
and terminating farther within the aperture ; base flat ;
umbilicus small, impressed.
Greatest transverse diameter one-tenth of an inch.
GxrocRapuicaL Distrieution. Inhabits a very wide
range of territory ; was noticed by Mr. Say in Missouri ;
is found in the Northern, Eastern, Middle, and Western
States, also in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas.
Remarks. This species is of about the same size as
H. rupestris, Draparnaud, of Europe. It is very remark-
able for the raised parallel laminze which revolve within
the shell, terminating abruptly on the columella. Usually
but one of them is apparent. When both are visible,
their parallel arrangement bears some resemblance to
the track of a railroad. The oblique strie on the
whorls are very conspicuous. It varies much in the
height of the spire, some specimens: being very much
flattened, others with a pointed apex ; usually the spire
is high and rounded at the apex. The aperture is
moderate, not dilated, often delicately roseate, and some-
times reddish brown. Found in forests in the interstices
of decaying logs, and under layers of wet leaves.
204 HELICID.
Section IJ. Lip srp.e.
e. Aperture destitute of teeth or folds within.
48. HELIX LIGERA.
Prate XXXV.
H. testa sub-globosa, perforata, nitida, corned ; anfracti-
bus septem, obliqué striatis; apertura lunato-rotundata ;
labro simplici, acuto; basi propé aperturam albo, interné
incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix ligera, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 157, anno 1821.
Exped. St. Peter’s Riv. I. 258.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIL. 412, pl. 20, f. 1.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Cuemnitz, 2d. ed. pl. 33, f. 5-7.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 48.
Helix Rafinesquea, Firussac, Tab. Syst. 50.
Hist. pl. 51, a. 5, pl. 50, a. f. 4, 5?
Helix Wardiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 67, p. 23, f. 82.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL uniform blackish slate-color over the whole
upper surface, paler on the posterior extremity and base ;
collar grayish-white ; foot narrow, exceeding in length
twice the tranverse diameter of the shell.
SHELL sub-globose; epidermis yellowish horn-color,
shining ; whorls seven, finely and thickly striated trans-
versely ; suture not much impressed ; aperture semilu-
nate, rounded; lip thin, acute; base and side of the
outer whorl, within the aperture, thickened and white ;
HELIX. 205
umbilicus very small ; umbilical region impressed. Great-
est transverse diameter five-eighths of an inch, usually
much less.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRiBuTION. Inhabits all the West-
ern States, where it is common. It has been noticed
also in Arkansas, and in the North-western Territory.
Remarks. ‘This species varies in the greater or less
prominence of the spire, which sometimes is considerably
depressed, and at other times rises into a sub-conical
shape. The apex is, however, always obtuse, so that
the young shells might be supposed to belong to another
species, so different are they in shape from the mature
shell. When fully grown, there are seven whorls com-
plete, but usually the number does not much exceed six.
The epidermis is commonly shining, and the oblique strize
are numerous and distinct. The young shells are pellu-
cid. The base of the shell within the aperture is thick-
ened with a very white callus, which is seen from with-
out. The umbilicus is very small, and sometimes quite
closed. The lip, at its junction with the base of the
shell, is slightly reflected. H. Wardiana of Lea, is
undoubtedly the young of this species. ‘The distinction
in the animal, noticed by Dr. Ward, was afterwards
ascertained by him to be merely accidental.
Mr. Say’s name should be retained for this shell, as
his description was published several months before Fé-
russac’s name appeared, and several years in advance of
his figure.
206 HELICIDA.
The species next succeeding is often considered to be
only a variety of the present. The differences will be
noticed in the remarks on that shell.
Lister’s figure, tab. 81, f. 82, has been referred to as
the representative of this species; but it is clearly too
indefinite to be depended upon. It rather resembles the
young of some of the larger species.
49. HELIX INTERTEXTA, BINNEY.
PuateE XXXVI.
H. testa sub-pyramidata, perforata, cornea ; anfractibus
striatis, striis obliquis, lineis minutissimis, impressis, volven-
tibus, intertextis; anfractu ultimo zona sub-albida, rufo-
marginata, cincto; apertura lunato-rotundata ; labro sim-
plici; basi intus incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix intertexta, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 413, pl. 20, f. 2.
Puiuirry, Icon. II. 9, pl. 6, f. 16. «#
Cuemnitz, 2d. ed. pl. 33, f. 8- 10.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 49.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not hitherto observed.
SHELL sub-pyramidal ; epidermis yellowish horn-color ;
whorls six to seven, with numerous fine, oblique strive,
and very minute, spiral striz, intersecting each other ;
HELIX. 207
outer whorl with a narrow, light-colored band, and
an ill-defined, brownish band below it; aperture round-
ed, a little transverse; lip thin, somewhat thickened
within by a deposition of testaceous matter, slightly
reflected at its junction with the base of the shell; um-
bilicus small, sometimes neatly obsolete ; base whiter
than the upper surface.
Greatest transverse diameter about three-fourths of an
inch.
GeograpHicaL Disrrisurion. It inhabits North
Carolina. I have seen numerous specimens from Cabar-
rus County. It is also found in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and
Maryland.
Remarks. This shell resembles some varieties of H.
ligera so nearly, that I hesitated some time before I con-
sidered it distinct. The spire is less high in a shell of
the same size, has a smaller number of whorls, and is
more pyramidal in shape than in that species. The
diameter, in full-grown specimens, is greater, and the
base is flatter. The epidermis is darker and less shin-
ing, the shell is thicker and less pellucid, the deposit of
testaceous matter within the aperture is less. The size
of the umbilicus and the shape of the aperture are the
same in both. But the principal distinction consists in
the spiral lines which revolve on the whorl, intersecting
the striz of growth, but so minute as hardly to be per-
ceptible to the naked eye, yet present in every specimen
which I have examined. The whitish, narrow band,
208 HELICID.
shaded below with rufous, apparent on the outer, and
sometimes on the second whorl, generally aids in identi-
fying it, though it is sometimes wanting. Young speci-
mens are much more depressed than those of H. ligera,
and are sometimes distinctly carinated. The depression
of the umbilical region is not so evident in this as in the
preceding species. ‘The rufous band below the white
band, is well defined and broad, in a single specimen
before me.
560. HELIX SOLITARIA, Say.
Puate XXIV.
H. testa crassa, orbiculato-convexa, laté umbilicata, cor-
neo-rufescente, fasciis fuscis aut rufis cincta ; apertura cir-
culari; labro simplici ; basi unicolore.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix solitaria, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 157.
Kirtranp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIT. 427, pl. 24.
Cuemnitz, 2 ed. tab. 24, f. 5, 6.
PreirFer, Symbole, II. 39; Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 102.
Euryomphala solitaria, Beck, Index, 8.
DESCRIPTION.
Anima. Dirty white, with a rufous tinge; rufous
spots on the head and neck, lighter ones along the mar-
gin. Tentacule dark; foot short, posterior extremity
rounded.
SHELL. Very convex, thick, apex obtuse ; epidermis
varying from white to dark corneous, with revolving,
HELIX. 209
rufous bands, of which there are usually two on the body-
whorl; whorls six, striated and rounded, the last whorl
making a considerable part of the volume of the shell ;
suture distinctly impressed ; aperture ample, nearly cir-
cular, space between the two extremities of the lip small,
with a thin callus ; within bluish white, showing the bands ;
umbilicus large and deep, exhibiting all the volutions ;
base destitute of bands.
Greatest transverse diameter more than one inch and
a quarter.
GrocRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits the West-
ern States north of the Ohio river. It was noticed by
Mr. Say in Lower Missouri.
Remarks. This is a thick and coarse shell, when
fully grown. It is distinguished by its coarse texture,
deep and ample umbilicus, and the dark rufous bands on
its whorls; but it is sometimes destitute of bands, aud
nearly white. The spire varies considerably in the
degree of its elevation, but the apex is always obtuse.
The same specific name was applied by Poiret to a
French species, but, Draparnaud’s name for the same
shell CH. conoidea) having universally obtained, the
present name can be retained for our species.
VOL, II. 53
210 HELICIDA.
561. HELIX STRIGOSA, GouULD.
Pirate XXVI.
H. testa orbiculari, depressd, scabraté, laté umbilicata,
cinereo-grisea vel fuscescente, fasciis linearibus volventibus
pallidé fuscis interdum subtus notata; spira anfractibus
quinis convexiusculis ; ulftmo angulato, et propé aperturam
- deflexo; apertura circulari; labro simplici, continuo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz strigosa, Gouup, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II. 166, Aug. 1846.
Expedition Shells, 18.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 121.
DESCRIPTION.
Snext orbicular, slightly, and about equally, convex
above and beneath, broadly umbilicated, surface irregu-
lar, and roughened above by indentations and coarse
lines of growth, and by occasional fine revolving lines ;
smoother and shining beneath. Color ashy gray, some-
what mottled with dusky, or altogether rusty brown
above, with, usually, a single, faint, revolving band on
the middle of each whorl, and often with numerous
bands, unequal in size and distance, beneath. Whorls
five, moderately convex, the last one carinated at its
commencement, and deflexed near the aperture, which
is circular, with the lip simple, and nearly continuous ;
suture well impressed.
Greatest diameter nearly an inch; axis two-fifths of
an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrBution. Brought by the U.
S. Exploring Expedition from the interior of Oregon.
HELIX. 211
“=
Remarxs. In form, it may be compared, among the
shells of this continent, to H. concava and H. alternata ;
but, in its opaque and rugged aspect, and most of its
characters, it nearly resembles H. alpina and its varie-
ties, of Europe; but that species is more elevated, has a
smaller umbilicus, the lip reflexed, and no revolving
bands.—[@. ]
62. HELIX SPORTELLA, GovuLp.
Puate XXII. a.
H. testa planulata, fragili, nitida, luteo-cornea, subtus con-
cava, laté umbilicata, lineis incrementi conspicuis, et lineis
volventibus subtilissimis confertis decussata ; spira anfract-
ibus quinis, ultimo magno ; suturaé profunda ; apertura
rotundata, infra subangulata ; labro acuto, simplici.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz sportella, Goutp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II. 167, Aug. 1846.
Expedition Shells, 18.
PreirFrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 111.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL much depressed, convex above, concave be-
neath, sloping into a broad, tunnel-shaped umbilicus.
Surface delicate and shining, of a pale, yellowish-green
color, regularly sculptured with sharp, coarse lines of
growth, which are crossed by fine, crowded, revolving
lines, which cut merely the summits of the radiating
ridges, so that, to the naked eye, the surface appears
minutely granulated ; but under a magnifier the raised
212 HELICID.
spaces are seen to be well defined squares. Whorls five,
separated by a deep suture, the outer one proportionally
large. Aperture nearly circular, a little angular at base,
modified by the preceding whorl ; lip acute, simple.
Diameter half an inch; axis a little over one-fourth of
an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION. Brought by the U.
8. Exploring Expedition from Puget Sound, Oregon.
Remarks. Much like H. concava, Say, which, how-
ever, presents a very smooth surface, a smaller and less
circular aperture, an umbilicus much broader, and the
outer whorl increases less rapidly. I know of no Ameri-
can species which has the surface similarly decussated.
H. intertexta is most like it in this respect. The speci-
mens are immature, and probably the lip may be some-
what reflected in adults.—[G. ]
563, HELIX ALTERNATA, Say.
Puate XXV.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, laté et profundé umbilicata,
striis elevatis, obliquis, crebris, scabra; albido et rufo
alterné coloraté ; obscuré fasciata; apertura circulari ;
labro tenui, acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz alternata, Say, Nich. Encye. IV. pl. 1, f. 2; Journ, Acad. II. 161.
Tarrranp, Ohio Report, 172.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist. III, 428, pl. 35.
Goutp, Invertebrata, 177, f. 114.
HELIX. 213
Helix alternata, Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 12, and figure.
Ferussac, Tab. Syst. 44; Hist. pl. 79, f. 8, 9. 10.
Poriez and Micu., Galerie, 104.
Cuemnitz, 2 ed. tab. 24, f. 17, 18.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 102.
Helix scabra, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. VI. 288.
Desuayves, Encye. Meth. II. 219; in Lamarck, VIII. 66.
De Kay, New York Report, 31; Nat. Hist. pl. 2, f. 9.
Patula alternata, HexD, in Isis, 1837, p. 916.
ELuryomphala alternata, Beck, Index Meth. 8.
DESCRIPTION.
Anau. Head and tentacule light slate-color, back
brown, remainder of upper surface brownish-orange, eyes
black, base of foot grayish-white, collar saffron. Supe-
rior tentaculze one-third of an inch long, blackish at the
extremities. Foot not much exceeding in length the
diameter of the shell, and terminating in a broad, obtuse,
and flat extremity. A light marginal line runs along
the edge of the foot from the head to the posterior part,
those of the two sides meeting in an acute angle.
Variety. Head and neck blackish brown, tentacles
blackish, foot brownish, base dirty white. In a single
instance the whole animal was entirely black.
SueLL. Flattened-convex; epidermis variegated
with rufous bars and spots, arranged obliquely across
the whorls ; whorls in full-grown individuals six, striated
obliquely with raised, acute, equidistant, curved lines,
which give a roughness to the surface ; aperture, viewed
perpendicularly to its plane, nearly circular ; lip simple,
thin, brittle, within shining, sometimes pearly ; umbilicus
VOL. Il. 54
214 HELICIDA.
large and deep, exhibiting all the volutions; base paler
than the upper surface, with a colored band more or less
perfect, the colored bars, where they exist, narrow, and
converging into the umbilicus.
Greatest transverse diameter about one inch.
GroGRAPHicaL Distrisution. Inhabits the North-
eastern and Middle States, and the Western States from
the eastern end of Lake Superior to Arkansas. It will
probably be found to exist in the whole territory of the
United States. :
Remarks. In New England, this is perhaps the most
common species of the genus. It abounds in the forests,
and is not uncommon in the open country in moist situa-
tions, where it can find shelter under logs and stumps. It
seems to be more gregarious than other species ; at any
rate, numbers are more frequently found in the same
retreat. It does not bear a change from a moist to a
dry situation so well as many other species. In captiv-
ity it remains buried a great part of the time under the
moist earth, with the body half protruded. If removed
to the surface, it withdraws within the shell, protects its
orifice by three or four coverings, and soon dies unless
supplied with moisture.
The foot of the animal is smaller, and the tentacles
shorter, than in either of the other species possessing so
large a shell; it is also flatter and thinner. The collar
is deeply tinged with the coloring matter which orna-
ments the shell, and which is sometimes secreted in such
HELIX. 915
profusion, as to give a saffron tinge to the trace which it
leaves on objects over which it crawls. It is distributed
over the animal, and arranged in minute points, which
are most thickly clustered on the margin, and on the
glandular tubercles of the surface.
The shell varies in being more or less depressed, and
in having the striz more or lessrough. In the young
shell the margin is carinated, especially at its junction
with the second whorl. On many individuals there is a
distinct, uncolored line on the centre of the outer whorl,
dividing the rufous bands of the superior surface from
those on the lower surface. There is a variety in which
the shell is destitute of color ; another in which the spire
is sunk below the last whorl, leaving a projecting shoul-
der ; a third which remains carinate when mature ; anda
fourth in which the strive of increase are replaced by dis-
tinct, prominent, sharp ribs, placed rather widely apart.
This species was described and published by Mr. Say,
in 1818, as H. alternata. In 1822, Lamarck gave it
the specific name of scabra, a name pre-occupied by a
species of Chemnitz. Say’s name has the priority and
is adopted in this country, as it should be elsewhere.
Lister’s figure, Synops. t. 70, f. 69, represents this
species. It is also noticed in the London Philos. Trans-
actions, XX. (1698) No. 246, p. 395.
216 HELICIDE.
54. HELIX CUMBERLANDIANA, LEa.
Prare XXVI.
H. testa, laté umbilicata, lenticulari, acuté carinata, radi-
atim costato-striata, cinerea vel flavida, fusco sub-tessellata ;
spira depressa, anfractibus quinis planulatis, marginatis ;
apertura rhomboideo-circulari, labro acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Carocolla Cumberlandiana, Lea, Am. Phil. Trans. VIII. 229, pl. 6, f. 61.
De Kay, New York Report, 47.
Heliz Cumberlandiana, Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 125.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not known.
SHELL lenticular, acutely carinated, rather thin, sculp-
tured with coarse, acute rib-strie, of a pale yellowish,
or sometimes ash color, irregularly checked with radiat-
ing, waved, brown blotches. Spire depressed, of about
five whorls, very slightly convex, but excavated towards
the margin, which is acute, and with a marginal, im-
pressed line on both sides of the edge. Beneath, some-
what less convex, but the striz less prominent, and its
centre excavated by a deep, broad umbilicus, one-third
the diameter of the base, and exhibiting all the whorls to
the apex. Aperture rather wider than high, rendered
somewhat rhomboidal by the acute carina; lip simple.
Diameter three-fourths of an inch; axis about one-
fourth of an inch.
HELIX. 217
GEOGRAPHICAL Disrrisutron. It has hitherto been
noticed only in Western Tennessee.
Remarks. ‘The only species with which this can be
compared is H. alternata, with which it nearly agrees in
form, color, and sculpture. he carinated variety of the
latter, especially, has a very close resemblance ; and,
although it has the marginal constriction under the
carina, it does not appear above, as in H. Cumberland-
tana. The shell before us is much more depressed,
smoother beneath, much more broadly umbilicated, and,
on account of the very decided peripheral carination, has
a much more decidedly lozenge-shaped aperture.—[e.]
565. HELIX STRIATELLA, ANTHowWY.
Puate XXX. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, orbiculato-depressa, tenui, laté umbilicata,
cornea ; anfractibus quatuor conyexis, obliqué et minuté
striatis; apertura transversd, sub-rotundata ; labro tenui,
acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Heliz striatella, ANruony, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 278, pl. 3, f. 2.
Biyney, Boston Journ. III. 482, pl. 21, f. 5.
Gout, Invertebrata, 178, f. 112.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 12.
De Kay, New York Report, 43, pl. 3, f. 40.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 85, fig. 86-38.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 104.
DESCRIPTION.
Antu. Head, neck, and tentacles, dusky ; foot white.
VOL. Il. 55
218 HELICIDA.
SHELL depressed-convex, thin; epidermis light horn-
color; whorls less than four, with numerous, delicate,
oblique striz ; suture distinct, not much impressed ;
umbilicus large, showing all the volutions; aperture
rounded, transverse ; lip thin, acute.
Greatest transverse diameter less than one-fourth of
an inch.
GrocrapHicaL Distripution. Inhabits the Western
States, is common in Ohio, and particularly abundant
near Cincinnati, “in low bottom-lands, near the margins
of running streams.” It is also abundant in Massachu-
setts, near Boston, and in Vermont.
Remarks. This species bears a very strong resem-
blance, in general aspect, to H. perspectiva, Say, with the
immature shells of which it is very commonly confounded.
It needs some attention to separate the two; but when
the present species is once noticed, it cannot fail to be
considered very distinct. Its discriminative characters,
as compared with the former species, are as follows.
The mature shell is smaller, and has generally rather
less, and never more, than four whorls; and in shells of
the same size the number of yolutions is less. It is
thinner and more delicate ; its color is lighter ; its striz
of increase are more numerous, more oblique, much
finer, and less prominent; its suture is less deeply im-
pressed ; its spire is more convex, and its umbilicus less
expanded. The character of the epidermis is the same
in both. ‘The lustre of the epidermis resembles that of
satin.
HELIX. 219
“=
This species closely resembles H. ruderata, Studer ;
and Prof. Adams declares that he cannot detect any
difference in the two. I have found no difficulty in dis-
tinguishing them at first sight, but have not seen a
sufficient number of specimens of the foreign species to
enable me to speak confidently on the subject. It must,
of course, be considered a doubtful species.
566. HELIX LIMATULA, BINNEY.
Pirate XXX. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, orbiculato-depressé, umbilicata, tenui,
albida; anfractibus quatuor convexis, obliqué et minutis-
simé striatis ; apertura sub-circulari, tenui, acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz limatula, Waxrpv, MSS.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 434, pl. 21, f. 2.
Prewrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 113.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL small, depressed; epidermis whitish, immac-
ulate ; suture distinctly impressed; whorls more than
four, convex, with very fine, oblique, parallel striae,
which become obsolete on the base; aperture sub-circu-
lar, slightly modified by the penultimate whorl ; lip thin,
acute ; umbilicus rounded, large and deep, not exhibit-
ing all the volutions.
Greatest diameter about one-fifth of an inch.
920 HELICIDA.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisrripuTion. Has been found in
many places in Ohio and in Indiana, also at Greenwich,
N.Y. It probably inhabits all the low grounds border-
ing on the Ohio and its tributaries.
Remarxs. This shell resembles, in a considerable
degree the preceding, particularly when the epidermis of
that species has become bleached, but may be readily
distinguished from it on comparison. Its epidermis is
lighter, being nearly white ; it is smaller, yet has nearly
one more whorl; it is less convex, and the whorls are
less prominent ; the strize of increase are finer and more
delicate, and their direction is more nearly at right
angles with the suture; the aperture is more nearly a
direct section of the whorl; the body-whorl is more
rounded on the base ; the umbilicus is less spread or cup-
shaped, and, though deep, does not exhibit all the volu-
tions. ‘The nucleus of the shell, or the original whorls,
which exist when the animal leaves its egg, are much
more minute and delicate.
For this species and the description of it, I was ori-
ginally indebted to the late Dr. C. J. Ward of Roscoe,
Ohio. I have since received the shell from several
other sources.
HELIX.
bo
bo
rang
67. HELIX MINUSCULA, BINNEY.
Puate XVII. a. Ficure 2.
H. testé minuta, orbiculato-depressa, umbilicata, albida ;
anfractibus quatuor, convexis; apertura circulari; labro
simplici, acuto. u
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz minuscula, Bryney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIT. 435, pl. 22. f. 4.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 11.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 85, f. 20-23.
PreirreR, Symbol. II. ; Monog. I. 114.
Heliz minutissima, Lea, Proceed. Am. Phil. Soc. No. 19.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
Suett. Minute, depressed-convex ; epidermis whit-
ish ; whorls four, convex, not increasing rapidly in diam-
eter ; suture very distinctly impressed; aperture nearly
circular ; lip thin, acute; umbilicus large, not spread,
deep, and exhibiting the volutions ; base rounded, colum-
ella with a thin callus.
Greatest transverse diameter less than one-eighth of
an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistprpuTIon. Found in Ohio, on
the margins of streams, under chips or sticks in damp,
shaded situations, or under the bark of decaying stumps
near the surface of the waters, very common in the city
of Cincinnati, among grass in gardens. It is also found
rather abundantly in some parts of Vermont. Mr. Bart-
lett found it in Mississippi, Arkansas, and Florida.
VOL, I. 56
229 HELICID.
Remarks. ‘This minute shell is but little larger than
HZ. pulchella, which it resembles on its upper surface.
It also bears some resemblance to small specimens of the
preceding species. It has four full whorls, with deep
sutures; is handsomely rounded; has a circular aper-
ture, and a large umbilicus, which exhibits about two
volutions. Its strize of increase are too minute to be vis-
ible by the eye. It may be compared with H. saxicola,
which is a larger and coarser shell, with the outer whorl
somewhat carinate instead of cylindrical, the aperture
more expanded, and the umbilicus less broad.
68. HELIX FULIGINOSA.
Pirate XXXI.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, umbilicata, rufo-cornea ;
anfractibus levigatis, nitentibus; apertura expansa, sub-
orbiculari; umbilico profundo; labro simplici, tenui, acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz fuliginosa, Grirriru, MSS.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue.
Binney, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist. III. 417, pl. 24.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 11.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 37, pl. 3, f. 22.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 84, f. 1-3.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 89.
Heliz levigata, Frrussac, Tab. Syst. 45.
Heliz capillacea, Prewrrer, Symbole, II. 24.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL nearly twice as long as the diameter of the
HELIX. 993
ree
shell, blackish, or bluish black, darkest on the head, neck,
and tentacles. Tentacles short in proportion to the length
of the animal, and set widely apart. Respiratory foramen
in the angle formed by the junction of the lip with the
body-whorl. Base of foot whitish, the locomotive band
defined by two very fine lines, or furrows. A double,
marginal furrow runs along the sides of the foot, from
the head nearly to the posterior extremity, where it
passes upward, and joins that from the opposite side,
leaving posteriorly a flattened, rounded extremity, some-
what prominent and glandular. Upon the centre of the
extremity is a longitudinal fissure, or sinus, which is
sometimes expanded, and at other times closed and invisi-
ble. Secretion of mucus from the extremity profuse.
Suetx thin, depressed on the upper surface ; epider-
mis dark, approaching to chestnut-color, shining and
smooth, wrinkled ; whorls four and a half, with irregular,
oblique wrinkles, the last whorl very voluminous, and
expanding transversely towards the aperture; suture
very little impressed ; aperture ample, sub-circular,
within pearly or iridescent ; lip simple, thin, brittle, with
a light, testaceous deposit within, the two terminations
approaching each other very nearly ; umbilicus deep, not
much expanded.
Greatest transverse diameter more than an inch.
GrocRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Has been found in
nearly all the Southern, Middle, Western, and Northern
States.
294 HELICID.
Remarks. The color of this shell varies from a light-
greenish horn-color to a deep chestnut. The umbilicus
varies considerably in size, but it is always distinct and
profound. The surface, usually smooth and shining, is
sometimes deeply and irregularly wrinkled. The inte-
rior of the aperture exhibits, in perfect specimens, a
beautiful, pearly lustre. The epidermis is reflected over
the edge of the lip into the aperture.
It has sometimes been confounded with Helix inor-
nata; but it may always be distinguished from that, by
attention to the following particulars. It is a much
larger shell, yet the number of whorls is constantly one
less; the umbilicus is larger and deeper, the aperture
more circular, and the deposit of testaceous matter within
is less. The color of the shell is usually much darker.
It is, however, much more likely to be confounded with
Helix lucubrata, Say, which it more nearly resembles.
The difference between them will be pointed out in the
remarks on that shell.
There is considerable confusion between this and the
two most nearly allied species. It was indicated by
Férussac, in 1822, by the name of Helix levigata of
Rafinesque, but without description or figure. That
Férussac referred to this species, and not to the succeed-
ing, is clear; because the word lwvigata could only be
applied to a smooth shell. At this time it had become
known in cabinets of the United States by the specific
name imposed by Dr. Griffith. In 1832 there appeared
in Férussac’s work a figure, pl. 82, f. 6, purporting to
HELIX. 995
am
represent this species, but in point of fact representing
the striated shell herein described as Helix lucubrata.
If, therefore, the two shells are specifically distinct, as I
consider them, no description or figure has been given
anterior to those published by me, and the name adopted
by me from Dr. Griffith wil have the prior right; but if,
on the contrary, they are only varieties, both must merge
under Helix lucubrata, Say, the first description having
been published under that name in 1829.
59. HELIX LUCUBRATA, Say.
Pirate XXXII
H. testa convexa, perforata, viridi-cornea ;- anfractibus
quinque, regulariter striatis ; apertura transversa, expansa ;
umbilico parvo; labro simplici, acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz lucubrata, Say, Disseminator, &c. 1829.
Descriptions of New Terr. & Fluv. Shells, 13.
Preirer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 98.
Heliz levigata, Frerussac, Hist. pl. 82, f. 6, 1832.
DESCRIPTION.
AynimAL. Head and superior tentacles dark blue;
body and foot pearly white; margin of foot furrowed,
furrows meeting over posterior termination. Caudal
extremity bluish above, with a gland.
SHELL somewhat convex ; epidermis greenish horn-
color, shining ; whorls five, rapidly enlarging, with beau-
VOL. Il. 57
226 HELICID.
tiful and regular oblique striz, the last whorl expanding
towards the aperture; aperture transverse, ample, with
a testaceous deposit within ; lip thin, acute, not reflected,
its lower extremity inserted into the centre of the base ;
umbilicus small.
Greatest diameter more than three-fourths of an inch.
GroarapHicaL Drstripution. Inhabits Ohio, Ten-
nessee, Mississippi, Georgia, and South Carolina.
Remarks. This shell has hitherto been known as a
variety of Helix fuliginosa. It seems to me, however,
that its characters are so constant that it deserves to be
considered distinct from that species, at least provisionally,
until the influences controlling the limits of species are
better understood. It differs from the preceding in these
particulars. The strize of increase are beautifully regular
and minute, though prominent, on the upper surface, but
hardly noticeable on the lower; the epidermis is less
shining and polished, the spire more prominent, the
whorls more convex, and the apex more pointed. The
umbilicus is small, and the lip, as it rises from it, a little
reflected. The aperture is more transverse, and less cir-
cular. There are five full whorls, although it is a much
smaller shell.
The first and only description of this shell, and the
only figure hitherto published, are those referred to
above. If this and the preceding species are only vari-
eties of the same shell, they must both, by the laws of
priority, be included under the name of Helix lucubrata.
no
)
a
HELIX.
60. HELIX INORNATA, Say.
Puate XXXIV.
H. testa orbiculato-depresgd, perforata, luteo-corne, levi-
gata, nitente ; anfractibus quinque ; apertura transversa, intus
incrassata ; labro simplici, tenui, acuto; basi impresso.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix inornata, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 371.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Mich. Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 419, pl. 21. f. 3.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 39.
Avams, Vermont Mollusca, 11.
PreirFeR, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 84.
DESCRIPTION.
AntmaL. Head, neck, and tentacles bluish black ;
foot whitish. Superior tentacles long and slender. A
marginal furrow extending along the edges of the foot,
and uniting above and before its posterior termination.
Behind the junction is a prominent, sub-conical, bluish-
white gland, on the extremity of the foot.
SHELL depressed ; epidermis yellowish horn-color,
smooth, shining, with very minute lines not breaking the
smoothness of the surface ; whorls five; suture not much
impressed ; aperture transverse, with a thick, white,
testaceous deposit around its whole inner surface, a little
distant from the margin; lip thin, acute, fragile, its
928 HELICID.
lower part reaching to the centre of the base ; umbilicus
small; base rather flattened, indented in the centre.
Greatest diameter less than three-fourths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTion. Inhabits the North-
ern, North-eastern, and Western States, and is doubtless
widely dispersed.
Remarks. This shell bears some resemblance to the
two preceding, with which it has been confounded ; it is,
however, oftener taken to be Helix glaphyra of Say, by
the naturalists of the West, where the latter, being an
introduced species, common only near the sea-shore in
cellars and gardens, is not found. Though resembling
Helix fuliginosa in general appearance, it may be dis-
tinguished by the number of whorls, which are five,
but which in that species, in specimens twice as large,
but little exceed four. Its aperture is much less circular,
the transverse diameter being considerably the freatest ;
the umbilicus is smaller, being nearly closed, and more
profound ; the volume of the last whorl is less, in propor-
tion to the size of the shell; the base is flatter, the color
lighter, without the smoky tinge of the former species.
HELIX. 229
61. HELIX SUB-PLANA, BINNEY.
Puate XXXIII.
H. testa discoidea, fuliginosa, aut corneo-rufescente,
nitente ; spira depressa ; ‘anfractibus quinque, vel sex ;
apertura semilunari, transyersd ; labro simplici, acuto; basi
plano; umbilico parvo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix sub-plana, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IV. 241.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. 112.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL flattened, planulate above and beneath; epi-
dermis brownish or smoky horn-color, shining; whorls
five and a half, those nearest the apex striated trans-
versely with very minute and delicate wrinkles; suture
distinct, not much impressed; aperture transverse, not
expanded, the plane of the aperture making nearly a
right angle with the plane of the base of the shell; lip
simple, thin, acute; base flattened, umbilical region a
little impressed ; umbilicus small, round, and deep, not
exhibiting the volutions.
Greatest diameter less than three-fourths of an inch.
GxocraAPHicaL Disrriputton. Found hitherto only
in the mountainous region of Eastern Tennessee.
Remarks. The only American species which this
shell can be said to resemble is Helix inornata, which in
size and color is quite like it, and at first sight may be
taken for it, It differs from it in the following parti-
VOL. II. 58
930 HELICIDA:.
culars. The upper and lower surface are both more flat-
tened, and the outline is a more perfect circle. ‘The num-
ber of whorls, in specimens of the same size, is greater
by nearly one volution. The surface of the whorls is less
rounded ; the last whorl expands but very little towards
the aperture; the base is broader, less indented, and
very flat; the umbilicus is rounder, and better defined ;
and the aperture is not thickened within, by a white,
testaceous deposit.
I have seen but two specimens, which were brought
from Tennessee by Mr. 8. 8. Haldeman.
62. HELIX CELLARIA, MULLER.
Puate XXIX. Ficure 4.
H. testa orbiculato-depressd, umbilicata, tenui, pellucida,
nitida, supra pallidé cornea, subtus lacted ; anfractibus quin-
que; labro simplici, acuto; basi intus incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix cellaria, MiitteR, Verm. No. 230.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIL. 421.
Gou Lp, Invertebrata, 180, f. 104.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 111.
Heliz glaphyra, Say, Nich. Encye. IV. pl. 1, f. 3.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 37, pl. 3, f. 25.
Heliz nitida, Drararnavup, 117, pl. 8, f. 23 to 20.
DESCRIPTION.
Anmmau. Upper surface light indigo blue, darkest
on the head, neck, and tentaculz, collar greenish, eyes
black. Foot narrow and slender, not much exceeding in
length the diameter of the shell, terminating acutely.
HELIX. 931
SHELL very much depressed, thin, fragile, pellucid ;
epidermis light greenish horn-color, smooth, highly pol-
ished ; whorls five, slightly rounded, with minute and
almost imperceptible, oblique strive ; aperture not dilated,
its transverse diameter the greatest; umbilicus moder-
ate, regularly rounded, deep; base rounded, thickened
within by a testaceous deposit, bluish-white ; lip simple,
acute.
Greatest transverse diameter less than half an inch.
GrogRaPHicaL Distrreution. Inhabits the North-
eastern and Middle States, in gardens; is common in
the city of Boston, in damp cellars.
Remarks. ‘This is the shell which was found by Mr.
Say, in gardens in the city of Philadelphia, and by him
described as Helix glaphyra. Its restricted habitat in
cellars and gardens in the immediate vicinity of maritime
cities, long since induced me to suppose it might be an
imported species; and an opportunity of examining a
considerable number of specimens of Helix cellaria,
Miller, brought from England, enables me to say, that
it is absolutely identical with that species. Shells of
the same size and growth from the European and Ameri-
can localities cannot be distinguished from each other.
Its introduction is easily accounted for, when we consider
its habits. It has been found also in New Holland, and
many parts of the world remote from each other, where
it was doubtless conveyed on water casks, and packages
usually stored in cellars.
232 HELICIDA.
63. HELIX DEMISSA, BINNEY.
Puate XLII. Ficure 1.
H. testa depresso-concaya, perforata, luteo-cornea, nitente ;
anfractibus sex, minuté striatis; apertura transversa ; labro
simplici, acuto; basi glabra ; umbilico parvo,
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz demissa, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IV. 361, pl. 16, f. 1.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. L 58.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL depressed-convex ; epidermis yellowish horn-
Color, shining; whorls six, with minute lines of growth ;
spire obtuse; suture impressed; body-whorl expanding
very little towards the aperture ; aperture transverse,
not large, a white, testaceous deposit within ; lip thin,
acute ; base rather flat, smooth ; umbilicus very small ;
umbilical region a little impressed.
Greatest transverse diameter rather more than three-
eighths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrpuTion. ‘The only specimens
which I haye yet seen were procured in the Western
part of Pennsylvania.
Remarks. ‘This is a delicate and very pretty species,
and is distinct from every thing, unless it be Helix ligera.
The character of the surface and striz is the same in
both ; and the base is nearly the same. I have seen
HELIX. 933
very depressed specimens of Helix ligera, but none
approaching this. It may, however, be subject to still
further reductions in the height of the spire, until it
reaches the depression of the present shell. If it should
be the same, it will exhibit very extraordinary variations
in this respect, from a high conical to a planulate form.
It resembles Helix suppressa externally, in every thing
except in size and in being less coarsely striate.
64. HELIX LUCIDA.
Puate XXII. a. Figure 2.
H. testa orbiculato-depressa, laté umbilicata, nitida, pel-
lucida, fulvo-fusca ; anfractibus quinque convexiusculis,
ultimo tereti, circa umbilicum excavato ; apertura lunato-
circulari, labro acuto, simplici, margine basali arcuato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz nitida, Miiuter, Verm. II. 32, No. 234.
also of Lamarck, Beck, Pfeiffer, &c.
Helix lucida, Drar. 103, pl. 8, f. 11, 12.
also of Rossmassler, J. E. Gray, &c.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not described.
SHELL orbicular, depressed, moderately convex above
and concave below, thin, shining, brownish horn-color,
with delicate strize of growth. Whorls five or more, con-
vex, separated by a deeply impressed suture, the outer
one disproportionately large, somewhat declining as it
VOL. I. 59
934 HELICIDZ.
approaches the aperture, and obtusely angular at the
periphery. Beneath forming a broad, crateriform um-
bilicus, in which the whorls are displayed to the apex.
Aperture oblique, lunate, the lip simple.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; axis one-eighth of an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Found at Greenwich,
N. Y. by Dr. Ingalls, on sticks, leaves, &c. on the very
edge of a pond, and in such numbers that he had seen
‘a thousand under a single plank six feet long.”
Remarks. It may well be doubted whether this is
the H. lucida of Europe or not. In the first place, it is
difficult to know what shell is meant in the European
books, when H. lucida is spoken of. Then, it appears to
be larger than the specimens I have seen under that
name. Still, small specimens accord so well with Euro-
pean examples, that it has been thought best for the pre-
sent to regard it as that species. The fact that it has,
as yet, been found at only a single locality, is another
reason for supposing it to be an introduced species. It
is a third larger, and has a broader and more open
umbilicus, than H. arborea. It is of the size of H. niti-
dula ; but is a less solid shell, and less depressed. In
some specimens there are opaque patches on the base,
caused by a deposition of callus. Dr. Ingalls has distri-
buted it under the name of H. hydrophila, which name
should be adopted, should further observations show it to
be a new species.
HELIX. 235
65. HELIX ARBOREA, Say.
Pirate XXIX. Ficure 3.
H. testa parva, orbiculato-depressa, tenui, pellucida, nit-
ida, umbilicata; apertura $ub-rotundata; labro simplici,
acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz arborea, Sax, Nich. Encye. IV. pl. 4, f. 4.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 172.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Buyney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 422, pl. 22, f. 1.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 30, pl. 2, f. 19.
Gov tp, Invertebrata, 182, f. 110.
Avams, Vermont Mollusca, 10; Sillim. Journ. XL. 273.
Wueat ey, Catal. of Shells, p. 19.
PreirFreR, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 95.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 85, f. 33-35,
DESCRIPTION.
AntmaAL. Head, neck, and tentacule blackish, or
indigo blue, upper parts bluish, posterior parts whitish,
transparent, sometimes wholly white. oot thin and
narrow.
Suet depressed, very slightly convex, thin, pellucid ;
epidermis amber-colored, smooth, shining ; whorls four to
five, with very minute, oblique striz, apparent when
viewed with a microscope ; aperture somewhat rounded ;
lip thin, acute; umbilical region indented; umbilicus
moderate, well developed, round, and deep.
Transverse diameter commonly about one-sixth of an
inch, sometimes attains one-fourth of an inch.
236 HELICIDE.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrizuTion. Has been noticed in
nearly every part of the United States, and in Canada.
Remarks. This a very common species, inhabiting
forests, cultivated fields, and gardens. A situation of
which it seems very fond is in the crevices of wet, decay-
ing wood. It resembles the preceding species; and
Férussac considered it to be only a variety of that spe-
cies. A comparison of the two shows distinctions which
must, I think, prevent their being considered identical.
It is smaller, and has its umbilicus less developed in pro-
portion to its size. In their general aspect the two are
quite unlike ; but it is easier to distinguish them by the
eye than to describe differences where there are no
peculiarities of sculpture or coloring. The animal may
present further distinctive marks.
66. HELIX ELECTRINA, GovuLD.
PuateE XXIX. Ficure 1.
H. testa parva, depressa, umbilicata, tenui, pellucida ;
anfractibus quatuor, striatis ; apertura rotundata ; labro sim-
plici.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz electrina, Goun, Invertebrata, 183. f. 111.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. HI. 423, pl. 22, f. 2.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 30,
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 11.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL bluish black.
HELIX. 237
SHELL small, depressed, thin, fragile ; epidermis pale,
or brownish horn-color, wrinkled, shining; whorls four,
the last rapidly enlarging towards the mouth; aperture
rounded; lip simple, its edge rather thickened, not
acute ; umbilicus small, but well marked and constant.
Greatest transverse diameter more than one-eighth of
an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DiIstRIBUTION. JInhabits Vermont,
Ohio, Missouri, and Massachusetts, and is a widely
spread species. Found on the shores of Fresh Pond,
near Boston.
Remarks. For the following remarks I am indebted
to Dr. Gould. “In size, the depressed-conical shape of
the upper surface, the number of whorls, and the rapid
enlargement of the largest whorl, this shell corresponds
with Helix indentata. It differs im its darker, smoky
horn-color, its constant umbilicus, its rather thick and
shining lip, and in its whitish wrinkles, which, instead of
being remote, are crowded. From Helix arborea it
differs in having one whorl less, the last one rapidly
dilating, its apex not being depressed, its thinner struc-
ture and more glossy surface, and in its somewhat
smaller umbilicus. In Helix arborea the lip has a
flexuous curve, but is nearly a direct section of the whorl
in this. Though all of the same size and general appear-
ance, the three may be readily separated when mingled.
Indeed, its claims as a distinct species are not very
obvious without viewing the three together. It is found
VoL. Il. 60
938 HELICDZ.
abundantly under fragments of wood, in damp places
near the water’s edge, in company with Helix chersina
and Pupa modesta.”
On its upper surface, it appears to be identical with
Helix indentata; while on the base, its resemblance to
Helix arborea is striking. It appears to be a widely
diffused, and very common species. It is often found in
company with H. arborea.
67. HELIX OTTONIS, PFEIFFER.
Puate XXIX.a. Ficure 3.
H. testa depressa, pallidé cornea, pellucida, umbilicata,
basi sub-plana ; anfractibus quatuor convexiusculis, striatis ;
labro tenui, acuto; apertura sublunari.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz Ottonis, Prewrer, Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1840, I. 251.
Heliz arborea, (variety) Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. IL. 95.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, depressed, orbicular, but not remarkably
transparent, of a watery horn-color, becoming opaque
when dead, very faintly marked by the lines of growth.
Spire of about four slightly convex whorls, the outer one
obscurely angular at periphery; suture very delicate ;
beneath convex, with a small, well defined umbilicus.
Aperture crescentic, lip simple.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an
inch.
HELIX. 239
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBuTIoN. It seems to be quite
abundant in Florida, and is also common in Cuba.
Remarks. It would seem that Dr. Pfeiffer, who
established this species, afterwards concluded that it was
identical with H. arborea. \A comparison of numerous
specimens has led us to the contrary conclusion. The
shell is smaller, smoother, less delicate; the whorls are
less rounded, less distinctly separated by the suture ;
and the periphery is decidedly angular; the upper sur-
face is declivous, rather than discoidal; and the base is
less openly umbilicated. In size it is more nearly like
H. electrina; but it differs as above in all other re-
spects.—[@. ]
68. HELIX CAPSELLA, GovLp.
Puate XXIX. a. Ficure 1.
H. testa parva, discoidea, pellucida, nitida, electrina, um-
bilico infundibuliformi profundo perforata ; spira anfractibus
sex, minimé convexis, striis remotis superné impressis ; su-
turaé marginata ; apertura semilunari; labro simplici, haud
incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Heliz rotula, Goutp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. IT. 38, June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL quite small, planorboid, pellucid, glistening,
amber-colored. Spire nearly plane, composed of about
six and a half, closely revolving, flattened whorls. Sur-
face with distant, impressed, radiating striz. Suture
240 HELICID#.
margined. Aperture narrow, semilunar ; lip simple, not
thickened by callus within. Base perforated by a deep,
rather small, funnel-shaped umbilicus.
Diameter one-fifth of an inch; axis one-tenth of an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Found by Mr. Bart-
lett, in Tennessee.
Remarks. ‘This delicate species has the size and
color of H. indentata, and is similarly striated above.
The whorls are numerous and closely convoluted, as in
H. suppressa, which it most nearly resembles ; but it has
a larger umbilicus, like H. lasmodon, and has no thick-
ening, or plate, within the aperture. The name first
applied to this species being preoccupied, another has
been substituted.—[. ]
69. HELIX SELENINA, GouLD.
Puate XXIX. a. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, depressa, albida, tenuissima, minutissimé
striata, diaphana; anfractibus quinque, convexis, ultimo
sub-angulato ; suturis impressis ; basi convexo; axi aperto,
umbilico infundibuliformi; apertura depresso-transversa ;
labro simplici, acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES,
Helix Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II. 25.
Helix selenina, Gouxp, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 38, June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, depressed, pale bluish-white, pearly,
HELIX. 241
very thin, transparent; whorls five, prominent, with
exceedingly minute, oblique striz of increase ; suture
deeply impressed; base somewhat convex; axis open,
umbilicus infundibuliform ; aperture flattened-transverse ;
lip thin, acute, not reflected.
Greatest diameter one-fifth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits the southern
parts of Florida, and the islands adjacent; also the
island of St. Croix.
Remarks. ‘This small species does not exceed Helix
arborea in size. Its transparency is greater than that of
any other of our species. he general character of its
upper surface is that of depression; but though the
whorls revolve in nearly the same plane, the suture is so
deeply impressed that each whorl is rendered convex, or
tumid. ‘The umbilicus is of small diameter, but well
defined and deep. ‘The aperture is transverse, and flat-
tened in its vertical diameter; the lip is thin, sharp, and
not turned outwards. The convexity of the base being
greater than that of the upper surface, an obtuse angle
is sometimes produced on the periphery of the shell at
the line of their junction, which is more or less prominent
in different specimens.
This shell is obviously identical with a Helix brought
from the island of St. Croix by Dr. R. E. Griffith, and
distributed by him to several cabinets in the United
States. There can hardly be a doubt that it exists in
some of the other West Indian Islands. Specimens have
VoL. Il. 6L
249 HELICID&.
been sent to us, also, which were said to have been pro-
cured in Georgia.
70. HELIX INDENTATA, Say.
Prate XXIX. Ficure 2.
H. testa minima, depressd; convexiuscula, imperforata,
tenuissima, diaphana, nitidai; ultimo anfractu lineis im-
pressis, distantibus, radiatis ornato; apertura transversa ;
labro simplici, acuto ; basi indentato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz indentata, Say, Journ. Acad. 11. 372.
Kurtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 415, pl. 22, f. 3.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 31, pl. 3, f. 26.
Gou tp, Invertebrata, 181, f. 109.
Apvams, Vermont Mollusca, 10.
Cuemnitz, 2d, ed. t. 34, f. 12-15.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 59.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat bluish-black upon the upper parts; margin
and posterior extremity lighter.
SHELL flattened, thin, pellucid ; epidermis highly pol-
ished, corneous, whorls rather more than four, rapidly
enlarging, with regular, sub-equidistant, radiating, im-
pressed lines, which on the body-whorl extend to the
centre of the base, outer whorl expanding towards the
aperture ; suture well impressed ; aperture rather large,
transverse ; lip simple, very thin, at its inferior extremity
terminating at the centre of the base of the shell; um-
bilicus none, but the umbilical region is indented.
SS
HELIX. 243
Greatest transverse diameter more than one-fifth of an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrButTion. Inhabits the Northern,
North-eastern, Middle, and Western States, and is proba-
bly a wide-spread species. \
Remarks. ‘This shell is found in the same situations
as Helix arborea, Say, and resembles it very much, par-
ticularly on its upper surface. It may be distinguished
from it by the outer whorl, which is more spread towards
the aperture; by the impressed, radiating lines, and by
the want of an open umbilicus. The whorls, in this spe-
cies, usually revolve in such a manner as to leave no
opening between them; but there is an occasional speci-
men with a well-formed umbilicus.
71. HELIX CHERSINA.
Puate XVII. Ficure 4.
H. testa minima, conoidea, nitida, tenuissima, pellucida,
imperforaté ; apertura transversa; labro simplici, acuto;
basi convexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix chersina, Say, Journ. Acad. If. 156.
Exped. St. Peters, IT. 258.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IIL. 416, pl. 26. f. 2.
Goutp, Invertebrata, 185, f. 105.
Avams, Vermont Mollusca, 12; Sillim. Journ. XL. 273.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 44, pl. 35, f. 338.
DESCRIPTION.
Ayimat Dbluish-black upon the head, neck, and tenta-
244 HELICIDE.
cles, lighter on the sides and base; foot very narrow,
threadlike.
SHELL minute, sub-conical, thin, pellucid; epidermis
smooth, shining, amber-colored ; whorls five or Six,
rounded; suture distinct and deep; aperture trans-
verse, narrow ; lip simple, acute ; base convex ; umbilical
region indented, umbilicus closed.
Transverse diameter one-tenth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Inhabits the sea-islands
of Georgia, the hillsides of Vermont, the North-western
Territory, and the shores of Fresh Pond, near Boston.
It is also met with from Ohio to Texas.
Remarks. The above-named localities prove this to
be a widely-spread species. Its diminutive size has pro-
bably prevented its being observed in other places. It
offers but few varieties, and is easily distinguished by its
conical form, and thin, amber-colored, transparent shell.
It is a very beautiful and delicate little species. The
spire is elevated, turreted, attaining even seven full
volutions, with an obtuse apex; at other times it is
much lower, with a somewhat pointed apex, and not
exceeding five volutions. In the latter case, the base is
of course much broader in proportion to the height, and
the outer whorl is obtusely carinated. The plane of the
base is so nearly horizontal, that the shell, when set upon
its base, is upright. It is so transparent, that a portion
of the sutures of the spire are visible through the sub-
stance of the shell, when viewed on the base.
HELIX. 945
It is found under, and in the interstices of wet, decay-
ing wood, under layers of damp leaves in forests, and
under fragments of wood on the borders of ponds.
I have recently examined the original specimen of the
shell described by Mr. Say as Helix egena, and by him
deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural
Sciences, in Philadelphia. I could not, on careful com-
parison, detect any difference between it and the de-
pressed variety of H. chersina. Mr. J. S. Phillips, the
obliging curator of the department of conchology in that
institution, jommed me in the opinion that the two are
clearly identical. The European analogue of this species
is H. fulva; and the resemblance to each other is very
close, so much so that some have considered them as
identical.
72, HELIX EGENA, SAY.
Puate XXII. a. Ficure 3.
T. minuta, sub-globosé, diluté rufa, arcté perforata, stria-
tula; anfractibus ad quinque rotundatis; sutura profunda ;
apertura circulari ; labro simplici, sub-dilatato, ad umbilicum
reflexo.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL minute, sub-globose, turbinate, rather solid,
pale rusty-brown, striated with numerous, faint lines of
growth. Spire elevated, having about five closely revoly-
ing, well rounded whorls, separated by a very deep
suture ; periphery rounded ; base convexly rounded, and
VOL. II. 62
246 HELICIDA:.
perforated by a small, deep umbilicus. Aperture nearly
circular, interrupted for a short space by the penultimate
whorl; lip simple, slightly expanded, and at the colu-
mellar region decidedly reflexed.
Diameter one-eighth, axis one-tenth of an inch.
GnoGRAPHICAL DistrrBurion. Inhabits Florida, and
is also common in the neighboring part of Cuba.
Remarks. There are grounds for the belief that the
original H. egena of Say was the depressed form of what
is now regarded as H. chersina, while the latter name
was applied by him to the elevated variety. As we
regard both forms as varieties of the same species, and
as the name chersina universally obtains for it, we have
concluded to adopt it, and to attach the other name to
this very nearly allied Florida species. It is a coarser
and more solid shell, with a more depressed form, fewer
whorls, and a decided umbilical perforation. It is rather
opaque, and has a pale brown color, instead of being
delicate and horn-colored. It must be very similar to H.
Boothiana, Pfeiffer, from Cuba.—[a. ]
HELIX. QA4T
f. Aperture having one or more teeth or folds.
72. HELIX INTERNA, Say.
Puate XXX. Ficure 4.
H. testa op Giese eee SRE rufa ; anfractibus
octo, valde striatis, striis eminentibus, crebris, obliquis ; aper-
tura transversali, angusta ; labro simplici, acuto, intus incras-
sato et bidentato; dentibus albis, laminatis ; basi levigato ;
regione umbilicali impressa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz interna, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 155.
[Kurtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. II. 405, pl. 21, f. 1.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 46.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 101, f. 1-4.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 183.
Heliz pomum Adami, Doucury’s Cab. III. 35.
DESCRIPTION.
AniMAL. Head, neck, and tentacles bluish-black, or
slate-color, margin and posterior part of foot white.
Superior tentacles very long, inferior yery short ; body
narrow and delicate, in length not much exceeding the
diameter of the shell.
SHELL depressed, slightly convex ; epidermis reddish-
brown, shining; whorls eight, with regular, equidistant,
elevated, oblique, rounded ribs, separated by distinct
grooves; suture deeply impressed; aperture flattened,
transverse, narrow ; lip thin, acute, thickened internally ;
within the aperture, on the outer lip, somewhat distant
from the margin, are two prominent, sub-lamelliform,.
248 HELICIDA.
white teeth; base smooth, polished, umbilical region
indented.
Greatest transverse diameter one-fourth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits Ohio, Mis-
souri, and the western parts of Pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia. It will probably be found in all the Western
States. f
Remarks. This is a beautiful, as well as a very dis-
tinct species. Its uniform, shining, reddish-brown color
is peculiar to it. Its numerous, narrow whorls, increas-
ing almost imperceptibly in width from the apex outward,
with their very prominent, elevated striz of increase,
give it a considerable resemblance on the upper surface
to the Polygyre of Say; but on the base the similarity
ceases. ‘The aperture, including the teeth, is very much
like that of Helix gularis, Say, but is smaller in propor-
tion to the size of the shell; and the teeth are shorter
and less lamellar, while they are equally prominent. The
oblique striz, so distinct on the upper surface, cease
entirely at an obtuse carina on the upper part of the
outer whorl, leaving the base smooth. The base is
lighter in color than the upper surface, and is indented
at the centre. The umbilicus is nearly, or quite obsolete.
The edge of the lip is brown. ‘The whole surface some-
times, and the base often, reflects a metallic lustre.
The teeth within the aperture are in general formed
of a single prominent lamina, or tooth-like fold ; but some-
times one, or both of them, are bifid, or even trifid. A
HELIX. 249
second set often, and sometimes a third set of teeth are
seen through the transparent base of the shell, irregularly
striated, but generally having equal spaces between each
two sets. They are apparent in the youngest as well as
in the oldest specimens, and, continue to be formed from
time to time, so long as the shell increases in size. They
probably mark regular periods of growth; and it may be
that these are annual. The growth seems to go on
actively for a time, by the addition of new testaceous mat-
ter, indicated by the oblique strive, and then alternates
with a season of repose, when the teeth and aperture are
formed.
The teeth appear never to be entirely absorbed and
removed, although the aperture, near which they were
originally placed, is often advanced very far beyond them.
When in motion, the shell lies horizontally on the animal’s
back.
A curious subject of investigation is the albinism, or
entire absence of coloring matter, in the shells of certain
individuals of this and other species. ‘The albinos of
this species are of a pure, lively white, while the con-
tained animal is highly colored. Mr. Anthony remarks
that about one-seventh of all the specimens collected by
him, in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, are colorless. As
they are apparently operated upon by the same phy-
sical agents which influence the others, it is not easy to
conjecture how this singular effect is produced. The
animal is sometimes cream-colored throughout; but in
such instances the shell is usually colored.
VOL. II. 63
bo
or
Oo
HELICIDA.
74. HELIX GULARIS, Say.
Prate XXXVII. Ficures 3, 4.
H. testa elevato-convexa, nitida, imperforata, luteo-cor-
nea ; anfractibus septem, striatis ; labro simplici, acuto, intus
incrassato ; apertura transversali, dentibus duobus lamellatis
interné armata ; basi plano.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz gularis, Say, Journ. Acad. IT. 156.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Binney, Boston Journ Nat. Hist. IIL. 408, pl. 11, f. 1.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 46.
Ferussac, Hist. pl. 51, a. f. 4. (2)
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 101, f. 5-8.
PreirFeR, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 183.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL Dluish-black on the head and back, the
other parts dingy white; tentacles long, slender, en-
larged, but not much bulbous at tip; foot above, dirty
greenish.
Suet sub-conical; epidermis shining, pale yellowish
horn-color ; spire sometimes tending to a point, at other
times obtuse ; whorls seven or eight, very minute at the
apex, increasing in diameter regularly and gradually, un-
til they reach the aperture, with strongly marked, curved
strize ; suture impressed and distinct; aperture trans-
verse, not much expanded ; lip simple, thin at its edge,
within thickened with a white, testaceous deposit; base
flat, indented in the centre, near the aperture yellowish-
white and opaque ; umbilicus small and rounded in young
HELIX. 251
a
shells, obsolete or diminished to a mere point in older
ones ; within the aperture on the outer lip, are one or
two lamelliform, elongated, nearly parallel teeth, one
near the base, the other more central.
Greatest transverse diameter nearly three-eighths of
an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. ‘The only localities I
am acquainted with which furnish this species, are East
Tennessee and North Alabama. Mr. Say records it as
found in Ohio and Pennsylvania, and it is placed upon the
catalogues of Dr. Kirtland and Dr. De Kay. I am
induced to suppose that they have, by error, taken Helia:
suppressa, Say, to be the present species.
Remarks. ‘The identification of this species and of
HH. suppressa, Say, has long been a desideratum. Speci-
mens of a small shell, with a small and rounded, but pro-
found umbilicus, and with two internal teeth, exist in
almost every cabinet. In some particulars each resem-
ble Helix gularis, Say, in others, Helix suppressa, Say ;
and as the resemblance preponderates in favor of one or
the other, they are known by one or the other name.
They do not, however, agree entirely with Mr. Say’s
description of either ; and hence some conchologists have
supposed that he described from varieties only; but I
have recently received specimens, collected by Mr. Hal-
deman in East Tennessee, which, as well as others in the
cabinets of Mr. Lea and Dr. Jay, correspond perfectly
with H. gularis. They are larger than the common speci-
252 HELICIDA.
mens, being one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and differ
from them in having the umbilicus entirely closed. They
have seven full whorls, which are beautifully fine and
distinct to the very nucleus, which is uncommonly small.
I consider the umbilicated shells to be immature, or not
fully developed; though an examination of a larger num-
ber may show that the full-grown shell is also umbilicated.
The present species resembles some varieties of Helix
ligera, Say, in form and general appearance, although
its size is much less. This remark, which was made by
Say, in his original description, is entirely inapplicable
to the specimens which are usually known as Helix
gularis. It also resembles Helix suppressa, Say, the
next described species, with which it has long been con-
founded. But it has at least one more whorl; the spire
is much higher; the nucleus of the shell is smaller,
so that the first two whorls are finer and more deli-
cate ; and the base is not so convex. The base of the
shell is exceedingly like that of Helix interna.
It is the totality of the characters which makes up the
species ; for individuals differ considerably in the height
of the spire, the size of the umbilicus, and in the degree
of prominence of the teeth. One tooth is often wanting.
The deposition of testaceous matter, thickening the
shell at its aperture, occupies about one-fourth of the
base, through which it is seen. The character of the
lamellar folds, within the aperture, resembles those of
Helix epistylium, Miller, in which species they are large
and prominent, although usually overlooked in the de-
scriptions.
HELIX.
bo
or
eo
75. HELIX SUPPRESSA, Say.
Puate XXXVII. Ficure 1.
H. testa convexo-depressa, minuté perforata, nitida, luteo-
cornea ; anfractibus sex, crebré et minuté striatis; labro
simplici, acuto, intus incrassate} apertura transyersali, dente
unico Jamelliformi armata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix suppressa, Say, Disseminator, &c.
Desc. of New Terr. and Fluv. Shells, 14.
Binney, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist. IIL. 410, pl. 11, f. 3.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL bluish-black, darker on the head, tentacles,
and neck; superior tentacles long and filiform, lower
short. Length twice the diameter of the shell. On the
upper surface of the extremity of the foot is a longi-
tudinal fissure or furrow, from which mucus exudes in
great quantities, and which the animal shuts and closes
at will.
SHELL convex-depressed, thin, pellucid; epidermis
polished, yellowish horn-color ; spire flat; whorls six,
with crowded, minute, oblique striz ; suture impressed,
distinct ; aperture transverse, not expanded ; lip simple,
thin at its edge, thickened within; base rather convex,
near the aperture opaque, yellowish white; umbilicus
small, but rounded and distinct, in young shells, obsolete
or hardly apparent in older ones; within the aperture
on the outer lip, are one or two lamelliform, elongated,
oblique teeth.
Greatest transverse diameter one-fourth of an inch.
VOL. Il. 64
254 HELICID.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION. Inhabits the Middle
States and Ohio, and without doubt may be found in
other States.
Remarks. This shell does not correspond exactly
with Say’s description; but I think it is the same that
he described under this name. Having received, from
different localities, suites of them, of different sizes, I
notice that the ‘ umbilicus small, orbicular, profound,”
of Say, exists only in young specimens, it being closed
in the full grown shell.
It resembles the preceding species, but has one whorl
less, is more depressed, and its base is more convex.
The tooth in the aperture is sometimes so little prominent
as to be hardly visible; at other times there are three
teeth. The striz of growth are fine and crowded, and
seem to be more nearly at right angles with the suture
than is usual in other species.
76. HELIX LASMODON, PuIturs.
Puate XXXVII. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, depressa, umbilicata, cornea, nitente ; an-
fractibus septem, minuté striatis; apertura sub-circulari,
intus lamellis dentiformibus duobus instructé ; labro sim-
plici, acuto; basi glabra ; umbilico lato, profundo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix lasmodon, Puituies, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. VIII. 182, anno 1842.
DESCRIPTION.
Animal not noticed.
HELIX. 955
“
SHELL very much flattened above, a little convex;
epidermis corneous, shining ; whorls seven, narrow, very
slowly increasing in diameter from the apex to the aper-
ture, and not expanding at the aperture, with minute,
transverse striz and wrinkles; suture moderately im-
pressed ; lip thin, acute ‘ aperture nearly circular,
within, upon the base, are two prominent, white, testa-
ceous laminze, nearly parallel, and extending far into the
cavity of the whorl; umbilicus large, rather expanded,
and deep; base smooth, well rounded from the umbilicus
to the circumference.
Greatest transverse diameter one-fourth of an inch.
GxrograpnrcaL DistriruTion. It inhabits the north-
er parts of Alabama, and the eastern part of Tennessee,
in the mountains.
Remarks. I do not think it can be said to resemble
any other native species. If the umbilicus were closed,
it would be not unlike a very depressed form of Helix
gularis ; but the umbilicus is large for the size of the
shell, and deep. It is a very pretty species.
256 HELICID.
77. HELIX PERSPECTIVA, Say.
Puate XXX. Ficure 1.
H. testa parva, orbiculato-depressa, sub-discoidea, laté
umbilicata, rufescente ; anfractibus convexiusculis, scabris,
striis transversis elevatis, eminentibus ; apertura sub-rotun-
data, depressa, interné unidentata ; labro simplici, acuto.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix perspectiva, Say, Journ. Acad. I. 18; Nich. Encye. IV.
Kurrianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. IIL. 430, pl. 21. f. 4.
De Kay, New York Report, 31; Fauna, 42, pl. 3, f. 38.
Férussac Tab. Syst. 44; Hist. Nat. des Moll. pl. 79, f. 7.
Desuaves, in Lamarck, VIII. 130.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 85, f. 30-32.
Preirrer, Monog Helic. Viv. I. 104.
Helix parvula, Desuayes, Encyec. Meth. If. 217.
Euryomphala perspectiva, Becx, Index, 11.
Patula perspectiva, Hep, in Isis, 1837, 916.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmau. Head and tentacles bluish-black; margin
and posterior part of foot white. Foot transparent, nar-
row, less in length than twice the diameter of the shell,
terminating acutely.
SHELL very much depressed, almost discoidal; epi-
dermis reddish-brown, immaculate ; whorls six, with
numerous, elevated, strongly marked, transverse striz ;
suture deeply impressed ; umbilicus very much expanded,
cup-shaped, exhibiting all the volutions ; aperture rounded,
HELIX. 257
=
depressed, having within, a single tooth on the base ; lip
simple, thin.
Greatest transverse diameter three-eighths of an inch.
GeogrAPuicaL Distrieurion. Inhabits the Western
States, and was noticed by My. Say in the North-western
Territory. Mr. Bartlett found it in Tennessee, Ken-
tucky, Arkansas, Georgia, and Virginia. It is commonly
supposed to exist in Massachusetts and other New Eng-
land States ; but, so far as my own observation extends,
it is replaced in those States by Helix striatella, which
it very much resembles.
Remarks. This is a common shell in those parts of
the country which it inhabits. In Ohio it is particularly
abundant, vast numbers of them being sometimes found
under the bark of a single decaying tree. The strix
of increase on the upper surface are remarkably promi-
nent, and almost angular, and serve to distinguish it from
every other species; on the lower surface they are very
distinct, but less prominent, and the direction of their
curve is the reverse of that above: they converge into
the umbilicus. It varies considerably in size, and young
shells are often carinated. In mature individuals there
is a single, sub-prominent tooth on the base of the shell,
within the aperture. Some specimens are entirely white ;
and, though thus bleached and deprived of color in the
shell, the animal seems to be healthy and active.
It resembles Helix rotundata, Miller, but is destitute
of the alternate markings of that species. There cannot
VoL. II. 65
258 HELICIDZ.
be a doubt that Helix parvula, Deshayes, is identical
with this shell; as his description will not apply to any
other than this species and H. striatella, and the angu-
lated character of the striz sufficiently point to this.
There is a Helix described under the same specific
name by Wagner, in Spix’s Testacea of Brazil; but as
that did not appear until ten years after Mr. Say’s publi-
cation, a new name must be adopted for the Brazilian
species.
78. HELIX MULTIDENTATA, BINNEY.
Prare LXVIII.
H. testa minima, orbiculato-depressa, umbilicata, tenuis-
sima, pellucida, nitida, supra planulata ; anfractibus sex,
obliqué et minuté striatis; apertura semilunata, angusta ;
labro simplici, acuto ; umbilico parvo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix multidentata, Binney, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IM. 425. pl. 22, f. 5.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca.
Cuemnitz, 2d ed. tab. 101, f. 9-12.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 154.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL rosy-white, thread-like.
SHELL depressed, sub-planulate above, very thin, pel-
lucid; epidermis smooth, shining; whorls six, narrow,
slightly convex, increasing but slowly in diameter, lines
of growth hardly visible; suture impressed; aperture
semilunate, narrow; lip acute; umbilicus very small,
HELIX. 259
rounded, not exhibiting any of the volutions ; base con-
vex, indented around the umbilicus. ‘Two or more rows
of very minute, white teeth, radiating from the umbilicus,
are seen through the shell, within the base of the last
whorl.
Greatest transverse diamettr one-eighth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrBuTion. Noticed hitherto only
in Vermont among the Green Mountains, and in the
adjoining parts of New York.
Remarks. ‘This species possesses characters so
marked that it, at first, is not likely to be mistaken
for any other. The numerous narrow whorls visible on
its upper and plane surface, while only one is seen
below, together with its minute, round umbilicus, and
narrow aperture, would sufficiently distinguish it; but
there is another character still more peculiar. There
are from two to four rows of very minute, delicate, white
teeth, on the lower side of the interior of the last whorl,
radiating from the centre. One row is usually so near
the aperture as to be seen within it with the aid of a
microscope ; the others are more or less remote: each row
contains from five to six distinct teeth. They are visible
through the shell. The transparency of the shell is so
great that frequently the sutures of the upper surface
can be seen through it, when viewed on the base. With
the living animal within, the shell has a roseate tinge.
This beautiful little species has usually been considered
to be very distinct in its characters ; but recent observa-
260 HELICID&.
tions have led to doubt. Specimens of the young of
Helix interna resemble it so exactly, on the lower surface,
that it is impossible to distinguish them except by count-
ing the internal teeth, which in Helix interna, never, so
far as I have noticed, exceed three in each row. ‘The
aperture of both is also the same, and the color not very
different. The superior surface, however, shows consid-
erable differences. The spire in this is flatter, the whorls
are more numerous by at least one full volution, and it is
smooth and shining, and entirely destitute of prominent
ribs. It never attains one-fourth part of the bulk of that
shell. Yet, notwithstanding these differences, the gen-
eral aspect of the young of that species, and what are
considered to be the mature of this, are so nearly the
same, that it is difficult to refrain from considermg them
to be identical. If we ever know the modifications which
are produced in the external characters of this genus, by
the influence of external causes, it will very probably be
found that this is only a variety of the preceding species.
And that there will be, gradually, a fusion of received
species into those which are typical and, as it were, cen-
tral species, there can be no doubt.
HELIX. 261
79. HELIX LINEATA.
Pirate LXVIIL.
H. testa parva, discoidea, supra planvlata, subtus concava,
corneo-virescente ; anfractibus quatuor, lineis parallelis, vol-
ventibus, sub-elevatis ornatis ; umbilico lato, expanso ; labro
simplici; fauce dentibus binis armato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz lineata, Say, Journ. Acad. I. 18, IT. 273.
Kirtianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Binney, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 436, pl. 22, f. 6.
De Kay, New York Report, 31; Fauna, 44.
Gout, Invertebrata, 179, f. 103.
Avams, Vermont Mollusca, 11.
Ferrussac, Tab. Syst. 44; Hist. pl. 79, f. 1.
Cuemntitz, 2d ed. tab. 101, f. 13 - 15.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 184.
Euryomphala lineata, Brcx, Index, 8.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL whitish, transparent, threadlike.
SHELL small, discoidal; epidermis greenish ; whorls
about four, visible on the base of the shell as well as
above, with numerous equidistant, parallel, raised lines
reyolying upon them; suture much impressed; aperture
semi-lunate, narrow, not expanding; lip thin; umbilicus
wide, forming a concave depression of the base, each
yolution visible to the apex; within the aperture, on the
external circumference, are placed two pairs of minute,
conical, white teeth, the first pair in sight when looking
into the aperture, the other more remote.
VOL, II. 66
262 HELICIDA.
Greatest transverse diameter one-eighth of an inch,
usually less.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Inhabits the North-
ern, North-eastern, and Middle States, and those border-
ing upon the Ohio River. Common in Vermont.
Remarks. ‘This peculiar shell is distinguished by its
discoidal form, greenish color, the fine revolving lines
upon its whorls, and the singular teeth which are placed
in the interior of the outer whorl. These teeth are
arranged in pairs, on the external side of the parietes of
the cavity, one of each pair being on the superior and
one on the inferior part of the whorl. They are prominent,
white, and conical, and may be discovered through the
semi-transparent shell. One pair is so near the aperture
as easily to be seen, on looking into it; the other is dis-
tant nearly one-half a volution from the lip, and is of
course invisible except through the shell. At least one
pair will be found to exist in every specimen, when care-
fully sought for: in one instance, I noticed a third pair
still further within the whorl.
Noticed under the bark, or in the interstices of wet
and decaying wood, and under layers of wet leaves, and
stones, in damp places, in forests.
Seat
hah ews eee:
else
HELIX. 263
Genus BULIMUS, Avcr.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL. External form, and characters correspond-
ing, in all respects, to those of Helix, variously modified
as to the proportion of the several parts, in different spe-
cies. Its peculiarities consist in its internal organization,
especially the genital apparatus.
SHELL. Form ovate, oblong, or turreted; structure
sometimes thin and delicate, but generally thick and
solid ; surface smooth, very rarely folded or sculptured ;
color sometimes corneous, but generally more or less
variegated ; epidermis in some species extremely delicate,
in others very thick and firm, and having an independent
coloration. Aperture longitudinal, entire, ovate, simple,
or dentate ; lip disjoined above, either acute or reflected ;
columella straight, smooth, in a few species folded, never
truncated at base. Operculum none.
GrocgrapuicaL Disrrisurion. The Bulimi belong
to the tropics and the immediate vicinity ; and, though
not strictly limited to that region, are seldom found else-
where. Throughout this zone, they are found in every
part of the world in some of their forms; though a par-
ticular form may prevail more exclusively in particular
countries. Tropical America and the Philippine Islands,
however, may be regarded as their favorite residences ;
while Africa and tropical Asia present us with but few
264 HELICIDA.
species. In North America the species are few in
number, and the typical Bulimi are confined to its most
southerly portion, none of them extending farther north
than Tennessee ; and the species found in Florida and
Texas are also common to the neighboring West India
Islands, and to the more southerly Mexican territory. It
is only the aberrant forms that are found in the Middle
and Northern States.
Remarks. The genus Bulimus was originally pro-
posed by Scopoli, in 1777. As instituted by hin, it
applied, for the most part, to aquatic shells ; and as after-
wards employed by Bruguiére, it included shells which,
though allied in form, were widely different in their
natural affinities. One after another, new and well char-
acterized genera were withdrawn from it; until, under
the judicious restrictions applied by Lamarck, it was left
in such a condition as to be adopted, in the main, by
most subsequent naturalists. But simplification did not
stop here. The genus, as then left, was made up of spe-
cies which varied so little in external characters, whether
of the shell or the animal, from those of the genus
Helix proper, — or, when they were so different from the
typical form of that genus as to appear widely distinct
at first sight, they were found to be connected by such
an unbroken series of intermediate forms, — that some
authors gave up the division, and united both the Buli-
mi, Achatina, and all the other Helicide, under the
single genus Helix. Such was the course of Férussac,
who, in his great work on the Mollusca, made only
BULIMUS. 265
subdivisions, and merely for the sake of convenience.
This, however, was gomg to another extreme. For an
examination of the internal organization of the animal
has shown that there are essential differences in the
structure of the reproductive and digestive organs, and
in the parts within the mouth> not only to justify, but to
demand, a separation into several genera. Still, the
external characters are so similar, and so few species
have been examined anatomically, that the precise line
of demarcation between these genera, and especially
in the case of the genera Helix and Bulimus, is not yet
definitely settled.
The species of this genus coming within our province
are so few, probably but a single species being truly na-
tive, that it would be quite out of place to attempt to settle
a question so broad as that which is here involved. We
shall, therefore, bring under this genus such of our shells
as have been hitherto arranged under it, although two
or three sub-genera, perhaps even true genera, are repre-
sented by them. Bulimus lubricus, for instance, seems
to have little or no affinity with B. dealbatus, or even
with B. decollatus, but is more likely to be congeneric
with Glandina. Bulimus harpa belongs rather to the
genus Pupa. But we will endeavor to give such details,
respecting each species, as to afford additional material
for the final adjustment of this difficult question.
VOL. Il. 67
266 HELICIDA.
1. BULIMUS FASCIATUS.
Puates LV. LVI. LVII.
B. testa conico-elongaté, minutissimé striata, alba, fasciis
aut lineis aut maculis diversimodé coloraté ; anfractibus
octonis, convexis; apice seepé roseo; apertura sub-oyata ;
labro simplici, interné incrassato, acuto, aliquando crenato ;
columella plerumque alba, interdum rosea, sinuata sed non
truncata, imperforata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Buccinum fasciatum, Mizu. |. c. I. 145, anno 1774.
Bulla virginea, Lin., Syst. Nat. 1186.
Bulla fasciata, Cuemnitz, |. c. IX. t. 117, f. 1004-1006.
Bulimus vexillum, Brua. |. c. No. 107.
Helix vezillum, Firussac, Hist. pl. 121.
Achatina vexillum, Lam. 2d ed. VIII. 298.
Achatina crenata, Swains. |. c. pl. 58.
Achatina pallida, Vid. pl. 41.
Achatina fasciata, Ibid. pl. 162.
Reeve, Conch. Syst. II. 178, f. 12.
D’Ors., Moll. Cub. I. 172, pl. 6, f. 1-7.
Preirer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 245.
Achatina solida, Say, Journ. Acad, V. 122.
Lister, Icon. I. c. t. 12, f. 7; Guat, l. c. t. 6, f. C. D.
D’Arceny., |. c. pl. 11, f. M.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL dark brown, or chocolate color, over the whole
body. Surface very prominently granulated. Superior
tentacles very long when extended, thick at their base,
ocular points black and small; lower tentacles long,
conical, rounded at the extremities. , Collar lead-color.
Extremity of foot usually rounded. When in motion, the
BULIMUS. 267
whole foot glides smoothly forward, without any percepti-
ble alternate motion of the margins.
SHELL conical, rather thick, smooth, shining, minutely
striated; whorls seven to eight, convex, decreasing in
diameter gradually and regularly from the body-whorl to
the apex; suture impressed; apex obtuse, commonly
white, sometimes rosy; aperture sub-oval, purely white
internally, sometimes with a thickened ridge within, and
parallel to the outer lip; lip acute, sometimes crenate ;
columellar margin with a thin callus, sometimes rosy ;
columella sub-truncate in the young, entire in the mature
shell, imperforate. Surface beautifully variegated with
broad, entire or interrupted bands, lines, and spots of
brown, with bands and lines of green and yellow, and
with lines of rufous, revolving upon the whorls from the
apex to the aperture, but more distinct upon the outer
whorls.. A single system of coloring prevails in some
shells, while in others there is a mingling of all of them
upon the same specimen.
Extreme length of axis 2.20 inches; extreme diameter
of body-whorl one inch, ordinary diameter less.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisrRipurion. Inhabits the south-
ern part of the peninsula of Florida, and the islands and
Keys adjacent to the coast. It is found abundantly at
Key-West, and in the vicinity of Cape Florida.
Remarks. This is one of several strictly local spe-
cies, living in a climate and upon a soil differing from
those of any other portion of the country, which are
268 HELICID.
evidently due to the geographical proximity of their
locality to the island of Cuba. It occupies only the ex-
treme end of the peninsula, and the nearest islands,
whose shores are washed by the gulf stream which has
already swept by the northern coast of Cuba. Many of
the varieties of coloring and marking common to Cuban
specimens may be noticed among the Florida shells ; but
there is one well defined variety, which, so far as we
know, is peculiar to Florida. This variety is longer and
less ventricose than the others, and its aperture is less
ample. Upon a ground of spure white it is marked upon
the body whorl, and above and below the sutures, with
broad,, ill defined, pale yellow bands. The apex and
aperture are always white. The yellow bands are some-
times confluent or nearly so, and the yellow color appears
to be diffused over the whole surface; more rarely the
shell is entirely white. The columella is only slightly
folded, and the lip is not crenate. The shell is some-
what thick. The variety is constant; and Mr Say,
supposing it to be a distinct species, calied it Achatina
solida, from the last named character.
There are two other varieties, existing also in Cuban
specimens, which are well marked. The first is distin-
guished by grass-green lines, more or less numerous, and
of greater or less diameter, and by narrow bands of the
same color, revolving upon a white ground. They are
more numerous and more distinct upon the body whorl,
and become almost obliterated on the posterior whorls ;
they are often undulating, and differ in the intensity of
BULIMUS. 969
the color. The lip, at the points where the lines termi-
nate, is crenate, or notched ; which peculiarity has sug-
gested one of the synonyms of the species. The axis is
usually shorter than in the preceding variety ; and, con-
sequently, the body whorl and aperture are larger in
proportion to the whole magnitude of the shell ; the colu-
mella is also more folded and thickened. ‘The aperture
is white. The other variety is marked by broad, entire
or interrupted, bands or blotches of deep brown. These
sometimes cover nearly the whole surface, at other times
they are broken into irregular spots, which are arranged
above and below the sutures. The apex and columellar
margin are rosy} and so closely connected are these two
characters with the presence of the brown color on the
surface, that if a single spot or line of it is seen extern-
ally, the columellar margin will be pretty certainly found
to be rosy. The columella is more prominently folded
and thickened than in either of the other varieties.
Well characterized specimens of these three varieties
differ so much from each other that they might well be
considered to be specifically distinct; but the passage
from one to the other may be readily detected in some
specimens. We see some retaining the wide yellow
bands, amidst which are numerous, fine, green lines ;
this shows the connection of the two first named varieties ;
but such specimens are comparatively rare. On the
other hand, specimens are much more common exhibiting
the broad brown bands or blotches, upon the superior
part of the spire, ayhile the last, and perhaps the penult-
imate, whorls are marked with green lines alone.
VOL, Il. 68
270 HELICIDE.
The columella is sometimes prominently plaited and
thickened ; and the outer lip joins it at an obtuse angle ;
but it is never truly truncated. In young shells there
is a more near approach to a truncation ; and a distinct
angle or carina may also be noticed on the body whorl.
This species inhabits trees, upon the branches of which
it is found. In winter it hibernates ‘by attaching its
aperture very strongly to the bark of the tree, by means
of a thick, viscid, opaque secretion, which hardens to the
consistency of glue. In tearing it away, the bark or the
shell is fractured sooner than the secretion. At other
times, when the animal withdraws into the shell, it
secretes only a thin, transparent epiphragm.
=~
BULIMUS. 271
2. BULIMUS ZEBRA.
Puates LIT. LIII. LIV.
B. testa sub-conica, glabra, albida, strigis fuscis longitu-
dinalibus undatis ornata, aliisque transversis cincta ; anfract-
ibus sex vel septem, ultimo magno, convexo; columella
integra, imperforata ; labro simplici, acuto, fusco aut nigro.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Buccinum zebra, Mixuer, |. c. II. 138, anno 1774.
Bulla zebra, GMEL., |. c. 3431, No. 31.
Zebra Millerit, Cuemnitz, IX. tab. 118, f. 1015 - 16.
Bulimus zebra, Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 143.
Reeve, Conch, Icon. fig. 90.
Bulimus undatus, Brva. |. c. No. 38.
Heliz undata, Frrussac, Hist. pl. 114, f. 5, 8, pl. 115.
Bulimus undatus, Lamarck, 2d ed. VIII. 223,
D’Orsieny, |. c. Moll. 264.
Vatenc. |. c. II. 245.
Bulimus melanocheilus, (id. 1. 246.
Achatina pulchella, Sr1x, |. c. pl. 9, f. 3.
Bulimus princeps, Broveri, in Sow. |. c. pl. 27, No. 18.
Achatina flammigera, Sax, Journ. Acad. V. 122.
Heliz undata, Moricanp, |. c. VII. 423.
DESCRIPTION.
AnrMat thick and massive, dirty, or yellowish white,
darker on the middle of the back; surface rugose, with
prominent, oblong glands, and deep furrows. Whole
length, exclusive of tentacles, three inches. Superior
tentacles, when fully extended, one inch long, bulbous,
with small, black, ocular points ; lower tentacles one-fifth
of an inch long, slender. Orifice of generation behind
lower tentacle on the right side. Mantle somewhat
272 HELICIDZ.
bilobed protruding beyond the aperture, and slightly
reflected. Posterior extremity rounded, sides corru-
gated, lower surface smooth, squalid.
SHELL sub-conical, smooth, incremental striz fine,
whitish, with longitudinal, irregular, undulating, or some-
what zigzag, dark-brown bands and clouds, intersected
by straight, revolving lines of the same color; the body-
whorl often with one or more straight, brown lines, at
irregular intervals, indicating the former margins of the
aperture. Whorls six to seven, diminishing in diameter
rapidly, body whorl capacious, occupying two-thirds of
the whole length of the shell. Aperture ample, ovate,
showing the external colors within. Lip simple, acute,
bordered with dark brown, or black, both internally and
externally. Columellar margin with a thin, brownish
callus; columella slightly thickened, not reflected, nor
truncate, making a continuous curve with the lip, imper-
forate.
Common length of axis about two inches, diameter of
large whorl rather more than one inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRiBurion. Within the United
States proper, we are only certain of the existence of
this species in the southern part of the peninsula of Flo-
rida, and the islands adjacent. It is said to have been
found in the southern part of Louisiana.
Remarks. ‘This shell is one of very wide diffusion on
this continent. It is asserted by M. D’Orbigny, that it
BULIMUS. 273
inhabits all the territory of Brazil, and is found in the
central forests of the whole of the warm regions of South
America north of Brazil, and in the northern part of
Peru. We have specimens from Honduras and Central
America. It is described by Valenciennes among the
shells of Mexico collected by~Humboldt and Bonpland ;
is said to be found in Texas; is abundant on the island
of Cuba, whence it has extended to Florida. There can
hardly be a doubt that it is found at others of the An-
tilles, and around the whole Gulf of Mexico, with the
exception of the interval between Texas and the extre-
mity of Florida. Its range is from 20° to 24° north and
south of the equator, making a total of 48°. Inhabiting
so extensive an area, it consequently presents many vari-
eties of coloring and form; and hence the numerous
synonyms which have been applied to it. Mr. Say seems
to have had no knowledge of it himself, but, from the
verbal descriptions of others, was induced to believe the
Florida variety to be identical with H. flammigera of
M. Férussac.
The Florida specimens are usually thin, rather short
and ventricose, and never exceed two inches in length.
They are marked as described above. ‘The most beauti-
ful form of the species is that figured in plate LIV. a. ;
It is quite thick and ponderous ; its general color is deep
brownish, variegated with undulating intervals of white
on the spire, and others more obscure on the columellar
side of the body-whorl. On the side opposite to the aper-
ture, the brown color is relieved only by three indistinct
VoL. II. 69
274 HELICIDZ.
and ill-defined dark bands, and by the black line showing
the margin of a former lip. The columella is considera-
bly thickened and folded ; and the columellar margin is
covered by a black callus; and the lip is broadly mar-
gined internally with black: further in, the aperture is
purely white.
This species inhabits trees. It attaches itself to the
tree during hibernation, and covers its aperture by an
opaque, inspissated, glutinous secretion, which, though
exposed to wind and rain, forms a perfect adhesion and
protection to the animal, and only yields to its own sol-
vent powers on the approach of spring. It exists in great
numbers ; and the dead shells are a favorite habitation
of a species of hermit crab.
3. BULIMUS SERPERASTRUS, Say.
Puate L. Ficure 2.
B. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenui, umbilicata, albida fasciis
inequalibus fusco-violaceis interruptis ad sex cincta; spira
acuminata ; anfractibus ad septem convexiusculis; sutura
lineari; apertura angusta, lunata, spira breviore ; labro acuto,
expanso, albo; columella superné dilatata, haud appressa ;
fauce fasciato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Bulimus serperastrus, Say, Dissem. &c.; New Terr. & Fluv. Shells, 25.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. IT. 102.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 40, fig. 252.
Bulimus nitelinus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. tab. 69, fig. 398.
Bulimus lilacinus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. tab. 74, fig. 532.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not known.
= BULIMUS. 275
Suet elongate, ovate, even fusiform, thin, with deli-
cate lines of increment, yellowish white, with about six
unequal, interrupted, sometimes coalescent, bluish-black
bands on the large whorl, three of which are continued
on the upper whorls. Whorls six or seven, slightly con-
vex, with a fine, well-marked suture. Aperture less than
half the length of the shell, lunate, one half longer than
wide, rather acute at base ; lip sharp, expanded, its colu-
mellar portion widening upwards, and protecting a moder-
ate-sized umbilical opening; columellar margin straight.
The bands of the exterior reappear, in still deeper colors,
in the fauces, but terminate at some distance short of
the lip, which is white, or tinted more or less rose-color.
Length of axis an inch and a half; diameter seven-
tenths of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Found in the region
of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and also in Texas.
Remarks. ‘This shell belongs to a group of which
there are numerous closely allied species, or else is a
species of which there are numerous varieties. From the
knowledge we have of the tendency to variation in some
other species inhabiting the same region, we should be
inclined to the latter opinion. Others, it appears, have
thought differently, and have described them as distinct
species. According to our view, we have placed two of
Mr. Reeve’s species among the synonyms to Mr. Say’s
species, and should even be disposed to add to them his B.
meridanus, and B. Californicus, and also the B. Vin-
HELICIDA.
276 e
centinus of Dr. Pfeiffer. The distinctions given seem to
be mostly drawn from the number of the bands, and the
greater or less ruddiness of the lip and aperture, and
not from the more essential characters of form and sculp-
ture.—[@. ]
4. BULIMUS DEALBATUS, Say.
Prates LI. Li.a. LI. 3.
B. testa conica, ventricosa, perforata, glabra, alba, strigis
cinereis longitudinalibus irregulariter notata ; anfractibus sex
vel septem, ventricosis ; apertura ovali ; labro simplici, acuto,
ad columellam sub-reflexo, intus sub-incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix dealbata, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 159.
Bulimus dealbatus, Potiez & Micu. Galerie, I. 139, pl. 13, f. 3, 4.
Purr, Icon. I. p. 158, pl. 2, f. 6.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. IL. 187.
Reeve, Conch. Icon, fig. 455.
Bulimus dealhatus, Beck, Index, 72.
Zebrina dealbata, HELD, in Isis, 1837, p. 917.
Bulimus alternatus, Say, Dissem. &c.; Des. of New Terr. Shells, &e. 25.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL conical, rather ventricose, white, with longitu-
dinal lines and blotches of ash ; whorls six to seven, ven-
tricose, acuminate ; suture impressed, aperture oval; lip
acute, a little thickened within, somewhat reflected at its
columellar portion, and partially hiding the umbilicus.
Umbilicus open, small, rather deep.
BULIMUS. OTT
Length of axis one inch, commonly three-fourths. Dia-
meter of last whorl half an inch.
GrocRapHicaL DistrreuTion. Inhabits Alabama,
where it appears to be abundant. Was noticed by Mr.
Say in Missouri, and has been brought from Arkansas,
Texas, and Mexico.
Remarks. ‘This very pretty species seems to be
rather widely distributed, and is very abundant in some
places. Mr. Nuttall informed me that its remains lite-
rally covered the ground in some localities in Alabama.
It varies widely in form, being sometimes elongated and
slender, and at others short and ventricose. It is usually
thin and somewhat fragile ; but I have specimens from
Texas which are thick and heavy, having a considerable
testaceous deposit between the columellar and external
extremities of the lip, and a thickened margin within the
lip. The columella is also sometimes strongly folded ;
and the umbilicus is more or less closed. The longitu-
dinal lines and blotches of darker color are occasioned
by the parts of the shell which are transparent. As it
grows older, it becomes uniformly opaque and white.
By some this is supposed to be identical with Bulimus
radiatus of Europe. I have never seen a specimen
which authorized this opinion in my view; and the
figures of that species everywhere indicate a much less
ventricose shell.
[The large and solid Mexican and Texan specimens,
which have been above noticed as varieties, have been
VOL. II. 70
278 HELICIDA.
designated as distinct species by other authors, and pro-
bably with justice. B. Schiedeanus, Pfeiffer, answers to
our P]. LI. 6.; and B. lactarius, Menke, to Pl. LI. a. ;
and this latter, Dr. Binney seems to have regarded as the
B. alternatus of Say. There are other names given,
which, if not applied to really identical species, are very
closely allied: such are B. pruinosus, Sowb., B. liqua-
bilis, Reeve, and B. Dunkeri, Pfeiffer.—e. ]
56. BULIMUS VIRGULATUS, FsrRuvussac.
Puate LVIIL
B. testa tenui, vix umbilicaté, oblongo-ovata, polita, lutes-
cente, linea suturali et strigis longitudinalibus zonisque
castaneis multimodis picta ; anfractibus ad septem convex-
jusculis ; apertura ovata, labro acuto, columella recta,
superne dilatata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Helix (Cochlogena) virgulata, Frrussac, Hist. Moll. pl. 142, B. f. 1-7.
Bulimus Caribbzorum, Lamarck, Animaux sans Vert. 2d ed. VIII. 233.
Bulimus multilineatus, Say, Journ. Acad, Nat. Sc. V. 120, anno 1826.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 204.
Bulimus Menkei, Gruner, Wiegm. Archiv. 1841.
Bulimus venosus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 45, fig. 285, Oct. 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
Seti thin and strong, elongated, ovate-acuminate,
smooth and shining, of a bright yellowish white color,
variegated with longitudinal stripes and spiral zones of
dark chestnut, of various widths, none of which are con-
stant except a sub-sutural line, continued to the apex,
te
BULIMUS. 279
which is also black. Whorls about seven, a little con-
vex; suture delicate; aperture rounded-ovate, a little
more than one-third the length of the shell; lip acute ;
columella straight, widening upwards, and protecting a
minute umbilical opening.
Length of axis one inch; diameter two-fifths of an
inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrisuTion. Found at Key West,
East Florida.
Remarks. B. virgulatus is a species very variable
in its form and coloring, inhabiting many of the West
India Islands, and deserving of the local name applied
to it by Lamarck. If it has any constant character in
coloration, it would seem to be its piceous columella. As
to the shell above described, it was regarded by Dr. Bin-
ney as a variety of this species; and the plate was
engraved and lettered accordingly. But it seems rather
to be entitled to a specific rank, on account of its thinner
and more polished, ivory-like structure, its proportionally
shorter and more rounded aperture, and its coloring.
Mr. Say’s description of B. multilineatus, corresponds
with our shell, except in size, and, indeed, agrees exactly
with an immature specimen in our collection. If it be a
distinct species it should bear his name. It is unques-
tionably the shell described by Reeve under the name of
B. venosus. From Mr. Reeve’s delineations and the
specimens in our possession, it would seem that its char-
acters are constant. He has expressed some doubt as
280 HELICIDZ.
-
to the locality of his species; and I think the doubt may
also be applied to our specimens. Though brought from
Key West, they might have been accidental stragglers,
even from the South American continent; or they might
have been obtained from some collector who had given a
wrong locality.—[4. ]
6. BULIMUS DECOLLATUS, Liv.
Puate L. Ficure 1.
B. testa imperforata, cylindrico-turrita, corneo-albida ;
spira cylindracea, truncata; apertura ovali, superné angu-
lata; labro simplici, intus incrassato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz decollata, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1247.
Mixer, Verm. Hist. II. 114.
Bulimus decollatus, Drav. 76, pl. 4, f. 27.
Desuayes, in Lamarck, VIII. 229.
RossmAssLER, Icon. 5-6; Hefti 45, pl. 28, f. 384.
Bulimus multilatus, Say, Journ. Acad. IL. 373.
Bulimus mutilatus, Jay, Catal. 1839, 56.
PreirFer, Monog. Helic. Viv. Il. 153.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 51, fig. 331.
DESCRIPTION.
AnimAt. Body short, extending but little behind the
aperture, blackish, or bluish-black on the head and back,
with decidedly green reflections in certain lights, the
sides and posterior extremity olivaceous ; surface finely
granulated ; upper tentacles slender and rather short ;
ocular points very small; lower tentacles very short.
BULIMUS. 281
’
It is very voracious in its habits. The shell is carried
nearly horizontally when in motion.
SHELL rather thick, long, cylindrical, turreted ; epi-
dermis shining, whitish, with a slight tint of brownish or
yellowish ; apex obtuse ; spite gradually enlarging from
the apex to the aperture, commonly abruptly truncated
between the third and fifth whorls next the aperture ;
whorls remaining three to five, flat, a little wrinkled,
and in the last two or three slightly crenate, or plaited
below the suture ; suture not impressed ; aperture lateral,
oval, angulated superiorly, its plane very nearly parallel
with the axis of the shell; lip simple, thickened within,
its columellar portion reflected.
Axis of the truncated shell usually about one inch ;
diameter of the largest whorl less than half an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distrisution. The only locality in
the United States, which I am acquainted with, is the
city of Charleston, 8. C. where it is very abundant in
gardens. Its introduction from Europe probably occur-
red af no very distant period. It was first observed by
Dr. Edmund Ravenel, in 1813.
REMARKS. ‘The young shell is thin, transparent, and
fragile ; the old is opaque and rather thick. It is very
peculiar in respect to the manner of breaking off and
abandoning successive portions of the spire. According
to the plan upon which the shell is projected, it would,
when it reaches the full size which it attains in this
VOL. Il. 71
289 HELICIDZ.
“
country, possess ten or more full volutions, if it retained
all of them from the apex downward. But as fast as
the growth of the animal compels it to merease the num-
ber and yolume of the whorls, it releases its connection
with the superior whorls, creates a new attachment lower
down, forms a new apex or spiral calcareous septum, which
separates it from the abandoned part; and, in some man-
ner which is not understood, breaks and throws off those
whorls which are no longer of use. ‘This commences at
a very early period; the original apex being thrown off
when the shell has acquired five or six whorls. They
differ, in this particular, from the land shells, and espe-
cially from the Helices, which always, so far as I know,
retain their original attachment to the apex of the shell.
It has been thought that the breaking of the spire,
after being left by the animal, and becoming dry and
brittle, is accidental ; but I conceive that the effect is
much too constant to be accounted for in that way. I
have never been able to find a mature specimen with the
apex. And in all the various countries which it inhabits,
including the whole southern part of Europe, the northern
part of Africa, the islands of the Mediterranean, the Cana-
ries, Madeira, &c., the same peculiarity attends it. If
it were only an accident, some few in this wide extent
might escape. I doubt not, therefore, that it is effected
by the action of the animal itself. It may be that the
calcareous matter of the shell is absorbed at the point
of division, previous to the formation of the new septum.
Mr. Say made out his description from an immature
specimen.
BULIMUS. 983
“
The epiphragm is white, pearly, and opaque ; it fills up
the aperture, and when pushed out by the animal, gene-
rally falls entire. It may be seen in numbers about
their winter quarters. Its outline is represented.
nS
7. BULIMUS LUBRICUS, MULLER.
Puate LII. Ficure 4.
B. testa parva, ovato-oblonga, imperforata, pellucida, cor-
nea, levi, nitidissima ; apertura ovali; labro simplici.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz lubrica, MitieR, Verm. Hist. 1. 104.
Bulimus lubricus, Drav. 75, pl. 4, f. 24.
Desuayes, in Lamarck, VIII. 239.
Say, Exped. St. Peter’s, II. 259.
Gou tp, Invertebrata, 193, f. 124,
~ Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 7.
Achatina lubrica, Menke, Synop. 2d ed.
Preirer, Monog. Helic. Viv. If. 272.
Zua lubrica, Leacu, Moll. p. 114. @
Cionella lubrica, Jerrreys, Linn. Trans. XVI. 327.
Columna lubrica, Jan, Catal. 5.
Styloides lubricus, Firzincer, Syst. 105.
For other synonyms, see PretFFeR’s Monograph,
and Goutp’s Invertebrata, &c.
DESCRIPTION.
Anat. Head, back, and tentacles blue-black, foot
paler, shorter than the shell; lower tentacles short.
SHELL small, thin, transparent, oblong-oval ; epider-
mis smoky horn-color, smooth, very bright and shining ;
whorls five or six, somewhat rounded; apex obtuse ;
suture somewhat impressed ; aperture lateral, oval, its
284 HELICID.
plane nearly parallel with the axis of the shell; lip sim-
ple, thickened, often slightly rufous; umbilicus imper-
forate.
Length of axis three-tenths of an inch; diameter of
last whorl one-tenth.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Has been noticed in
the Northwestern Territory, near the Lake of the Woods
and Lake Winnipeg, in Ohio, in all the Middle States,
and in every State of New England.
Remarks. This little species, which is hardly larger
than a grain of wheat, is certainly identical with the
European shell. It is distributed over a vast expanse of
country, and exists in immense numbers in certain fayor-
able localities. Its usual place of abode is under leaves
and the bark of decaying trees, in forests Pal groves.
Its surface has a peculiarly brilliant reflection, which
excels that of any other of our shells ; and hence it has
been known in France as ‘la brillante.” It is supposed
by some to be the H. sub-cylindrica of Linnzeus: if it
should prove to be so, that specific name should obtain ;
but the description of Linnzeus leaves much room for
doubt. There is a slight sinuosity at the union of the
lip with the columella, rendering the aperture a little
effuse at this point, and approximating the shell to the
genus Achatina. This, and its other departures from
the typical Bulimi, have caused it, in several instances,
to receive a generic distinction. Dr. Leach first indi-
cated it as a separate genus, under the name Zua.
BULIMUS. 28
on
Ss. BULIMUS SUBULA, PFEIFFER.
Puate LIII. Ficure 4.
Testa turrito-subulata, sub-perforata, tenui, striatuld, niti-
dula, diaphana, albida vel cerga 5 anfractibus octo convexis ;
apertura oblonga, ovata ; labro simplici; columella recta,
reflexa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Achatira subula, Preirrer, Wiegm. Archiv. 1839, I. 352.
Bulimus subula, Prewrer, Symbols, I. 85; Monog. Helic. Viv. Il. 158.
Reeve, Conch, Icon. pl. 69, fig. 494.
Bulimus octonoides, D’'Ore1GNy, Moll. Cub. I. 177, tab. 11, f. 23, 24.
Bulimus procerus, Avams, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II. 13.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, elongated, turreted, transparent, with
delicate, longitudinal striae, sometimes of a spermaceti
white, and sometimes wax-yellow. Whorls about eight,
convexly rounded, revolving more closely at apex than
elsewhere, so as to form a somewhat obtuse summit, the
last whorl less than one-third the length of the shell;
suture deeply impressed, aperture elongated, narrow,
rhomboid-elliptical ; lip simple and regularly curved ;
columella nearlyStraight, reflexed, protecting a minute
umbilical perforation.
Length of axis nearly half an inch; diameter about
one-tenth of an inch.
GeOGRAPHICAL Disrripution. Found in Florida
abundantly, under fallen leaves, and also in most of the
West India islands.
VOL. II. 72
286 HELICID.
Remarks. ‘This species belongs to a somewhat
numerous group found in the tropics, wherever the ba-
nana and other Musaceze flourish ; some of which have
the columella truncated, and are arranged under the
genus Achatina, like A. octona, though by their natural
affinities they are clearly associated. The banana and
plantain have, by transplantation, become naturalized
throughout the tropics; and it is highly probable that
many shells found with them, which have received differ-
ent names merely because they have been found in local-
ities far remote from each other, are really identical.
This shell is considerably smaller and more rapidly taper-
ing than A. octona, which has its columella somewhat trun-
cated, and has not as yet been found on this continent.
9. BULIMUS EXIGUUS, Say.
Prate LIT. Ficure 1.
B. testé minutissima, alba, fusiformi, sub-acuminata ;
anfractibus quinque vel sex, obliquis, convexis ; apertura
obliqua ; columella dente albo ornata ; labro albo, reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa exigua, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 375. °
GouLp, Boston Journ. ILL. 398, pl. 3, f. 20.
Invertebrata, 191, f. 120.
De Kay, New York Report, 31; Fauna, 49, pl. 4, f. 46.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 8.
DESCRIPTION.
Ant™at colorless ; tentaculze stout, hyaline, one-third
the length of the foot, the upper pair alone developed.
BULIMUS. O87
The foot is short, thick, distinctly divided into two seg-
ments, the anterior of which is bilobed, and projects,
when the animal is in motion, considerably in advance of
the head. Eyes oval, situated on the back, near the
base of the tentacles. Its. motions are very sluggish.
Tt carries the shell directed horizontally, which is so
transparent that the viscera of the animal may be seen
through it.
SHELL elongated, tapering at both ends, white, trans-
lucent, shining ; apex rather obtuse ; whorls five to six,
convex, very oblique, with transverse strize ; suture dis-
tinct, impressed ; aperture obliquely oval, white, with a
prominent plait on the columellar margin, about midway
between the extremities of the lip, and a slightly promi-
nent fold near the junction of the lip with the umbilical
extremity of the shell; lip thick, reflected, flattened ;
umbilicus perforated. *
Length one-fifteenth, breadth one-fortieth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistripuTion. Common in all the
Northern and Middle States. It has also been found in
Ohio and Arkansas.
Remarks. ‘The extreme minuteness of this shell has
doubtless prevented its being noticed in many localities
where it exists. It probably inhabits a very wide range
of territory. The plane of the aperture is not so nearly
parallel with the axis as in the preceding species. It
has been said to resemble Carychium minimum of Miil-
ler; but neither the figure nor description, as given by
288 HELICIDE.
Draparnaud, correspond with our shell. It is found
under stones and fragments of wood, and especially
among moss, in damp places.
[ This shell should be removed to another family,
under the name of Carychium exiguum. Besides the
peculiar structure of the shell, and the form of its aper-
ture, the position of the eyes of the animal plainly remove
it from the true Helicide, and associate it with the Awr-
culide. Its habits, and the characters of the shell, also
indicate the same relation. Thus, the validity of the
genus Carychium, instituted from the shell alone, and its
true position assigned to it by Gray, is fully sustained
by the character of the animal.—e. ]
10. BULIMUS FALLAX, GOULD.
Puate LIL. gFicure 1.
P. testa fusiformi, acuminata, corneo-rufescente ; anfract-
ibus sex, convexis; apertura sub-rotundata, edentula ; labro
albo, laté reflexo ; umbilico perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Cyclostoma marginata, Say, Journ. Acad. If. 172.
Pupa fallax, Goup, Invertebrata, 192, f. 123.
Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1V. 357, pl. 16, f. 15.
De Kay, New York Fauna, 51, pl. 35, p. 331.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 309.
Pupa albilabris, Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 8; Sillim. Journ. XL. 271.
DESCRIPTION.
Animat. Head, neck, and tentacles black, posterior
BULIMUS. 289
and lower parts lighter ; upper tentacles long and slen-
der, lower very short.
Suetn fusiform, regularly diminishing in volume from
the body-whorl to the apex, smooth ; epidermis brownish
horn-color ; whorls six, very convex, strie of growth
hardly apparent; suture well impressed ; aperture late-
ral, rounded oval; lip white, rather broadly reflected ;
umbilicus perforated.
Length of axis one-fifth of an inch ; diameter of shell
one-fifteenth.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisrrisutTion. Inhabits the North-
ern, Middle, and Western States. It has also been
found in South Carolina.
Remarks. This is readily distinguished from the other
species by its white, broadly reflected, and flattened lip,
which surrounds the whole aperture, except a small
portion which is interrupted by the body-whorl. It re-
sembles a Cyclostoma, but has a membranous epiphragm.
The aperture is entirely destitute of teeth, and opens
laterally, or upon the side of the shell, its plane being
parallel with the axis of the shell. The umbilicus is dis-
tinctly perforated.
The specific name by which Mr. Say first described
this shell being preoccupied in this genus, his second
name, applied to a variety, of course takes precedence,
and there is no occasion for another.
VOL, II, 73
290 HELICID.
11. BULIMUS HARPA.
Puate LII. Ficure 3.
B. testa minima, conica, obsoleto-scalariformi, tenui ;
anfractibus quatuor, convexis; apertura sub-circulari, sub-
obliquo ; labro acuto; axe minuté perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Heliz harpa, Say, Exped. St. Peter’s, IT. 256, anno 1524.
Pupa costulata, Micuexs, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. I. 187.
Pupa ? Anon. Am. Journ. Se.
Bulimus harpa, Preirrer, Zeitschr. fer Malak. 1847, 147.
Monog. Helic. Viv. I. 150.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not hitherto noticed.
SHELL ovate-conic, scalariform, light yellowish horn-
color, thin and fragile ; whorls four, convex, the last two
ribbed with thin, prominent plates, the first two smooth ;
suture distinct ; aperture sub-circular, slightly oblique,
unarmed ; lip simple and thin, or modified by the last
rib; axis minutely perforated.
Length of axis one-fifth of an inch; diameter one-
seventh of an inch.
GroGRAPHICAL DistrizuTion. Inhabits the North-
western Territory and the State of Maine. It has not
been noticed in the country intervening between these
two extremes, though it doubtless may be found.
Remarks. This species, described by Mr. Say under
the name which we have adopted, was discovered by him
ACHATINA. 291
a
in the North-western Territory, and was published and
figured in the Appendix of the Narrative of the Expedition
to the St. Peter’s River, in 1824. From that date un-
til the year 1844, it remained unseen by naturalists, and
was regarded as a species of doubtful authenticity. An
anonymous writer in the Aterican Journal of Science
supposed that it was the immature spire of a species of
Pupa ; an opinion that seemed to be confirmed by refer-
ence to Mr. Say’s figure. In the last named year, how-
ever, it was rediscovered by Dr. Mighels, under damp
leaves, in company with Helix arborea, lineata, and stria-
tella, in a grove of oaks in Portland, Maine ; a locality
a thousand miles distant from the original place of dis-
covery. It proves to be a distinct and well characterized
species, not liable, when once seen, to be confounded with
any other.
Genus ACHATINA, Lamarck.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL. In its external form and characters, it
agrees with the animal of Helix and Bulimus.
Suett. Form ovoid or turreted, generally thin and
delicate in structure, sometimes transparent, oftentimes
reversed. The aperture is ovate, more or less elongated ;
the lip is simple, and sometimes a little everted, but never
reflexed. The columella is usually plain and rounded,
but in some groups it is contorted, or bears a lamella
292 HELICIDA.
which revolves within the aperture ; and its base is more
or less truncated, so as to form a basal notch. Oper-
culum, none.
GuoGRAPHICAL DistrrBuTion. ‘This is a tropical,
and, properly speaking, an African genus, all the typical
species being obtained from that continent or the neigh-
borhood. Some of the aberrant forms of the Lamarckian
genus are found elsewhere ; as on the European coast of
the Mediterranean, at the Sandwich Islands, at the West
India Islands, ete.
Remarks. The genus as characterized by Lamarck,
included shells of widely different natural characters.
The typical species differ from Bulimus merely by the
truncation of the columella; and this varies in degree
till we come to species on the boundaries of either
genus. The aberrant groups have been, more recently,
withdrawn from the genus, under the names Glandina,
Achatinella, Tornatellina, etc., which are now regarded
as generically distinct. Bulimus fasciatus has usually
been placed under this genus, and is a fair example of
the inosculation of the genera Achatina and Bulimus.
The truncation of the columella, which is the grand mark
of distinction, is sometimes very decided, and at others
is nearly imperceptible. The two shells which haye been
placed under this genus in the first part of this work,
might with more propriety be arranged elsewhere ; and
we shall therefore not dwell further on the various modi-
fications of the genus, but reserve further observations
for the special descriptions.—[4. |
ACHATINA. 293
1. ACHATINA GRACILLIMA, PFHIFFER.
Puate LUI. Ficure 3.
T. imperforata, subuliformi, tenui, albida, costulis remotis,
longitudinalibus acutis ornatéy spira ad apicem obtusa, an-
fractibus ad octo planulatis, sutura profunda discretis, ultimo
subangulato; apertura sub-rhombea, ad basim sub-canalicu-
lata ; labro simplici, incumbente; columella recta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Achatina gracillima, Preirrer, in Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, I, 352.
Bulimus gracillimus, PreirFer, Symbol, III. 54,
Monog. Helic. Viv., 11. 160.
Achatina striato-costata, D’Ors., Moll. Cub. I., 176, pl. 11, f. 19-21.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL minute, elongated, very slender, thin, of a
drab-white color, ornamented with elevated, compressed,
sharp, rather distant, longitudinal ribs, of which there
are from twenty to thirty on each whorl. The spire is
obtuse at the apex, and composed of about eight flattish
whorls, the last of which is about one-fourth the length
of the shell, and somewhat angular below the middle ;
suture deeply impressed. Aperture small, elongated,
rhomboidal-ovate ; the lip is sharp, and somewhat pressed
inward, so as to be parallel to the axis; the columella
is straight, and joins the lip at an angle, so as almost to
form a notch at the base of the aperture.
Length of axis three-tenths of an inch ; diameter one-
fifteenth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distrisution. Inhabits East Florida
VoL. Il. 74
294 HELICIDZ.
in considerable numbers. In Cuba it is abundant, and
was probably transported thence to Florida.
Remarks. This is an anomalous form, with scarcely
truncation enough at base to entitle it to a place in the
genus Achatina. Moreover, the fine, longitudinal bar-
ring, like Clausilia, is a character quite foreign to that
genus. It agrees somewhat better with Bulimus and
Pupa, with one of which we should be disposed to place
it. Without some definite place to arrange it else-
where however, we deem it imexpedient to remove it
from the genus where it was placed by the describer.
It is closely allied to Achatina Gossei, but is not half its
size.—[@. ]
2. ACHATINA PELLUCIDA.
Puate LIII. Ficure 2.
Testa sinistrorsa, ovata, elongata, hyalina, polita, dilute
cornea ; spird obtusa, anfractibus ad septem conyexiusculis ;
sutura lineari; apertura angusta, labro acuto; columella
brevi, lamella intus decurrente superne instructa.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Achatina pellucida, PreirFeR, in Wiegm. Archiv, 1840, I. 252.
Tornatellina Cubensis, Preirrer, Symbole, II. 130.
Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 391.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL. Sinistral, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pellu-
cid, highly polished and glistening. Whorls seven, very
oblique, scarcely convex, the last one somewhat ventri-
ACHATINA. 295
cose towards the base, about two-thirds the length of the
shell. Aperture narrow ovate, acutely prolonged poste-
riorly ; lip simple ; turning up the columella it becomes
thickened, and winds into the aperture in the form of a
tooth-like lamella. “
Length one-tenth of an inch; breadth one-thirtieth of
an inch.
GrocrapHicaL Disrripurion. Found in Florida,
among small shells drifted in the sand. It is also found
in Cuba.
Remarks. There is yet much uncertainty about this
beautiful little shell. Prof. Adams, who found this or a
similar species in Jamaica, thinks it is most likely a marine
shell, which is by no means improbable, and compares it
to a minute Melampus drawn out in the direction of its
axis. Dr. Pfeiffer removes it from the genus in which
he first placed it, and places it in his genus Tornatellina.
Amid this uncertainty, we allow it to remain under the
name it bears in the tables of the first volume.—[@.]
Genus GLANDINA, Scuumacuer.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL. Body elongated, narrowed anteriorly ; ten-
tacles four, long, the posterior ones having the eye spots
on the posterior face, behind the tips, which are de-
296 HELICIDA.
flected ; inferior tentacles half the length of the superior,
bulbous, and somewhat deflected at tip; on each side of
the oral aperture is a retractile, palpiform appendage,
attenuated at tip, and more or less recurved, nearly as
long as the superior tentacles, the bases separated by a
fissure in front; buccal pouch capable of a probos-
cidiform protrusion, the aperture furnished with three
papillee above and three on each side; lingual organ
semioval, armed with oblique ranges of recurved hooks.
Genital orifice at some distance behind the right tenta-
cle.
Suet lanceolate, ovate, or sub-cylindrical, corneous,
glistening ; spire generally produced, the last whorl not
less than half the length of the shell, and generally much
longer. Aperture much longer than wide, narrow and
acute posteriorly, rounded anteriorly ; columella arcuate,
truncate at base, so as to form a canal; lip simple,
acute.
GrogRAPHICAL DistripuTion. ‘This appears to be
strictly an American genus, occupying the regions bor-
dering on the mediterranean which separates the two
continents, and the intervening islands. If there is any
exception, it is in the case of Achatina algira of South-
ern Europe, which, judging from the shell alone, may
belong to this genus. On this continent it is found as
far north as Georgia, all along the Gulf of Mexico, and
throughout Texas and Mexico.
Remarks. As long ago as 1810, De Montfort indi-
GLANDINA. 297
cated this genus under the name of Polyphemus, found-
ing it on the Bulla voluta of Chemnitz, the Achatina
glans of Bruguiére. Schumacher, in 1817, adopted this
as a distinct genus ; but, as the name Polyphemus had
been previously appropriated, he designated it by the
name of Glandina. Férussac also recognized the pecu-
liarities of the shell, and made for it a section of his
genus Helix, under the name of Cochlicopa. The struct-
ure of the animal fully authorizes its separation as a
distinct genus ; and yet, although Mr. Say carefully de-
scribed the animal as long ago as 1818, most authors
have still united it with Achatina, among whom may be
mentioned Deshayes and Philippi, the most important
recent writers on the subject. The animal is eminently
carnivorous, and its favorite resorts are wet and swampy
places ; when found in dry places, they are very small.
Their eggs are of considerable size, oblong-spheroidal,
and covered with a firm, calcareous shell.—[a. ]
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298 HELICIDE.
1. GLANDINA BULLATA, GovuLbD.
Puate LXII. a.
G. testa papyracea, bullata, diaphana, ellipsoidea, lactea,
ferrugineo tincta, longitudinaliter confertim striata; spira
octantem longitudinis teste equante, anfractibus quinque
convexlusculis ; sutura lineari ; apertura laté lunata ; colu-
mella leniter arcuata, lamina callosa induta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Glandina truncata, Gouun, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 64, Oct. 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL elongate ovate, ventricose, widest a little be-
hind the middle, very light and thin, and so translucent
as to show the whole of the pillar by transmitted light,
very pale horn-color, tinged with rusty brown towards
the aperture, shining, and marked longitudinally with
fine, rounded strize. Whorls five, tumid, the last com-
posing about seven-eighths of the shell; suture delicate,
not strongly impressed. Aperture two-thirds the length
of the shell, narrow lunate, somewhat dilated by the
moderate arching of the pillar margin, the lower third of
which takes the direction of the axis; pillar margin
covered by a delicate lamina of white callus.
Length of axis one and a half inches ; breadth four-
fifths of an inch.
GLANDINA. 299
a
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBuTIoN. Obtained by the Rey.
E. R. Beadle in Louisiana, in the region of New Orleans.
Remarks. This species differs from G. truncata in
its extreme tenuity and transparency, which is not in
consequence of immaturity, as is shown by the callus on
the pillar lip; it is much more inflated, the spire propor-
tionally shorter, slightly modified by the suture, and
with two whorls less ; the pillar is much less arched than
in G. truncata, where it actually curves to the right and
forms an extensive sinus on the pillar margin: the stria-
tion, also, is twice as fine, and the coloration is much
paler. Quite a large number of specimens, obtained at
different times, have been examined, all of which agree
in their characters.—[G. ]
2. GLANDINA VANUXEMENSIS, LEa.
Puate LXII. Ficure 1.
G. testa ovato-fusiformi, tenui, lucida, fulva albido-
maculata, striis longitudinalibus et transversis ab apice ad
medium decussata; spira conica, anfractibus septem con-
yexis; sutura crenulata; apertura ovato-lanceolata ; colu-
mella arcuata.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Glandina vanuxemensis, Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. V. 84, pl. 19, f. 78.
PreirFER, Symbole, III. 91;
Monog. Helic. Viv. IT. 294.
Achatina vanuzemensis, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 13, f. 48.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
300 HELICIDA.
Suett elongated, ovate-fusiform, thin and fragile, con-
siderably transparent, pale fawn color, in some specimens
inclined to greenish, and generally flecked with distant,
pale spots ; the surface is, in a measure, coarsely granu-
lated by the decussation of longitudinal and revolving
lines, the latter of which are more distant from each
other than the former, and become less and less distinct
towards the anterior portion of the whorl. Whorls seven
or eight, the apicial ones smooth and forming a mammil-
lary tip ; suture crenulated. Aperture about one-half the
length of the shell, nearly three times as long as broad ;
columella strongly arched, and scarcely glazed by ena-
mel.
Length of axis two and three-fourths inches ; breadth
one inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIsTRIBUTION. Hitherto obtained
only in Texas and Mexico.
Remarks. The essential distinctions between this
species and the preceding, are its fragile structure, its
reticulated surface, and its peculiar coloration. It also
grows toa largersize. Achatina Sowerbyana of Pfeiffer
seems to be the same. It differs only in wanting the
white flecks. These, however, vary in amount so much
as to afford good reason to suppose that they are some-
times wanting. Its form and partially granulated sur-
face should rather be taken as its characteristics.—[4@. ]
GLANDINA. 301
38. GLANDINA TRUNCATA, Say.
Puates LIX. LX. LXI. Ficure 2.
G. testa oblongo-ovata, licet lanceolato-ovata, solidiuscula,
nitida, cornea vel sepissimé \ginerascente rosaceo tincta,
longitrorsum plicato-striata ; anfractibus ad septem convex-
iusculis, ultimo cylindraceo anticé angustato ; sutura sub-
crenulata ; apertura lunata, angusta.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Bulla truncata, GMeEuI, p. 3434.
Buccinum striatum, CuEem., IX. 36, tab. 120, f. 1028, 29?
Bulimus striatus, Bruc., Encycl. Meth. I. 366.
Cochlicopa rosea, Frrus., Prodrom. 356 ;
Hist. des Moll. pl. 135, f. 3, pl. 136, f. 6 - 10.
Achatina rosea, Desx., Encycl. Meth, II. 10; ed. Lamarck, VIII. 313.
Achatina truncata, D’Ors., Moll. Cub. I. 163, pl. 10, f. 13.
Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 13, f. 47.
Polyphemus glans, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. I. 282.
Glandina truncata, Say, Amer. Conch. pl. 20;
Cuenv. ed. (Bib. Conch.) III, 28, pl, 7, f. 2, 2a.
Becx, Index, p. 78.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 286.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL twice the length of the shell, pale chestnut
color, with pale bluish reflections ; surface finely reti-
culated ; a delicate channel runs along the median line
of the neck, terminating between the superior tentacles,
on each side of which are oblique folds.
SHELL strong, ovate-fusiform or ellipsoidal, obtuse at
tip, of a pale, ashy fawn color, or rather, alternately
striped with ash color and fawn color, and more or less
tinted rose color, the surface shining and delicately fluted
with longitudinal, raised, and rounded striz. Whorls six
VOL, Il. 76
302 HELICIDZ.
or seven, moderately convex, the last constituting three-
fourths the length of the shell, somewhat compressed at
the middle, so as to become in a measure cylindrical,
narrowing forward and rounded at base; suture strongly
marked, delicately crenulate. Aperture about one-half
the length of the shell, often more, and twice as long as
broad, narrow, ovate-lunate, acute posteriorly, obtusely
rounded anteriorly ; lip nearly rectilinear at its middle
portion, and springing somewhat forwards; columella
arched at its lower portion, and decidedly truncate at
tip ; throat salmon-colored, edge of lip pale.
Average length one and a half inches; breadth some-
what more than one-third the length.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTriBuTion. Inhabits Florida, and
along the Atlantic coast as far as Charleston, 8. C. It
has been found in Mississippi and Texas, and is common
among the West India Islands.
Remarks. This is a very variable species. We have
given as synonyms, such references and names as we felt
no doubt related to the shell in question, satisfied at the
same time that many more might justly be added had we
the means of deciding, by comparison, respecting shells
which are designated in books and cabinets under differ-
ent names. Bulla voluta of Chemnitz (Achatina glans
of Lamarck) seems to have no characters decidedly
separating it from this; and the same may be said of
the Buccinum striatum of Muller. If so, either of these
names would precede the one we have applied. But,
from the impossibility of comparing the specimens truly
GLANDINA. 303
representing them with ours, we are compelled to stop at
the point where the evidence ceases to be clear.
The habits of this animal are somewhat aquatic. It is
found on the sea-islands of Georgia, and around the Ever-
glades of Florida ; and in these situations the shell often
attains the length of two and a half inches, — when found
on the oyster hummocks and less humid localities, it sel-
dom exceeds one inch in length. In young individuals
the spire forms but a small proportion of the shell; but
in the old it often forms one-third of the length.
The animal is in part, if not altogether, carnivorous ;
and its powerful tongue, armed with long, sharp-pointed
hooks, is well adapted to its food. By its action, the soft
parts of its prey are rapidly rasped away, or are forced
in large morsels down the cesophagus. The animal has
been seen to swallow entire the half putrid remains of a
Helix, and to attack Limaces confined in the same box
with it, rasping off large portions of the integument, and
in some instances destroying them. In one instance an
individual attacked and devoured one of its own species,
thrusting its long neck into the interior of the shell, and
removing all the viscera.—[4. ]
304 HELICIDE.
Genus CYLINDRELLA, Preirrer.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL small and short compared with the shell, in
general like that of Helix; tentacles four, the superior
of medium length, the inferior quite short. Motions
sluggish ; the shell drags horizontally, nearly in the line
of motion.
SHELL elongated, cylindrical, or fusiform, composed
of numerous whorls, the last of which is usually disjoined
from the preceding, and partially uncoiled; aperture
with a continuous, revolute lip, circular or polygonal;
its plane nearly parallel with that of the axis of the
shell.
GEOGRAPHICAL Distrreution. As far as we know,
this genus is confined to the islands and shores of the
Gulf of Mexico. There are abundant species in Cuba
and Jamaica, and, doubtless, on other islands. A few
have been found in Texas and Mexico, and three species,
as we regard them, are found in Hast Florida, one of
which, and probably all, is found on the island of Cuba.
A single species has been named as coming from the Phi-
lippine Islands ; but we apprehend there may have been
some mistake in this, either as to the locality or as to
the genus ; possibly, it might have been a Truncatella.
Remarks. The group of shells here designated was
CYLINDRELLA. 305
first set apart by the Rey. Lansdowne Guilding, in
1828, under the generic name, Brachypus, derived from
the very short pedal disk when compared with the
length of the shell; but as this name had been pre-
viously applied to other animals, he afterwards substi-
tuted for it the name Siphonostoma. The same year Dr.
Pfeiffer applied to it the name Cylindrella. These
names are both highly descriptive of the shell; but, as
Guilding’s second name had also been previously in use,
and Dr. Pfeiffer’s name has generally obtained, we also
adopt it. The characters of this group appear to be
sufficiently prominent and natural, both in respect to the
shell, the animal, and its circumscribed range. The
shell has been hitherto ranked with Pupa, Cyclostoma,
and Clausilia. It resembles the latter in its form, but
lacks the clausilium, and has, rather, the aperture of
Cyclostoma; there is, however, no operculum. ‘The
animal differs from that of Cyclostoma in the number of
tentacles and position of the eyespots; it is, however,
closely allied to the animals of Clausilia and Pupa.
The apicial nucleus of the shell is a small globule ;
this is succeeded by a large number of closely revolving
whorls of still smaller diameter, which scarcely augment
in length; and then there is a rapid dilatation to the full
size of the shell. At this part, either by fracture, or
more probably by absorption, the slender tip is thrown
off, so that we have only the truncated lower portion left.
In many species the last whorl stretches out into a long
neck ; in others, however, this uncoiling is very slight,
VOL. 1. 77
306 HELICID.
and the lip is in contact with the preceding whorl, and
approaches the true Pupa. ‘The shells of this genus are
all extremely graceful, and many are very delicate.
Numerous species have been recently described.—[e. }
1. CYLINDRELLA PONTIFICA, GcuLD.
Puate LXIX. Ficure 1.
C. testa parva, ovata, fusiformi, attenuata, albida rufo
griseoque marmorata ; spirdé acuminata ; suturis impressis,
crenulatis ; anfractibus duodecim, convexis confertissimé
et obliqué striatis; ultimo anfractu carinato ; apertura or-
biculari, laterali, campanulata, edentata ; labro acuto, mar-
gine sub-reflexo ; axe vix perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa pontifica, Gouxp, Proc. Bost. Soc., III. 40. June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION. °
ANIMAL whitish, translucent, a little darker above the
head ; body very short, terminating in a blunt extremity.
Superior tentacles of moderate length, of nearly equal
diameter throughout, terminating in a rounded bulb ;
lower tentacles very short, nearly rudimentary. Ocular
points large and black.
Suet fusiform, attenuated-cylindrical, whitish, or
grayish clouded and marbled with brown; spire acu-
minate ; whorls from nine to twelve, rounded, with
numerous oblique, prominent striz, or ribs; suture
impressed, crenulated by the extension of the alternate
CYLINDRELLA. 307
ribs across it; aperture rounded, oblique; lip thin,
somewhat reflected ; axis impressed, not truly perforate.
On the last whorl, a colored line reyolves: this is some-
times raised a little from the surface, and sometimes is
sharp like a delicate carma. \
Extreme length half an inch; extreme diameter one-
fifth of an inch ; ordinary size less.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistrrBuTION. Inhabits the southern
part of East Florida and the adjacent islands, also the
island of Cuba.
Remarks. Its numerous, tumid whorls, agreeably
marbled, and its crenulated suture and graceful form,
render this a very pretty species. It differs entirely
from any other North American shell ; but belongs to a
group peculiar to the West Indies, of which there are
now several species known.
When in motion, the axis of the shell is parallel with
the line of progress, and lies almost horizontally. The
rapidity with which the animal moves is quite surprising.
The advance seems to be effected in this way. The pos-
terior point of the disk of the foot, being detached from
the object on which it rests, is carried forward by mus-
cular contraction and again fixed, leaving a curve be-
tween the attached point and the next anterior part of
the disk, which is not yet detached. This operation is
continued throughout the whole disk, every part of which
becomes successively detached, curved upward, and
again attached, from the extremity to the snout, exhibit-
308 HELICIDA.
ing in action a curved or wavy motion, or undulation,
commencing at the extremity, proceeding rapidly for-
ward, and terminating at the head. But before one
muscular wave is exhausted at the head, another has
begun to flow; so that two series of undulations are
visible at one time. With this double alternation of
action, the body is propelled with a rapidity greater
than can be attained by the more common, gliding motion
of the Helices. During motion the tentacles are ex-
tended, and remain steadily in one position.
They are found in woods, on the ground, under
leaves, but are not very plentiful. The most northern
point where they have hitherto been noticed is Tampa.
On the eastern shore of the peninsula, they occur at
Cape Florida, and also at Key West and Key Biscayne.
[The great similarity of this shell to P. unicarinata
of Lamarck and Cylindrella Gosset, Pfeiffer, would at
first throw some doubt on the propriety of regarding it
as a distinct species. Compared with the former, it is
smaller, has more whorls, a more complete aperture pro-
jecting to the left side, and is still more remarkable for the
crenulated suture produced by the projection of every
second rib. It is larger than C. Gossei, and very differ-
ently colored. Dr. Binney, with much doubt, called it
P. unicarinata ; and it is regarded as a Pupa in the
tables of the Introduction ; but, on further consideration,
it is clearly to be placed in the genus Cylindrella, hav-
ing all its peculiarities.—[@.]
CYLINDRELLA. 309
2. CYLINDRELLA LACTARIA, Gou.p.
Puate LXIX. Ficure 2.
C. testa fusiformi, ad apicery truncata, tenui, albida, sur-
sum fuscescente, rivulis lacteis undique longitudinaliter
notata ; anfractibus (superstitibus) ad decem, convexius-
culis, concinné striatis, ultimo carinato; apertura circulari,
ampla, expansa ; peristomate albo, modicé everso; collo
brevi.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa (Siphonostoma) lactaria, Gouxn, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. [V. 491, pl.
24, fig. 13.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL white, with a dark line along the back of each
tentacle, one along the median line, and a very delicate
one along each cheek ; ocular points large and black.
SHELL fusiform, truncated at tip, thin and translucent,
yellowish white, becoming dusky towards the apex, and
ornamented with longitudinal, flexuous, milk-white lines.
Permanent whorls about ten, the entire number about
twenty-five, elegantly sculptured with delicate, oblique,
longitudinal strize, of a uniform size on all the whorls ;
the last whorl has a distinct keel skirting the region of
the umbilicus ; protrusion from the preceding whorl short,
forming a large, rounded, trumpet-shaped aperture, ex-
panding into a narrow, white lip. Aperture at an angle
of forty-five degrees with the axis of the shell.
Length three-fifths of an inch ; breadth three-twentieths
of an inch.
~
VOL. Il. 78
310 HELICIDZ.
Remarks. In shape this species resembles C. elegans,
Pfeiffer, though more nearly like the shell figured by
Férussac as Clausilia subula, in size and sculpture ; but
it is more ventricose, has fewer whorls, a shorter neck,
a larger aperture, and a less broadly reflected lip. The
animal is very small compared with the shell, being less
than one-fourth the length of the shell, which it carries
with its axis nearly horizontal, and in the line of motion,
with apparent difficulty. The snout is thrown forward,
and firmly attached at every undulation, simultaneously
with the contraction of the posterior extremity. When
the curve flowing along the sides of the foot reaches the
head, the attachment of the snout is released, and it is
again thrown forward and fixed as before.
3. CYLINDRELLA JEJUNA, GovLpD.
Prate LXIX. Ficure 3.
C. testa fusiformi, solidiuscula, truncata, pallidé cornea,
filis tenuibus albis longitudinaliter lirata ; anfractibus super-
stitibus ad novem, convexis, ultimo exiliter carinato ; sutura
bené impressa ; collo brevissimo ; apertura expansa, peri-
tremate albo, continuo, anfractui penultimo haud annexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Cylindrella jejuna, Gourn, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 41, June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL rather small, fusiform, truncated at apex, quite
solid, of a pale horn-color, longitudinally striped with
CYLINDRELLA. 311
delicate, white lines. Spire composed of about nine
whorls, though when entire the whole number would be
about twice as many; they are convex, and sepa-
rated by a well-marked suture ; the last whorl has a
delicate carina, and extends in a short neck. The aper-
ture is bell-shaped, the lip white, continuous, and not in
contact with the preceding whorl.
Length two-fifths of an inch; breadth about one-tenth
of an inch.
GuoGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Found abundantly in
Florida.
Remarks. This may be a diminutive variety of C.
lactaria, a species presenting numerous variations in the
length of the neck and the development of the lip. But
it seems to be constantly smaller, darker colored, more
solid, and with more convex whorls. The peritreme,
also, seems never to rest on the penultimate whorl, as
is the case in C. lactaria.—[a.]
312 HELICIDE.
Genus PUPA, Draparnaup.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL small, about twice as long as broad, wide
and square in front, shghtly tapering and obtusely rounded
posteriorly ; beneath, the head is separated from the foot
by a transverse line ; the cephalic portion is transverse,
more or less lobed in front ; the locomotive disc is long
oval, truncate in front. Tentacles four, the cervical
ones oculiferous at tip, the oral ones short and some-
times reduced to a minute tubercle. The viscera are
remarkable for their great length.
SuHett elongated, cylindrical or acuminate, with nu-
merous whorls, the last of which differs but little from
the preceding one, having its plane nearly corresponding
to the axis of the shell. Aperture sub-circular, or semi-
oval, simple or armed with denticles or lamin ; lip sim-
ple or reflected ; base perforated by a fissure or circular
umbilicus.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Specimens of this
genus have been found over the greater part of the
globe. Few are known from Africa or Eastern Asia ;
and I am not aware that any one has been found in
New Holland. They are numerous in Europe, Western
Asia, North America, and the West Indies. Perhaps
they may be found equally abundant elsewhere, when
PUPA. 313
other regions have been equally well explored. On
account of their minute size, they are not easily de-
tected ; but they have been found abundantly, in all
parts of the United States where they have been pro-
perly sought for. {
Remarks. ‘This genus was first instituted by Drapar-
naud to include the minute species of Europe, of which
P. dolium is an exemplar. Previously, these shells had
been included in the genera Helix, Turbo, and Trochus,
from which they were very properly separated. Drapar-
naud intended it to include all the elongated, cylindrical
species, in which the whorls were very numerous, the
successive whorls differing but little from each other, and
the last one being but little larger, and often even
smaller, than the penultimate. The aperture in these
cases was also peculiar, being nearly circular, the lips
continuous, or nearly so, and the throat often armed
with denticles or folds. He, however, separated from
these, under the name Clausilia, those which he found to
possess a calcareous lid to the aperture, opening inwards
by a spring. Lamarck adopted these genera, but ex-
pressed his doubts as to the propriety of separating
Clausilia from Pupa. Deshayes and others unite them
without hesitation; but we still think that the shells
which possess the clausilium are entitled to rank as a
distinct genus, and that they have peculiarities, in other
respects, sufficiently marked to support this claim.
We regard the genus as altogether an artificial one;
VOL. Il. 79
314 HELICID.
and nothing can be more decisive that it is not founded
in natural characters than the fact, that although it is
adopted by all authors, yet it is so modified and dismem-
bered by each one of them, that no two of them include
the same species under it. Many groups have been
detached by different authors, some of which will doubt-
less prove true genera when the difficult task of examin-
ing animals so small shall have been accomplished.
Among our own shells which have been arranged under
this genus, we have already stated that P. erigua is a
Carychium, and belongs to a different family, and pro-
bably P. corticaria also. All the other small species
may be divided into two groups; those which have the
oral tentacles distinct, (Pupa,) and those in which they
are not decidedly apparent, (Vertigo.) This distinction
would seem to be only one of degree, were it not that
there are peculiarities in the shells of the two groups
also; those of the former group being paler colored,
ovate, and more solid, while those of the latter are
darker, thin, and more cylindrical ; the aperture of the
latter is armed with denticles, which are peculiarly long
and slender. ‘The animals are also more aquatic in their
habits; and the want of inferior tentacles would seem to
bring them somewhat in alliance with the fresh-water
Pulmonata. We are not disposed to insist on the sub-
division, however, in the present limited knowledge we
have of the structure of the animals belonging to the
shells. The large West India species, with which our
Florida species, P. incana, is to be associated, consti-
PUPA. 315
tutes another well-marked group, if not a distinct genus,
— they are so superior in size, and so different in their
habits, choosing the vicinity of salt water, and even
places dashed by salt spray, rather than forests or locali-
ties kept moist by fresh water.
Most of the species are so Small that it requires much
eare and no little skill to find them. Some are found in
forests, under decaying leaves, or fragments of dead
branches, lying on the ground, or in the crevices of bark,
or about decaying stumps and logs; some are found in
plats of moss, others under stones, sticks, etc. in the open
fields; and many at the margins of brooks, pools, and
ponds, under chips, or crawling up the stems of plants,
and seem to be incapable of existing unless abundantly
supplied with moisture, seeming to be aquatic rather
than terrestrial in their habits. They feed on decaying
vegetable matter, keeping themselves in the shade, and
adhering closely to the objects on which they rest when
in repose. In the winter they bury themselves under
the leaves or in the earth. These little shells possess
great beauty, and well repay a careful study. When
largely magnified they show a great variety and compli-
cation of parts, all wrought to the highest perfection of
form and polish, and forcibly illustrate the skill of the
great Creator.—[a. ]
316 HELICIDA.
a. Tentacles distinctly four. (Pupa.)
1. PUPA MARITIMA, PFEIFFER.
Prate LXVIII.
P. testa alba, cylindracea, obtusa, densé et leviter striata ;
anfractibus numerosis, planis ; apertura sub-ovali, dentata ;
labro incrassato, sub-reflexo ; basi compresso, sub-carinato ;
striis confertis, ad axim confluentibus ; axi impresso, imper-
forato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa maritima, Preirrer, Wiegm. Archiv, 1839, I. 353 ;
Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 322.
Kiser, ed. Chemn. tab. 9, figs. 10-13;
Lister, Icon. ]. c. t, 588, f. 49.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL whitish, brownish, smoky, or nearly black,
darker on the back and upper part of head. Body
finely granulated, the granules arranged in regular lines
longitudinally, making the surface look as if minutely
and longitudinally furrowed. ‘Tentacles rather short,
slender, bulbous at the extremities.
SHELL white, moderately thick, cylindrical, obtuse at
both extremities ; whorls from eight to twelve, of un-
equal width, separated by well-defined, though not deep
sutures, flat, with numerous sub-oblique strize, sometimes
amounting to fine ribs; aperture sub-ovate, white, with a
minute, deep-seated tooth on the columellar margin, and
another at the base, indicating the position of the im-
PUPA. 317
pression at the base of the axis; lip white, thickened,
sub-reflected; base of shell compressed, sub-carinate ;
axis imperforate, impressed, with all the striz more
strongly developed and thickly converging towards it.
Greatest length of axis one and a quarter inches ;
ordinary length one inch. Diameter of shell two-fifths
of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Found hitherto in the
northern part of Cuba, and in the southern part of the
peninsula of Florida.
Remarks. ‘This species is found plentifully at Key
West, where it inhabits low grounds near salt water
ponds. It attaches itself to saline plants, a few inches
from the soil. At other times it retreats under stones.
It is, probably, confined to the vicinity of the ocean. It
has also been found on other neighboring keys, and on
the main land near Cape Florida. The animal varies
much in color; it is shy when kept in confinement. In
winter it forms a membranous epiphragm.
The general appearance of this shell is cylindrical,
with both extremities obtuse. The width of the central
whorls is nearly uniform; the upper only become gra-
dually narrower to the apex. The number of whorls is
usually about nine, but sometimes twelve; and the pro-
gressive increase of the width of the whorl, in revolving
from the apex to the aperture, though regular in each spe-
cimen, differs so much in different specimens, that some
shells are very short and robust, while others are long
VOL. Il. 80
318 HELICIDA.
and fusiform. The whorls are nearly flat, the surface
shining, and marked with numerous angular striz,
which, on the back of the last whorl, attain sometimes
the prominence of wrinkles. The lip is often very thick ;
it is not added until the shell has acquired at least
seven or eight full volutions. The outline of the external
aperture is an oval, whose greatest diameter is parallel
with the axis of the shell, truncated obliquely by the
columellar margin; internally, it is modified by a lamel-
lar tooth or fold on its superior parietes, and another
marking the depression of the axis ; when these are pro-
minent the outline of the throat of the aperture is some-
what trilobate. One or both of the teeth are sometimes
wanting. The apex of the spire is corneous. Its color
is chalky or hoary white, with frequently a livid brown
tint beneath.
This species is nearly allied to Pupa uva and P.
mumia of M. Lamarck, and, together with those and
perhaps some other species, constitutes a sub-generic
group peculiar to the West India Islands and the main
land in their vicinity. This group has not been sufli-
ciently studied, and needs elucidation. In the opinion
of some, it consists of a single species with numerous,
strongly marked, local varieties.
[ This shell was described by Dr. Binney as a new
species, and is referred to in the first volume under the
name, P.incana; and the plate representing it is so
lettered; but it is so evidently the P. maritima of Dr.
Pfeiffer that it would be deviating from scientific rules to
PUPA. 319
introduce it under any other name. It is most likely
that P. cyclostoma, Kister, is merely a small speci-
men of this species, its variation in size being very
considerable.—e. |
2. PUPA MODICA, GoUuULD.
Pirate LIT. Ficure 2.
P. testa minuta, fragili, ovato-conica, elongata, albida vel
cornea, edentata, imperforata ; anfractibus quinque con-
vexis, apice acuminata ; apertura campanulata, labro ex-
panso, haud planulato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa modica, Govuxn, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. III. 40, June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, delicate, elongated, ovate-conic, whitish
or pale horn-colored, imperforate. Whorls five, convex,
the apex of the spire acute. Aperture expanded, lip
revolute, but not flattened ; throat destitute of teeth.
Length of axis one-tenth of an inch; breadth one-
fifteenth of an inch.
GrograpuicaL DistripuTion. Found in Florida by
Mr. Bartlett.
Remarks. The form and other characters of this
shell are almost precisely those of Bulimus fallax,
except that it is only about half as large, and has about
two whorls less to the spire. The aperture is somewhat
more bell-shaped ; and the lip is thin and revolute instead
320 HELICIDA.
of being thick and flattened. Being so closely allied,
these shells should not be separated from each other ;
but as they seem to come more properly under this genus
than under Bulimus, it is placed accordingly.—[«. ]
3. PUPA ARMIFERA, Say.
Prate LXX. Ficure 4.
P. testa albida, cylindracea, obtusa ; anfractibus sex, vel
septem, convexis; apertura sub-ovali, dentibus quatuor
armata, quorum unus lamellatus anfractui ultimo, alter
columellz, et alteri duo labro, affixi.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa armifera, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. II. 162.
Kirrianp, Ohio Report, 173.
Gov tp, Boston Journ. IIT. 400, pl. 3, f. 10.
Apvams, Verinont Mollusca, 7; Sill. Journ, XL. 271.
Preirrer, Symb. II. 53; Monog. Helic. Viv. IL. 357.
De Kay. New York Fauna, 52.
Pupa armigera, Por. et Micu., Galerie, I, 159, pl. 16, f. 1, 2.
DESCRIPTION.
Anm™Mat black, superior tentacles long and slender,
lower tentacles conical and prominent. Respiratory ori-
fice very visible at the angle formed by the junction of
the lip with the body whorl.
SHELL cylindrical, sub-fusiform, smooth ; whorls six
to seven, convex, the three next the aperture of about
equal diameter, the posterior three diminishing and form-
ing a rather obtuse apex ; suture impressed ; lip white ;
thin, sub-reflected, forming the whole outline of the aper-
PUPA. 321
ture except a small portion of the body whorl, where a
thin, testaceous deposit connects its two extremities ;
aperture lateral, nearly oval, deep, cup-shaped, and nar-
rowing towards the throat, which is almost filled up by
projecting teeth; white within; teeth commonly four,
one of which, affixed to theSbody whorl, commences
at the superior margin of the aperture, near the junction
of the lip and ultimate whorl, and runs backward and
downward into the aperture; it is prominent, lamelli-
form, irregular, has one or more sharp, projecting points,
and is sometimes bifid; another, thick and massive, is
situated deep in the throat, and marks internally the
place of the umbilicus ; and two others, projecting and
toothlike, are placed on the lip, and point towards the
centre of the aperture.
Base of the shell, from the umbilicus to the edge of
the aperture, compressed, forming a short and obtuse
keel ; umbilicus a little expanded, and slightly perforate.
Length of axis three-sixteenths of an inch; diameter
half of the length.
GxoGRAPHICAL DistRIBuTION. ‘This is a common
shell in the northern range of States from Missouri to
Vermont. It is also plentiful at various localities in the
Middle States, and on both sides of the Ohio River.
Mr. Bartlett found it in Arkansas.
Remarks. This common and well-marked species is
the largest hitherto noticed in this country. At what-
ever extremes of distance it may be found, specimens pos-
VOL, I. 81
992 HELICIDA.
sess a remarkable similarity of size, color, and general
aspect ; and the white, lamelliform tooth of the aperture
serves at once to distinguish them from every other spe-
cies. The normal number of teeth, or that number
which is most commonly observed in adult individuals is
certainly four ; but, in addition to those described, there
is sometimes a small tubercle, or diminutive tooth, very
near the junction of the lip and body whorl, and more
rarely another of the same description, at the base of the
aperture, near the umbilical tooth. If those only are to
be considered fully mature which possess all the teeth,
then the species may be characterized as having six teeth
in the aperture ; but as one of them is nearly always, and
another generally, wanting, the description here given is
correct. The margin of the lip is sometimes continuous
entirely around the aperture.
PUPA. 323
4. PUPA BADIA, ADAmMs.
Puate LXX. Ficure 3.
P. testa cylindracea, rufa, apjce obtusa; anfractibus sex
vel septem; apertura parva, rotundata, dente unico colu-
melle adnato; labro sub-reflexo ; umbilico perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa badia, Avams, Boston Journ. IIL. 331, p. 13, f. 18; Vermont Mollusca, 7.
Goutp, Boston Journal, III. 404.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL cylindrical, sub-fusiform, obtuse at both extre-
mities ; epidermis dark chestnut-color, or bay ; whorls
six to seven, rounded, the anterior four of about equal
diameter ; suture deep; aperture lateral, nearly circu-
lar, small, its diameter equal to two-thirds of the diame-
ter of the last whorl, a thin, testaceous deposit forming
a thickened margin internally, with an obtuse tubercle
upon the columella; transverse margin sub-reflected ; lip
perforate.
Length one-eighth, transverse diameter, one-sixteenth,
of an inch.
GuoaRrapHicaL DrstrrpuTi0on. Noticed only on the
western shores of Lake Champlain, about the ruins of
the fort at Crown Point.
Remarks. This is a very pretty species, and is
324 HELICIDZ.
quite distinct from any other found in this country. It
is thought by some to resemble, and even to be identical
with P. musearum of Europe ; but Draparnaud’s figure
of that species is quite unlike ours in outline and in the
shape of the aperture, while his P. doliolum is, in shape
and general aspect, much more nearly akin to it.
\\ \
5. PUPA CONTRACTA, Say.
Prate LXX. Ficure 2.
P. testa albido-cornea, ventricosa, sub-conica ; anfractibus
quinque, conyexis; apertura sub-triangulari, expansa, den-
tibus quatuor armat4, quorum unus crassus in columellam,
alter parvus in labrum, et alteri duo faucibus profundé po-
siti ; labro albo, reflexo; umbilico perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES. =
Pupa contracta, Sax, Journ. Acad. I. 374.
Gourp, Boston Journ. LI. 399, pl. 3, f. 22;
Invertebrata, 186, f. 117.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y. 49. pl. 4, f. 47.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 8.
PrelrFer, Symbol, I. 54; Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 356.
Kisrer, in Chemnitz, 2d ed. 96, tab. 13, f. 16-18.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat blackish above, foot light gray. Superior
PUPA. 395
tentacles long and slender, slightly curving; inferior
prominent and conical, pellucid at tips. Respiratory
foramen visible in the external angle of aperture.
SHELL sub-conical ; epidermis whitish horn-color ;
whorls between five and six, very convex, diminishing
regularly from the last whorl, which is somewhat ventri-
cose, to the apex; suture well impressed ; lip white,
thickened, somewhat reflected, its extremities connected
by a raised, testaceous fold, making the margin of the
aperture entire ; aperture lateral, rather triangular or
trilobate, more than half as wide as the body whorl,
expanded above and diminishing regularly into a very
narrow throat, with four teeth, one upon the columella,
large, coarse, and irregular, projecting into and very
much filling up the aperture, and having a concavity on
the side towards the lip ; another tuberculous, not large,
more or less near the margin of the lip; and two others,
massive and prominent, deep seated in the throat, one
being in the base behind the columellar tooth, and the
other on the side of the umbilicus and apparently pro-
duced by the umbilical fold; umbilicus with a minute
perforation ; base of the shell with a sharp keel between
the umbilicus and margin ; last whorl impressed behind
the outer lip.
Length one-tenth, diameter one-twentieth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Inhabits all the North-
ern, Middle, and Western States, also Florida, Louisiana,
vol. ll. 82
326 HELICIDE.
Arkansas, and Texas. It is the most universally distri-
buted of all our species.
Remarks. This is a well-defined species, and may
always be known by its sub-conical shape and triangular
aperture, nearly filled up by the coarse, projecting, colu-
mellar tooth. The description here given applies to the
most common form of the mature shell, as ascertained
from the examination of more than one hundred spe-
cimens from different localities. Among a number of
specimens, there will of course be different degrees of
development and consequent variation from the normal
form. Specimens from particular localities seem always
to be more delicate, and never to attain that coarseness of
parts in the aperture which is common. ‘There is some-
times a slight thickening of the left lip, near its extre-
mity. Mature specimens vary considerably in size.
The aperture is beautifully white within.
PUPA.
co
6. PUPA DECORA, GOULD.
Prate LXXI. Ficure. 3.
P. testa minuta, cylindracea, nitida, lucida, vinosa, tenu-
issimé striata, perforata ; spira anfractibus quinque vel sex,
ventricosis, apice rotundata ; sutura profunda ; apertura
semi-ovali, dentibus quatuor cruciatim dispositis armata ;
peristomate vix reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa decora, GovxD, Proce, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. II. 263, Dec. 1847; with
a woodcut.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL not observed.
SHELL minute, cylindrical, rounded at apex, thin,
shining, translucent, of a wine-yellow color, recularly
striated by lines of growth. Spire of five or six closely
revolving, rounded whorls, deeply separated at the
sutures. Aperture nearly round or semi-oval, obliquely
limited by the penultimate whorl, armed with four slen-
der denticles, the largest of them on the transverse lip,
one on the columellar lip, and two on the outer lip, all
disposed so as to form the arms of a cross. The lip is
slightly reflexed, and indented opposite the base of the
two labial denticles ; at the columella, it rises against a
distinct umbilical perforation.
Length one-tenth of an inch, breadth one-twentieth of
an inch.
998 HELICIDA.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTrisution. Inhabits the region
of Lake Superior, where it was first obtained by Mr. T.
R. Dutton, and subsequently by Mr. J. W. Foster.
Remarks. This is one of our prettiest species. It is
rather larger and darker colored than P. corticaria ;
and its aperture is much smaller, and differently armed.
Its form, color, and armature are more like P. Gouldii ;
but its size is twice as great. It no doubt belongs to
the same section of the genus.—[«G. ]
7. PUPA PENTODON, Say.
Puate LXIL. Ficure 1.
P. testa ovata, albida, umbilicata ; anfractibus quinque,
convexis; apice sub-acuta; apertura obliqué semicirculari,
dentibus quinque ad octo munita, quorum uno vel duobus
posticé, duobus ad columellam, duobus, usque ad quinque,
ad labrum positis ; labro expanso.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Vertigo pentodon, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. II. 376. *
Pupa pentodon, Govrp, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist. IV. 353, pl. 16, f. 10, 11;
Monog. of genus Pupa, p. 11, pl. 16, f. 10, 11.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. York, (Moll.) 50, pl. 4, f. 48, pl. 35,
f. 337.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 359.
Pupa curvidens, Gourp, Invertebrata, 189, fig. 120.
Pupa Tappaniana, Avams, Sillim. Journ. XL. Suppl. Thompson's Vermont.
PFEIFFER, Symbol, II. 59.
DESCRIPTION.
Anima blackish above, light gray below; foot mode-
PUPA. 829
rately long, the transverse fissure very distinct, the ante-
rior portion having the mouth in the centre, and bilobate
in front. Tentacles four, the oral ones about one-third
as long as the cervical. Very sluggish in its movements,
and carries the shell nearly herizontally, or very slightly
elevated.
Suetx of an elongated ovate form, minutely striated,
and of a spermaceti, or whitish horn-color. Whorls
about five, well rounded, and separated by a deep
suture ; apex rather acute. Aperture oblique, nearly
semicircular ; the lip is sharp, and somewhat expanded,
but not reflexed ; the sub-margin of the throat is thick-
ened by a ridge of white callus, on which the denticles
are situated ; one of these, and sometimes two, is on the
transverse lip, two on the columellar portion, and two
constantly, and from one to five others occasionally, on
the outer lip; of these, that near the middle of the trans-
verse lip is largest, that at the upper part of the pillar is
next, and one opposite the first, on the outer lip, is the
third in size.
Length somewhat less than one-twelfth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriuTion. It has been found in
Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
where it is very common, Maryland, South Carolina, and
Georgia ; so that, with the exception of P. contracta, it
is more widely distributed than any other species. It
lives near the foot of trees and under leaves, in shady
woods, occasionally in moist and exposed localities.
VOL. Il. 83
330 HELICID.
Remarks. This is a very variable species. The
ordinary specimens vary chiefly in the armature of
the aperture, the marginal, internal rim of calcareous
matter thickening with age, and developing more numer-
ous denticles. The Ohio specimens are of more than
ordinary size, clean and shining, and were the form
designated by Prof. Adams as P. Tappaniana. Those
found in Massachusetts are considerably smaller, covered
with a well developed epidermis, and often, if not always,
have the aperture decidedly modified in form, being more
triangular, and the denticles more or less curyed. To
these was applied the name curvidens ; and the modifi-
cations are so constant as to incline us still to regard
them as constituting a distinct species. With all its
variations, it has an aspect which enables us readily to
separate it from all other species. The form of the shell
itself, and its semicircular aperture, are sufficiently pecu-
liar. A more careful examination of the animal shows
decidedly that it does not belong to Vertigo, as supposed
by Mr. Say.—[e.]
PUPA. 331
Ss. PUPA VARIOLOSA, GOULD.
Prate LXXII. Ficure 2.
P. testa minima, ovato-conica, rufa, sub-perforata, con-
fertim indentaté ; anfractibus quatuor ad quinque, turgidis ;
sutura profunda; apertura obliqué semi-ovali, dente colu-
mellari, altero labiali, altero postico lamellari, armata ; labro
vix reflexo,
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa variolosa, Govrn, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. III. 40, June, 1848.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL minute, ovate-conical, with a pointed apex, of a
yellowish-green color, apparently smooth, but when exa-
mined by a considerable magnifymg power, is found to be
thickly pitted with dots of unequal size and irregularly
disposed. ‘There are four or five narrow, tumid whorls,
separated by a profound suture. The aperture is ob-
liquely semi-oval, and has a posterior lamellar tooth
winding within the shell, a tooth on the columella, and
another a little to the right of the basal apex. A small
umbilical opening is covered by the reflected columellar
- lip, and the outer lip is slightly everted.
Length of the axis one-twelfth of an inch.
GrograputcaL Drstrrpution. Collected by Mr.
Bartlett in Hast Florida.
Remarks. ‘This species is our smallest with the ex-
339 HELICID.
ception of P. milium, and is most readily distinguished
by its short, conical form. ‘The five specimens examined
all presented the crowded, thimble-like impressions, un-
der a magnifying power of twenty diameters. I think it
is the only American species which has a tooth revolving
within the shell, on the penultimate whorl.—[e. ]
b. Tentacles apparently two only. Vertico.
9. VERTIGO GOULDII, Binney.
Pirate LXII. Ficure 2.
V. testa minuta, ovato-cylindracea, sub-castanea ; anfract-
ibus plusquam quatuor ; apice obtuso ; apertura sub-cordata,
bilobata, dentibus quinque armata ; labro sub-reflexo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa Gouldii, Binney, Proc. Bost. Soc., 1843. I. 105.
Goutp, Boston Journ. IV. 352, pl. 16, f. 9.
PreirrerR, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 358.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL with two tentacles only; black above, foot
gray, tapering posteriorly, and rounded at the extremity ;
carries the shell at an angle of about forty-five degrees.
SHELL light chestnut, cylindrical ovate ; whorls rather
more than four, ventricose, the last occupying nearly one-
half the length of the axis; aperture lateral, composed
of two wnequal curves meeting in the centre of the outer
lip, with five prominent, white teeth ; namely, one upon
the transverse margin, two upon the umbilical margin,
PUPA. 333
and two upon the labial margin; lip thickened, not
reflected ; umbilicus a little open.
Length of axis one-sixteenth, diameter one-thirty-
second, of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DEsue aN: A widely spread spe-
cies. Noticed hitherto near Baltimore, Albany, and Bos-
ton, on the bark of oak trees, in groves. Also by Mr.
Haldeman in Eastern Pennsylvania, on damp ground
near springs. Mr. Stimpson has found it most abundant
in heaps of stones, in open fields.
Remarks. A very pretty species, intermediate be-
tween P. ovata and P. miliwm, both of which it resem-
bles in the character of the aperture ; but it differs from
the former in the less developed character of the last
whorl, and from the latter in size. When placed ina
moist place the animal moves with great activity ; but
in a dry place it speedily withdraws into the shell, and
attaches itself firmly by the aperture. In winter, it is
always found thus attached to sticks and stones by a
thin, calcareous epiphragm, which often remains upon the
resting-place when the shell is torn away.
VoL. Il. 84
334 HELICIDE.
10. VERTIGO OVATA, Say.
Puate LXXI. Ficure 4.
V. testa minuta, ventricosa, sub-conica, succinea ; anfract-
ibus quinque, convexis; apertura semi-circulari, bilobata,
dentibus sex instructa; labro albo, bicurvato, expanso ;
umbilico perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Vertigo ovata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. II. 375.
Pupa ovata, Sacer, Michigan Catalogue, 14.
Govtp, Monog. of Pupa, 8; Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. [V. 350.
De Kay, New York Rep. 31; Nat. Hist. N. Y. 50, pl. 4, f. 50.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 7; Silliman’s Journal, XL. 271.
Say, Exped. St. Peter’s, II. 259, pl. 15, f. 5.
Pupa modesta, Gourn, Invertebrata, 188, f. 119.
DESCRIPTION.
Antmat. Head and back deep cherry-red, posterior
part of foot bluish, base whitish. Tentacles larger towards
the extremities, or remarkably club-shaped ; ocular points
distinct. The anterior extremity of the foot is dilated
and trilobate, the middle lobe minute, lateral lobes
rounded. Length rather greater than that of the axis
of the shell.
SHELL minute, ovate-conic, ventricose, dark amber-
colored; whorls five, very convex, the last much in-
flated, diminishing rather rapidly to a somewhat acute
apex, with an indentation towards the aperture ; suture
rather deep ; lip thin, somewhat expanded, with a groove
behind and a thickening within; aperture in general out-
PUPA. 335
line semi-circular, the curve consisting of segments of two
different sized, but well defined circles, the smaller on
the right at the junction of the lip and body whorl, com-
prising about one-fourth of the whole contour, and form-
ing an angle at their junction. Teeth six, two on the
transverse margin, two on the columellar margin, the
upper of which is massive, the lower pointed, and two on
the outer lip, in the base and at the junction of the two
curves, sharp and prominent; umbilicus expanded.
Length three-fortieths of an inch; transverse diameter
one-twenty-fifth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTrRipuTIoN. Inhabits all the
Northern, Middle, and Western States. Is common in
Massachusetts.
Remarks. Of forty specimens of this shell examined
by me, with the aid of a microscope, one had a single
tooth, two had three teeth, and twenty-eight had two
teeth, upon the transverse margin, the one nearest the
centre being always largest and most prominent; and all
of them had the bilobate, or double curved aperture, and
the irregular indentation upon the outer whorl, near the
lip. A single specimen had three teeth upon the lip,
and three upon the transverse margin, making, with two
upon the columellar margin, eight in all. The semi-cir-
cular mouth is abruptly truncated by the last whorl, which
forms a distinct and nearly transverse limit. The lip is
thin and a little turned outwards, its edge is often whit-
336 HELICIDA.
ish, but within it is brownish, and often thickened. The
indentation of the last whorl, terminating at the angle of
the lip, is a prominent character. The teeth of the lip
are often curved towards the centre of the aperture.
The motion of the animal, when in progress, is
rapid, but awkward. The proboscis, which is long and
projectile, seems to be thrust forward, and attached,
and the rest of the foot drawn up to it, reminding one of
the motion of a caterpillar, the shell at the same time
rolling from side to side. The adherent forces of the
animal evidently lie in the anterior part of the foot.
This is one of the more aquatic species, and is found
under dead leaves and sticks, and on the stems of plants,
at the margin of rivulets and ponds.
An opportunity for examining the original specimen
of Mr, Say’s P. modesta having been afforded, it proves
to be this shell, with the aperture somewhat modified by
its having been fractured.
PUPA. 337
11. VERTIGO MILIUM, Govutp.
Puare LXXI. Ficure 1.
V. testa minutissima, ovali, castanea ; anfractibus quin-
que, convexis ; apertura semi-circulari, sub-cordata, denti-
bus sex armata ; labro bicurvatg; umbilico expanso.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa milium, Gourn, Bost. Journ. III. 402, pl. 3, f. 23;
Invertebrata, 187, f. 118.
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 48, pl. 4, f. 44.
Apams, Vermont Mollusca, 7; Sill. Journ. XL. 271.
PreirFerR, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 362.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL very light gray, darkest above; foot thick,
broadest behind the middle, tapering suddenly to a point.
Tentacles two, somewhat globular at tips, in the centre
of which are the eye spots.
SHELL very minute, sub-cylindrical, diminishing equally
to both extremities; epidermis dark amber, or chestnut
color ; whorls five, rounded, very minutely striated,
decreasing slightly to the apex, which is obtuse ; suture
deep ; lip white, slightly reflected ; aperture lateral, half
the width of the last whorl, within brownish, general
shape semi-circular, truncated abruptly and directly by
the last whorl, a testaceous deposit upon which forms the
transverse margin, and connects the two extremities of
the lip; circumference made up of two curves of different
radius uniting in the outer lip, where the junction causes
an angle projecting inwards, the smaller curve compris-
VOL. IL. 85
338 HELICIDA.
ing about one-fourth part, and forming the superior por-
tion, of the outer lip. Teeth six, two on the transverse
margin, sharp, projecting, and toothlike ; one in the an-
gle between the columellar and transverse margins,
broad, massive, and prominent, with occasionally one or
more tubercles about its base ; one on the lower part of
the columellar margin ; two on the outer lip, in the base
of the aperture, and at the junction of the two curves.
Umbilicus rather wide.
Length one-thirtieth, diameter one-fortieth, of an inch.
GnOGRAPHICAL Distripution. Inhabits Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, and Vermont, Ohio and Mississippi,
and, probably, is widely extended.
Remarks. This is the most minute of our shells, and
probably of the genus ; and although so small that the
eye cannot, without the aid of a microscope, detect its
characters, they are very strongly defined. The parts
about the aperture are particularly well developed, the
teeth being long, compressed, and sharp, and the trans-
verse margin distinctly bounded. Prof. Adams mentions
that twelve mature specimens weighed less than six-
tenths of a grain. It is found under or among dead
leaves. It is gregarious in its habits ; when one is found,
many others may be quite certainly found near it.
PUPA. 339
12. PUPA CORTICARIA, Say.
Proate LXXII. Ficure 4.
P. testa albido-cornea, sub-cylindracea, obtusa ; anfracti-
bus quinque; apertura sub-drbiculari; columella dente
unico, propé angulum externum, armata; et ad angulum
internum sub-dentata ; labro reflexo ; umbilico perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Odostomia corticaria, Say, Nich. Encye. 1V. pl. 4, f. 5.
Pupa corticaria, Goup, Boston Journ, IIT. 397, pl. 3, f. 19.
De Kay, New York Report, 31.
Kiisrer, in Chemn. 2d ed. tab, 13, figs. 19-20.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II, 358.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL. Superior tentacles long and club-shaped,
the inferior short and thick. Color whitish, darker upon
the head and tentacles.
SHELL whitish, shining, cylindrical, obtuse at the apex;
whorls rather more than five, convex; suture well im-
pressed ; aperture lateral, two-thirds as wide as the last
whorl, sub-orbicular, with a single tooth on the pillar lip,
near the centre, and a toothlike enlargement near the
umbilical termination of the lip; lip white, reflected ;
umbilicus very minutely perforated.
Length one-tenth, transverse diameter one-twentieth,
of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTRIBUTION. Found in the Middle
Atlantic States, and those north of the Ohio. I also
340 HELICIDZ.
have specimens from Mississippi. It is probably a widely
spread species, although less common than some others.
Remarks. This is a very thin and delicate shell,
and has a peculiar transparency, resembling spermaceti.
The aperture is somewhat circular, the upper part being
interrupted by the last whorl, and the extremities of the
lip not being connected. The smaller tooth is often
wanting, and sometimes both. In the number and posi-
tion of the teeth, it somewhat resembles P. exigua; but
it is less fusiform, and more cylindrical. In general
outline, and in the shape of the aperture, it very much
resembles P. rupicola, but the parts within the aperture
are very different. It is, however, just what the imma-
ture shell of that species might be supposed to be, when
the dentiform deposits were only commenced, and the lip
thin and unfinished. I am much inclined to believe that
it is only a young shell. In the great number of speci-
mens which I possess, the teeth are only rudimentary.
PUPA. 841
13. PUPA RUPICOLA, Say.
Pirate LXX. Ficure 1.
P. testa cylindracea, elongata, apice obtusa; anfractibus
sex conyexis, oblique striatis ; apertura semi-ovali, dentibus
quinque armata ; umbilico perforato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa rupicola, Say, Journ. Acad. II. 163.
Govtp, Boston Journ. IV. 355, pl. 16, f. 13.
PreirFer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 358.
Pupa procera, Govtp, Boston Journ, II. 401, pl. 3, f. 12.
DESCRIPTION.
Suet cylindrical, elongated; epidermis brownish
horn-color ; whorls six, convex, the three anterior ones
of nearly equal diameter, the three posterior diminishing
very slightly, and forming an obtuse apex; suture deep ;
lip brownish, thickened within, widely reflected ; aper-
ture lateral, semi-circular, truncated above by the body
whorl; teeth five, one on the middle of the columella
prominent, compressed, emarginate in the middle, and
often bicuspid ; another at the termination of the axis,
marking internally the situation of the umbilicus, conical,
and often composed of two or more tubercles; a third in
the base of the aperture, a fourth upon the outer lip, and
a fifth, often massive and prominent, deep in the fauces
behind the columellar tooth ; umbilicus minute.
Length one-tenth, diameter one-twentieth, of an inch.
VoL. I. 86
342 HELICID.
-
GroaRAPHiIcaAL Distrrpution. Mr. Say found it
abundant on the banks of St. John’s River, Hast Florida,
and under the ruins of Fort Picolata. It occurs also
near Baltimore and Charleston, 8. C., and was brought
from the Island of St. Croix, by Dr. Griffith. Mr. Bart-
lett found it at Key West and in Arkansas.
Remarks. Mr. Say noticed the resemblance between
this species and P. corticaria ; future observations will,
I believe, prove them to be identical. That the two
quoted above as synonymous are so, is fully shown by
the comparison of numerous specimens. The length of
the spiral cylinder varies considerably. The characters
of the aperture are constant; but the teeth, except those
on the transverse margin and at the extremity of the axis,
are frequently wanting ; its outline is well rounded, and
the lip broadly expanded. ‘There is often an abrupt
curve of the outer lip between the tooth of that side and
its junction with the body whorl. The upper boundary
of the aperture is distinctly marked by the body whorl,
which makes a horizontal truncature of the superior part
of the oval. The teeth, except the two constant ones,
are deeply seated in the throat, and cannot always be
seen without considerable attention.
PUPA. 343
14. PUPA SIMPLEX, GouLD.
Pirate LXXII, Ficure 3.
P. testa minima, cylindracea, levi, ad apicem obtusa,
rufo-cornea ; anfractibus sex, convexiusculis ; apertura or-
biculari, edentula ; labro reflexiusculo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Pupa simplex, Gouxp, Boston, Journ. Nat. Hist. III. 403, pl. 3, f. 21;
Invertebrata of Mass., 190, fig. 121 ;
Monog. of Pupa, 7, pl. 3, f. 21.
Preirrer, Monog. Helic. Viv. II. 302.-
De Kay, Nat. Hist. New York, 52, pl. 36, f. 317.
DESCRIPTION.
ANIMAL dark gray above, light gray and pellucid be-
low; foot moderately long, trilobate anteriorly, the mid-
dle lobe minute. ‘Tentacles two only, usually clavate,
sometimes very decidedly. Shell carried perpendicu-
larly, or even inclined forwards. Active in movement.’
SHELL minute, cylindrical, obtuse at apex, smooth
chestnut color. Whorls five, well rounded, separated by
a deep suture; aperture circular, the lip nearly continu-
ous, simple or scarcely everted, except on the left, where
it partially conceals a small umbilicus. No trace of a
tooth has been detected in any specimen.
Length one-fifteenth of an inch; breadth half as
great.
344 HELICID.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistRIBUTION. Found in Massachu-
setts, near Cambridge, in considerable numbers; a few
have been received from Stamford, Connecticut.
Remarks. The simplicity of this shell, so much like
immature specimens of some other species, has thrown
some question upon the validity of this species. (See
Proceed. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. I. 105, 106.) Since
numerous specimens have been found, and the animal
also has been examined, there seems no longer room for
doubt. Supposing it to be a young shell, in which the
aperture were still imperfect, it would best correspond to
P. Gouldii. But that species has fewer whorls, when
mature, than this exhibits ; besides, the animal is quite
different in form, corresponding in that respect with
P. ovata, with which it is more truly allied; the color
of the animal is different, the apices of the shells are alto-
gether different, and the habits and localities of the ani-
mals as diverse as possible. Moreover, it is found most
abundantly in May and June, a time when none but
adult shells of any species occur. It is found in the
woods, under moist leaves. It is the analogue of P.
edentula of Europe.—[4. ]
Ay
A The NT
wd PELL
CYCLOSTOMA. 345
Genus CYCLOSTOMA, Lamarck.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL terrestrial, elongated, unisexual; mouth at
the termination of a somewhat extensile proboscis ; ten-
tacles, two, subulate; eyes at the external base of the
tentacles ; respiratory sac largely open in front and
above.
SHELL discoidal, ovate conic, or pupoid, whorls cylin-
drical ; aperture circular, or slightly angular posteriorly ;
lip reflexed, its inner margin, and generally the outer
margin also, continuous; operculum horny or bony,
the nucleus central, umbilicated, the spirals more or
less numerous.
GEOGRAPHICAL DIstRIBUTION. This genus belongs to
the tropics, or to the temperate regions bordering there-
upon. In America, it ranges from Florida to Brazil. It
is found on all the borders of the Mediterranean, is want-
ing on the western coast of America, Western Africa, and
New Holland, is abundant in India and the islands of
the Indian Ocean, and on the equatorial groups of the
Pacific islands.
Remarks. The genus Cyclostoma was instituted by
Lamarck; and he at first included im it various land,
VOL. Il. 87
246 HELICINADZ.
fresh water, and marine shells with circular apertures,
but afterwards restricted it to the terrestrial species with
an operculum. Its limits are not yet well determined,
and its natural affinities are by no means settled. Its
respiratory system and its mode of life would bring it in
connection with the Helicidee ; but its single pair of ten-
tacles with eyes at the base, its operculum, and especially
its reproductive system, would rather associate it with
the Turbinide. Some are inclined to include in one
genus, all the operculated, terrestrial shells, with the
exception of Helicina and Pupina, and also the new ge-
nus Steganotoma; while others would subdivide them
into several genera. We are disposed to rank with the
latter, and to regard the group as a natural family, and
to make of it several genera. We think that the great
variety of form, texture, and sculpture, authorizes such
a subdivision, and the more especially as certain combin-
ations of these characters are limited, or nearly so, to
certain geographical areas. M. Troschel has based a
subdivision upon the structure of the operculum ; and his
division has been still further extended by Dr. Pfeiffer.
Now, although the organization of this appendage, of
itself, may not be sufficient to justify a new generic dis-
tribution, yet it must be evident that its form, texture,
and the conformation of its spiral, must depend on a
modification of the animal; and it is not a little remark-
able that the forms of the operculum are found to vary
in each of the local and structural groups above men-
tioned. As general examples, we may say that the
CYCLOSTOMA. 347
species from the coast and islands of Eastern Africa, are
generally solid, heliciform shells, with the aperture decid-
edly angular posteriorly, and with a bony operculum of
only two or three spirals. The South American spe-
cies are planorboid, with a broad umbilicus, a perfectly
circular aperture, and a horny, multispiral operculum.
In the West Indies is an extensive group of a pupoid
form, cancellate surface, truncated tip, circular aper-
ture and calcareous, multispiral operculum, with the
edges of the spiral projecting so that it appears lamin-
ated. In the Pacific, we have one or two groups quite
different from any thing found elsewhere. Without pur-
suing the subject further, however, we will merely say,
that we believe that when a thorough comparison of the
species shall be made, a remarkable limitation of species
of a certain structure of the shell to a certain geographi-
cal area will be found, and also a corresponding differ-
ence in the structure of the animal; consequently a sub-
division of the genus Cyclostoma, as it is now received,
will follow.—[@.]
348 HELICINADA.
CYCLOSTOMA DENTATUM, Say.
Prate LXII.
C. testa conico-cylindracea, detruncata, sub-perforata,
concinné cancellaté, ex flavo rufescente, seepé rufo inter-
ruptim fasciataé; anfractibus quatuor, convexis; sutura
fimbriata ; apertura orbiculata, posticé angulata; labro
reflexiusculo, albo.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Cyclostoma dentatum, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Se. V. 125, Aug. 1825.
De Kay, New York Fauna, p. 82.
DESCRIPTION.
AntMAL. Body very short, pale, tentacles darker,
slender, somewhat enlarged at tips; eyes black, promi-
nent, situated on a tubercle at the external base of the
tentacles. Proboscis bifurcate, the two points serving
the purpose of buccal tentacles. Operculum horny, the
spiral of about two and a half turns.
The shell is carried somewhat laterally, and very little
elevated. The motions of the animal are very rapid ;
the locomotive disk contracts in an undulatory mamner ;
and when the animal has advanced so that the shell
drags along by its side, by a sudden contraction of the
neck the tip of the shell is suddenly jerked forward, so
as to bring the shell at right angles with it; and this
movement, in a quarter of a circle, is very rapidly per-
formed. As the operculum prevents the animal, when
CYCLOSTOMA. 349
at rest and retired within its shell, from adhering by
means of its foot, as is usual with the Helicidz, the ani-
mal has the power of spinning a short thread, which is
attached to the object of support; and by this it hangs
suspended at pleasure. :
SueEtt conic cylindrical, or turreted, truncate at tip,
the surface finely cancellate with raised, longitudinal,
and revolving threads. Color varying from yellowish
to brown, usually with darker brown bands, which are
generally interrupted in such a manner that the colors
also form longitudinal stripes. Whorls, when complete,
seyen; but the three uppermost are usually lost; they
are rounded, and separated by a deep, crenulated suture.
Aperture rounded ovate, a little angular posteriorly ; lip
a little reflexed, white. Base with a minute perforation.
Length half an inch; diameter one-sixth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DristrrpuTionN. It is abundant at
Key West, both in woods and open places.
Remarks. ‘This is the only representative of the
genus within the United States, and appears to be iden-
tical with a species from Cuba, from which island it was
probably derived. Mr. Say’s description, however, pre-
ceded that of all others. It is of the pupoid form, like
that characteristic of the West India species generally,
and would come under the true genus Cyclostoma, even
as restricted by Dr. Pfeiffer. There is some latitude in
the size of the shell, and also in its more or less conical
VOL. I. 88
350 HELICINAD#.
form. In coloring it is very variable. In general, it is
of a yellowish or brownish color, rarely simple, but
usually surrounded by four or five dark bands, all or
most of which are broken up into dots, so as also to form
longitudinal series; and sometimes these coalesce, so as
to form longitudinal, zigzag stripes. The denticulation at
the suture is caused by the prolongation of two adjacent
bars, which return into each other; and in the interval
between two denticles are about three other bars.
There can be little doubt that this is identical with
the West India shell since described under the names
of C. Aubereanum, and crenulatum.
Genus HELICINA, Lamarck.
GENERIC CHARACTERS.
ANIMAL terrestrial, narrow, large for the shell; head
extensile ; tentacles tio, slender, eyes on small tubercles
at their external bases; respiratory cavity widely open
in front and above; unisexual; operculum horny, nu-
cleus nearly central, elements concentric, semi-lunate or
sub-quadrate.
SHELL small, sub-globose, pyramidal, or lenticular, im-
perforate ; whorls few, smooth or spirally ridged; colors
green, yellow, or brown, sometimes banded with brown.
Aperture oblique, semilunar, outer lip semicircular ; colu-
HELICINA. 351
mellar margin rectilinear, the two margins meeting at
the base at an angle.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriBuTIon. In general, this ge-
nus is found in company with Cyclostoma. In the United
States, however, it is found net only along the Gulf of
Mexico, but in the Southwestern and Western States, as
far as Ohio. It is abundant in the West Indies, in Bra-
zil, and in the high islands of the Pacific. But I know
of no species from the west coast of America, from Africa,
Europe, New Holland, or indeed from any continental
part of the Old World.
Remarks. This genus was originally instituted by
Lamarck. He regarded the presence of an operculum,
and the peculiarities of the animal, as justifying their be-
ing set apart; but, on account of their general form and
habits, he still associated them with the Helicide. Mr.
Say, in examining and describing Hi. orbiculata, in 1818,
noticed the same peculiarities, and placed it under a new
genus, which he called Oligyra, and also noticed its alli-
ance to Cyclostoma. His conception of the limits of the
genus, was not very exact, as he afterwards described,
under the same name, shells which undoubtedly belong
with the Helicide. The details which the observation
of numerous species has since afforded, render it quite
certain that the genera Cyclostoma, and Helicina, and
some others derived from them, and we may with almost
equal confidence add Truncatella, form a natural group
separate from the Helicidx, more nearly allied to the
352 HELICINADE.
Trochide. Mr. Gray makes a family exclusively for
them, which he calls Oligyradz ; but it would not seem
that their anatomical characters are sufficiently diverse
from those of Cyclostoma to justify a separation.—[4. ]
1. HELICINA ORBICULATA, Say.
Puate LXXIII. LXXIV. Ficure 3.
H. testa parva, sub-globosa, solidula, tenuissimé striata
flavescente, cinerascente, vel rufescente, plerumque ad peri-
pheriam albo-zonata ; spira anfractibus quinque, convexis ;
apertura lunata ; labro reflexiusculo, albo, incrassato, junc-
tione cum columellam dentiformi.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Oligyra orbiculata, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. I. 283, May, 1818 ;
Nicholson’s Eneyel. IV.;
American Conchology, pl 46, figs. 4, 5, 6.
Helicina orbiculata, Gray, Zool. Journal, I. 70.
Helicina rubella, GREEN, Doughty’s Cab. Nat. Hist. II. 291, anno 1882.
DESCRIPTION.
Anau. Head and tentacles black, the other parts
of the body dark. Tentacles long and slender, tapering
to a point. Eyes black and prominent. Motion gliding
as in Helix. Operculum horny, turning back upon the
columella as if upon a hinge.
Suett. Shell sub-globose, acute at apex, solid,
smooth, very delicately striated ; color yellowish, brown-
ish, or ash-colored, with a linear, pale zone at the peri-
phery, which passes up the spire at the suture, and
makes it white; there are also im many specimens
HELICINA. 353
numerous capillary zones, and some specimens are mot-
tled with pale spots. Whorls five, well rounded, suture
well impressed. Aperture rather large, semilunar; lip
white, moderately reflexed, and often greatly thickened
and protruded by age; columella short, joining the lip
at nearly a right angle, and forming thereby a denticu-
lar protuberance ; base delicately enamelled.
Diameter three-eighths of an inch; axis one-fourth of
an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DistriputTion. Found plentifully in
Florida, and abundantly in Texas, also in Alabama, Mis-
sissippi, Georgia, Tennessee, and Ohio.
Remarks. This species seems to be distributed over
a very wide extent of territory, and also to be subject to
great variations in size and coloring. From specimens
collected in company, within a very small area, individ-
uals might be selected differmg so widely from each
other that no one would hesitate to regard them as very
different species, unless their history were known. That
such a multiplication of species has already been made,
there can be little doubt. In the first place, H. rubella,
Green, corresponds to immature specimens of this shell.
It is true that Dr. Binney regarded it as quite distinct,
and identical with H. occulta, as is fully detailed in the
first volume, page 183-4. But we are satisfied that
had he been spared to have examimed the numerous spe-
cimens in his collection he would have expressed a differ-
ent opinion, H. castanea, (Thes. Conch. f. 31, 32,)
VOL. Il. 89
354 HELICINADE.
must be an immature, brown specimen, like that which
has been called H. rubella. H. minuta, Sowb. (Thes.
Conch. f. 40, 41,) seems also to be the same. H. am-
beliana, De Roissy, agrees well with the large banded spe-
cimens from Texas. Dr. Pfeiffer regards it as the same
as a shell from Texas which he has under the name of
H. tropica, Jan. When young, the shell is girdled with
lines of loosened epidermis, producing a coarse, velvety
surface. These are soon worn off, and the surface be-
comes smooth; the lip becomes greatly thickened, and
its inner face shoots. out, so as to form a double lip. The
true habitat seems to be Texas, where the shell is very
abundant, and acquires a great size and thickness. The
general globular form, smooth surface, and the hp with
its peculiar basal angle, are its permanent charac-
ters.—[ G. |
2. HELICINA CHRYSOCHEILA, BINNEY.
Puate LXXIV. Ficure 4.
H. testa ovato-conica, tenui, nitida, luted, striis tenuissimis
decussantibusinsculpta ; anfractibus quinque, convexiusculis,
ultimo magno, ad peripheriam angulato ; basi complanato ;
apertura perobliqua, semi-elliptica ; labro tenui, reflexo,
flavo, callo labiali aurantiaco.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL broad conic, or pyramidal, thin, shining, pale
yellow, with the surface finely shagreened with micro-
HELICINA. 855
scopic, punctured lines. Spire elevated, whorls five,
moderately convex, the last one somewhat flattened at
base and indistinctly angular at the periphery. Aper-
ture large, very oblique, semi-oval, the diameters about
equal; the lip broadly everted, especially at its middle
portion, narrow and simple at its columellar junction, of
a golden-yellow color ; labial callus extended, of a deep
orange color.
Axis one-third of an inch; diameter two-fifths of an
inch.
Remarks. Of the history of this shell nothing is
known except that it was named by Dr. Binney, and fig-
ured by him with the other species. Hence it is to be
inferred that he had good authority for considering it a
native of the United States. It is not figured by Sowerby
in his Monograph of Helicina, unless it be under the name
of H. Jamaicensis, which it very much resembles. The
base seems to be more convex, and the lip notched at
base. It is a very pretty species, and must be rare in
collections.—[¢. ]
356 HELICINADE.
3. HELICINA OCCULTA, Say.
Pirate LXXIV. Ficure 2.
H. testa parva, solidula, conico-orbiculari, cretacea, stria-
tulad ; anfractibus quinque, convexiusculis, ultimo angulato ;
sutura lineari, marginata ; apertura parva, lunata; labro
incrassato, ad columellam haud angulato.
SYNONYMS AND REFERENCES.
Olygyra occulta, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat, Se. T. 182.
Felicina occulta, Say, Transyly. Journal of Medicine, 1V. 529;
Descr. of New Terr. and Fluy. Shells, (from the
Disseminator,) p. 15;
American Conchology, pl. 46. figs. 1, 2, 3.
DESCRIPTION.
SHELL small, rather solid, low conical, acute at apex,
cretaceous, obviously striated ; spire of five nearly plane
whorls, the last of which is angular at the periphery, and
this angle continuing up the spire adjacent to the suture,
makes it appear double. The aperture is small, semi-
lunar; the lip is scarcely reflexed, but is thickened
internally ; the columella is very short, and joins the lip
by a slightly waving curve, without forming an angle.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch; length of axis one-
fifth of an inch.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisTrIBuTion. Found in Indiana,
Ohio, Mississippi, and probably throughout the valleys of
the Ohio and lower Mississippi.
HELICINA. 357
Remarks. This shell is found abundantly in a fossil
state, in the post-tertiary formation of the West; and
it is not certain that it now exists in a recent state.
A different opmion was expressed in the first volume,
(p. 183-4); but we have been induced by subsequent
observations to adopt a contrary conclusion, as will be
seen in the remarks upon the preceding species. The
shell is well distinguished from H. orbiculata by its more
depressed form, its carinated suture and the smoothly
curved gibbous form of the lip at its base, instead of the
decided angle of H. orbiculata. The peculiar suture, in
every example I have scen, constantly marks the species.
A single specimen of a recent shell has come under obser-
vation, in which the spire exhibits the above characters ;
but the aperture is different, and the history of the shell
is not known. Most of the land and fluviatile shells
inhabiting the valley of the Ohio and Mississippi, have
been found fossil in the bluffs of that region, under
the same circumstances in which this is found; and
should this species prove to be extinct, it will be the only
land shell yet found, which has coexisted with the now
recent species, and has become extinct. One or two
fluyiatile species, Zimnea obrussa and galbana for
instance, have also become extinct.—[G. ]
VOL. Il. 90
WOOD-CUTS.
Tue originals of the wood-cuts representing the lingual hooks, were unfor-
tunately mislaid by the engraver; so that the respective species to which
they belonged could not be identified. Many of them were, therefore, intro-
duced at random. Some of the drawings having been subsequently found,
the following have been determined :—
Page 44, Helicina orbiculata.
“102, Helix albolabris.
“131, Helix thyroidus.
«€ 139, Tebennophorus Caroliniensis.
« 152, Helix hirsuta.
179, Helix profunda,
*€ 185, Helix tridentata.
* 189, Helix auriculata.
200, Helix exoleta.
209, Helix pulchella.
« 215, Helix alternata.
* 260, Helix labyrinthica.
‘© 262, Helix lineata.
«270, Bulimus fasciatus.
© 297, Glandina truncata.
* 303, Ditto, greatly magnified.
“ 344, Pupa maritima.
Those on pages 206, 220, 228, 246, 255, 355, have not been identified.
Nore.— The name H. dejecta, (pp. 47, 89,) having been previously
appropriated, and also H. adjecta, (pp. 122, 135,) which refers to the same
shell, — the name H, divesta is to be substituted.
&
INDEX TO VOLUME II.
Acarus limacum, 106
Acuatina, Lk. 291, 297.
algira, 296.
crenata, Sw. 266.
fasciata, Sw. 266.
flammigera, Say, 271, 273.
glans, Brug. 297, 302,
Gossei, Pf. 294.
gracillima, Pf. 293.
lubrica, Menke, 283.
pallida, Sw. 266.
pellucida, Pf. 294.
pulchella, Spix, 271.
rosea, Desh. 301.
solida, Say, 266, 268.
Sowerbyana, Pf. 300.
Striato-costata, D’Orb, 293.
subula, Pf. 285.
truncata, D’Orb. 301.
vanuxemensis, Reeve, 299.
ACHATINELLA, 292.
Amphibulimus, 60.
Anion, 26.
foliolatus, Gould. 30.
hortensis, Fer. 27.
Brachypus, Guild. 305,
Buccinum fasciatum, Mill. 266.
striatum, Chem. 301, 302.
Burimus, 263.
alternatus, Say, 276, 278.
Californicus, Reeve, 275.
Caribbeorum, Lk. 278.
dealbatus, Say, 265, 276.
decollatus, Say, 265, 280.
dunkeri, Pf. 278.
,exiguus, 286.
fallax, Gould, 288.
fasciatus, 266, 292.
Bulimus gracillimus, Pf. 293.
harpa, 46, 262, 290.
lactarius, Menke, 278.
lilacinus, Reeve, 274.
liquabilis, Reeve, 278.
lubricus, Mull. 47, 265, 283.
melanocheilus, 127.
Menkei, Grun, 278.
meridanus, Reeve, 270.
miultilatus, Say, 280.
multilineatus, Say, 278, 279.
znutilatus, Jay, 280.
nitelinus, Reeve, 274.
octona, 286.
octonoides, D’Orb. 285.
princeps, Brod. 271.
procerus, Adams, 285.
radiatus, 277.
Schiedeanus, Pf. 278.
serperastrus, Say, 274.
striatus, Brug. 301.
subula, Pf. 285.
undatus, Brug. 271.
vexillum, Brug. 266.
venosus, Reeve, 278, 279.
Vincentinus, Pfeifler, 275.
virgulatus, Fer, 278,
zebra, Pf. 271.
Bulla fasciata, Chem. 266.
truncata, Gm. 301.
virginea, L. 266.
voluta, Chem. 297, 302.
CaracoLza, 89, 188.
Cumberlandiana, Lea, 216.
edgariana, Lea, 153, 155.
helicoides, Lea, 136, 138.
spinosa, Lea, 153
Carychium exiguum, 288.
360
Carychium minimum, Mall. 287.
Cionella lubrica, Jeff. 283.
Circinaria planorboides, Beck, 164.
Crausinia, Lk. 305.
subula, Fer, 310.
Cochlicopa, Fer. 297.
rosea, Fer. 301.
Cochlohydra, Fer, 56,
Columna lubrica, Jan, 283.
Cyctostoma, Lk. 305, 345.
aubereanum, Pf. 350.
crenulatum, Pf, 350.
dentatum, Say, 348.
marginata, Say, 288.
volvulus, 176.
CyuinpreELLa, Pf. 304.
elegans, Pf. 310.
Gossei, Pf. 308.
jejuna, Gould, 310.
lactaria, Gould, 309, 311.
pontifica, Gould, 306.
Euryomphala alternata, Beck, 213.
lineata, Beck, 261.
perspectiva, Beck, 256.
solitaria, Beck, 208.
Guanpina, 43, 46, 292, 295.
bullata, Gould, 298.
truncata, Say, 299, 391.
vanuxemensis, Lea, 299.
Gonostoma clausum, Held, 143.
Helicide, 42.
Heticina, 346, 350.
chrysocheila, Binney, 354.
occulta, Say, 356.
orbiculata, Say, 197, 352, 357.
rubella, Green, 232,
Helicinade, 97.
Helicodonta, 88.
Helico-limax, 54, 55. |
HE, 83.
abjecta, Gould, 122, 135.
albolabris, Say, 90, 91, 96, 97,
99, 130, 133, 163, 181.
alpina, 211.
alternata, Say, 87, 88, 90, 92,
125, 211, 212, 217.
aperta, 91, 122.
appressa, 123, 135, 140, 145.
arborea, Say, 89, 92, 235, 237,
238, 239, 241, 243.
arbustorum, 120.
aspersa, 91, 116.
auriculata, Say, 89, 90, 91,
186, 191.
berlanderiana, Moric. 91, 109.
bucculenta, Gould, 91, 109.
Boothiana, Pf. 246,
buffoniana, Pf. 92, 115, 117.
californiensis, Lea, 92, 121.
capillacea, Pf. 222.
INDEX.
Helix capsella, Gould, 239.
earnicolor, Menke, 126.
Caroliniensis, Lea, 136, 138.
cellaria, Mull. 230.
cereolus, Pf. 196, 198.
chersina, Say, 238, 243, 246.
cingulata, 179.
clausa, Say, 91, 106, 107, 109.
111, 170.
clausa, Fer. 145.
concava, Say, 90, 163, 166,
211, 212.
columbiana, Lea, 91, 169, 172.
convexa, Desh. 147, 150.
costata, Mill. 176.
cumberlandiana, Lea, 89, 92,
125, 216.
dealbata, Say, 276.
decollata, L. 280.
dejecta, Gould, 91.
demissa, Binney, 92, 232.
denotata, Fer. 136, 139.
dentifera, Binn, 123, 134, 142.
diodonta, Say, 180, 182.
divesta, Gould, 358.
dupetithouarsii, Desh. 118.
edgariana, Lea, 89, 91, 155.
egena, Say, 245.
electrina, Gould, 92, 236, 239.
elevata, Say, 91, 106, 126, 128.
epistylium, Mall. 252.
exoleta, Say, 91, 102, 119, 131.
fallax, Say, 91, 144, 183, 184.
fatigiata, Say, 89, 91, 192, 193,
202.
fidelis, Gray, 159.
fraterna, Wood, 150.
fraterna, Say, 91, 147, 152.
fuliginosa, 92, 222, 226, 228.
fulva, 245.
germana, Gould, 91, 156.
glaphyfa, Say, 228, 230, 231.
gularis, Say, 92, 248, 250, 255.
harpa, Say, 290.
hortensis, Mall. 87, 111.
hirsuta, Say, 91, 150, 154, 157,
200, 202.
hydrophila, Ingalls, 234.
inflecta, Say, 91, 109, 142, 143,
146, 190, 200.
interna, Say, 247, 252, 260.
indentata, Say, 92, 237, 238,
240, 242.
inornata, Say, 92, 224, 227, 229.
intertexta, Binney, 89, 90, 92,
206, 212.
Knoxvillina, Fer. 126, 128.
labiosa, Gould, 91, 170.
labyrinthiea, Say, 89, 202.
leevigata, Fer. 222, 224, 220.
INDEX.
Helix leaii, Ward, 149.
ligera, Say, 90, 92, 204, 207,
232, 252.
lineata, Say, 90, 175, 261, 291.
leporina, Gould, 199.
limatula, Binney, 219.
linguifera, Lam. 140, 142.
lasmodon, Phillips, 92, 240,
254
loricata, Gould, 91, 145.
lubrica, Mall. 285.
lucida, Mill. 233.
lucubrata, Say, 92, 224, 225.
mein Binney, 89, 91, 96, 100,
mauriniana, D’Orb. 174.
maxillata, Gould, 91, 157.
minuscula, Binney, 221.
minuta, Say, 179.
minutissima, Lea, 221.
Mitchella, Kirt! 107.
Mitchelliana, Lea, 107, 109.
meuilane, Lea, 89, 91, 111,
7
2.
monodon, Rackett, 147, 149,
157
multilineata, Say, 89,'90, 103.
multidentata, Binney, 258.
nicktiniana, Lea, 92, 119.
nitida, Drap. 230, 233.
nitidula, 234.
notata, Desh. 136.
nuttalliana, Lea, 159.
obstricta, Say, 136.
ottonis, Pf. 92, 238.
pachytoma, Menke, 111.
palliata, Say, 91, 136, 139, 141,
172, 185.
parvula, Desh. 256, 258.
pellucida, Mull. 54.
pennsylvanica, Say, 91, 109,
108, 127.
perpecte Say, 90, 92, 218,
36
pisana, Mull. 126.
planorboides, Fer. 164.
planorbula, Lam. 196, 198.
plicata, Say, 193.
polychroa, Binney, (see rhodo-
cheila,) 88, 123
pomum Adami, Green, 247,
porcina, Say, 150, 152.
profunda, Say, 89, 90, 177, 181.
pulchella, Mull 90, 175, 222.
pustula, Say, 91, 192, 200, 261.
putris, L. 60
Rafinesquea, Fer. 204.
rhodocheila, 47, 89.
for polychroa ]
Richardi, Fer.177, 179.
rotula, Gould, 239.
VOL, Il.
[error
361
Helix rotundata, Mall. 257.
ruderata, Stud. 219.
rupestris, 175, 203.
saxicola, Pf. 91, 174, 222.
sayi, Binney, 180, 186.
scabra, Lam. 213, 215.
selenina, Gould, 91, 240.
septemvolva, Say, 89, 91, 196.
similaris, Dufo, 111.
solitaria, Say, 89, 90, 208.
spinosa, Lea, 89, 91, 103.
sportella, Gould, 211.
stenotrema, Fer. 150.
strigosa, Gould, 210.
striatella, Anth. 92, 217, 257,
291.
-subglobosa, Binn. 87, 111, 112.
subcylindracea, L. 254.
submeris, Migh. 123, 125.
subplana, Binney, 92, 229.
succinea, Mull. 60.
suppressa, Say, 92, 233, 240,
251, 252, 253.
Tennesseénsis, Lea, 126, 128.
texasiana, Moric. 91, 190, 191,
3
193.
thyroides, Pf. 129.
thyroidus, Say, 89, 90, 91, 102,
104, 108, 129.
townsendiana, Lea, 91, 119,
161.
tridentata, Say, 89, 90, 91, 99,
137, 183.
troostiana, Pf. 193.
tudiculata, B. 92, 117, 120, 163.
undata, Moric. 271.
undata, Fer. 271.
Vancouverensis, Lea, 166.
versicolor, Born, 125.
vexillum, Fer. 266.
ventrosula, Mor. 193.
virgulata, Fer. 278.
vultuosa, Gould, 91, 189.
Wardiana, Lea, 204, 205.
zaleta, Say, 131, 133.
Helix-arion, 55.
Hypopus concolor, Hald. 107.
Incillaria, Benson, 15.
Limacide, 1, 14, 42.
Limaciens, 11.
Limax, 31.
91
agrestis, Mill. 35, 36, 42.
campestris, Binney, 41.
caroliniensis, Bosc, 19, 20, 23.
Columbianus, Gould, 43.
flavus, Binney, 34.
gracilis, Raf. 33.
lineatus, De Kay, 33.
marmoratus, De Kay, 33.
togata, Gould, 20.
tunicatus, Gould, 36.
362
Limax variegatus, Drap. 34.
Limnea columella, Say, 83.
Oligyra, Say, 351.
orbiculata, Say, 352.
Onchidium, 16.
Patula alternata, Held, 213.
perspectiva, Held, 256.
Philomycus, Raf. 19.
caroliniensis, Fer. 20.
dorsalis, Binney, 24.
Polygyra auriculata, Say, 186.
avara, Say, 186, 188.
Dorfeuillana, Lea, 193, 196.
fatigiata, Say, 193, 195.
plicata, Say, 195.
septemvolva, Say, 188.
troostiana, Lea, 193, 196.
Polyphemus, Schum. 297.
glans, Say, 301.
Pura, Drap. 305, 312.
albilabris, Adams, 288.
armifera, Say, 320.
armigera, Pot. et Mich. 320.
badia, Adams, 323.
contracta, Say, 324, 329.
corticaria, Say, 314, 328.
costulata, Migh. 290.
curvidens, Gould, 328, 330.
cyclostoma, Kist. 319.
decora, Gould, 327,
doliolum, Drap. 324.
dolium, Drap. 313.
exigua, Say, 286, 314.
fallax, Gould, 288.
Gouldii, Binney, 328, 332.
incana, Binney, 314, 318.
maritima, Pf. 316.
milium, Gould, 332, 333.
modesta, Say, 238, 334, 336.
modica, Gould, 319.
mumia, Lam. 318.
muscarum, Drap. 324,
ovata, Say, 333, 334.
pentodon, Say, 328.
pontifica, Gould, 306.
procera, Gould, 341.
rupicola, Say, 341.
Tappaniana, Adams, 823, 330.
unicarinata, Lk. 308.
uva, Lam. 318.
variolosa, Gould, 331.
Pupina, 346.
SreHonostoma, Gould, 305.
lactaria, Gould, 309.
Steganotoma, 346.
INDEX.
Stenotrema avara, Hartm. 186.
Styloides lubricus, Fitz. 283.
Succinea, 59.
amphibia, L. 83.
aperta, Lea, 65, 66.
avara, Say, 63, 65, 66, 73, 76,
77
aurea, Lea, 66, 76, 78.
campestris, Gould, 69.
campestris, Say, 63, 64, 66, 67,
76.
concordialis, Gould, 82.
inflata, Lea, 66, 67.
lineata, De Kay, 67.
luteola, Gould, 75.
munita, Gould, 128.
nuttalliana, Lea, 66, 67, 81.
obliqua, Say, 63, 64, 69, 72.
oblonga, Drap. 80, 82.
oregonensis, Lea, 66, 67, 77.
ovalis, Say, 63, 64, 69, 72.
ovalis, Gould, 66, 78, 81.
retusa, Lea, 65, 66.
rotundata, Lea, 67.
totteniana, Lea, 65, 66, 69,
72.
ic.
undulata, Say, 64, 65, 76.
vermeta, Say, 64, 73, 74.
Wardiana, Lea, 65, 66, 73, 74.
TEBENNOPHORUS, 18.
caroliniensis, Binney, 20.
dorsalis, Binney, 24.
Tornatellina, 292, 295.
cubensis, Pf. 294.
Triodopsis appressa, Beck, 140.
inflecta, Beck, 143,
hirsuta, Beck, 150.
Truncatella, 351.
Vaainutus, 14, 15.
floridanus, Binney, 17.
Veronicella, 16.
VERTIGO, 314.
decora, Gould,
Gouldii, Binney, 332.
milium, Gould,
ovata, Say, 334.
pentodon, Say, 328,
Virrina, 46, 52.
Lamarekii, 53, 57.
limpida, Gould, 48.
pellucida, Drap. 53, 55.
subglobosa, 58.
Zebra Miulleri, Chem. 271.
Zebrina alternata, Held, 276.
Zua lubrica, Leach, 283.
END OF VOLUME II.
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