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Tertiary and Cretaceous
Brachiopods from Cuba
and the Caribbean

G. ARTHUR COOPER

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY •

NUMBER 37

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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS T O P AL E O BIO L O G Y • N U M B E R 3 7

Tertiary and Cretaceous
Brachiopods from Cuba
and the Caribbean

G. Arthur Cooper

ISSUED

'JAM 291979

SMITHSONIAN PUBLICATIONS

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS
City of Washington
1979

ABSTRACT

Cooper, G. Arthur. Tertiary and Cretaceous Brachiopods from Cuba and the
Caribbean. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 37, 45 pages, 2
figures, 7 plates, 1 table, 1979.—Thirty-nine taxa of fossil brachiopods are de¬
scribed, figured, and discussed. Three come from Cretaceous rocks of Cuba and
the remainder were found in Tertiary sediments of Cuba and other parts of the
Caribbean region. These range in age from Eocene to Pliocene. Fourteen genera
are identified of which two are new: one from the Cretaceous and the other from
the Eocene, both from Cuba.

Thirty species are recognized among the fossil genera: Cruralina, 1 (new);
Terebratulina, 1 (new); Tichosina, 2 new; Tichosina?, 3 (1 new); Stenosarina, 1
(new); Gryphus, 4 (2 new); Gryphusf, 1; Dyscritothyris, 1 (new genus and species);
Argyrotheca, 12 (11 new); Cistellarcula, 1 (new); Hercothyris, 2 (new genus and
2 new species); Lacazella, 1. Representatives of the following genera are not iden¬
tified specifically: Cryptopora, Rugia, Terebratulina, Platidia, Argyrotheca,
Thecidellina.

Official publication date is handstamped in a limited number of initial copies and is recorded
in the Institution's annual report, Smithsonian Year. Series cover design: The trilobite Phacops
rana Green.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cooper, Gustav Arthur, 1902-

Tertiary and Cretaceous brachiopods from Cuba and the Caribbean.

(Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 37)

Bibliography: p.

1. Brachiopoda, Fossil. 2. Paleontology—Tertiary. 3. Paleontology—Cretaceous. 4. Paleontol¬
ogy—Cuba. 5. Paleontology—Caribbean area. I. Title. II. Series: Smithsonian Institution.
Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology ; no. 37.

QE701.S56 no. 37 [QE7961 560'.8s [564 7 .8] 78-606100

Contents

Page

Introduction . 1

Acknowledgments . 2

Abbreviations . 2

Palmer (1948) . 2

United States Geological Survey. 4

National Museum of Natural History. 4

Order Rhynchonellida Kuhn, 1949 . 5

Superfamily Rhynchonellacea Gray, 1848 . 5

Family Cryptoporidae Muir-Wood, 1955 . 5

Genus Cryptopora Jeffreys, 1869 . 5

Cryptopora species. 5

Order Terebratulida Waagen, 1883 . 6

Superfamily Cancellothyridacea Cooper, 1973 . 6

Family Cancellothyrididae Thomson, 1926 . 6

Subfamily Cancellothyridinae Thomson, 1926 . 6

Genus Cruralina Smirnova, 1966 . 6

Cruralina cubensis, new species. 6

Genus Terebratulina d’Orbigny, 1847 . 6

Terebratulina? palmeri, new species. 6

Unidentified Species of Terebratulina . 7

Terebratulina species 1 . 8

Terebratulina species 2. 8

Family Chlidonophoridae Muir-Wood, 1959 . 9

Subfamily Chlidonophorinae Muir-Wood, 1959 . 9

Genus Rugia Steinich, 1963 . 9

Rugia ? species. 9

Superfamily Terebratulacea Gray, 1840 . 9

Family Terebratulidae Gray, 1840 . 9

Subfamily Terebratulinae Gray, 1840 . 9

Genus Tichosina Cooper, 1977 . 9

Tichosina ? bartletti (Dali) . 9

Tichosina foresti, new species. 10

Tichosina guppyi, new species. 10

Tichosina ? insolita, new species. 10

Tichosina? lecta (Guppy) . H

Tichosina ? trinitatensis (Guppy) . H

Genus Stenosarina Cooper, 1977 . 12

Stenosarina cuneata, new species. 12

Genus Gryphus Megerle von Miihlfeldt, 1811 . 12

Gryphus vitreus (Born) . 12

Gryphus carneoides (Guppy) . 13

• • •
in

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Page

Gryphus cookei, new species. 13

Gryphus parvus, new species. 14

Gryphus ? stantoni (Maury) . 14

Gryphus vaughani (Cooke) . 14

Dyscntothyris, new genus . 15

Dyscritothyris cuhensis, new species. 16

Superfamily Terebratellacea King, 1850 . 17

Family Platidiidae Thomson, 1927 . 17

Genus Platidia Costa, 1852 . 17

Platidia species. 17

Family Megathyrididae Dali, 1870 . 17

Genus Argyrotheca Dali, 1900 . 17

Argyrotheca aequicostata, new species. 18

Argyrotheca anomala, new species . 18

Argyrotheca bermudezi, new species. 19

Argyrotheca clevei (Davidson) . 20

Argyrotheca cyrtiniformis, new species. 20

Argyrotheca inconstans, new species. 21

Argyrotheca intercalata, new species. 21

Argyrotheca magnicostata, new species. 22

Argyrotheca peculiaris, new species. 22

Argyrotheca plana, new species. 23

Argyrotheca serrata, new species . 23

Argyrotheca sublamellosa, new species . 24

Argyrotheca species undetermined. 24

Genus Cistellarcula Elliott, 1954 . 24

Cistellarcula dubia, new species . 24

Superfamily Dallinacea Beecher, 1893 . 25

Family Hercothyrididae, new family. 25

Hercothyris, new genus . 25

Hercothyris borroi, new species . 26

Hercothyris semiradiata, new species . 27

Genus Dallina Beecher, 1893 . 27

Dallina floridiana (Pourtal£s) . 27

Order Thecideida Pajaud, 1970 . 28

Suborder Thecideidina Elliott, 1958 . 28

Superfamily Thecideacea Gray, 1840 . 28

Family Thecideidae Gray, 1840 . 28

Genus Lacazella Munier-Chalmas, 1881 . 28

Lacazella caribbeanensis Cooper . 28

Lacazella mediterranea (Risso) . 28

Genus Thecidellina Thomson, 1915. 28

Thecidellina species. 28

Literature cited . 29

Plates . 31

Tertiary and Cretaceous
Brachiopods from Cuba
and the Caribbean

G. Arthur Cooper

Introduction

Although brachiopods are fairly common in the
waters around Cuba and in the Caribbean Region
(Cooper 1977) very few fossil species have been de¬
scribed. Cooper (1955) and Macsotay (1969) have
written the only papers dealing specifically with the
subject. The present paper includes the descriptions
of specimens in the collection of the National Mu¬
seum of Natural History and some that were pre¬
sented by geologists who had worked in Cuba. Dr.
R. H. Palmer (1948) spent many years studying
the geology and collecting the fossils of Cuba. In
all of these years the collection of brachiopods made
by him was small but has proved to be very impor¬
tant. From his collection Cooper (1955) described
two new genera of Terebratulida and an unusual
rhynchonellid with Mediterranean affinities (Cooper
1959). The largest number of specimens described
herein were collected by Dr. Palmer.

Dr. Pedro J. Bermudez, a leader in studies of
Cuban geology (Bermudez and Hoffstetter 1959),
presented specimens from Matanzas Province.
Another contributor to the collection was Primitivo
J. Borro, Cuban micropaleontologist, who presented
a number of interesting lots of small brachiopods.
The specimens donated by these two Cuban geol¬
ogists were mainly of genera that are normally
small. Among the Bermudez and Borro collections

G. Arthur Cooper, Department of Paleobiology, National
Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Wash¬
ington, D.C. 2G560.

are a great variety of species of Argyrotheca, a genus
also abundant in the Palmer collections. Unfortu¬
nately, most of the species are represented by only
one or a few specimens. Although Argyrotheca is
usually a variable genus, some specimens are so
distinctive and in such marked contrast to all other
known species that they are described as new de¬
spite their small numbers.

All but one of the species described are extinct
and so are the new genera proposed herein. Most
of the genera described are living in the waters of
the Caribbean today. These include Argyrotheca,
Lacazella, Thecidellina, Platidia, Cryptopora, Tere-
bratulina, Stenosarina, and Tichosina. The fossil
list also includes two new but extinct genera and
Gryphus. The latter is known as a living brach-
iopod in Mediterranean and adjacent Atlantic
waters but is not now known from the Caribbean
Sea.

This also seems a good opportunity to refigure
and redescribe the species from Trinidad proposed
by Guppy (1866). These specimens are filled with
a hard, solid limestone making excavation of the
loop almost impossible without destroying the
specimens. In spite of this difficulty, the exterior
characters are sufficiently good to make it probable
that the genus ( Tichosina ) to which they are as¬
signed herein is correct.

It is interesting to note that one of the more
common Recent brachiopods in Caribbean waters,
Dallina floridana (Pourtales), has not yet been
found in the fossil state. The new genus Her-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

cothyris, proposed herein for an Eocene genus, is
externally similar to Dallina fioridana but its in¬
ternal details are entirely different.

It is possible to prepare the loop of the short-
looped Terebratulina preserved in marly limestone
by sawing off the umbonal region of the pedicle
valve with a fine copper wire on which carborun¬
dum dust is fed. This leaves a window in the ven¬
tral valve through which excavation of the loop
may be accomplished. If the exterior needs to be
restored and the ventral umbonal cap is carefully
cut off, it may be cemented over the excavated part.
The fine copper wire makes such a thin kerf that
the thickness of the cementing medium will replace
the space of the shell lost.The specimen figured on
Plate 3 (figures 11-13) was so prepared.

The locality lists include the names of species
from Cuba collected by Palmer and described by
Cooper in 1955.

Acknowledgments.— Drs. J. Thomas Dutro, Jr.,
and Robert B. Neuman read the manuscript and
gave helpful advice. I am grateful to Mrs. K.V.W.
Palmer and the Paleontological Research Institute
for loan of the type specimens of Terebratula
stantoni Maury.

Abbreviations. —The following abbreviations are
used in this paper: PRI = Paleontological Research
Institute, Cornell University; USGS = United
States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.;
USNM = specimen numbers using abbreviation
for the former United States National Museum,
collections of which are in the National Museum
of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.

Palmer (1948)

53. Eocene? Hard, brittle, light gray limestone. Loma
Macagua, one km W of Esperanza, Santa Clara Prov¬
ince (now Las Villas Province).

Terebratulina sp. 1

Argyrotheca sp.

377. Miocene. SE end of Yumuri Gorge, in back of Stand¬
ard Oil Station. Highest beds on N side. Matanzas
Province.

Terebratulina? palmeri n. sp.

Argyrotheca serrata n. sp.

378. Miocene. NYV end of Yumuri Gorge, on N side,
Matanzas Province.

Argyrotheca sublamellosa n. sp.

405a. Miocene. White marl at base of Cojimar Gorge at S
end. Old Kiln. Habana Province.

Tichosina guppyi n. sp.

440. Upper Cretaceous. Carretera Central, six km SE of

Coliseo, Matanzas Province.

Rugia? sp. undet.

727. Eocene. S slope of Cuartel Hill, just W of Nuevitas,
Camaguey Province.

Argyrotheca aequicostata n. sp.

757. Upper Cretaceous, cut under railroad bridge, two km
W of Madruga at Central San Antonio, Habana
Province.

Terebratulina sp. undet.

785. Upper Cretaceous, railroad cut on W edge of Madruga,
30 m (100 feet) from intrusion, Habana Province.

Terebratulina sp. undet.

812. Cretaceous. Directly under chalk, one km S of Central
San Antonio in railroad cut, Habana Province.

Cruralina cubensis n. sp.

840. Upper Cretaceous, from conglomeratic sand beds under
Eocene-Oligocene chalk, 7.3 (?) km E-SE of Madruga;
2.4 km S of Grua Esperanza, Habana Province.

Dyscritothyris cubensis n. sp.

859p. Upper Cretaceous, 150 m N of Grua Esperanza, six km
E of Madruga, Habana Province.

Dyscritothyris cubensis n. sp.

898p. Miocene, cut on Carretera Central just W of Nena
Machado Hospital, Matanzas Province.

Terebratulina? palmeri n. sp.

926. Miocene, cut on Carretera Central, approximately four
km SW of Matanzas near km post 100 [97] from
Habana, Matanzas Province.

Terebratulina? palmeri n. sp.

932c. Miocene, Km 95-500 M Carretera Central, 7.5 km W
of Matanzas, Matanzas Province (probably same local¬
ity as USNM 818c).

Terebratulina? palmeri n. sp.

Argyrotheca bermudezi n. sp.

A. plana n. sp.

Argyrotheca 2 sp.

Lacazella caribbeanensis Cooper

Thecidellina sp.

942. Upper Eocene, Tejar Consuelo (of Mato) la Cienaga,
Reparto Cerro, Habana, 1.3 km E of Tropical Brewing
Company, NE of Puentes Grandes, Habana Province.

Stencsarina cuneata n. sp.

Terebratulina sp. undet.

976. Lower Miocene (Cojimar Formation), tan and white
marl directly over Cretaceous, 2.5 km W of Cojimar
on the Carretera to Casa Blanca, Habana Province.

Phragmothyris costellata Cooper

978. Miocene (middle-basal Yumuri Formation), marls in
deep road cut, 1.6 km NW of Casa Blanca, Habana
Province.

Cryptopoia sp.

997. Miocene, soft cavernous limestone, Cantera Toledo,
200 m W of locality 996, one km E of the Jockey Club,
Marianao, Habana Province.

Gryphus parvus n. sp.

1003. Eocene, N of Carretera Central, 3.4—3.5 km on road to
San Diego de los Banos, Pinar del Rio Province.

Terebratulina sp. 2

Phragmothyris rotunda Cooper
1018. Miocene (basal Yumuri Formation), marl 2 km SW of
Cojimar on Hershey Electric Railroad, Habana Prov¬
ince.

NUMBER 37

Table 1. Fossil brachiopods of Cuba and the Caribbean (A = Antigua, B = St. Bartholomew,
C = Camaguey Province, H = Habana Province, L = Las Villas Province, M = Matanzas
Province, P = Pinar del Rio Province, T = Trinidad)

Taxa

Upper

Cretaceous

Eocene

Upper

Eocene

Eocene ?

Oligocene

Miocene

Probably

Miocene

Pliocene

Argyrotheca aequicostata n. sp.

A. anomala n. sp.

A. bermudezi n. sp.

A. clevei (Davidson)

A. cyrtiniformis n. sp.

A. inconstans n. sp.

A. intercalata n. sp.

A. magnicostata n. sp.

A. peculiaris n. sp.

A. plana n. sp.

A. serrata n. sp.

A. sublamellosa n. sp.

A. sp. undet.

C,P L M

Cistellarcula dubia n. sp.

Cruralina cubensis n. sp.

Cryptopora sp.

H H,L H,L

Dyscritothyris cubensis n. sp.

Erymnaria cubensis Cooper

Gryphus cookei n. sp.

G. carneoides (Guppy)

G. parvus n. sp.

G. ? stantoni (Maury)

G. vaughani (Cooke)

Hercothyris borroi n. sp.

C,P

H. semiradiata n. sp.

Lacazella caribbeanensis Cooper

L. sp. undet.

M P M

Orthothyris radiata Cooper

Phragmothyris costellata Cooper

H,P

P. cubensis Cooper

P. palmeri Cooper

P. rotunda Cooper

C,p

P. subplana Cooper

c,p

Platidia sp. undet.

M MM

Rugia sp. undet.

L,M

Stenosarina cuneata n. sp.

H H

Terebratulina ? palmeri n. sp.

M,P

T. sp. 1

T. sp. 2

T. sp. indet.

H H H H M

Thecidellina sp. undet.

M M

Tichosina foresti n. sp.

T. guppyi n. sp.

T.? insolita n. sp.

T.? lecta (Guppy)

T.? trinitatensis (Guppy)

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Cryptopora sp.

Tichosina guppyi n. sp.

10S0. Eocene (lowest), 200 m S of 1026 (which is just S of
Riverside Club), on the W side of the Almendares
River in Reparto Kohly, Habana Province.

S tenosarina cuneata n. sp.

Terebratulina sp. undet.

1035. Eocene, tan limestone with orbitoids, Finca Man¬
churia, one km S of Ferrocaril Cuba Station at
Majagua, 25 km W of Ciego, Camaguey Province.

Hercothyris borroi n. sp.

1085. Eocene, E of Arroyo Blanco, 150 m, in road to
Majagua, Camaguey Province.

Argyrotheca sp.

Hercothyris borroi n. sp.

Phragmothyris rotunda Cooper

1086. Eocene, Loma la Quinta (hill above 1085), Camaguey
Province.

Hercothyris borroi n. sp.

1102. Eocene, marls 4.65 km W of Guanajay, Pinar del Rio
Province.

Phragmothyris costellata Cooper

Hercothyris borroi n. sp.

1214. Upper Cretaceous, one km W of Central San Antonio,
in cut on new cane railroad to Central Hershey,
Habana Province.

Orthothyris radiata Cooper

1245. Probably Miocene, 0.5 km S of General Wood asphalt
mine, 1.5 km SE of Santa Maria del Rosario, Habana
Province (age of collection not given by Palmer).

Argyrotheca peculiaris n. sp.

1319. Miocene, Calzada Real de Marianao and Calle San
Pablo, La Ceiba, Cojimar, Habana Province.

Tichosina guppyi n. sp.

1330. Miocene, Guanajay-San Pedro cane railroad, S end of
cut 300 m S of Grua Norona, Pinar del Rio Province.

Terebratulina? palmeri n. sp.

1366. Upper Cretaceous, Finca San Real, on Ferrocarril
Central, one km N, 30° W of Paradero San Francisco,
Habana Province.

Terebratulina sp. undet.

1457. Eocene?, Finca Junquito, one km E of San Antonio on
Maraguan Road, Camaguey Province.

Gryphus cookei n. sp.

1458. Eocene?, Finca Junquito, 200 m E of 1457, Camaguey
Province.

Gryphus cookei n. sp.

1476. Eocene, riprap along Nuevitas beach about 73 km on
the railroad to Pastelillo (taken from cut at km 74),
Camaguey Province.

Hercothyris borroi n. sp.

1479. Eocene, between km 73.5 and 74 on railroad to Pas¬
telillo, Camaguey Province.

Argyrotheca magnicostata n. sp.

1613. Middle Eocene, 0.7 km S 65° W of Saratoga, Matanzas
Province.

Argyrotheca intercalata n. sp.

1640. Eocene, deep cut N of Grua 9, Ramal Juan Criollo,
Camaguey Province.

Argyrotheca 2 sp.

Hercothyris semiradiata n. sp.

H. borroi n. sp.

1660. Oligocene, long cut S of Y switch on Ramal Valle. C.
Jatibonico. Camaguey Province.

Phragmorthis cubensis Cooper
P. palmeri Cooper
P. subplana Cooper

4707. Eocene, 80 m NE of school, Chucho Machin, Matanzas
Province, Cuba.

Erymnaria cubensis Cooper

4968. Pliocene, 30 m S of Gallego house, Rio Conimar, five
km N of Guartol, Matanzas Province.

Argyrotheca inconstans n. sp.

United States Geological Survey

4369. Eocene, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands.

Gryphus vaughani (Cooke)

4399. Eocene, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands.

Gryphus vaughani (Cooke)

6897b. Eocene, St. Bartholomew, Leeward Islands.

Argyrotheca clevei (Davidson)

6924. Eocene, NW side of St. Jean Bay, Leeward Islands, St.
Bartholomew. From top limestone of described section.
Gryphus vaughani (Cooke)

National Museum of Natural History

818.* Upper Cretaceous, 145.5 km from Carretera Central
between Matanzas and Jovellanos, 5.6 km SE of
Coliseo, Las Villas Province, Cuba. P. J. Borro collec¬
tor. = Palmer 440.

Rugia? sp.

818a. Upper Oligocene, point N of Mariegalente Bay, An¬
tigua. W. R. Forest collector.

Cistellarcula dubia n. sp.

818b. Eocene (Taguasco Formation), 3.8 km W of Marroqui,
13.8 km E and 1.2 km N of Arroyo Blanco, Camaguey
Province, Cuba (Cuba Calfornia Oil Company
M-64-194).

Tichosina? insolita n. sp.

818c. Miocene, on the highway to Havana, 8.5 km W of
Matanzas, Cuba. Matanzas Province. P. J. Bermudez
collector (probably same locality as Palmer 932c).

Terebratulina palmeri n. sp.

Argyrotheca bermudezi n. sp.

A. plana n. sp.

818d. Middle Eocene, Loma Candela, Pinar del Rio Prov¬
ince, Cuba. P. J. Borro collector.

Argyrotheca cyrtiniformis n. sp.

818e. Eocene, Batey of Ingenio, “Saratoga”, Matanzas Prov¬
ince, Cuba. P. J. Bermudez collector.

* USNM precedes all locality numbers in collection.

NUMBER 37

Platidia sp. indet.

Thecidellina sp.

Lacazella sp.

818f. Upper Oligocene, Finca Margarita near Obelisco de
Bauta, Habana Province, Cuba. P. J. Borro collector.
Cryptopora sp.

818g. Pliocene, 800 m S of the mouth of Rio Canimar,
Matanzas Province, Cuba. P. J. Borro collector.
Platidia sp. indet.

Argyrotheca inconstans n. sp.

818h. Upper Oligocene, Facey Creek, Antigua. W. R. Forest
collector.

Tichosina foresti n. sp.

818i. Miocene (Cojimar Formation), 4.5 km W of Sagua
la Grande, Las Villas Province, Cuba. P. J. Borro
collector.

Cryptopora sp.

818j. Miocene, under Hospital Infantile, Matanzas City,
Matanzas Province, Cuba. P. J. Borro collector.
Terebratulina? palmeri n. sp.

Platidia sp. indet.

Lacazella sp.

818k. Miocene, Tejar Zayas, Matanzas City, Cuba. P. J.
Bermudez collector.

Terebratulina sp. undet.

Platidia sp. indet.

818-1. Middle Miocene Km 94, Los Molinos, Matanzas Prov¬
ince, Cuba. P. J. Borro collector.

Lacazella sp.

818m. Upper Eocene, 4.5 km from Carretera de Guanajay al
Muriel, new cut in Loma de Canas, Pinar del Rio,
Cuba.

Argyrotheca sp.

Lacazella sp.

818n. Middle Oligocene, Finca Hatway, 5 km NE of San
Jos6 de los Ramos, Matanzas Province, Cuba. P. J.
Borro collector.

Argyrotheca anomala n. sp.

818o. Eocene, San Fernando, Trinidad.

Tichosina? lecta (Guppy)

T.f trinitatensis (Guppy)

Gryphus carneoides (Guppy)

Order RHYNCHONELLIDA Kuhn, 1949

This great group of brachiopods, prolific in the
Paleozoic and dominant in the Mesozoic, declined
drastically in the Tertiary. Only two genera are at
present known from Cuba: Erymnaria and Crypto¬
pora. The former is rare and unusual and is best
known from Italy where it occurs in the Eocene.
The Cuban occurrence (Cooper 1959:65) is also of
Eocene age and helps to emphasize the Mediter¬
ranean affinities of the early Tertiary of Cuba.
Cryptopora is known from a few small specimens
having alate deltidial plates.

Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Gray, 1848

Family CRYPTOPORIDAE Muir-Wood, 1955
Genus Cryptopora Jeffreys 1869
Cryptopora species

Plate 5: figure 6
Cryptopora Jeffreys, 1869:136.

Atretia Jeffreys 1870:421.—Davidson, 1887:173.—Thomson,

1927:146.—Cooper, 1959:17.—Ager, 1965:H620.

This genus occurs in the Miocene and Upper
Oligocene. Only seven specimens were obtained that
seem to represent the same species. They are smaller
and rounder than C. gnomon Jeffreys, which is
commonest in North Atlantic waters. The presence
of winged deltidial plates on four of them suggests
relationship to C. rectimarginata Cooper (1959).
The Cuban forms are much more compressed and
have a smaller and shorter beak than the Florida
species. Cryptopora species figured by Toulmin
(1940) from the Eocene (Saltmountain Formation)
is a narrower species.

Cryptopora is another of the modern genera that
was inherited from the Tertiary. It is now widely
distributed, occurring in the Pacific and Indian
Oceans as well as the North and South Atlantic. It
can be expected in any of the Tertiary sediments
of Cuba and elsewhere in the Caribbean. One speci¬
men (USNM 550420) is from the Miocene (basal
Yumuri Formation), from Palmer locality 1018; a
second (USNM 550419) is from the Upper Oligo¬
cene, USNM locality 818f; a third specimen is from
the Miocene at Palmer locality 978; a fourth lot
(USNM 549424) of four specimens from Miocene
sediments is from USNM locality 818i.

The specimen from the Miocene of Venezuela
referred by Macsotay (1969) to Glaciarcula has all
of the characters of Cryptopora : small size, open
foramen, trace of winged deltidial plates, narrow
lenticular profile, elongated beak and broadly
uniplicate anterior commissure. It is possible that
the Cuban specimens referred to above belong to
Macsotay’s species. Glaciarcula is an Arctic circum¬
polar genus not now known in equatorial waters
or as a fossil. It is a cold water species.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Order TEREBRATULIDA Waagen, 1883

Superfamily CANCELLOTHYRIDACEA
Cooper, 1973

Family CANCELLOTHYRIDIDAE
Thomson, 1926

Subfamily CANCELLOTHYRIDINAE
Thomson, 1926

Genus Cruralina Smirnova, 1966
Cruralina cubensis, new species

Plate 1: figures 24-29

Small, roundly oval in outline, posterolateral
margins forming angle of about 108° at beak; sides
and anterior margin strongly rounded; widest at
middle; surface costellate; costellae numbering
about three in one millimeter at front margin.

Ventral valve deeper than dorsal one, evenly and
gently convex in lateral profile; anterior profile
with long lateral slopes but only moderately con¬
vex medially; umbonal and median regions mod¬
erately swollen; beak nearly straight; foramen mod¬
erately large; deltidial plates vestigial.

Dorsal valve evenly and gently convex in lateral
profile, anterior profile broadly and flatly convex,
less than that of ventral valve; anterior half marked
by broad, gentle sulcus barely indenting opposite
valve; umbonal and median regions gently inflated.
Interior with small rounded cardinal process, long
and slender socket ridges; crural bases short, stout,
directed sharply medially; descending branches
slender; transverse ribbon and crural processes
forming a ring with the descending branches.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 11.0,
dorsal valve length 10.0, midwidth 10.4, thickness
5.7.

Horizon and Locality. —Cretaceous: Palmer
812.

Diagnosis. —Fine-lined, biconvex Cruralina.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 549408.

Discussion and Comparison. —The external form
of this species suggests the modern genus Chlidono-
phora, which inhabits some of the deep waters in
the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic near the Equator,
the Caribbean Sea and the waters in the vicinity of
Cuba. The fossil specimen, however, has a com¬

pletely different loop from that of Chlidonophora,
which does not have the closed ring of the Can-
cellothyrididae as the Cuban specimen does. No
described Cretaceous species is like C. cubensis.
Cricosia filosa (Conrad) is suggestive but this species
is narrow-hinged and has a concave dorsal valve.
Cruralina ? guadalupe (Roemer) is similar to C.
filosa. Undescribed, biconvex, round cancellothyrids
occur in the Cretaceous of Texas.

Chlidonophora is an abyssal species found at
depths of more than 2000 meters in the modern
Caribbean, Indian Ocean, and Gulf of Mexico. It
is thus unlikely to be found as a fossil.

Genus Terebratulina d’Orbigny, 1847
Terebratulina? palmeri, new species

Plate 1: figures 6-23; Plate 7: figures 9-20

Small for genus, ovate to subtriangular in out¬
line, length and width nearly equal. Valves sub-
equally deep, dorsal valve having a slightly greater
depth. Lateral margins narrowly rounded; anterior
margins slightly nasute. Posterolateral margins
forming angle of 75°-98°. Anterior commissure
narrowly uniplicate. Foramen large; deltidial plates
vestigial. Surface multicostellate, about nine pri¬
mary costellae at ventral beak forming main fas¬
cicles; costellae increasing by intercalation and
bifurcation in three generations to form poorly
defined fascicles anteriorly. Primary costellae fairly
strongly beaded.

Ventral valve gently and evenly convex in lateral
profile but broadly and flatly convex in anterior
profile, medial region narrowly depressed. Sulcus
extending from beak to anterior margin, very nar¬
row and moderately deep. Flanks gently convex.

Dorsal valve gently and evenly convex in lateral
profile, narrowly domed and medianly keeled in
anterior profile; fold narrow, originating at umbo,
and rising anteriorly but remaining narrow
throughout. Flanks gently convex and steeply
sloping.

Ventral valve with large thick teeth and short
thin pedicle collar. Other details obscure. Dorsal
valve with strongly elevated but rather thin socket
ridges that protrude posterior to the hinge line;
descending branches oblique, narrow and rounded
in section supporting a moderately long loop; crural

NUMBER 37

processes moderately long and pointed, directed
dorsally and slightly medially, not uniting. Anterior
part of loop flattened, narrowly rounded to bluntly
pointed and directed anteroventrally and strongly
suggesting the loop of Eucalathis.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).—

USNM

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

Maxi¬

mum

width

Thick¬

ness

Apical

angle

(°)

550329a

11.0

9.5

10.2

5.1

550329b

9.7

9.1

10.5

4.6

550329c

9.1

8.9

8.3

4.0

550329d

8.4

7.2

7.3

3.7

550329e

7.3

6.7

6.1

3.2

550330a

12.8

11.7

12.0

6.0

550330c

10.3

8.7

11.1

5.8

550330d

11.7

10.4

10.8

6.0

550330e

10.8

9.4

9.5

4.8

Horizon and Locality. —Miocene: Palmer 377,
898p. 926, 932c, 1330; USNM 818j.

Diagnosis. —Small Terebratulina ? with carinate
dorsal valve, narrowly sulcate ventral valve, and
loop with crural processes separate.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 550329a. Figured para-
types: USNM 550330b, e, f, h-k. Unfigured para-
types: USNM 550329b-f, 550330a, c, d, g.

Comparison.— Although Terebratulina is one of
the commonest brachiopods in the Tertiary forma¬
tions of the Caribbean and southeastern United
States, few species have been described to which
7\? palmeri may be compared. Terebratulina
lachryma (Morton) of the Eocene (Jacksonian) of
southeastern United States and T. kugleri (Rutsch)
of the Eocene of Soldado Rock in the Caribbean
are not comparable to 7\? palmeri because the sec¬
ond is a much larger species and both are differently
ornamented as well as not being folded like the
Cuban species.

Terebratulina cailleti Crosse, which occurs in
modern Caribbean waters, is suggestive of T.?
palmeri because the two are nearly the same size
but the former is more strongly ornamented, more
slender and more triangular. It does not have the
deep, narrow sulcus and corresponding narrow fold
that is so characteristic of T.? palmeri.

Terebratulina latifrons Dali, now living in the
Caribbean, is like T.? palmeri in having a carinate
dorsal valve and prominent ventral sulcus but its

loop bears a ring. It is smaller and more triangular
than T.? palmeri. It is sufficiently similar, however,
to be a modern descendant of the Cuban species.

Terebratulina delheidi Vincent is similar to T.
palmeri but its dorsal valve is much shallower than
the ventral valve and it is a much rounder shell
than the Cuban one, even though there is a carinate
fold and sulcus like that of T.? palmeri.

Discussion.— Few terebratulinas have the sub-
carinate fold and sulcus of T.7 palmeri. Both the
exterior and interior of this species are unusual.
The majority of terebratulinas have the crural
processes directed dorsomedially so that they soon
fuse as they grow to form the anterior ring so
characteristic of the Terebratulina loop. Six speci¬
mens were excavated to determine the loop of T.?
palmeri only three of which gave complete loops.
In not one of the six was a trace of a ring seen and
the crural processes are so directed that they would
never have formed a ring. The loop thus suggests
that of Eucalathis or Chlidonophora. It is more
like the latter because the loop of Eucalathis is
very narrowly folded anteriorly and extends antero-
dorsally. The loop of Chilidonophora has a very
narrow ribbon and extends ventrally like that of
T.} palmeri.

Specimen USNM 550329i (Plate 7: figures 17, 18)
of T.7 palmeri was undoubtedly an old and obese
shell because its loop is very thick, with thickened
descending branches and a very broad ribbon. The
crural processes, although broken at the points, are
directed only slightly medially and point nearly
directly ventrally.

The lateral profile of T.? palmeri with its dorsal
valve more convex than the ventral valve suggests
the Belgian Tertiary (Oligocene) genus Rhyncho-
nellopsis (Vincent, 1893:50). The interior of the
latter genus is not well known. The descending
branches have been figured but on them is ap¬
pended a tentatively drawn ring. This is evidently
a guess. Its relationship to the Cuban species is thus
uncertain, as is the possible generic relationship of
T.? palmeri to Rhynchonellopsis.

Unidentified Species of Terebratulina

This genus is one of the commonest brachiopods
in Tertiary rocks in Cuba as it is in Tertiary rocks
of the southeastern United States and in the North

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Atlantic today. Unfortunately, most of the speci¬
mens in the Palmer collection are too poor to be
useful. If adult, most of them are too poorly pre¬
served for description and most of the good to ex¬
cellent specimens are immature and are thus un¬
satisfactory material on which to base species. Three
lots were taken from the Upper Cretaceous from
localities 757, 785, and 1366. The last two lots con¬
sist of immature specimens and the first consists of
two adults and one immature specimen, all poorly
preserved. These specimens indicate a strongly tri¬
angular species with costellae well separated by
spaces equal in width to the width of the costellae.
The largest specimen is 13 mm long by 11.5 mm
wide.

Several lots from the Eocene are in the collection.
Two of them from Palmer localities 942 and 1030
consist of immature specimens of fairly good pres¬
ervation. A third lot from the Eocene obtained
from P. J. Bermudez from USNM locality 818k also
consists of immature specimens. Two additional lots
are better preserved and noted below.

Terebratulina species 1

Plate 2: figures 17-19

Small for the genus, longitudinally elliptical in
outline, valves of nearly equal depth. Anterior
margin narrowly rounded; posterior forming an
angle of 90°- Anterior commissure rectimarginate
and slightly emarginate. Valves of nearly equal con¬
vexity in lateral profile but the ventral valve
slightly the deeper; both valves moderately domed
in anterior profile. Surface multicostellate; costellae
slender, interspaces about equal to width of cos¬
tellae; beading of the costellae on posterolateral
margins. The best preserved specimen measures in
mm: length 9.1; brachial valve length 7.8; width
7.0; thickness 4.5; apical angle 90°. The specimen
is from the Eocene at Palmer locality 53.

Figured Specimen. —USNM 550373.

Terebratulina species 2

Plate 1: figures 30, 31

Of about medium size for the genus, longer than
wide and oval to subpentagonal in outline; apical

angle about 85°. Sides rounded and anterior
broadly rounded. Anterior commissure rectimargi¬
nate. Foramen small; deltidial plates vestigial.
Valves subequal in depth, the ventral valve slightly
deeper. Surface multicostellate, the costellae of the
ventral valve slightly thicker than those of the
opposite valve; interspaces nearly equal in width
to the width of the costae. Intercalations and bifur¬
cations in three or four generations and starting
close to the beaks. Both valves evenly and gently
convex in lateral profile and broadly but mod¬
erately domed in anterior profile.

MEASUREMENTs(mm). —USNM 550331a: length
14.1, dorsal valve length 13.2, maximum width 11.8,
thickness 5.0, apical angle 84°.

Diagnosis. —Medium sized Terebratulina with
narrow, distant costellae.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: Palmer 1003.

Figured Specimen. —USNM 550331a.

Comparison.— Only two specimens are present
in the collection and both are slightly crushed.
They do not therefore make suitable material for
naming. Terebratulina species 2 is not so elongate
as T. brundigensis Aldrich, nor is it as elongated as
T. lachryma (Morton). Terebratulina louisianae
Stenzel is a larger species with less prominent and
rounded shoulders than those of the Cuban speci¬
mens. Terebratulina manasquani Stenzel is strongly
uniplicate, which is an unusual character for the
genus. The shape of the Cuban species is much like
that of T. retusa (Linnaeus) but their ornament is
completely unlike.

Terebratulina species 2 is really closest to T.
kugleri Rutsch (1939) from the island of Soldado
Rock between Trinidad and the mouth of the
Pedernales River in Venezuela. The two species
have in common shape and L/W proportions but
differ in ornament. Although the costellae of Tere¬
bratulina species 2 are rather distant they are not
separated by interspaces as distant as those of T.
kugleri. Furthermore, the Cuban shell does not
have the median depression in both valves as de¬
scribed for the Soldado Rock species. It is possible
that a large suite of Terebratulina species 2 would
yield more ornament characters and establish a
positive identification. At present it simply seems
best to remark that Terebratulina species 2 is very
similar to T. kugleri.

NUMBER 37

Family CHLIDONOPHORIDAE Muir-Wood,

1959

Subfamily CHLIDONOPHORINAE
Muir-Wood, 1959

Genus Rugia Steinich, 1963
Rugia ? species

Plate 7: figures 21-25

Minute, elongate oval in outline; greatest width
anterior to midvalve; hinge straight, narrower than
the greatest shell width. Profile piano- to unevenly
biconvex, the ventral valve having the greater con¬
vexity Foramen large, margined by obliquely ele¬
vated deltidial plates. Surface costellate, costellae
strongly beaded.

Ventral valve moderately and evenly convex in
lateral profile, somewhat more strongly convex in
anterior profile; median region swollen; anterior
half marked by a shallow sulcus that originates at
about midvalve. Ventral interior with a median
thickening or ridge extending from near the beak to
the anterior margin.

Dorsal valve lateral profile unequally convex, the
posterior or umbonal part flattened and without
ornament and the anterior half to two-thirds cos¬
tellate and forming a poorly defined fold. Dorsal
valve interior with broad and flattened socket
ridges; crura originating anterior to the socket
ridges; loop unknown.

MEASuREMENTs(mm). —USNM 550575: length
2.0, dorsal valve length 1.6, hinge width 1.3, maxi¬
mum width 1.8, thickness 0.45.

Horizon and Localities. —Upper Cretaceous:
Palmer 440, USNM 818.

Types. —Figured specimens: USNM 550574a, b,
550575.

Discussion. —That these small shells are related
to Terebratulina is without question but their cor¬
rect generic assignment is difficult. They suggest
small Terebratulina superficially but their costella-
tion is not exactly like that of juvenile Terebra¬
tulina and the beak characters are not those of a
juvenile. Assignment to Rugia is based chiefly on
exterior characters: the beaded costellae and gen¬
eral form. The final test for these shells is to deter¬
mine the character of the loop. Rugia has a loop
similar to that of Chlidonophora rather than Tere¬

bratulina. It was not possible to determine the loop
of these small shells.

Superfamily TEREBRATULACEA Gray, 1840
Family TEREBRATULIDAE Gray, 1840

Subfamily TEREBRATULINAE Gray, 1840

Genus Tichosina Cooper, 1977

As in the Caribbean today a variety of smooth
Terebratulidae lived in those waters in Tertiary
time. They were inherited from the Cretaceous
when the short-looped Terebratulidae were abun¬
dant. Generic separation of these brachiopods has
never been very satisfactory. The genera must be
based on a combination of characters of which the
loop is certainly the most important. A detailed
analysis of the terebratulid loop in the Tertiary and
Recent forms has not yet been made. Consequently,
generic assignment of some of the Cuban Tertiary
species is unsatisfactory. Their loops are not like
those of Gryphus, which is well represented in the
Cuban Eocene, although it is not now known from
modern Caribbean waters. The loops of the species
described herein are like those of Tichosina Cooper
1977, the type of which is Terebratula floridensis
Cooper, which occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and
the Caribbean Sea.

Tichosina ? bartletti (Dali)

Plate 2: figures 20-24

Terebratula bartletti , Dali, 1920:314.—Cooper, 1977:64, pi. 4:

figs. 27, 28; pi. 10: figs. 11-17.

Illustrations of this large and strongly uniplicate
living species are introduced for comparison with
the Caribbean Tertiary species Terebratula ? lecta
and 7\? trinitatensis Guppy. Folding of the anterior
margin of shells referred to Tichosina is variable,
and folding as strong as that of Guppy’s species and
T.7 bartletti is unusual. Beside the aberrant nature
of the folding of 7\? bartletti, the loop has longer
outer hinge plates; consequently its assignment to
Tichosina is queried.

Locality. —Recent: Barbados.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 110852.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Tichosina foresti, new species
Plate 3: figures 6-13

Average size for the genus; elongate oval in out¬
line, maximum width anterior to midvalve. Sides
rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded. Ventral
valve slightly deeper that the dorsal valve; lateral
commissure straight; anterior commissure slightly
uniplicate. Beak strongly labiate; foramen large,
permesothyridid; symphytium covered. Surface
smooth.

Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral profile,
moderately domed in anterior profile. Posterior
third somewhat narrowly swollen, the swelling con¬
tinuing to midvalve, but the anterior third broadly
flattened. Lateral slopes convex and steep.

Dorsal valve fairly evenly and moderately convex
in lateral profile; anterior profile moderately
domed, about equal in convexity to that of the
opposite valve. Umbonal region moderately swollen,
the swelling extending to midvalve, after which the
valve is somewhat flattened. Lateral slopes slightly
convex and steep.

Ventral valve with strong pedicle collar. Dorsal
valve interior with loop occupying slightly more
than one-third of the valve length. Socket ridges
strong; outer hinge plates moderately concave and
moderately long, not quite extending to half the
loop length; descending lamellae broad and blade¬
like; transverse ribbon strongly arched medially
and broad.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).-

Dorsal

Maxi¬

Apical

valve

mum

Thick¬

angle

USNM

Length

length

width

ness

550333a

27.6

24.0

22.3

16.3

550333b

29.3

25.9

21.3

Horizon and Locality. —Upper Oligocene:
USNM 818h.

Diagnosis. —Faintly uniplicate Tichosina nar¬
rowly ovate in outline.

Types.— Holotype: USNM 550333a. Figured
paratype: USNM 550334b.

Comparison and Discussion. —The holotype is
not perfect because the valves are slightly offset but
not seriously enough to affect the description and
measurements. The species is unlike T.? bartletti
(Dali) and T.} trinitatensis (Guppy) in having only
slight uniplication of the anterior margin. Ticho¬

sina ? lecta (Guppy) has a much different shape with
its nasute anterior and it is also more strongly
folded anteriorly than T. foresti. Named for W. R-
Forest, who collected the specimens.

Tichosina guppyi, new species

Plate 2: figures 11-16

Elongate oval in outline, widest at midvalve,
sides broadly rounded; anterior margin gently
curved; anterolateral extremities a small obtuse
angle. Beak erect, obliquely truncated; foramen
moderately large, permesothyridid, labiate. Sym¬
phytium partially visible. Anterior commissure
faintly and broadly uniplicate. Lateral commissure
nearly straight. Surface smooth.

Ventral valve strongly and evenly convex in lat¬
eral profile but moderately domed with flattened
sides in anterior profile. Umbonal and median re¬
gions swollen, the swelling extending to beyond
mid valve; anterior somewhat abruptly flattened.

Dorsal valve unevenly convex in lateral profile
with the maximum convexity in the posterior half;
anterior profile moderately convex and with some¬
what flattened sides and strongly resembling the
anterior profile of the opposite valve. Posterome¬
dian region strongly swollen; anterior moderately
flattened with a moderately long and steep anterior
slope.

Measurements (mm).—Holotype: length 21.8,
dorsal valve length 19.6, maximum width 15.0,
thickness 13.6, apical angle 71°.

Horizon and Localities.— Miocene (Yumuri
Limestone): Palmer 405a (type), 1018, 1319.

Diagnosis.— Elongate oval Tichosina, anteriorly
broad but faintly uniplicate.

Types.— Holotype: USNM 550337. Unfigured
paratype: USNM 550338.

Comparison.— None of the Recent Caribbean or
West Indian species of Tichosina has the fairly nar¬
row, elongated form of this species. Of Cuban
species it is somewhat suggestive of Tichosina for¬
esti, new species, but that species is somewhat trian¬
gular as it widens anteriorly.

Tichosina} insolita, new species
Plate 3: ficures 1-5

Large, roundly pentagonal in outline with maxi¬
mum width near midvalve; ventral valve much

NUMBER 37

deeper that the dorsal valve; length slightly greater
than the width; sides broadly rounded; anterior
margin somewhat narrowly rounded. Lateral com¬
missure nearly straight; anterior commissure gently
but distinctly uniplicate. Beak narrow labiate and
not extended notably in a posterior direction;
foramen small, permesothyridid; symphytium visi¬
ble. Surface smooth.

Ventral valve strongly and evenly convex in lat¬
eral profile; anterior profile strongly and narrowly
domed. Median region from umbo to beyond mid¬
valve narrowly swollen; anterior slope somewhat
flattened; lateral slopes flattened but steep.

Dorsal valve very gently and evenly convex in
lateral profile but broadly and gently convex in
anterior profile; median region from umbo to an¬
terior margin slightly convex and producing a
slightly nasute anterior margin; flanks flattened
and sloping gently to the lateral margin.

Interior unknown.

MEAsuREMENTs(mm). —Holotype: length 35.0,
dorsal valve length 31.5, maximum width 31.8,
thickness 19.5, apical angle 97°.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene (Taguasco For¬
mation): USNM 818b.

Diagnosis. —Large strong inequivalve laterally
rounded Tichosina ? with gentle uniplication.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 550334.

Comparison and Discussion. —This species is not
characteristic of the genus to which it is referred.
No other large species of Tichosina fossil or Recent
has the almost circular outline and short narrow
beak of this Cuban specimen. Assignment to Ticho¬
sina is based on the definite uniplication of the
anterior margin. Although the beak of 7\? insolita
is small the foramen is proportionately large and is
also somewhat labiate. These are features of Ticho¬
sina. The dorsal valve is also shallower than usual
in the genus.

Tichosina ? lecta (Guppy)

Plate 2: figures 1-5

Terebratula lecta Guppy, 1866:296, pi. 19: fig. 3.

This species is based on three specimens, all of
them poor but collectively giving a fair idea of the
species. No details of the interior are available but
the exterior form, profile and folding suggest a
species of Tichosina possibly related to T.} trinita-

tensis (Guppy). Characteristic exterior features of
Tichosina appear in the permesothyridid strongly
labiate foramen and the uniplicate folding of the
anterior commissure. This folding is unlike that of
T.t trinitatensis in being narrow and without the
strong anterolateral angulations of that species.
Furthermore, the anteromedian parts of both valves
are not conspicuously flattened as in the larger
species.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).—

USNM

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

Maxi¬

mum

width

Thick¬

ness

Apical

angle

115646a

29.7

28.3

24.8

16.6

(Tertiary

catalog)

115646b

24.0

23.0?

21.7

14.7?

Types. —Lectotype: USNM 115646a (Tertiary
catalog).

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: USNM 818o.

Diagnosis. —Anteriorly tapering Tichosina ? with
a narrow anterior fold.

Comparison and Discussion. —The striking dif¬
ferences between this species and T. trinitatensis
(Guppy) are referred to above. It is unlikely from
the nature of the folding that 7\? lecta could be
the young of T.7 trinitatensis although the two
seem to be generically related. Tichosina ? lecta is
more like T .? bartletti (Dali) externally as the latter
tapers somewhat, but not so strongly as the Trini¬
dad species. The valves of T.? bartletti are more
swollen about the umbo and the beak is narrower
than that of T.? lecta.

Tichosina ? trinitatensis (Guppy)

Plate 2: figures 31-35
Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy, 1866:296.

This is a large and robust species quite ade¬
quately described by Guppy. The front “edge” is
said to be nearly straight but the statement masks
the true condition of the anterior commissure that
is strongly uniplicate. The plication produces the
“obscure carination radiating to each angle of the
front edge.” The fold is broad and its posterolateral
manifestations make a flattened S. The broad fold
produces a corresponding very broad and conspic¬
uous flattening of the anterior half of the ventral
valve. The beak is strongly labiate and the foramen

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

large and permesothyridid. No details of the inte¬
rior can be seen.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 40.8,
dorsal valve length 47.5, maximum width 31.0,
thickness 26.0, apical angle 73°.

Diagnosis. —Large, strongly uniplicate Tichosina
with conspicuous flattening of the anterior of both
valves.

Type. —Holotype: USNM 115647 (Tertiary cat¬
alog).

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: USNM 818o.

Comparison and Discussion. — Tichosina ? trinita-
tensis is very suggestive of the Recent T.? bartletti
(Dali) living in eastern Caribbean waters. The two
are approximately of the same size in examples of
the modern species but their outline and details of
both valves are quite different. Although T.? bart¬
letti is strongly uniplicate the fold is much nar¬
rower than that of the Trinidad species and the
anterior of both valves is convex or slightly swollen
rather than strongly flattened as in the San Fer¬
nando species. The interior of 7\? trinitatensis is
unknown but its exterior is so similar to that of
Tichosina? bartletti that the tentative assignment
to the modern genus seems reasonable. Other
American terebratuloids from the Eocene are un¬
like Tichosina internally and externally. The loop
and folding of “Terebratula” wilmingtonefnsis Lyell
and Sowerby are different from those of Tichosina
and this is true also of Oleneothyris, common in the
Paleocene of New Jersey, which has a loop with
elevated, angular transverse ribbon.

Genus Stenosarina Cooper, 1977

Cooper (1977) proposed Stenosarina for Terebra-
tulidae having deep ventral valves, shallow dorsal
valves, small obliquely truncated and depressed
ventral beak and narrow loop. The exterior lateral
profile is distinctive. The genus occurs today in the
Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.

Stenosarina cuneata, new species
Plate 2: figures 6-10

Shell of about medium size, elongate triangular
in outline; sides gently rounded; anterior margin
broadly rounded; maximum width in anterior
third; valves strongly inequivalve, the pedicle valve

deeper than the brachial valve. Anterior commis¬
sure rectimarginate; lateral commissure strongly
curved toward the brachial valve. Foramen small,
round, permesothyridid. Surface smooth.

Ventral valve gently convex in lateral profile,
maximum convexity at about midvalve; anterior
profile strongly domed, the top of the dome flat¬
tened, the sides flattened and very steep. Beak short;
umbo narrow. Median region swollen. Anterior
slope long and steep.

Dorsal valve shallow but strongly convex in lat¬
eral profile, with the maximum convexity at mid¬
valve; anterior profile broadly and flatly convex;
umbonal and median regions swollen; lateral slopes
gentle; anterior slope long and somewhat rounded;
hinge plates and loop as in Tichosina.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 19.8,
dorsal valve length 19.4, maximum width 14.7,
thickness 12.0, apical angle 70°.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 549436a. Unfigured
paratype: 549436b.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: Palmer 942,
1030 (type).

Diagnosis. —Elongate, triangular Stenosarina

with shallow dorsal valve.

Discussion.— This species is characterized by the
great difference in the thickness of the valves, small
foramen and short, strongly truncated beak. It is
suggestive of Dallithyris sphenoidea (Philippi) from
the Pliocene and Recent of the Mediterranean re¬
gion. The European form is, however, a larger shell
with more incurved beak, larger foramen and with
much less dorsal curve to the lateral commissure.
The dorsal valve of the Cuban species is more
arched and the species generally is a more delicate
one.

Genus Gryphus Megerle von Miihlfeldt, 1811
Gryphus vitreus (Born)

Plate 1: figures 32-36

Views of Gryphus vitreus (Born) are introduced
to show the loop and hinge region for comparison
with these features of Tichosina. The loop of Gry¬
phus has solid rounded descending lamellae or
crura posterior to the processes. This is in strong
contrast to the flat blade-like crura of Tichosina.
Furthermore the outer hinge plates of Gryphus are

NUMBER 37

fairly flat compared to the deeply concave plates of
Tichosina. In Gryphus the outer hinge plates are
not bounded by elevated cural bases as they are in
Tichosina. Note too that the anterior commissure
of Gryphus is recdmarginate.

Localities.— Recent: Gulf of Naples; off Sardi¬
nia.

Types. —Hypotypes: USNM 109734a, 109770.

Gryphus carneoides (Guppy)

Plate 3: figures 22-29

Terebratula carneoides Guppy, 1866:296, pi. 19: fig. 2 [not

Davidson 1874:8, pi. 8: figs. 11a, b; = Liothyrina vaughani

Cooke].

This species makes a marked contrast to the other
two described by Guppy, herein placed in Ticho¬
sina} Gryphus carneoides has many characters re¬
lating it to Gryphus vitreus (Born), a fact men¬
tioned by Davidson, in a discussion of Guppy’s
species (Davidson 1874:8). The valves are strongly
swollen, that of the dorsal side having a rather
strong carination that produces, with the narrow
ventral valve, a somewhat nasute anterior. The
anterior commissure is rectimarginate and the fora¬
men is small. This species will not be confused with
G. vaughani, which is smaller in size, has subcari-
nate valves, and elongate elliptical outline.

ME ASUREMENTS(mm).—

Dorsal

Maxi¬

Apical

valve

mum

Thick¬

angle

USNM

Length

length

width

ness

115645a

36.5

32.4

30.0?

21.0?

95?

(Tertiary)

115645b

38.0

34.8

30.6

24.3

107

Diagnosis. —Large, elongate elliptical Gryphus
with subcarinate valves and nasute anterior.

Horizon and Locality.— Eocene: USNM 818o.

Types. —Lectotype: USNM 115645b, (Tertiary
catalog). Paratype: USNM 115645a.

Gryphus cookei, new species

Plate I: figures 37-46

Large, thick-shelled; slightly elongated to nearly
circular in outline; sides and anterior margin gently
rounded; posterolateral extremities moderately
rounded; anterior commissure rectimarginate. Lat¬

eral commissure nearly straight. Maximum width
at midvalve. Surface smooth except for poorly de¬
fined growth lines.

Ventral valve slightly deeper than dorsal valve,
evenly and moderately convex in lateral profile;
anterior profile slightly greater in convexity than
that of lateral profile; beak small, erect, foramen
minute, permesothyridid; symphytium generally
concealed. Umbonal region narrowly swollen, not
extended in posterior direction; umbonal swelling
continuing anteriorly for about ^4 va l ve length;
anterior quarter somewhat flattened and forming a
steep anterior slope; principle (median) pallial
trunks deeply impressed.

Dorsal valve with lateral profile slightly less con¬
vex than the anterior profile; umbonal region some¬
what narrowly swollen, the swelling continuing
almost to anterior margin; anterior slope steep in
front quarter of valve. Lateral slopes flattened but
steep. Cardinalia with minute cardinal process and
small socket ridges. Outer hinge plates flattened and
supporting stout crura and short narrow loop.
Transverse ribbon not preserved; descending lamel¬
lae rounded in cross-section.

M easurements (mm).—

USNM

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

Maxi¬

mum

width

Thick¬

ness

Apical

angle

549411a

38.3

35.9

33.3

21.5

110

549411b

34.8

33.4

30.6

21.5

106

549411c

28.7

26.5

16.6

105

54941lh

34.5

31.7

33.9

20.3

116

Diagnosis. —Moderately large Gryphus with
strongly convex valves, minute foramen and smooth
posterolateral slopes.

Horizon and Localities. —Eocene(?): Palmer
1457, 1458.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 549411b. Figured para-
types: USNM 549411a, d, f, g. Unfigured paratypes:
USNM 549411c, e, h-1.

Comparison and Discussion. —This is a large
swollen Gryphus having resemblance to G. carneoi¬
des (Guppy), G. vaughani (Cooke) and G. vitreus
(Born). The first, from the Eocene of San Fernando,
Trinidad, is of about the same size, with a minute
foramen but instead of having a rounded outline
it is markedly elongate elliptical with a distinct
anterior taper.

Gryphus vaughani (Cooke) is a much larger shell

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

than G. cookei but is very similar nevertheless. It
is somewhat more elongated proportionally than
G. cookei and has a slight but distinct uniplication
of the anterior margin. An expression of the differ¬
ence of shape is shown also in the slightly smaller
apical angle of G. vaughani.

Preparation of a complete loop of G. cookei
proved impossible. Although the attempt was made
on three specimens, each proved to have had the
transverse ribbon broken off. Nevertheless the hinge
plate is characteristic of Gryphus as it has flattened
outer hinge plates and stout descending lamellae,
round in cross-section, and with anteriorly placed
crural processes.

Gryphus cookei is about the same size as G.
vitreus of the Mediterranean but the modern form
has less convex valves, a larger foramen and pos¬
sesses distinct folds that extend to the anterolateral
extremities.

Gryphus parvus, new species
Plate 3: figures 14-21

Small for genus, elongate ovate in outline; valves
subequally convex, ventral valve deeper than dorsal
valve; greatest width anterior to middle; sides and
anterior margin well rounded; surface smooth.

Ventral valve strongly convex in lateral profile,
with maximum curvature in umbonal region; an¬
terior profile moderately convex, having about same
convexity as dorsal valve; umbo and median regions
inflated. Sides steep. Beak slightly incurved; fora¬
men large, mesothyridid; beak ridges strong.

Dorsal valve moderately convex in lateral profile,
most convex at midvalve; anterior profile moder¬
ately convex; median region swollen, slopes to all
margins moderately steep. Interior with loop about
equal in length to 1/3 the valve length; sides paral¬
lel; socket ridges short, small; hinge-plates flattened;
crural bases stout; crural process stout; descending
lamellae short; transverse ribbon broad and only
slightly elevated medially.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 11.8,
dorsal valve length 9.6, maximum width 10.6, thick¬
ness 9.1, apical angle 83°.

Types.— Holotype: USNM 549412a. Unfigured
paratype: USNM 549412b, c.

Horizon and Locality. —Miocene: Palmer 997.

Diagnosis. —Small, rounded, and rotund Gry¬
phus.

Discussion. —This species is characterized by its
small size and strongly convex valves. It is suggestive
of G. affinis (Calcara) but the Mediterranean species
is more elongate and the valves are less swollen than
those of the Cuban form.

Gryphus ? stantoni (Maury)

Plate 2: figures 25-30

Terebratula stantoni Maury, 1912:104, pi. 13: figs. 17, 18.

Small, subcircular in outline, subequally bicon¬
vex, lateral commissure straight, anterior commis¬
sure rectimarginate. Sides rounded, anterior broadly
rounded. Widest at midvalve. Beak low, suberect,
foramen small, symphytium mostly covered; fora¬
men submesothyrid. Surface smooth.

MEASuREMENTs(mm). —Lectotype (PRI 28564a):
length 18.9, midwidth 17.3, thickness 10 .6, apical
angle 114°.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: bed 8, Soldado
Rock, near the Serpents Mouth, Gulf of Paria,
Trinidad.

Types. —Lectotype: PRI 28564a (Maury 1912, pi.
13: fig. 18). Paratype: PRI 28564b.

Discussion. —Little is known about the interior
of this species except that the paratype exhibits an
outer hinge plate which is flat like that of Gryphus.
This and the small size of the foramen determine
the assignment here to Gryphus ?.

Gryphus vaughani (Cooke)

Plate 3: figures 30-32; Plate 7: figures 1, 2

Terebratula carneoides Davidson, 1874:8, pi. 8: figs. 11a, b.
Liothyrina vaughani Cooke, 1919:152, pi. 16: figs. la-c.

This is one of the largest known species of Gry¬
phus but like many other species the name is based
on unsatisfactory material. Cooke’s types (USNM
167202a-g) consist of seven specimens, six with both
valves, one with ventral valve only. The specimens
are very thick-shelled and are unusual in this genus
for having a faintly uniplicate anterior commissure.
This may be a gerontic feature but the faint plica¬
tion may be seen in the growth lines of the lecto¬
type for some distance toward the posterior. Assign¬
ment to Gryphus is based on the narrowly pinched
umbonal region, incurved beak, minute foramen,
and interior details.

NUMBER 37

A silicified specimen (Plate 7: figures 1, 2) made
possible a view of the interior of both valves show¬
ing the flat outer hinge plates characteristic of
Gryphus. The ventral valve interior has small teeth;
its posterior is greatly thickened and muscles deeply
inset. The dorsal valve interior is greatly thickened.
The adductor scars are separate and elongate and
the cardinal process elevated. The myophore is
narrowly rounded and recessed. The hinge plates
are thickened and difficult to differentiate from the
socket ridges. The loop was not preserved.

The species suggests some of the larger forms of
G. vitreus (Born) from the Mediterranean but it
differs in having a smaller foramen, only slight
anterior taper, but strongly swollen valves. Compar¬
ison with G. cookei is made under the description
of that species.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).-

USNM

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

Maximum

width

Thick¬

ness

Apical

Angle

167202a

42.7

40.3

35.7

28.2

102

(lectotype)

167202b

39.6

37.4

34.9

27.5

102

167202f

47.6

41.6

28.0?

114

Diagnosis. —Very

large

Gryphus

with

thick,

swollen valves and minute foramen.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: USGS 4369,
4399, 6924.

Types. —Lectotype:USNM 167202a (Tertiary cat¬
alog). Paratypes: USNM 167202b-g. Figured hypo-
type: USNM 550618.

Dyscritothyris, new genus

Small, subcircular with unequally deep valves,
ventral valve having greater depth. Beak short,
foramen rounded, moderately large, submesothy-
ridid to mesothyridid; deltidial plates small, dis¬
junct to conjunct. Anterior commissure somewhat
narrowly uniplicate. Surface marked only by con¬
centric growth lines. Punctae closely crowded.

Ventral valve interior with stout teeth and no
dental plates. Dorsal valve interior with long socket
ridges posteriorly, narrowly curved toward exterior
and produced anteriorly as long trough; outer hinge
plates nearly flat, attached to side of socket ridges;
hinge plate tapering rapidly anteriorly crural proc¬
ess and transverse ribbon not preserved, the former
therefore well anterior in position. Loop equal to
about i/ 3 dorsal valve length.

Type Species. — Dyscritothyris cubensis, new spe¬
cies.

Diagnosis. —Small terebratulidae with elongated,
curved socket ridges and flat outer hinge plates.

Comparison and Discussion. —This genus is
based on a few specimens but all characters except
the anterior of the loop are well preserved. An at¬
tempt to excavate the loop was made on four speci¬
mens but the loop in every case was damaged. Two
specimens were sectioned and each proved to have
the anterior end of the loop broken off. In spite of
these difficulties this brachiopod seems to be unique
in the structure of its socket ridges and hinge plates.
Comparison of the pattern produced in serial sec¬
tions with those of Muir-Wood’s standard patterns
(1965:H818) reveals identity to none of them and
similarity to only one, i.e., the “horizontal tapering”
type. This type has the outer hinge plates attached
to the socket ridge and extending horizontally into
the interior and the ventrally facing surface of the
hinge plate flat. This is evidently a very rare type of
pattern because it appears only in Platythyris Mid-
dlemiss (1959) of all the generic diagrams given by
Muir-Wood (1965:H773-H818). The Cuban shell,
however, differs markedly from Playtythyris both
internally and externally. Platythyris, from the Ap¬
tian of England and France, is an elongate tere-
bratulacean with large foramen and obliquely trun¬
cated beak. The interior differs from that of D.
cubensis in not having the strongly concave or
curved socket ridge and in having the hinge plate
attached to the socket ridge more posteriorly than
in Dyscritothyris. Furthermore, the loop develops
differently in the two genera, that of Dyscritothyris
having the crural processes anterior and the hinge
plates long and tapering.

Of all the cardinalia diagrams in the Treatise
(Muir-Wood, 1965) none other is like that of Dy¬
scritothyris. In the vast majority of these the hinge
plates are concave, clubbed, keeled, or otherwise
modified. The Treatise gives no cross-section dia¬
gram of the cardinalia and loop of Gryphus. In
spite of the incompleteness of the specimens of
Dyscritothyris the ensemble of structures suggest
those seen in Gryphus.

The cardinalia of Gryphus vitreus (Born) (see
plate 1: figures 35, 36) are characterized by being
flat and nearly horizontal (if the dorsal shell were
lying on a table, the surface of the hinge plates
would be parallel to the horizontal surface of the

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

table). They are margined on the inner edge by a
slight thickening that would give them a “clubbed”
appearance in a serial section. The hinge plate of
Gryphus narrows rapidly and tapers into a solid
rodlike stem to which the crural processes and
transverse ribbon are attached. It is visualized that
the loop of Dyscritothyris is similar but that the
anterior end of the loop carrying the crural proc¬
esses and transverse ribbon is broken off. This por¬
tion of the loop was its weakest part.

I have not seen any genera or species like this one
described in any of the contemporary articles on
brachiopods in Recent European or Russian litera¬
ture.

Etymology. —The name is from the Greek
dyskritos (“hard to determine”).

Dyscritothyris cubensis, new species
Figure 1

Small, subcircular to rounded subpentagonal in
outline with maximum width at about midvalve;
sides well rounded; anterior margin broadly to
somewhat narrowly rounded depending on age,
subnasute in old age. Valves nearly equal in depth.
Anterior commissure uniplicate in adult specimens;
beak small and low, foramen moderately large,
submesothyridid. Deltidial plates conjunct. Surface

Figure 1.—Serial sections showing interior of Dyscritothyris cubensis, new species (distance be¬
tween sections in mm: Specimen A: 0-1 = 0.50, 1-2 = 0.30, 2-3 = 0.50, 3—4 = 0.40, 4—5 = 0.30,
5-6 = 0.10, 6-7 = 0.30, 7-8 = 0.20, 8-9 = 0.20, 9-10 = 0.60, 10-11 = 0.40; Specimen B: 0-1
= 1.30, 1-2 = 0.20, 2-3 = 0.30, 3-4 = 0.20, 4-5 = 0.30, 5-6 = 0.20, 6-7 = 0.40, 7-8 = 0.60).

NUMBER 37

smooth except for fine concentric lines of growth.

Ventral valve gently and evenly convex in lateral
profile; maximum convexity near midvalve; ante¬
rior profile broadly domed; median region some¬
what narrowed, sides sloping moderately. Umbonal
region broadly convex, rising to midvalve that is
swollen; anterior somewhat flattened to form shal¬
low sulcus and short rounded tongue.

Dorsal valve moderately convex in lateral profile,
convexity slightly less than that of opposite valve;
anterior profile broadly and moderately rounded,
not medially narrowed. Umbonal and posterome¬
dian regions fairly strongly swollen; anterior half
somewhat flattened and narrowed anteriorly to
form low, poorly defined fold.

Ventral valve interior without dental plates, with
moderately strong teeth; other details obscure. Dor¬
sal valve with strong socket ridges, flattened outer
hinge plates and loop about i/ 3 the length of the
dorsal valve. Median ridge low and obscure. Trans¬
verse ribbon of loop not seen.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).-

Dorsal Apical

valve Maximum Thick- Angle

USNM

Length

length

width

ness

550460a

10.9

9.9

9.7

7.0

106

(Holotype)

550459a

11.0

10.0

10.3

6.7

112

550459b

10.8

10.0

10.3

6.2

112

Horizon and Localities —Upper Cretaceous:
Palmer 840, 895p.

Diagnosis. —Small, nearly circular Discritothyris
with nearly equally deep valves.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 550460a. Figured par-
atype: USNM 550459a. Unfigured paratypes:
USNM 550459b-h, 550460b-d.

Comparison and Discussion. —The only species
of this genus so far known and no comparable
species yet described.

Superfamily TEREBRATELLACEA King, 1850
Family PLATIDIIDAE Thomson, 1927
Genus Platidia Costa, 1852
Platidia species

Plate 5: figures 45, 46

Platidia Costa, 1852:47.—Thomson 1927:217.—Hatai and
Elliott, 1965:H833.

Morrisia Davidson, 1852:371.

Platydia Davidson, 1887:152.

Specimens of Platidia have been taken from Cu¬
ban Tertiary sediments ranging in age from Eocene
to Pliocene. The specimens range in size from small
to minute and none is as large as the living species.
Specimens of a living species have been taken at 300
fathoms off Matanzas Bay. These too are small but
would probably be referred to P. anomioides (Scac-
chi and Philippi), which has been identified from
many parts of the world. It is a very widely dis¬
tributed species and is known from the Mediterra¬
nean, off the Portugese and northwest African
coasts, and in the Gulf of Mexico. It is reported
also from the Pacific and Indian Oceans but these
identifications may not be correct.

Platidia has been identified from the Eocene of
Maryland and will probably be found in other Ter¬
tiary sediments of the United States east coast. The
Cuban shells are so small as to suggest that they are
immature. Only a few specimens are represented in
the collection, making any attempt at naming them
futile. The largest specimen (illustrated) is approxi¬
mately 1.3 mm in diameter.

Platidia cretacea Weller from the Lower Eocene
(Vincentown Formation), New Jersey is about the
same size and shape as the Cuban specimens figured
herein. The probability is that these too are imma¬
ture. Because of the small number of Cuban speci¬
mens and their different geological age, I hesitate to
identify any of them with Weller’s species.

Horizon and Localities. —Eocene: USNM 818e
(USNM 550426). Pliocene: USNM 818g (USNM
550427), USNM 818j (USNM 550428). Miocene:
USNM 818k (USNM 550407).

Types.— Illustrated specimens: USNM 550407a, b.

Family MEGATHYRIDIDAE Dali, 1870

Genus Argyrotheca Dali, 1900

Argyrotheca is one of the commonest brachiopods
in the Caribbean today and was also abundant in
the past as exhibited by the numerous species in
Tertiary sediments of Cuba. The genus is prolific
in species. One of the peculiar characters of the
genus is its opposite folding, a costa of one valve
opposing a costa on the opposite valve. A median
sulcus may occur in either or both valves. This
opposite character of the ornament leads to speci¬
mens that are bilobed with prominent anterior

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

median reentrant of the margin and often have a
serrate anterior margin.

Argyrotheca is also identified in the Cretaceous.
It is one the few genera that cross the boundary
from Cretaceous to Tertiary. In Cuba Phragmothy¬
ris, a fairly large brachiopod, is like Argyrotheca in
the opposite character of its folding but representa¬
tives of the genus retain some primitive characters
such as a symphytium, a structure lost to Argyro¬
theca in its early history. Phragmothyris has not
been found outside of Cuba. The occurrence of
Phragmothyris is recorded in the register of Palmer
localities.

Argyrotheca aequicostata, new species
Plate 6: figures 36-40

About medium size for genus, quadrate in out¬
line, width slightly greater than length; sides gently
rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded; poster¬
olateral extremities forming a broadly obtuse angle.
Valves strongly inequivalve, ventral valve deeper
than dorsal one. Anterior commissure rectimargin-
ate. Interareas narrow, apsacline. Foramen large,
occupying most of posterior. Surface marked by
narrowly rounded, closely crowded costae, separated
by spaces narrower than costae. Costae intercalated
in two generations, one 1.5 mm anterior to the
dorsal beak, second generation at 4 mm anterior to
dorsal beak. Costae opposite, forming regularly
scalloped margins. Costae numbering 22 around
margin.

Ventral valve subpyramidal, gently convex in
lateral profile; anterior profile moderately convex,
somewhat narrowed medially, slopes long, steep.
Median region posteriorly inflated but anteriorly
flattened. Median three costae slightly depressed to
form poorly defined sulcus. Posterolateral slopes
steep.

Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral profile,
broadly and flatly domed in anterior profile with
the median region slightly depressed. Median three
costae depressed to form poorly defined sulcus as
in opposite valve, the two sulci producing a slight
median indentation of the anterior margin. Postero¬
lateral extremities slightly depressed.

Interior unknown.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).— Holotype: length 6.9, dor¬

sal valve length 5.9, maximum width 7.3, hinge
width 5.8, thickness 3.8

Horizon and Locality. — Eocene: Palmer 727.

Diagnosis. —Quadrate Argyrotheca with narrowly
rounded, closely crowded costae having obscure
median sulci on both valves and scalloped margins.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 550452.

Comparison and Discussion. —This species has
the form and size of A. intercalata, new species,
but differs radically in the nature of the ornament,
that of the latter species consisting of fine costae or
costellae that are separated by spaces wider than the
costellae. Of Recent Cuban species all have flatter
and more widely spaced costae than A. aequicostata.

Argyrotheca anomala, new species

Plate 7: figures 31-36

Medium size for genus; elongate rectangular in
outline; ventral valve deeper than dorsal valve;
sides rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded,
medially indented. Interarea apsacline, fairly broad;
anterior commissure slightly sulcate. Surface costate,
costae mostly confined to the posterior, becoming
obsolescent anteriorly.

Ventral valve gently convex in lateral profile,
strongly domed in anterior profile; sides precipitous.
Sulcus originating at beak, bounded by two strong
costae at beak, the costae disappearing anteriorly,
although the sulcus maintains its identity to the
anterior margin. Flanks steep, marked only by
concentric varices of growth.

Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral profile and
broadly convex in anterior profile, the middle in¬
dented by sulcus. Sulcus narrow, expanding gradu¬
ally to front margin, bounded by flanks marked
only by concentric varices of growth.

Ventral valve interior with short apical plate and
long median septum extending to midvalve where
it becomes low and divides to send two slightly
diverging ridges nearly to the anterior margin.
Space between the ridges occupied by five deep pits.

Dorsal valve with a well defined, elongate car¬
dinal process jutting from apex into anterior nearly
at right angles to shell; septum extending from car¬
dinal process to anterior margin; posterior half of
septum expanded to form trough; septum bounded
on each side by vertical plate that extends to about
midvalve and is fused with the valve floor; posterior
part of loop welded to posterior margin; anterior

NUMBER 37

part of loop thin, attached to valve floor and rising
onto anterior part of septum as usual in genus.
MEASUREMENTS(mm).-

Hinge

Thick¬

USMN

Length

Mid-width width

ness

55045a

(ventral valve)

3.4

3.0 2.4

1.3

55045b

(dorsal valve)

1.9

2.5 2.8

Horizon and Locality. —Middle
USNM 818n.

Oligocene

Diagnosis — Argyrotheca having obsolescent cos¬
tae on the exterior and with adventitious lateral
partitions inside the dorsal valve.

Types.— Holotype: USNM 550454c. Figured
para types: USNM 550454a, b.

Comparison and Discussion. —Not only are the
exterior characters of this species unique but the
interior as well is unlike any described Argyro¬
theca. The obsolescence of the costae is unique
among known American Argyrotheca but is some¬
what suggestive of A. eugenii (de Morgan) from the
Miocene of France. The Cuban species has the costae
strongest in the posterior region and obsolete an¬
teriorly whereas the French species is obscurely
costate throughout. Furthermore, the interior of the
ventral valve of the French species has a marginal
row of nodes lacking in any Cuban species. The
interior of the dorsal valve of A. eugenii was not
figured.

Argyrotheca hewatti Cooper (1977) from the Gulf
of Mexico has adventitious growths inside the dor¬
sal valve, but these do not take the form of lateral
partitions. They are expansions from the septum
and affect the position of the loop, the anterior
part of which is near midvalve.

Argyrotheca bermudezi, new species
Plate 4: figures 1-23

Large for genus, wider than long, variable; sub-
rectangular to nearly square in outline; sides
rounded; anterior margin broadly rounded to
slightly bilobed. Hinge straight, narrower than
maximum shell-width that is at midvalve; anterior
commissure rectimarginate to slightly bowed ven-
trally. Beak usually partially resorbed, interarea
fairly broad, inclined from slightly apsacline to

procline. Deltidial plates, vestigial, inclined. Sur¬
face multicostate; costae narrowly rounded, about
14 primary costae, others intercalated in two addi¬
tional generations, totaling 25 to 28 along the
anterior margin.

Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral pro¬
file, broadly and moderately domed in anterior
profile; posteromedian region somewhat swollen,
anteromedian region flattened; lateral slopes steep,
gently swollen. Sulcus variable, usually poorly de¬
fined near beak but deepening slightly anteriorly,
never prominent and usually producing only a
slight anterior emargination.

Dorsal valve evenly and gently convex in lateral
profile, broadly and slightly domed in anterior
profile; sulcus narrow and shallow at beak, deep¬
ening and widening anteriorly but never conspicu¬
ous and forming reentrant of front margin with
sulcus of ventral valve. Flanks slightly swollen;
posterolateral extremities slightly flattened.

Ventral valve interior with wide thick teeth;
median septum thin, strongly elevated posteriorly
in muscle region but becoming a low ridge just
posterior to midvalve; muscle area fairly strongly
impressed. Anterior part of median ridge with
three or four depressions corresponding to projec¬
tions on dorsal median septum.

Dorsal valve interior with moderately thick
socket ridges giving off loop that is narrowly curved
anteriorly just distally of union with socket ridge;
loop joining valve floor at about midvalve oppo¬
site muscle scar and running on anterior side of
muscle scar to join median septum just anterior
to its highest point. Median septum low at poste¬
rior but rising abruptly at about anterior end of
adductor field, attaining a sharp point and then
descending obliquely nearly to the anterior mar¬
gin; anterior edge of anterior slope of median
septum serrate, with five notches to produce four
projections. Muscle region thickened.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).-

USMN

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

H inge
width

Width

ness

Thick-

550324a

7.2

6.5

8.6

10.3

4.5

550324b

7.7

7.0

8.6

10.0

4.8

550324c

6.5

6.1

8.8

9.7

4.5

550324e

6.6

5.6

6.2

7.6

4.0

550323a

6.7

6.0

6.6

9.2

4.8

550323b

7.6

7.3

10.0

10.8

4.5

550323c

8.1

6.4

8.5

9.1

4.0

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

Horizon and Localities. —Miocene: Palmer
932c, USNM 818c.

Diagnosis. —Large quadrate Argyrotheca with
costae in three generations and strongly elevated
dorsal median septum.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 550323a. Figured
paratypes: 550324a, c, f, g, h. Unfigured paratypes:
USNM 550323b, c, 550324b, d, e.

Comparisons. — Argyrotheca bermudezi is a fairly
large species for the genus. The size eliminates any
need to compare a large number of the very small
species. It differs from A. gardnerae Cooke, an un¬
usually large species, in its much smaller size, more
transversely rectangular outline and less convex
pedicle valve.

The Recent Argyotheca lutea Dali is suggestive
of this Miocene species but differs in being some¬
what smaller, in having stronger ornament and
more nearly equal dimensions. Argyrotheca john-
soni Cooper, a Recent species, is slighty smaller,
more transverse, less deep, and more strongly cos¬
tate. Argyrotheca barrettiana (Davidson), also Re¬
cent, differs in having stronger and more even
costae, a scalloped anterior margin, and different
shape.

Discussion. —A feature of interest in this species
is the pitting of the anterior half of the median
ridge of the ventral valve corresponding to the
serration of the median septum of the opposite
valve. The ridge and septum fit so closely that the
nodes of the septum have accommodated them¬
selves either by wear or prevention of growth at
the points of contact. Like most species of Argyro¬
theca the beaks of both valves are considerably
abraded or distorted, so closely attached were the
shells to the substrate.

The Palmer and Bermudez collections are prob¬
ably from the same place although there is a dis¬
crepancy in distances between them. The collec¬
tions are identical in abundance of specimens and
composition of the fauna.

Argyrotheca clevei (Davidson)

Plate 4: figures 24-28

Arigiope clevei Davidson, 1874:8 pi. VIII: fig. 12.

Argyrotheca dalli Cooke, 1919:152, pi. 16: figs. 5a-c [not A.

dalli Aldrich, 1911:13].

The specimen figured by Davidson is roughly
10.3 by 11.3 mm in length and width and is said

to have 22 costae, half of which are intercalated
between the primary costae. The specimen has a
fairly long apsacline interarea. This is a large
species for Argyrotheca but the specimen figured
by Cooke as A. dalli is still larger, measuring 13.7
mm in length and width. Its rib count is about 28
and the costae are intercalated in three generations.
The interarea is long and strongly apsacline.

Cooke notes that Guppy (1874:443) recorded
Davidson’s species but could not find any other
reference to it. This is not surprising because
Davidson’s description is in an appendix to a dis¬
cussion of the Tertiary brachiopods of Belgium.
Cooke’s species is certainly a synonym of A. clevei
(Davidson). The form and outline of the two speci¬
mens are very similar, additional growth of A.
clevei would probably tend to equalize the dimen¬
sions. The third generation of costae would also
tend to increase the count of costae. Cooke sug¬
gested that the two may be the same.

Types. —Holotype of A. dalli Cooke: USNM
167201a (Tertiary catalog).

Horizon and Locality. — Eocene: USGS 6897b.

Argyrotheca cyrtiniformis, new species

Plate 5: figures 1-5

Small, semipyramidal in profile with the hinge
forming the widest part; interarea strongly apsa¬
cline to procline, fairly broad and interrupted by
a wide delthyrium; deltidial plates vestigial. Costae
narrow, low, crowded, with few intercalations; one
costa occupying ventral sulcus. Flanks marked by
seven costae.

Ventral valve semipyramidal in profile, very
deep and moderately convex; anterior profile
roundly domed; sulcus narrow and shallow, ex¬
tending from beak to anterior margin; flanks
rounded and fairly steep. Interior with a broad,
shallowly concave apical plate supported by a
strong median septum that extends to about mid¬
valve.

Dorsal valve shallow and gently convex in lat¬
eral profile; broadly and gently convex in anterior
profile; median region marked by a broad, shallow
sulcus, forming a short acute tongue at the ante¬
rior. Flanks gently convex and sloping slightly
laterally. Interior with strong, high median sep¬
tum with crest at about midvalve then descending

NUMBER 37

gently for short distance to become precipitate
anteriorly; septum not extending to anterior mar¬
gin. Septum flattened along proximal surface.
Muscle region slightly thickened.
MEASUREMENTS(mm).—

Dorsal

USMN

Length

valve

length

Hinge

width

Mid¬

width

T hick¬
ness

550336a

4.9

3.7

5.0

4.6

5.0

550336b

3.2

2.5

3.7

3.3

2.1

Horizon and Locality. —Middle Eocene: USNM
818d.

Diagnosis. —Small cyrtiniform Argyrotheca with
large apical plate in ventral valve and elongate
beak.

Types.— Holotype: USNM 550336a. Paratypes:
USNM 550336b, c.

Comparison. —The elongated beak and long flat¬
tened interarea distinguish this species from all
other described Cuban and modern argyrothecas,
except A. peculiaris, new species. The latter has an
elongated beak but the valves are coarsely costate
and quite unlike A. cyrtiniformis.

Argyrotheca inconstans, new species

Plate 6: figures 1-15

Small, variable in outline and ornament; usually
transversely quadrate with straight hinge slightly
narrower or slightly wider than greatest width
and, when wider, with slightly auriculate lateral
extremities. Anterior commissure rectimarginate to
faintly sulcate. Interareas fairly wide, apsacline to
nearly procline; foramen fairly large, triangular,
bounded by narrow, slightly raised deltidial plates.
Surface varying from smooth in young to costate,
costae varying from faint to strong; costae num¬
bering from 9 to 11, somewhat broadly rounded
and separated by spaces narrower than the costae.
Varices of growth strong in some specimens.

Ventral valve semipyramidal with gentle con¬
vexity in lateral profile, the umbonal region the
most convex part and the anterior flattened; ante¬
rior fairly strongly domed, somewhat narrowed
medially and with long steep slopes in anterior
profile. Median region marked by a narrow, indis¬
tinct sulcus occupied by a costa of varying dis¬
tinctness.

Dorsal valve shallower than ventral valve, evenly
and moderately convex in lateral profile but
broadly and gently convex in anterior profile;
umbonal region smooth and moderately swollen;
sulcus originating anterior to the umbo, shallow,
but deeper than that of the ventral valve and also
occupied by a costa of varying strength in different
specimens.

Ventral valve interior with fairly strong and long
apical plate supported by thin, long median septum
that forms a crest near its termination at midvalve;
septum continued anterior to midvalve as a low
divided ridge marked by several pits (usually four).

Dorsal valve with small socket ridges; septum
originating anterior to notothyrial platform, rising
to a sharp crest anterior to midvalve and with pre¬
cipitous, serrated anterior edge. Muscle scars elon¬
gate, deeply impressed; posterior ribbon of loop
narrow but lateral and anterior parts not preserved.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).—

Dorsal

USNM

Length

valve

length

Mid¬

width

Hinge

width

Thick¬

ness

550455a

2.0

1.9

2.4

2.5

550455b

1.9

1.5

2.3

2.4

1.2

550455c

2.0

1.7

2.5

1.9

1.2

Horizon and Locality. —Pliocene: USNM 818g.

Diagnosis. —Small, variable Argyrotheca with 9-
11 distant costae and an indistinct sulcus in each
valve.

Types.— Holotype: USNM 550455a. Figured pa¬
ratypes: USNM 550455b-e. Unfigured paratypes:
USNM 550455f, g.

Comparison and Discussion. —This is a very
small Argyrotheca with variable costae unlike those
of any of the species described herein. The species
differs from all of the Recent species of Argyrotheca
found in the waters around Cuba in the character
of its ornament and in its size. It is not so rectan¬
gular as A. woodxvardiana (Davidson) from off
Jamaica. Argyrotheca cor data (Risso) from the Medi¬
terranean is variable in its ornment but it is dif¬
ferently shaped and has a longer beak than A.
inconstans.

Argyrotheca intercalata, new species

Plate 6: figures 21-25

Medium size, quadrate in outline, with length
and width nearly equal; sides nearly straight; an-

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

terior margin broadly rounded; posterolateral mar¬
gins forming strongly obtuse angle; hinge straight,
slightly narrower than maximum width, which is
anterior to midvalve; anterior commissure recti-
marginate. Interarea short, curved apsacline; fora¬
men fairly large, partly bounded anteriorly by
fairly large disjunct deltidial plates. Surface multi-
costellate, costellae narrowly rounded, Intercalated
in two generations, one two mm anterior to dorsal
beak, the other three mm. Costellae on margins
tending to become obsolescent. Fourteen costellae
on a side.

Ventral valve moderately but unevenly convex
in lateral profile, most convex medially, anteriorly
becoming concave marginally. Anterior profile
strongly and somewhat narrowly domed with long
sloping sides. Umbonal region narrowly swollen,
with steep posterolateral slopes. No evidence of sul¬
cus.

Dorsal valve gently convex in lateral profile and
flattened toward anterior margin; anterior profile
flatly convex; umbonal and median regions slightly
inflated. No sulcus.

Apical plate of ventral valve short, thick, sup¬
ported by the median septum. Other details of
interior of either valve not known.

MEASuREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 7.0, dor¬
sal valve length 6.3, maximum width 6.9, hinge
width 5.0, thickness 3.7.

Horizon and Locality. —Middle Eocene: Palmer
1613.

Diagnosis. —Fairly large Argyrotheca with nu¬
merous costellae.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 550448.

Comparison and Discussion.— This species has
about the same size, outline and profile as A. aequi-
costata, new species, but the ornament, consisting
of thin, somewhat distant costae, is quite unlike
that of the latter species. Furthermore, the ante¬
rior and lateral margins of A. intercalata are only
slightly serrate rather than strongly so as in A.
aequicostata. Argyrotheca johnsoni Cooper and A.
harrettiana (Davidson) of the Recent Caribbean
fauna are differently shaped and more strongly
costate than A. intercalata.

Argyrotheca magnicosta, new species

Plate 6: figures 26-30

About medium in size for genus, wider than

long with rounded, quadrate outline; sides well
rounded and anterior margin broadly rounded;
posterolateral extremities when produced forming
obtuse angle; hinge straight, narrower than maxi¬
mum width, which is at midvalve. Anterior com¬
missure rectimarginate. Interarea short, apsacline;
beak much eroded; foramen large, occupying most
of posterior. Surface multicostate, costae broad,
rounded, closely crowded and opposite, forming a
broadly scalloped margin. Costae numbering 11,
most of them separated by a narrow depression
appearing anterior to midvalve that divides the
costae into pairs.

Ventral valve gently and evenly convex in lateral
profile, depth slightly greater than that of dorsal
valve; anterior profile forming broad, moderately
convex dome. Median region inflated; sides mod¬
erately steep. No fold or sulcus.

Dorsal valve moderately convex in lateral pro¬
file, broadly and moderately domed in anterior
profile; umbonal and median regions slightly swol¬
len. Median costa very slightly depressed to form
indefinite sulcus.

Interior unknown.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).— Holotype (550451): length
6.1, dorsal valve length 5.5, maximum width 7.0,
hinge width 5.3, thickness 3.5.

Diagnosis.— Argyrotheca with wide, low, rounded,,
closely crowded costae.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: Palmer 1479.
Type.— Holotype. USNM 550451.

Comparison.— The thick and crowded costae of
this species separate it from all described Argyro¬
theca.

Argyrotheca peculiaris, new species

Plate 7: figures 26-30

Medium size, subtrigonal in ventral view, with
rounded sides and broadly rounded anterior. Valves
unequal in size and depth, ventral valve having
the greater depth. Posterolateral margins forming
acute angle; hinge straight, narrower than maxi¬
mum width, which is anterior to midvalve; ante¬
rior commissure faintly sulcate. Interarea narrow,
forming margin of a wide foramen that occupies
nearly the entire posterior of the ventral valve;
deltidial plates vestigial. Costae numbering six;
broad, indistinct, and separated by wide inter¬
spaces.

NUMBER 37

Ventral valve subpyramidal, gently convex in
lateral profile; narrowly domed and steep-sided in
anterior profile; valve elongated posteriorly with
beak narrowly truncated. Apical plate short.

Dorsal valve strongly convex in lateral profile
and with greatest convexity in median region;
anterior profile forming broad, even, moderately
convex dome depressed slightly medially. Sulcus
originating at beak, shallow, widening anteriorly
to produce a slight tongue. Flanks moderately
convex.

Interior unknown.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 7.0, dor¬
sal valve length 5.4, maximum width 7.0, hinge
width 4.8, thickness 4.7.

Horizon and Locality. —Probably Miocene:
Palmer 1245.

Diagnosis.— Argyrotheca with a few strong dis¬
tinct costae and an elongated ventral beak.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 550449.

Comparison and Discussion.— This species, with
its wide and coarse costae and their consequent
broad scalloping of the anterior and lateral mar¬
gins is unique among described Argyrothecas.

Argyrotheca plana, new species

Plate 4: figures 29-49

Medium size, transversely semielliptical in out¬
line; plano-convex or nearly so in profile; cardinal
extremities slighty acute to slightly obtuse; anterior
margin broadly rounded and gently scalloped. An¬
terior commissure broadly bowed ventrally. Beak
region variable, often distorted varying from apsa-
cline to procline. Deltidial plates vestigial or absent.
Surface costate, costae broadly rounded, separated
by fairly distant interspaces. Costae numbering 14;
intercalations few, one in median interspace and
an occasional one on sides.

Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral pro¬
file but fairly strongly domed; slopes steep in an¬
terior profile. Median region swollen, without dis¬
tinct sulcus. Dorsal valve nearly flat, usually slightly
concave, occasionally slightly convex in lateral pro¬
file; anterior profile usually broadly and slightly
concave. Lateral regions flattened; median region
gently sulcate.

Interior of both valves as in A. bermudezi but
the ventral median septum not so strongly elevated.

M E ASUREMENTS(mm).—

USNM

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

Mid¬

width

Hinge

width

Thick¬

ness

550328a

6.0

5.3

9.3

9.9

3.6

550328b

5.6

5.3

8.7

9.4

3.3

550328c

5.3

5.0

7.8

8.5

3.1

550327a

7.7

6.6

5.3

10.5

4.0

550327b

7.8

6.1

9.6

9.5

4.3

550327c

5.3

4.8

8.2

8.6

3.3

Horizon

AND

Localities. —Miocene:

Palmer

932c, USNM 818c.

Diagnosis. —Transverse Argyrotheca with strong
costae and flat to concave dorsal valve.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 550328a. Figured para-
types: USNM 550327a, e, f, 550328b. Unfigured
paratypes: USNM 550327b-d, 550328c-e.

Comparisons.— This species differs from A. ber¬
mudezi with which it is found in the flat to con¬
cave dorsal valve and strong costae with few inter¬
calations. Argyrotheca johnsoni Cooper is much
like A. plana. The rib count is essentially the same
but the costae of the former are stronger and pro¬
duce a fairly strong scalloping of the margin.
Except for the median costa, A. johnsoni has no
intercalated costae and the median rib is more
strongly developed than that of A. plana. The
dorsal valve of A. lutea Dali is too convex to be
confused with A. plana. Argyrotheca barrettiana
(Davidson) has a more convex dorsal valve and
more numerous costae than A. plana although they
attain about the same size.

This species is suggestive of A. serrata, new spe¬
cies, which is transverse and of about the same size.
Argyrotheca plana differs in having a flatter and
less sulcate dorsal valve, apsacline interarea and
broader, flatter costae that only scallop the margins
to a slight degree.

Argyrotheca serrata, new species

Plate 6: figures 31-35

Medium size, wider than long, rectangular in
outline; cardinal extremities nearly right angle;
sides gently rounded; anterior margin broadly
rounded and narrowly indented medially. Inter¬
area wide, procline; foramen large; deltidial plates
disjunct. Anterior commissure broadly sulcate.
Surface marked by broadly rounded closely crowded

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

costae separated by very narrow interspaces; costae
opposite, thus serrating the margins; costae num¬
bering 25 around the margin, appearing in three
generations: a primary set at beak, a second set
appearing closely adjacent to beak and a third
set squeezing in at 3 mm anterior to the beak.

Ventral valve semipyramidal, gently convex in
lateral profile but somewhat carinate in anterior
profile, the sides rising by a long steep slope to a
narrowed crest. Beak region narrowly swollen and
continuing anteriorly to form obscure fold that is
medially depressed to form a shallow sulcus occu¬
pied by three compressed costae.

Dorsal valve evenly and moderately convex in
lateral profile but flatly convex in anterior profile,
median part gently depressed but sides short, mod¬
erately steep. Sulcus originating at beak, broader
than that of ventral valve, and occupied by 7 cos¬
tae, two of which meet the beak and the others
intercalated. Posterolateral extremities slightly flat¬
tened; flanks bounding sulcus gently convex.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 5.8, dor¬
sal valve length 5.8, midwidth 8.2, hinge width
8.0, thickness 3.0.

Horizon and Locality.— Miocene: Palmer 377.

Diagnosis.— Fairly large, wide Argyrotheca with
numerous closely crowded costae.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 550456.

Comparison and Discussion.— The ornament of
this species is similar to that of A. aequicostata,
new species, but that species is rather square in
outline whereas A. serrata is transverse and has a
much stronger sulcus on the dorsal valve. A. serrata
has the costae closer together than either A. ber-
mudezi or A. plana, new species. This is true also
when A. serrata is compared with A. barrettiana
(Davidson) and A. lutea (Dali). Although A. john-
soni Cooper is marginally strongly serrate its cos¬
tae are not so closely crowded nor so numerous
as those of A. serrata.

Argyrotheca sublamellosa, new species

Plate 6: figures 16-20

Medium size for genus, wider than long, trans¬
versely pentagonal in outline; sides nearly straight;
anterior margin broadly rounded and slightly in¬
dented medially; cardinal extremities approxi¬
mately a right angle; posterolateral extremities
forming a slightly obtuse angle; anterior com¬
missure gently sulcate; interareas narrow, apsa-

cline; foramen large; hinge straight, about equal
to maximum width, which is at midvalve. Surface
marked by 8-10 subangular, strong costae sepa¬
rated by spaces wider than the costae; one costa
occupying median sulcus in each valve; costae
opposite and gently serrating the margins. Costae
crossed by closely crowded elevated concentric lines
that give a lamellose effect.

Ventral valve moderately and evenly convex in
lateral profile; evenly and strongly domed in ante¬
rior profile; median region swollen; sulcus origi¬
nating at the beak, shallow and poorly defined;
lateral slopes moderately steep.

Dorsal valve evenly and moderately convex in
lateral profile, broadly and slightly convex in an¬
terior profile with the median part slightly de¬
pressed. Sulcus originating at beak, shallow and
widening anteriorly, bounded by the two strongest
costae. Cardinal extremities flattened.

Ventral valve with short apical plate supported
by a thick, strong, and elevated median septum.
Dorsal median septum short and strongly elevated.

MEASUREMENTs(mm).—Holotype: length 5.4, dor¬
sal valve length 3.7, maximum width 5.8, hinge
width 5.7, thickness 3.2.

Horizon and Locality. —Miocene: Palmer 378.

Diagnosis. — Argyrotheca with strong concentric
growth lines and widely spaced costae.

Type.— Holotype: USNM 550453.

Comparison and Discussion.— The fairly strong
concentric elevated lines distinguish this species
from all other described Argyrotheca. None of the
Recent Caribbean species is marked like this one
although its profile and outline are like those of
many other species.

Argyrotheca species undetermined

A number of the Palmer localities yielded speci¬
mens of Argyrotheca of considerable variety not re¬
ferable to described species. These localities are
listed and may be identified by consulting the Pal¬
mer (1948) index of Cuban localities: 53, 932c,
1027, 1065, 1082, 1102, 1163, 1214, 1640, 1660, 1720,
2030, 2908, 2166. These range in age from Late Cre¬
taceous to Oligocene.

Genus Cistellarcula Elliott, 1954
Cistellarcula dubia, new species

Plate 5: figures 7-23

About medium size, length and width nearly

NUMBER 37

equal when interarea well developed but wider
than long in other specimens; subrectangular to
nearly square in outline; sides rounded; anterior
margin broadly rounded; anterior commissure recti-
marginate; surface costellate, costellae strongest
near beaks but becoming low and broad to obsolete
anteriorly in some specimens.

Ventral valve with a broad interarea, in some
specimens with a broad symphytium, in others in¬
terarea and symphytium remnantal; foramen large
and irregular; lateral profile strongly and evenly
convex; anterior profile fairly strongly domed;
umbonal and median regions swollen. Lateral
slopes steep.

Dorsal valve less deep than ventral valve, gently
convex in lateral profile; anterior profile strongly
and moderately convex; median region in some
specimens marked by faint sulcus. Posterior some¬
what swollen; flanks moderately steep.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).-

USMN

Length

Dorsal

valve

length

Maximum

width

Thick¬

ness

550335a

6.4

5.6

7.3

4.0

550335b

7.0

5.7

8.0

4.3

550355c

7.1

6.2

7.8

3.9

Horizon and Locality.— Upper Oligocene:
USNM 818a.

Diagnosis. —Rotund and convex Cistellarcula
with low costellae becoming broad and wide or ob¬
solete anteriorly.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 550335b. Paratypes:
USNM 550335a, c. Unfigured paratypes: 550335d-g.

Comparison and Discussion.— Of described North
American species, this one suggests Argyrotheca
akymatophora Stenzel and A. powersi Gardner
from the Eocene, but the Antigua species is larger
and has a definite ornamentation whereas the men¬
tioned species are smooth or nearly so.

Superfamily D ALLIN ACE A Beecher, 1893

Family HERCOTHYRIDIDAE, new family

Dallinacea having a median septum in both
valves and dorsal valve without outer hinge plates,
crural bases attached directly to the socket ridges.

The cardinalia of this family suggest those of
Terebratalia in the attachment of the crural bases

to the socket ridges. Other details, however, are
quite unlike the Terebrataliidae, such as the pres¬
ence of conjunct deltidial plates and the uniplicate
anterior commissure. The presence of a strong me¬
dian septum in the ventral valve is unusual in
modern terebratulids.

Hercothyris, new genus

Medium size, pentagonal to elongate oval in out¬
line; valves unequal in depth, the ventral valve
deeper; anterior commissure uniplicate; surface
smooth to faintly costellate in posterolateral regions;
punctate fine and densely crowded.

Ventral valve with large mesothyridid to sub-
mesothyridid foramen, beak labiate to anteriorly
excavated; deltidial plates conjunct. Pedicle valve
interior with strong median septum extending to
about midvalve. Dental plates absent.

Dorsal valve with simple cardinalia consisting of
strong socket ridges welded to crural bases; cardi¬
nal process small and transverse. Loop long, other
details not known. Median septum low at posterior
extending nearly to beak, anteriorly rising to crest,
then descending to front margin to divide interior
into two chambers. Adductor scars elongate.

Type species.— Hercothyris borroi, new species.

Diagnosis —Dallinacea with a septum in both
valves; cardinalia without outer hinge plates.

Discussion.— The foramen of the ventral valve is
variable, in some specimens opening onto the dor¬
sal umbo when the deltidial plates have been re¬
sorbed. In another example (Plate 5: figure 43) the
foramen is submesothyridid and the beak labiate.
Although specimens are few, this difference in the
foramen and beak appears not to be a function of
growth because the young forms have an abraded
foraminal margin or one that is entirely worn away.

The septum of the ventral valve is variable in
the two species, that of H. semiradiata is slender
but that of H. borroi is thick and has an expanded
base. Although the septum of H. semiradiata is
slender, it is, nevertheless, thicker and stronger
than the septum of the dorsal valve. The ventral
septum of H. semiradiata is neither so long nor so
elevated as the dorsal septum.

The septum of the dorsal valve is low and incon¬
spicuous at the posterior for 6.6 mm in H. borroi
but after this distance it abruptly extends longi¬
tudinally to divide the anterior three quarters into

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

two chambers. At the point of maximum elevation
the septum nearly touches that of the opposite
valve, then descends to the anterior margin.

The cardinalia are weak and simple, suggesting
those of Terebratalia. They consist of moderately
strong socket ridges to which are welded the nar¬
row crural bases. The descending lamellae of the
loop are moderately broad and somewhat crescent¬
shaped in section. They continue for about 5 mm
in that form and then become abruptly U-shaped
with the open end of the U facing the ventrolateral
area. They maintain the U-shaped form for 2.7
mm but after that nothing is know of the loop.
The three specimens cut, two of them serially,
were filled with fairly coarse matrix of large fo-
raminifera. This type of matrix is not conducive to
preservation of a fragile loop. It is believed that
the loop was long but unattached to the septum,
thus in the dalliniform stage because no trace of an
attachment was seen on the septum.

The cardinal process is small and transverse in
both species. The muscle marks in the brachial
valve of H. borroi are fairly deeply impressed, and
elongated.

Discussion.— This genus is unique among Ameri¬

can Tertiary and Recent species in the extrava¬
gant development of septa in both valves. Herco-
thyris has a superficial resemblance to Dallina
floridana (Pourtales) and it was thought that the
two were probably congeneric until the ventral
septum and the peculiar cardinalia were discovered.
The latter make it impossible to assign the speci¬
mens here discussed to the genus Dallina.

Etymology. —The name is from the Greek hercos
(“partition”) plus thyris (“opening”).

Hercothyris borroi, new species

Figure 2; Plate 4: figures 50-55; Plate 5: figures 33-44

Shell of about medium size, thin, subpentagonal
in outline, varying from wider than long, to length
and width nearly equal, lateral margins narrowly
rounded, oblique posterolateral margins, anterior
margin subnasute, anterior commissure narrowly
uniplicate; greatest width at or near the middle.
Apical angle 90° or slightly more. Surface marked
only by concentric lines of growth.

Ventral valve evenly but moderately convex in
lateral profile, anterior profile moderately convex

Figure 2-—Serial sections showing interior of Hercothyris borroi, new species (distance between
sections in mm: 0-1 = 0.55, 1-2 = 2.10, 2-3 = 0.35, 3-4 = 0.85, 4-5 = 1.40, 5-6 = 0.30, 6-7 =
1.50, 7-8 = 0.30, 9-10 = 0.20, 10-11 = 1.10, 11-12 = 0.60, 12-13 = 1.20, 13 = 0.3).

NUMBER 37

and narowly depressed medially; umbo and median
region swollen; sulcus originating just posterior to
middle, deepening and widenieg rapidly to the an¬
terior margin, sulcus extended as short subangular
tongue; sulcus bounded by two indistinct costae;
flanks gently inflated, slopes steep; anterior margin
of flanks with a slight dorsal wave; lateral slopes
narrowly rounded; beak suberect; foramen round
and large, submesothyridid; interior with long me¬
dian septum reaching to midvalve.

Dorsal valve flat to gently convex in lateral pro¬
file; anterior broadly and gently convex; umbonal,
median, and posterolateral regions flattened; fold
originating just anterior to midvalve, narrowly
rounded; flanks depressed below the fold, gently
swollen to form a broad plica at the margin.

Interior as described for the genus.

MEASUREMENTS(mm).—

Dorsal Apical

valve

Mid¬

Thick¬

Fold

angle

USMN

Length

length

width

ness

width

549396a

17.8

16.5

21.4

9.9

8.7

549396b

21.3

18.4

21.0

12.0

8.8

Types. —Holotype: USNM 549396a. Figured par-
atypes: USNM 549395; 549397; 549400a. Unfigured
paratypes: USNM 549394a, b; 549396b; 549399;
549400b, c.

Diagnosis. — Hercothyris with length and width
nearly equal and lacking radial ornament on the
posterolateral areas.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: Palmer 1035,
1085, 1086, 1102, 1476, 1640.

Discussion.— This species and H. semiradiata
new species differ so strongly that they are not likely
to be confused. The latter species is longer than
wide and is posterolaterally radiate whereas H.
borroi new species is transverse and smooth. The
interior of the two is likewise very different, the
septa of H. borroi are stout but those of H. semira¬
diata are delicate and slender.

Hercothyris semiradiata, new species
Plate 5: figures 24-29

Shell thin, large elongate oval to elongate sub¬
pentagonal in outline with greatest width at middle;
sides somewhat narrowly rounded; anterior margin
subnasute; anterior commissure narrowly unipli-
cate; surface smooth, except for the posterolateral

regions, which are faintly costellate. Apical angle
91°.

Ventral valve moderately convex in lateral pro¬
file; anterior profile strongly convex but median
region depressed slightly by narrow, shallow sulcus;
beak narrow, suberect; foramen large, mesothyri-
did, labiate; beak ridges not prominent, Umbo nar¬
rowly swollen; median region inflated; sulcus orig¬
inating on umbo, narrow, shallow, rounded, and
extending to front margin making short, angular
tongue. Flanks narrowly convex bordering sulcus
and with long, steep, gently convex slopes to mar¬
gins.

Ventral interior with a long, slender median sep¬
tum reaching about to midvalve; other details not
known.

Dorsal valve with less than half depth of ventral
valve, and with slightly convex lateral profile; an¬
terior profile nearly flat but with slight subangular
median elevation; umbonal and median regions
flattened; fold originating just posterior to mid¬
valve, narrow, subangular, only strongly developed
in anterior half; flanks bounding fold in median
region flattened but anteriorly depressed below
level of fold in anterior half.

Dorsal interior with weak cardinalia; cardinal
process small, delicate; socket ridges slender and
short; crura divergent and expanded; median sep¬
tum thin and delicate, low near break but rising
rapidly to reach sharp crest about 3 mm anterior to
beak, descending gradually anteriorly and reaching
almost to front margin.

MEASUREMENTs(mm). —Holotype: length 24.6,
dorsal valve length 22.6, midwidth 22.3, thickness
12.7, fold width 9.4, apical angle 91°.

Types. —Holotype: USNM 549398a. Unfigured
paratype: USNM 549398b.

Horizon and Locality. —Eocene: Palmer 1640.

Diagnosis.— Hercothyris with length greater than
the width and with fine radial lines on the postero¬
lateral regions.

Discussion. —For a comparison of this species
with H. borroi Cooper, new species, see above.

Genus Dallina Beecher, 1893

Dallina ftoridana (Pourtal£s)

Plate 5: figures 30-32

Views of this common Caribbean species are in¬
troduced for comparison with Hercothyris. Note

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

character of median septum in the dorsal valve and
the nature of the cardinalia that are totally unlike
those of Hercothyris.

Horizon and Locality.— Recent: Florida Straits.

Types.— Hypotypes: USNM 110861a, b.

Order THECIDEIDA, Pajaud 1970
Suborder THECIDEIDINA Elliott, 1958
Superfamily THECIDEACEA Gray, 1840
Family THECIDEIDAE Gray, 1840

Genus Lacazella Munier-Chalmas, 1881
Lacazella caribbeanensis Cooper

Plate 1: figures 2-5

Lacazella caribbeanensis Cooper, 1977:132, pi. 4: figs. 12-19.

This species, which is smaller than L. mediterra¬
nea Risso, has a narrow margin having large nodes
and the descending branches of the “loop” attached
to the valve floor; the ascending branches are
smooth, not spiny or serrated as in L. mediterranea.
Lacazella caribbeanensis comes from off the Domin¬
ican Republic and Jamaica, indicating that the
species has inhabited West Indian waters since the
Miocene. Lacazella occurs in the Eocene of the
Gulf Coast of the United States. It is common in
the Mediterranean.

Locality. —Palmer 932c.

Types.— Hypotypes: USNM 549420a, b.

Discussion. — Lacazella also occurs at four other
localities ranging in age from Eocene to Miocene:
USNM 818e, USNM 818j, USNM 818-1, and
USNM 818m. The specimens are few and very

small, probably representing several species but the
lots are too small for specific differentiation.

Lacazella mediterranea (Risso)

Plate 1: figure 1

A specimen of the dorsal valve interior is intro¬
duced for comparison with the Cuban Tertiary
specimens. Note the numerous spines and excres¬
cences on the ascending elements and their absence
from the Cuban species.

Horizon and Locality.— Recent: Vendres,
France.

Types.— Figured specimen: USNM 173594d.

Genus Thecidelina Thomson, 1915
Thecidellina species

Several specimens of Thecidellina in two lots
occur in the collections. Both are dorsal valves show¬
ing the long undivided median ascending apparatus
characteristic of this genus. One is from the Eocene,
USNM 818e, the other is from the Miocene, Palmer
locality 932c.

That this genus occurs in the Eocene of the United
States is shown by a collection made by F. S.
MacNeil of the U. S. Geological Survey from the
Eocene-Midway (Clayton Member), from NW
sect 12, T 8 N, R 28 E, in which Lacazella and
Thecidellina occur together. Thecidellina is com¬
mon in modern Caribbean waters where it occupies
cryptic habitats among corals and corallines. The
genus is not known in the Mediterranean, but it is
fairly common in the southwestern Pacific, where it
also occurs in Eocene sediments (Cooper 1971 :F6).

Mentioned Specimens. —USNM 550413, 550417.

Literature Cited

Ager, D. V.

1965. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Rhynchonellacea. In R. C.
Moore, editor, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleon¬
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Kansas Press.

Aldrich, T. H.

1911. New Eocene Fossils from the Southern Gulf States.
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Beecher, C. E.

1893. The Development of Terebratalia obsoleta. Trans¬
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ences, 1:141-144, plates 22, 23.

Bermudez, P. J, and R. Hoffstetter

1959. Lexique Stratigraphique International, Amdrique
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Born, I. E.

1778. Index Rerum Naturalium Musei Caesarei Vindobo-
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lichen Seltenheiten des K. K. Naturalien Cabinets
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Cooke, C. W.

1919. Tertiary Mollusks from the Leeward Islands and
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Cooper, G. A.

1955. New Brachiopods from Cuba. Journal of Paleon¬
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1959. Genera of Tertiary and Recent Rhynchonelloid
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1971. Eocene Brachiopods from Eua, Tonga. United
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Costa, O. G.

1952- Fauna del Regno di Napoli. Animali mallii, Class
5(Brachiopodi): 60 pages, 9 plates. Naples.

Dali, W. H.

1870. A Revision of the Terebratulidae and Lingulidae
with Remarks on and Descriptions of Some Recent
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plates 6-8, figures 1-38.

1900. Some Names Which Must Be Discarded. Nautilus,
14(4):44-45.

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Collection of the United States National Museum,
with Descriptions of Thirty-three New Forms. Pro¬
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57:261-377.

Davidson, T.

1852. Sketch of a Classification of Recent Brachiopoda
Based on Internal Organization. Annals and Maga¬
zine of Natural History, series 2, 9:361-371.

1874. On the Tertiary Brachiopoda of Belgium, Appen¬
dix: Note on Two Tertiary Species of Brachiopoda
from the Island of St. Bartholomew, One of the
North-eastern West India Islands. Geological Maga¬
zine, Decade II, 1(4):8, plates 7, 8.

1886-1888. A Monograph of Recent Brachiopoda. The
Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London,
series 2, 4(Zoology, 2):248 pages, 30 plates.

Elliott, G. F.

1954. New Brachiopoda from the Eocene of England,
France, and Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, series 12(7):721—728, plate 15.

1958. Classification of Thecidean Brachiopods. Journal
of Paleontology, 32(2):373.

Gray, J. E.

1840. Synopsis of the Contents of the British Museum,
42nd edition, 370 pages. London.

1848. On the Arrangement of the Brachiopoda. Annals
and Magazine of Natural History, series 2, 2:435-440.

Guppy, R.J.L.

1866. On Tertiary Brachiopoda from Trinidad. Quarterly
Journal of the Geological Society of London,
22:295-297, plate 19.

1874. On Some West Indian Tertiary Fossils. Geological
Magazine, 2(1):433^146.

Hatai, K. and G. F. Elliott

1965. Family Megathyrididae Dali, 1870. In R. C. Moore,
editor, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, 2(H):
830-833. Lawrence: The University of Kansas Press.

Huxley, T. H.

1869. An Introduction to the Classification of Animals.
147 pages, 47 figures. London: John Churchill and
Sons.

Jeffreys, J. G.

1869. The Deep-Sea Dredging Expedition in H.M.S. Por¬
cupine, 1: Natural History. Nature (London), 1(2):
136.

1870. Preliminary Report of the Scientific Exploration of
the Deep-Sea in H.M. Surveying Vessel Porcupine

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during the Summer of 1869. Proceedings of the
Royal Society of London, 18(121):421 .

King, W.

1850. A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England.
Palaeontographical Society Monograph, 3:1-258, 29
plates.

Kuhn, O.

1949. Lehrbuch der Palaozoologie. 326 pages, 244 figures.
Stuttgart: E. Schweitzerbart.

Macsotay, O.

1969. Dos especies nuevas de braquibpodes del Miocenico
en Venezuela. Acta Cient Venezolana, 20:22-25, plate

1 .

Maury, C. J.

1912. A Contribution to the Paleontology of Trinidad.
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science Journal,
series 2, 15:23-112, plates 5-13.

Megerle von Miihlfeldt, J. K.

1811. Entwurf eines neuen System’s der Schalthiergehause.
Gesellschaft Naturforschende Freunde Magazin,
5:38-72, plate 3.

Middlemiss, F. A.

1959. English Aptian Terebratulidae. Palaeontology,
2(1):94-142, plates 15-18.

Muir-Wood, H. M.

1955. A History of the Classification of the Phylum
Brachiopoda. 124 pages, 12 figures. London: British
Museum (Natural History).

1959. Report on the Brachiopoda of the John Murray
Expedition. John Murray Expedition 1933-34, Sci¬
ence Reports, 10(6): 283-317, 5 plates.

1965. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Terebratulina. In R. C.
Moore, editor, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.
2(H):762-816. Lawrence: The University of Kansas
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Munier-Chalmas, M.

1880 (1881) Note sommaire sur les genre de la famille des
Thecideidae. Bulletin de Society Gdologique de
France, series 3, 8:278, 279.

Orbigny, A., d’

1847. Sur les Brachiopodes ou Palliobranches. Comptes
Rendus Academie de Science (Paris), 25(7):266-269.

Palmer, R. H.

1948. List of Palmer Cuban Localities. Bulletins of
American Paleontology (Ithaca, New York), 31(128):
178 pages.

Rutsch, R. F.

1939. Terebratulina kugleri, n. sp., from the Eocene of
Soldado Rock. Journal of Paleontology, 13(5):517-
520.

Smirnova, T. N.

1966. On the Systematics of the Early Cretaceous Tere-
bratulids of the Subfamily Cancellothyrinae. Pa¬
laeontological Zhurnal, 3:31-48, 8 figures.

Steinich, G.

1963. Drei neue Brachiopodengattungen der Subfamilie
Cancellothyrinae Thomson. Geologie, 12(6): 732-740,
figures.

Thomson, J. A.

1915. A New Genus and Species of the Thecidiinae
(Brachiopoda). Geological Magazine (London), series
6, 2:461-464.

1926. A Revision of the Subfamilies of the Terebratulidae
(Brachiopoda). Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, series 9, 18:523-530.

1927. Brachiopod Morphology and Genera (Tertiary and
Recent). New Zealand Board of Science and Art,
7:338 pages, 2 plates.

Toulmin, L. D.

1940. Eocene Brachiopods from the Salt Mountain Lime¬
stone of Alabama. Journal of Paleontology, 14(3):
227-233, plate 28.

Vincent, E.

1893. Contribution a la Pal^ontologie des Terrains Ter-
tiares de la Belgique. Socidtd Royale Malacologique
de Belgique, Annals, 28:38-64, plates 3, 4.

Waagen, W. H.

1883. Salt Range Fossils, part 4(2): Brachiopoda. Palaeon-
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plates 50-57.

PLATES

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 1

Lacazella, Terebratulina, Cruralina, and Gryphus

Figure 1.— Lacazella mediterranea (Risso): Interior of the dorsal valve, x6, introduced for
comparison with that of L. caribbeanensis Cooper (Figure 5), figured specimen, USNM 173594d.
Recent, Port Vendres, France.

Figures 2-5.— Lacazella caribbeanensis Cooper: 2-4, Ventral, side, and dorsal views, X8, of a
hypotype, USNM 549402a, showing the broad attachment scar; 5, interior of the dorsal valve,
X10, hypotype, USNM 549402b. Miocene, Palmer 932c.

Figures 6-23.— Terebratulina ? palmeri, new species: 6-10, Anterior, posterior, side, dorsal, and
ventral views xl, showing the strong, carinate fold, holotype, USNM 550392a. 11-14, ventral,
side, anterior, and dorsal views of the holotype x2 showing narrow, deep ventral sulcus and
carinate dorsal valve. Miocene, USNM 818c.

15-19, Dorsal, posterior, ventral, anterior, and side views of a paratype, Xl, USNM 550330b;
20-23, anterior, side, ventral, and dorsal views, x2, of the preceding paratype. Miocene,
Palmer 932c.

Figures 24-29.— Cruralina cubensis, new species: 24-28, Dorsal, posterior, side, anterior, and
ventral views, x2, of the holotype, USNM 549408; 29, dorsal view of the holotype, Xl,
Cretaceous, Palmer 812.

Figures 30, 31.— Terebratulina, species 2: Dorsal views, xl, X2, of a somewhat crushed speci¬
men, figured specimen, USNM 550331a. Eocene, Palmer 1003.

Figures 32-36.— Gryphus vitreus (Born): 32-34, Dorsal, side, and anterior views of a complete
specimen, xl, showing the small foramen, incurved beak, and rectimarginate anterior and
straight lateral commissures, hypotype, USNM 109770. Recent, Gulf of Naples.

35, 36, Partial side and ventral views, x2, of the posterior part of the dorsal valve of another
specimen showing the narrow, solid, descending branch of the loop, its broad transverse
ribbon, and the flattened outer hinge plates, hypotype, USNM 109734a. Recent, off Sardinia,
Mediterranean Sea.

Figures 37-46.— Gryphus cookei, new species: 37, Dorsal view of a large specimen, xl, showing
minute foramen and symphytium, paratype, USNM 549411a; 38-42, side, posterior, anterior,
ventral, and dorsal views, xl, of the holotype, USNM 549411b, showing small foramen, straight
lateral and rectimarginate anterior commissures; 43, 44, dorsal and posterior views of an
internal mold showing muscle scars and main pallial impressions, x 1, paratype, USNM
54941 Id; 45, 46, posterior of two dorsal valves, x2, showing the flattened broad outer hinge
plates and small cardinal process, paratypes, USNM 54941 lg, f. Eocene?, Palmer 1458.

NUMBER 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 2

Stenosarina, Tichosina}, Tichosina, Gryphus, and Terebratulina

Figures 1-5.— Tichosina} lecta (Guppy): Dorsal, posterior, side, anterior, and ventral views of
the holotype, xl, showing uniplicate anterior commissure, USNM 115646. Eocene, USNM
818o.

Figures 6-10.— Stenosarina cuneata, new species: Posterior, anterior, side, ventral, and dorsal
views of the holotype, Xl, USNM 549436a. Eocene, Palmer 1030.

Figures 11-16.— Tichosina guppyi, new species: 11-15, Posterior, anterior, side, dorsal, and
ventral views of the holotype, Xl, USNM 550337; 16, posterior of the holotype, excavated to
show the descending branches of the loop, x2, the transverse band being broken away. Upper
Oligocene, Palmer 405a.

Figures 17-19.— Terebratulina, sp. 1: 17, 18, Ventral and dorsal views of a complete specimen,
Xl, figured specimen, USNM 550373; 19, the same specimen, x3, showing the ornament.
Eocene?, Palmer 53.

Figures 20-24.— Tichosina} bartletti (Dali): 20-22, Dorsal, anterior, and side views of the holotype,
Xl, USNM 110852, showing the uniplicate anterior commissure and fairly large, labiate
foramen; 23, 24, side and ventral views of the loop, x2, of the holotype. Recent, Barbados,
73 fathoms (=134 meters).

Figures 25-30.— Gryphus? stantoni (Maury): 25-29, Ventral, anterior, posterior, dorsal, and side
views, Xl, of the lectotype PRI 28564a; 30, posterior of the holotype, x2, showing small
foramen, a characteristic feature of Gryphus. Eocene, bed 8, Soldado Rock, near the Serpents
Mouth, in the Gulf of Paria, Trinidad.

Figures 31-35.— Tichosina} trinitatensis (Guppy): Dorsal, anterior, side, posterior, and ventral
views, Xl, of the holotype, USNM 115647, showing broad, uniplicate anterior commissure.
Eocene, USNM 818o.

NUMBER 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 3

Tichosina?, Tichosina, and Gryphns

Figures 1-5.— Tichosina? insolita, new species: Ventral, posterior, side, anterior, and dorsal views
of the holotype, xl, USNM 550334, showing uniplicate anterior commissure. Eocene (Taguasco
Formation), USNM 818b.

Figures 6-13.— Tichosina foresti, new species: 6-10, Ventral, side, posterior, anterior, and dorsal
views of the holotype, xl, USNM 550333a; 11-13, laterally tilted, ventral and dorsal views of
a paratype, xl, showing the loop, USNM 550333b. Upper Oligocene, USNM 818h.

Figures 14-21.— Gryphus parvus, new species: 14-18, Dorsal, anterior, side, posterior, and ventral
views, xl, of the holotype, USNM 549412a; 19, 20, side and dorsal views of the holotype, x2;
21, interior of the posterior part of the holotype, x4, showing the loop. Miocene, Palmer 997.

Figures 22-29.— Gryphus carneoides (Guppy): 22, 23, Dorsal and side views of a complete but
damaged specimen, xl, paratype, USNM 115645a; 24, posterior of the preceding specimen,
X2, showing the minute foramen; 25-29, anterior, ventral, side, posterior, and dorsal views
of the lectotype, xl, USNM 115645b. Eocene, USNM 818o.

Figures 30-32.— Gryphus vaughani (Cooke): Dorsal, side, and anterior views of the lectotype, xl,
USNM 167202a, showing a uniplicate anterior commissure. Eocene, USGS 6924.

NUMBER 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 4

Argyrotheca and Hercothyris

Figurjes 1—23 .^Argyrotheca bermudezi, new species: 1, Dorsal view of the paratype, xl, USNM
550324a; 2-6, dorsal, posterior, anterior, ventral, and side views of the same paratype, X2,
7, dorsal view of a paratype, xl, USNM 550324c; 8-12, posterior, side, anterior, ventral, and
dorsal views of the preceding paratype, x2; 13, interior of the dorsal valve, X3, paratype,
USNM 550324g; 14, 15, side and ventral views of another dorsal valve interior, x3, showing
serrate median septum, paratype USNM 550324h; 17, interior of the ventral valve, x3, show¬
ing pits in median ridge, paratype, USNM 550324f. Miocene, Palmer locality 932c.

16, Interior of another dorsal valve showing the muscle scars, x3, holotype, USNM 550323a;
18, dorsal view of the complete holotype, xl; 19-23, anterior, side, posterior, dorsal, and
ventral views of the holotype, x2. Miocene, USNM 818c.

Figures 24-28 .—Argyrotheca clevei (Davidson): Posterior, anterior, side, dorsal, and ventral views,
Xl, of the holotype, USNM 167201a. Eocene, USGS 6897b.

Figures 29-49 .—Argyrotheca plana, new species: 29-33, Anterior, side, dorsal, ventral, and
posterior views of the holotype, x2, USNM 550328a; 34, dorsal view of the holotype, Xl;
35-39, side, posterior, dorsal, ventral, and anterior views, x2, of a paratype, USNM 550328b;
40, dorsal view of the preceding paratype, Xl. Miocene, Palmer 932c.

41-45, Anterior, side, ventral, dorsal, and posterior views of another paratype, x2, USNM
550327a; 46, dorsal view of the preceding specimen xl; 47, 48, interior of the ventral and
dorsal valves of another paratype, x3, USNM 550327e; 49, interior of another dorsal valve
showing muscle scars and remnants of the loop, x3, paratype, USNM 550327f. Miocene,
USNM 818c.

Figures 50-55. —Hercothyris borroi, new species: 50, Section 2 mm anterior to the beak showing
beginning of septum of ventral valve; 51, section 3i/£ ram anterior to the beak, dorsal valve
septum just starting; 52, section about 5 mm anterior to beak; 53, section about 8 mm anterior
to beak. The ventral septum has disappeared, all from paratype, USNM 549397, all x2.
Eocene, Palmer 1086.

54, Section showing dorsal median septum nearly extending to the ventral valve, x4; 55, sec¬
tion 10 mm anterior to the beak showing the dorsal septum tapering anteriorly, all X2, para¬
type USNM 549400b. Eocene, Palmer 1102.

NUMBER 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 5

Argyrotheca, Cryptopora, Cistellarcula, Hercothyris, Dallina, and Platidia

Figures 1-5.— Argyrotheca cyrtiniformis, new species: 1-3, Posterior, dorsal, and side views of
the complete specimen, x4, holotype, USNM 550336a; 4, interior of the brachial valve of the
holotype, x4; 5, interior of the pedicle valve of the holotype, x4. Middle Eocene, USNM 818d.

Figure 6. — Cryptopora sp.: Dorsal view of a complete specimen, xlO, showing small wings on
the deltidial plates, figured specimen, USNM 550419. Upper Oligocene, USNM 818f.

Figures 7-23.— Cistellarcula dubia, new species: 7, Dorsal view, xl, paratype, USNM 550335c;
8-12, anterior, posterior, side, dorsal, and ventral views, x3, of the preceding paratype; 13,
dorsal view, Xl, of another paratype, USNM 550335a; 14-17, dorsal, anterior, side, and ventral
views, x3, of the preceding paratype; 18, dorsal view of the holotype, USNM 550335b, xl;
19-23, anterior, dorsal, side, posterior, and anterior views of the holotype, x3. Upper Oligo¬
cene, USNM 818a.

Figures 24—29.— Hercothyris semiradiata, new species: 24-28, Anterior, ventral, side, posterior, and
dorsal views of the holotype, xl, USNM 549398a; 29, dorsal view of the holotype, X 1-1.5
showing the obscure costellae on the shoulders. Eocene, Palmer 1640.

Figures 30-32.— Dallina floridana (Pourtales): 30, 31, Dorsal and anterior views, Xl, showing the
external form for comparison with that of Hercothyris, hypotype USNM 110861a; 32, interior
of the dorsal valve, x2, showing the cardinalia, hypotype USNM 110861b. Compare with
Figure 44 below. Recent, Florida Straits.

Figures 33^4.— Hercothyris borroi, new species: 33-37, Anterior, posterior, side, dorsal, and
ventral views of the holotype, xl, USNM 549396a; 38, dorsal view of the holotype, x2.
Eocene, Palmer 1640.

39-42, Anterior, side, dorsal, and ventral views, xl, of a paratype, USNM 549395; 43, dorsal
view of the preceding paratype, x2. Eocene, Palmer 1476.

44, Fragment of a dorsal valve showing the cardinalia, x2, paratype, USNM 549400a. Compare
with Dallina in Figure 32 above. Eocene, Palmer 1102.

Figures 45, 46.— Platidia sp.: Dorsal view of two complete individuals, XlO, showing the amphi-
thyrid foramen, figured specimens USNM 550407a, b. Miocene, USNM 818k.

NUMBER 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 6

Argyrotheca

Figures 1-15.— Argyrotheca inconstans, new species: 1-5, Dorsal, anterior, side, posterior, and
ventral views of the liolotype, xlO, USNM 550455a; 6-10, anterior, ventral, side, posterior,
and dorsal views of a paratype, XlO, USNM 550455b; 11-13, anterior, side, and ventral views
of a paratype with narrow hinge, X 10, USNM 550455c; 14, interior of the dorsal valve showing
median septum, X10, paratype USNM 550455d; 15, interior of the ventral valve showing
median septum and anterior row of pits, X10, paratype 550455e. Pliocene, USNM 818g.

Figures 16-20.— Argyrotheca sublamellosa, new species: Posterior, ventral, side, dorsal, and
anterior views of the holotype, x4, USNM 550453. Miocene, Palmer 378.

Figures 21-25.— Argyrotheca intercalata, new species: Dorsal, posterior, side, anterior, and ventral
views of the holotype, x4, showing the distant, intercalated costae, USNM 550448. Middle
Eocene, Palmer 1613.

Figures 26-30.— Argyrotheca magnicostata, new species: Ventral, posterior, side, anterior, and
dorsal views of the holotype, x4, showing the thick, anteriorly divided costae, USNM 550451.
Eocene, Palmer 1479.

Figures 31-35.— Argyrotheca serrata, new species: Anterior, dorsal, side, ventral, and posterior
views of the holotype, x4, showing the crowded costae and closely scalloped margins, USNM
550456. Miocene, Palmer 377.

Figures 36-40.— Argyrotheca aequicostata, new species: Dorsal, anterior, side, posterior, and
ventral views of the holotype, x4, showing costae of nearly equal size at the margins, USNM
550452. Eocene, Palmer 727.

NUMBER 37

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY

PLATE 7

Gryphus, Discritothyris, Terebratulina ?, Rugia ?, and Argyrotheca

Figures 1, 2.— Gryphus vaughani (Cooke): 1, Interior of a silicified pedicle valve showing greatly
thickened posterior area and tiny foramen, xl, hypotype USNM 550618; 2, interior of the
dorsal valve belonging to the preceding, xl, showing cardinal process and thickened outer
hinge plates. Eocene, USGS 6924.

Figures 3-8.— Discritothyris cubensis, new species: 3-7, Dorsal view, Xl, and ventral, anterior,
side, and dorsal views, x2, holotype, USNM 550460a. Cretaceous, Palmer 840.

8, Dorsal view, xl, of a paratype, USNM 550459a. Cretaceous, Palmer 895p.

Figures 9-20.— Terebratulina ? palmeri, new species: 9-12, Dorsal view, xl, and dorsal, anterior,
and side views, x2, showing sulcus and carinate dorsal valve paratype USNM 550330e; 13,
dorsal view, x2, of a large specimen, paratype USNM 550330k; 14, interior of the dorsal
valve of the preceding specimen showing excavated loop, broken on one side, x3; 15, interior
of a pedicle valve, x2, showing large teeth, paratype USNM 550330h; 16, interior of a dorsal
valve, X3, showing cardinal process, socket ridges and crura, paratype USNM 550330j; 17, 18,
dorsal valve with stout loop excavated, x3, showing angular transverse band, stout blunt
crural processes that could not have formed a ring, paratype USNM 550330i. Miocene, Palmer
932c.

19, 20, Laterally tilted and ventral views, x3, of another excavated dorsal valve showing the
stout loop without ring, paratype, USNM 550329f. Miocene, USNM 818c.

Figures 21-25.— Rugia ? sp.: 21-23, Dorsal, side, and ventral views, xlO, of a large specimen,
figured specimen USNM 550575. Palmer 440.

24, 25, Dorsal views of two complete individuals, XlO, figured specimens USNM 550574a, b.
Upper Cretaceous, USNM 818.

Figures 26-30.— Argyrotheca peculiaris, new species: Dorsal, anterior, side, posterior, and ventral
views of this aberrant species, x4 holotype USNM 550449. Probably Miocene, Palmer 1245.

Figures 31-36.— Argyrotheca anomala, new species: 31, 32, Interior and exterior of the ventral
valve, XlO, showing pits in anterior extension of median septum and nearly smooth exterior,
paratype USNM 550454a; 33, 34, exterior and interior, xlO, of a dorsal valve showing median
thickening, paratype USNM 550454b; 35, 36, interior and exterior of a dorsal valve, xlO,
showing nearly smooth exterior and internal thickenings, holotype USNM 550454c. Middle
Oligocene, USNM 818n.

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