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—

P” ai
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(SUPPLEMENT-]

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT, FEBRUARY 10, 1905.

THE

BRITISH ARCHITECT:

A JOURNAL OF ARGHITECTURE AND ITS AGGESSORY ARTS,

VOL. LXII.

JULY TO DECEMBER, 4

LONDON :
33, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

FEBRUARY 10, 1905.

— -一 -一 -一 一 一 - 一 一 一

SKETCHES, T.

RAFFLES Davison :—

No. 1379. " Cherrycroft" the cen-
tral gable, 152

NO. 1380. “ Cherrycroft,” Forest
Row, 152

No. 1381. L’Art Nouveau, Brussels,
278

No. 1382. London. street studies,
296

No. 1383. A little trip to Holland,
314

No. 1384 St. Bartholomew's church,
Stamford Hill, 332

No. 1385, Stable buildings, Copse-

ham, Ox:hott, Surrey, 350

No. 1386. Additions to Copseham,
Oxshott, Surrey, 350
No. 1356. An old doorway at

Bruges, 368

No. 1387. Blankerbergh town hall,
386

No. 1388. Old windmill and door-
way at Bruyes, 386

No. 1389. Holiday jottings, 422

No. 1390. Hoo, Willingdon, 482

AO. 10392. llo!lycombe, Liphook,
442

Surrey cottage, a, 443‏ .1303 دد

No. 1304 Surrey cottage, a, 442

No. 1395. Littleshaw, Woldingham,
442

No. 1396. Ballindune, Haslemere,

442

No. 1397. Cottage at Walton-on-
the-Hill, 442

No. 1,58. Cottage at Farnham
Roval, 442

No. 1399. Haslemere, a house at,
442

No. 1400. Haslemere, a house at,

NO. 1401. Lirtleshaw, Woldingham,
500

Redhill, Colman Institute, 152

SANATORIUM, Winsley, 482

School, design for a Manchester, 500

School, Newcastle-on-Tyne grammar,
42, 76, 116, 224

Schools, Liverpool, council, 188

Shepherd’s Bush, W., flats, 260

Spire, Grissell prize design for a tim-
ber, 260

Stable buildings American, 332

Stable buildings, Copseham, Oxshott,
Surrey, 350

St. Anne's library, 98 ١

St. Bartholamew's church, Stamford
Hill, London, 332

St. Giles’ mission church, 76

St. Louis world's fair, German L'Art
Nouveau, 332

St. Mary's, Happisburgh, Norfolk, 441

Studies, London Street, 296

Studios, Venctian, 98

Surrey Cottage, a, 442

Sutton public library, 24

Switzerland, a house at Adelboden, 150

TIMBER Spire, Grissell prize for à,
260

Torquay municipal offices,
350, 368, 422

Towers, three old, 296

Town hall, Blankerbergh, 386

Town hall, municipal buildings, and
police offices, Kirkintilloch, 242

Town hall, Proposed extension, Brad-
ford, 134

VENETIAN Studies, 98

and library,

WALTON-ON-THE-HILL, a cottage
al, 442
ar memorial, Canterbury, the Dane
John, 183
West Finchley, Glenroy, 116
Vestbrook, Godalming. 467
Willingdon, the Hoo, 479, 482
all and doorway, Bruges, old,
3
Winsley sanatorium, 483
Woldingham, “ Littleshaw,”’ 442, 500
Woldingham, ٠ Bronygarth,” 6

| RAMBLING

and assembly, |

(SUPPLEMENT. |

BRITISH ARCHITECT.

PHE

Houses :—

Adelboden, Switzerland, a house at,
170

Ballindune, Haslemere, 422

` Bronygarth," Woldingham, Surrey,
C

Copseham, Oxshott, addi-
tions to, 350

" Cherrycrort,” Forest Row, 152

Country house, a, 76, 278

Country house, small, 437

Dore. house at, 422

Farnham Royal, a cottage at, 442

Flats, Shepherd's Bush, W., 260

Glenroy, West Finchley, 116

Haslemere, a house at, 442

Haslemere, sketch for a house at, 260

High Barn, Godaiming, 439

H:l.s:de cottage, a, 386

Hollvcombe, Liphook, 442

Hoo, Willingdon, the, 479, 482

Kiliegrews, Margaretting, 23

Liuteshaw, Woldingham, 442

Merec, co. Antrim, 368

St. Mary's, Happisburgh, Norfolk,
لك‎

Surrey cottage, a, 442

Walton-on-the-Hiil. a cottage at, 442

Westbrook, Godalming, 467

Surrey,

Hull public library, 471

ILKLEY free library, public offices,
and assembly hall, 188, 296

Infirma:y nurses’ hoine, North Staf-
fordshire, 6

Institute, Redhill, the Colman, 153

JOTTINGS, holiday, 442

KILLEGREWS,
Ki:kintilloch
buildings,

1۷] 2۲ 23
town hall, municipal
and police offices, ډېد‎

L'ART Nouveau, Brussels, 278

Library, Eccleston public, 24

Library, Erdington council house, and,
69

Library, Hull

Library,

Library,
314

Librarv public offices,
Ilkley, free, 188, 296

Library, St. Anne's, 98

Library, Sutton public, 24

Library, Torquay municipal offices
and, 350, 368

Liphook, Hollycombe, 442

Liverpool Cotton Association,
premises, 170

Liverpool council schoo!s, 188

Littleshaw Woldingham, 442, 500

London street studies, 296

public, 471
Malvern, 152
Peterborough public, 206, 224,

new

MALVERN library 152

Manchester civic buildings,
Street, 314

Manchester school, design for, soo

Memorial, Hector Macdonald, 500

Municipal buiidings palice offices,
and town hall, Kirkintilloch, 242

Municipal offices and library, Tor-
quay, 350, 368, 422

Mount

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE
“school, 42, 70, 116, 224
Norfolk, St. Mary's, Happisburgh, 441
Nurses’ home, North Staffordshire in-

firmary, 6

graminar

OFFICIAL, a Dutch, 421

PETERBOROUGH
206, 224, 310

Police offices, Kirkintilloch town hall,
and municipal buildiuge, 242

public library,

SS Brixton, for the London,
رکه‎ and North Hants Dairy Co.,
Ltd.. dairy, 6 7

, € Nonh Hans,

timber spire, `

RALLINDUNE, Hasiemere. gaz
Baths, Bai! Heath. B.-miastam.
preposed جح ارد یں‎ 242
Baths. Chelsea corpori. n. accepini
۸: 4M
ی‎ vv II
B.:n:rznim. ;
داد‎ >. 3
Blanxerterzh row
ےی دا تت ظ‎ rcaz š
S.23, ہد‎
B:àüze. Arlesia-g
|
ہیور ظط‎ az
Braces. cia

L As‏ :در

- æ

ISS,

proposed exten.

358
pomo aud doorway, 585

Nauveaz, 355

Bund ags C-psenin, Orshoz. Surrey,

8 Liizgs Mount میت‎ Manchester.
C.C. Rl

mun:c.nal offices‏ جوون-- 1 یت :دا
423 رکٹ 350 نه

CANTERBURY. Dane John war
د سا‎ ty:

Chelsea comscration baths ‘accepted
GE. Im 7

UX رد د‎ Panes Row, 152
- 3

UHURCHES:—

S: Bards! mw church, Stamíord

H: 2d 3. 2
Don church, 26
eH Mount Street, Man-

Ca man مو :ہت‎ Redhill, 152

6۵ z. cen: i mes, Dunoon, 98

Cops-2am. 7۸ Surrey, additions
to, هتز‎

Cop-"5am Oxskott, Surrev, stable
bu dings, 350

Cottage, a Surrey, 442

Co:tage, at Farnham Royal. a, 442

Cottage, at Waiton-an-the-Hill, à, 442

Cartage, a hi side. 386. 422

Cotten Association, new premises,

Liverpool, وہر‎
Country house, a, 76. 278
Country house, small, 437

DATRY Premises, Brixton,
Loudon, Guns.
Din to. Lid. 6

Doorway at Bruges, an old. 368

Doorway, Bruz: old windmill, 3x6

D دسجو‎ y, des. gua. as

Dore. house at, 442

Duri-in convalescent homes, 98

Dura ufhelal, à, 4-1

for the

LE'CLESTON public libzarv, ود‎
7ی‎ 0: house and brary,
60

FARNH `M Rosal a Cottage At, 442
Fiat», Shepherd's Bush, W, ماد‎

GERMAN L Art Nouveau at St.

Lois, wal. faif, 332
Gen, Wes Finchley, 116
Godam ng. H z^ Barn, 459

Gola maz. ور د‎ 467
Gui prize design for a
2o

HAPPISEURGH, No-f lk, St.
Mary 5, 445

His+mere a nos € at, 442

442 لوو mere, Ex‏ لی
armere, spoon fera house at, 260‏

Basen Goda m ng. 41‏ ےہ آ۶

H. . 2 CU SE. a, 07 422

He. tay 7 gay

314 بل زيا ary‏ دیا x‏

FOO L pask, 422
ماد‎ the, 479, 482

THE PENNSY! VANIA 0
UMIVEits: iy LIBRARY

ADELBODEN, Switzerland, a house
at, 170

American stable buildings, 332
Antrim, Meroc, 368

1
l
|
:
۱
!
۱
|
ARCHITECTS’ AND ARTISTS Works.
ILLUSTRATED :一 |

Anderson & Wills, 404

Ashford & Gladding. AR.IBA.,A., |
42, 60, 76 |

Bakewell, F.R.I.B.A.. Wm.. 188

Balfour & Turner, 46;

Baldwin, W. Wallis, 442

Bedford, F.R.L B.A., Francis W., 42,
6

Blow, Detmar, 441

Butler, Crouch, £ Savage, 24:

Carlson & Coolidge, 332

Caróe, W. D., 183, 332

Clarke & Warwick, 260

Coolidge & Carlson.

Corbett, A.R.LB.A,,
500

Cox, Alfred, 224

Crouch & Savage, Butler. 242

Dauber, P.A.A., E Guy. aso

Davison, A.R.1.B.A., Thos., 206, 308,
422

Davison, T. Raffles, 6, 76. 134. fic.
242, 278, 296, 314, 332, 350, 358. 355,
422, 500

Davison, W. Rupert. 6

Davison, W. Rupert, $ Tr:mnel'.
Harold, 24, 22

Dodd & Dodd, 206

East & Wimperis, »د‎

Edwards, A.R.LB.A, F. E. P.

Ford & Runtz, Ernest, 76

Freeman, Albert C., 152

Gibson, J. S., 471

Gilford, A.R.I.B.A., Hubex, 132

332

7 |
Bennett & Royle, 314 |
|

{

Alfred E, 439 |

رمیا

س یپپ —-

Giilespie & Salmon & Son, 98, 242
Gladding, A.R.IBA. & Ash'ord.
42, 60, 76

Grayson & Ould, 170 |

Hale & Son, Wm., 188

Hall, H. A., & Warwick, Sep:imus.

14
Harris A.R.I.B.A., E. V., & Towmse.
A. R.I.B.A., S.. 330

Hazell, A.R LBA, W. Ernest, €

Hodges & Shewbrooks, 116

Johnson, Geo. A., 278

Llewellyn, Fred A., 260

Lorimer, R. S., 439

Lutyens, E. L., 442, 47)

Lynam, F.S.A., Chas., 6

Marshall, E. W., 153 ۱

Mav. E. J., 170. 442 |

Muirh:ad, F.R ۹۹ و‎ Thomas, تپ‎ :

Oglesby & Wilson, T. Buter, وغو‎ |
i
|
|

- بتكت كييك عدت

Ould € Grayson, 175

Petre, Ed., 23

Polev, E. W.

Price, Francis H., 15

Reade € Son, T. Me:lard, 1%

Reay & Silcock, 48?

Roome, 38.83.11 J W. 368

Royle & Bennett, 313,

Runtz, Ernest, & Ford. په‎

Salmon & Son, & Giilespie,

Salwey, J. P., 21

Savage. & Butler, Crouch, 242

Shaw, R.A., R. Norman, 134

Sherrin, Geo., 442

Shewbrooks & Hodges, 116

Silcock & Reay, 482

Stokes, Leonard 442. $00

Towse, A.R.IB.A.. Sj
A.R.I.B.A., E. V., 350 |

Trimnell, Harold, & Davison, W |
Rupert, 24, 224

Turner € Balfour, 467

98. 242

2 Harms.

Warwick & Clarke, 260 t

Warwick, Septimus, & Hal H هر‎ |
314

Wills & Andersen, 401

Wiison, T. Butler, and (O. est x,

Wimperis & Best, 442
Wimpcris & East, 236
Wood, Edgar, 442

سس —=

MAC EG سټ‎ س٨ي‎ mm

- ua

[suPPLEMENT.]

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

一 一 -一 一 -一 ~ eee اا ما‎

ENTS.

CON

FEBRUARY 10, 1905.

eee,

Congress, sanitary, 91

Construction, Choisey’s researches in
ancient building, 493 ۱

Contract, Long Grove asylum, 287

Corsham, builders’ visit to, 251

Cottage architecture, 278

Cortage architecture, modern, زو‎

Cottages, by-laws and, 395

Cottage, Country, 309, 531

Cottages, Judge Grantham's, 259

Cottage, old, 255

Crete, recent discoveries in, 52

Croydon, Whitgift's hospital, 41

Council, court of common, 351

Country by-laws, 147

Country districts, preservation of, 165

County buildings, Edinburgh's new,
332

County council, the London, 33, 51, 60,
79, 397, 2

County hall, a new, 417

Court, Queen Alexandra's, 287

DAM, and temples of Philz, the As-
suan, 432

Dawn of architecture, 223

Decay of stone in buildings, 233, 2

Decoration, house, 243

Decoration of Westminster palace, 126

Defective school buildings, 386

Dilapidations, the law of, 497

Deputation to French schools, Glas-
gow school of art, 496

Development, city, 381

Development in Bristol, building, 8د‎

Direction, architects’, 129

Discussion on ventilation, the archi-
tcctural association's, 384

Dispute, Barry library, 342

Districts, preservation of country, 16$

EDINBURGH architectural associa-
tion, 367 i

Edinburgh, new schools, 168

Edinburgh's new county buildings,
331

Egypt, a year’s work in, 34 -

Egyptian buildings early, 330

Electric fittings, artistic wooden, 473

Enford cement, by-law, ٥

Engineers, institution of civil, 341

English homes, in, 201

Evolution of the material acts, 161

Examinations, R.LB.A., November,
433

Excavations at Beni-Hasan, sı

EXHIBITIONS :一
Cape Town industrial exhibition,
1904-5, 130 1
Central school of arts and crafts, 37
Ecclesiastical exhibition, 257
Fine art society, 310
Glasgow international health exhibi-
tion, 234
Guild of handicrafts, 438
International gas exhibition, 415,
432, 474
“On the old road," 438
Schools of art exhibition, 93
St. Louis exhibition, awards, 360
Exon war memorial competition, 73

FEES, an architects', 348

Fire and water-resisting, 96, 115, ٤5

Fittings, artistic wooden electric, 473

Folio on houses, a new, 201

Forum, the Roman, 169

French schools, Glasgow school of art
deputation to, 496

Friends in council, 399, 436, 477

FRIENDS IN COUNCIL, No. 104.—
BurLDING By-Laws :一
Editor, the, 399
Henman, F.R.LB.A., Wm.. 399, 436,
477
Furniture, adjustable school, 98
Furniture, how to collect old, 220

GARDEN, a wonderful, ٤
Gas exhibition, the international, 415,
432, 474

Glasgow, sanitary exhibit at, 234

Glasgow, sanitary institute conference
at, 97

Glasgow school of art, architecture at
the, 163

Glasgow school of art deputation to
French schools, 496

Glass, some new stained, 312

Gothic architecture, the beginnings
of, 348

Government buildings, the new, 69

Grantham's cottages, judge, 259

HALL, a new county, 417
Heating and ventilating engineers’
conference, 125 i
Helpers. architect and expert, 129
Historical cities, protection of, 2
Holland, a little trip into, 309

Homes, in English. 201
Home of to-day, the British, 237
Homes, peasants’, 150

Elgin parish church, 421 4

Eton war memorial, 58, 73, 75

Eton, workhouse extension, 441

Fortune Green (West Hampstead)
montuary and columbarium, 4, 421

Galatz cathedral, 5

Glasgow, new buildings for library,
etc., 3

Glasgow, St. Paul's church, 383, 402

Gloucestershire county education
offices, 113

Hector Macdonald memorial, 223,
366, 441

Hitchin hospital, 113

Howth and Sutton, Dublin, sewer-
age, 239

Hunstanton children's home, $8

Institution of civil engineers' prizes,
186, 9

Kilkenny library, 329

King's Heath library, 421

King's prize for building construc-
tion, 441

Kingston school, 4o

Kingstown technical schools, 233

Kinross library alterations, 167

Lambeth municipal buildings, 496

Latchford schools, 329

Leeds city art gallery, pictorial
poster, 113

Leeds Wesleyan chapel and school,
366

Liverpool cotton exchange, 4

Llanelly schools, 276, 366

Long Eaton library, 76

Loughborough library, 40

Middlesbrough schools, 22, 1

Moffat cottage hospital, 203

Moseley and King's Heath library,
131

Newcastle-on-Tyne Cowen memorial,
276

Northern architectural association,
students’ prizes, 203

Northumberland war memorial, 403,
2I

Norwoad conversion of school build-
ings, 294, 312

Oldham school, 96

Ossett town hall, 96

Oxford school, 479

Paisley Y.M.C.A. building, 7

Panama flag and coat of arms, 131

Peterborough library, 75 _

Pittsburgh technical schools, 402

Pollokshields library, 294

Poulton (Cheshire) school, 39

Rhondda Valley cottages, etc., 203

Ross (Hertfordshire) sewage scheme,
329

Royal Scottish academy, 421

Sale school, 131

Selkirk cottage hospital, $9

Selly Oak and Strichley libraries, 59

Skettv Villas, 276, 347

Smethwick municipal offices, 39

Spezia (Italy) drainage scheme, 21,
150

Soc ew of arts, Owen Jones compe-
tition, 347

Stamford library, 39, 258

Stockport council schools, 403

St. Paul's school, Hammersmith,
war memorial, 06

Strichley and Selly Oak libraries, 59

Sunderland post-office, 22

Survevors’ institution awards, 383

Swansea Baptist chapel and school-
room, 383, 421

Swansea villas, 223

Thorne library, 239, 383

Tipton library, 96, 258

Torquay school, 21

Townhead library, 403

Townhill library, 320

Upper Latymer foundation, 7
m-rswith (hbead-master's house),

223 ENS
Uxbridge workhouse buildings, 76,
ob, 376 ۰

Wakefield cattle market, 8
Wallasey public offices, 150, 239
Wallsend municipal buildings, 312
Wandsworth baths, 39, 329, 44!
Welshpool, laying-out open space,

258
Westhoughton library, 39 ۱
Westininster Wesleyan Methodist

hall 40, 320, 441
Wharfedale union, 3
Whitehaven library, 239
Wigan union offices, 347
Wimbledon refuse destructors, 223
Winton school, 239
Wombwell library, $, 239
Wovodnook school, 258
Worthing library and technical

schools, 9$, 258
Wortley schools, 294
Wrexham library. 496
Wrexham workhouse alterations, 113

Concrete buildings. 6

Concrete construction, and strength of
reinforced concrete, 413

Conductors, lightning, 386

Brown s patent hydrotite joint, 16

Builders’ visit to Corsham, 251

Building Acts, architecture and, 481

Building by-law question, 381

Building by-laws, 240, 495

Building by-laws, Cardiff, 204

Building by-laws, Llandudno Urban
Council, and the, 133

Building construction, Choisey's re-
searches in ancient, 493

Buikling, defective school, 386

Building development in Bristol, 8

BUILDING News: —

16, 35» 53, 71, 92, 109, 127, 146, 162,
181, 109, 218, 235, 253, 271, 288,
308, 325. 343, 361, 380, 398, 416,
433, 474, 493, 8

Building restrictions, ۰

Buildings, concrete, 6

Buildings, decay of stone in, 233, 242

Buildings, carly Egyptian, 330

Buildings, Edinburgh's new county, 332

Buildings, medixval or modern, are
our, 291

Buildings, new Government, 69

Buildings, on cathedral, 114

Buildings, the warming of public, 306,
313

Building transaction, a Pendleton, 431

Byzantine architecture, 422

By-laws. 363

By-laws and cottages, 395

By-laws, building, 240, 495

By-laws, country, 147

By-law enforcement, 240

CAMBRIAN archeological associa-
tion, 134, ISI

Camera, a good, 343

Canterbury cathedral, 278

Canterbury, the Bell Harry tower, 397

Cathedral, and its staff, the, 259

Cathedral, Armagh R C.. 89

Cathedral buildings, on, 43

Cathedral, Liverpool, 431

Cathedral, Manchester, 60

Cardiff building by-laws, 204

Cardiff, South Wales society of archi-
tects, 403

Catalogue, an interesting, 471

Cement manufacturers, Portland, 252

Chantrey Trust, 133

Chapel of the Pix, 198

Charing Cross station, removal of, 41

Choisey’s researches in ancient build-
ing construction, 403

Church at Berlin, memorial, 168

Church at Kirkstcad, 1

Cities, protection of historical, 332

City development, 381

Civil Engineers, Institution of, 342

Club, an architects’ sketching, 1, 19,

Coal smoke, 395

Coliseum, the London, 1

Colls, presentation to Mr. Howard, ı5

Competitions—4, 21, 39, 58, 75, 95,
113, 131, 150, 167, 186, 203, 223, 239,
258, 276, 324, 312, 320, 347. 366, 383,
402, 421, 440, 479, 496

COMPETITIONS :一
Aberystwyth library, 167
Accrington school, 22, 39
Acton schools, 329
Alnwick infirmary, 329
Architectural association, modelling.
347

Ashton library, 96

Aylesbury school, 496

Avr pavilion and concert hall, 21,
93, 258, 204

Barnet hospital, 223

3elfast libraries, 403

Benwell library, 223, 329

Berwick school, 58

Birchfield schools, 21, 258, 320

Birkdale Congregational church, 421

Birmingham public baths, 4, 76

Blackrock library, so

Bridgwater library, o6

Bridlington concert pavilion, etc., 402

Bristol police and fire station, 203,
347. 383 .

British museum new buildings, 113

Brockley librarv, 40

Bromley municipal buildings, 3۰
479

Buckingham school, 347

Carton (Notts) club, $8

Castleton (Rochdale) library, 441

Cheisea town hall and baths exten-
sion, 98. 294

Cheltenham school, 421

Clepington church, 479

Coruna (Spain) street improvements,

230
Croydon school. 294
Deptford mortuary and coroner's
court, 39
Croydon school, 294
Eastbourne school, 22. 8
East Preston (Sussex) infrmary, 113,

276

یی ایم ه سم موس —

ABBEY, beautifying Westminster, 33

Abbey mill stream and bridge, West-
minster, 403

Abbey, Tintern, 205

Acropolis at Athens, 474

Acts, architecture and building, 481

Address, the President's, 345

Adjustable school furniture, 98

Aerograph, the, 397

Air case, light, and, 107

Alhambra, the, 184

American Renaissance, 273

Ancient building construction,
Choisey’s researches in, 493

Appearances, studying, 400

Appreciation of architects, the public,
219

Archzological association, Bristol,
134

Archeological association, Cambrian,
134, 151

Archaological society, Yorkshire, 161

Archzologists at Thetford, Norfolk,
21

Archeologist, the amateur, 417

Architectural association of Ireland,

343

Architectural association, Edinburgh,
367

Architectural association, Northern,

384
Architectural association, presidential
address, 260 l
Architectura! reflections, some, 467
Architectural association’s discussion
on ventilation, 384
Architectural society, Liverpool, 348
Architecture and Building Acts, 481
Architecture at the Glasgow school
of art, 162
Architecture, Byzantine, 422
Architecture, cottage, 278
Architecture, individuality in, 363
Architecture, in the Near East, 472
Architecture, in Leeds, 385
Architecture, modern cottage, 55
Architecture, official, 3
Architecture, photography as applied
to, 296
Architecture, street, 477, 500
Architecture, tenders of, 183
Architecture, the beginnings of the
Gothic, 348
Architecture, dawn of, 223
Architecture, university college school
of, 133
Architect and expert helpers, 129
Architect, choice of an, 327
Architects and morality, 1
Architects, Cardiff and South Wales
society of, 403
Architects’ direction, 129
Architect’s fees, an, 348
Architects, of Irelaud, royal institute

of, 491 7

Architects, royal institute of British,
348

Architects, Manchester society of, 295.
481

Architects, Sheffield society of, 295. '

331, 367 ——
Architects, society of, 323, 413 |
Architects, the public appreciation of, |

219
Architects' sketching club, an, 1, 19,
37
Armagh cathedral, 89
Art, a mi y of fine, 255

Art, and life, 277
Art, deputation to French schools,

Glasgow school of, 496
Artemis, temple of, 307
Art exhibition, schools of, 93
Artist, à great, 327
Arts and crafts, central school of, 37
Arts, evolution of the material; 161
Assuan Dam and temples of Phila,
432
Asylum contract, Long Grove, 287
Athens, the Acropolis at, 474
Awards, St. Louis exhibition, 360

BARRY library dispute, 342

Beginnings of Gothic architecture,
the, 348 7
Relfast, Plenum ventilation at, 167

Bell Harry tower, Canterburv, 307

Birmingham architectural association,
331

Birmingham water supply, 287

Birmingham Welsh water scheme, 70

Beni-Hasan, excavations at, 5!

Berlin, memorial churcl at, 8

Blind roller, a new, 379

Bournville, housing conference of, 42

Bridge, a new Thames, 143

Bridge, Victoria Falls, 341

Bridge, Westminster, the Abbey mill
stream and, 403,

Bridging the Thames, 144

Brighton and Hove sewage, 16

British archaeological association, 134

British architects, royal institute of,

348
British home of to-day, 237

FEBRUARY 10, 1905.

RI BAL, 238, 348, 418, 422 .
Royal academy, 436, 440
Royal archzological society, 430
Royal iustitute of architects of Ire-
land, 491
Royal philosophical Society, 401
Royal Scottish academy, 421
Sanitary inspectors' association
Scotland, 39
Sanitary institute, 97, 185
Shetheld society of architects and
SUI CYOIS, 295, 331, 367, 419, 472
Society of antiquaries, 75, 402
Society of architects, 323, 414, 495
Society of arts, 306
Society of engineers, 365
Sunderland antiquarian society, 30
Surveyors’ institution, 131, 383, 396
Ulster society of architects, 311
York architectural society, 75
Yorkshire archzoingical Society, 161
South Wales Society of architects,
Cardiff and, 403
Spurn Point, the Story of, 34
Staff, the cathedral and its, 259
Stained glass, some new, 312
Standards of ventilation, 97
Station removal of Charing Cross, 4i
St. Bartholomew's hospital, 24
St. John's gardens, Liverpool; 15
St. Louis exhibition, awards, 360
Stock-taking, professional, 111
Stone in buildings, the decay of, ۰
243
Street architecture, 477, 500
Strength of reinforced concrete, con-
crete Construction, and, 413
Students’ competition, royal academy,
436
Studying appearances, 400
Surveyors’ institution, 396
Switzerland, house in, 165

TEMPLES of Phils, the Assuan dam
and, 432

Tempie of artemis, 307

Tenders of architecture, 183

Thames bridge, a new, 143

Thames, bridging the. 144

Theatre reguiations, new, 304 |

Theatres, two-tier, 134

Thetford, Norfolk archeologists at,
215

Tinteru abbey. 205

Tipton free libiary competition, 8
Tower, Canterbury, the Bell Harry,
397

Town hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 224

TRADE CATALOGUES, etc. :—
Aerograph Co., Ltd., 397
Lewis Berger's diary, 473
Bough:on's files, 473
J. & M. Craig, Ltd., 234
Goodhall, Lamb & Heighway, Ltd.,
272
Hendry & Pattisson, 476
J. S. Henry, Ltd., 473
Hodkin & Jones, 326
Hen:y Hope & Sons, Ltd., 471
Hudson & Kearns' diaries, 473
John Jones, 29o
Powell-Wood Process Syndicate,
Ltd., 369 7
A. Roberts, 473
Rotherham Blind Roller Co., 379
Thornton-Pickard Manufacturing
Co., Ltd., 343 =
John Whitchead and Co., 473
Trade notes—ı8, 36, 54, 7a, 92, 128,
182, 218, 254, 272, 290, 326, 416, 434,
476
Transaction, a Pendleton building,
431
Trust, Chantrey, 143

UNIVERSITY, Birmingham, 186 ۱

University college, school of archi-
tecture, 133

Urban council and the building hy-
laws, Llandudno, 133

VENTILATION, 367
Ventilating engineers’
heating and, 125 ۱
Ventilation at Beifast, plenum. 7
Ventilation, standards of, 97
Ventilation, the architectural asso-

ciation's discussion on, 384
Victoria Falls bridge, 341

WARMING of public buildings, thc,
306. 311

Water, resisting and, 96, 145

Water, supply, Birmingham, 287

Welsh water scheme, Birmingham, 70

Westminster abbey, beautifying, 33

Westminster palace, decoration of,

126 M

conference,

Westminster, the abbey mill stream

and bridge, 403 .
Whitgift’s hospital, Croydon, 41
Wooden electric fittings, artistic, 473
Wood-preserving process, a new, a60 —
Working classes, housing of tre,..304 .
YORKSHIRE archeological society,
116 55 +. o و‎

ZIMBABWE, the ruins of great, 276

[SUPPLEMENT.]
THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

Bor — — _

‚—continned.

—U

Houses, a new folio on, 201

Houses for the working classes, 274

Japanese colour Prints, 327

Machine drawing for students pre-
paring for technical examinations,

274

Minehead, Porlock, and Dunster,
147

New streets, laying-out and making-
up, 327

Notes on blacksmiths’ work, 221

Notes on stee] concrete, 221

Old cottages, 255

Old cottages, farmhouses, and other
half-timber buildings in Shrop-
shire, Hertfordshire, and Cheshire,
204

Oxted, Limp:field, and Edenbridge,
38

Ornament, and its application, 310,
311

Pictures in pottery, 202

Poor law buildings and mortuaries
56
5

Saw mill work and practice, 221

Some consequences of the Norman
Conquest, 327

Stresses and thrusts, 221

Who’s who, 438

R.IB.A. at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 144
R.I.B.A., June examinations, 60
R.LB.A., November examinations, 422

Roman Forum, 169

Royal academy students" competition,
436

Royal institute of British architects,
348

Royal horticultural Society's new pre
mises, 91

Ruins of great Zimbabwe, 27

SANITARY congress, oi

Sanitary exhibit at Glasgow,

Sanitary institute conference
gow, 97

School buildings, defective, 386

School competition, Kingston, 40

School furniture, adjustable, 98

234
at Glas-

School of architecture, university
college, 133

School of art, deputation to French
schools, 496

Schools, Edinburgh new, 168

Schools of art exhibition, 93

Sewage. Brighton and Hove, 116

Sewage scheme, Leeds, 223

Sheffield Society of architects, 295, 331,
367

Sketching club, an architects', 1,

19.
37
Smoke, coal, 395
SOCIETIES :一
Architectural association, 112, 166,

260, 328, 435, 438, 467

Architectural association of Ireland,
323

Birmingham architectural
tion, 293, 331

Birmingham Ruskin society, 297

Bristol master builders’ association,
251

Bristol society of antiquaries, 312

Bristol society of architects, 338, 439

British archaeological ašsociation,
112, 134

British fire prevention committee, 95

Cambrian archzological association,
134, ISI

Cardiff and South Wales society of
architects, 403

Competition reform society,
383, 421

Dundee institute of architecture, $7

East Riding antiquarian society, 57

Edinburgh architectural association,
3» 367, 401, 478

Edinburgh ordained
students” society, 420

Fine art society, 111

Foreign architectural book society,
,د‎

Glasgow archaeological society, 383

Glasgow architectural association,
478

Glasgow school of art, 162, 419

[nstitution of heating and ventilat-
Ing engineers, 12 5 سر‎

Institution of civil engineers, 186,
320, 341

Institution of mechanical engineers,

associa-

96, 223,

surveyors'

International society of sculptors,
painters, and engravers, 38

Iron and steel institute, 303

Leeds aud Yorkshire architectural
association, 364, 385

Literary and philosophical society,
339

Liverpool architectural society,
293, 348, 419. 478

London Topographical society, 440

Manche:ter society of architects, 38,
112, 295, 481, l

Norfolk and Norwich archeological
society, 215 ۱

Northern architectural association,
148, 166, 203, 384

275,

مت og‏ بصن مسب -À—‏ — ——

NTENTS

—

MANCHESTER cathedral, 65

Manchester new royal infirmary, 6, 107,
169, 331

"Manchester society of architects, 294.
481

Manufacturers, portland cement, 252

Mediæval or modern, are our build-
ings, 291

Memorial church at Berlin, 168
Memorial conipetition, Eton war,
Memorial fund, Penrose, 330
Memorial to public bodies, the insti.
tute s, 435
Middlesbrough housing
Ministry of fine art,
Mission buildings,
Modern,
Of, 291
Morality, architects and, 1
Municipal housing, 170
Municipal, lessons from Paris, some,
291

scheme, 23

a, 255
Leysian, 53

are our buildings medieval

NATIONAL portrait gallery, 6

National registration of plumbers, 126

Newcastle-on-Tyne, a poor man's
hotel at, 115

Newcastle-on-Tyne, the R.LB.A. at,
144

Newcastle-on-Tyne, town hall, 224

Norfolk archzologists at Thetford,
215

Northern architectural association,
384

Notes from Boston, U.S.A., by R.
Brown, s, 239, 480

Notes on current events—2, 20, 37, 56,

73, 93, 111, 130, 147, 166, 185, aoa,

220, 237, 256, 274, 292, 310, 327, 345.

303, 382, 401, 418, 437, 478, 495
Nouveau, l'art, 273

OFFICIAL architecture, 2

Our illustrations—s, 23, 41, 59, 76, 96,
113, 132, 150, 167, 186, 203, 223, 240,
2759,-276, 294, 312, 330, 347, 366, 383,
403, 421, 442, 479, 496

Our letter box—s, دد‎ 40, 59, 131, 367,
496

Oxford, Logic-lane, 33

PARIS, some municipal lessons from,
291

Parlour, the front, 399

Peasant’s homes, 150

Pendleton building transaction, a, 431

Penrose memorial fund, 330

Philz, the Assuan dam and temples
of, 433

Photography, as applied to architec-
ture, 296

Pix, chapel of the, 198

Plenum ventilation at Belfast, 167

Plumbers, national registration of, 126

Portland cement manufacturers, 252

Portrait gallery, national, 116

Premises, royal horticultura] society's
new, or

Preserving process, a new wood-, 360

Presentation to Mr. Howard Colls, 15

Preservation of country districts, 165

Presidential address, architectural as-
sociation, 260

President's address, the, 345

Problem, a housing, 2

Professional stock-taking, 111

Protection of historical cities, 332

Public buildings, the warming ot 306,
313

QUEEN Alexandra's court, 387

the building by-law, 381

REFLECTIONS,
467

Regulations, new theatre, 204
enaissance, American, 273

Resistance, fire, 115

Resisting, fire and, 148

Researches in ancient building ` con-
struction, Choisey’s, 493

Restrictions, building, 19

some architectural,

Reviews :一

Alphabets, 274

American renaissance, و2۶‎

Architects’ and builders’ pocket-
book, 364

Auctioneers' institute year-book, 473

Baveux cathedral, 93, ,بو‎ 95

Bayeux, its cathedrals and churches,
50

Beacon, the, 149

Cathedrals of northern France, 147

County gentleman, 419

Dunstable, its history and surround-
ings, 2

English ecclesiastical
364

English homes, in, 301

Everyday electricity, 21

architecture,

Faulkner and Co.'s Christmas cards,

438
Furniture, how to collect old,

219,
220 Š

History of architecture on the com--

Parative method, 346

, Question,

— ——— —D=a[_,PYU

Hospital, St. Bartholomew's, 34
Hotel, at Newcastle-on-Tyne, a poor
man's 115
House decoration, 242
House in Switzerland, 165
ouses, à new folio on, aor
Housing conference at Bournville,
Housing, municipal, 170
Housing of the working-classes, 204
Housing problem, a, 132
Middlesbrough,
Brighton and, 116
' joint, Brown's patent, 16

ousing scheme,
ove sewage,
'' Hydrotite

architecture,

INDIVIDUALITY in
36

303
Infirmary, Manchester
107, 169, 331
Institute of British

new royal, 6,

architects, royal,

345

Institute's Memorial to public bodies,
435

Institution of civil Engineers, 341

Institution, the surveyors’, 386

International gas exhibition, 415, 432,
474

Ireland, architectural association of,
323

Ireland, royal institute of architects, |
491 ۱

Iron, the price of, 251

JOTTINGS.—18, 36, 54, 72, 92, 110, |
128, 146, 164, 200, 218, 236, 254, 272, !
290, 308, 326, 344, 362, 380, 398, 416, |

. 476, 51a

KINGSTON school competition, 40
Kirkstead church, 431

|
L'ART Nouveau, 273 f |
Law of dilapidations, the, 497 |

LEADING ARTICLES :—
Alhambra, the, 184
Amateur archaeologist, the, 417
American renaissance,

273
of

Appreciation architects,

public, 219
Architect and the expert helpers, 129
Architects and morality, 1
Architects' direction, 129

Architects' sketching club, an, 1, 10,

the

British home of to-day, the, 237

Building by-law question, 381

Building by-laws, 495

Building restrictions, 19

Buildingg medieval or modern, are
OUI, 291

By-laws, 36;

Central school oí arts and crafts,

Choice of an architect, 327

City development, 381

Country by.laws, 147 |

Country cottages, 309

County hall, a new, 417 j

Eton war memorial competition, 73

English homes, in, 201

Friends in council, 309,

Front parlour, the, 9

Furpiture, how to collect old, 220

Great artist, a, 327

Holland, a little trip into, 309

House in Switzerland, 165 iow
ouses, a new folio on, 201

Individuality in architecture, 363

Institute’s memorial to public
bodies, 435

L’Art Nouveau, 273

Ministry of fine art, a, 255 |

Modern cottage architecture， $$ ۱

Municipal lessons from Paris, some. |
291

Official architecture, a !

Old cottages, 255

Preservation of country districts, 165

President's address, the, 345

Professional stock-taking, 111

Royal academy students' competi-
tion, 436

Schools of art exhibition, 93

Street architecture, 477

Studying appearances, 400

Tenders of architecture, 18;

کا ا

436, 477

Leeds, architecture in, ¿85

Leeds, sewage scheme, 233 o.

Lessons from Paris, some municipal,
291

as mission buildings. 53‏ ا

Lhassa, wondeis of. 205

Library competition, Tipton free, 258

Library dispute, Barry, 34:

Life, art and, 277

Light and air case, 16; f

Lightning conductors, 386

Liverpool architectural society, 348

Liverpool cathedral, 431

Liverpool, St. John's gardens, 15

Llanduduo urban council and
building by-laws, 133

Logic-lane, Oxford, 33

London county council, 33, ۰ 60, 76,
3975, 422 ^ `. ا‎

Long Grove asylum contract, 387

Lyceum theatre of varieties, 493

the ，

|
|

JULY 1, 1909] - THE BRITISH ARCHITECT -

— — — - — -— —— مخ وس‎ —
5 一 -一 E ite ٰ سوه‎ IC
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——— ——.- ————— M د‎ ~- 。 je ای نت مس‎ €
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ہے

一 一 ~-

AN ARCHITECTS' SKETCHING CLUB.

سس

UR suggestion for a sketching club for architects which

The British Architect.
might ensure the annual repetition of such interest-

LONDON: FRIDAY, JULY 1, 1904.
| : A
- ———==— = سس‎ mg gatherings as Mr. Aston Webb's last. Ey At Home i
at the Institute has been warmly welcomed by many of

ARCHITECTS AND MORALITY. | those who have the power to make it a success. From
| amongst the letters we have received none goes so directly
to the mark, from our own point of view, as that from Mr.

RCHITECTS as a class are certain] i
A C y vory Poorly: په‎ Jno. W. Simpson, when he says the practical side of the

and have, perhaps, more temptation than other, e
folk to eke out a livelihood by dishonest practices. | profesion is already very well looked after, and that 2
But, all the same, one very much resents the wholesale con. | encouragement of the artistic side should be welcomed. As
Mr. Douglas says, " agencies for good” are already a trifle

demnation of the profession for the sins of some of its | l
disreputable members which seems to be conveyed in the! overdone, but the stimulus of real art is hardly likely to be-

remarks by Mr. William Morby, the secretary of the Leeds “OMS excessive in this practical age.
Building Trades’ Federation. In the Daily Dispatch for | We give belcw the expressions of opinion on tho subject
from some of the letters we have received : —

June 10, Mr. Morby ig reported to have said, * The building | Ë M
rom Mr. Aston Webb, R.A.:--“I have seen your pro-

trade is crippled to-day, not by the employees, but by the
increased cost of materiale, and largely by the fact that the; posal for an architectural sketching club with much interest.
should be very

commissions paid to architects are considerably in advance of | It seems to me an excellent idea, and cne I
what they used to be.” The italics are ours. glad to see succeed." ۱

Now, of course, the inference conveyed in_this state-| From Mr. G. Bertram Bulmer, F.R.I.B.A., president of
ment is that the acceptance of commissions by archi the Leeds Architectural Society :—“ I was much pleased
tects is an established custom. It is, indeed, so much | with the amount of excellent work which I saw at Mr.
a custom that it largely accounts for the increased | Webb's ‘At Home. and trust. as you suggest, that it may
cost of building. We think that this is a monstrously | lead to the establishment of a club of ‘architect sketchers.'
unfair reflection on the architectural profession. شو‎ will endeavour to study and perpetuate by means of

No architect worthy of the name takes commissions. Such a, sketches interesting old work, illustrated with plans. notes.
thing is not recognised as a possibility in the honourable | and dimensicns, not excluding colour sketches, which are
conduct of professional life. It is possible a number of so- | such a valuable means of cultivating our colour sense. |
called architects do take commissions. But the practice of | shall be pleased to assist in the establishment of such a club
architecture is that of gentlemen and of honourable men, | by every means in my power.”
and the taking of commissions would be looked upon by all| From Mr. T. Manly Deane, M.A., Dublin :--" I quite agree
the best men in our profession as little short of theft. If | with your views as to the formaticn of a sketching club for |
the client knows that a commission is offered and taken, it | architecture. Such sketching should be encouraged, not
may condone the matter, though even in such unlikely cir- | only among our students, but should be kept up by older
cumstances we suppose there would be found few reputable; men. It is quite true what you say as to the latter being
architects willing to place themselves under the obligation | gradually weaned of emotion, though I fear that is the fault
to the contractors which such a practice implies. If the | of human nature; but the process might be delayed in this
public are allowed to think that the profession have a recog- | case by the means you suggest. Sketching certainly aids the
nised custom of accepting commissions from builders and | memory and cultivates the eye for the picturesque in form
tradesmen generally, what becomes of the confidence and | and colour and in the effect of light and shade, and. there-
trust which should be the first essential between | fore, I think, gives a knowledge of composition which is not
architect and client ? Where under such circumstances | to be learned by the study of detail only, and in the making
can there be any guarantee whatever that the architect | of measured drawings, which, though absolutely essential to
will act impartially for the benefit of his client and the con- | a thorough knowledge of architecture, partakes rather of
tractor? It is often assumed that the whole duty of the|the dry bone.”
architect is summed up in the effort to prevent the con-| From Mr. John Douglas, Chester : —' Although the craze
tractor cheating the client, and we believe many architects | for creating organised ' agencies for good may deem to have
take great pleasure in getting work done for their clients | sufficient followers, yet there does seem room for such a
for as little above cost price as possible, or even for less | scheme as outlined in your last week's issue. Even at the
than that. That may be the spirit of the age! We think | risk of adding yet another to the numerous existing associa-
there may be some cause for regret about that. If a builder | tions. I should be glad to see a sketching club as you propose
is so tied down by his bargain that he can hardly see a|take shape. Anything that, like sketching, tends to keep
profit, and may even have to confront a loss, there is some | alive enthusiasm in the midst of damping experiences ought
little excuse for poor human nature if he tries to get it out | to be encouraged in every possible way.”
in extras. Butif a builder gets a fair price he may be! From Mr. William Flockhart. F.R.I.B.A.:—"I think a
reasonably expected to be bound down to the strict letter of | club formed strictly by architects for the purpose of (more or
his bargain. But if an architect is expected to help the | less purely) architectural sketching wculd be likely, as you
builder through bad bargains, or to make even good bargaina | say, to do a lot to help the vital interest of art. And I think
if the results of such a sketching club were made the subject

into better ones because he has received a commission, is not
that plainly asking him to be a cheat and a rogue? Does the | of an annual exhibition, it would be cf great value not only

Secretary of the Leeds Federation imply that most archi- | to architects, but to other artists. And while I would main-
tain that architects must go to Nature as the first scurce of

tects are rogues? Or if not most, how many, about? Does
he think the profession, as a whole, is a dishonest one? all “ vitalising inspiration," it would be well to restrict such

Does he know that no member of the Royal Institute of | an exhibition to purely architectural subjects. as I presume

British Architects is allowed to take a commission, and that the object of the club would be to enable architects by practice

the Institute would at once compel his resignation if he did ! to render architectural subjects effectively rather than for the

so? Or is the root of the whole matter a desire to urge for- | display of indifferent landscape work.”

ward registration so that we shall be able by that means to | From Mr. C. E. Mallows, F.R.IB.A.:—“1 think your

distinguish between gentlemen and rascals, between our, idea fcr the sketch club an admirable one, and I shall be very
The value and interest of the

cultured architects who hold university degrees and our local | pleased to become a member.

auctioneers and confectioners who steal our practice from recent exhibition at the R.I.B.A.. arranged by Mr. Aston
, Webb, is sufficient proof in itself that your scheme is an ex-

We, at least, have a right to ask such questions.
; cellent one. I wish it every success.”

us ?
| From Mr. E. J. May: —"I would join the architects’

— ee

Tue General Purposes Committee of the Brighton Town ' sketching club with great pleasure, and fancy one exhibition
Council has recommended the appointment of Mr. Hugo | in the year may be found enough."

Talbot, son cf the Town Clerk of Manchester, as Town Clerk | From Mr. W. A. Pite. F.R.I.B.A.:—" I think this is a
in succéssion to the late Mr. F. J. Tillstone. Mr. Talbot was | capital idea, and one. if properly worked as a real and dis-
appointed Deputy Town Clerk of Brighton in 1891, and soli- | tinctive art society. likely to do a vast amount of good and
citor to the Corporation in 1892. ! widespread. It will interest, and really help. older men.

[Jurv 1, 1904

2 | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

get quite as good a school from the Borough Surveyor as from
any other architect.

" Councillor Keighley, whilst approving of such an appoint-
mcnt, wanted to know if any terms had been arranged for
the extra. work.

“ The Chairman responded in the negative, but added that
the matter was being discussed. It would, however, be for
the Corporation to arrange the terms.

“ Councillor Keighley was assured that the matter would
go before the Council, and an opportunity given for discussion.

` Mr. Gill asked if the recommendation meant that the

‚Borough Surveyor was to be the regular architect of the conı-

mittee.

“ The Chairman: It does not mean that at all. For any
new schools that have to be built the appointment of an
architect would have to be considered.

" The minutes were then approved.

“The Elementary Schools Committee had decided that in
view of the completion of Heasandford and Hargher Clough
Schools, and the consequent early termination cf Mr. Oddie's
duties as clerk of works, he be offered an appointment on the
permanent staff as clerk of works to supervise the repairs and
alterations in the various schools at a remuneration cf 50s.
per week, plus 2s. 6d. per week to cover travelling expenses.

“ Alderman Burrows, answering Councillor Keighley, said
there was a considerable quantity of work to be done, as the
committee had thirty schocls, and a man like Mr. Oddie was
almost. indispensable.

" Ccuncillor Keighley did not agree with this statement,
and considered it would be a grcat waste of money to appoint
a permanent official.

" The Chairman remarked that the Borough Survevor had
stated the appointment to be a very desirable one. They
were going in for a new technical schcol, and Mr. Oddie, who
was a competent man, would act. as clerk of works on that
job.

" Councillor Keighley, under these circumstances, did not
offer any further opposition, but considered it a gcod thing.

" The minutes of the Elementary Schools Committee were
then passed."

— n

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

OME years since we published a very fine pen drawing,
“ Morgan le Fay,” by Fred. Sandys, who was one of the
most accomplished of modern pen draughtsmen, and we.
regret now to have to record his death at the age of seventy-
two. We lately noticed a number of interesting paintings
by this gifted artist at the Leicester Galleries. One cannot
but feel that Sandys never reached the high-water mark of
his great capacities, and that he never found his own mea-
sure. Asthe Manchester Guardian says, his real distinction
lay in his romantic and dramatic renderings of medieval
subjects in black and white.

“DuNsTABLE : Its History and Surroundings,” by Worth-
ington G. Smith, F.L.S., first Freeman of Dunstable, has just
been issued by the Homeland Association. It is illustrated
by drawings by the author and by photographs, and includes
an Ordnance Survey map and a map showing positions of the
old roads, antiquities, etc. It is issued at 6s. net. This is :
a bcok cur readers will be very pleased to see, as it contains
a good deal of architectural interest. - To begin with there
is Dunstable Priory Church, which is illustrated by excellent
drawings by the author and several photographs. The
Transitional and Early English work in the west front ıs
very good, as many of our readers well know. In
1850 Mr. Smith was a zealous student of archi-
tecture, and measured and drew all parts of the build-
ing, and one cannot help thinking that more of the results
of his careful illustration might well have been shown in the
volume. An item of exceptional interest at Dunstable is
the Fayrey Pall, which is said to have been presented to the
fraternity of St. John the Baptist at Dunstable by Henry
Fayrey, who died in 1516. It is executed in embroidery 1n
the Flemish style of work, and is excellent in design and
execution. Two similar palls are preserved in London, one
by the Fishmongers' and the other by the Vintners’ Com-
pany. Theold Guest Hall of the Priory is now the drawing:
room. ofa private house. Houghton Regis, Kenilworth, Edles-
borough, and Leighton Buzzard Churches, of which illustra-

who somehow get burdened with business worries. I fear I
feel like it sometimes, but drawing and sketching. if possible,
stimulates and acts as a tonic on mind, and certainly on: body.
It will also largely stimulate younger men. 11 I can help

in formation I shall be very glad, so please add my name
to those in sympathy."

From Mr. A. N. Prentice, F.R.I.B.A.:—"I heartily agree
with the proposal in last week's British ARCHITECT for the
foundation of an architectural sketching club to be confined
to members of the profession, and I should be glad to be asso-
ciated with any movement in that direction. A public ex-
hibition of architects sketches would be quite د‎ new depar-
ture in London. Architectural drawing has a distinct
character of its own and is to be distinguished from. the work
of the painter or etcher. An artist portrays some beautiful
building, attracted by the charm of its colour or a certain
effect of deep light and shade. On the other hand, the archi-
tect's chief aim is to analyse how this effect is produced. He
therefore accentuates in. his drawing the form of a moulding or
arched opening. The jointing of some stonework is to be
noted, or again, for instance, in an interior the construction
of a roof hidden in, deep shade can only be recorded in the
architect's cwn manner. Such a club would stimulate the
enthusiasm of the architectural student, both o. 1 and young,
and should be welcomed by many members of our profession."

From Mr. John W. Simpson, F.R.I.B.A.:--"I think vour
idea of a sketching club is excellent, and I shall be very happy
to assist in its realisation in any way Ican. It would form
a kind of informal memorial of Mr. Aston Webb's tenure of
office, since it is from his happy thought. of an exhibition that
the scheme has sprung ; and I am sure you will have his sym-
pathy with any effort to encourage the artistic side of our
work. The practical side is already very well looked after."

(llo lilia M nn‏ سے ہے

OFFICIAL ARCHITECTURE.

E had some remarks to make on this subject the other
W week, and we think the following letter we have re-

ceived with the cutting from the Burnley Express will
interest our readers as illustrating the need for some en-
lightenment of the public on the duties of architects. A
large proportion of the public do, no doubt, imagine that an
architect is only a sort of clerk of works—and seldom a
gentleman ! —

To the Editor of THe British ۰

Dear Sir,—The enclosed cutting illustrates the joys of the
provincial architect. Two competitions have been held for
this technical school, and as the committee retained the pre-
miated plans and have appointed a clerk of works who has
been engaged on two recent schools, they evidently think they
have access to all necessary information and advice on the
subject. With a man who can draw plans, some elevations
to copy, and a clerk of works to look after the contractors,
what the dickens do they want with an architect ?—Y ours
faithfully,

| A. J. SHaw, A.R.I.B.A.
T. H. VowLES. A.R.I.B.A.

Mercantile Bank Chambers, Burnley, June 25.

This is the cutting our correspondents refer to from the
Burnley Erpress of June 25, 1904 : —“ On Wednesday after-
noon the June meeting of the Burnley Education Committee
was held in the Town Hall, under the chairmanship of Alder-
man T. Thornber. There were also present Aldermen Bur
rows and Sutoliffe, Councillors Thomas, S. Thornber, Race,
Keighley, H. Emmott, Dickinson, Walmsley, Whitehead,
Irving, Haworth, Metcalfe and Atkinson, Messrs. N. P. Gray,
J.P., W. Thompson, J. Watts, T. Pritchard, J.P., and G.
Gill, Father Harrison, and Lady O'Hagan.

“ The Chairman, in moving the minutes of the Joint Refer-
ence Sub-Committee for adoption, referred to the recommen-
dation of the committee to appoint the Borough Surveyor as
architect for the new technical school. The committee, he
remarked, had every confidence, with the close knowledee
they had of what was required, that the Borcugh Surveyo"
was fully competent to do the work. He understood the work
in the other departments of the Corporation, as far as the
Bercugh Surveyor was concerned, was not quite as heavy as
usual, and they thought they could effect a saving by appoint-
ing the Borough Surveyor. They also thought they could

July 1, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 3
رت‎ ee ea con.
of a State hospital, to cost two million pounds, which will
take ten years to erect, and cover forty-eight acres of ground.
Altogether, there will be forty distinct buildings in this

huge institution.

tions are given, are within easy reach of Dunstable, and
enough is indicated in this pleasant volume to suggest an
enjoyable trip to this old-world place.

THE foundation-stone of Liverpool Cathedral, which is to be
laid by the King on the 19th of July, will weigh five and
a half tons and measure 7ft. 10in. in length, 4ft. 6in. in
width, and 2ft. 3in. in height. The members of the mothers'
meetings in the diocese have paid for it. The cathedral
fund now amounts to £190,000, in addition to a number of
special gifts, including the Lathom chapter-house, the
reredos, and the great east window. 1

IT is now quite certain that the dispute between Mr. W. ۰
Blunt, of Crabbet Park, Three Briages, and the East Grin-
stead Rural Council in reference to the erection by the for-
mer of a cottage of iron, felt, and matchboarding, which is
stated to contravene the by-laws on the grounds of structure
and dimensions, will come before the King's Bench Division
in due course, says the Sussex Daily News. As a result of
the adjourned magisterial proceedings for a continuing
offence, plans of an iron building practically identical with
the one in existence at Three Bridges were formally sub-
mitted at last week's meeting of the Rural Council, and dis
approved upon the recommendation of the surveyor. Mr.
blunt has announced his intention, through his legal ad-
visers, of applying now to the King's Bench for a man-
. damus to compel the Council to pass the plans, and it is

probable that the case will prove one of the most interesting
and important that has been tried in connection with build-
ing by-laws for some time. The action of Mr. Blunt is
directed towards securing less stringent regulations in rural
districts. The Rural Council have taken a firm attitude on
the matter, and have agreed to fight the question to the
finish, being convinced that the proper course is to strictly
enforce the by:laws, which, only a few years back, were
actually modified in certain particulars to apply with an
increased measure of fairness to rural conditions. Some of
the members appear to be a little alarmed at the pos-
sibility of a big bill for law costs being piled up in connection
with the action, but ıt was pointed out that this was an in-
stance in which economy could not be exercised, and that
the Council would be bound to defend the attitude they had
taken up. It will be some satisfaction to get a very trouble-
some controversy extending over many months finally

settled.

Sir 'W. B. Forwoop writes an appeal for funds to
complete the first portion of the Liverpool Cathe-
dral. This will comprise the vestries the choir,
and the centre square of the transepts, forming کا‎
themselves a complete church, capable of accommodating
a congregation of over 3,000 persons. It may encourage
donors to know that it is hoped to finish this part of the
building within six or seven years, and when this is done an
Act of Parliament will give possession of property which
should yield an annual income of nearly £5,00U for the en-
dowment of the Cathedral staff. The Freemasons have
undertaken the erection of the Chapter House, in memory
of the late Earl of Lathom. To complete tite east end all
that is wanted is the morning chapel. The design for this
has been prepared by Mr. G. F. Bodley, R.A, and Mr. G.
Gilbert Scott, the architects. It will cost about £25,000.
The chapel would form a most appropriate memorial—or a
very suitable gift from one of the great trade societies.

Tue following tale is revived in the Daily Mirror :—“ When
Mr. John Belcher, A.R.A., the new president of the Royal
Institute of British Architects, was a young man, he had a
very fine voice. One day, after he had sung at a party, he
heard someone ask who he was. When the questioner
was answered, he said sarcastically, * Well, he can't be much
of an architect if he can sing as well as that.’ Mr. Belcher
never sang in public again. He wasn't going to have his
vaice praised at the expense of his architecture! ” ۱

A MEETING was held at Berwick on the 24th ult., called on
the suggestion of the National Trust for Places pf Historic
Interest or Natural Beauty, for the purpose of forming a
local committee to treat with the Town Council for the
acquirement of the site on which stands part of the old
Edwardian wall, which it was proposed to demolish. It was
explained that the meeting was called as a result of the
recent agitation, and' the matter having been discussed, a
strong committee was formed. It was agreed to invite the
Duke of Northumberland to become president. The com-
mittee has been called the Berwick Historic Monuments
Committee and its interest will also be extended to the
Elizabethan wall and other historic antiquities of Berwick.

Tue public are to be congratulated upon the acquisition by
the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and
Natural Beauty of another beautiful view-point on the
Kentish hills to be held by the trust as an open space acces-
sible to all at. will, says a correspondent of the Times. Two
miles from Westerham and about three miles from Eden
Bridge the land, extending to about three acres, crowns one
of the southern ridges of Crockham Hill and is approached
on one side by paths cut through the copse wood on a steep
bank full of primroses and wild hyacinths and on the other
by a track following the edge of the intervening fields from
Westerham Common. The view on a clear day, as one sits
on ome of the rough timber seats the trust has erected,
thoroughly in keeping with the wild surroundings, is a beau-
tiful and extensive one, embracing most of the weald of Kent
and Ashdown Forest to Leith Hill, Blackdown, and the hills
of distant Haslemere. The public owe the perpetual enjoy-
ment of this beautiful halting-place to the generous donor
who, by leaving a sum of money “ In memoriam ” with Miss
Octavia. Hill to be used at her discretion, has enabled that
lady to purchase and present the land to the National Trust
as a lasting memorial to the benefactress herself and a means
of healthful and quiet enjoyment to all who, loving the
beauties of an English landscape, care to visit the spot.

IN reference to the proposed: demolition of the Whitgift Alms-
houses, Croydon, Mr. Thackeray Turner points out that a
Croydon councillor has given as a proof of their worthlessness
that they are built of brick. And he says: “ Presumably
he would. be astonished to learn that Little Wenham Hall, in
Suffolk—a most wonderfully beautiful building—is built مه‎
tirely of brick, and that it was built in the year 1260. This
is but one of many examples of fine architecture in brick.
؛‎ A Croydon Councillor ' should have pointed out that it is
the desire for trams which is causing the inconvenience that
he complains of. Great bulky cars, such as are run at Croy-
don and elsewhere, in fifty years will probably be only curio-
sities, but the advocates of trams would, if they had their
wish, destroy buildings and bridges and whatever else may
come in their way. If the sanitation of the hospital is defec-
tive—and I was not aware of it —surely science can, at any
rate, at lest drain such a simple block of buildings. Depend
upon it, if Croydon is saved from itself. shown the value of its
treasures, and told 1t must not destroy them, a way, and a
good way, will be found out of the preseut difficulty without

sacrificing Whitgift Hospital.”

On the occasion of their annual excursion some forty mem-
bers of the Edinburgh Architectural Association, along
with several friends, spent the greater part of Saturday in
Forfarshire, visiting in turn the historic pile of buildings
forming Glamis Castle—the renowned residence of the
WE regret to have to record the death of Mr. R. Knill Free Sltaltimore family: ‚and. the Pe of Restennet Priory.
man, F.R.I.B.A., cf Bolton-le-Moors, who died in Manchester Among the company were Professor Baldwin Brown, Mr.
last week, He had a successful practice, largely in schocls Hippclyte J. Blanc, R.S.A.; Mr. A. Hunter Crawford, the
and churches, and was diocesan architect for Manchester. | CMS president; Mr. H. O. Tarbolton, president-elect ;
The Bolton Infirmary was one of his works. Mr. James Bruce, WS; Mr. Thomas Ross, Mr. J. M'Intyre

Henry. Mr. John White, builder; Mr. Arthur Giles, Mr.
Page, hon. sec., and his colleague, Mr. Cclin B. Cownie.
After lunch in Forfar, the excursionists drove some five to

LAST week the Emperor of Austria laid the foundation-stone

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [JULY 1, 1904

six miles to Glamis Castle, where they were met by Mr. were agreed to: —" That the newly-acquired site in Knights-
Gavin Ralston, the factor on the estate, who conducted bridge should be utilised for the immediate requirements of
them over the ancient and magnificent structure, and offered the hospital as soon as occasicn shall serve, provided that no
such explanations as were highly appreciated. Finally the , building be commenccd and placed cn the land recently ac-
visitors were taken to the top of the Castle, from which a | quired in Knightsbridge unless the building is of such a kind

that it will form a definite and convenient part. of a new
hespital, or until a complete plan of this new hospital has
been carefully considered.” “That it is desirable at cnce to
negotiate with the Duke of Westminster for the purchase of
the leaseholds cn the terms proposed in the letters from his
Grace's solicitors of March 10, 1899, and January 6, 1904, at
the price of £23,700."

nn un

Ar Christie's on Saturday a Romney from Tasmania fell to
Agnew's for 3,300 guineas, having started at 200, and it
ecems likely the painter did it for abcut twenty! A por-
tait of Miss Copley by Sir T. Lawrence fetched 2,400
guineas, Hcppner's portrait of Mrs. William Dundas 1.750
guineas, and two Raeburns 1,550 and 1,370 guineas.

Mn. W. B. Bryan, chief engineer to the East London Water-
works Company, has been appointed chief engineer to the
Metrcpolitan Water Board at a salary of £2,500 per annum.
with a further £1.250 in lieu of pension, Mr. Bryan not to
be permitted to take private practice.

١
Mr. GRAHAM JACKSON, who has been making a survey of Dur-
ham Castle at the request of the University authorities with
a view to ascertaining the condition cf the foundations of
the building, has reported to the Dean of Durham on the
subject, says the Vewcastle Chronicle. Mr. Jackson recom-

| mends that both the north and the south walls cf the Castle
¡ should be underpinned, and that the south wall should also

have stronger buttresses, and that other needful works re
quire to be carried out as scon as possible. It may also be
necessary to strengthen the buttresses cf the north wall. The

charming view of the finely wooded policies and surrounding
country was obtained; while before leaving they -xamined
what is regarded as probably the most curious sun-dial in
existence, standing within a few yards of the Castle. and
having eighty triangular dial faces. On the motion of Mr.
Hunter Crawford, Mr. Ralston was heartily thanked for his
gocdness, and also asked to convey the great indebtedness of
the association to Lord Strathmore. On the return journey
the party passed through and drove about a couple of miles
out from Forfar in an opposite direction to have a look at
all that remains of Restennet Priory, through the kindness
of Lady Dempster Metcalfe. Mr. Blanc acted as leader,
and briefly described the ruins. At the close of the neces-
sarily short visit, the excursionists returned to and dined
in Forfar. In the saloon at Perth Station a brief opportu-
nity was found for speechmaking, Mr. Blanc being cordially
thanked for his paper on Restennet Priory. and the secre-
taries being instructed, in thanking Lady Dempster Met-
calfe, to suggest the desirableness of something being done
to prevent further decay cf the church and tower.

In Paris on Monday evening M. Trouillot. Minister of Com-
merce, received Messrs. Alphonse, Gustave, and Edmond de
Rothschild, who explained to him a scheme by which they
propcse to devote 10,000,000 francs to building cheap homes
for working men and to the general improvement of the con-
dition of the working classes.

In regard to the bronze lamps remeved fiom Waterloo Bridge.
Mr. Eustace Balfcur, F.RI.B.A., writes that it would have
been perfectly easy to have designed a simple methcd of arc-

lamp suspension to fit the requirements of the traffic withcut | needful alteratious arc said to be very extensive, and to in-
Ç ۰ ۲ ۰ 5 ١
removing the cast-iren standards. and without interfering | volve a heavy cost.

شن وم وله

COMPETITIONS

Fortunately the London |

with the architecture of the bridge.
County Council have not succeeded in destroying the design
of these standards. And, fortunately also, cast iron is, from
the nature of the case, a material which lends itself to repro-

duction. The public therefore should demand that thev be |r “HE Liverpool Cotton Exchange (local) competition

has resulted in the first premium of £500 being
awarded to Messs Huon A. Matear and Frank
Simon, The Temple. Dale Street, Liverpool; the second
(£250) to Mr. Richard Holt; the third (£150) to

Messrs Grayson and Ould;- and the fourth (£100)
divided between Messrs Gilling and Moorhouse and
Henry Hartley. The building (to be erected in

Oldhall Street) will be surrounded by a two-storey colonnade
with granite columns, and marble bases and balustrades.
Arcund the central hall will be arranged telegraph, cable,
and telephone rooms; and immediately adjoining will be
the members’ private reading and smoking rooms; and arbi-
tration and appeal rooms will be provided on the upper
flocrs, where there will be the advantage of the best possible
light. There will also be a clearing-house, clearing-rooms,
bank, etc.. and the usual administrative equipment. There
will be suites of offices, lifts, and a café in the basement for
the accommodation of members and of the general public.
Portland stcne is to be used in the front, and the total cost
is estimated at £150,000.

Tuz Baths and Parks Committee of the Birmingham City
Council met on Monday to examine the plans sent in for
the new public baths to be erected in Moseley Road, Balsall
Heath. The competition was restricted to Birmingham
architects, and niné sets of plans were submitted. The
committee were particularly struck, says the Birmingham
Post, by the general level of excellence of the drawings.
which were regarded as highly creditable to the architects
and to the city. After consideration, the committee de
cided to recommend the City Council to accept the plans
of Messrs. William Hale and Son, of Colmore Row, Bir-
mingham. The sum sanctioned by the Council for the
erecticn of the baths, including engineering work and inci-

replaced at once.

On Tuesday there was unveiled on the field of Waterloo a
memorial to the French who fellthere. It takes the form of
a falling eagle above the French standard, modelled by
Gérome.

WE regret to hear of the discontinuance of the Magazine of
Art, which has been so ably edited by Mr. M. H. Spielmann
for the last seventeen years.

AMONG the possessions of the water companies which the
new water authority will take over are the offices of the
New River Company in Rosebery Avenue, E.C., says the
Vewcastle Chronicle. These were so much to the liking of
the Board that they decided to purchase a portion of the
premises for £9,500, and of this sum £2,000 was paid for the
"oak room," which has always been used for meetings of
the proprietors of the company. There are many rooms in
the office of historic interest, but the oak room is of all
the most interesting. It is situated on the ground floor.
and, as its name implies, is set off with a noble series of oak
carvings which have been attributed to Grinling Gibbons.
The carving represents flowers, fruit, fish, game, shells, etc..
and is very beautiful and perfect, while the most striking
feature is a 1ichly carved overmantel containing in the
centre the arms of William 111. Other rooms of the house,
which was originally the residence of Sir Hugh Myddleton,
who established the New River Company, also contains some
very fine decorations, alike on walls and ceilings, and the
whole of the offices secured by the Water Board are highly
ornate.

atm‏ سب

Ar a special court of governors of St. Georges Hospital on the | dental expenses, is £30,000.

2]st ult., it was agreed that it is not desirable at the present

time and under existing circumstances to remove St. Georges; Tue Hampstead Borough Council invite designs and parti-
Hospital from its present site.

The following resolutions culars for the erection of a mortuary and columbarium in

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 5

JULY r, 1904]

the extension of their cemetery at Fortune Green, West | foot billiard table, and has a long fixed window-seat (com-
Hampstead. The mortuary is required for the reception manding an exquisite view), with an arched beam over it.
of coffins pending interment, and the columbarium for the ١ It will be seen in the staircase sketch that an arch has been
deposit of urns and caskets containing cremated human | thrown across under the main wall of the building where the
remains. The designs are to be to a scale of lin. to lft., | hall extension comes, and the staircase enclosure has a pic-
but, should it be desired, any necessary detail may be given ' turesque effect seen in conjunction with this, both from the
at a greater scale. The cost of the buildings when complete | vestibule and looking back from the dining-room. The ves-
is not to exceed £1,000. Further particulars can be had , tibule has a segmental vaulted ceiling. A servants’ hall has
from the Superintendent, Hampstead Cemetery, West ’ yet to be added. Our sketches were made from the build-
Hampstead, N.W., to whom designs should be forwarded by : ing itself, but a window is shown at the left of roof in the
September 30. Nothing appears to be said as to the reward | courtyard sketch which is not yet built, and which would, of
for designs in the way of commission or premiums. Of. course, involve the deviation of the ventilating pipe.

course, the proper professional fee for the work would be! وټ‎ Me
about £100, and then, in addition to that, premiums should |
be offered for the second and third placed designs of, say. OUR LETTER BOX.

CATHEDRAL ROOFS.
To the Editor of THE _RITISH ARCHITECT.

Sir,—In looking over some of the competitive designs for
the Liverpool Cathedral I find in some of the sections drawn
that the roofs show timber construction, not only over the
main parts of the building, but also in the roofs cf western
towers, etc. Under these roofs there is vaulting in masonry
of some kind. Surely it is a mistake to roof in so ccstly a

£20 and £10. |

ARCHITECTS residing within eight miles of Wombwell are
invited by the Urban Council to submit plans for a free
library, the premiums offered being fifteen and five guineas.
Full particulars can be had from Mr. J. Robinson, Town

Hall, Wombwell, Yorks.

THE Roumanian Minister of Public Worship and Education

invites designs fcr the construction of a cathedral at Galatz. | building as a cathedral with an inflammable material 6

wood when iron can be had. If there is any reason for this

The competition will be closed on August 25. I should like to know it. as I expect some day to make a.
Communications are to be addressed to the Ministére des ， design for a cathedral in this city.

|
۲
|

R. Brown.
Boston, U.S.A., June 13.

— T

NOTES FROM BOSTON, U.S.A.

By R. Brown.

ESSRS. MCKIM, MEAD AND WHITE, architects,
| -of New York, have brought a suit against the city of

Bridgeport, Connecticut, for the sum of 20,000dols.
It is claimed that in 1900 the city authorities empowered
the New York architects to make plans and specifications for
The present administration decided to
remodel the old City Hall, so that the plans drawn by the
architects were set aside and repudiated.

The McKinley National Memorial Asecciation has issued
the programme for the final competition for the monument
to be erected at Canton, Ohio. At a recent meeting of the
trustees in New York, E. P. Casey, Arthur Dillon, H. R.
McGonigle A. R. Ross, of New York, and Guy Lowell, of
Boston, were selected from upwards of a hundred European
and American architects, who had submitted plans in the
preliminary competition. In addition to these, the com-
mittee have invited A. W. Brunner, Cass Gilbert, McKim,
Mead and White, of New York; Wyatt and Nolting, of
Baltimore; Eames and Young, of St. Lcuis; and D. W.
Burnham, of Chicago, to submit designs. From these the
final selection will be made by a committee, assisted by pro-
advisers. The association has accumulated
500,000dols. entirely by small subscriptions from all over the
country. The monument is to cost 400,000dols. It will be
one of the largest monuments of its kind in the country.
The balance of the fund is to be used for maintenance of the

monument and grounds.

A new municipal building in the Dorchester district 1s
nearly completed. It will eventually contain a branch
library, a gymnasium, swimming pool and baths. The cost
is 160.000dols., and the estimated cost of maintenance will

be 15,000dols.

Mn. GLENN BROWN, secretary of the American Institute of
Architects, reports from Washington that the action—the
protest of the various art and municipal organisations—has
been heard. and the Government will now locate the Agricul-
tural Building so as not to encroach on the proper develop-
ment of the Mall in Washington. Much of the credit cf
this triumph is accorded to Senator Newlands, of Nevada.

Tuz beautiful country home of Rudyard Kipling at Battle-
boro, Vermont, has been sold to Miss Grace Cabot, who is
well known in Boston society. It is said that the poet-

‚a new City Hall.

fessional

Prizes cf £160, £120, and £60 are offered for the three best
designs.

Cultes et de l'Instruction Publique, Bucharest.

— qo

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

NURSES’ HOME, NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE
INFIRMARY.
Design by CHas. Lynam, F.S.A., Architect,
Stoke-upon-Trent.
THE competition for this work was a limited one, and the
ruling idea in Mr. Lynam's design was that the building
should be a “ Home,” and not an institution.

DAIRY PREMISES.
W. Ernest HazELL. A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

THESE premises have been erected for the London,
Glcucestershire, and North Hants Dairy Company, Limited,
from the designs of Mr. W. Ernest Hazell. The buildings
are arrangcd rcund a large yard, and contain stables for
forty horses, and milk receiving and distributing depart-
ments. The front portion of the building is occupied by a
dairy shop, with board room and offices, and two small flats
for staff on the first floor. The walls are of red brick, with
grey terra-cotta corbels, quoins, and cornices. The columns
and fascia over the shop are carried out in green. Carrara
ware. The premises are supplied with water by an artesian
well 350ft. deep, which has been sunk by Messrs. C. Isler and
Co. The terra-cotta and Carrara ware have been carried
out by Messrs. Doulton; and the buildings have been
erected by Mesrs. Holloway Bros, Limited. l

" BRON-Y-GARTH," WOLDINGHAM.
(Royal Academy Exhibition, 1904.)
W. Rupert Davison, Architect.

IT is well known that additions and alterations often produce
a much more satisfactory result than an entirely new build-
ing. The fact is that the difficulties which have to be en-
:ountered suggest arrangements and developments which,
half the result of accident and half of design, would not have
suggested themselves at all in working de novo. The problem
in altering Bron-y-Garth was to make considerable improve-
ment in accommodation and appearance without departing
from the elements of cottage design. "The existing apart-

ments were, fortunately, in the right place, the kitchen to

the north and the dining and drawing rooms having out-

looks to east. south, and west, and, though a compromise

had to be arrived at in the location of a butler's pantry,
the general scheme seems very satisfactory for a country
cottage. The square bay to the dining-room and bedroom

over 1t, the verandah, the morning-room, the hall and lava-
The morning-room contains a ten-

tory are also additions.

[JULY 1, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

A A II AA a ee ee

crete, and a Pennsylvania manufacturer is now reproducing
garden works and the statuary of Rome and Greece in

the colours, form, and outline of this material, coloured `

in the most beautiful way and giving the most
artistic effects.” This opens up an illimitable field for
the highest art as well as the highest architectural and
engineering skill. 1t also broadens the field for monstrosities,
but with new invention comes fresh abuses, as well as added
uses. Concrete gives strength, with its steel reinforce-
ments; it is more economical than steel and stone, and
more workable ; it is fire-resistant and easily susceptible to
forms of beauty. We expect to hear considerably more
about its rise in the building of the near future."— Boston
Evening Transcript.
—— — —— د‎

MANCHESTER NEW ROYAL INFIRMARY.
Y Board of Management of the Manchester Royal
Infirmary, after appointing the architects for the
erection of a new infirmary upon the Stanley Grove

site, asked their Building Committee to examine and report
onthe plans which had Leen prepared. The object which
the Committee had in view was to ascertain whether the
estimated cost of the new infirmary might be reduced
| without affecting the efficiency of the institution and the
proposed to be provided. Mr.J.J. Burnet, of

i accommodation
Glasgow, the assessor who was appointed by the Board to
| ad vise them in the selection of plans, estimated that the
| Scheme, as drawn, would entail an expenditure of £324,000
with the addition of a further £16,500 if 600 beds were
provided instead of 500.

| The report of the Building Committee, which has just
‚been considered and approved by the Board of Manage-
ment, states that very careful attention has been given to
the details of the scheme as set out in the selected plans.
After prolonged discussion, all suggestions viewed favourably
by the Committee were submitted to the architects (Messrs.
Edwin T. Hall and John Brooke), and after a period for
consideration were discussed with these gentlemen. The
Committee acknowledge *the loyal co-operation of the
architects in amending the plans and the skill and prompti-
tude with which suggestions and criticisms have been
grasped and developed by them; the extensive knowledge
shown of hospital arrangement and construction, and the
ability with which they upheld tbeir own designs if the
suggested changes did not commend themselves to their
judgment."

The principal modifications recommended are shown in
supplementary plans submitted by the architects (says the
Manchester Guardian). The most important alteration has
reference to the location of the casualty block. It is pro-
posed to place this building adjacent to the Nelson Street
entrance, instead of behind the teaching block, with the
intention that the entrance shall be the one for all patients.
It is within one and a third mile of St. Ann's Square, between
the Oxford Road and Upper Brook Street tramway routes,
on an important thoroughtare leading directly from Oxford
Road to the heart of Ardwick. Certain rearrangements of
wards, stores and kitchens, and some minor structural
alterations in various parts of the Infirmary buildings are
also recommeuded to be adopted. ‘It has been intimated
to the architects," the report adds, “that possibly a kitchen
for preparing Jewish food may be required, and an ambu-
lance stable. They are prepared to provide the same if so
instructed."

Their detailed examination of the plans has satisfied the
Committee that no material reduction in cost can be effected
except by substantially reducing the number of beds, by
lowering the general efficiency of the hospital, or by
sacrificing the architectural dignity of the elevations. The
alternative elevations to Oxford Hoad have been specially
considered. The Board are strongly recommended to adopt
that on “ Sheet No. 9," which was specially commended by
the assessor. The Committee propose to have a new block
plan prepared embodying such modifications as the Board
approve, and after the Medical Board have been consulted
and the sanction of the trustees has been obtained, they
will proceed at once with the foundations of the building as
a separate contract, whilst the detail drawings are made
aud quantities are taken out for the contract for the
superstructure. By this course the architects advise that a
saving of at least twelve months in completing the Infirmary
can be effected.

nn 一 一 一 一 ——M— U (a a gg‏ تسه

novelist wrote some of his best-known works in this house,
including “ Captains Courageous.”

Tue Board of Aldermen in New York have adopted a new
ordinance designed to prevent such disasters as the collapse
a few months ago of the Hotel Darlington. The new regu-
lation gives the superintendent of buildings power to enforce
his orders. When the Darlington collapsed, inspectors of
the Buildings Department said they had filed the necessary
“ violations ` against the building, but the contractors paid
no attention to them.

Ar Concord, New Hampshire, a church is being built for
the Christian Science sect. It is called the “ First Church of
Christ.” Mrs. Mary Baker G. Eddy gave more than
120,000dols. towards building it. The architect's name is
nct given in the newspaper account. The church of the
same sect in. Boston, called the " Mother Church.” is being
added to by Mr. Charles Brigham, the architect, who re-
cently moved his cffice to the neighbourhood of the edifice.

Ar Cincinnati, Ohio, a tall building in cencrete has just been
completed. I enclose a description from the daily news
paper, which, as usual, omits mention of the architect.

一

CONCRETE BUILDINGS.

CONSPICUOUS example of a new departure in the

construction of tall buildings is furnished by a just

completed structure in Cincinnati. The dimensions
are of sufficient magnitude to make the test a thorough one.
The building is on a corner lot 50 by 10016. and its height is
210ft. above the sidewalk, while the basement goes l2ft.
lower in one part, and where the power plant is located,
20ft. The material of the edifice is almost entirely
concrete, reinforced with twisted rods of steel which serve
to take up the tensile strain, the concrete being intended to
resist only the strains of compression. This is rather a
bold advance along the line of a new idea, which, ۰
ever, has had some partial and favourable tests in
other places, notably in the ordeal of thé Baltimore fire.
There has not been, however, in the Cincinnati building a
complete disregard of the conventionalities of the sky-scraper
of the steel and store type which has received such wide ex-
ploitation in our large cities during the past dozen or fifteen
years, and a veneering of marble with glazed brick and
terra cotta ornamentation conceals the novel characteristics
of the structure. This was because the owners or architects
hardly had the complete courage.of their convictions, and
perhaps did not wish to advertise too conspicuously their
disregard of precedents and prevailing methode. The em-
ployment of material in the work is as follows: The con-
crete is made of high-grade Portland cement with clean sand
of various sized grains and crushed stone. 1t is made semi-
fluid by mixing with water, thus insuring adhesion to the
twisted steel bars. Wind bracing has been carefully looked
after. The building in question has confounded the prophets
of disaster, who predicted that it would never reach the
height prescribed in the plans, or if it did, it would disin-
tegrate, and fall in pieces by shrinkage cracks.

None of these foretold disasters has been experienced.
The structure seems as firm as though some great glacial
movement had deposited it there and left it. Of course,
there are all kind of critics. ‘There are those who have
distrusted the scheme in toto and those who are offended
‘because it has not been worked out to its potential con-
clusion ; that is, by carrying the concrete work to the outer
walls and ornaments as wel] as confining it to the struc-
tural fundamentals. But rarely is the whole problem
solved in any direetion by the pioneer, and we should
be grateful to him for the value of hie demonstrations
and suggestions, instead of finding fauit because he
has left no phase of development for others to add.
But we are evidently on the threshold of a new form of con-
struction, of which concrete is the basic factor. A
prominent engincer at a recent meeting of the Engineers'
Club at Philadelphia read a paper, in the course of which he
said: “By a most ingenious scheme of pouring cement into
damp sand, in a method analogous to the making of cast iron,
the most beautiful effects in sculpture are produced in con-

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT JULY ۱8۲ 190% 087

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT JULY ٦ 1904 COPYRIGHT.

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Although the gardens are essentially statue gardens, they
will be attractive from a horticultural point of view, great
care having been taken in laying out the spaces. The gar-
den having been laid on the top of the old gravestones,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

‘JULY 1, 1904]

The Committee, in concluding their report, express “ their
confidence that the plans amended as suggested will, if
carried out, provide a hospital of which Manchester will

have every reason to be proud, both as to its external

appearance and its internal arrangements, and which will | naturally the depth of soil is not very great, and the idea of

planting trees was abandoned. However, a varied assort-
ment of evergreen shruba have been judiciously planted so
as to largely make up for the absence of foliage of a larger
growth. As a whole, the improvement reflects great credit
upon those responsible, and the Corporation are to be
congratulated upon another important step in the direction
of beautifying the city. —Liverpool Mercury.

一

PRESENTATION TO MR. HOWARD COLLS.

DEPUTATION from the Society of Architects recently
waited upon Mr. Howard Colls for the purpose of
conveying to him a resclution of the Council express-

ing its appreciation of his aclion with reference to the re-
cent case of “Collis v. The Home and Colonial Stores.
Limited,” invclving an important question with regard to
the law as affecting “ancient lights.” The deputation,
which «onsisted of Mr. G. Gard Pye and Mr. A. E. Pridmore,
vice-presidents ; Mr. Ellis Marsland, hon. secretary ; and the
secretary, Mr. C. McArthur Butler, was introduced by Mr.
Marsland. Mr. Gard Pye, vice-president, expressed his
regret that the president, Mr. Walter W. Thomas, had been
detained in Liverpool. and was unable to be present, but
he (the speaker) could assure Mr. Colls, on behalf of the
Council, that they heartily appreciated the spirit which
had animated him in contesting a point on which such great
issues depended, with the result that an authoritative de-
cision had been obtained from the House of Lords, which
would greatly assist those engaged as architects or builders
in the development of property. Mr. Pye intimated that
the Council had placed its opinion on record in the form of
an engrossment. on. vellum of a resolution which 1t had
passed on the subject, and which they asked Mr. Colls to
accept. The address, which was 1ead by the secretary, was
as follows: - At a meeting of the Council of the Society
of Architects held at Staple Inn Buildings (South) on Thurs-
day. the 19th day of May, 1904, it was resolved that the
best thanks of the Council of the Society be tendered to J.
Howard Colls, Esquire, for the courage and public spirit
he has shown in carrying the case of ' Colls v. Home and
Colonial Stores' to the House of Lords. and obtaining from
this supreme tribunal an authoritative decision on the law
affecting ancient lights. In the opinion of this Council,
the decision obtained will, to a large extent. prevent ficti-
tious claims for damage to light being raised, with their con-
sequent delays and legal proceedings. and in passing this
resolution they feel they are echoing the thanks of all those
who are either professionally or practically engaged in build-
ing operations, Mr. A. E. Pridmore, vice-president, asked to
be allowed to supplement the remarks of Mr. Pye. 'He had
known Mr. Colls for many years, and it was characteristic
of him that he should have taken the stand which he did
upon a matter so vitally affecting the interests of the whole
building industry of the kingdom. Already the effect of the
judgment was beginning to be felt, and Mr. Colls had un-
questionably rendered the greatest service to architects and
builders by his public-spirited action. The address which
the Council asked him to accept would perhaps serve to
remind him that they were not ungrateful. but no doubt
his best reward would be in the feeling that he had been
the means of materially benefiting tho members of a com-
munity in which he deservedly held so high a position. Mr.
Colls expressed his pleasure at knowing that his action had
been so generally approved, and at the way in which it had
been expressed by the Council of the Society of Architects.
He alluded at some length to the reasons which had induced
him to take the case to the final tribunal, and his gratifica-
tion at the result. He accepted the Council's presentation
with thanks, as a tangible proof of their appreciation.

————

Tre new و‎ wage works at Drighlingten. which were cpened
on the 25th ult.. have cost £16.000. Mr. G. B. Waugh has
had the supervision of the work, and the contractors were
Messrs. Ward and Tetley, of Bradford, and Messrs. Greaves
and Wheater, of Calverley. Messrs. J. Waugh and Sons,
of Bradford, were the engineers.

inaugurate an era of increasing benefit to the sick poor of
the district. A corresponding development may be expected
in wedical education, in which the Manchester Royal

Infirmary is deeply concerned, and in which it is so closely:

associated with the University of Manchester.”
—e v

ST. JOHN'S GARDENS, LIVERPOOL.

HE ceremony of the opening of St. John’s Gardens,
Liverpool, took place on Wednesday afternoon. The
“ Great Heath," upon a portion of which $t. George's
Hall and ite surroundings now stand, was a landmark of the
town for ages. In 1767 a part of the heath was enclosed
and consecrated as a graveyard, and a small mortuary
chapel was built near the bottom of St. John's Lane. St.
John's Church was consecrated in 1783, and the last service
within its walls was held on Sunday, March 27, 1898. The
churchyard had been closed for burials in 1865, but many
years elapsed before the place was laid out as a public
garden. |
With regard to the present improvements, the general
plan was based upon the suggestions made by Mr. G.
Frampton, R.A., the sculptor. Mr. Frampton proposed to
convert the churchyard into an Italian garden, and pre-
pared a model, which was exhibited to the City Council
some years ago. Mr. Shelmerdine, the City Surveyor,
adopted this plan with certain modifications in conformity
with the criticisms of the Special Committee appointed to
supervise the work. The level terrace adjoining St.
George's Hall is the main feature, it being 5015. long and
35ft. wide. The terrace is of an ornamental character,
and is, like all the masonry, of Darley Dale stone, the
material of which St. George's Hall is built. A broad walk
runs from one end of it to the other, between the two
entrances at the top of St. John's Lane and William Brown
Street respectively. In this walk are the pedestals for
the statues of Mr. William Rathbone and Sir Arthur
Forwood, Bart. In the centre, the terrace broadens
out to nearly double its ordinary width. The broader
portion is bounded by a semi-circular retaining wall
forming the eastern half of a level circle 134ft. in diameter,
and in the centre of this is placed the Gladstone memorial
statue. For some little distance round the Gladstone statue
there is a space paved, like the rest of the walks and pro-
menades, with orange-coloured Ruabon brick. Surrounding
this is à broad ring of flower beds. Beneath the wall of the
terrace there are seats cut in Hopton Wood stone. The
spaces on the terrace are laid out as grass plots and flower-
beds. From the points on the terrace promenade where
the Rathbone and Forwood statues are placed, walks about
18ft. wide extend at right angles to the main promenade,
and lead to flights of steps conducting to the lower
portion of the garden, and giving access to the level
circle. Pedestals are on each side of the two flights of
steps, on wbich it is proposed to place seated figures in
bronze. The site of the: Balfour statue is in front of the
terrace on the north side, and in corresponding positions on
the south side other statues will be placed. The situation
of the memorial to officers and men of the Liverpool Regi
ment, who lost their lives in the Boer War, is in the middle
of a walk which runs from the level circle just below the
centre of the terrace to the main entrances in the
Old Haymarket. It is in the centre of a smaller
circular space enclosed by a parapet of masonry. Seats
of Hopton Wood stone have been fitted inside this parapet.
The parapet is supported by buttresses designed to serve
as pedestals for busts. Two avenues, each 20ft. wide, run
parallel with the main walk, and between these avenues are
large sunk flower beds. The various spaces have been laid
out in parterres of tlowers according to designs drawn up by
Mr. Herbert, superintendent of the parks and gardens.
The gardens are enclosed by substantial stone piers support-
ing light ironwork. Altogether there are five entrance
gates made from the corners at the junctions respectively of
St. John's Lane «and William Brown Street with the Old
Haymarket. These corner gates are connected one with
the other by walks laid out ۵٥ segments of circles.

[JULY r, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

BUILDING NEWS.

A new isolation hospital is to be erected at Perth by the Town
Council at a cost of £11,000. The architect. is Mr. G. P. K.
Young, A.R.I.B.A., Perth.

Ar Tuesday's meeting of the Brighton Education Committee
it was decided to purchase forty-three plots of land, between
Bates Road and Loder Road, at a: cost of £2,356, as a site for
a school. |

AT Tuesday s meeting of the Londen County Council the
Education Committee decided that steps be taken to build
new schools for 800 children respectively in Marylebone and
Whitechapel, and for 1,140 in Wandsworth.

Tue foundation-stone of the new parish. church of Rowley
(Mr. G. Sheppard, architect) was laid on the 30th ult. The
edifice, which will accommodate about 530 worshippers and
involve a total outlay of £8,000, will be built in three sections.

In the paragraph concerning Preston's new Sessions House,
last week (page 469), we omitted to mention Mr. Gilbert
Seale, of Gecrge Street, Camberwell, S.E., as having done the
whole of the carving and sculpture in wood and stone and the
fibrous plaster decorations.

' THE new workshops of the Royal Albert Asylum, Lancaster.
‚which were opened last week, are built of local stone, and

have cost about £7,000 to erect. They are six in number,
| each measuring 3016 by 20ft. The architects were Mesas.
| Woolfall and Eccles, of Liverpool.

|
AT a meeting last Friday of the Cardiff Museums Com-
mittee, Mr. F. Nicholls presiding. Mr. E. Seward, the archi-
tect. submitted his revised plans for the proposed new
museum and art gallery to be erected in the Cathays Park,
and they were approved subject to inquiries as to the most
approved methods of heating.

THE Leeds new Market Hall. in Vicar Lane and Kirkgate.
just opened, is 241ft. 2 by 102ft.. and is surrounded inside
by small shops. whilst outside, fronting the main thorough-
fare, are eighteen large shops, and an hotel. The building.
says the Yorkshire Post, has been designed in Renaissance
style, with details of a classical outline, and of a dignified
character. Each main entrance is surmounted by a dome
and turrets, and gables have been introduced at various

points.

THE managers of Glasgow Royal Infirmary have remitted the
plans for the reconstruction to Sir Henry Burdett and have
associated with him Dr. Mackintosh, of the Western Infir-
mary, Glasgow, “to examine and make suggestions as they
may think advisable for their improvement in. detail or as a
working whole, having in mind that the general ground plan
of the main ward blocks must not be departed from. and that
the number of beds provided (700) must not be diminished.”

THE restoration of the Burton parish church, which has
altogether occupied some six or seven years in carrying out,
has now been finally completed. The present building was
erected early in the eighteenth century, on' the site of the
old original abbey church built in early Norman times. The
town is indebted for the restoration to Lord Burton, Mr.
Robert Ratcliff, Mr. John Gretton, M.P., Mr. F. Gretton,
and the late Miss Fanny Gretton, and the cost is estimated
at £14,000. The architect is Mr. H. Beck, High Street,
Burton-on-Trent. i

As far back as 1893 it was found necessary, owing to the in-
creasing number of visitors to Woodhall Spa, to provide
greater church accommodation than that afforded by the old
parish church of St. Andrew, and in that vear the foundation-
stone of the new church of St. Peter was laid by the late Right
Hon. Edward Stanhope. At that time only a nave and
north aisle were built, and the church has now beeri com-
pleted by the addition of a chancel, organ chamber, and
vestry, the whole fabric costing about £3,700. .The edifice
Was consecrated on the 29th ult. by the Bishop of Lincoln.

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an ideal joint, at once simple, effective and economical, It
has been designed to meet an acknowledged want, viz., a
thoroughly sound water and air-tight joint, effective in
application and easily made by an unskilled labourer. |
An illustrated circular may be obtained on application to
the patentee at Church Square, West Hartlepool, or par-
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of whom are known for the excellence of their productions :
Messrs. Thos. Wragg and Sons, Ltd., of Hillside Stoneware
Pipe Works, Swadlincote, near Burton-on-Trenv; at their
Poole Works, South Western Pottery, Parkstone, Dorset ;
or their London Offices, Albany Buildings, 39, Victoria
Street, S.W.; Messrs. Oates and Green, Ltd., of Halifax;
and Messrs. Wm. Harriman and Co., Ltd., 1, Charlotte
Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

ہے .

Plastic Seal

| y

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The two diagrams we give clearly explain the principles
of this ingenious device, one of the most important advan-
tages of which is that a true invert is secured invariably.
Curiously enough, this point seems to be unmentioned in
the official description.

It will be observed that in order to secure a permanently
sound joint the bituminous material forming an integral
part of the joint has been recessed as shown.

In order to make the joint, the recess (see diagrams) is
filled with specialy prepared plastic cement before the
Pipe is lowered into the trench. This luting material is
supplied with the pipes, and should be slightly warmed
before use. When driven home the tongue in the socket
divides and compresses the plastic material on the spigot,
so as to make it impossible for either air or water to pass.
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UNMADE JOINT

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The memorial, which is in the form of a. bronze
in bas-relief

JULY r, 1904) THE BRITISH ARCHITECT | 17

一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 -一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 سس ای‎

e ا‎ e a e o

| |
The architect is Mr. C. Hodgson Fowler, of Durham, and the ۱ an additional wing on the southern side. It will thus be

contractors Messrs. Bowman and Son, of Stamford. The ' seen that, from the architectural point of view, the peculiarity
building is of red brick, and has د‎ large seating capacity. is that two-thirds of the school will be entirely rebuilt with-
| , , Out the education being interrupted for a day. The contrac-
THE foundation stone of the Whitley Bay Free Methodist tov 15 Mr. J. Carmichael, the clerk of works Mr. Murrell, and
Church was laid last week. The building, which will be ee ee در دا نو‎ 2 Py
constructed of red pressed brick with stone dressing, is to architectural display 8 The ہس سا‎ 1 pe bri ck 2
cost £3,500. Mr. W. H. Knowles, F.S.A., of 37, Grainger: 4 ی‎ ۱
Street, Newcastle-on-Tyne, is the architect, and. Mr. W. — متا لس‎ a a en Ay nd ls
A. Styan, of Whitley Bay, the builder. The plan (says the’ RA you pine ie نی‎ He hin 8 P eA T

Newcastle Chronicle) is arranged in the shape of the letter | tha whole buil dine is sedin tha رس‎ end ê the اف‎
T, the top facing to Margaret Road, and the stem, with a: plaveround apace و و‎ one ke Dd or the
tower entrance beyond, adjoins the Benson Hall, and opens | ihe ult ٣٣ |

off Whitley Road. There will be accommodation for about ; ېز‎
400 persons, and the body of the church is divided into five, | | ۲
bays, marked on the exterior by buttresses. The tower will; THE foundaticn-stune of the new church of St. Peter, at
be sixteen feet square and 60 feet in height, finished with ہمت‎ a می‎ was Dis on a ae: nu
angled turrets. ; designs provide for a massive tower at the west end, bu

x 7 l for the present the building of this will be postponed. The

, ۱ | Style of architecture, says the Birmingham Post, is a free
AT Monday's meeting of the Newcastle-under-Lyme Board | and modern adaptation of that prevailing at the end of the

of Guardians a report was received from a committee with | fourteenth "antur
x: eent y. A deep plum-coloured brick will be
_ reference to proposed E سرت ب‎ te 06: used for external facing, with details and tracery in grey
committee had considered three schemes, viz., one for a new | buff terra cotta. Internally a lighter and redder brick wiil

hospital at an estimated cost of £6,500 ; one for twenty-five be used, in conjunction with Quarella stone, of a soft green

additional beds, at a cost of £2,500, a maternity ward £700, | : | |
and a nurses home £1,000, or £4,000 in all; and a third ' colour, from the Forest of Dean quarries. The plan shows

. ‚a chancel with apsidal end 34ft. long and 27ft. Gin. wide.
suggested by the master for a nurses home, with an addi- ' cut of which the organ chamber opens on the south side,

tional hospital block on each side of the present hospital. | and the. oler d £
I | 1 gy and choir vestries, with a return way for
for which part of the land would have to be purchased. The ' communicants. on the north side. The nave will consist

committee ep la > ا وه ار و‎ eventually of five bays, 84ft. long and of the same width as
drawings and estimates of the two la ‘the chancel, but at present only four bays are to be built,

and submit them to the Guardians. e drei bs | with a length of 58ft. "There are also north and south aisles
adopted. and the consideration of thé matter adjourned foi and transepts. The north transept, with a seating capacity
a fortnight. | of sixty-three, has an altar recess, and is to be used as a
morning chapel Two temporary porches are at present
THE Prince and Princess of Wales on Saturday opened the , provided in the north and south aisles, and when the tower
new sanatorium which has been erected, 400ft. above the sea is built it is intended that the lower storey should fcrm

level, at Heatherside, Camberley, Surrey. This hospital is ' the main porch. The nave and chancel will have a height
the country extension of the Brompton Hospital for Con- of 9ft. Gin. to the wall plate, with open timber roof at a low

sumption and Diseases of the Chest. In the centre of the | pitch. The church will have a total seating capacity of
sanatorium is a three-storeyed block, which contains board | 570, exclusive of choir, but the portion to be now built pro-
and day-rooms. the matron's apartments and some three-bed | vides for only 402. The site has been purchased at a cost
wards. Frcm the corners of this radiate four two-storeyed | of £850, and the building contract amounts to £5,252 10s.
pavilions, in which are the majority of the wards. To avoid | including internal fittings, heating, and lighting. but ex-
the accumulation of dust rounded corners have been used. cluding the tower and one bay of nave and aisles. The
A little away from the main buildings are three other struc- | total cost of that portion of the church now in course of
tures, one of which is for the doctors and another for the | erection is estimated at £6,500. The new church is being
nurses. The third and centre one contains two dining-halls, | erected to the designs of Messrs. Cossins, Peacock and
kitchens, and an assembly-room. There is accommodation | Bewlay, Colmore Row, Birmingham, by Mr. T. Elvins, of
for 100 patients. Electric light is the illuminant through- | Soho Hill. Birmingham.

out, the same being generated on the premises, and hot water

radiators will be principally responsible for the heating.
As a precaution against fire, in addition to the main stair-
cases, a fire escape staircase has been provided at the end
of each pavilion, and two of the pavilions are cut off from
the rest of the block by a corridor of fire-resisting material.
It is estimated that a sum of £10,000 a year will be required
for the maintenance of the institution, which has taken
over two years to build. ‘The cost of the site and of erect-
ing and furnishing the buildings will amount to about
£70.000, and the architect is Mr. Edwin Thomas Hall,
.F.R.LB.A.. of Bedford Square, W.C.. the builders being
Messrs. Holliday and Greenwood, Limited, of Brixton, S.W.

THE new public baths at Haggerston, N.E., which were
illustrated in THE BRITISH ARCHITECT on June 20, 1902, were
opened last week, having cost about £60,000. The swim-
ming bath, planned on the amphitheatre system, is 100ft.
long and 35ft. wide. There are seventeen men's and five
women's first-class, and forty-nine men's and nineteen
women's second-class slipper baths, public cloak-rooms, a
large swimmers' club-room, a public laundry for sixty
washers, a board-room, etc., and, in the attic storey, residen-
tial accommodation for the superintendent. The boiler-

house, the heater-room, the establishment laundry. and the -
store-rooms are placed in the basement floor. The engineer-
ing plant comprises three Lancashire boilers, connected with
the requisite feed and condense pumps, steam injectors, sue-
tion and delivery pipes, valves, etc. ; a Green's patent fuel
economiser, fitted with an electric motor for driving the
scrapers, two large multitubular reservoir heaters, and elec-
tric motors for actuating the wash-house machinery and the
ventilating fans. The walls of the swimming-bath hall, the
suites of slipper baths, the public and establishment laun-
dries, and the public corridors and staircases are faced, and
the bath tank lined. with enamelled bricks. supplied by the
Farnley Iron Company, Limited. The lower portions of
the lantern light are of glazed terra-cctta, supplied by the
Leeds Fireclay Company, fitted with iron casements, and
the upper portions have fixed glass roofs and domes. Messrs.

Tue Jews Free School, Bell Lane, Spitalfields, E., founded on
modest lines originally in 1817, has gradually risen till it
forms certainly the largest public elementary school in the
kingdom, and probably in the whole world. No infants are
admitted, but the accommodation is 2,200 boys and 1.300
girls, requiring a staff formed of the headmaster, vice-master,
head-mistress, vice-mistress, seventy-five certificated teachers,
ninetcen pupil teachers and probationers, three assistant
teachers for needlework, and special instructors for Hebrew.
“science and art. drawing, military drill, gymnastics, instru-
mental music, and cookery. Teachers’ salaries alone absorb
£12.144. The design for the entire rebuilding was aban-
doned because two portions of the school are of comparatively
recent date, and the scheme could not be carried out without Killby and Gavfor “al |

the whole of the children being remcved during the rebuild- | ra] a = سن موہ ھا‎ Bes ne seed
asa of the dine ia follows very much the | supplied and fixed by Meses Homan acd ا‎ has been
lines of the existing buildings, giving greater space, more suit- engineering plant was installed ٩ M: an 259 gers. The
able sizes for class rooms, more convenience generally, and ! Son ; Messrs. Hemingway end ۳ ar ed no oe
| ec-

N. W.

[JuLy 1, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

وو ا ا —

augurate the annual exhibition of the Beni Hasan Excava-
tions Committee, at the rooms of the Society of Antiquaries
Burlington House. Her Royal Highness, it seems. visited
the excavations during their progress in Egypt. and took
much interest in the werk. The exhibits include the anti-
quities discovered at Beni Hasan and Negada by Mr. John
Garstang. Reader in Egyptian Archeology in the University
of Liverpool, and paintings by Mr. Harold Jones, artist to
the expedition. The exhibition will be open from the 8th
to tlıe 23rd inst.

On the 21st ult. the members of the Sanitary Committee
of the Middlesbrough Corporation and the borough member
(Colonel S. A. Sadler. M.P.) visited the new pumping station.
situated at Cargo Fleet, and which is nearly completed. The
borough engineer (Mr. Frank Baker) explained that they had
a great deal of trouble with the foundations, and they had to
work at a considerable distance below low-water mark. They
were erecting an engine house for putting down four pairs of
engines, and each engine would pump 15,000 gallons of sewage
per minute. When it was completed they would be able to
pump 60,000 gallons per minute, and when the works were
put into thorough going order, they expected to be in a posi-
tion to cope with any floods that might occur. The contrac
tor said Colonel Sadler had promised to have the roof of the
building on in two months, and in all it would take three

months for completion.
——

TRADE NOTES.

Tue whole of the wall tiling at the new Y.M.C.A. buildings
at Dale End. Birmingham, is being supplied and fixed by the
wellknown firm cf art tile manufacturers, Messrs. William
Godwin and Son. of Lugwardine Works, near Hereford.

WE have received a copy of the " Trade Protection Jour-
nal,” which is the official organ of the London Association
for the Protection of Trade, of 16, Berners Street, London,
W. This journal is published quarterly, and gives a great
deal of useful information on various subjects in which this
association is interested.

Tur statutory meeting of the newly-formed Asbestic Brick
and Tile Company, Limited, was held on the 23rd ult. This
company has been formed to exploit a special form of sand
brick under the Boas patents, known as the Asbestic Brick.
The tests with these bricks. as made at the experimental
factory in Paris. and reported on by Mr. Kirkcaldy, have
been very favcurable. A model factory is now being erected
near Regent's Park, on up-to-date lines, driven by electrical
power and equipped with the most modern machinery, and
it is anticipated that the brick will be available for use in
London towards the beginning of September. 56
should, in the meantime, be addressed to the Secretary of
the Asbestic Brick and Tile Company. Limited, at their
registered offices, 18, Austin Friars, London, E.C.
———9 —

NOTES OF COMPETITIONS OPEN.
(*) Signifies the deposit required.

Aberystwyth. July 30. Library. Premiums: £30 and
15. Town clerk. 21s.*

Galatz. Aug. 25. Cathedral. Premiums: £160, 120, and
60. Ministère des Cultes de Instruction Publique, Bucharest.

Glasgow. Libraries (2). See advt. June 24.

Hampstead, N.W. Sept. 30. Mortuary, etc. Superinten-
dent, Cemetery, West Hampstead. N.W.

New Somerby. July 31 (extension of time). Church.
Premium: £10. Rev. H. H. Surgey, Dudley-rd., Grantham.

Westminster, S.W. Wesleyan Methodist. hall, ete. (preli-
minary competition). Rev. A. Clayton, 31, City-rd., E.C.

Whitehaven. July l-Aug. 15. Library. Premiums (for 2nd
and 3rd best) £30 and 20. Town clerk. 21s.* 8

Wombwell, Library (local competition). Premiums: 15
and 5 guineas. J. Robinson, Town Hall.

PAPER

CLIMATES.

tric lighting; the ornamental metal work was supplied by
Messrs. Benham and Froud. and Thos. Elsley, Limited, and
the ship vane by Mr. George Wragge. The figures on: the
pediment of the main front were modelled by Mr. F. E. E.
Schenck, of Pimlico, S.W., and carved by Messrs. H. H.
Martyn and Co., Cheltenham. Externally, the buildings are
faced with Lawrence's red bricks and Portland stone. Mr.
H. Barton was the general foreman. Mr. F. C. Saunders the
clerk of works, and Mr. A. W. S. Cross, M.A., F.R.I.B.A., of
9Ja, Maddox Street W. the architect who also designed the
electric light fittings (executed by Messrs. Benham and Froud
and the Electrical Fittings Co.).

وچو

JOTTINGS.

Tue freehold of Sir Francis Laking's residence in Pall Mall,
directly opposite to Marlborough Gate, was sold at the Mart
on the 24th inst. for £16,500.

A scHEME to develop Ainsdale (Lancashire) at an outlay of
about £100,000 has been taken in hand by Mr. Charles J.
Weld Blundell, lord of the manor.

THE death of Mr. James Bower, M.I.C.E., occurred at Gates-
head on Monday. He had held the position of borough
engineer of Gateshead for thirty-five years.

E1GHTy acres of land are to be added to Hampstead Heath,
at a cost of £36,000, towards which the London County
Council have agreed to contribute £8,000.

A SURVEYOR (30-40) to the Esher Urban Council is required
at a commencing salary of £300 per annum. Apply by 16th
inst. to Mr. E. A. Everett, Brabant Villa, Thames Ditton.

We have to congratulate Sir Henry Tanner, architect to the
Office of Works,on the knighthood conferred on him,amongst.
other recipients of the last Birthday honours from His

Majesty.

y
Tur Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's have accepted the design
by Mr. W. Goscombe John. A.R.A., for the memorial to
South African war correspondents. The total cost of ın-
stalling the memorial is estimated at £150.

Mr. W. MITCHELL, of Longridge, has been selected out of
130 applicants for the post of city surveyor and sanitary
inspector of Ripon; and Mr. R. T. Buscombe, of Bodmin,
out of twenty applicants, for the borough surveyorship of

Bodmin.

Mr. CHARLES LEUTHIRIE, in the Revue de deuc Mondes,
suggests that an aerial platform on tall supports, resting on a
viaduct of concrete 50ft. below low-water level, could be con-
structed between the English and French coasts at a cost
of about £9,000,000.

WHAT was styled a “ supremely beautiful suite of Chippen-
dale furniture” was offered for sale at the Wilkes Arms,

Elmsdou, near Audley End on the 24th inst.. and was with- |

drawn at the bid of 1,900 guineas, as it did not reach the
reserve price. Five Chippendale chairs fetched £106.

PETERBOROUGH Cathedral has the oldest working clock in
England (says the Birmingham Post). It was erected about
1320, and is probably the work of a monastic clockmaker. It
is the onlv one now known that is wound up over an old
wooden wheel. The clock is said to be of much more primi-
tive construction than that made by Henry de Nick for
Charles V. of France in 1370. The clock chamber is in the
north-west tower, some 120ft. high. The gong is the great
tenor bell of the cathedral, which weighs 32ewt., and it 5
struck hourly by an 80lb. hammer.

H.R.H. Princess Henry or BATTENBERG will privately in-

WILLESD

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN 2-PLY.

See next Issue.

LONDON,

Used by leading Architects.
WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS, LD., WILLESDEN JUNCTION,

The best Underlining on the Market.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JuLy 8, 1904)

parapets, ungainly hips, awkward corbels, bad roof outlines,
and the like. But, as we have before hinted, the union of
sympathy amongst those who have art and catholicity
enough to welcome all aids to good architecture, and who
can appreciate art in whatever form, is likely to do more for
the artistic support of architects than all the protective
influences in. the world, which aim chiefly to fill our pockets
and strengthen the purely practical life of that very prosaic
and practical being, the average Englishman.

From Mr. Walter K. Booth, Manchester:—' I was much
pleased with the notion of your proposal of “ the sketching
club." To me it seems a clear certainty, د‎ thing that should
have been long before now. However, might I suggest a few
thoughts that occurred to me as of moment? I should say,
first of all, that our main motive is mutual help, therefore
the subscription, if any, should be so arranged and modified
that no architect who has served articles should be excluded.
A query I would suggest here, Should the subscription be
optional? Why not make the essential qualification be one
accepted drawing annually? My sincere hope is that
the club will take us ciear away from the ecclesiastical (long
since overdone) to the other treasures equal in value—
quaint, good, wholesome native work abounding the country
over, in every old village, town, or city in the land—
waiting for those who value what is good for its own sake."

From Mr. E. Guy Dawber, F.R.I.B.A., president of the
Architectural Association :—‘‘ Your proposal as to the for-
mation of am architects’ sketching club is an excellent one,
and has my very hearty support. The press of daily work
and routine is apt to make us forget the fact that sketching
is a delightful and most stimulating recreation and a plea-
sant by-path in which to wander. A club such as you sug-
gest, if kept to very simple and inexpensive lines, would do
much to help this side of our work and strengthen the social
side of the profession." 7
` From Mr. Charles Lynam, F.S.A., Stoke-on-Trent: —“ At
my first sight of your suggestion the impulse to write off at
once to be allowed to join your ranks came over me, but on
reflection and calling to mind the exquisite skill of brush and
pencil possessed by many in our architectural ranks to-day,
and remembering my own comparative feebleness, my impul-
sive ambition was suppressed, and now you give a list of real
masters of the art of expressing vigorously and tenderly any
architectural effect that may engross them. So one has to
consider what excuse can one offer for presuming to join the
list. Well, before my apprenticeship began, sketching had
seized my devotion, and now the weak but earnest fragmen-
tary attempts at rendering in line or colour what one loved
to look at, even as far back as 1847, still have place in books
which have accumulated since that time, and to this day the
joys which accompanied those poor efforts still revive at the
sight of them ; yes, and the circumstance of almost, every line
or wash recurs to the mind, and also the actual surroundings
which accompanied the time of sketch come back to one. It
may be the bright sunshine and clear sky and glowing subject,
or on the other hand the damp, cold chill of a leaden atmo-
sphere on a stone seat and in a biting wind, now tting
thankfulness that one is still in the flesh. Many a scribble
and many a blot made through these years are still extant,
and if the eminent members of your club do not refuse the
companionship of the rank and file please to accept my name
for membership. Assuming this, permit me a word or two
as to scope. Let the club be limited to architects, if you will,
but be careful as to limit of subject or style of production.
Of all the landscapes seen by me, a little water-colour of a
bit of a Scotch riverside, by Mr. Alfred Waterhouse, remained
most appreciated. There was no architecture in it. but only
a sunlit moment of a fragment of Scotch landscape, but it had
in it very much of Alfred Waterhouse. That, it strikes one,
is what should be a desideratum in your club. Do not tightly
limit subject, you will always get the man. He may have
fancied a ruined holy well by a common roadside. or he may
have been cast at a railway station, and am arch of a viaduct
or one of Brindley's simple canal bridges, or a lock and its
attendant's house, may be the only objects to appeal to his
fever to sketch. Yes, sketching is very much a matter of
impulse, particularly when men can hardly ever get out of
the collar of practical work. So one would be careful in
limiting subject too narrowly. but would rather make sure
E getting the eye and hand and intellect of the man; he will
m. ۶ seen in his work, however simple or varied ۷

From Professor Beresford Pite FR.IBA ۰ I thi
that sketching may be a useful means of encouraging uum

the

The British Archítect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, JULY 8, 1904.

BUILDING RESTRICTIONS.

S to how far an individual is to be coerced into the protec-

tion of his own property when it does not affect the

welfare of others we are inclined to the view that it is
not the proper mission of local authorities to interfere We
imagine that this opinion would be shared by many of our
readers who are architects. The professed safeguards against

fire are, to our thinking, stupidly oppressive, but, most of all
and particularly im country places. A case we have in
memory illustrates one of the absurdities created by
interference of local authorities. An architect built himself
a house in a certain suburb standing back in complete isola-
tion on. an acre and a half of ground. The upper part of a
gable forming the enclosure to an attic he filled in with halt-
timber work only, which, when the local surveyor noted, he
called upon him to line up inside with brickwork. The archi-
tect did his best to evade the injunction, but finally was
obliged to comply. So that, to save his own property from
an infinitesimal risk of fire, he had to go to needless expense
and make his attic smaller. There are many ways in which
& local authority can compel people to do things which mili-
tate against the appearance and convenience of building such

as readily occur to the professional mind. The question is how

far is it right or necessary for a public authority to compel a
man to protect his own property and perhaps his life? ٹا‎
we were to be protected from our own notions of happiness
and comfort in the matter of food and clothing, we should
not be surprised nowadays. A roof thatched with reeds, cool
in summer and warm in winter; a timber-framed house hung
with tiles and having an air space betweem the outer and
inner facings of walls, which keeps a house dry and comfort-
able; wide wooden verandahs which shelter from wind and
rain, and sun; half-timber gables which are so picturesque
and characteristically English; wood-lined interiors to rooms
which make possible such artistic and durable effects—these
are some of the things which the local fire-preventer would
possibly make things of the past if he had his way. The
burden on an architect's mind when designing school build-
ings, as to what he may not and as to what he must do, js
enough sometimes to drive all hope from his mind of ever
producing the best results. From an example in our own
knowledge, however, in which the architect designing some
suburban schools kept im mind a late Tudor type and managed
to get a residuum of something good left after the education
authorities had ruled out a great deal of the harmless pic
turesqueness, encourages the belief that he who greatly dares
in the courage of his ideas will fight his way towards some
measure of his ideal. The Constitutional Club, in North-
umberland Avenue, remains as a standing lesson in this re-
` gard, where Colonel Edis, if he did not get all he wanted,
obtained د‎ good deal more than some of his professional
brethren.

————— b li m mn

AN ARCHITECTS' SKETCHING CLUB.

ROM other letters we have received on this subject we
print the following, which show the interest our
readers continue to take in the matter. We have

received other letters of approval not intended for
publication. We hope our readers do not miss our point.
The making of a sketch can never usurp the premier position
in the dignity of an architect's calling. But with all that
has been said against sketching, we do not think it can be
maintained for a moment that even all the exaggerated
attention paid to it in the latter years of the last century
has had anything but a beneficial effect on architectural
progress. We quite agree that more attention has been
bestowed on sketching for its own sake than has been ad-
visable amongst those whose real mission in life has been
to make architecture. But if one does not think in the
round how is one ever to accomplish good architectural
effect? And surely the power of successful sketching aids
the architect in keeping in his mind the three dimensions of
length, breadth, and thickness? The evidence of a lack of
this i9 before us every day in ill-proportioned results of roof

July 8, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

一 一 一 一

fact that the committee had sent back this tesolution.
Alderman Jones said that if it could be shown that the
appointment of a Council architect would be economical, he
would not stand in the way; but he did not think it would.

feeling and fellow-feeling by means of a club among busy
practising architects, and 1 shall watch with interest any
efforts in this direction.”

From Mr. S. Perkins Pick, F.R.I.B.A., President of the

Leicestershire Society of Architects: —“ Such an exhibition (Mr. Dodds remarked that they had paid away .£2,500

in architects fees during the past two years, and urged
that there was ample time now for considering whether they
could not make some more advantageous arrangement for
the ratepayers. Alderman Jones suggested at this stage
that the Council should adjourn, but it was agreed instead
to take a vote, and the amendment was then put, and lost
by nineteen votes to sixteen.

Looxkına back over the last five years of work in the Forum
Romanum, and comparing its result with the confusion
which preceded it, it is impossible not to recognise, says ١
the Times, the great debt of gratitude which Rome her-
self and, indeed, all the world owe to Commendatore Boni,
to his patient industry, to his extraordinary intuition, and,
above all, to his passionate devution to his task. Itis to be
earnestly hoped that the too frequent jealousies displayed in
the Department of Fine Art and Antiquities will not be
allowed to interfere witb his continuance in the post which
he has filled with such thoroughness and such conspicuous
ability.

AT a meeting of the Birmingham City Council on Tuesday,
the Lord Mayor (Mr. Hallewell Rogers) read a letter from
Mr. William A. Cadbury stating that he bought a sea piece,
“The White Squall,” by Julius Olsson, exhibited in the
1903 Academy, and he should be very glad to offer it
to the council if they considered it worthy of a place in
the City Art Gallery. The Lord Mayor also read a
letter from Mr. John T. Osler stating thas the trustees
of the Public Picture Gallery Fund had purcbased a
collection of fifteen etchings by Whistler, a collection
of twenty-six etchings by A. Legros, a painting of Wurms -
Cathedral by Birket Foster, and three paintings by Edward
Calvert, entitled “ Ulysses and the Syrens,” “Pan and
Pitys,” and “The Grove of Artemis." The trustees now
offered them to the corporation to be placed in the art
gallery. The Lord Mayor proposed that the gifts be
accepted with grateful thanks, and remarked that during his
mayoralty he had had the honour of receiving on behalf of
the city no fewer than 540 pictures. The Right Hon. W.
Kenrick, in seconding the inotion, said that he hoped the
time would come when they would have a print-room in
which the drawings and studies might be properly exhibited.

Mr. Thomas OLIVER, who for many years owned one of the
oldest established timber businesses in the country, died on
Thursday week in his seventy-eight year. The firm of Ward
and Oliver had been established a hundred years in Hull,
and Mr. Oliver was well known for his experience and
knowledge in the stocking of valuable specimens of hard
wood.

PETERBOROUGH Cathedral is still giving way, says the archi-
tect, Mr. G. F. Bodley, R.A. Reporting on a sinking ofa
window in the clerestory of the north side of the choir, he
says, “ There can be no doubt that a somewhat serious move-
ment has taken place, and appears to be still in progress."
The cost of setting this right brings the money now required
up to £1,850.

ThE late Sir Gilbert Scott once said of Exeter Cathedral that
“it possessed probably the most beautiful geometrical ۰
dows in Europe. It is a fact to be thankful for, says the
Western Daily Mercury, that after a period of about 550 years
the interior parts of the stone work have practically escaped
altcration and injury, and their condition is as nearly as
possible as good now as when the windows were erected. by
the great bishope of the fourtesnth century. Such, unfortu-
vately, cannot be said of the exterior stonework of the win-
dows, which is sadly decayed. The great west window, which
holds the Temple memorial, has suffered more exterior decay
than any of the others, and large flakes of stonework have
been crumbling off for many years. The new window Is ROW
set in a richly-moulded and deeply-cut frame of stonework.
The deeply-moulded circle is carried by nine lights with
tracery heads and deeply-cut mullions. The height of the

as you propose could not fail to be useful and helpful, artis-
tically, to all those who take an intelligent interest in archi-
tecture, and particularly so to those of us who are enthu-
siasts, and, moreover, there is doubtless an increasing num-
ber of the public who would patronise and enjoy it; but in
spite of this and looking at the scant attention which the
ordinarv folk give to architecture at the annual show of the
Royal Academy, it is, in my opinion, very doubtful whether
such an exhibition could be made self-supporting. and more
likely that the venture would result in a financial Ices.”

— P

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

UR great English artist, G. F. Watts, R.A.,
died on the first day of July, in his eighty-
eighth year, and no modern artist perhaps has

received such universal esteem both as a man and an
artist. Though he made it his chief aim to convey teaching
and inspiration through the graphic beauty of his art, the
result in some cases was less didactic than purely pictorial or
decorative. The subject matter of his work was at timos
splendid in result, whilst 11 may be considered that in some
of his works he faltered between the picture pure and simple
and the pointing of a moral. The chief story of his life and
work lay in his great ideals, from which he never wavered, aud
in this respect he has set an example which all can flow.
On June 3 we published a sketch of his fine group. “ Enerzy.

THE removal of the bronze lamps from Waterloo Bridge
has brought forward again the question of a Ministry of Fine
Arts or a Consultative Committee on Art for the Govern-
ment. The fact is, the permanent officials do seek help from
certain sources when they think 1٤ is badly needed, but they
do not always realise when the vital moments arise.

“ CHRISTIANOS AD LEONES,” said an architect of renown
when contemplating the settlement of St. James's, Picca-
dilly, through the heavy weight of Lyons’ new restaurant
recently completed on the adjoining land. But the Daily
Chronicle, when telling the tale, might have perhaps added
that it: was an ecclesiastical architect.

Ir is an excellent suggestion that some of the distinztive
work by the late Fred. Sandys should be purchased for the
nation, possibly by the Chantrey Trustees, for there 1s no
doubt that some of his drawings were perfect in their way.
That his artistry was properly recognised it is impossible
to grant, and so, whilst art is in everyone's mouth, the real
appreciation of it is confined to the most arbitrary channels.

. As to whether two acres of ground can be covered with new
buildings for an art gallery for Birmingham it appears
doubtful, for, says a local writer, the present Council House
and Art Gallery, standing on a slightly larger space, cost
£250,000. |

As to the suggested borough architect for Birkenhead, the
following decision is reported from the last Council meeting
The Education Comm ttee presented a resolution reaffirming
its decision to appoint Mr. C. E. Deacon as architect for the
new Tranmere School, upon the usual terms. This recom-
mendation had heen referred back to the committee after a
discussion in which the appointment of a permanent official
as architect was suggested. Mr. Davis Cox, in moving that
the recommendation be again referred back, urged that no
adequate reason had been given in support of the com-
mittee's decision, which was only arrived at by the unanimous
vote of the co-opted members. On economical grounds he
` urged the appointment of a permanent architect. He thought
the ratepayers should have some consideration shown them.
Mr. Tooth seconded, remarking that the alternative of
appointing a Council official was rejected because certain
members of the committee had a particular man in their
eye to receive these fees. He very much resented the

July 8, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 21

Tue LoRD Mayor received on Saturday a letter from Lord
Strathcona, High Commissioner for Canada, forwarding, by
request of the Minister of Finance, a sum of £30,000, voted
at the last session of the Dominion Parliament as a con-
tribution to the Queen Victoria. Memorial Fund.

IT is propcsed to erect a sanatorium for the accommodation
of 200 patients, who are workers suffering from tuberculosis.
This sanatorium is to be on a scale which is less expensive
than anything hitherto attempted, although nothing essen-
tial to efficiency will be sacrificed. The sanatorium having
| been erected, it is intended to be self-maintaining. In
allotting beds a strong preference will be given to patients
in the earliest stages of the disease A feature of the
scheme is the proposal that selected patients whose disease
| 1s arrested shall perform a certain amount of outdoor work.
When the whole of the plans are complete steps will be
taken to provide for the cost of erection, and the public will
have the opportunity of showing their practical sympathy
| with the movement. It is believed that suitable buildings
could be erected for £36,000. It is thought that the site
and furnishing would bring the total cost within £50,000.
| Suggestions as to wood construction throughout are also
under consideration. The offices are at 54, Gray's Inn
Road, W.C. —

‚Tue July number of Everyday Electricity, price 3d., is of
particular interest to readers in Lancashire and Yorkahire, .
on account of ihe special supplement it contains describing
electric power as applied to textile machinery. The writer
of the article in question discusses the subject of electric

| driving, and deplores the fact that a country “which has

brought forth nearly every important invention in the pro-

window is 40ft. by 28ft. in width. The Dean and Chapter
have exercised the greatest care, together with their architect
(Mr. E. H. Harbottle) in the restoration of the window. The
portions which have been restored are careful copies of the
old work. On the removal of the thick wire grill, much of
the outside tracery was found to have been mutilated when
the Peckett glass window was fixed in 1766. The rich cusp-
ing was cut away, and a new groove cut for the glass. For-
tunately, sufficient escaped injury to enable the Chapter to
reproduce it in the present restoration.

7 7
/ TT Z

duction of textiles,” should regard with apathy what is now

| recognised by Continental Furope, the United States, and

even our Colonies and British India, as a means whereby to
obtain results far superior to the older methods of driving.
The objections usually raised are dealt with seriatim, and
the case for electricity set out in clear language. The paper

is fully illustrated throughout.

—————9-9-9——————

COMPETITIONS.

HE Corporation of Ayr invite designs for a pavilion at
Low Green, and offer premiums of £50, £30, and £20.
Full particulars can be had from the town clerk.

AT Wednesday's meeting of the Handaworth Education
Committee, Mr. A. Lane, on behalf of the General Purposes
Committee, said they bad had before them the letter of the

Board of Education as to the necessity of providing

| additional schools in consequence of the rapid growth of the
| district, and they had had prepared rough plans for the pro-

posed new schools in Westminster road, and also for an

additional school in the Rookery Road, and had appointed

a building Committee. They also recommended the com.

| mittee, subject to the approval of the District Council, to

erect a new school in Canterbury road, Birchfield, and to
select twelve architects to submit competitive designs. The
School was to be erected to accommodate 1,300 children.
The report was approved.

By ten votes to nine the Education Committee of Torquay
on Wednesday recommended that the sub-committee, con-
sisting of the chairman (Mr. J. Smerdon) and the Town
Clerk, invite the local architects to submit plans and
estimates for the erection of the proposed Higher Elementary
School on the sight suggested in Lymington Road.

THE Muncipality of Spezia, Italy, has voted a sum of 10,000
lire (£400) to be assigned as a premium to the competitor
who presents the best drainage scheme for Spezia and the
suburbs. A commission will be appcinted by the Munici-
pality to examine the plans and to award the prize. All
inquiries with regard to this competition should be addressed
to 11 Signor Sindaco, della Spezia. The competition remains
open until December 31, 1905.

Messrs. SHAW AND Vows, of Hargreave Street, Burnley, and

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We were unable to award a prize in the doorway competi-
tion but we reproduce a sketch received, by Mr. J. P. Salwey,
of Springbank, Wokingham.

— "09 37 ECC

A Doorway Design by J. P. Salwey.

THE pictures belonging to the late Mr. Charles Alfred Swin.
burne, of Beech Hurst, Andover. were sold at Christie's on
Saturday, and, with various other properties, realised a total
of £6,662. The most important lots were two water-colour
drawings by J. M. W. Turner, painted for the late Mr.
Munro, of Novar, both 1, by 18in.—Kusnacht, Lake
of Lucerne, 1842, which fetched 720 guineas; and the Rigi,
Lake of Lucerne, early morning, 1842, 820 guineas. A fine
example of B. W. Leader, “ The Breezy Morn,” 48in. by
72in., exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1897, went for 360
guineas.

THE members of the Foreign Architectural Book Society at
Banbury held a recreation week-end meeting, making the
Red Lion Hotel, Banbury, their centre. About seven ty
members arrived at Banbury Station on Friday evening.
On Saturday the places visited were Compton Wyngates,
Wroxton Abbey (where they were received by Lord North),
Shutford Manor, Epwell, Edgehills, Warmington, and Han-
well Castle. On Monday they attended early Eucharist at
Christ Church, Banbury, after which they drove to Canon's
Ashby (the home of the Drydens), calling at Chacombe,
Edgcote, Eydon, Culworth Manor, and other places en
route. On Tuesday the places visited were Broughton
Castle, Swalcliffe Church, Great Rollright Stones, Little
Compton, Chastleton House and Church, and to Oxford, re-
turning to London by a late train. |

[JULY 8, 1904

north and south Norman towers, and fifty-two over the
Chapel. Every one of these, without exception, after bei
in situ for full 560 years is as sound and infinitely harder than
it was when the woodman first felled the noble torest trees of
which they once formed part and parcel.

And now as to the groined stone roof below, the admiration
as it is, in its exquisite lines, of the whole world. This was
not constructed at the same time as the original and. actual
building, but, the vaulting shafts, destined to carry it, were
built in the ordinary course as part and parcel ot the wall
masonry. Some years afterwards the groining was added;
and it springs from, these shafts, indeed rests wholly upon
them. For, curiously, this lovely vaulting is not bonded
into the walls of the fabric as ıt would naturally have been,
had all gone up together. ,

Confessedly, Mr. Brown almost takes away one's breath,
when he assumes English oak—the grandest wood in the
universe— under the circumstances he mentions—would be
more susceptible to the influences of fire than iron. I am
convinced to the contrary. Ina large conflagration, iron, of
all materials, دز‎ one of the most unreliable.

Well do 1 remember visiting Chicago just after the great
fire that occurred in the " Windy City, in a.D. 1871. On
every hand were to be seen iron ties and girders twisted and
warped into all sorts of fantastic shapes, in consequence of
the heat, and with the natural result that strong walls to
which they were originally attached, had been puiled down
by them, the latter falling instead of remaining intact.
as would most probably have been the case had: massive tim-
ber been used.

And, coming to more recent experiences, the fire at Balti-
more, which occurred upon February 8 last, hae distinctly
taught the world another great practical lesson illustrative of
the fallacy of so-called—most miscalled—fireproof construc-
tion. In that city, one for which I retain many pleasant
memories, ıt seems terra-cotta and brick proved, by a long
way, the best materials in resisting the general ruin brought
about by the all-devouring element. Everyone interested in
such matters—and who is not?—should peruse March's num-
ber of the Brickmaker, a splendidly got up and excellently
illustrated architectural montbly, published by Rogers and
Manson, 85, Water Street, Boston, Mass. (U.S.A).

Therein we learn the result of much careful professional. `

and practical investigation immediately following that great
conflagration shows conclusively, that these two materials
resist powerful heat more successfully than anything else.
Nowhere, where the fire was fiercest, was a metal girder to be
found that had held walls together. We read therein there
was to be seen the mournful spectacle of “one hundred and
forty acres in the very heart of Baltimore's most prosperous
commercial quarter laid in ashes, tottering brick walls, warped
and twisted iron and steel work, and fragments of granite
and marble alone being left." In this terrible baptism of fire,
“the T shaped cast-iron mullions and the expansion of iron
lintels served to push out and detach large areas of brick-
work " that would probably otherwise have maintained its
perpendicular. Granite and marble, of course, proved the
exceptionally weak materials that all practical men acknow-
ledge them to be under such circumstances; and the excessive
heat quickly reducéd such to little more than dust. The
great blocks of granite received just before from the quarries,
and which were standing piled up in front of the new U.S.
Custom House then in process of erection, on the block
bounded on three sides by Water, Gay, and Lombard Streets
respectively, situated in a part of the ctiy where the fire raged
by no means particularly furiously, were burnt up,
going to pieces precisely as blocks of Bath stone will do if the
quarry damp is in them, upon a frosty night (when left ex-
posed and not covered with straw) in a mason's yard. Marble
fared even worse than granite, and where it was not totally
0 and reduced to powder, it buckled badly out of all
shape. !
Considering all this, I am strongly inclined to believe sound
English oak, as a fireresister, is the very best material that
can yet be found for the roof of a cathedral. Mind, one
draws a line at. English stuff! All would eye with suspicion
the quickly grown, stringy, soft-working varieties of oak,
known in this country as American and Canadian;
these varieties I would not use, under any conditions or any
circumstances. Still it must not be overlooked, English oak,
to do its duty properly, must be thoroughly seasoned first.
A standing fifteenth century oversight in this respect, with
the natural regrettable results, is seen in the warped and

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

Hibson Road, Nelson, have obtained the first premium of £50
for the best design, and are to be entrusted with the erection
of the Hyndburn Park School, Accrington. The building
will cost £11,500, exclusive of fence walls, playgrounds, and
foundations.

Designs were recently invited from local architects for a
school, to be erected in Marsh Road, Middlesbrough, and
eleven designs were received. The assessor, Mr. Woods (of
the firm of Oliver, Leeson and Woods, Newcastle-on-Tyne),
has awarded the first place to the design submitted by Mr.
A. Forrester, Albert Road, Middlesbrough, in conjunction
with Mr. Fred Wiley. The school is of one storey, on the
central hall type, and provides accommodation for 600
children.

THE River Wear Commissioners recently purchased the old
Sunderland Post Office in John Street, and offered premiums
for plans for two schemes—for an entirely new building and
for the conversion of the present buildings into suitable
offices. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.R.I.B.A., of Newcastle, who
was appointed assessor, has awarded the premium for pulling
down the old building and the erection of an entirely new
one to Messrs. Henderson and Hall, 28, John Street, Sunder-
land, and the premium for the adaptation of the existing pre-
mises ما‎ Messrs. Robins and Wilson, Sunderland and New-
castle.

` A SUB-COMMITTEE of the Eastbourne Education Committee
have considered the designa sent in for the proposed new ele-
mentary school in East Street, and have recommended the
design submitted by Mr. F. G. Cooke, of 3, Hyde Gardens,
Eastbourne, for boys' and girls' departments only, to accom-
. modate 510, at an estimated cost of £5,623, which works out
at £15 Os. 110. per head ; but the Sussex Daily News says the
report has been referred back to the Elementary Education
Committee for further consideration.

Tur Wimbledon Urban Council invite schemes, with esti-
mates, for the carrying out of the proposed extensions to the

t refuse destructors at their electricity works in Durns-
ford Road. Plans of the existing destructors, and also a
block plan showing the land available for the extensions, and
all particulars, may be obtained from the engineer and sur-
veyor to the Council. Schemes and estimates must reach
Mr. R. H. Smethurst-Butterworth, clerk, Council Offices,
Wimbledon, by 25th inst. at 10 a.m.

en a a -_

OUR LETTER BOX.

CATHEDRAL ROOFS.
To the Editor of Tax British ARCHITECT.

Sir, —Mr. R. Brown's versatile notes, from time to time,
upon building matters across the Atlantic are always eagerly
accepted as pleasing and instructive reading. He is perfectly
correct in his, assumption, in the current issue.. of
Tur British ARCHITECT, that some of the best designs
for the new cathedral at Liverpool suggest roofs of timber
underneath which are vaultings of masonry. The selected
one by George Gilbert Scott, and those by Austin and Paley
and Malcolm Stark, respectively, show this, and in: so doing,
their authors have relied upon perfectly safe and sound prece-
dents.

We will take our own glorious old fourteenth century
cathedral here at Exeter as one of the latter. Its superb stone
vaulted roof, unbroken, from stem to stern (as a nautical man
would define it), measures 312ft. long, and, being continuous
throughout, is unique, in this respect, amongst all the old
cathedrals of this country. When this portion of the fabric
was originally reared (A.D. 1327-69) by Bishop Grandisson, it
was covered in by a heavy king-post roof of Devonshire-

oak. Its width, in the nave is 60ft., and in the choir
54ft., and it is some 77ft. wide between the two Norman
towers that do the unusual duty of transepts. The length of
the Lady Chapel is 65ft., this latter being semi-detached
from the main building, but groined, although at a

much lower altitude. In the formation of these
roofs there are 127 pair of principals over
the nave and choir, averaging Qin. by llin. and

placed 1ft, 3in. apart, twenty-eight over the cross between the

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that in the cases where the owner had offered to sell for
£60 that the offers be accepted, but where higher prices
were aeked that the owners be asked to reduce their
offers. :

The Mayor (Councillor Chas. Dorman) said dealing with
& few houses individually would in no way effect the sanita-
tion of the area as a whole. They must prove under Part I.,
and if they did so they must not shut their eyes to the fact
that tbe expenses would be considerable involving as it did
the re-housing of some 700 people residing in that quarter.
The Borough Engineer (Mr. Frank Baker) was of the opinion
that this could be done for £26,000, that sum including the
cost of the land at Ayresome Grange, but it did not include
the cost of buying and pulling down of the Nile Street area;
The town clerk had received replies from the owners
regarding the cost of the purchasing, which amounted to
£11,685, representing an average of £127 per house.
There were, however, ten houses for which the offers
had not yet been received, but estimating them at
the average cost, that would bring the total up to £14,955.
He regarded the offers of the owners as ridiculous, but even
if it cost them that amount he was convinced that the north
side of the railway would so benefit by its demolition that it
would be worth the money. Seven hundred people were
living under the most awful and depressing conditions,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

July 8, 1904)

twisted steeple of Chesterfield's parish church, in Derbyshire.
There the structure was framed of green oak and covered in
with lead, with the inevitable result that it soon distorted
itself, and became the crooked monstrosity it now is.

It seems strange that architects should sometimes allow
contractors to use half-seasoned or wet stuff under—as it were
— their very noses. Of course it is usual in such cases for the
former to assure the latter, dry English oak cannot now be
obtained. Probably this utterly erroneous assertion is par-
tially borne out by the fact that no regular dealers in " Eng-
lish” exist in London at the present time. But even as much
of the best work in this country 1s done in the provinces, and
the smartest men who do that which our metropolis produces
are usually not Londoners, but countrymen by birth and
education, so excellent English oak can always be obtained
from at least a score of provincial firms who make a speciality
of it, and, indeed, deal in little else.

A year or so ago, having paid my sixpence at the gate for
the privilege of viewing the interior of the new Westminster
Cathedral, I found a number of carpenters engaged in the
nave framing together the large circular terminal finish for
the fine campanile. This was being constructed of English
oak s wet that the water almost squirted out, as the crafts
men engaged cut their mortice holes and tenons. It is the
use of stuff 1n that condition that has got English oak into
some ill-repute in only partially
well-informed quarters.

When Mr. Brown builds his
cathedral, let him not hesitate —
above the stone groining — to
cover all ia with 611-00
British-grown oak. If he cannot
readily procure it, I shall have
pleasure in getting it for him.—

Yours obediently, | V bo. ^ ^7 E p,
Harry 66 x E y "WO St P LM
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" Old Tower and Moat.—Sketched by Mr. Ed. Petre.

numbers of them in a state of ill-health. The sum, however,
of £13,000 was absolutely exorbitant, and the arbitrator
would no doubt take the offers of .£60 per house as
the basis in assessing the value of the property, which
might have the effect of reducing the price by some
£5,000. Supposing, however, they deducted £2,500,
and a further £2,500 for the value of the land which
would be charged to the re-building scheme, that
left ۵ dead loss of .£8,000, and estimating interest and re-
demption at 33 per cent. for thirty years, that represented an
annual charge of £350 per annum, or one farthing in
the pound on the rates. Including the cost of erecting new
houses, the total cost of the scheme of course would be
£36,500, but the rents would pay for the cost of building,
and only £8,000 could be regarded as dead loss. What they
had to decide was whether they were justified in spending
this money. Everyone was of the opinion that something
must be done, as the death rate in that locality was often
double that on the south side of the railway.

The Medical Officer (Dr. C. V. Dingle), who has been on
a visit to Hull, described Part II. of the Act as in operation
there. He said that the Nile Street area should be dealt
with under Part I.

Councillor Roberts suggested that they declare it an in-
sanitary area and condemn the property. He moved that
the reports be printed, and a special meeting be called to
discuss the question.

Alderman Archibald seconded, and Councillor Carey
supported Councillor Roberts's motion, and said that there
were eight streets in the same ward with a population of

close upon a thousand, where the death rate was ten per /

cent. higher than in that area. One of these streets—
Wushington Street—added Mr. Carey with vehemence,

DESIGNS. |

HAROLD TRIMNELL, A.R.I.B.A.,
and W. RUPERT Davison,
Architects.

THESE were amongst the best
designs submitted in the recent ^ 一 «Kill
competition. وت‎

“ KILLEGREWS," MARGARETTING,

WE publish a sketch, by Mr. Edward Petre, of a very
interesting old remnant of domestic work, one of two old
Gothic towers at the angles of the forecourt rising from. the
moat. It would seem that at one time this was a fortified
manor house. The moat remains. The original house
probably occupied about one-half of the area of the island,
the other half being ۵ forecourt enclosed by a high wall
10 ft. or 12 ft high. The old outside walls abutting on the
moat still remain, in some places 5 ft. and in others 10 ft.
high. The present house dates from the nineteenth century,
and occupies but ۵ small part of the site of the former
building. There are two of these curious towers, one at
each angle of the old forecourt. They rise about 18 ft. from
the door level, and are only about 4 ft. diameter inside, with
very low doorways. The house stands close to the main
line of the Great Eastern Railway, three miles short of
Chelmsford.

i
A MIDDLESBROUGH HOUSING SCHEME.

T Tuesday’s meeting of the Middlesbrough Sanitary
Committee, Councillor Alf. Mattison presiding, some
time was spent in considering the report of the sub-

committee, says the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, which sug-
gested that the Nile Street area should be declared an un-
healthy area, and that for the guod health of the town it
was necessary that such an area should be re-arranged with
regard to the houses in existence thereon. Referring to the
purchase. of. these houses for demolition, they recommended

IVth and Vth dynasties at Saqqara. For the same account

_4 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [Juty 8, 1984
_ ۔_‎ _ A

belongs to the Corporation, and there the death rate was| sented extend from the IVth and Vth dynasties to the lat
41:5 per thousand. Eventually Councillor Roberta’s motion period of the Roman occupation. The appeal to the j BRA
to hold a special meeting was carried, tion is strong, and the thıngs shown are ın many nl
- exceeding beauty in themselves. í
Several crganisaticns contribute to the results atta;
and displayed. The labours of Professor سه‎
have been devoted to the Egypt Exploration Fund. and
the wcrk has been carried on at Thebes and Ehnasya, whilst
Dr. Grenfell and Dr. Hunt have been engaged at Oxyrhynchus
for the Greco-Roman branch. Professor E. Naville and mr
H. R. Hall have for the Archaeological Survey been carrying
on excavation at Deir-el-Bahari, and Mr. L. Loat has been
cccupied in the Fayum for the Egyptian Research Account.
The fund collecticn includes one or two specimens ascribed to
the VIth dynasty. One incised figure wearing the Crown oi
Upper Egypt and belonging to this period is of a European
rather than of an Egyptian cast, the handsome features, the
thin compressed lips, and the. fine straight nose having a sin-
gularly modern character. This is conjectured to have been
brought by the laten Kings of the XIIth dynasty about 9500
B.C. to form part of the foundation of their temple. Under-
neath this temple a group of burials was found belonging
apparently to the XIth dynasty. In the glass case are the
scarabs and ivory pins found with these burials, to which
Professor Petrie attaches importance, as most of them would
have been suppcsed to belong to a later date had they not
been discovered below this temple. The most beautiful
object, however, in the room is a statuette of Hershefi, the
ram-headed god of Elınasya dedicated by Neferkara Pef-dudu-
bast-mes-bast of the 2251110 dynasty 700 .ھ‎ It is larger
than mest of its kind and is of singularly beautiful work,
with the finest modelling of the muscles of the limbs and
the highest technical finish of detail. “ It shows," observes
Professor Petrie, " how the best Egyptian artists maintained
their skill, even in periods which are usually considered deca-
dent, such as the X XIIIrd dynasty, when the bulk of the
work is very poor." There are also displayed vases in serpen-
tine and alabaster, variegated glass bottles, ushabtis, scarabs,
amulets, and a stele of Nekhtu making offerings to his mother,
found at Gurcb iu graves of the XVIIIth and XIXth dynas-
ties by Mr. Currelly. The Roman age is also well repre-
sented, especially in the large collection of classical lamps of
various degrees of finish and many forms of relief. Somo of
them belong to Ptolemaic times and others are Byzantine.
Ámong the sculptures is a row of Roman capitals resembling
the work of about 500 a.D. in Italy. “After the division: of
the Roman Empire,” we are told, ^ there was yet a unity of
art surviving, as the simpler of these capitals are identical
with those ot the age of Theodoric at Ravenna, and the ruder
ones might well pass for early Romanesque of the Alpine
region." To revert to the earlier work, mention should be
made of the plans of the temples of Ehnasya of the XIIth
dynasty over remains of houses and burials of the XIth, and
of the massive fragment—showing ankle and feet 一 of a
colossus, 25ft. high, ascribed to Ramessu II., about 1300 s.c.
This site was first partially cleared by Dr. Naville twelve
years ago. For the Egyptian Research Account Miss Murray,
Miss Hansard, and Miss Mothersole have furnished a number
of copies of tombs—over careful facsimile cutlines--of the

1% ———

ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL.

1 HE ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the new
building of St. Bartholomew's Hospital was performed
on Wednesday by the King, who attended in State,
acccmpanied by the Queen, the first lady governor of the
institution. The mallet and trowel were designed
and made by Mr. Walter Gilbort, of the Bromsgrove Guild,
and are of very beautiful workmanship. The motif adopted
in the trowel is the defeat of Death by Life, when helped
by Sympathy and Affection. In the blade of the trowel, in
the narrow circle of the golden hours, is the figure of Life,
a toy, tying the hands of Death, the reaper. The figure of
Life is attended by two little figures representing Love and
Sympathy. Above all this arises a rich sheltering canopy
surmounted by the Royal crown in gold, and from this spring
the handles, enriched by the titles of the King. and sur-
mcunted by a little figure releasing itself frcm the thorns
and pains of affliction. A handsome silver casket, similarly
embellished with allegorical figures, contained the trowel
and mallet, the whole being a generous gift to the hospital.
The Prince of Wales read an address to the King, which
included the following facts:—Founded in the year 1123,
St. Bartholomew's has carried on a great work of mercy and
charity on the same spot for clcse upon 800 years. Since
the charter granted by King Henry VIII. in the year 1547,
the record of the hospital has been one of tranquillity and
prcgress, rendered remarkable, however, by the connection
with it of many names illustrious in the history and advance
of medical science. At the present day St. Bartholomew's
contains 740 beds, inclusive of seventy in its country branch
at Swanley. During the last fifty years the hospital has
given gratuitous relief to more than 7,000,000 of the sick
poor. The students working daily within its walls average
about 500, and in the great school attached to it more than
6,000 students have received medical education during the
last half-century, and have carried the fame cf their Alma
later all over the world. The rapid advances of medical
science during recent years have compelled us, acting on the
advice of our eminent medical staff, to contemplate the en-
tire rebuilding of the hospital as funds may become avail-
able. With the sanction of ycur Majesty, our president for
thirty-four years, we have issued an appeal to the public to
enable us to carry out the rebuildings referred to. |
The treasurer requested his Majesty to be pleased to lay
the foundation-stone, and, his Majesty assenting, the archı-
tect, Mr. E. B. l'Anson, who was presented by the treasurer,
submitted to the King plans of the proposed buildings,
which his Majesty examined with attention. Mr. I'Anscn
then handed to the King the trowel and mallet, and his
Majesty performed the ceremony of laying the stone. Hav-
ing done so, he struck it three times with the mallet, and
said :—“ I declare this stone to be well and truly laid, in
the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy
Ghost." This declaration was greeted with loud cheers.
The stone, which is of polished red granite, bears the following
inscription : —“ This foundation-stone of the new buildings
of St. Bartholomew's Hospital was laid on 6th July, 1904. by
Edward VII.‚King of Great Britain and Ireland and of the
British Dominions beyond the Seas, Defender of the Faith.
Emperor of India, near the site given in 1123 by Henry I.,
King of the English, and ever since devoted to the relief
of pain and the cure of disease among the poor of London,
and through the increase of knowledge in the medical art

Mr. Loat displays a collection of tablets of adoration (1300
B.C.) in the chapel and for the worship of Thothmes 111. about
1500 p.c. Mr. Loat discovered at Gurob a cemetery of fishes
— some of great size. E
Of the discovery of the most ancient temple at Thebes by
Professor Edouard Naville and Mr. H. R. Hall a full account
appeared in the Times cf April 23 last. This Funerary
Temple was built for himself by King Neb-Kheru-ra Mentu-
hotep of the XIth dynasty at Deir-el-Bahari. 5 dynasty
des belongs to the period of the Middle Kingdem. which, accord-
here attained to the alleviaticn of human sufferings through- | ing to Brugsch's chronology, lasted from about 2550 to 2450
out the world. Fear God. Honour the Kine.” Hisigpe Many objects of later times- -especially of the XVIIIth
Majesty has subscribed £1,000 towards the new work. and XIXth dynasties-—are also exhibited. The late Roman
سه وس تست‎ and Coptic pericds, too, are represented, u 0 تل‎
, ter jar. of the XXXth (?) dynasty, bearing an early Christia
A YEARS WORK IN EGYPT. eidh in ink of a sd id advancing whose head 1s
destroyed. This is probably of the IVth century A.D.

HE annual exhibition cf Egyptian antiquities, under the | The excavations at Oxyrhynchus by Dr. Grenfell and Dr.
control of Professor Flinders Petrie, opened cn Monday | Hunt were devoted to the ecntinued clearance cf the princi-
at University College. and will be on view during the: pal mounds of the Roman and early Byzantine periods; an

whole cf the month. As a record in tangible objects of mere ¡ important discoveries were made of Greek papyri from the
than 3,000 years of human civilisaticn—ccllected within an | first to the fifth century A.D. They include numerous classı-
area little greater than that of Wales—the display in Gower | cal and theclogical fragment—the latter including the New
Street is both interesting and suggestive. The dates repre- | Savings of Jesus, part of a lost Gospel, part of the Genesis

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 33

JuLy 8, 1904]

fragment, the earliest existing text of that book, and the de-
claration of a suspected Christian, dating from the persecution
of Decius. The new classical pieces include fragments of
Pindar, Menander's Colax, a comedy by Cratinus, a philoso-
phical dialogue attributed to Aristotle, and a part of the new
Epitome of the lost bocks of Livy—there being on the other
side the text of the Epistle to the Hebrews and a curious farce
in prose and verse—a unique example from the Roman period

of that style.—T he Times.

—————9-9-9————————

THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

Her eyes are uplifted to heaven, while a dove which has
descended is depicted in the act of placing the martyr's crown
upon her head. On a scroll appear the words “Ego sum
Christiana." Closed by is placed a pan apparently contain-
ing incense. In the background there appear a representa-
tion of a basilica, while still further off is a river winding
through green fields, with a mountain in the distance. The
third panel represents ۵ male figure in the attitude of
prayer. On the nimbus are the words “S. Capragius,”
while elsewhere appears the legend ** Ego sum Christianus."
The saint is kneeling by the wayside, wbile on the ground
are seen his mitre and episcopal staff. The background
consists of a stretch of hilly country, with a river meander-
ing from side to side. St. Faith's Chapel, which is now used
for the daily celebration of the Holy Communion, is quite
one of the most historic portions of the Al bey; but yet it
is quite free from historical monuments, save for the brass to

T Tuesday’s meeting of the above, Mr. Greenwood pre-
sented a petition from 300 householders in the

the memory of Bishop McIlvaine, in this respect presenting
a remarkable contrast to the remainder uf the building.
This new ornamentation has done not a little to bri

and improve the appearance of the east end.

ghten up

سسسےست س مھ ھچ —

LOGIC LANE, OXFORD.

N this Chancery case the plaintiffs wero the Master and
Fellows of University College, Oxford, and the defen-
dants were the Corporation of Oxford. The plaintiffs

‚claimed that they were the owners of the soil of Logic Lane,

in the city of Oxford, and that as such owners they were
entitled to build a bridge over the lane for the purpose of `
connecting buildings of which they were the owners on op-
posite sides of the lane. They also claimed that they were
entitled to erect and maintain a post in the lane to prevent
the lane from being used for vehicular traffic. They con-
tended that Logic Lane was a public highway for foot pas-
sengers and horses only. The defendants denied that this
was the case, and claimed that the soil in the lane was vested
in them, and they disputed the right of the plaintiffs to
maintain the post in the lane. With regard to the post
the defendants alleged that since the year 1889 the defen-
dants, as the urban sanitary authority, and previously
thereto the urban sanitary authority or other highway
authority of the city for the time being, had always removed
any post erected by the plaintiffs in the lane whenever the
erection of such post had come to the notice of the defen-
dants or such other authority. The dispute in. the present
case arose with reference to the bridge which the plaintiffs
contemplated erecting. The defendants were willing to pass
the plans on condition that an agreement should be entered
into between the plaintiffs and the defendants by which
the former should undertake to pay to the latter in per-
petuity an annual rent of £5 as a recognition that the soil
of the lane was vested in the defendants. This the plaintiffs
refused to do, and brought the present action. The facts
sufficiently appear from the judgment. The case was heard
on June 29, 30, and July 1, when judgment was reserved.
Mr. Justice Swinfen Eady, in delivering judgment on
Tuesday, said that Logic Lane was an ancient thoroughfare
in the city, and ran between High Street, at the north end
of the lane, and Merton Street, at the south end. The
plaintiffs based their claim on three grounds. First, they
alleged that the presumption of law was in their favour,
that, being owners in fee of land on both sides of the lane,
the usque ad medium filum rule applied. Secondly, they
based their case on acts of ownership extending over a long
period of time. These consisted of repairs done by the
plaintiffs to the lane, but by far the most important was
the maintenance by them of a post in the lane. Until the
time of the present Master, Dr. Bright, and so long as living
memory extended, the post had been a hinged post in the
centre of the lane, erect when locked, and which in that
position prevented the passage of vehicles. When unlocked
the post fell flat on the ground. Formerly there was no
recess into which it fitted, so that the whole of the post lay
on the surface. When the Master's house was removed
further down the lane, the position of the post was altered,
and an iron trough was then made and let into the ground,
so that when the post was unlocked it fell into the trough
and offered no obstruction except where the iron hinge pro-
jected above the surface. Certainly as long as living memory
extended a post had existed in the lane. It appeared that
in 1764 the oppcsite side of the lane was held by Dr.

Belgravia and Knightsbridge divisions, praying the
Council to consider the desirability of acquiring the leases
of those houses known as Parkside, Knightsbridge, which
are about to fall in, with a view to a further widening of the
road. The petition was referred to the Improvements
Committee.

The Education Committee brought up their report with
reference to the proposal of the Goldsmiths’ Company to
hand over their institute at New Cross to the London
University. The committee recommended :—* (a) That the
Goldsmiths' Company be informed that the Council would
view with profound regret the closing of the Goldsmiths'
Institute, and the termination of its useful educational
work as a polytechnic institute, and that the company be
invited to consider (i) whether some arrangement cannot
be come to by which, possibly with the co-operation of
the Council as education authority, and with the Senate
of the University, the work of the institute could be
continued, at least for one session, in its present form.
(b) That, in the event of its proving impossible to secure
the continuance of the Goldsmiths' Institute as a poly-
technic, the Council would regard it مه‎ of great importance
—(i.) to secure its retention as a centre of evening in-
struction in as many subjects as possible, especially in the
higher grades ; (ii) to secure the continuance of the school
of art ; (iii) to secure the continuance of an efficient
department of mechanical and electrical engineering, both
elementary and advanced, for evening students ; (iv.) to
secure the provision of courses of instruction for University
degrees in art and science, at convenient hours and low
fees, ٥0 as to make opportunities for University instruction
more accessible to South-East London. (c) That an appli-
cation be made to the University of London asking tbat,
subject to satisfactory arrangements being made for the
training of teachers, places for at least 100 of the Council's
students may be reserved each year"

Sir W. Collins mentioned that he had received ۵ commu-
nication from the clerk of the company in which the company
expressed their willingness to give £5,000 to. be spent, in
consultation with the Council, for maintaining for one year
the evening classes which had hitherto been carried on at
‚the institute. Mr. Piggott thought the offer of the company
was anything but generous. The reason the company with-
drew was that the inatitute was costing £12,000 a year, and
now they wanted the money for other purposes. Mr. Spicer
expressed regret that the company had not thought fit to
hand this institute over to the Council as the education
authority. The recommendations of the committee were

then accepted.

— eo"

BEAUTIFYING WESTMINSTER ABBEY.

N extremely beautiful piece of decoration has recently
A been added to St. Faith's Chapel in Westminster
Abbey, says the Pall Mall Gazette, Three painted
panels have been inserted in the front of the wooden altar
at the east end of this interesting litrle appendage to West-
minster's great church. The centre panel represents Christ
reigning from the Cross, which is set up in the midst of the
universe. The Saviour's right hand is uplifted in an attitude
of benediction, while the Cross is surrounded on all sides
with a bright light interspersed with clouds. The chief feature
of the second panel is a female figure, which. as the lettering
on the nimbus encircling the head indicates, is St. Faith,
after whom the chapel is named. The saint is represented
kneeling upon a bed of torture, beneath which burning coals

are to be discovered. In her hand she bears a palm-branch.

[Jury 8, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

i ٠

ser after the battle of Stamford Bridge, that name was ap-
that date both sides of the lane became vested in the plain-
‘then protected from the sea by the spit of shingle that had

plied only to the original haven in the parish of Kilnsea,

probably not progressed very far from the mainland. But
200 years later (before 1235) an accumulation of shingle اد‎
the end of the spit had taken place on which was founded the
town of Ravenser Odd. As this “travelling beach”
lengthened, the deep-water channel formed by the back
current would move along with it, and the men of Ravenser
would have further to go to reach their ships. When the
mass of shingle at the extremity had grown large enough,
they transferred themselves to that site. To this day a
modern farmhouse built on newly-enclosed land is called an
“ odd " house to distinguish it from the ancien& farms in
the villages; and no doubt this gave rise to the name of
Ravenser Odd. It would be a town of low timber buildings,
partly constructed of cobbles from the beach, and the mer-
chants would live by purchasing cargoes at the mouth of the
Humber and sending the goods in small vessels up the rivers
to the inland towns. Before the year 1350 the sea was
threatening the existence of Ravenser. The narrow connect-
ing beach disappeared first, so as to leave the town an
island, and this would cut off the supply of shingle needed
to maintain the waste of the shore. The inhabitants would
know nothing of groynes and could not drive piles, and so
long before the close of the century Ravenser Odd had en-
tirely disappeared, most of its people going to the new port
of Kingston-upon-Hull.

Mr. Blashill says it has been rather easily assumed that
the Old Den marks the site of Ravenser Odd. But if the
travelling beach on which that town stood was formed un-
der conditions similar to those which formed the modern
beach, the site might be looked for some hundreds of yards
to the east of the modern Point. There is, however, no
evidence of this, and although the Old Den is so far to the
west of the place where we might expect to find the site of
Ravenser Odd, that situation may not be impossible. Con-
sidering the conditions existing when the thirteenth century
spur was growing out from the shore, Mr. Blashill points
out that the water area of the Humber, with all the inlets
and marshes that were overflowed at high tides, seems then
to have been about 400 square miles. It is now only 110
square miles, but the volume of river water which comes
from the greatest drainage area in England, may average
the same. Therefore, he says, the current outward ought
to be stronger and to run longer than the current inward,
and the Point of Spurn may now be directed further to sea-
ward and may be outside the site of Ravenser Odd and the
Old Den. The latest Admiralty chart shows small portions
inside and outside the Point covered with only one foot of

water at ordinary low tides, so that the site of the lost town

may as well be outside, where one would expect to iind it,
as within the Point. |

Another suggestion Mr. Blashill makes with some hesita-
tion. He says that in 1399 Henry IV. landed at Ravenser
Spurne, where a new spit of shingle must have begun
to jut out. When in 1471 Edward IV. landed at the same
place the spit would have made considerable progress, aad
a deep water channel must have formed behind it, other-
wise the place presented no greater facilities for his land-
ing than other parts of the Holderness Coast nearer to York.
A number of other records, which he quoted, including that
of Pickwell, who found from his measurements that the
Point progressed southward sixty yards between 1864 and
1875, show, he said, alternate growth and destruction to be
intermittent rather than periodical, but often rapid, aud
there seems to be a probability that between the destruction
of Ravenser Odd and the formation of the present bank of
shingle a new and distinct Spurn Point was thrown out and
destroved.

In conclusion, Mr. Blashill points out that during the

last century there was some chance that the later history of

Ravenser Odd might be repeated. The constructure of
groynes has prevented further mischief, but it has deprived
this generation of an instructive illustration of ancient hie
tory.— Yorkshire Post.
— ee

Messrs. J. AND J. S. Enricut, of 68. Lincoln's Inn Fields,
W.C.. have been appointed by the Hammersmith Board of
Guardians, at a remuneration of 3 per cent. on the contract,
to prepare the specifications in connection with the electric

period between the disappearance of Ravenser and the

Brown's trustees on behalf of the plaintiffs. From and after

tiffs. Even if the lane were a public highway in the time
of King John, his Lordship would still arrive at the oon-
clusion, under the present circumstances, that the so1l vested
18 the owners of the lands adjoining the lane, and that in
all probability the lane became a public highway in the two
centuries which elapsed between the reigns of John and
Richard 11. Then the defendants placed reliance on the
fact that they and their predecessors had a key to the post.
The result of the evidence on this point was that the city
never had a key هد‎ the owners of the soil of, or otherwise
having power over, Logic Lane. Then it was said that in
recent times the local authority had repaired the lane. No
doubt the defendants were now responsible for its repair,
but it did not appear that the Jane had been repaired until
after the second Paving Act had been passed. The first Act
only related to streets and not to lanes. In recent times
the lane had to be repaired by the defendants and also from
time to time by the plaintiffs The defendants also relied
on the placing by them in the lane of drains and electric
cables. The short answer to that was that that was done
by them under their statutory powers and had no reference
to ownership. Then it was said that, at all events before
the year when Dr. Brown's trustees held the land on the
east side of the lane for the benefit of the college, the college
were only the owners of the land on the west side, and that
the plaintiffs had no right ta maintain a post in the lane;
but it was ta be observed that in the ancient entries of the
college books before the college owned both sides the items
were treated as contributions “towards” repairing. The
inference his Lordship drew from that was that the owner of
the other side of the lane contributed his share of the cost of
maintenance. The evidence as to the ownership of the soil was
overwhelmingly in favour of the plaintiffs. The result was
that the soil of the iane was vested in the plaintiffs, and that
they had a right to maintain the post. There would, there-
fore, be a declaration (1) that the plaintiffs were the owners
of the soil of the lane so far as it was bounded on both sides
by their land ; (2) that the plaintiffs were entitled to main-
tain the post ; and (3) that the lane was a public highway for
foot passengers and horses, but not otherwise. The plaintiffs
would be entitled to build the bridge upon satisfying the
necessary statutory requirements. The costs would follow
the event.—T he Times. |

Y À s sa

THE STORY OF SPURN POINT.

MONG the papers read at the meeting of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union on Saturday night, at Withernsea,
where the members had gathered for the investigation

of Spurn and Kilnsea, was one by Mr. T. Blashill, entitled
* The Real Ravenser.” Mr. Blashill, whose paper was read
in his absence by Mr. T. Sheppard, the hon. secretary, has
made several valuable contributions to antiquarian litera-
ture dealing with East Hull, Sutton, and Holderness, but
nothing more remarkable than his latest, in which he locates
the site of the principal of the many “lost towns of the
Humber.” His conclusion, which is based upon the theory
of “ travelling beaches,” differs entirely from that of Mr.
J. R. Boyle, keeper of the Hull City Records, who published
a book on the subject about fifteen years ago.

From Mr. Boyles book we learn that, in the words of
fourteenth century MSS., Ravenser was born by the casting
up of the sea, and was distant from Grimsby by the space
of one tide. It was a free borough, under Royal charter, in
1299, with a prison and a gallows, and at one time wealth y
enough. to furnish the King with two ships of war well
equipped with "sufficient and defensible men." Upon
documentary and traditional evidence Mr. Boyle fixes the
site of this town as being near the shoulder of the sandbank
known as “ Old Den 一 within the Point—four miles from
Easington Church towards Spurn Lighthouse; and he
pointed out the site to the members of the East Riding Anti-
quarian Society ın August, 1902.

Mr. Blashill says the site might have been outside the
Point, and he makes the startling suggestion that during
the
formation of the present bank of shingle a new and distinct

Spurn. Point was thrown out and destroyed. He states that : installation at the new workhouse and infirmary buildings,

and to superintend the carrying out of the work.

when the defeated army of Northmen departed from Raven-

asap w =‏ —— — بک

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 35

July 8, 1904]

一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一

AT the last meeting of the York City Council the Markets
Committee reported that the Local Government Board had
sanctioned the borrowing by the Corporation. of £6,000 for
alterations and improvements at the cattle market. A pro-
posal to erect two band stands, one in St. George's Field,
and one in Clarenoe Gardens, at € cost not exceeding 0
each, was referred to the Estates Committee for considera-

tion.

AT Monday's meeting of the Middlesbrough Education Com-
mittee the design of Mesars. Forrester and Wylie, architects,
of 7, Albert Road, Middlesbrough, and Hartlepool, for schools

by | proposed to be erected in Marsh Road, were accepted. The

minutes of the Elementary Education Sub Commi tied

the Roman Catholio body to proceed with the building of the
twa new sahools as soon as possible giving preference to St.
Patrick's School.

On Friday the museum in Albert Park, Middlesbrough,
erected by Mr. A. J. Dorman (of Dorman, Long and Co.,
Ltd.) in memory of his son, the late Lieutenant George Dor-
man, of the 3rd Battalion Alexandra Princess of Wales' Own
Yorkshire Regiment, and those who fell with him in the
recent South African War, was opened. The building is a
Square pressed red brick block, and has been so built as to
easily admit of additional galleries being added on three sides
of the building. At present the main part of the museum is
divided into four rooms, opening one into another. The first
gallery has a dome. All the roofs are of steel, and the build-
ing is fireproof throughout. It has cost over £12,000, and
stands in its own grounds of an acre. Messrs. J. M. Bottom-
ley, Son and Wellburn, of Middlesbsough and Leeds, were
the architects.

THE Royal Victoria Pavilion at Ramsgate, which was opened
by Princess Louise last week, has been erected at a cost of
about £40,000, borne by the Corporation, and covers an area
of 4,000 square yards. The central feature is the great hall,
130ft. long and 75ft. wide, having د‎ balcony on three sides
and stage at the west end, with dressing-rooms, etc., for
artistes and orchestra. The style adopted is Louis Sixteenth.
Seating accommodation is provided for about 2,000 persons.
In addition to the hall, at either end are octagons comprising
a tea room همه‎ buffet, both in “ Adams” style, having domed
central roofs carried on clusters of columns, and being deco-
rated and ornamented with cameo style medallions and paint-
ings. The general construction of the whole work is of steel
framing with brick and concrete filling, and finished exter-
nally in trowelled cement, upwards of 750 tons of steel and

over 5,000 tons of concrete being used. It has been built by |

Mr. F. G. Minter, of Putney, from the designs of Mr. S. D.
Adshead, Bedford Row, W.C., Messrs.Shoolbred being re-
sponsible for the upholstery.

THE Corporation of Manchester propose to spend a sum of
£20,000 in various necessary works at Heaton Park. On
Wednesday Lieutenant-Colonel A. C. Smith, R.E., an in-
spector of the Local Government Board, held an inquiry
at the Town. Hall as to the application of the Corporation
to borrow that sum. Mr. Thomas Hudson, the Deputy Town
Clerk, announce that it was the intention of the Parks
Committee to expend £3,680 in restoring the hall buildings
and in carrying out certain drainage work, to erect a tea-
room near the hall at a cost of £5,000, to spend £1,500 on
shelters, £600 on a bandstand, £2.200 on lavatories and con-
veniences, £3,000 on sewers, £3,150 on the widening of the
main drive, and £500 on a gas main. Mr. Hudson explained
that in the opinion of the Parks Committee the proposed
expenditure is necessary in order that the park might be
rendered of use to the large numbers of people who frequent
it. When the park was taken over the hall was found to
be in a very dilapidated condition. Dry rot had set in
through a large portion of the buildings, and it was rapidly
extending. The stonework, too, was decaying, and required
cementing, while other matters of repair were absolutely
essential. Then the drainage was “ all wrong, and needed to
be entirely remodelled and reconstructed." The lower rooms
in the hall were now used for the purpose of providing re-
freshments, but they had proved inadequate. Further
accommodation was required for the large numbers of people
who asked to be supplied with tea on Saturdays, Sundays,

BUILDING NEWS.

Tue Steyning Board of Guardians have decided to invite

tenders for the erection of an infirmary near Kinpston-by-Sea,
Sussex.

THE parish church of Southchurch, Southend-on-Sea, is to be
enla at a cost of £7,000, of which the first section (£4,000)

is to be proceeded with at once.

Tar new electric generating station recently constructed

the Sheffield Corporation at Neepsend, Sheffield, at a cost of

about £100,000, was opened last week.

TENDERS for the superstructure of the Long Grove Asylum at

Horton, Epsom, are about to be invited from selected firms.
The estimated cost of the asylum is £570,000.

THE Guardians of Newcastle-under-Lyme have instructed the
architect to prepare rough drawings and estimates for alter-
native workhouse extension schemes, involving an expendi-

ture of £4,000. mE

AT Tuesday's meeting of the Stretford District Council it

was decided to proceed at once with the work of extending
the electricity station by the addition of four bays, and a

tender for the sum of £2,663 was accepted.

New premises for Mr. W. Clarkson, wigmaker, are being

erected in Wardour Street, W., from designs by Mr.

Horace M. Wakley, 11, Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C. The

foundation-stone was laid by Madame Sarah Bernhardt on
Saturday.

Tax Leeds new market hall, which wes opened on Friday
by the Right Hon. G. W. Balfour, is one of the most impor-
tant of recent municipal buildings. It has cost nearly

£120,000. Messrs. Leeming and Leeming, FF.R.I.B.A., are

the architects.

THE new grand stand at Goodwood, which is almost com-

pleted, has a frontage of 258ft., is 50ft. high, and will accom-

modate 10,000 persons. The architect is Mr. Henderson,
who also designed the Sandown stand, and the builder is Mr.
W. Wallis, of Balham.

THE new Church of St. Luke, Newport, Mon., which wae
opened yesterday, seats about 800 worshippers. The archi-
tects were Messrs. Habershon and Fawckner, of Newport
and Cardiff, who adopted the Early English style, and the

work was carried out by Messrs. A. S. Morgan and Co., also

of Newport, the contract amounting to £4,300.

PRINCESS HENRY or BATTENBERG on Saturday laid the

memorial-stone of St. Anne's Church, Brondesbury, N.W.,
which is being built from the designs of Mr. Cutts. It will
take the place of an iron building which was erected

four years ago, and over £3,000 has been contributed towards

& total cost of £5,100, the seating accommodation to be 500.

Tue Newcastle-under-Lyme Town Council on Tuesday ap-
proved of plans for the erection of public baths at a cost of
£11,500 as a memorial of the King's Coronation. A site
was purchased for £1,800 about a year ago. The recom-
mendation of the Baths Committee that the plans be ap-
proved and the Town Clerk instructed to apply for sanction
to the borrowing of the money was adopted.

ThE offer of Lady Victoria Manners to build a new ward at
the Nottingham Sanatorium for Consumption has been ac-
cepted. A new dispensary is to be erected in the Hyson
Green district after designs by Mr. Ernest R. Sutton, Not-
tingham. The cost is estimated at from £1,500 to £2,000.
An early commencement will be made with the work.

Em {JuLy 8, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

close on £500,000. The works in question comprise the exten.
sion, widening, and strengthening of the pier, no fewer than
six new landing stages being provided thereon, the rebuilding
of two railway stations, and the construction of an overhead
promenade for sightseers who desire to watch the arrival or
the departure of the boats.

Ir is proposed to establish a National Museum and Library
for Wales, the choice of locality to be left to arbitration by
the Privy Council, and the matter was laid before the Chan-
cellor of the Exchequer (Mr. Austen Chamberlain) on June
23 by an influential deputation. The Chancellor expressed
sympathy with the project, and promised it favourable ccn-
sideration in the next Estimates 1f the state of the national
finances permitted the grant in aid, if definite evidence were
afforded of local support. The cost of buildings is estimated
at £40,000 and maintenance £8,000 per annum, whilst the
library would cost £20,000 and 22,000 for maintenance.

THE new weit window which has been placed in Exeter
Cathedral in memory of Archbishop Temple was unveiled on
Friday. The window is in the Early Perpendicular style both
in colouring and detail. Theupper portion consists of a large
circular piece of tracery, the central figure in which is that
of our Lord in the attitude of blessing. In the five surround-
ing foils are angels holding scrolls bearing a text from the
Benedicite. Inthe outer ring there are emblems of the four
Evangelists alternating with adoring angels. At the top of
the window is the Agnus Dei, and underneath the figure of
the Lord isa dove. Below this there are four angels standing
hclding shields with emblems of our Lord's Passion. Under-
neath are four more angels with scrolls having a further quo-
tation from the Benedicite. The lower portion of the win-
dow comprises nine lights; the central one is the largest, and
in it is St. Peter. Enthroned on either side are Edward the
Confessor and Queen Edgitha, the King having fcunded the
church and made Leofric its first bishop. The other figures,
three on either side, are those of six bishops of the! diocese,
Lecfric, Quivil, Stapledon, Grandisson, Coverdale, and
Temple. In the canopies are shields each containing the
arms of the figure represented beneath. Below the figures
are a series of coats of arms illustrative of the career of Arch-
bishop Temple.

TRADE NOTES.

Tre Isolation Hospital, Clacton-on-Sea. is being warmed and
ventilated by means of Shorlands' patent Manchester stoves
and special inlet ventilators, the same being supplied by
Messre. E. 11. Shorland and Brother, of Manchester.

Messrs. Haun AND Co., foreign hardwood merchants, of 66,
Mark Lane, London, E.C., send us their latest stock sheet.
giving full particulars of timber on hand. They specially

cater fer the bank and shop fitters requirements, and carefully |
select the woods required by the building trade, keeping it in `

stock for a great number of years till the woods are quite
seasoned. Messrs. Hahn and Co. also have, at the West
India Docks, a large stock cf fresh Cuba. mahogany logs in all
sizes. `

— e

NOTES OF COMPETITIONS OPEN.
(*) Signifies the deposit required.

Aberystwyth. July 30. Library. jums: and
15. Town clerk. 915 * = | E d

Ayr. Pavilion at Low Green. Premiums: £50, 30, and
20. Town clerk. |

Galatz. Aug. 25. Cathedral Premiums: £160, 120, and
60. Ministère des Cultes de Instruction Publique, Bucharest.

Glasgow. Libraries (2). See advt. June 24.

Hampstead, N W. Sept. 30. Mortuary, ete. Superinten-
dent, Cemetery, West Hampetead. N.W.

N ew Somerby. J uly 31 (extension of time). Church.
Premium : £10. Rev. H. H. Surgey, Dudley-rd., Grantham.

Westminster, S.W. Wesleyan Methodist hall, etc. (preli-
minary competition). Rev. A. Clayton, 31, City-rd., E.C.

Whitehaven. J uly 1-Aug. 15. Library. Premiums (for 2nd
and 3rd best) £30 and 20. Town clerk. 21s* |

Wombwell. Library (local competition). Premiums: 15
and 5 guineas. J. Robinson, Town Hall.

and bank holidays. The maximum seating accommo-
daticn within the hall was for 400 people, and it was intended
to provide accommodation for 600 more (or 1,000 18 all) in
the new tea-house. The committee intended to erect six
shelters in the park (three large and three small ones), and
as the bandstand was to be built in two tiers the lower tier
could te used also as a shelter. There were to be three
lavatories, and the two proposed sewers would be carried
. from the hall to the main entrance and to the entrance in
Middleton Road. It was considered desirable to make the
main drive 30ft. wide. At present the average width was
15ft., but in parts the road was only 11ft. wide, and it was
impossible for two vehicles to pass without diverging from
the drive. As showing the heavy pedestrian and vehicular
traffic in the park Mr. Hudson mentioned that on Saturdays,
Sundays, and bank holidays in the season 1903 589,800 per-
sons visited the park, the average attendance being 14,700,
and the maximum attendance on one day 85,000. In the pre-
sent season, on these days, there had been 601,750 visitors,
or an average of 30,000; and on the Saturday in Whit-week
there were actually 125,000 visitors. In 1903 550 horses
were stabled, and in the two months of the present season
230 horses had been stabled. Mr. Hudson also stated that
£3,450 of the proposed loan had already been expended—
£650 cn drains, £2.200 on repairs at the hall, and £600 on
a gas main from Middleton Road to the hall. Evidence was
also given by Mr. Alderman Ward (deputy chairman of the
committee), Mr. Councillor Harrop (chairman of the Heaton
Park Sub-committee), Mr. E. Thackray (the city treasurer).
Mr. de Courcy Meade (the city surveyor), Mr. H. Price (the
city architect), Mr. R. Lamb (the parks superintendent), and

others.
À
———— — me

JOTTINGS.

THE proposed widening of Piccadilly between St. James's
Street and Duke Street is estimated to cost £55,275.

Tur Southwark Board of Guardians have decided to recon-
struct the drains at the Champion Hill Infirmary at a cost of
£2,671.

Tae Loan Exhibition of paintings by George Morland, now
on view at the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensing-
ton, will be closed after the 10th inst. | |

Tue Kın has bestowed on the Society of Miniature Painters.
of the Modern Gallery, 175, Bond Street, W., the title of
“Royal,” so that in future it will be known as the Royai
Society of Miniature Painters. .

THE Stone Guardians have fixed the site of the new tramp
wards, and have instructed the architect to prepare an esti-
mate of the cost of heating the infirmary and women's wards
under the new system. | |

THE Liverpool City Council have confirmed the recommenda-
tion of the Arts Committee to appoint Mr. Edward Rimbault
Dibdin, of Liverpool, curator of the Walker Art Gallery
at a salary of £400 per annum. |

M. AUGUSTE Sr. GAUDENS has been commissioned to design
the monument to the late Senator Mark Hanna, who was
tho director of the campaign which secured the Presidency
cf the United States for McKinley.

ON the moticn of Lord Newton, on bchalf of the Earl of
Lytton, the following were appcinted members of the Select
Committee on tho Chantrey Trust:— The Earl of Carlisle.
the Earl of Lytton, the Earl of Crewe, Lord Windsor Lord
Ribblesdale, Lord Newton, and Lord Killanin. |

ON the 12th inst. the French Ambassador will lay the last
stone of a series of important works which, begun in 1896
have been carried out at Folkestone Harbour by the South-
Eastern and Chatham Railway Company, at a total cost of

一 一 一 一 一 一 一

AN ARCHITECTS' SKETCHING CLUB.

E publish below some of the further correspondence
received on this subject : —

From Mr. John Belcher, F.R.I.B.A., A.R.A. :—“ Why
not carry the idea. of a sketching club a step further and in-
clude sketch models in wax? The facility of expression in
form. as well as colour would prove of great advantage, and
both should be studied in relation to architecture. The one
would be a summer study and the other a winter one.”

From Mr. Malcolm. Stark, F.R.I.B.A.:—‘‘ Your sugges-
tion as to the formation of an architects’ sketching
club is an excellent one. Sketching is a delightful and
useful architectural accessory. and since the interest lies
chiefly in the choice and treatment of the subject, and the
individuality expressed, it would perhaps be undesirable
to impose restrictions that the sketching mood might natu-
rally repel. I am also disposed ,to think that such a club
would not only admit of the possibilities of pleasant social
intercourse, but would do much to revive an interest in
architecture as a fine art." |

From Mr. Philip Tree, F.R.T.B.A.:—“ Your suggestion
for the formation cf an architectural sketching club is
an admirable one. If I can help. shall be pleased to do so,
although generally, I fear, country members have but little
opportunity of coming in touch with town; this may and
should be one means of bringing together those in associa-

tion. 1 shall be happy to add my name as a member."

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

DIFFICULTY has arisen between the New

Malden District Council and the architect for

their new Council offices, Mr. W. H. Hope. It مه‎
pears that the Council had passed a resolution not
to use certain bricks, and yet they were upon the
ground ready for use the next day after the passing of
the resolution. Also, it appears that extra work involved in
foundations through the ground being found to be lower
than shown on the competition drawings was proceeded
with without the direct sanction and resolution of the Coun-
cil. One member of the Council appeared anxious to know
whether the Council cr the architect. were the masters. It _
is certainly nct very politic to order extra work without the
distinct order and apprehension of one's clients, but neither
is it very statesmanlike, perhaps, to quibble at the action
of the architect, who is doing what is only absolutely need-
ful in the interests of the Council's undertaking. Here is
a case which appears to call for some sort of compromise,
whilst it affords an additional warning to architects not
to proceed with works without full sanction and knowledge
of their clients. It also may show to the latter that at cer-
tain junctures an architect is led to exercise his ۲
in a slightly arbitrary way for the sake of promoting the
urgent interests of his clients.

THERE seems to be some spirited competition amongst archi-
tects for the work of looking after the school work in Birken-
head. We note in a local paper that Mr. T. W. Cubbon
offered to do the work for £300 a year and the usual fees
for quantities, 13 per cent., whilst Mr. A. W. Street has
offered to do the work for £200 a year. In the discussion
at the Education. Committee Mr. Dodds said Mr. Cubbon
was the architect of some of the best schools in the borough.
and was fully qualified. Supposing they built one schocl
per annum—the ordinary architect would want 21.200 a
year against something like £500 to Mr. Cubbon, or if a
school took two years, Mr. Cubbon would receive £840 as
against £1,200. "The saving was obvious, without mention-
ing the work on the voluntary schools. He moved that the
committee proceed to the appointment of an architect. Mr.
G. W. Bennett moved as an amendment that the committee
should confirm their own reselution appcinting Mr. Deacon
architect for the new school at Tranmere. They had
already discussed the whole thing. ^ Alderman Fiddes
sccondod the amendment. Mr. Eglen said he would sup-
port the amendment as the matter was urgent, but the way
of paying architcets was entirely wrong, and tempted them
‚to extravagance. The better way would be to fix a certain

THE CRT A 01111

Jury 15, 1904]
Jury 15, 1904) _

The British Architect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, JULY 15 1904.

———T T

RN — RT‏ سي سے

— — — ——

CENTRAL SCHOOL OF ARTS AND CRAFTS.

E have again had the pleasure of seeing the exhibition
of work done by students of the L.C.C. Central School
cf Arts and Crafts. The school, which is under the

direction of Professor W. R. Lethaby, was first established
bv the Technical Education Board of the Lendon County
Couneil in October, 1896, and is intended to supply to per-
sons engaged in artistic handicrafts that training in design
and manipulation which, owing to the sub-division of labour
in modern processes of preductien, they are unable to obtain
in the workshop.

During the past session 734 individual students Joined the
school, mainly apprentices and journeymen in the artistic
trades; the class entries numbered 1,008. These figures are
the highest yet recorded, the mest remarkable attendances
being made in the bookbinding class.

In the work of the class for modelling and sculpture, in-
cluding modelling from the life, under the direction of Mr.
E. Roscoe Mullins and Mr. R. Garbe, we find little to indicate
any vitality of thought or inspiration. There is some more
or less good modelling, but we should say there is a great
lack of design. Where architectural form occurs it is poor
in the extreme, and the designs for a sculptured panel for a
technical institute are sadly lacking in any inventive beauty.
What we should like to see in this section of design would be
really acceptable designs for friezes, panels, and all the
varied positions in and about a building where good model-
ling is applicable in ornament and sculpture. We think this
work oughf really to be very largely inspired and helped in
association with some architect. We are aware how very
few there are who could help in this way, but an architect
who can control and direct architectural sculpture in the way,
for example. it is seen at the Cartwright Hall at Bradford.
would be an invaluable help to the school if his services could
be secured.

In the design of decorative fillings and of needlework we
cannot see much that is hopeful, for there is too much lack-
ing in sense of decorativeness, particularly in colour effects.
Some of the needlework, as such, appears to be admirably
executed, even where the design is faulty.

If one were to judge of the purely architectural work of
two or three of the designs one would say it was distinctly
hopeful. There is one design for a village hall and reading-
room by Charles J. Baminst which is probably nearly as
good as the director, Mr. Halsey Ricardo, or his assistant.
.Mr S. B. Caulfield. could do themselves, and that is saying
a good deal. It is quite admirable in its simplicity “and
sensible treatment, its good outline and emphasis. The
same student shows also an excellent town house scheme
which shows a thoughtful, clever plan, as well as an excel-
lent elevational treatment. The small villace railway
station by George Albert Bryan; is also a most praiseworthy
design, and there is probably not a small station in the
whole country half as good! The hexagonal booking office
isa clever feature in the plan.

Mr. Charles Spooner is doubtless an able director of the
designs for furniture metal work, ,ماه‎ and his good influence
is apparent in such things as the mahogany wardrobe by J.
Robinson. Though this design ¡is unsatisfactory in some
points, it shows originality of idea and a sense of decorative-
ness that condone some faults of proportion. There is a
ereat opportunity just now for some development in furni-
ture design, but no amount of teaching will, of course, sup-
ply the lack of a born capacity. The carved frames are
again good, but it would be pleasant to note some new move
in their design.

One of the pleasantest features of the exhibition is some
admirable chalk drawings by Karl Parsons and others.
Some good, simple leaded light glazing is again shown, and
some excellent figure panels. Some beautiful binding ts
shown, but we still regret the absence of more simple and
broadly inexpensive work, in which elaborated tooled work
ıs left alone. A good deal of excellent. dr awıng and letter-
ing is shown, but here again inventiveness and individuality
are almost entirely absent. Enamelling scems to be pur-
sued with consistent success, as to colouring more especially
than arrangement of design.

8 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [July rs.

From the report of the London County Council proceedings
it will be noted that the daring scheme of setting back the
Charing Cros Railway Station to the south side of the
river is taking its place as a possibility of practical policy.

Tue subject of ventilation is ever with us, and the report of
the medical officer to the late School Board for London
calls attention to the defectiveness of the average London
classroom as to the proportion of impurity in the atmo
sphere. If 10 volumes per 10.000 of carbonic acid gas in-
dicates defective ventilation, and the average is some 15,
where is the remedy going to be found? At this rate we
should be sacrificing physical for intellectual benefit.

IN eleven hours a new bridge over the London, Tilbury and
Southend Railways, 160 feet span, was moved and fixed in
po-ition, and the first passenger train ran over it in the early
hours of Sunday morning. The bridge was built alongside
the old one by Messra. Head, Wrightson & Co., of Stockton-
on-Tees.

THovcH £80,000 per mile might be the cost of the new
tramway. No, 11 (two miles and five furlongs in length). for
the London County Council, Mr. Baker, the chairman of
the Highways Committee, says he expects it will pay, and
he claims a margin of £18.000 profit on the last year's work-
ing cf tramways. The cost of the tramway schemes before
the House of Lords adds up to nearly .£600,000.

In the House of Commons last week, in answer to Mr. Mac-
Neill, who asked what had become of the handsome stone
colonnade formerly in front of Burlington House, Piccadilly,
and removed by the Department of Works, and why it was
not re-erected in one of the parks or elsewhere, Lord
Balcarres said the colonnade is lying in Battersea Park ; the
question of re-erecting it is now under the consideration of
the First Commissioner. Replying to Mr. MacNeill, who
asked what had become of a number of bronze lions which
formerly were along the line of railings in front of the
British Museum, and which were removed to widen the foot-
way, Lord Balcarres said twelve lions were removed to St.
Paul's Cathedral with the concurrence of the Trustees of the
British Museum ; the remainder are at the Museum, in
charge of the Trustees.

Last Saturday the Manchester Society of Architects visited
Wakefield, and spent some time in going through Messrs.
Gibson and Russell's fine Council offices for the West Riding
County Council. The entrance hall, with beautiful marble
floor and walls and plaster domical ceiling; the well-
designed corridors; the very notable Council-chamber, seat-
ing 120 members; and, in fact, all the principal rooms,
were found to be of great interest, and worthy of more
thorough study than time permitted. Afterwards the four-
teenth-century chantry on the bridge was visited. Exter-
nally, this must have been of wonderful richness and beauty ;
unfortunately the stone has weathered so badly that little
remains but a suggestion of the original effect, in the part
which escaped the restorer's hand early in the last century.
Internally there is still some most interesting detail in a very
rich canopy and niche, showing most delicate workmanship.
The roof is also of interest.

Ir is announced that the Mayor of Southwark has received
an offer from Mr. Andrew Carnegie of £7,000 for the erec-
tion of a public library in the St. George's Ward of the
borough, provided a suitable site were obtained. A site was
recently offered to the Council by Lord Llangattock and
his son, the Hon. J. M. Rolls, at the junction of the Old and
New Kent Roads, and it is proposed to erect the library
there.

THE council of the International Society of Sculptors,
Painters, and Gravers proposes to hold a memorial exhibi-
tion of the works of its late president, Mr. James McNeill
Whistler, in the New Gallery, Regent Street, W., during
February and March, 1905. A great number of prominent
collectors, both at home and abroad, has already pro
support by contributing works, and it is hoped that the
public will have an opportunity of seeing a most representa
tive exhibition.

amount of cost, and give commission on anything saved.
Mr. Russell said he did not like the sending of letters to the
committee. Mr. Bennett’s amendment was carried by 4
to 7. Mr. Dodds then moved that the chairman shouid

confer with Mr. Cubbon, and report to the committec, but

only four members expressed themselves in favour of this
suggestion, and Mr. Bennett's motion was adopted.

Ir is of interest to recall at the present moment that the
late Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A., painted his first work in true
fresco in the Villa Careggi, near Florence, where he stayed
fon some time with Lord Holland, then the British repre-
sentative at the Court of the Grand Duke of Tuscany. This
picture represents the scene where the physician of Lorenzo
11 Magnifico is being thrown down a well, as he was sus-
pected of administering poison to his dying master. There
are exhibited in the Victoria and Albert Museum some
interesting trial pieces, which Mr. Watts executed in true
fresco on a suitable ground before beginning to paint on
the wall. These trial pieces came from the Contessa Cot-
trell, the widow cf a chamberlain of the Grand Duke of

' Lucca, who was a friend of Mr. Watts in those days, and

of whom he painted a fine portrait.

A Liverpool paper suggests that Mr, George G. Scott will
probably receive the honour of knighthood at the laying of
the foundation stone of the Liverpool Cathedral. One can
hardly believe this likely, whilst architects who have both
age and distinction are continually overlooked.

THAT all that is is best appears to be settled by the evidence
of Mr. Marcus Stone, R.A.. in his evidence as to the
Chantrey bequest before the House of Lords Committee.
He said he was of opinion that Chantrey intended a direct
benefit to the producers of the picture bought by the trus-
tees. He believed that to go into the market and buy
would involve so many difficulties that he could not conceive
it possible that they should do it. The council varied, and
every successive dynasty had the right of deciding for itself.
He had known a council who declined to buy any picture,
and the two years’ income had been passed on to a council
who had no such strong feelings as to their duty, and a pic-
ture was not bought which in his opinion would have been
one of the most interesting purchases that had ever been
made. The witness added that he earnestly believed the
Chantrey Fund collection was the best collection of modern
art of its size that existed and the best that could be got
together on the conditions under which they worked. A
sub-committee, unless 1t had final powers of purchase, would
do no more than was done in practice now. He thought
purchases at sales would benefit the middleman more than
the artist. With a good deal of this evidence we fully agree.

We have received an admirable little handbook for Oxted,
Limpsfield, and Edenbridge, with their surroundings, writ-
ten for the Homeland Association by Mr. Gordon Home,
author of " Farnham and its Surroundings," ' Epsom,"
“ Yorkshire Coast and Moorland Scenes,” ete., etc. This
handbook describes the beautiful district of South-East
Surrey and the Border-land of Kent and Sussex, and is fully
illustrated by drawings made by the author, and by photo-
graphs. Included in the book is an ordnance survey map
of the district on the one-inch scale. The ordinary edition
is published at 6d.

ARRANGEMENTS have, after much negotiation, been come to
between the church authorities and the tenants under which
the cloisters of St. Bartholomew the Great, now used as
stables, will be given up to the church at the beginning of
next month, says the Vewcastle Chronicle. As soon as pos-
session is obtained the lower parts of the old church, which
for generations have been thus degraded, are to be cleared
out and excavations made to reveal the cloisters in their
original beauty. When that is done it will be possible to
form an estimate of the extent of restoration needed to bring
Rahere's ancient structure back to its former proportions.
The cloisters have only just been rescued in time, as it is
beyond doubt the property would in a short while have been
entirely alienated from the church, a number of warehouses
probabl y built on the site, and the beautiful old tower thus
placed in a position of extreme risk of destruction by fire.

JuLY 15, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 39

longitudinal and cross sections, and elevations of the exterior
to fin. scale; such detail drawings of ironwork or special con-
‚| struction, or other parts necessary to make these clearly
understood, to lin. scale. A perspective sketch of the
Tue builders are about to enter upon the work of restoring Pavilion and surroundings may be submitted (in colour it
the altar screen in Chichester Cathedral in memory of tho | desired), the point of view being taken so as to show the
late Archdeacon Mount, and of repairing the turrets of the north and west frontages. The size of the sketch should not
campanile, says the Susser Daily Vews. The screen, which exceed 200 square inches. The cost is not to exceed £9,000,
will first of all be removed to the building shed to be tho- | and the designs have to be in by September 5.
roughly overhauled and renovated, was originally erected in
the sixteenth century behind the high altar so as to sepa-
rate the choir from the retro-choir of the presbytery. The
architect who will superintend the work is Mr. Somers
Clarke, and the builders Messrs Vick and Sons, of|the first premium (£50), but also the second ; Messrs. Fair-
Chichester. hurst and Holt, of Blackburn, securing the third (£10).
Mr. T. Mellard Reade was the assessor. The school has to
provide for about 1,050 scholars. Accommodation is to be
made for instruction in science, woodwork, cookery, and
laundry work. The plans were to be for a school on the

central-hall principle.

A NATURAL History Museum for Birmingham is being
strongly agitated for to be erected on part of the new land
in Edmund Street, recently acquired by the Corporation.

In the Accrington School (local) competition, briefly re-
ferred to last week, we understand that Messrs. Shaw and
Vowles, of Burnley and Nelson, have not only been awarded

Om Saturday afternoon the members of the Sunderland
Antiquarian Society had their first excursion ot the season,
when a party of members and their lady friends proceeded
by brake to Finchale Priory, via Cockin Hall. On arriving
at the famous ruins the party spent some time in exploring
the beauty of the river banks and the secluded position of
the ancient religious house of one of the best-known northern
sainte. After tea at the Abbey house, the members assem-
bled in the ruined priory, when Mr. James Patterson read
a short paper on Saint Godric, founder of the priory, and
afterwards conducted the party over the extensive ruins,
‚and pointed out the various architectural features and the
ancient uses of each chamber in the now roofless pile, which
was built im the year 1110, and dissolved in the time of
Henry VIII. Before leaving the historic ruin, Mr. Thomas
Ray, chairman of the society's council, proposed that the
society should communicate with the custodians of the
priory and suggest that efforts should be made to preserve
from total destruction certain portions of the crumbling
walls, and that the numerous sculptured stones buried in
brushwood and débris be carefully collected and preserved | priation of a portion of the north-west corner of the Vic-
with greater care. toria Park, adjoining Bearwood Hill, as a site for the pro-
posed buildings. The committee further recommended that
; , AU application be made to the Local Government Board for
E; مہہ‎ i held a De با‎ sanction to a loan of £13,000 to cover the cost of the build-
Mr. J. P. Lawrie, chief sanitary inspector, Bo'ness, presid- | ES. The Mayor, in moving the adoption of the report,
ing. Provost Ballantyne, on behalf of the Town Council, remarked that it was satisfactory to find that the plans of a
welcomed the Congress. The president, in. his opening ad- Smethwick architect had been selected by the assessor as
dress, gave some “ Notes on Isolation Hospitals," and, deal. | the most suitable design for the new public offices 6
ing with practical details, suggested that there should be | report was adopted.
two beds per thousand of the population, and that to con-
struct a substantial building £290 per bed would be a pro-
per sum to allow. A paper was read by Mr. S. Cowan,
Peebles, on ' Twenty Years Experience of Public and
Private Drainage; its Defects and Remedies.”

On June 17 we announced the Waudsworth Baths competi-
tion with Mr. Tiltman as assessor. It appears that the Baths
Committee have now reported that as tne conditions of com-
petition prevented the provision of accommodation. required
at the stipulated cost, they have informed the assessor that
the provision for future extension need not be made, and thus
the amount, £4,500, may be strictly adhered to.

TuE Smethwick General Purposes Committee on Monday
recommended that the plan ot Mr. F. J. Gill, of 236, Rolte
Street, Smethwick, for the proposed new municipal offices be
accepted. They also recommended that the architect be
instructed to prepare detailed drawings of the buildings,
and also that the town clerk be directed to apply to tne
Local Government Board for their sanction to the appro-

THE Westhoughton Library competition has resulted in the
Urban Councils selection of the design submitted by
Messrs. Halsall, Tonge and Campbell, of Lord Street, South-
port, and Westhoughton. The library is to be built in
Victoria Avenue, and will cost about £4,000.

THBRE is a movement on foot at Brixton to raise a memorial
to the late Sir Henry Tate in recognition of his many gifts
to Lambeth. The Brixton Association has proposed the
erection of a memorial on Brixton Oval, so generously given
by Lady Tate to the borough of Lambeth. It is suggested
that the memorial shall take the form of ۵ bronze bust of
the deceased baromet on a pedestal, the work to be executed
by Mr. Thomas Brock, R.A., at a cost of some 400 guineas.

THE Stamford Library competition was announced in our
oolumns on May 6 with premiums of £25, £15, and £10,
and now that questions between the committee and Mr.
Carnegie have been settled, the time for sending in has
been extended to July 30, Mr. H. T. Hare, F.R.I.B.A., being

the assessor.

Tue Wallasey Urban Council invite competitive plans and
designs for a new school to be erected in Poulton Road,
Poulton, Cheshire. Particulars as to conditions of com-
petition, premiums offered, etc., may be obtained from Mr.
H. W. Cook, clerk, on. payment of one guinea, which will
be returned on receipt of bonä-fide plans from the competi-
tors Plans, endorsed “ School Building Competition,”
must reach the clerk not later than September 30. The
committee do not bind themselves to accept any design or

plan.

COMPETITIONS.

HE conditions of competition for the proposed pavilion
at Low Green, Ayr, promise that the Corporation shall
engage the assistance of a neutral architect of standing

as assessor in awarding the premiums, viz., £50, £30, and
£20. If the proposed scheme be proceeded with, the selected
architect will be employed to carry out the same at the rates
of remuneration, and under the conditions, sanctioned by the
Royal Institute of British Architects. If from any cause
the proposed scheme be not proceeded with, and no drawings
other than the competitive drawings have been prepared, the
selected architect shall only receive payment of the premium
awarded in full of all claims. The first premium merges in
commission. The Corporation reserve the right to withhold
the premiums, should the assessor consider that the designs
submitted are not of sufficient merit. The following draw-
ings are called for:—Plan of site. with surrounding و‎ grounds,
to scale of plan or conditions; plans of each floor and roof,

THE Deptford Borough Council invite architects to submit
designs for a proposed new mortuary and coroner's court.
The Public Health Committee will select twelve of those
who send particulars of similar work they have done, out of
which the Council will choose three. the successful one of
whom will be paid an inclusive commission of 5 per cent.,
and the two others ten guineas each. The cost of the
buildings is estimated at £4.000.

As soon as the Lewisham Borough Council obtain possession

ARCHITECT _ [JULY 15, 4

A F rv

another competitor to the fact that the staircase is unwork-
able, and the boys would have to stoop to get in. The draw-
ings were poorly executed and the design crude, and if any
design merited disqualification No. 8 was the firat to deserve
it.
` 一

OUR LETTER BOX,

EXETER CATHEDRAL.
To the Editor of 1118 BRITISH ARCHITECT.

SiR,— Your reference, ın the current issue. to the late
Sir G. Gilbert Scott's opinion that Exeter possesses the
most beautiful geometrical windows in Europe, and Mr.
Harry Hemss expressed conviction, in the same number,
that the long unbroken vaulted roof of the cathedral in
question has no parallel fer beauty of line, and continuous
length of vaulting, in this country, or, perhaps, anywhere
else, makes one deplore the more the rumoured failure of
the glass just placed in the great west window. From both
an artisiic and architectural point of view this failure is
generally admitted. I ۱

In the first place. all antiquaries and those interested in
topographical matters, greatly regretted the removal of the

unique glass placed there in A.D. 1766 by Peckett
— most interesting as it was in its West-country
heraldic features. Its destruction to make way for
modern gıass, however excellent the latter might

be. was considered a distinct act of regrettable vandalism.
Thc present Dean of Exeter (the Lord Bishop of
Marlbcicugh) set his mind upon sacrificing it, so that
a memorial to his patron, the late Archbishop cf Canter-
bury, might occupy the place of honour in the nave, but
the new werk, new that it is complete, proves altogether
out of harmony with the surroundings. No credited
critic, in public or private, has ventured to refer to it save
in guarded and reserved terms. The seter Flying Post
(a newspaper issued continuously every week since a.p. 1763,
and the acknowledged local organ of the cathedral autho-
riti s) for last Saturday, remarks: —- How does opinion run
in regard to the new West window in the cathedral?
Fiankly, it is not unanimously favourable. We have heard
the view expressed that the new glass is not so rich in colour
as that. which it displaced, and that the effect, as a whole.
Is less impressive. The preponderating view, however, is
not in that direction, and admiration of the new work is
generally expressed. Something of course must be allowed
for its freshness, as well as for the new stonework that has
been introduced to support it. We shall be better able to
judge when weathering shall have brought about some of
the mellowness which is now lacking."

Apart from the disappointing colour and the painfully
puny :ize of the figures that stand in isolated occupation
of the lights, this, the central and largest of a senes of
thirty-four or five fourteenth century windows—unequally
for their beauty and interest as examples of their date in all
the world —has been filled in with fifteenth century Perpendi-
cular detail representing sham niches, pinnacled and
cıccketted, for which the great stone sereeus at St. Albans
and Winchester, designed by Whethaimstead and William of
Wallingford respectivelv, have evidently been taken as the
motif. i

Had Mr. E. H. Harbottle, 1 11 ۸ of Exeter. the care-
ful and painstaking architect of the fabric, been left. as he
might safely have been. without outside interference, he
would, no doubt. with characteristic caution, have obtained
the assistance of some skilled artist in painted glass, and
a suitable design, presumably, would have been the happy
result. But the Dean consulted Mr. Bodlev, and that
gentleman instantly made a fifteenth-century design, and
in due course the glass painted frem it, is forced into the
finest. fourteenth-century window in Christendom (40ft. high
Ly 28ft. wide).

The best its creators can say of it is, that when the glass
gets old. cobwebby, and dirty, it will not be quite the
eyesore it now is. In this we are aptly reminded of
Punch’s “ Architecture of the Future ” (February 2, 1889).
The sketch therein shows a good-looking, artistically got-up
architect talking to the lord of the manor, whose new man-
sion may be seen in the background, and the following con-
versation occurs : -一

“The Architect: ‘It's a splendid quality of stone I ve

40 THE BRITISH

of the Brockley Library site, they will invite selected archi-
tects to submit designs for the new building, which is to
cost about £4,500.

Or the eight designs submitted in the Loughborough Free
Library competition, that of Messrs. Barrowcliffe and
Allcock, 64, Mill Street, Loughborough, has been selected.

Over 300 applications have been received in the Wesleyan
Methodist Hall preliminary competition at Westminster.

THE KINGSTON SCHOOL COMPETITION.

"| HE Kingston School Competition, in which Mr. T. J.
Bailey acted as assessor, seems to have caused pro-
found dissatisfaction. Mr. Bailey's report read as

follows :—

Dear Sir,-—As arranged, I attended at Kingston on
Friday, June 3, to inspect the plans deposited, and beg to
submit the following remarks upon same. There were ten
designs from as many architects, and they were, generally,
of considerable merit. The two numbered 2 and 5 I had to
disqualify. In the first case, because I could not find that
the plans of graded departments accommodated anything
like the number stipulated for, being something like one
hundred short of both boys and girls. 18 the second
case, the architect estimated the scheme at £23,050,
or about £8,000 more than stipulated by the conditions.
I carefully weighed the merits of the remaining eight, and,
taking every puint into consideration, have no hesitation in
recommending the first place to that numbered 8. Although
there are several minor suggestions I should like to make on
the plans bearing that number, I consider that, as u
whole, the conditions of lighting the classrooms, general
convenience, and indeed the scheme generaly and in
detail, entitles it to the first place. With regard to
the elevations, some of the others are better and more
attractive, notably Nos. 10 and 6, but the fitness of the
scheme muet not be judged on this. The author of No. 8 has
not shown the 1,000 feet proposed to be reserved in south-
west corner, but has suggested two manual training-rooms
in boys’ playground. There will be ample room, however,
in the south-west corner for any buildings of the nature
contemplated. The graded school block would be better
turned over so as to get east lighting to the main line of
class-rooms. I see no reason why the estimate of £15,000
should be exceeded in this case. I consider that the com.
mittee have every reason to be satisfied generally with the
result of the competition.—I am, dear sir, your obedient
gervant, Tnuos. J. Bainxv, ۰

The competitors were as follows :—1, Mr. W. C. Hulbert :
2, Mr. Maurice B. Adams; 3, Mr. H. Carter Pegg; 4, Mr.
Arnold Mitchell ; 5, Mr. H. O. Creswell; 6, Mr. A. Jessop
Hardwick ; 7, Messrs. Carter and Ashworth ; 8, Mr. F. W.
Roper ; 9, Mr. Philip A Robson ; 10, Mr. G. E. T. Laurence :
and we understand that a letter bearing the signatures of
seven of the nine architects who were unsuccessful—the
other two having been disqualified— having joined in a letter
to the Town Council drawing attention to the breaches of
conditions committed by the author of the plans recom-
mended by the assessor for adoptien, and pointing out also
certain defects in the design, The architects urge that upon
these grounds the assessor's award shall be ignored, and the
matter referred to the President of the Royal Institute of
British Architects.

Mesers. Carter and Ashworth, a local firm of architects,
who were competitors, protest for the following reasons
against the professiunal adviser's decision, which has yet to
be confirmed. “We made a cursory inspection of the
selected design, and this revealed the following defects and
breaches of conditions :—(a) Breach of condition laid duwn
on Bite plan: ۵ space of 100 ft. square not reserved for
future buildings. (5) Breach of condition 16: no drains
shown on the block plan. (c) Breach of condition 20: a
distinguishing device marked on the plans. (d) Extract
ventilation ignored—and this in a building without flues.
(e) Aspect of classrooms bad : the graded school block could
not be turned over, as suggested by the assessor, without
the whole plan being re-cast. (/) The hall of infants’ school
lighted by skylights, We have had our attention called by

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

一 一

JULY 15, 1904]

employed for your house, lasts for ever, and grows a beau- | at the restoration of the almshouses in 1863, and that the

Of course, it's hideous when it's, stonework was imitation in cement, and the buildings were

then considerably altered, although the general appearance
must continue the same while plain red brick remains plain
red brick. Mr. Thackeray Turner practically admits that
the almshouses are insanitary ; for he says this can be im-
proved. He has not a word to say about the rooms them-
selves, which are nothing but cupboards which light and
air have the greatest difficulty in penetrating, and how
these rooms can be made sanitary without their being re-
built passes my comprehension."

人

REMOVAL OF CHARING CROSS STATION:

SCHEME has recently been laid before the County
Council for the removal of Charing Cross Station to the
other side of the river, and for the building of a new

stone bridge in place of the iron monstrosity that now spans
and degrades the river. The prime motive of the authors of
this bold scheme is avowedly esthetic. They feel, as every
patriotic Londoner ought to feel, that it is a disgrace to Eng-
land that the principal entry to the capital city of the Empire '
should be so blatantly, so monstrously hideous. Apart from

Charing Cross Station and the adjoining bridge, the stretch
of river and river fromt from Blackfriars to Westminster
forms a scene of surpassing beauty; but the charm of the
Temple Gardens, the dignity of Somerset House, the impos-
ing grandeur of Westminster Palace, are all diminished and
spoiled by the gigantic eyesore which the South Eastern Rail-
way Company has been permitted to erect. Therefore, on
esthetic grounds, the case for the removal of Charing Cross
Station and the rebuilding of the bridge is overwhelmingly
strong. If the authors of the new scheme wish to win. sup-
port they must show not only that their proposal will greatly
beautify London but that it will add to the convenience of the
travelling public and ultimately sava expenditure. This ıs
not hard to do. At first bluslı it appears that the removal له‎
Charing Cross Station to the south side of the river must be
a serious inconvenience to railway travellers and a costly

enterprise for the County Council or other persons who under-

take the enterprise. Two points have, however, to be barne
in mind. First, that the scheme, while diminishing the con-
venience of travellers upon the South Eastern Railway, would
increase the convenience of the more numerous body of
travellers on the South Western. And, secondly, that the
situation of the present terminal station. at Charing Cross
must. shortly lead to very heavy expenditure for an enlarge-
ment of the station and bridge in order to deal with the ever-
growing traffic. How, then, can the problem be solved so as
to add to the convenience of the majority of railway travellers,
while preventing heavy future expenditure? The answer
can be guessed in a moment by anyone who will compare the
area required for a terminal station such as Charing Cross or
Waterloo (south Western Railway) with that required for a
through staticn such as Waterloo Junction (South Eastern
and Chatham Railway) or Vauxhall. In every terminal
station an ımmense amount of space must be devoted to

sidings for shunting. In addition, needless delay takes place
because a new train cannot approach the station until its
predeccssor has backed out; and finally, there must be a
much more complicated system of points and signals, involv-
ing a heavy annual charge for upkeep and for the ۵
staff. All these expensive troubles are avoided when a
through station is substituted for a terminus. Hence the
solution cf the problem is to abolish not only the South
Eastern terminus at Charing Cross, but the South Western
terminus at Waterloo, and to replace them by a through
station which wculd serve both lines. The new through
station would be on approximately the same site as the pre
sent Waterloo terminus, but occupying a smaller area. ‘The
trains from the South. Eastern svstem would come into this
station from the east, and run on westwards to Wimbledon or
Richmond or Woking. The trains from the South Western
system. would come into the station from the west, and run
on eastwards to Greenwich or Chislehurst or Croydon. Th«
shunting would be done at these suburban stations, wheic
land is relatively cheap, instead of in the centre of London,
where every inch of land has a price.

It may be replied, however, that people coming to London
from the country or from the Continent do not want to be
rushed round on the Surrey side and whisked off to Woking.
They want to get to the centre of things- -to Charing Cross.

tiful colour with age.
new.’

“The Squire: * And how long will it be before it grows

a beautiful colour?’
“The Architect: ‘Well, you can hardly expect it to

look anything in your lifetime!"

-—Y ours obediently,
WEST COUNTRYMAN.

— a ———————

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ROY AL GRAMMAR SCHOOL.
Second Premiated Design.

Francis W. BEDFoRD, F.R.I.B.A., 22, Old Burlington St., W.,
Architect.

Third Premiated Design.
ASHFORD AND GLADDING, New St., Birmingham. Architects.

一

WHITGIFT'S HOSPITAL, CROYDON.

HE schemes for street-widening involving the partial or
complete destruction of the Hospital of the Holy
Trinity at Croydon, which have been before the coun-

cil of the county borough at various times for some years
past, have at length been practically abandoned, and it is
pretty certain that the charming specimen of Elizabethan
architecture, with the delightfully secluded and quiet
courtyard which it encloses, will be left untouched for at
least some years to come. The projected scheme of remov-
ing the hospital in order to widen the adjoining streets and
the provision of new almshouses elsewhere would necessi-
tate, it was estimated, an expenditure of at least £85,000,
whilst an alternative plan by which other properties would

‘be set back and the hospital would be allowed to remain
untouched would cost £100,000. At a recent meeting of
the Croydon Council, when the matter, in the form of a
report from the Roads Committee, came up for considera-
tion, vigorous opposition was made by the Labour coun-
cillors to what was regarded as an attempt to deprive the
poor inmates of the advantages of peaceful and homely life
they had enjoyed for so long in the ancient community
founded by Archbishop Whitgift. Opposition came also
from the representatives of the outlying wards to such an
expensive scheme, the beneficial effects of which, if any.
must of necessity be mainly confined to the centre of the
town.

In these circumstances, and in the face of such deter-
mined opposition, the council found itself powerless to resist
a motion for the adjournment of the question for six months.
The effect of this will be that, even if the matter should
then be acceptable to the majority of the Croydon Borough
Council, it will be too late for the inclusion of any project
affecting Whitgift's Hospital in the Bill which is soon to be
promoted in Parliament for certain other urgent and much-
needed reforms in the borough. The local society which
has been formed for the protection of the antiquities of
Croydon, the Society of Antiquaries of London. the Society
for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings, and the numerous
other societies of more or less kindred aims which recently
sent a joint deputation to the Croydon Council have every
reason to be congratulated upon the success which has so far
crowned their efforts to preserve the ancient hospital. ٤
is to their action that increased local interest in the subject
can be directly traced, and now that the inhabitants of
Croydon are alive to the very high archaeological and historic
value of the hospital it will require a powerful council
to deprive them of it.

A Croydon councillor writes to the Times as follows : —
“ Mr. Thackeray Turner adopts the methods of the local
agitators against the proposal to remove these almshouses.
He draws attention to Wenham Hall, in Suffolk. and dilates
on its beauties as a noble monument in red brick. I my-
self could mention several other equally important and
beautiful buildings in red bricks, but what have these to do
with the Whitgift Almshouses? My letter was written to
draw attention to the fact that the architectural features
mentioned as the chief reasons for its retention were added

42 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT تالا‎ 15, 1904
AAA KA KA A A Il A دحا د مسر مون وو غور نم‎
was undertaken. The municipalities ought to have a def-

bridge would be not only beautiful but also convenient. ! nite policy in regard to land, buying it whenever possible,
Down the middle of it would run four lines of electric trams, | and holding it in perpetuity. It was evident that the con-
providing a continuous service of cars between the new |ference was entirely with Mr. Thompson in this suggestion.
staticn and the Strand. Some of the cars would be specially ١ Apart from the purchase of land, Mr. Thompson continued,

How are they to get there? The answer is that the new

the Housing Reform Council believed the local authorities
ought to have wide powers in regard to the planning of the
areas in which town extensions were likely to take place.
He thought the German practice, which had been ably de
scribed by Mr. Horsfall in his recent book, was one which
might well be adopted in this country. If we continued on
our present haphazard lines the slum problem of the future
would be on the outskirts and not at the centres of our
towns. Mr. Thompson pleaded for greater elasticity in the
interpretation and application of by-laws. It was not
necessarv to relax any rule which really made for greater
healthiness, and yet building would be easier and cheaper
if some concessions were made. On the other hand, by.
laws ought to provide for some relation between the floor
space of a dwelling and the open space about the dwelling,
and it was very desirable to have such open spaces used as
gardens.

Another matter which was being pressed by the Housing
Reform Council was the rating of land values. This ques-
tion was now above party politics, and men of all political
colours were agreed in regarding it as a necessary reform.
It was possible that when the rating of land values was
allowed funds would be available for subsidising attempts
to house the poorest of the poor, if that seemed a desirable
course. With reference to the operation of the Housing
Acts, Mr. Thompson confessed that he had little faith in
action under part 1. or part 11. as a remedy for existing evils,
though he was prepared to watch in a friendly, if critical,
spirit experiments such as those at present being made by
the Birmingham Housing Committee under these parts.
There was room for every kind of action. He believed him-
self that action under part iii. was most productive of good.
In rural housing. which Mr. Thompson declared deserved
much more attention than it at present got, the policy of
the Council was not merely to try to get better houses, but
again to acquire land. Better houses with small holdings
were needed. The question of rural housing had its interest
for town-dwellers, since there was no doubt that. bad houses
were often the cause of the removal of persons from the
country to the towns, and unfortunately it did not often
happen that bad houses in the towns induced people to
go to the country.

Mr. T. C. Horsfall described some of the steps which
German municipalities are enabled to take in the direction
of controlling the development of their towns. In the first
place, German towns owned much more land than English
towns; indeed, over 1,100 communities, large and small.
levied no rates, as their income from the land they pos
sessed was sufficient to meet all their expenses. The acqui-
sition and the holding of land had bcen definitely urged on
the Prussian towns by the Government. The most striking
example, however, of the forethought of German municipal
authorities was seen in the preparation of building plans,
which clearly laid down the lines along which town exten-
sion was to take place, indicating the direction and width
of the streets, the open spaces which must be provided,
the sites for factories and workshops, the number of storeys
to be allowed in a dwelling, and the proportion of the site
which may be covered by buildings. Quoting statistics of
drunkenness and crime in Manchester, Mr. Horsfall said
he believed all these were in very large measure to be attn-
buted to bad housing conditions, which, he added, were just
as often to be found in the surroundings of the dwellings,
in the lack of trees and vegetation, in the lack of open
spaces, and in the badly arranged streets as in the actual
defects of the houses themselves. Manchester had been
stated to be a source of “ inebriate infection.” Was there
any wonder at this when they remembered the conditions
under which the people lived? Mr. Justice Day said that
to get drunk was the shortest way out of Manchester, and
no more bitter criticism of the management of a town had
ever been uttered. He should say distinctly that the crow-
ded dwellings and the ugliness of the town were the cause
of the drunkenness. and the inability of the people to stand
the drink. A labour bureau had been started in Manches-
ter, but it had to be given up, he was told, because half of

| the men were useless They were suffering from the effects

censtructed for the carriage of luggage, and there would be
a shelter at both ends of the bridge, so that passengers could
enter and leave the cars in comiort. The great crowd of
passengers that pour into Waterloo by the South Western
every day would thus find themselves in a far better position
than at present, while the smaller crowd that is now set down
in Charing Cross would be very little worse off. A similar

scheme applied to Cannon Street Bridge would enable
Cannon Street Station—that other eyesore of the Thames—

to be removed, and would give passengers by the Brighton
line a far better access to the City than they now possess.

It would also save the Scuth Eastern Company from the

dreaded necessity of enlarging Cannon Street Station. In

fact, the scheme could only be made complete by the co-

cperation of the Brighton Company. Brighton trains and

Scuth Eastern trains coming from the east would balance

South Western trains coming from the west. All would

equally use a new Waterloo through station aud a new Lon-

don Bridge through station. Thus all the passengers on all

three lines would be provided with an equally gcod means cf

In the actual
working cf these new through stations it: would probably be

access either to the West, End or to the City.

necessary to assign certain platforms to long-distance trains,
and other platforms to suburban trains, so as tc allow fcr the
greater time that a long-distance train must remain in a
station in order to load and unload. Thus trains from
Dover would pause sedately at platform A till refilled with
passengers and luggage for Exeter ; while trains from Croyden
would momentarily stop at platform D to pick up passengers
for Richmond.

Lastly, we come to the question of finance. If it be ad.
mitted that all the three companies mentioned would gain
by the increased advantages given to their passengers and
by the saving of expense that would otherwise have tc be in-
curred for the enlargement of terminal stations, then it
follows that these three companies should combine to under-
take this great transformation. They would have to widen
the line between Waterloo and London Bridge; to build ۵
new thrcugh stations in place of the four existing termini;
and to replace the two existing railway bridges by road
bridges served by ‘electric tramways. On the other side of
the account would be the sums realised by the sale of land no
longer required for terminal stations, and the revenue to be
obtained by charging a toll for the use of the new bridges.
In addition, all three companies would be able to handle a
largely increased volume of railway traffic with diminished
expense fcr. shunting and signalling. Finally they would
be entited to demand some financial assistance from the
London County Council, to be given on condition that the
work was so carried out as to add to the amenities and to the
dignity cf the wealthiest city in the world.

The foregoing notice of this important project appeared
in the Daily Graphic on Tuesday, with a bird's-eye view of
the scheme from the pencil of Mr. H. C. Brewer.

A marg

HOUSING CONFERENCE AT
BOURNVILLE.

PEAKING on behalf of the National Housing Reform
Council, which had taken the initiative in calling
the conference, at Bournville, Birmingham, on Satur-

day, Mr. William Thompson (of Richmond, Surrey) put
control of the unbuilt-on areas as the first plank in a con-
structive housing policy. Everyone was agreed, he eaid,
who had studied the cenditions of modern town life, that it
was necessary to get the population from the overcrowded,
over-dense, and often unwholesome areas in the centres of
our towns to the outskirts, where sufficient air space could
te given ta the houses, where houses could be placed far
enough apart to allow the access of light, where streets could
be wide, and open spaces be provided. The increase in the
facilities for rapid and cheap transit which municipal elec-
tric tramways had done so much to extend made action in
this direction feasible. But still it was found that land
was too dear, and dear land made dear houses. His opinion
was that the local authorities ought to purchase land on
both sides of the proposed route before a tramway extension

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ARCHITECT 51

£1,731,904 3s. 3d., which sum represents the actual payments
made up to that date and does not include liabilities under
contracts for buildings in course of erection. The dwellings
mentioned in the accounts comprise 3,996 tenements, 658
cottages, and 1,147 cubicles containing accommodation for
24,467 persons.

U pon the recommendation of the Improvements Commit-
teo it was agreed to contribute £1,107, one-half of the net
cost of the widening of Fleet Street at No. 71 to 60ft., pro
posed to be carried out by the City Corporation.

In answer to questions, Mr. Straus (chairman of the Bridges
Committee) said that his committee were considering the re-
ference made to them with regard to the removal of the lamp
standards from. Waterloo Bridge, and had decided to consult
Mr. Frampton as to whether these standards were still fit to
be used for electric lighting purposes. He was glad to be
able to contradict the statement that any of these standards
were broken. Out of the eighteen, sixteen were perfectly
sound, and the others were only slightly damaged and could
be easily repaired. The standards were not of bronze, but
were cast-iron, and a very good example of old cast-iron. ‘They
were placed on the bridge in 1817.

; Mr. Greenwood moved, in pursuance of notice of motion:
"That, having regard to the necessity for providing additional
traffic facilities im London and to the importance of linking
up the Council's northern and southern tramway systems, it
be referred to the Improvements Committee to consult the
Highways and Bridges Committees and to report at an. early
date—4(1) whether the South Eastern and Chatham and Dover
Railway Company are:contemplating the rebuilding of Char-
ing Cross Station and the widening of Hungerford Bridge ; (2)
whether the Council can be advised to take the opportunity

| of submitting to Parliament a. scheme for the acquisition by

the Council of Charing Cross Station and Hungerford Bridge,
providing the railway company with a site for a new terminus
station on the Waterloo side of the river in place of the pre-
sent terminus at Charing Cross, and erecting for general
traffic a new road bridge of sufficient width and capacity to
take a double line of tramway in the centre of the roadway,
so that the Council's northern and southern tramways front
Aldwych to Waterloo could be linked together; (3) what sav-
ing of capital moneys might be anticipated in carrying out
such a scheme by the avoidance of the rebuilding of Lambeth
Bridge and of the widening of Waterloo Bridge, and in other
ways, and what would be the general result to London of
throwing open such an exceptionally fine access between the
northern and southern parts of the county; (4) what would
be the estimated gross cost of each principal portion of the
scheme, the estimated recoupment by disposal of the surplus
land, and the estimated net cost."

Mr. Cornwall seconded the motion, which: was supported by
Mr. Straus and others and adopted.

EXCAVATIONS AT BENI-HASAN.

HE PRINCESS HENRY OF BATTENBERG opened
on the 7th inst., in the rooms of the Society of Anti-
quaries, an exhibition of objects brought from Beni-

Hasan, where Mr. John Garstang, Reader in Egyptian
Archzology at the University of Liverpool, has, during
the last vear and more, been engaged in excavation.

The site of the excavations is on the east bank of the
hill, about 150 miles above Cairo and some fourteen miles
southward from Minia, a great town of Middle Egypt. The
period most abundantly illustrated is that of the eleventh
and twelfth dvnasties ; but to the student the. most interest-
ing of the exhibits is undoubtedly the original tablet of
Mena, the: first king of United Egypt, in whom was con-
summated the '' joining of the Lambs or the union of the
two carlier sovereignties. The date assigned is carlier than
3.200 B.c. This object, found during the work at Negadeh,
in the great Roval tomb, may. it is hoped, be a clue not
only to the parentage of the first king, but to the solution
of a long vexed problem—the combination of the North and
South. Nearly ten years ago M. de Morgan discovered the
tomb and also an inscribed ivory tablet bearing the name
of Mena; but one corner of this 1mportant document was
missing. This has now been recovered and restored to the
remainder in the museum at Cairo. A duplicate of this
tablet, which is of ivory, and three smaller tablets of the
same material, including a tablet. of Narmer or Beran, and
carvings of a cat and a fish, also in ivory, the last being of

THE BRITISH

Juty 15, 1904]

of overcrowding and drink, and could not be employed.
He moved a resolution in the following terms : —‘‘ That this
conference respectfully desires to draw the attention of the
President of the Local Government Board to the pressing
need for (1) such measures as will effectually enable local
authorities to secure that all new housing areas shall be
planned to ensure an ample provision of light and air space,
gardens, etc., thus rendering impossible the development
of new slums; (2) increased and more effective powers for
dealing with the housing questicn in rural districts.”

The resolution was seconded by Mr. Barlow, secretary of
the Bournville Village Trust, who gave some interesting
details about the village. Very many of the delegates had
spent some time before the conference commenced in going
round the village, noting the principles adopted in laying it
out. Mr. Barlow drew attention to the fact that Bournville
was an attempt to give town workers the advantages of
country residence. The land originally cost, on an average,
£200 per acre. Most of the houses were let at weekly ren-
tals which were fixed so as to bring in 4 per cent. on the
capital expenditure after meeting expenses of maintenance,
management, etc. The density of population was about
thirty per acre; the average number of inhabitants in the
556 houses already erected by the Trust was 4.75. In 1901
the death-rate was 8.8 per thousand—a marked contrast to
the Birmingham death-rate, which, according to districts,
varies from 12 to 32 per thousand. Gardening had been
made much of, and was in every way a success, even town-
bred men achieving good results. An investigation showed
that in some cases, at any rate, tenants obtained a yield from
their gardens valued at ls. 10d. per week the year round.
and thus had a considerable set-off to the rent. The lessons
he thought the conference might learn from Bournville were
the advantage derived from carefully planning of the estate,
the value of gardens physically and, he would add, morally,
and the advantage that variety in the style of building
gives. He finally urged delegates to remember that a well-
conducted housing scheme must always have assets and
profits other than those which can be represented by £ s. d.

A brisk discussion followed, Messrs. Nettlefold (Birming-
ham), Crowther (Sheffield), Jones (Reading). and Stephens
(Birmingham) taking part. Although there was some differ-
ence as to details, all the speakers agreed in the need for
municipal powers of supervision of the unbuilt-on areas, and
most desired to see town councils equipped with much wider
powers in regard to the purchase of land. The resolution
was unanimously adopted.

A further resolution urging local authorities to use the
powers already given under the Housing Acts, especially
under part iii., was also, on the motion of Mr. T. Shaw (Shef-
field), seconded by Mr. G. D. Kelley(Manchester), unanı-
mously adopted.— Manchester Guardian.

—Ëe,+ عہإسصسس‎

LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

HE weekly meeting of the London County Council was
held on Tuesday afternoon at the County Hall, Spring
Gardens, the chairman (Mr. J. W. Benn, M.P.)

presiding. |

Mr. Bruce submitted a return from the Housing of the
Working Classes Committee, from which it appears that the
total gross income for the year from all the dwellings
amounted to: £89,873 ls. Td., and of this a sum of
£40.269 3s. 10d., or 44.81 per cent., was required for out-
goings during the year, as compared with £32,948 04 öd., or
44.45 per cent., during the preceding year. In addition to
this the sum cf £46,832 2s. 8d., or 52.11 per cent., was re-
quired for interest and sinking fund charges, as against
£35,269 6s. 7d. or 47.58 per cent., during the year 1902-3.
Upon reviewing the operations of the Council as a whole
since the opening of the first block of dwellings in April,
1894, it is found that there is a balance in hand amounting
to £12.050 18s. 7d., after taking into account a net contri-
bution from rates of £22,001 18s. 10d. The net charge on
the rates is entirely due to the debt charges in respect of un-
developed estates, for although amounts have been raised in
the rate in respect of dwellings, there is no deficiency on the
income account of the dwellings as a whole, as a result of the
Council deciding itself to erect aud manage them. Such a
result mav, the committee think, be regarded as satisfactory.
The total expenditure on capital account on all the dwellings
and estates up to March 31. 1904, amounted to

(Jury 15, 1904

| THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

the ruins of a great palace, the intricacy of which probably
gave rise to the legend of the Cretan Labyrinth. At that
time, as he remarks in the present report, he expected a com-
paratively short time to suffice for the exploration of this
site. But as the work progressed he found beneath these
ruins the foundations of an independent structure of much
earlier date, which rested on a stratum proved by its con-
tents to represent the later Stone Age. Year after year
fresh excavations have been rewarded by new discoveries,
revealing the excellence of the architectural and artistic work,
and bringing the early history of Crete into line with that of
other countries The earthenware vases and the figures
carved in ivory, the sculptures in stone, and the wall paint
ings, already exhibited in London, have proved the legend
of Daedalus to be not wholly baseless, and the artists of the
Island of Minos capable of representing on temple doors the
murder of Androgeos, with its consequences.

The past year has been in some ways more fruitful than
any of its predecessors, especially when we take account of
the remarkable pottery found so abundantly by Messrs.
Bosauquet and Dawkins at Palaikastro. At Knossos, how-
ever, much of the main block of the palace buildings had been
investigated by the end of last season, as well as part of the
underlying older Structure; but they had only begun the ex:
ploration óf a considerable area to the south-east, and not
touched that to the north and north-west. Both these tracts
have proved exceptionally remunerative, the latter disclosing
a large structure, called by the discoverers the Royal Villa.
which they struck at a great number of points within the
aready excavated area of the Later Palace lower floor levels,
comprising deposits of extraordinary interest, such as base-
ment rooms and a whole system of walled pits belonging to an
earlier building. In the Later Palace itself are two floor
levols, indicative of a reconstruction in the course of its his-
tory, and it was evidently again occupied at a still later
period, when its glories had departed and an impoverished
people had taken refuge in its deserted halls, like those of
Salona in the Palace of Diocletian. This last is proved, by
pottery and other articles, to be parallel with the decadence
of the Mykenian Age of Greece, which was ended some nine
centuries before the present era by the so-called Dorian im-
migration, when, not so long ago, Greck history’ began to
emerge from the mists of legend. The remains from beneath
the foundations of the most ancient buildings prove the oldest
inhabitants of Crete to have been ignorant of metal work,
and a branch of that race, short in stature, with skulls dis-
tinctly oval in outline, who existed in Europe during the
later Stone Age. Their successors, the palace builders, were
evidently much more highly civilised, and much light is
thrown on their history and development by the discoveries
of the past season. The most ancient remains of this age are
several houses outside, and sundry deep pits, as well as some
bascment chambers with monolithic pillars beneath struc
tures connected with the Later Palace, in which this form of
supports is not employed. Porcelain beads with either a
green or a deep blue glazo, are practically identical with a
type common in Egypt. which represents the sixth dynasty.
while Professor Petrie has now added another proof of inter-
course with that country by identifying a vase from another
part of tha palace as one of Egyptian Syenite not later than
the fourth dynasty—thus the age of metal may have begun.
and the first palace in Crete have been founded, not less than
fifty-seven centuries ago.

Later than these discoveries, but belonging to the occu
pants of the first palace, is the age called by-the explorers
Middle Minoan, many examples of which have been un-
earthed. In short, the last year's work in Crete has added
much to the evidence for the great antiquity of civilisation ın
Crete. The oldest masonry in the first palace may be but
little, if at all, younger than that in the Great Pyramid, and,
before it was swept away, the twelfth dynasty was ruling, and
that was not less than two thousand years before the present
era began. Work of the eighteenth dynasty—that 1s, of
about the sixteenth century, or earlier than the Exodus—
found a place in the second palace, and this group of stately
structures probably remained uninjured for, at least, seven
hundred years after that epoch.— Birmingham Post.

— OO Oo

singular beauty, were found on the site. There are also
some jar sealings ascribed to the same period and vases and
carvings of obsidian and crystal. The third dynasty is re
presented by a rounded pottery coffin and a short square
wooden. coffin, and somewhat later in date are a wooden
statuette in the style of the Shékh El Beled, a metal bowl,
and polished pottery vessels.

The finds at Beni-Hasan—mostly of the eleventh and
twelfth dynasties—were varied and abundant. In an
artistic sense the most precious remains of this age—per-
haps 2,500 B.c.—is a wooden portrait statuette which was
found in a disturbed tomb in a broken condition. The por-
trait is of a private person, and the grace and vigour of out-
line exhibits a tendency to movement. The features are
fine, and the pose natural and unconstrained. Another
figure, of much inferior workmanship, is that of a Libyan
woman carrying a baby on her back, apparently under a
shawl. The wooden sarcophagus of Ma discloses elaborate
and ingenious carvings both inside and out, and from the
same tomb is shown a funeral barque, 29in. long, and con-
taining ten figures. It represents the conveyance of the
mummy under a canopy in a sailing boat.

This year, as in Mr. Garstang's exhibition last year, thd
various operations of human life are vividly shown in wood-
carving, and the frequency of boats and oarsmen shows the
apparently almost exclusive use of water-carriage. There
are a rowing boat of twenty oars, warriors playing chess on
board; a boat with armed men, showing twenty-three
figures, from the tomb of Khnem-Nekhta and Neter-Nekhta,
the helmsman controlling a long oar with a tiller, and a
warrior astern, armed with a battle-axe and protected by a
spotted oxhide shield. Other pursuits are illustrated by a
granary and a scene depicting the processes of brewing.
baking, and butchering. There are also on view an ancient
weaving reed, ascribed to the time of these dynasties; a
modern Egyptian implement of the same kind, and one
brought from a weaving shed at Wigan—a striking example
of the virtual identity during many generations of man-
kind in the production of wearing apparel. Another tomb
showed the sacrifice of an ox; and a curious string doll
proves that 4,000 years have left the amusements of child-
ren unchanged. The tomb of a courtier named Antef was
found to have been preserved in its entirety, the door of
the chamber having been closed with rough-dressed stones
built up like a door. The wooden sarcophagus was inscribed
with religious formule in hieroglyphic characters, with the
head to the north and the '' Eyes of Osiris" towards the
east. There were found little wooden models of river and
sailing boats, a granary, a group of persons baking, a man
brewing, another leading an ox, a girl carrying a brace of
birds and a basket on her head. The oarsmen were still
clinging to their oars, and the paint was stil fresh. “It
was," observes Mr. Garstang. “ a wonderful sight, one which
rewards a lifetime.” There lay the bones of Antef、
wrapped round with a linen cloth which was still preserved
while the bedy had decayed. His pillow of wood was by
his head and a pair of sandals at his feet.

There are also a good many objects of a later date—
mummies of the Hyksos, eighteenth dynasty, a curious
mummy of a monkey; alabaster canopic vases and a com-
plete series of pottery of the twenty-second to the twenty-
fourth dynasties; amulets, beads, pendants, ushabbi figures
of the same period; and pottery of the eighteenth dynasty,
illustrating "the new forms and decorative motives which
appeared in Egypt during the Mykenaean period." Mr.
Harold Jones exhibits a number of paintings of the Egypt
of to-day, including portraits of a foreman, a boy attendant.
and a waiter, and several sunsets and evening scenes—the
Nile Valley and desert cliffs and the excavators’ camp
among the rock tombs of Beni-Hasan. The catalogue of the
exhibition is excellently illustrated with pictures of the
most striking objects displayed.-—The Times.

——————9-9-99———————

RECENT DISCOVERIES IN CRETE.

HE annual report of the British School at Athens, just
issued to the subscribers for 1903, contains several in-

teresting articles, but the two describing archzological | On the 19th inst. Messrs. Harrod's will offer for sale at auc

tion the town house of Mrs. Langtry, 15, Tedworth Square.
Chelsea. As might be expected, the house is decorated most
elegantly, the oak panelling in the dining-room and the
tapestried walls of the drawing-room being very fine.

discoveries in Crete possess an exceptional importance as
adding so largely to a story which was all but a blank till the
last decade of the nineteenth century. Less than twelve
years ago, Mr. A. J. Evans began to lay bare, near Knossos,

—

سے ~ nn‏ اس ee ee‏ چب مس
0

-——- g -

Ar Friday's meeting of the directors of the proposed Moffat
Cottage Hospital it was agreed to adopt the plan prepared

| by Mr. H. W. Walker, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. The

buildings will be erected in Selkirk Road, and will be
utilised for the treatment of non-infectious cases only. 6
cost will be about £1,000.

AT the meeting of the Kingston Board of Guardians yes-
terday week it was decided to erect a new board-room and
offices at د‎ cost of £8,680; the details of the expenditure
being as follows: —Structure £6,530, furniture £750, con-
tingencies £400; raising loan £50, clerk of works £180,
quantities surveyor £140. architect's charges 2380, boilers
and heating apparatus £180, boundary wall and fences £70.

AT Tuesday's meeting of the Middlesbrough Council Alder-
mau Hugh Bell asked leave of the Council to send plans and
specifications for the extension. of the High School to the
Board of Education for final approval. He had got an esti-
mate of the cost of the extensions from Messrs. R. Lofthouse
and Sons, the architects, and it would amount to about
£7,600. Alderman. J. F. Wilson seconded the motion,
which was adopted.

THE new Wesleyan church in Manor Road, Liscard, which
was opened on Tuesday by Mr. Renton Gibbs, of Liverpool.
has cost £5,434 15s. For the general material of the build-
ing local grey bricks have been selected. The front 1s
flanked by a turret and spirelet. The piers to the nave
arcade and chancel and transept arches are in stone; the
floor is of wood blocks, and the roof is of pitch pine, with
panelled ceiling. The heating apparatus is the gift of Mr.
Renton Gibbs. Mr. James Merritt, of Birkenhead, is the
contractor, and the architects are Messrs. Grayson and Ould,

of Liverpool.

Tue new Carnegie Library in Leeming Street, Mansfield,
the foundation-stone of which was laid last week, is being
erected in the Renaissance style by Mr. S. B. Frisby, local
builder, from the designs (selected in competition) of Mr.
E. R. Sutton, of Nottingham, at a cost of about £3,000.
Mansfield. stone will be used for the front, and the side eleva-
tion will be of red-sand bricks, with stone dressings.
Accommodation is provided on the ground floor for a lend-
ing library, reading-room (with magazine and reference-
room. screened off), ladies’ room, librarian's room, eto. Every
room will have fresh-air inlet tubes, or panels, and ventilat-
ing radiators. Flues for vitiated air are to be placed in the
roof, having a large electric fan extractor. The lighting
will be by electricity, and the heating by hot water.

THE new Council school in Argie Road, Leeds, opened on
the 11th inst., is part of a scheme which will eventually pro-
vide accommodation for 1,500 scholars, it being the inten-
tion of the committee at some later date to erect a mixed
school on a portion of the site fronting Kirkstall Road and
to use the present building as an infants school. For the
present accommodation is provided for 500 children in ten
class-rooms grouped round a central hall, six of which will
be used for a mixed school and four for infants. In addi-
tion to the main school a separate building has been erected
for manual training, and this will be used as a centre for
boys from other schools. The work has been carried out
under the superintendence of Mr. W. S. Braithwaite. archi-
tect, South Parade, Leeds. The total cost of the site was
£4.544, and the cost of the buildings, fence walls, and fit-
tings £9,122.

THE Ducness or ALBANY last Friday opened the new wing
of the Royal Hospital, Kingston, which has been erected
at a cost of £6,000 by Messrs. S. N. Soole and Sons, Rich-
mond, to plans by Mr. Frank J. Brewer, Hill Rise. Rich-
mond. The facade is of dull malm brick, relieved with red
gauge work. The door to the right leads to the waiting-
rooms. The walls of these rooms are lined to a considerable
height with Doulton ware. The architraves and mouldings
are also Doulton. To the left of the porch is the dispensing
room, with a store beneath. At the front of the porch axe
two consulting rooms and a couple of examining rooms.
The first floor. approached by a stone staircase from the
entrance hall, is to be used for ophthalmic patients. The

| whole building.is heated on the hot-water system with

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

_JULY 15, 1904]

THE LEYsIAN MISSION BUILDINGS.

| above buildings in City Road, E.C., the main hall
of which was opened by the Prince and Princess of

Wales on the 11th inst., are claimed to be the largest ;

and most complete mission premises in the world. They
are of fireproof construction throughout, and the total cost
(including site, £36,000) is estimated at £112,000. Accom-
modation 18 provided for the old Leysian Settlement and
Hostel, a settlement (Moulton House) for young business
men and students, and a small settlement for sisters and
lady workers; also for complete suites of carefully arranged
club-rooms for working men, lads, young women, and girls
respectively, with gymnasium and drill hall for boys’
brigade, etc. Complete accommodation is furnished for
medical mission, brass band, orchestra, choirs, retiring rooms
for workers, and offices. The Queen Victoria hall, which is
ab present the only completed portion of the buildings, is the
principal feature, and has seating capacity for 2,000 per-
sons. On a level with this is the open-air preaching and
concert garden, with an area of 2,780 square feet, giving ac
commodation for a large number of people for summer ser-
vices, band performances, open-air meetings, etc. In addi-
tion to the large hall, there is a minor hall, seating about
600, with a complete suite of twenty-three class-rooms
associated with it, accommodating from thirty to 150 each,
for Sunday-school education. etc. There are 125 rooms in
all The frontage, 182ft., provides on ground, first, and
second floors eight shops and twenty-seven offices for letting
purposes. |

The architects are Messrs. Bradshaw and Gass, of Silver-
well Street, Bolton, the builders being Messrs. Holliday and
Greenwood, Ltd., of Brixton, S.W., whilst the following
were the sub-contractors for their respective works : -- Henry
Dennis, Ruabon, terra cotta; Mayoh and Haley, Norfolk
Street, W.C., constructional ironwork ; Doulton and Co., W.
E. Farrer, G. and D. Musgrave, and Holliday and Green-
wood, sanitary fittings; J. W. Hindshaw, Manchester, orna-
mental plaster work; W. J. Pearce, Manchester, leaded
lights and stained glass; Robert Walsh, Bolton, heating
and ventilation ; R. Garnett and Sons, Warrington, general
furnishing; Marley Bros., Tower Road, Aston, Birmingham,
door fittings. etc. ; W. D. and H. Waddington, Bolton, tip-
up seats in hall; H. Bissiker, Birmingham, electrical fit-
tings; Walsall Electrical Co., electric lighting; and Merry-
weather and Sons, fire hydrants.

——— e

BUILDING NEWS.

Tur Sheffield City Council have approved plans for the exten-
sion of sewage disposal works, the estimate being £270,369.

Instructions have been given to the Hull city engineer
(Mr. A. E. White) to prepare plans and estimates for the
construction of a pier and market.

Ar last week's meeting of the Hull City Council it was de-
cided that a home for imbecile children be erected at
Willerby, with provision for 188 beds, at & cost of £14,689.

Tug Rotherham Guardians have approved & scheme for
alterations to laundry buildings, including subway to
laundry, at an estimated cost of £2,697 ; boiler-house, £100 ;
seating boilers, £150; new laundry machinery, £1,793 15s.
—total, £4,740 15s. |

Tue West Hartlepool: Education Committee on Tuesday
accepted the amended tender of Messrs. Beetham and Son,
local builders, amounting to £15,417, for the erection of a
new higher grade school in Elwick Road. The amount of
the tender originally accepted by the late School Board was
£17,289.

THE Teddington Libraries and Education Committee on
Tuesday reported that they had considered and settled a
draft contract for the erection of a free public library on the
grounds of Elmfield House, and instructed the clerk to for-
ward a copy to the contractor and sureties for their ap-

proval.

ON, N.W.

[JULY 15, 1904

17 | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

not at present aware of any objection to placing the new
block at the east end, but he remembered that the point was
considered by Mr. Kitchin (architect) and thought the other
end would be better. Still, if there was room for the block
without getting too near the boundary wall, he did not
apprehend there would be any difficulty in assenting to the
wishes of the Guardians. He supposed the reason why the
Guardians wished the matter settled immediately was that
the shape cf the new building might be modified if placed at
the east end. Major Andrews remarked that the same

argument that was applied seven or eight years ago would '

not apply now, owing to the extension of the property. At
that time they would not allow the Board to build at the
east end, and the Board were compelled to build the lying-
in ward at the other end. The Chairman suggested that the
letter be referred to the Bulding Committee. Mr. Sams
thought it better to let the discussion stand over for a fort-
night, and it was decided to adopt this course. The Rev.
Father Neave suggested that the Nursing Committee in the
meantime should report to the Building Committee As to
the accommodation to be provided in the extension. They
would remember they had dismissed the question whether
there should be provision for sixty or forty-five beds. Major
Andrews replied that. the Nursing Committee had endorsed
the view that there should be sixty beds, but. it was not
unanimous, three being against 1t.—Susser Daily News.

—230°

JOTTINGS.

THE Rawmarsh U.D.C. have appointed Mr. Malcolm Pater-
son, M.I.C.E., to prepare a scheme for the purification of
the sewage of their district.

Mn. ANDREW CARNEGIE has promised to give £2.000 for a
free library at Uxbridge, subject to the usual condition of
the parish providing a freehold site.

Ar the Mart, Tokenhouse Yard, yesterday week, Tennyson
House, Montpelier Road, Twickenham, at one time the
residence of the late Poet Laureate, was put up for auction,
but failed to find a purchaser.

Messrs. HENRY GRAVES are bringing out a set of four auto-
types taken from the Burne-Jones windows in St. Philips.
Birmingham, the subjects being the “ Adoration of the
Saints,” “The Crucifixion,” “ The Ascension," and “The Day
of Judgment."

A MEMORIAL of the late Sir George Gabriel Stokes, which
has been erected in the north aisle of the choir of West-
minster Abbey, was unveiled on the 7th inst., by the Duke
of Devonshire, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge,
and formally transferred to the authorities of the Abbey.
The medallion, which is of bronze, was executed by Mr.
Hamo Thornycroft, R.A.

TRADE NOTES.

THE war memorial window in the chapel of Shrewsbury
School, opened on Tuesday by the Bishop of Oxford, has been
designed by Mr. C. E. Kempe, of Millbrook Place, Hampstead
Road, N.W., and is one of a: series of stained glass windows,
the work of the same artist, each conforming to a general
scheme.

Despite the present popularity of the motor-car, the 107
for high-class stable fittings shows no diminution. The 2
that the Royal stables at Osborne, Lord Lonsdale s at on
ham, Lord Tennyson's at Freshwater, Isle of Wight,
Hon. W. E. Guinness's at Knockmaroon Castle. Sir .
dith Burrell's at Kucpp Castle, Sir Clinton Dawkins 0
Polesden Lacy are all in process of being fitted up by S
St. Pancras Ironwork Co.. Ltd., shows that the horse su
holds his own. 1

N PAPER

LIMAT e

radiators and Boyd's air-chambered stoves, the fitting of
this having been carried out by Messrs. Jeffreys. The elec-
tric fittings were installed by Messrs Hemingway and Pritt.

Tue Birmingham Town Hall seems to be a very fruitful
source of anxiety to the Estates Committee. There have
always been complaints about the draught, and now, says the
Birmingham Post, the exits from the great gallery have been
called in question. In addition there has been a suggestion
that the accommodation of the orchestra. ought to be perma-
nently extended. At each festiva] it is necessary to erect a.
temporary addition to the orchestra, and though the com-
mittee da not wish to curtail the floor space for all purposes
for which the Town Hall is used, it is felt that something
should be done to meet the wishes of the Festival Committee.
Accordingly a deputation from. the committee has been to
London to inspect the Queen's Hall Orchestra, where a tele-
scopic arrangement is in use. At a meeting of the Estates
Committee on Wednesday preliminary plans and estimates
of the cost of this work were considered, but the committee
were not prepared to face the rather heavy expenditure neces-

sary. Accordingly, they postponed the scheme for further
consideration.

In submitting the Finance Committee's estimates at Wednes-
day's meeting of the West Riding County Council, Alderman
Horsfall, drew attention to the item of £2 11,532 put down
for the erection of the first portion of the main: institution of
Storthes Hall Asylum, including the administration block,
bakehouse, and sick and infirm and quiet working blocks.
This estimate was, he recalled, referred back at the last meet-
ing of the Council, but after making inquiry he did not think
it could be said to be extravagant. The sum worked out at

£325 per bed or about £40 per bed more than the cost of the

Menston Asylum. Eventually it was intended to erect a wing
on either side of the main block, which would accommodate
a thousand more patients. The new buildings to be now
erected would provide for 650 beds. They were to be per-
fectly plain in design, and the Council might congratulate
the architect upon having planned buildings without any
costly ornamentation. He thought the architect would pro-
bably be able to complete the whole institution at the price
per bed he nad estimated. Subsequently the Council con-
sidered the tender of Messrs. J. Ratcliffe and Sons, of Hud-
dersfield, for the erection of the main institution, their price
being £211,532. |

Tux new Wesleyan church at Newquay, which was dedicated
on the 8th inst., has been erected at a cost (including site)
of £11,600. In addition to the Church itself there are
school premises and minister's and choir vestries. The
style of architecture is Late Gothic, and a prominent feature
of the fagade is a tower 60ft. high, whick will eventually
carry a spire 40ft. high. Towards the main road the build-

ings are faced with Plymouth limestone, and the baok and

sides with St. Columb stone, while the dressings are of
Penryn granite. The church affords accommodation for
700 persons. There are transepte and chancel, a centre
aisle leading from a lobby to the chancel, and side aisles
outside the colonnade. The ministers and choir vestries
adjoin the church on either side of the chancel. The school
premises, not yet completed, comprise a school-room with
sitting accommodation for 0 adults, four class-rooms,
infants” room, young men's room, young women's room,
kitchen, etc. The architects were Messrs. C. Bell, Withers
and Meredith, of 50, Cannon Street, E.C., whilst the

builders were Messrs. Matcham and Co.. Ltd., of Plymouth,

the clerk of works being Mr. J. Vivian, Newquay. The
stained glass windows were executed by Messrs. Kelley and
Co., of Cotton's Gardens, Kingsland Road. N.E.

AT Tuesday's meeting of the East Preston (Sussex) Guar-
dians the clerk intimated with respect to the infirmary ex-
tension that he had written since the last Board day to Mr.

Davy (Local Government Board inspector), pointing out

that his opinion on the question of the site would be valued
by the Guardians. In reply, Mr. Davy wrote that he was

WILLESDE

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN 2-PLY.

See next Issue.

Used by leading Architects.
; LD., WILLESDEN JUNCTION, LOND

The best Underlining on the Market.

WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS

35 |

have been permitted, accompanied by the attendant evils
which must accrue from negligence of that sort. Few
farming properties, at any period, can be said to have
ever been adequately equipped with suitable and sanitary
housings for the workers on the land, while for some
unexplained reason the majority of existing cottages
appear to have been put up without any reference to the
loss of time and waste of energy consequent upon the
drudgery incidental to the long distances to be trudged
over the fields and across country in all weathers to and
from the men's work, A few isolated serious endeavours
were made years back by the Duke of Bedford and others,
including the Society for Improvirg the Dwellings of the
Labouring Classes, but the agricultural depression already
mentioned has for a long period left little room for such en- .
terprises either by the superior landowners or their lease-
holders. In dealing with the question of cottage ereotion
this aspect of the matter cannot be ignored, and the altered
economie condition of things which have come about, must
not only be recognised but accepted in dealing with this
subject."

On the very awkward restrictions that have to be met we
have the following on page two: “The model by-laws
issued under statute have been more or less generally
adopted by local sanitary authorities, who in this way have
insisted on materially expensive requirements, which do not
tend tolessen the cost of cottage building. Greater free-
dom is to be obtained by erecting cottages under the Board
of Agriculture, if that can be managed ; but where District
Councils’ by-laws prevail this is not always possible.
These last-named regulations are often very arbitary and
exceedingly vexatious, especialy when rules, originally
intended for governing building procedure in villages and |
and country townships, are made to apply to open country-
side places, where it is clear many highly proper limitations,
suitable enough for crowded areas, become mischievous
incongruities, imposing needless expense and incurring other
hardships."

Of the general aspect of cottage work we find the follow-
ing sensible comments : “ The main essentials consist of the
charm of artistic fitness by which alone a building can be
harmonised with its site and surroundings, making it as it
were part of the ground on which it stands, restíul and
unobtrusive, comfortable and suitable. These are the
qualities which alone can impart ihterest and give durable
pleasure. Such qualities do not depend so much upon
money expenditure as upon an application of thought
and good taste. They exist quite apart from elaborate-
ness of detail and are mostly obtained by avoiding all
ornamental excrescences, which ill accord with the en-
vironment of the hedgerow and the coppice. Picturesqueness
comes of simplicity of form, and belongs to good pro-
portion, producing pleasant groupings, giving graceful sky-
lines, and casting telling shadows, so essential for contrast
and colour. Cottage beauty has nothing in commou with
ostentation, and the acme of vulgarity is the * cottage ornée,'
now more often termed a ‘maisonette’ by those whose aim
in life is to be considered really ‘ up-to-date.’ ” |

As to choice of materials again we quote the following :
* When bricks have to be used in a stone country, select
brindled ones, or grey headers, using dull rede rather than
brilliant orange facings, which naturally look at home in
Hampshire or ba Should slates be insisted on in lieu of
tiles in ۵ clay district, give the preference to Delabole grey
ones, avoiding those of Westmoreland green or Bangor
blue. Green slate is د‎ delightful material in itself,
but it seems out of place where sand-faced tiles are
locally available for cottage work: No matter what
the materials may be, good results can only be
insured by the employment of thought and good taste.
For cottage design, the less variety of materials used the
better. Patches of stone coming here and there cut up the
breadth of effect in ۵ brick facade very badly, and big coarse
slates or tiles—particularly the inter-locking patent ones—
are out of scale with small buildings, and tend to ruin
good proportions."

Of the matter of site, Mr. Adams says: '* With a small
plot it is sometimes a gain to place the building almost close
up into one corner of the site—say, by preference into the
north-east angle. By this means a roomy garden area 18
obtained, clear of the shadow of the house, and giving a
well-sheltered space for fruit trees and borders. Few con-
trivances are more utterly wretched than a small garden

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JULY 22, 1904]

LONDON: FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1904.

مت ات ےآ —— — —‏ — — —

MODERN COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE.

H OUSE architecture is a subject of almost universal interest

even with the public, a large section of whom are glad
| to have the opportunity of criticising the houses that
other people build. The numbers of people who frequent
houses in the course of erection prove that a more or less in-
telligent interest is felt by many of the public in house-
building, both large and small. It is, however, unfortunately
the fact that only a very small proportion of even tha more
intelligent of the public have an opportunity to properly in-
spect the best examples of houses, whether large or small,
especially after completion and occupation. The smaller
class of houses, which should perhaps more correctly be styled
cottages, are of the greatest interest, even to those who can
afford to build and inhabit large houses, for in this class of
design the architect is seen in a test of his real ability,
which is to provide the best art and comfort. for the least
possible cost. The subject matter, therefore, of Mr. Maurice
B. Adams' new book, " Modern Cottage Architecture," would
doubtless be welcomed with keen appetite by a much larger
section cf the public than those who are likely to see it.
The cost is only half a guinea (Batsford), and it contains
fifty plates with some thirty pages of descriptive letter-
press, and it should meet with a large sale. The author has
been wise enough to get together a varied style of design
by various architects, who have shown marked ability in this
direction, but we cannot say that all of even the better-known
men are here represented by their best work. Mr. Lutyens,
Messrs. Douglas and Minshull, and Mr. George Sherrin may
all be credited with a variety of interesting work of real
cottage type, which finds practically no reflection in this
book. Only the other day we saw a design bg Mr. Lutyens
which, though on a rather large scale, would still come under
the definition of cottage architecture, which may be said
also of much larger buildings by both the other firms named,
and which would have shown how admirably the feeling of a
cottage may be preserved even in buildings which afford the
accommodation of a good-sized house. Something of this
sort would have added interest to the book, but apart from
examples on this larger scale, the three firms of architects
named could have supplied several delightful instances of
small cottage architecture. Ib may seem somewhat hyper-
critical to pass over for a moment the good things in the
book and long for others which it does not give! But it is
perhaps only fair to point out that the claims of our best
architects to consideration cannot be at all adequately dealt
with in one or two examples. Mr. Leonard Stokes seldom
or never fails to be interesting, and the two instances of his
work are capital architectural cottages. The late W. Eden
Nesfield's look a little fussy and out of date. Mr. R. Norman
Shaw is not done justice ta by his entrance lodge, on plate 18,
which is ome of his least successful essays in mass and out-
line. Mr. Mervyn Macartney has done, we suppose, scores
and scores of better things than here shown. We could point
to one or two charming examples by Mr. Aston Webb, which,
for downright success, surpass those chosen ; and Mr. Brigg s
entrance lodge (plate 35) is more like a small villa than many
of the designs he has erected. On the whole, we are inclined
to think Mr. Guy Dawber takes the honours in this (shall
we say competitive?) sort of collection.

Mr. Adams details à number of important points to bear
‚in mind in the erection of cottages which will be worth the
attention of amateur and professional alike. As for instance,
on page one he says: “ The buildings also should be con-
trived so as to minimise continued expense in permanent
maintenance. Economy of construction has to be closely
observed, and under ordinary conditions the margin of
profit on cottage properties in rural districts generally
leaves little option in such speculations. The depression
which for some while past has been associated with
agricultural interests, has of course inflicted a mutual losa on
employers as well as on the employed, and when building
operations have been put in hand rigid ecomomy has in-
duced in some cases a short-sighted and parsimonious mode
of building. On a large number of country estates con-
siderable accumulations of dilapidation from the same cause

[JULY 22, 1904

= Roe en L بت رات بت‎

of all places, the just and proper advertisement should he

denied to architects who take the trouble connected with de.
sigus of this soit.

THERE is surely something wrong somewhere to account for
the lack of purchaseis of the new sites in Aldwych. There
was no bidding apparently at all on Monday, when Mr. An.
drow Young, the County Ccuncil auctioneer, offered the land
for sale at the Mart, Tokenhcuse Yard. The sites are lease.
hold for eienty years with no option of buying the freehold,
The conditions state that the kssce of any site is expected to
maintain the supports to adjoining buildings or land, tc exer-
cise all care in their removal, and to indemnify the Council
against claims for damages by owners of such adjoining sites.
Buildings of a substantial and permanent character are to be
erceted on the sites, at a minimum sum specified. All build
ings are to be finished and fitted in a substantial manner
under the architect's inspecticn. The architect is to have
access for inspection, and the Council will have power to order
the removal of work done not in accordance with the approved
plans. Thcush the auctioneer expressed his certainty cf the
investment. value no cne responded to his efforts to sell.

THE by-law which allows a 100m 10ft. high to be inclosed by

walls only Sin. thick, but compels one to inclose a room loft.

6in. high by a wall of 14in., appears so ridiculous to folk in
Cardiff that they are going to bring the matter into the law ۱
courts.

DAINTILY bound and prefaced with a frontispiece of the |
beautiful old half-timber building used as a workhouse at |
Brenchley, the quarto on Pcor-law buildings and mortuaries,

bv Albert C. Freeman, architect, issued by the St. Brides |
Press (7s. 6d.), is likely to interest many architects whose |
practice lies in this direction. Mr. Freeman complains, and |
no dcubt rightly, of the want of forethought by boards of
guardians in considering only the immediate wants and ignor-

ing future requirements. We imagine this is a trouble, how-

ever, which ® every year growing less, and, indeed, we think |
in some instances the forethought for the future becomes an

almost unfair burden on the present. He strongly empha-

sises the necessity for making the buildings for the afflicted

and infirm as pleasant and comfortable as is possible, and to
provide for the tramp, casual, and able-bodied dependents as
cheerless and uninviting buildings as possible. After some
preliminary remarks, the book is divided into chapters on

Casual and Vagrant Buildings, Administrative Buildings.
Able-Bodied Inmates, Aged and Infirm and Married Couples,
Imbeciles and Short Period Lunatics, Sick, Lying-in and Iso

lation Wards, Cottage Homes for Children, Laundry Build-

ıngs, Local Government Board Requirements, Public and Hos-

pital Mortuaries. The book will be more especially useful, we

expect, in regard to smaller buildings required than the large

general workhouse scheme.

Tue interesting series of handbooks of Continental churches,
issued by Messrs. Bell and Sons in similar stvle to their Eng-
lish Cathedral series, is continued by the publication just now
of "Bayeux: Its Cathedrals and Churches,” by the Rev.
R. S. Mylne. It was a happy idea to include other neigh-
bouring churches with the cathedral at Bayeux, for in point
of exterior design they make up more uncommon interest.
The fine tower and spire of Berniércs is far superior to the
western towers cf Bayeux itself. Indeed, the general views.
of Bayeux show very unsatisfactory outlines, and this great
church has nothing of the distinction of the smaller churches
of Ouistrehan, Berniércs, or Ryes. A separate chapter 19
devoted to an account of the famous tapestry, which the
author thinks is rightly attributed by Professor Freeman to
the order of Bishop Odo for the newly-built Bayeux Cathe-
dral. It is briefly described as 230ft. long by 1۳: wide,
15in, of which give a pictorial record of the battle of Hastings
and the events leading up to it. It contains fifty-eight
scenes worked in embroidery with wcollen thread on linen
cloth. Some of the architectural details given in this hand-
book are very interesting. How admirable is one of the
Norman caps in the crypt! How simply expressive and 1m-
terosting, and how different from the coarse crudities so often
associated with Norman detail! ^ The odd but graceful
lanterne des morts is illustrated on page 23. In this little
circular tourelle a light was kept burning on the death of 1
citizen so that his fellows might know his spirit had departed.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

= —— الا‎ —U F — —

patch witha northern aspect, wherein hardly anything will
grow and nothing will flourish, while, added to the discom-
fort of such an arrangement, is the sunless apartment
possessed of so depressing an outlook. Speculating builders
seldom, if ever, consider matters of this sort, and by
adopting the prescribed frontage line, disregard far more
important matters, repeating regulation plans originally
made for use as one of a series, or intended to be built in a
row on estates ‘cut up? for building, by creating * improved
ground rents. If a choice is to be had there can be no
doubt that a site facing south-east, preferably with a slope
in that direction, is the best."

We might quote more of interest, but refer our readers to
the work itself which, if not so good as one would like in
illustrating ۵ good deal of the very best work which has
been done, is a timely and useful production. It has one
great merit, viz., the entire abrence of photographs. This
in itself has come to be a distinction, and most of the
drawings made for the book are really excellent.

— Y dali M M a

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

á = foundation-stone of the Liverpool Cathedral
was laid on Tuesday by his Majesty the King.
The first portion of the design to be carried
out—the choir and central area—will cost nearly
a quarter of a million and will accommodate some
3,500 people. Two hundied and thirty thousand pounds is
already contributed to this, so with the cost of the site at
£32,000 a sum of some forty to fifty thousand is still called
for. The full length of the completed church is to be 584ft.,
and it will cover about 90,000 square feet affording room for a
congregation of 8,000 people. There is thus a large field for
further effort before the whole undertaking is completed.

A DAILY paper says Mr. G. F. Bodley is " the chief architect '
for the Liverpool Cathedral, though " the actual design " was
made by Mr. Gilbert Scott. It also says he won it “in a fair
and square competition.” No wonder the samo paper says
“How little interest we take in architecture " (sic). We are
also told that Sir George Gilbert Scott restored most of our
cathedrals when restoring meant destroying. What with
truths, half-truths, and the other things, a daily paper on
architecture is generally amusing. Another daily treats us
to a sketch of Liverpool Cathedral “ as it will appear,” and it
is satisfactory to know that this is not “as it will appear."
These nightmare pictures certainly prove “ how little interest
we take in architecture.” ——

An amusing instance of the vulgar ignorance displayed by
councillors as to the value of an architect's services occurred
early this month at a certain parish council meeting, when
one member suggested that they should " take in offers " for
the architectural work they required; another said, “ Ask
architecte to put in offers”; and another backed him up by
saying, ^ Whv not! You doit for cther kinds of work.” The
profession is crowded with a large number of ignorant and in-
competent men, no doubt, but they perhaps do not rank
worse than members of parish councils.

Mr. W. H. Sern-SmrtH, F.R.1.B.A., writes heartily approving
of our suggestion for the formation of an architects’ sketch-
ing club. We have not yet said anything as to the objec-
tions to such a scheme. These we may have something to
say about later on if it appears worth while, for, though we
have received no discouragements as to our suggestion, there
are points of view about it which are worth some further

illumination.

A curious combination of unfortunate circumstances seems
to have come about in connection with the World's Fair
Expesition at St. Louis. The wrecking of a bull-ring by a
mob was not an advertisement, which made up for the appa-
rent lack of advertisement through the ordinary channels.
and the Exposition guards are to arm themselves with slung-
shots. There have been scme conflagrations in certain of
the buildings, and, lastly. there has been an apparent desire
to conceal the names of the architects who have designed the
various buildings. This latter circumstance is of most
moment to us, of course, and one is surprised that in America

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 5

一 一 一 -一 一 = 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一

JuLy 22, 1904]

—. — ra wa Ce له _- ...ےس — م‎ AA 5 x 2 - m

It now rises from out of the roofs of some weather-beaten lis of the tower, which claimed most of the attention of the
cottages. The dominating feature of Bayeux, the old cen- | visitors. A few interesting remains of the original Norman
tral tower with its fifteenth century octagon lantern crowned , church are to be seen. From Hovingham the party drove
by a poor cupola and (leche of 1846, is lean and poor. The | to Slingsby, where tlie church, as at Hovingham, dedicated to
outline is weak and the whole effect attenuated and unimpos- | All Saints, is a modern one. A passing visit was paid to
ing. The 1846 addition, though more Gothic in character | the ruins of Slingsby Castle, which is cf quadrangular plan.
than the 1714 cupola by Bishop Nesmond, is probably less | with towers at the angles. At Barton-le-Street the archxo-
satisfactory, but this last addition is too big, and we should | lcgists found another example of an old Nerman church, re-
imagine that a smaller perpendicular lantern set within the | built in modern times, St. Michael's having been rebuilt in
line of the old fifteenth century octagon would have given an | 1871 by the late Mr. Hugo F. Meynell-Ingram, with the
infinitely better result. laudable object of giving back the original uniformity of de-
sign, of a broad als!eless nave of four bays, with dcorways on
At the recent annual general meeting of the Dundee Institute | the north and south, and a square-ended chancel cf two bays.
of Architecture, the Council for next session was elected as | In the new building, however, the south door has been sup-
follows: —President, Mr. P. H. Thoms; vice-president, Mr. ; pressed, and a porch has been erected on the north side
J. Donald mills ; council, Messrs. R. Blackadder, Leslie Ower, | from the original north doo: way, forming the most striking
F.R.LB.A., David Dickie, and Alex. Neilson. Mr. David | feature of the church. There are some sculptures of great
L. Allan, 41, Reform Street, was appointed hon. secretary, | Variety, which take a high rank among examples cf Norman

and Mr. Charles G. Soutar, 30, Whitehall Street, hon. | Stone-carving. Points of resemblance between the Hoving-
treasurer. ham Church and those of All Saints’, Appleton-le-Street, and

St. Helen, Amotherby, the two last points of the drive, were
noted, and the party then drove to Malton, where luncheon
was served at the Talbot Hotel. One most interesting ob-
jective of the excursion was the Priory Church of St. Mary
at Old Malton, says the Yorkshire Post, which was
visited in the afterncon, and which affords a striking
example of the illfortune which attended scme of
the finest of the monastic churchcs. The priory
was founded by Eustace Fitzjohn in 1150. and tradition
claims that St. Gilbert of Sempringham, the founder of the
Gilbertines, who died in.1189, was buried here, thcugh there
is the testimony of Roger de Hoveden, the famous monastic
chronicler, to the contrary. It is bevond dispute however.
that the church, of which onlv a terribly mutilated fragment
remains, and is now utilised as a parish church, was com-
menced shortly after St. Gilbert's death. The construction
of the nave and the remarkably fine south-western tcwer re-
tain all their Norman characteristics, though other details,
skilfully indicated by Mr. Thompson, mark the advance to
thirteenth century Gothic. Time has dealt hardly with St.
Mary's; the aisles have been destroyed, and the nave arches
blocked up, and there are only fragmentarv remains of the
two eastern bavs cf the nave, of the western piers of the cross-
ing, and slight porticns of the aisles. The lower ccurses of
the north-west tower still remain to indicate the architectura!
interest of the Norman west end of the church.

Messrs. ELMs AND JUPP are carrying on the business so long
conducted by Messrs. J. T. Wimperis and Arber, architects
and surveyors, at 25, Sackville Street, Piccadilly, W. Mr.
E. F. M. Elms was in partnerhsip with Mr. Arber after the
retirement of Mr. Wimperis and since Mr. Arber's death has
taken into partnership Mr. Sydney Jupp.

M. Van Biene (who is said to owe a good deal of his success
to " The Broken Melody," which he has played over 3,000
times) has a scheme for erecting theatres in twelve promi-
nent towns to cost about £20,000 each and to hold about
5,000. Apropos of theatres it is stated that plans are being
prepared for erecting three more variety theatres in London
suburbs, West Hampstead, Forest. Hill, and Forest Gate.

FinE-REsISTING works which have just been completed at the
temporary hospital at Tooting were inspected last Friday at
the invitation of Mr. Helby, chairman of the Works Com-
mittee of the Metropolitan Asylums Board. The buildings
were originally designed for temporary use by Messrs. T. Ald-
winckle and Scn, and it has been. the aim of the Board to
make them of a more permanent character (to last another
twenty years) as well as more thoroughly fire-resisting. The
work, which has cost £10,200, or about £25 a bed, consists
in covering all the walls with fireresisting plaster and with
sheets of uralite. All existing paint has bien removed from
the internal wcodwork and a fresh coating provided, consist-
ing of one coat of Bell's No. 1 fireprcof (asbestos) solution,
two coats of zopissa distemper, and one ccat of varnish colour.
After the visitors had inspected the new works a demonstra-
tion of the fireresisting properties of uralite was given in
the grounds. Two huts. one lined with uralite and the other
matchboarded with deal, were simultaneously set on fire, and
at the end of half an hour the latter was a charred mass.
while the uralite hut had sustained no damage.

IT appears that Mr. Kempe 18 to be authorised to proceed
with the initial stages of the Duke of Richmond Memorial,
which providcs an east window in Chichester Cathedral, and
a memorial tablet, according to the Susser Daily News.

Tre House of Lcrds on Monday allowed the appeal of the
Metropolitan Water Board against the New River Company
on the question whether the limitation of profits mentioned
in the seventy-fifth section of the Water Clauses Act applied
to the profits of the company. Lords Macnaughten, James,
and Lindley were in favour of reversing the judgment of the
Appeal Court, and restoring the decision of the Arbitration
Commissicn, but the Lord Chancellor held that the profits
were not limited to 10 per cent. The decision represents a
saving to the public of about £3.000.000.

THE first statue erected in Southport was unveiled last Friday.
The statue is a memorial of the late Queen Victoria, and is
modelled in bronze, the artist being Mr. George Frampton,
R.A. Itis a full figure of the late Queen in her royal 75
and holding sceptre and orb in her hands; the height is 10ft.
or, with the grey granite pedestal on which it stands, 24ft.

On the whole economics of city building Professor Geddes
read an interesting paper before the London School of
Economics and Political Science on the 18th inst. As an
object-lesson he illustrated his studies and designs for the
improvement of Dunfermline under the Carnegie Trust. Mr.
Ebenezer Howard cited the Garden City movement as a way
out, and Mr. Charles Booth, who presided, urged the desir-
ability of a general conception and knowledge on the part
of the community, by which every society and individual
should know its definite task. Mr. Walter Crane, who was
unable to be present, sent the opinion that no widespread
amelioration of present conditions would be possible without
an alteration of the land laws.

Tue pavilion and refreshment rooms at the end of the South
Parade Pier, East Southsea, were completely destroyed by
fire on Tuesday. The audience escaped without panic.
Fahned by a strong easterly wind the fire burnt with such
rapidity that in twenty minutes the roof of the pavilion fell
in, and in half an hour nothing of the building remained.
Tlie fire is believed to have originated from a lighted cigarette
or cigar thrown on the deck of the pier near the concert. plat-
form on the east side of the pavilion. The pieY was built
twenty-five vears ago, and was about 500ft. long.

Visits to a. series of ancient churches in Ryedale and district, "E
with an exploration of the old Gilbertine priory at Malton. | THE members of the East Riding Antiquarian Society crossed
formed the programme of the summer meeting of the York- | the Humber on the 14th in delightful weather to pay a visit
shire Archeological Society on Friday last. The party | to Barrow and Barton, in North Lincolnshire. The party
assembled at Hovingham. where they inspected the Church cf | were driven tc the Castle Hill. the barrow or mound of a great
All Saints’, which was reconstructed in 1860, with the excep- | Saxon fortress, which gives the town cf Barrow its name, and

[Jury 22, 1904 -

ARCHITECT

school on the land adjoining the park, the Council to make a
grant to that committee له‎ the land necessary for the pur-
pose; (5) that the question of a town hall remain open; (6;
that the members of the Ocker Hill aud Toll End wards be
asked to endeavour to obtain a free site for a reading room,
etc., at Toll End, to present to the Council, so that a building
for that district could be erected. On the proposition of the
chairman, the report was adopted without discussion. it
was resolved to hold another meeting on the 23th inst., to re-
ceive the plans.

COMPETITIONS.

Y a somewhat narrow majority the Eastbourne Town
Council have adopted the design by Mr. F. G. Cooke, of
3, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne, for the East Street
Schools. lt is to cost. £5,623 and comes to about £15 per
head. In dealing with the proposed new school, Councillor
Holhns explained that as the sito was surrounded by houses
it was proposed to place the building in the middle. It was
also proposed to have a two-storey building, as more sun and
air would be given, and more playground would be
left for the children. An argument against a two
storey building was that the site was not suitable; but
he pointed out that three of the four architects who sent in
designs were in favour of a two-storey building, and such ex-
perts as Councillor Breach were of a similar opinion. The
large room ought not to be called an assembly hall. It ought
to be called a large class-room, and it would be used as such.
It was, however, large enough. to allow the whole school to
assemble there. Councillor Duke, in seconding the adoption
of the design, contended that Mr. Cooke's design was more
economical and more suitable than that of Messrs. Mitchell
and Ford. It was the best and the cheapest. Alderman
Welch declared the site was not capable of supporting a heavy
two-storey building, and members who originally objected to
the site on that ground could not consistently vote for a two-
storey school in preferenoe to one-storey, and, proceeding.
moved as an amendment the adoption of the design submitted
by Messrs. Mitchell and Ford. He argued that the design
was superior from an educational point of view and was also
cheaper. With regard to the question of whether the large
room. was a class-room or assembly hall, he asserted the view
adopted by Messrs. Mitchell and Ford, and reiterated his be-
lief that £11 per head was quite sufficient for the erection ot
a school in Eastbourne or any other town. Councillor
McCann, in seconding, expressed the opinion, as a builder,
that a onestorey building was much cheaper, and that 1t
was also the cheaper design. In answer to a question the
Town Clerk stated that Mr. Cooke's design allowed 01+
more playground than Messrs. Mitchell and Ford's.

SIXTEEN plans have been submitted bv old Etonian architects
in the Eton Memorial competition, and the assessor, Mr. R.
Norman Shaw, R.A., has allotted the premiums as follows:
(1) Mr. L. K. Hall, 24, St. James's Street, S.W.; (2) Mr.
Francis Mount (Eden and Mount), 3, Staple Inn, W.C.; (3)
Mr. Ambrose Poynter, 8, Southampton: Street, Bloomsbury,
W.C. The Committee of Taste are not yet in a position to
make any further statement in the matter, or to suggest the
adoption of any one design, or the combination of any two
or more designs. They hope to be able to come to a decision
in the course of the autumn.

COMPETITIVE designs have been invited by the governors for a
new home for children in connection with the Hunstanton
Convalescent Home, to provide for ten boys and ten girls
and the necessary administration accommodation. Of the
plans sent in, those by Messrs. MacAlister and Tench. of
Cambridge and Norwich. have been awarded first place by the
assessor, Mr. Alfred Saxon Snell, F.R.I.B.A., and have been

adopted bv the governors.

THE competitive design of Mr. C. J. Whitbread, M.S.A., lor
the Conservative Club at Carlton, Nottiugham, has been
selected, and Mr. Whitbread has been appointed architect for
the work, which is to commence shortly.

AT Tuesday's meeting of the Berwick Education Committee,
the plans by Messrs. Gray and N ephew, 2, Ivy Place, Ber-
wick, for a new Council school, to be erected at Tweedmouth,
were agreed to. Four competitive plans were submitted by
local architects,

THE BRITISH

Mr. Boyle gave an interesting acoount of these British earth-
works. Leaving the Castle Hıll, the party crossed the stream
which runs to tne Humber at Barrow Haven, once a. port of
some commercial importance, and drove to the village of Bar-
row, with its beautlrul parish church, over which they were
conducted by the vicar, the Rev. J. Parker, and again Mr.
Boyle had much to say of its history and its handsome tower
of the Early Perpendicular period. A drive of three miles
brought the party to the market town of Barton with its two
remarkable churches, which are practically only separated by
the duck-pond. St. Peter's, says the l'orkshire Post, is one ot
the very few in this country with so much fabric of pre-
Conquest date; and, simple as its interior appears, it pre-
sente a series of architectural and archeological puzzles which
will perhaps never be satisfactorily solved. Mr. Boyle traced
its complicated develcpment through the centuries, and among
its more striking features he pointed out. the magnificent tower
cf Saxon times, the superb tracery of the window at. the east
end of the north aisle, and the two fine pieces of fourteenth
century stained glass in the great east. window of the chancel,
portraying a knight in armour and a pilgrim, which are asso-
ciated with the family of Beauchamp. In the Church of St.
Mary, pointing out the brilliance of the lighting of the nave
afforded by the clerestories of both churches, Mr. Boyle said
that these closely packed clerestory lights were only found in
mercantile towns. These rows cf uninterrupted hghts given
by Perpeudicular windows showed, he thought, a disposition
to bring as much light as possible into the naves of the
churches, and he suggested that it was the result of the com-
mercial spirit prevailing among the people.

Tue " Auld Brig o Ayr," which was closed to public traffic
nearly four months ago, was reopened on the 13th inst. The
bridge was closed on March 25 as the result of a somewhat
alarming report by an engineer as to its safety as a public
thoroughíare. Thereafter, and pending the question of the
immediate disposal of a sum of £10,000 left by a native of
Ayr for the rebuilding of the structure, the Town Council
resolved to carry out such temporary works on. it as would for
some time insure its safety against floods and tides. The
Council have expended about £1,000 over this work, the
contractor being Mr. D. Kirkland, and the chief feature of
the operations carried out consist in the support of three out
of the four arches with strong wooden arches, each resting on
three open wooden piers, the wooden arches being built up in
close contact with, and being capable of bearing the full
weight of, the stone structure above it. The three arches so
treated are the three contiguous arches ccunting from the
scuth end of the bridge, the fourth arch, which is the north
one and seems the best preserved and permanent cf the four,
being left open for such uavigation as is necessary between
the harbour and the head of the tidal waters at the Ayr Mills
dam. In addition to the centering operations carried out
under the bridge, a close wooden fence has been run along
each side of the roadway, shunting off the parapets above the
three centred arches. These fences have narrowed the road-
way by nearly a third, but there is still nine or ten feet of a
clear roadway, and as the bridge is used only for pedestrian
traffic, there is ample room for the passage of such traffic on
ordinary occasions.

AT last week's meeting of the Tipton District Council the
General Purposes Committee reported that a letter had been
received, in reply to one written by the clerk, that Mr. Car-
negie did not wish to interfcre in the way the amount he had
promised was to be divided between the two proposed hbra-
ries. The committee had considered the suggestions of the
clerk (Mr. J. W. Waring) in reference to the carrying out of
the scheme, and made the following recommendations: ب‎
(1) That the Council proceed with the erection of a free library
building on the park side (cn land recently given for the pur-
pose), as part performance of the recommendation of the
sub-committee cf February 23 last; (2) that £3,500 of Mr.
Carnegie's gift be allocated for the building to be erected on
the park side. and £1,500 for the building proposed to be
erected at Toll End; (3) that Mr. John Perry, of Tipton. and
Mr. G. H. Wenyon, of Great Bridge. be asked to submit
designs, in competition fcr the free library building to be
erected on the park site at a total cost not excecding £3.500,
for the inspecticn of the Council, the unsuccessful competitor
to be asked to prepare the designs for the building proposzd
to be erected at Toll End ; (4) that the Education Committee
be instructed to take the necessary steps to erect a technical

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JULY 22, 1904]

گس ون دس سس سس سس سس سس سس

a worthy termination to the unrivalled series of geometrical
fourteenth century windows throughout the building, grow-
ing, as they do, richer and richer as generation after
generation of bishop builders and bishop architects ap-
proached the completion of the fabric at the west end of
the nave. Dignified as is the Perpendicular east win-
dow. the now fully exposed beauties of its western,
rival dispose effectually of its claims to be the
finest window in the diocese. The design of the latter is
purely Decorated, quite unlike, in character or feeling, the
tracery in the reconstructed east window. It is to be hoped
that the unnecessary lattice wire guards erected on the ex-
terior in 1766 by the donors of the Peckitt stained glass, will
not be replaced, but that the magnificent tracery may remain
visible, a beautiful and impressive adjunct and centre to the
justly-admired west front of the cathedral That the wire
guard is unnecessary as a protection against stones is easily
demonstrable by the height of the sill above the ground, as
well as by the protection given by the cresting of the sculp-
tured screen in the western facade. Nothing but د‎ gunshot or
a catapult could, reach the window, and to so wanton an
attack wire guards would offer no protection.

With regard to the modern stained glass, it is to be re-
gretted that a more stringent criticism. must be registered.
After the controversy which raged between the Society for
the Preservation of Ancient Buildings and the Dean and
Chapter over the desirability of removing the eighteenth cen-

۱ Mu .. | bury glass which previously filled the window, and the con-
This design was awarded the first position in the competition. | temptuous treatment, of the Society by the Dean, it, was to

be expected that Mr. Bodley, R.A., the architect responsible
to the Dean and Chapter for the design of the new window,
would have made strenuous efforts to emphasise by the
character of the work, the condemnatory criticisms employed
by the opponents of the old glass to justify its removal. ٤
was urged by them that Peckitt's glass, if interesting as a
visible step in the renascence of the glass stainer's art, yet
was of poor and thin material; its colouring was crude, and
it was deficient in. softness and richness, undeniably desirable
qualities in ecclesiastical stained glass.

After having obtained, by the constant repetition of these
arguments, a tacit permission for its removal, it was to be
expected that the new window, if it erred at all, would do so
on. the side of subdued colouring, perhaps even. towards dim-
ness and obscurity, and particularly that any white glass used
should be of a full rich tone. And yet, now that the new
window is fixed, the defects alleged as reasons for the
removal of the old glass are the very first to strike the eye.
Too great a proportion of the window is white—white, thin
and poor, to a degree unequalled in the building—throwing
it quite out of harmony with the rest of the windows and
admitting a glare entirely out of keeping with the generally
accepted “dim religious light ” characteristic of ecclesiastical
buildings. The colouring, mainly mere ruby and blue, is
cruder even than that of the old window (and alas! the old
enamelled blues being liable to flake and peel —another argu-
ment employed by the advocates of the new glass—did, at
least, promise to tone down and partly disappear in time,
whilst no such defect (?) may be anticipated in the durable
pot metals now taking their place), and the design (again one
is tempted to the interrogative) but repeats the lesson of
the New College windows at Oxford, designed by Reynolds a
century and a half ago, proving painfully and most disap-
pointingly that even Royal Academicians are not infallible
designers of stained glass. The poor staring white already
alluded to, almost fills the nine main lights in the form of
most commonplace canopies—the coats of arms above and
below the subject panels being scarcely discernible, offer no
relief whatever from the endless area of uninteresting white
architectural detail. The subjects, in themselves, are far too
small for the enormous lights they fill, and are most crudel y
coloured. The shafting—more architectural detail—on
either side of the central figure of St. Peter occupies one-half
of the entire width of the light, an unexampled departure
from the Perpendicular character (in itself question-
able in a Decorated window) of the remainder of the glass.
A row of single figures—all bishops, save those of Edward the
Confessor and Queen Edgitha—extends across the whole win-
dew. Two of them, Miles Coverdale and Archbishop Temple
himself, are excellent. Well drawn, admirably coloured and
finely cenceived figures, they offer a striking contrast to the
painful monotony of the other seven—red-robed bishop on
blue background. blue-robed bishop on red background, one
after another, alternating throughout the whole series, the
small size and crude colouring of the figure panels reducing

—

THE Kings Norton and Northfield Urban Council have
selected the designs of Mr. J. P. Osborne, of 95, Colmore Row,
Birmingham, for the branch public libraries at Selly Oak and
Stirchley, and have decided to appoint Mr. Osborne as archi-
tect. The competition was a local one.

THE design of Mr. G. L. O'Connor, of 198, Great Brunswick
Street, Dublin, for the new Carnegie Library at Blackrock,
Ireland, has been selected, and Mr. O'Connor has been ap-
pointed architect for the work. He has also been appointed
architect for the new technical schools. Both buildings will
be erected on the space immediately adjoining the Town Hail.

THE directors of the proposed cottage hospital in Selkirk
Road, Moffatt, N.B., have agreed to adopt the plan prepared
by Mr. Henry W. Walker, of St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
The buildings will be utilised for non-infectious cases only,
and the estimated cost is £1,000.

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

ERDINGTON COUNCIL HOUSE AND FREE
LIBRARY.

| First Premiated Design
ASHFORD AND GLADDING, AA.R.I.B.A., Architects.

by Mr. William Henman, F.R.1.B.A., the assessor. It will
be within the recollection of our readers that the action of
the Erdington District Council in throwing over the first
design in favour of the third brought forth letters of strong
protest in the press from the Birmingham Architectural
Association and local professional men against the violation
of the conditions of competition. The conditions ex pressed
the Council's intention of employing the author of the design
placed first by the assessor to carry out the work. The out-
come of the affair shows that, besides outside competition
reform, there is room for good understanding and some
esprit de corps amongst competitors themselves, and espe-
cially amongst members of the Institute, where one especially
looks for something of the kind. This scheme was designed
on compact and economical lines to keep within the moder-
ate outlay of £15,000. Space was to be left for future exten-
sion of the library. The relative positions of the council

house and library were fixed by the conditions. The

materials suggested were brick walls faced with Leicestershire
sand faced bricks, the stonework features being of Corsham
Down stone and grey granite, and the roofs being covered
with green slates.

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ROYAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL.

Second Premiated Design. .
By Francis W. BrEpronp, F.R.I.B.A.
WE regret that our printers inserted the wrong description
on the illustration of this design last week. The second
premiated design is by Mr. Francis W. Bedford, of 22, Old
Burlington Street, Bond Street, and the third is by Messrs.
Ashford and Gladding.

OUR LETTER BOX.

WEST WINDOW OF EXETER
CATHEDRAL.

To the Editor of Tue BRITISH ARCHITECT.

Sir,— Referring to “West Countryman s " letter on this
subject, the above window, after complete restoration of its
external stonework and the removal of the much-discussed
and abused eighteenth century stained glass, by Peckitt, of
York, now replaced by modern glass, is dedicated, as the
world knows, to the memory of Dr. Temple, Jate Archbishop
of Canterbury, one who, in his own natural instincts, had
little or no appreciation for art in any form.

The restoration of the stonework, carried out under the
direction of Mr. E. H. Harbottle, FR.IBA. the diocesan
and cathedral architect, and surveyor, reflects credit on both
architect and those locally employed. The old iron grill which,
until last year, disguiscd the decaved state of the mullions
and tracery, concealed no less the remarkably fine design of
the latter, which, now plainly exposed to view, proves to be

THE - GREAT

[JuLy 22, 1904

R1.BA. JUNE EXAMINATIONS.

` HE Preliminary Examination, qualifying for Proba.
tionership R.I.B.A., was held in London, Belfast.
Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Exeter, Glasgow, Liver-

peel, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, and York, cn the 7th
Of the 84 examined, 61 passed, and 23 were

The Intermediate Examination, qualifying for Studentship
R.I.B.A., was held in London, Belfast, Bristol, Glasgow,
Leeds, Manchester, and Newcastle, on the 7th; 8th, 9th and

| 10th June. One hundred and forty-three candidates were
examined.

In London 100 were examined, 47 passed, aud
33 were relegated. The 77 successful candidates, who have
bcen registered as Students, are as follows, the names being
given in order of merit, ae placed bv the Board of Exa
miners: —J. M. Smith, Chelsea; R. W. Thorp, Headingley,
Leeds; H. B. Richards, Buttevant, co. Cork; J. J. Beck,
Doncaster ; J. T. Penfold, Hammerswith ; B. Watson. Nort);
Shields; V. Constable, Springburn, Glasgow ; P. F. Warren.
Norwich ; C. H. Perkins, Wokingham ; H. Wormald, Leeds ;
Q. M. Bluhm, St. Annes-on-the-Sea ; L. Blanc, Earl's Court,
S.W.; K. W. Matheson, Clapten. N.E.; H. A. Fairhead,
Enfield, N.; T. H. Rhodes, Roundhay, Leeds; C. C. Makins,
Harrow; J. W. Hepburn, Claverton Street, S.W.; B. W.
Oliver, Barnstaple; W. H. Riley, Leicester; C. P. Wade,
Y oxford, Suffolk; G. Morland, Croydon; J. R. Hobson, New
Eltham, S.r.; H. M. Spence, North Shields; R. C. Foster.
Leughten, kssex; D. W. Clark, Twickenham; H. G. Holt.
Bolton; T.C. Marwick, Edinburgh; R. G. Spiller, Taunton ;
J. B. Surman, Edgbaston, Birmingham; J. M. James,
Weston-super-Mare ; S. P. Smith, B.A., Leeds; G. M. Stone.
Tuxford, Nctts; A. A. Carder, Clapham, S.W.; E. E. Hod-
der, Thornton Heath; T. M. Bricknell, Shepherd's Bush.
W.; H. A. Dalrymple, Edinburgh; H. E. Adams, Brixton,
S.W.; W. Baird, 97, Gower Street, W.C. ; J. B. Cubey, South
Shields; H. B. Downs, Guiseley, Yorks; R. J. Tall. Graves

end ; G. B. Bridgman, 1, Camden Square, N.W.; G. M. Dunn.

Bucklersbury, E.C. ; C. M. Drewitt, Southport; W. H. John-

son, Great Yarmouth; M. Thompson, Doncaster; F. Osler.

37, Camberwell Grove, S.E.; M. E. Stahl, W eston-super-

Mare; H. L. Bown, Harrogate; C. B. Smith, Ipswich; W.
A. Mackay, Seven Kings, Essex; G. W. J arrett, Wands-
worth; A. H. Kirk, 68, Pall Mall, S.W.; W. Sutcliffe, Tod-

morden; B. C. Hill, Bristol; E. B. Crossley, Sherwood
W. J. Brough, Fins
bury Park, N.; W. W. J. Calthorp, Earncombe, Surrey; H.

Carnelley, Barnsley; W. T. Clarke, Liverpool; J. O. Cook.
Plumstead, S.E.; B. R. Gribbon, Leeds; R. F. Gutteridge,
Southampton; A. H. Hasnip, Hastings; C. J. Hazard,

Stoke Newington, N.; S. T. Hennell, Wandsworth; H. D.

Hird, Halifax; E. A. Jackson, Wood Green, N.; N. Jones,
Southport; J. N. Keasley, Redhill; F. W. Langman, Notting
Hill, W.; T. S. Lello, Goodmayes, Essex; P. Minor, West
Didsbury, Manchester ; A. Pursglove, St. Helen s; W. C.B.

Sinclair, Bexley. Kent; B. C. Westwick. Mansfield.

The Final and Special Examinations, qualifying for can-
didature as Associate R.I.B.A., were held in London from
Of the 67 candidates admitted.
32 passed, and 35 were relegated in certain subjects. 6
following are the names and addresses of the passed candı-
dates, the * prefixed to a name signifving that the candidate
passed the Special Examination designed for candidates
exempted bv resolution of the Council from the Preliminary
and Intermediate Examinations and from submitting testi-
monies of study: —E. G. Allen, Croydon; *R. J. Allison.
Honor Oak, S.E.; W. H. Bagot, 1, Park Crescent, Portland
Place. W.; W. J. Ball. Warrington; E. Bates, East Croy-
don; C. Batley. Ipswich ; W. E. A. Brown, 98, Paulet Road.
S.E.; A. N. Campbell, Hampton-on-Thames ; C. M. Childs.
Lewisham Road, Highgate, N.W.; B. C. Chilwell, Wednes-
bury; C. B. Cleveland, 15, Earl's Court Gardens, S.W.; *J.
C. Cook, Cape Town ; N. Culley. Huddersfield ; *S. C. Curtis.
Blcomsbury, W.C.; W. T. Curtis, West Dulwich. S.E.; W.
J. Davies, Sidcup; A. H. Gloyne, Richmond ; H. P. Gordon.
Harrow; P. W. Hawkins, Beckenham: B. B. Hooper, Brix-
ton, S.W.; V. Hooper, Redhill; P. C. Pilling, Bolton; K.
D. S. Robinson, 7, Carteret Street, S. W. ; *G. A. Ross, Mon-
treal; T. T. Sawday, Leicester; A. Scott, jun., Dennistown.
Glasgow; N. O. Searle, Paternoster House E.C.; R. E.
Stewardson. Upper Tooting, S.W.; F. E. Stratton, Upper

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

Nottingham; D. M. Addis, Edinburgh;

the 24th to the 30th June.

|
them to a row of glaring p'aques on a field of unrelieved |

f white.

Again the tracery openings neither harmonise inter se or |

with the lights below. The wisdom of devoting the princi-
pal cpenings of the magnificent central rose to the emblems

of the four evangelists, the Agnus Dei and the Dove, may be |
‚and 8th inst.
| relegated from London. The passcd candidates, with those
| exempted —201 altogether—-have been registered as Proba-
, tioners.

questioned; the undesirability of another series of counter-
changing colourings—blue angels with green. wings alternat-
ing with green angels, blue winged, on a background of glar-
ing white—admits of no discussion whatever. The com-
paratively fine representation of the Almighty in the centre
(the only figure in the window adequately designed to fill
its opening) can compensate but little for such childish
poverty of invention, even were it nct itself surrounded
by a further galaxy of uninteresting angel figures on a trivial
background of blue and spangles. No description can be
more painfully apt than this latter.

Yet other tracery openings offer unfulfilled promise of a
scheme of green and gold utterlv at variance with the rest
of the window—red and blue, blue and red. and green and
yellow for its relief, all strewn apparently without intent over
a glaring white window. The insufficiency of deep colour
and the character of the colour that is emploved tempt one
to quote the countryman's unpolished demand and comment,
“ Pass the butter, what there is of it." followed by “Not but
what theres plenty of it, such as 'tis.”
| The lesson to be gained from the window points strongly
to the undesirability of handing over the whole centrol of a
work of this character to one man—inevitably fallible—
withcut some sort of preliminary competition for designs.

It is regrettable to be forced to the cenclusion that. an

opportunity of enriching one of the most elaborate, if not
the finest, specimen of Decorated windows in the kingdom
with a lasting memorial of the glase-painter's art has been
missed. Continental rivals wii? be jubilant over such
poor work as has just been placed in so historic and im-
portant a building. “Made in Germany” has, aforetime,
been an expression of reproach, but surely “ Made in Lon-
don," in the present instance, is but faint recommendation.
— Yours obediently. | S.

— m

LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

HE weekly meeting of the above was held on Tuesday at
- the County Hall, Spring Gardens, the Chairman (Mr.
.ل‎ W. Benn, M.P.) presiding.

The Bridges Committee again brought up their recommen-
dation, which was rejected a few weeks ago, in favour of the
Council's seeking Parliamentary powers for the construction
of a footway tunnel under the Thames at Woolwich. Mr.
Straus (chairman cf the committee) declared that in the in-
terest: of the working people of the district a tunnel at Wool-
wich was a pressing need. Mr. Torrance spoke against the
scheme, and Mr. Crccks, M.P., warmly supported the recom-
mendaticn. Upon a division the Council refused, by 71 votes
to 39, to suspend the standing order so as to permit: the re-
commendation to be put. The propesal, therefore, was re-
jected. | ۱ |

In reply to questions, Mr. Davies (chairman of the Im-
provement Committee) said he was present on the previous
day at the auction of the Council's surplus land adjoining
Aldwych, when no sale was effected. The only complaint
that he had heard from prospective purchasers was that the
term of the leases was of so short a duration that they would
not be justified in expending large sums of money in covering
the land with expensive buildings. — The committee would,
therefore take the matter into consideration as to whether
they would recommend the Council to extend the period of
the leases from. 80 to 99 years. As to the general condi-
tions, he did not think they were any more onerous than
those of the other great ground landlords of London.

Upon the recommendation of the Local Government Com-
mittee it was decided to call the attention of the Local
Government, Board to the inequality which exists with re-
gard to the payment of charges for the paving of new streets
upon which places of worship abut, and to ask the Board to
obtain such an amendment of the law as would make places
of worship now exempt from such charges subject to them.

The Local Goverument Committee recommended that ۷
connection with the work of indicating houses of historic in-
terest in London the residence of George Eliot, at Holly
Lodge, Wimbledon Park Road. Wandsworth, should be com-
memorated bv a memorial tablet.

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COUNCIL OFFICES

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ARCHTE 90 NEW STREET BIRMINGHAM!

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| with numerous electric lifts. The contractors for the War

Office are Messrs. Foster and Dicksee, of Rugby; their con-
tract is for £447,000, but tire whole cost of the building with
fittings will amount to about £650,000. The party on Thurs
day was shown over by Mr. Woodward, clerk of the works.

MANCHESTER CATHEDRAL.

[TH the completion of the buildings in the cathedral
churchyard a conclusion may be said to have been
brought to the long series of restorations and addı-

tions to the cathedral church of the Manchester diocese, says
These buildings were formally
dedicated by the Dean (Dr. Maolure) on Sunday. They com-
prise a new library for the Dean and Chapter, a vestry for the
minor canons and other clergy, and a practising-room for the
cathedral choir. There is also room for a library for the
choir. The buildings are connected with the cathedral itself
by à short corridor designed in the character of a cloister.
This is approached from the Jesus, or Byrom, Chapel, on the
south side of the cathedral. By this arrangement what has
hitherto been the library is freed from all the furniture which
encumbered it and becomes available for the purposes of the
Consistory Court of the diocese, and for use as an auditorium
on occasions when the ordinary accommodation of the cathe-
dral is overtaxed. The beginning of the work of restoration
and addition dates back for more than half a century. The
restoration of the nave of the cathedral was first taken in
hand. Early in the nineteenth century the churchwardens.
being engaged in the construction of galleries and: desirous
of plastering the edifice, made such havoc with the stonework
of the pillars of the nave as to render it absolutely necessary,
when. the restoration was taken in hand by the late mr.
Crowther, entirely to renew them from base to clerestory.
Happily such destructive work had not been perpetrated in
the choir, and when the present Dean (Dr. Maclure) came to
office he took the opportunity of ridding the choir, which
had also been, plastered, of the material that had been placed
round the pillars, and both the choir and the roof of the
choir were then made as they were left by the first wardens
towards the close of the fifteenth century. . As to the nave,
it may be stated that the floor was restored some thirteen
years ago to its original level, thereby adding considerably
to the internal height of the structure. The nave has also
been reseated with chairs, in place of the wooden benches
which formerly stood there. The floor was laid in marble
concrete as regards the greater portion, but white and black
marble was used for the principal aisles and the cross aisle in
front of the rood screen. From time to time the clerestory
has been filled with stained glass, until the effect has been
greatly to darken the interior. The present pulpit was the
gift of the late Chancellor Christie. The lectern was also
the gift of a friend. Many other offerings have been made.

To the main building of the nave there have been added
three porches, north, south, and west. The north one was
the gift of the family of the late Mr. Craven, and the south
one was given by the late Mr. James Jardine. The western.
or Victoria, porch was the outcome of funds raised by the
present Dean as a memorial of the sixtieth anniversary cf
Queen Victoria's reign. In a niche over the outer portion
of this porch is a statue of Queen Victoria, the work of
Prinoess Louise, Duchess of Argyll. The family of the late
Mr. Thomas Chesters built the new baptistry. In the new
library at the west end there has been placed a statue of
Bishop Moorhouse. All the restoration work of the last four-
teen years has been done under the direction of Mr. Basil
Champneys. Not the least important of the changes which
have been brought about in the cathedral during recent years
is the change in the aspect of the churchyard. The appeaa-
ance of the ground a few years ago was desolate. Now, how-
ever, it is kept green and is pleasant to the neighbourhood.

The Dean thinks it will be necessary bv and by to take in
hand repairs of the Lady. or Chetham, Chapel. which shows
signs of decay. At the same time the repairs and restoration
of the church may now be said to be completed. Between
£8.000 and £10.000 has been expended on the new 77
about £1.000 of which was contributed in memory of the late
Sir J. W. Maclure and in recognition of the work he had done
towards restoring the cathedral.

— P

THE business of Messrs. J. T. Wimperis and Arber, 25, Sack.
ville Strect, W., will for the future be carried on under the
style of Messrs. Elms and Jupp. at the same address.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

the Manchester Guardian.

JULY 22, 1904]

— —[Ñ ee ےر‎

Mitcham; P. J. Westwood, 130, J ermyn Street, S.W.; *G.
H. Widdows, Derby; F. Wilson, Sheffield. l

. The following shows the number of failures in each sub-
Ject of the Final: -I. Design, 20; II. Mouldings, etc., 33;
III. Materials, 20; IV. Sanitation, 14; V. Specifications, 17 ;
VI. Construction (Foundations, Walls, etc), 9; VII. Con-
struction (Iron and Steel, etc.), 22.

—

THE NEW GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS.

1 HE Limes thinks that the visit paid on Thursday week by
the Civil and Mechanical Engineers' Society to the mew
Government buildings in Whitehall left a very satis-
factory impression. These new national buildings will em-
body modern appliances in regard to warming. ventilatiom,
lighting, and other necessaries, and at the same time they
are solid, massive, built to last and sufficientlv decorative.
They will add appreciably to the dignity of the capital,

The now offices at the corner of Parliament Street were
fust visited and here the party was taken in charge by Mr.
Ernest J. Searchfield, the clerk of the works, and Mr. F.
Ruddle, manager of Messrs. Spencer, Santo and Co., the
contractors. The work at present under construction forms
only part—rather more than half 一 -of the complcte block,
as 16 will eventually be. It has a frontage of 320ft. on Parlia-
ment Street, and it extends back 570ft. along Charles Street
parallel with the existing block of offices. The superintend-
ing architect is Sir Henry Turner, but the design is by the
late Mr. J. Brydon. The building will consist of eight
storeys, including basemnet and sub-basement, and will be
some seven feet lower than the adjoining block, in order to
balance the Treasury building on the other side beyond Down-
ing Street. The style is im harmony with the existing build-
ings, and may be called Italian Renaissance. There will be
two short square turrets, at each corner, on Parliament
Street, two loftier towers, having an elevation of 142ft.,
flanking the side entrance iu Charles Street and a fifth, to
correspond. on the Great George Street side. ‘he exterior
is of Portland stone. The facade over the main entrance is
ornamented with eight massive fluted columns in pairs, ex-
tending from the mezzanine floor to the tablature, with plain
columns at equal intervals to right and left. These columns,
which have a diameter of 3ft. lin., give the front elevation
a dignified and imposing effect. A very striking feature of
the interior is a spacious circular court, with a diameter of
164ft., and ‘similarly ornamented with massive stone
columns. The court is reached, from Charles Street on the
one side and from Great George Street on the other, by an
entrance having three aisles with carved and vaulted stone
rocfs and stone pillars. The floors are all of concrete with
rolled steel jcists, and the stairs are of Yorkshire stone. The
main entrance leads into a vaulted hall, from. which a marble
staircase ascends to the first flcor, where the audience room
of the Local Government Board will be: This apartment,
which will be used for receiving deputations, is 65ft. by 25ft.
Similarly placed over the Charles Street entrance is the
conference chamber. The new offices will be connected with
the present Local Government Board offices by a bridge over
Charles Street on the mezzanine floor. Some idea of the
dimensions of the building may be gathered from the fact
that. there are three-quarters of a mile of corridors on each
floor and over seven miles of flues in the walls. It will not be
ready fer occupation for some three years, considerable delay
having been caused by the Coronation. The present contract
with Messrs. Spencer, Santo and Co. is for upwards of
£400,000, which does not include fittings, plumbing, and
plaster work.

The new War Office building in Whitehall is somewhat
more advanced. The roof is now being put on and the work
will be completed in abcut two vears. It occupies an island
of irregular but approximately rectangular shape, bounded
bv Whitehall, Whitehall Place. Whitehall Avenue, and
Horse Guards Avenue. The area is about 3} acres. The
stvle is very similar to that of the other building. but rather
plainer, except for a number of ornamental groups, represent-
ing Peace, War. Truth, Justice, ete., which will decorate the
exterior. These are being moulded by Mr. A. Drury, A.R.A.
The design of the whole building is by the late Mr. W. Young,
who, by a singular and unhappy coincidence, died at about
the same time as Mr. Brydon, the architect of the other new
offices. The present architects are Sir John Taylor and Mr.
Clyde Young. The details of construction are very similar
to those already mentioned. Both buildings will be provided

(Jury 22, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

7۵

up the river, is Craig-Goch with a dam 1201 high, 520 ft.
across, and with a storage capacity of 2,000 million gallons,
From Rhayader station to the head of the dam at Craig-
Goch is a distance of ten miles. The corporation have con-
structed a railway along the side of the watershed, and it is
over this that the royal party will travel to inspect the
works. A series of thirty filter beds are to be constructed,
but the whole of these are not yet completed. This part of
the scheme was determined upon in consequence of the
experience of Liverpool, which showed that the discharging
capacity of the lines of iron pipes was liable to serious
diminution in consequence of the growth which formed and
caused a deposit in the pipes. As the experience of Liverpool
proved that the growth which caused the trouble was
removed from the water in the process of filtration, it was
decided to undertake the provision of filters at the head of
the aqueduct at Foel. This will be the site of to-day's
ceremony. From this point the water will be conveyed to
Birmingham by means of tunnels through the hill, and cut
and cover work over the levels, whilst iron pipes will be used
in crossing the valieys and rivers. There are about 13}
miles of tunnels, 23 miles of cut and cover, and 37 miles of
iron pipes. The cut and cover and tunnels are 8ft. in
diameter, and the iron pipes 42in. in diameter. From the
reservoirs at the gathering ground the conduit passes a little
to the south of Rhayader and near Knighton, Ludlow,
Cleobury-Mortimer, through tbe Wyre forest, then by way of
Kidderminster, Stourbridg», and Hagley, on to Frankley
reservoir. There is also a service reservoir at Northfield,
near to Birmingham end. The conduit crosses the Wye a
little south of Rhayader, the Ithon and four of its tributary
streams ; the Teme three times; two tributaries of the Teme ;
the Severn to the north of Bewdley, and the Stour and one
of its tributaries. The rate at which the water will
travel from Wales to Birmingham is rather less than two
miles an hour, and any given portion of the stream in the
conduit will therefore complete its journey in a day and a
half. The works in the Elan valley, with the exception of
the first length of railway, which was constructed under
contract, have been executed by workmen employed imme-
diately by the water committee, without the intervention of
a contractor. It was felt by the committee that the responsi-
bility laid upon them of constructing the damas, and especially
the great Caban Coch dam at the lower end of the system
of reservoirs, in such a way as to ensure absolute safety,
was too great to be transferred by them to contractors.
The Caban Coch dam rises 122 ft. above the river
bed ; its thickness at the base is also 122 ft., its length

across the top about 600 ft., and it will contain 1,500

million gallons. There is no work of the kind in Eng
land comparable in magnitude except the Vyrnwy dam
built by the Corporation of Liverpool. The excava-
tion of the foundations began in 1894. The number of
workmen employed by the corporation in connexion with

their portion of the work has been from 1,500 to 2,000.

To accommodate them they built a wooden settlement in
1894 on the Brecon side of the Elan about half a mile below

the dam. Besides dwelling and lodging houses, the village

contains a mission and schoolroom, ۵ public hall with a free
library, recreation grounds, a bath house, an accidents
hospital and an infectious hospital. The committee refused
to allow any publican to open a licensed house on the land
in their occupation, but established under their own manage-
ment a canteen for the sale of beer and tobacco. The beer
was purchased by the committee, and the manager received
a fixed salary, but no commission on sales. The profits were
devoted entirely to the useful institutions in the village.
The canteen is a unique establishment in this country, based
upon a modification of the Gothenburg scheme, and the
experiment has attracted considerable notice.

All the sections in tunnel and cut and cover have been
constructed of sufficient capacity to convey the total ulti-
mate supply of 75 million gallons a day. To carry this full
yield six pipes will be required in the syphon sections. Of
these, two pipes only have been laid in connection with the
first instalment, and these are calculated to convey 27 million
gallons a day. The corporation is under statutory obliga-
tion to supply towns within fifteen miles of the line of the
aqueduct. The total expenditure authorised by the Acts of
Parliament was £6,600,000. The cost of the scheme,
according to a recent estimate, as at present undertaken 18
£5,884,918. The original estimated cost was £4,000,000,
but several unforseen contingencies have arisen which have

THE BIRMINGHAM WELSH WATER
SCHEME.

FTER upwards of ten years’ work, and the expenditure
of nearly six millions sterling, the Birmingham Cor-
poration will shortly be in possession of an abundant

supply of Welsh water. Their Majesties the King and
Queen inaugurated the scheme on Wednesday. The
rapid growth of the population compelled the city council to
look beyond their own immediate district for supplies, and
ultimately it was decided to resort to the costly method of
bringing water from the hills and valleys of Wales. By
frequent and costly extensions of the local works they had
nearly exhausted their borrowing powers, and as the demand
for water was constantly overtaking the supply, application
to Parliament for new powers became imperative. On
October 7; 1890, the council passed a resolution instructing
the then engineer to the water department, Mr. J. W. Gray,
and Mr. J. Mansergh, M.I.C.E., of Westminster, to report
what works they would recommend for giving such an
additional water supply as would, with the existing sources,
provide for periods of twenty-five and fifty years re-
spectively. Accordingly, in the following year, it was
reported that the yield of the existing waterworks would
fall short of the maximum demand in 1893 and of the
average demand in 1900; chat the cost of additional works
necessary to secure all the water that could be yielded by
the existing area of supply would be nearly £1,000,000 : that
such works would provide for the requirements of 20 years
only ; and, finally, that to get a thoroughly satisfactory
supply it would be necessary to go over the border into
Wales, and that of all the Welsh streams the Elan and
Claerwen were by far the best.’ A Bill was accordingly pro-
moted in Parliament for bringing water from Wales: and
after considerable opposition on the part of numerous
interested persons and authorities, it received the Royal
assent on June 27, 1892; and in October of the same year
the city council instructed Mr. Mansergh to prepare plans,
etc., and to proceed with the work. The Welsh gathering
ground contains 45,562 acres, or 71 square miles, with an
elevation varying from 700 to 2,100ft, above the sea level.
It lies in Cardiganshire and Radnorshire, 80 miles due
west of Birmingham. It consists of wild moorland, and
at the time of the beginning of the work the entire popu-
lation did not exceed 180. The water committee considered
it was their duty to provide water for a period of fifty
years in advance, and for this they calculated that 75
million gallons a day would be the maximum supply which
Birmingham would then require in dry weather. The rain-
fall of the gathering ground has been calculated at 66in.
per annum; and Mr, Mansergh estimates that it will be
possible to collect 40in. of the total, which would be ample
to furnish all the water required 50 years hence.

The selection of a watershed suitable for the supply of
Birmingham was specially difficult in view of the consider-
able elevation of the city. The supply water is turned into
the aqueduct at 770 ft. above sea level, and the point of
delivery at the Frankley end ot the aqueduct, seven. miles
from Birmingham, is 600 ft. above sea level, the water
travelling by the natural process of gravitation through the
whole seventy-three miles of the journey. The entire scheme
in the Elan Valley comprises a series of six reservoirs on the
rivers Elan and Claerwen formed hy means of masonry
dams, built in suitable positions across the rivers, and
varying in height from 98 to 128 ft. above the river bed.
The lowest dam, that at Caban Coch, is about seven-eighths
of a mile below the confluence of the two rivers, and will
back the water up the Elan Valley four and a half miles,
and up the Claerwen two and one-eighth miles. ‘The two
reservoirs on the Elan are completed ; but the construction
of the three on the Claerwen will not be undertaken until
the requirements of the city and district have developed so
as to necessitate further storage than that provided on the
Elan. The Caban Coch reservoir serves two purposes, it
supplies compensation water to the river, the parliamentary
requirement for which is 27 million gallons per day, and it
also assists the storage of water for the Birmingham supply.
The storage províded under the scheme is sufficient to main-
tain in a dry year a supply of 75 million gallons a day, in
addition to 27 million gallons for compensation. The first
supply reservoir on the Elan is at Pen-y-Gareg by a dam
128ft. high and 500ft. long, and it has a capacity of
1,300 million gallons of water. The second reservoir, higher

A c EMO 08 - om

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 71

JULY 22, 1904]

led to the estimate being exceeded. The whole of the} cost £2,500, and the English Gothic style of architecture

has been adopted. The walls will be of dressed stone, with
Bath stone quoins, mullions, transomes, and tracery work.
The building will afford accommodation for 550 worshippers.

On Wednesday the foundation-stones of new Sunday-schools
at Heaton were laid. The premises will be capable of ac-
commodating 350 scholars. The principal room. will be 60ft.
by 32ft., and there will be galleries on three sides. Con-
structed of red brick with stone dressings, the schools will
be of substantial appearance, the plans having been drawn
to harmonise with the church to which the schools are at-
tached. Mr. F. Tattersall, architect, Newcastle-on-Tyne, pre-
pared the designs, and the contractors are Messrs. J. and G.
Douglass, also of Newcastle

The Union Jack Club in Waterloo Road, S.E., the founda-
tion-stone of which was laid yesterday, will consist of a lounge
hall, spacious dining and reading rooms, billiard. and games
room,barber's shop,and accommodation for kits on the ground
floors. It is also proposed to fit up four floors as cubicles.
Two staircases will give access to all floors, and will be placed
to avoid "trapping " in the event of fire or panic. About
200 cubicles are proposed, which will be increased to 331
when the further extension of the building is undertaken.
Mr. H. B. Measures, of 16, Great George Street, S.W., is the
architect, and Mr. B. E. Nightingale, Albert Embankment,
S.E., the builder.

A MEMORIAL has just been placed on the north side of the
chancel of Winchester College Chapel by the four children
of the late Rev. Godfrey Bolles Lee, the last warden of the
college. It is in the form of three sedilia in oak, and the de-
sign has been copied from the fifteenth century muserere
seats of the choir, the only old woodwork now remaining in
the chapel. Upon the top rail of the back is carved a Latin
inscription commemorating the late warden's forty-two years
of office, and at either end are shields supported by the arms
of the family and the college arms. The ends are deeply
moulded with carved horses on the arms. The memorial

' was designed by Mr. G. H. Kitchin, architect, son of Dean

Kitchin.

Tue foundation-stone-laying ceremony of the United Metho-
dist Free Church and Schools, Seven Kings, E., took place on
the 16th inst. The portion of the building now being erected
embraces the church nave and temporary apse, also a bold
square tower with open traceried parapet, and surmounted
by a spire and finial vane, rising to the height of 911, also
main schoolroom, 5116. by 40ft., together with superinten-
dent’s room, etc. The contract amount for this portion 18
£3,488, and will accommodate 400 persons in a mixed con-
gregation. The facings are of red brick, the dressing in Bath
stone. The architects, whose designs were selected in a re-
cent competition, are Messrs. George Baines, F.R.I.B.A.,
and R. Palmer Baines, 5, Clement's Inn, Strand, W.C. Mr.
C. North, of Stratford, is the contractor.

Ir is scarcely five years since the electric light was introduced
to York by the Corporation, when the works were based on
the assumption that the total eventual consumption would
be 12,000 lamps, yet so rapid has been the increase in the
demand for the light that 55,500 lamps are now connected,
and two important extensions of the works have been neces-
sary. The latest of these was opened on the 18th inst., the
extensions comprising a new engine-room, 122ft. long, 47ft.
wide, with a height of 36ft. ; new offices, meter, motor room.
and three new 1,000 horse-power water-tube boilers. The
total boiler capacity is now 4,500 horse-power compared with
an original maximum of 800 horsepower. There are two
new engines of 1,150 horse-power each, coupled direct to
dynamos of 600 kilowatts each, while there is ample room
in the new buildings, which have a frontage to Foss Islands
Road, to extend the machinery and increase the output. All
the new work, says the Yorkshire Post, has been designed with
a view to meeting a greatly increased day load based on the
fact that the motive power of electric traction for the trams
wil eventually have to be supplied from the works. A
special feature of the works is a new iron chimney, 116ft. high.
erected by Messrs. Head, Wrightson, and Co, Ltd.
Thornaby-on-Tees, at a cost of £1.800. The total cost of the
undertaking with the new extensions amounts to £100,000.

engineering work has been carried out by Mr. Mansergh.
Alderman Lawley Parker has been the chairman of the
water committee during the entire progress of the work, and
the city is under a great obligation to him for the unremit-
ting attention which he has devoted to the huge undertaking.
—The Times.

=—— PP sss sma

BUILDING NEWS.

THERE are at present in the borough of Middlesbrough 303
houses in course of erection.

Tue Falkirk Town Council have approved of a scheme to
erect a combination smallpox hospital at a cost of £6,000.

THE Belfast Publio Health Committee have been authorised
to proceed to select a site, have plans prepared, and obtain
estimates for the erection of the proposed sanatorium.

Pans prepared by Mr. A. S. Parker, F.R.I.BA., of 20, George
Street, Plymouth, for the proposed Turkish baths to be
erected in Three Towns, Plymouth, have just been passed.

Mr. ARTHUR Sykes, of Birkby Crescent, Huddersfield, has
been appointed architect to the Heston and Isleworth Urban
District Education Committee, Middlesex, out of 133 appli-
cants, at a salary of £300 per annum.

Mn. A. Saxon SNELL, 22, Southampton Buildings, W.C., has
been instructed by the Fulham Board of Guardians to pre-
pare and submit a scheme for the erection of increased
accommodation for at least ten married couples at the work-
house.

Mr. WALTER L. Spiers, a younger brother of Mr. R. 6
Spiers, has been appointed curator of the Soane Museum.
Mr. Spiers has been an A.R.I.B.A. since 1874, and is district
surveyor for Charlton, Lee and Kidbrooke, which he will now
have to resign.

Tue Lord Mayor on Friday opened the new policestation
which has been erected in Moor Lane, E.C., at a cost of
about £21,000. The new police-station covers an area of
6,720ft., including three shops on the ground floor. The
building has been erected by Mr. A. Porter, of Tottenham,
from the designs of Mr. A. Murray, the late City surveyor.

IT is proposed to supersede the wooden: bridge which crosses
the Mersey at Flixton by a stone structure having a carriage
way 27ft. wide and two footpaths each 2ft. 6in. wide. The
Cheshire County Council will pay one half of the cost, the
Lancashire County Council one quarter, and the Barton
Rural District Council (on behalf of Flixton) the remaining
quarter.

THE foundation-stones of a new English Baptist Chapel
were laid at Blaengarw on Wednesday afternoon. The
architect is Mr. W. Beddoe Rees, Cardiff, and contractor Mr.
Gaylard, Bridgend. The chapel will seat about 600, and is
to cost £2,000. The design is late fifteenth century, or Per-
pendicular Gothic. 11 will be built of local stone, with
blue Newbridge stone facings and Bath stone dressings.

I THE new magistrates’ court and police buildings at Sedgley.
which were opened on the 18th inst., have been provided at
a cost of about £3,000. The new premises comprise a police-
court, with retiring rooms for magistrates, solicitors, and
witnesses, and an inspector's house, etc. The plans were
prepared bv Mr. W. H. Cheadle (county surveyor), and the
contract was carried out by Mr. H. Gough, of Wolverhamp-
ton.

MEMORIAL-STONES were laid at Barry Dock on Wednesday of
a new Bible Christian Chapel, in Court Road. The building
is being erected by Mr. J. Prout, the contractor, according
to designs prepared by Mr. George Thomas, F.R.I.B.A.,
Cardiff. The buildings, when completed, are estimated to

[JULY 22, 4

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

ney, and a carved oak one having upon it a carved represen-
tation of the Sermon on the Mount will be placed upon the
opposite side to that the old one now stands upon. Hence
it will be placed upon the north of the nave. The organ is
' to be moved from. its present position in the north chancel:
aisle to a new organ chamber south of the south chance!
aisle, which will also be a new feature, and there is to be a

new heating apparatus.
— t

JOTTINGS.

AN architect's assistant is required. at an annual salary of
£150, by the Mountain Ash Urban Council.

FURTHER Carnegie Library gifts are announced as follows: —
Ashby, near Scunthorpe, £1,500; and Nelson, £7,000.

—

Mn. T. M. Carron, of Dundee, has been appointed architect
to the Dundee Parish Council, in succession to the late Mr.

William Alexander. |

A SURVEYOR is required, at an annual salary of £250, by the
Hoylake (Ch:shire) Urban Council; also a building inspec-
tor for the Halifax Corporation, at £120 per annum.

| THE committee of the Birmingham Soldiers Memorial Fund
. have accepted the design for the memorial by Mr. Albert
x pe which will be erected in Cannon Hill Park, at a cost of
' £2.000. | |

AT a meeting of Caerleon District Council on Tuesday night,
‚Mr. C. J. Fox, of Newport, was appointed surveyor and
‘Inspector of nuisances at Caerleon at salarics of £12 and £20
١ per annum respectively.

Mr. G. H. Wippows. A.R.I.B.A.. architect in the borough
surveyor's office, Derby. has been appointed building sur-
_veyor to the Derbyshire County Council, under the new Edu-
cation Act. "The commencing salary is £300 a year. There
were 316 applicants!

TENDERS are to be invited for the erection of a new railway
and road bridge over the Wear at Sunderland, the cost of
which ds to be jointly borne by the North-Eastern Railway
Company and the Corporation of Sunderland. The bridge
is to be erected from the designs of Mr. C. A. Harrison, the
chief engineer of the Northern Division of the North-
Eastern Railway, and will be built of steel. It will have
a length of 1,610 feet, will comprise four spans, two on the
south side of 200 feet each, the main span, across the river,
of 325 feet, and the fourth, on the north side, of 200 feet.
The ends of the girders forming the spans will rest on stone
pillars on each side. The approaches to the bridge will
rise from the street levels to its level, and these approaches
will rest on arches of stone and brick, nine of these arches
being on the north side, and seven on the south side. The
approach on the north side will have a gradient of lft. in
82ft., and that on the south side 1ft. in 60ft. The bridge
wil have two levels, the lower for cart, tram, and foot
traffic, and the higher for railway traffic. The cart and
tram road will have a width of 26ft. and a height of 18ft.,
and outside of it, on each side, will be hung on brackets foot-
paths, each 7ft. wide. On the south side the approaches
will run at right angles to Havannah Street. and be con-
nected with the new Pallion Road, and on the north side the
approach will be at right angles to Camden Street. At
high-water the bottom girder will have a height of 85ft.
from the water.

Tue Sanitary Committee at Penzance on the 13th inst., re-
ported that plans had been received from the trustees of the
West Cornwall Dispensary and Infirmary, per Mr. Caldwell,
for a new infirmary at St. Clare Street. The committee de-

cided to adjourn the consideration of the plans to a special '
meeting, and the surveyor was requested to prepare a plan

showing a widening of the street to such a line as might be

considered expedient. Plans were also received from the '

trustees of the Penzance Wesleyan Methodist Chapel for a
new chapel and schools at Richmond House. Subject to cer-
tain terms, the plans were recommended for approval. Alder-
man Carne said, with respect to the hospital. what was wanted
was a better site, but he thought the suggested building should

be put back from the road at least 10ft. A better plan.
would have been to sell the present site and buildings, and ;

purchase a more suitable site. He moved that the Council

define a road there. Mr. Hill seconded. Mr. J. Vivian |

Thomas said the plans had been before one of the most غه‎ | A sraTUE of Mr. Gladstone, erected bv the citizens of Liver-
pert architects in the world in hospital construction, and he | pool at the cost £5,000, was unveiled in St. John's Gardens,
(Mr. Thomas) thought it would be found impossible for the , adjoining St. George's Hall, on Saturday by Lord Spencer.
buildings to be put back the 10ft. as was suggested. He The figure of Mr. Gladstone is in bronze, 10ft. in height, and

| دز‎ the work of Mr. T. Brock, R.A.
well, the architect, might be interviewed. Mr. Trounson | |

moved the discussion be adjourned in order that Mr. Cald-

considered it would be a calamity to crowd such a building ' ہم‎ f : ۱
A REMARKABLE incident, which involves the turning aside at

great expense to avoid the destruction of an ancient land-
mark, has just occurred in connection with the Simplon
tunnel, on the Italian side. At the head of the great high-
way constructed Ly the ancient Romans ta connect the
Lombard plain with Lake Leman, there has been found the
fine memorial stone. says the Birmingham Post, carved 1
the natural rock, and mentioned by many historians, t^
mark the completicn of that great work. Inthe excavations
for the line of railway from the Simplon Tunnel this stone,
lost for ages, has been brought to light, and as the mapped
line of route would involve its destruction, it has been de-
cided to incur the expense of a detour to preserve the old
monument.

— C

TRADE NOTES.

Messrs. E. H. SHORLAND AND BROTHER, 5 Manchester. have
just supplied some more of their patent Manchester grates to
the Clifton Street Schools, Swindon.

Mzssns. JOHN OAKEY AND Sons, Lro., have just declared an
interim dividend at the rate of 10 per cent. per annum upon
the ordinary shares pavable on September 1.

THE new font which was dedicated the other day 1n St. Mary's

|
| Church, Wythall, was designed by Messrs. Jones and Willis,
A.D. 1897. The present pulpit, which is of Caen stone. will : of Birmingham, and is of Caen stone, the bowl being hand-

' be removed and presented to St. Sithney Church at St. Sith- semely carved and supported on eight. alabaster columns.

on so small a site. There were several other good sites
around the town. Alderman Carne accepted the amend-
ment, which was then put and agreed to, and the remainder

of the report adopted.

THE seemly and extensive additions made possible at Probus

Church through the liberality of Mrs. Hawkins, cf Trewithen.
as a memorial to her late husband and other members of the
family, have commenced, and it is expected will be com-
pleted befbre Christmas. The necessary designs have been
prepared by Messrs. St. Aubyn and Wadling, of Lamb Build-
ings, Temple, E.C., and Mr. George Miners, of Marazion, is
the general contractor. The carrying out of the carved oak
work in its entirety has been entrusted to Messrs. Harry
Hems and Sons. Probus Church is reputed to possess the
finest tower in all “down-along. It is considerably over
10016. high. The fabric generally is mainly fifteenth century
work built of grey St. Stephens granite. But a church stood
upon the same spot certainly as long ago as a.D. 926, when
King Athelstan made it into a collegiate one. It was dedi-
cated then, and still bears the dedication of SS. Probus and
Faith. The present work embraces the conversion of the
north chancel aisle into a morning chapel, and there will be
carved oak panelling around this chapel. The five-light east
window will be filled with stained glass, and there will be a
new carved oak reredos and altar immediately beneath. Alto-
gether, there will be seven new carved oak parclose screens,
exclusive of the ornate chancel screens which Messrs. Harry
Hems and Sons carried out to the same architects designs in

SS Sess

5 A A Waaa rm

of the design is clever and original, though the drawings do
not do justice to the design.

Mr. U. Herbert Smith, of Chippenham, Wilts, has a clever
though not a very pleasing. plan, somewhat similar to the
last named, with great hall to the left and library to the
right, and a grand entrance hall and staircase dovetailed in
between. The structural treatment is quite unworthy.

The Hon. Archibald McGarel Hogg, 36, Lincoln's Inn
Fields, has a clever plan which is quite by itself. The
library is ۵ long room, or series of rooms, stretching down
the left side of the site on the ground floor, and the hall is
very square in shape and placed on the ground level at the
right-hand side, with recessed ends and sides. An entrance
iobby comes between the two to serve both. A museum
and caretaker's house comes over the library. The exterior
is an agreeable Late Gothic treatment, which would group
well, but we do not feel that such a square hall is rightly
treated as here in elevation.

The design marked N, and illustrated by some twelve
sheets, shows the great hall to the front on ground Jevel, with
an octagonal apse to the right, and entered from the left
hand by a lobby, whilst the library which is to the back
(divided by an area from the hall) is entered separately from
an area space to the extreme left. The design is well pro-
purtioned and suggests a good study of Hámpton Court
Palace.

Mr. S. Gambier Parry, 34, Victoria Street, Westminster,
sends a picturesque Elizabethan design showing a symmetri-
cal front, and with the hall on ground floor to the left and
museum to the right, and a state entrance and stairs between
the two. A reception room is nicely managed to the rear
of the museum. On the upper floor over the museum is the
library. This is a carefully thought-out design, and in some
respects the most creditable in the competition. It is of a
picturesque suitable English type, and the interior promises
well. |

The design O, by H. S. Goodhart Rendel, Chinthurst
Hill, Guildford, is the most original of all, and is a capital
essay in Gothic. The great hall is to the left on the
ground level and the library is 40 feet square to the right,
entered on ground level through a picturesque cloister and
vestibule. The museum has a separate outside entrance and
is over the cloister buildings in front of the library, The
great hall, with its tall fleche, would give a point of
real distinction to Eton. The design by A. E. Street, 24a,
Bryanston Square, gives the great hall of horse-shoe shape to
the right on ground level, and the school-library to the left,
an entrance hall between serving both. The museum is over
the library. The exterior is cleverly treated in Decorated
Gothic.

——

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

A NOTHER commentary on official architecture was
¿Y afforded in the proceedings of the Southwark

Borough Council on Wednesday week, when it
was proposed to grant an honorarium of 150 guineas
to Mr. Arthur Harrison, the borough engineer. We
cannot doubt that Mr. Harrison has earned this
small fee for the extra work involved in carrying out the
extensions to the town hall at a cost of £16,000. But we
may reasonably doubt whether it is right to regard this as
a saving of heavy expenditure in architect's fees, which. was
given as a reason. That the borough engineer “ was given
the maximum salary long before he was entitled to it, and
had been ill and absent. for months with full salary " sounds
a somewhat ungracious form of objection to this last special
fee. Between the engagement of a special city architect and
the employment of a borough engineer for these special
architectural services, there may well be a difference of
opinion, largely in favour of the former. But we think
architectural services for works like town hall buildings
should surely be sought from the profession, and not made

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JULY 29, 1994]

The British Architect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, JULY 29, 1904.

S eS = pum Denen

THE ETON WAR MEMORIAL
COMPETITION.

NDER somewhat chaotie conditions we were enabled to
. see the design sent in for this work at the rooms of the
Society of Antiquaries at Burlington House yesterday
morning. The affair has been spoken of in our hearing as
one of the worst of all recent: competition muddles. It ap-
pears that the assessor Mr. Norman Shaw, R.A., and a
‘committee of taste" have together come to some sort of
indefinite decision which appears to be to award premiums to
Mes:rs. Hall, Mount and Poynter, but that they are unable
to suggest the adoption of any one design or combination of
two or more designs! We do not much wonder. Even a
committee of taste would be at a difficulty, perhaps, in com-
bining two or more of these designs. Here again we are
confronted with the apparent ignorance of committees, who
think premiums are nearly as gratifying to architects as
carrying out their designs.

Mr. L. K. Hall, of 24, St. James's Street (first premium),
shows a set of pencil drawings on five stretchers, illustrating
a scheme for an oblong shaped building to the front, with
an octagonal library behind. The front block has a central
main entrance and broad transverse corridor, with a museum
to the right and a reception-hall to the left on the ground
floor. On the first floor is a hall, 85ft. by 58ft., with a semi-
circular apse to the right and state landing and stairs to
the left, served by flanking stairs. The building is treated
agreeably in Late Renaissance style, the library, with its
domical roof and crowning cupola, promising very well.

Mr. Francis Mounts design, Eden and Mount, 3, Staple
Inn (second premium), ,4ل‎ is in a severer type of Renais-
sance, and very museum-like in appearance. On the lower
floor the wall is only broken by three entrance doorways,
and a stately range of windows and bold cornice, with flat
tiled roof, complete the upper part. This design is illus-
trated by an excellent set of pen drawings. The hall is on
the ground floor, and a transverse corridor across the left-
hand end gives access to it and to the squarely designed
library behind. The section reveals a good deal of space
above the actual interior height of the hall, which is appa-
rently placed there to make the building look more impor-
tant. Mr. Mount's other design, ل‎ 3. shows the hall elevated
above the street at a higher level than the library floor, and
reached by a recessed stair from the corridor crossing the
left end. The design is of a more ornamental type than the
other, and the drawings are excellent.

Mr. Paul Waterhouse divides the ground floor area into
two main parts, divided by a central open passage way, and
to the left of this he places the school library and to the
right the school museum, whilst on the upper floor is the
large hall. The design is agreeably worked out on a Wren
type of Renaissance, with a quaintly designed turret, but we
cannot sce any justification for the curiously shaped plan.

Mr. E. L. Warre, of Eton, has an odd plan, with a. narrow
library and museum to the front and a square-proportioned
hall. with semi-circular end, behind.

Mr. Ambrose Poynter takes the third premium, and his
plan shows a well-laid-out scheme, squarely treated as to
all the main parts, but filling up the unevenly shaped site
very closely. An entrance lobby, 30ft. by 24ft., gives access
in the centre to tlie great room, 92ft. by 52ft.. placed along
^^^ back of the site. To the left of the entrance-hall is a
recepticn room, 41ft. by 22ft., and to the right are ladies
and gentlemen's cloak-rooms. The entranco to the library
and museum (also serving to the end of the hall) is recessed
at the left hand of the site. The library and museum occupy
the front portion of the building; over the main. entrance,
reception and cloak rooms. The elevaticnal treatment is of

a simple, somewhat domestic, type of Renaissance, but it is | additions to the already heavy enough burdens cf ordinar M

paid officials.

Mr. J. E. SHEARER complains of the restcred Iona Cathedral.
He says: —“ I should like to say a word on the present pic-
terial or artistic result of the reroofing of the Cathedral. The
restored interior created tnereby is undoubtedly a. great gain,
though it is doubtful if Presbyterianism will be able to lead
pilgrimages sufficiently large to utilise it. The newly:

rather lacking in distinction or quality.

Mr. T. B. Carter, of 5, Staple Inn. has an interesting plan, |
and in some respects د‎ very good one. The library and
museum or ambulatory is placed to the right. cf the site. and
the hall extends down the left hand with separate entrance
lobby. This gives much opportunity for picturesque treat-
ment, and also seems to deal very simply with access and
egress from the two buildings. The Late Gothic treatment

[JULY 29, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

—will bo taken by great beds of concrote, which go down
14ft. 6in. below summer level. The facing and corners ars
of granite, chiefly from Messrs. Easton's Blackingstone
quarries on Dartmoor. Some of the largest blocks weigh over
nine tons, and come from Cornwall. The work of the bridge
is to be completed by the end of October.

Apropos cf Inigo Jones's birthday last week. the Daily
Chronicle says: —‘‘ From some points of view, it would seem
that an architect, of all people, should be honoured with a
monument when he dies. Yet Inigo Jones, who died on
this day in 1652, leaving £100 in his will for a fitting monu-
ment to be erected over his tomb in St. Bennet's, Paul's
Wharf, was destined in the end to be left in his grave with.
out this distinction ; for the Great Fire, which destroyed the
original church, also destroyed his monument, and it was not
restored in the church as rebuilt by Wren in 1683."

À MOVEMENT has been started in Guildford to perpetuate the
memory of the late Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A., who resided in
the neighbourhood, by the erection of a suitable memorial.
It is suggested that ıt should take the form of a shelter,
similar to that instituted by the late artist in the Postman's
Park, Aldersgate, wherein could be placed memorials to
humble heroes.

IT is said that two apparently valueless paintings which
were found in the old Roman Catholic Cathedral of St.
Anne s at Leeds, and which changed hands for a few shill-
ings, have been pronounced to be old masters—one a Vandyke
and the other a Rubens The pictures were purchased by a
licensed brcker, who bought them as relics of the cathedral,
thinking they would find a ready sale locally. While one
of the paintings, a representation of the scene at Calvary
after the Crucifixion,was being cleaned, the name of Vandyke
was discovered on the back of the canvas. The other picture,
representing the head of Christ, was thought to be a Rubens.
The pictures were sent to Messrs. Christie, who were con-
vinced as to their genuineness, and will include them in
their next sale. ۱

Mr. E. Pottock, official referee, delivered judgment on the
22nd inst. at Teignmouth in a case in which the District
Council claimed £2,300 damages against Arthur Henry
Slocombe, contractor for the construction of Hazeldown
reservoir, for breach of contract. It was alleged that the
defendant had used inferior concrete and practically disre-
garded the specifications, with the result that the reservoir
was useless as a water-tight piece of work. On the other
hand, it was argued that deviations from the original spea-
fications were ordered and permitted by the surveyor at that
time, and that he and the clerk of works were cognisant of
all that was done. The learned referee ruled against the
defendant on every point, and remarked that a clause in
the contract bound the contractor to fulfil his obligations,
even though five years after the completion of the work.
A verdict was given, for the plaintiffs for £2,000 with costs.
stay of execution for fourteen days, to be extended to the
hearing of an appeal on defendant paying into court or
giving satisfactory security for £2,000 and costs to be taxed
on the understanding that they will be repaid if the appeal
is successful. "o

In regard to Mr. T. J. Bailey, the architect of the late School
Board, the L.C.C. Education Committee express the opinion
that it will be desirable to continue an architectural depart
ment for education, and that Mr. Bailey should be placed
at the head of the department at his present salary under |
the title of Architect (Education). The existing staff of the

architect's department of the late Board will be placed ın

this new department at their present salaries.

Mr. Lewis F. Day, who has for many years resided at 13,
Mecklenburgh Square, has removed to 15, Taviton Street,
Gordon Square, W.C.

Tue Britannia Theatre, Hoxton, was among the unsold pro-
perties at the Mart last week. It was withdrawn by Messrs.

Herring, Son and Daw at £8,000. Mrs. Langtry s ga

Tedworth Square, Chelsea, was unsuccessfully offered

slated roof is unfortunately a blot on what was previously
one of the finest and most picturesque scenes in the country.
Originally slated with grey stones, tnere was variety in the
roof and harmony with the many coloured stones of the
walls. Now the broad mass of roof is a montonous, dark-
blue slate, whica is as much out of harmony with the build-
ings as a new black coat would be on an individual with
rustic and time-worn lower garments. If it were impossible
to re-slate the roof in the original manner, had some lighter
toned slates of grey-green, such as have been used in the
restored roof of Dunblane Cathedral, been used, they would
have been more in harmony, and, better still, would have
been a slight variety of grey and grey-green coloured slates,
which would have almost reproduced the original tone of the
roof and been in complete harmony with the building and
the landscape. It is to be hoped that in any reslating of
the roof which may require to be done, this will be kept in
view, as time will not dim the navy blue slates that have
just been put on the roof."

IN the House of Lords on Monday Lord Windsor, in reply
to Lord Stanmore, said he could not consent to the appoint-
ment of a Select Committee to report upon the unfinished

condition of the rooms in the Houses of Parliament and their

approaches. Very little could be done at this period of the

session, and in addition he was afraid considerations of

economy would not justify him in proceeding at present
with the further decoration of the Palace of Westminster.
Earl Spencer thought it a great misfortune that a small sum

could not be spent annually in decorating the walls of the

Palace with pictures. It was strange that the State could
not do even as much as was done by corporations to en-

courage art.

IN the House of Commons this week Mr. Bryoe inquired
whether any arrangement had been made for the preserva-
tion of the Edwardian walls of Berwick-on-Tweed as an his-
torical monument of exceptional antiquity and interest ;
and, if so, what were the terms of that arrangement. Lord
Balcarres replied that “ negotiations are in progress between
the town council and the Office of Works. It is understood
that the committee of the town council is to submit its re-
port in the first week in August; and it is hoped that satis-
factory arrangements will be made for the protection and
maintenance of these historic remains.”

In regard to the Irish ancient monuments, Mr. V. Cavendish
stated, in reply to Sir T. Esmonde, that the report of the
Commissioners of Public Works in Ireland for 1903-4 will
be presented to Parliament very shortly, and will contain
a complete list of the ancient monuments repaired during
that year. The Commissioners have not become guardians
of any ancient monuments during that period. The ruins
brought under their notice in the last financial year, with
a view to guardianship, are: —Grianan of Aileach, county
Londonderry ; Bun-a-Margie (Ballycastle), county Antrim ;
Kiltolagh Church, county Clare.

We recently published an excellent photograph of the fine
old bridge over the Exe. The abutment stone of the new
bridge was laid on Saturday by the Mayor of
Exeter, who attended in: state, in company with the mem-
bers of the city council and officials. The bridge and its
approaches will involve an expenditure of £50,000, of which
the bridge itself will cost rather more than one-half. The
arch will be in the shape of a. parabola, steel girders from
either side of the river meeting in the centre, and being
there hinged together. The effect of this is that the expan-
sion and contraction of the metal in summer and winter
will be made bv the rise and fall of the centre, says the
Western Daily Mercury, and not so much by the actual varia-
tion in the length of the bridge. The principle has been
adopted before, but never in a bridge of such long span.
Steel will take all the stress of the bridge, cast iron being
used for all the ornamental work and blocks on which the
structure will rest. The design and construction have been
under the personal eupervision of Mr. C. A. Brereton, a part-
ner of Sir John Wolfe Barry. The bridge will consist. pri-
marily of eight pairs of steel girders, each pair meeting in
mid-stream. The road which they are to carry is to be of
Jarrah wood blocks, on which will be laid electric tram-
lines. The weight of the bridge—something over 500 tons

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JuLy 29, 1904]

THE work of the restoration of the Chapel of St. Nicholas
within Carisbrooke Castle as a national memorial to King
Charles 1. is now in progress, says the Times, and will prob-
ably be completed in October. The work has the approval
of the King, and it was the impetus given to the raising of the
memorial fund by the successful bazaar promoted by the
Governor of the Isle of Wight, Princess Henry of Batten-
berg, ın aid of the fund last year which enabled the com-
mıttee to make a start with the restoration scheme. The
work is being carried out under the supervision of Mr. Percy
Stone, F.S.A., instructions having been given for the pre-
paration of plans with a Late Gothic or Tudor motif. The
plans approved provide for the restoration of the original
early thirteenth century entrance and the erection of a
porch at the west end of the north wall. There will be seat-
ing in the body of the chapel for fifty, and the whole of this,
with the wall lining up to the window sills, will be in oak
from the hull of the old warship Nettle. There will be
two windows both north and south, and the east window will
be panelled in stone, with emblazoned shields of the Lords
and Governors of the Wight. The floor of the sacrarium
will be of marble inlay and that of the main building of
terazzo mosaic. The roof will be panelled in oak with
emblematical painting. The organ from the Chapel Royal,
Savoy, is the gift of the King, as is the carved oak commu-
nion table, with two silver candlesticks and inlaid altar cross
from Queen Victoria's private chapel at Osborne. If funds
permit it is proposed to insert in the west wall a bronze
medallion of Charles I. modelled on the well-known profiles
of Vandyck. A scheme of iconography 15 in hand, which it
is hoped. will eventually be carried: out, and arrangements
have been made for placing figures in position as they are
executed. It is suggested that these figures, as well as
stained glass for the windows, would form an excellent series

of private memorials.

Last Friday the Coldstream Guards war memorial was un-
veiled in St. Paul’s Cathedral by General Sir F. Stephenson,
colonel of the regiment. The whole of the 3rd Battalion
of the regiment was present. The memorial, which faces
the Inkerman memorial near the south-west door of the
cathedral, was designed by Mr. W. Goscombe John, A.R.A.
It consists of a gilt bronze relief, the principal group of which
is composed of two men of the Coldstream Guards—one of the
186 Battalion and the other of the 2nd Battalion ; the former
has been mortally wounded, and lies dying in the arms of his
comrade. Above, asin a vision, is a group of Coldstreamers
of former times watching, with pride and satisfaction, the
courage and devotion of their successors in the regiment. At
the back of this group rides General Monck, the first colonel
of the Coldstream Guards. The other figures are suggestive
of the campaigns in which. the regiment has served, includ-
ing those of Marlborough, the Peninsula, Waterloo, and the
Crimea. In the background of the relief is indicated the
South African veldt, with distant kopjes, from behind which
the setting sun floods the landscape and the figures with
splendour. Below the panel, upon a ribbon, is a Garter
Star (the regimental badge), the motto “ Nulli Secundus,

and the inscription. It was found impossible to record the
names of the 207 non-commissioned officers and men on the
memorial in St. Paul's owing to the limited amount of space
available; but another memorial to those of the Brigade of
Guards who fell in the South African campaign will shortly
be erected in the’ Guards Memorial Chapel, Wellington
Barracks, and it is intended that the names of all those of
the Coldstream Guards who lost their lives in South Africa
shall then be set out in full, as well as in the new cathedral

to be erected at Cape Town.

— sl as..— gen

COMPETITIONS.

HE Peterborough Town Council on Tucsday adopted
Mr. Leonard Stokess award in the free library
competition, for which premiums of £50, £25,

and £15 were offered. The first premiated design
is that of Messrs. Hall and Phillips, 6. Great James
Strect, Bedford Row, W.C.; the second, Messrs. Briggs
and Wolstenholme, FF.R.I.B.A., Central Buildings, Rich-
mond Terrace, Blackburn ; and the third, Mr. Thomas Davi-
son, A.R.I.B.A., 28, Great Ormond Street, W.C.

By permission of the Society of Antiquaries the sixteen

The one thing common to all the training establish-

Harrod's, Ltd., but is stated to have since beem disposed of.
Lea Park, Witley, Surrey, the seat of the late Mr. Whitaker
Wright, was brought forward by Messrs. Hampton and Sons,
and bidding for the palatial mansion and 2,840 acres began

at £90,000. Offers increased to £145,000, a figure capped on

behalf of the vendors, who withdrew the estate at £150,000.
It was stated that the total outlay on the property repre-
sents not less than £700,000 |

On the invitation of the York Architectural Society, a party
from the Leeds and Yorkshire Architectural Society, includ-
ing Mr. G. B. Bulmer, F.R.1.B.A., president, visited York
on Saturday to inspect the west front of York Minster. A
scaffolding is at present erected at the Minster, and afforded
an opportunity for minute inspection, which may not occur
again for many years. The party were shown over the work
by the clerk of works, and were able to closely examine the
south tower, and afterwards went over the stoneyard in con-
nection with the work. The president (Mr. H. Davis,
F.R.I.B.A.) and the members of the York Architectural
Society afterwards entertained the visitors to tea.

Lasr Friday the members of the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers met at Storey's Gate, Westminster. Mr. Wick-
steed presided, and gave his impressions of American works,
200 of which were open to the members on their recent visit
to America. The characteristics of engineering works in the
States were not stereotyped, nor were engineering designs

and methods confined to fixed types associated with the title

“ American." The tools employed in their worshops were,

on the contrary, of different types. Similarly the methods

a training engineers academically did not follow identical
ines.
ments for engineers seemed to be belief in themselves and
their methods, and a large measure of success followed it.
Between the two extremes of methods there did not seem.
to be much to choose in the power of the country to assimi-
late the product. The Americans were far too shrewd to
discard a system simply because it was old-established. They
stuck steadily to the English foot of 12 inches, and Congress
would not adopt the metre. Mr. J. W. Spencer, Newcastle-
on-Tyne. said they saw nothing in America very much ahead

of practice in the best establishments in this country, but

what rather astonished them was the enormous enterprise
and the huge machinery laid down to do the work, com-
bined with a very large amount of engineering skill. Every-
thing tended to one end, viz., a very large output. Another
thing that struck them was the energy which the foremen
and workmen threw into their work, and then they were told
that their best managers and workmen were from this coun-
try. Workmen had been tempted to America by the better
position and the freedom and independence which they en-
joyed. The trade unions of this country were responsible
for this species of emigration.

Ow Thursday week Sir John Ure Primrose, the Lord Provost
of Glasgow, in the presence of a large company of delegates
from different parts of the kingdom, opened within the
buildings of the recent East End Exhibition, Glasgow, a
health exhibition, which has been organised in connection
with the twenty-ninth autumn congress of theSanitary Insti-
tute, which meets this year in Glasgow. The exhibition is
divided into colenial, municipal, and educational sections,
.and among the exhibits is a model hospital and a model one-
house dwelling. In the various sections are sanitary ap-
pliances, building materials, heating, lighting, and cooking
appliances, water fittings, washing and wringing machines,
clothing, disinfectants, disinfecting apparatus, and' hospital
and sick-room appliances. Amongst the departments is one
relating to the hygiene of schools, trades and manufactures,
hospitals, prisons, barracks, ships, workhouses, asylums, the
burial of the dead, cremation and other means of disposal. and
the prevention of accidents and fires, the filtering, softening.
and purifying of water, flushing. and sewage treatment are
all represented. There is also an interesting exhibit of
apparatus for water supply. water waste preventers, sinks,
baths, lavatories, sewers, drain-pipes, and sanitary goods.
Over 100 of the leading sanitary firms of this and other
countries are represented. The main object of the exhibi-
tion is to illustrate the practical steps that are being taken
to deal with the many problems that present themselves to
municipal authorities.

[JULY 29, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

————————————————————————— M — "Is" a MÀ

the caretaker's rooms. A free Gothic treatment has been
adapted for the elevations, and bold feeling has been intro.
duced by plain wall surfaces and strong features, while the
mouldings and tracery to the windows, arches, etc., have
heen kept delicate and refined. The materials used are red
brick with Bath stone dressings. The cost of the building
will be about £8,000. Mr. James Carmichael, of Wandeworth,

is the contractor.
————— — adr bo —————————-

THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

"| HE weekly meeting of the Council was held on Tuesday,
| Mr. J. W. Benn, M.P., the chairman, presiding. —
Upon the recommendation of the Finance Com-
mittee, it was agreed that, subject to the provisions of the
Money Acts and subject to the Council's Money Bill of the
present session recciving the Royal assent, the committee
should be authorised at any time and from time to time up
to October 31 next to invite and open and, subject to con- `
firmation by the Council, accept tenders for London County
bills. nct exceeding in the aggregate £1,500,000, and having
a currency of not less than three or more than twelve
months from the date of the bills, in order to provide the
necessary funds for the advance of £1,415,000 to the Mary-
lebone Borough Council in respect cf the purchase by the
borough council of the electric lighting undertaking of the
Metropolitan Electric Supply Co. in the borough.

Mr. Bailey, the architect of the late Board, was appointed
as architect in the education department at the same salary
as he had been receiving. Dr. J. Kerr, the medical officer
of the late Board, was appointed medical officer (education)
in the Public Health Department of the Council The
committee reported the receipt of a letter from the Grocers
Company, stating that the company had decided to offer the
site and buildings of their school at Hackney Downs as a
free gift to the Council, subject to such provisions in the
interests of the present scholars as might be agreed upon.
The company did not wish to make any conditions which
would impair the value of their gift or hamper the plans of
the Education Committee for utilising it, but they would
be glad to receive an assurance that certain existing interests
which had been allowed to grow up in connection with the
school would not suffer under the changed conditions of
government. The committee recommended that the offer
on the terms stated should be accepted, and that the com-
pany be requested to continue to conduct the school on the
present lines until December 31 next. Mr. Beachcroft
pointed out that the report gave no indication of the prob-
able cost of maintenance. He believed that this gift was
only the forerunner of others, for there was no doubt that
other city companies owning schools would desire to hand
them over to the Council as the education authority. The
Grocers’ Company had done a handsome thing in giving
this school, but there was some wisdom in looking a gift
horse in the mouth. Sir W. Collins stated that the school
had cost about £40,000, and it had entailed an annual ex
penditure of between £3,000 and £4,000 a year for mainten-
ance. The recommendation of the committee was adopted.

It was agreed to inform the Senate of the University of
London and the Goldsmiths’ Company that the Council
was willing to co-operate with the Senate in carrying on the
classes hitherto conducted at the Goldsmith's Institute, New
Cross, with the exception of classes in Civil Service an
commercial subjects and music.

The Improvements Committee submitted their report
with reference to a further widening of Piccadilly so as to
secure that the thoroughfare should be of a mimmum 0
80ft. between the Circus and Green Park. They Sad
mended that they should be authorised to take لو‎
necessary steps to secure the widening of Piccadilly to
a minimum of 80ft. between St. James's Street and 6
Street at a cost of £55,275. Towards this amount ws
Westminster City Council has consented to Ban,
£8,000. The consideration of the matter was, upon b)
suggestion of the chairman of the committee, .adjourn
until after the recess. Com

Upon the recommendation of the Main DS C of
mittee the tender of the Westminster Construction ps 8
£348,400 for the enlargement of the southern outfall at
was accepted. A tender of £91,000 from W. Kennedy. ^^^
London, was accepted for the coristruction of the 2
tion of the proposed northern low-level sewer (No. 2)

designs for the Eton memorial buildiugs are on view at the

rooms of the society at Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.,
until August 6. Admission on presentation of address card
from 10.30 to five p.m. between July 25 and 30 and from

10.30 to 3.30 between August 1 and 6. The premiums, as

stated last week, were allotted by the assessor in the follow-
ing order :---1, Mr. L. K. Hall, 24, St. James's Street, S.W. ;

2, Mr. Francis Mount, 3, Staple Inn, W.C. ; 3, Mr. Ambrose

Poynter, 8, Southampton Street, Bloomsbury, W.C.

THE Birmingham City Council on Tuesday decided to adopt
the plans of Messrs. W. Hale and Son, Colmore Row, Bir-
mingham, for the new baths in Moseley Road, Balsall
Heath, which are to cost. £30,000.

Tue Uxbridge Union invite competitive schemes for the erec-
tion of new buildings at their workhouse, situated at Hilling-
don East, about two miles from either Uxbridge or West
Drayton Stations (G. W.Ry.). The special features of this
competition are: —First, that the Guardians do not bind
themselves to accept ay design submitted, or to appoint a
profcssional assessor to adjudicate thereon; and second, no
premiums aretoflered, but the author of the accepted design
will be retained to superintend the execution of the works,
and will receive the usual professional fees. Block plans of
the site can be obtained on application to the clerk on
payment of £1 18, which will be returned on receipt of a
boná-fide scheme. Drawings are to be submitted under noms
de-plume, and must be delivered, accompanied by detailed
reports and estimates, not later than October 1, 1904.

` THE Long Eaton free library (local) competition, for which

five designs were received, has resulted in the first premium

(£25) being awarded to Messrs. Gorman and Ross, 36,

Market Place; the second (£15) to Mr. Reginald Smith,
19a, Market Place; and the third (£10) to Mr. W. H.
Woods. The building is to cost about £3,000.

مسبت

OUR ILLUSIRATIONS. |

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ROYAL GRAMMARSCHOOL.
Second Premiated Design.
Francis W. BEDFORD, F.R.I.B.A., 22, Old Burlington St., W.,
Architect.
Third Premiated Design.
ASHFORD AND GLADDING, New St., Birmingham, Architects.

We now conclude our illustrations of the above designs
which were awarded the second and third premiums respec-
tively in the recent competition. .

A COUNTRY HOUSE.
Ernest Runtz AND Forp, Architects.

ST. GILES’ CHRISTIAN MISSION CHURCH.
Ernest Runtz AND Forv, Architects.

Tue St. Giles’ Christian Mission is one of the buildings
which have been effected by the London County Council's
Strand to Holborn Improvement Scheme. It will occupy a
site at the corner of Great Wild Street and Little Wild
Street. The chapel floor is 3ft. above the pavement level,
and the school room floor 10ft. Gin. below. The latter is
entered at pavement level through the porch on south-west
side, leading down; provision is made before entering the
school room for hats and coats, urinals, w.c., etc. The
school room is 47ft. by 44ft. 6in. with a raised plat-
form at one end, Behind the platform is a retiring
room witb lavatories and w.c.'s and kitchen for use
of the school room. The chapel is similar in size to the
school room with a gallery running round it. It is entered
through an open porch with three arches from Great Wild
Street ; gallery entrance is also obtained from this porch and
up the staircases in the towers on either side. The apse at
the further end of the chapel is fitted with an immersion
tank and the rostrum. Behind the apse is a side entrance
from Little Wild Street to the vestries, which are provided
with lavatories and w.c.’s; over these vestries are placed

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ERNEST RUNTZ & FORD, ARCHITECTS.

A COUNTRY HOUSE

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT, JULY 29 TM 190 +

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خم

On St. Patrick's Day, 1840, says the Freeman's Journal,
the foundation-stone of the new cathedral was laid by Dr.
Crolly. Mr. Duff, of Newry, supplied the plans of the pro-
posed national cathedral. They provided for a cruciform
building of splendid dimensions, with nave, aisles, transepts,
chancel, and choir, a great square central tower and two
smaller ones on the west front, flanking the great doorway
and flush with the aisle walls. The cost of laying the
foundations was in itself immense, the loose, friable nature
of the surface strata requiring them to be sunk to a depth
in some places of sixty feet and upwards. A limestone
quarry was opened near the old Navan Fort, while the
famous Carland and other quarries near Dungannon fur-
nished purest freestone for the columns and arches. In
order to collect the funds for the building of the cathedral
a Building Committee was formed ; parish collections were
organised from Derry to the Boyne; priests went through-
out Ireland and to different parts of the Catholic world ;
and even the Primate himself travelled in many lands
lavishing the wealth of his eloquence and wit in the cause
of the project which was so near to his heart. "The response
was most geuerous. But the black period of 1847 and the
following years interrupted the generous flow of subscrip-
tions. Dr. Crolly himself fell a victim to the dread cholera
which followed the great famine. He proceeded to
Drogheda on: Holy Thursday. 1849. in the discharge of his
episcopal function. Cholera was raging there at the
time; he sickened of it in the night and died on the follow-
ing day, Good Friday. After nearly a year's interregnum,
Dr. Crolly was succeeded in the spring of 1850 by Dr., after-
wards Cardinal, Cullen. ,

On the translation of Dr. Cullen to the Archbishopric of
Dublin, Dr. Dixon succeeded to the Primacy in 1852, and
resumed the work which had been begun. by Dr. Crolly. Mr.
Duff, the original designer, had now been some years dead,
and Mr. M'Carthy, a rising young Dublin architect, was
appointed. Mr. M'Carthy threw the original plans over-
board and drew up a continuous design for the cathedral in
the old fourteenth-century style of Decorated Gothic. The
great western door, forming the principal entrance, was
largely altered, the dimensions of the large window in that
end (originally planned to be equal in size to the corre
sponding window in the eastern or chancel end) being re-
duced by the insertion above the door of a long row of niches
for statues of the Apostles. The roof, which was to have
had a very gentle slope, was raised full 20ft. in pitch, and
three low towers of 128ft. were abandoned for two slender
spires of 210ft. at the west end, crowned by two massive
10ft. crosses. Before his death, in 1866, Dr. Dixon had the
satisfaction of seeing almost completed (the two western
spires alone excepted) the whole exterior edifice. Dr.
Dixon's successor—Dr. Kieran—occupied the See of Armagh
from 1866 to 1870, and was succeeded by Dr. M'Gettigan,
whose first care was to see the two principal spires of the
cathedral finished. He also had constructed the magnificent
seven-terraced flight of steps, 225ft. long, leading from the
entrance gate up to the spacious piazza that fronts the
western doors. He also ornamented the Lady chapel aud
choir roofs with a number of fine mural paintings by emi-
nent artists of the day, and provided for the magnificent old
reredos of Caen stone that still adorns the Lady altar. On
August 24, 1874, the solemn ceremony of the dedication
took place, the record of the occasion of the laying of the
foundation-stone being eclipsed in the enormous crowds
which thronged to Armagh on that occasion. Dr. M'Gettigan
passed away in 1887, and was succeeded by the present Dr.
Logue, then Bishop of Raphoe, who, in 1893, was raised to
the princely dignity of membership in the Sacred College of
Cardinals, and to whom was reserved the privilege of com-
pleting the interior of the magnificent cathedral, and of
fitting it " with pearls of richest adornment.” His Emin-
ence organised the famous National Cathedral Bazaar of
1900, from which the unprecedented result of £30,000 was
obtained for the carrying out of the project which was so
dear to the Cardinal's heart.

The cathedral is cruciform in plan, comprising nave,
aisles, and transepts, with chancel and choir. The total
length in the clear is 212ft. ; internal length, 208ft. ; breadth
across the transepts, 120ft. The length of the nave is
114ft.; length of the chancel. 60ft.; and breadth of nave
and chancel, 75ft. The transepts are 41ft. by 34ft., and
the choir is a square of 38ft The external roof is 100ft.
in height, the internal one 81ft. The two western towers
and spires rise to a height of 210ft., and are surmounted by

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JuLy 29, 1904]

¡HA ا سس‎ ee -

The Improvements Committee reported that they had had
under consideration the question of the periods for which
leases of the Councils property should be granted. It ap
peared to them that a large portion of the Council's surplus
. land was of a different character from that usually offered to
the public, since in general only single properties, or
small blocks of property, were offered for letting, whereas
the more important of the Councils improvements often
involved demolitions extending over a large area and the
creation of an entirely new class of property. In these
circumstances, they did not think that the Council should
be influenced by the fact that leases granted by certain
public authorities, and by private individuals in respect of
property in the central parts of London, were usually for
terms of eighty years, especially as they learned that some
public authorities such as the Commissioners of his Majesty's
Works, etc., granted leases for terms as long as ninety-nine
years. They were informed that it was not usual for
trustees to advance money on the securitv of leases having
an unexpired term of less than sixty years, and that the
longer period a lease had to run beyond this term the more
readily could a prospective tenant arrange for dealing with
the property. At the recent auction it was stated that a
term of ninety-nine years would enable tenants to deal with
property much more readily, and this view met with general
approval among the persons present ; one stated that he was
prepared to make'an offer for the plots in Aldwych and the
Strand if the land were offered for the longer period. After
a very careful review of aM the facts they were of opinion that
the term for which leases were granted of the Council's sur-
plus property should be ninety-nine years, and as Standing
Order No. 255 authorises them to fix the term at not less
than eighty years and not more than ninety-nine years, they
proposed, if the Finance Committee concurred, to fix the
term in future at ninety-nine years. The report was adopted.

The Local Government ànd Records Committee recom-
mended that the offer of the Society of Authors to present
the Council with a bronze replica of the Sir Walter Besant
memorial at St. Paul's Cathedral should be thankfully ac-
cepted, and that the replica be affixed to one of the granite
pedestals on the Victoria Embankment, near Waterloo
Bridge.

This was adopted, and other business having been trans-
acted, the Council adjourned for the summer vacation until
October 4.

—wI p fp کی‎

ARMAGH R.C. CATHEDRAL.

——" — —— 4

HORTLY after eleven o'clock on Sunday the doors of this
cathedral were thrown open for the entrance of those
who were privileged to attend the ceremonial of con-

secration by Cardinal Vanutelli. Long before that hour
crowds had been waiting outside the different doors, and
when the doors were opened they filed into the different
parts of the sacred edifice, and were courteously shown to
their seats by a number of gentlemen appointed for the pur-
pose. Those who on this occasion caught a first glimpse of
the stately splendours of the interior were filled with won-
der at the beautiful vision of artistic effect which met their
gaze, and those who were not altogether strangers to the
cathedral were forced to renew their admiration. |

St. Patrick's Cathedral stands in the northern eminence

overlooking the town. The old Chapel of St. Malachy,
situate in an enclosure off Chapel Lane, has served for more
than a century as the place of worship for the Catholics of
the Armagh district. It was first built in 1750, and was
enlarged in the early years of the nineteenth century. It
stands almost on the very site of the old Temple
Brigid, built by St. Patrick, the old cathedral looming
above it. In 1835 Dr. Crolly, Bishop of Down and Connor,
was promoted by Pope Gregory XVI. to the Primatial See,
and soon afterwards embarked on the project of founding a
cathedral worthy of the See of St. Patrick. A difficulty
lay in the obtaining of a site. The ground of Armagh city
and suburbs consisted almost entirely of see-land—the
mensal estate or demesne of the Protestant Primate. For
nigh three hundred years, since the days of Queen Mary, a
Catholic Bishop dared not approach within three miles of,
much less reside at, Armagh. The northern eminence
already referred to, though surrounded by see-land. was in
the possession of the Earl of Dartrey, from whom, through
the influencé of Lord Cremorne and Councillor Robinson. of
Armagi, a lease in perpetuity was eventually obtained.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [JULY 29, 1904

10ft. croases. The crossing of the roof where the transcpts ivory white, and some of the richest specimens of coloured
intercept the nave is supported by four grand arches بالات‎ marbles in the cathedral are to be found in the panelling and
high by nearly 40ft. wide. The principal entrance is on the shafting. Ihe screen fills the entire breadth, 3Uft., between
west end, comprising a large central doorway, and two the two great eastern pillars of the crossing, rises to a height
smaller tanking doorways in the towers. There are also of 36ft., and forms a background to the high altar. It con-
auxiliary doorways 1n the transepts, a large doorway which | sists, in the main, of five bays,divided by clustered columns of
originally opened under the east window in the chancel | richiy-toned Rossa di Verona. These columns are sur-
wal! having been filled up on the erection of the Lady altar. | mounted by delicately-carved capitals, and stand on bases
The entrance from the sacristy is in the same chancel wall, | and double plinths following in detail the Gothic style of the
between the Lady altar and St. Joseph's altar, in the not- | cathedral. Swinging from the capitals are arches, deeply
thern aisle. Originally the aisle and side chapels were | moulded. with carved paterz in the hollow members, and tre
roofed with a ` lean-to’ roof, and to fittingly complete the | foil cuspings in the centres of the soflits. ln two of the bays
interior it was decided at the outset to adopt some groining the lines ot the arches, with their cuspings, are continued
concentric with the nave arcade, and springing off the cap | down, me:ting below to form an oval frame, as it were, for
level of the piers for the aisles and side chapels throughout. | the two exquisitely sculptured angel figures in the centre.
as well as for the two towers. The effect of this work i: | These statues stand on octagonal pedestals of beautiful violet
eminently satisfactory, adds in no small measure to the | and purple Pavonazzetto. which partly project from the face
monumental character and beauty of the interior, and fur- | level of the screen, and are in turn supported by half-clustered
nishes an appropriate finish for the mosaic decoration of the | shafts in Rossa di Verona, having richly carved capitals.
walls. This work is in Bath stone, with moulded transverse | The spanduis formed by the carved string on the line of these
diagonal and intermediate ribs springing off the wall capitals, and the cusped curved work, are executed in trefoil
columns, and moulded caps, bases, and corbels, which are | and quatrefoil tracery. Under the carved string, and forming
bonded into the old walls. The intersections of all the ribs | the lower framing of the screen work are moulded panels, the
bave carved foliated bases containing suitable emblems | ypper and smaller ones of a parallelogram shape, and the
varied in design. The baptistry and bell-tower porches are | lower ones with curved heads and cinquefoil cuspings. The
similarly groined and enriched with clustered angle columns. | arches are surmounted by moulded pediments, with tracery
The workmanship is Irish throughout. The entire walls of | spandril heads and carved crockets. The finials are continued
the fabric from the floor to the groining throughout have | up as part octagonal shafts, with carved caps, and surmounted
been cover ed with mosaic —— f ۱ by panelled and 06 pinnacles. These pinnacles form
The mosaic in the aisles is in keeping with the rest of the | tha main ornamental divisions of the pierced and carved
work, having a cream-colour ground with the line ornament | cresting to the main cornice. Similarly between the pedi-
up to the springing of the windows, the intervals up tne | ments rise other pinnacles, but differently treated. Their
groining being filled in with a scroll design in brown. The | lower porticns are decorated with small but finely executed
spandril over the entrance door from the tower on the soutli | statues of St. Patrick, St. Brigid, etc., standing on shield-
side contains the cardinal s arms, and that on the north alsic | bearing corbel angels, and surmounted by angleshaped and
the arms of Pope Leo XIIL The baptistry in tower, also tre | carved canopies. The most striking feature of the rood
porohes, are lined with mosaic. The prevailing shade adopted | screen; naturally is the sculptured subject of the Crucifixion
for the ground colour of the ceiling throughout is of a soft | rising high above the cornice of the screen on the central bay.
terra-cotta shade to harmonise with the colour of the wall | The figures of the group stand on a pedestal brought up
mosaic. The panels have foliated ornament 1n cream colour | from a double-staged groundwork, semi-octagonal in shape,
and gold with leaves, ete., relieved in various shades of sub and with small flying buttresses. Over and above all is د‎
dued colours outlined in black. The ribs are picked out in | splendid octagonal canopy, with crocketted angles and carved
gold, the hollows being in red. | The groining over the clere- | sides and pinnacles. The portals of the two passages under
story windows in the nave 19 similarly treated, with groups | the screen from the chancel, on each side of the high altar,
interwoven in the ornament on a gold ground representing | are adorned with four splendid pillars of Pavonazzetto
incidents connected with the Irish saints from the time of Moderna, forming an artistic contrast to the clustering '
St. Patrick to that of St. Laurence O Toole. columns of Rossa di Verona. in their front and rear. The
double plinths of the main columns are Bardigolio Firito

The high altar, which stands against the rocd screen in the
crossing, is erected in purest statuary marble. It presents | Scuro in the lower and Marmo Bianco Chiaro in the upper

a wonderful array of inlays of the choicest marbles in the
various panels, etc., throughout the work. The altar frontal
contains an exquisite panel group after Leonardo da Vinci,
by the celebrated Roman sculptor, Signor Cesare Aureli. For
two years and more Professor Aureli devoted to this work
his utmost care. It is an alto-relievo presentation, in finest
white statuary marble of Carrara, of Leonardo da Vinci's
“Last Supper." The triple columns to the antipendium arc
in Portasanta Rossa marble. The panels between are carved.
The plinths at the sides are in Portasanta Scura. Over the
altar table there is a reredos and super-altar with the taber-
nacle in the centre. The reredos is divided into an arcada
of fine panels at either side, deeply recessed, with 6
columns of Cipollina Mandolato Verde di Pierenei, having
moulded caps and bases. The panels contain Fior di Persico
marble. The cornice surmounting the reredos is moulded
and carved with ball flowers. The riser of the super-altar
is inlaid with Giallo dorato antico marble. The tabernacle is
richly carved and elaborate in design, the door having
elustored columns in the jambs with seed ornament between,
while the archmould is deeply monlded and carved, and sur-
mounted with a gable having perforated cresting terminating
with carved finial. Octagonal turrets flank the tabernacle
at cach sido, having panels of tracery, inlud with beautiful
specimens of Breccia traccagnina. The sides and back are
alse finished with gables. The throne for the Blessed Sacra-
ment occupies the centre, and is octagenal on plan with
columns of alabastro. The altar is extended at both sides
with carved panels and having adoring angels; the altar steps

plinth.
The Lady altar in the chancel is the gift of Miss Close, an

Armagh lady. The altar is noteworthy on account of the
great variety of marbles introduced into the panels and rere-
dos, and the elaborate nature of the design. The antipendum
contains three bas-relief groups. the work of the eminent
sculptor Trepisciono. The Lady altar, a fine specimen of
Irish carving, is almost the sole remnant of the old decora-
ticns that has been deemed worthy to retain its place amid
medern renovation. The material of St. Brigid's altar 1s
finest statuary marble. The design of St. Joseph's altar is
very effectively and elaborately treated, and includes altar
front having a carved panel of passion flowers artistically
executed with a centre bearing inscription. There are two
panels on each side of the centre canopy containing grouped
subjects in large relief. The Sacred Heart altar contains
some of the most perfect. specimens of precious marbles in the
cathedral. It is a companion gift to the Lady altar. having
been presented by Miss Maria Close (sister of Miss Close,
Belfast. who presented the altar in the Lady chapel). and,
with its fittings, cost nearly £1,400. There are three beaut1-
ful statues in the canopied niches of the reredos.

The pulpit, perhaps the greatest object of interest in the
cathedral, is the work of Signor Medici, of Rome. It stands
against the main pier at the crossing. The work is most
beautifully carved and resplendent with inlays of various
old marbles. The width of the body of the pulpit is over
öft.. and the plinths and cornice stones are all got out in

| d panels solid marble blccke, the plinth being in Rossa di Levante
are in white Sicilian marble. The rcod screen cf Armagh! and the base Giallo di Siena. The plan is octagonal, with
Cathedral, erected in 1899, was the first of the new werks in | angle niches containing figures of the four Evangelists, St.
marble intreduced by Cardinal Logue, and has scarcely been | Patrick, and St. Brigid. the canopies above these statues being
surpassed by any of the subsequent ones. The material is a groined and carved. The panels between the niches are filled
particularly choice and beautiful statuary marble of finest ' with tracery and inlaid marbles of a beautiful description.

present time much justification was not permitted to extend
to the elimination of the unfit. On the contrary, every effort
was in the direction of fostering the human failures, to the
deterioration of the standard of national vitality. The men-
tally and physically unfit were allowed perfect freedom to
breed broadcast, and it was quite within the range of possi-
bility that at no very distant datei the incapables in
public buildings would attain ۵ percentage of the popu-
lation beyond the maintenance efforts of the outside
workers.
science should be in this direction, so that the proper
breeding of the nation might receive equal attention to
' their housing, and the physical improvement of the masses

In his opinion, the preventive efforts of sanitary

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

JULY 29, 1904]

— —— ل‎ —— . — $e تا‎

The columns forming the base under the body of the pulpit
are got out in Portasanta Chiara Anticc. The material for
the main portion of the work as well as for the handrail of
the stairs is in statuary marble, while the portion under the
steps is got out in Brocatello Rossa di Verona. The canopy
of the pulpit is executed in wood and decorated in white
enamel and gold, the groining underneath being in blue with
gold stars, rays. etc. The design of the canopy is richly
treated with perforated cresting, pinnacles, and spires. The
two side screens at the crossing are executed in statuarv
marble to match the rood screen behind the high altar, and
consist of quatrefoil columns and moulded arches, having
gables with finials and open tracery between.

The organ has been practically rebuilt and made up-to-date might keep pace with the sanitary improvement of their

Sanitation should apply to the individual as

well as to his dwelling, and without doubt cleanliness would
materially tend to promote sobriety, the lack of which was
responsible for nearly the whole of the mental and physical
ills affecting the community.

一

THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY'S

NEW PREMISES.

HE KING, who was accompanied by the Queen and
Princess Victoria, on Friday opened the new hall and
offices of the Royal Horticultural Society which have

been: erected, at a cost. of about £40,000, in Vincent Square,
Westminster, to celebrate the centenary of the society. The
frontage to Vincent Square is 146ft., and the side frontage
to Bell Street, in all, about 122ft.

The buildings, erected from the designs of Mr. Edwin J.
Stubbs, 30, Craven Street, W.C., are faced with red bricks
and have dressings of Portland stone. .The central frontage
is occupied by a porch of Portland stone, forming the prin-
cipal entrance to the exhibition hall, flanked on either side
by the eutrances to the administrative portions upon the
upper storeys. The whole of the roof of the exhibition hall
is of glass supported by steel principals forming three centre
arches spanning the entire width of the hall, and surmounted
by a lantern for ventilation. A portion of the end of the
hall, next Bell Street, consista of a steel and glass screen 61ft.
in width. The glazing of the roof and screen end is of rough
cast plate glass upon Messrs. Heywood and Co.'s patent
system of glazing. The floors are laid with rift sawn pitch
pine blocks on Mr. Duffy's “ Acme " system. The walls are
decorated in ornamental plaster by Mr. J. M. Boekbinder
from the architect's designs, and the panelled dadoes and
Ealustrading are of oak. The warming of the exhibition hall
required serious consideration owing to the large expanse of
glass, and the system adopted after consultation with Messrs.
Handcock and Dykes. the advising engineers, provides for
warming the roof by means of low pressure steam pipes car-
nied across the roof principals and having upwards of 1,000
square feet cf radiating surface. The body of the hall is
warmed by means of fresh air drawn from outside through
ducts, and, after being filtered, washed, and warmed in heat-
ing chambers in the basement, propelled into the hall by
electric fans. In summer time these fans will deliver cool
washed air. The whole of the heating and ventilating has
been executed by Messrs. C. P. Kinnell and Co., of South-
wark Street, S.E. |

Storage for seating and other properties is provided in the
basement under the exhibition hall. The boiler house and
cloak-rooms are situated in the front portion of the basement.
Upcn the first floor is a lecture-room and three committee-
rooms. The second floor is reserved for the exclusive use of
the society, and is approached from the street by a separate
entrance and staircase, 1n connection with which an electric
passenger elevator is provided. Upon this floor are the
liLrary, council chamber. secretary's room, and two offices for
clerks. The library, where, in addition to the society's col-
lection, will be housed the famcus Lindlev Horticultural
Library, is 47ft. long, 231ft. wide, and 133ft. high, with
caved ceiling. Windows are arranged alomg the upper por-
tions or the side walls, and top lighting 1s provided in addi-
tion. The decorations are of oak and ornamental plaster.
The bockeases and furniture for this room have been sup-
plied by Messrs. Cowtan and Sons, cf Oxford Street, W. The
council chamber is 33ft. long, 231ft. wide, 134ft. high. Upon
this floor is provided accommodation for the hall keeper,
and a chamber for the electrical machinery of the elevator.
The whole o£ the administrative portion is lighted by incan-
descent electric light, gas being also laid on to every floor

In 1847 the!

in every respect by the original makers, Messrs. Telford and ' dwellings.

Telford. of Dublin.

— Y Y ÀMÀÀMM

THE SANITARY CONGRESS.

HE twenty-second Congress of the Sanitary Institute
was inaugurated at Glasgow on Monday evening, when
Lord Blythswood delivered his presidential address. The
inaugural meeting was preceded by a reception given by the
Lord Provost, Sir John Ure Primrose. Over one thousand
representatives of county and municipal authorities are
attending the Conference.
Lord Blythswood, in his inaugural address, said it was
now twenty-one years ago since the Conference last visited

Glasgow, and if anyone was present that night who attended |

the previous meeting there he must be struck by the in-
creased sanitary arrangements of the city.
death rate of Glasgow was 56 per 1,000. In 1893 the death
rate was 23 per 1,000, and in 1903, the last returns available,
the death rate of Glasgow had decreased to 18.4 per
1,000. This was a wonderful proof of what had been
done in Glasgow for the sanitary improvement of that
great city. That state of things was not peculiar to Glas-
gow. He hoped that Conference would consider the blotting
out of light by the smoke nuisance in our large towns.
There was nothing more vivifying, no better sanitary officer
than the sun itself. He was reading recently some reports
on the great smoke nuisance, and it would give them some
idea of what they threw into the atmosphere when he told
them that in Glasgow 33 cwt. of black mineral dirt and
grease per annum dropped on an acre of land. Did they
consider the evil that was wrought by this blotting out of
light? He knew the strain of any additional expense to the
mercantile community, and how difficult it was for them to
make both ends meet, but at the same time he believed that
if it were not for the conservatism of manufacturers it would
be possible to adopt some invention which would enable the
whole of the carbon to be burnt in the furnace, and-to purify
the smoke discharged into the atmosphere, and that without
incurring any great expense. It was a great problem, which
he trusted would be considered by the Conference, and that
something would be done to remove the heavy pall of smoke
which hung over our great cities.

The Congress began business on Tuesday morning at
Glasgow University, where three sections held largely
attended conferences. The conference of municipal repre-
sentatives was held in the examination hall, and brought
together a crowded audience. The President, Councillor W.
F. Anderson, of Glasgow, devoted his presidential address to
the appalling infantile mortality of large towns. Sir John
Ure Primrose read a paper on the smoke problem. He said
the intensification of fogs by the admixture of smoke
emiasions directly incited disease by absorbing from the rays
of the sun the blue, violet, and ultra-violet light which had
been discovered to be fatal to all bacterial life. Thus
public health was deteriorated. He did not like to preach
without practising, and for the past six mcnths he had been
experimenting with a new furnace, which absolutely anni-
hilated smoke, and had given an increased boiler duty of
50 per cent., and an economy in fuel of 17 percent. The
paper failed to provoke any discussion.

Mr. W. Weaver, Borough Engineer of Kensington, pre-
sided in the section for Municipal Engineers and Surveyors,
He said sanitary science covered a much wider area than the
suppression of nuisances. It embraced everything which tended
to the physical and mental improvement of the nation. The
great stumbling block in the way of real reform was the reli-
gious sentiment as to the sanctity of human life. At the

[JULY 29. 1904

A A AAA A تت‎ U شک نه تت‎
as

JOTTINGS

اسا «—- —

سے ا

Mn. Joun A. Stocks, architect, of Huddersfield, died last
Friday, aged fifty-three.

Tue General Purposes Committee of the Westminster City
Ccuncil reported at their last meeting that they had received
an application for permission to erect in Waterloo Place
between the Athenzum and the United Service Clubs, op-
posite the Guards Memorial, a memcrial to the officers and
men cf the Roval Artillery who feel in South Africa. The
memorial is to cost £6,009,

For some years there has been open to the public view at
the bottom of Southgate Street. Gloucester, a portion of
the old Roman wall which once ran round the city. It was
the only remaining portion above ground. This also is
now being removed to make way for a new building. Be-
neath this, says the Birmingham Post, is the bottom portion
of the old wall, which is composed of great slabs of even
granite in, perfect condition, and its foundations will soon
be buried. ۱

TRADE NOTES

Tur extensions to the Commercial Travellers’ Schools, Pinner.
are being warmed and ventilated by means of Shorland's
patent Manchester grates, those previously supplied having
proved very satisfactory. |

New oak vaulting has bcen erected in the tower lantern cf
Crewkerne Church. The work has been carried out by
Messrs. Harry Hems and Sons, of Exeter, from designs bv
Mr. Howard Gaye, of London.

= =< -- — =

AN admirable little pocket measure in the shape of a Jin.
steel tape with spring stop, 60in. long, in a neat leather case.
is supplied new by Messrs. J. Halden and Co. It is divided
one side in English measure, and on the other side in metre
measure. The fittings of the tape are electrum, and it ۶
well finished in every way. The price is only five shillings.
and it is a most useful and acceptable addition to the archi-
tect and survevor's outfit, |

Tue Leysian Mission building, which was opened by the
Princess of Wales the other day, is one of the finest speci-
mens of terra-cotta in the kingdom. The building has a
frontage of 185ft.. with a return of 63ft. at each end, making
a total frontage of 3111. and the central tower measures
110ft. high. The design is peculiarly adapted to the usc
of terra-cotta by the architects, Messrs. Bradshaw and Gass.
who have introduced a vast amount of effective ornament.
The terra-cotta work was carried out by Dennis, of Ruabon
(Ruabon Coal and Coke Co.. Ltd.), and furnishes one more
striking evidence of the admirable work this firm can turn
out, and of what can be executed in terra-cotta. The
Ruabon marls have long been famous for their beautiful red
colour when made into terra-cotta and bricks, and there are
no finer specimens than those bcaring the imprint of Dennis,
Ruabon. The manner jn which the ornamental work which
predominates throughout the building has been carried out
will be a lasting testimony both to the natural qualities of
the marl beds of Ruabon and the skill of the workmen there
emploved.

— چو‎ ee

Our readers should bear in mind that admirable material
called " Fab-ri-ko-na* when they are decorating. It is a
first-rate textile fabric, which has many advantages over wal
paper. Oneclaim for the productions styled Fab-ri-ko-na, by
the J. Spencer Turner Co. (13, Jewin Crescent, Lon-
don) is that by their use as a foundation on a cracked wall
or coiling we can insure a perfect and permanent decoration.

EN PAPER

CLIMATES.

92 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

for heating or lighting. The heating will be by means of
low pressure steam radiations in conjunction with open fire-
places. The joinery upon the upper storeys is of Austrian
oak, and the floors of pitch pine blocks. For the door fur-
niture and electroliers use has been made of hammered
“ Pewtal," a white non-tarnishable metal, supplied by “ Art
Fittings, Ltd." Victoria Street, S.W. The electrical in-
stallation has been carried out bv the National Electiic
Wiring Company, of Victoria Street, S.W. The buildines
are protected against lightning, upon the method already
installed by Mr. Killingworth Hedges at St. Paul's Cathe-
dral and Westminster Abbey, the whole of the metal work
on the roof being. connected by conductors, so that, should
any porticn be struck, the electricity will be led to the
ground to the patent earths provided.

مس — .0 —

BUILDING NEWS.

Tue Chatham Baths Committee have recommended that Mr.
G. E. Bond, architect, of High Street, Rochester, and Pier
Chambers, Chatham, be asked to prepare an estimate for
erecting baths. |

Tue Liddesdale District Committee have instructed Messrs.
A. Inglis and Sens, Hawick, te prepare fresh plans for an
infectious diseases hospital, a change having been made in
the site. It is proposed to erect a hospital cf six beds on a
site of nearly two acres. with a house fer nurses, etc.

Tur architects of the new hospital at Belhaven, Dunba:
N.B., opened last week, are Messrs. Mitchell and Wilson, c
Edinburgh. The building. which has cost £8,732, ۰
prises two pavilions, administrative block for the nurses
mortuary, etc. Each pavilion is divided into two wards.

THE foundation-stone of the extension of St. John’s Church.
The Meads, Eastbourne, was laid on Friday. Mr. A. R. G.
Fenning, F.R.I.B.A., 46, Lincoln's Inn Fields, W.C., is the
architect, the builders being Messrs. Dove Bros., of Isling-
` ton. The style is Decorative, and chalk flints (from Birling
Gap) and Bath stone dressings will be used ; the present
felt-covered roof will be covered with Bangor slates and
Keymer bricks used in the interior.

THE Penzance Town Council met last week to consider the
adoption of plans of the new hospital and widening of St.
Clare Street. Mr. H. Carne moved that the hospital autho-
rities be asked to set back the frontage from eight to ten
feet at the upper end and five feet at the lower end. The
Council would undoubtedly be prepared to pay for any land
which might be taken. Mr. Oliver Caldwell, the architect
of the new building, explained that they were under the
difficulty in the lower wing of being close under Mr. Couch's
land. They were sixteen feet from that, and he should feel
diffident in advising the committee to go back farther. They
were to keep their building back in a line with the lower
line of frontage. They did not intend to bring out the new
building to the present line of frontage. Those connected
with the hospital did not think there was any necessity for
a footpath on that side of the street. They had set back
their building five feet for 88ft.. Mr. J. B. Cornish, secre-
tary of the hospital, said if they had plenty of space he might
then, on behalf of the committee, willingly give up the land.
Sixtecn feet was not a verv big space between the road and
the building. Mr. Bennetts thought if they defined a line
they should also define a price for the land. Mr. Caldwell
mentioned that the average price paid for land for street
improvement in Penzance was 14s. per foot, and the land
the Hospital Committee were asked to give up amounted
to 1,160ft. It was eventually agreed to define a line cf
frontage as suggested. and make a recommendation accord-
ingly to the Council.

WILLESI

ملا

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN 2-217

See next Issue.

Used by leading Architects.
WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS, LD., WILLESDEN JUNCTION, LONDON,

The best Underlining on the Market.

—

|
31
|

—

tion of detail instead of there being made some serious
effort towards new and improved outlines and modelling.
Then how seldom one sees a good dinner service? Or, to
come to landscape gardening, where will the architect find
pleasing vases, tazzas, pedestals, copings, etc., which are not
merely copies of old examples? In this age of gardening
developments one cannot but wonder that teachers do not
direct students' efforts towards the better design of common
objects of everyday use which are so conspicuously lacking
in invention and artistic result. There is a most. interesting
exhibition just now at Mr. Montague Fordham's gallery in
Maddox Street, which indicates something of the wide possi-
bilities for improvement in metal work and glass. We
never meet with a really first-rate wall drinking-fountain
which might be manufactured at ome of our great faience
works. As for the homely teapot, where does one ever meet
with a new and good design applied to the cheaper sorts of
ware which the average person may break without financial
disaster? In furniture, metal-work, pottery, fabrics, eto., we
want more vitality, and where. can we look for it more
naturally than to our great school of art system? From
these schools, with their splendid opportunities, one might
surely stimulate all these artistic industries into a living and
beautiful art if one could only get the right direction. Of
the artistic sense we can hardly feel there is a lack when we
look round these annual exhibitions at South Kensington.

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

| T is said that the King has inspected plans of a new opera
house proposed to be erected on the vacant land where
the recent terrible temporary (and fortunately tempo-
rary) iron buildings of the Salvation Army stood. It would
seem a. happy chance if an opera house of good design occu-
pied the extreme east wing of the island of which the
Gaiety Theatre occupies the west wing. Better stil it

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 5, 1904]

The British Architect. |

- وس وت و سے يرت m‏ —

LONDON: FRIDAY, AUGUST 5, 1904.

eo Se
س‎

———n KIMw— 4‏ — ماب — — -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 E‏ - أن سے
پا کسوس مرج T — m.‏ شت مس تا د I‏ ام un‏

SCHOOLS OF ART EXHIBITION.

N the work of the students of the Royal College of Art in

] Block C of the iron buildings at South Kensington, may
be found much encouragement for the hope that the
genuine love of architectural work amongst students will be
backed up by some genuine gift for doing something origi-
nal. There is evidently a good appreciation of style and a
certainty in the production of nice refined detail to be counted
upon. The applicaticn of feeling and knowledge to the evo-
lution of well-proportioned and original design. is what one
looks for and what seems so hard to find. The designs for
a vaulted Gothic church indicate nothing but. careful study.
The designs for a church for a hot climate are more success-
ful and have a nice feeling for propottion and effect, notably
in those by James R. Shea, T. C. Derrick. and Edward Healey.
The school buildings, roadside inn, and cottages are all
rather disappointing. The almshouses are better, but are
too much on lines of strict precedent, and this makes one
doubtful whether such a design as that bv T. Smith owes
its good proportion chiefly to mere copyism. One or two of
the fountain designs are pleasing, but we always wonder
why in such a subject, where fancy might have free play, the
results are so poor. The hall and staircase decoration de-
signs are almost uniformly excellent, but not vastly interest-
ing. The fine full-sized cartoons of Greek and Gothic details
are admirable and are worth noting. The colour and other
studies by H. Morley, made whilst a travelling student in
Italy, show very considerable artistic feeling. Too much

° praise could hardly be given to the drawings and details of | would be if Mr. Shaw were to have the control of the design,

= an

vom ٢ Bayenr Cathedral.”

ہے۔ >

(Geo, Bell and Sons.)

— ر سے سے وا

All Hallows’, Lombard Street, made in. 1903, when it was
threatened with destruction. The full sizes bv Arthur Kidd
are most excellent. An interesting exhibition is made of
lunette decorations of various subjects. Of these the best two
are the presentation of the roll cf fame to the Lord Provost

of Edinburgh, by W. Grant Murray. which is mfined in |

colour as well as broad and telling in design : and the meet-
ing of the Cavaliers and Ronndheads at Skipton Castle, bv
A. R. Smith, which is also verv pleasing, though not coming
up to the dramatic effect of 1ts sketch design.

In a gallery of the Indian department at the Imperial
Institute are the selected examples af schools of art produc-
tions. One of the pleasantest items cf the architectural work
is the collection of drawings bv J. Harcld Gibbons (Caven-
dish Street School, Manchester). His sketches and draw-
ings of old work are characterised by genuine feeling, and
his design for a painted rood screen for a Gothic church is
very clever. If we take exception to this design, it is in
regard to the proportions cf the lower part, for there is not
enough feeling of support: and strength in the building up of
the lower part in proportion to the weight and bulk above.
Some of the designs for crescent. bridges and pavilions have
evidentlv done duty before, but. thev seem successful at South
Kensington, so whv should they not be sent? A clever
(rather too clever) Gothie bridge design bv Robert Atkinson
(Nottingham) secures a silver medal. Either there is very
good direction at the New Cross School or else exceptionally
clever students are attracted there. The design for a chan-
cel screen by Dorothy M. Snow (New Cross) has much to
commend it in its architectural lines and general treatment
without partaking the flavour of any particular style. Mary
Shaw (Cavendish Street, Manchester) has some clever de-
signs in copper and enamel. The lectern design by Grace
M. King (New Cress) has some distinct. merit which, with
little alteration. might be greatly increased.

There is always some promising work to he seen in the
way of decorative designs. especially for fabrics for wall deco-
ration. But we alwavs feel that pottery design is lacking
in stvle and “go.” The celcurs chosen for the faience are
also too often in a cold dark green, which is not attractive.
There is a great field for good endeavour in pottery design.
There are hardly anv really first-rate toilette servicos on the

market. and surely such a subject offers a good object. for :
work amongst students. who would find a profitable and in- :

teresting output for their powers in some improved direction |

for our pottery industries. Too much is left to the elabora.

4 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [AUGUST 5, 1904

seems to have proposed it in all good faith for Kingsteignton.
There are others who think it may even run to £1.500. We
shall not be surprised if in either case there is a competition
of designs.

so that it might bcth balance, and harmonise with. the
Gaiety frontages. That the island sites should be devoted to
public buildings of some sort would probably be desirable in
the interests of architecture, but there is unfortunately too
much in the nature of chance about these matters. Never
in a citys history has so many good opportunities been
thrown away as in London. The Thames Embankment,
which, if it had been used as the site for Mr. Street 3 pic-
turesque law courts and for a naticnal opera house, would
have presented one of the most striking architectural pic-
tures in the world, is now only redeemed from the common-
place by Somerset House. and it is the terror of buildings
which is chiefly exemplified in the hotels, stations, and
schools which line its borders. The region of Ludgate Hill
and St. Paul’s Churchyard afforded one of the finest chances
in modern times for the architect, and now it is all done
with and speilt. St. Paul's stands in solitary dignity, as if
to point: with scorn to modern architects. Northumberland
Avenue is the home of mediocrity, unclothed. as mediocrity
is in Paris, with grace or beauty of detail. Charing Cross
Road and Shaftesbury Avenue are amongst the saddest ex-
hibitions of architectural incompetence in the world.
Highly placed, but misguided, opinion is militating against
the grandeur of the Buckingham Palace and Mall improve
ments. And the irony of it all is that most people attri-
bute the results to the lack of architectural ability! It is
really sad when ore realises the great capacity of certain
men we could name who have knocked loudly at the portals
of fame in the vain expectation of being heard. |

Tuz Chantry Trust Committee have concluded their hearing
of witnesses and will now consider their report. 1

Mr. FREDERICK GooDALL, R.A., died last Friday at his Hamp
stead residence. He was born in 1822. His first picture
accepted and hung at the Academy dates back to 1839.

Mr. Frank M. Kent, F.R.I.B.A, of Sheffield, has been
shot by a native servant in Pietermaritzburg, Natal.

We regret to hear of the death of Mr. W. E. Mitchell. of the
firm of Messrs. Mitchell, Son and Gutteridge, architects, 9.
Portland Street, Southampton. Mr. Mitchell, who had been
an invalid since October, was in his forty-fifth year. |

At the Burnham Urban Council meeting last week,
among the plans which the surveyor recommended for con-
firmation was one which provided for a cesspool nearer to
the house than the distance prescribed by the by-laws.
Mr. Woodhouse thought they ought to have an expert
opinion as to whether low-lying land was fit to be built
upon; and Mr. Weedcn said that although the surveyor
undoubtedly did the best he could for them, they needed a
qualified man. The surveyor said he did not think he had
shown himself incapable. The cesspool was farther away
from the house than many which the council had passed.
At his predecessor's suggestion cesspools were put much
nearer the house, and in front instead of at the back, as in
the present case, On the motion of the Rev. C. D. Gooding,
the plan was rejected as not being in conformity with the

by-laws.

Tue Opera House in the Strand will be ready for occupation
in about two years time, says the Daily Chronicle. This
state of affairs is brought about bv the fact that the Duke of
Bedford desires to pull down Covent Garden Theatre in order
to erect on the site buildings suitable for the extension of
" mud-salad " market. A twenty-one years' lease of the new
Waldorf Theatre now being built on Aldwych for Mr. E.
G. Saunders, has been acquired by the Messrs. Schubert, the
American theatrical firm. The house will be opened next
March or April, Mr. W. G. R. Sprague being the architect.

AT last week's meeting of the Essex Education Committee,
held at Liverpool Street Hotel, E.C., a special sub-com-
mittee, appointed to consider the duties and emoluments of
the county architect in relation to the Education Com-
mittee’s work, reported as follows :—“It is recommended
that the Education Committee request the County Council
to appoint Mr. Whitmore as county architect to give his
whole time to the work of the Standing Joint Committee,
the County Council, and the Education Committee, at a
salary of 4700 a-year, with travelling expenses, staff
and office accommodation to be provided by the county,
it being understood that the Education Committee is
at liberty at any time to employ other architecte for .
special purposes if they think fit." Mr. H. E. Brooks
said Mr. Whitmore already received .£500 as county archi-
tect. Mr. Russell proposed that the matter be referred
back. It was absolutely impossible, he said, for one man to
cover all the ground. Mr. Lilley seconded. Mr. Goodchild
said it was one of the most business-like resolutions ever
brought before this committee. Mr. West said a salary of
£200 was absurd if it was to include all the architectural
work of the county in respect of schools. He agreed, how-
ever, with the principle of having a '' reference" architect
for the purpose of advising the committee. Mr. P.
Griggs said with the present system the committee would
always find itself in a muddle. Mr. Gardner said the local
districts had to pay three-quarters of the expenses. Ought
not they to have some vuice in the selection? The matter
was referred back to the committee.

We give two illustrations from the interesting handbook to
Bayeux Cathedral and neighbouring churches. just issued by
Messrs. George Bell and Sons, to which we referred in a
recent issue. The transept view cf Bayeux illustrates
“how not to do it” as regards the central tower. The
earliest pcrtion rising a little above the nave and transept
ridges was crowned by an octagonal lantern of somewhat
rich and later character, and after the Renaissance design of
the cupola disappeared the present stilted Gothic cupola and
spirelet was adopted to complete the general weakness of
effect, The simple and sturdy proportions of Oustrieham
Church afford a striking contrast.

WHAT sounds a very tempting property is in the market now,
namely, a country estate containing a camp of the Early
Britons, at Basingstoke. It is supposed to date even further
back than Stonehenge, which has been estimated at more
than 3,700 years old. Horns, teeth, bones, burnt earth, and
fragments of ancient British property have been found at
this Winklebury Camp, and the opinion of experts was that
the teeth and horns belonged to the Celtic shoithorns cf the
late centuries of the Neolithic Period. The Roman rcad
made by Julius Cesar passed Winklebury, and the history of
Basingstoke by Bargent and Millard refers to Winklebury
Camp in connecticn with the time of Alfred the Great.
Basing House was three miles from Winklebury Camp. which
was occupied by Cromwell's soldiers when they besieged and
destroyed Basing House in 1645. It is suggested that
Winklebury was a fortified place used as a protection to
Basingstcke. No doubt the prcperty may be counted
amongst the most interesting ever offered for sale in Eng-
land. The Winklebury and Gravel Mead Estates comprise
close on 200 acres. The house known as Winklebury stands
within 215 acres of park land. which includes the ancient
camp above referred to. Tt is situated on chalk subsoil 400ft.
above sea-level, and commands delightful views. The house,
grounds and adjoining lands appear to be a very attractive

property.

WITH regard to the old building at No. 17, Fleet Street,
E.C., variously known as the Palace of Henry VIII. and
Wolsey's Palace, the arrangements made for restoring it to
its original appearance threaten to miscarry, says the Vew-
castle Chronicle. The County Council is willing to do the
work and pay the cost, but the City Corporation
and the Benchers of the Middle Temple between
them are preventing anything being done, and the
negotiations seem to have got into a tangle. The Corpora
tion claims the subsoil beneath the lower part of the build-
ing, which is to be set back to widen the street, and 1s 1n-
sisting on onerous terms for its enfranchisement, while the

A Town HarL for £600 is not a large order, but somebody

The report of the Baths Committee states that

compete for the new scheme, and had selected the design of
Messrs. Wills and Anderson as being the one best adapted
for their purposes. They recommended that the quantitv

surveyor report as to whether, in his opinion, the design of
these architects can be carried out for the sum specified in

the requirements of the Council. The committee had also

obtained information as to the cost of a second swimming-

bath, Turkish bath, water supply, electric light, and super-
intendent's house, aud recommended that the quantity
surveyor «also report on the prices for these extras, as
planned by Messrs. Wills and Anderson ; further,
that Mr. F. H. A, Hardcastle be appointed quantity
surveyor in connection with the construction of the
baths, subject to hie terms not exceeding 15s. per
cent, and that these reports be furnished by the quamtity
surveyor by September 14, and that when received they
be sent to the Baths Committee for report to the Council
at the meeting on September 23. This was agreed to.
At the same meeting the Town Hall Extension Committee
recommended that Mr. Leonard Stokes be appointed the

"
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ag

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اه

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754 ہب‎
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Oustrieham Churoh, from ** Bayeux Cathedral.”
(Geo. Bell and Sons.)

architect for the scheme of town hall extensions, and that if
his plans be adopted, they be subject to the following alter-
ations of detail: (a) that a new council chanıber be not
provided ; )۵( that the public health department be pro-
vided accommodation on the first floor, instead of in the
basement ; (c) that the hall-keeper’s apartments be removed
from the basement, if practicable. By the casting vote of
the mayor this was agreed to, and Mr. A. G. Cross was
appointed quantity surveyor in connection with the exten-
sion of the town hall, subject to his terms not exceeding
158. per cent. It was intimated that the quantity surveyor
would be requested to present his reports in time for the
first meeting of the Council after the recess.

AT Tuesday's meeting of the Worthing Town Council, the
mayor moved the confirmation of the proceedings of the
Council in Committee. At this meeting the draft instruc-
tions and conditions under which the competitive plans of
the proposed new library and technical schools are to be
received and dealt with were finally settled ; also the list of
architects who are to be invited to furnish plans. It was
proposed that the buildings fronting to Chapel Road shall
be set back 20ft, so as to range with St. Paul's Church,
and those fronting to Richmond Road 15ft. Alderman
Cortis suggested that the Special New Public Library Com-
mittee should consider the advisability of placing the new
buildings further back from the Chapel Road frontage than
20ft., and an amendment to this effect was seconded by

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

mittee.
they had carefully considered the designs for new baths sub-
mitted by the four architecte asked by tbe Council to

AUGUST 5, 1904]

legal gentry want a special arrangement with reference to
the entrance to Middle Temple Lane, and, as neither the one
nor the other will give way, the old building seems likely to
tumble down before it can be restored.

Tue British Fire Prevention Committee, on the 28th ult.,
had a series of testing operations on their Porchester Road
testing ground, which were attended by Major-General
Festing, on behalf of the Council, and several members of
the Executive, together with a number of public officials from
the Government Departments, the L.C.C. and other corpo-
rate bodies, the insurance companies and the Fire Service.
The first test was with a plastic partition under 2Jin. thick,
constructed by Messrs. Knechtel. The fire was of an hout
and a half's duration, the temperature reaching 1800deg.
Fahr. and water being applied for two minutes. This was
a test for the " partially protective " class under the new
international standards of fire tests. Another test was
with a partition three inches thick, constructed of a pumice
product by Messrs. Cullum. The fire was for a period of two
hours at temperatures reaching up to 2000deg. Fahr., fol-
lowed by the application of water. This was also for the
“partially protective” class, under the new international
standards, the extra thickness over 24in. being met by the
additional time during which the partition was subjected to
the test. To attain the "fully protective" class a partition
must be under test for two hours and a half if under 24in.
in thickness, or four hours under test if over that thickness.

AT last week's meeting of the Westminster City Council, the
General Purposes Committee reported that they had re-
ceived a letter from Colonel H. Murray-Graham, late R.A.,
and hon. secretary of the Royal Artillery South African
Memorial Committee, stating that it was proposed to erect
in Waterloo Place, between the Atheneum and United Ser-
vice clubs, opposite the Guards' memorial, a memorial to the
officers and men of the Royal Artillery who fell in South
Africa, and asking for the consent of the Council to the
. erection of the memorial subject to the approval of the Com-
missioners of Woods and Forests and the Commissioners of
Works and Public Buildings. The design of the memorial
would be subject to the approval of the City Council. The
committee informed Colonel Murray-Graham that they ap
proved of the principle cf the proposal, but before they could
recommend the Council to give their consent to the ereotion
of the proposed memorial they should require information as
to the exact position on which it was proposed to erect the
memorial, the area to be covered, and the height. In answer
to their inquiries, Colonel Murray-Graham had stated that it
was proposed to place the memorial opposite the -Guards
Crimean memorial at a corresponding distance from. the road-
way of the south side of Pall Mall, and that the cost of the
memorial would exoeed £6,000, which sum had already been
subscribed. He also stated that the memorial had been
specially designed for the proposed site. The dimensions of
the memorial would be: —Base, extremes, 21.5ft. by 17.5ft. ;
height, extreme, 36ft. In these circumstances the commit-
tee recommended the Council to give their consent to the
erection of the proposed memorial on the site named. The
recommendation was adopted without discussion.

Tue Bournemouth Corporation are considering a proposal
to acquire the Belle Vue Hotel and adjoining property near
the pier for the purpose of erecting a kursaal on the site.
At Tuesday's meetiog a suggestion that £65,000 should be
offered for the property was rejected by one vote, and on a
proposed offer of .£60,000 (or an annual equivalent for a
lease) the voting was equal. The mayor declined to give a

casting vote.
— مسسلےھےے۔‎

COMPETITIONS.

HE Chelsea Town Hall Extension and Baths Competition
has been settled. The town hall extension goes to Mr.
Leonard Stokes, and the new baths buildings on the

contiguous site are given to Mesers. Wills and Anderson, ot
4, Adam Street, Adelphi, who have thus secured poetical jus-
tice, and something more, in having won a competition for
the same subject twice over, the important difference being
that the first time they won it on the award of Mr. Norman
Shaw, R.A., and the second time on the award of the com-

consisting of equal parts of the material of which the bricks `

96 ۱ THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [AVGUST 5, 1904
بر اس ار ی‎ ee

the successful architect was a former chairman of the Coun-
cil. The cost was limited tc £3.000. and the site was con-
siderably below the road, hence the causeway and cheapening
of the building by saving foundations. The other designs
all built up to the level. This design was cubed up at 8d.
pe: foot, which left £700 for laying-out and walls and archi-
tects fees.

Alderman Fraser. Councillor White, however, pointed out
that if they went back further than 20ft. they would be
wasting valuable land, and that other considerations, such
as interference with ancient lights, might also arise. On
: show of hands the amendment was lost, only three voting
or it. |

.` و تسس ——

IN the competition for new buildings, Uxbridge Union, the
RESISTING FIRE AND WATER.

committee of the Competition Reform Society is endeavour-
ing to obtain a revision of the conditions. The objections
are :一 The Guardians do not bind themselves to accept any
design, or to appoint a professional assessor, and yo pre-
miums are offered.

YN the 21st of last month we witnessed a fire test of the
new partition blocks invented and made by the Hemp.
stead Patent Brick Company, of Hemel Hempstead,

ITerts, and 77, Queen Victoria Street, E.C., and the resulta
were 80 surprising and of such tremendous importance that
we give a somewhat detailed description and two illustra.
cions. No. 1 shows the partition before the test and No. 2
afterwards. These are reproduced from actual photographs.

THIRTY-THREE designs were submitted in the Ossett Town
Hall competition. Mr. Jobn Kirk, the assessor, recom-
mended the designs of Messrs. W. Hanstock and Sons,
Batley and Leeds, which have been accepted by the Town
Council. The building is to cost £12,000, exclusive of the
site (£5,560), and will be erected in the Market Place.

AT Friday's meeting of the Tipton District Council, the
plan of Mr. J. Perry, Tipton, for a library to be erected on
land adjoining Victoria Park, was selected, the estimated
cost of which was £3,305. The building will comprise
lending library in a central position, a large general reading
room, reference library, spacious committee room, and care-
taker’s quarters. In regard to the proposed public library
at Toll End, the clerk was instructed to request Mr.
Wenyon, architect, Great Bridge, to meet the ward members
for the purpose of deciding upon a site.

ike 7 SZ
Br.

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THE first premium in the Ashton Library Competition has
been awarded to Messrs. J. B. and W. Thornley, of Wigan
and Ashton-in-Makerfield ; the second to Mr. F. W. Holden,
of Manchester; the third to.-Messrs. Halsall, Tongue, and
Campbell, of Southport; while Messrs. Heywood and
Harrison, of Accrington, and Mr. C. S, Beeston, of Ormskirk,
are bracketed for tbe fourth place.

J-inch partition before the test.

The Hempstead Company make fixing bricks, hollow
bricks and partition blocks, fire and sound proof to a
remarkable «degree. They may be sawn or tooled as
required, and both receive and hold nails and screws 8
well as wood does.

These resulta arise specially from two things in the manu-
facture—the clay peculiar to the district, with which is
mixed in certain regular proportions hardwood sawdust
before it reaches the pug-mill.

Subsequent moulding and drying make the bricks resdy
for the kilns, where the process of burning destroys the saw-
dust, and leaves the finished article with numberless cellular
spaces uniformly distributed throughout. The bricks are
not much more than half the weight of ordinary ones. The
tests were carried out in two brick kilns at the Companys
Redbourn Road Works. In No. 1 two fireproof block par-
titions were built, one 43 in. thick, the other 3 in, both
11 ft. long and 7 ft. 9 in. high. The 9 in. space between
them practically formed the flue. In No. 2 the conditions
were similar, except that the partitions were thinner, being
24 in. and 2 in. thick. The joints were made of a mortar

As the result of a new competition amongst local architects
for a new school at Oldham on the Clarksfield Road site,
which has been adjudicated on by Mr. E. R. Robson. Mr.
Harold Cheetham takes the first place, Mr. Arthur Turner
is second, and Mr. Charles T. Taylor third.

Mr. E. G. Pace, A.R.LB.A., of Warwick Court, Gray's Inn,
has been placed first in the Bridgwater Library competi-
tion by the referee, Mr. Sidney R. J. Smith. F.R.I.B.A.

THE war memorial for St. Paul's School. Hammersmith, was
the subject of competition amongst old Paulines, and,
amongst the half-dozen schemes submitted, that by Mr. F.
S. Chesterton, of Cheapside, has been adopted.

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

are made and Portland cement.

Furnaces at each end, 4 ft., with fire bare 3 ft. 6 in. long
were used, and the fuel employed was coal. The fires,
we understand, were lighted at 8 a.m., and in kiln
No. 1 were kept at full heat from 10 a.m. to 7.49 p.m.
About 5.45 p.m. cold water from a hose was directed upon
the fires, and the thicker of the two partitions, in kiln No. 2.
Constant readings throughout the day were taken at five-
minute intervals by Mr. H. Brandon-White, M.I.E.E., and
his assistant, by means of four of the electrical pyrometers
invented by Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, and made tci :

RAR TE š Messrs. J. Pitkin & Co., of 56, Red Lion Street, Clerken-
. PRSE سو‎ ee Qo 2 — pas well, E.C. Shortly after 5 p.m. the temperatures recorde
Design by Tuomas MUIRHEAD, F.R.LB.A, Architect, were 2,100 degs. F. between the partitions in kiln No. ] and
| Manchester. 1,800 degs. F. in kiln No. 2. Before the end of the test the
Tuis well-designed scheme was submitted in the recent com- truly astonishing result was obtained in kiln No. 1 that the
petition. 1ne result was arrived at by the Council in five days | partitions were subjected for more than two hours to a S N
after receipt of the plans! We understand the first three | test exceeding 2,000 dege. F. without bulging or ۵ ;
designs cubed up at 63d. and 6d. per foot. The competition | injury, the few slight cracks showing closing again on is
was limited to local qualifications, and the design we publish | traction. The only effect produced by the cold water wa
was unplaced among eight or ten others. It is stated that |to hasten this contraction.

STUDIES OF VENICE.

CONVALESCENT HOMES, DUNOON.
SALMON AND SON AND GILLESPIE, Architects.
AN addition has lately been. made to these homes in the shape
of the clock tower shown in our view. The tower is being
built to commemorate the late Preceptor Macdonald, of Glas-
gow, who took a lifelong interest in the homes. The clock
was presented by Sir James King. Bart.

一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 ~ _ ات‎
— —Ó—M— 1 9 ہے‎

ETA

| and Mr. J. E. Willox, the following resolution was adopted : —
¡“That this meeting is of opinion that the whole question of
¡ water supplies demands investigation by a Roval Commission
appointed specially to deal with the subject. and recommend
١ the Council of the Sanitary Institute that representations be

| made to the Government accordingly."
A conference of sanitary inspectors was held in the Greek

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 5, 1904]

We believe that we are correct in stating that no other

known fire-resisting building brick or block, has withstood,
or will withstand, such a test as this. Cast iron was melted
like glass. We are told that this new material is being
used at the Gaiety Restaurant, and has been adopted by
the L.C.C. E

The Hemel Hempstead works are thoroughly up-to-date,

have their own private siding on the Midland Railway, have | Classroom.

Mr. T. F. Strutt, City of Westminster, presided, and in
an address said that the unjust conditions under which sani-
tary inspectors held their appointments were a standing
menace to public health. How could a sanitary inspector be
expected to do his duty fearlessly when the council which
employed him was, as was commonly the case, composed cf
tradesmen, slum-property owners, house farmers, the jerry-
builders, and their friends? So long as he did not molest ۶۴
. vested interests of his employers he might probably hold his
appointment in security, but let him prosecute any of his
: employers for adulteration, or discover defects in the drain-
age of slum-owners' property, and he was at oncé a marked
man. What sane man would approve of placing the police of
the United Kingdom under the jurisdiction of the criminal
classes. and giving them the right of appointing as well as
powers of summary dismissal of any policeman of whom they ۰
did not approve? Yet such a state of things was practically
In the interests
of the public he asked for fixitv of tenure for these officers.

Mr. J. H. Clarke read a paper on the “ Consolidation and
Amendment of the Public Health Acts.” A new Public
Health Act, embracing the Public Health Amendment Act.
1890, the Housing the Working Classes Acts, the Factory
and Workshop Acts, the Public Health (Water) Act, the In-
fectious Diseases Acts, and the amendments thereto, with
certain readjustments and additional provisions, was a much-
needed legislative reform. He had some hope. however, that
their legislators, actuated by increasing enlightenment in
sanitary scieuce, would in the near future place at their dis-
posal one common Act, embracing a uniform code of by-laws,
applicable to all sanitary districts. and placing at its head a
Minister of Public Health with a seat in the Cabinet.

—— 11

STANDARDS OF VENTILATION.

N the ever-important subject of ventilation Dr. Scott
Haldane had something to say,at the British Medical
Association meeting at Oxford last week. So far as

poisonous gases were concerned, he said, the remedy was to be
sought rather by taking away the harmful quality in the air
than by increasing the quantity of air from outside. Poisonous
gases seldom produce an appreciable increase in the death
rate, and it was unnecessary to consider them in connection
with general legislation. Of all impurities in the air none
produced so many evil effects as dust, particularly dust from
the disintegration of hard stone and steel. Persons subject
to this dust rapidly became liable to lung disease, and deaths :
from phthisis were in great excess in the case of persons
subject to it. |

On behalf of the Home Office, he had been engaged !ately
in studying the cases of persons who inhaled stone dust in
their work in Cornwall. Water jets had not been used in
Cornwall or in the Transvaal until quite recently. ٥
result of this neglect of a preventive was that men engaged
in rock drilling in Cornwall and South Africa had died from
lung disease at a great rate. Of forty-seven men who had
worked boring machines in the Transvaal all except one
died from lung disease. The prevention of the evil effects
produced by poisonous gases could be brought about far
more effectively by other means than by increased ventila-
tion, while the use of a gentle spray of water was found to
be the best means for the prevention of dust inhalation.
Dust in factories should be dealt with at the point of origin.
Where this was neglected no amount of ventilation would
remedy the evil.

Coming to the need of ventilation in ordinary rooms, Dr.
Haldane said it was particularly in elementary schools that
vitiation occurred. Experience threw much doubt on the
theory that air impurities ordinarily had a great effect on
health. The chief cause of disease was infection from a
diseased person who emitted bacteria from the air passages.
One could duly account for the relative freedom of school.
masters from phthisis by the fact that children were very
little subject to the disease, On the other hand, publicans

| paralleled in the case of sanitary inspectors.

recently doubled their plant, and can now turn out over
500 yards super of partition blocks per diem. The company
owns 36 acres of land, some 20 acres of which contain the
special clay used. The exact depth available is not known,
but i8 considerable,

3-inch partition after the test.

The hollow bricks are made in five sizes, from 9 in. by
41 in. by 23 in. to 9 in. by 44 in. by 4) in., ranging in
weight per 1,000, from 32 cwt. to 60 cwt. Also extra
strong ones of the same sizes, weighing from 33 cwt. to
62 cwt., per 1,000.

The fixing bricks are 9 in. by 44 in. by 2$ in., or 9 in. by
41 in. by 3 in., and weigh respectively 331 cwt. and 40 ٠
per 1,000.

The hollow partition blocks are of two classes, (a) six
sizes, from 12 in. by 6 in. by 2 in. to 12 in. by 6 in. by 41 in.,
and weighing per yard super from 94 lb. to 195 لا‎ and
(5) also six sizes, ranging from 12 in. by 9 in. by 2 in. to 12 in.
by 9 in. by 43 in. and weighing from 90 lb. to 192 Ib. per
yard super. All have dovetail grooves on beds and on
faces, forming an excellent key for plaster; even without
this the surface is of so porous and rough a character, that
although an additional security, it scarcely seems necessary.

The clay is said to contain Ganister or similar sand, and
the only perceptible change after the test was that the red
. blocks had been burnt blue in places.

We strongly advise all interested in fireproof construction
to investigate the unique qualities of this simple but invalu-
able invention.

——— AY —

THE SANITARY INSTITUTE CONFERENCE
AT GLASGOW.

HE Engineering and Architectural section of the Con-
gress meti on the 27th ult. Professor Henry Robertson
delivered the presidential address. He said that those

who had to advise in regard to work which affected the health
of the community had a responsibility which should never be
lost sight of. If their functions were faithfully and skilfully
discharged there would result an improvement in the
hygienic conditions of our centres of population, with the con-
sequent increase of health and happiness in many homes.
Mr. James R. Kay, M.B., D.P.H., read a paper on “ Super-
visory Control of Water Supplies `; and thereafter Mr.
Gilbert Thomson, M.A., read a paper on “ Domestic Sanitary
Engineering in the West of Scotland.” Our present position
might be briefly described, he said, by saying that a first-class
system of house drainage was now made of iron almost
throughout. The old notion of substantial and comfortable-
looking woodwork had given place to the new cne of imper-
vious and non-absorbent construction, when everything must
be done to the satisfaction of the sanitary inspector. Follow-
ing upon papers read by Mr. John Shanks, Dr. John Reid,

مت a‏ زر

_lAucusr s, 1904 -

98 ۱ THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

ern‏ تد لام کا د لا د ات DEE e‏ ورو ہا اہ ووغه ووو مه y‏ کال سه نا وک فر دخ سم سس ما په پو ده 3 ےہ کو د جعہ جج کت
UI ure‏ ےچ VU II A‏ ټون مامت بي I U‏ ہس __ q‏

were frequent victims of phthisis. This was owing to the direct your attention have neither the key, the screw, the
fact that public-houses were crowded with persons of an age crank, nor the pinion movement, and have been designed in

laccordance with hygienic principles. I met with them

while touring around Continental schools some two years
ago, when they struck me as being a great advance on any-
thing I had previously seen. I inquired into their history
and discovered that they had been invented by M. Mauchain,
of Geneva, and that a Special Commission of School Hygiene
appointed by the Swiss Government—who give a great deal
of attention to the subject of schocl hygiene--had, after re-
jecting all key, screw, and pinion movement, selected these
desks and adopted them as the official patterns. At the
Paris Exhibition of 1900, in the Hygienic School Furniture
Scction, they gained the only gold medal, in competition
with Continental and American " hygienic " desks. Speci-
mens of the dcsks were imported by tne West Riding County
Council shortly after my return to England, and since then,
under the direction and guidance of Miss Alice Ravenhill,
the firm of Illingworth, Ingham and Co., of Leeds, have
been making experiments with a view to improving the
desks and to producing seats which may be as satisfactory as
is the movement of the desks—that is to say, we are in search
of a series of desks and seats for Elementary, Secondary,
and Technical School purposes which are readily adjustable
for the use.cf children and adults.

As regards experiment and improvement, the desks only
have thus far received attention, and they are considered
to be now fast approaching the satisfactory stage; the seats,
however, are not regarded as nearly satisfactory as yet. The
first series of experiments are in progress, under the direction
of Miss Ravenhill, and it is hoped, quite soon now, to greatly
improve the seats. The movement of the desks is, I think,
satisfactory. It is so simple that it cam be easily mani
pulated by a child, and this without danger. Further, I
have seen desks that. had been in use for ten. years, showing
but slight signs of wear. The movement, therefore, is strong,
and the desks maintain their rigidity. Examining the
desks in detail, one can notice a number of interesting points.
Turning to the Kindergarten desk, you notice that the child
can work at it sitting and standing. that it gives the natural
angle for the eve for reading. and that whilst reading the
hcad may be easily held up and the back kept straight, also
taat the top, turning upon its hinges, the underside answers
the purpose of a blackboard on which the little ones may
practice in large-hand their first steps in writing and draw-
ing. a left arm support being provided so that the correct
position may be maintained without strain. Instead, how-

ever, of the underside being black, it is coloured a deep

brown, which is better for the eyes. The Elementary School
dual desk is so adjustable that the children can work at it
sitting. with the desk quite flat, or standing. with the desk
also quite flat. at its greatest vertical height when necessary,
and it can be fixed quite flat at any intermediate height; in
addition the slope of the top of the desk can readily be given
any angle with the extreme limits of height. The Secondary
School single desk has the same simple means for obtaining
a variety of adjustment, and I may perhaps here venture the
opinion that all schools should really be furnished with
single desks and seats to ensure that each scholar may get
the adjustment that exact] y fits his or her body. No matter
how carefully one selects the pairs of children for dual desks.
it is almost impossible to find facsimile pairs. At the best
one can only average matters as regards adjustment with
dual desks, but even this is infinitely better, than fixed desks
can possibly be made to be.

For Technical School purposes the following desk is being
used in a somewhat small Technical School in the West Riding
of Yorkshire. The pattern was decided upon in view of a
desire to utilise the same accommodation partly for building
and engineering students, partly for commercial students,
and also for women's classes in cutting out, dressmaking. etc.
The desks have been in use for two sessions, and have given
great satisfaction. This desk is largely used in the Swiss
Professional Schools for Girls, for domestic arts classes. in-
cluding cookery. starching. aud ironing, eto.

For building, engineering, and architectural drawing, 2
scmewhat larger pattern which has an attachment at the side
for carrying colours, instruments, etc., is sometimes adopted.
This tvpe ef desk is in use at the Polytechnic, Zurich.

Some excellent features which may be claimed for these

| ` hygienic" desks are that ( 1) they relieve the strain on the

at which phthisis was prevalent.

Respecting the standard of the purity of the air, he con-
sidered that they should be satisfied with air which had only
twelve volumes of carbonic acid gas to 10,000 of pure air. In
elementary schools generally the air was twice as bad as in
workshops. Jf tbis standard were imposed in elementary
schools a very considerable expense would neceesarily be
incurred in purifying the air to the required standard. He
had been taken to task for fixing the standard so low, but he
thought it better to fix a practicable rather than an ideal
standard.

— Ë,——

ADJUSTABLE SCHOOL FURNITURE*

Ry James GRAHAM, Inspector of Schools.

rM HE present time, when Education Acts are placing addi-
| tional respomsibilities on the shoulders of county coun-
cils and municipalities, is an opportune time for all

. who are interested in the well-being of growing children and

adult students to direct attention to tne crying necessity for
a hygienic revolution in the school furniture of our countıy.

How much better it would be, however, ıf we could pro-
duce a desk which would. readily accommodate itself to our
children's bedies and to the needs of adult students, and a
seat which wculd provide cemfortable support where ıt is
necded—a desk and a seat which would, in short, bring com-
fort to little growing bodies, and guide voung backs in the
right way; and what a difference this happy state, if we can
ariive at it, or even near it, would have on the future race of
Britons!

That there is great variation in the height of scholars is
well known. Observation shows that the difference in
heights of children cf the same age may vary from six to
eleven inches, and these various differences in height and
growth can only be accommodated by desks and seats the
height of which may be easily changed. In almost all our
schocls, however, from the highest to the humblest, the bodies
of the scholars have to accommodate themselves to fixed seats
and benches, and many evils arise from this system, even
where the desks are in a rough and ready fashion adapted

than is generally supposed—of our school children have a
tendency towards eye and spinal troubles and consumption,
and investigations have shown that being seated hour after
hour accommodating themselves for all kinds of work to a
fixed desk adversely affects boys and girls—and particularly
girls This is most harmful in the case of young children,
but the inconvenience is also very pronounced in the case
of the young adults, and of fully grown men and women in
attendance at technical and evening classes, held دا‎ Elemen-
tary School buildings, or even in Secondary School premises,
where only the ordinary school equipment designed for
children is available.

“ Hygienic " desks and seats reverse the old order of
things inasmuch as they accommodate themselves to the
bodies, backs, legs. and eyes of the users. They provide in
addition the natural angle required for reading, writing.
and drawing, and the height of desk suited to the length of
the scholars body. In short, " hygienic" desks and seats
should be so designed as to lead each person almost. uncon-
sciously to assume a natural and hygienic position, and
supporte for the left arm should be provided in the case of
very young children, where necessary, in order that the cor-
rect position may be maintained with a minimum of strain.
In the few adjustable desks at present available the move
ment: is a vertical one only, and the height is laboriously
altered end fixed by means of a key, a screw, or a pinion, the
slope cf the desk remaining fixed, or nearly so. The princi.
pal defects of the key, screw, or pinion desk, from a prac-
tical point of view, are that such desks are not readily ad-
just able. also that accidents happen to the fingers and hands
of the persons using them. Other defects exist in regard to
fixed sIcpe, ete., which those who have made a careful 7
cf the question from the hygienic point of view may deal
with move fully than I can possibly do to-day.

The collection of pupitres hugieniques to which I wish to

*A paper read before the Sanitary Institute of Glasgow on the| eyes, (2) they minimise the strain on the spine, (3) they enable

the lungs to have a freer play. (4) they provide facilities for

28th ult.

- tothe size of the scholars. A large percentage— much larger

2
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ARCHITECT 107

building appear more immediately urgent and therefore pos-
sible of realisation in certain districts where the needs of any
one class might not appeal sufficiently to the general public
of the district, with whom, of course, rests the ultumate pro-
vision of thc necessary funds.

THE MANCHESTER INFIRMARY.

SPECIAL general meeting of the Trustees of the Man-
A chester New Royal Infirmary was held on the 27th ult.

for the purpose of considering, and, if thought advis-
able, approving the following resolution :— That the plans
fcr the new Infirmary on the Stanley Grove site, with the
estimate of cost, being submitted to the trustees, the Board
of Management be authorised to proceed with the building
cf the new Infirmary at Stanley Grove.” Mr. William
of the Board of Management)
presided. He reported that the Board had sold the
site in Piccadilly to the Corporation for £400,000.
One-fourth of this amount had been paid and the
rcst would be handed over when possession of the
present Infirmary buildings was given up. lt was ex-
pected that the construction of the new building would
occupy three years, but the Corporation did not tie the
Board down to a particular date for yielding possession ef
the old premises; they simply required that the Board
should proceed with due diligence with the building of a
new hospital. In conformity with their instructions the
Board had bought the site and adjacent. property in Stanley
Grove and would spend- on the land and in clearing the
site £44,434, or between four and five thousand pounde
more than had been. originally estimated. Plans and esti-
mates for the new Infirmary were now before the meeting ;
they had been approved by the Board of Management and
the Medical Board, and it was for the trustees to sanction
them or otherwise. As to finances, the Board had a sum
of £355,566 available (including that which would come

It | from the Corporation in due time). The estimate for pro

viding accommodation for 589 beds was £322,193, with an
addition of £16,109 for extras, making a total of £338,302.
Allowing for architects commission, expenses of the com-
petition, payments to clerk of the works and others, and the
cost of furnishing, the total estimate came to £430,475.
They had been advised to let the contract for the founda-
tions at once in order to avoid delay. That was the posi-
tion, then, that the Board had done that which they were
commissioned to do, and under these circumstances they
came to the trustees for authority to go on with the work.
“ There is another matter," the chairman proceeded, 1
must touch, for it is a matter of public interest, and although
subsidiary to the question of building a hospital on a new
site it is one of considerable importance. and that is the
question of the provision of a central receiving-house and
out-patient department in the town."
— e

A LIGHT AND AIR CASE.

THIS was a retrial of a light and air case. The action
was originally tried before Mr. Justice Kekewich ın
December, 1903, when his Lordship granted a man-

datory injunction as to so much of the defendant's building
as interfered with the ancient lights mentioned in the
statement of claim, but the operation. of the injunction was
stayed pending an appeal to the Court of Appeal. Before
the appeal came on for hearing the judgment of the House
of Lords in “ Colls v. Home and Colonial Stores " had been
delivered, and in these circumstances the Court of Appeal
remitted the case to the Judge for retrial, the costs of the
frst trial and of the appeal being reserved to be dealt. with
by their Lordships after the new trial. The plaintiff was
a widow lady, and she resided with her family at a house
situated in Acacia Road, Acton, and known as Woodthorpe.
She complained that the defendant had recently built a
house which materially obstructed the access of light to the
windows of the drawing-room and the morning-room on the
ground floor and to the hall of the house. It was admitted
that the lights were ancient. The defence was that the
lights were ancient. The defence was that the damage was
not substantial.

Mr. P. O. Lawrence, K.C., and Mr. W. M. Cann appeared
for the plaintiff ; and Mr. Stewart Smith, K.C.. and Mr. W.
E. Vernon for the defendant.

The case was argued in July last, when his Lordship

Cobbett (chairman

THE BRITISH

!
|

entering a class-room in; Geneva experiences a pleasing

AUGUST 5, 1904|

change of position for successive lessons, inasmuch as the
scholars may work alternately sitting and standing, and (5)
where adult evening work is carried on in elementary and
secondary schools, men and women of from twenty to thirty
and upwards have not to be squeezed into a low fixed desk
built tor children, but may get a desk of a suitable height.

I had intended to deal with the question of school furniture
only and to end there, but there are one or two other matters
noticeable in certain Swiss class-rooms which may be of
interest to you. To facilitate the sweeping and cleaning ot
the floors of the class-rooms, and especially is this the case
at Geneva, the desks are mounted on parallel iron rails, which
can be run backwards and forwards across the room on rollers
(some inches in length, but not veiy thick) placed underneath
the wrought-iron casing. The caretaker can thus easily push
the desks in rows to either side of the room, and thoroughly
wash or brush the floor without difficulty or obstacle. Jo
deaden sound and facilitate washing, linoleum has been fixed
to the floor in several schools recently erected, the cracks being
filled in to give an unbroken surface from wall to wall. A
strip of wood runs round the skirt board to prevent dust from
accumulating between and underneath the linoleum and the
wall around the room. In schools just approaching comple-
tion a flooring, which is a species of concrete in which a hard
wood is the principal ingredient, is being tried by the archi-
tect. ۱

All blackboards in the schools are of a deep brown colour—
a colour approved by Swiss oculists, because 1t reduces re-
flection and is restful to the eye. The tops of the desks are
coloured dark brown ; the ironwerk is black. The walls are
painted a water green (vert d'eau), so that they can be washed.
The wainscoting of granite (crushed small and in three sizes—
Nos. 1, 2, and 3), set in cement mortar, is also painted water
green, but of a slightly darker tone.. The blinds are water
green in shade, and are pulled or pushed wp from the bottom
of the windows. On the sunny side a second blind, a white
cne, is added; this white blind is placed between the green
blind and the window, and is pulled down from the top.
is used to exclude the direct rays of the sun. A person on
restful feeling to the senses from this combination of colour.

There ıs one other interesting item which I may perhaps
mention, and it is that the floor of the gymnasium—and a
gymasium is attached to each Elementary as well as to each
Secondary School—is of cork parquet, treated with a prepa-
ration which prevents the feet from slipping on the impact.
This cork flocring 1s easily renewed where it becomes worm,
and has been introduced to reduce the jar on the boys and
girls, and to minimise and almost obviate dust and noise
during the exercises. The aim kept steadily in view through-
out the construction of the building is the avoidance of the
collection of dust.

In conclusion, I would venture to suggest to educational
authorities that they should at least carefully consider the
question of adjustable “ hygienic” desks and seats, and let
us hope, should any arrive at the conclusion that it is desir-
able, from the point of view of national physique, to adopt
such desks, that such educational authorities will not decide
against the introduction of adjustable des&s into schocls
simply because of the comparatively small extra cost neces-
sarily involved. Even the most economically minded of the
authorities who are convinced. might decide to furnish with
adjustable desks and seats at least (a) the two or three class-
rooms in such of the Elementary Schools'as are used for even-
ing school purposes by adults; and (^) all the class-rooms in
their Secondary and Technical Schools which are used for
ordinary class-teaching purposes, as it becomes necessary vo
refurnish.

Many authorities under the powers of recent Education
Acts will have to consider the absence or deficiency of pro-
vision for Pupil Teachers, Secondary (boys and girls) and
Technical Education in their respective areas. and will, I have
no doubt. be led to the convicticn that. new schools must. be
built and existing ones extended to mect the needs cf many
town and country districts in the abcve respects, and here T
venture to throw out the suggestion that (a) bv the addition
te the main building cf a few specially technical rooms, and
(^) hv the adcption throughout of furniture adjustable for use
by children and adults, a new Secendary School for boys or.
(and) girls may be planned to largely meet the three-fold
needs of Pupil Teacher Centre and Secondary Schcol during
the day and of Technical School during the evening. The
idea of erecting such a combined building to meet the needs
of the three classes of students may make the provision of the

[AUGUST 5, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

108

with any advantage to compare an experiment with another
| unless assured that the materials and conditions were pre-
‘cisely identical in both. In the reading experiments حر‎
ported to me no one has given me the means of comparison
even on a basis more crude than that, but still pretending to
‚some accuracy. The evidence about reading must be dis.
missed altogether. Nevertheless, there is a considerable
| body of evidence touching the altered character of the room.
' Mr. Reid was impatient and did not assist me much, but his
| wife was a better witness, and some of her detail evidence,
especially about the sewing. was pertinent. The family
may have been hasty in abandoning the mcrning-room, but
I cannot suppose that they would have continued the aban.
donment if further experience had shown them that it wa:
not, after all, much deteriorated. They have had the expe-
rience on the weekly adjournment from the dining-rvom,
and it has nct tempted them to return. Fortunately, there
is no lack of independent evidence. I have seen
many witnesses, including Mr. Virgo, who knew the
house and this particular room before the erection of the
defendant's house, and have visited it since, and, after making
large allowance for inaccuracy in reading experiments and
the exaggeratien which alwavs enters into evidence in such
questions, I am bound to treat their testimony as fully con-
firming that of Mrs. Reid. I am convinced that the charac-
ter of the room is altered, and that, though still a well-lighted
rocm, it has lost in the obstruction of light one of its chief
charms and advantages. In determining whether this is a
nuisance or nct I must take into consideration all the sur-
rounding circumstances, not forgetting that the plaintiff pur-
chased a house with the knowledge which must be imputed to
her—that it was one of a projected row of houses, and that
sooner or later there was sure to be erected on the adjoining
plot then vacant another house which was not unlikely to be
of a size and character similar to her own. Having given
all these circumstances full consideration, I have come to the
conclusion that the obstruction cf light to the morning room
is à nuisance within the meaning of the authorities on that
subject. The plaintiff having a cause of action and being
entitled to relief, the next question concerns the form which
that relief should take. She insists that damages are not an
adequate remedy. and I concur ; but is she entitled to an in-
junction which, if granted at all. must be mandatory! The
teaching of the House of Lords is that in a majority of cases
damages constitute the proper and sufficient remedy. but it
by no means excludes an injunction where circumstances re
quire it. Lord Macnaghten says that he has some difficulty
in following out a suggested rule that an injunction ought to
be granted where substantial damages would be given at law.
and I respectfully agree with him. But the evidence before
me would not merely justify substantial damages, but would
do it on a ground which would give the verdict weight apart
from the amount awarded. I gave the parties an oppor-
tunity of calling evidence respecting the alleged depreciation
of the premises, or, in other words, the lettable and saleable
value. The plaintiff called witnesses of experience and post-
tion, who gave their opinions and stated their reasons for
them in a manner which commanded attention; while, on
the other side, not only were the witnesses less weighty, but
they ignored, and perhaps wisely ignored. the real question
on which their opinion was asked. They concluded that
there was no depreciation by reason of the obstruction of
light. because they thought there was no obstruction of light
which could materially affect the house or its occupants. |
do not propose to say with precision what the damages. if
damages were the proper remedy, ought to be, but they could
scarcely be less than £300 to £400, and such a sum is not
merely substantial, but, when given by reason of the injury
to one of the most useful rooms in the house, is a cogent
argument against the adequacy of any damages at all. There
is, in my judgment, no other reason why the Court should
not. to use Lord Macnaghten's language, inclinc to damages
rather than to an. injunction. The case does not fall within
any other of the exceptions mentioned by him (p. 193). The
defendant knew that there were ancient lights to be re
spected, and his architect intended to respect them, accord-
ing. of course, to his own opinion touching the extent of re
spect required. He did not intentionally transgress the line
laid down by himself for himself, and he adheres to the
opinicn that he has dene nothing which the law will not
allow. On the other hand, there is no attempt at extortion.
ner has there been delay in commencing proceedings. The
plaintiff knew that the defendant did not intend to ۴
her, and properly waited until the real facts could be a6ce

€————————————————P X
l T T Sc ——Ó——————————M C —————ÓM—PÀ————— A E A ——^^^^€^ ———————————————— 一 一 一 一 -~ سی‎

reserved judgment upon the question whether the remedy
ought to be injunction or damages.

Mr. Justice Kekewich, in delivering judgment this week,
said :一 The first question is whether the plaintiff has a
cause of action. “This has to be considered on the lines of
the recent decision in the House of Lords—" Colls v. Home
and Colonial Stores, Ltd." ([1904] A.C., 179)—which lays
down a rule admittedly difficult of application, but in itself
profoundly simple. The Lord Chancellor says (p. 185),
“ The question is in. each case whether it” (that is, obstruc-
tion of light) " amounts to a nuisance which will give a
right of action," and Lord Lindley says (p. 210), “ the ques-
tion to be decided is not how much light is left, but whether
the plaintiff has been deprived of so much as to constitute
an actionable nuisance." In the current number of the Law
Quarterly Review it is neatly stated thus :—“ An actionable
wrong is committed only by a material privation of light
for the practical purposes of business or occupation." That,
in this case, there has been an obstruction of light which
can be seen and felt (I purposely avoid such words as con.
siderable and material) is clear beyond dispute and was not
contested. Is it such as to constitute a nuisance’ A mate
rial privation of light for the practical purposes of business
or occupation? On the affirmative or negative answer to
this question depends the plaintiffs right to maintain the
action. At the first trial I was convinced that there had
been an interference with the enjoyment of the drawing-
room, and that, though it stil remained a well-lighted
room, it had been deprived at certain seasons and for cer-
tain times of the direct sunlight, which, however we may
treat it, must be regarded as a treasure by all. I see no
reason to alter that opinion. but testing the result by the
House of Lords' rule, and taking as my guide Lord Lindley s
expression of it, which is perhaps the most favourable to the
plaintiff, I cannot deem the obstruction to be actionable.
It is such an obstruction as she might, having regard to all
the surrounding circumstances, have reasonably anticipated
as almost a necessary accident, and, notwithstanding the ob-
struction, she has still a well-lighted apartment apt for its
appointed purpose—use as a drawing-room—and practically
as useful and enjoyable as of old. Taking this room alone,
the plaintiff has no cause of action. There is another poiut
arising in this connection which it will be more convenient
to discuss later on. At the second trial there was mooted a
new question which must now be considered—viz., whether
there is an actionable obstruction of light coming to what is
called the hall—a porch with glazed doors leading into the
house and a fanlight over. The evidence is clear that this
part of the house did enjoy a large measure of light, and
that a considerable portion has been obstructed. There is
also evidence that it was occasionally used as a sitting-room,
and I conclude that the occasional use was just when the
obstruction will now render the spot less cheerful. One
can well understand annoyance at such interference with
amenities which after all do enter into the enjoyment, and
even the comfort, of domestic life; but taken alone I can-
not regard it as a nuisance within the meaning of the judg-
ment in the House of Lords. Of its relation to other things
I will speak in the sequel. The great cause öf complaint
has been of the obstruction of light to what has been called,
and properly called, the morning-room. It was an excep-
tionally اما له‎ room, and even now is well lighted, so
that if the test were whether there is sufficient light left to
enable the room to be used for the purposes for which it
was designed there would be no further question. As I un-
derstand the judgments in the House of Lords that is not
the test, though it is matter for consideration. I have
evidence confirmed, I venture to think, by universal expe-
rience, that in suburban or country residences not rising
to the dignity of mansion-houses, the third room on the
ground floor—that is, the living or sitting room—in addition
to the dining and drawing rooms, is the most. important of
all, the one most used, the one most devoted to family life,
the one most intimately associated with the sentiment of
home. For the complete enjoyment of such a room cheer-
fulness is essential. During the darker hours that may be
attained by artificial means, but during the day 1t depends
mainly on external light. That there has been a large
obstruction of light bv the erection of the defendant's house
is abundantly clear, and 1 think it also clear that there has
been a large interference with the cheerfulness of the room.
There is a conflict of evidence respecting the capability of
the room as it now is for reading purposes. _ Experiments
not conducted on strictly scientific lines are invariably un-
trustworthy, and generally misleading. It is impossible

109

— n

= ———— v v n U. -一 一 一 一

BUILDING NEWS.

A NEW bridge for Saltburn is to be built at a cost of £2,900.

Tue Essex Education Committee have approved a recom-
mendation of the Local Advisory Sub-Committee to extend
Bridge Road School, Grays, in accordance with the original
plans drawn by Mr. C. M. Shiner, of Bond Court, Walbrook,
E.C. The extension will provide for 120 girls and 120 boys.

Tur Hotel Metropole at Southend-on-Sea, facing the pier,
was formally opened last week, and contains about 300
rooms. The total cost of this building is estimated at
something like £300,000—the elaborate staircase alone cost-
ing £5,000. Below, on the street level, is a colonnade, with
shops. A special feature is the winter garden, which runs
the whole of the south side of the hotel. Mr. James Thomp-
son, of Southend, is the architect.

A MEETING of the Joint Committee, representative of the
farming and commercial interests of the town and district of
Skipton, was held on the 1st inst. at the Black Horse Hotel,
Skipten, to hear the report of the committee appointed to
select a site for Skipton cattle fair. Mr. M. Amcotts-Wilson
(the chairman) announced that the Sites Committee had
narrowed the issue down to two sites, viz., the one offered by
Lord Hothfield in the Otley Road, and the other offered by
the Midland Railway Company, adjoining the passenger
station. By twenty votes to two the meeting approved the
Otley Road site, which will afford room for 1,203 cattle,
1.900 sheep, and 96 pigs. The total cost will be £5,075.

A Press view took place on Tuesday of the new Gaiety
Theatre. Ayr, which was partially destroyed by fire on August
4, 1903, and has now been reconstructed. The entrances
and exits have been improved, so that there are two exits
from each section of the house. The entire auditorium. has
been remodelled, and the galleries taken down and re-erected
with steel and concrete. The roof also has been renewed, and
is entirely of steel beams and concrete, so that practically
the auditorium is fireproof. The stage has also been im-
proved, and extra precautions taken in the event of fire by
fire hydrants on the stage. The building is entirely refur-
nished and redecorated. The walls of the building have been
heightened by 111. and there are now eight boxes instead
of four. An amphitheatre has been introduced, and the
entrances to the dress circle have been improved. Mr. Alex.
Cullen, Hamilton, was the architect.

Ar last week's meeting of the King's Norton Education Com-
mittee it was decided to recommend the District Council to
obtain a loan of £4,650 to cover the cost of erecting, furnish-
ing, and fitting two temporary schools at Selly Oak and: Selly
Park respectively, and of providing furniture at various
schools, including a temporary one to be opened at the Ruskin
Hall, Bournville. A letter from the Board of Education was
read stating that the Board considered that, inasmuch as the
second or revised plans submitted by the trustees of Bourn-
ville village for the erection of an endowed school there were
the best, the managers should be allowed to proceed with
their erection. Mr. E. A. Olivieri moved that approval of
the revised plans should be smaller than was the case in the
plans originally submitted, and on the ground that the staff-
ing would cost more the committee had twice refused to ap-
prove the alterations, Mr. H. M. Grant seconded the pro-
posal, which was carried by eight votes to six.

THE Bishop Latimer Memorial Church, Handsworth New
Road, Birmingham, was consecrated by the Bishop of Wor-
cester on Saturday. The new building, which has been
erected on a piece of land measuring 10,500 square yards,
near Soho Station, at a total cost of nearly £15,000, takes
the place of a mission-room. The church has been designed
by Mr. W. H. Bidlake, of 37, Waterloo Street, Birming-
ham, and the contract has been carried out by Messrs. Wil-
liam Sapcote and Sons, also of Birmingham. The design 8
in the Late Decorated style, and is carried out mainly in
Staffordshire brick, with Greenshill stone dressings. The
interior is lined with buff brick, and the roof of the nave
is supported by a stone arcade. A conspicuous feature ex-
ternally is the massive square tower, 100ft. high. The nave
is unusually lofty, with an open-timbered roof. The chan-

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 5, 1904]

tained. Under these circumstances it appears to be my duty
to grant a mandatory injunction, and the question occurs
what shall be its form and extent? Take the extent first. It
is argued, on behalf of the plaintiff, that 1 must regard the
nuisance to the house as a whole. But there might not be
à nuisance as regards any particular part of a house, and
vet the aggregate injury to different parts might. constitute a
nuisance to the whole, or, in other words, that as the whole
is the sum of the parts so the whole injury is a combination
of the detailed injuries. This is a novel point. It could
not well have arisen of late years, while the obstruction ot
١ light was regarded as an interference with property and the
access cf light to each window had to be considered separately
and the interference in onc instance neither increased nor
diminished the value of interference in others. But now that
the rule is that the plaintiff must succeed or fail according
as he establishes a nuisance or not the situation is altered and
the proper question for a judge or a jury is no longer, Has
the access ot light to this or that window been so obstructed
as to create a nuisance? but Has the defendant so obstructed
the access of light to the plaintiffs house as to create a
nuisance! In this aspect of the case the interference with
tlie dressing-room comes into consideration, but on the evi-
dence before me now 1 am convinced, though my opinion was
different in the first trial, that the interference with that
room may safely be treated as a negligible quantity, that is,
as nct adding an appreciable amount to the total weight. It
is otherwise as regards the hall. Taking that alone I should
not hold a nuisance established, and, even if it were, I should
certainly consider the case one for damages; but the inter-
ference with the hall cannot be treated as a negligible quan-
tity, especially as, according to the evidence, it certainly
enters into the diminution of value of the heuse, although
the experts cculd not say, because they had not. considered,
what cught to be attributed to that item alone. I must
treat the nuisance as created by the obstruction of the light
te the morning-room plus the obstruction of light to the hall,
and make the injunction extend to both. , As regards the
form, Lord Macnaghten's remarks give a guide which ٤
ought not to be diflicult to follow. I propose to order the
defendant to pull down so much of his house as causes a nui-
sance to the plaintiff by the obstruction of light to the win-
dows of the morning-room ánd to the hall, as the same existed
previously to the erection of that house. The defendant
must pay the costs of this second trial. The earlier costs
are removed from my jurisdiction. Here my judgment,
strictly speaking, ends;.but I desire to add two remarks.
First. it 1s not unreasonable to suppose that the defendant
will wish to have the opinion of the Court of Appeal on a
question of vast importance to him, and presenting many
points of difficulty. الو‎ opportunity for this should be
given. I think that the best course is not to suspend the
injunction or to limit a time within which the order of the
Court must be obeved so as to cover the pericd estimated to
be required for an appeal, but to intimate, as I do intimate,
that no application to enforce the order will be regarded as
proper, or indeed as otherwise than oppressive, so long as an
appeal presented with reasonable diligence is pending. I
must leave it to the plaintiff's solicitors to decide whether
thev shall tax the costs or not; but I suggest that they should
not. If thev do, they will, of course, give the usual under-
taking to repay what, if anything, the Court of Appeal
thinks they ought not to have received. Secondly. the
plaintiff was perfectly justified in asking me to decide tne
case according to strict rights. I have not shirked the
onerous task. She has my opinion—considered and ex-
pressed to the best of my ability. Having discharged that
duty, I deem myself at liberty to offer a word of advice—
immediately to the plaintiff, but also to the defendant.
Damages are not. in my cpinion, an adequate remedy. but
thev are a partial remedy. aud the plaintiff would be well
advised in accepting- what the defendant would be well ad-
vised to offer— a. substantial sum to settle all disputes and
put an end, once for all, to litigation and costs. You will
deprive me of the advantage of having a troublesome judg-
ment reviewed in the Court of Appeal. You will deprive
the legal prcfession and many outside it of an instructive
discussion followed by instructive judgments on many pointe
which the dceision in the House of Lords leaves open for argu-
ment; but vou will secure immunity from law and lawyers,
and vou will avoid risks the precise outcome of which vour
most competent advisers will hesitate to predict with cer-
tainty. Verbum sapienti.—The Times.

eM‏ = ہے تک

[AUGUST 5, 1904

مرن —

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

1060

cel is almost as high, and has a groined stone roof. rarely | means of a septic tank and a filter, of the type designed by
seen in modern churches. - There is a morning chapel, ves , Mr. Wallis Stoddart, the effluent. flowing into the sea. Rain

water from tlie roofs will be collected in a large central tank,
and used to supply boilers and the laundry. Accommoda.
tion will be provided in the school for about 400 boys.

— a

JOTTINGS.

Mn. E. STANLEY Mrrros, architect, has removed from Oxford
Road., Moseley, to 11, Ocean Chambers, Waterloo Street.
Birmingham.

So intense was the heat of vesterday that some of the rails
on the west line from Newcastle were caused to expand, and
traffic was delayed in consequence.

THE late mr. Henry Evans, of Highfield, near Derby, has
bequeathed £10,000 for the erection of an ophthalmic depart-
ment at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary.

Tue Hants Education Committee have approved the appoint-
ment of Mr. A. Leonard Roberts. of Newport (Mon.), as
architectural assistant in the county surveyors office at an

annual salary of £250.

THE terms of the contract between the Egyptian Government
and Sir William Arrol, of Glasgow, for the building of the
large bridges across the Nile at Cairo have now been settled.
The work is to be commenced at Cairo in December next,
and concluded by July. 1906.

Mr. F. A. Crisp. F.S.A.. has been elected Master of the
Carpenters Company in succession to Mr. Preston. The
Company announce that. in conjunction with the Joiners'
Company. they intend to hold an exhibition of works in
wood and wood-carving at the Carpenters' Hall next June.

A VESTRY meeting in Hexham Abbey Church has been con-
vened for the purpose of formally passing a resolution to
enable the rector and churchwardens to make the requisite
application for a faculty empowering them to remove the

existing east end windows and substitute stained glass win-
dows.

A NEW skyscraper is to be erected in Wall Street. New York.
which will have the highest floors of office rooms in the world.
The building will be twenty-six storevs high, the top floor
being 346ft, from the ground. The highest. building at pre-
sent tn New York is the Park Row building. the roof of
which, excluding its ornamental tower, is 309ft. above the
kerb.

THERE is afoot in Paris just now an artistic controversy
which, in certain of its aspects, recalls the famous disputes
which a couple of years ago raged round the statue of Balzac
In his night sheet, says the Birmingham Post. A number of
frescoes have been ordered by the State Commission for the
Pantheon. The late Puvis de Chavannes executed one
(“Sainte Genevieve’) and Detaille has recently handed 0
another (“ Volunteers of the Revolution "), which the Com-
mission has rejected as being too much out. of harmony with
the other now in position. The fresco is described as a fine
piece of work, full of the action of battle, and as Detailles
manner was sufficiently well known, it is being openly said
that the Commission is to blame for exposing him to such a
false position.

eee aee — سس‎

AT Tuesdav's meeting of the Hexham Board of Guardians
a letter was read from Messrs. Oliver, Leeson and Wood.
architects; Newcastle. in rcply to a letter from the clerk
(Mr. Nicholson) informing them that the guardians had
decided not to go any further with the proposed workhouse
Improvements, and asking for their account. They enclosed
their account. amcunting to £96. They would have pre
ferred seeing the work executed. and charging the usua:
architects’ commission. as the drawings thev prepared Mor
practically working drawings rather than sketch plans. They
had, however, made out their charges on the basis of 0
spent only, in the hope that the work would eventually
carried out in accordance with their scheme, in which وت‎
of course. they should be pleased to consider the سو‎
settlement as a payment on account. It was agreed that
architects’ account be paid.

tries, and a baptistry, containing a marble tank for total
immersion, as well as a font. The church is 149ft. long and
58116. wide within the walls, and has seating accommodation
for 1,000 persons.

THE Duke of Northumberland School at Alnwick, which was
opened on Wednesday, has been erected in the Tudor style
at a cost of £10,000, exclusive of site. The site is twclve
and a half acres in extent. The buildings are arranged in
the form of a recessed quadrangle, with a frontage of 280
feet. The west wing is formed by the subwarden's house
and hostel for ten resident masters; while un the vast side
is the main building, providing for the Vnzlish aud classica
instruction on the ground floor. A library, reading rəcm,
and office are also provided, the class rooms for the lower
senior boys being on the left. The upper senior class rcoma
also the large examination hall, are on the right. Thue
is a gallery over the corridor, and it is so arranged that two
other class rooms open into it by a folding partition, giving
accommodation, in the total, for about. 800 persons. The
first floor also contains special class rooms and rooms for
science and art subjects, including art class rooms, physical
laboratory, lecture theatre, masters preparation and chemi-
cal laboratory. There is also included in the schools a physi-
cal department with gymnasium, drill room. cricket pavilion,
and cloak room. Separated from these by a sliding partition
is the country boys’ dining hall, which is also to be used for
the entertainment of the athletic teams. Another room hae
been, set, apart for technical instruction. Mr. J. Wightman
Douglas, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, is the architect,

Tut National Nautical School at Portishead, Bristol. the
foundation-stone of which has just been laid, has been de.
signed by Mr. Edward Gabriel, of London. and the contract
has been let to Messrs. W. Cowlin and Sons. of Bristol, and
the scheme will involve an expenditure of about: £30,000.
The site, at the end of the Nore Road, consists af about
fifteen acres belonging to the Corporation. The main build-
ing consists of two wings divided by a central tower. It
will have a frontage of 382ft. Owing to the rapid fall in
the site there will be a basement extendi ng the whole length
of the building, and 40ft. in width. This space will be used
as carpenters, tailors’, shoemakers', and other shops, and
for stores, laundry. and heating apparatus, etc. The school
will have three storeys of brickwork, finished with a. facing
of white rough-cast, with red brick plinth, and red brick
lonic pilasters between the windows. The roof will be
covered with red Bridgwater tiles. Under the tower in the
central building will be the main entrance. The two upper
. floors are to be used as dormitories, and from each dormitory
there will be two staircases for use in case of emergency, the
steps of solid balks of timber. The entrances for the boys
will be on each side of the central building. The ground
floor of the west. block will be used for a mess-room for the
boys, officers mess-room, with kitchen, scullery. and store-
rooms adjoining. At the extreme end of the west block is
to be the chief officer's house and rooms for resident school-
master. At the rear of this block there will be a bay for
sick boys, for which hereafter a separate cottage hospital
will be substituted when the necessary funds are available.
The great floor of the east block is to be devoted to school-
room and classrooms, library. and teachers’ room. At the
extreme east of this building will be the residence of the
captain-superintendent, which will be connected with the
main building. The central building is to contain com-
mittcc-room on one side of the main entrance, and offices for
the captain-superintendent on the other. On the upper
floors of this building there are to be spare cabins for officers
and any old boys who may hereafter visit the institution.
Each large dormitory -will have four officers cahins, and
inspection windows for efficient supervision. The bath-
rooms'and lavatories will adjoin the dormitories. but. cut
off by means of cross-ventilated lobbies. Passing through
the hall from the main entrance, access will be gained to
the gymnasium, which will be at the rcar cf the central
building. ‘The buildings are to be warmed by hot water
on the low-pressure system. The heating and hot-water
supply apparatus is to be erected by Messrs. James Crispin
and Sons, of Bristol. The granolithic paving for the nn
yard and staircases is being executed by Messrs. W. an -
kinson and Co., Newcastle-on-Tyne. Drainage 1s to y

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 12, 1904]

AAA A

suggestion of the R.T.B.A. that where a scheme is abandoned
the promoters shall pay the selected architect a good propor-
tion of his fees. It is a move in the right direction, but
what comes before everything is the necessity for securing
the selection of the best man who bas complied with the
conditions stated. Among minor reforms wanted are the

fixing of a date beforehand on which the award shall be
made known, the doing away with reports in favour of filling
in of a printed form giving the cube cost and a bare statement
of materials, the fixing of a cubic rate to which all competitors
shall be asked to adhere,
designs which do not comply with conditions, which should be

as simple and few as possible. | ١ |

and the absolute exclusion of all

Turning to the vexed question of examination, on which

so many of us differ, is it not possible that those who hold
that an architect’s ability cannot be tested by examination

would modify their views if the R.I.B.A. tested their candi-

dates by giving them several subjects to design in propor-
ticnate time, in other words, extending the design test for
the final examination even at the expense of a curtailment
of some of the other sections of the examination? For if
the applicant tested over a series of days in designing several
subjects can succeed in none of them may we not be entitled

to say that be has not the gifts which go towards making an

architect, and would not such a test givé a fair chance to the
applicant who is only nervous or slow ?

We should also like to see a much more general recognition

of the harm which manufacturers and decorators are doing
in supplanting architects or seeking to supplant them ; and we
think that the united effort of the representative body
might prove to such firms that it was more lucrative to adbere
to their legitimate business than to pose as universal
providers in matters architectural, and the architect who
allows them to take an unfinished house and complete it for
him should be treated (at any rate by the institute) as the
shallow and ignorant impostor that he really is.

The whole secret of success in these and other matters is

that union is strength, and we would appeal to all architects
to sink little differences of opinion and join to make the
institute represent the concentrated intelligence of architects
working for the common good and for the advancement of
architecture on the lines which, in the past, were productive
of immortal masterpieces, the stones which live and breathe
an eternal message of beauty on the face of the earth. Ag
isolated links of a chain we are nothing, and can do little. -
Together, and in the course of years, may we not create for the
future a new past like that we inherit, but more generous of
achievement as our opportunities and means are greater ?

—n Yt

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HERE are some excellent and characteristic examples
of the work of various water-colour artists now at
the galleries of The Fine Art Society, and it is

interesting to compare in such ۵ collection the method of
work of various artists. For ourselves we must admit
that as a rule we find the greatest charm in the work
which shows the least of dexterous assurance, but which
achieves good results often in a tentative fashion.
There is, however, no denying the wonderful ability
of Mr. Talbot-Kelly's eastern drawings, which in some
cases appear to scintillate with the realities of local
colour and atmosphere. Mr. Talbot-Kelly's colour schemes
are not invariably pleasing, but even when least so
they seldom fail to give an air of truthfulness. Roussoff's
technical ability is very marked in his architectural pieces,
which, however, seldom or never create enthusiasm. Mrs.
Allingham, Albert Goodwin, George Elgood, and Herbert
Marshall are all represented by some of their best work.
The illustrations of Hampstead, Highgate, Hornsey,
and Muswell Hill, as they appeared ۵ century ago, have
formed ۵ remarkably interesting collection, of course more
especially to Londoners, for the artistic value of the engrav-
ings, water colours, and drawings reached a very low average,
but the literary and artistic associations are such as to repay
the twenty-five years' research which brought this collection
together. |

WE have heard a good deal of the suggested removal of
Charing Cross Station, but the chairman of the South-
Eastern Railway told the shareholders at their meeting the

architect.

Che British

LONDON: FRIDAY, AUGUST 2, 1904.

مد —

اس صا ټم سم ——
—
—

PROFESSIONAL STÓCKTAKING.

۳ UP year or oftener the tradesman takes an inventory
of his stock in hand, gets rid of what is unsaleable,
substitutes other goods in demand, and then, having
corrected errors and seen where he stands, once more
solicite his customers' favour. Now an art like architecture
is not comparable in many respects with a mercantile under-
taking, but to a certain extent we may wisely adopt a
similar procedure to that of a tradesman, and the present is
an opportune time when the leading society of the profes-
sion has selected its officers for the coming year.

What are the questions which are most important to us
both intrinsically and materially, and what line should we
as a profession take in dealing with them ?

First, there naturally occurs to everyone the question of
Registration, with regard to the merits and advantages of
which we have often expressed a definite view, and which
the old council had appointed a committee to enquire
into. Whatever may be our varying views we think
it is fairly obvious from the elections that a large body of
architects are determined to have Registration of some sort
or other, and will vote for those who will advocate it to the
exclusion of others. When, therefore, we hear of the new
council, elected with this intention, co-opting on the
committee which is to deal with the question men who are
opposed to it, we may doubt whether representative institu-
tions are any better understood by architects than cynics
say they are by the bulk of the people. What is wanted by
those who controlled the recent elections is ۵ good measure
of Registration, and to get it brought forward with the
least delay.

Then there is what in our mind is infinitely more important
to architects—the growing practice of county and other
authorities to carry out their architectural work by the nid
of so-called “official architects" engaged by the public body
at a salary, or in the case of some of these bodies,
by men engaged at a salary, and in addition in receipt of
full or almost full professional pay as well. Such a system
is, we believe, bad from every standpoint. Firstly, the
so-called architect is usually an architect only in name, more
likely an engineer, a surveyor, or a good administrator ;
secondly, he has more work than he can possibly do (as
architectural work should be done) personaly with a
moderate amount of assistance in carrying out the designs
he has sketched out and which he details himself but must
employ a number of assistants who really do the work from
start to finish, and who rarely belong to the type of men
whose abilities would enable them to get similar work to do
in private practice; thirdly, we believe the cost of work so
done is greater than the ordinary fees paid to outside
architects, so the ratepayer actually pays more for inferior
design than he would were the best talent obtained and
employed ; and lastly, we, as a profession, should assert our
position, and in a dignified and authoritative way bring
home to public bodies the true tendency of such procedure.
If this were done well we do not think that bodies like the
London County Council would be supported by the rate-
payers in their policy (largely dictated by the Labour mem-
bers who show questionable wisdom in these and kindred
matters).

Then comes the question of the conduct of competitions, a
question, like the poor, always with us. We think for some
years past those among us who know most about the work-
ing of the competitive system have expressed an almost
unanimous wish that the jury system as practised on the
Continent and America should be substituted for the present
one man assessor. The fact that the old council was largel y
composed of men averse to such a change is the reason why
it was not tried, but now that this reason no longer exists

we shall hope to see the change brought about without delay

or prolonged discussion. If it should prove a failure it is at

least easy to abandon it, but the proportion of unsatisfactory
one-man awards is so great that we think there is a clear
case for the trial of the other system, We hail the proposed

[ArGust 12, 1904

112 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

atly in need of the attention which the Board of Works
would be able to bestow upon them.

THE American Architect says: —“ It is a misfortune that a
new fireproofing ordinance that the New York Board of
Aldermen is seeking to tstablish excites such justifiable
hostility on the part of architects and builders, The public
has a right to every safeguard of life, if not of property, that
can be devised, and, generally speaking, it is proper to make
the use of such safeguards obligatory on every one for the
common good of all. But before the use of any safeguard
is made obligatory three things ought to be satisfactorily
established : first, that the safeguard is a real one; second,
that it can be had in sufficient. quantity, and third, that it
can be had at a price within the means of everyone. The
new ordinance seeks to compel the use of ‘ fireproof wood '
in every private building above the level of 75ft., and in
public buildings of all descriptions above the height of
35ft., but gives no assurance that the wood the Building
Department may allow to be used is actually firepoof or
may remain so indefinitely. Nor is it possible to know
whether the market can be supplied with fireproof wood
as rapidly as building operations require. Finally, it is
obvious that if the supply is less than the demand the price
will advance artificially, to the greater profit of the owners
of the patent rights, who are known to be good friends of
the law-making powers. It seems to us that here is one of
the cases where municipal ownership should be applied as
a cure. If the public law is to compel everyone to use fire
proof wood, the public authorities should enable the public
to procure it in sufficient quantities at reasonable rates;

other day that the matter had never been considered
seriously either by the managing committee or the South-
Eastern Board. He pointed out that such a scheme was
absolutely outside the possibility of private enterprise, and
that the initiative would have to come from the London
County Council with the rates behind it. Oh, those rates!

STRONG protest ie being made against the site in Waterloo
Place, S.W., for the proposed Royal Artillery memorial.

AN amusing solution of the sewage farm difficulty was sug-
gested by Mr. Justice Lawrance on Monday, who, in deliver-
ing judgment, said that the only way of getting over the diffi-
culty of the unpleasantness of sewage farms was this—that
the mayor and town clerk of the borough should live on the
sewage farm during the summer, for, say, three months. If
they did that there would be no more difficulty.

Mr. Justice LAWRANCE has pointed out in connection with.

an engineer's claim for commission in the above sewage farm
case that it was the moral duty of professional adviserts to
point out if more expenditure would be involved in a scheme
he designed than was contemplated by his employer. He
disallowed the plaintiff's claim for commission on the larger
scheme which he suggested.

JUDGE TEMPLER allowed £187 14s. compensation to the widow
of a workman who was killed whilst driving a cart with sand
some two and a half miles from the engineering works being

carried out by his employers. An appeal against this judg- | that is, in the present case, the city should buy up the patent

rights and enter on the manufacture of the needed supplies.

| Tux Architectura) Association is making arrangements for
Tue final remarks of Sir Ed. Poynter before the Chantrey |

a week-end visit to Kettering and neighbourhood on
Saturday morning, September 17, returning Monday
morning. The Saturday programme suggested is to
visit Drayton House (Edward IIL, Henry VI, Elizabeth,
William and Mary, eighteenth century gardens, fine iron
gates), also, Barton Seagrave (church), Cranford (two .
churches), Islip (church), and Lowick (church and monu-
ments) returning via Slipton, Grafton, Warkton,
Broughton House (good William and Mary house, with
some fine furniture), Weekley (church and almshouse) en
route to Kettering, where Mr. and Mrs. Gotch have most
kindly invited the party to tea. On Sunday it is suggested
to visit Kirby by way of Geddington (Queen ۶
Cross) Stanion (good church spire) and Weldon (interest-
ing small houses, returning by Rockingham (castle) and
Great Oakley. Mr. J. A. Gotch will accompany the party on
Saturday.

SowE members of the Manchester Society of Architects
have just had an enjoyable three days’ visit to Oxford.
Arriving last Friday night, the whole of Saturday was spent
in visiting the Town Hall and six of the colleges. After
service at the cathedral.on Sunday a rare treat was expert-
enced in seeing Mr. Bodley's new church for the Cowley
Fathers, the internal effect making a profound impression
on the visitors. The afternoon was pleasantly spent in
punting down to Iffley, where some hasty jottings were made
of the famous Norman church and of the very charming old
rectory. The charms of sketching at St. John's or Mag-
dalen on Monday weighed more heavily with most of the
party than more sightseeing, it being recognised as im-
possible to see nearly all the beauties of Oxford in such a
short visit.

تسج سسسست

Tue sixty-first annual congress of the British Archaeological
Association opened at Bath on Monday, when the delegates
were officially welcomed by the mayor, Major C. H. Simp-
son, at the Guildhall. The meeting extends over six days.
The excursions arranged fot the week include visits to Him-
ton Charterhouse, Norton St. Philip's, Bradford-on-Avon,
and Great Chalfield; Corsham, Lacock Abbey, Chippen-
ham, and Langley Burrell; Bitton Siston, Pucklechurch,
and Dyrham, returning via Lansdown; and Wells and
Glastonbury. The antiquities of Bath and various earth-
works in the neighbourhood will also be seen.

ment has just been allowed on the ground that the meaning
of the Act in stating “in, on, or about” did not cover the
carting of sand from two or three miles away.

Commission are worth noting :—“ He submitted that pur-
chase at sales or from dealers ought to be exercised with
great caution, because he was sure the money was not meant
to go in those directions, or otherwise than to the artist
and his family. With regard to the suggestion that the
council should save up money on the chance of securing a
very fine picture, how, he asked, could they be sure that
such a picture would come into the market? He was in-
clined to think, however, that the work might be done more
systematically if a small committee of three were appointed
to select pictures, but the decision of such committee should
not affect the action and decision of the Academy. The
small committee could look out for pictures outside. He
deprecated going into questions of taste or opinion, but
since reference had been made to French influence in art,
remarked that, in his opinion, this influence rather tended
to debase art. It induced young men to take no trouble
to learn anything at all. The French were an extremely
fertile and clever people, who produced work under the
strong influence of the moment, and their views changed
very rapidly.”

Sr. Pancras BOROUGH COUNCIL have, after hearing a deputa-
tion from the Hampstead Heath Extension Committee,
headed by Mr. E. Bond, M.P., decided to contribute £500
towards the acquisition of eighty acres of land owned by the
Eton College trustees, to be added to Hampstead Heath on
the north-western . The purchase money is
£39,000, of which £34,000 has already been received or
promised.

Tue matter of transferring the Arbroath Abbey buildings
including tbe Abbot's House and the Regality Tower, which
are in the possession of the Town Council, to H.M. Board of
Works is to be brought before the Council. It is the desire
of the Board of Works to have the buildings transferred to
them, so that adequate attention may be given to their
preservation. Another aim of the Board of Works is to
make the whole of the buildings accessible to visitors. The
Regality Tower would be made accessible from the Abbey
Pend, and visitors be enabled to get to the top of it. Noth-
ing would be done to disturb present arrangements except
to repair the Abbot's kitchen, so that visitors might more
comfortably inspect it. Some parts of the buildings are

一 o‏ و ےب ب m.‏ — ےہ سو رز

-113

جو —

ee ————— -‏ سس سوم ا

COMPETITIONS

OR the Bromley municipal building, to cost £20,000,
there is to be a competition amongst architects resid-
ing within twenty miles of the borough, and, sensibly

enough, the work is the first prize, with premiums of £60
for the second and £30 for the third, fourth, and fifth
designs.

Out ot the names put before the Board of Works by the
R.I.B.A., for the appointment of architect for the new
buildings to the British Museum, Mr. John Jas. Burnet, of
Glasgow, has been instructed by Lord Windsor to prepare a
design for the work. |

TENDERS (sic) are being invited from architects for sketch
plans, contract plans, detailed drawings, tracings, and
specifications, taking out bills of quantities, superintending
carrying out of the works, attending meetings, etc., by the
Guardians of Wrexham Union for workhouse alterations
and additions. It sounds very extraordinary, and one is
inclined to wonder how much will be quoted below the
proper fee of 5 per cent. for architectural services and 2 per
cent. for quantities. By the 17th inst. architects must
have their “ tenders " in!

AT Tuesday's meeting of the East Preston (Sussex) Board
of Guardians discussion was resumed on the report of the
Building Committee recommending the erection of addi-
tional infirmary accommodation for sixty patients, together
with the n. offices and quarters for the nursing staff
on the east of the existing infirmary. The adoption of the

was moved by Mr. Sams, and seconded by the Rev.
G. F. Cullen at the meeting held a month ago; and on. the
discussion being resumed yesterday, the Rev. R. L. I. Neave
moved, and Mr. Amphlett seconded, an amendment that
rough pencil drawings or plans should be invited from all
architects, irrespective of where they lived and carried on
their profession. The chairman also suggested the desir-
ability of offering a small premium for the best plans, but
Mr. Candler did not see that there was any necessity for
offering a premium in this instance, as there was so little
scope for originality of design. The amendment to make
the invitation to architects open was defeated, and the
chairman then continued the discussion by moving a fur-
ther amendment to omit the words “rough pencil" from
the committee'3 recommendation. This was seconded by
Mr. Piper, and supported by Captain Hills, but was lost on
a show of hands by nine votes to eight. Yet another
amendment by Mr. Birrell, seconded by Mr. Blaker, to only
omit the word “rough” was more successful; . and the
adoption of the committee’s report, as amended by. the
omission of this word “ rough,” was then agreed to.

THE Gloucestershire County Education Committee have
under consideration the question of providing new offices,
and it has been referred to the Works Committee to decide
whether the plans for the same shall be open to competition.

Mr. Kerra D. Young has selected the design by Mr. H.
Percy Adams, F.R.1.B.A., for the infectious diseases hospital
at Hitchin, and he has been instructed to proceed with the
work.

THE Leeds City Art Gallery pictorial poster competition
has resulted in the three guineas prize being awarded to Mr.
P. Jowett (Leeds School of Art).

og og

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

“GLENROY,” WEST FINCHLEY.
E. W. PoLey, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

Tuts house was erected some ten years ago, and recently addi-
tions have been made, consisting of a billiard-room at one
end and a drawing-room and conservatory at the other, tor
C. F. Rowsell, Esq. The portions shown in the view show
chiefly the latest work. |

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 12, 1904]

Tur federated master builders of Yorkshire are anxious to

put an end to the possibility of strikes and lock-outs in their f

trade in the county, and with this object have suggested to
the men a “closer union scheme.” They desire that in
future all disputes in the Yorkshire building trades shall
be submitted to a board of conciliation and arbitration, the
constitution and detailed operations of which they propose
shall hereafter be decided upon. The bricklayers, masons,
and carpenters and joiners have discussed the '' principle of
arbitration and conciliation " at their branch meetings, and
have taken a vote on the question. The result is to reveal
an overwhelming proportion of Yorkshire bricklayers and
masons in favour of such a tribunal, while on the other
hand the members of the Yorkshire branches of the Amal-
gamated Society of Carpenters and Joiners have expressed
their disapproval of the scheme by a majority of 1,595, only
312 voting in its favour as compared with 1,907 against.
This decision, however, cannot be taken as final, says the
Birmingham Post, as it is said that the carpenters were
misled by an unofficial statement in which it was hinted
that one of the conditions of the “ Closer Union Scheme "
would be that trade union carpenters would not be per-
mitted to work for any but employers connected with the
Master Builders Federation.

AT a meeting of the Finance Committee of Newcastle on
the 4th inst, à proposal for the removal of the monument to
the first Earl Grey, of Reform Bill fame, which stands at
the corner of Grey Street and Grainger Street, was con-
sidered. The monument, which is over 300 feet high, and
Newcastle's finest landmark, now obstructs traffic at this
busy point, where four roads meet, and there is a frequent
passage of tramcars. A proposal was made for its transfer
to Eldon Square, about one hundred and fifty yards away,
and it was intimated that several contractors had offered to
undertake the task. The matter was deferred for a fort-
night.

On the subject of some partial redemption of East London,
Mr. William Catmur has been giving his views to the Daily
Chronicle. He says: —“ We. should make the Shadwell
Market and adjacent property a centre for recreation, culture,
and business. We get better air there than you get above
London Bridge. East London, in fact, except at a few iso-
lated. pointe, is not the unhealthy waste of houses that many
people. regard it. On this four acres of ground, when
cleared, I would build a big quay in front of the open water,
with a three-decked pier, د‎ pavilion, baths, etc., as outlined
in our scheme. Ramsgate, with its population of 28,000, can
have its pavilion; why not we, with our 300,000? As to
baths, one of our local councillors, Mr. Mills, has offered a
large contribution towarde the erection of baths, ahd why
should they not be placed here? We should also have the
much-needed town hall and municipal buildings on a. site
adjoining the open space. From this centre we should want
good means of communication. East London has practi-
cally no roads running north and south, or what it has are
not joined up. We should attempt to do this‘ joining up’ pro-
cess rather than construct new costly roads. There is, for in-
stance, no through road to the Tower. This magnificent
historic possession of the Empire happens to be situated in
Stepney, but there is no road from the East End which
leads to it. I want the tramcars, instead of congesting the
traffic to the City, to make the Tower their objective, for ۵
very large proportion of East End traffic wants to go to Lon-
don Bridge, south and south-west. This would not only open
up an alternative route, but would allow the tramcars to
get much nearer thàn the City. It would be a grand metro-
politan improvement if much of the East End traffic could be
diverted from the Bank and taken through Eastcheap to
Cannon Street. As there are four miles of East End river
frontage with not one open space, and nine miles with only
one—at North Greenwich—we are naturally urging that
something should be done in this regard. On the Isle of
Dogs there are some fields that ought to be seized and kept
as an open space. In Canning Town also there are several
natural open spaces, and the slums of Canning Town, it
Should be remembered, are worse than any in Stepney. 1n
Silvertown again is à large open space which will doubtless
soon be covered with stinking chemical works or something
of the kind if something is not speedily done. A splendid
open space with foreshore at North Woolwich should also be
obtained for the people."

[Aucusr 12, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

1 14

The plan shows a workship and store for 30 boys, adjoining
science school, and a dining hall, kitchen, scullery, larder, and

۱ ۱ 1 | covered playshed adjoining gymnasium.
Tuis design. was submitted in the recent competition and.
From the:
report accompanying the design we take the following: —
We have placed the buildings at the north side of the site | y
facing Lambton Road, and it will be seen that this leaves
the greatest possible area free for games, which consideration
is of great importance. Sufficient space is left without en-

As to heating and ventilating it is intended to use hot
water on the lcw-pressure system for general heating pur.
poses. The heating chamber with coke and coal stores is
laced under the class-rcom at the east side of main school.
and a lift for coals, ete., will be provided communicating with
each floor. The subway under the corridor on the ground
floor will carry the hot-water pipes for heating the central
hall, corridors. and lobbies, and radiators will be provided
for heating principal entrance and porter's room. Cold
fresh air will be admitted to subway passed over the hot-
water pipes and through the flooring gratings. Each class
room will have a Boyd's Hygiastic ventilating grate with
open fire supplied with fresh air direct from outside and
admitted and warmed through gratings in fireplace regulated
by valves. Fresh air will be admitted to class-rooms through
fresh air wall panels and window hoppers. Fresh air will
be admitted to central hall through -Tobin tubes the height
of each locker placed in the corners. The vitiated air will
be extracted from the class-rooms through 14in. by 14in. flues
carried up in chimney stacks with proper inlet and outlet
gratings. so as to effect a change of air six times per hour.
The vitiated air from central hall will be extracted at the’
ceiling level through shafts connected with an air-pump
ventilator fixed in turret. The gymnasium block will have a
separate heating chamber and hot water will circulate
through pipes from boiler round walls of the gymnasium.
The science school will be heated by radiators placed in con-
venient places. Fresh air will be admitted through fresh air
wall panels and the vitiated air extracted through the con-
tinuous skylights. The window sills to class-rooms are 4ft.
high and the heads are near to the ceilings. Special attention
will be paid to the drainage and sanitary arrangements,
which will be supplied by Adams and Co. Inspection
chambers will be placed at every change of direction, giving
easy access for cleansing all the drains, which will have suffi
cient fall from chamber to chamber ; all gulleys to be trapped.
thus preventing smells.

The estimate includes drainage, sanitary appliances, heat-
ing, ventilating. water supply, electric light wiring and fit-
tings, and all centingent works and permanent fixtures (ex-
cept science fittings). The total estimate is £19,645, cubed
at 6d. and 4d.

一 一 一 一 一 -他 全 -人 -一 一 一 一 一

ON CATHEDRAL BUILDINGS.

A of the new Liverpool Cathedral Mr. W. J.
Dawson writes. in the Chesterfield Reporter :—“ What
will happen in the modern building of a cathedral?

The architect will no doubt bring genius to his task, but no

one will imagine it necessary that he should be a man of

faith and prayer. The work itself will be let out to con-
tractors. Those who toil upon the scaffolds will be ordinary
workmen, who will bring no religious feeling to their task.

They will work for pay, and it will be all one to them

whether they build a music-hall or a cathedral so that they

receive their wages. Let us grant that all engaged upon
the work are thoroughly efficient; yet will not something of
prime importance be missing in the absence of the true
religious spirit? To many people, no doubt, this contention
will seem the merest nonsense. They will say, what does 1t
matter what is the spirit of the workman so long as his work
ig well done? A gang of atheists will serve as well as a
gang of Christians. But it does matter, if the witness of
the old cathedral builders is worth anything. No one can
quite explain how the spirit of an age enters into architec-
ture, but no one can doubt that it does so. The spirit of
the age, which means in this case the spirit of the architect,
the spirit of the contractor and bis workwen, will as certainly

enter into the new Liverpool Cathedral as the spirit 0

monkish piety and all the wild poetry of medieval thought

entered into the great Gothic cathedrals which are the glory of

Europe. When a man builds a house for himself, if he really puts

his whole interest into his work he never fails to stamp it ۱

something of his own individuality. There will 85 be

some personal feature in the house which reveals the man

—something vulgar or poetic according to his own character.

For example, I was looking at a. house yesterday which

declared the character of the builder and owner 80 .élearlf

that I did not need to be told that he had made his money

0
1

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ROYAL GRAMMAR SCHOOL.

Design by SHEWBROOKS AND ۰

would have made an agreeable group of buildings.

croaching on the playing-field for a workshop, a dining hall

for 100 boys, with kitchen, scullery, larder and servery, and
None of the buildings will interfere

a covered playshed.
with the existing sewers.

The school is planned with a central hall and galleries from
which the class-rooms are approached. Corridors have been

avoided as far as possible. The hall is 90ft. long by 38ft.

wide, clear of walls, and will seat (including end gallery) 572
scholars, and will be amply lighted by seven side and two end
The school provides accommodation for 460 boys
in ten class-rooms for 25 boys each and seven class-rooms for
All the class-rooms are planned for single
desks, 26in. by 36in. each, with alleys 18in. wide, and also a
back alley of 18in. wide, and all will receive ample light from

windows.
30 boys each.
the left hand of the scholars when seated at their desks.

Ten classrooms face south, the remainder face east or west,
so all will have direct sunlight during some part of the day.

Six of the classrooms on the ground floor, accommodating
160 junior scholars, are grouped near the west entrance. The
sixth form room, which will serve also as a library, 1s as large
in size as the larger class-rooms, and is placed at the north-
west corner. The art room (20ft. by 48ft. 9in.) and the clay
modelling room (20ft. by 24ft.) are placed or. the second floor

and amply lighted from the north side only. They are both

provided with a store-room and the clay modelling room with
a sink. No doak-rooms are provided for the scholars, but
over 400 cloak lockers are arranged along the walls of the

central hall and galleries. Each locker is 14in. wide centre
to centre, llin. deep inside, and 5ft. 6in. high, and raised
about 3in. above the floor, with a bookshelf above and hooks
for cloaks below. The headmaster's room is conveniently
placed near the platform end of the central hall and easily
accessible from the principal entrance, and is provided with
a lavatory. The assistant masters’ common room (24ft. by
14ft.) is provided with a lavatory and cloak-room and is con-
veniently placed near the principal entrance. A secretary's
' room (with store for school stationery) is provided, adjoining
the headmaster's room.

The principal entrance is placed in the centre of the main
front, giving access through a vestibule to central hall, head-
master's, and porter's room. The school is provided with two
entrances for boys east and west, each giving access to large
lcbbies, from which the first and second floors are reached by
a spacious staircase. A great feature of the arrangement له‎
the building is the ease with which the scholars can. leave
the school without disturbing the classes or in case of fire
or panic.

The school has been so planned as to admit of extension
in the shape of class-rooms accommodating 120 boys, as
shown on the ground and first floor plans.

External to the main school are two boys' lavatories, one
for juniors and one for seniors ; these will be each fitted with
ten fixed wash-basins. The changing-rcoms, which will be
amply ventilated and: heated with stoves, are entered from
each. lavatory and provide accommodation for about 100
lockers and two shower baths each. Separate latrines are
provided for 400 senior and junior boys, and are entirely
disconnected from any of the buildings. They are readily
acessible from the school and playgrounds and entirely
screened off from surrounding houses. The masters' latrines
with separate access adjoin senior boys’.

The gymnasium (60ft. by 33ft.) on the west side of main
school is top lighted and is provided with a changing-room
fitted with lavatory basins and shower baths, a large store
for apparatus and a gallery at one end.

The rcoms for science teaching are conveniently situated in
a separate building readily accessible from the east entrance
of the main school. We think it is a great advantage to
place all the rooms مه‎ the ground flcor and top light same. as
it leaves all the wall space for fittings, etc. This building
is so planned as to conveniently admit of future extension
by the addition of a second chemistry laboratory for 32 boys
and a second lecture-room for 30 boys seated at writing desks.

115

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 12, 1904]

A POOR MAN’S HOTEL AT NEWCASTLE-
ON-TYNE.

HE proposed building for the Rowton House on the
1 Dog Bank, Newcastle, has a frontage of 162ft. sloping

to the east, it has a mean height of 74ft., and ıs مد‎
situated that the sun will shine into each of its many win-
dows during some part of the day winter and summer. Un
the basement there is ample and comfortable accommoda-
tion for the staff, with laundries, store-rooms, tool storage,
disinfecting chamber, baths, and the heating apparatus.
The manager's office is on the right of the main entrance,
on the ground floor, and on either side are the large dining-
rooms, with two smoking and reading rooms at the west
end of the building. On this floor are the kitchens and
crockery store. The men may buy their raw food on the
premises, take it to a room set apart for the purpose to
prepare it, and either cook it themselves or have it done
for them. That is to say, unless they prefer the day's menu
provided by the establishment. A sufficient number of
lockers are on this floor for the use of the lodgers. Two
wings, east and west, bring the building up to tne line of
street, but the centre portion on the first and upper floorg
is set back so as to give top lights to the dining rooms on
the ground level. This serves another useful purpose, as
it gives a balcony 115ft. long by 12ft. deep, which is ap-
proached by a stairway rising at the side of the office. The
dormitories, which occupy tour floors, each contain sixty
cubicles—or a total number of 240—and are 10ft. high from
floor to ceiling. Each cubicle is 7ft. 612. long by 6tt. wide,
and separated from its fellows by a wooden partition. A
cubio air space of 375ft. is thus given to each sleeper, and
each and every cubicle has a window--an important item in
sanitary efficiency. Each floor has its own closets, with
lifts for clean linen and shoots for dirty linen sent down
to the basement. Then each floor will have a person in
charge or watchman to see to the rules of the house being
observed. Besides the main staircase, which is ın the form
of an annexe at the rear of the building, there are supple-
mentary stairs at each end in case of fire emergency need.
The cost of the building will be approximately £16,000, and
its income about £2,000 per annum. Taking the working
expenses at the average found necessary in thirteen large
towns, and excluding rent for lockers (if charged), baths
(possibly at a penny), and not. reckoning profit in the sale
of refreshments, it is estimated, says the Vewcastle Chronacle,
that a dividend of 5 per cent. can be declared and yet leave
a substantial surplus to be carried to a reserve fund for un-
foreseen contingencies. The architect is Mr. J. C. Maxwell,
A.R.I.B.A., of 25, Eldon Square, Newcastle.

FIRE RESISTANCE.

HE British Fire Prevention Committee have issued a
report dealing with the universal standards of fire re-
sistance as settled by the committee and adopted at the

recent International Fire Prevention Congress, and now
finally set up. and also officially translated into the French
and German languages. The executive, having given their
careful considertion to the common misuse of the term “ fire-
proof,” now indiscriminately and often most unsuitably
applied to many building materials and systems of building
construction in use 1n Great Britain, have come to the con-
clusion that the avoidance of this term in general business,
technical, and legislative vocabulary is essential They
consider the term " fire-resisting " more applicable for gene-
ral use, and that it more correctly describes the varying quali-
ties cf different. materials and systems of construction in-
tended to resist the effect. of fire for shorter or longer periods,
at high or low temperatures, as the case may be, and they
advocate the general adoption of this term in place of “ fire-
proof. Further, the executive, fully realising the great
vafiations in the fire-resisting qualities of materials and sys-
tems of construction. consider that the publie, the profes-
sions concerned, and likewise the authorities controlling
building operations, should clearly discriminate between the
amount of protection obtainable, or. in fact, requisite for
different classes of property. For instance, tho city ware-
house filled with highly inflammable goods of great weight
requires very different protection from the tenement house
of the suburbs.

The executive are desirous of discriminating between fire-
resisting materials and systems of construction affording tem-

in the cheap drapery business. Every brick in the house
shouted ' Elevenpence three-farthings,’ every vulgar ornament
suggested a draper's window at sale time. It is impossible
to explain it, but nothing reveals the spirit of a man so
clearly as the house he builds. What solid comfort proclaims
itself in an old Georgian mansion—no display, no attempt
at beauty, but plain utility united with a kind of prosaic
dignity! What domestic sweetness is suggested by an old
oak-timbered house of Elizabethan times! What wild
poetry utters itself in anything Gothic! And so, whatever
we may do to avoid it, the modern English spirit will show
itself in the Liverpool Cathedral, although its design be
purely Gothic. And the modern English spirit is entirely
at variance with Gothic sentiment. Eternity casts no
shadow over the twentieth century. The sense of human
life beset on all sides by heavenly watchere and diabolic
enemies, common to the Gothic workman, is impossible
to the modern workman. And how can you get
& truly Gothic cathedral without the Gothic sentiment?
In the same week that the foundation stone of the Liverpool
Cathedral was laid, 1 noticed that Royalty was also engaged
in opening the Leysian Mission building in the City Road,
London. Years ago I had something to do with this
mission, when its headquarters were in Whitecross Street,
Its great aim was then, and still is, the amelioration of
social life by religious service. Young men of education,
old Leys School boys, were encouraged to feel their obliga-
tions to the children of the slums, and to uplift the life of
the poorest by the spirit of-fellowship. I heartily congratu-
late the Leys Mission on its growth. The mission premises
erected in the City Road at a cost of over £100,000 will
probably be the most complete mission premises in Great
Britein. They will include everything that can minister to
the intellectual, moral, and religious uplifting of the people.
I thought, when I read the description of these premises,
what a chance Liverpool had missed. Here is a true
cathedral, upon modern lines, answering to all that is best
in the modern spirit, though no one will ever venture to
call it ۵ cathedral. Here is a palatial block of buildings,
which copy nothing from the past; they are built to answer
existing needs. Would not buildings such as these in the
very heart of Liverpool have done far more for Christianity
than the new Gothic cathedral which Mr. Scott has designed?
It is worth thinking about. The Liverpool Cathedral will
cost over £250,000, and will accommodate 8,000 people. ٤
will never be filled except upon certain special occasions.
It will be used exclusively for the celebration of public
worship. Sometimes good sermons will be preached in it,
and at intervals it may be the scene of a musical festival.
It will, no doubt, by its beauty, be an ornament to the city,
and it will attract the devout. Now think of what it might
have been. It might have been an unrivalled centre of
social work. Instead of one building capable of seating
8,000 persons, it might have contained ۵ church to accommo-
date 3,000; ھ‎ series of halls and classrooms for social
gatherings; a library, a gymnasium, a swimming bath, a
cloistered garden where the weary could rest, a refuge for
the outcast, ۵ receiving home for neglected and deserted
children, and a score of other things all for the glory of God
and the service of the people. Would not that have been &
splendid realisation of what a modern ca&thedral should
mean? Would not such a series of institutions, all gathered
together, under the Cross of the Crucified, have been a much
greater glory to Liverpool than all the lavish splendour of
her new cathedral will be ?

“The Leysian Mission buildings in London come much
nearer to my ideal of a modern cathedral than the great
edifice to be erected in Liverpool. Why should we copy the
past? Why should we not adapt ourselves to existing con-
ditions? It is not the cathedral of medievalism that is
needed to-day; it is the cathedral of social love and
service.”

——Ə:;Úns 0 ph

THE picture sales recorded at the Royal Academy this year

are described as wretched, the sales of only 130 out of 1,200
being announced.

Tue International Congress of Teachers of Drawing held its
final mecting at Berne on Saturday. The congress decided
on the creation of an international federation for the teach-
ing of drawing. It was decided that the next congress
should meet in London.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [Aucusr 12, 1904‏ | 6
see ren‏ هح و ېه يه ددد امه ور مه سا

porary protection, partial protection. and full protection

against fire, and to clasify ali building ی‎ E and svs- ME SEWAGE.
tems of construction under these thiee headings, The exact
and definite limit of these three classes is based on the ex- N appeal was made from an order of the Court of
perience obtained from numerous investigations and tests. Appeal dated March 6, 1903, in effect reversing an
combined with the experience obtained from actual fires. and order made by Mr. Justice Kekewich on July 9, 1909
after due consideration of the limitations of building practice | 12 an action in which the present respondents were plaintiffs
and the question of cost. and the present appellants were defendants, The object of
The executive's minimum requirements of file resistance | the action was to obtain a declaration as to the rights of the
for building materials or systems of construction could be | respondents to the use for draining their district of
popularly summarised, says the Manchester Guardian, as | certain sewers constructed by and verted in the appel-
follows :—(a) That temporary protection implies resistance lants, the Brighton Intercepting and Outfall Sewerg
against fire for at least three-quarters of an. hour; (b) that | Board, under: the provisions of the Brighton Inter.
partial protection implies resistance against a fierce fire for at | cepting and Outfall Sewers Act, 1870. The questions at
least one hour and a half; (c) that, full protection implies | issue depended for the most part, if not entirely, on
resistance against a fierce five for at least. two hours and a | the true construction of such Act and various other Acts.
half. The conditions under this resistance should be obtain- | Lord Lindley said: My Lords, —This is an appeal from an
able, the actual minimum temperatures, thickness, questions | Order of the Court of Appeal declaring that the Borough
of load, and the application of water can be appreciated from | of Hove are entitled to discharge the sewage of the borough
«the tables contained in the report by all technically inte | Into the main sewer of Brighton, called the Intercepting
rested, but for the popular discrimination—which the execu- | sewer. N othing is said in the order respecting the termg
tive are desirous of encouraging—the time standard alone | or conditions to be complied with by the Borough of Hove ;
should suffice, l they are left to be gathered from the various statutes
It is desirable, the committee add. that these standards | applicable to the case. It is admitted by both parties that
become the universal standards in this country, on the Con- | if the Borough of Hove are entitled to use the sewer they
tinent, and in the United States, so that the same standardi. | must bring the sewage of the borough which they want to
sation may in future be common to all countries, and the | be carried away down to the Brighton sewer, and must pay
preliminary arrangements for this universal standardisation | Whatever is required by the statutes in the event of the
are already in hand. borough sewage being carried off by the Brighton sewer.
— — — — The question in controversy at the present time, and the
only question for decision now, is whether the Brighton
NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY. nen Board are bound to allow the sewage of the Borough
of Hove to be poured into the Brighton sewer. The
Brighton Board maintain that the Brighton sewer was not
constructed for and is not large enough to carry off the
quantity of sewage which the Borough of Hove will send
into it in addition to that coming into it already, and that if
the Borough of Hove are right in their contention, Brighton
will be put to very great expense in enlarging their sewer,
or making another for benefit of Hove alone. The Brighton
sewer was made under the provisions of a local Act of 1870,
and the western portion of the sewer is in the old parish of
Hove. The sewage of some of that parish has always passed
into the sewer. In 1873 a local Act was passed for the
better government and improvement of the parish of
Hove. This Act contained two important sections
(Sections 61 and 84) relating to the Brighton sewer, but
did not enlarge the parish. In 1893 Hove parish
was greatly enlarged for sanitary purposes by the
addition to it of the adjoining parish of Aldringham.
This was done by an order made under the provisions of .
the Local Government Act, 1888. The Borough of Hove
lg co-extensive with these two united parishes. The
Brighton Sewers Board do no dispute their obligation to
carry off the sewage of the old parish of Hove if brought to
the Brighton sewer, but they object to receive the additional
sewer from Aldringham. Such being shortly the circum-
stances which have given rise to the controversy, It 18
necessary to refer more particularly to the Acta and order
the above-mentioned ¡rule in favour of their late colleague | above mentioned. It will be convenient, in the firet place,
and benefactor to the Gallery. to deal with the order of 1893. This order transferred the
By purchase: Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, K.G. | parish of Aldringham from the rural sanitary district of
(1506 ?-1552), the Protector, a small old panel portrait, artist | Steyning Union to the urban sanitary district of Hove
uncertain. Henry VIII, painted in early life, an old panel | (Article 2). The order then amended the Hove Act of 1873,
portrait, perhaps, by a German artist. Henry Vassall Fox,|and made it applicable as amended to the urban sanitary
third Baron Holland (1173-1840), a small full-length portrait | district of Hove as enlarged by the order (Article 3).. The
painted at Florence in 1796 by Louis Gaufüer, Henry amendment made was that Section 3 of the Aot of 1873
Petty-Fitzmaurice, third Marquis of Lansdowne, K.G. (1780. | should be read as if the parishes of Hove and Aldringham
1863), drawn in pencil by E, T. Parris in 1838. George|were inserted instead of the parish of Hove. This order
Cruikshank (1792-1878), a small portrait painted in 1836. | was confirmed by the Local Government Board, snd was laid
Sir John F. W. Herschel, Bart. (1792-1871), the eminent, before Parliament in the usual way, and its validity is not
astronomer, drawn by Henry W. Pickersgill, R.A. disputed. I do not myself see how its validity can be dis-
The trustees have also acquired by purchase an interesting | puted, having regard to the Local Government Act, 189%
portrait-group of “A Club of Artists in 1735,” painted by |(56 and 57 Vict., c. 73, Section 42). The effect of the order
Hamilton, representing Matthew Robinson, Esq, of West is quite another matter, and is the main point in controversy.
Layton, Yorkshire, father of the famous Mrs. Montagu, | It does not mention the Brighton sewer, and to ascertain
from whose representative it was obtained, and the follow- the effect of the order on that sewer it is necessary ۵
ing artists of the period: George Vertue, engraver; Hans turn to the local Acts of 1870 and 1873. The Local Govern-
Huyssing, portrait-painter: Michael Dahl, portrait-painter: | ment Act, 1888 (51 and 52 Viet., c, 41), which (by d
Thomas, architect ; James Gibbs, architect ; Joseph Goupy, (57 and 59) authorised the order, contains a provision er
painter; Charles Bridgeman, landscape-gardener ; Bernard must not be overlooked. I refer to Section 125, : v
Baron, engraver: John Wootton, painter; John Michael | protects the Brighton Sewer Board from being preju aes
Rysbrack, sculptor ; Hamilton, painter of the picture ; and | by anything done under the authority of the Act save ۹

William Kent, architect, sculptor, and landscape-gardener. ' far as may be necessary to give effect to this Act, 0

following acquisitions have recently been made by‏ دا
the trustees of the National Portrait Gallery, says the‏
Times :— 1‏

By bequest : Paul Sandby, R.A. (1725-1 809), water-colour
painter, and Thomas Sandby, R.A. (17 21-1798), architect,
brothers, and original members of the Royal Academy, both
painted by Sir William Beechey, R.A., and bequeathed to
the National Portrait Gallery by their grandson, the late
Mr. William Arnold Sandby.

By donation: George Henry Lewes (1817-1878), the well-
known writer, drawn in 1840 by Anne Gliddon, and pre-
sented by his son, Mr. Edmund A. Lewes. William John-
son Fox (1786-1864), the noted politician and orator, and
M.P. for Oldham, painted by his daughter, Eliza F. Bridelı
(Mrs. George E. Fox), and presented by her second husband,
Mr. George E. Fox, F.S.A. Samuel Smiles, LL.D. (1812-
1904), author of “Self Help" and other noted works,
painted by Sir George Reid, P.R.S.A. ; presented by the
members of his family, and accepted by the trustees, who
agreed to waive their usual rule as to the expiration of ten
years from the date of decease, in view of the continued
popularity and wide circulation of Dr. Smiles's works.
George Frederick Watts, R.A. (1817-1904), the late distin-
guished painter, painted in early life by Henry Wyndham
Phillips, and presented by Mr. Henry Wagner, F.S.A. Inthe
case of Mr. Watts the trustees had no hesitation in waiving

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 125

or in combination, pointing out that in this way less heat-
ing surface was required, amd there was a substantial saving

AUGUST 12, 1904]

any scheme or order or other thing made or done there-
under.” This saving destroys the protection in this particular

case. The effect of the order was fully examined by the; in the amount of fuel required. After describing various
Court of Appeal, and, having regard to the Acts of 1870 and | experiments and tests, Mr. Chasser emphasised the import-

ance of this subject, pointing out that not only was the
number of gas engines in use largely increasing, but the sizes

1873, the order would be nullified if it had no application
to the Brighton sewer orthe Brighton Sewer Board. My

Lords, I do not propose on the present occasion to examine! were also increasing, and engines of 100, 200, and up to 500
indetail the sections of the two Acts of 1870 and 1873. brake horse power were getting common, while engines of
The really important sections are Section 91 of the Act of 1,000 up to 3,000 brake horse power had. been made. A

| discussion followed, during which Mr. Louis F. Pearson con-

| gratulated Mr. Chasser upon the practical value of some of
his suggestions, and said the competition had proved so

1870 and Sections 61 and 74 of the Act of 1873. Section 91
of the Act of 1870 renders it necessary to turn to Section 4
of the same Act, which defines the expression local authority,

and makes it include, not only the three authorities therein interesting that the council of the institution were offering
named, but “any local board or body of commissioners who! this year three prizes of higher value.

may hereafter under the provisions of this Act be admitted! Mr. Walter Yates, M.I.Mech.E., Swinton, read a paper on .
to participate in the benefits and liabilities thereof as the | Mechanical Draught for Boilers.” In the course of his
case may be.” These words point to development and to paper, Mr. Yates said that, on the average, one-quarter of ,
new authorities. Bearing this in mind, the first part of the heat generated was sent up the chimney to waste, mean-
Section 91 of the Act of 1870 seems to me unquestionably to Ing a proportionate waste of the coal to sustain the required ۶
apply to the united parishes of Hove and Aldringham, and to heat. Dealing particularly with induced and forced fan

confer upon them the right to use the Brighton sewer upon draught, he strongly commended the induced draught
the terms mentioned in the last part of the same section. system wherein the fan was placed between the boilers and
I agree with the Court of Appeal in seeing no escape from | chimney or point of discharge of waste producta into atmo
this conclusion. Turning next to Section 61 of the Act of, 5phcre, contending that this resulted not only in a propor-
1873, and substituting Aldringham and Hove for Hove, as | tionate increase of steaming capacity in the boilers, but in
the district referred to, Section 61 of the Act of 1873 fits on | greater efficiency of combustion and consequent economy,
to and works with Section 91 of the Act of 1870. But then | due to a less volume of air being required, though at a higher
comes Section 74 of the Act of 1873, which says ‘nothing | pressure than with chimney draught. Higher temperatures
in this Act shall prejudice or affect the powers and provi. Could be maintained, and the resulting increase of evaporat-
sions" of the Brighton Sewers Board. This saving does ing power of the boilers was such that, usually three boilers
not, however, apply if I am right in thinking that the Act | With induced drauglit would do the work of four with chim-
of 1870, Sections 4 and 91, and tne order of 1893, have the | HEY or natural draught. Other advantages were that a
effect which I have above mentioned. It is not the Act of | better and more even distribution of air was obtained, and
1873, but the amendment of it in 1893, which prejudices the that the pressure could be kept practically constant, thus
Brighton Sewer Board. As regards the “ Huddersfield ” | 8۸۷۱۴ large sums of money in repair bills for leaky jointe
case (1897, 2 Ch., 121), on which the appellants relied, J and rivete, more especially in marine boilers, due to the con-
will only add that the legislative enactments on which the traction and expansion of the boiler shell and furnaces.
present case turns are, in my opinion, too explicit to render | Another valuable feature of an induced draught apparatus
that case applicable to this. In my opinion, the decision | was that it rendered the plant quite independent of climatic

of the Court of Appeal was correct, and ought to be conditions, the fan always being under control, and capable
affirmed. i of answering sudden calls, particularly useful in the case of

an electric light station. It also permitted economy by the
burning of cheaper fuel, and was exceedingly useful as a
HEATING AND VENTILATING ENGINEERS | smoke preventer by enabling the proper chemical changes
to take. place in the furnace. It obviated, also, the necessity
CONFERENCE. for lofty chimney stacks. The power required to drive an
07 . hat ei induced draught fan was only about 1 per cent of the power
HE Institution of Heating and. Ventilating Engineers | of the plant it operated, so that the cost was of little conse-
(Incorporated) held their sixth summer conference at quence. In addition to the many advantages other than
Liverpool on the 21st ult., Mr. J. S. Palmer, of Liver- | financial to be derived from an induced draught apparatus
pool (president for the year), conducting the meeting, which | over chimney draught, the two outstanding economical fea-
took place in the Hotel St. George. This is the first visit | tures were--Much reduced first cost, and reduced cost cf fuel.
of the institution to Liverpool. There were fifty members! Mr. Charles Barter, of Birmingham, read a paper cn
present representative of the country. “Smokeless and Economical Burning of Fuel.” He urzed
Mr. George Chasser, of Stourbridge, read a paper for which | that it was not merely a question of curing the smoke vuis-
he was awarded first prize in. the assistants' competition last | ance, but, at the same time, of effecting considerable economy
year. The subject was '* An inquiry into the waste heat from ۱ in coal consumption. He advocated a separate brick-iined
gas engines, with some suggestions for its useful application. ‚ chamber wherein the fuel could be burned right out to
He stated that the many useful purposes to which the ex- | nothing except for the dirt, leaving the gases to be introduced
haust heat from steam engines had been applied demon- | into the suitable firehole of a ‘boiler, and there mixed tho
strated what could be done in the utilisation of the waste roughly with the right amount of heated air and burned
products from other forms of motive power. The increasing smokelessly, much as a Bunsen flame burned under a kettle.
use of gas engines made it important that where possible | By arranging absolute control over the generation of the
the waste heat should be utilised, though very little had | gases in the fire chamber or generator, it would be possible
been done in that direction. When it: was considered that to burn coke so economically as to save quite one-third of
the only outlay was the initial cost of the heating plant, ' what would be required for the same heating effect of coke
doubtless the users of gas engines would welcome any | burning on the fire-bars. With coal. not rubbish, the advan-
economy. Taking a 50 brake horse power engine as an tages were more marked. An expenditure of £200 or £300
illustration, he said tests showed that only 18 to 25 per cent. in properly designed fuel chambers would cure much of the
of the calorific power of the gas admitted to the engine was smoke evil, would turn a deal of smoke into money, and
used up in mechanical energy or power, the remainder going ; would easily save the outlay in less than two years. During the
to waste. To take up the heat from the jacket water and , discussion, several members cast doubt upon the alleged.
exhaust gases in useful work, water could be heated in bulk economies suggested.
in a circulating tank for draw-off purposes, or passed through The proceedings closed with an announcement that the

= 一 一 ~

موھ

next meeting would be held at London on October 18. In
the.evening the conference dinner was held under the presi-

dency of Mr. J. S. Palmer. The principal toasts were “ The

Institution," proposed by Mr. Theo. F. Dredge, and acknow-
ledged by Mr. W. R. Maguire (Dublin) and Mr. Herbert
Grundy (London); and “ American Society of Heating and
' Ventilating Engineers,” proposed bv Mr. Walter Jones
| (Stourbridge). and responded to by Mr. Henry S. Downe,

| whose suggestion for a joint meeting of the two societies

a radiating system, or for any other purpose for which it was
suitable. He calculated the useful waste heat at 55 per cent.
A direct and simple method of using the exhaust gases
would be to extend the exhaust pipe around the building to
be heated, but this arrangement could not be recommended
because the high temperature of the pipes would increase
the risk cf fire. and the noise of the explosions would be
conducted along the pipe and become a nuisance. Bv means of
diagrams he showed how the exhaust gas heat and the jacket

water heat might successfully be utilised either separately | found much favour.

[AUGUST 12, 1904

126 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

Church had reported that they had been very carefully
examined, and that their condition was so bad that it would
be useless to think of spending money in restoring them. .

Earl Spencer agreed with the noble lord on the cross
benches that the way in which matters connected with
pictures and art generally were dealt with in this country موم‎
a reproach. It was only quite lately that an attempt had
been made to find a building adequate for the magnificent
collection in the South Kensington Museum, although the
neccessity for doing so had been so urgently pressed in
successive Governments. It did seem to him unfortunate
that a small sum could not be spent annually in trying to
carry out the scheme of decorations in the Houses of
Parliament ; but he quite understood that it was impossible
at this time in the Session to appoint a committee, and he
would suggest that if a committee were to enquire into the
subject it ought to be a joint eommittee of the two
Houses. He said these few words in sympathy with the
noble lord, whom he did not like to see always alone in
pressing these matters. Possibly the Government itself
might yet see its way to propose some committee or take
some action.

Lord Stanmore said;that?he had forgotten to mention that
of the frescoes in the Poet's Hall one only survived, and in
front of that a telephone-box had been erected. The
motion was negatived without a division.—The Times.

جج — 9-99 — —

NATIONAL REGISTRATION OF PLUMBERS.

CONFERENCE of representatives of the six District
A Councils of Scotland was held on Thursday week in
the Trades Hall Buildings, Glasgow. The meeting
was convened by the Glasgow and West of Scotland District
Council, which took the opportunity of the assemblage of
the Sanitary Institute in Glasgow to bring together the
representatives of the Scottish Councils, some of whom were
members of the Institute, for the consideration of various
matters connected with the registration movement, includ-
ing the existing facilities for the education of the young
plumber in the theory and practice of his art, the conditions
at present prevailing for admission of qualified masters and
operatives to the list of registered plumbers, the prospects
of Parliamentary legislation and other matters, and also
communications from Mr. W. R. E. Coles, the clerk to the
Worshipful Company of Plumbers. Ex-Bailie James Dick,
J.P., president of the Glasgow Council, occupied the chair,
and was supported by ex-Bailie Robert Crawford, LL.D.;
Warden and Alderman Hind, of Stockton-on-Tees, Renter
Warden of the Worshipful Company. Delegates were pre
sent from Aberdeen, Dumfries, Dundee, Edinburgh, Inver-
ness, and Glasgow, to the number of between forty and fifty.
On the subject of education, general admiration was ex-
pressed at the arrangements which have been made ın
Glasgow with the Governors of the Technical College, where,
under the supervision of the Scottish Education Depart
ment, the theoretical and practical plumbing classes (now
respectively in their sixteenth and eleventh years) are now
under the management of a committee reporting to the
Governors, but containing a full tion of the Dis
trict Registration Council and the plumbing trade. It had
further been arranged that the College authorities should
hold an examination which has been approved by the Scot-
tish Education Department, the District Council, and the
Worshipful Company of Plumbers, and the last-mentioned
body had seen its way to accept the results of that examina
tion as equivalent to its own. A full interchange of opinion
on topics of importance to the movement took place, and
at the conclusion of the conference ex-Bailie Crawford re
ported on the steady and persistent efforts which have been
made in promoting the Plumbers’ Registration Bill, and the
very large amount of Parliamentary support which had been
obtained from all quarters. The Bill had more than once
passed its second reading in the Commons, and had once
passed through all its stages in the Lords, but the excessive
difficulty of passing private members Bills was the chief
cause of the disappointing delay in obtaining an Act. On
the motion of Mr. James Hyslop. Dumfries, seconded by
Dr. Crawford, the conference unanimously agreed to place
on record its sense of the value of the registration move
ment and of the advantages which it had conferred lio
was capable of conferring alike on the trade and the public,
and affirmed its conviction that even should legislation

DECORATION OF WESTMINSTER PALACE.

AST week Lord Stanmore moved that a Select Com-
mittee be appointed to inquire and report with
respect to the unfinished condition of the rooms

in the Palace of Westminster appropriated to the service
of this House, and their approaches. He did not pro-
pose to press the motion to a division if the Govern-
ment resisted it, and, even if a committee were ap-
pointed, there could be no practical result this Session.
He brought the matter forward that it might not be
lost sight of, and with some hope that he might induce
the Government to take action. The original scheme of
internal decoration was architectural, but this was sub-
sequently overruled, and it was determined that the
decoration should be of a pictorial character and consist
of paintings and mosaics. This determination was
pursued for a number of years, and then for various

reasons suspended. The second ¿scheme had been

practically suspended, and it was desirable to have it
considered and decided whether that second scheme was,
however slowly, and at whatever intervals, to be proceeded
with, or whether it was to be abandoned, and, if abandoned,
whether they were to recur to the original scheme of archi-
tectural decoration, or to abandon any attempt to go further.
By way of illustrating the present condition of things, he
supposed a foreigner entering the building through West-
minster Hall. He would pass two empty niches reserved
forty years ago for the statues of Marlborough and Welling-
ton, but still vacant. In St. Stephen’s Hall he would see a
large number of panels of paper encased in heavy and
elaborate mouldings of stone. A more grotesque conjunc-
tion could hardly be imagined On asking the meaning of
this he would learn that these papered panels had
been intended for pictures. The First Commissioner of Works
had gone with him sometime ago to inspect the dirty red paper
and deep abysses of darkness forcobwebs. From the First
Commissioner’s sympathy and hisexcellent taste and judgment
in matters of art he had indulged the hope that the paper would
be replaced by mosaic work ; but the dirty red flock paper had
only been replaced by aclean green paper, which might be an
improvement on the dirty paper, but suggested that the
grotesque combination of stone and paper was regarded as
permanent. Walking on through the central hall, the
visitor came to one of the architect’s architectural chimney-
pieces half concealed by a refreshment bar, covered with
sandwiches and ginger beer bottles. Ascending a staircase
to what was once called the Hall of Poets he saw the word
Shakespeare in large gold letters over a sheet of red paper.
He asked how this typified Shakespeare, and learned that
behind this sheet and adjoining sheets of paper were
entombed frescoes which once adorned those walls, He had
seen some of the screens removed, and while it appeared
that with two exceptions these frescoes had perished, the
work in the Shakesperian panel was capable of being
restored. He urged that the condition of things to
which he had called attention demanded the consideration
of such a committee as that for which he moved.

Lord Windsor. said he could not give a reply essentially
different from that which he gave at the close of last
Session on a similar motion. He hoped the noble lord
would not think that he did not sympathise with him
upon the subject of the decoration of the: palace. No
doubt every one would be glad if the walls of all our
chief public buildings, when they were designed for it,
could be covered with mural paintings and appropriate
decorations ; but very large sums of money were now being
spent in public buildings and necessary works, and the
necessity for economy in the public expenditure was so well
known that he did not feel able to press on the Treasury at
this particular time the importance of taking up works
which had unfortunately come to a standstill, and which
must involve considerable expenditure. As to the appoint-
ment of a Select Committee, it was impossible at -this
‘period of the Session for such a committee to get to work,
and the Government in the circumstances could not agree
to the proposal, especially when they would not be able to
support the committee by recommending that their sugges-
tions should be carried out. Personally, he hoped that
there might be an opportunity of taking this matter up
again, but he could not tell the noble lord that the Govern-
ment were now in a position to recommend the appoint-
ment of acommittee. With regard to the frescoes, Professor

127

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 12, 1904]

two rows of massive columns are built of sun-dried bricks,
while those used for the foundations have been burnt in a
kiln. The roof, neatly thatched with the long native grass,
rises over the transepts into three peaks, to describe which 1
know of no word in the phraseology of European architecture.
But the most remarkable features in the building are the
beautifully-executed reed-work which covers the ceiling and
the palm stems that serve as beams and rafters.

IN connection with the extensive improvements now being
carried out at New Bridge Station, Newcastle-on-Tyne, one
of the most interesting features is a huge goods warehouse,
now in course of erection. This warehouse, which has been
designed by Mr. William Bell, F.R.I.B.A., architect of the
North Eastern Railway Company, has attracted a good deal
of attention, says the Newcastle Chronicle, owing to the pecu-
liarity of its construction. It is emtirely built of ferro-
concrete, on the Hennebique Patent System, which. consists
of concrete reinforced with steel bars. The dimensions of
this warehouse are 430ft. in length, 180ft. in width, and it
will be 92ft. in height. The basement is to be used as a low
level and the ground floor as a high level goods station, the
two levels being connected by waggon hoists. There will be
six sidings on the ground floor into which the goods trains
will be run for loading and discharging. As each loaded wag-
gon may weigh upwards of forty-two tons this floor will have
to support an enormous load when several trains are in the
station at the same time. The pillars supporting this floor
had to be as few as possible so as not to interfere with the
heavy traffic in the low level station ; this rendered very largo,
spans necessary for the main beams. Some of the beams in
this building. having a span of 52ft., are to be tested after

| completion under a superload of 400 tons, and each of the

main pillars has to support over 1,100 tons. The first floor
will be used for storage of goods ; the second floor and part of
the other floors are specially set apart for the storage of flour.
The roof will be flat. All the steelwork for this warehouse
is manufactured in the district, the cement used is also of local
manufacture, and the gravel and sand are obtained from
the bed of the Tyne. The contractors are Messrs. Joseph
Howe and Co.

THE parish church of St. Mary, Petworth, was re-opened
last week after extensive alteration. After a careful
inspection of the building, a report on the fabric was
drawn up and prepared by Mr, C. E. Kempe with whom is
associated Mr. Walter E. Tower, architect ; whereupon Lord
Leconfield generously undertook to bear the expense of the
restoration of the whole of the nave, aisles, and the north
chapel, which is dedicated to St. Thomas of Canterbury.
The present restoration of the church included, besides the
re-roofing of the greater portion, the renewal of all the
northern windows, which, owing to their aspect, were in a
serious state of decay. Just sufficient of the old stones

; have been retained, where possible, to indicate that the newer

work is a careful following of the old. The large west window
has also been renewed ; the church has been re-floored, and
new oak seats have been provided. One of the most interest-
ing and oldest parts of the church, says the Sussex Daily News,
is the north transept. Here, in the gallery used exclusively
by the Lord of Petworth and his household, is to be seen
an Early English piscina in its S.E. corner, thereby indi-
cating that at one time there was an upper altar in thia
north transept, which most likely had always been used as a
private chapel by the lord of the manor, having its own
external entrance as now. It was chiefly the existence of
this piscina which decided the retention of this upper

¡the nave and eastwards into St. Thomas's Chapel. The
| discovery of fragments of early fourteenth century wall
paintings over the eastern opening gave further proof
towards the idea of an ancient altar on this upper floor. In
1827 the late Earl of Egremont called in Sir Charles Barry,
under ‚whose superintendence the old tower was underpinned
with immmense foundations, and the lofty spire, rising
180 feet, was built of brick covered with cement on top of
it. The large south aisle was built at this time, and the
church filled and plastered inside and out and brought up to
date in accordance with the spirit of the times, no less a
sum than £16,000 being spent on it. The chief feature that
remains of the old church are the arches of the north aisle,

the municipal boys’ and | gallary in the present restoration, the gallery having now
| been re-modelled with oak-panelled fronts opening on to

indefinitely postponed, the movement was worthy of being
maintained, supported, and pressed forward by all available

means. The proceedings closed with a very cordial vote-

of thanks to ex-Bailie Dick, proposed by Mr. D. W. Kemp,
of Edinburgh. A number of the delegates took the oppor-
tunity of visiting the Health Exhibition, organised by the
Sanitary Institute, while others accompanied the mem bers
of the Sanitary Institute on a visit to Ruchill Hospital. In
the evening the Glasgow District: Council entertained the
conference to dinner, and later the members had the privi-
lege of attending the Lord Provost's reception in the City
Chambers.

rr‏ ہت تست ڪڪ

BUILDING NEWS.

The city surveyor of Antrim (Mr. Cutler) has prepared plans
for the court-house alterations, which he estimates will cost
£12,000 to carry out.

Tre Foresters’ new hall, in Harcourt Road, Uckfield (Sussex),
which was opened on Monday, has been erected from tne
design of Messrs. Powell and Co., Lewes, and will seat 400

people.

RING EDWARD THE SEVENTH'S Grammar School, King's Lynn,
is to have a new building, the entire cost of which amount-
ing to over £40,000 is being defrayed by Mr. W. J.
Lancaster.

Tue Local Government Board have approved the scheme |

of the Woolwich Borough Council for the erection of baths
and wash-houses at Plumstead, estimated to cost £40,000,
but have suggested that the men's swimming-bath should
be omitted for the present.

Courts's new banking premises in the Strand, nearly oppo-
site Charing Cross Station, were cpened last week. Mr. J.
Macvicar Anderson is the architect. The mosaic paving
has been laid by Messrs. B. Ward and Co, of Parliament
Street, S. W., who have also laid the wood-block floors with
their Charteris and Longley's patent pattern self-keyed
flooring. Mr. W. Sbrivell, of Castle Street, Long Acre,
W.C., supplied the gates and other ironwork.

AT Monday's meeting of the Brierley Hill District Council,
the clerk presented bills for extras at the technical institute
and free library, which amounted to £2,869. The amount of
the contract was £4,457. The surveyor said the cost. was
increased owing to the length of the building being extended
10ft. to meet the requirements of the Board of Education,
and through the much greater depth the foundation had to
go than was anticipated, owing to a spring that was met with.
After some more questions had been asked, the bills for extras
were referred to a committee. It was decided to carry out a
number of alterations at the town hall, part of these being
to meet the requirements of the justices to make ingress and
egress safe.

THE new technical institute and
bourne, which was opened on Monday, stands on a site of
three-quarters of an acre at the junction of Grove Road
and Old Orchard Road. The building is of red brick and
Portland stone, and the cost of erection and furnishing is
estimated at £38,000. In addition to a free library and
. Teading-room, it will accommodate
girls’ schools and the technical and
whilst on the site immediately adjoining will be built a
central fire station. The site, which is valued at £10,000,
was presented by the Duke of Devonshire. Mr. Andrew
Carnegie contributed £10,000 to the cost of the library.

Mr. P. A. Robson is the architect, and Mr. F. G. Minter
the contractor.

free public library at East-

higher education classes,

Tue New Uganda Cathedral on

the hill cf Namirembe was
recently consecrated by Bishop Tucker. Mr. Borup, the

engineer missionary who, says the Times, has taught the
bricks, has instructed ycung men in car

[AUGUST 12, 1904
oo

128 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

2 A سه‎ ==

baths and wash-houses at the corner of Gibson Street and
Ridley Terrace, £15.800 of this amount being for the new
buildings.

THE death has occurred of Mr. H. Enfield Taylor, civil
engineer, Chester, who had an extensive practice in Cheshire
and North Wales. Among official appointments held by him
were those of acting conservator to the River Dee Conser.
vancy Board, and engineer to the Hawatden Waterworks
Company. DM

THE engineers anticipate that the contract for laying the
second line of pipes from Thirlmere Lake to Manchester will
be completed within this month. Twenty-four million
gallons per day will then come along the. aqueduct, which is
about ninety-six miles long. Work on the scheme from 1885
to 1894 cost £2,500,000, including the lake watershed and
wayleaves; the second part has taken two and a half years
to accomplish, and has cost about £600.000. It is intended
to spend an aggregate of between four and five millions in
bringing three more lines of pipes to Manchester, which will
then have a supply of about 60,000,000 gallons per day. By
the construction of the massive embankment, the level of
Thirlmere will be raised 50ft., and the lake will be increased
in length from two and thıee-quarter miles to over three and
۵ half miles, with a capacity of 8,135,000,000 gallons, equal
to 150 daxs supply if no rain was to fall during the time.
The Manchester Corporation also propose to construct a
reservoir near the city, tc contain a three weeks' supply.

AN excellent site for the David Lewis Manchester Colony
for Sane Epileptics has been obtained at Warford, near
Alderley Edge. About 130 acres will be used immediately
for the purposes of the colony. "The estate is of considerable
area, so that land will be available in case of future exten-
sion. The colony has been planned with great care, and
every effort has been made to make it ornamental and
attractive. There is a large administrative block standing
at one end of an oval enclosure. Within the oval the next
buildings are a recreation hall and a chapel; them there
are two observation wards and the infirmary, and yet fur-
ther within the oval the central kitchen. The living houses
are placed outside the oval, and there are orchards and
gardens in between. There are a playing ground and a
school for children, workshops, laundry, and machine-rooms
for the adults. cottages for employés, etc. Provision is to
be made at. first for 200 patients of all classes, at varying
rates of payment. The tctal cost of the whole work will be
fully £120,000.

TRADE NOTES:

À MEMORIAL window to Dean Farrar has been erected in St.
John's Church. Hoxton, from designs by Mr. J. A. Reeve.
The work was executed by Messrs. Campbell and Christmas,
of West Brompton.

Tur Limmer Asphalt Paving Co., Ltd., 2, Moorgate Street,
E.C., have gained the silver medal ( highest award) for their
mineral rock mastic asphalt and lithofalt exhibited at the
Sanitary Exhibition, Glasgow. |

THE Grove Hospital, Leighton Buzzard, is being warmed
and ventilated by means of Shorland's patent Manchester
stoves, with descending smoke fues and patent exhaust
roof ventilators, the same being supplied by Messrs. E. H.
Shorland and Brother, of Manchester.

THE new Town Hall at Westhoughton (Lancs.), which 18
appreaching completion. has had erected in the tower a large
cleck with three illuminated dials and striking hours, by
Messrs. John Smith and Sons, Midland Clock Works, Derby.
The clock is fitted with the latest improvements. The same
firm are now making a similar clock for Redruth Town Hall.

PAPER

CLIMATES.

WILLESDEN

but even these had heavy stone piers put to them, probably
in order to obtain sufficient support forthe galleries. These
piers have now been removed and the lighter and more
elegant shafts and capitals of the character of the fourteenth

century, in harmony with the arches, have been reinstated

much to the improvement and beauty of the arcade.
St. Thomas's Chapel, in which was the organ, and also serving
as a robing room for the choir, has now been restored to ite
proper use. The organ, which is a new une, has been placed
over the screen which separates the baptistery under the
tower from the body of the church. A new altar has been
put at the east end of this chapel, where lies beneath the
pavement ۵ large vault holding the remains of several mem-
bers of the House of Percy, Earls of Northumberland, to
which family the manor formerly belonged. At the west
end of the church ۵ new gallery has been formed in oak, مه‎
that the church may accommodate as many people as may
conveniently be obtained with due regard to the dignity of
the building. A new heating apparatus has also been
installed. ‘The chancel has been very much beautified with
gifts by parishioners, most prominent being a new stained-
glass eust window by Mr. Kempe, the subject of which is
the Crucifixion, with St. Mary and St. John, St. Thomas of
Canterbury, and St. Richard of Chichester. Beneath the
window is a new reredos very rich in colour with carved
and gilded work. New oak carved choir stalls and panelling
with marble flooring complete the furnishing and embellish-
ment of this now beautiful chancel. With the exception of
the nave seats, the whole of the restoration and woodwork
have been carried out by Messrs. Norman and Burt, ot
Burgess Hill.

مس ——

JOTTINGS.

Tr has been decided by the Yarmouth Education Committee
to heat the new Southtown School with hot-water radiators
only, at a cost of £950.

Tue Chelmsford Town Council have passed the scheme for
providing a Free Library, Museum, and Art School for the
borough at a cost of £8,U00.

Ar Littlehampton an alteration in the existing by-laws has
been agreed to, allowing the construction of garrets in
small houses without, an extra thickness of walls.

Mr. VINCENT SMITH, of Teignmouth, has been appointed
borough surveyor of Chestertield at a yearly salary of £300.
There were 120 applications for the office.

A proposaL of the Works Committee of the Lambeth
Guardians to carry out plans for the heating of the Norwood
Schools has been sent back to committee, on the ground that
the cost was too great.

A GENERAL lock-out against the unions in the building
trades, whose members recently ordered various strikes,
began on Monday in New York. The men affected are
variously estimated at from 50,000 to 100,000.

FURTHER work in restoring Peterborough Cathedral has com-
menced. The cathedral has been under constant repair for
the past twenty years, and upwards of £80,000 has been
spent on the fabric.

Tue foundation-stone of the Halifax War Memorial was for-
mally laid on Tuesday. The monument, the cost of which is
not to exceed £1,050, is being built from the designs of
Messrs. Longbottom and Culpan, architects, Halifax.

Ox Thursday week a Local Government Board inquiry was
held in Newcastle as to the borrowing of £23,750 for new

ALL,

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN 2-PLY.

See next Issue.

Used by leading Architects.
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129

arbitrary dictatorship which is the architect's right, but if
the profession of an architect means anything wetake it that
it means this. And whilst it 1s better to have no doctor at
all if we only pick and choose amongst the directions he gives
us, so we opine that unless the architect is believed in and
trusted by his clients they are better without him. In the
practice of a certain architect we could name there is much
in his daring and ability which sometimes frightens and
does not always satisfy his clients, but we recognise in their
loyalty to his dicta the generous and proper tribute to his
artistic capacity. He docs not unfailingly please either them.
or himself, but he is developing an artistic life which for its
independenoe and its good to the community we count cf the
highest value. x
سے‎ —— s ض‎ ———

THE ARCHITECT AND EXPERT HELPERS.

ri.

E print below part of an article on the above, which
appears in the Engineering Magazine from the pen of
Mr. Reginald Pelham Bolton :一

: “The architectural profession has riot infrequently recog-
nised its responsibility for the results of its professional
work, and has advanced in many ways along lines of modern
development. But it has curiously failed to recognise its
responsibility in another and more important respect,
namely, that of the acceptance of fees in payment for certain
technical and artistic work which its members are not quali-
fied by training to execute, &nd in which they are not expert
in the same sense. as they are in connection with actual
building design. The position occupied by the pro-
fession in this regard is not logical, and has brought about
a very disastrous state of affairs as regards their employment
in the largest building enterprises. As tbe logical reason
for the employment of professional ability in the design of a
building in place of the employment of contractors or
builders for the purpose, it is maintained for the profession
that their members are ۵ trained body, expert in the design
and proper construction of the work they undertake to
plan, uninfluenced by considerations which affect the
contractor or builder, and capable of giving economical and
independent advice to their clients. The client, it therefore
follows, in employing an architect, engages and pays for a
personal ability and technical knowledge of the subjects
under consideration and is entitled to a receipt of that
personal capability and technical information in each branch
dealt with. If, therefore, the architect does not possess
expert knowledge on any one branch of his undertaking—
and no one can expect that any one of that wide profession
ehould be so fully informed—he is under moral obligation to
supplement his own deficiency in respect of any particular
item involved—such as, say, sculpture, modelling, decorative
effects, landscape gardening, sanitation, boiler practice,
chimney design, electrical equipment, heating, ventilating,
hydrostatic, elevator, foundation, steel construction, or
other modern requirements—by the equivalent expert and
equally independent knowledge of others; otherwise he is
not giving his client value for his engagements, In other
words, architects are paid for professional knowledge and
experience upon all parta of the work they undertake, and
cannot honestly accept pay for their services as amateur
sculptors, artists, engineers, plumbers, and for amateur
opinions upon technical subjects. Yet too many of them
not only do so, but still adhere to the old practice
of obtaining information, guidance, proportions, even
their plans aud specifications, from contractors and
prospective bidders. As regards engineering work, there
are ۵ few architects who by reason of a certain amount of
habitude, possibly in some cases of a certain amount of
training, possess a familiarity with some sanitary and
engineering matters. But would they, if deprived of their
architectural practice, undertake with that amount of
knowledge to enter upon independent practice as experts in
those lines? In other words, will any architect assert him-
self to be as fully qualified in these matters as he professes

to be, and is, in building design and construction ?

“ Recognising the necessity of doing something, but
desirous of avoiding the cost of employment of ability of a
character and cost equal to their own, a number of architecta
have proceeded to a course which has proved peculiarly
adverse to the interests and credit of the profession. They
u... and often inexperienced help in the shape of

or draughtsmen, and put them forward as their sub-

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 19, 1904]

ee e o‏ ل

Che British Architect.

- ی خا

LONDON: FRIDAY, AUGUST ı9, 1904.

THE ARCHITECT'S DIRECTION.

HE position of the architect as chief over all the work
in connection with building enterprises is always liable
to abuse, and it may be partly on account of such

abuse that so many regard his authority as very arbitrary
and often altogether necdless. The decorative artist is, we
think, specially inclined to view with jealousy the authori-
tative position of the architect, and doubtless often feels
that he could very well be dispensed with. But there are
gradually creeping into the multifarious and extending
duties of architects complications which are essentially
modern and of to-day. The development of baths, of
laundry buildings, of electric lighting stations, of breweries,
and all sorts of buildings in which special technical know-
ledge is required to produce the best practical results, often
leaves the architect in somewhat of a quandary as to the
proper exercise of his functions. His way out of it very
often takes the form of obtaining special estimates and
drawings from certain technical experts in the employ of
certain business firms, who are supposed to reap their reward
when they are successful in their estimating, and who are
also supposed to accept with philosophie calm the loss of
much work for which they try, for the system does give them
a definite chance sometimes. There are not wanting signs
now, however, that these experts are beginning to get a
little tired of providing these particulars, and helping so to
make the architect’s designs and estimates completely satis-
factory and trustworthy to his clients. They appear to
think that, after all, they are giving too much for the un-
certainties of competition. Now, it appears to us that
architects are being more and more beset by difficulties.
and that the prospects of an uncertain and ill-paid profes
sion are not improving. It would be obviously unfair to
build up an indictment against a profession based on the
action or abilities of its worst professors, and it is only on
the basis of the average that we can fairly argue. We
doubt not that the able architect who, notwithstanding all
the difficulties of his work, is still making a good income
and enjoying his practice, is inclined to look on the evils and
drawbacks of professional life with a tolerant eye. Just
so also the successful business architect, who has so many
favours to distribute that he is able to quieten the complainte
of tradesmen by the hops of favours to come, can afford
to look on professional limitations with equanimity. But
the growing feeling of intolerance towards an architect's
proper mission is not to be lightly reearded by the average
member of the profession. | ۱
Anything whatever which concerns the artistic completion
of a building work comes under the proper jurisdiction of
the architect, and under this head we certainly include the
proper development of all plan arrangements and the right
placing of all practical conveniences, which may obviously
seriously mar the satisfactory completion of the work unless
properly supervised. Even if we grant that in the super-
vision of certain parts (perhaps the more practical parts) of
the work an architect earns his commission more easily than
cn others we may reasonably ask: Why not? Except in large
_ works, the usual commission is very poor pay, and in many
small buildings it would be found on analysis that the com-
mission worked out at only the value of a good draughtsman’s
time. Doubtless the increasing responsibilities and variety
of an architect’s practice carry an obligation to extend his
general knowledge in at least an elementary form, so that he
may realise the general necessities involved in laundry work,
various heating arrangements, disposition cf electrical plant.
chemistry, etc. But even should he lack this we cannot con-
cede that he should not have the final control as to the dis
pcsition and arrangement of all works in connection with a
building. He may have to concede much through sheer igno-
rance, but that does not call upon him to concede everything.
Either the architect is fit to be the final arbiter as to the
arrangement and artistic clothing and setting of all of a
building work or else he becomes a mere clerk and akan!
of plans. We do not admit that a large proportion of the
members of our profession are fit to be entrusted with the

[AUGUST 19, 1904

130 | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

—— r F.

— a ANA

cently, when his health failed him, he regularly attended
to his duties on the bench, and was held in high esteem by
his brother magistrates. He tock a keen interest in the
volunteer movement. In its earliest days he was associated
with the late Colonel Bousfield, and subsequently from the
ranks of that gentleman's regiment, and with the aid of the
late Ficld-Marshal Sir John Burgoyne, R.E., and others,
formed the “ Ist Lancashire Engineer Volunteers,” and as an
officer enjoyed a leng and honourable career, finally taking
command. Increasing professional duties compelled him to
retire from this pest in 1875, when the War Office recognised
his valuable services by gazetting him to the position of
honcrary colonel in succession to Field-Marshal Burgoyne.
In 1893 Colonel Ellison was among the first who received the
long service decoration bestowed on volunteer officers by her
late Majesty Queen Victoria. As a Conservative, Colonel
Ellison fcr many years teck an active part in politics, parti-
cularlv as affecting the Toxteth Division.

As a certain builder did not get his estimate for a small job
accepted he made a charge of £10 for services rendered. At
the County Court he explained that he received instructions
from the defendant to prepare plans and give estimates for
the erection of a house. He did not get the job of building
the hcuse, and admitted that had he done so the present
charges would not have been made. For the defence, it was
urged that plaintiff received no instructions authorising him
to get an architect to prepare plans, only a rough sketch being
asked for with the estimates. The judge awarded plaintiff
£5 5s. and costs on that amount.

We have received a prospectus of the Cape Town Industria!
(International) Exhibition, 1904-5, and it is interesting to
note the name of Mr. Hubert S. East, a graduate of the
R.I.B.A., and formerly partner with Mr. E. M. Wimperis.
as architect for the buildings. The Mayor and Corporation
cf Cape Town have granted the use of the spacious Green
Point Commen for Exhibition purposes. The common is
within five minutes’ tramway ride of the centre of the city.
and cccupies a beautiful position. The site is being enclosed.
and the grounds will be attractively laid out and ornamented.
The building arrangements are in the hands of a well-known
firm. and will be completed by the month of October. In
addition to the main and official buildings. there will be
separate structures for the model bakery and mineral water
manufactorv, for the electric lighting and power plant, for
the international village, Welcome Club, and other purposes.
The buildings are to be well ventilated and lighted, and tne
plans have been passed by the Cape Town Corporation.
Several cf the exhibitors are erecting separate kiosks, bunga-
lows, and other buildings in which to house their exhibits.

ANOTHER City church, that of St. Thomas's, Charterhouse.
Is threatened with demolition, says the Newcastle Chronicle.
It is a modern building, having only been built sixty years
ago. It stands in Goswell Street, near to Aldersgate Street
railway station, but the parish lies entirely on the opposite
side of the road. In recent years there has been a marked
decrease in the population of the parish, and advantage 15 to
be taken of the fact that the living is at present vacant, as
well as that of St. Mary's, Charterhouse, to unite the two
parishes and benefices, and present the vicarage to St. Pauls.
Pear Tree Street, which at present does not possess a ۲
dence for its vicar. A saving of about £400 a year will thus
be effect:d, while the site of the demolished church will en- ۔‎
rich the treasury of the Ecclesiastic Commissioners by at least
£10,000. St. Thomas's Church was chiefly interesting from
the fact that its first incumbent was “Hang Theology
Rogers, afterwards vicar of St. Botolph’s, one of the richest
livings in London.

Mr. T. G. Jackson, R.A., reporting on the damage done to
Bath Abbey during the thunderstorm on the 4th inst., states
that thera being no lightning conductors the church had a
fortunate escape. He directed that the bells should not be
rung till the damage was repaired.

—

Tue Church of St. Matthias, Stoke Newington, was one of the
mest striking examples of the work of the late William
Butterfield, and we noto that a description of it, which

stitute for technically trained expert assistance. One of the
most foremost firms of architects in the United States have
in their employment, and put forward as their ‘consulting
engineer, a very worthy, and in hia own line deserving
man whom they took out of an engine room. There are
several others who pay their ‘consulting engineers’
in their office from 20 dols. to 30 0018. per week, and permit
this class of experience to pass upon and decide the import-
ant operating expenses of their clients. Such men are not
only incompetent in the direction of knowledge, experience.
or ability, but an injury is inflicted upon the client which
often reflects back upon the architects, by placing such
a class of men in control of matters where large sums of
money and many competing and unscrupulous interests are
engaged.

“The very essence of the employment of professional men
is that their ‘standing’ shall protect the employer from
corruption and undue influence ; and in passing over any part
of their engagement to a lower class of employed and often
underpaid labour, the architects very seriously compromise
their employer's interests. Even when an independent en-
gineer is employed he is often made to feel that he ia only
the agent of the arcbitect or is placed under obligations to
make his designs coincide with the architect's views. The
results are to be seen in many otherwise well-considered
installations,

* There are eight hundred and fifty practieing architects
in New York, and there are seventeen independent consult-
ing engineers employed on such cognatic work, where there
8bould be plenty of inducements and work for ten times the
number. The architectural profession have had this matter
drawn to their attention by several engineering societies,
and bave not only failed to correct their false position, but
have embodied it in the provisions of their form of pro-
fessional contract. As their self-sufficiency evidently
renders them deaf to the calls of plain dealing, it is
necessary to direct the attention of those who employ them
to the matter, so that the existing system may perhaps be
remedied from without. I shall not lay myself open ٢
any charge of one-sidedness, but freely admit that
there are some engineers posing as architects to whom
the same consideration can be inversely addressed.
But it is to the general credit of my profession that they
are an extremely limited number.”

—v ی‎

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

W ORKING men little realise how much the prosperity
of the building trades is affected by their action.
They appear to think that the less work they do tor
their money the more there is left fcr themselves and their
fellow-workmen to do, forgetting that many building enter-
prises are stifled by the state of the labour market. A case
in point will illustrate the matter. A certain client lately
invited, through his architect, tenders for work which was
absolutely required to be executed in four or five days' time.
It was found impossible to get a tender in London, as the
ecntractors evidently realised the unreliable nature of the
British working man. But when an energetic and capable
North Country builder was telegraphed for he arrived within
thirty hcurs with a staff of forty North Country workmen,
and they satisfactorily completed the job, and the builder
well earned the honorarium granted him by the proprietors.
The London workmen. lost their wages, and the other men,
if they remain true to their tradition to wcrk well and
honestly, will continue to reap the reward.

Ir may be within the memory of some of our readers that
we did our best to champion the claims of Colonel Ellison
against the Isle of Man authorities a good many years ago.
We now have to record the death of this gentleman, who, in
partnership with his son, has carried cut a large number of
buildings, those local to Liverpool including the Eye Hospi-
tal, the Adelphi Bank, the Adelphi Hotel, and the Birken-
head Town Hall. He also was responsible for the promenade
at Douglas in the Isle of Man. Colonel Ellison was seventy-
two at the time of his death, which occurred on Wednesday.
The Liverpool Mercury says : —Colonel Elliscn took an active

rt in many branches of public life in the city, where his
brother, Alderman John Ellison, has long bcen a conspicuous

figure. He became a justice of the peace in 1891. Until re- | appeared in the Zeelesiologist for August, 1853, is being re-

پو

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 19, 1904]

and Westmoreland Society of Arts and Crafts. There was
an interesting exhibition of pictures, needlework, wood-
carving, metal work, leather work, lace work, photography,
etc., and it was announced that Sir Benjamin Scott's chal-
lenge shield for the best collective exhibit had been won by
the Cockermouth wood-carving class, whilst the second and
third certificates of merit had been obtained by St. Stephen's
(Carlisle) and Aspatria needlework classes.

AMONG the latest arrivals from South Africa is Mr. R, N.
Hall, F.R.G.S. Mr. Hall has tecently completed two years’
exploration work at Great Zimbabwe, at the request of the
Rhodesian Government, and also three months' examination
work at the request of Mr. Rhodes's trustees in the Myanga
district, which bounds in mystery, as it contains bell forts, -
bell terraces, stone-lined pits and galleries, ; aqueducts,
and other relics of some long-forgotten race. Mr. Hall in
formed Reuter's representative, says 1he Birmingham Post,
tbat his recent operations at Great Zimbabwe had brought the
enigma of the ruins very much nearer solution. His dis-
coveries of new and hitherto unsuspected features of ancient
architecture, buried buildings, gold ornaments, and relics,
representing the period when Phallic worship was practised,
have been highly important. A large selection of gold and
other relies has been secured. The evidences that Hhodesia
was the country from which King Solomon's gold was
obtained are fast accumulating. The builders of the more
ancient portion of these massive and extensive ruins are
believed to have been Sabeo Arabians of about 1,000 B.C.,
who at that time were the gold purveyors of the world. No
suggestion has been made that any of the structures were
erected by the Phenicians, but distinct traces of their
influences are believed to have been discovered,

ات ڪڪ ار Y‏ ——

COMPETITIONS.

ESIGNS are invited for a County Council School, with
accommodation for 900 children, to be erected iu
Springfield Road, Sale The prize offered .to the

selected architect is the usual 5 per cent. commission.
Applications must reach Mr. W. Taylor, Technical School,
Sale, bv the 25th inst.

Tuz King's Norton District Council have approved a site
for the Moseley and King's Heath library, and have decided
to advertise for competitive designs.

Tue Panama Government is offering a prize of 200dols. for
a design for a national flag and coat of arms. The design
must be original and in good taste, but wealthy in colour
treatment and unlimited in regard to ıdeas. It is under-
stood that the competition is open to everyone.

OUR LETTER BOX.

ON CATHEDRAL BUILDINGS.*
To the Editor of THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

Sir, —Will the theories suggested by Mr. W. J. Dawson in
the Chesterfield Reporter, re the building of Liverpool
Cathedral. nct give rise to some curious thoughts by your
readers and especially architects?

In the first place 1t suggests to me that he has read English
history backwards, or perhaps ho has neglected Shakespeare.
His notes make one ask, has not the priest been deminant in
England since Norman times—tithes universal, Church rich.
free thought a heresy, inquisition a tyranny? My reading
of his notes crowd into my mind the material jumble cf
medieval architecture, familiar to all the students of it who
have sketched, measured, and published it. The poetry of `t
granted; but who can see piety of any kind? His notes
may call into question what the modern tendency of it all
means to show or teach us. One query, to my mind, comes
out dominantly, viz, Is the “ Catholic” or “High " modern
tendency. which is so definite and businesslike, leading us
straight to miracle-worship, confessional, and all the rest of
it, or will the people stay at home? Are they doing this now!
Are they gradually doubting all as "old " or “ new" fable, or
both ; or is there a wish for carlier and simpler thought? In
other words, is old theology being exploded and the modern
cathedral merely to be a grand record of what has been ?
EM W. K. Boorn.

*Šee BRITISH ARCHITECT, August 12,1904,

-一 一 -一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 -一

printed in the parish magazine with editorial notes by Mr.
Thomas Francis Bumpus, which promise to be interesting.
It is curious to go back now to current notices of work like
this of Mr. Butterfield's, and it is satisfactory to note that
the buttress which runs up from the apex of the western
porch into the centre of the large west window called forth
the condemnation of the writer, who also not unfairly com-
plained of some of the proportions of other portions of the
work. The church unquestionably was designed with a cer-
tain dignity, but the proportions of parts and the details
would hardly find much acceptance now.

THE difficulty of quiet living has seldom been more sadly
illustrated than in the case of a gentleman in Kansas City.
Desiring quiet more than a home, he purchased forty-two
and a half feet of land a block and a half from his nearest
neighbour and four miles from his place of business. By the
time he had made three monthly payments he learned that
some one had bought the two lots immediately adjoining his
on the north, and another party three lots across the way
where a street was to run at some time in the future. Four
months later thirty families “owned homes” in the block ;
of these fourteen had pianos, ten phonographs, four cabinet
organs and one a cornet. The seeker after quiet alone was
without mechanical sound makers. It can readily be ima-
gined that, as the shades of evening fell, the neighbours did
their best. to make the time pass agreeably, leaving their doors
and windows open while engaged in this pleasing diversion.
The reporter of the case states that the phonographs were
the worst. The quiet man offered his house for sale. but found
no buyers, and he went back to boarding. He gave his house
rent free to a Chinese laundryman, sold his furniture, and
purchased a second-hand steam calliope with the proceeds.
He gave this, together with a self-instructor and three tons
of coal, to his heathen tenant. Thus, says the Serentific
American. his revenge was complete, ample, penetrating. and
superb.

A SERIOUS fire occurred at Shoreditch Town Hall on Mon-
day, causing damage estimated at nearly £20,000, which is
said to be covered by municipal insurance.

On the subject of new theatres the Referee has the following
comments:—Mr. Tom B. Davis is having quite a noble
Theatre Royal built on the site of the old one in Birming-
ham. and he will open it at Christmas with a grand panto-
mime on the subject of “The Babes in the Wood." The
Lyric is being extensively reconstructed and redecorated at a
cost of £10,000. When. the house reopens early next month
with Mr. William Greet's company in * The Earl and the
Girl." there will be found a new stage with entirely fireproof
adjuncts, and many new exits and dressing-rooms. Indeed
it will be one of the safest and most comfortable theatres in
London. The new Waldorf Theatre is now getting well
ahead. The foundations are well advanced, and the ironwork
will be started soon. Mr. Sprague, the architect, tells me
that this house will probably be the last of the three-tier
theatres. as the L.C.C. is now advocating two-tier theatres.
The Waldorf's stage will be 70ft. by 40ft. The auditorium
will be one of the finest ever seen, with no columns to im-
pede the line cf sight. There will be a frontage of 70ft. to
Aldwych and 150ft. to Catherine Street. The Charles Froh-
man Theatre, of which I informed Refereaders some time ago.
is proceeding apace. Mr. Sprague's architectural plans are
now before the London County Council. As this Shaftes-
bury Avenue theatre will, as it were, front Piccadilly, it will,
I learn, haply be called the Piccadilly Theatre.

THE thirty-sixth annual report which has just been issued of
the Surveyors’ Institution indicates that the Institution
boasts 3,560 members, which represents an increase of 117
on the year. The tctal embraces 1,886 Fellows, 1,140 pro-
fessional Associates. 80 Associates, 409 students, 27 colonial
Fellows, and 18 honorary members. The receipts of the year
show a satisfactory increase. The assets now stand at over
£28,000, not including the value of the premises of the in-
stitution in Great George Street, Westminster, held on lease
for 999 years from 1895. There has again been a large in-
crease in the number of candidates for the professional
examinations, for which 480 men presented themselves, in
addition to 152 candidates for the preliminary examinations.

On Saturday afternoon Canon Rawnsley. of Keswick, opened
the eighth annual exhibition at Carlisle of the Cumberland

[Aucusr 19, 1904

132 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

a q—— ہیں‎ M

After a long argument the bench agreed that Mr. White must
specify one offence. and the first section was selected, charg.
ing Mr. Blunt with erecting and allowing the buildine to exist
without causing it to be enclcsed with walls of 2 brick
or stone. or other incombustible materia] properly bonded
and solidly put together.

Mr. White. after explaining the modifications made in the
by-laws, said the Rural Council agreed to raise no objection
to the construction of the building provided that the
measurements specified In the amended by-laws were adhered
to, namely, a superficial area of 400 square feet and a
capacity net exceeding 7.000 cubic feet. The building, how.
ever, did exceed these dimensions. Notwithstanding pre
vious proceedings and a conviction against the builder, the
building had been allowed to stand.

In explanation of the delay in the matter of the threatened
proceedings in the King’s Bench, Mr. Hastie mentioned that
it was proposed to move for a mandamus to compel the سه‎
ci! to pass the plans on the last Friday in July, but in con-
sultation with counsel he was advised that the plans complied
with the by-laws, and that the best course of action would be
to build. Just thon the letter came from Mr. White suggest-
ing that the case should be restored to the magistrates
list, and he agreed.

Mr. Bennett, building survevor to the council, was called,
and was asked by Mr. Hastie if he considered it a healthy
building to live in. The bench would nct allow the question,
the chairman saving that this was not. the issue. No one
would doubt Mr. Blunt's intentions in putting up the build-
ing.

Mr. Hastie: Mr. Blunt. is fighting these proceedings for
the purpose of opening up this question.

The Chairman: We are simply here to decide whether this
cottage conforms with the by-laws. We will give Mr. Blunt
credit for every good intention.

Mr. Hastie said he had intended calling witnesses in proof
of his contention, but on the Chairman saying they would
nct influence their decision, Mr. Hastie said that the pro
visicns enabling the authority to proceed for a continuing
offence in a case of that kind were strictly limited to those
persons who had offended against the foregoing by-laws.
Mr. Blunt was not the person under these terms who had
committed the original offence. The builder had been con-
victed for erecting the building, and not Mr. Blunt.

Mr. White replied that the council could not in the first
place have prosecuted Mr. Blunt. The cottage was then in
the hands of the builder; when it was completed and handed
over to the owner he became responsible, and if it still
existed and did not conform with the by-laws, he was liable
for a continuing offence.

Mr. Hastie said the building had never been completed,
but Mr. White replied that the whole of the correspondence
between Mr. Blunt and the council showed that the former
had taken over the sole responsibility.

The bench accepted Mr. White's view, and a further ob-
jection by Mr. Hastie that the time limit had expired was
overruled.

Mr. Hastie said Mr. Blunt had acted from the best
motives. If the building was the most insanitary 8 the
world no one had had an opportunity of occupying 1t.

After a two hours’ hearing the bench decided to convict,
and imposed a penalty of 2s. for each day of the existence
of the building from May 14—a total of £9 6s. and 12s
costs.

Mr. Blunt, who was present in court, asked if he could
now get the building finished and exempted !

The Chairman: With regard to the future we have 0
devision to give. We have simply to decide the past. bi

Mr. Blunt: Very well. I leave with you 6 57
lity.

Commenting on the case, the Susser Daily News says:
'' A more intricate case than that decided by the East Grin
stead magistrates on Monday in reference to the erection 9
Mr. W. S. Blunt of a cottage of timber, felt, and 8
iron at Three Bridges has probably not previously d
under the building by-laws in force in the East Grinst
rural district. Both the magistrates and the members 0
the local authority recognise that Mr. Blunt is thoroug y
sincere in his desire to secure the better housing of the a8"
cultural poor, and those of the public who have followe

the controversy will sympathise with him in the many -

culties which he has had to face in inaugurating his scheme
The proposal to erect cottages of timber and iron 1n plac

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

BRADFORD TOWN HALL EXTENSION.
F. E. P. Epwarps, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

We publish to-day a view and plans of this important work,
which will be more than ordinarily interesting to the pro-
fessicn because of the association of Mr. Norman Shaw.
R.A., as consulting architect, with Mr. F. E. P. Edwards.
ARIBA, the city architect. We think our readers will
agree with us that the combined efforts of the architects
have resulted in a very admirable addition to Messrs. Lock-
wood and Mawson's town hall building. The problem was
to fill up a triangular space of land between two converging
streets at the back of the existing town hall, and in order
to cbtain the additional desired accommodation the new

buildings had to be carried up to a considerable height.

Our view shows how the converging lines of the two sides
ot the new extension meet in a great gable flanked by
The composition is bold and
picturesque, and has a strong, dignified effect; many of
our readers will doubtless see in it a most appropriate type
of design for a northern English town, even apart from tlie

tourclles and oriel windows.

advisability of following the stvle of the existing town hall.

The plans have been adopted by the city council some
time ago, and the site has since been cleared by the demoli-
tion of the old Conditioning House and several warehouses.
The new building has been planned for the purpose of con-
centrating under one roof a number of departments which
had outgrown the accommodation of the town hall, and
which are at present temporarily housed in various parts
of the city, as well as to provide increased space for the use
of the mayor and members of the city council, in new coun-
In the event of
further accommodation being required in future. it is pro-
poeed to raise the main frent of the existing building to the
same height as the present extension, and, although it is

cil hall, committee and entertaining rooms.

‘not intended to proceed at once with the additional storeys,

the extension has been designed with a view to forming a
complete and harmonious building should this further ac-

commodation be found. necessary.

The estimated cost of the works in contemplation. at pre-

sent is about £70,000, for the raising of which Parliamen-

tary powers have already been obtained. The whole of the

plans have been prepared by Mr. Edwards, in consultation

with Mr. R. Norman Shaw, R.A., and the work will be

carried out under Mr. Edwards supervision. The quan-

tities are now being prepared with a view to obtaining

tenders, and building operations will be commenced as soon
afterwards as possible.

一

A HOUSING PROBLEM.

T the East Grinstead Petty Sessions on Monday the East
Grinst:ad Rural District Council summoned Mr.
Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, Lord of the Manor of Worth.

fer a continuing offence under the building by-laws by allow-
ing a cottage at Crabbet Park, Three Bridges, built of timber,
corrugated iron, and felt, to exist in contravention of the
regulations in force in the district. The cottage had been
constructed upon plans designed by Mr. Blunt, with the ob-
ject of providing better housing for rural populations, eco-
nomy heing studied in construction as well, it was contended,
as sanitation. A great feature was that far more additional
cubic space was to be available than in the ordinary small
brick cottage, and it was urged that the iron building would
be quite healthy and dry, even in wet weather. The case
had been adjourned to enable Mr. Blunt to make an applica-
tion to the King's Bench with a view to securing a, manda-
mus ما‎ comp: the council to pass the plans. There was some
delay in making the application to the High Court, and even-
tually it was agrecd that the case should be restored to the
magistrates lists for hearing. Mr. F. S. White again ap-

ared for the Rural Council, and Mr. A. H. Hastie for Mr.
Blunt. Ihe following report of the case appears in the
Susser Daily News : سب‎

At the outset cbjection was taken by Mr. Hastie to the
wording of the summons. He contended that thr-e offences
had been allered, namely, not causing the building to be en-
closed with walls of brick cr stone; failing to give notice of
intention to build; and net delivering plans of the building.

133

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 19, 1904]

لك سس

be provided for architectural students by the professor
of mechanical engineering in steel and iron construction, |
and in the testing of materials. The Royal Institute of
British Architeots exempt from their intermediate examina-
tion students who receive a first-class college diploma or

certificate. The Donaldson silver medals are.awarded to

the two most successful students at the end of the courses.
Students who are already in architect's offices or who have
had some experience in building can join any of the day
classes or lectures by the term or by the session. The archi-
tectural department comprises a studio 60ft. long, a lecture-
room, museum of materials and models of construction, and
a small collection of casts. There is also a large collection
of drawings, diagrams, and photographs for the use of stu-
dents.

The session is divided into three termas, as follows, all the
dates being inclusive: —Firsb term, from Tuesday, October
4, till Thursday, December 22. Second term, from Tues-
day, January 10, till Friday, March 31. Third term, from
Tuesday, May 2, till Saturday, June 17, for lectures. Class
examinations will begin on Monday, June 19. The Prin-
cipal and Professor Simpson will attend from: ten a.m. to
one p.m. on Monday, October 3, and Tuesday, October 4,
for the purpose of giving advice and information to students
entering the college. The matriculation examination,
which students are strongly advised to pass before beginning
the course, begins on Tuesday, September 20. Applications
for admission must be made to the secretary on or before
September 6.

— e 0MM

LLANDUDNO URBAN COUNCIL AND THE
BUILDING BY-LAWS.

R. J. O. THOMAS, chairman, presided over a meeting
of the Llandudno Urban Council, all the members
being present. ۱

Mr. John Jones opposed a recommendation of the Works
Committee to take legal proceedings against the owner, tor
erecting outbuildings at the rear of the new vicarage at
Llanrhos, without first submitting plans for building, con-
trary to the by-laws. He declaimed against the absurdity of
the by-laws, and said hundreds of plans had been passed by
the Works Committee which more tiagrantly transgressed the
by-laws, and particularly true sanitary principles.

Mr. Bellis, in seconding the deletion of the recommenda-
tion, said there was possibly a technical breach of the by-laws,
but there was certaınly nothing to be objected ta on sanitary
grounds. “his house was in the rural area, standing in its
own grounds an acre in extent, and without another house
within a hundred yards.

Mr. Thorpe, in supporting the recommendation cf the
committee, said it was necessary the council should now take
steps to ensure compliance with the by-laws. There was a
growing practice to proceed with buildings without submit-
ung plans.

Mr. T. W. Griffith pointed out instances 1n the town, where
buildings had been wholly constructed without submitting
plans at all, and no action had been taken. He would not
be a party to making fish of one and flesh of another.

Mr. Robert Roberts said the fact that this house was built
in the country with plenty of land was an additional reason
for enforcing the by-laws. They might strain a point where
land was scarce, but there was no reason for doing so in this
case.

Mr. W. ©. Williams took the opposite view, and thought
the by-laws ought to be rigidly enforced 1n crowded areas and
relaxed in the rural area, where the question of sanitation
would not be so important.

The chairman said he quite acquitted the vicar, the Rev.
Francis Jones, of any intention of disobeying the by-laws, or
even of knowing that the by-laws were being transgressed.
But the architects, who were really the persons responsible
for these repeated transgressions of the by-laws, should be
made to understand that the council was determined 1n future
to enforce full compliance with the by-laws.

The clerk read letters of apology from the vicar and the
architect for having broken the by-laws, and expressing the
hope that the council, having regard to all the facts, would
now condone the offence.

On a division, seven voted for the deletion ct the recom-
mendation, and ten for carrying out what the committee re-
commended, the chairman not voting.

of the ordinary brick or stone dwelling is regarded in some
quarters as a daring innovation, but in a matter of this kind
sentiment must not be allowed to overrule entirely the argu-
ments which are put forward in favour of the scheme,
namely, cheapness of construction and consequently pro-
portionately lower rents, additional cubic space, light, airy
rooms, and a dry and healthy dwelling. It can be under-
stood that Mr. Blunt was loth to abandon the building
before he had had an opportunity of experimenting with it,
but it is quite clear that the building exceeds the authorised
dimensions, and on this ground a conviction for a con-
tinuing offence was almost inevitable. As to the future
of the scheme, little can at present be said. Mr. Blunt can
still go forward with it by submitting plans and erecting
another similar building of sufficiently reduced area to meet.
with the requirements of the authorities. This is the
course which many are hoping he will pursue.”

س — —

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE—UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE.

T will be fresh in the memory of our readers that the
charge of this important school is now in the hands of
Professor F. M. Simpson, F.R.I.B.A., late of Liverpool.

His assistant is Mr. Alan G. James.

The recently remodelled School of Architecture at Uni-
versity College has been instituted primarily to provide a
systematic course of training for students wishing to become
architecte, and it would be most desirable that it should be
taken by them before they enter an architect's office. The
need for such د‎ preliminary course is now universally شه‎
mitted, although it will, of course, still be necessary for
students who have taken the course to spend some time in
an office before commencing practice. We may point out
that (1) the training is systematic and continuous; (2) all
details of construction, some of which in: an office are often
omitted because they are taken for granted by both archi-
tect and builder, are fully worked out and explained; (3)
the student gets more into touch with materials than is
generally possible in an architect's office, and has better
opportunities for seeing work in progress; (4) he has to
think for himself from the first, and not merely to inter-
pret the thought of others, and yet he receives far more per-
sonal supervision than can ever be given by a busy archi-
tect in practice; (5) no time is wasted by him over tracings
and drawings he does not understand, which always happens
in an office for the first year or two when a student enters
untrained, and the saving of time effected is consequently
considerable; (6) the course tests his fitness for the work
and weeds out the unfit. No articles are signed which. bind
him to a term of pupilage. At the end of the first year he
is free to go or to remain. As is pointed out in the pros-
pectus before us, the advantages to the architect are as
great as to the students. It is true that with a pupil thus
trained he receives a smaller premium, and that the term
of pupilage is shortened, but instead of an ignorant pupil
to whom the most elementary detail has to be explained, he
has a. trained student who from the first should be of some
assistance. At the London University College there are
two architectural courses. A.—The diploma course (three
years); B.—The certificate course (two years). Each is framed
in the first place, to provide a systematic training in the
practical and «esthetic sides of architecture and in subjects
closely allied to it; and, in the second, to encourage students
to continue their general education, and so bring them into
touch with other students in other departments, who are
pursuing different courses of study. The college already
possesses in its Slade school of fine arts, its large engineer-
ing laboratories, and its comprehensive arts and sciences
classes, valuable aids to a school of architecture. Advan-
tage will be taken of these, so far as is possible, having
regard to the limited time at the students' disposal, so that
the courses shall not be entirely on technical lines, but on
liberal lines also.

The necessity for a thorough grounding in the history of
architectural development is insisted upon, as by 1t only
can the plans, construction of, and general principles
underlying the masterpieces of ancient and modern art
be understood. The aim of the lectures on architec-
tural history is not to cram a student's brain with names,
dates, and dimensions, but to stimulate his imagina-
tion, and interest him in his art. A special course will

[AUGUST 19, 1904

century. Even of that period there
m existence, owing to the fact that
rebuilt in the fifteenth century, when the old Screens were
swept away and contemporaneous work substituted.
president, in thanking
dency to blame Puritans for the damage to old churches.

ten-
He

Puritans who were so often unjustly blamed

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

ہے ہہ سپ —‏ — 7 دس —
V ————‏ — — ——

E O

سے مس —— — as‏

TWO-TIER THEATRES.

circles are less than in a three-tier house,and generally speak- | for the faults of others.

On the fourth dav the party left for Bitton, where the

the reduction of staircases, and the patrons of | visitors were received by the Rev. Canon Ellacombe, the
because they have a better view of the | well-known botanist and horticulturalist, who gave them an

interesting description of the Parish Church. Half an hour
spent here, and then the visitors went on to Siston, three
miles distant, where the church and Siston Court, a fine old
mansion in the Elizabethan style, were inspected. Time did
not allow of the site cf the Palace of Saxon Kings, where
Edmund 1. wa: slain by Leolf, a robber, in 946, being visited.
Dyrham, which possesses a church full of antiquarian interest,
was the furthest point reached. The visitors were hospitably
the Rev. W. T. Blathwayt, who described the

Bath was reached just before
the usual evening sitting was
H. G. Dukinfield Actley read an interesting
old “Saxon Church at Bradford-on-Avon.
This church is con-

been pre- | received by
be in the | church and subsequently entertained them to afternoon tea

ing there is a greater comfort for the audience owing
specially to
the gallery benefit,
stage than in the ' well’ theatre,

' “The Waldorf, which is being erected in Aldwych, will | was

probably be the last threc-tier house to be built in London.
This will be a fine theatre, the stage being 70ft. wide and
40ft. deep. There will be no columns in the interior to
obstruct the view of any member of the audience. The
auditorium, by the way, will doubtless attract attention.
because it will be circular in shape, instead of in the cus
tcmary form of a horseshoe. Plans have alread y
pared for another theatre in Aldwych. This will

same block as the Waldorf, and will only be separated from | at his seat. Dyrham Park.
Seymour | seven o'clock, and after dinner

it by the Waldorf Hotel. The new theatre for Mr.

Hicks will be in Shaftesbury Avenue, almost opposite the| held. The Rev.
Trocadero Restaurant. This will be a cosy house of two | paper on the
furnished. I am also drawing | which the members saw on Tuesday.
theatre in Tottenham Court | sidered to be the only perfect church of its date in England.

tiers, and will be luxuriously
plans for an immense variety

Road," continued Mr. Sprague, “ which will have accommo- | It was discovered in 1858 by the then vicar, a keen archeo-
dation for about 2,500 persons. This will have a, large stage | logist. and by his efforts the church, which was surrounded
suitable for ballets, and the auditerium will include two by other buildings. was purchased and vested in trustees,

who have so restored the building that it is possible to hold

Friday night
by the waters

Have you noticed,” remarked | services there.

| Mr. Sprague, “that present-day managers do not seem to be | Mr. Sydenham announced to the members on
as they were | that among the hundreds of pebbles thrown up
is due prob- | were particles of coal, and recently, with Mr. Gatehouse (the

circles. The decoration of this house will be Arabesque,
absolutely pure in design.

in favour of a number of boxes in theatres,
ten, twenty, or thirty years ago? The change

ably to the fact that there is no great demand for boxes | city analyst), he enjoyed the spectacle of a coal fire, the mate-

In this connection I should like to comment on | rial for which was supplied on a very minute scale, of course,

by the obliging hot spri ngs. Another recent find was a morsel

nowadays.
the increasing cost of theatres. Playgoers years ago were

۰ . . . 4 . . ۰ ۰ 1
content to sit in any shabby building to watch a play. But | of loadstone (magnetic oxide of iron) having decided polarity,
now the theatre must be comfortable, and this comfort has | so that it both attracts and repels the poles of a suspended
resolved itself into a luxuriousness which is very expensive | Magnetic needle.

The congress concluded on Saturday (Mr. R. E. Leader
having presided over the various sessions) with an inspection
of the site of the Early British city of Caer Badon on the
heights of Hampton Down, where there are entrenchments
surrounding a space of thirty acres. Neither agriculturalist
nor quarryman having obliterated the features of the encamp-
ment, it afforded plenty of material to reward the arch«olo-
gists' visit,

— —

CAMBRIAN ARCHZEOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION.

T: fifty-eighth aynual meeting of the Cambrian’
Archzological Association was opened at Cardigan on
Monday evening with a business meeting. Tae

Cardigan in 1859. The president

of the association is Mr. R. H. Wood, F.S.A.; president-

J. Willis Bund, F.S.A.; chairman of the Local

for those who have to provide it."— Daily Chronicle.

BRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.

r | HE second day of the congress of the British Archzolo-
| gical Association in Bath was occupied by visits to

Great Chalfield. Bradford-on-Avon, Farleigh, Hunger-
ford Castle. and Hinton Charterhouse. The party set out
for the circular drive at 9.30, lunched at Bradford at one
o'clock, and reached Bath about 6.30. After dinner, a meet-
ing was held at the Empire Hotel, the headquarters for the
congress.. Two interesting papers were given, one by Mr. T.
Sturge Cotterell, on “Bath Stone." and the other by Mr.

Mowbray Green, on “Eighteenth Century Architecture of | association last met. at

Bath." The latter paper was illustrated by lantern views.

On the third day the Association visitors made their second | elect, Mr.

C. Morgan-Richardson, N oyaddwilym. On
paper was read by Mr. Herbert M. Vaughan.
which references were made to the ancient
Mary's Parish
few pieces of the original coloured glass
Pritchard, The Priory, which the members
Interesting paper giving the history of the
Cardigan Castle was subsequently visited, and Mr.
S. G. Adams read an able paper. The Rev. D. H. Davies,

remained. Mrs.

jon i Committee, Mr.

rsion into the country, and drove to Box, where are ;
ee 0 On arrival at رت‎ a pal
, which is just over the Wiltshire border, the party in- | £ lasgoedmor, in
ces : Corsham was | and Gothic decorated east window at St.

situated the principal Bath stone quarries.

spected the Church of St. Thomas á Becket.

reached at eleven. and the church and almshouses were in- | Church, but only

spe.ted under the guidance of the Rev. E. A. S. Gell. Lacock,

through which the Roman road passes, was the next halting | visited. read an
place. The church was viewed, and after lunch the abbey, a | Priory.
fine monastic building of the thirteenth century, was in- ;

spected. Combe was next reached, and after inspecting the vicar, later on read an interesting paper on the traditions

ns of Sul Coch y Mwnth, Aberporth, Traeth, Saith,

D yffryn Bern stone bears the fol-

۰ |
h the party left for Bath, which was entered two hours and custor
churc y | with lts legend of seven maidens, and Dyffryn Bern stone
were afterwards visited.

later. 7 ۱
"After dinner the Association held an evening sitting, and

. F. Bligh-Bond read an interesting paper on West of Eng- | lowing in capital letters: —“ C orbalengi Iacit Or dovs.” Mr.
ای‎ rood poa The lecture was plentifully illustrated Romilly Allen endeavoured to explain the inscription, but

Tr
MR 8۱۳۱۵ پا لیلد‎
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Bradford Town Hall |
Proposed Extension

General view from Nelson Street

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R X. CONSULTING ARCHITECT:

¿RIBA ARCHITECT. R. NORMAN SHAW,

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FIRST PLOOR PLAN:

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۱0۰ COPYRIGHT.

er 19 م-‎

_143

should be given to these provisions under a scheme of the
Charity Commissioners, or on the application of the trustees,
or by Act of Parliament. In offering some criticism, on the
past procezdings of the Royal Academy with reference to the
trust, Lord Crewe's committee record their belief that there
is no ground for any imputation of corrupt or interested
motives against that body. They are, however, cf opinion
that too exclusive a preference has been given to pictures
shown at the annual exhibition of the Royal Academy, and
that insufficient attention has been paid to other exhibitions.
The unduly narrow construction placed on certain terms of
the will by successive councils has, the committee hold, had
unfortunate effects upon the collection; for while it seems
probable that Sir Francis Chantrey conceived that purchases
would most often be made from living artists, there is, they
say, clearly no legal bar to other methods of purchase. They
therefore suggest that a greater flexibility of method, by
selection from studios, by purchase from private owners, and
even occasionally at auction or from dealers, would largelv
increase the field of choice and so tend to raise the standard
of merit. The committee express the view that any purchases
of works by deceased artists should only be made in excep-
tional circumstances, and with great caution. They think it
undesirable, moreover, that any attempt should be made to
buy the work of any artist not living at the date when the
bequest came into operation in 1877. But in cases where
a foreign artist has regularly resided in: Great Britain—es-
pecially when his work has notably influenced artistic pro
duction in this country—they consider that an effort should
be made to acquire a worthy specimen of his art. In view
of the fact that the Chantrey Collection is housed in the Tate
Gallery in company with the modern section of the National
Gallery, the committee, whilst admitting the desirability of
making the said collection representative, deem it 6
that the limited fund available should be expended in buying
the works of artists well represented in the same gallery,
assuming that the present arrangement. is permanent. in
suggesting a reconstruction of the purchasing authority on
the lines indicated, it is pointed out that a body of ten men
actively engaged in the exercise of their profession cannot
possibly give the requisite time or attention to the search for
the particular three or four works of art which it may be
considered desirable and possible to buy in: any given year.
and that even though changing in their composition thev
are likelv to fall into a beaten track of taste, and, uncon-
sciously, to limit encouragement to the more conventional
expressions of artistic feeling — The Times.

— s —— T, ——

A NEW THAMES BRIDGE.

NE of the greatest of London. problems is to increase
the facilities for the aceommodation of the huge
volume of traffic which runs from north to south of

the river Thames. While the general question is doubtless
receiving attention at the hands of the Royal Commission,
prominence is being given to a scheme which it is thought
ın many quarters will go some way towards the solution of
the difficulty. The Holborn to the Strand improvement;
great and costly though it be, is felt to be incomplete. It
leaves something important wanting. It brings the traffic
from Holborn down to the Kingsway, and then divides it
by means of Aldwych, the traffic intended for the West
being discharged near Wellington Street and that for the
East near the church of St. Clement Danes. But while the
traffic at Wellington Street will find an outlet to the south
by proceeding over Waterloo Bridge, that at the church
of St. Clement Danes can only get southward by going
around by Fleet Street and Blackfriars Bridge. The point
Is how to avoid such a circuitous route.

What is proposed is the construction of a new bridge
over the Thames, midway between the existing bridges of
Waterloo and Blackfriars, and the formation of a magnifi-
cent thoroughfare running direct from St. Clement Danes
to St. Georges Circus, Lambeth, where both the Waterloo
and Blackfriars roads converge. The idea of meeting the
situation by the enlargement of Waterloo Bridge must not
be entertained for a moment. To say nothing of its im-

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

_ AUGUST “19, 1904]

下

sald there 6

1 great uncertainty respecting the correct ren-
dering. Here

some gold coins were found years ago, as
well as an urn full of human dust, which went to prove that
the body had been cremated’ by his comrades. Some con-
. tended. that deceased was a Roman soldier, others that he
. was a Prince of the Ordovicis. The urn is now in the pos-
session of the Rev. D. H. Davies, vicar of Cenarth, and
probably a Roman urn. Theform of the letter “ g” in the
inscription suggested the period as between 300 and 600
A.D. Pembryn church was next visited, the register of which
dates from 1574. The communion cup is sHver with a capen.
The renowned Rev. Griffith Jones, Llanddowror, to whom
Wales is so much. indebted, was a. curate of this church for
4 period. Other items of interest were gtven in a paper
read by Mr. Pryse Williams (Brythonydd), Wenallt.
Brongest. | |
Im the evening the members of the association and others
. attended a reception given by the mayor at the Guildhall.
The Rev. Archdeacon Thomas, of Meifod, Montgomery.
having stated the inability of the chairman, Mr. Wood,
to be present, the Venerable Archdeacon, on behalf of Mr.
R. H. Wood, F.S.A., handed over the presidency to Mr.
Willis Bund, F.S.A., the chairman-elect for the year. Mr.
Bund took the chair. and acknowledged the honour paid
him. Then followed choruses by the Cardigan Ladies
Choir, led by Mrs. Bowen-Davies, a duet by the Misses
Griffiths, a welcome by the Mayor to the members of the
association, and a reply by the chairman. on behalf of the
association.
In his address the president dealt with the question of
the first inhabitants of the country. As there was a doubt
about this question, he implored the association to take

a step in the right direction by thoroughly examining the

tumuli to be found in the locality, and to make a list and
a map of them all, so that they might be scientifically
examined. He discussed the reason why all-the fortifica-
tions found in the Vale of Tivy were on lowland instead of

on hillsides. The reason given was defence against
foreigners who invaded and landed on the shores from the

seas. Referring to memorial stones found near fortresses,
he remarked that it was customary to so place them, and
that all soldiers were buried in full uniform and arms after
a battle, with the belief that should they rise again they

would be ready to fight against the common enemy. With

. churches erected by the invaders along the seaboard they
were called after their chiefs or saints of the country they

came from ; and those inland by the inhabitants after the

Welsh saints. Their great men were, in their estimation,

saints. The president concluded his address by dealing

with the traditions respecting St. David—his parentage,

birthplace at Hen Fynyw, near Aberayron, and the Church
Mr. Gwynne

of Non (St. David's Mother) at Llannon.
Hughes, Tregib, moved, and Sir Henry Howard, M.P.,
president of the Archzological Association of Great Britain,
seconded, a vote of thanks to the president. The papers by

Professor Anwyl, Aberystwyth, on “ The Early Settlers of
Cardigan,” and by Mr. W. Riley on the “Tumuli near

Ogmore Valley,” had to be postponed.

THE CHANTREY TRUST.

’THE principal recommendations of the committee set up
gs House of Lords, on the motion of Lord Lytton,

to inquire into the administration of the Chantrey
Trust are—(1) the appointment of a committee of three, for
the purchase of works of art in painting and sculpture, com-
posed of the President of the Royal Academy er officio, a
Royal Academician appointed by the council, and an Asso-
ciate of the Royal Academy, nominated by the body of Asso-
ciates, the elected members holding office for five. years and
not being eligible for immediate re-election ; (2) the making
of regulations by which the principal artistic societies in
England and Scotland should be invited regularly to report
to this committee (to whom the final powers of selection and
purchase should be entrusted), the existence of important
works of art; (3) some modification in the provision of Sir

i i 1 : in- | practicabili ds, any interference with
'anci : 's will which forbids the purchase of in- , practicability on structural grounds, nte > wit
ne ےت‎ (4) the اا‎ of powers | Rennie's masterpiece, which cost over a million sterling in
on the purchasing body to buy the work of an artist who | the building, nn be altogether dd ني‎ = DB
ly resides 7 itain even though such work | timent. It would remain, consequently, for the
ae a en and (5) that effect | County Council to strike out ۵ new line for themselves, and

[ALGUST 19, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

144

pecu ICD s K ا‎ ASA SR E POS EA,
اص تت تت سه‎ A ECC ب لعجتس ع سي سي سب‎

BRIDGING THE TYNE.

AAA

OT since the year 1845, when Robert Stevenson and T.
E. Harrison built what will shortly be known as the
“Old High Level" Bridge at Newcastle, have the
North-Eastern Railway had on hand an individual engineer-
ing enterprise of such magnitude as the new high level
bridge now being constructed across the River Tyne at
Newcastle. It is now rather more than two years since Mr.
Charles A. Harrison, the engineer for the northern division,
who designed the bridge, “set” the first stone, and there is
reason to believe that another eighteen months will see the
East Coast expresses crossing the new bridge on their way
North and South.

The old bridge was opened in 1849, and has done duty
ever since. Some 800 trains, including light engines, cross
the High Level daily. Through this bottle neck pours the
traffic from the South Shields and Sunderland lines, and the
Team Valley or main line south, and through it again all the
traffic for the South, converging on Newcastle Central, finds
its outlet. Additional facilities for dealing with the natural
expansion of the railway traffic have been imperative for some
years: The new bridge is designed to afford both these
facilities, and it will, in addition, effect another and much
needed improvement. It will obviate the somewhat primi-
tive arrangement by which through trains from the South
have to be drawn out of the station on resuming their journey
northward by an engine coupled to what was the rear of the
train from London, and vice versa on the return journey.

To give access to Central Station by the main line at the
western end, as well as the eastern, and to enable through
trains to be run through the station, has involved structural
alterations to both Newcastle and Gateshead Stations and
the approaches, and, added to the cost of the bridge itself,
this means a capital outlay of approximately half a million.
In the estimates of the North Eastern Railway on capital
account, £530,000 odd has been allowed, of which £238,720
has already been spent, and it is estimated that a further
£50,000 will be spent daring the next six months, leaving
£211,352 still to be expended.

The new bridge is being built midway between the High
Level and the Redheugh Road Bridge. The new line will |
leave the Central Station at the west end, where the plat-
forms are all to be lengthened and straightened, and over
the site of the present engineer's offices, crossing Forth
Banks Road, which is to be deviated, and thence through
the Forth Goods Warehouse to the river bank. It will con-
sist of four tracke from the warehouse to the southern bank,
where the lines will curve to the south-west to meet the
Team Valley Railway, a series of arches from the southern
piers taking two tracks to the south-east, where they will
join the main line nearer Gateshead Station. For the total
distance—four furlongs, two chains—the new line will be an
elevated railway, the land section being carried over arches
and on an embankment. The river is crossed by a bridge
of four spans, of a total length of 1,150ft.

Some idea of the initial difficulties of an enterprise of
this character may be gathered from the fact that the
engineers have had to carry the line through د‎ portion of
the Forth goods station and warehouses, with a minimum ٥
interference with the work of the yards, and with 88 little
structural alteration as possible to the existing building.
They have therefore carried the line through the goods
station at the first storey level by steel girders resting ۵
brick piers, the piers being carried below the cellar founda-
tions of the warehouse. The piers have, been relieved with
arches where possible, so as to preserve the existing
approaches to the goods stages, and to curtail the accomm
dation as little as possible. These operations are still In
progress, the roof of the station meanwhile being held up `
by a wind screen. Another street, Pottery Lane, 18 6
when the railroad emerges from the warehouse, and 8
straight viaduct of ten arches, each 25ft. in width, carrie? 16
to the abutment of the first span of the bridge. The arches
are built of hard red sandstone from the Cove 555
Dumfries, and there was a daily delivery of 400 tons w š
the work was in progress. The chief engineering interest,
however, centres in the works in the river itself. Engineer:
all over the United Kingdom, as well مه‎ from the Unit
States and the Continent, are following the work win
great attention, and frequent visits have been paid by
experts, :

Through the courtesy of Mr. 0, A. Harrison, the engineer

الل ا E‏

it is common knowledge that they are not blind to the
necessity for action. Assuming that they decided to carry
out the scheme, and obtained the approval of Parliament
to that end, they would be obliged first to buy up all the
property which runs from. the Strand to the Victoria Em-
bankment and is bounded by Essex Street on the one side
and Arundel Street on the other. The existing gradients
at this point would enable the northern approach of the
proposed bridge to start on a level with the Strand. The
bridge, which should be at least one hundred feet wide.
would reach the southern side of the river at Lambeth,
somewhere between Cornwall Road and Coin Street. Thence
an avenue could be cut in a straight line to St. 5
Circus, crossing the Commercial Road, Stamford Street.
New Cut, and Webber Street en route.

Of course, the vital question of the expense must not be
lost sight of. The acquisition of the property between the
Strand and the Embankment would probably form a some-
what costly undertaking, but the recoupment—an important
consideration with the London County Council —would not
be insignificant. On the south side the land could be pur-
chased for a comparatively trifling sum, and experts declare
that the recoupment there would not only repay the cost
of the property, but also contribute largely to the expendi-
ture on the bridge itself. It can scarcely be urged that the
new scheme will involve an unnecessary multiplication of
bridges over the river. In regard to those structures Lon-
don contrasts unfavourably with Paris. Between the Tower
of London and Lambeth Palace the Thames is spanned by
only seven bridges available for general vehicular traffic—
the Tower, London, Southwark, Blackfriars, Waterloo,
Westminster, and Lambeth. Within much the same dis-
tance, from the Trocadero Palace to the Palais de Justice.
Paris has at least half a score of bridges. while the traffic
of the French city bears no comparison with that of the
English capital —Daily Telegraph.

—— lo - ی‎

THE 8.18۸. AT NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE.

OR the visit of the Royal Institute of British Architects

to Newcastle-upon-Tyne the following, amongst other
| arrangements, are being made :一 (1) The Northern
Architectural Association Reception Committee will re-
ceive the visiting members of the R.I.B.A. at the County
Hotel at nine p.m. on October 6. Morning dress Light
refreshments. (2) His Worship the Mayor of Newcastle
will receive the members at ten a.m. on October 7. (3)
After which. about an hour will be devoted to the reading
and discussion of a paper on “ Specialism in Architecture.”
The president of the R.L B.A. will take the chair. (4) The
Cathedral and the Trinity House will be visited. (5) The
Northern Architectural Association will entertain the
visiting members at luncheon at the County Hotel, Neville
Street, ab one p.m. Tickets will be sent in due course to
members of the Northern Architectural Association. The
' price of tickets will be 5s., exclusive of wine. (6) Arrange-
ments wil] be made for those members, who wish to do so,
to visit during the afternoon of Friday places of interest
in the immediate neighbourhood. (7) Members of the
` N.A.A., who have previously intimated their intention of
being present at the dinner, to which many distinguished
guests will be invited, will be received by the president of
the R.LB.A. on the evening of Friday, October 7. Dinner
will be served at seven p.m. precisely. Evening dress. The
price of tickets will be one guinea for members of the
RIBA. and N.A.A., and 25s, for their guests. Every
application for tickets, which may be made personally or
by letter, must be accompanied by a remittance of one
guinea, which will not be returnable unless at least seven
clear days' notice of inability to be present is given to tho
secretary of the R.I.B.A., 9, Conduit Street, London, W.,
or to the hon. see, N.A.A.. 13, Grey Street, Newcastle.
The dining accommodation being limited, it Is essential
that early application should be made for dinner tickets.
(8) On Saturday, October 8, arrangements will be made for
those who desire to do so, to visit Hexham Abbey and the
Roman Station at the Chesters, Chollerford, etc.; also the
new shipbuilding sheds at Messrs. Swan and Hunters,
Wallsend. Further information may be obtained from the
hon. secretary, Mr. Arthur B. Plummer.

145

from Norway, and 500,000 cubic feet of ashlar, while the
quantity of bricks is beyond computation; 700,000 have
been buried in the foundations for the abutment on the
south side. When the excavations were commenced some
old coal workings of very ancient date were found, with
galleries in all directions along the bank, and it was to
convert these into solid foundation that the appalling
quantity of bricks was absorbed. Several hundred thousands
of bricks also went in protecting the Redheugh workings.
The base of 8,200 square feet, on which the abutment resta,
is now as solid as the Rook of Gibraltar, and the whole of
the work is being carried through as if it were destined to
last till crack of Doom.

All the land work is in a forward condition, and it is possible
to gain some impression of the symmetry and proportions
of the work, which will undoubtedly rank as one of the
greatest railway achievements of the present generation, a
monument both to the enterprise of the N.E.R. and to the
skill of their engineer. The work is being carried out by the
contractors, who have also obtained the contract for the
bridge over the Zambesi, under the personal supervision of
Mr. F. W. Davis, one of the directors, assisted by Mr. C. $.
R. Kirkpatrick, the resident engineer.— Yorkshire Post.

مسح ص سه سس A‏ —

RESISTING FIRE AND WATER.

N our article on the fire test of the Hempstead Patent
Brick Co. on the 5th inst., the two photographs were
inadvertently trans . The. second illustration

should have been first, and that placed first should have been

second. In order that the matter may be made perfectly
clear and our readers be under no misapprehension, we have
for once taken the exceptional course of reprinting the article

and the illustrations :一

On the 21st of last month we witnessed a fire test of the

new partition blocks invented and made by the Hempstead

Patent Brick Company. of Hemel Hempstead, Herts, and 77,

Queen Victoria Street, E.C., and the results were so surpris-

ing and of such tremendous importance that we give a some-

what detailed description and two illustrations. No. 1 shows
the partition before the test and No. 2 afterwards. These
are reproduced from actual photographs.

3-inch partition before the test.

The Hempstead Company make fixing bricks, hollow
bricks and partition blocks, fire and sound proof to a
remarkable degree. They may be sawn or tooled as
required, and both receive and hold nails and screws as well
as wood does. ۱

These results arise specially from two things in the manu :
facture—the clay peculiar to the district, with which is
mixed in certain regular proportions hardwood sawdust
before it reaches the pug-mill.

Subsequent moulding and drying make the bricks ready
for the kilns, where the process of burning destroys the saw-
dust, and leaves the finished article with numberless cellular
spaces uniformly distributed throughout. The bricks are
not much more than half the weight of ordinary ones. The
tests were carried out in two brick kilns at the Company's
Redbourn Road Works. In No. 1 two fireproof block par-
titions were built, one 44in. thick, the other 3in., both
11ft. long and 7ft. 9in. high. The 9in. space between them

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

lt is 1,520ft. from tower to tower,

AUGUST 19, 1904]

to the North-Eastern Railway, and of Mr. C. F. Dixon, the
managing director of the Cleveland Bridge Company, the
contractors for the work, the writer of this article was
afforded a recent opportunity of inspecting the work, which
is progressing apace. The bridge will be of steel girders,
with plain lattice sides, resting on three piers of granite in
the river-bed, and on granite abutments on the north and
south banks. The viaduct has been designed to give a clear
height from high-water mark to the underside of the bridge
of 83ft., while the piers are arranged to avoid any inter-
ference with the fairway of the channel. The north and
south piers will both be 25ft. within the River Tyne Com-
missioners' projected quay line. The span on each side of
the centre pier will be 300ft. long, that from the north pier to
the abutment 232ft., and from the south pier to the abut-
ment on the Redheugh bank 191ft.

It is impossible to convey to the non-technical reader the
significance of all the engineering details, but a few measure-
ments may enable a very fair conception of the work to be
obtained. The river piers will be 25ft. thick and 63ft.
measured transversely ; they are to have cutwaters project-
ing 17ft. Gin. at each end, and showing 5ft. above water.
The southern pier is almost completed. The foundations
are taken down to 69ft. below high water, but their
character varies with the depth of the bed of the river.
The piers are being built on caissons, of which the portion
from the bottom of the foundation to the bed of the river is
permanent, and is filled with concrete, the remaining being
temporary, and extending from the bed of the river to high
water level.

The adoption of the caisson method of constructing the
foundations marks a difference between the new High Level
and the old, the latter having been built on piled founda-
tions. It should be remembered, however, that at the time
Stephenson's great work was undertaken the Tyne could
almost be forded at low water. The Tyne Commissioners
have altered all that, and there is now a deep water channel
giving access to the Elswick works and the Dunston staithes.
Pier building by caisson can best be described as the lower-
ing of a huge steel chamber, fitted with mechanism for
excavating and removing the material, and gradually sinking
. the chamber to the required depth for the foundation. At
the base of the caisson is a working chamber with a cutting
edge, the height of this chamber being some eight and a
half feet. ‘This is entered by three shafts, which are fitted
with a ladderway for the men to descend by, with appliances
for hauling up the excavated material, and with air locks,
by means of which compressed air is pumped to keep out
the water, and to enable the men to work. The upper struc-
ture is braced with lattice girders, and filled in with concrete
to secure the requisite weight as the caisson is lowered
until the rock which forms the basis of the foundations is
reached. Thirty-five men can work in these chambers at
one time, and they remove about 100 cubic yards of excava-
tion daily, all of whith is hauled up through the shaft and
emptied into hoppers at the side of the works. When the
base was reached the working chamber and the shafts were
packed with concrete in the south and centre piers, and a
similar process will be adopted at the north pier, up to the
level of the bed of the river. From this point the granite
coursers begin and when they are completed the frame
plates of the temporary caisson, which are rubber-jointed,
are removed by divers.

Not the least interesting feature of the work is the
method by which the materials are conveyed to the river

iers.
The cable way which the contractors have erected across
the river is positively the biggest thing of its kind in the
world. Jt has a main steel cable of three inches diameter,
and is suspended from two towers, both 96ft. high, or 200ft.
above high water.
and carries a cage for conveying ten tons weight of material.
It is worked by electric power, of which the contractors
have put in a large installation to carry on the various
works.

The works on the south side will be completed first, as it
is.intended to launch the girders for the spans from that
side. They will be put together on wooden stages adjoining
the south abutment, and the bridge be built across to the
north side. The probable weight of the steel girders,
bracings, parapets, etc., used in the four spans will be
5,500 tons.

For the benefit of the curious it may be mentioned
that 500,000 cubit feet of granite is being used, most of it

dab THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [AUGUST 19, 1904

practically formed the flue. In No. 2 the conditions were BUILDING NEWS.

similar, except that the partitions were thinner, being 2) in.
and 2in. thick. The joints were made of a mortar consisting
of equal parts of the material of which the bricks are made
and Portland cement.

Furnaces at each end, 4ft., with fire bars 3ft. 6in. long
were used, and the fuel employed was coal. The fires, On Saturday afternoon the foundation-stones of a new Con.

we understand, were lighted at 8 a.m., and in kiln No. ! | gregational mission building were laid at Eckersley Fold
were kept at full heat from 10 a.m. to 7.45 p.m. About Lane, Howe Bridge, near Leigh. `

5.45 p.m. cold water from a hose was directed upon the fires, | — با‎

and the thicker of the two partitions in ملعا‎ No. 2. Con- | Ar Tuesday's meeting of the Warmley Guardians it was stated
- stant readings throurhout the day were taken at five-minute | that, there is every probability, ere long, of another block
intervals by Mr. H. Brandon-White, M.I.E.p., and his having to be added to the cuunty asylum at a cost of about
assistant, by means cf four of the electrical pyrometers in- | £20,000.

vented by Sir W. C. Roberts-Austen, and made only by ۱

Messrs. J. Pitkin and Co., of 56, Red Lion Street, Clerken- | THE new Wesleyan Mission Hall at Hill Street, Tunbridge
well, E.C. Shortly after 5 p.m. the temperatures recorded Wells, which was opened on the 17th inst, has been
were 2,100deg. F. between the partitions in kiln No. 1 and designed by Mr. C. H. Strange, local architect. The build-
1,800deg. r. in kiln No. 2. Before the end of the test the ing consists of two portions, the main meeting room in the
truly astonishing result was obtained in kiln No. 1 that the | rear and vestry and class rooms in front. The former is
partitions were subjected for more than two hours to a heat | capable of seating about 200 people. The front building
best exoeeding 2,0U0deg. F. without bulging or visible injury, | contains a class room on the upper floor. This room has
the few slight cracks showing closing again on contraction. | openings into the main meeting room, making it available
The only effect produced by the cold water was to hasten | ag a gallery. Beneath, on the ground floor, are two rooms,
this contraction. | fitted as a vestry on the one side and a kitchen. on the

We believe that we are correct in stating that no other | other, but these are enclosed only by partitions or curtains,
known fire-resisting building brick or block has withstood. | so that, if necessary, the whole of the ground floor space
or will withstand, such a test as this. Cast iron was melted | can be thrown into the meeting room. With the addition
like glass. We are told that this new material is being | of the gallery and ground floor rooms, the total accommo-
used at the Gaiety Restaurant, and has been adopted by |dation for a public service or meeting is from 250 to 260 |
the L.C.C. | l persons. The heating is by hot water radiators and the
The Hemel Hempetead works are thoroughly up-to-date. | lighting by electric light. The amount of the building

have their own private siding on the Midland Railway, have | contract was £1,172, and the contractors were Messrs
recently doubled their plant, and can now turn out over |J, Jarvis and Son, Tunbridge Wells.
—

500 yards super of partition blocks per diem. The company
owns 36 acres of land, some 20 acres of which oontain the
JOTTINGS.

special clay used. The exact depth available ig not known,
but is considerable,

MEMORIAL-STONES were laid on Saturday of a new Wesleyan
church on a side of Cronkeyshaw Common. The church

will cost £2,000.

m —

Tux date for receiving pictures for the next annual exhibition
of the Royal Scottish Academy will be January 9, 1905.

- >< —— د‎ ٩ “an ~ "5 7 i دد عب‎

Ir is said that the receipts at the doors of the Royal
Academy have this year greatly exceeded those in 1903 or

the Coronation year.

A SUPERINTENDENT for the Bristol Art Gallery is required, al
an annual salary of £250. Applications are to reach the
town clerk by the 31st inst.

A cHIEF instructor of mathematics is required by the E
inst., at an annual salary of £150. Apply to 2 5 un

Walmsley, Northampton Institute, St. John Stree
E.C.

Mn. ARTHUR DANIEL Jones, M.I.C.E., of Beechavon, Border |
Crescent, Sydenham, who died on July 23 last, left estate
of the gross value of £86,925, the net personalty being

sworn at £86,813.

J-inch partition after the test.

wn. Council the

r and pavilion.

The hollow bricks are made in five sizes, from 9in. by 44in. | Ar last week's meeting of the Weymouth To
ed in to advise \

by 2ğin. to Sin. by 4jin. by 4jin. ranging in weight per | proposal was revived for the erection of a pie
1,000 from 32cwt. to 60cwt. Also extra strong ones of the | and it was suggested that experts should be call
the same sizes, weighing from 33cwt. to 62cwt. per 1,000. on the most suitable site.

The fixing bricks are 9ın. by 44in. by 2$in., or Qin. by ۰
by 3in., and weigh respectively 334cwt. and 40cwt. per 1,000.

The hollow partition blocks are of two classes, (a) six sizes,
from 12in. by 6in. by 2in. to 12in. by 6in. by 44in., and
weighing per yard super from 9410. to 1951b. ; and (b) also six
sizes, ranging from 12in. by 9in. by 2in. to 12in. by.9in. by
4]in., and weighing from 9015. to 19215. per yard super. All
have dovetail grooves on. beds and on faces, forming an ex-
cellent key for plaster; even without this the surface is of so
porous and rough a character that, although an additional
security, it scarcely seems necessary. |

The clay is said to contain Ganister or similar sand, and
the only perceptible change after the test was that the red
blocks had been burnt blue in places.

We strongly advisa all interested in fireproof construction
to investigate the unique qualities of this simple but invalu-

. able invention. |

THE surveyor and water engineer of Teignmouth, Mr. نا‎
cent Smith, has resigned, to take up an appointment as sur
veyor under the Chesterfield Borough Council, and a suc
cessor is to be advertised for at a salary of £175.

sive alterations 10
the Fulham Guar
be kept of the
of alterations

WHILE not deciding to make any exten
the heating apparatus of the infirmary,
dians have given instructions for a record to
work of the present apparatus, with a view
being made next summer.

Tur Basingstoke Canal, which will shortly be offered for sa
bv public auction, was constructed about the yea! 1 2
Commencing at Basingstoke, it extends for over thirty-seve

miles to the River Wey, by which the navigation 8 d :
to the Thames and the metropolis—a total distance of sev
miles. A scheme was recently set afoot to connect ehe
ampton with the Thames and the Midland Canal systems °.
means of electric barges, but it fell through.

ee cafe n

Tue Madras Government has decided to preserve the old
. Madras town wall ae an object of historical interest.

eh — ws

14]

— —— ——m ar t -~a

homelike than that: in America. Mr. Brown gives an in-
structive comparison between an old English cottage window
and a modern: American cottage window in Boston. The
illustrations of the two show at a glance how lacking is the
sense of proportion in so much modern American work.

We have received a: very well-written book on the catlıedrals
of Northern France from Mr. T. Werner Lauries, Clifford's
Inn. It is from the pen of Mr. Francis Miltoun, who in an
emphatic, clear way brings home to one the striking values
and characteristics of these French examples. Though the `
etchings of some of the churches are graphic and telling,

we find the pen and ink drawings almost entirely wanting
in feeling and charm. The bcok is nicely produced in good

type.

Tue Homeland Association, Ltd., of 22, Bride Lane, Fleet
Strect, London, E.C., have scnt us a copy of the second
edition cf a useful handbook on Minehead, Porlock, and
Dunster, with their surroundings, by Miss C. E. Larter and'
Mr. Philip Evered. This little handbook is published at
6d., and goes fully into the districts mentioned, and the
photographs and drawings which it contains, together with
an ordnance map, make the book most interesting.

A very pertinent criticism on the rural administration of
by-laws is made by Mr. William Catmur in the Daily
Chronicle. He puts the cause of present difficulties very
clearly as follows: —" The Metropolitan Building Acts of
1855 and 1882, chiefly the older Act, form the basis cf the
law for the whcle country, because they have been taken as
the framework and model for all the provincial and rural
council by-laws. The tendency has keen of late years to ex-
tend their stringency in regard to details cf materials, ete.,
but there has been no attempt at all to take any new large
view of the building law as affected by later knowledge and
experience, and by the altogcther new problems and classes of
building that have arisen. since they were framed. It S in-
teresting to note that under the London Acts Mr. Blunt's
building would have been perfectly lawful, being exempt 1f
3016). frem the nearest street and 601. from the nearest
buildings and from adjoining cwneis grcund. This is a
reasonable and proper exemption, which East Grinstead
ought to have incorporated if it knew what it was about when
it made its by-laws. But that is the evil that has to be
faced. Pecple of ghastly incompetence get a set of model
by-laws from the Local Government Board; they may or
may not look through them in. a cursory way, even then pro-
bably only te see if their private interests are likely to be
affected; and then these model laws, framed at lage, are
imposed on a district, and generally result in much worse
building and less open space than otherwise would have been
provided. Thus the new urban districts and their already
well-developed slums are much worse than any of the older
communities with their more ‘ natural’ slums. There should
be an entirely new examination of the whole building law
and the matter of laying out roads and spaccs. Mr. Blunt
has an overwhelming case for a grand reform—the rebuilding
of the building law.”

THE award of the arbitrator (Mr. John Slater) in regard to
the questions which have arisen bctween the London County
Council and Drury Lane Theatre has been published, and the
design for the work to be done in pursuance thereof is now
being prepared by the architect to the theatre (Mr. Philip
E. Pilditch). A considerable number of the Council's requi-
sitions have not been required by the arbitrator to be done,
but a number cf improvements, such as additional staircases
from the gallery and the stage, a new ceiling, etc., will be
carried out, and the Theatre Company will modernise the
stage arrangements at the same time. It is expected that tha
bulk cf the work will be finished before the forthcoming pan-
tcmime season.

In reply to an irate correspondent of the Birmingham Post
as to the eyesore in red brick which is likely to add one
more to the many such eyesores in Birmingham, the follow-
ing letter appears: —'' Our attention has been called to a
letter from * Backward,' appearing in your Post cf to-day,
asking, amongst other questions, ' what the Birmingham
Architectural Association has been doing to quietly let

an] BRITISH ARCHITECT

Avoust 26, 1904]

TOP w— n x - x eee gente er هدو سے‎

The British Architect.

Se A sos zu

二

LONDON: J: FRIDAY, AUGUST 26, 1904.

ہے — —

mn‏ و وت تیا

cou NTRY BY- LAWS.

NTELLIGENCE and common sense are most desirable
qualities for members of the House of Lords, for clerks,
ladies’ maids, and even for. rural district councillors.

We cannot guard our hereditary legislators against the lack
of these qualities, but we take some effort to secure their
presence in cur clerks and servants. It is time we began
to insist on their possession in the administration of our
local affaire. Mr. W. S. Blunt's collision with the East
Grinstead District Council should prove of great use in open-
ing peoples eyes to the necessity for exercising common
sense and discretion in the application of restrictions to
building operations. It appears very uncertain whether
local authorities are really compelled to institute proceed-
ings against those who ignore the by-laws, whether reason-
able or otherwise, but, so long az human nature is what it
is, we may take it for granted that those “ dressed in a little
bricf authority " will not permit it to be set at defiance.
The by-laws for any district cught not to be settled by
local loungers or by commercial men only, but the opinions
of artist; and professional men should also be considered.
It is obvious encugh that certain: by-laws impose restric-
tions against common-sense building, as well as against
artistic building, and that for both aspects of the question
there should be careful consideration. We have come to
look too much upon bricks and mortar or stone or concrete
as the only durable methods of wall construction, whereas
it cannot be denied that a sound timber-framed building.
laid on good, dry concrete, and hung with tiles or slates,
makes a good enough walling, even for the best of country

housse. Of its weather-proof qualities ono can-
not say too much; it is about the cnly really
reliable weather-proof walling we can adopt. By

means cf inner linings, this form cf outer wall can be made
as warm and snug as anything that can ba desired. We
could cnly wish that local autherities would exercise their
pewers in matters which do not militate against artistic
building. Only this week it came to our knowledge that a
fire occurred in a country house which would have caused far
less risk and fear had a certain. building restriction been. in-
sisted on in the plan. A fire occurred in the cellar amongst
etraw and loose packing cases, which, if there had been a 0۲
at the head of the cellar stairs would have burnt itself out
withcut causing fright and with very little annoyance. But
as there was no door the smoke ascended 18 volumes right up
through the whole house, caused great alarm and na little
damage. ‘Lhe planning of buildings can always be managed
so as to avoid these great draught. accelerations in case of
fire, if it is insisted on. We maintain that the owner of a
dwelling-house, if it is sufficiently isolated, ought ta practi-
cally build as he pleascs, barring certain necessary sanitary
conditions. Cottages, even in the ccuntry, if in pairs or
rows, might properly be built under some regulation by the
authorities, but these should be drawn up by intelligent
people, and they should, moreover, be enforced only in an
intelligent way.
—T

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HE amount of superstition which is prevalent even
amongst our educated classcs is an exasperating bar
to progress and freedom. Even the most religious

people arc deeply influenced by prevailing superstitions.
We echo the opinion so well expressed at the British Asso-
ciation meeting by Mr. William Bateson in his address on
heredity, when he said ”so long as superstition remained the
guide of nations, rising ever fresh and unhurt from the
assaults of knowledge, there was nothing to hcpe or fear
from the science of good breeding.”

Tue “ Rambles in Rural England,” by Mr. Robert Brown,
appearing in The Home Beautiful, are very interesting, and
in addition to gcod illustrations include some sound advice,
as, for instance, in pointing out that the average work of
our domestic architecture is much less pretentious and more

[Aucusr 26, 1904

WITHIN the last few days the south gate of the Roman town

of Venta Silurum (Caerwent) has been brought to light,

The city was rectangular in form, and had one entrance

near the centre of each of its four sides: Remains of all
except that oñ the south were previously known to exist

(the north gate, indeed, is one of the best preserved speci-

mens of Roman work of the kind in this country), while the

site of the south gate was supposed to be marked by a lane,

which here passed through the city walls. The gate itself

has, hewever, come to light some 50ft. further west, and

fcrms a most interesting parallel to the north gate. Each

of them had an internal and an external archway with a |
span of about 9ft., the former being to a great extent pre-
sorved in the south gate, which has the spring of the arch ۱
on cach side, while the north gate has the spring on one

side only. Between these two arches was a rectangular

space with a flat ceiling, over which must have passed the i
walk which led along the tcp of the city walls. The gate `
way has not yet been completely cleared cut, owing to the
existence of a walnut tree which is growing between the
picrs. It has been blocked with rough stcne work in
Roman times, an aperture having bcen left for a rectangular
drain, the floor of which is formed by the surface of the road,
which passed through it when the gate was in use and which
has another drain beneath it. The ncrth gate was treated in
a similar manner, probably at a time when the inhabitants
were hard pressed by native attacks. Neither of these gates ۱
led tc important roads, and indced it has not been possible :
to ascertain the course of those which issued from them,
whereas the cast and west gates served, and still serve, for

the passage of the main highway into South Wales. Since

the discovery of this gate an interesting inscribed stone has

Leen brcught to light. It is a dedication to Mars by M.
Nonius Romanus, and was set up in the year 124 a.D. Alto
gether the work cf this year promises to be of very consider.

able interest. Full reports will be presented as usual to the
Society of Antiquaries, and will be published in 6
Subscripticne may be sent to the hon. sccretary of the ex-
cavation fund, Mr. A. Trice Martin, Bath College, Bath.

THE amount of superstition which is prevalent even amongs
our educated classes is an exasperating bar to progress an
freedom. Even the most religicus people are deeply کر‎
fluenced by prevailing superstitions. We echo the وو‎
so well expressed at the British Association meeting Dy
Mr. William Bateson in. his address on heredity, when ho
said “ so long as superstition remained the guide of ee
rising ever fresh and unhurt from the assaults of knowl T
there was nothing to hope or ferr from the science of g
brecding."

On Saturday afternoon last a number of the members of 5h
Northern Architectural Association visited Sunderland E
the purpose of inspecting the recently completed 5
Pier and the new post office. The president of the d
tion (Mr. J. Walton Taylor, cf Newcastle) was یہ ہیں‎
by Messrs. Frank Caws, F.LA, (Sunderland), J. B. Cutey

and T. F. Beazley (South Shiclds), J. Bruce, A. B. Plummer,

hon. secretary, M. G. Martinson, W. A. Chamberlin, and J.

E. Bolam (Newcastle), E. Recd, G. T. Brown, and J.
(Sunderland), and Hy. Barncs (West Hartlepool)

arriving at Roker they were, in the unavoidable absence f
Mr. H. H. Wake, the River Wear Commissioners 28 ,
and designer of the pier, conducted over that great work Dy

. Mr. Herring, who explained in detail its construction. Par-

ticular interest was evinced in the new lighthouse, which
contains, it was mentioned, the most powerful port ligh in
the country. This was lit for the visitors’ edification, =

the powerful fog-horn also sounded, the n d
equipment. of the lighthouse coming in fcr a great eee
attention. Time not permitting a visit to the new ae

sion of the South Docks, the party returned to ne =
and spent over an hour in the pest office. Subsequen Qe
the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. G. T. Brown, the on
partook of tea, and on the proposition of the pre3 =
s2conded by Mr. Frank Caws, the thanks of the party 2d
accorded to Mr. Wake, Mr. Herring, Mr. Cum

Mr. and Mrs. Brown for contributing so much to making
the visit so successful and ‘pleasurable.

AT a quarterly mecting cf the Bristol Town Council on fe
18th inst., the mayor (Aldermen T. W. Manchip) pres

_ لاصف — —-- .

148 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

cc... fa لاکو‎

such things be’ as the ‘ permanent disfigurement of Stephen-
son Street and Colonnade Passage” by the unadorned
frentages of the new Theatre Royal. The reply is a per-
fectly simple one. Much as we regret. it, the Architectural
Association possesses no power to enforce upon the Theatre
Royal Co. any views it may hold, and, indeed, has no power
at the outset to form; any views at all, as, until the build-
ing is in course of erection it has no knowledge of the هل‎
racter of the frontages propcsed.—GeraLD McMicBAEL and
A. Dennis THACKER, hon. secretaries, Norwich Unicn Cham-

bers, Congreve Street, August 19."

— — |

Ir is new stated that the subscriptions to the county memo-
rial to the late Poet Laureate at Liricofn do not amount to a
sufficient sum. to cover even the cost of the mere materials
used in the statue, and that it is practically a gift to the city
by tho sculptor, cr, as is now the case, by his representatives.
One of the conditions accompanying the gift was that the
statue shculd be placed cn a site near the cathedral. The
popular wish was tc have the memorial erected on a sito below
tho hill, where it wculd be daily seen by.the working people,
and ther» was much disappcintment when the Sites Com-
mittee selected a cathedral site for the statuo. If tho state-
ment now made publio be true, however, says the Vottingham
Guardian, the Sites Committee had a very .limited choice,
the only sites which fulfil the condition of the doncr being
thcee opposite the Vicar's Court, the Minster Green, cr the
space to the north cf the Chapter Hcus:. It was the second
of these positions which was eventually chosen by tho com-
mittee, and it is very probable that, notwithstanding the

influentially-signed petition against it, the ccmmittee will

feel themselves called upon to adhere te their decision in

favour cf the Minster Green.

Over £3,200 has been subscribed already to the fund started
at the beginning of July by the National Trust for the pur-
chase of land to form a national park on the borders of
. Ullswater; £12,000 is needed to carry out the scheme and
to ensure the preservation cf natural beauty of Gowbarrow
Fell and the Aira Glen. Miss Octavia Hill (190, Maryle-
. bons Road, N.W.) and Canon Rawnsley (Crosthwaite
Vicarage, Keswick) are willing to receive donations or

promises, cr they may ba sent to Mr. Nigel Bond, secretary
to the National Trust, at 25, Victoria Street, Westminster.

On the 18th inst. at the Manor House, Chew Magna, a
unique collection of antique and other furniture—the late

Mr. W. Adlam's collection--was sold by auction. It was
one cf the mo:t important collections offered for sale in
that part of the country for some time. There was a keen
competition fer the lots, and excellent prices were realised.
A magnificently carved walnut state bedstead realised eighty
guineas; and an claborately carved and beautiful wall
mirror fetched fifty-three guineas. A fine oak court cup-
board was knocked down for thirty-one guineas; and forty-
twa guincas was paid for a rare old Italian wardrobe.
Twenty-fcur guineas was the top bid for a fine laburnum
wood cabinet, enclosed by marqueterie panelled doors of
birds and flowers. A Charles I. carved oak armchair sold
fcr twelve and a half guineas.

Tur International Fire Service Congress at Buda-Pesth
held its closing session on Saturday. A resolution was
adopted declaring that petiticns should be addressed to all
Governments asking that the greatest attention. should ke
paid to chemistry as applied to fire-preventing purposes in
the public interest. — The resclution also declared that
owners of mills should organisa private services to combat
fires in their carly stages, and that these should ke regu-
larly inepectod; that owners cf mills should be required
under pain of heavy fines to nctify the authorities of small
fires and cutbreaks of fire occurring on their premises, and
further that in mills the danger of fire should be systemati-
cally combatted by building regulations. It was alsa de
clared to be necessary that all theatre decorations shculd
be made fireproof in a trustworthy and permanent manner,
and that all theatre buildings should be of incombustible
mat:rial. Finally it was recommended that the various
authorities and governments should ask provincial, city,
and rural administraticns to instal automatic fire signal
systems in their respective districts, |

007 د — —

140

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

: M W; 4 9 ۱
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AUGUST 26, 1904]

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اسب ہے —

TUE ASSEMBLY ROOMS, BATA.

[From a raro Print in the possession of Mn. J. F. (۰

has felation to the demolition of ۵ large block cf insanitary
property in St. Luke's, the widening of Central Street and
Ironmonger Row, and the rehousing of the tenants. The
Ironmongers Company is the owner of most cf the pro-
perty, and it has agreed, in consideration of being allowed
to close a few unimpcrtant streets, to furnish a site for re-
housing at less than the market price, arrange for the re-
moval of a public-housz, and pay compensation for a school
ground wanted in connection with the improvements. An
entire change will be made in the neighbourhocd by this
scheme—the most important of which will be the removal
of many slums. It was in Ironmonger Lane, which is to ونا‎
rebuilt, under the agreement come to, says the Vewcastle
Chronicle, that George Psalmanaazaar died in 1763.

IN his interesting notes cn “ Famous Buildings of Bath and
District," in the Beacon, Mr. J. F. Mechan refers to the fine
Assembly Rooms, illustrating it from the admirable view
we now publish, which forms one of a rare scries of prints
published by Malton in 1779. The rooms are situate at
the erst end of the Circus, between Bennett Street and
Alfred Street, our view being taken from the latter street.
They were opened for the reception of company in 1771, and
are from the design of the younger Wood. "They had been
three ycars in building, and cost £20,000 in the erection, a
sum which was raised by a subcription of seventy persons.
These rooms have been: described as undoubtedly the most
spacious and elegant suite of apartments apprcpriated to
pleasure in the United Kingdom. Their design is simple
and beautiful, and their conveniences are uncqualled. With
the exception of one or two lapses from the original good
taste and propriety, the internal decorations and ornamenta-
tion have remained beautiful and appropriate. The ball-
room is nearly 107ft. long, with a width of nearly 43ft. and
a similar height. The two rooms, formerly used as card-
rooms, are-—one a handsome octagon of 40ft. in diameter,
and which criginally boasted an overhead orchestra
now hidden from view, and the other some 70ft. lens and
27ft. wide. The octagon card-room for many years, in fact
from soon after the opening cf the building, had been
graced with a fino series of portraits of former city 86
These included a valuable full-length portrait by Gains-
tcrouzh of “ Captain” William Wade, the hcro of many
an engagement with the heart. Though this is an invalu-
able city memento, it is much to be feared that, like tbe
grand old Chippendale settces that once graced the build-
ing, it will soon be lost to sight. At tho time of writing
effcıts are being made to find a purchaser for it.

a letter was read from Mr. Andrew Carnegie, disapproving of
the propesed plans for the new free library which he ie pre-
santing tc the town, and Mr. Page (the successful architect)
was requested to prepare plans for a building in accordance
with the letter. ۱

Ar a small meeting of old friends and pupils cf Mr. R. Phené
Spiers, held in London recently, it was proposed to recognisa
in some tangible form the important services rendered to
architecture by him during the last twenty-five cr thirty
years, in acting as the friend and adviser of architectural
students of various nationalities and helping to raiso their
ideals of architecture ; and also by his published contributions
to the archzolcgy and literature of architecture. - A large
and influential committee has been formed to prepare an
address to ba presented to Mr. Spiers, which address it is hoped
will bear the signatures of all those, bcth at home and abroad,
who hava benefited by his help and advice, as well as thces
of others who recognise the gocd work he has done and 2steem
him as a colleague and a friend; and to arrange a gathering
at which he will ba entertained and acclaimed, and which will
at the same time form the occasion for presenting the address.
At this gathering it is hoped there will be present, in addi-
tion to friends and students of our own country, representa-
tives from cther countries in which Mr. Spiers is held in
esteem, and whcse students have also benefited by his help
and advice. It is anticipated that the necessary arrange-
ments can be completed in time to allow cf this gathering
being held in London during the autumn of the present year,
probably towards the end of October or beginning cf
November. Mr. R. Weir Schultz, 14, Gray's Inn Square, is
the hon. sec. and treasurer.

Ar an extraordinary meeting of the Swansea School Board
on Tuesday the Pentrepoth school tender, which has excited
considerable comment, was discussed further. The bcard
accepted the tender of Mr. David Davies, Cardiff, this being
the lowest. Subsequently Me:srs. Thomas and Jones,
Morristen, approached Mr. Davies with a view of the trans-
fer of the contract for a consideration. Mr. Davies was will-
ing provided the board were agreeable. By five votes to one
the board decided not to allow the request of Messrs. Thomas
and Jones.

A DISPUTE which has continued over many months between
the Ironmongers’ Company, the County Council, and the
Finsbury Borough Council has at length been settled. It

In old days

[Arcusr 26, 1904

PEASANTS' HOMES. .

R. WILFRID SCAWEN BLUNT left the court at East
Grinstead the other morning a man beaten on legal
technicalities. That result was a foregone conclusion ;

but it does not end his friendly, if determined, conflict with
the District Rural Council there on behalf of the poor on his
estate.

Mr. Blunt believes that these have a right to be provided
with sanitary and roomy and cheap dwellings, all the building
by-laws of London, foolishly adopted or adapted by rural
councils, notwithstanding. Regulations imperative in a city,
where no housa can be considered apart from its neighbours,
arc not, in Mr. Blunt's opinion. properly applicable to an area
of field and fcrest, populated by persons altogether unable to
secure the profits and therefore to pay the rents, possible im
towns. The old cry of “ Back to the Land” may yet prove
a stirring and a redeeming one in England. The “Plea for
the Peasant," whispered from headquarters twenty-five years
ago by Sir William Butler, is now shouted from the barrack-
tops; and all inquires into the causes of our physical degene-
ration agree that the rural exodus into the towns ought to be
stayed. The peasant, then, must be sanitarily housed at a
low cost.

That is an essential preliminary, and Mr. Wilfrid Blunt,
sclicitous and enterprising, has a method of his own to secure
it. He was found by a representative at Fernycroft, a place
in the New Forest, ۱

“ Annihilating all that's made,”
by way of building by-laws,
“ With.a green thought in a green shade."

Invited to explain his views for the full information of our
readers, Mr. Blunt put down his pen—the pen of a poet—and
pointed to the buildings about him. There stood a one-stoned
bungalow, placed in the very midst of a bower; am extensive
main building with two wings, outwardly of corrugated iron,
inwardly of wood, with warm felt linings between; brick
chimneys from the large cpen brick fireplaces, and brick foun-
dations. Five years aga did Mr. Blunt this spreading and
well-proportioned, if not stately, pleasure-house decree, and
he and half a hundred visitors cf his agree in bearing witness
to its habitable properties—airy, weathertight, and safe from
all dangers cf fire, since the matcrials have been rendered non-
inflammable, and each room has a direct door opening into the
air. :

Yet this delightful stairless habitation, with its neat ex-
terior of green and white paint, and inexpensive a9 it is com-
modious, could not have been built for himself by Mr. Blunt
on one portion of his Sussex estates by reason of the East
Grinstead District Rural Council's by-laws. What is more
to the peint, no poor man may erect for himself such a bowery
dwelling in that neighbourhood of proscription ; nor can Mr.
Blunt benefit his tenants there by the experience he has gained
in free Hampshire. The very stones—or rather, the iron,
the bricks, and the boards—of this substantial and entirely
home-like bungalow cry out against the senseless prohibition.

“ Asa rather large landowner in a poor agricultural district
cf Sussex,” explained Mr. Blunt, “I have for thirty years
been interested in the question: of rural housing. The prob-
lem of keeping the labourer on the land is mainly the econo:
mical one of putting within his reach a healthy and comfort-
able dwelling at a low cost—low in rent to a landlord or low
in outlay to himself if he is his own builder.
many small frecholders were able to house themselves at not
much more than the cost of the materials their own: hands
used. But now all building is passing into the grip of tho
trade; so that a cramped four-roomed cottage costs about
£200, yielding a rent of 3s. 6d. a week. Charity apart, many
landowners find no inducement to invest their money thus;
and the poor freeholders, as their cottages crumble away,
are unable to roplaca them, and are therefore driven into the
insanitary slums of towns. I have never been able,” a
Mr. Blunt, " to seethe philanthropy of an insistence ou ex pen-
sive styles of cottage building in purely rural districts beyon
what a due regard for the general health and the conveniencé
of neighbours necessitates." The so-called “improvement 1"
a, neighbourhcod, as certain neighbourhoods understand * 1m-
provements,’ was then discussed. Neighbourhoods are some
times thought to be “improved” by the abolition of the
Inbonrer and his cottage, and the replacing of them by the
sara suburban villa and its acm omg denizens: # trans

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

150

COMPETITIONS.

THE Municipality of Spezia have voted a sum of £400
to be assigned as a premium to the winner of an inter-
national competition who presents the best drainage

scheme for Spezia and suburbs before December 31, 1905.

Tue Wallasey Urban District Council invites designs for
new public offices, at an estimated cost of £45,000. Con-
ditions, instructions, and schedule cf accommodation re-
quired may be obtained from H. W. Cock, clerk and solicitor
to the council, Public Offices, Egremont, Cheshire,
on payment of £2 2s, which will be returned
on receipt of boná-fide designs, or an intimation within four-
teen days from rcccipt of papers, cf non-intention to com-
pete. Premiums of £250, £75, and £50 respectively are
offered for the designs placed first, second, and third by the
assessor. Designs, marked externally “ Public Offices
Competition," must arrive not later than Monday, October
31, 1904.
—_ DG

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

THE COLMAN INSTITUTE, REDHILL.
HUBERT GILFORD, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

Tur Colman Institute is being erected by J. Colman, Esq.,
D.L., J.P., cn a corner site on the London Road, Redhill, and

` gives accommodation for a working men’s institute, literary

institute, and a small hall. The cxterior is being built in
red sand-faced brick and terra-cotta. Mr. Hubert Gilford,
A.R.LB.A., of Purley, is the architect, and the building is
entrusted to Mr. A. B. Wiles, of 128, Station Road, Redhill.

“CHERRYCROFT,” A COUNTRY COTTAGE.
E. W. MARSHALL, Architect.

In a somewhat lengthy and varied experience of modern
domestic architecture in England this cottage is unique. ‘To
find a genuine cottage type develcped in the form of ten
rooms long by one room wide is one of the most uncommon
experiences, yet this has beon done in the completion of
“ Cherrycroft" as a country residence with a most pleasing
result. Neither is iti alone in the production of this unusual
plan that the charm of “ Cherrycroft " is to be found. The
werk cf the architect has been supplomented by the client by
the development cf one of the daintiest little cottage gardens
we have seen, and the whole effect of the building and its
environment within the limits cf about half an acre of island
site on elevated commen ground in Ashdown Forest is un-
commonly delightful. There is no touch of display at any
point; everything is treated with the greatest simplicity and
scbriety, from the red-brick paths and little garden pond tc
the simple spaciousness cf the raftered hall. The genesis of
the whole thing lay in the two old cottages which stocd a
little apart cn the site and which, now they ara joined by the
central hall and a little addition at one end, have blessomed
out into one hundred and twenty-five feet length of a charm-
ing cottage home! I will not attempt to further explain the
attractiveness cf “ Cherrycroft,” except to point out that the
furnishing and finishing of the bedrooms with their carefully-
designed and adjusted fitments are as good as one would ex-
pect from. Mr. Arthur R. Smee, the owner, who, as the in-
forming spirit of Messrs. Smee and Cobay, has done some of
the best decorative work of recent years, including great
hotels and country mansiens, as well as such delightfully
simple but perfectly appointed cottage homes as that 1 have
illustrated to-day.
T. RAFFLES Davison.

ne nenn

Tur largest dock on the north-east coast, which has been con-
structed for Messrs. R. Stephenson. and Co., of Hebburn, was
opened on the 12th inst. The entranoz 19 closed by a large
steel sliding caisson made by the owners. The caisson has
keels of greenheart sliding on polished granite faces, and is
worked by a pow:rful hydraulic engine supplied by Messrs.
Sir W. G. Armstrong, Whitwerth, and Co. The dock itself

has heen constructed by Messrs, Robert McAlpine and Sens,

؟ هت و
A UM‏

151

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 26, 1904]

The following letter also appears cn this subject in the same
paper from a. London architect :~ 一

For three hundred years and more human pa:sicn has been
stirred to great depths on the question cf hcuse rocm, and for
all this time orations and Acts of Parliament have hurried
along in ceaseless flow, yet the cry is— Give us breathing
room." It is, therefore, pleasant in these days to find Mr.
Wilfrid Blunt heading a crusade for rcomier, if less artistic
and ccrrugated, cottages for workers in the country; and in
the town to hear the voice cf our friend Mr. Will Crooks,
M.P., inveighing against the present system cf crowding,
which, as regards room, counts children of ten years of age
as “ half persons” and children under five as none at all. All
glory tc these reformers. But Mr. Blunt is being hindered
by the building by-laws of East Grinstead, which are modelled
cn these cf London. At much cost I watched the making of
the London Building Act of 1894, and in the watching I saw
how the landowners, great and small, safeguarded their “ in-
terests,” and made it possible even in London to build in
papier maché if you like. By Section 201, Mr. Blunt will
find that if he keeps his hcuse 8ft. from the nearest strest or
way, and 30ft. from the nearest building or land of an adjoin-
ing owner he is exempt, that is to say, buildings surrounded
by a certain quantity of open land are not subject, in London,
to tho rules of construction. If, then, at East Grinstead the
landlord-made Act of London is the mcdel, it ought to be
possible for Mr. Blunt to carry out the evasion he so earnestly
desires in the interest of the poor. But is there not a better
way? Let Mr. Blunt run round some of the picturesque
villages of Surrey, Sussex, Hants, etc., see the fine cld timber-
framod cottages that are yet standing, improve ۵ little on
these, and he will help to make England more truly the beauti-
ful garden that it is. I can imagine how the soul cf such as
Mr. Blunt would be delighted at the creation of a beautiful
village. The ccst would perhaps be £160 or £170 per house
instead of £130, but what of that? A little less percentage
and a bcuntiful supply cf happiness. I do not like the idea
that Mr. Blunt should give up. A great and beautiful work
is within his grasp. RonBERT WILLIAMS.

10, Clifford's Inn, London, E.C., August 19.

ater s a x ene

CAMBRIAN ARCHAOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION.

HE Cambrian: Archzological Association, who are hold-
ing their annual mestings at Cardigan, made their
scoond excursion on Wednesday week. Pembrokeshire

was visited, the direction taken being south-westerly. After
a run cf abcut eight miles Nevern Church was reached, which
is situated in the beautiful valley of the Nevern. This cruci-
form church, with a priest's chamber over the scuth transept,
dates from. the thirteenth century. The plate consists of
patens and chalice, bearing date cf 1696, and there ave church
records from 1667. The church was renovated in. 1864, and
among those who have been vicars of the parish are Tegid, tha.
renowned bard, and Griffiths Nevern. The edifice has two
chapels, with beautifully-carved stena arches. The priest's
chamber is entered by means of a winding stone staircase,
over the arch of which is an Ogam stone with the following
inscription, " Nanecuma," The Rev. Isaac Morgan, vicar of
Eglwyswrw, read an excellent paper on the Church of St.
Brynach's Cross. The history was given by Mr. Romilly
Allen. The cross belongs to the eighth or ninth century, and
is ome of a series erected in several parts of Scuth Wales, the
inscription and pattern being ccmmon to all. The Ogam

‘stone, which is near the entrance to the church, was first

menticned in Gibon's “ Cambria,” 1695, it being then at
Nevern. It was afterwards lost, but was fcund at the en-
trance to Cwmgloyne Farm in 1874, and some ten years
afterwards was placed in its present position by Dr. Henry
Owen. This stone differs from that fcund at Dyffryn Bern,
Pembryn, as it has Ogam and Latin inscriptions. , The Latin
inscription. runs horizontally, and the Ogam vertically on
It belongs to the period of 450 a.D. A move
was then made to the rock-hewn. cross on the wayside, in a
lane leading to the church from the old castle, where passing
saints could worship, there being a kneeling step hewn in the
rock. Nevern Castle indicates the first settlement of the
Normans in the barony of Cemaes. Originally of Welsh
construction, it was improved by the Normans in the thir-
teenth century. The party then preceeded to Newport
Church, with its old stoup and font with lead lining, probablv
belonging to the Norman period. The tcwer is fourteenth

‚century design, with several carved heads as decorations. In

.the corners.

ticn that has its attraction, no doubt, for local builders, and
for other local tradesmen. But Mr. Blunt is all against this
suicidal system of “improving” the rural population off the
land; and he does not. think ai good deed is done when a
wooden cottage, let to an agricultural labourer at 2s. 6d. a
week, is pulled down: and replaced by a pretentious brick one
let at double that price to a well-to-do artisan. “I have con-
sequently,” proceeded Mr. Blunt, “ tried to find some effective
method of construction less costly than that offered by the
building trades, and I have found that: the modification of the
Humphreys system you now see gives the best results. For
ene-steried buildings it is perfectly simple in plan; and any
intelligent carpenter can put together the materials that are
` obtainable in the market. The mason's aid is confined to the
low brick foundation and to the chimneys—th:«e latter, in
my design, being largely and solidly built, retaining the heat
in winter, and, acting as shafts of ventilation all the year.
The country in which the Crabket property lies is largely
woodland, where wood is the cheapest and best firing; and it
has been an object with me to persuade the occupiers to use it
once more in preference to coal. I add a covered passage or
verandah, which affords at very small cost an additional space
for use in fine weather, and for protection in foul. Thus,”
added Mr. Blunt, with a note of legitimate triumph in a suc-
cess none the less such because momentarily and in one dis-
trict frustrated, “ I find myself able ta build for poor tenants
a cottage, containing fcur living rooms and a box room, cover-
ing an area of 750ft., and containing 8,000 cubic feet, also a
verandah covering an area of 240ft., as well as an outbuilding
for a wash-house and earth-clcset, at a cost of net more than
£130, all of which can be offered, along with an acre cf garden,
for half a crown a week.”

The precise relations between himself and the committee
cf the interdicting rural board at East Grinstead Mr. Blunt
thus defines : —

"I maintain that the building erected by me and ordered
by the ccuncil under their inappropriate by-laws to be de-
stroyed, fulfils the three conditions to which alone the by-laws
have the right to apply themselves— stability, hcalthiness, and
immunity from dangers by fire. I believe that these by-laws,
no doubt admirably adapted to the needs and conditions of
towns, are, in rural districts, a distinct bar to the providing
of wholescme and convenient and uncostly dwellings. The
expenses they impose, while profitable to the building trade,
the surveycrs, and other middlemen, stand between the small
freeholder or the pocr tenant, and the possibility cf his being
both inexpensively and honcurably housed.

` “For building an agricultural cottage which did not con-
form: to this district by-law, my builder had already boen
fined £5 at Christmas, and this second action was brought
against myself for not having removed the building. The
cottage had been standing since the first action, cpen and un-
inhabited, and had been visitcd by a great number of people,
including some cf the highest medical authorities cf the
county, who had all pronounced it a very superior one. The
district council, however, insisted on its removal, because it

did not fall in with their restrictive rules, and. especially.

because it covered more ground and contained more cubic
space of air than their strange by-laws prescribed. It was on
proof of these criminal facts that our local magistrates ccn-
demned my building, and ordered a continuing fine of 2s. a
day while it should stand. It was to show the absurdity of
the position taken by the council and the iniquity of their
foolish by-laws in their effect en the rural pocr that 1 have
fought the matter and forced them to show their hand. Now
1 shall pull the cottage down and leave ta the council the re-
spensibilitv of any lack of good housing that may result. I
had intended bringing the case into the highest Court, King's
Bench, but cn consultation I found that a mandamus would
nct. be issued, and that the King's Bench had alrezzy taken
up a pceition. which wculd entail only a very large and fruit-
less expense and give the case no greater publicity than it has
already acquired. It is the turn now of the Press to urge
an amendment of the existing Act, which has made such
abuses possible. I intend ما‎ speak pretty openly on all as
pects of the case during the autumn in the hcpe of getting
legislation intrcduced next Session.”

Even if the by-laws adopted in the East Grinstead district
prevail against Mr. Blunt for the time being, his public action
is not Icst. Other localities will be warned in time against
the adopticn of rules that put into mction that “retreating
army ”cf England’s—the ominous dispcssession of the pea-
sant cn his native soil.—W. M. in the “ Daily Chronicle.”

to the pricsts' chamber at Nevern Church. At the request —

ARCHITECT ۹ [Aucusr 26, 1904

Two hours having been profitably spent here, the company
then started on the return journey, and by invitation of
the Rev. D. H. Davies, vicar of Cenarth, one of the oldest
membcrs of the association, a halt was made at the Vicarage,
tea being served on the lawn, followed by an inspection of
Mr. Davies's collection of valuable antiquities and cld
books. The church was subsequently visited, and the
ancicnt font was viewed, followed by an examination of a
vary cld stone bearing the Latin inscription, “ Cvrcagni fili
Andagelli.^ This is known as the Gellidywyll stone, but
Mr. Romilly Allen was cf opinion that it originally be.
longed to Temple Druid, near Llandilo, Pembrokeshire,
and had becn removed, as a stone bearing a similar inscrip-
tion was reported to have keen there early in the eighteenth
century. The Rev. D. H. Davies maintained that it: was
a Cenarth stone on the authority of two old men who had
as-isted in removing it from Parkmaenllwyd (which is مه‎
called at the present day) to Gellydywyll some ninety years
ago, and placed on a mcund over a favourite charger of
General Lewis which had been buried there. Dr. John
Rees, who had inspected the stone, said it was 1,500 years
old, but the inseription was in bad Latin. The next place
visited was Cilgerran Castle, built 1223, and a good paper
was read by Mr. Ivor Edgar Griffith George, Ffynoncoranau,
giving a minute description and history of the building.
The Latin and Ovam inscribed stone at the church was also
inspected. 7

At night a mceting of the association was held at the
Cardigan Guildhall, under the presidency of Mr. Willis
Bund, tho president. Professor Anwyl, Aberystwyth
University College, gave an exhaustive address on “ Ihe
Early Settlers of Cardiganshire,” and Mr. W. Riley gave an
account of his 1escarches in tumuli near Ogmore river. He
exhibited specimens discovered of flint instruments of the
ncolithic and bronze ages ; a skull and leg bones for which he
claimed an antiquity of 8,000 s.c. Professor Hepburn,
Cardiff, submitted criticism on the human remains exhibited
by Mr. Riley. ۱

The annual meeting was brought to a close on Friday,
the outstanding fcature of the gathering being Mr. J.
Romilly Allen's discovery of an Ogam stone in the stairway

of tho inhabitants a small advisory committee has been
appointed with a vicw to preventing the further decay cf
Cilgerran Castle (visited on Thursday). Sir Henry Howorth,
M.P., president of the British Archeological Association,
who was a visiter to the meetings, has been appointed a
vicc-president ; and thanks were accorded to the readers of
the different papers. Next ycar the meeting will be at
Shrewsbury.

— P
Tuar there is a sp-cial providenco watching over the lives of
men in charge cf lifts and hoisting machinery may, 5
Engineering. b:rcgarded by some people as possible, especially
in view of the fact that great carelessness is frequently ۶
played in its management. This protectien cught not to be
relicd upon with too much confidence, and tho wiser course, 19
doubt, is to minimise as much as possible the risks to ی‎
hft-attendants aro exposed by making it as difficult as possib ۶
for all kinds of accidents to happen. That there is plenty ©
room for improved methods of guarding hoists and rendering
the chances of accidents thercfrom as small as possible may be
gathered from the number of accidents which happened ın the
United Kingdom in the year 1902. There were in that year
611 accidents made known to the Government, and of 0
forty-two were fatal, by far the greatest number of whic
were due to falls down wolls; while the majority of injures
not fatal were caused by the injured person coming 1n وی‎
with projections, such as tho tops of doorways, while travelling
in tho lift. Engineering enforces tho importance of having
all doors opening into hoist-wells so arranged that they art
automatically lccked until the cage is brought opposite to
them, and also so made that while a door cn a certain floor
19 open it is impcssible to move the: cag: away from that door
until the door is again clesed. With doors so arranged It 18
practically impossible for anyone to fall down the well, 1nas-
much as the cage cannot travel away from any floor unless the
door on such flocr is closed, and after the cage has moved away
no dcor can be opened except by the man in the cage, and i
onlv that docr which may happen tc be opposite the cage &
the time. Next in the list of accidents come those caused bY
the breaking of the suspending ropes, and it is p:rhaps sur-
prising that so many rope attachments are really defective, or
rather that they are open to considerable improvement.

152 ۱ ۱ THE BRITISH

the base of the belfry is stored a fine tombstone cf the four-
teenth century, with a female head carved at the top and a
cress extending to the base. The communion service ara a
silver.paten and chalice, bearing date 1575. Mr. W. A.
Cripps has expressed opinion that these, like several others of
the same pattern, were made in Swansea. The church, ex-
cept the tower, was renovated in 1878. Some beautifully
executed stone arches were much admired. The Rev. Isaac
Mcrgan, vicar of Eglwyswrw, read am able paper on the
church, as well as the castle. The latter belongs to the thir-
teenth century, and was built by William, sen of Martin de
Tcms. The remains consist of two round towers epringing
frem square basements, a vaulted chamber with central deco-
rated ‘pier. In late years it was renovated by the Lord
Marcher (the lata Sir Thomas D. Lloyd, Bronwydd) and is
new used as a dwelling house. Luncheon was served at the
Liwyngwair Arms. In a field near the entrance to the town
is a cromlech, and on the way to Carn Ingli mcuntain a stone
planted in the earth with a cross. Carn Ingli was then visited.
it is cover 1,100ft. high, and severely tested the climbing abili-
tics of tho excursionists. On the summit is a stone-walled
camp, with huge circles. The smaller camp of “ Carn Ffoi "
was not visited, as timo did not permit. On the return jour-
ney tea was partaken of at Llwyngwair Mansion, the residence
vf Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Bowen. Three checrs were accorded
the host and hostess, and Mr. Willis Bund, the president,
publicly thanked them for their hospitality. "۰6 forty
years ago. Mr. Bowen's father entertained the association
when on a similar excursion. A run of about three miles
brought the party to an cld farmstead called Pentre-Evan,
where the cuthouscs, formerly the dwelling house, were in-
spected. Here there is an ancient roof and a wide stone
entrance archway, the stone side pillar bearing the letters
“LW.” Pentre-Evan cromlech is one of the largest and best
preserved cromlechs in South Wales. It consists of three
stones at each end with a corner stone of about ten tons.
Sir Henry Howard, M.P., president cf tho Archeological
Association of Great Britain, speaking on “Cromlechau,”
said he believed the cromlech at Pentre-Evan was 1,100 or
1,200 years cld, and probably made of local stone. The space
underneath is now Tft. Sin. Mrs. Allen, a lady cf eighty
years, who has followed the movements of the association for
over half a century, stated that about the year 1854 she was
prezent when an inspection was made cf this cromlech. The
space was then much moro than at present, as she rode a
hunter fifteen hands high under, and she could nct touch the
tcp with her hunting crop.

On Thursday the association visited St. Dcgmacl's. Some
time was spent at the Priory, which was founded by
Robert Fitz-Martin in 1126, and a paper was read by Mr.
Herbert M. Vaughan, Plas Llangocdmor, tracing the his-
tory cf the establishment. It was suggested by the presi-
dent that, as the ivy had a tendency to injure the walls, it
Le cut off, but other members held contrary views, and
deprecated the disfiguring of the remains. Attention was
centred on a fine stone close by, with Latin and Ogam in
scriptions, viz, Sagrani Pili Cvnotami (“ Saeram, son of
Cyndaf ”). Mr. Henry Allen said this stone differed from
others, and was one of the best in Wales. It was once used
as a foot-bridge, and subsequently as a gate-post. It had
been broken, but pieced together, and removed for preser-
vation to the churchyard. Close by was a stone, found
on Manianfawr Farm, in the form of a rude crcas, without
inscription, thus indicating that it belonged to the earliest
form of Christian memorial stones. Standing on edge in the
arca of the Priory is a fine sample cf altar slab, measuring
6ft. by 6ft. by 3ft., with a cross on each corner, and one in
the centre. A drive cf elcven miles along the beautiful
Vale of Tivy brought the association to the mound of New-
castle Emlyn Castle, which is in a dilapidated state. Here
lunchcon was partaken of. A paper on the '* History of the
castle and the traditions connected therewith ” was read by
Alderman J. C. Roberts, J.P., Cardigan. Then Sir Henry
Howard, M.P., president of the Archeolcgical Association
cf Great Britain, gave a technical criticism on the value of

were raiscd and a defence of wood crected, hence the sayıng
in history, “The castle was put cn fire.” In England, out
of the eighty-seven castles mentioned in Doomsday Book,
لی‎ thee were made of stone, but in Wales it was different
—stones were used. Mr. Henry Owen concurred, and cited
examples Colonel Morgan, M.P., pointed out that there
was a difference between the Welsh and Norman mounds.

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rcalistic form as in a conventional shap:. The flower, figured
in the more realistic way, showed numerous petals which were
pointed. Tho pctals in the conventional flowers wero rounded ;
often the number of the petals (scpals) was only three. "The
lotus was often combined with spirals, especially in the eigh-
teenth dynasty. Not rarely two or moro conventionally-
drawn flowers were placed one upon the other. Many Egyp-
tian ornaments were formed by alternating natural and con-
ventional lotus-flowers cr by alternating lotus-Howers and
lotus-buds. In Assyria, whore the lotus-ornaments were
later than in Egypt, both the realistic and the conventional
lotus were also found. ‘The latter way generally called
" palmett:.” In Assyria, as in Persia, the ornaments were
often formed by alternating realistic and conventicnal lotuz-
ficwers or by alternating lotus-flowers and lotus-buds. Simi-
lar crnaments were also common in Cyprus and on the isles ctf
the western coast of Asia Minor. In Cyprus, as in Phoenicia,
the ecmventional lctus often had a peculiar form (the “ Phoni-
cian " or " Cypricte palmette °). In Greece the lotus occurred
already in the Mycenzan time, but it became common there
only in the first millennium B.c. There, as in the Orient,
the lotus was found in combination with spirals, the realistic
and the conventional lotus alternating (‘lotus and palmette `)
as well as the lctus-flower in alternation with the Ictus-bud.
Many capitals of Egyptian columna had the shape of a lotus-
flower. Similar capitals occurred also in Asia Minor, ۵
they gradually got the form known as the “ Ionian capital.”

A short discussion tcok place, in which Sir John Evans
mentioned the connection of the fleur-de-lis with the Ionian
capital, and Professor Flinders Petrie expressed his pleasure
that Professor Montelius had accepted so much ct Gcodyear's
work as set out in his book, '' Grammar of the Lotus ز‎ but
scunded a ncte cf warning as to the idea of thc lotus keing the
sole origin of the ornamental patterns. The papyrus plant
had had its influence, and doubtloss combinations of the papy-
rus and lotus had been evolved by all ornament makers during
varicus periods. Professor Haddon, Profcssor Ridgway, Mr.
Rouso, and Mr. Coffey also made a few remarks; and the
president said there seemed to be a general agreement that
not one type, but several, had been adopted, as the lotus and
papyrus, and that the patterns had been gradually evolved
from the several original types in combination.

Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, under the title of a “Note
on the Entomology cf Scarabs,” then discus:ed the various
species and genera of bectles that were used by makers cf
scarabs in ancient Egypt at different periods. Illustrating
his subject, as usual, by excellent lantern slides, he distin-
guished five principal types cf scarabs, representing respec-
tively the genera scarubaeus, cathasius, copiis, gymnopleurus,
and hypsclogenia. The characteristic forms of thes» kinds أن‎
beutles were described in the shape cf the hcad, the outline ct
the wings, and the treatment cf the legs. The use of so many
kinds of beetles as models for scaaub amulets was illustrated,
said Professcr Flinders Petrie, both in Egyptian medical
papyri and in the modern folklore of Egypt.

At the afternoon sitting, before a very large and enthusias-
tic audience, Professor Petrie road a very interesting and im-
portant paper, illustrated with lantern slides, on recent ex-
cavations at Ehnasya, in Egypt. He said that the sito of the
Arabic town, Ehnasya, or Ahnas, was the Roman Herakleo-
pclis Magna, the Egyptian Henensuten, a place well known
from. the first dynasty onwards, and even cf mythclogical im-
portance. It was now a. great mass of mounds cf Roman and
Arab age, about seventy miles south cf Cairo and ten miles
from. the Nilc, and the strip cf four miles cf cultivation bo-
twoen it and the desert was probably due to the rise of Nile
soil covering low desert between, sa that the town might
have been on the edge of the desert originally. It was the
home of the ninth and tenth dynasties, cf which hardly any-
thing was known, and there had becn hopes that some trace
of that period might be found there. Twelve years ago Dr.
Naville had found the site cf a temple; and during the present
year he (Professor Petrie) went to work the history of the site,
and fcund the two finest objects that had come to light in
Egypt for seme time—a gold statuette of the god Hershefi and
a cclessal grcup of figures in granite. He had uncovered not
only the central hall of the temple found by Dr. Naville to
its lowest foundaticns, but alsc as large a space of the cham-
bers behind it and a still larger space of a great court with
colossi in front cf it. He had thus the histcry of another
great Egyptian temple worked out as far as possible. The
oldest temple on this ground was probably of the twelfth
dynasty. But below this were ruins of clder houses cut down
and levelled for the building of the temple. And against the

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 26, 1904)

———— Y
ب ۔ ہمہ‎

YORKSHIRE ARCHZEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

L AST Friday the scciety spent a pleasant time in inspect-

ing the Dewsbury Parish Church, the Moot Hall, the

f Savile tombs at ‘Thornhill Parish Church, and Thorn-
hill Hall. The party first met in the Dewsbury Parish
Church. The Vicar of Dewsbury first welcomed the members
of the society to Dewsbury, and afterwards Mr. S. J. Chad-
wick delivered an addicss on the parish church and its his-
tory. The first thing they knew about Dewsbury, he said, was
tliat in 627 Saint Paulinus was supposed to have preached
here, though they had no real proof of this. The next men-
tion of Dewsbury was in the Domesday Book, and there was
no doubt that from Dewsbury Christianity spread through-
out the whole of the district, and especially the valley of the
Calder. It was very clear that about the time of the Con-
quest Dewsbury parish was a very large cne, and included
Halifax, Mirfield, Thornhill, Kirkheaton, Kirkburton,
Almondbury, Golcar in the parish of Huddersfield, and
Eccleshill in the parish of Bradford. He would not go as
far as their vicar had done, and claim credit for the whole
of the parishes of Bradford and Huddersfield. “ Gra-
dually the cutside parishes separated from Dewsbury,
and they all knew the story of the separation of Mirfield
parish owing to the wife of Sir John de Hutton being
attacked by rctbers while on her way to worship in Dews-
bury. It would appear that the parish of Thornhill was
still connected with the parish of Dewsbury in 1292-3, for
they read that a freo fight tock place about that time be-
twecn the two rectors in rcgard to some tithes, and that
the rector of Dewsbury and his party marched back vic-
torious over the water.” When the parishes separated the
follcwing annual payments were agreed upon, and were still
being paid to the Vicar of Dewsbury as compensation for
the lcss of his fees and rights in the respective parishes :一 -
Thornhill, 14s.; Kirkburton, £4; Almondbury, £2 6s. 8d. ;
Huddersfield, £2 13s. 6d.; Kirkheaton, £1 3s. 4d.; and
Bradford, 8s. Mr. Chadwick then gave a long description of
the varicus rectors. The party then visited the old Moot
Hall, which was formerly used for the holding of the manor
courts. It dated back to 1790, and had only been got kack
by the church in recent years. It had been alternately used
as a maltkiln, wool warehou:e, beer bottling shed, and rag
warehouss. Luncheon was then partaken of at the Town
Hall, and the party later proceeded by special tramcar to
Thcrnhill, where the interesting monuments, windows, and
stone» in the parich church were inspected with interest.
Mr. J. W. Clay, of Rastrick, gave an interesting account of
the Savile family, and Lord Hawkesbury, who is a connec-
tion of the Saviles, read an account of the glasswork copied
from some old papers at Rufford Abbey. The ruins له‎
Thornhill Hall, the ancicnt residence of the Saviles, which
stands in the rectory grounds, and is surrounded by a moat,
were next viewed, and the histcry of its destruction by the
' Parliamentarians under Colonel Fairfax, was retold. The
company then adjourned for tea, when the usual votes of
thanks brought to a close a most successful and enjoyable ex-
cursion.

—_— ———

EVOLUTION OF THE MATERIAL ARTS.

N the Anthropclogical Sccticn of the British Assocıa-
tion meeting, on the conclusion of Mr. Henry Balfour e
address, which was read bcfore a large audience

and rewarded with lcud applause, a vote of thanks
to him was piopoxd by Sir John Evans and
sccond-d by Professor A. Macalister. Beth speakers urged
the extreme importance of anthrcpology to our wide and
many-sided Empire, and lamented that in despite cf this all
the requests and petitions for a Bureau of Anthropclogy—a
local habitation ta collect and arrange all cur increasing
matcrial—soemed to bc altogether disregarded. The vote of
thanks was enthusiastically carried, and Mr. H. Balfcur briefly
replied.

The subject cf tho president's address—the evclution of the
material arts—was continued in two communications by well-
known anthropologists. Professcr Oscar Montelius first read
a paper, illustrated by many fine lantern slides, on “ The
Evclutien of the Lotus Ornament," in which ha observed that
in Egypt the lotus had bien represented from the earliest
times as real flowers, often together with buds and leaves, or
as ornamental patterns. The lotus was drawn as well in the

[Aucust 26, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

162 -

expected in the third and fourth centuries A.D. A tolerably
complete corpus of Romanc-Egyptian lamps had also been
made, and the degradation of types traced throughout more

than a thousand varieties.

— > oran
\

ARCHITECTURE AT THE GLASGOW
SCHOUL OF ART.
E have received a copy of the prospectus of the Glasgow
School of Art, of which the headmaster and director
is Mr. Fra. H. Newbery. It has new becn established

by the Scotch Education Department as the central institu-
tion for higher education in ait for Glasgow and the West of
Scotland, and ın conjunction with the Technical School has
a curriculum for a course for a joint diplcma in architecture.
The chairman cf governors is Mr. Jas. Fleming, and the two
vice-chairmen are architects, viz, Mr. John J. Burnet
A.R.S.A., and Mr. Wm. Forrcat Salmon, the latter being
also chairman of the Schcol Committee.
governors is also Mr. Jchn Keppie. architect, P.LA. The

Amongst the

new building cf the School of Art was commenced in 1898,
two-thirds of it are complete, and the foundations are laid for
the remainder, for which the geverncrs are now asking funds.
In architecture the visiting professor is Professor Eugene
Bcurdon, B.A., A.D.F.G. (Architccte Diplome by the French
Government) ; the director, Mr. Alex. M‘Gibbon, A.R.I.B.A.;
the instructor, Mr. Walter R. Watscn ; and the occasional
lecturer, Mr. Andrew Robertson, A.RIB.A. `

The architectural tuition of the school aims at : —(1) The
preparation of the student for the profession of an architect,
etc. ; (2) supplementing the cffice training of the pupil and
assistant; (3) imparting an appreciation and knowledge of

architectural form to painters, sculptors, and workers in

deccrative arts. The instruction givan meets the require-
ments cf the examinations fcr the membership of the Royal
Institute of British Architects, but in addition to the sub-

jects included in. that scheme the school course provides also

for the study of nature and from the life. The curriculum
offers to students a technical and artistic cducaticn of a value
as high as that given in the best institutions, whether British
or Continental. Architectural students draw and model
from the cast, ornament and antique from the life, draw and
paint from nature, study mathematics, mechanica, physics,
chemistry, perspective, sterectomy, and strength and nature
of materials—the whcle leading to construction. They fur
ther study the historical development of architecture in ccn-
nection with art history and gcneral history, acquire a know-
ledge cf the principles and mewth cf ornament, measure and
sketch buildings, study cld examples from copies and make
restorations and applications, and throughout the whole
course of their studies and as the mcst important part 4
their architectural education, receive constant instruction
and training in design. Concurrently with this, they attend
the design and decorative art classes.

و ہے —————

BUILDING NEWS.

On Saturday. afternoon, at Bordon camp, Aldershot, the
Princess Alexander of Teck opened a new Church cf England
Soldiers’ Institute, erected and furnished at a cost cf about
£2,000.

Tue DUKE or DEVONSHIRE on Saturday visited Keighley, of
which he is lord of the manor, and opencd د‎ public library,
towards the cost, of which Mr. Carnegie had contributed
£10,000.

Tug Baths Committee of the Manchester Corporation have
completed. negotiations with the Tramways Committee for
the purchase cf the site of the old tram shed in Rochdale
Rcad and Shepherd Strect, situated between Moston 6
and the Blackley Free Library. The committee intend to
build public baths on the site.

—

Tur foundation-stene of the new Sunday-schocl and parish
hall which is to be erected in Fulwell Road, Sunderland, in
connection with All Saints’ Church, was laid last Saturday.
The plans for the new building have been prepared by 7
W. and T. R. Milburn, and the werk will be carried cut by
Mr. J. R. Birney, of Sunderland, at a cost of £1,500.

foundations of these houses were burials, which must be clder
than the temple. These comprised scarabs of Antef ۷.۵
King cf the Aamu (Syrians)," and other types. There was
thus a clear succession of periods, namely—(1) the burials,
which must be of theeleventh dynasty, agreeing with the date
first credited for Antef V.—this was one of the most. impor-
tant points yet in doubt in Egyptian history, the evidence
being very strong, and must hold the field unless anything
more decisive came to light ; (2) a great temple of the twelfth
dynasty; and (3) a great temple of Tahutmes III., of the
eighteenth dynasty. In the ruins of the earlier temple many
pieces of the sculptures of the twelfth dynasty were found,
showing that Sennsert (Usertesen) II. and III. and Amenem-
hat III. all built there about 2600 B.c. The great architrave
cf the tempie entrance cculd be restored from the size of the
piccc of jamb remaining. Probably the same beam of stone
had served every builder of temple or church for over 3.000
years. After this early temple was destroycd a much larger
cne was built by Tahutmes III. (1500 s.c.) of the eighteenth
dynasty, in which the lines of the building faces were all traced
out by clear groobes upon the foundation blocks. This
temple was more cr less removed and rebuilt by Ramessu 11.
(1300 B.c.), at least as regards the façade. This king also
carved new architraves out of blocks of granite of the twelfth
dynasty, and placed his figures and names upcn the beautiful
monolith columns of granite. In the foreccurt he placed two
rows of colossi cf limestone, 25ft. high, and two colcssal
groups of figures of himself between Ptah and Hershegi, the
local god. One cf these triads wasscated and was now broken ;
the other group was standing, 11ft. high and 8ft. wide, weigh-
ing about twenty tons. It was the finest such group known,
and it was to be placed in the Cairo Museum. The building
level was again raised for a later temple; and tho plan slightly
altered. This may have been in the twenty-second dynasty
(900 B.c.), as there was certainly a secure shrine there in the
twenty-third dynasty, when the gold statuette was dedicated.
This statuctte was cf the finest, work in the anatomy of the
muscular treatment and proportions, and was probably the
largest gold figure and perhaps the most artistic that had yet
been found in Egypt. The excellence of it was more surpris-
ing at so late a date as 700 B.c., and it showed that the artist
was by no means extinct in even a low pcricd of general
taste and ability. At a later date the floor cf the temple was
again raised to a higher level, covering nearly all the inscrip-
ticn of the lower course. Rather than lift the great blocks
of granitc that formed the basements of thc colennade, the
builders inserted drums of quartzite sandstone beneath the
columns, so as to raise them to the new level. This strange
device had not been seen elsewhere. From the section cf the
earth over tho temple it cculd bo secn that after it had been
removed for stone scveral feet of carth had accumulated over
the foundations, and then later digging had been made
through this to extract the lower stones. This later digging
was in the fourth century a.D., by the pottery in the hele;
so the first ruin of the temple was probably as carly as the
third century. Yet paganism flcurished in Isis and Herus wor-
ship for two centuries longer, as seen by the figures in the
houses. Thus it secmed that the first effect of Christianity was
to place animal wership in disfavour, and thereby to increase
Isis and Horus worship,and the latter was never overcome, but
became inccrperated in Christianity as the Madcnna and
Child. This view cf the different status of parts of the: earlier
religion had not appeared so evident before. The gain in
method of the present year had been in following the histery
cf building by tracing the several sand-bcds between the stones.
No builder ever put some inches cf sand between his courses
of masonry. Hence when layers cf sand were fcund between
stones it provod that a complete refoundation was made; the
stoncs below the sand-bed having becn left sunk in the ground
and ignored, while a layer of sand was laid over them for
founding a new temple. Thus the view, expcsed in the dig-
ging, of many courses of stone separated by three or four beds
of sand could be read off as recording the founding of so many
separate templos. Though no whole dynasty cf kings had
been brought to light, as in the work at Abydos, yct the fresh
and strong evidence about the early date of some rulers and
styles, and the recovery of two cf the finest monuments known,
and the plans cf the series of temples on a great site, made
this year another landmark in the clearing of Egyptian his-
tory. Beside the templo site, wcrk had been also done in the
town entirely cn burnt hcusce of Reman age. Thus he and
his colleagues had been able to date a Icng series cf terra-
cotta figures, which were of much finer work than had been

163

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

AUGUST 26, 1904)

those responsible for its maintenance. An examination,
made some months ago, revealed serious dilapidations, par-
ticularly in the roof, and in the plaster throughout. The
cost. of the work required to be done will be over £2,000, and
towards this amount about £1,200 has been promised. The
greater portion of the money is being expended on the re-
pairs to the fabric and replastering, and the repairs to the
roof. The decoration will be carried out as far as prao- 7
ticable this year. An unforeseen expense was the necessity
to renew the mullions in the " Flanaghan window in the
south transept, while the acticn of the organ is also being
renewed. The church is futher being installed throughout
by the electric light.

MEMORIAL-STONES Of the new Wesleyan Mcthodist Church and
Sunday-schccl, at Foster Lane. Hcbden Bridge, were laid
on Saturday last. The structure is estimated to cost £4,500,
and supersedes ۵ small mission room. The ground floor pro-
vides large school-rocm: 65ft. by 30ft., tcgether with young
men's room 29ft. 6in. by 18ft., infants’ room 20ft. 6in. by
1111. 3in., and nine class-rooms each 10ft. 6in. by 12ft. 3in.,
with two entrances to Victoria Road and two to Foster Lane,
and necessary conveniences; also heating chamber and coke
The chapel, which measures 78ft. by 37ft., is ap-
proached by two entrances (leading into main corridor, which
measures 29ft. Gin. by 6ft. 6in.), and provides sitting accom-
modation: of 360 on the chapel floor, 50 in the choir pews,
and 90 in the gallery, which is across one end. The organ
chamber, which is on the left of the preacher, will be 15ft. bv
10ft. 6iu., with communion, rcstrum, and minister's vestry.
The stone of the main walls will be pitched faced with local

stone hewing. “The interior fittings will be of
figured pitch-pine and walnut. The whole of the ground
floor will be of pitch-pina wood blocks. The pre-

mises will be heated with hot water and lighted with electric
light. The architect is Mr. W. H. Cockcroft, of West End,
Hebden Bridge, and the work is being carried out by the fol-
lowing contractors: —Masonry work, Messrs. H. Mortimer
and Sons, Hebden Bridge ; carpentry and joinery, Mr. Robert-
shaw Greenwood, Hebden. Bridge; slatering and plastering,
Messrs. Wrigley and Son, Hebden Bridge: plumbers’ and
glaziers’ and heating work, Messrs. Boulton and Kershaw,
Mytholmroyd ; concretor's work, Messrs. G. Greenwood and
Son, Halifax.

Tuz buildings erected at Newton Abbot for the dcuble pur-
pose of a froe library and technical, science, and art schools
were opened on the 12th. The library has been erected .by
Mr. J. Passmore Edwards as a memorial to his mother, who
was bern in Wolborough Strect, he giving 0
fer this purpcse, whilst the local authorities provide
the site. The fitting, etc, will ccst another £600.
Tewards the site of the science and art school and the
building itself the Devon County Council gave £2,700.
The furnishing and heating of the building involves
an expenditure of £1,250, and the county council have fur-
ther offered a sum of £750 towards this amount provided that
the town voluntarily raises £250. | The architect for the
building was the late Mr. Silvanus Trevail, of Truro, the
arrangements since his death being in the hands of Mr. A.
J. Cornelius. The erection of the two buildings has cost the
sum of £5,800. In his plans Mr. Trevail included a lecture
hall at the back of the building, but for the present this has
been omitted. The library and school are in a central posi-
tion in the town. The library is practically a separate
building from foundation, to roof, this being the wish of the
generous donor of the library. It comprises on the ground
floor an excellent general reading-room, 40ft. by 20ft., a
main hall, lavatory, and sanitary provisions. There is also
a magazine rocm on this floor, 24ft. square. From the cen-
tral hall a wida staircase gives access to the first ficor, which
will contain the main lending library, 40ft. by 20ft. The
borrowers’ lobby is situate on the main landing, and every
convenience will be given to these wishing to take out books.
A thoughtful provision is a reference library for students,
the room measurng 24ft. by 173ft., and this will possibly
be used for committee meetings as well. Beyond this is a

room prepared for the librarian for the purpose of repairing
bcoks, etc. The second flocr of the library contains two bed-
rooms and a kitchen, and sitting-room for the caretaker,
and the building is so designed that one man will be suffi-
cient to superintend the whole group. The entrance to tho

I stores,

University COLLEGE has decided to erect its new school on
a site at the junction of Frognal and Arkwright Road,
Hampstead. ‘The proposed main building will accommodate
450 boys, will be plauned to admit. of extension by class-
rcoms for an additional 150, or 600 in all. It ıs estimated
that about £50,000 will be expended on the new premises,

OwinG to thc increase in the number of prisoners detained
in Brixton Gacl, in consequence partly by the closing of
Newgate, an extension of the building has become necessary.
On a plot cf land adjoining, which was recently acquired by
the Prison Commissioners, workmen are now putting up the
boundary walls of a new wing, wnich will accommodate 400
priscners.

New schecls which have been erected at Sunnyhow, at a cost
of £5,100, by the Crock Schcol Bcard—new a local education
committee of the Durham County Council—were formally
cpemed last Saturday. The buildings are composed cf the
best pressed plate bricks, with slated rocfs, and have two
large main rooms, which accommcdate 108 elder scholars and

2 infants. Mr. William Oughton, of Newcastle-on-Tyne,
was the architect, and Messrs. Walton Bros., Crcok, the
builders.

On August 12 the foundation-stone of the new bridge in
course of ereotiom over the river Earn at Comrie was laid
by Colonel Williamson, of Lawers, in presence of a large
number cf spectators. The new bridge is to take the place
of an ancient structure erected in 1756, which was very nar-
row and dangerous for vehicular and passenger traffic. The
new bridge, which is being erected by Sir William Arrol and
Ca., Glasgow, is a steel girder one, with 20ft. cf a roadway
and two tcotways of oft. wide each, and will cost about
£4,700.

Tae King's Heath and Moseley Free Library Committee
have just completed the purchase of the cite for the long-
talked-of free library. The site, which is on the High Street
frontage, and adjoins the police-station, is about the same
Size as the sites ef the other free libraries of Selly Oak and
Stirchley, which arc to be erected in connection with the
Carnegie gift cf £12,000 for the provision of libraries and
reading rocms in the varicus centres in the area comprised
within the King's Norton and Northfield Urban District
Council.

Ar the Queen's Schocls, in Keates Lanc, a new wing.
cf red brick and white stone, known as the Lawson Memonal,
a reminiscence of the fatal fire at Eton, is being erected at
the north end of the buildings, immediately cppcsite the east
end of the Lower Boys Chapel. The organ of the latter 18
being reconstructed, and the bellows ara to be worked by
hydraulic apparatus. Near the Lower Chapel a large new
master's house is being built, a portion covering the site of
the cld music-rcom. The new music-room is in a building
cppcsite the Lower Chapel, once used as a racquet. court.

New businc:s premises at Halifax, which have been in course
of erection during the past eighteen months, were opened مه‎
Wednesday. The premises have a: double frontage to Com-
mercial Street and King Edward Street and form. a valuable
addition to the architecture of the town. They have been
erected from the plans of Mr. W. Clement Williams.
F.R.I.B.A., 27, Southgate, Halifax, for Messrs. Alexander
Scott, Ltd., and the principal contractors were as follows: —
Masonry, Messrs. Crawshaw and Scns, Ripponden ; joiners’
work, Messrs. Moore and Sons, Claremcunt; plumbing and
glazing, Mr. T. Boocock, Halifax ; electric light, Messrs. H.
Nunns and Co., South Parade; fibrcus plaster ceiling and
painting, Messrs. Jonas Binns and Son; iron and steel work,
Messis. Edward Wood and Co., Ltd., Manchester: plastering,
Mr. Baucroft, Halifax.

Turt work in connection with the restoration of St. Chad's
Cathedral, Birmingham, which has been in progress some
weeks, is now well advanced, and the completion will be cele-
brated on Sunday, September 25, when Archbishop Bourne
will preach at High Mass, and the pulpit in the evening will
be occupied by Father Gerard. The Roman Catholic Cathe-
dral is now sixty years cf age, and for a long time the interior
condition of the building has been a source of anxiety to

[Al cust 26, 1904
— V

stantial cbjection taken by the parishioners to its removal
the court would have declined to sanction it. In this case,
however, no objection of any kind wa2 raised, and the court
would, thcrefore, grant the faculty as prayed.

مسس سل( سس سر —

[ ۵ 1 1 ۰

A new town clerk is wanted fcr Tyncm-uth at £600 per

annum,

AN assistant art master is wanted for the Borcugh of Lan-
castor Education Committoo at a salary of £100 pcr annum.
A similar master is wanted for the Borcugh cf Hyde at £80
par annum.

Mn. CARNEGIE has offered £2.000 to the Prescct District
Council for a library on the usual conditions that the coun-
cil decide to levy a rate of a poamy in the pound fer its
mainten2nc>. ，

The Plopcsal cf Bexhill Corporation to amaleamate the 5
cf bercugh surveyor and sanitary inspector has created much
adverse feeling. An influential petition to the Local Govera-
ment. Board has b»en signed condemning the ccuncil's action.

Mr. ROBERT GEORGE GoopACRE. of 45, Grosvencr Road,
Whalley Range, Manchester, and formerly of 116, Regent
Road, Southfields, Leice:tor. architect, who dicd on May 4
last, left cstate valued at £12,295 Is. Od. gross, the nct per-
sonalty being sworn at £4,424 11

Tue will of Mr. James Nuttall, of Barnfield. Whalley
Range, and of Cooper Sticet, Manchester, contractor, has
been declared at £39,058.

A COUNTY hall for Suffolk. to E» built cf Suffolk oak. is the
latest idea of the East Suffolk County Ccuncil. The scheme
is that each landowner or Hundred shonld contribute a
single oak, and already some landewncrs have offered to
deliver trees at Ipswich suitable for the purpese.

AT Yarmouth cn Wednesday the famcus hich windmill.
said to ke the highest in England, was sold for demolition.
It co:t £10.000 to kuild in 1812. It <erved as a 121301113۴
far end wide. its esp beine 1201. from the ground. Cir
cular in form, tho mill contained no fewer than twelve
flcors. Its walls are several fect thick, and rie estimated
to contain hundreds of thousands cf bricks, It was seld fer
£100 under the hammer.

一 一

NOTES OF COMPETITIONS OPEN.

Ayr. Sept. 5. Pavilion at Low Green. Premiums: £50,
30, and 20. Town clerk. ۱

Bromley (Kent). Municipal offices and ccunty court.
Town clerk. 57 ۱
Hampstead, N.W. Sept. 30. Mortuary, cte. 57
dent, Cemetery, West Hampstead, N.W.
Poultan (Cheshire). Sent. 30. School. H. W. Cook,

Public Offices, Egremont. 7 l C
U.rbridge, W. Oct. 1. Workhouse additional bdgs. C.
Woodbridge, 38, High-st., Uxbridge. 5757 Pre:

Wallasey. Oct. 31. Public offices to cost .£45.000.
miums: £250, 75 and 50. H. W. Cook, Public Offices, او‎
mont. 42s.* |

—
NOTES OF CONTRACTS OPEN.
(*) Signifies the deposit required. |
Abergarenny. Sep. 19. Widening biidge. Jchn Gill, 4,

Brecon-rd., Abergavenny. f zov qj
Barking (Esser). Sep. 6. Workmen's cottages (72). ۰
Barking.

„PAPER

164 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

technical school is at the angle of the two streets, the Bank
Street: just at this point having been considerably widened.
The technical school offers facilities for menta] improve-
ment and progress of the highest kind. The acccmmcdation
comprises on the ground floor a spacious entrance lobby and
central hall, from which is approached a machine-construc-
tion and drawing room (36ft. by 19ft.), with principal's and
secretary's offices opening therefrom. On the same floor
there is also another room, measuriug 28ft. by 19ft., to be
used for science and technical classes. A chemical labora-
tory measuring 37ft. Ly 19ft., a physical laboratory, and a
Science lecture and demonstrating room are provided. In
addition there are dark rooms for photography, lavatories,
and necessary store rooms. The second floor. is set aside
entirely for art, and comprises an elementary art room, a
figure and cast room, a modelling room, tcgether with the
art master's room, lavatories, and independent stcre room
“accommodation.

A— cee eee

A SITTING of the Consistory Court of London was held last
Friday week m St. Paul's Cathedral for the hearing of an
application for a faculty for church alterations. The Chaa-
cellor was zttended by Mr. Charles W. Lee, Registrar.
The petiticn was by the vicar, the Rev. Henry Nicholas
Mocre, and the churchwardens of St. Andrew, Hoxton,
for a faculty to authorise certain alterations and improve-
ments which it was desired to carry out in the church of
St. Andrew. It was stated that a meeting of the vestry
was he'd on July 14 for the purpose of considering the
proposed alterations and improvements, and it was resolved
unanimously that they should be carried out. They were
as follows:--To remove the west gallery entirely, including
Stairs, and other works connected with the removal; to
alter the approach at the wcst end by forming a gabled
entrance and enclosed porch; to form a choir vestry at the
north-east corner of the church with organ gallery over;
to rearrange the choir seats and pulpit and prayer desks;
to alter szats in the church. where necessary and to place
chairs in the space now occupied by the organ; and to
reglaze the whole of the lead lights in the windows. It
was also proposed to carry out general repairs and. cleans-
ing and decorative work. The estimated cost of the altera-
tions would be. about £1,000, of which about £500 was
already in hand or promised, and the remainder would be
raised Ey vcluntary contributions. The gallery contained
200 coats, but jt was not used. The sittings on the ground
floor, which at present numbered 550, would be increased
by twenty as a result. of the alterations. The Chancellor,
in delivering judgment, said that. there was only one of the
proposed alterations to which any reasonable objection
could have been taken, and that was the rcmcval of the
west gallery. The court was always unwilling to sanction
the removal of a gallery where it. might be of substantial
us? to the parishioners at a future time. In this parish
there was a population of over 9,000. The present accom-
modation in the church was about 700, including the 200
soats in the west gallery. The objections to the retentica
of the gallery were that it was seriously detrimental to
about 200 sittings cn the ground floor immediately under
it, by depriving them of the light of the west window and
consequently: neccesitating the use of gas during the day
time, and it also interfered with the ventilation, preventing
an adequat2 supply of air. It would, in these circum-
stances, be an advantage to the parishioners to have the
gallery removed. Another reason in favour of its removal
war that it was never used. The people's churchwarden
in his evidence viid that during the last: fiftecn years he had
cnly twice seen anybody sitting in it. The matter had been
fully discussed before the vestry when,the plans for the
alterations were laid before it, and no objection had been
taken to the rcmcval cf the gallery. By the 6
arrangement there would ke an addition cf twenty goo
و‎ sen bar of seats on the ground floor.
sittings to the present num j A ss Les b
In these circumstances, there being no objection taken by

the parishioners to the removal of the gallery, the court

would sancticn the proposal. If there had boen any sub- ۱ Dawson, F.R.1.B.A., East-st.,

OR ALL CLIMA :

See next Issue.

LON DON 4 Tn. W.

“WILLESDEN

| ECIFY WILLESDEN 2-PLY.
ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY W.

EN prot AND CANVAS WORKS, LD. WILLESDEN JUNCTION,

WILLESD

165

nl Dion‏ ۳ ۳ . امم

to doing what would have been done instinctively and natu-
rally in any past age, nor do we think these broad questions
are unworthy of the careful consideration of architects and
their representative bodies.

— a MM

A HOUSE IN SWITZERLAND.

SKETCHED BY E. J. May, ARCHITECT.

N the recent exhibition of architects’ sketches held by the
invitation of the late president of the Institute, Mr.
Aston Webb, R.A., nothing was more interesting or

came more clearly within the scope of the subject of holiday
sketches than the collection of sketches by Mr. E. J. May of
an interesting old house at Adelboden, in Switzerland. We
regret we have been unable to reproduce satisfactorily the
charm of the original sketches, which are executed in a vigo-
rous yet dainty manner with variously coloured chalks. Still
the tracings we give from them convey something of the
thoughtful and observant character of the originals, and indi-
cate the very interesting point of view for study by sketches
which one would expect from. so accomplished سه‎ architect as
Mr. May. The following are Mr. May's notes on the work :一

SKETCHES IN SWITZERLAND.

The timber-building of the Bernese Oberland is a most
delightful study, and this house at Adelboden is a fine example
of the work ; so thoroughgoing and substantial, everything of
wood, and not a nail used in the main: construction, the sweet
pine wood being left clean throughout the inside. This house
waa built for a man of some importance in the place, according
to the inscription carved on the front gable, which is also in-
teresting as recording the architects name :—“ Christian
Bircher, treasurer at the time, and Maria Zahler, his wife,
built this house in 1783. Yohr Ewer Reichen, master carpen-
ter."

Although it is an unusually large house as to the number
of rooms, the plan of it is quite typical; an open gallery the
whole length of one or both sides, with an entrance leading
directly into د‎ badly-lighted general living-room or kitchen,
with bedrooms opening out of it. These rooms are Tft. high.
The kitchen has a stone fireplace, over which a large part of
the ceiling is built, as shown im one of the sketches, like
a hood or hopper, which ends in a wooden chimney through
the roof, with a hinged wooden lid on the top and a long
handle down the inside to open: and shut it by. Across the
chimney are beams and hooks for smoking bacon. There
are two small bedrooms upstairs, but the rest of the large
space in the roof is for the storage of wood, dried vegetables
and herbs, etc., for the winter.

The outside walls and main partitions are of timbers
about 5in. thick, which are bedded in dried moss; this moss
is also largely used at the present day for the bedding in
dressed stone. buildings. The construction of the floors is
especially thoughtful, the underside of the floor boards forms
the ceiling of the room below. They are about 2in. thick and
are grooved and tongued at the sides ; they run from front to
back and work freely in grooves at each end. The centre
board in each room is made tapering and the wider end
through a hole in the front wall. When the boards shrink
this wedge-shaped board, after a piece has been cut off the
narrower end, can be hit in to close up the joints all along
the floor, so that succeeding generations can always have a.
tight floor. I have seen. these projecting boards, now well
battered at the end, in a house dated 1556, and the same
device is still used in modern country buildings; in many
of the older houses these boards are now sawn off flush with
the outside.

It used to be the custom in Switzerland, and perhaps still
is, for the well-to-do friends of a man who was building a
house for himself to give him either a door or a window,
and the donor put into the window a pane of glass with his
own coat of arms upon it, or had his name and arms painted
on the door and the whole door sometimes gaily decorated
in colours. In each of the sitting-room windows of this house
there is a pane thus beautifully engraved and embossed of the
same date as the house, and some of the doors are decorated.
All the hinges, locks, and window fastenings are excellently
wrought in iron, the locks, with the handle on the top, being
especially typical. In short, all the work in this house and in
those to be found especially throughout this canton affords a
most invigorating holiday study and is well worthy of a quite
serious measuring and sketching tour. "

E. J. May.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

The British Architect. |

SEPTEMBER 2, 1904]

LONDON: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2, 1904.

+ m

THE PRESERVATION OF COUNTRY
DISTRICTS.

E often indulge in gloomy anticipations of what the
aspect of the country will be in the future, when
population has exceeded its present limits, but are

these reflections justified, or nced they be so? Certainly اہ‎
larger towns must grow up to certain limits, fixed for the
most part by the necessities of those whose work requires
their dwelling within easy reach of industrial centres, but
these limits are fixed, and only allow for a moderate amount
of growth, while cheapness and ease of communication help
decentralisation, and will in the future operate still more
strongly in this direction. Already the ratio of increase in
the case of London is falling, and will probably fall still
more in the near future, and it is also likely that: the largest
provincial towns will show a corresponding tendency.

If we were to name what, in our opinion, is spoiling Eng-
land most from an artistic point we should instance the
suburban fringe round the larger towns, and the building up
of the country districts, more than the towns themselves.
Towns at least cover a very limited area, and in place of
green fields and woodland we may, at any rate sometimes,
obtain handsome streets and parks, but who among us can
contemplate without a shudder a suburban district where
each house affects a privacy and disregard of the nearness of
its neighbours, apart from which it never is visible, where
each garden becomes a new study in vulgarity, where blue
slates and red tiles alternate, stone and brick houses,: mul-
lioned and sash windows, and every composite abortión
which a little knowledge and abounding absence of taste can
suggest, meet us at every turn. The remedy would seem to
be to group buildings together where they cannot be com-
pletely isolated, as they are grouped in the old English vil-
lages, and to preserve the intervening spaces free from build-
ing altogether. Buildings which are in view of others can-
not be considered artistically without reference to them,
and, as we all enjoy open sweeps of country, why should
we not try to so arrange our houses as to surround them
with open stretches, trying to make each isolated group of
buildings effective as a whole?

Between Chelmsford and Colchester can be seen scattered
at frequent intervals along the road such villages, the build-
ings of which are in no way remarkable except as exem-
plifying restraint and fitness to their positions, and the
effect is charming, girdled as they are by country stretches.
Were the same number of houses to be built now, we should
have twice or three times the frontage taken up by attempts
to isolate each house, an attempt which would in the nature
of things be unsuccessful, while the continuity of building
would give د‎ suburban appearance now entirely absent.
There is no inherent reason why the suburban ring round
London should not have been laid out as a group of country
villages, separated by intervals of^woodland and field, and
were this the case the growth of our great cities would bring
with it little that the artist need deplore, nor is it altogether
too late for municipal and county bodies to draw up enact-
ments dealing with these points. This, together with some
broad and sensible regulations on the subject of materials to
be used, would be far more in the interests of the public
than the unnecessary and mechanical by-laws in force, which
cannot put an end to jerry-building, but which are absolutely
harassing to any good designer. Why should we decide to
an inch how far ۵ sash window should be kept back from
the face of a wall, leaving it absolutely open to anyone to
put up a dwelling which will be an eyesore for half a mile
round, and which may in a brick district be of stone from a
distance, or in a. stone district in the West of England is as
likely as not to be of red brick with white brick dressings?

Why, too, should it be open to one man to fence in his
house with a cast-iron railing with gilded finials, while his
neighbour uses a cleft oak fence for the same purpose?

We should condemn a man's sanity if he papered a room
with strips of different patterned paper, but is this in reality
more absurd than the incongruity we see round us every day?
We may be unduly optimistic, but we see no reason why we

should regard the growth of population as an absolute bar

w— qr me ra دسا‎

| SEPTEMBER 2, 1904

BRITISH ARCHITECT

166 THE

The annual general meeting will be held on September 30
with the president's address and distribution of prizes The
other arrangements include د‎ paper by Mr. E. Dockree on
“ Photography as applied to Architecture” (illustrated with
lantern views) on October 14; conversazione at No. 18,
Tufton Street, Westminster, S.W., at 8 p.m., on October 27;
paper by Mr. W. Henman on “ Ventilation," November 11;
papers by Mesars. J. T. Micklethwaite and E. Prioleau War-
ren on. "Excavations in Westminster," November 25; paper
by Mr. T. Raffles Davison on “Some Architectural Reflec.
tions," December 9 ; paper by Mr. Alfred Cox on “ Libraries”
on January 6; papers by Messrs, J. B. Fulton and E. F. Rey.
nolds on * Byzantine Architecture," on January 27 ; paper by
Mr. C. S. Spooner on "Church Fittings," on February 10;
paper by Mr. F. J. Osborne Smith om “ Country Houses and
Accessory Buildings," on February 24; paper by Mr. H. V.
Lanchester on “ Law Courts," on March 10; paper by Mr.
A. Needham. Wilson on “ Sketch Plans and Working Draw-
ings," on March 24 ; paper by Mr. H. Phillips Fletcher (sub-
ject to be announced), on April 7.

THE Agent-General for Victoria in London, Mr. Taverner,
bas conceived the idea of concentrating all the business inte
rests of the Australian Commonwealth under one roof, and
has submitted to his Government a scheme for that purpose.
The site which Mr. Taverner has recommended as an ideal
one is at the eastern. end of Aldwych, with a frontage also to
the Strand, and commands the whole of the large open space
between Aldwych and St. Clement Danes Church. It has
an area of about 13,250 square feet, with a frontage of 38ft.
to Aldwych and of 125ft. to the Strand, while the frontage to
the east 1s 40ft. in length.

DURING the ensuing session of the Birmingham Municipal
School of Art Mr. W. H. Bidlake, M.A., A.R.IB.A., wil
lecture upon the formative elements of the various ancient,
Oriental, and claesic styles of architecture, and upon the con-
ditions which assisted in giving them their individual charac-
ter. Mr. C. E. Bateman, F.R.I.B.A., has resigned his teach-
ing of architectural design, and Mr. H. T. Buckland succeeds
him; and Mr Edwin F. Reynolds, a former pupil of Mr. Bid-
lake, has been appointed as assistant teacher in architectural
design. Mr. Francis B. Andrews, A.R.I.B.A., assisted by Mr.
Ralph Berrill, A.R.I.B.A., remains in charge of the classes in
building construction, a subject in which the studente have
this year done remarkably well; but Mr. Christopher Silk has
resigned, on account of pressure of other work, the teacher-
ship of taking builders' quantities, and Mr. Alfred W. Baylis
succeeds him.

A STONE cist or coffin, evidently belonging to pagan times, has
just been unearthed during digging operations in North Mer-
chiston Cemetery, Edinburgh. It was only some six inches
from the surface, and, though it was broken, it was possible
from the fragments to make out its general design and dimen-
sions. Mr. F. Coles, assistant secretary of the Society of
Antiquaries, and Mr. Alan Reid, F.S.A., who examined the
cist. are of opinion that it has been made of Hailes or Slate
ford stone. It measured 30in. either way, was a little over
2ft. in depth, and had been covered with a thin slab, which
lay in fragments, mainly within the interior. A feature,
unusual in such structures, is that the bottom was lined with
rough slabs, the cist being a complete rectangle of

but naturally smooth slaty sandstone.

THE work of preserving the ruins of Tintern Abbey, which ۹
being carried out by the Crown authorities, who bought the
famous ruin and lands adjoining from. the Duke of Beaufort.
18 proceeding, and the eastern end of the nave is now cove
by a forest of scaffolding, says the Manchester Guardian.
This has been erected to permit of supporte being placed to
the slender central shaft of the big east window, which, for
some time past, has been: in great danger of falling. The
work now in progress includes the strengthening of the mul
lions of several of the windows of the nave and the pointing of
most of the exterior. Much damage has been done in the past
by the percolation of the rain through the interstioes at the
top of the walls. and the gaps are to be sealed with cement or
lead. Mr. Waller, of Gloucester, is the architect.

A visrr will be paid to London on the 12th and 13th inst. by

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HE anxiety evinced by the community as to the results
of public “ improvements ” is not at all unreasonable,
considering the results we see on all sides. The fol-

lowing letter indicates the special anxiety just now felt by
Mr. William Woodward, the architect:—‘‘We were all
aware that the Government had determined to open the
Mall to Charing Cross, the work for which is now in pro-
gress, but we certainly had no idea that an ‘archway’ was
to be erected at the Charing Cross end of the Mall. 1 think
the public should be informed as to the nature of this im-
portant archway, and, if possible, be afforded an opportu-
nity to inspect the drawing, or, better still, the model, which
1 hope has been prepared. The exceedingly eommonplace
lamp standards, with their ugly terminations, which have
just been erected along the Mall avenue, make one rather
anxious to know that the opportunity for something noble
and worthy of the metropolis will not, in the case of this
archway, be lost.”

— U

We think Mr. Woodward may possess his soul in patience.
The development of all the improvements round Bucking-
ham Palace and down the Mall, including the archway and
opening into Charing Cross, will have the oversight and
guidance of Mr. Aston Webb, R.A., whose design was se-
lected in competition, and who, though he has been com-
pelled to modify his scheme to a certain extent, will still
be able, it is hoped, to see the completion of this magnificent
new roadway, with an appropriate opening into Charing
` Cross from the Mall. The latter part of the scheme will,
we expect, indicate more strikingly. than anything else the
taste and ability of our latest Academician.

FURTHER details of the Institute's visit to Newcastle-on-
Tyne are now to hand. The president, past presidents, and
council of the Northern Architectural Association will form
a reception committee to welcome the visiting members on
their arrival on Thursday evening, October 6, at the County
Hotel, which will be the headquarters of the Institute dur-
ing the visit. Mr. Alderman Andersen, mayor of New-
castle, will receive the visitors in the council chamber at
the Town Hall at ten a.m. on Friday, and deliver an address
of welcome on behalf of the city of Newcastle. The mem-
bers will then proceed to the lecture theatre of the Institute
of Mining and Mechanical Engineers in Neville Street,
where about an hour will be devoted to the reading and dis-
cussion of a paper, '* Specialism in Architecture,” Mr. John
Belcher, A.R.A., president, in the chair. The remainder
. of the morning will be occupied in visiting the cathedral
church of St. Nicholas and Trinity House, and the visitors
will be entertained at luncheon at the County Hotel by the
Northern Architectural Association. In the afternoon of
Friday visits will be paid to places of interest in the city and
neighbourhood, including Jesmond Dene House, the resi-
dence of Sir Andrew Noble, K.C.B., and St. George's
Church, returning through Jesmond Dene. The president
will hold a reception, and the annual dinner of the Institute
will take place on Friday evening at the County Hotel. On
Saturday arrangements will be made, for those who desire
to do so, to visit Hexham Abbey and the Roman station at
Chollerford. The museum at Chesters will be visited, by
the kind permission of Mrs, Clayton, on whose estate part
of the Roman wall is situated. Under the guidance of Mr.
Frank Caws (F), past president N.A.A., a visit will be paid
to the new shipbuilding sheds at Messrs. Swan and Hunter's,
Wallsend.

` THE curriculum of the Architectural Association for the ses-
sion 1904-5 has just been issued. It contains a photograph
of the street, frontage of the buildings as now completed, and
very sensibly also a little map showing how to get there.
There are also photographs of the interior. The winter term
.commences September 26 and ende December 17. As the
curriculum points out, students can now obtain some preli-
minary knowledge and training at the Architectural Associa-
tiom which will make their pupilage in an architect's office
more advantageous than if they ga to an office quite unpre-

. Thus the architectural school will test a would-be
architects liking or capacity before being too far committed.

167

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 2, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHIIEET لش(‎
一

COMPETITIONS.

In the competition for a public library building for
Aberystwyth the first prize of £20 has been awarded to Mr.
Walter G. Payton, of Colmore Row, Birmingham. There `
were forty-eight competitors. Mr. Carnegie. has given

£5,000 towards the cost.

AT د‎ meeting of the Kinross and Parish Public Library
Committee on Thursday week the plans of Mr. Peter L.
Henderson, architect, George Street, Edinburgh, were se-
lected, subject to certain structural alterations. The
building is estimated to cost about £1,600.

on Ed

: OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

ت جح ۱

LIVERPOOL COTTON ASSOCIATION BUILDINGS.
Grayson AND OuLD, Architecte.

THE design we illustrate was submitted in the recent compe-
tition, limited to architects practising in Liverpool, and was
placed third. The accommodation comprises premisee for the
Association, including Exchange room, rooms for members,
post offica, telephone rooms, cotton bank, and clearing and
arbitration rooms. There are, besides, numerólis suites of
offices to let, nearly all of which were desighed with a north
or east light suitable for cotton sampling. Competitors were
much hampered by restrictions imposed: by ancient lights.
The principal entrance is on the west side to Old Hall Street.
The estimated cost. of this design was £190,000. The archi-
tects are Messrs. E. A. Ould, F.R.I.B.A., and Hastwell Gray- '
son, M.A., A.R.I.B.A., of 31, James Street, Liverpool.

| HOUSE AT ADELBODEN, SWITZERLAND.
| Drawn by E. J. May, Architect,
THESE very interesting sketches by Mr. May are to our mind
q typo of the kind of sketching which is most useful to the
chitectural student. Mr. May is a firm believer in the
value of sketching, and his stores of useful material in neatly-
arranged books remind us of the marvellous and abundant
range of sketch-books which we once looked over at Mr. John
D. Sedding's house. |

| | 7
i PLENUM VENTILATION AT BELFAST.

0
۰

i
1 architects and engineers of the Belfast Victoria Hoe-
l pital have sent the following reply to Mr. Bibby’s re-
i marks on this subject in the last R.I.B.A. Journal :—
¡ The persistent mis-statemente of Mr. G. H. Bibby are our
éxcuse for occupying more space in the Journal. His calcu-
lations are altogether erroneous; for, even if fair comparison
gould be made between the old, overcrowded, badly venti-
lated hospital, with inadequate heating and hot-water supply,
and the new one, it would stand thus, as regards the average
coal consumption per resident provided for—viz., in the old,
3 tons; in the new, 44 tons, the latter including laundry work
and other conveniences which found no place in the old, for
since the new buildings were occupied, the efficient heating,.
ventilation, and hot-water supply have been kept up through-
out, although the full complement of residents has not

attained. So much for his figures. l

; Although there appeared an appreciative article by Mr.
Bibby on “ Plenum Ventilation” in the Local Government
Journal of May, 1903, his remarks on the ventilation of this
hospital are so evidently prejudiced that previously we
ignored them. He has, however, appealed to the printed
annual report for verification of the accuracy of his state-
ments; how, then, did he overlook this, which appears on
page 17 !—viz., “ The staff desire to express their great satis-
faction with the new hospital, which is fully answering their
highest expectations.” Also an official statement made at
the last. ordinary meeting of the Board of Management, re-
ported in the Belfast News Letter of July 8, which runs thus:
‘ Now that the system of ventilation has been thoroughly
tried both in summer and winter, a proper estimate can be
ormed of its merits, and the opinion of the hospital staff ها‎
hat it is a great success.”

| In face of such evidence from those who have had daily

a large party of Belgian engineers, members of the Association
des Ingenieurs Sortis de l'Ecole de Liége, one of the most
important technical societies on the Continent. The party,
which will number about 200, will be the guests of the Iron
and Steel Institute, which was hospitably received by the
Belgian association as far back as the year 1873, and again in
1894.

Tue following letters have appeared anent the Temple
memorial window at Exeter:—'I am glad to see that
notice has been taken of the adverse criticism of the new
west window of our cathedral. 1 understand that steps are
being taken to alter the colouring of the evangelistic
emblems in the upper half of the window. At the same
time it would seem to strike the casual observer that the
poorly drawn and vividly coloured angels adjoining these
emblems stand in more need of alteration than the emblems
themselves. These- last have, at least, some pictorial signifi-
cance, and their red and yellow colouring had a rich and
pleasant effect beside the crude green and blue and white of
the first-named set of figures, which, besides being weak in
drawing, are somewhat meaningless for the prominent posi-
tion they hold.—Yours faithfully, T., Exeter." “ Passing
through the cathedral yard this morning 1 noticed that
alterations to the ‘ Temple Memorial Window’ are in pro-
gress. Would it not be well, now that the men and scaf-
folding are on the spot, if something could be done to bring
the white and blue angels around the central medallion more
into harmony with the treatment of green and gold shown
in the circular openings on either side!—Yours faithfully,
CuHvRCHMAN, Exeter. “ Whilst the alterations at present
being made in the Temple memorial window in our cathedral
are in progress, it would perhaps be not inappropriate to
recall a criticism in a recent number of Tue BRITISH
ARCHITECT, respecting this very window. The writer re-
marks on the unsuitability of perpendicular glass for a win-
dow of so markedly decorated character; a criticism cer-
tainly justified by the large amount of plain white canopy in
۵ window which more correctly should have been treated in
glass of د‎ greenish tone, and in an earlier style of design.
The windows at York Minster of the same period present
ھ‎ good example of this. If at the same time something
could be done to remedy the excessive width of the border
on either side of the central figure of St. Peter, the appear-
ance of the window would be greatly improved.—I am, sir,
yours faithfully, ARCHITECT, Exeter.” |

JUDGE GREENWELL, in Newcastle County Court, gave judg-
ment in an action on August 26, in which an electrician
claimed £25 as balance of contract price for electrical work
from a builder, the said work having been carried out on
premises the builder was building in 1903, in the Bigg Mar-
ket, Newcastle, for Mr. Robert White, wholesale jeweller.
The contention was that this payment should be made by
the building owner and not by the contractor. His Honour
found that the architect employed the plaintiff as agent of
the contractor, and not as agent of the building owner. 6
found that the contractor had received from the building
owner the whole of the money to which he was entitled, and
thab that included the money due to the plaintiff. He gave
judgment for the plaintiff with costs.

AN appeal is made on behalf of the Ecclesiastical and Edu-
cational Art Exhibition under the management of Mr. John
Hart, of Londcn, to be held concurrently with the Church
Congress at Liverpool At previous congresses interesting
loan collections have been formed, and it is hoped that a
still more complete one will be gathered together this year,
and that it will be specially illustrative of the ecclesiology
of the diocese of Liverpool. Loans are solicited of ancient
and modern goldsmiths’ and silversmiths’ work, ecclesiastical
furniture, embroidery, paintings, drawings, carvings, photo-
graphs, books, manuscripts, and antiquities. Intending
exhibitors should send a short description of their exhibits as
early as possible to the hon. secretaries (the Rev. F. J. Powell
and Mr. J. Albert Thompson) of the loan collection, Art
Exhibition, Church House, Liverpool; or to the secretary
(Mr. James J. Adam), Ecclesiastical Art Exhibition, Mal-
travers House, Arundel Street, Strand, London, W.C.

[SEPTEMBER 2, 1904
lato یر رو‎

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

168

would appear to be a remarkable edifioe in its way, and it is
adorned with gifts from prominent German and other Pro-
testants. It is a Gothic church built after the designs of the
architects Flügge and Nordmann, of Essen, and has a length
of nearly 79yd., while the transepts are 45.93yd. in breadth.
The interior height of the central cupola is over 78ft., while
the tower which surmounts the porch has a height of 327ft.
The whole edifice is constructed of grey sandstone, and in the
porch already mentioned is a statue of Luther trampling,
Bible in hand, upon the Papal bull. This statue, which is
the work of Professor Hahn, of Munich, is the gift of Ger-
man Lutherans in America. Around the statue of Luther
there will ultimately be grouped the effigies of the six
German Sovereigns who joined in the protest of 1529, and
already the walls of the porch are decorated with the arms
of the fourteen German cities which “ protested” along
with the minority of the Diet. The stained-glass windows
of the choir, which will be designated the “ Kaiser-chor,”
are the gift of the present Emperor and represent Christ,
flanked by St. John and St. Paul and the reformers Luther,
Melancthon, Zwingli, and Calvin. In the quatrefoils of the
central window angels heads represent likenesses of the
present German Crown Prince and Prince Eitel Frederick
of Prussia at the age of four, while above them is a likeness
of the Emperors only daughter, the Princess Victoria
Louise. The other windows exhibit likenesses of the rest
of the Imperial children. The marble pulpit is the gift of
Mr. Pierpont Morgan, while the organ has been erected at
the expense of the choral societies throughout Germany.
The bells, one of which is named after the Emperor and has
been cast from captured French cannon, are the gift of the
Protestants of Speyer.—T ۰

一

EDINBURGH NEW SCHOOLS.

N September 1 there were opened in Edinburgh two
large new schools, one at Boroughmuir for the south
side, and the other at Broughton for the north side,

which will be devoted solely to higher grade teaching.

The Boroughmuir school occupies a: prominent site at the
top of Bruntsfield Links which was acquired: by the School
Board at a cost of over £5,000. It has a long front of 260ft.
to the links, and the elevation: there shows a free treatment
of the Renaissance with oriels marking the staircases, a cen-
tral block with elongated windows, and high-pitched roof with
belfry, while the wings bave gables and ornamental dormers.
A feature of the front is the large number of windows which
flood with ught the classrooms within. The building at the
back, to Warrender Park Crescent, presents a “T” shape—
the shortened stem of the letter coming out from the central
block. By adopting this arrangement the architect and the
board have shown consideration for the amenity of the rest
dents in Warrender Park Crescent, and this is to be further
considered by sereening the playgrounds by planting a row
of trees. The width of the school varies from 30ft. to 50ft.
From. back to front the central portion is 120ft. deep. There
are three entrances—two in Warrender Park Crescent and one
at the west links corner. There are three principal floors.
The street floor is mainly occupied by the physical laboratory
in the east end, the workshop in the west, and' the chemical
laboratory m the rear, and there are demonstration and pre
paration rooms, and one or two small class-rooms on the same
level. The chemical laboratory is 52ft. long bv 35ft. in
breadth; the physical laboratory 63ft. long by 26ft. n
breadth, and the workshop or manual instruction room is of
asimilar size. They are light and airy apartments, lined with
White glazed bricks, and are fitted up in the most 7 ed
style, for the accommodation of about sixty workers. 12€
corridors are 10ft. in width, the staircases 6ft., and both nave
a dado of white glazed brick. On the first floor there 18 4
central hall, 5016. by 42ft., lighted by eight large windows,
overlooking the north. It has a pitch-pine dado and panelled
roof. There are in all some forty class rooms, to accommo-
date each from twenty-five to sixty pupils. Each opens
directly on the corridor. The articles of the Code regulating
higher grade schools provide for teaching in small classes—
hence the number of class-rooms. All are light and airy.
The “ blackboards” are novel. They are of dark-coloure
cement and form a long panel of the wall. Tae art و‎
a handsome apartment, 50ft. in length by 35ft. in width, =
17ft. high. Here there are long oblong panels of cemen
coloured a soft red, on which the pupils will be taught what 18

experience of its working, it can only be supposed that Mr.
Bibby was mistaken in his observations; a charitable inter-
pretation is that he was following in the wake of a nurse or
attendant whose clothes had become saturated with antısep-
tics—not an unusual occurrence where surgical operations

are conducted.

It would appear from his remarks that there is lack of out-
look for the majority of the patients; but it is only to the
separation wards, accommodating in all thirty-two out of a
total of 300, that no ordinary windows are provided; yet
those and the larger wards are better lighted and as cheerful
as the average of hospital wards. We can assure Mr. Bibby
that he need have no fear of a breakdown of the ventilating

arrangements or of the disastrous results which he anticipates,
for they exist only in his imagination.

On recently visiting the hospital careful inquiries were
made, but no confirmation was forthcoming as to his state-
ments. He was not shown over, or even seen, by the super-
intendent, neither could diligent search discover his doctor
Moreover, there is not a word or

afflicted with headache.
figure in the annual report to confirm what he advances.

The tabulated statement of expenditure, page 47, refutes
his charge of extravagance in the new hospital, for notwith-
standing additional coal consumption, the average cost per

patient treated has been less. These are the figures :一

Cases treated. Total cost. Average per case
For year 1902 ... 7 £9,381 1] 4 = £415 6
مر ې‎ 1908 .. 2,298 10,509 15 Y = 41 04

Or, as the superintendent recently said to us:—‘ The
patients and staff are now better housed, better fed, better

cared for, and perform their duties with greater comfort

than in the old hospital, at practically the same cost per

head."

There may be nothing very extraordinary in this; but
when Mr. Bibby goes out of his way to condemn, and ap-
peals to a document to confirm his statements, we give
these quotations therefrom to show what reliance can be
placed on his accuracy.

He may be reminded that it is no fault of the architects
or engineers that every bed is not occupied. The committee
wisely provided for future requirements, and it is not very
surprising that, in addition to paying off the cost of the new
buildings, funds are not at once forthcoming for nearly
double the number of patients. Many of the beds have
never been occupied; it is therefore a misuse of terms for
him to state they have been “ closed,” particularly as he
implies that the coal bill is responsible.

Mr. Bibby must surely know that his unreliable state-
ments (to describe them mildly) are not only ungenerous,
but apt to mislead his brother architects on a subject of
considerable importance to the health and well-being of his
fellow-creatures.

WILLIAM Henman and THOMAS Cooper, Architects.
Henry LEA AND Son, Engineers.

10th August, 1904.

een

MEMORIAL CHURCH AT BERLIN.

HE new Protestant church which was consecrated on
August 31 at Speyer has been erected by contributions
from Protestants throughout the world in memory

of the protest entered by the minority of the ancient Ger-
man Diet on April 19, 1529, against the repressive policy
of Charles V., which had been ratified by the majority -of

the Reichstag. That protest was the origin of the term

“ Protestant," and the church now opened in the presence
of several German princes or their representatives will be
known as the “ Protestationskirche. Its inception is due
to the initiative of an association which was founded at
Speyer in 1857 in order to promote some permanent memo-
rial of the event of 1529. Contributions were privately
solicited and received from large sections of Protestants
throughout the world, and among the donors was the Em-
peror William I., and also, curiously enough, the Catholic
Sovereign Louis 11. of Bavaria, who gave 5,000 marks
(£250). In all 1,629,975 marks (£81,498) have hitherto
been collected, while the total cost of the edifice has been
2,127,000 marks (£106,350). The new church cannot vie
in magnificence with the famous Romanesque Cathedral of
Speyer, which is the second largest in Germany. But it

سس — با t‏ —

ns a سے سو‎

169

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 2, 1904]

called “ freearm drawing.” The folding desks for ordinary | to inquire whether anything would be saved by postponing

the putting in of the toundations of the outpatients’ depart- '
ment. Mr. Bell was afraid that the possible postponement of
the central receiving house would be inferred by the publio ©
and the trustecs. Mr. Schuster reminded the board that he
had especially disclaimed any such object. Mr. Bell thought
there was more in the resolution than appeared on the sur-
face. He urged that there should be no tampering with the
expressed views of the trustees. The board was pledged to a
central receiving house, and to that pledge they must adhere.
The trustees had passed the plans of the new intirmary ou the
specific understanding that the board would deal fairly and
honestly with the provision of an outpatients’ department in
the centre of the city, and the trustees would consider that
the board was not " playing the game " if they attempted to
frustrate their wishes 1n the matter. The chairman rather
regretted that Mr. Bell should have thought it necessary to
make that speech, because he did not think there was a single
member of the board who had any intention other than that
of loyally carrying out the undertaking to consider the ques-
tion of a receiving house at the earlies& possible moment.
Nothing which had been said bote the interpretation that 1t
was a suggestion that the question should be prejudiced. Mr.
Schuster s resolution was then carried. The chairman then
moved: “anat a sub-committee be appointed to take into
consideration the provision of a central receiving house and
outpatients department and the report of the Medical Board
thereon, dated July, 1904, and to inquire and report with
reference to the following matters, viz., the nature and extent
of the provision to be made, situation and expense generally,
and that such subcommittee consist of the following-—Mr. —
Simpson, Mr. Bell, Mr. Kendal, the chairman of the board,
the chairman of the Building Committee, Mr. Milne, and the
chairman and vice-chauman of the Medical Board.” Mr.
Hopkinson promised that he should submit to the sub-com-
mittee a map showing the provision made by the various hos-
pitals in the city for outpationts and the position of the
various provident dispensaries, these matters being of impor-
tance in the settlement of a question which was largely a
geographical one. His figures showed that out of 73,000 out-
patients and accident cases during 1903 the infirmary pro-
vided for nearly one-half.

THE ROMAN FORUM.

OR several years past the Roman Forum, that great centre
of ancient Roman life, '' the greatest book of human his-
tory, has been so thoroughly overhauled and excavated

beneath. the surface, accepted by so many people as the origi-
nal soil, that it is difficult, if not impossible, to say where
wa stand now in this famous spot. The present upsetting of
erroneous conclusions regarding the Forum which were in
vogue, and which were confirmed by men of learning, is the
outcome of excavations carried on under the direction of a
young Venetian architect, the Commendatore Giacomo Boni.
To him, as he has written, “the story of the life of Rome
must still lie buried, page upon page as it was written,
within the small half square mile of the Forum, which was
the most famous spot of the ancient world. Yet only some
fragmenta of its closing chapters were hitherto decipherable,
for the remainder lay buried under masses of earth and. rub-
bish and under medizval pavements, that had as much his-
toric value as the whitewash on certain church walls, which
records, indeed, the pestilences of the sixteenth century, but
hides the frescoes of Giotto.”

From this passage one might deduce the man's thorough-
ness of character. As he would unhesitatingly remove the
bright whitewash that looks so neat and clean from. the old
church walis to reach the ancient frescoes beneath, so he has
done in the Forum, going down beneath the pavement that
was accepted as the impenetrable veil of the past, beyond
which there was to be no inquiry. This method was that ın
vogue for many years until Boni was entrusted with the direc-
tion of excavations. In one of his writings he notes that the
busy life of the people who made themselves masters of the
ancient world could not fail in course of centuries to change
completely the aspect of the little valley ın which ıt was
cradled, while, on the other hand, the natural features of the
place are the necessary explanation of much that was made
and done in ib

This constitutes a suggestion of the programme followed by
Boni in bis work in the Forum. To probe beneath the sur-

use are of a novel and eflicient pattern. There is a kitchen
and luncheon room for the children, and the sewing and
cookery class-rooms for the girls also adjoin each other. The
latter is also fitted for laundry work. There is a gymnasium
in the attic flat, while in the basement are the heating and
ventilating appliances. The artificial lighting is by electricity,
and there is telephonic communication with every classroom
from the headmaster's room. The treatment of the whole of
the interior may be said to represent the most recent advances
made in school architecture and furnishings, and certainly the
whole of the arrangements seem most complete and appro-
priate. A janitors house has been provided. The school,
which is intended to accommodate 1,200 pupils, has cost the
School Board about £35,000.

The Broughton school is built on a site acquired from the
Heriot Trust some years ago at the angle of M'Donald Road
and Broughton Road. The front elevations are simple, but
effective—the line of the wall-head being broken by gables
and dormers on which devices of different kinds have been
earved. The angle has been treated in the fczm of an apse.
This higher grade school is the same in its internal arrange-
ments and equipment with that of Boroughmuir, already مه‎
scri bed. It has also tliree main floors with physical and
chemical laboratories, workshop and art class-room of large
size, and class-rooms, thirty in number, of smaller dimensions.
It is intended for 1.000 pupils, and has cost £20,000. ۰٠
old school, part of which is new being reconstructed, will
accommodate 1,200, so that the two together will, when twil,
have 2,200 pupils. "The reconstruction of the old school con-
sists in making a centre hall out of three class-rooms, which
will greatly facilitate the work of the school. The new school
is throughout heated aud lighted as at the Boroughmuir.
Both have been designed by Mr. Carfrae. the boards’ architect.

— F

MANCHESTER INFIRMARY.

Li d

MEETING of the Manchester Infirmary Board was held

on the 29th. August, Mr. William Cobbett presiding.

A letter from Sir James Hoy came under the conside-
ration of the Board. The letter contained a suggestion
that the present was a convenient time for consulting the
architects as to whether the contract for the new infirmary
might be so let as to allow a portion of the building, say for
300 beds, being erected in order that vacant possession might
be had by the Corporation one or two years before the com-
pletion of the new structure in its entirety. Sir James Hoy
was writing not as a member of the Corporation, but as one
of the committee who saw that the saving of many thou-
sands of pounds was in question. The putting in of the
foundation would absorb what remained of the first
£100,000, and na further amount could be got from the Cor-
poration until vacant possession could be given. All thc
money required for work on contract would therefore له‎
necessity be raised at a rate of interest which would soon
absorb a large sum of money. It was, the letter concluded,
plainly in the interests of the infirmary that the payment له‎
the Corporation instalments should be expedited. Mr. Hop-
kinson informed the board that it was the opinion of the
architects that a sufficient, force of men could be put on to
make the rate of progress satisfactory, but they did not see
any practical means of dividing the work in the manner sug-
gested by Sir James Hoy. Mr. Joseph Bell asked whether
this was intended as a final disposal of the question. He
thought the suggestion one deserving of the most careful con-
sideration. The chairman assured Mr. Bell that the ques-
tion would not be disposed of till Sir James Hoy's suggestion
had been considered by the Building Committee. Mr. F. L.
Schuster then moved: “That the Building Committee be 1n-
structed to inquire what saving can be effected by postponing
the putting in of the foundations of the outpatients’ dopart-
ment at Stanley Grove.” Mr. Schuster explained that 8
moviug the resolution he did not wish in any way to commit
tlie board or indeed to serve any purpose save that of obtain-
ing information. As proving this he mentioned that his own
view was that any delay would rather increase than decrease
the cost, but he wished to have the matter fully discussed.
Mr. Bell asked whether the resolution raised once more the
question of a central receiving house. The chairman was of
opinion that that question was not raised at all. The resolu-
tion was nothing but a direction to the Building Committee

[SEPTEMBER 2, 1904

170 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

一 rn n— A —

face, to listen to the revelations that the various undisturbed | that of pre-Romulean Rome and that of ancient Ireland. In

the prosecution of his studies in this line he proposes to pro-
ceed to Ireland early in August, and he will remain about a
month in that country. As he speaks English very well,
and writes it with readiness, he will have little difficulty there
in the pursuit of his researches.

If one would allow one's imagination full scope in presence
of the success of such investigations, many strange thi
would appear. It is interesting, to say the least of it, to turn
one s eyes to the valley of the Forum and regard it as a centre
of Ccltic civilisation before the rude shepherds of Alba Lo
with their twin leaders, came down here and established
themselves on the Palatíne Hill. Curious, indeed, is the

thought that the modern “ sea-divided Gael" is the survival

of the great race that, wherever it settled, left traces wher-
ever it went of its art and civilisation, adapted by the
races that followed. Even the very language of the
Romans—the conquerors who imposed their language
on all the peoples under their sway—could not مر‎
sist the force of the Celts, and the student to-day finds
Celtic words engrafted into Latin. It is, perhaps, premature
to consider what consequences the studies in Ireland of Signor
Boni may have; but much may be expected of them. A
few days ago a notice in the Freeman’s Journal put forward
the genealogy of George Washington, the first President of
the United States, and showed that his immediate ancestors
came from Ireland. After this it would not be too much
to look forward to the possibility of establishing the Celtic
origin of Romulus and Remus.—P. L. CowwELLAN, in the

“Freeman's Journal.”

MUNICIPAL HOUSING.

| N the section of Economic Science of the British Associa
tion, Dr. William Smart, Adam Smith Professor of Poli-
tical Economy in the University of Glasgow, read an
interesting paper on the 19th inst. In the course of his ad-
dress Professor Smart said for the last two years he had been
continuouslv engaged, as a commissioner, in studying the
phenomena of the housing of the poor and the problems aris-
"n therefrom, as presented in the evidence laid before the
Glasgow Municipal Commission. The problem of housing in
Glasgow was, in broad outline, very much the problem ot all
large centres of population and industry. The city grew up,
without a plan, in days when the laws of public health were
little understood or cared for ; when there was little munici-
pal control and little thought for the municipal future. lt
had now to undo its mistakes,

When it came to its sens?s, about forty years ago, and
realised what an Augean stable there was to clear out, it
turned to the work with a will. Considering the still un-
formed state of public opinion, the City Improvement Act
of 1866 was a very drastic one. It scheduled whole areas of
slums and pulled them down, dishousing, within five years,
some 19,000 persons; rating for deficits to the amount ol
some £600,000 altogether; and the burden was borne with-
out much demur. By the time the Act had done its work,
the public mind had become thoroughly awake to the danger
of letting things alone. Further powers were asked and ob-
tained for closing, demolition, and rebuilding. Four years
aga was passed the Building Regulations Act, which, in addi-
tion to regulating the construction of new houses, made the
provision of sufficient air and light space in front of the bed-
roora windows compulsory, and this was so far retrospective
that over 4,000 houses, conforming to sanitary requirements
in other respects, became on a certain date ^ illegal houses
simply from the fact that they had not the sufficient space
outside. When, however, it was realised that dishousing on
this large scale was accepted by a very large section of the
municipality as logically calling for municipal housing on 8
similarly large scale, public attention was roused. The eu
cipality appointed د‎ mixed commission of nine councillors
and six private citizens, with a remit to examine (a) the
causes which led to congested and insanitary areas and over-
crowding ; (b) the remedies which could or should be adopted
for the clearance of existing congested, insanitary, and over-
crowded areas, and for the prevention of these evils in future;
and (c) any other phases of or questions connected with the
housing problem in Glasgow which the commission might
deem it desirable, necessary, or expedient to consider an
report upon. The evidence, report, and recommendations
now before the public, generally speaking, bore out the con-

Did not

strata ot earth accumulated over tne original virgin soil in |

the course of the long centuries, were the aims or this new

digger amongst the ruins ot ancient Rome. Each apparently
Insignificant Iragment ot brick, each potsherd, even tne ashes
that made a layer amongst the rest, had some evidence to :
furnish this keen investigator. ‘Lhe contents ot a long dis-
used well, the broken earthen pots ot early style ot make amd
crude clay, the branches and nuts chat were carbonised in

it, the knives and coins and pebbles and tragments of one

kind and another—-for in the past as in the present people

had a mania tor throwing things into a well—all combined

to reveal to him what one may titiy describe as the romance

of archzology.

With a method so thorough and exhaustive as this it is

not to be wondered at that Bon: startled the world ot
archaeologists, and overturned many of the foundations on
which accepted theories were constructed. The discovery of
the “ Black Stone” beneath the travertine pavement له‎ 6
Forum, marking the site where, according to a tradition,
the Tomb of Komulus stood, came like a thunderclap into
the learned quietude of German archeology.
Niebuhr and his schoo! put an extinguisher on this “founder

of Kome, and on a host of later heroes? The English, led
by Thomas Kerchever Arnold, aped the Germans, and elımi-

nated from history the early traditions or myths. That

Komulus was to Romans a real individual, whose memorial
stood in the Comitium, in spite of the glamour with which
his name was surrounded, became evident.

On acold February day a few years ago 1 wag one of a group

of persons gathered at the base of the Arch of Titus, while
Boni was describing his recent discoveries. He had bared

the basement of this historic arch, and pointed to the rude

and coarse construction beneath the ordinary surface in sup-
port of his contention that the Arch does not stand in its
original position, but that it was removed from its place in
the Via Sacra to the left at the time that Hadrian built here
his Temple of Venus and Rome. When this conjecture was
stated, the character of the construction and the memory of
Hadrian's mode of substituting one building for another,
rendered it most plausible. It was then that Boni expressed
his anticipations of finding, at the foot of the Palatine Hill,
a primitive necropolis. He made excavations here, but his
efforts were vain.

At the base of the Temple of Antonius and Faustina, in
the very centre of the Forum, the necropolis, whose existence
he conjectured, was brought to light. The tombs here are of
the simplest and rudest nature. They are mere hollows cut
in the clay-like soil. Twenty-three of these have been opened
and their contents revealed. In some the bodies were laid, in
others the ashes collected after cremation and placed in urns,
which have been found. Thus the two modes of disposing
of the dead were used here simultaneously. The contente of
the tombs were all-important to such an investigator as Boni.
Here also children were buried, in coffins formed from. hol-
lowed oak tree trunks, their rude toys and ornaments laid by
theirside. It would be along task to relate all the natural
deductions that were made from these discoveries. Boni,
after lengthened study, concludes that these tombe range in
date from the twelfth to the sixth century m.c. Thus, the
oldest, of them dates from. a period of thirty centuries back.

One of the curious features of some of the tombs is the
provisions left for the use of the dead—a custom, frequent
amongst many ancient races. Several terra-cotta dishes con-
taining the remains of food and drink were found—fish, meat,
pulse, or coarse grain, were the more common; the bones of
a young pig in one tomb denoted the meat which had been
left; and the bones of the Tiber fish “ barbus ” revealed the
fact that this river was fished then as later. Indeed Boni
can furnish a fair idea of the foods then common in this
neighbourhood, on which afterwards great Rome was built.
Indeed, he has been enabled, by the remnants of bones of fish
and fowl and animals, by the graim and the seeds of fruit
and the shells of molluscs, to make a very complete menu of
the dinners eaten by the Vestal Virgins whose duty it was to
tend the sacred fire in the long-gone days!

Iu the pursuit of his studies Signor Boni considers that
the civilisation which existed in thetown or village—or what-
ever the settlement may be called—which stood here long
prior to the days of Romulus, the reputed founder of Rome,
is associated im some degree with that of the great Celtic
family. He has been studying works that treat of early Irish
civilisation ; and he has evidently found resemblances between

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179

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 2, 1904|

cy which would aim primarily

clusion that many things hitherto discussed as parts of the two-roomed houses by an

housing problem were not problems at all, but phenomena at affording the tenants the conditions of health, morality,
which merely needed to be known to secure that they were ' and efficiency, not only in the construction of the houses, but

in their continued administration and control. He had al-
ways held that the owning of poor-class property carried with
it a moral responsibility which was not escaped by the owner
shutting his eyes and leaving the administration to his factor ;
and, on similar grounds, much might be said for د‎ municipar
lity owning and letting all the small houses within ite area.
This would at least secure a “ clean city.” Such a position,
then, was quite intelligible as a counsel of perfection, and it
might be worth consideration in the case of a city

like a garden city, from the beginning. But, in the actual
circumstances of our cities, he mentioned it merely to bring
out his point. For there was no proposal before any muni-
cipality of to-day of taking over and making a monopoly of
the supply of small houses, or even of building all the small
nouses in the future. The utmost that had been proposed
was the building and letting of a limited number of such
houses in direct rivalry with private builders and owners.
And the question which must be answered was, مه‎ what prin-
ciple, or with what view, was this limited proposal made?
If it were to afford an experiment and an object-lesson, as was
done with the happiest results in the case of the corporation
lodging-houses in Glasgow, where the rise in the standard
not only awept out the old and very objectionable lodging-
houses, but led to the large increase of private ''models '
competing successfully with the municipal ones, there would
probably be nothing but approval. But if the proposal was
made in the full recognition that such an experiment was not
an object-lesson, inasmuch ae it could not be followed by
private enterprise; if the reason given for it was that a cer-
tain class of tenants could not pay the rent which private
enterprise must have if it was to continue ite supply, and
that the municipality, as having command of capital alt a, very
low rate of interest, could afford to undersell the market rents
without coming on the rates, the matter was put on an en-
tirely different basis. The attractiveness of a “clean aity "
was one thing, the attractiveness of low rents another. '

In the limited proposal now considered, what was being
advocated was Government provision of a certain commo-
dity for one class alone, and the ground taken undisguisedly
was that Government could provide this commodity more
cheaply than private enterprise could, and that this class
could not afford more. There were two propositions here
which could not be allowed to pass without examination ;
the first was that there was a class which could not afford
the higher rent; the second, that this was & valid reason
for the municipality providing them, with a lower one. (1)
Somewhat to the surprise of the Commissioners, it was
given in evidence that, while wages generally had risen,
there were labourers in Glasgow who were not earning more
than 17s. a week—and these not casual labourers, but able-
bodied men, in regular employment, and of ordinarily
steady habits. To such a class 6d. د‎ week was undoubtedly
& serious consideration, and, although one might be inclined
to ask if the 6d. could not, with great advantage to them-
selves and their families be taken off the conventional
necessaries of drink and, perhaps, tobacco, the point need
not be pressed. His reason for doubting if even this class
“could not afford " 6d. a week extra for a house was that
one of the causes, perhaps the principal one, why such men
earned only 178. was that they lived in conditions which
lowered health and efficiency, and made them inefficient
workers He fully acknowledged that such people could
not pay 6d. extra for the rent of a slum such as they were
occupying, but he could not forget the “ productive value "
of the modern higher-rented house. It seemed to him that
fresh air, and quiet sleep at nights, and surroundings whigh
would react on the character and conduct of the person
on whom so much depended—the wife—might easily add
far more than 6d. to the earning power of the household.
There was, únhappily, a class to whom. this did not, directly
atleast, apply. There were thousands of workers whose
wages were not 17s., but an average of 12s.—regular workers,
and workers who could not take 6d. off their liquor and
tobacco, for the reason that they neither drank nor smoked
—he meant women workers. To these a good house would

have a greater ' productive value” than to men, for they

were more Subject to the illnesses and little ailments and
depression which docked their wages by hours in the day
and days in the month. So far as he could see, they were
outside the housing question altogether, from the fact that

|
|

put an end to. Slums must be cleared away ; streets must
be widened; overcrowding must be prevented; the liberty
of the landlord to sell and of the tenant to use insanitary
houses must be interfered with; light and air space must be
guarded as a right of the poor. So far as he was able to
judge, the-real housing problem of to-day narrowed itself down
to this: how fax did the experience gained point in the direc-
tion of the municipality itself building and owning houses for
certain of the poorer classes? To this the commission had
contributed an answer in so far that, in the special circum-
stances of Glasgow, lt recommended a limited scheme of muni-
cipal building and owning. But it added the words “ without
expressing any opinion upon the general policy of municipal
housing."

For a municipality, deliberately and of set intention, to
add & new competitive industry to its already manifold acti-
vities was a serious matter from three points of view. (1)
House-owning was a business, neither a routine business nor
one where success was certain. So far as it had not a mono
poly, à municipality could not presume upon demand—could
not command a remunerative sale for what it provided. As
a builder, it had advantages and disadvantages ; as an owner,
it had also advantages and disadvantagcs— particularly, per-
haps, in that it had a conscience. Assuming, however, that a
municipality could manage its enterprises as well as private
citizens managed theirs, and that its house-owning covered
all recognised expenses and ran no risk of coming upon the
rates, what must be emphasised was that 1t pledged the future
ratepayers for the security of all the capital borrowed. It was
shortsighted to conceal the dangers and responsibilities of
this by calling such a debt " productive." Borrowed capital
changed into stone and lime certainly remained an “ asset,"
but whether the asset was worth much or little or nothing
depended on the value which future generations would put
upon it. A tenement of houses, by change of circumstances,
might lose its rent-producing capacity and call only for demo-
lition long before it had suffered much deterioration as &
building. In such circumstances the ideal kind of house
would be one oonstructed to last, say, thirty years at the
outside. But this, of course, was the last thing that munici-
palities in their present mood would think of doing, and they
generally made it impossible by their own building regula-
tions. Besides this, there was the consequence of the " موم‎
mic trespass '; dwelling-houses for the poor generally took
up the space of buildings of a more remunerative character,
and so kept down the rateable value of the area while increas-
ing its expenses. (2) The municipality entered inta direct
competition with many of its own ratepayers, competing not
only with the comparatively small class of builders, but with
the great class of owners of house property. Free competition
of producers to serve the public was, of course, a good thing,
and in nothing, perhaps, was it more desirable than in the
purveying of houses, where the length of time required for
erection tended to some extent towards monopoly. But
competition was good because, and to the extent that, 1t kept
down prices by increasing supply, and the action of a muni-
cipality working with money borrowed at a gilt-edged security
rate was very likely to have the opposite effect ; 1t might re-
sult in a positive diminution of the total supply of houses, and
so a rise of rent, by reason of the discouragement given to
private builders through the appearance of a rival with whom
they could not compete on equal terms. (3) By pledging the
public credit for a new debt, and adding a new activity and
responsibility to already overworked members of the muni-
cipalitv, it pro tanto prevented the expansion of municipal
activity in other directions. These were considerations
against municipal building and owning derived from the
general principles which should, in his opinion, regulate all
municipal expansion. They were not, of course, decisive
against it, but they suggested that very definite and weighty
reasons must be put forward on the other side.

It was far too little realised that a sanitary and comfortable
house among quiet neighbours had a “ productive value,” and
was, quite definitely, one of the factors of wageearning ; in
other words, a good house, هه‎ compared with a slum, brought
with it the possibility of paying a higher rent forit. In view
of the actual cireumstances of slum life in every large city.
and in view of the hopelessness of escape on the part of the
low-paid wage-earner from contagious influences, there seemed
prima-facie a strong case for the provision of at least one and

[SEPTEMBER 2, 1904

180 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

defrayed from rates and taxes should be spread over the citi-
zens in proportion to tneir ability. In the present case we
had a great beneficent measure of public health by which
all the citizens would gain, and in quite indeterminate

they could not afford an independent house even ab the
lowest municipal rents. They must remain in the family
as subsidiary wage-earners, or club together, or lodge. (2)
But, assuming the very strongest case—that there was a

class of unfortunate people who absolutely could not afford | measure ; and, although this was not defrayed from the rates,

by parity of reasoning it seemed to follow that one class, and
that the least able to bear the burden, should not be made
to bear the heavy end of it. There was, besides, an oppor-
tunist argument. There seemed no doubt that the magis
trates and responsible officials had hitherto shrunk from
carrying out their powers because of the hardship that would
be entailed. If this hardship could be avoided; there would
remain no excuse and no reason for not proceeding
vigorously with measures which otherwise might be some
what extreme.

It was in consideration of these circumstances that the
Glasgow Commission recommended the erection by the
municipality, up to the extent of certain powers possessed
by them under special Acts, of tenements of one and two
apartment houses, to be reserved exclusively for respectable
people of the poorest class preference being given to those
dispossessed ; such houses to be situated, if possible, near
to the area of dispossession, and to be under carefully
selected caretakers. It would be seen that the amount of
building recommended. was limited, the money which the
municipality could spend under the Acts referred to being
fixed and known. One would have liked, perhaps, that it
should have been more rigorously limited. It would have
been quite possible to take a rough census of the people
dispossessed and build houses only to the number necessary
to accommodate those who really suffered by the disposses-
sion—the respectable poor at low wages. And whab one
would have liked, besides, was the clear laying down of the
principle that this was an exceptional measure, due to an
exceptional set of circumstances which could never occur
again if the municipality lived up to the powers it had
sought and obtained! from Parliament. Insanitary and
illegal houses should never again be allowed to come into
existence. But, on the whole, the recommendation seemed
a wise one. It escaped the chief objection, that of tempt-
ing an influx of new unskilled labour. It did mot add to
the supply of cheap houses, but merely filled the gaps which
municipal action had itself caused. There was, indeed, he
was afraid, a “ loose end ” in the result of the commission.
To its subsequent. regret, it was confined, by the limitations
of its remit, to the consideration of housing within the city
boundaries, and Greater Glasgow was growing more rapidly
outside these boundaries. The problems of Glasgow grew
up. he had said, because the city refused to look forward
and lay down the lines of its growth. Unhappily, that
course was still forced upon it, in that it. had no control over
the operations of its suburbs. Everyone knew that, in the
near future, Glasgow must extend its jurisdiction and re
sponsibilities. There was too much reason to fear that,
when that time came, the city would fall heir to the same
problem as it had now to face—insanitary property and
ill-planned districts. This was a problem of all growing
cities, and, in his opinion, a most urgent one. But this
was not the whole of Glasgow's answer to its housing prob-
lem. The municipal houses were to be reserved for the
respectable poor. What about the non-respectable—pro-
bably the majority of those who would be dispossessed ! So
far as he could see, the criminal and the dissolute had no
claim on the community so far as regards housing. But
there were many who were neither criminal nor hopelessly
dissolute, and yet could not rise simply because they were
down. They had lost their character ; money could not buy
them a decent house because they had no factor’s line or
other guarantee that they were fit for the ion of it.
It was this class, perhaps. that would be most heavily hit by
the dispossession, and for them also it seemed that some
compensatory provision should be made by the municipality.
And this seemed also in the interests of the community.
for, if these people were not lifted up, they would be driven
down. Hence the recommendation of the commission that
“au experiment should be made in the erection of a build-
ing or buildings for those who, while unable to show any
factor's line or other certificate, are willing to submit S
necessary regulations as to cleanliness, respectable jiving,
order, and punctual payment of rent, with the view of re
habilitating their character, and in time qualifying for 4
better house; such houses to be of the plainest construction:
with indestructible fittings, and capable of being quickly and

to pay 6d. a week more, he should still say that this in iteelf
was no reason why the municipality should build. To
supply them with houses under the market rate would be
to introduce a new precedent, and principle into Govern-
ment industries which would lead us far. It would be using
the credit. of the entire body of the ratepayers to subsidise one
small class of them : ıt would be, in essence, similar to the
old legislation which kept down the price of bread when
the harvest was bad, without the extenuation that such a
measure kept down the price to everybody. It would bea
rate in aid of wages. And if there was any lesson to be
. learned from the bitter experience of a century ago, it was
that the evil of a ratein-aid was, not so much that it
punished those who had to subscribe to it, as that it
punished those who received it, in that it effectually pre
vented wages from rising. Unfortunately there was in all
large cities a class who, from physical and mental disquali-
fications, from want of education and technical opportunity,
and from want of organisation, must take very much the
lowest wage which would keep them in life and moderate
animal efficiency ; and this class tended to be in over-supply
from the fact that misfortune drained into it the failures of
all the other classes. For a municipality to give these un-
fortunate people houses 6d. a week cheaper was to allow of
them accepting 6d. a week less of wage than. the circum-
stances would otherwise force the employer to give. As
Mr. Booth said: —“ The poverty of the poor is mainly the
result of the competition of the very poor.” If, then, it
became known that, in addition to the other attractions of
a city, good houses at slum rents were assured to every one
who was poor enough, it seemed inevitable that this would
further tempt the influx of unskilled labour—and, unhap
pily, farm labour, skilled in its own fields, became unskilled
when transferred to the streets and factories.

This, then, being the general argument against municipal
building and owning of houses for the poorest classes, he
went on to consider if there might not be circumstances
in the evolution of a city which might justify the relaxa-
tion of the principle. Glasgow again afforded an object-
lesson. If the houses which were a danger to public health
as hopelessly insanitary were pulled down ; if " back lands"
and obstructive buildings were demolished ; if the houses
which were by law pronounced “illegal” and could not
from their structure and situation, be altered, were closed ;
and if the overcrowding laws were put sternly in force,
something between 15,000 and 20,000 persons would be
turned out, and would not be able to find houses at rents
such as they were paying—for these measures would practi-
cally root out the low-rented houses in Glasgow. Many of
the 15,000 or 20,000, no doubt, were well-paid wage-earners
who would be the better of being forced into higher-rented
houses; many of them, again, were dissolute and drunken
persons who should be “ hustled” from pillar to post till
there was no room for them among honest people. But
many of them, in all probability, were respectable persons
who, from the causes already mentioned, had come down to
the 17s. a week level. What are these people to do? Here
he was chiefly impressed by two things. The first was that
ib was municipal inaction and municipal action which
were responsible for the hardship. (a) It was by no fault
of their own that the people to be dispossessed were in
occupation of these low-class houses. The municipality for
y allowed these houses to come into and remain in
existence, and, to that extent, the municipality was respon-
sible for the low standard of life which allowed the tenants
to take the low wages. (b) It was to a great extent new
municipal requirements that had made it impossible to
build houses to be let at the old rents. To mention only a
few of these—each adult must have 400ft. of air space, which
meant larger apartments; there must be ample sanitary ap-
pliances, involving expensive plumber-work ; there were
provisions for thickness of walls and solidity of construc-
tion, which many builders declared quite unnecessary. The
second was that, on its way towards conferring a great
public benefit, this municipal action was likely to inflict
serious hardship on a class who were least of all able to
bear it. It was a recognised principle in the science of
public finance that the charge of any general public benefit

. f

181

opened last week. The walls are built of local stone, with
Grinshill stone dressings, and the tracery windows are glazed
with cathedral lights. The roof, which is surmounted by a
turret, is covered with the Coalbrookdale Company's dark
brown roofing tiles. Seating accommodation is provided for
200 people. The church will be heated with hot water radia-
tors, and artificial lights will be supplied from: three sets of
hanging burners containing twenty-eight incandescent lights.
The pulpit is of pitch-pine, also the principals and seats. The
porch is floored with adamantine tiles, and the main body of
the building with wood blocks. The builder was Mr. T.
Speake, of Church Stretton, the architect Mr. J. H. Pickard,
of Whitchurch, and the total cost was about £1,376.

SINCE the occupation څه‎ St. Donat's Castle, by Mr. Williams,
various portions of the ancient structure have been renovated.
Work is now proceeding in connection with the restoration
of the ancient watch tower. As far as possible the original
design has been retained, and anything in the nature of van-
dalism has been avoided. Work in connection with the
castle has included the erection of a new armoury. ıhe
rooms throughout have been restored. Several new staircases
designed by Mr. Clarke, of Llandaff, have been put in.
Among up-to-date innovations is a building for generating
electricity for lighting ; and a reservoir with a
storage capacity of 100,000 gallons. A new sea wall has also `
been built. The work on the castle was carried out by Mr.
P. Gaylard, contractor, Bridgend ; Mesars. G. F. Lambert and
Sons being the architects for the armoury.

A TECHNICAL and university college is to be built for North
Staffordshire. A site near the railway station at Stoke-
on-Trent, worth about £7,000 was given by the late Mr. A.
S. Bolton. The building will cost £25,000. The North
Staffordshire Mining Institute will contribute about £5,000 ;
the Staffordshire County Council has promised £4,000, and
an effort will be made to raise £10,000 by voluntary sub-
scriptions. The college administration will cost about
£8,000 a year. Threefourths of this will come from pupil-
teachers’ grants, training college grants, and the county
council, and the remaining £2,000 may involve a halfpenny
rate. The institution will contain a section for technical
instruction in potting and another for mining. The North
Staffordshire Council for the Extension of Higher Educa-
tion has the support of the industrial community. Several
suggestions made by Sir Oliver Lodge are embodied in the
scheme.

As mid-Cheshire's fitting memorial of the late Queen Vic-
toria, the foundation-stone was laid on August 25 of a large
and important extension of the Victoria Infirmary. The
work, which will involve an outlay of about £5,000, has been
rendered imperative by the phenomenal success of the infir-
mary during its seventeen years’ existence, and by the fact
that it is almost continuously overcrowded. Something like
£3,000 have already been raised. Sir Joseph Verdin, Bart.,
D.L. (chairman of the management board, laid the founda-
tion-stone, and in addition a number of bricks were laid by
subscribers. The extension, which has been designed by Mr.
G. E. Bolshaw, architect, Southport and Crewe, will provide
for twelve additional beds, together with nurses’ duty rooms,
operating and anzsthetic rooms, offices, sitting-rooms, etc.
The annexe will be coupled up with the existing institution,
and the opportunity will be taken advantage of to establish
the patients rooms (now upstairs) on the ground floor. The
most up-to-date sanitary and hygienic appliances will be pro-
vided. Externally the new buildings will be in the pic-
turesque Cheshire half-timbered style.

A MOVEMENT is on foot for the establishment, through the
medium of the Birmingham Trades Council, of a labour in-
stitute, trades union offices, and social club for the city.
The executive committee, which has the matter in hand, is
of opinion that practical effect can be given to the scheme íf
a capital of £10.000 is raised by the flotation of a limited
liability company. A site of 2.450 square yards in John
Bright Street is viewed with favour. One of the primary
objects of the scheme is to provide central accommodation
for the various trade societies. A large room, with accom-

modation for 200, is proposed for members of societies oc-
'cupying offices in the building, for out-of-work members.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 2, 1904]

efficiently cleansed.” It was avowedly an experiment. The
dificulty was not to provide such houses, but to get the
proper people to go into them. If any social obloquy was
allowed to attach to these houses, the proper people would
not go into them. But it was an experiment to which he
thought everyone would wish God-speed. At any rate, it
removed the last excuse for not going forward systematically,
rigorously, and continuously with the renovation, closure,
demolition, and prevention of overcrowding, which were
the beginnings of any solution of the housing problem.

— a a —— ——

BUILDING NEWS.

LADY LoNDESBOROUGH opened on August 24 at Londesborough
Lodge a bazaar ın aid of the historic church at Seamer, some
portions of which, including the nave, are Norman, and the
register of which dates back to 1588. In 1840 the tower was
rebuilt, and in 1888, the church, which seats 250 persons,
was restored at a cost of £2,600. It is now in need of fur-
ther restoration.

Mr. GEORGE MCDONALD, who died at Farnham the other week,
has bequeathed £1,000 each to the Royal Agricultural Bene-
volent Institution, Berkshire Hospital at Reading, Surrey
County Hospital at Guildford, and the hospitals at Aldershot,
Alton, and Basingstoke. He has also left £10,000 and a site
for the erection and endowment of almshouses in Farnham,
and brewery debentures to the nominal amount of £1,800 to
provide incomes for inmates in existing almshouses in that
town.

Tue Hugh Miller Memorial Institute at Cromarty was
opened last week by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, of Skibo Castle.
The institute, which had ite inception at the Hugh Miller
centenary celebrations two years ago, is a short distance from
the house where the geologist was born, and the accommo-
dation provided includes a public library. The site was given
by Colonel Ross, of Cromarty, the cost of the building.
amounting to £1,200, was defrayed by Mr. Carnegie, and
the public subscribed £400 for an endowment fund.

A NEW institute of a non-political character, is about to be
erected near the Urban District Council offices at Abersychan,
at a cost of £1,035. The building will have a frontage of
33ft. and a depth of 43ft. The frontage will be of stone, with
brick facings. A billiard saloon, with sufficient room for
three tables, will occupy the top floor. The reading and re-
creation rooms are to be on the ground floor, with a movable
partition between them, allowing of both to be merged into
one room, measuring 29ft. 10in. by 24ft. 4in., to be used for
lectures, debates, etc. It is anticipated that the builder,
Mr. William Branch, Abersychan, will complete the contract
by February next.

On Wednesday, the 31st ult., a large new school, built on the
central hall principle, was opened at Carlisle by Sir Benjamin
Scott, the chairman of the Carlisle Education Committee.
It stands at the corner of East Dale Street and Denton Street,
and will be known as the Robert Ferguson School. It 1s two
storeys in height. The ground floor is intended for infants,
and the first floor for senior boys and girls. "There is a cen-
tral hall and six class-rcoms on each floor. The total accom-
mcdatien provided is for 720 children, 360 infants, and a simi-
lar number of boys and girls who have passed into the stan-
dards. The ccst was about £9,000, the architect being Mr.
` Walter H. Brierley, of York.

A new free library at Ilkeston was opened on Wednesday
last. It has been erected and equipped at a cost of £7,500,
the gift of Mr. Carnegie, the architects being Messrs. Hunter
and Woodhouse, of Derby, and the builder Mr. Thomas Bar-
low, of Nottingham. It is designed in the Free Renaissance
style and built of red brick with stone facings. On the
ground floor is a commodious entrance hall, lending library
in the centre, with the news room and ladies’ room on the
right, and reference library and magazine room on the left.
The students’ and patent libraries are situated on the first
floor. The building is fitted with specially designed polished
oak fittings, and is lighted throughout with electricity.

A New Primitive Methodist church at Bishop's Castle was

[SEPTEMBER 2, 1904

182 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

being warmed and ventilated by means of Shorland's double.
fronted patent Manchester stoves, with descending smoke
flues, the same being supplied by Messrs. E. H. Shorland
and Brother, of Manchester.

Tue Corporation of the City of Cape Town have instructed
Messrs. J. B. Joyce and Co., Whitchurch, Salop, to make a
large clock for the City Hall. It will strike the hours and
Westminster quarters cn five bells and show time upon four
dials about 11ft. diameter. The same firm are now making
a large clock for Kingston Church, Somerset, and a similar
one for Hoole Church, Chester.

Tue Simplex Steel Conduit Co., Ltd., of Westinghouse
Buildings, Ñorfolk Strezt, Strand, W.C., have sent us one
of their new flexible trade mark showcards, which has been
got out as a convenience for their customers when ordering,
as it gives a comprehensive list showing the illustrations oi
the majority of their fittings, together with a sample cf tube.
showing style and finish of same.

Messrs. MATHER AND PLATT'S report for the year ended June
30 shows that the profits permit of a dividend of seven per
cent. being paid, and a bonus of three per cent. on the ordinary
shares. Ot the remaining balance, £50,000 is to be added to
the reserve fund, making it £200,000, and £15,701 is to be
carried forward. The subscribed capital is £800,000, divided
equally between preference and ordinary shares.

THE annual excursion of the employees of the Bath and Wilt-
shire district of the Bath Stone Firms, Ltd., took place on
Saturday week to Plymouth. Three special trains were en-
gaged and conveyed about 2,000 to this interesting seaport
town, and no doubt the workmen, who are so accustomed to
working in the dark in underground quarries, fully appre
ciated the beautiful sunshine and pleasure trips both by land
and water around the Eddystone Lighthouse, Saltash, and the
river Tamer. Some of the directors and the whole of the
office staff accompanied the party. |

Messrs. WM. Potts AND Sons, clock manufacturers, Leeds and
Newcastle-on-Tyne, have received instructions to make and fix
a new Cambridge quarter clock with three external illumi-
nated dials 6ft. 6in. in diameter, at the Huddersfield Indus
trial Society premises, Baxter Road, Huddersfield; also an
illuminated clock with two large dials at Messrs. Archibald
Ramsden's, Ltd., Park Row, Leeds; and a new chime olock
at the ancient Parish Church, Thornton-in-Lonsdale, at the
junction of the three counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire, and
Westmoreland. All of the above are from Lord Grimthorpes
designs and plana.

Messrs. W. T. GLOVER AND Co., Lro., Trafford Park, Man-
chester, send us their revised catalogue of electrical wires
and cables. Special attention is drawn to several types of
cables recently introduced, including “ Diatrine Paper Lead-
less" cables for underground mains and mining work,
“Bitumen Insulated " cables specially suitable for solid sys-
tems, " Leather Sheathed " cables for rough usage, and fire-
resisting cables for switchboard connections for train, theatre,
and ship-lighting. Messrs. W. T. Glover and Co. also inform
us that they have obtained the contract in connection with
electric light and power cables for the Johannesburg munic-
pality, amounting to considerably over £100,000.

— eee

NOTES OF COMPETITIONS OPEN.

Benwell ) Northumberland ). Sep. 30. Public library build-
ing, to cost £4,000. Premiums: £75, 40, and 25. W. P.
Pattison, surveyor, Atkinson-rd., Benwell. ۱

Hampstead, Y.W. Sept. 30. Mortuary, etc. Superinten-
dent, Cemetery, West Hampstead, N.W.

Poulton (Cheshire). Sept. 30. School.
Public Offices, Egremont. 7 |

Urbridge, W. Oct. 1. Workhouse additional bdgs. C.
Woodbridge, 38, High-st., Uxbridge. 21s.*
| Wallasey. Oct. 31. Public offices to cost £45,000. Pre
miums en 75 and 50. H. W. Cook, Public Offices, Egre-

H. W. Cook,

mont.

The plans provide for a large hall on the ground floor, with
accommodation for 1,200 persons; a small hall with accom-
modation for 200; and a number of committee rooms. It
was felt that such a scheme would be incomplete without
some arrangements being made for the social intercourse of
members, and for this purpose a suite of rooms, consisting of
billiard room, smoke room, reading room, ladies’ rooms, etc.,
have been provided. It is proposed to provide for a number
of shops on the ground floor.

A THANKSGIVING SERVICE in celebration of the completion of
the tower at St. Bartholomew's Church, Armley, near Leeds,
was held on August 24. The new church, which cost
£25,000, was consecrated in 1877. Two years later the late
Mr. H. W. Eyres presented the fine Schultz organ at a cost of
about £7,000. It was not until a few years ago that steps
were taken to complete the building by adding the tower.
The tower base had been constructed and carried to the ridge
of the roof, a distance of 75ft. from the ground. In 1902 the
sum of £2,000 was in hand for the purpose of completing the
scheme, and the same year Miss Eyres, of Dumbleton Hall,
generously offered to defray the whole cost of the tower.
it is expected that Miss Eyres’ munificent gift will amount
to about £5,000. The tower stands on four stone piers at
the intersection of the nave and transepts, and دا‎ 36ft. square.
From the ground to the spire the distance is 120ft., and the
spire itselt, constructed of timber encased with lead, is 6öft.
high, On the apex is a gilded knob, with a gilded iron cross
9ft. high. The design was by Messrs. Walker and Athron,
the architects of the church. The contractor for the masonry
was Mr. J. T. Wright, for the joiners’ work Messrs. J. Tom-
linson and Son, and for the plumbers’ work Mesars. J. E.

Bedford and Son.

Tag new Council Schools at Holystone, near Backworth,
which were opened on Monday, were projected and commenced
by the late School Board of Longbenton. The buildings are
one storey in height, and consist of two departments, viz.,
infants and older scholars. The mixed department comprises
a central hall with separate entrances and hat and cloak
rooms for boys and girls on the north side, and two class-rooms
on both east and west sides of the hall. Each class-room
contains accommodation for a class of sixty children, while
provision is made, by means of movable partitions, for a class
of forty-six in the central hall. The infants' school is built
up agaınst the east wall of the main school and comprises
schoolroom 32ft. by 20ft., class-room for forty-four, marching
corridor 13ft. wide, and adequate cloak room and lavatory
accommodation. Covered playsheds and the usual offices are
provided on the north side of the playground. The schools
are heated with hot water pipes, ventilating radiators being
placed in suitable and convenient positions. The elevations,
which are kept very plain, are executed with red bricks, and
the roofs are slated. The whole of the work has been done
by Mr. Nicol Ritchie, contractor, of Whitley Bay, from the
designs and under the superintendence of Messrs. Oliver,
Leeson, and Wood, architecte, Newcastle.

Y AY mo

TRADE NOTES.

Messrs. F. S. SMITH AND Co., of Clifton Street, Finsbury, E.C.,
have secured the contract for supplying blinds to the West
Ham Schools, Stratford,

Messrs. JOSEPH ROBINSON AND Co., Lrp., of Carlisle, recom-
mend the payment of a final dividend at the rate of five per

cent. (making five per cent. for the year), leaving £452 ta be

carried forward.

‘WE understand that the Saxon. Portland Cement Co., Ltd.,
of Cambridge, have supplied a considerable amount of the
cement used in the construction of the Birmingham Cor-
portion new waterworks scheme.

Tue Cottage Hospital, Acton, is being warmed and ventilated |

by means of Shorland's patent Manchester stoves with de-

scending smoke flues, the same being supplied by Messrs. |

E. H. Shorland and Brother, of Manchester.

THE extensions to the Isolation Hospital, Neasden, are

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT ` 183

SEPTEMBER ,و‎ 1904]

value the status of the profession will get further work from
the Wrexham Board of Guardians.

“The Visiting Committee reported that eighteen tenders
had been received for the post of architect, and recommended
that the tender of Mr. G. Morrison, Wrexham, of 2 per cent.
on all plans, three-quarters per cent. for quantities, and £10
for plana if rejected by the Local Government Board or if his
services were not further required, be acoepted. Mr. G.
Cromar, in moving the adoption of the report, said that most
of the members had probably received a circular letter from
Mr. Walter Slater, who was appointed architect in the first
instance, but when inquiries were made as to what his tender
really covered it was found that he charged 2 per cent. foc all
quantities. In face of that fact the committee did not feel
justified in recommending his appointment, hence the second

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advertisement. He mentioned that point because Mr.
Slater’s letter tended to cast a reflection upon the action of
the committee, but مه‎ a matter of fact the committee had
done nothing which was in any way dishonourable, and felt
fully justified in taking the course they had done. He might
say that there was a considerable diversity of opinion as to
the selection made, as the question was a. most important one,
and a good deal depended upon the efficiency and g
qualifications of the gentleman selected, whose proposals
would have a good deal to do with the ultimate cost. Wa
candidate's tender was the lowest, and his qualifications justi-
fied them in appointing him, all well and good, but the ques-
tion of amount was not the only standpoint om which they
should base their opinion, and if they departed from
the usual custom they were justified im doing so. Mr.
M. Kyffin seconded. The Chairman : I take it the commit-
tee have taken the trouble to inquire into Mr. Morrison 3
qualifications, as the great question is as to whether his p
might or might not be adopted by the Local Governmen

Board. Have any inquiries of that description been made?
Mr. Cromar: No. Mr.'Allen:

I may say that Mr. Morrison
has already carried out work both for this board and the dis-
trict council by the sanction.

of the Local Government Board.

| ei] ERIT ROT UN!
on which they should base their opinion.” T SH 02 یا‎

When do we really feel comfortable E ° A d ۱ ^
(^ وو‎ nai
Willd | (0 Mi 1

/ | MTS, /
wesley”

it is impossible that it can be a good one PAAS
اد أ‎ (۳2۸

Che British Architect. |

—rr

LONDON: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1904.

TENDERS OF ARCHITECTURE.

sn ووو‎

HE exhilarating spectacle of opening tenders from archi-
tecta of their lowest fees for architecture and quantities
and the proposed acceptance of a tender of 2 per cent.

for the “ architecture” and three-quarters per cent. for the
quantities waa witnessed at the last meeting of the Wrexham
Board of Guardians on August 25. The lowest tenderer,
Mr. G. Morrison, of Wrexham, inti-
mated that he should claim £10 for plans
if they were rejected by the Local Gov-
ernment Board, or if his services were not
further required. The mover of the
adoption of the report said that “ the
question was a most important one, and
a good deal depended upon: the efficiency
and general qualifications of the gentle-
man selected." This gentleman was also
good enough to say that “the question
of amount was not the only standpoint

over tha completion: of a bargain ? When - ااا ی‎
we buy a horse for twenty pounds instead |
of forty or fifty, what is likely to be the
result? Ifthe horse is not ani aged one,

unless we have really “ done ” the seller.
Of course that is what we actually desire
to accomplish in a bargain ; we want good
value for less than its proper cost. 58
the same in accepting tenders for a build-
ing. Either we hope to put the oontrac-
tor in a tight place by getting more than
than the proper market value for the
money, making our gain hig loss as fre-
quently happens, or we must be prepared
ta accept some inferior qualities in return
for our money. So in this case at Wrex-
ham, the guardians, if they make a '' bar-
gain,” will be imposing a professional loss
on their architect. That is to say, they
are getting him to work for very much
less than the proper professional fee,
which in all but very considerable works
is found to yield a very poor return for
the sertvices of a professional man who is
not supposed to have leapt out of a car-
penter's shop into a learned profession,
but must have spent years of laborious
effort in becoming duly qualified. Of
course a gentleman can be found to act
as a sort of policeman over the contractor
for less money than a qualified architect. And as very few
men are born with this peculiar fitness for the artistic and
practical insight which constitutes the ideal archi-
tect it is obvious that even by paying the proper
fees you cannot always secure the best result. But
one can hardiy doubt that public bodies like the
Wrexham Board of Guardians chiefly look for a man
who will see that the mortar is mixed properly and that the
right bulk of timber and bricks come on to the job. They
cannot expect to get art by their system of tendering. They,
perhaps, do expect a “ handsome " building thrown in for the
money, and for the price they pay we can see no reason why
a few hours’ draughtsmanship at, say, eighteenpence an hour,
should not provide what the public usually consider " hand-
some." We append the report from the North Wales
Guardian of the proceedings in reference to this architectural
appointment to ه‎ 0 building, the proper fees for which
are £300. but for which the guardians have obtained a tem-
der " for £120.

The record is instructive, and shows what architects must
run the gauntlet of in trying to get commissions on the
tendering system. It will be seen that two per cemt. won
the day, and that it: is not. very likely any architects who

— ی ی

84 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [SEPTEMBER 9, 1904

一 ”一
e—a

Mr. Charles Morris: Having heard the remarks of the chair- y seem somewhat ungracious in face of sofine a production
man, I rise with considerably less diffidence than I would | to note that the real charm. of the Alhambra is such that no
otherwise have had, to object to the adoption of the report. | illustration or description can come near conveying the charm
As a rule it is only right and proper that the board should | of the place or its exquisite site; certainly least of all can
adopt the recommendations of its committees, but in this | photographs hint at the beauty which is so largely dependent
case, as one who was present at. the meeting of the committee | مه‎ colour and atmosphere and does not rely on the mechani-
and heard the respective merite of the two candidates finally | cal repetition of elaborate ornament. The drawings are by
submitted for consideration, and having ascertained from | far the most pleasing part. of the illustrative work, for they do
people well able to judge of the ability required for such an , suggest something of the poetry and glamour of the original
undertaking, I feel fully justified in tha action I am taking. | with its series of wonderful perspectives, which are almost
The successful applicant was only appointed by eight votes | completely lost. in some of the photographic interiors. The
to six, and that being so I think that as the question is a most | Generalife and the fino Roman palace of Charles V. are the
important one, involving as it does an expenditure of £6.000 | most pleasingly dealt with and will perhaps afford the most
or £7,000, it would only be right if the board would relieve | pleasure to the architectural student. The interior and ex-
the committee of the responsibility and make the appoint- | terior views, elevations, and sections of this are excellent.
ment. themselves. I propose as an amendment that Mr. | Of this palace cur author says: “ It reflects the highest credit
Slater be appointed architect to carry out the work in sub- | on Pedro Machuca, who began it in 1526. In any other situa
stitution for the name of Mr. Morrison. Mrs. Birkett Evans | tion it would justly excite admiration, but here it is mis-
seconded. Mr. John Roberts: There were other names be- | placed. With all its grandeur and architectural excellence,
fore the committee, and I am of opinion that they should be | Washington Irving could only look upon the structure as an
brought forward. Mr. Thomas Jones: I also think that if arrogant intrusion. It is falling rapidly to decay ; the walls
the matter is to be reopened at all it should be reopened | arecrumbling, the woodwork is rotten, and the splendid apart.
entirely. The Rev. E. K. Jones: I think it very unfair that | ments are given up to bats and owls. This projected palace
any gentleman should circularise the board in this matter.

begun in 1526, progressed slowly until 1633, and was then
I voted for the appointment of Mr. Slater originally, but even | abandoned." Whatever may be said of this fine work as lo
if his tender is the very lowest I cannot possibly vote for him

its adaptability for its position, it 1s the kind of thing our
now. It is very unfortunate that any member of the com- | modern architects are doing their best to emulate in England,
mittee should carry the terms of the tenders to the public,

whether suitable or not for our dull climate.
and it looks very much as if Mr. Slater had an agent—not to | Of the Alhambra, Mr. Calvert remarks that, occupying the
use a larger word—on the committee. The Chairman: I was

plateau of the Monte de la. Assabica, it 1s situated at one ex-
personally very much surprised to find that Mr. Slater's | tremitv of the city of Granada, above which it rises like the
circular contained the details of the tenders, and I think it

Acropolis at Athens. The usual entrance is by the Gate of
very improper for any candidate to communicate with any- | Justice. From the Gate of Justice we pass the Wine Gate
one in this way. Mr. Oatfield Jones: I would like to point

to the large square called the Place of the Cistern. On the
out that Mr. Slater wrote to a friend of mine asking him to | right is the palace of Charles V. ; bevcnd, without revealing
use his influence to secure my vote, which I consider very | any indication cf its external beauty, is the Casa Real; on
improper, Mr, C. Morris: I am not here to defend the | the left is the citadel. long used as a place of detention for
tactics of any gentleman. My sole and only reason in bring- | convicts. That portion of the Alhambra called the Casa
ing the matter forward is to select the best man, and as far | Real, or Royal House, appears to be but a small portion of
as I am concerned I say emphatically that nothing whatever

the ancient palace of the Moorish Kings of Granada. The
has been divulged. Mr. Cromar: I was also surprised to find | part of the Moorish building destroyed to make way for the
that important details had been divulged. We sometimes | palace of Charles V. must have been of considerable conse-
ask the reporters not to insert certain particulars in the|quence. No trace of the numerous apartments required for
papers, a request they alwavs observe, and I think the mem- | guards and attendants now exists, and a most important tea-
bers of the visiting committee should be equally honourable. | ture—the hareem—is wanting. The severe and striking as
It is obviously dishonourable for members to carry out infor- | pect cf the towers with which the walls of the fortress are
mation concerning a question which. is only in the balance. | studded arouses no suspicion of the art and luxury enshrined
On being put to the meeting sixteen voted for the amend- | within. Of the colour effects Mr. Calvert quotes Ford: “Ts
ment and eighteen against. Mr. John Roberts proposed as a | the Alhambra a palace of the Arabian Nights or only a tawdry
further amendment the appointment of Mr. T. Morris, who | ruin bedaubed with faded colour? And what of the colour
had already carried out work for the Local Government Board | as it exists? Is it emeraldine or plaster flowers? No, 1
and Education Department. Mr. J. J. Williams, in second- | sober truth, the colour is dim and faded, buried in some places
ing. thought the members should encourage a native of the under white flaky icicles of whitewash, or blurred and be
district. The amendment was defeated by fifteen votes tosix. | smirched as a dead butterfly's wing. Here and there are
The original motion for the appointment of Mr. Morrison | revived bright scraps of azure, gold, and vermilion, but, gene-
was then put to the meeting, and was defeated by fifteen votes | rally dull of outline and dim in low, deep shadow tone.
to thirteen. Mr. T. Jones: I for one did not understand the | Art and nature have combined to render Granada, with its
motion, Mr. Chairman. Mr. Harrop: It was perfectly

y | Alps, Plain, and Alhambra, one of those few places which sur-
understood in this quarter of the room, and 1t would be an

pass all previous expectations, says our author. The city 15
irregular proceeding to put it again. The Chairman: There | about 2.500ft. above sea-level, and this, coupled with its
waa evidently some misunderstanding, and 1 shall again put | snowy background, renders it a most delicious residence; the
the motion to the meeting. The motion was then carried by ous rest

Vega is a spot superior in extent and fertility to the valley
eighteen votes to sixteen. On the motion of Mr. C. Morris,

of Damascus. Mr. Calvert traces the history of the Moors
seconded by Mr. Calvert, a poll was demanded. On being | and of the Alhambra very graphically, and this with his 3
put as a substantive motion Mr. Morrison was appointed by | ing descriptions help in no small measure to make Up =
twenty votes to twelve.” value of the book. He notes the surprise of an Eng!
— u

visitor who finds on his arrival the English elms sent over by
THE ALHAMBRA.

the Iron Duke. As to the building, he says: “ The first feel-
ing which strikes a visitor on: entering is one of amazement
to find himself suddenly transplanted to fairyland. Arches
spring from pillars so slender that the wonder is they bear
the weight, and ceilings and walls are encrusted with ای‎
work ornamentation so minute and intricate that the most
patient draughtsman finds it difficult to follow.

HERE has been published this week a most interesting
T and valuable record of the Alhambra*, by Mr. Albert

C. Calvert, author of “Impressions of Spain,” etc. It is
dedicated to Alfonso XTIT., King of Spain, and is, perhaps,

ie A
THE advantages of the use of chemicals for 6
against fire formed the theme of Mr. E. M. Fox, the ی‎
at the statutory meeting of the Fire-Resisting Corporation.
The company, it was stated, had large orders for theatric

scenery and fittings, and the excellence of their ireen E
materials had also been recognised by the Metropoll m
District Railway Company, which had given them an pni
for 420 new fire-resisting carriages for their electrical system.

ction

the most complete record of this wonder of architecture

which has ever been contemplated, much less attempted. It

is a book of some 500 pages, amongst which illustrations pre-
dominate, including the fine series of colour plates by Owen
Jones, many photographs, including quite recent ones, draw-
ings by J ohn F. Lewis, and pictures by Jas. C. Murphy, etc.
The Conservator of the Alhambra; Don Mariano Contreras,

has assisted the author in the production of the work. It

*George Philip and Son, London. Price two guineas.

y
N

£ 185

For the third excursion of the Historic Society of Lan-
cashire and Cheshire, a visit was made to Beeston Castle and
Bunbury Church. At Beeston Castle Mr. W. Fergusson
lrvine (the hon. secretary ot the society), who conducted the
excursion, read a short paper sketching the history oi the
castle from its earliest age. Mr. Irvine accepted tne views
held by several writers on Roman Britan, and identiñed the
spot with the Roman camp known as Bovium ın the Iter ot
Antonius. Coming to later times he mentioned the reter-
ence in Domesday Book, in which the township is especially
stated to be lying waste, told how Handle, karl ot Chester,
built the present castle in 1225, and carried its history down
to the eventtul December night in 1643, when the Koyalist,
Captain Sandtord, supportea by only eight men, capzured
the castle. After a careiul inspection of tue ruins, the party
visited Bunbury Church, whicn is generally regarded as one
of the finest medieval churches in the county. Mr, irvine
there read another short paper, and pointed out the chiet
objects of interest in the church. Especial attention was
directed to the fine alabaster monument ot Sir Hugh Calve-
ley, tne companion of the Black Prince. 上 hoe carved panels
ot the oak doors leading into the Ridley Chapel were much
admired, as well as the interesting eariy scuiptured stones
discovered during the restoration of the church.

THE Bishop of St. Albans has now issued the necessary
faculty authorising the restoration of Waltham Abbey
Uhurch, towards the cost 01 which the Government, througn
the Army Council, have otterea £zUU, conditionally upon
the remainder of the sum required being oblainea. Ale
diticulty concerning the proposed removal or the existing
eighteenth century parapet nas been surmounted, and nv
place of tue corner pinnacles, as originally proposed, a
scheme has been approved tor the erection 01 à new battle-
mented parapet ana the addition of square turrets al the
angles ot the tower, thus restoring tie tower to the appear-
ance of the structure erected in 19050 and aemolisheu in
17108. ‘he estimated cost ot the work is +2,100.

WE have received fram Mr. Gill Parker, the curator of the

Kuskin Museum, Meersbrook Park, Sheilield, a copy or tne

annual report tor the year ending March 25, 190 Ihe
total number of visitoms in the year was 41,591, as against
58,325 the year before, a decrease له‎ 10,968. An additional
cast of the series taken under Professor Ruskin,s supervision
of the decorative work of the Acanthus Arch of St. Mark's
Cathedral, Venice, has been mounted in a suitable case and
placed in position in the gallery. During the year the
museum buildings have been thoroughly overhauled and are
now in astate ot good repair. Amongst the additions to the
collections, the following are of special note: —The volumes
issued to date of the Library Edition of Ruskin's works, pre-
sented by Mr. George Allen and the literary executons under
the will of the late Professor Ruskin; a beautiful piece of
precious opal in the matrix, and a number of Ruskin plates,
by Mr. George Allen; reproductions of prints in the British
Museum, sent by the trustees; and the Chantry Medal in
bronze, presented by Mr. Alfred Dyer, of Sheffield. The
departments of the Ruskin Museum include a mineral and
sculpture gallery, picture gallery, print room, Turner room,
Carpaccio room, meeting and lecture room, library, office and
workshop.

THE Sanitary Institute's thirty-eighth course of lectures and
demonstrations for sanitary officers during September to
November, 1904, will comprise the following : —Four lectures
on elementary physics aud chemistry in relation to water,
soil, air, and ventilation, and meteorology; twenty-one lec-
tures on Public Health statutes, orders, memoranda, and
model by-laws of the Local Government Board and the by-
laws in force in the administrative county of London, the
practical duties of a sanitary inspector, e.g., drawing up
notices as to sanitary defects, drain-testing, disinfection,
methods of inspection, note-taking, reporting, aud elementary
statistics, municipal hygiene or hygiene of communities, ın-
cluding prevention and abatement of nuisances, sanitary de-
fects in and about buildings, and their remedies, water sup-
plies, sanitary appliances, drainage, refuse removal and dis-
posal, offensive trades, disinfection, building construction in
its sanitary relations, local physical conditions, measurement
and drawing plans to seale. Inspections and demonstrations

are arranged. in connection with the lectures, and include

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 9, 1904]

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HERE was an amusing discussion at Cardiff on Tuesday
as to the allocation of rooms in the new Town Hall
for the various officials, who appear to have received

on an average about half the number they asked. for. The
manager of the tramways and electric lighting department,
however, rose to the occasion and stated that since his staff
was so large they would require a building as large as the
Town Hall itself if rooms were allocated to them in the
same proportion as the other departments, and since, more-
over, they were quite satisfied with their persent accommo-
dation, they would not apply for rooms in the Cathays build-
dings. And yet an alderman said they had built a Town
Hall double the size they wanted !

THE opinion that the real breaches of building by-laws occur
after the plans have been passed and when the houses are in
course of erection leads a writer in the Daly Chronicle to sug-
gest that a stricter watch should be kept upon buildings in
course of erection, and that Parliament should confer on all
local authorities power to charge foes for the inspectiom of
buildings when finished sufficient to coven the salaries of the

building inspectora.

We are informed by Mx. Locke that it has been found desir-
able to defer to a future date the R.I.B.A. visit to Newcastle
and the annual dinner, which were to have taken place early
next month.

A DEPUTATION from the Baths Committee, Newcastle-on-
Tyne, with Mr. F. H. Holford, the city architect, has just
visited Bristol in the course of a tour of inspection to assist
the formulation of a scheme for reconstructing some of the
older baths and building a new one. The visitors proceeded
to the new baths at Barton Hill, where the deputation was
agreeably impressed with the facilities for bathing and waslı-
ing shown them. The new system of washing baths, styled
“ Kane's baths,” was next inspected. In this method the
cubicle has two compartments; in one is a spray bath, while
the other is a dressing room, kept at a lower temperature
than the washing section. The deputation afterwards viewed
one of the new open-air swimming baths at Greville Smyth's
Park, Ashton Gate.

SINCE the ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the new
Liverpool Cathedral by the King, the funds at the disposal
of the committee have been augmented by nearly £60,000.
Donations of windows and other parts of the fabric have also
been offered and accepted. At a meeting of the Cathedral
Committee on the 5th inst. it was stated that tenders had
been received for the foundations on the 12th ult.

Lorp WiNpsoR, in opening at Cardiff on Saturday the seven-
teenth annual exhibition of pictures of the South Wales Art
Society, congratulated the members upon the fact that the
Society was now in a sound and flourishing condition, and that
the exhibition this year was one of the best ever held. Lord
Windsor said that, he desired to say one word upon the report
of the committee on the Chantrey Bequest. The committee
had expressed the hope that those charged with the adminis-
tration of this fund, whether the council of the Royal Aca-
demy or some more limited body, would look a fittle further
afield than hitherto, and not purchase the works wholl y and
entirely from the annual exhibition at Burlington House.
When Sir Francis lived perhaps the Royal Academy was
really the only.society of any importance, but since that time
great changes had taken place. They had now the English
Art Club, the International Society, and the Society of Por-
trait, Painters, besides galleries owned by individuals, which
were open to the exhibition of modern works of art, so that
the conditions had entirely changed. It would be more satis-
factory if the widest, views could be taken in administerins
the trust—if the purchases could be made from all the sources
from which the best pictures were to be obtained.

Mr. Jonn Murray, F.R.I.B.A., has been appol inci

| av, FRIB.A,, n appointed Principal
Architect and Surveyor to the Crown Estates in Penden
1n succession to the late Mr. Arthur Green, F.R.I.B.A.

[SEPTEMBER 9, 1904

—

65ft. by 47ft. and there is further a platform 36ft, by 15ft. and
also a. gallery, the whole giving accommodation for something
like 800 people. The free library is a spacious building, with
lending and reference librar ies, ladies" room, etc., and there is
also ample accommodation for museum purposes. The
libraxy is anauged for the " Indicator " system and embodies
the latest principles as to supervision for the purpose of secur-
ing the eflective working of the establishment with a mini.
mum staff. The counter in the lending library is 40ft. long
to accommodate the necessary indicators, which are placed
directly under a strong top light. The whole of the building
is under control of the attendant behind this counter. Book.
cases are provided on the ground floor for the accommoda-
tion of 16.000 volumes, and in view of the tendency to rapid
expansion in this department provision is made for a second
tier of book-cases, giving a total accommodation for 28,000
volumes.

- The public offices are grouped symmetrically around the en-
trance hall and the whole of the rooms are entered in a direct
manner from the hall and adjoining corridor. The offices of
the clerk to the council are situate intermediate between the
ground floor and first floor in close proximity to the council
chamber. A separate approach for the public to the council
chamber is provided and this entrance and staircase also serves
for caretaker s rooms, which for economical reasons are placed
on the second floor. The council chamber and committee
rooms are entirely self-contained on the first floor and may, if
required, be used in connection with the assembly hall for
entertain mente, etc., without in any way disturbing the offices
below.

The assembly hall is planned with ample entrances, exite,
stage, dressing and retiring rooms, etc., and it is suggested
that the adjoining portion of the site not utilised for building
purposes should be laid out as an ornamental garden for pro-
menade purposes and possibly a winter garden erected at some
future date. The buildings are to be heated by hot water on
the low-pressure system, fresh air to be admitted through the
external wall and to be warmed by passing over the hot water
coils. The vitiated air to be extracted at the ceiling level by
means of fans in the ventilating fleohes indicated on the
drawings.

The building generally is to be of fireproof construction,
the external walls to be faced with delve-stone and ashlar
sandstone dreesings. The roofs will be covered with slates
from approved quarries. The principals to the roofs and
waggon-formed ceilings will be of wrought iron. The floors
of the public rooms will be laid with wood blocks on concrete.
The entrance hall, etc., will be paved with marble mosaic
terrazzo. The ceilings of plaster will be panelled in simple
forms. The cubical contente were estimated as follows:—
Free library (89,346ft. at 7۸0:( £2,791; architect and sur-
veyor's fees, £200 ; public offices (145,455ft. at 6d.), £3,636 ;
assembly hall (164,470ft. at 5d.), £3,426; total, £10,053.

THE DANE JOHN CANTERBURY MEMORIAL.
W. D. Canoe, M.A., Architect.

We illustrate the War Memorial which has been erected in
the “ Dane John” Gardens, Canterbury, to commemorate
the 293 officers and men of the East Kent Regiments who
died during the South African campaign. It was unveiled
by Lord Roberts. The obelisk rises from a spreading base
to a height of 34ft. On the southern side stands the bronze
figure of a soldier clad in the active service uniform, with
a laurel wreath suspended above the head. On three other
sides are large panels bearing the engraved names of those
who died. The badges of the regiments are shown both 1n
stone and bronze. The monument consiste of grey Poly-
phant stone, the sculptor being Mr. Nathaniel Hitch, of
Kennington, S.E.

— سر‎ mam

THE BIRMINGHAM UNIVERSITY.

Astox Wess, R.A., and E. Incress BELL, Architects.

TUDENTS this week enter into occupation of a portion
of the new buildings at Bournbrook. As far as the
buildings as a whole are concerned, it will be a long

time before the builders hand over the Great Hall and the

three blocks which form the first section of the scheme so far
undertaken. These are still “ growing” under the

the builders, but away in one corner of the ground there a

two or three departments—workshops they might be ca :

with equal appropriatencss—which have been finished.

186 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

visits to disinfecting stations, dairy premises, municipal
depots, artisans dwellings, offensive trades, waterworks,
common lodging houses, sanitary works in progress, refuse
and sewage disposal works, and other public and private
works illustrative of sanitary practice and administration.
In some of the visits the students are shown the routine of an
inspector's office work and duties. In Part Ii. there are
seven lectures on, meat and food inspection, including taking
of samples of water, food, and drugs for analysis. Practical
demonstrations of meat inspection are given. The fee for
Part I. is £2 12s. 6d. ; for Part II. £1 ls., or the complete
course £3 3s. |
— —— سے‎

COMPETITIONS

“HE Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers have, in
addition to the medals and prizes given for communi-
cations discussed at the meetings of the institution in

the last session, made the following awards in re

spect of other papers dealt with in 1903-1904 :一
Telford Premiums to Arthur Hill, C.I.E. (Bombay).
F. A. Hurley (Cairo) E. M. De Burgh (Grey-

stones), H. H. Dare, M.E. (Sydney, N.S.W.), William
Marriott (Melton Constable), T. G. Gribble (London), W. H.
Haigh (Cardiff). For students papers the awards are: —A
Miller Scholarship, tenable for three years, and the “ James
Forrest " Medal to C. W. L. Alexander, B.E. (Birmingham).
Miller prizes to J. M. Clark, M.A., B.Sc. (Glasgow). L. G.
Crawford (Barrow-in-Furness), W. H. Dickenson. B.Sc.
(Jesmond-on-Tyne), William Lawson (Newcastle-on-Tyne),
C. G. Du Cane, B.A. (Middlesbrough). C. Gribble (York). J.
E. Lister (Sheffield), J. M. Kennedy (London), H. Middle-
ton (Newcastle-on-Tyne), J. D. Morgan (Handsworth).

amr oie AS M manan

OUR ILLUSIRATIONS.

A‏ سن سا

BALSALL HEATH BATHS.
(Accepted Design.)
Wu. HALE AND Son, Architects, Birmingham.

Tuis design was placed first in the recent competition. The
first floor plan shows a three-tier gallery round the entrance
end and the two sides of first-class swimming bath, two club
rooms and money-taker's residence above the women's baths,
and a laundry over the boiler-house. The exterior treatment
is made to conform in character to the existing library build-
ing.

TIBER STREET COUNCIL SCHOOL, LIVERPOOL.
1 MELLARD READE AND Son, Architects.

Tuis school, of which we publish an illustration to-day, has
accommodation for 1,170 scholars. The plan aims at com-
bining some of the advantages of a central hall arrangement
with. those of an ordinary school and class-room type. The
building occupies the central part of a long and narrow site.
The infants’ school and mixed juniors is on the ground floor,
amd the mixed seniors on the first floor. The seniors’ school-
room and classrooms can be thrown together, so that when
the sliding screens are open they become one large central
room. A room for physical culture, 4716. by 29ft.. lighted
from the top, occupies the Tagus Street side, and is fitted up
with dressing-rooms, shower baths, etc. A cookery class-
room is provided. Great attention has been paid to the as-
pect, and lighting of the various rooms and the provision of
separate exits to each school and class-rooms. Glazed bricks
have been largely used in the internal walls. The external
walls are faced with St. Helens bricks and the dressings are
of Burmantofts terra-cotta, affording a pleasing and harmo-
nious colour arrangement. The builders are Meesrs. R.
Wearing and Sons, Liverpool.

FREE LIBRARY, PUBLIC OFFICES, ETC., ILKLEY.
(Accepted Design.)
Ww. BAREWELL, F.R.IB.A., Architect, Leeds.

In the recent competition this design was placed first by Mr.
G. H. Bulmer, president of the Yorkshire Architectural]
Society, and it was awarded the first premium of £100. Our
plans explain the general arrangement. The public offices
occupy the central portion, with the free library on the east
and the assembly hall on the west. The assembly hall ts

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 187

mm mn nn m A — مد‎ 一 —

SEPTEMBER 9, 1904]

- — ee -一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 -一

Those who are devoting themselves to the study of metal- | as might be seen in a score of Birmingham establishments ;

and in this department the students will have to carry through
serious "exercises ` 1n the shape o£ making things with their
owh nanas betore they get ce degree, Jue Ioundry occupies.
the other end of the building in which the forge ها‎ situated.
at has a cupola standing close outside, with a gutter running.
enough the wall to convey the metal inside the foundry to
the place where the students, having first constructed patterns
ana moulds, will make their castings. |

T'he power station forms not merely a laboratory where the
engineering student will come in close contact with machi-
ner y, but with work which is not experimental but also prac-
tical and effective. The power station, as the name implies,
ıs designed to supply the university with all the electricity
required tor lighting and power purposes, so that the student
will at once be among actual working conditions. From the
station to the main buildings runs a large tunnel designed to
carry the electric cables and the pipes for the supply ot steam
to the heating apparatus. The station consiste of two large
halls with four smaller annexes. One of the large halls 1s, '

of course, the boiler house, in which there are Babcox and:

Willcox, Niclausse, and locomotive boilers, each working at
a pressure of 20011. per square inch, and designed to develop
15U-h.p., so that the total capacity will be 450-h.p. Needless
ما‎ say, the boilers are of the most modern kind. There are
also two low-pressure boilers to supply the steam for heating `
the main buildings. ‘I'he second ot the large halls contains
the engines. There are ten main engines (six steam, two gas,
one oil, and one electric), and the total horse-power 1s—steam
400, gas 200. 16 would have been easy, of vourse, to obtain
as much horse-power from fewer appliances, but the aim. has
been to make the equipment as varied as possible. There are |
not two engines alike. Each embodies one or other of the well-
known principles which engineers affect according to their
personal ideas as to the mest efficient type of engine They
vary from the old-fashioned engine which did duty in the
Mason Coilege days to the quick revolution marine engine
and the steam turbine, and several of them are directly
coupled to dynamos. The hall also contains a refrigerating
plant for experimental purposes, a fine switchboard, quite as
large as is to be seen in some electric generating stations
whicu are run as commercial concerns, and an ingenious load-
testing apparatus. , High up on one of the walls hang sevewal
frames carrying many electric lamps, which when all aglow
represent 3U,000-candle power. With these any particular
engine can be tested in steps of 4-h.p. up to a total of 100-h.p.
Among the other things in this room are a large overhead
electric crane and a large water tank, the latter also for test-
ing purposes. The tank is fixed on a welgh-bridge, and to it
run pipes from the steam condensers. As the water runs

from the condensers to the tank it will be possible to weigh `

it—every five minutes if necessary—and so ascertain exactly
how much steam is being used. The annexes furnish accom-
modation for stores, a drawing office, private room for the
staff, and a laboratoy for the testing of coal, oil, and water.
Much interest also attaches to the fact that a Mond gas plant
has been set up by the university authorities. It is situated.
close to the power station, and it will not only be very useful
in familiarising students with that method of obtaining
power, but it is also to be used in connection with the univer-
sitv—in the kitchens, for instance.

The main buildings are steadily growing, though there is
still very much to be done before the university enters into
full use ou them. It is even now possible, however, to obtain
a good idea of their ultimate extent, and the idea is impres-
sive. It has been mentioned that the buildings are arranged
after the fashion of a half-wheel, the ends of the spokes of
which. peint. to Bristol Road. The portion of the scheme at
present in hand comprises three large blocks and a great hall,
in which degree congregations and other university functions
may be held. It is difficult to describe the arrangement of
the blocks without the aid of drawings. The hub of the
wheel, however, is on a plateau, and here the buildings rise
to two storey and furnish many rooms for classes, etc. Be

hind these is a broad corridor, describing the arc of a circle,

from which the spokes radiate. From the plateau the land
falls away. so that what has been the ground level on entering
from the corridor becomes the first. floor of a two-storey build-
ing. with a bascment at the extreme end. Mest progress has.
so far, been made with block A. which is on the side nearest
the power station, and with block B will furnish quarters for
the engineering department. Already a small portion of the
roof has been put on, and other girders to carry the roof are
being placed in position. Block B is not so far advanced.

lurgy enter into possession of the most complete smelting de
partment to be found in this country, not merely in a college,
but in a business establishment, for nowhere is there such a
variety of apparatus for that purpose gathered under one roof.
Above all, everything there is of practical working size. There
are no toys; all the " plant” is capable of being turned to
commercial purposes. For instance, the “ test tube” of the
young man who wants to know all about steel is a two-ton
Siemens furnace, built in accordance with the latest ideas.
The metallurgical department will ultimately have to itselı
the whole of a floor of one of the blocks in the main building.
as well as the smelting department, but so far the latter ::
the only part of the accommodation provided. ‘lhe building
is a fine, lofty one, well lighted and ventilated and dividea
into two large rooms and two small ones. ‘Lhe Siemen:
steel furnace socupies the whole of one of the large rooms, anc
an imposing piece of apparatus it is. It has all the equip
ment necessary for a commercial undertaking—crane, ladie
ingot pot, and electric hoists. Indeed, if it were desired it
might be run so,and Professor Thomas Turner would have foi
disposal as large a weekly output of steel as was the custo-
mary output of pig-iron from the Staffordshire furnaces in
the early years of last century. The object of the furnace,
however, is not to produce steel for sale, but to enable the
students to become familiar with the various causes, chemical
and otherwise, which affect the quality of steel. The furnace
stands rather higher than usual, and round it runs staging
on iron columns, so arranged that the whole of the outside ot
the furnace is easily accessible. This arrangement is very
convenient for observation purposes; for instance, it is pos-
sible to geb right beneath the bottom of the steel chamber اہ‎
the furnace. In addition, the placing of the furnace and the
staging so high gives room for storing material, and also for
the students and. the staff working the furnace. Iron ladders
lead to the top of the gas chamber, where the charging and
other valves are situated. The charging door of the steel
chamber is, of course,on the stage, and in order to bring thc
requisite materials up to this level a 10cwt. electric hoist 1s
being fitted. Close at hand is a Cochrane boiler for gene
rating the steam used in making gas, and there are arrange
ments by which the furnace may be worked by Mond gas
instead of the customary fuel. Altogether, the steel furnace
is an exceedingly workmanlike and also imposing structure,
and it will give the students practical famıliarıty with the
conditions attending the operation of such an affair in an
ordinary manufacturing establishment.

The second large room is devoted to metals other than iron
and steel. In one corner is a large water-jacketed blast fur-
nace suitable for the melting of lead and copper ores, the
blast being supplied by a Root's blower actuated from a
20-h.p. dynamo, which also runs the shafting necessary for
the operation of the plant. There are also roasting furnaces
of the familiar type for the treatment of ores prior to smelt-
ing, a cupellation furnace of English type for separating sil-
ver from lead, and a revolving calciner for roasting gold and
silver ores. The whole of the other side of the room is occu-
pied by the different kinds of plant for the recovery of gold
from the ore. There is a chlorination plant for treating re-
fractory gold ores, a cyaniding plant for dealing with ordinary
kinds, and a filter press plant to illustrate the metallurgy ol
gold ores in Telluride districte, such as Western Australia.
. In these three sets of appliances the studente will have repre-
sented all the important modern methods of zxtracting pre
cious metals from their ores, except when they require crush-
ing or milling. This is to be done in the mining department.
where ample provision is being made in the shape of a small
mill, sizing and washing plants, and slime settlers. One of
the two remaining small rooma is fitted with a crucible steel
furnace,so that the method of steel casting may become fami-
liar; and the remainder is to be a brass foundry.. At present,
however, the room 15 to be partly used as an assay laboratory.
The second small room is to be equipped for electro-metal-
lurgy, with three or four electric smelting furnaces. For the
present it will have to serve the purpose of a lecture-room.
The first thing to be done on Monday is to serve out samples
of gold ores for treatment. The great steel furnace will re-
quire drying and lining before the actual steel.making is
commenced, but these operations are to be taken in hand, and
it will only be a week or two before the University makes its
first "tap." Within a short distance of the metallurgical
section stand the power station, the foundry, and the forge.
Round the walls of the latter building are arranged a number
of smiths hearths, with anvils and the necessary tcols, such

[SEPTEMBER 9, 1904

_188 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

Bristol's position, as compared with other cities which have
been particularly active in building matters. It is to be
regretted that limited space permits of quotations from but
a few of the reports received, although the cities which have
been selected for comparison may be fairly said to be typical
of the building conditions prevailing in: the most prosperous
commercial and industrial centres of the West, the Midlands,
and the North. It should be added that we have purposely
refrained trom quoting from several reports which show a
marked inferiority to Bristol, due to a decline, or a£ least a
marked lull, in building operations, as this inactivity no doubt
arises from local conditions which would make comparisons
unfair.

The following table shows the number of houses (for resi-

dential purposes) erected in Leeds, Birmingam, Liverpool,
and Bristol during the past year:-—Leeds, 2,923 ; Birming-
ham, 1,192; Liverpool, 2,453; Bristol, 1.178. Allowing a
population of 440.000 for Leeds, 530,000 for Birmingham,
700,000 for Liverpool, and 343,000 for Bristol, it will be seen
that in proportion to population Bristol occupies a high place
in this list.
. Bristol's progress, as compared with that of the other cities,
as indicated by the official reports, is more gratifying. To
this statement a possible exception should be made in favour
of Leeds, which seems to have experienced remarkable acti-
vity in this direction, but as the report published by the Sub.
Improvements (Building Plans) Committee of the latter city
does not clearly distinguish the various classes of buildings
other than dwelling houses, but includes stables, sheds, etc.,
with the mills, warehouses, and workshops, her pre-eminence,
if it exists, cannot be accurately gauged. The past year wit-
nessed a decrease in the number of new buildings erected in
Bristol and Leeds, and an increase in Birmingham and
Liverpcol, in the latter city the number being the highest
reached during the past decade. :

A very gratifying feature of Bristol's building activity فا‎
the number of new buildings required for commercial and
industrial pursuits. In the analysis in the city engineers
last report, published a few weeks ago, the number of plans
approved for new shops and offices is thirty-nine, with 5
for alterations and additions to twenty existing premises;
the number of new warehouses and factories is fifteen, with
alterations and additions to thirty-one; of new workshope
twenty, with alterations and additions to three. Three
new banks and a number of new or enlarged bakeries, dairies,
and other structures for miscellaneous small enterprises are
also distinguished. This does not look much like industrial
decay. l

But the mere statement of the number of new buildings
planned for or completed in Bristol during the past year does
not convey a fair idea of the enormous changes that have
been effected. As has been stated, the past year shows a
slight decline in the number of buildings erected, the entire
number of buildings, of all classes, being 1,271 for the year
ending March 25, 1904, as compared with 1,408 for the pre
ceding year. This would indicate that the demands of the
population have been fully met, and that there no longer
exists a pressing need for new dwellings, except for the very
poor, the providing of whom still remains a vexed problem.
Most of the more important additions to our factory build-
ings were also erected in preceding years, almost every yeal
in the period from 1895 to two years ago being marked by
some very notable addition ta our industrial plants.

In considering the vast strides made by the building trade
in Bristol in recent years, the improved housing accommoda-
tion for the masses is a point to be emphasısed. During the
twelve months ending March 25 of this year the estimated ۳
crease in the population; was 4,309, while the number of new
houses was 1,176. This makes am average of one new house
for every 366 inhabitants. As one house to five tenants 1$
the usual average, this shows that the extension of buildings
is even in advance of the requirements.

A further evidence of the improvement is shown 1n the
character of the individual tenements. Figures show that
during the past ten or twelve years there has been a mark
and steady decrease in the proportion of tenements having
fewer than five rooms, and a like increase in the proportion
having five or more rooms, It is needless to add that the
methods and manner of construction of all classes of dwell-
ings. from the cheapest to the most expensive, have been
greatly improved, the designer, the architect, and the builder
having shared in that improvement و‎ ae modern: sciet
tific spirit has brought to ev form of industry.

More room, bes light, A air are being gradually 9€

The four floors of the two biocks are destined to contain the
electrical, mechanical, and civil engineering department, and
among the rooms into which they are to be divided is a draw-
ing oltice, with accommodation for 120 students, and a hall
of machines, which it is proposed shall be a kind of engineer-
ing museum, equipped with the best examples of engineering
plant and tools. lt will not be, however, a museum in the

- sense that it will be a refuge for antiquated examples ot

machinery. |

Next in position is to stand the Great Hall, which, so far,
is only up to the level of the plateau. When it is finished,
the hall will deserve to be a source of local pride. In the
first place, ار‎ will be larger than the Town Hall, of which
Birmingham citizens have thought so much for so many
years; and, secondly, it will be a fine example of architecture
and an addition to the list of Birmingham “ show places."
The lower floor is to be devoted to common rooms for staff
and students, and a refectory, so that in the future there
should be no cause for grumbling concerning the character
of the meeting-places provided fon the students 1n their lei-
sure hours. ` Although: these rooms are below the great hall,
and at the “hub” end of the half-wheel, are to all intents
and purposes in the basement of the hall, the ground falls
away so sharply that at the outer end of the spoke the floor
still lower where the kitchens are ta be situated, is in no sense
a cellar. in fact, it is open. on at least three sides, and the
end windows are several feet above the level of the shooting-
range. It will be seen, therefore, that the common rooms,
etc., ought to be very light and airy. Block C, on the Birm-
ingham side of the great hall, gives accommodation for mining
and metallurgy, the latter on the upper level. There are
lecture-rooms for the two departments at the front (in the
“ hub "), and then the floors are to be divided up according
to the requirements of the departments. Metallurgy, on the
top, is to have fourteen rooms, which will include large elemen-
tary and advanced laboratories chemical and ore store
rooms, demonstrators’ room, professors private laboratory,
balance room, micrographic room, pyrometric room, advanced
class room, electro-metallurgic room, dark rooms, furmace
room for dry assaying, and an orecrushing and sampling
room. Taking this as an instance of what can be done with
a single floor of one of the blocks, it will be seen that accom-
modation is being provided on a very large scale. Only two
other characteristics of the university need to be referred to.
For the mining students, workmen are now busy constructing
a fairly extensive model coal mine. The “roads” have not
been sunk very deep, and, of course, there is ho coal, but a
series of roads and cross roads on different levels are being
constructed by the cut-and-cover process. These will give
the students practical experience of underground ventilation,
surveying, and haulage, and will furnish the university with

‘am absolutely unique adjunct to its mining course. Close by

the mine, preparations are also being made for the erection
of an observatory, a large and powerful telescope having been
given for its equipment.— Birmingham Post.

یب دس پر )لوصح سس سس

BUILDING DEVELOPMENT IN BRISTOL.

T is a good plan ta put the best foot forward if the other
| foot will not destroy the favourable impression. In this

respect Bristol is secure. As regards both the number
of the buildings erected in the corporate limits within recent
years, and their cost and character, this city has gained a
leading place among the most thriving municipalities in the
kingdom.

The last, and greatest, of Bristol's building " booms " began
in 1895, a year which witnessed a similar renaissance in the
building and allied trades in a number of our larger cities.
Since that date nearly every city of importance in the country
has also materially extended its boundaries, this, together with
the demolition of old and the erection of new buildings in the
congested centres, effecting a marked change in their appear-
ance, and elevating the average character of the tenements.
In this activity which has followed the long (and apparently
refreshing) sleep in which the country had indulged, Bristol
has been a shining example, and it may be safely asserted that
but few other cities have undergone a more complete trans-
formation, although several others have erected a greater
number of new buildings. |

Through the courtesy of the authorities of a number of the
principal municipalities in. various parts of the country, we
are enabled to present figures which forcibly illustrate

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[LIVERPOOL

w. Son . ARCH?‏ عممعم

T. MELLARD

STREET.

LIVERPOOL COUNCIL SCHOOLS .

TIBER

197

would be. Moreover, the Mercury has kept its readers sufh-
ciently posted as to the more important recently completed
and prospective buildings, and this phase of the subject
scarcely needs to be gone over again. The few following
paragraphs will therefore be devoted to a cursory reference
to several of the peculiar advantages enjoyed by the Bristol
builder, and to two or three of the more picturesque features
connected with the construction and equipment of our homes
and other public and private edifices. In the first place,
Bristol enjoys a decided advantage in respect to its supply
of the raw material. This city 15 a natural receiving and
distributing centre for timber, and our importers and dealers
are in position to secure for local builders and contactors
terms which but few places can: offer. The number and
character of our timber-importing firms are a convincing
evidence of this statement. It is interesting to note
in this connection that in the past decade the importations
have more than doubled in volume value, as may be seen
from the following comparison taken from the last published
report of the Bristol Docks : — ۱

IMPORTATIONS.
Timber
Deals, Battens, and other
and Boards. Wood Goods.
Stds. Tons.
1893: Secs 26,221 18,567
I903 van 45,921 46,842

During the period in question there have, of course, been
fluctuations from year to year, though the increase has been
fairly continuous.

Another of the Bristol builder's most valuable assete is the
abundance and easy accessibility cf the building stones ob-
tained in this immediate vicinity. “ Pennant sandstone, '
the favourite building stone of modern Clifton, and a stone
to which England's finest suburb owes much of its beauty ;
" mountain limestone," the rock so well exposed in the gorge
of the Avon at, Clifton, and which is extensively used for a
variety of building purposes; the conglomerate, known geo-
logically as the “ Dolomitic Conglomerate,” specimens of
which may be seen in the walls of Clifton College; and the
beautiful and easily worked Bath stone are examples which
illustrate Bristol's wealth in this essential building material.
The large and successfully operated quarries at Hanham,
Fishponds, Stapleton, Horfield, Filton, Bitton, and other
points in the city and in the immediate neighbourhood are a
very considerable factor in our industrial life.

Equally extensive and valuable are the deposits of clays
suitable for making bricks and tiles. These deposits cover
à large area in almost the entire surrounding country, the
alluvium which was for ages deposited by the Severn and
the Bristol Avon yielding a practically inexhaustible supply.
One of the brick-making firms in the St. George neighbour-
hood, a district peculiarly rich in brick and tile clays, had its
productions tested by the eminent firm of David Kirkaldy
and Son, London, the bricks which were subjected to the test
withstanding a pressure of 600 tons to the square foot. The
bricks produced by this firm were used in the construction. of
many of our largest and most imposing publie and private
structures, including the Ham Green Hospital, the new wing
of University College, the Bristol United Breweries, the new
Council Chambers in Broad Street, the National Telephone
Company's new offices, the New Colston Hall, and many
others. According to the last published census, the number of
men engaged in brick-making in Bristol is 644, although this
number is to-day probably far below the mark.

In this connection it should be stated that the mere num-
ber of artisans engaged in any form of production is not a
very satisfactory indication of the condition of the indusnty,
or the quantity of the output. Modern invention has affected
the building trade as much as any other, and in some branches
of the industry ten men can perform as much work as twice
that number could do but a few years ago.

A striking illustration of the labour and expense-saving
devices which have been introduced in recent years is afforded
by the patemt partitions, floors, and ceilines, which are for
many purposes displacing the time-honoured materials and
the laborious and cestly metheds of using them. A notable
invention in this line is the " Mack " partitions, which have
been successtullv used in the constructions of some of the
largest. hotels, mansions, and public residences in the country.

These partitions are in the form of large matched slabs,
Gin. bv lin. in diameter, and which are made from a specially
prepared gypsum, in which axe strong hollow reeds in the

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 9, 1904]

cured by even the poorest classes, a gain which it is to be
hoped will be accelerated from year to year; though, like
every real and permanent good, the full realisation of our
ideals can'come only after years of effort. —"slowly broadening
down from. precedent to precedent." In the next article
detailed reference will be made to the development of subur-
ban estates, and the very beneficial influence this splendid
work has had upon the hving conditions of both the artisan
and the business classes.

But for the present this is à digression, as we are not yet
through with the figures. Since the great proportions of the
building and allied trades in Bristol cannot be well illus
trated in any other way, these figures have the fascination
which the most flowery rhetonc would lack. Just now our
point of view is like that of a Jewish moneylender when he
was approached by an itinerant book agent. This enter-
prising agent tried to sell the moneylender an up-to-date—-
perhaps a trifle ahead of date—“ lightning calculator." The
strongest argument he had reserved to oyercome the prospec-
tive buyer s indifference was the ease and rapidity with which
interest could be computed, the new method effecting a great
saving in time and effort. But this argument proved ta be
a boomerang. The Jew replied that if he could devise a
longer method of computing interest he would buy it; com-
puting interest was the one great pleasure in life, and. he did
not want it abridged. It is too soon to tire of figures which
illustrate the remarkable growth of the city.

In the past ten or twelve years Bristol's boundaries have
beer extended five times, in 1895, 1897, 1901, 1902, and the
present year. By the Bristol Corporation Act of 1895 parts
of the civil parishes of Shirehampton and Easton-in-Gordano
were made a part of the city. The Act of 1897 provided for
the inclusion of the urban districts of Stapleton and St.
George, and parts of the civil parishes of Horfield, Brisling-
ton, Bedminster, Long Ashton, Easton-in-Gordano, Portbury,
and Portishead. The Act of 1901 provided for the inclusion
of parts of the civic parishes of Henbury and Shirehampton ز‎
and the Act of 1902 for the inclusion of a few acres in the
Avonmouth district.

The last extension, the main features of which are still
fresh in the public mind, and which include the area 1n and
around Avonmouth, with the magnificent new docks now in
course of construction, comprised over 5,000 acres, with a
population of more than 13,000, and with a. rateable value of
£70,000. The total population of the city is now 354,000,
the total area is 17,000 acres, and the rateable value is nearly
£2.000,000. Compare these figures with those which repre-
sented the city's condition but a decade ago and you will have
a fair idea of the enormous advance that has been made in
that period.

It would be interesting to know, though it would be
scarcely possible to ascertain with any degree of accuracy.
just how many workmen are constantly engaged in the con-
struction of new buildings in the city. The only official
estimate that has been made is that embodied in the partial
list published in the census report. This report gives the
following as the approximate numbers : —Carpenters, 2,694 ;
bricklayers and bricklayers labourers, 1,133; masons, 2.580;
painters, decorators, ete., 2,378; plumbers, gasfitters, ctc.,
758; miscellaneous, 1,748; total, 11,291.

This list may be correct as far as it goes, but it is incom-
plete, and twice the total as given above would probably be a
more nearly accurate number; for, in addition to those
directly engaged in the actual construction and finishing ot
houses, are those who make or provide the materials required
in the work. Thus those who manufacture brick and quarry
stone, who import and deal in timber and convert it into its
required shape, who manufacture or provide the lighting,
heating, and sanitary appliances, or the decorations and fit-
tings, and these engaged in a score of more or less intimately
allied trades, are as much engaged in the actual construction
of buildings as are those busy hands which make the cheering
“music of the saw and hammer ” te which cur ears have be-
come accustomed. In addition must. be reckoned those whose
foresight or progressiveness create the opportunity for build-
ing extensions—who plan, design, and direct. It would be
a very moderate statement to say that 20.000 men are em-
ployed every hour of every working day in seeing that we are
provided with what is, with one exception, the most: impor-
tant need of life—shelter. The magnitude of the industry.
which. would. perhaps. never occur to us except upon reflec-
tion. suggests several alluring themes, reference to which wil!
probably be of more interest to the general reader than a de-
tailed description of our more notable architectural triumphs

[SEPTEMBER 9, 1904

198 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

where large audienoes assemble, and where it is essential to
maintain the purity of the air.

In these days, when a love for the antique seems to be the
measure of one's taste in decorative matters, it isi
مه‎ note the extent to which electric lighting has been made
use of in ornamentation. Bristol possesses many excellent
examples of the antique hammered work, such as may be
secn ın the electric light fittings in the new board room at
St. Peter's Hospital. the standards outside the buildings occu-
pied by Messıs. Leonards, to mention but one or two of the
many public and business buildings which occur to one in
this connection.

But probably the most notable achievement along this line
will be the lighting of the magnificent new Art Gallery soon
to be opened. In the large centre hall alome will be eight
electroliers of beautiful design, each electrolier having thirty
32-candle power lights. with a total illumination of 7,680.
candle power. As these lights will drop from a considerable
height the brilliancy of the effect could scarcely be described.

Bristol possesses an advantage in the fact the manufacturers
recognise this as an important distributing centre, and keep
large stocks of motors, accessories of every description, tubing,
cable, and electric light fittings, there not only being show-
rooms in connection with the leading contractors’ offices, but
also in central parts of the city, from which the manufac
turers supply the trade. As most of our principal buildings
have been supplied through the Bristol contractcrs with fit-
tings made by leading manufacturers, who always have à
lange stock of samples on show in Bristol, there is no reason
why Bristolians should buy these fittings through the Lon-
den show-r00ms, as in so doing they not only pay higher prices
(plus hotel bills), but if anything poes wrong with the fittings
it is a difficult matter to obtain satisfaction.

It is sound policy to buy motors and all electric fittings
through local men, because there are manufacturers who have
such confidence in their goods that they will back up the om-
tractors with a positive guarantee that very defective articles
will be returned (within reasonable limits) if not satisfactory.
Much disappointment in electrical matters is caused through
the buyer's own fault. He too often forgets to ask, “Is this
article of British manufacture?” and so buys lamps that are
worse than farthing dips, and ceiling roses that drop their
petals almost as soon as they are fixed. l

There is no sentiment in business, but there is sometimes
business in sentiment. To support our own producers is cer-
tainly a sentiment with which we can all agree, and it is not
less certainly good business.— Bristol Daily Mercury.

— —— pe ——————

CHAPEL OF THE PYX.

dom of Great Britain and Ireland which has been in
times past so jealcusly guarded as the Chapel of the
Pyx. Few people save professed students of Westminster
Abbey and its history have ever become aware even of its
existence. It has, however, within the last few months, sud-
denly sprung into the light of day. The announcement has
been made that the old custom of enveloping it in a myste-
rious veil of official secrecy is about to come to an end, and
that for the first time English people will be permitted to
gaze upon its interior. Following swiftly upon this announce
ment there comes a proposal from the eminent Dean of West-
minster in which he sets forth most persuasively a plan bj
means of which the ever-vexed question of Abbey burials and
monuments may be settled, at any rate, for several genera
tions to come. ;
What. then, is the Chapel of the Pyx, and’ what are its
claims to the veneration of the British public? In the first
place, it forms a portion of the sole relic which has come
down to us of the famous Abbey Church dedicated to St, Peter

1 is in all probability no place in the entire king-

at Westminster by our national hero King Edward the Con-

fessor. When first it was erected that church must have been
regarded as being without exception the most beautiful in the
land. Although its peculiar type of architecture may appeal
rugged and even rude to us of to-day, that certainly was not
the case during the eventful period when England passed
under the rule of Norman William, for the Abbey Church wa
considered then to represent the highest flight ¡ble to the
skill and imagination of the medieval builders. The chape!
forms the northern section of añ “under-croft ”or kind

crypt, situated, however, above the level of the gr ound 1m-
stead of below, as is the case at York, Canterbury, and Wot
cester, This Westminster “under-croft ” is, all told, ۳۴

nature of bamboo. These slabs may be fixed in position at
a remarkable speed as compared with the ordinary methods
of partition construction, as much as 3,000 yards having been
erected in a single building in the course of a week, this work
requiring the services of but few hands. For speed and con-
sequent economy this probably makes a record for this kind
of work. Apart from hastening the completion of any struc-
ture in which they are used, these slabs have a number cf
other distinct advantages, being exceedingly light and strong.
sanitary and vermin-proof, and sound and fireproof. ‘Lhere
ıs still another advantage, which may not have originally
occurred ta the inventor, but which is none the less real.
If it is desired to alter the interior arrangements of a build-
ing, throwing together or partitioning off two or more rooms,
the slabs may be quickly taken down and re-erected, a pro-
cess which can be repeated indefinitely.

Another form of partitions and ceilings which have added,
to the safety of modern buildings, as well as conserving time
and economy in their construction, are the large fireproof
sheets, composed of cement and asbestos, designed to take the
place of lath and plastering. These sheets, which come in
sizes ranging from 4ft. by 4ft. to 4ft. by 8ft., with a thickness
ranging from tin. to ,صن‎ are sawn and nailed like ordinary
boards, and are light, strong, and practiclly indestructible.
They may be put up in not much more time than it takes the
plasterer to slack his lime, and when in position enable the
building to be occupied almost immediately. Indeed, we
seem to be fast approaching the Japanese methods cf house
construction, and it requires no great effort of the imagina-
tion to anticipate a time when a comfortable and substantial
dwelling may be erected, taken down, removed, or altered at
will in a few days’ time.

Up to the present time Bristol has no example of any.

important building constructed of concrete slabs moulded one
upon the other as the walls arise. Several large warehouses
already planned, and which will shortly be begun, will, how-
ever, be constructed after this method, a departure which
will awaken the keenest interest in the local building world.

Connected with the building trade Bristol has several in-
dustries which are but little known, but which afford interest-
ing sidelights, showing the great diversity of occupations
connected with the trade. Among the more important of
these is, of course, the manufacture of mouldings and every
form of turned wood, architectural carving, and the cutting
and sawing of veneer from the finer woods. An interesting
industry, of which the Midlands and West cf England fur-
nish but one example, is the manufacture of veneeis from
mahogany, walnut, and other woods. By means of a power-
ful machine containing a 9ft. horizontal knife, sharpened
to a razor edge, a log of timber, which has been previously
stained for from ten to twenty hours, is reduced to thin sheets
of veneer at the rate of from five to ten a minute, or as fast
as the attendant. can remove them from the machine. Some
of these sheets are not more than a fiftieth of an inch 1n thick-
ness, yet the machine is so accurately adjusted that they arc
thrown. off in, perfect condition.

Another industry which is assuming increasing 1mportance
in building construction is the manufacture of slate, tile, and
mosaic flooring. One of our leading firms has developed a
very extensive business in the manufacture of slate slabs,
which are now largely used in many modern factories and
public buildings.

An interesting branch of the manufacture of flooring is
that carried on. by a recently-established firm, which makes a
speciality of decorations in Roman mosaic and Venetian ter-
razzo. Roman mosaic (the tessillated work of the old
Romans) is composed of gin. cubes, the terrazzo being made
up of irregular marble chips, varying in size and shape. Both
of these forms lend themselves admirably to the most artistic
effects, both for flooring and for mural decorations, as is ad-
mirably illustrated by the specimens this firm has placed m
several of our public buildings. This firm, by the way, 1s
the only one making an exclusive speciality of this high-class
work in the West of England.

One of the most noticeable features connected with modern
building construction in Bristol is the great use now made of
electricity, not only as power for factories and for lighting
purposes, but for decorative effects. We are living in a day
when the artistic as-well as the utilitarian instincts have been
developed to a high degree, and the mysterious agent which
was at first teared for its power is now welcomed for its trans-
cending beauty. Scarcely any building is now considered
complete without being electrically equipped, this being par-
ticularly true of churches, chapels, and all public buildings

۱۰ |

199

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 9, 1904]

Tue new hospital at Spring Head, Meltham, opened on the
3rd inst., provides for six beds in an isolation pavilion, thirty
beds for scarlet fever patients in two pavilions, and fourteen
beds for typhoid patients in another pavilion, and has cost
about 219,000 (inclusive of the site). Mr. J. Berry, of را‎
Market Place, Huddersfield, was the architect.

STOCKPORT'S new town hall (Mr. Brumwell Thomas, architect),
the erection of which will be commenced shortly, is estimated
to cost £66,000. Mr. William Pownall, builder, of Stock-
port, whose estimate amounted to £54,496, declined to enter
into the contract on the conditions imposed, and the next ten-
der of Mr. Josiah Briggs, of Heaton Norris, for £56,881 has

been accepted.

Mr. W. H. Cocknorr, of Hebden Bridge, is the architect of
the new Wesleyan Methodist Church and Sunday-school,
which are to be erected in Foster Lane, Hebden Bridge, at a
cost of £4,500. The foundation-stone was laid last week.
The ground floor provides for a large schoolroom, a young
men's room, infants room, and nine classrooms, with heat-
ing accommodation, while the chapel above will seat five
hundred people.

AN electric bakery and confectionery has just been erected ın
Falkner Street, Liverpool, from designa by Mr. Edmund
Winter, of Liscard. The building is fitted up with the latest
improvements in the shape of two-decker patent steam-pipe
ovens, with patent telescope draw-plates and a patent electric
motor-driven dough-kneader. The contractors were Messrs.
Bullen Brothers and Son, of Almond Street, Liverpool, the
working plant and machinery being supplied by Messrs.
Werner, Pfleiderer and Perkins, Ltd., of Regent Square,
London, W.C., and Manchester.

On Thursday last week a new Baptist Hall at Newport was
opened. The new hall, which occupies a site on the junction
of Llanthewy Road and Spencer Road, is in the Early Eng-
lish style and is faced with local stone with Bath stone dress-
ings. The hall is 55ft. long by 32ft. wide, and two vestries
adjoın. The windows are glazed with cathedral-tinted glass,
while ample ventilation is obtained by means of a Boyle ceil-
ing ventilator. The ground floor has been divided into five
up-to-date class-rooms with flooring of wood blocks, and a
large cloak room. The whole of the building is heated on the
lugh-pressure system, supplied by Messrs. R. Alger and Sons,
and will be electrically lit with an installation by Mr. Henry
Groome. ‘Lhe contract price was £1,897, and the work has
been executed by Mr. C. Shapland, Maindee, from designs by
Messrs. Habershon, Fawckner, and Co., architects, Newport
and Cardiff.

THE extensions at Wakefield Cathedral continue to make
rapid progress towards completion. The whole of the ex-
terior masonry may be said to be complete, and the remaining
portion of the interior work is progressing satisfactonly. The
last ceiling 1s all but finished in the crypt, and the only ceil-
ing left is that of the eastern chapel, the work of which is
advancing. The transept stained glass windows have been
fixed, that in the south transept being the new window to
commemorate the late Mr. T. K. Sanderson, of Kettlethorpe
Hall, and that in the north transept is the old east end In-
gram window, but largely renewed. Good progress is also
being made with the fixing of the heating apparatus in the
new portion and the renewal in the old, the whole being sup-
plied with new fittings and a new powerful heating boiler.
The whole of the older part of the cathedral has already been
wired for a complete installation of electric light. It ie ex-
pected that at an early date the scaffolding may be removed,
so as to allow a start being made with. the general cleaning
down, and the tidying up of the exterior, so as to have the
place in a perfectly orderly condition for the opening early in
the year. |

THE Manchester City Baths Committee have now approved
generally of plans prepared by Mr. H. Price, the city archi-
tect. The site of the sed baths is between the Ashton
New Road and the Ashton Old Road. The new baths will
be bounded by Victoria Street, Bedson Street, Grange Street,
and Johnson Strect. The access from one portion of the
buildings to the other will be obtained by means of a subway.
By this plan the provision for males and that for females will
be completely detached. The first-class males' swimming

thing like 100ft. long, with a row of six massive Norman
pillars extending down the centre. From these columns
there spread the great stone vaultings by means of which the
ancient dormitory of the mouks of Westminster was—and,
for the matter of that, is still—supported. Long years ago
this striking building was most unfortunately divided up by
means of partitions of brick or stone into four distinct sec-
tions, much to the detriment of its architectura] beauty, but
adding greatly, in all probability, to its deep historic interest.

The Chapel of the Pyx, so it would appear, was thus cut otf
jn order that it might afford a receptacle, the most safe and
secure possible, for our national regalia and other highly-
prized treasures. Towards the close of the reign of King
Edward the First a mighty robbery took place in the orypt
beneath the chapter-house of Westminster Abbey, which up
till that time had served the purpose of the treasury of the
Royal wardrobe. Clearly the crown of King Alfred and
other objects dear to the nation's heart could no longer be
subjected to such intolerable risk. The authorities accord-
ingly turned their attention tothe neighbouring Chapel of the
Pyx. They had it strengthened both within and without in a
manner which seemed calculated to repel the most daring of
burglars. They did not even scruple to nail upon one of its
doors the skin of some criminal who had apparently been
flayed alive for the enormities committed by him in his days
of freedom. Here, then, in this securely fortified little chapel
did our regalia continue to repose, save for the great occasion
of a coronation, until the storm of the Civil War burst in all
its fury upon Westminsters Abbey Church. The ancient
treasury was broken into by Henry Martin, one of the regi-
cides, with his accomplice, a Puritan satirist, by name George
Withers, and the regalia of England, with the possible excep-
tion of the eagle and the anointing spoon, perished for ever.

Their successors never found their way into the Chapel of
the Pyx; but the State still continued to keep a tight hand
over the little building, which had been excepted from the
property of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster when the
atter body was duly constituted in the early years of Queen
Elizabeth. It seems strange that a portion of the very heart
of the Abbey should have been placed altogether out of the
reach of the Abbey’s lawful custodians; but so long as the
regalia lay there the Chapel of the Pyx could not rightfully
belong to or be controlled by any other officials than the re-
presentatives of the Crown, and even when these treasures had
disappeared the “ Pyx,” or box containing the trial pieces of
the national coinage, still remained—a possession scarcely
less sacred. Every few years the chapel was solemnly opened
by means of its seven huge keys in the presence of certain high
State officers. This was done in order that the ceremony
technically known as “ the Trial of the Pyx ” might be duly
performed. After this had taken place the double door was
once more closed and the Chapel of the Pyx was left to a
silence which was rarely disturbed.

Now, however, all this is at an end. Not only have the
regalia but the Pyx itself has been removed, the latter, of
course, to the Royal Mint; so, too, the Exchequer tallies and
various important treaties and records which used to be
housed here. To-day the chapel is empty save for a ruined
stone altar, a piscina shaped in the form of a pillar, and pos-
sibly a few worm-eaten shelves and boxes. But if the sug-
gestion of the Dean of Westminster can be carried into effect,
and the difficulties in the way are far from. insuperable, the
old chapel will earn yet further title to respect.—Manchester
Guardian.

—— a

BUILDING NEWS.

Tue Altrincham Council decided on Tuesday to proceed with
the erection of an infectious diseases hospital on a site ın
Oldfield Road, at a cost not exceeding £7,500. |

THE Government have purchased a considerable tract of land
at the rear of Colchester Station Hospital, extending beyond
Middlewick Rifle Ranges to Berechurch, and including Red
Hill racecourse, to the west. Heavy contracts for buildings
are expected shortly, the first amounting to £80,000.

On the 1st inst., was performed the ceremony of laying the
memorlal-stone of St. Augustine's Church, Swansea, which
is being erected on a site given by Colonel Morgan. It is to
seat from 350 to 400 people and will cost about 42,500. The
architect is Mr. Russell Peacock, and the contractors are
Messrs. Bennett Bros., both of Swansea.

[SEPTEMBER 9, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

200

پور ببس سح

four surrounding streets. A handsome café will be placed in
the basement. In addition to the lower portico, two apen
balconies will be introduced on the first and second floors. 50
that, members can, in the hot weather, discuss their business in

the open air. Fine Portland stone is to be used in the CON-
struction of the principal elevation. The total cost of the

building is estimated at about £150,000.

一 一

JOTTINGS. ia

FURTHER Carnegie library gifts are announced as follows :—
Colne, £5,000 ; and Chester-le-Street, £3,000.
THE death is announced at Haslemere, Surrey, of Mr. James
Archer, R.S.A., who was eighty years of age.

Mz. JAMES SELLERS, architect, of Bury and Radcliffe, died
suddenly on Saturday evening, on his return from a holiday
at Blackpool.

— — 一 一 一

A Larce number of the members of the Institution of Civil
Engineers of Great Britain have left Liverpool for New
York. The party intend paying a visit to the principal
cities of the United States and Canada and to the St. Louis
Exhibition.

Mr. ARTHUR MELVILLE, A.R.S.A., one of the most brilliant
of modern painters in water-colour, died on Sunday week at
his residence, Redlands, Witley, Surrey. He began life as a
grocer in an East Lothian village, but soon left the counter
to study art under Mr. Campbell Noble. He was elected,
in 1886, an Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy.

Mn. GEORGE WILTON CHAMBERS, J.P., D.L., of Clough House,
Rotherham, died at midnight on Thursday after a compara-
tively brief illness. He had reached the age of ninety-two
years, seventy-three of which had been spent in Rotherham.
Mr, Chambers was a principal in the firm of Geo. Wright and
Co., stove grate manufacturers, but was also connected with
several other companies.

A DESPATCH has been received at the Board of Trade from His
Majesty’s Consul General at Christiania stating that the
Norwegian State Railway authorities invite tenders, to be
received not later than the 23rd inst., for the supply of 450 tons
of steel rails, with accompanying fishplates. Further particu-
lars can be obtained from His Majesty’s Consul General.
Apart from the usual Customs duties, a preference of from
10 to 15 per cent is given to native tenderers.

سے سپ —À‏

À MONUMENT erected on the Rhyl promenade to six soldier
townsmen who fell in the South African war was formally
unveiled on the 5th inst. The memorial stands upon one of
the grass plots on the promenade, some 200 yards west of
the pier, and consists of the figure of a Welsh fusilier in
khaki, with the colonial hat, standing with rifle reversed.
It is the work of Mr. H. Chatham, a local sculptor, and the
figure is 5 ft. 6 in. in height, on its pedestal of granito 9 ft.
high. The statue itself is Carrara marble.

By an order of the Board of Trade just published, Sectionl
of the Patents Act, 1902, is to be brought into operation on
January lst next, so that on and after that date all applica-
tions for English patents upon which a “ complete '
specification has been filed will be examined to ascertain
whether the invention the subject-matter of the application
has been wholly or in part claimed or described in the
specification of any prior English patent granted for fifty
years next before the date of the application.

—

THE new harbour of Heysham, which has been constructed
at a cost of £2,000,000, was officially opened on the 1st inst.
The whole scheme covers about 500 acres, and possesses great
advantages. Large vessels can sail in and out at all states
of tides, the minimum depth at low water being over lift.

„PAPER

WILLESDEN 2-PLY.
See next Issue.

‘LONDON, N-W.

For conve-
mence at swimming galas, special tiles will be inserted in the

The second-ciass swimming

Th Used by leading Architects.
WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS, LD., WILLESDEN JUNCTION,

bath will have a water area of 75ft by 30ft.

sides of the bath marking the distances of
yards, halt-mile, and one mule.
will be fifty-eight dressing- boxes.
bath will have an area of 1 ft. by 3ött. ‘There will be sevellty-
Seven dressing-boxes, and at one end of the bath there will
be a dressing-room for children. Connected wi th each bath
there will be the usual foot-baths and shower-baths. The
wash-baths will be on, the respective balconies, aud there will
be twenty-ıour first-class and twenty-six second-class. 1 here
will be one swimming bath for females, with a water area of
.ا151‎ by 30tt., and fitted with &ixty-hve dressing-boxes and
foot-baths and shawer-baths. On the first floor over tlie en-
trance there will be six first-class wash-baths, and on the
balcony around the swimming bath twenty-seven second-class
wash-baths. To each set of wash-baths there will be a toilet
room. The proposdd provision also includes a public hall,
8ift. by bUft., with seating accommodation on the ground
floor for over 800 persons, and extensive platform. The
galley will seat, eighty-one persons Adjoining there is a
crush and lounge hall, 76ft. by 21ft. The large hall will have
وب‎ extra exits ab different parts, to prevent as lar as pos-
able any congestion in one particular part whilst emptying.
There will also be two ante-rooms. On the first rd ھا‎
will be a room 42ft. by 27ft., which may be used for various
Purposes. Une conspicuous feature of the buldings will be
a chimney 12016. high

220 yards, 44U
Along the gangways therc

THE following particulars as to the new Liverpool Cotton
Exchange, of which we published a design last week, are from
the Liverpool Mercury :—Having purchased over an acre of
land—an “ island ” site—in central thoroughfares, the Liver-
pool Cotton Association, whose temporary quarters since 1896
have been in Brown's Buildings, Exchange and Rumford
Streets, is about to erect for the business of its members a
permanent Exchange.The association has expeuded £141,500
in buying up the n properties and rights on the site,
which extends from Oldhall Street to Bixteth Street (close
to Exchange Railway Station), and from Ormond Street to
Edmund Street. The purchase involved, on account of ques-
tions of light, the acquisition of City Buildings, Oldhall
Street, for £26,500, and Lombard Chambers, in. Bixteth
Street, for £12,000. Oldhall Street, to which the principal
elevation will stand, was so named, it majy be remarked, after
the Old Hall of the Moores, and it was the street through
which the Royalist besiegers found their way into Liverpool
in the days of Prince Rupert. Asa preliminary to the pro-
posed building, liberal premiums were offered to architects for
competitive designs of a Cotton Exchange, and twenty-four
sets of plans of exceptionally high average standard were sent
in by Liverpool and Birkenhead architects. The assessor
(Mr. Frank Briggs) has placed first the design which we illus-
trate to-day, that of Messrs. Huon Matear and Frank Simon,
The Temple, Dale Street, Liverpool, his decision having been
unanimously approved by the building committee and board
of directors. Working plans are being prepared, and build-
ing operations wil be commenced early next year. A
pillared portico will give access to the Exchange proper, which
13 to be a handsome hall, surrounded by a two-storied colon-
nade formed with polished granite columns having marble
bases, bronze capitals, and marble balustrades. The ceiling
wil be panelled and carved in fibrous plaster, with large
curved counter light composed of moulded wood and ornamen-
tal glazing, completely protected by am outer roof of glass.
Around the fabric will be conveniently arranged the private
and public telephones, the post telegraph, and cable rooms.

Immediately off the Exchange are to be the members’ private

reading and smoking rooms, which will also be available for
the general meetings of the association. The arbitration and
appeal rooms, located on the top floor, will comprise two
spacious apartments, with the finest light possible. The re-
maining office accommodation, such as clearing-house, clear-
ing-room, bank, etc., will be found on the first floor. together
with the board, secretary's, and committee rooms. Nume-
rous handsome suites of offices for,the use of cotton brokers
are also to be provided. "These will have entrances from the

WILLES

ARCHITECTS ARE DES
e best Underlining on the Market.

SATA د‎

201

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 16, 1904)

IN ENGLISH HOMES.

F we regard our old English country houses apart trom
their setting of beautiful Cun E onde sen-
timental or historical associations, and apart from. the

charm of light and atmosphere and colour which photographs
cannot reproduce, then the contemplation of a book such as

In English Homes,"* a copy of which we have received,

need cause no feeling of despair in the mind of the modern
English architect as to being able to worthily succeed to the
heritage of old English architects, and even in some respects
to vie with them in producing work of architectural value
and interest. Shorn of all extraneous matters and regarded
merely in the light of architectural composition, for beauty
of proportion and interest of conception and of parts, it is
unquestionably true that many of our fine old English homes
are to be found lacking quite as much in regard to their
interiors as to their exteriors. Certainly in the book before
us the work of the modern architect shows poorly in com-
parison with the old, with a very small exception, and the
public who were to take this book as an authoritative com-
parison between new and old might well wonder whether, .
in view of Sandringham, we had any right to be optimistic
about our modern architecture. Those, however, who have
been over various parts of England, and know modern work
from “ Cragside ”in Northumberland to “ Flete” in Devon,
from fine recent work in Surrey to charming houses buried
in remote parta of Scotland, know that modern work in this
country has made a progress which is one of the outstanding
items of credit to modern architecte. By the inclusion of so
very little modern work in the volume before us, the editor
might possibly give rise to the suggestion that it was given
as a slight comparison with the wealth of old work which it
illustrates. If so, it is somewhat unfortunate that certain
of the modern illustrations should have been included. As
regards the choice of old work one can. find little to complain
of, though examples seem to have been selected rather with
a view to their richness or their associations. Bowood is a
house one may feel hopeful will not be perpetrated again.
Of Wakehurst Place, which has been carefully restored by
Mr. Aston Webb, we are sorry to get very little
illustration, and similarly there is only one tiny, but
admirable illustration of the exterior of Coleshill. But we
cannot complain of the quality as a whole of the illustrations
which typify much that is مه‎ eminently characteristic of our
very picturesque if not our refined English architecture of the
Tudor period. The illustrations of Speke Hall are so excel-
lent they make us long for more of such a fine place, well
known to all Lancashire architects. Another very noticeable
subject which causes the same desire to see more of it is Os-
burgh Hall, with its splendid Tudor gate tower in brickwork.
The character of Little Moreton Hall is most admirably set
forth in photographs of the entrance and some good interiors,
especially.of the long gallery (which is 68ft. long by 12ft.
wide) and its quaint plaster decoration. Chastleton House
is shown, and the illustration is chiefly noticeable of its long
gallery with semi-circular ceiling vault decorated with strap
plaster work, affording a motif which has been greatly im-
proved upon by some. able modern architects. We are glad
to see South Wraxhall Manor illustrated by some of the inte:
resting interiors; the exterior is worthy of several illustra-
tions, but the main idea of the book is of course to illustrate
interiors. One of the richest of all the examples in its in-
terior decoration is Godinton, in Kent, about two miles north-
west of Ashford. The editor has not overlooked Hardwick
Hall, where the plaster work ìs exceedingly interesting.
Amongst the best of all the subjects is Ockwells Manor, which
is one of the most wonderfully preserved exteriors in the coun-

. We still recall the keen delight with which we viewed
for the first time this delightful example of half-timber work,
with its daintily carved gables and graceful mullioned win-
dows. Nothing more charming of its kind is to be seen in
England, and we are grateful for the partial illustration of its
exterior We might refer in much detail to the contents of |
this admirable volume, which teems with interest. Though
such a book can never supplant the poetic rendering of old
architecture by drawings or paintings, as we noted in our
remarks on. the book of the Alhambra laet week, the superb
rendering of detail in Mr. Charles Latham's remarkably fine
photographs makes “In English Homes " an addition to the
architect's bookshelves of lasting value.

* Country Life Ottice and George Newnes.

The British Architect.

— m مت‎

LONDON: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER ı6, نے‎

اس اج بر سي

A NEW FOLIO ON HOUSES.

T° the originality and ability of Mr. Charles Rennie
Mackintosh as an artist the pages of THE BRITISH
ARCHITECT were amongst the first witnesscs, and his
exceedingly clever conventional drawings of architecture
lent additional interest to the originality of his designs,
which they portrayed. Now that he has developed his
exceptional talents along more purely decorative lines we
feel as though he were losing something of the surety in
matters architectural which he once evidenced. This may
be only a passing phase of development, and he may not,
after all, desert purely architectural art to the extent that
Mr. Henry Wilson (another marked individuality in art)
has done. One of the latest evidences of his originality lies
before us in a folio just issued by Alexander Koch, Darm-
stadt (London: H. Grevel and Co.) which contains three
house designs by C. R. Mackintosh, of Glasgow; Baillie
Scott, of Bedford ; and Leopold Bauer, of Wien. We must
confess that the feeling uppermost in ones mind
after a first inspection of this book is largely one
of amusement, not, however, unmixed with regard for
the genuine ability which characterises it. Mr. Leo
pold Bauers design claims attention for the admirable
colour which is shown in much of the interior, but the archi-
tectural treatment of the design is (if we know anything of
the matter at all) marked by some of the greatest faults in
proportion and emphasis which could be illustrated. It is
not the worst kind of new art as regards the in-
terior we have seen, and in some respects the Japa-
nese motif is not unpleasing. The instinct for pro-
portion and grouping seems lacking in regard to
nearly all socalled picturesque house exteriors which we
have seen illustrated from Germany or France. The house
for an art lover illustrated by Mr. Baillie Scott is full of very
pleasant possibilities, and it has the advantage of being
illustrated by many clever tinted views of the interiors. The
plan may be roughly likened to a cross, in which the hall
occupies the space at the crossing, and the four arms to (1)
kitchen department, (2) rooms for meals, (3) rooms for
study and business or men's rooms, and (4) for ladies” and
reception rooms. Upstairs this plan gives four sections—
(1) parents' rooms, (2) guests room, (3) daughters' and gover-
nesses’, and (4) children's rooms. The re-entering angles, of
. course, afford delightful possibilities as to fore court, terrace,
and gardens. As to the exterior, the curved gables, circular
tourelles, tall chimney stacks, bits of half timber, etc., pro-
duce a most picturesque, though, of course, not a broad or
very coherent effect. The interiors have the quaintness of
medizvalism, with something in parts suggestive of a still
further dip into the past, and do not suggest so much of
comfort as the stiffness of a picturesque medizvalism which
is made charming by the dainty coloured drawings. The
desigus by Mr. Mackintosh command much more attention
than those before named owing to a better coherence and
a larger and stronger treatment. The plain square masses
of wall with capital proportions of solids and voids and
untroubled by mouldings, cornices, architraves, and prac-
tically no enrichment, could not fail of a striking architec-
tural effect. Of the interiors it is impossible to pretend to
form a judgment of what would be the result in execution
from such extremely conventional drawings, which tell little
or nothing about ceilings or projections. The drawing and
colour are alike refined, but the veritable nightmares of
figures and the squirming lines somehow suggest disorder and
There are admirable features as, for instance, the
but the outstanding posts with
flowers growing out of them ¡—well, we feel sure it will all
lead to something some day! If we were sure the imitation
which it engenders would not be very dreadful we could look

upon such originality with equanimity, for so able an artist
will surely work out his own salvation.

— a. ہے‎

is now needed to complete the special fund of‏ £2,000 ہہ
in connection with the Baptist Union of Great‏ £250,000

Britain.

terror.
curved window recesses,

ARCHITECT

[SEPTEMBER 16, 1904

Tg 0ک‎

一 一 一

would appear to have been the most practical,
Public attention has been drawn to the operation of the
by-laws in rural districts, and the disastrous effect of their
working upon a scheme which promised to provide a sol,
tion of a problem which in many parts, if not in Sussex, is
a serious one. Much more will be heard of Mr. Blunt's plaa,
and it may be that the agitation which has already com.
menced in favour of reform will have far-reaching effects. It
is a significant fact that the East Grinstead Council have
referred to a committee a set of amended by-laws suggested
by the Local Government Board, with instructions to con-
sider and report. It may be that this will provide the op.
portunity which Mr. Blunt desires of securing an alteration
of the existing regulations.

Messrs. DOULTON have just issued a dainty little booklet, en.
a work on some hospital wall
decorations they have recently executed. This really makes
quite a delightful little child's book, for the illustrations, by
their quaintness, make a direct appeal to children, though they
are not wanting in grace of drawing. Messrs. Doulton have
done scme very admirable work in tile decoration, and they
may certainly claim to be progressive in their work. In
regard tc the under-glaze faience they say it is more difficult
than the " over-glaze," and the colour
varied, as the greater
the keramic colours that can be used. But
the “ under-glaze " method is the only one

A SET of six postcards, containing engravings of Bath, from
Pictures by David Cox, has been published by Messrs, B.
and J. F. Meehan, of Bath. They give a good idea of Bath
as it used to be when the dignified buildings by Wood were
outstanding features, though the architecture is poorly ex-
pressed in the pictures. The best of the series is the bird's
eye view of the city,

` OLD Cottages, Farm Houses, and Other Half-timber
Buildings in Shropshire, Herefordshire, and Cheshire " is the
title of a book that Mr. Batsford will publish on October 1.
It contains 100 colletype plates, reproduced from photo-
graphs specially taken by Mr. James Parkinson; and Mr.
E. A. Ould, F.R.I.B.A., has written an interesting account,
with numerous sketches.

THE London County Council Central School of Arts and
Crafts announces that its ninth session will begin on the
19th inst. Pending the completion. of the permanent build-
ing in Southampton Row, additional temporary accommoda-
tion has been secured, and a large number of practical classes
will be conducted by expert teachers, including architecture,
furniture design, and cabinet work, carving and gilding,
modelling and drawing from the caet and from life, stained
glase, embroidery, silversmiths’, goldsmiths’, and jewellers
work, die-sinking, enamelling, bookbinding, writing and illu-
mination, lithography, woodeuts in colour, and miniature
and fan painting. A prospectus and full particulars will be

forwarded on application to the Curator, 316, Regent Street,
W.

A SPECIAL meeting of the guardians of the City of London
Union. was held on Tuesday week to confer with Captain
Lockwood, Dr. Downe, and Mr. Pearson, officers of the Local
about the proposed amalgamation of the
City Infirmary and the City Workhouse. The number of
Paupers chargeable to the City has been reduced to such an
extent that all can be accommodated in: one institution. Both
establishments have their vacancies filled by “ boarders
from other unione, Three plans were submitted for inspec-
tion by the Board's architect, Mr. A. E. Pridmore, the one
most favoured being the removal of the infirmary from
to the workhouse at Homerton. The Local ne
Board inspectors took possession of the plans before nee
upon them. The general feeling of the guardians is that 6
two institutions will be removed to one site in the سو‎
the sale of the present property at Bow and Homerton is
more than enough to defray the cost of a new building
these circumstances.

THE BRITISH

| titled “ Pictures in Pottery,"

Government Board,

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

E publish this week the premiated design for Aylesford
W Bridge from the design of Messrs. Dodd and Dodd, civil
| engineers. Mr. George Clinch writes to protest against
the demolition of the picturesque old bridge. He says: “Many
of those who know Aylesford Bridge and who are quite com-
petemt to form an opinion as to the necessities of the river
navigation on one hand, and the traffic over the bridge on
the other hand, believe that the removal of the existing bridge
would be an unnecessary piece of destruction. They hold
that a much more satisfactory scheme would be one which
involved the making of a new ‘cut’ in the river for the pur-
poses of navigation, and the widening of the old bridge by
means cf timber staging. The Society for the Protection of

bridge, and would run in a direction
practically parallel with the line of railway. Over this cut,

railway, over which there would be a bridge in one span.
The newly-constructed
be spanned by a br idge
would be continued to the existing
widened for foot-passenger traffic by g.
In this way the whole cf the fine old bridge at A ylesford
might be saved, whilst it would still continue to be useful for
future generations as it has for so many centuries already."

Mr. T. C. HonsrALL pointe out that the building regulations
for the suburbs of Berlin limit. the height of the buildings
and the proportion of the sites which may be covered with
building. Different heights and different degrees of closeness
of building are allowed in different districts. In a few
districts near the centre fivc storeys are allowed. In other
large districts only detached or semi-detached houses, not
exceeding three stcicys in height, are permitted. On the
west side cf the town, the side from which the prevalent
winds blow, a larger proportion of the area is reserved for
“open” building than elsewhere. All large German towns.
and some towns which are not large, prepare building plans
to regulate the growth of their suburbs. These plans provide
that. the principal streets shall he very wide and that some
of them shall be planted with trees, that there shall be a good
many planted open spaces, and that some parts of the suburbs
shall contain only detached amd semi-detached houses. It is
censidered desirable that the building plan for a town shall
show hew all the land which is likely to be needed for the
next ten cr twenty years is to be laid out. Many books
dealing with the subject of town extension plans have been
published of late years in Germany. The pioneer book was
"Stadt-Erweiterungen," by Professor R. Baumeister, of
Karlsruhe, which was published in 1876 and is still regarded
as a standard work. Itis a great pity that our English town
councils do not studv the admirable work of town extension
now being done in Germany, and do not try to obtain from
Parliament power to do similar work here. We shall never
have healthy and pleasant large towns till carefully prepared
exteusicn plans are used to regulate their growth.

THE Susser Daily News says:—The East Grinstead Rural
Council have so far gained their point in connection with the
dispute with Mr. Wilfrid S. Blunt: over the building experi-
ment at Crabbet Park. The surveyor has received a letter
from Mr. Blunt's builder stating that, acting under instruc-
tions, he has commenced the demolition of the iron cottage
erected at Blackwater Farm upon the lines of Mr. Blunt's
housing scheme. Doubtless the communication will give
satisfaction to those members of the Council who have been
urging the strict enforcement of the by-laws. It may be
taken for granted, however, that Mr. Blunt's scheme will not
end with the pulling down of the cottage. This is the out-
come of the magisterial decision against. him, but there are
other ways of securing housing reform, although the method
originally adopted by Mr. Blunt in erecting the building

203

— —U

visitors had been entertained on Mondav at the National

Physical Laboratory at Teddington in the morning and at

the Italian Exhibition, Eail's Court, in the evening. They

have also visited the Royal Exchange, South Kensington

Museum, and several industrial establishments, including

O Fraser and Chalmers's mining machinery works at
rith.

— ]— F

COMPETITIONS.

T was stated on the 7th inst. that at the ncxt Inceting cf
the Bristol Watch Committee conditions of competition
would be considered for the Bristol Police and Fire

Station extensicn, for whieh 100 and 50 guinea premiums are
to be awarded.

| Moffat Cottage Hospital Endowment
Fund invite plans for the crection of a cottage hospital, the
cost of which will not exceed £1,000. Full particulars can
be had from Mr. W. Tait, Church Place, Moffat.

“To Architects and Others.—The directors of the
Glyncoli Building Society invite tenders for preparing
plans, etc, and generally supervising the work of
erecting about eighty cottages and thirteen villas
upon the Bute Estate land at Treorchy, Rhondda Valley.
Applications, stating terms and previous experience, shculd
reach Mr. W. C. Short, secretary, not later than September
21. The lowest or any tender not necessarily accepted.”
Thus runs another advertisement for architects’ tenders!
We wonder what the proportion of archit<cts to “ others "
will be in the response!

THE trustees of the

ARCHITECTS aie receiving numerous temptations just now!
Here is another :—‘ Estimates are invited for preparation
of plans indicating area of each floor in all mills and factories
in the Wharfedale Union. No elevations or sections are
required." The advertisement is addressed to * architects,
surveyors, and others."

Tue Northern Architectural Association again offers to stu-
dents (and associates not in practice, nor yet twenty-five years
of age) a first prize of bocks of the value of two guineas and
a second prize of one guinea for the best set of drawings or
testimonies of study as required by the R.I.B.A., to be sub-
mitted for their final examination. Similar prizes will also
be given for the probationary work for the intermediate exa-
mination. The drawings are to reach the hon. secretary by

February 18 next.

— e

OUR ILLUSIRATIONS.

PETERBOROUGH LIBRARY.
Third Premiated Design.
Thomas Davison, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

This design was placed third by Mr. Leonard Stokes, the
assessor in this recent competition. Mr. Davison has, per-
haps wisely, departed from the suggested plan sent with the
conditions. He has managed to get a well laid-out plan
by entering direct into the lending library from the centre
of the main front, and using tlie space in front of the counter
as a passage-way to the children s rocm and the reading room.
The lecture room is made an agreeably dominating feature
in the group of buildings.

AYLESFORD BRIDGE.
Accepted Design.
. Dopp AND Dopp, Engineers, Birmingham.

THERE is a good deal of objection to the project of a new
bridge at Aylesford instead of preserving the picturesque old
structure, and the plan we publish shows how Mesers. Dodd
and Dodd propose to change the crossing from the old
5 material for the construction 1s to be Kentish rag and
granite. The width of roadway over the bridge is to be
| 3oft., with two footpaths of 5ft. on either side. The head:

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 16, 1904)

Tue Yorkshire Post says :—" Several of the purchasers of
property at the recent sale of Leeds Corporation surplus
lands have, through their architects, deposited with the Im-
Provements Committee of the City Council plans for the
erection of shops in Duncan Street and Hyde Park Corner.
It is hoped by operatives that this example will be quickly
followed by other purchasers, as the building trade in the
city 1s very quiet. With regard to the demolition of St.
Anne's Cathedral, the corporation are constantly receiving
private applications for relics in the form of carvings which
formed part of the external decorative features of the church.
Some of the stone is being utilised by the corporation in the
filling up of the goit in Swinegate; the surplus will be sold.
It will now only be a matter of a week or two before the
whole site of the cathedral is cleared.”

SIR WILLIAM B. Fonwoop, chairman of the executive of the
Live.pool Cathedral Committee, writes:—‘ Our funds in
hand and promised amount to £199,000 ; in addition to this
we have special gifts of the value of £35,000, making a total
of £234,000. Of this about £50,000 is the result of the
appeal made in connection with the laying of the foundation-
stone. We have spent in the purchase of the site and in legal
expenses £31,000, leaving an available sum of £168,000 tor
building purposes. The portion of the building we are about
to erect it is estimated will cost £240,000, so that we require
further funds to the extent of £70,000. This first portion of
the cathedral will accommodate a congregation of 3,500, and
we hope to complete it within six or seven years."

THE Municipal Council of the City of Venice announce for
the yean 1905 their sixth International Art Exhibition,
which will be opened on April 22 and closed on October 31.
It will contain pictures, sculpture, drawings, engravings, and
objects of decorative art. The exhibition is divided into
Italian, Foreign, and International Rooms.

A LOAN exhibition of local antiquities was opened at South-
ampton on Monday in the Hartley College. The exhibition
includes relics of the Stone and Bronze Ages, while much
information on medieval Southampton can be gained from
the collection of borough charters, granted by Henry II. and
King John. Among the exhibits are a treasure chest of the
Armada, of intricate and most ingenious construction, which
was unearthed in the High Street; the cradle of Henry V.,
lent by the Duke of Beaufort; and the legendary sword اه‎
Sir Bevis, now preserved at Arundel Castle, and lent by the
Duke of Norfolk. The chief aim of the exhibition is to rouse
local interest in the valuable relics that are scattered about
the county, and it 1s hoped that the exhibition will lead to
the founding of a museum. The exhibition remains open

till Saturday.

Tue thirty-fourth autumn exhibition of pictures held by the
corporation in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, was
opened on Saturday by Lord Lathom. An effort will be
made to induce the corporation to enlarge the galleries in
order to afford permanent buildings for the accommodation
of theautumn exhibition. This year only 2,042 out of 3,900
pictures sent in could be hung. The exhibition can only be
held at all by taking five rooms from the permanent collec-
tion of the Walker Art Gallery. The exhibition includes
oil paintings, water-colour drawings, miniatures on ivory,

sculpture, and jewellery.

From the report of the Bridge House Estates for last year it
appears that the cost of the recent widening of London

Bridge pathways was £33,619.

Tuz Iron and Steel Institute gave a dinner on Monday at the
Hotel Cecil to a large party of members of the Liége Asso-
ciation of Engineers, the most important technical society 1n
Belgium, who are now on a visit to this country. Remember-
ing the hospitable entertainment which the engineers of the
Liége school had twice provided for tho members of the Iron
and Steel Institute on yisits to Belgium in 1873 and 1894,
the president and committee have naturally interested them-
selves in the visit of their Belgian friends, and were delighted
to have the opportunity of returning their compliments. The

= سے سی سپ‎ 一

[SEPTEMBER 16, 1904

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES.

"THE first of the public meetings in connection with the
Trades Congress was held on the 3rd inst. in the
People's Hall, Leeds. This was a conference on the

housing and cheap transit problems, under the auspices of

the National Housing Retorm Council, the Workmen 3

National Housing Council, and the Association for the Exten-

sion of Workmen's Trains and Trams. Mr Richard Bell,

M.P., the chairman of tha Trades Congress, presided. Three

lengthy resolutions in favour of the objects for which the

delegates had been brought together were submitted, and
unanimously adopted.

The chairman said they had held several conferences on
these questions, but this was the largest, and he hoped the
most important. They had 200 societies with 490 delegates,
and the societies comprised thirty-nine trade councils, 133
trade unions, and eighteen cooperative societies. He œn-
tended that slums and insufficient. food. went, together, and
that it was impossible to separate those two evils. He be-
heved, however, that if they tackled the question of housing
in a proper manner and provided proper houses, it would be
an easier matter to provide better food for the occupants.
He was pleased to observe that since he was last in Leeds
something had been done in that direction, but he had امو‎
been able to go into the suburbs to see what provision had
been made for those who had been removed from the slums
In Leeds, too, a great deal had been done in regard to cheap
transit. It was interesting to read the evidence of some rail-
way officials before a committee appointed to inquire into
that subject some time ago. Complaints were then made
that the concessions did not benefit the working classes, as
they were taken advantage of by the ground landlords and
house owners to put up rents abnormally. He believed there
was à great deal of truth in that statement, and the ouly
remedy was for the Government to take the matter in haud,
and make conditions so that such people could not extract
enormous rents for their houses,

Mr. T. C. Horsfall (chairman of the Manchester Citizens
Association) moved a long resolution advocating the preven-
tion of the development of new slum. areas, and Parliamen-
tary powers for the municipal acquisition of large estates in
land ; also calling public attention “to the grave need for
housing reform: in rural villages.’ He described how the
question had been dealt with in Germany, from, which ovun-
try, he said, we had much to learn. Dearness of land be
regarded as one of the principal reasons for the crowding
together of dwellings, and in English towns, he observed,
there was no authority with the will or the power bo prevent
1t. While in this country towns were not allowed to buy
land, even at the full market price, without the special pa-
mission of Parliament, not only were all German towns
alowed to purchase as much as they were able and willing to
buy, but their Governments urged them to buy as much as
they could get, and not to part with any that they عم‎
sessed. In this country town councils had nat the power to
prepare plans to ensure that all parts of their towns should
be provided with streets of adequate width, with a sufficient
amount of open space, limiting the heights of buildings and
the amount of land to be covered on each site. On the other
hand, all German towns had that power, and the German
Governments for a long time had been considering how town
councils could be induced and, if necessary, forced to مسا‎
those powers. On the recommendation of the Prusian
Government soventy-one towns and fifty-three rural commu:
nities had adopted the system of rating land مه‎ its selling
value, and others were adopting it, with the result that rates
had been lessened on workmen's dwellings from 30 to 40 por
cent., and in some cases it had increased the rates on p»
on sites twelve-fold, which had consequently brought y
into the market. Mr. H. R. Aldridge, secretary of tX
National Housing Reform Council, in seconding the res? :
tion, declared that not one-tenth of the powers of the H ۳
ing Act were being used, and it was folly to go to Paim
under such circumstances. Mr. Parker (Hull) and Mr. 3 7
Turner (Batley) followed, the latter arguing that pot’
ownership of land should be abolished, as it was at ون‎
dation of the housing problem. Mr. T. Anderson sale
also supported the resolution, which was carried unapimo™.

———

F.
Tur Teignmouth ‚Urban Council have elected M
Gettings, of Uttoxeter, for the vacant post of survey
water engineer, the annual salary being ۰

$94 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

way at high-water level is equal to that of Rochester Bridge.
Twenty-eight sets of plans were sent in for the premium of
100 guineas offered for that selected. The council associated
with their committee the governing body of the Lower Med-
way Navigation Company, and also had the assistance of an
assessor (Mr. A. V. Hurtzig, M.I.C.E.), nominated by the
president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. The result of
the examination of the plans was that those of Messrs. Dodd
and Dodd, of 37, Waterloo Street, Birmingham, were selected
as being entitled to the premium. In arriving at his decision
Mr. Hurtzig kept in view (1) the importance of the naviga-
tion of the river Medway, and the improved communication
between the river banks; (2) the appropriateness of the
design from an engineering point of view ; (3) the question
of economy; (4) the esthetic aspect. He considers that the
prices adopted by Messrs. Dodd and Dodd in their estimate
are reasonable, and presuming that the bridge will be re-
duced to a width of 34ft. and a height of 16ft. above high
water, he states the estimate is not likely to be appreciably
exceeded, provided there are no accidents during the pro-
gress of the work.

The estimated figuree for the new bridge are as follow : —
Bridge, £20,950 ; approaches, £6,935 ; contingencies, 10 per
cent., £2,788 ; total, £30,673.

— 29. ———

NEW THEATRE REGULATIONS.

HE new rules, or rather old ones revised, issued by the
Lord Chamberlain, in regard to theatres, had a
sensational construction put upon them in some

quarters the other day. Even some theatrical managers
were under the impression that the London County Council
had been superseded. This notion was ridiculed at the
Lord Chamberlain's office. One rule reads: No structural
alterations must be made in the theatre without the sanc-
tion of the Lord Chamberlain's Department.” “Yes,” said
the Assistant-Comptroller to a “ Daily Chronicle ” repre-
sentative, “and such sanction will not be given by us unless
the County Council certificate is produced.”

“We are not structural experts,” he continued. ۵
County Council is kind enough to act.as our expert in this
matter, and its powers and privileges remain exactly the
same.”

Similarly with the rule, “ Admission must be given at all
times to the officers authorised by the Lord Chamberlain's
department and the police.”

“The London County Council's representative will be
amongst those so authorised,” said the Assistant-Comptroller
of the Lord Chamberlain's department.

At the offices of the London County Council it was men-
tioned that the wording of the rules might deceive readers
who were not careful or well-informed, but it was absurd to
say that the Council's power was in any way impaired.
Indeed the regulations were the result of consultations
between the Council and the Lord Chamberlain's depart-
ment. On the other hand, Mr. Stanley, the legal represen-
tative of the Theatrical Managers’ Association, has had
several conferences with the Lord Chamberlain on the
subject of these revised regulations, 80 in the theatrical
world they occasion no surprise. Some managers had not
troubled to look through their copies yesterday. The
regulations come into force on November 1. Many of them
might be summed up in the order that “every reasonable
and practicable precaution against fire or the dangers
arising therefrom must be adopted," but the official mind
likes repetition and detail. There is much about
safety curtains, exits, notices, smoking, and so on—all lead-
ing to the same thing. Smoking, of course, is prohibited in
the auditorium, and it will not be permitted in green rooms
or dressing rooms, and only on the stage so far as is
necessary in connection with the performance.

“ Some of the rules have a quaint sound ; some are quite

unnecessary," said Óne manager, yesterday. “Thus, ‘no
profanity or impropriety of language is permitted on the
stage.’ 33 1

<“ Ah, that means that you cannot produce Shakespeare or
the other Elizabethans—in the original,” said a dramatic
who was present. |
NC women 0 children must be hung from the flies ” is
not so startling as it looks. There is another rule that
nothing “calculated to produce riot or breach of the peace ”
can be permitted on the stage.

The design on the panels does not sound handsome, but it
must be remembered that the details take some time to realise,
whereas the colour effect is immediately striking. Thetemple
itself is a large square room, with four rows of pillars coloured
red, from which, as also from the roof, hang numerous silken
banners. The walls here are also covered with frescoes, but
the interior was too dark to enable the subjects to be distin-
guished. At the end of the rcom, on each side of the brass
gates leading to an inner temple, stand two great altars
of lacquer work, and on each of them are seated three large
brass Buddhas, dressed in silks and ornamented with tur-
quoises, corals, and other stones. In one corner is a large
chorten made of brass, and round the base are let in great bits
of amber and turquoise. Yellow banners on lacquer poles
stand against each of the foremost pillars, and along the walls
hang ancient specimens of Tartar bows and arrows. On the
floor weve slightly raised wooden platforms covered with
cushions, cn which the lamas sit, and by the brass gates of the
inner temple is a high pile of cushions for the head lama
himself.

Opening the brass gates one finds oneself in a small, dark
temple, just lit by the flare of the perpetual light burning
on the altar. Behind the altar stands the chair of the great
astrologer himself. This is covered with silks, and his sword,
with large hilt of brass, stands on the left side. Behind is
a very handsome breastplate, or silver dise, set in brass. The
back wall of this little temple is filled by a splendid bit of
brasswork, the shape and size of a huge mantelpiece, and
polished so that it shines out brightly in the darkness. It
serves as a sort of covered altar, in which many images of
brass, some covered in silks, are placed. Round the walls
are brass Buddhas and ornaments of various sorts, but far
finer than all is the head-dress of the astrologer. This is a
mitre of brass, heavily padded, and covered with gold and
jewels. Belonging to it is a necklace of brass, also highly
bejewelled, and these he wears on occasions of high ceremony,
together with the sword and brass-girt disc already men-
tioned.

This completed all there was to be seen on the ground floor,
but the monks were delighted at showing us round, and after
giving us tea and eggs they took us up to the second and
third storevs. . In a little room above the gumpa we saw a
collection of brass Buddhas, fully one thousand im number,
of all sorts and sizes, plain and jewelled. The frescoes on
the walls in the upper verandah are quite new and fresh, and
the subjects depicted are not gruesome, but are chiefly
Buddhas and paintings of various reincarnations and Lamas.
The colouring of the pillars and roofs was the same as below,
and here, also, everything was clean and fresh. We then
climbed to the room of the gilded roof, or rather to the para-
pet over which the roof hangs. There is nothing " shoddy
about the foof. It is of copper, and the gilding seem to have
been carried out by putting on an amalgam of mercury and

gold, burning it, and then burnishing it to the highest ex-
tent. At each corner of this pagodarshaped roof is the gilt
figure of a bird with some resemblance to a swan, and on the

top are threc glittering pinnacles. Under the roof fly fiun-

dreds of coloured prayer-flags—Daily Telegraph correspon-

dent.
سس ههه‎

TINTERN ABBEY.

N conneetion with the recent visit of the Woolhope
Naturalists Field Club to Tintern, Mr. Philip Baylis
prepared the following paper, giving some of the history
of the Abbey and descriptions of some of the recent dis-
covcries:-—He said they were standing on the ruin of the
Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary of Tintern. Having remarked
that all Cistercian abbeys were built upon one general prin-
ciple, he proceeded to relate a few facts concerning e
in which they were assembled. 1t was founded in 11 Dy
Walter de Clare, otherwise Walter Fitz Richard, but the
first church had entirely disappeared. and they would notice
that there was ne architecture in sight of the twelfth an
remaining. They possessed دن‎ equ he ہر‎
: LIR er bey, but t
Da A ہے‎ Te سو‎ was a visitation of

ngland, and William, who was
then Abbot of this Abbey. was removed, and Vido. a
Kineswood, was appointed in hıs place. In the ١ i Py
century one Robert was Abbot, and he an yo d
little privateering with a French monk ) Bus

the names of one or two.
the Cistercian Abbeys in E

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

一 -一 一 一 -一 一 -一 一 -一 一

all ¦ to

SEPTEMBER 16, 1904]

WONDERS OF LHASSA.

EARLY every village I have seen has been a mass of
| stinking refuse, and its inhabitants carriers of accumu-

lated dirt. Yesterday I saw the other side of the picture.
The Nechung Monastery—the monastery of the Chief Oracle
of Tibet—lies hidden in a grove of trees just a few hundred
yards to the east of the Daipung Monastery, and only its
golden roof, shining amongst the trees, marks its existence.
Yesterday I was fortunate enough to accompany Mr. Wlute
all over the Gumpa and the Great Oracles own house, and
the five hours spent there were the pleasantest and, most
/ surprising I have yet passed. On entering the gate one
found oneself in a large, square courtyard, paved with
stones, with a small granite monolith in the centre with the
usual gilded top. On each side was a large cauldron, in
which incense was burnt in our honour, and between these
a small enclosure full of hollyhocks. Round the courtyard,
on three sides, ran broad galleries, supported on two rows
of columns, painted red, and these galleries were first visited.
Round all the middle row of pillars were hung suits of ancient
armour made of short, flat lengths of steel, extremely flexible,
bound with leather, and probably entirely arrow-proof.
Above each suit hung the steel helmet. Spears, bows, arrows,
and leathern quivers also hung along the walls, and the whole
formed د‎ most interesting collection, most effectively sct له‎
by the long, broad galleries and by the curious and ex-
tremely well executed frescoes which surrounded the walls.
These frescoes, I am told, are done by water-colours mixed
with glue and laid on mud plaster. The subjects depicted
are gruesome in the extreme, consisting chiefly of fearsome-
looking demons torturing the bodies of the lost. Each
. fresco was, perhaps, ten feet square, and the predominating
colour was dark red, with green and blue and yellow in
various hues.

Leaving the galleries, we came to the stone steps leading
to the gumpa itself. These were flanked by two huge dogs,
made of tin, and coloured, one green and the other blue.
At the top of the steps we found ourselves on the verandah
of the temple. I wish I could properly describe the decora-
tions of this verandah, or outer colonnade. It is, perhaps,
sixty feet long and fifteen feet broad. The floor is of small
stones, polished and very slippery, and everything is most
beautifully clean. Two rows of pillars, eight in each, sup-
port the roof. These pillars are painted red, and are covered
round with dark red cloth. It is the tops of these pillars
and the cornices which are so beautifully decorated. They
are all hand-painted, in a most exquisite pattern of blue and

red and gold—no large splashes of colour, but each little por- :

tion beautifully finished off, and the whole blending together
in a delightful colour scheme, which forms, together with the
frescoes round the walls, and the brilliantly-coloured panels
of the doors, a most vivid, pleasing, and artistic combination.
There are four frescoes, two on each side of the doors. The
latter, facing the steps, are five in number, the centre with
two panels, with two doors of one panel each on either side.
These frescoes are similar to those in the galleries, but
brighter in colour. The pattern of the border which runs
along the top is common to all. It is a chain of hands and
skulls and arms entwined, and between them heads, tho wrong
way up, with the hair painted hanging down, to make an
effeotive break in the line of the border. To describe the sub-
ject of one fresco is to indicate the nature of all. In one,a huge
black monster is depicted, standing in the middle. Round
his shoulders hangs a robe of gold, embroidered in red and
green, and golden chains hang round his neck. In his right
hand is a long spear, with which he is just beginning to pierce
the middle of some lost body at his feet. Around him are
numberless smaller demons, some skinning bodies alive,
others shooting with bows and arrows, and still others en-
gaged in forms of torture too gruesome to describe.

The six panels of the door are exccedingly handsome. Each
is about 12ft. high, and on each is painted in red and white
a human bodv of colossal size, after it has been. flayed. The
head is at the bottom of the panel, and the legs, twined round
each other, decorate the top. Along the top and round
the lintels little wooden skull: are placed, so that every panel
is bordered on every side by these skulls. Three brass chains
divide the panels, and between are two great brazen knobs,
so when all six panels are closed the three rows of brass and
twelve great brazen knobs, with the background of red and

white, make an extremely handsome entrance to the temple.

[SEPTEMBER I6, 1904

placed in the frater, and from it, during the time the monks

, were at meals, one of the brethren would read د‎ portion of

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT ^

206

Monk"), who was in charge of the French fleet, and which |

was destroyed off Dover. Randolph was Abbot in 1245. and

John was Abbot in 1276. The last Abbot was Richard de | Scripture, or from the writings of the old Fathers On the

west side of tlie frater was the buttery hatch, through which
the fcod was passed from the kitchen. Next to the kitchen

Though

the community.
mained a lay brother.
ات‎ The
buildings that had recentiy Been discovered at Tintern were
probably part of the cellarer's apartments, and a cellarer
was a very important official in a Cistercian monastery. He
was 1n the position of a steward, and took charge of all the
Stores of the place, and it was
necessary that he should have a dwelling to himself, and also
Extending westward they
recently came across other foundations, which were probably
those of the old bakehouses, and a considerable distance fur-
ther to tho west, at the end of the orchard as they approached
the Abbey, they found the foundation of a considerable
probably the gate-house.

Outside the conversi were the stables, the slaughter-house,
the bake-house, the mill, the granarics, the workshops, the
lay brothers' infirmary, and many other buildings. On the
"cleric" side were the infirmary, the Abbot's apartments,
the Miserccorde, the guest house, etc. On the south, the
side removed from the “ settlement," was an entrance through |
the south transept for the public when they were admitted ; |
but the Abbevs were by no means built for the public. They ۱
were really intended that the monks might live there by |
themselves, and perform their worship, and it was more asan
act of grace that the public were allowed to enter. |

There was one fact that would probably be of interest to |
those present, coming as they did from Herefordshire. In |
the year 1289, just after the present Abbey church had been
opened, Tintern Abbey was visited by Bishop Swinfield, who
was ono of the best known of the old Bishops of Herdord.
The building of the present church was commenced about
1269 by Roger Bigod, Earl of Norfolk, and the first service
was held in 1287. William of Worcester visited it nearly
200 years afterwards, when he took particular note of the
size of the Abbey, when it was begun, and when it was
opened for service, and also when High Mass was first cele
brated init. He put it down that High Mass was first cele-
brated in the church in the year 1288, and as Bishop Swin-
field visited"it in the following year, it was probable that he
was then making a visitation of his diocese, and came to
ses the new church. Mr. Baylis mentioned portions of the
building which were twelfth-century work, and referred to
the various building operations carried on from time to time,
ending with the rebuilding of the cloisters about 1486, in
consequence of the gift of William, Earl of Pembroke, but
probably the times that were then disturbing the monasteries
generally caused them to stop the work, and after the dis
solution of the monasteries nothing further was done.

Mr. Baylis then conducted the party through the Abbey
and grounds, carefully explaining everything of interest,
He first drew attention to the discoveries which had been
made since the Abbey came into the possession of the Crown,
first of all pointing out an arch which was discovered near
the new entrance, on what was recently the site of a m
occupied by the caretaker of the Abbey. Carrymgt Sm
investigations further, one or two arches were met ٧ ۱
and also a staircase, which was hidden by another de is d
and also indications of a roof over the staircase. Mr. " oí
next showed where excavations had been made to a Rum ۲
about five feet, bringing to light an old watercourse, ad

: : . h soil which h

had been previously entirely hidden by the he siresnis
accumulated. Possibly, he said, it was one of t 9 and
that came from the mill, and was used for ہی‎ =
other purposes. It was a very large wateroourse, There

0 ا‎ int which he indicated.
entirely silted up to a point whic d for what
was a very curious division of the watercourse, an hand side,
reason no one had been able to say. On the evi lip of the
almost embedded in the ground, could be seen 0 Sito
stone gutter that brought the slops out of the n of the
the stream. The whole of the ground on the no but many
kitchen and frater was until recently a میں‎ the place
hundreds of tons of debris had been: removed jt a very fine
opened to the public, and from one part of i

1111. in 1537, and in the same year the
| were tlie quaiters of the conversi, or lay brothers.
| the conversi took the monastic vows, and were m

Wych, and he handed over the Abbey and the
ing to it to Henry
lands were re-granted by Henry VIII. to the Earl of Wor-
cester, and from the Earls of Worcester they came to the
Duke cf Beaufort, and from the present Duke they were
purchased by the Crown four years ago.

The Cistercians were a reforming branch of the great
Ben: dictine Order, and about the end of the eleventh century
one Stephen Harding, an Englishman, split off from the
Benedictines, and an Abbey was founded at Citeaux, in Bur-
gundy, hence the name Cistercians, and from that time they
rapidly spread over Europe. The first Cistercian Abbey
founded in England was either Waverley or Furness in
1127 or 1128, Tintern being about the third cr fourth cf the
English Cistercian Abbeys. All Cistercian Abbeys were
dedicated by rule of the Order to the Virgin, and hence a
Lady Chapel was seldom to be found in Cistercian Abbeys,
because the whole Church itself was “ The Chapel of our
Lady.” Still, they occasionally find them, though there was
no Lady Chapel at Tintern. Another rule of the Order
was that the Abbey should be built in a secluded spot. The
part on which they were at present standing was the Abbey,
and the part frequently, but erroneously, called the Abbey
wasthe Abbey Church. An Abbey was the place where the
monks dwelt, and an Abbey in those days was a community
in itself. First of all came the clerics, and no Abbey could
be founded unless there was an Abbot and twelve monks to
begin with. There were also a number of lay brothers,
these varying according to the size of the estates. As regards
the general arrangement of the Cistercian Abbeys, there was
۵ "settlement," with the cloisters generally on the south,
probably because the south was the warmer and more con-
venient place; but at Tintern, no doubt on account of the
contour of the ground, the “ settlement" was on the north
side. Coming out of the church through the north tran-
sept. they came into the sacristy, and adjoining. and a con-
tinuation of it. was a barrel-roofed apartment, in which
most likely some of the Abbey books were kept. Next to
that was always the chapter house, in which were seats on
three sides, and the Abbot, when presiding, sat at the middle
of the east end. Then came the parlour, or place where
the monks might talk, because even when they met in the
cloisters they were not allowed to speak to each other. Next
to the parlour, and still procecding north, was a passage
leading to the infirmary and other buildings belonging to
the clerical portion of the Abbey community. Procceding
still further north, they came to what was called the monks'
dorter, or day room: “dorter” was an old English word
connected with the word “ dormitory,” and though not a
sleeping apartment in this case, they found it applied to
several parts cf the Abbey which were not used for sleeping
purposes. For instance, the latrines were called “ the rere
dorters.” Over the whole of the buildings which he had men-
tioned were dormitories, or dorters proper, in which the
monks slept, and they could pass through a passage leading
over the chapter house to the doorway in the north transept,
and thence down into the church for the night services.
As regards the services, there were three at Matins (mid-
night), and at daybreak came Lauds, about six or seven
o'clock was Prime, Tierce at nine, Sext at twelve, None at
three, Vespers, or Evensong about five or six, and then Com-
pline when they went to bed. It would be seen that the
monks were very well occupied during the day in attending
the services. Passing out of the day room they came to a
staircase leading to the dormitories. and near to ids the
warming house, or calefactory. At Tintern 0 و‎

ently it used to be called the entrance from the river by
Dee le who knew little of Cistercian Abbeys. Inside the
oc named stood a hearth, the fire being placed in
us Next to the calefactory, in the
the centre of the room. Nex D wd
loister and outside the frater, were the lavatories, where |
E washed their hands and 3 before going into tlıe
frater, or refectory, where they dine 7 TT

One noticeable feature about Cistercian | pi : de

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[SEPTEMBER 16, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

216

ur گت گر سنہ پش شی‎
HA CMM يح‎ a MC ل تا سکب‎ CL Oc MCCC KM ARAS

| ; 2 .
prayer, study and work prescribed by the rule continued for factory, where alone the shivering monks could warm them.
four centuries, and the church echoed daily to the eight regu- selves at the blazing logs, and where on December 16 the
lar monastic offices, besides the numerous masses, processions master kept his O' sapientia, and treated the prior and con.

The Cluniac vent to figs and raisins, ale and cakes, and ' thereof no super-

and varied ceremonial of tha Roman ritual.

rule made the foundation an alien. priory subject to the Arch- ' fluite but a schclastical and moderate congratulation am
Abbot of Cluny, and liable to seizure by the Crown during the themselves, as the rites of Durham tell us; the great kitchen `

and buttery, the infirmary, much loved of the monks, and
lesorted to on every trivial pretext, the guest-house, store
house, and domestic outbuildings, bakery, brewery, and so on
Fragments of them have helped to rebuild
more modern Thetford, and the careful excavations by Mr.
Harrod fitty years ago are mostly filled up and overgrown.
We may still note the course ot the channel that brought
water from the river and supplied a flowing stream which dis.
charges into the river about half a mile lower down. It isa
pity that the priceless memories of antiquity should not be
preserved so far as they are capable of preservation. Like
pictures in a book, they illustrate for us the pages of history,
and tell us of the art, the architecture, the life and the man-
ners and opinions of byegone days. The existence of our
society and the visit we have had to-day show how strong and
abiding is the interest they excite, and 1f we induce those who
own them to care for them like Lord Leicester at Castleacre
and many othr owners, one object of our work will be accom-
plished. 1 cannot conclude without expressing my thanks to
Mr. Mackenzie, the owner, and to Captain Ramsden, the
present occupier of the Abbey House, for allowing me full
pernussion to inspect the ruins, including those in the private
grounds of the Abbey House.

This example of ecclesiastical architecture was followed by
one of domestic architecture, Mr. H. F. Killick kindly allow-
in - his residence, the King's House, to be inspected. Though
Thetford was visited by many English monarchs it is uncer-
tain where they were accustomed to reside until the time of
James L, who had a great liking for the town, and was fre
quently here. In 1609 he bought a house at Thetford of Sir
William Berwick, at a oost of £1,000, appointing Lady
Berwick and her son custodians for life, with a grant of 12d.
a day for keeping it and 12d. a day for the garden. Portions
of the present building seem to be those which were added
by King James. In the billiard room Mr. Killick showed his
guests the very fine Jacobean mantelpiece, with beautifully
carved figures, the carved beams and panelled walls. It may
be mentioned in passing that an oak chair, dated 1603, and
formerly the property of the poet Wordsworth, was shown
in this room. Other ancient panelled rooms were open to
the visitors, who also examined the Wodehouse arms in the
conservatory. Blomefield accounted for these by stating that
the house was given to Sir Philip Wodehouse. م1‎ the eigh-
teenth century it was the property of the Wright family, of
Sir Edmund Bacon and Sir Charles Mordaunt, and was also
used for the accommodation of the Judge of Assize.”

Mr. Walter Rye exhibited some plans and sketches of great
interest to local antiquaries. Twenty were sketches by
Thomas Martin, F.S.A., of Thetford, he having been born ın
the “ Preacher's Chamber ”of the School House on March $,
1696, and three by John Fenn. Those by Fenn were copied
in 1774, and were south and south-east views of Thetford
Priory, and a north view enlarged from Hollar's print. Mar-
tins sketches were of the Old Priory House, the Warren
Lodge, School House Gate, School House Porch, front view
of the School, King's House, drawn from an opposite window,
a portion of this dwelling known as the Banqueting House,
tumuli between Thetford and Euston, plan of the Castle Hill
earthworks and the rivers and mills, a splendid sketch of 5t.
Peters Church, St. Giles’ Church, the east end of St. Peter's
Church. the tower of St. Nicholas’ Church, the cloister of n
Friars Preachers, the Nunnery House, taken down in 172 |
the chapel window at the nunuery, the west end of the pp
house and cathedral, plan of the Cluniac Priory, and à ami
valuable plan of the town, showing the positions and as
tions of the dissolved religious houses, as Martin ap C
able to restore them from ancient documents. Mr. “the
Bolingbroke had on view a. fine illustrated Blomefield, the
Rector of Fersfield showed the old parish registers, with انا‎
autograph of the Rev. Francis Blomefield, and local b 9
and engravings were loaued by ladies and gentlemen ES
town. "The exhibits were all shown in the Council Chane
of the Town Hall, which itself contained ancient pude سر‎
arms of Sir Joseph Williamson. of the borough, 8 ۱
and a portrait in oils of the second Duke of Grafton. Here

The next move was to a shed near Castle Meadow. :
in the centre of an interested crowd, Mr. F. J. مس‎
Brandon (who had been specially engaged for the occam

4
۲

in the dark winter months the monks rose at

numerous wars with France. The mo was free from
episcopal visitation, the Abbot of Cluny being the visitor, and
the patronage and right of nomination of the prior was held

successively by Bigods, Mowbrays, and Howards. When | are all gone.

seized by the Crown as an alien priory, the custody of the
temporalities was usually committed to the patron, an
example of which we have in 1349, when the Countess of
Norfolk presented to the Rectory of Gasthorp, having ob-
tained the presentation from the King, who held the advow-
son as part of the possessions of the priory during the French
war. In 1375, King Edward III. released the monks from
` their: allegiance to Cluny by a charter of denization. The
history of the monastery followed the usual course. They
had numerous benefactions and acquired manors and estates,
ohurches (including St. Mary the Less and St. Nicholas at
Thetford), rights of warren and pasture, and thousands of eels
and herrings. Martin prints a grant by the prior and con-
vent in thirteenth Henry VIII.to Peter Nobys, the Master of
Corpus, Cambridge, of a oorody in consideration of 130
marks giving the Master an annuity of five marks,
stabling, hayloft, a chamber and study im the sacristye
adjoining the north cross aisle of their church, right of walk-
ing in the adjoining garden, and other privileges. How he
fared upon the dissolution, if he survived to that date, I have
found no record. The only material addition to the church
was apparently the Lady Chapel, built about 1250, in the
position shown on the plan, built, as usual, by the express
command of the Virgin, whose shrine contained an image
of singular miraculous power and popularity, rivalling as an
object for pilgrimage the Holy Rood of Bromholm and her
more famous sister of Walsingham. The
numerous relics, many of which were found neatly labelled in
the head of the image, covered by a silver' plate, which came
to hght when the image was painted and decorated before it
was placed in the new chapel. In the application by the
Mayor and Commonalty of Thetford for a charter imme-
diately after the dissolution they stated that 'the said town
hath ever been greatly maintained, relieved and preserved by
the resort and trade of pilgrims there passing through—a
good number of people there inhabiting had been well pre-
served with a sufficient living by them-—a great number of
fair houses in the said town builded and upholden, which
trade and resort of pilgrimage is in every honest man’s heart
but now abhorred, expulsed and set apart for ever. There
is evidence that some of these 'fair houses” survive in the
Thetford inns of to-day. Martin mentions five members of
the great family of Bigod, three of their successors, the Mow-
brays, and several Howards, as interred here, and only eigh-
tæn years befare the dissolution, Thomas, second Duke of
Norfolk, by will directed that he should be buried here and a
tomb with the figures of himself and his duchess ta be erected
at a cost of £132 6s. 8d., and he was actually interred with
much pomp and ceremony in 1524. But the crash came in
1538, though the Duke of Norfolk tried hard to preserve the
monastery from ruin by constituting it as a college for mecu-
lar priests. He failed, removed some of the remains of his
ancestors and their monuments to Framlingham, obtained
on moderate berms a grant of the priory buildings and sur-
rounding estate, and his family kept the property for many
years, but ultimately sold it. The value at the dissolution
was £312 net per annum, representing probably more than
£4,000 to-day. The surrender was signed by the prior and
thirteen monks. Such fragments as are left you see. The
creat, gateway, which must have been built shortly before the
dissolution, the remains-—a bare outline—of the church, a
cruciform. building. with central and two western towers,
some of the walls of the refectory, and a few details of the
prior's lodgings, are all that we see above ground. The dor-
itor e
2 Plane office of vigils, and the rule directed them
ently to encourage one another, because of the excuses of
the drowsy ; the cloisters with their memories of silence and
study, of weekly and Maundy feet washings. aud of the school
where the master of the novices instructed them and the boys
of Thetford ; the Chapter House, where every day the monks
met, the dead were commemorated, a chapter of the rule read,
business transacted, and discipline administered; the cale-

217

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 16, 1904]

۱
demonstrated his wonderful skill as a flint-knapper. Taking | the ramparts and mound, and that the big Gallows’ Pit a few
a huga block of flint from Elveden (dug out in making the | hundred yards away owed their origin to excavations for this

The earliest reference to the Castle Hill seems
ta be soon after the Norman Conquest, when the manor was
granted to the first Earl Warren, who thereupon took the
title of ‘Lord of the Town and Castle of Thetford. From
that time until 1869 the Castle Meadow and earthworks went
with the lordship of the manor. In the year mentioned,
the present Lord Amherst of Hackney, when his estates ın
the neighbourhood were sold, separated this from the manor,
and still retains it in his private possession. The public,
however, have always had the right of entry. Traditions as
to the origin of the Castle Hill do not help us at all. It is
said that after the devil completed the long dyke at Nar-
borough he jumped to Thetford, swirled round on one foot
and made the entrenchments. He is still said to haunt a
dirty hallow— sometimes a pool—in the moat north-eaet of
the * Wooded Hill,’ and will appear if one walks round seven
times at midnight. One tradition states that there was for-
merly a splendid royal castle on the site of the hill. lt was
packed with treasures which, at some peniod, were in danger,
owing to the raid of a neighbouring tribe. The king there-
fore assembled his mighty men and by their united efforts
the castle and treasure were hidden beneath this huge mound
of earth. Why they were left there tradition unfortunately
does not state. Perhaps, however, the most general belief
concerning the hill is that beneath it are seven silver bells
which were brought from the magnificent church of the
Cluniae Priory. When we try to examine the probabilities
as to the erection of these earthworks, our vision of the past
seems hazy. It is, indeed, uncertain whether these earth-
works were thrown up for purposes of defence. They are in
Norfolk, and until at least the thirteenth century, the town
was almost entirely in Suffolk. There are no traces of any
stonework in connection with the earthworks, and as Mr.
Walter Rye has pointed out, the top of the mound is so small
as to make it of little use for purposes of refuge. It is cer-
tain not Roman, and rather improbably Norman. While
we have accurate reoords of the erection of monastic build-
ings im the town in Norman times, it is incomprehensible
that so stupendous a work, were 1t of the same period, should
have escaped mention. A similar objection applies to Saxon
and Danish times, although a large number of antiquaries
have supposed it to have been thrown up in that troublous
period. The most circumstantial account of its origin 1s that
it was thrown up by the Danes in the year 870 a.p., in order
to conquer Thetford, ‘ which so terrified the inhabitants’ that
they made peace. But as the town was almost all on the
Suffolk side of the river, and two streams and a swamp
divided them from the enemy's entrenchments, the reason ot
their terror is not very obvious. For like reasons, it could
hardly be used as a fortification against the Danes. For
purposes either of defending or attacking the town, a mound
in this position would appear to be quite useless. Without
venturing to make an assertion which would be unjustified by
the evidence, I would venture to suggest that it is possible
these earthworks are prehistoric. That prehistoric man
could erect such vast earthworks there is no doubt. Stone-
henge dates from the Bronze Age; many of the hill-forte and
dykes are universally admitted to be prehistoric; and the
astounding magnitude of the carthworks in North America
indicates that man, even without a knowledge of metals, was
fully capable of such a task. Now it is admitted that the
Icknield Way was a British track, and never a Roman-made
road. Antiquaries agree as to its course to Lackford—the
ford of the river Lark—and deeds and maps prove that the
road was continued to Thetford, which thus gained its pre-
eminence as ‘ The ford.’ The Way crossed the rivers Little
Ouse and Thet within a few hundred yards of this spot, and
continued through these entrenchments by the road now
known, as the Castle Lane. Whether or no it be admitted
that this road was the Icknield Way, it can be proved that
it was for centuries the main road between Newmarket and
Norwich, and that adjoining its mile course in Thetford were
a tumulus, two British settlements, eight of the town's medi-
aval churches, and two monasteries. At the ford was the
cucking-stool; the market, market cross and shire hall were
within a stone's throw of the Castle Hill, and on this ancient
road. Is it not probable that the entrenchments had some
connection with the ancient ford of the Icknield Way, whe-
ther as a fortification, a look-out, a tumulus, or a memorial
mound, 1 will not venture to assert. It may, however, be
pointed out that the earthworks at Castleacre are in a similar
position north-east of the ford of the Nar, and that Peddar's

gasometer) he “ quartered ” it with such ease as to win the | purpose.

applause of the onlookers. He then “ flaked” it, and sub-
sequently " knapped” the flakes into gun-flints, which are
still largely exported from Brandon. The apparent ease
with which he worked so stubborn a material as flint was a
revelation to many of the archeologists present, and was
certainly not the least interesting feature of the day’s pro-
ceedings. Mr. Snare also had on view flint implements made
from drawings of specimens in Berne and other Continental
museums, ancient and modern tinder-boxes (14,000 of the
latter having been supplied for the use of the troops in South
Africa), an Irish clip candlestick, and a Belgian stirrup
lamp. He also demonstrated the various methods of making
faced flint.

Mr. W. G. Clarke then read the following paper: —“* In
the ninth edition of the * Encyclopedia Britannica’ this was
described as ‘the largest Celtic earthwork in England. The
Rev. J. Wilkinson, in the preface to his ‘ Architectural Re-
mains of Thetford, considered it to be ‘the most extensive
encampment of the kind now remaining in this, or perhaps
any other kingdom.’ Without making any such claims, it is
indisputable that these earthworks are the largest, and among
the best preserved in East Anglia. The reason for, and the
approximate date of, their construction are quite unknown.
Antiquaries, whose opinions are entitled to nespect, if not to
acquiesoence, have variously assigned these earthworks to the
Celts, Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans. As there ıs
٠ not a shred of historical evidence to guide us, we can only
reason by analogy amd degrees of probability. Consequently,
it is difficult to be dogmatic. Our surest ground 15 1n describ-
ing the earthworks as they now stand. The central mound
is called the * High Castle Hill,’ and the ascent may be made
by various paths, two of which are called the ' running path *
and ‘the steps.’ Of the other earthworks one is called the
'Wooded Hill’ and the remainder the ‘ little hills? The
Castle Meadow was formerly situated between Castle Lane
and the river Thet, while the level portion east of the mount
was known as the Castle Yard. While the earthworks now
remaining consist of a large mound and a double line of ram-
parts and ditches on the north, the evidence of ancient plans
and documents seems to prove that the latter were originally
continued round the hill, forming a horseshoe-shaped ballium
or bailey—to use the analogy of a medieval castle, for want
of something better. It would thus be similar in form to
those mounds with. courtyards at New Buckenham, Castle-
acre, Castle Rising, Denton, Earsham, Horsford, Horning-
toft, Mileham, Narborough, Norwich and Wormegay in Nor-
folk. How much it exceeds them all in size is evidenced. by
the following measurements taken in the autumn of 1902,
by the Rev. E. A. Downman. The vertical height of the
Castle Hill itself is 81ft. on the east, and 80ft. on the north;
measured up the slope it is about 10016. At Castle Rising
the greatest vertical height of any part of the earthworks 1s
43ft.; at Castleacre, Norwich, and New Buckenham, 40ft. ;
at North Elmham, 33ft.; Mileham, 30ft.; and Caiston, 25ft.
—the others in Norfolk being under 20ft. It will thus be
seen that this hill is practically twice as high as the next
highest earthwork in Norfolk. To the north of the Castle
Hill the first rampart has a vertical height of 30ft. and the
second 35ft. above the level of the inner ditch. 6
‘Wooded Hill’ is 35ft. above the adjoining ditch, and the
outer rampart 19ft. above. From east to west the length
of the ramparts is now about 840ft. On the summit of the
Castle Hill there is a strange depression from 8ft. to 10ft.
below the surrounding rampautt, and in this five elms were
planted about a century ago, and still flourish. There are
similar depressions in the mounds at Castleacre and Old
Sarum. Almost every person: who visits this hill after a
lapse of years is convinced that the depression at the top has
been greatly lowered in the interval. For this there appears
to be no foundation in fact. Mr. Downman, who has drawn
plans of about 250 earthworks in England and Wales, says
that he knows no other quite like these, as having the double
ramparts guarding the mound. The abrupt endings of the
ramparts were also a scurce of some perplexity to him, but
the soil that has at various times been carted away should
suffice to account for most of this. Blometield says that the
entrenchments when complete contained about twenty-four
acres. If this was so, they are now greatly reduced in size.
Hereabouts the subsoil is chalk, and of this the earthworks
are almost solely constructed. It has been supposed that the
ballast from the ditches would not have sufficed to build up

[SEPTEMBER 16, 1904
سس‎

JOTTINGS.

THE Chertsev Rural District Council have resclved to apply
fcr a loan of £24.000 to carry out a scheme prepared by
Messıs. Ellictt and Brown, of Nottingham, for the Sewarage
and sewage disposal of Horsell, Surrey.

Messrs. WILSON AND Gray have sold Orpington Priory, Kent
one of the eldest portions of which is a stone annexe. erected
in 1393. while the principal rcoms date frcm 1471. The
later rooms wore added by the Hon. Richard Spencer, who
died there in 166). The mansion is well prescived. and the
intericr Contains seme fine carving and oak panelling. The
grounds and gardens contain an abundance cf timber and a
lake,

TRADE NOTEs.

A LARGE chime clock has just been erected at the ancient
parish church of Thornton, near Ingleton, by Messrs. W.
Potts and Sons, Leeds.

Messrs. E. H. SHORLAND AND BROTHER, of Manchester, have
just supplied their patent Manchester grates to the National
Schools, Stapleford, Notta.

Messrs. EMLEY AND Sons, of Newcastle, have supplied the
granite, mosaic, strong room door, heating, etc., for the new
savings bank just opened in Shields Road, Byker.

A LARGE clock has just been erected in the new tower of
Worsthorne Church. The clock, which is fitted with the
latest improvements and generally to the designs of Lord
Grimthorpe, has been made by John Smith and Sons, Mid-
land Clock Works, Derbv, who recently made the clock amd
chimes at Nelson Town Hall in the same neighbourhood.

THE large mansion. “ Capenor," Nutfield, Surrey, recently
acquired by Mr. C. D. Rudd (the South African millionaire),
is to be heated by Messrs. John Langfield and Co., Ltd., 237,
Deansgate, Manchester, on their “moist air” system.
Messrs. Langfield have already done Glenborrodale Castle,
N.B. ; Shielbridge Lodge, N.B.; and London Mansion, Hyde
Park, for Mr. Rudd.

THE oak octagonal pulpit which has been erected in Trinity
Church, Lislimnaghan, by Mr. John M'Farland, of Bally-
money, was executed by Messrs. Harry Hems and Sons, of
Exeter. who have also just executed the new reredos in St.
Nicholas Church, Radstock. Her Majesty Queen Alexandre
has displaved much interest in the latter, the chief feature of
which is a teplica of Thorvaldsen's famous group in the Church
of Our Lady at Copenhagen. representing the Last Supper.
and has expressed her great satisfaction at the reproduction.

— سا‎ 一 一 一

Messrs W. H. Barney AND Co., LrbD., Salford, Manchester,
send us a copy of their catalogue dealing with the “ Koster
compressors and vacuum pumps, for which a gold medal wa8
awarded at Dusseldorf, 1902. A description of the patent
positive type of valve gear in the compressors 18 given and 1ts
advantages fully explained. Amongst the many 8 to
which the compressors and pumps may be put we might men-
tion the raising of water from wells, raising 818 5
sewerage and sludge, supply of air to caiseons used in sinking
foundations, rock-drilling, ete

Tue Lirr AND Hoist Co., cf Premier Ironworks, P rice
Street, Deptford, have recently executed, among other ۴
tant contracts, orders for their ^ Premier " lifts at Queen $
College, Belfast, for H.M. Public Office of Works, Treland,
the new Admiralty Offices, Millwall. new branches of the
London City and Midland Bank at Brighton, Westbourne
Grove, New Cross, Notting Hill. Willesden Green, etc. en
branches of the London and South-Western Bank at Earls
field, New Malden, Wembley, ete., the new Conservative
Club. Boscombe, the Manchester Hotel, Hull, the Cottage
Heo-pital, Louth, the Cottage Hospital, Exmouth, the 10
Home, Hull, and for the London County Council Educa
Committee in many of the Board schools and in their aie
lcdging-houses. The contracts at present in hand en d.
revolving shutters. and iron doors, for many important

ings in London and throughout the country.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT _

218

Way, in passing through them, is called Bailey Street. This
district of Thetford was formerly called Bailey End, and
similar survivals have been noted at Durham, Norwich, and
Castla Hedingham. And now, perhaps, I had better con-
clude with a quotation from ‘ Gicaningsin England, published
in 1801. Writing of these earthworks, the author says, * Lhe
hill itself will well repay your passing half an hour in a mcıe
active and animated survey of it; in the book of nature, in
the very leaf which 1s now left for your inspection, without
any elucidations or darkenings of its commentators. ”

From the Castle Meadow the archzologists crossed the
rivers Thet and the Little Ouse by the Nun's Bridges—the
oldi fords of the Icknield Way—and then proceeded to the
Nunnery, which was shown by permission of Mr. J. Musker.
Mr. W. G. Clarke recapitulated some of the chief points in
its history, and indicated such features له‎ interest as remain.
The fine old church of St. George has been converted into a.
stable, and practically nothing remains of the ancient build-
ing but the splendid arch leadiug into the south transept.
Of the monastic buildings proper, high walls with a few door-
ways arestill standing. There are a number of square-headed
windows and indications in the present dwelling-house of
previous buildings on the site. It was also recalled that in a
gallery formerly attached to the dwelling. Lord Dacre's son
was killed by a fall from a vaulting-horse, and that Queen
Elizabeth stayed there in 1578, as the guest of Sir Edward
Clere.

Returning to the Nun's Bridge. the visitors went along
the pleasant Spring Walk, a reminder of the once-famous
Chalybeate Spa, which may still be seen in the adjoining
meadow. The Spring Walk was made by Mayor Burrell
Faux in 1818. By the Pulp Mill (anciently St. Audrey s
Mill), the Flour Mill (anciently Bishops Mill or Pitt Mill).
and Cage Lane (where the Friends’ Meeting House, so closely
associated with the youth of Thomas Paine, was an object
of interest to some). A few members of the party proceeded
to a house in the market-place. the property of Miss Jennings.
Here, by permission of the owner, who courteously showed
the visitors the way, the groined crypt of the church of St.
Lawrence (now the cellar of the dwelling-house, and datine
from the early thirteenth century) was inspected. Three
were also some loose stones of Norman twelfth century work
probably, with the exception of the crypt, the only remains
of St. Lawrences Church.—Voriwich Mercury.

e‏ تست

BUILDING NEWS.

ThE St. Helen's Education Committee have decided to pro
ceed with the erection of two schools at a cost of from
£12,000 to £13,000.

A DONATION of £1,000 has been promised towards the fund
for erecting a new parish church for Epsom, to seat 1,600
worshippers and to cost about £25,000.

Tue site for a parochial hall in the parish of St. Paul's,
Brixton, S.W., has been secured. The architect’s estimate
of the cost of the building is £3,500.

Tue Bury and District Joint Hospital Board have approved
of plans for a smallpox hospital to accommodate thirty-two
patients. The cost will be about £8,000.

Tue postal authorities contemplate the erection of a new
office in Bangor, and have approached the council for a site.
With the post-office it is proposed to erect county-court. and
inland revenue offices. |

i ‘on hospital for men and a fever block are to be
a ne County Asylum at a cost of £20,000.
The designs are by Messrs. Willink and Thick nesse, Liver-
pool, and the tender of Messrs. J. Hatch and Sons, Lan-
caster, has been accepted for the whole work.

—

Ar Monday's meeting of the Rlıyl Urban Council the sur-
bmitted plans in connection with the free library
to be erected in conjunction with a scheme for the

t of the town hall, aud towards which Mr.
نہ تی‎ has given £3,000. It was decided that
tenders for the erection of the building be invited as scon

as possible.

veyor su
which 15

219

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 23, 1904]

the way of engineers, and in the way of artists that may be
necessary for the completion of that great work.” |
It is interesting to learn “In the early days of the
Republic the architecture of this country was very much
better than it has been of later years. Why? Because our
architecte were under the influence of the traditions of the
European architecte. The colonial type of architecture,
which is so admired to-day, was simply a repetition of the
Continental architecture of that time, some of the colonial
buildings being designed by great architects, and some
simply copied after existing plans, and almost all of them
excellent.” “ But in the middle of the last century we fell
upon a most unfortunate era, in which, disregarding all the
traditions of the art, trusting ourselves to carpenters and
builders and stonemasons, we erected all over this coun-
try the most amazing structures of hideousness. - It has
been only since the Chicago Exposition that there has been
a revival of architecture in this country. That revival was
due to the enthusiastic and public-spirited acts of men be-
longing to this institute of architects which is so much criti-
cised here to-day. Recollect that the association limits the
man of genius and talents as well as the inferior man, and’
the compensation is the same, the only difference between

Venetian Mirror, 11th Century.
(From ‘‘ How to Collect Furniture."—Geo. Bell and Sons.)

them being that the man of recognised talents gete the great
work. No man of talent can continue to secure such work
unless he does the work well, unless he does good service.”
Commenting on the employment of departmental officials
to carry out architectural work, Mr. Newlands says: —“ Now
here is a sample or a design cheaply secured. The Army
engineer in charge of the public buildings had in his employ
at that time a designer, not an independent architect, not
a man who could go out in the world and wrestle with others
and secure work, but a man who, having had an architectural
training, lacked the peculiar qualities which would have given
him success in his profession, and therefore could be secured
for a very small salary ; and he made that great design which
would have cost a very large sum. Suppose you had
it? You would have saved in the architect's fees and you
would have lost in the great expenditure for the building.
That is what I say is the advantage to be secured by getting
these men of training and experience. You not only get
art, you not only get efficiency, you not only get perfcet con-
struction, but you also get the most economical con-
struction.” These words are strictly applicable to the cases
of the London County Council, the County Architectural
Departments, and the hundred-and-one official creations
with which we architects in England are threatened with
to-day. They are the forerunners of unthinking and ineffi-
cient officialdom, unsympathetic and alien to art, deficient in
imagination and in common sense, and the wise among us
will do well to close up our ranks, stifle small dissensions,
and, ignoring smaller differences, fight the common enemy

Che British ۰

LONDON: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1904.

HE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.
Examinations will be held on the following dates :—
The PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION on the 8th and 9th NOVEMBER, 1904.
Applications must be sent in on or before the 8th OCTOBER, 1904.
s IATE EXAMINATION On the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th NOVEMBER,
Applications must be sent in on or before the 8th OCTOBER, 1904.
The FINAL and SPRCIAL EXAMINATIONS from the 25th NOVEMBER to the
2nd DECEMBER, 1904, inclusive.
Applications must be sent in on or before the 22nd OCTOBER, 1904.
The Testimonies and Study, etc., with the necessary fees, should accom-
pany the applications, all of which are to be +1 to the undersigned.

۱ KE,
9, Conduit St., London, W. Secretary, R.I.B.A.

HE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.—

BUILDING SURVEYING. Examinations for Certificates of Com-

petency to act as DISTRICT SURVEYOR under the LONDON BUILDING ACT,

1894, and as BUILDING Surveyor under Loca Acts and AUTHORITIES,

will be held in London, on the 20th and 21st OCTOBER, 1904. Applications

will be received until the 6th Ocroser. Full particulars and forms of
application may be obtained from the undersigned.

W. J. LOCKE,

Secretary, R.I.B.A.
The Royal Institute of British Architects,
, Conduit Street, London, W.

THE PUBLIC APPRECIATION OF
ARCHITECTS.

HE niggardly and ignorant treatment of architecture,
as evidenced in the refusal of the Government to place
the carrying out of Mr. Brydon's designs for the Local

Government Board's offices in Whitehall in the hands of an
architect after his untimely death, and later on in the con-
tinual whittling down of Mr. Webb's design for the Victoria
Memorial, show us how little a great art is understood or
appreciated by those in whose hands lie the shaping of our
national destinies. |

From this picture it is refreshing to turn to the records
of a debate held in the United States Senate last spring, the
occasion being a, proposal for the purchase of a site for the
erection of offices for various departments. In the course
of a discussion on the payment of architects and the pur-
poses served by the National Institute, Mr. Newlands, the
senator for Nebraska, stated: ' As to bank accounts, I have
never known an architect within my experience who has
reached a large fortune. I have always found that the
great architects are much more interested in the perfection
of their work than they are in the money they receive. I
am sure that some of the greatest of our architecte who have
engaged, in great works involving very large expenditure of
money have paid out in the elaboration of their plans almost
all they have received." In answer to the commentary of
one speaker, who states that he “ does not see any difference
between a combination in a commercial or a manufacturing
sense and a combination of architects to hold up to their
terms the men who are constructing buildings,” he replies,
“I assume that this association of architects resembles the
bar associations, the associations of medical men, and other
associations which are intended to advance the efficiency of
certain professions, and if we fix a compensation below that
provided by their rules we eliminate them from the com-
petition, and submit the whole matter to men who, as a
rule, are inferior."

And yet again, “ So far as I am concerned, with a large
experience in these matters, I have to say that every archi-
tect with whom I have had any connection has fully earned
his money, whether the enterprise in which he was engaged
was a small one or a large one. I assume that the great
corporations that are engaged in putting up large and ex-
pensive buildings, far surpassing in expense and beauty
most of our buildings, and the men of wealth who are'en-
gaged in pulting up large and expensive buildings in our
great cities, would not be likely to put up with an exaction,
and yet they pay these rates." After pointing out the im-
mense amount of labour involved in designing and carrying
‚out the great public library of New York by Messrs. Carrere
and Hastings, he adds: “ I imagine the mere compensation
which they receive counts as nothing with these men as
compared with the excellence of the work which they pro-
pose to do. I will warrant that they will spend every cent
of their commission, if it is necessary, in securing the best
talent in the way of designers, in the way of constructors, in

26 | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

A A A ا‎ a تل‎ EE Ser ېټېن‎ uum.

[SEPTEMBER 23, 1904

that architecture may receive its due recognition and that | the answer was repeated. “I don't wonder that he is ta
we may render under Cæsar that alone which is Cxsar’a ill to attend," dryly remarked his Lordship. The Woman

Why should architects alone be disunited in this age of | then explained that what she intended to convey to the
stress and strife, when every type of workmen are gathered | court was not that her husband preferred that kind of diet
together in close trade unions, whose energies, unfortunately, | but that he obtained his living by making so-called
are largely occupied in preventing the most intelligent and | “antique” furniture worm-eaten. In some cases the
active of their numbers from. doing or getting more than the | “faking” of old stuff amounts to an art, and the result
most ignorant and backward? Are we, to use Lowell's ex- | almost seems to justify the fraud. Some years ago an
pression, “ pledged to craven silence,” are we to be for ever | author saw in Paris a suite of furniture in course of prepara.
ground between the nether stone of the ignorance of the | tion for a grand coup, and the modus operandi was so in.
public and official greed? If American architects can find in| genious and so artistically done that it really seemed
the Senate (corresponding as it does with the House of Lords) | a great pity that the end was to perpetrate a fraud. On
as able and intelligent a spokesman as Mr. Newlands to ex- | the face of the frames of the old oak chairs, which had for.
press their legitimate aspirations and to explain the position | merly been plain white painted furniture of the period cf
which they should cccupy in the body politic. should we, | Louis XV. were glued and partly inserted blocks of oak;
living among the great works of our brethren in the past, be | these were afterwards carved by one of the most skilful
less insistent in making our case heard in the national | craftsmen in Paris in the manner of really fine and costly
councils? The workman can always make himself heard and | old furniture of the period. The preparation and gilding
have his wishes considered, whether he has a case or not, | was done according to the old methods, the colour or the
because he is organised. The remedy to many ills from which | gold carefully toned, and the result was a suite of Louis XV.
we suffer lies in organisation and in the consistent and well | furniture, certainly old so far as the original “ carcases” of
considered action of the representative body of the profession. | the chairs and sofas were concerned, but the carved orna-
the Royal Institute of British Architects.

I a‏ — > سج سره

HOW TO COLLECT OLD FURNITURE.*

HE title of this well-produced book suggests to one's
mind other similar problems, as, for instance, How to
fish, How ta design architecture, How to become an

ambassador, etc. These are the sort of things about which
a born instinct is the one conclusive item of importance.
Still, when this is said, there is a large amount of useful
information which may well be imparted for those who
have the necessary instinct for following it up. There are,
of course, different ways of “ collecting." One may collect.
for gain or purely for pleaeure. One may collect furni-
ture partly for the purpose of getting rid of it again or just
for the sake of keeping it on one's own premises. In this
latter case, as with pictures, a very severe limit has to be
fixed, and we need to be very discriminating and particular
about what we get; we should try to obtain only somewhat
uncommon and choice specimens. ۹٥ ae an architect 4 Bath Stove.
who has made it an aim for some time to collect old English — M A = |
gatin-wood furniture, and also old English SiS nn
By exereising a nice taste and by ned being in a hurry he
has been able to furnish a room with these two things in .
a most delightful manner, and one which provides an و‎ d of P on zu. T Au عو‎ poen
of undoubted value in his belongings. But it is by no means al : * | Ol ا‎ Cins raq ا‎ h. bee found
a common quality to be able to discern with certainty the - TP : tapestry ceat and paces I za
genuine values in these two directions. However, there is, and these had been reworked with infinite ski] , 58 d
a limited and pleasant ambition which is open to a great | P lace of the threadbare foundation a charming grown
many people, and that is to surround themselves with ob- colour of Rose du Barri, whilst the subject centres سا‎
‘ects of artistic value in which the veritable genuineness of en restored at the Aubusson works. This suite : g 7
descent" may be left to take a secondary place to the | ture i. afterwards sold for a large sum of u u 5
absolute artistic quality of the objects. It is quite possible Jud 2 ای‎ was so great that the be ou: ine von
to have both furniture and pictures which may be good d er ed to the long, tedious waiting for Pun He
enough to afford genuine artistic pleasure without being able i appear unreasonable. And as a matter o ipie
to lay claim to historical value. Still, it is of great import- in erprising work gave the dealer the opportunity of $ 0
ance to become thoroughly acquainted with the full charac- | ١7۱88 his client's wants exactly, and in a way bs
teristics of any special kind of artistic objects of which we per baps er otherwise been impossible. | 7
propose to make a hobby, and books like this before us by to the variations in genuiness which may amie
Mr. Frederick Litchfield, which illustrate and describe wel]. | regarc to furniture, Mr. Litchfield well points out how په‎
known pieces and types of good furniture, are of great | CT intricate a matter is fraud in furniture than in اہ‎ 32
value. Mr. Litchfield gives us chapters on Renaissance, things. In the case of pottery or porcelain it is کت‎
Jacobean, French, Italian, Dutch, and eighteenth-century product of the ceramic factory, the mark of which 16 | the
English furniture, with a note on nineteenth-century work, and to which it 19 accredited, or it 1s an imitation, یں‎ of
and concludes with chapters on “faked” furniture and | the “ase of the piece of furnture it may be an nn
hinta and cautions. He also gives us a useful glossary of several different kinds. First of all, it may be, like the
terms used in catalogues, and written descriptions of old | Ceramic forgery, a rank imitation in its entirety, the cop)
furniture. In regard to the “faked” furniture even such | of some original specimen in a museum or private collec
bints as are here given do not necessarily guard the unwary, tion, more or less skilfully made to deceive the wan
as when our author says that “ the oaken pegs which secure collector. Secondly, it may be an old copy of an 8
the tenons into the mortises will be evident in the old سو‎ not with any idea of deception when sold, but manu
work, and omitted from the new." This is not strictly true, actured to order, some thirty or fifty, or perhaps a hun
for the oaken pega are often painfully insistent in new work. | years ago for the purpose of completing a set of furniture
As to the effects of the worm, again, Mr. Litchfield tells an which was insufficient, for the owner's use and convenience.
amusing anecdote. A female witness attended court to Imitations or reproductions of this description are in 81
excuse her husband's coming on account of illness. “What | Cases exceedingly difficult to detect. The work may a
is your husband?” asked the judge. “If you please, my been entrusted to a skilful maker, and for a liberal ما‎
Lord, he is a worm-eater” “A what?” said the judge, and who did not grumble at the cost, then the years له‎ constet
一 一 一 | use, the care and attention of trained servants, the dusting
+ ۰ How to en Old Furniture.” By Frederick Litchfield. Geo. and rubbing, and what is termed fair wear and tear, have,
Bell and Sons, London: while preserving the article from destruction, added to فلا‎

mentation was entirely modern. The covering of this suite

221

— 9

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 23, 1904 |

appearance by giving it the tone of the original from which | AFTER strong discussion on Wednesday the Guardians of

Leeds Union appointed Mr. T. Winn, of Albion Street,

it was copied in the first place. This admirable little book.

with over 100 illustrations, chiefly photographs from fine | Leeds, architect tor carrying out the workhouse extension.

THE plans for the proposed mosque to be erected in London
will, in the course of the next few days, be submitted to the
Sultan of Turkey, as the head of the Mohammedan faith.
Mr. Robert Williams. F.R.I.B.A., writes: -—* When carrying
out work in Egypt, and in the study of Egyptian and Sara-
cenic architecture for various periods during the last four
years, 1 have had several conversations with Shéchs and
others as to the desirability of building a mosque in London.
and last vear I was asked if I could get a site in London.
Since my retuin from Egypt just four months ago, I have
received definite. instructions, including approximate dimen-
sions from au Egyptian pasha, to prepare sketch designs for
a mosque to be forwarded to the pasha, who was about to
visit Constantinople, intending to interview the Sultan on
the subject."

For years the ancient cloister of St. Bartholomew the Great,
Smithfield, has been used as livery stables, with dwelling-
rooms above. The work of restoring it, however, is about
to be commenced. The cloister comprises three bays, the
total length being 45ft. and the width 15ft. At present
the bases of the clustered columns are covered with nearly
8ft. of earth. Years ago the vaulting—formed of chalk and
rubble, with stone groins—was destroyed, but an arched Nor-
man doorway in the belfry tower, which formed the approach
to the cloister, is still in existence, and will eventually be
reopened. The church was founded by Rahere in 1123, but.
the cloisters onlv date back to the fourteenth century.

AT Tuesday's meeting of the Llandudno Urban Council, a
long discussion arose on the report of the Works Committee
containing a draft of a proposed new series of by-laws with
respect to new streets and buildings. Certain architects
and builders in the town had written asking for a copy of
the draft of the proposed new by-laws. in order to enable
the architects to consider the same. The committee had re-
plied that they could not comply with the request, but that
when the draft had been provisionally agreed to by the Local
Government Board it would be laid on the table for the in-
spection of the ratepayers. Councillor Thorpe thought the
request of the architects and builders was a reasonable one,
and should be complied with. Councillor W. O. Williams
moved that facilities be provided to enable the architects
and builders to 1nspect the by-laws before they are sent to
the Local Government Board. After some discussion, this
amendment was unanimously agreed to.

A REPORT was presented by Mr. T. Aneuryn Rees, clerk to the
Merthyr District Council, on Wednesday week, to the Finance
Committee, under the presidency of Mr. J. Harpur, upon
the question of adopting the Small Dwellings Acquisition
Act. Mr. Rees concluded that, in consideration of various
circumstances, it was not. advisable to adopt the Act. He
pointed out that advances could only be made to residents
of the houses to be bought, and quoted the opinion. of Mr.
William Thompson, housing expert, that it was an increase
in the number of cottages, and not a multiplication of cottage
owners that was required ; that only a minute percentage of
working men could afford to advance even a fractional part
of the purchase money ; and that there would be a danger of
repairs being inadequately done and sanitary reforms
opposed. This was shown ina village near Aberdeen, where
the enforcement of necessary sanitarv reforms would have
made the whole of the house-owning workmen practically
bankrupt. The workman would be so tied to oue locality
that his independence would seriously suffer and his enter-
prise would be destroyed, while the necessary industrial free-
dom and elasticity of trade would be seriously hampered by
his settlement. in any limited area. The delay between the
application for an advance and the granting of the same
would be about four months. and in many cases the applica-
tions had been withdrawn before the sanction to borrow by
the council had been obtained. It was resolved to refer the
matter to the council.
— ہل‎

Ar Tuesday's meeting of the Launceston Town Council the
chairman, in accordance with notice, moved that in view of

examples, and its well-printed pages in good, clear type is
well worth the five shillings. its net cost.

Y —À—Ó—À‏ سس یه

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

E have on our table several books of a prac-
tical nature, to which we must briefly refer.
“Notes on Blacksmith’ Work,” by Major

R. F. Sorsbie, R.E., deals with blacksmiths work from
the purely technical standpoint and can be confidently
recommended as a thoroughly practical little hand-
book on the subject. The illustrations, of which there
are a comparatively large number, are clear and efficient.
The book is published by the Royal Engineers’ Institute,
Chatham. The increasing importanoe of armoured concrete
as a method of construction in this country, and the limited
amount of available literature dealing with this subject
should make Major J. Winn’s excellent little pamphlet,
“Notes on Steel Concrete,” very welcome. The notes and
diagrams are concise and clear. We have received an excel-
lent text book, written specially for students, on builders
quantities, by H. C. Grubb, and published by Messrs.
Methuen and Co. at 4s. 6d. net. To beginners who desire
to obtain an elementary knowledge of the subject this little
book should prove quite satisfactory. An increase in the
number of illustrations would be an improvement in the
next edition. “Saw Mill Work and Practice,” by W. J.
Blackmur, 18 at: present probably the only book extant on the
management of saw mill machinery, and as the handbook is
evidently the work of a thoroughly practical man it should
prove of value to all who are interested in the subject.

Mr. B. T. Barsronp has just issued the fifth edition of Mr.
G. A. T. Middleton's “Stresses and Thrusts,” which is emi-
nently adapted as a text book for students. This edition
has been enlarged and improved, and the chapters on rectan-

beams and arohes have been entirely remodelled and
examples added. Some useful tables and a section on wooden
pilars have been inserted, together with two new chapters
dealing with “ Designing a Steel Joist ’ and “ Designing a
Steel Plate Girder ” respectively. To those who take up the
subject for examination purposes the examination papers at
the end of the book will ba useful. The printing is excellent
and the diagrams well got up. Works upon practical sub-
jects by skilled artisans are worthy of every encouragement,
and we are therefore glad to see Mr. W. Lanhamvs little
book describing the use of the “steel square" The stecl
square is largely used in America for obtaining any bevel
required in the cutting of any roof aud also for finding the
lengths of timbers for same, but its use docs nob appear to
be much understood in this country. Mr. Lanham says:
“To those who know nothing about the square for this pur-
pose, I may say that roofing by the steel square is the simplest,
quickest, and most accurate of any system used for that
purpose, and in addition it is undoubtedly the most interest-
ing, as every cut in any roof, of no matter what pitch or
plan, can be got with very little trouble by its use, if only
the system is learnt as it should be; and in addition to this,
the lengths of rafters, jack rafters, purlins, and other timbers
may be found just as easy ag the bevels. Once the square 9
used in roofing by any carpenter, he will discard every other
method for it, as, if adopted to its full extent, it will give
better results in less time than any other means.

SPEAKING of the schemes for alteration of the present town
hall at Newcastle-on-Tyne, prepared by Mr. F. H. Bolford
(the city property surveyor), the Vewcastle Chronicle says :一
“Everybody admits the need for greater and better accom-
modation than exists at present; and with the approaching
increase in the city and its municipal representation, this :8
now more than ever neceesary. The ratepayers will await
with interest the decision of the committee and of the coun-
cil. uncertain which scheme they will prefer, or whether they
will reject all three, and, taking د‎ bold plunge, resolve on the
building of a new town ball. It is impossible that things
can continue as they are."

m PR ہے‎ ep u gg

[SEPTEMBER 23, 4

222 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

Tue City Corporation has, on the recommendation of the
Bridge House Estates Committee, finally agreed to the re.
moval of the historical Obelisk, which has been a familiar
landmark in St. George's Circus, Southwark, for over 130
years. It 1s, however, hoped that this ancient structure,
which is to be replaced by a clock tower, will be re-erected in
some other part of the borough.

IN the course of an interesting article on “ British Harbours”
in the Morning Post, Mr. F. G. Aflalo says in reference to
the few important harbours which. break the coastline of the
south of Britain :— The simple fact is that the architects
had to shape material furnished by nature. Great inlets of
the sea, like those at Falmouth or Milford, must always
have been natural harbours of refuge, without the addition of
a single plank or the services of a single dredger. The
requirements of a purely yachting and pleasure harbour are
necessarily more moderate than those of a port of commerce,
while a fishery haven is the most exacting of all, for in these
days of long-distance fishing and rapid distribution it mus
have not only the ordinary qualifications of long quays,
spacious covered stores, and cheap coal, but also proximity
to the railway, with abundance of salt and ice wherewith to
defend the treasures of distant fishing grounds from the
conspiracy of nature to hasten decay. Plymouth is protected
by its breakwater. Indeed, the Cattewater anchorage d
Plymouth, though open to criticism like most work of man,
is perhaps the happiest combination of natural advantages
and artificial ingenuity to be found on our coasts outside
of Milford Haven. Milford reigns supreme."

THE inquest on the body of George Greenwood, a builder:
labourer, belonging to Halifax, who was killed at: the Swan-
sea Gasworks by an accident, which occurred on the 31st ult.
was resumed at Swansea Hospital on Thursday week. The
manager ot the gasworks, Mr. T. Andrews, had asserted thai
he had called attention to the dangerous manner in which the
bricks were being hauled up by the contractors' foreman.
Benjamin Cobb, one of the workmen, in reply to Mr. White
inspector of factories, said he had never before seen bricks
hauled up in Swansea in the manner they were done in this
case. Isaac Davies, another workman, said the accident
occurred because deceased, who was pulling up the sling, did
not do it hand-over-hand, but two hands together and letting
go. When the rope was jerked it swung the sling of bricks
and they fell on him. Other witnesses were called. Mr.
Widdowson, the contractors’ representative, in reply to Mr.
White, said he had not seen the Home Office printed circu
lar to builders showing the safest plan of lifting loads. The
coroner told the jury that though the system used here was
not the best, yet the accident: was caused by deceased hauling
improperly. With the best machinery in the world a man
might cause an accident. They might recommend that the
system. be discontinued. The jury found that deceased died
from a fractured skull accidentally sustained, and they oon-
demned the system of hauling bricks with a rope and sling,
and thanked Mr. Thornton Andrews for his action in the
matter.

Ar Leeds on Monday some conflicting evidence was heard al
the inquest on the body of Edward Ernest Carritt (47), brick
layer's labourer, of Cemetery Road, Holbeck, who was crushed
to death by a travelling crane at the engineeri works of
Messrs. Hathorn, Davey, and Co., Ltd., on the 15th inst.
Ernest Walter Reeves, the slinger attending the crane, whose
duty it was to direct the driver, stated that on previous
occasions he had waatned the deceased, who was working on
3 ladder with his back to the crane, of its approach. On
this occasion, however, the driver, Harry F ranklin, moved
the crane without orders from the witness—an action 000:
trary to the rules of the works. Franklin, however. persisted
in the statement that he had been told by Reeves to start the
crane. He could have seen the deceased if he had looked
out of the cage, but, presuming everything was clear, did not
do so. The jury returned a verdict of “ Accidental death.
adding that they were satisfied that there had been negli-
gence on the part of either the slinger or the driver, but were
unable to discriminate between the evidence of those two
witnesses,
— v — —F— j

As a model for his studies, Mr. Harry Hems has just PW
chased for twelve guineas the skeleton of a well-set-up young
culrassier, who has just died in the Hotel Dieu in Pans.

Mr. Pritchard’s opinion the Council withdraw the option
given ta buildera to enter into a covenant to indemnify the
Council against the future maintenance of drains laid in
such a manner as to constitute a sewer. In doing so, he
thought they would be perfectly agreed on this question. It
would be remembered that some months ago, awing to re-
presentation from. builders, it was thought that some agree-
ment might be framed, so as to avoid the necessity of sepa-
rate drains for each house. The agreement had not been
appreciated by anyone, and there was not a member of that
Council who had said a word in favour of it. Under the cir-
cumstnces, he thought it best to go back to the time before
the agreement was adopted, and he therefore moved its with-
drawal. The town clerk suggested that the agreement be
used only as regards old buildings, and not new. Mr. W. H.
Symons was sorry he could nct vote for the resolution, for
the reason that after counsel's opinion had been taken it
seemed the only way out of the difficulty was to get this
agreement signed by persons building houses. Personally,
if he were building, he would not object to sign such an agree
ment. Mr. Prouse inquired what was their position with
regard to the plans of Messrs. Broad and Hicks. The chair-
man remarked that his resolution did not extend to these
cases at all. Mr. Reed quite thought that these cases were
under consideration, and said the general impression was
that the resolution embodied them. Mr. Shuker said that
the council had granted the option to sign the agreement in
the:e special cases, and he did not wish to withdraw it. His
resolution applied to the future. Mr. Symons was in favour
of its being left to the option of any builder in the future
to enter into the agreement if he desired to do so. Mr. Reed
asked that the resolution be retrospective, so as to include
the cases named. The town clerk was of opinion that, Messrs.
Broad and Hicks's cases could nct be included without their
consent and on their agreeing to submit fresh plans as to the
drainage of their houses. Mr. Hicks, however, said he, was
quite prepared to take the resolution as on the agenda. Four
members voted for the resolution, the rest remaining neutral.
The town clerk said he believed the law on this question
would soon be considered! by the Court of Appeal.

A LocaL GOVERNMENT BOARD inquiry was held last week at
West Hartlepool respecting the application by the town
council for sanction to borrow £3,200 for the provision of
buildings and plant for the manufacture of bricks from
destructor clinker. Mr. N. S. Dennis, borough engineer,
stated that the corporation had nearly 1,000yds. of clinker
for which they had no outlet at the present time. It was
estimated that on three years' working of the destructor there
would be a surplus of over 3,000 tons of clinker for brick-
making purposes, and this quantity would make 2,900,000
bricks There were many important works in progress and
contemplated in the town, and the corporation proposed to
use the clinker bricks in these works and sell the surplus.
If properly manipulated the scheme ought not to entail any
expense on the rates. Mr. Dennis submitted a sample brick
manufactured at Leeds, and stated that a similar brick re-
quired 355 tons to crush it. The cost of manufacturing the
bricks would be from 13s. 5d. to 14s. 64d. per 1,000.

A PAPER, illustrated by lantern slides, was read by Mr. A. H.
Hiorns on Saturday at the Birmingham Municipal Technical
School, entitled “ Recent News on the Structure of Metals.”
The first portion of the address was devoted to the effects
of strain and heat treatment on certain metals in modifying
the structures found on the surface. It was shown that gold
closely resembles copper as regards structure, and strain
produces slipbands. The metals silver and platinum were
also dealt with. The second portion of the paper dealt with
scme special structures developed in steel by quenching from
the critical points, with a view to the determination of the
nature of the appearance termed “ Troostite,” which was con-
sidered to be the first form taken by carbonless iron, and
which has been rejected by Martensite.

CHARTLEY Caste, Stafford—which was visited by Queen
Elizabeth during a tour through England, and had Mary
Queen of Scots as a prisoner—was sold by auction last week
at Stafford. The principal lot, comprising the castle and
2.094 acres, was sold for £55,000 to the trustees of the late
Colonel Congreve.

223

THE DAWN OF ARCHITECTURE.

R. W. H. BIDLAKE, A.R.I.B.A., مه‎ the 15th inst., de-
livered at the Birmingham Municipal School of Art
the first of his present course of lectures. In this

course he considers the formative elements of the various
ancient, Oriental, and Classic styles of architecture, as well
as the conditions which assisted in giving them their indi-
vidual character. The lecturer said that one of the most
evident characteristics of modern life was its cosmopolita-
nism. The activities of a man were no longer circumscribed
by the narrow boundaries of the early nineteenth. century.
Travel and the daily press had made him a citizen of the
world. And the world itself had changed seemingly as dis-
covery and invention had expedited the slower processes of
evolution and tradition. Facilities of travel enabled the
modern architect to gather ideas from Italy to Japan, or, 11
he had not the means to study buildings so far afield, photo-
graphy would step in and bring them to his door. He was
no longer limited by the ideas, designs, or recipes handed
down by the guild or the studio, with the result that there
was but little community of work between himself and bis
fellow. architects. He discarded the older restraints, and, un-
fortunately tor his art, sought above all things to be original.
Such, however, was not the order of things in the past. ‘There
was probably an unbroken tradition ot architectural design
from the earliest days of civilisation until recently—a tra-
dition whica, as far as England at least was concerned, be-
came obscured or broken in the nineteenth century. If we
wish, therefore, to study the buildings of our own land,
whether Georgian, Elizabethan, or Gothic, and to account for
the distinction of design, of moulding, or of ornament, we
shall eventually find ourselves obliged to study the architec-
ture of the ancient Romans, whence those forms were directly
or indirectly derived. But Rome in turn borrowed liberally
from the Greeks, and these built up their wonderful art from
the cruder ideas of Assyria and Egypt. We must therefore
begin at the beginning—with the dawn of civilisation itself,
when man, having been induced by the fertility of certain
portions of the earth's surface to relinquish the unsettled life
of huntsman or nomadic shepherd, settled down to cultivate
the soil, and formed social and political communities. Leav-
ing the Far Eastern out of the question, the earliest civilisa-
tions known to us were those which arose on the fertile allu-
vial plains inundated by the Euphrates and the Nile—that
ıs, the ancient Chaldean and Egyptian respectively. The
buildings remaining to us from these ancient times are natu-
rally, with few exceptions, of a monumental character only,
and co ise tombe, temples, and palaces; and we shall
entirely fail to understand them, or to explain their design or
ornamentation, if we, with our modern ideas, imagine that
utilitarianism was the only, or even the chief, principle
which guided their builders. Whilst the belief in immor-
tality influenced the decoration of the Egyptian tomb, the
desire of د‎ Sargon or Sennacherib to record his mighty cam-
paigns influenced that of the Assyrian palace. The climate,
of the country, whether the rainless skies of Egypt or the
torrential rains of Chaldza, must also be considered as in-
fluencing the character of the architecture. This is especially
the case with its geological formation. Egypt, with its hard
limestone or harder granite, constructed massive walls and
columns of rock, covering the openings, spanning the columns,
and roofing the building with beams and slabs of the material,
on which the decoration was incised or painted. Chaldza.
on the other hand, had but the clay of the alluvial plain, and
was obliged to build with bricks. As it was impossible to
an an opening with a brick lintel, and timber was scarce,
ber builders had recourse to, if they did not invent, the areh
and the vault, and decorated their surfaces with a burnt
coloured glaze. Thus the two early civilisations of Egypt
and Chaldza present us with the two great systems of build-
ing construction—the trabeated, or that in which the open-
igs are spanned by a beam ; and the arcuated, in which they
are spanned by an arch. This interesting lecture ws fully
illustrted by limelight views. The course will be continued
throughout the present session, and includes a visit of stu-
dents to the British Museum.

= A مس‎
IT is suggested that representatives of the Docks Committee
shall inspect the equipment at Antwerp and other Conti-
nental ports before finally deciding upon the style of shed
to be erected at the Royal Edward Dock at Avonmouth.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

Lane, London, and that of
twenty guineas by Messrs. Nicholls and Holliday, of Col-

SEPTEMBER 23, 1904]

COMPETITIONS.

HE Glasgow Corporation invites competitive plans for
the erection in North Street of a new building (to cost
Full particu-

£40,000) for the Mitchell Library, etc.
lars can be had from the town. clerk.

THE trustees of the Coedsaeson Building Club, Sketty, Swan-

sea, propose ereoting twenty semi-detached villas on the

Coedsaeson Estate, and offer ten guineas for a plan of a pair
of semi-detached villas, the tobal cost of which to erect must

not exceed £900. Further information may be obtained,

not later than October 5, from Mr. W. Nichols, Fairhalm,

Sketty. |

Tue Sir Hector Macdonald National Memorial Committee
invite designs, etc., for the memorial to be erected on the
Green Hill, Dingwall. Apply to J. Macdonald, 4, Carlton

Place, Glasgow.

THE committee of the Competition Reform Society dis

approves of the existing conditions of the Benwell Free
Library competition, but is endeavouring to obtain a revi-
These are the objections: —1t is not in-
tended to employ the successful competitor or any other
architect, and the premiated plans become the property of

sion of the same.

the promoters.

IN the limited competition for the new head master's house
for Upper Latymer Foundation, Hammersmith, the design
prepared jointly by Mr. W. I. Chambers, of Messrs. Cham-

bers and Martin, 2, Lancaster Place, W.C., and Mr. J. H.

Brown, of Fulham, have been selected by the Governors.
The contract, amounting to £1,915, has been entrusted to
Messrs Frank Harris and Co., of Albion Works, Barns-

bury. .

Out of the fifty sets of designs received for the Barnet

Isolation Hospital, estimated to cost £8,000, that by Mr.

J. Hugh Goodman, of Blagrave Street, Reading, has been

selected. The thirty-guinea premium has been won by Mr.
Ernest Woodrow, of Chancery

more Row, Birmingham.
Tuz architect appointed for the urban council's new technical
schools at Kingstown, Ireland, is Mr. George Moore, C.E.

ape ee rape Ys o

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE ROYAL GRAMMAR
SCHOOL.

Design by ALFRED Cox, Architect.

PETERBOROUGH PUBLIC LIBRARY.

Design by Messrs. H. C. TRIMNELL and W. RUPERT
Davison, Architects.

一

Tue following letter from the clerk of the Local Govern-
ment Board has been received by the Haywards Heath

Urban Council: —' I am directed by the Local Government | sp

Board to advert to your letters of the 16th and 31st ult.,
with reference to the question of a scheme for the sewerage
and disposal of the sewage of the urban district of Haywards
Heath. Iam tostate that the Board are still of opinion that
the scheme adopted by the district council will probably
cost more than the council suppose, but as they have no defi-
nite evidence on this point, and the district council are satis-
fied after prolonged consideration that it is in the best inte-
rests of the district that the Wall House scheme should be
carried out, the Board have felt that they can no longer with-
hold sanction to the loan for that scheme. Formal sanctions
to loans of £29,000 for the works, etc., and 22,000 for the
land, are enclosed, and sanction to a loan for the redemption
of tithe on the land will be sent as soon as the Board are
informed that the requisite order of the Board of Agricul-
ture and Fisheries has been made.

24 | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT (SEPTEMBER 23, 1904
een

——

NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE TOWN HALL. concert-room would be converted into a council chamber
| banqueting nall, and reception hall; the council chamber
with ninety-three seats, and the banqueting hall with 130.
There is a gallery for visitors during any civic ceremony
which might be held in these rooms. The extreme north
end of the building, now occupied by the medica] Officer of
healtlı, would make a second and smaller Teception-room
or a library or writing-room, for the use of the council. The

1. October the Newcastle property surveyor (Mr. F.
H. Holford) was instructed to prepare plans for the
| rearrangement of the town hall, in three separate
ways:—Firstly, to show alterations without including the
concert-room ; secondly, to show alterations including the
absorption of the concert room for municipal offices; and, whole of the second floor would be allocated to bee

thirdly, to show alterations with the ground floor. including d |
; l ; | perty surveyor. Th
about one-third of the Coin Market. arranged for offices. Mi UNA ۱ 7 © estimated cost of this

eto. Mr. Holford has prepared plans accordingly, and has
submitted them with a report to the New Town Hall Com.
mittee, with an estimate of the cost in each case. including
fittings, furnishings, ete., and such alterations to the fron-
tages of the building as are required through the abolition
of the shops and other business premises, now let to various
tenants.

Scheme A (which was the scheme adopted at Tuesday's
Meeting of the New Town Hall Committee) is very
| comprehensive, but leaves the concert hall untouched.
A new entrance would be provided in the centre
of the building in St. Nicholas Square, opening into
a corridor 12ft. wide, and leading to two new stalrcases,
. One at each side of the corridor at the further end. Each
staircase would have a lift, and the stairs would be 6ft. wide.
The city treasurer's private offices, counting room and part
. of the general office on the west side of the buildin , and ie ۱ :
. the accountant’s department on the east side, would end سو وه مت‎ This وہ‎ also DEUS Es lor x
. unaltered. A public auditor's room on the east side would nce an " E t da Pa Ren, E ries ۷ 7

be provided, together with a new rates office, extending from 0 t The En S RANE e

the Cloth Market to the Groat Market. The present | P? وي‎ ed à = cee On Che west side of the first floor,
` wooden stairway from the Corn Exchange to the concert rs M A en on Er his staff, 7 be
hall would be superseded by two new stone stairways, 12ft. N e Bes E ors parlour, with an anteroom and two
wide, one on each side of the hall; and in the Corn Market | "9918 adjoining for the committee clerk. The council
new lavatory accommodation and a cycle room would be chamber would be extended northward into the central
provided; the area of the market being reduced from 980 | ۵, and would absorb the present corridor and portion of
square yards to 860 square yards. The north end of the ble E ریت‎ p ٨ ana would be 48ft. by 41ft, s
building, at present occupied by the cocoa rooms. would be بے‎ yu he present council ante-room would
allocated to the property surveyor's department, with little | ٨١ P to form a committec-room, the preeem up nn
structural alteration. On the mezzanine floor the tea room 7 و‎ 0 being _Unaltered, and the committee pn
would be enlarged, ana other alterations made, including | duas ee a third committee-room. en
the provision of new lavatories and a crush room, and an | ° d asoma Hoor would be allocated to the city engineer
additional room for small committees or cloak room. On | and the alterations consist of one of the new staircases
the first floor, a new council chamber would be provided on | being carried up to this floor, سس‎ Or DAW شوہ‎
the site of the large committee-room, including a portion of | ete. The estimated cost of this scheme is £15,581.
the central area, at present unoccupied. The new chamber th ٢ estimates of costs are based on the nn
would be lighted by a dome in the roof. The provision on d e alterations could be carried on during the whole o t
the first floor would include, also, two committee-rooms, | ۷ time, If, however, the work had 5 be stopped during
anteroom, mayor's parlour, town clerk's department, com. | Committee meetings, which would practically mean half the
mittee clerk's department, and a large vestibule or open day for five days a week, the work would have to be extended
.. The new council chamber would have ninety-five | Over a considerable period, probably Evo: pear or ele
seats, and the present chamber would be formed into a | would have to be carried on at night, and in either case the
committee-room. The whole of the second floor would be | cost would be considerably increased. In view of the im
allocated to the city engineer's department, whose accom- | Sreased number of the council in N ovember next, twelve
znodationoweuld' be considerably increased. The total esti- additional seats, says the Vewcastle Daily Chronicle, will
mated cost of this scheme is £21,653. | have to be provided in the present council chamber, and a

Scheine: B is the most elaborate and costly of the three. plan is submitted showing how these can be obtained, with
Mr. Holford has desi gned a new entrance from St. Nicholas | 4COmmodation for the officials on the one side and for the
Square, opening into a corridor 10ft. wide, leading to a new Pr = on the other ; and if the premises now occupied by
staircase with a lift, and also into a new rates office. The Messrs. Oubridge and Son, Snowball, and the Farmers
existing eastern staircase, adjoining the Corn Market, would Club were added to the Treasurer's Department, and =
remain. The other staircase, on the eastern side of ميل‎ | Property department placed in the premises now DR
Cloth Market, together with the western staircase, would be | PY Messrs. Lockhart, Smith and Co., thus giving the 2
removed, and the sites added to the city treasurer's depart- | £M8lneer increased accommodation on the second floor b
ment, thus allocating the whole of this portion of the ground | the inclusion of the present offices of the property depart
floor between the Corn Market and St. Nicholas Square, | Ment, the present immediate requirements could be a
except the upper eastern staircase and corridor, te the city without making any extensive structural alterations to the
treasurer. The staircase leading from the Corn Market to | buildings, at a cost of about £1,000.
the concert-room would be removed, and a new small stair-

se, as سه‎ approach to a new kitchen on the mezzanine ۱ ۱ ۱ ;
floor, would به وا‎ d en the وا کو‎ te market. | 4 NEW stained glass window and tablet have just pii
The north end of the building would be allocated | Seıted at Ertord Church. The window consists of th
to the medical officer of health, who would have | HBghts with tracery above, and illustrates as many د‎
also. the room above on the mezzanine floor. | from the parable of the Good Samaritan. Both the 7 ell
There is, however, a new grand Staircase to the first | and tablet were designed and executed by Messrs. J. Be
floor, with the clockmaker's shop formed into cloak-rooms. | and Son, College Green, Bristol.

Alterations are designed on the mezzanine floor, including m
the enlargement of the tea-room and the provision of a kit- | The Government of the East Africa Protectorate invite
chen. By the absorption of the concert hall. the altera- | firms of the building, engineering, furnishing, and alli
tions on the first floor would be very extensive and costly. | trades to send their catalogues and price lists, for use by the
The anteroom, town clerk and committee clerk's depart- | Public Works Department. They should be addressed to
ments would remain unaltered, and the „present council| the Treasurer, East Africa Protectorate, Mombasa, the
chamber would be formed into a committee-room. The | parcels being also marked “ P.W.D.— Catalogues."

—

Scheme C provides a new entrance from St. Nicholas
Square, opening into a'corridor 1٤ wide, leading to a
staircase at the extreme end, with a corridor running from
the main cne to the Cloth Market, where a second staircase
would be formed adjoining the present one, to be approached
from the street; the present staircase being removed and
the site formed into an office. Both staircases would be
carried up to the top of the building. ‘Tie other staircases
would remain unaltered. The offices on the west side of
the main entrance are allocated to the town clerk, and thos
on the east side to the property surveyor ; the city treasurer's
department being transferred to the north end of the build-
ing, the cocoa-rooms and seed shop being utilised for the
private offices and accountants department, and one-third
of the Corn Market, with the clock maker's shop, for the
rates and general office; the remainder of the Corn Market

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ARCHITECT 333

coated several times it may reasonably be expected that
they will resist the action of the acids in the atmosphere.
As can be readily understood, there is a large quantity of
moisture in a newly-built wall, which gradualiy dries out by
evaporation. in the summer time, and in the winter time by
the action of frost. All the moisture is drawn to the ex-

surface, so that at least one summer and one winter
should be allowed to pass before any silicate is applied, and
in the case of important buildings where the walls are
heavy and thick two years should elapse to allow the mois-
ture to thoroughly evaporate, as any water sealed up in the
stone by the coating of silicate would be brought to the sur-
face by the next winter's frost, and in ite etforts to force
exit would cause a peeling off of the hardened skin, and the
stone would be in a worse condition than if it never had
been silicated. | Ä

8
—————— n -——————

LEEDS SEWAGE SCHEME.

HE expert engineers consulted by, the Leeds Corporation
in regard to the future treatment of the sewage of the
city recommend a Gateforth scheme. ‘The question

whicli has engaged, the attention ot a sub-committee for some
lime has now reached the full Sewerage Committee. his
committee met last week under the chairmanship of Alder-
man T. W. Harding, and at the end of the meeting a state-
ment was handed to the Press. ‘lhe statement sets iorth
that the experiments at Knostrop have given a large غه‎
perience in the treatment of Leeas sewage, and that there
will, therefore, be little ditncwity in selecting the method
wnich will seem the most convenient of application to the
special circumstances of the scheme selected. As the case is
governed not by methods of treatment, but by engineenng
difficulties, the Sewerage Committee decided in 1903 to caii
in expert, engineering advisers, and Messrs. Chatterton, C.E.,
G. R. Strachan, C.E., and Midgley Taylor, C.E., were
directed, together with the city engineer (Mr. Thomas Hew-
son, C.E.), to draw, up a report on the whole matter. 1٤٢ was
further arranged that when the joint report had been re-
ceived it should be laid before Messrs. J. Mansergh and Sons,
ot Londou, for their independent opinion and advice.

The last of the reports, that of Messıs. Mansergh, was re-
ceived on July 30 last. ‘Lhe joint report and Messrs. Man-
sergh s report each discuss a local cheme, or schemes, which
they consider practicable, but both reports agree in prefer-
ring and recommending a Gateforth scheme. Both reports
further agree that a brick and concrete conduit laid at a
regular gradient, such as was proposed in 1900, is not to be
recommended for carrying the sewage across the coal field to
the Gateforth estate; that steel piping should be substituted,
which may be so constructed as to sink safely as the ground
sinks, and which may be laid irrespective of levels to act. as
an inverted syphon and follow such line as will least inter-
fere with private property ; and that the balance of financial
advantage is in favour of pumping at Knostrop to د‎ head of
80ft. to 85ft., since this will enable the size of the steel pipe
to be reduced considerably. Both reports also agree that an
ultimate population of 600,000 should be provided for,
though it will not be necessary to carry out all the works at
once. Further, that five volumes of the dry weather flow
should be treated, of which two and a half volumes com-
pletely and two and a half volumes partially. Messrs. Man-
sergh's report differs from the joint report mainly on the
following points: —(1) That it is not necessary to convey to
Gateforth the second two and a half vclumes, that these
storm waters may be treated by one process in the existing
tankage at Knostrop and then turned into the river there,
that only the dry weather flow and the first dilutions up to
vwo and a half volumes need be conveyed to be treated on
the Gateforth estate, and consequently that the size of the
steel pipe may be reduced to what is necessary to convey
these first two and a half volumes; (2) that instead of a
single steel pipe to convey this two and a half volumes, three
separate steel pipes are proposed of such size that the three
together will be able to ccnvey the same total volume; that
though the three pipes will be much more costly than the one,
the increased velocitv in the smaller pipes will permit of the
whole treatment of the dry weather flow and first dilutions to
two and a half volumes being carried out. at Gateforth, and
bv less costly processes than are required in connection with
the larger single pipe.

Upon the methods of treatment to be adopted the reports

Serres 23, r904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT __
کے‎

SEPTEMBER 23, 1904]

DECAY OF STONE IN BUILDINGs.

1 N an article dealing with the effect of the atmosphere on
bhe stone which is used in the construction of buildings
in large cities, a correspondent of the Glusyow Herald
remarks that when it is found that stones which show good
“weathering qualities when built in tne rural districts,
where the stone ls quarried, crumble to pieces in a few years
after they are built in large cities, it is natural to think
that there is something in the atmosphere which causes the
. decay. In the burning of every hundred tons of coal there
is on an average one ton of sulphur emitted in the form of
sulphur dioxide, and when the sulphur dioxide comes in
contact with aqeous matter or moisture in the atmosphere
a chemical change takes place, the result being that the ton
of sulphur is equivalent to ‚three tons of sulphuric acid.
Although smoke consuming apparatus in greater numbers
may be installed, thereby reducing the amount of solids that,
are floating about over the city, it would not reduce the
amount of sulphur dioxide that is emitted while the coal is
being burned. When the sulphur dioxide comes into con-
tact with moisture in any form it is changed to sulphurous
acid, which by oxidation is converted into sulphuric acid,
so that every jet of steam which is playing into the air at
the various works throughout the city is contributing to
that chemical process, and on. every drizzly, muggy day
sulphuric acid is being formed and deposited in large quan-
tities on our streets and buildings. ‚On a day of continuous
heavy rain a certain amount of good is done by all the sul-
phurous and sulphuric acids which are suspended in the air
being taken up, the air washed pure, and all the sul-
phurous and sulphuric acids carried away by the heavy
downfall of water. The effect of the gradual deposit of
sulphuric acid on sandstones, in which there is a certain
amount of lime, is that the stone obsorbs the acid, and in so
doing the lime is freed from. the other constituent part of the
stone, and, coming to the surface, it peels off, and disinte-
gration of the various particles sets in. This is first seen in
the masonry immediately beneath the cornices and project-
ing courses, which is protected by the projection from the
heavy rainfall that washes the exposed part oí the building,
but these afford no protection on a damp day from the
deposit of sulphuric acid, which soaks into every stone, and
sooner or later the acid will honeycomb the surface of the
masonry, and lead to general disintegration.

As a general rule, the white stones oarry a greater load
before crushing than the red. It 15 therefore more suitable
to use for heavy buildings, aud as some of the reds also
show signs of decay, the-question of prevention has there-
fore to be faced. In every stone, when it is freshly quar-
ried, there is a certain amount of moisture or natural sap
in which there is a proportion of soluble silica that
gradually dies out. When it comes in contact with the
carbonic acid of the atmosphere, if there is not too much
carbonate of lime in the stoue, or too much hydrochloric
and sulphuric acid in the atmosphere, it forms an insoluble
silica on the surface of the stone, which protects the stone
and prevents decay. Some years ago it was customary to
brush off the decaying parts or re-dress the stones and give
them a few coats of oil, with a small quantity of white lead
mixed in it. This was of very little use as a. preservative,
as the sulphuric acid acts very quickly on lead paints, and
the re-dressing of the stone took away the natural silicate
whieh had been formed, and exposed the stone to the
ravages of the acids. In stones which had been built for over
half a century and showed no signs of decay, on their being
re-dressed decay set in immediately, and the surface of the
stone would be honeycombed in a very short time. The
cleaning of buildings by the sand-blast machine which was
popular a flew years ago did a great deal of harm to the
stones by bruising off the surface which had been hardened
by exposure. and thereby opening up the stone, which would
thus be in a state more liable to suck in the acids from 6
surrounding atmosphere. For an effective preservation it
is necessary to proceed in the direction of strengthening
the natural silicate formed on the surface of the stone by
the addition of another silicate, which will be perfectly in-
soluble and impenetrable to any of the acids that are float-
ing around in such large quantities. This can be done by
coating the stones with what is known as water glass, made
from a soluble silica such as silica of soda, to which is added
pulverised quartz to give it what may 'be termed a “ fixing ”
power, and where the exposed surfaces of stones have been

234 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [SEPTEMBER 23, 1904
一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一

Mesers. J. and M. Craig also supply Buchan’s patent drain
and grease trape, of which about 150,000 are at present in use,
which are strongly recommended by the highest medical and
sanitary authorities, and are now extensively used all over
the kingdom, in public institu
tions as well as in private resi-
dences, as they make full provi-
sion for the ventilation of the

E ول‎ soil and waste pipes, thus ren-
EVI HE 1 dering them at all times free
E 1 موجہ‎ N from offensive smells and acu.
ao MUlations of gases An illus
Buchan's Patent Grease Trap. tration of the patent grease trap

demonstrates the fact that
as the water from the sink both enters and leaves the grease
receptacle below the level on which the grease cake is formed,

MR:
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are substantially agreed. The following are the chief features
of the scheme as recommended by Messrs. Mansergh, says
the Yorkshire Post: —Works at Knostrop— Screens and grit
tanks to keep back mineral matter and the grosser solids.
Pumping plant to lift the first two and a half volumes from
the sewer level to a chamber at a: level of 85ft., whence the
flow would be by three 47in. steel pipes to Gateforth, to be
there treated. Pumping plant to lift the second two and a
half volumes of storm waters to the level of the existing tanks
at Knostrop. Works at Gateforth—Settlement tanks. Per-
colating filters. Settlement of oxidised suspended matter
after filtration (if necessary). Disposal of sludge on the land.
Outflow channels delivering above Haddesley Weir.

It is suggested that in the first instance it will only be
necessary to lay down two-thirds of the pumping plant and
tanks and two out of the three steel pipes. This first section

pa
;—
=
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BA ۱۱22 RRRS

Buchan's Patent Access or Inspection Pipe.

the latter may be allowed to accumulate for some time with-
out presenting any obstacle to the passage of water; thus
obviating an objection to which many grease traps at present
in use are liable.

The paramount importance of providing easy yet adequate
means of acoess to house drains is now recognised on all hands.
Buchan's patent inspection pipes meet this necessity simply
and efficiently. By their use the interior of the pipes may be
examined; when they are being laid, as well as afterwards, and
the drain may be cleaned when desired without disturbing the

-- 7

joi i : 1 for
joints or pipes. The following advantages are claimed

Fitzpatrick's patent improved drain pipes, of which Messrs
Craig are the sole makers:-—Gaskin dispensed with, =
tinuity of bore established, fifty per cent. of cement saved,

| great saving of time in making joints, great strength of joint,

and the faucet may be sunk in concrete bed. The last paint
permits the barrel of the pipe to lie om the concrete, and thus
saves the expense of concreting the sections before filling 1
with clay. In making joints with these improved pipes, it 8
obvious that immediately the spigot end of one pipe is کا‎
serted in the faucet end of another a perfect uniformiiy e
bore is established without the use of “ gaskin.” Tt is اھ‎
evident that the manipulation of the joint is oonsiderab J
facilitated, and that the cement can be more readily yr
securely introduced, especially around the lower section

faucet, since the lip or raised edge forms an enclosed 5
into which the cement can be packed with care. free of

ee before the spigot end of the next pipe 19
ab 3 f 1 ۰ 7

estimated to cost £1,000,000, including 15 per cent. for com-
tingencies. The annual expense, including 4 1-3 for interest |
and sinking fund on capital cost, is estimated at £60,000, |
which represents about 74d. in the pound on the present |
rateable value of Leeds. The remaining part of the scheme
would follow in ten years or later, as required by the develop-
ment of the city, and when complete the scheme would be
capable of dealing with a maximum of 120 million gallons,
which is five times the estimated dry weather flow, when the
population of Leeds shall have risen to 600,000.

ےم ———

SANITARY EXHIBIT AT GLASGOW.

T the recent International Health Exhibition, held in
A Glasgow, Messre. J. and M. Craig, Ltd., fire clay manu-

facturers, of Hillhead and Peroeton Fire Clay Works,
and Longpark Sanitary Pottery, Kilmarnock, exhibited a
well-arranged stand, showing some of their specialities. This
firm's enamelled fire olay sinks have been: extensively used in
houses of the better class and in many important buildings
throughout the country during the last twenty-five years, and

umerous consignments have been shipped to Canada, tne
United States, South Africa, ete., and have been adopted by
H.M. Board of Works, H.M. Commissioners of Prisons, ete.,
and are made in a greab varieby of sizes.

would deal with eighty million gallons of sewage, and is

گی AE EIERN LE‏ ے ےہ

* < LUE A. ې‎ x eae E

De Qao

2385

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 23, 1904]

electricity. Seating is to be provided for 800 people, about
300 of whom will be placed in galleries. A church parlour
and vestries will also be provided. The architects are Messrs.
Gordon and Gunton, Finsbury, E.C., the contractors being
Messrs. Castle and Son, Clapton. The cost will be .£5,500.

A proposal to secure the rights and interests in certain
property near the Bournemouth pier approach for .£65,000,
on which to erect a kursaal, has been abandoned for the
present. 'The corporation have authorised the roads com-
mittee to consider the advisability of making roads from the
cliffs to the beach at Pokesdown, and also from the Manor
Road to the beach at Bournemouth. The question of con-
structing lifts at certain places along the cliffe is also under
consideration.

Tee foundation-stone of the new library in Stanwell Road,
Penarth, was laid on Saturday. The building will be
erected through the grant of £4,000 by Mr. Andrew Carnegie
on a freehold plot of ground given to the town by Lord
Windsor. It will be built in the Elizabethan style, and
chiefly of Pennant stone, with Bath stone dressings. The
plans have been prepared by Mr. A. Snell, architect to the
Windsor Estate, and the contract has been entrusted to Mr.
Fred Bond, of Cardiff.

A REPORT was submitted on the 12th by the Chief Constable
of Fife to the Standing Joint Committee of Fife County
Council in regard to the policing of Cowdenbeath district.
In view of the rapidly increasing population and the amount
of police work in the locality, it was proposed to build a
new station at Lumphinnans, a growing mining village a
mile from. Cowdenbeath. Lord Elgin, Mr. Bridge, Wemyss
Castle, and Sir John Gilmour and Mr. Cathcart, of Pitcairlie,
were appointed a committee to consider the proposal.

Tur formal opening of tbe Dumfries and Maxwelltown
Ewart Free Library, erected at ۵ cost of £10,000, presented
by Mr. Andrew Carnegie, was performed on the 8th inst.
by Miss McKie, who provided the site. The library is an
imposing structure, designed by Mr. A. B. Crombie, local
architect. A marble bust of the late Thomas Aird, poet
and journalist, has been placed in the building, and it has
been formally handed over to the custody of the committee
by Mr. McKie, on behalf of the Dumfries Burns Club and
the subscribers. It was the work of Mr. John Hutcheson,
R.S.A.

Sr. LEONARD'S CHURCH, Dunfermline, which was dedicated on
the 17th inst., has been erected from the designs of Mr. P.
Macgregor Uhalmers, of Glasgow. The east end of the nave
is arched and opens into a semi-circular apse. The walls of
the interior are finished in stone, and the roofs are open to
the ridge. The whole work has been designed in a simple
pre- Norman style, the chief feature of the exterior being a
tall round tower, 100ft. high, finished with a conical roof.
Accommodation is provided for about 720 worshippers, and
the church will have cost £5,000 when the halls are com-
pleted.

THE new Wesleyan church at Polperro, Cornwall (opened on
the 7th inst.), occupies a site immediately in front of the
old one. Accommodation is provided for 450 persons.
The general design is late English Gothic. The walls are of
stone faced with stucco, and the roof is covered with
Cornish slates. The timber is red deal and the joinery
pitch-pine. The timbers of the roof have curbed ribs and
panelled work stained dark in contrast with the pitch-pine
ceiling. The windows are glazed with Cathedral-leaded
lights of simple design. The heating is by low-pressure hot
water, and the ventilation is on the natural system with
fresh air inlets at the sides and extractor in the roof. The
cost of the work, exclusive of land and architects’ fees, is
about £1,850. The architects are Messrs. John Wills and
Sons, of Derby and London, and the building work has been
carried out by the following :—Messrs. Littleton and
Blatchford, masons; Messrs. T. and T. Libby, carpenters
and joiners.

Last week the Wakefield City Council proceeded another
step with the provision of a public free library—a movement

Messrs. J. and M. Craig have received testimonials from
all over the country testifying to the excellence of their manu-
factures, and have also been awarded gold, silver, and
bronze medals at various exhibitions, including medal for
wash tubs, awarded at the above.

A large assortment of white and coloured glazed bricks,
enamelled fire-clay and cane-ware closets, white glazed fire-
clay urinal ranges, white earthenware lavatories, &c., &nd
white and coloured glazed wall tiles, were also exhibited.

— Y سل‎ d

BUILDING NEWS.

The new variety theatre at Gateshead has been erected
by Mr. James Johnson, of Boldon, from the design of Mr.
Stuart S. Mould.

Tue Warrington Education Committee on: Monday decided
to build two additional elementary schools, one at Latchford
and the other near Orford Barracks. |

Mr. H. Percy Apams, F.R.I.B.A,, is to be the architect for
the rebuilding of St. George's Hospital, Knightsbridge, the
cost of which will probably reach £300,000.

Mr. J. Berry, of Market Place, Huddersfield, is the architect.
of the Providence Baptist Sunday-school, Slaithwaite, Yorks,
the memorial-stones of which have just been laid.

Lorp ELLESMERE has given £500 towards the cost of the new
parish schools for St. Peters Swinton, near Manchester.
These schools are to cost £10,000 and will be among the
largest in Lancashire.

Tue new Workmen's Club and Institute at Ushaw Moor,
which. was opened on the 17th inst, has been erected by
Messrs. Walton. Bros., of Crook, from designs by Mr. G. Ord,
of Durham, at a cost of £7,000.

Tue Stockport Guardians decided on Monday to build mater-
niby wards at the new infirmary at a cost of £1,900, and to
erect laundry buildings capable of dealing with any future
extension of the infirmary up to 500 beds.

MEMORIAL-STONES of a new Primitive Methodist school which
is being erected in Memorial Road, Walkden, at a cost of
£1,500 were laid on Saturday. A chapel is also to be built
adjoining the school, the total cost of the scheme being about
£4,000.

THE new hall in. Kensington, Liverpool, which is said to be
the largest evangelical hall in the world, and which is to be
known as “Sun Hall,” was formally opened last week. The
object of the hall, which can seat 5,600 persons, is ta provide
a religious home for those who cannot be induced to attend
church or chapel.

Tux foundation-stone of a new chapel to be erected in High
Park Street, Liverpool, has just been laid. The building
will have sitting accommodation for about 400, and the erec-
tions already on the ground will be altered and utilised as
schoolrooms and offices. Mr. T. T. Rees is the architect, and
Mr. J. Tomkinson the builder.

On the 17th inst. was laid the memorial-stene of the Mother-
well Carnegie Library, which, when furnished, will cost
£12,000. The building, which has been designed by Mr.
Greig, architect, Edinburgh, is situated in: Clyde Street, and,
in addition to a lecture hall, reading-rooms, and museum,
will accommodate a lending library of 30,000 volumes.

Tae City Council of Melbourne, at a meeting on August 2,
resolved to enter into a contract with Messrs. Ingram and
Co., organ builders, Edinburgh, for the reconstruction of the
large organ in tho Town Hall. The contract price is over
£5,000, and the work is to be completed within nine months.
Mr. Thomas H. Collinson, organist of St. Mary's Cathedral,
Edinburgh, is to supervise the work.

Wokk will shortly be commenced on a Congregational church
to be erected in Mitcham Road, Tooting. The building will
be af hard red brick, with stock sides, and stone or terra-
cotta dressings. It will be heated by steam and lighted by

WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS, LD. WILLESDEN JUNCTION, LONDON, NW:

[SEPTEMBER 23, 1904

ventilating plant has been designed and carried cut by the
Sutcliffe Ventilating and Drying Co.. Ltd. of Cathedral
Corner, Manchester. and makes the fifth installation this
firm have supplied to Messrs. Howard and Wyndham for
their various theatres. Messrs. Morrison and Mason, Ltd.
of Polmadie, Glasgow, were the contractors.

چ —

JOTTINGS.

Messrs. CHADWICK AND BooTH, architects, of Manchester,
have in hand a scheme for a model village at Colwyn Bay on
similar lines to those at “ Bournville " and Port Sunlight, and
the Colwyn Bay Garden Dwellings Co., Ltd.. has been regis-
tered with a capital of 6.000 £1 shares.

THE well-known residence of the late Rev. C. H. Spurgeon,
Westwood, Beulah Hill. Upper Norwood, will be offered for
sale during the autumn. The property 1s of freehold tenure.
The house stands in well-timbered grounds, with lawns and
ornamental lake—in all, about ten acres. ۱

THE Castle of Gessler at Kussnacht has just been sold for a
small sum to a caterer, who proposes to restore 1t and to trans-
form it into an hotel and restaurant. Thus the ruin rendered
illustrious by Schiller's " William Tell” is following the
example of many ancient families in these democratio days
and going into business.

Last week the Italian Minister of Public Instruction issued
a catalogue of works of art '' of supreme importance ` be-
longing to the State or to private individuals, in accordance
with the law of 1902 for the preservation of monuments and
works of art, and not 200 objects in the whole of Italy are
classed as of supreme importance. In Rome alone there
are about sixty !

IT is stated that a new industry has been developed among
the granite quarries of Palovaram, in the Madras Presi-
dency, viz., the manufacture of granite pillars, colonnades,
etc., and stone-sets for paviug streets and for houses. This
enterprise, although in its infancy, is already employing
over a thousand native artisans, all the cutting and polish-
ing being done by hand, without the aid of any machinery.

TuinTY men have lately accomplished in Pittsburg the feat
of moving a weight of 4,992,0001b. a distance of 22ft. They
have lifted the Grand Opera House of the city off its founda-
tion, shoved it forward 22ft. and planted it on a new base.
It required less than thirtv-six hours to accomplish the job.
and you could not see the structure moving. In this colossal
building, says the Birmingham Post, were the largest theatre
in Pittsburg, the largest: billiard and pool room in the United
States, a bowling alley, a barber's shop and various other
establishments, yet the whole massive fabric has been trans
planted without accident, without. jar, and without even the
slightest injury to any part of it.

MANUFACTURERS of lead, cast iron. and stoneware pipes, fer-
rules and fittings for pipeage, screwdown cocks and taps, |
cocks, garden and yard hydrants (underground and with stand.
posts), waste preventers and automatic flushing tanks. douches
and shower baths, mixing cocks, bath stoves (not heated by
gas). lavatories, washing stands, stoneware sinks. closets and
latrines, urinals, baths, iron, porcelain, and stoneware slop-
sinks, yard and cellar gullies. grease traps, syphons and traps.
reflux cocks, and self-acting reflux valves, and other appare
tus are requested to send their catalogues and price lists,
stating the discount allowed, to the Town Waterworks Office,
Serviciul alimentarei orasului cu apa. 7, Strada Fratii,
Craiova (Roumania). The town of Craiova is carrying out &
general system of water supply and sewerage. and it 19 the ın-
tention to fit out the public buildings, schools, hospitals, ete..
with fittings and sanitary appliances of the most approved

"N PAPER

236 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

strengthened by a promised contribution of £8,000 from
Mr. Carnegie. The General Purposes and Finance Com-
mittee recommended the acceptance of the tenders of Messrs.
Bagnell Bros., of Wakefield. amounting in the aggregate to
£7,438 68. 1d., for carrying out the whole of the work in
connection with the erection of the buildings in Drury Lane,
from the competitive designs of Messrs. Cóx, Trimnell and
Davison. Another recommendation was that an agreement
be entered into with that firm as to their employment as
architects at a remuneration of 5 per cent. on the capital
outlay, there being merged in such commission the premium
of £80 payable to Messrs. Cox, Trimnell and Davison under
| the terms of the competition. In asking the council to ap-
prove of the recommendations, Alderman Bolton explained
that, in accordance with the report of the architectural ad-
viser (Mr. Adams), the successful architects had amended
their drawings, the net result being a gain to the ratepayers.
The building had been reduced. but not to an extent to
diminish its usefulness. The architecturai features had. he
believed, been improved, and if the council confirmed the
minutes, the contractors would in a few days be in a posi-
tion to commence work. The council agreed without dis-
cussion.

Tue new King's Theatre, at Glasgow, which has just been
erected- at a cost of about £50,000 at the corner of Bath
Street and Elmbank Street, is of Classic design and is built
of Locharbriggs stone, while the interior is decorated in
marble, tile work, and fibrous plaster. Seating accom-
modation is provided for 2,000 persons. The lower floor
contains the pit aud orchestra stalls, a scene dock, artists
dressing-room, manager’s offices. refreshment saloon, ete.,
for the pit. The second floor includes the dress circle, the
foyer, crush rcom, grand staircase, and saloon for the dress
circle and stalls, with additional dressing-rooms for artists.
On the third flcor are the upper circle, a saloon, artists
dressing-rooms, etc. The fourth floor consists of the gallery,
a saloon, and various small rooms. On each floor are cloak-
rooms and lavatories. There are separate staircases to every
floor. The site was selected by the company s architect, Mr.
Frank Matcham, who has designed the whole building and
personally supervised its erection. It was chosen. more par-
ticularly for its adaptability, enabling the building to be
practically isolated, with frontages to three roads and to a
private way at the rear, winch constitutes the entrances and
exits to the stage portion of the building. The stage is
divided from the auditorium by an agbestos fireproof cur
tain, and the whole building is lighted by clectricitv and con-
structed of fireproof material; thus the rısk of danger from
fire is reduced to a minimum. The decoration is from the
architect's designs, and has been. carried out in fibrous plaster
by Messrs. McGilvray and Ferris, of Glasgow. It is in the
Italian Renaissance design. The proscenium has a Scagliola
marble border surrounded with a frame of mcdelled columns,
` etc., surmounted with a large scroll pediment with figures
holding aloft a crown in the centre. The whole is enclosed
a ground work of gold mosaic. The stage is 7Oft. wide
and 50ft. deep. The warming and ventilation has received
very careful attention. An eight-section low-pressure steam
boiler is fixed in the basement under the stage, and supplies
steam for heating the whole building. It has a capacity of
nearly 4,000 square feet of heating surface and feeds all the
radiators and pipes by which the theatre is warmed. The
radiators are of an ornamental design to match the decora-
tions and are placed in all parts of the theatre from the pit
to the gallery. In addition there are very powerful radiators
in the vrious entrances and corridors, so that any air coming
in through open doors from the outside is thoroughly warmed
before it reaches the auditomum, and in this way draughts
are avoided. For ventilation, fresh air is introduced into
the back of the pit. direct from the outside through openings
made for the purpose, and, to avoid any draughts, all tke
air coming in is passed over heating pipes to raise it to a con-
venient temperature before it enters the theatre proper. All
the dressing-rooms are warmed by pipes fed from the main
boiler. and the stage, scene deck, corridors and passages round
the stage are also warmed by radiators. The heating and

“WILLESDEN

ALL CLIMATES

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN 2-PLY.

Used by leading Architects.

The best Underlining on the Market.

237

一 ~ 一 一 一

ARCHITECT

and painter in a house, and his reference to time past, when
the “architect was the bandmaster of art, the employer of
many skilled players in the making of that frozen music to
which Goethe likened the structural symmetry of perfect
building.”

James Orrock contributes a well-written article on “ Colour
in the Decoration of Rooms”; Mervyn Macartney a most
interesting chapter on “ Halls”; and further notes on Fur-
niture and Decoration complete the literary matter. The
work is well illustrated, though we have some examples in-
troduced which rudely break the monotony of good work. if
we are inclined to cavil at such monotony !

Justice is hardly done to Mr. Ernest George or to Ernest
Newton or Lutyens by the examples selected, nor is Mr.
Stokes represented by his strongest work. Mr. Dawber's
work is, on the other hand, well shown in a series of charm-
ing drawings of equally delightful houses; the delicate and
vigorous interiors of Bredenbury Court, Herefordshire, are
specially noteworthy. Mr. Hare's contributions show him
to be more at home with the requirements of public buildings
than of domestic work, as is perliaps hardly to be wondered
at. Mr. Lorimer is illustrated by sufficient examples to make
us wish for many more. Cornbury Park shows Mr. Belcher
at his best, but why the work of Mr. Walton, Mr. Cash, or
Mr. Harold Cooper is included in the volume is hard to
fathom ! |
We may say in concluding a brief notice of an undoubtedly
interesting work that we believe there is scope for a better
and more exhaustive review of modern domestic work than
has yet been published, illustrated, if possible, by one artist
rather than by a miscellaneous collection of architects’ own
drawings and photographs. There is much to be gained by
having a series of illustrations in one medium and by one
hand. Itis only by so doing that a really accurate judgment
can be arrived at as to the comparative merit of modern
work. We hope that before long we may be able to chronicle
such an addition to contemporary literature, and in the mean-
time we gratefully acknowledge every work which even par-
tially covers so important a subject.

سس ——

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

W” have often commented on the absurdly inadequate
payment of public officials, and we note with pleasure
that the county surveyor of Armagh (Mr. R. H.
Dorwan) is endeavouring to effect some improvement in his
part of Ireland. He reports to his council as follows : —
“There is unfortunately an idea prevailing, at any
rate ta some extent, that anyone is good enough to
perform the duties of an assistant county surveyor,
and that the salaries paid under the grand jury are
sufficient under the county council. This is, however, quite
erroneous. Under the grand jury the assistants had little
more to do than make certain inspections at fixed intervals,
but now they have to devote the whole of their time to county
work, to be constantly on the roads supervising, instructing,
laying off work, and generally seeing that every penny allowed
for road maintenance in their districts is expended to the
best advantage, and when it is borne in mind that each assis-
tant has to a large extent the spending of £5,000 to £6.000
each year of the ratepayers’ money, the necessity of having
experienced assistants will, 1 think, be apparent to all.”

THERE seems to be some divergence of opinion at
Heath as to how far the running of a sewer pipe through an
estate may damage it. The owner of the estate calls it
“irreparable injury." The chairman of the district council
asked for proof of the damage. It is perhaps hardly in
human nature to view with absolute complacency the run-
ning of a sewage pipe through one's estate, even though it
be for the public good.

Hayward's

THE DEAN or CANTERBURY, in appealing for contributio
: ns,
states that the centra] tower of the cathedral has been found
to be suffering from serious external decay and that consider-
en are also urgently needed in other parts of the
ıldıng. Ihe total cost of the needful work i ima
at £14,000 at least. ann

WE regret to have to record the death of Mr. George A. Law-
son, a sculptor of great accomplishment, whose work has not
been so much known perhaps to the general public as might
have been expected. It is several years since we first noticed

THE BRITISH

SEPTEMBER 30, 1904]

The British Architect.

— -一 一 ”一 -一 -一 -一 一 - 一 -一 一 -一 ~- 一 一 一 ——

nn — — همت ریو‎ a ———.T-.[P

LONDON: FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 1904.

一

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.
Examinations will be held on the following dates :—
The PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION On the 8th and 9th NOVEMBER, 1904.
Applications must be sent in on or before the 8th OCTOBER, 1904,
The INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th NOVEMBER,

1904.
Applications must be sent in on or before the 8th OCTOBER, 1904,

The FINAL and SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS from the 25th NovEMBER to the

2nd DECEMBER, 1904, inclusive.
Applications must be sent in on or before the 22nd OCTOBER, 1904,
The Testimonies and Study, etc., with the necessary feces, should accom-
pany the applications, all ot which are to be addressed to the undersigned.
W. J. LOCKE,

9, Conduit St., London, W, Secretary, R.I.B.A.

HE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.—
BUILDING SURVEYING. Examinations for Certificates of Com-
petency to act as DISTRICT SURVEYOR under the LONDON BUILDING Act,
1894, and as BUILDING Surveyor under LOCAL ACTS and AUTHORITIES,
will be held in London, on the 20th and 21st OctoBEr, 1904. Applications
will be received until the 6th OcronEs. Full particulars and forms ol

application may be obtained from the undersigned.
W. J. LOCKE,
Secretary, ا‎ B. A.

The Royal Institute of British Architects,
, Conduit Street, London, W.

“THE BRITISH HOME OF TO-DAY.”*

AAA

NDER the above title is issued a book of considerable
interest ta those interested in contemporary architec-
ture and in the ever-present problem of what goes to

make a pleasant and convenient house.

The literary contents consist in a number of articles of
varying merits. With two of Mr. Arnold Mitchell's state-
ments we feel bound to dissent, the first that any good archi-
teot should give way to his clientís wish to keep the sill line
of a window near the floor, as being “ one of the points which
are rendered imperative and obligatory by the daily needs
of a household.” Considering how much of the charm of
our old domestic work is dué to the fact that the sill line 8
often from 3ft. to 4ft. above the level of the floor, and to the
added dignity, comfort, and quiet which such high sills give
to a room, we are inclined to wonder at the temerity of the
writer; and we again dissent from his praise of Tobin tubes
as a means of ventilation, having found them as inoperative
as are most of the natural ventilating devices advccated by
trading firms. We are afraid the illustrations given of this
architect's work wil hardly convince many of us that the
designer has drawn sufficient inspiration from his undoubted
knowledge of the work of past ages. .

Mr. Dawber's contribution, “ The Home from Outside,
is worthy of more serious consideration, coming as it does
from one whose work is among the best products of the present
day, thoughtful, scholarly, and well-considered, and full of
beautiful and refined detail. We would especially recom-
mend those desirous of building to consider Mr. Dawber's ad-
vice as to the relative suitability of site and house, the im-
possibility of reproducing a charming house suited to one
site in an entirely different one, the importance of consider-
ing the garden design at the same time as that of the house,
the advantage where possible of securing the privacy of some
part of the garden, so that all cannot be seen at once, and on
the enormous importance of simplicity and the avoidance of
eccentricity in the house itself. With his statement that
“architects should foster local traditions and encourage all
local industries and trades" we are in hearty agreement,
knowing as we do how much of the charm of old work arises
from the fact that this was always done.

Mr. Shaw contributes an article full of common sense and
insight on “ The Home and its Dwelling-Rooms.” His criti-
cism of the purpose of a wall paper—“ The general tone of a
wall paper is the thing to be desired ; pattern is a mere trifle
in comparison with tone; the art teaching of to-day gives
but little consideration to this fact ”—and his apt descrip-
tion of William Morris, “ a great man who somehow delighted
18 glaring wall papers,” is admirable. His definition of the
varying ways of treating a cornice as a part of the wall sur-
face as in France, or a part of the ceiling as in England since
Wren's time, is interesting and suggestive. So, too, is his

very humorous description of the varying ends of architect
مود یر ود چا‎ 2 (e. دت‎ CN EUN di

* Hodder and Stoughton, Paternoster Row, E.C. (5s.)

cel‏ سساو es]‏ کن AAA‏ دض

[SEPTEMBER 3o, 1904

THE decision to proceed with the scheme for erecting muni.
cipal buildings at Blackburn marks the commencement ږ ې‎
great undertaking. Insanitary property on a large area of
Blakey Moor, is, we understand, to be demolished, and in مل‎
neighbourhood of the technical school a fine range cf public
property will be built, including a sessions house and other
municipal offices, police and fire brigade headquarters, and
firemen's dwellings. The estimated cost is about £200,000.
A start is at once to be made with the building of the fire
staticn and firemen's houses.

ST. CHAD و‎ Roman CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL, Birmingham, which
has just been renovated at a cost of about 22,000, was origi.
nally erected from the designs of Mr. Pugin: more than half
a century ago. It took the place of the first Roman Catholic
church built in Birmingham shortly before the Revolution
which resulted in the dethronement of James II. The origi-
nal edifice was sacked and burned by a riotous mob imme-
diately after the battle of the Boyne.

AT Woodhall Spa there has been offened for sale certain land
and an interesting ruin, known thereabouts as the Tower on
the Moor. The tower forms one of the landmarks of the

| district, and was built about 1440 by Ralph Baron Cromwell,

who was made Lord High Treasurer of England in 1433 by
Henry VI. It is reported that there is an underground pas-
sage from the tower to the castle at Tattershall, but this has
never been proved. Originally the tower was over 60ft. high,
but several feet. of the upper part and the circular staircase
are gone. Leland, writing of the tower, says:—“ One of

238 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

and illustrated his work. His Robert Burns statue at Ayr,
the Wellington Monument, Liverpool, and statues in Glas-
gow and Darlington, and many private commissions have been
more in evidence than his more purely ideal productions.

WE regret to have also to record the death of Mr. Walter
Severn, whose water-cclour drawings we have often referred
to. He was born in Rome in 1830 and was president of the
Dudley Gallery Art Society. His brother, Mr. Arthur
Severn, who survives him, married Miss Joan Ruskin Agnew,
Ruskin's cousin and ward.

THE death of Mr. Colin Hunter, A.R.A.. of Melbury Road.
Kensington, is also announced. Mr. Hunter was born in
Glaegow in 1841, and was the son of Mr. John Hunter, book-
seller and postmaster of Helensburgh. says the Times. He
began painting at twenty years of age, after serving four
years as a clerk. His principal pictures are “ Trawlers
Waiting for Darkness.” exhibited in tlie Royal Academy in
1873; " Salmon Stake Nets," now in the Sydney Government
collection; “Give Way,” “Digging Bait.’ “Their Only
Harvest," which were bought by the Chantrey Bequest. trus-
tees; “Silver of the Sea,” "Waiting fcr the Homeward
Bound,” now in the Adelaide collection ; “ Herring Market
at Sea,” now in the Manchester Corporation collection;
“Fishers of the North Sea," “ The Hills of Morven,” “The
Gleanings of the Herring Harvest," and " Wintry Weather. ' |
Mr. Hunter was elected an associate of the Royal Academy '
in 1884 and was also a member of the Royal Scottish Watei-
Colour Society.

| the Cromwells builded a pretty turret: caullid the Tower on
OwisNG to many ancient and historic buildings having been | the Moore, and thereby he made a faire greate pond or lake.
demolished in Edinburgh during recent years to make way ' bricked about. The lake is commonly called the Synkker”
for modern tenements, the town council, it is stated, is con- This lake has now entirely disappeared. It is said that the
sidering the advisability of preparing a register of all build- Lord Treasurer Cromwell spent £5,000 د‎ year in the upkeep

of Tattershall Castle and appendages, a large sum in those
days. A large portion of the castle still stands, a magnif-
cent monument to fifteenth-century architecture. The lot
which included the tower was withdrawn.

THE members and friends of the Bristol Society of Anti-
quaries on Saturday visited the parish of St. Mary Ked-
cliffe. An interesting acccunt of the history and subsequent
alterations and renovation of the building was given by Mr.
J. 1. Francombe. He believed that a church had been
built upon that site by William the Conqueror, of which
very little remained. Thcre were several Early English
arches. The main portion of the present building dates
from 1300 to 1500. The ceiling was very fine, and decorated
with nearly 1,200 carved stone bosses, and no two are alike.
Mr. Francombe described the werk of the Merchant Canyngs,
also the irreparable loss of all the early manuscripts, for
which Chatterton and others were partly responsible. The
beautiful quatrefoil windows were fine specimens, and have
been copied for other churches in the city. The crypt was
of great interest, and at one time a number of Dutch
prisoners were confined here for many years, until they
became an intolerable nuisance. Then they were removed
to Chepstow Castle.

A MEETING of the Technical Instruction Sub-Committee of
the Bradford Education Authority was held on the 26th inst.
at the Technical College, Mr. W. A. Whitehead presiding.
The principal business was the consideration of plans for
the proposed new textile department. of the Technical Col-
lege. The present building is altogether inadequate, and
it is proposed to erect. a. new building in the vicinity of the
college. which will be fitted with machinery for every stage
of the textile industry. In short, the scheme is to give
students an cpportunity of working on full scale practical

| machines, to remedy the defect of adding ta a theoretical

knowledge a shallow acquaintance with toy looms. The
removal of the textile department to a new site will liberale
space which will be available for the growing needs of the
Preliminary plans of the scheme
were discussed. but no decision was arrived at, and further
meetings will be necessary before the subject is brought
befcre the Education Committee.

engineering department.

ings of historical or architectural interest, and of taking steps |
to have them preserved or restored. |

Tue following papers will be read before the Royal Institute
of British Architects during the coming session : — November
21, “ Concrete," by Mr. L. G. Mouchel, and “ The Construc- |
tion and Strength of Reinforced Concrete.” by Mr. William '
Dunn; December 19, " Architecture and Building Acts.” '
by Mr. L. W. Ridge and Mr. J. S. Gibson; January 23,
“European Architecture in India,” by Mr. James Ran-
some; February 20, “ Architectural Education." by Mr. |
Reginald Blomfield; March 20, " Decorative Painting,” by |
Sir W. B. Richmond, R.A., and other artists; April 3, " The
Planning of Cities and Public Spaces." by Mr. J. W. Simp-
son, and “The Architectural Improvement of London,” by
Professor Beresford Pite; April 17, “ The Garden and its
Accessories,” by Mr. Mervyn Macartney; May 15, “ Scilp-
ture and Architecture.”

We noticed Whistler’s peacock room when exhibited by
Mesers. Obach in Bond Street, and we now hear it is sold and
on ite way to America.

A PRACTICAL step toward the housing of the working classe:
is being made at Wolstanton, North Staffordshire, by the
British Steel Smelters and Tinplate Workers’ Associaticn,
says the Yorkshire Post. On a site overlooking Wolstanton
Common, the asseciation have in course of erection twenty-
one houses, in which local members of the society will دنا‎
housed. The a:sociation. which was formed in Glasgow in
1886, now has over 12,000 members, and its property and
funds amount to £35,000. To invest these funds in a man- |
ner most calculated to benefit members, the Executive have |
decided to build model cottages at different centres. Already
about fifty of these cottages have been erected at Froding-
ham (Lincolnshire), and twenty-five at Newburn-on-Tyne. |
The cost of the cottages at Wolstanton, when completed, |
including the purchase of the land, will be about
£8,000. Each house consists of parlour, living-room,
kitchen, and scullery downstairs, and upstairs there |
are three bed-rooms and a bath-room. The rent has not yet |
been decided on, but the executive will be satisfied with a.
return of 31 to 4 per cent. on the capital outlay. The tenants '

will pay their own rates, and it 1S hoped by this means to get THE foundation-stones of a new market hall at. Oldham,

which, partly on the same site, is to replace the present Vic

them to take a deeper interest in local affairs,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 239

一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一‏ سا ہس

-一 一 -一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 --- -一 一 -一 一 一 -

— — —

SEPTEMBER 30, 1904]
toria Market, were laid on Monday.
contemplated a building covering a larger area and costing
about £50,000, but only a portion of it is to be carried out,
the estimated cost being 421,000. The plans show that there
will be shops on two sides of the new hall. The building will
be carried out in two sections, so as to allow of the market
ات و‎ 000 THE premium offered by the Wombwell Urban Council for

l .ww [the best design of a free library, which is to cost £3,000, has
THe fourth general meeting ot the International Fire Service been awarded to Mr. A. B. Linford, of Wombwell.
Council was held at Budapest on the occasion of the Inter- | ۱

national Fire Congress. The meeting was presided over by M
M. G. de Marie, of Luxembourg, general hon. secretary. It | Mr. E. R. Rosson has adjudicated on the Douglas School

was decided that the seat of the council remain at Luxem- | Competiticn for a schcol in Demesne Road in favour of
bourg for the next four years. Mr. E. O. Sachs was re- | Messrs. Eottomley, Son, and Wellburn, of Middlesbrough,
elected vice-president for the impending four years. It was | whose design was submitted under motto "Stabit." It is
decided to leave the office of president open. Three new | for the central hall type.
members elected on to the executive were the chief officers
Mie Fire rg (Chevalier Goon) and M ری‎ T the competition for a وسم‎ scheme for Howth and
of Russia. The work of the council for the impending period Sutton. u تو‎ Mo اي‎ a we
will consist to a considerable extent of technical questions, | Prepa? ed by Mr. P. H. M Cart 0 d bs dalon ta
with statistical questions in respect to fire losses, and with | | ne sewage from Howth is to be conveyed by gravita alle
the preparation of a fire technical dictionary in the English, | ? point near the railway and discharged at p Wate ALE
French, and German languages. The next general meeting partial purification in a septic tank. — The Sutton ABS
عن‎ tha comol wil be held at Milan in 1906. The congress will be similarly dealt with. The cost of the scheme is
resolved that mills and factories should be provided with | estimated as follows: - Howth town ‘only, £6,132; Howth
properly olganised. private Are bri ہر ےت‎ early | district, £8.458 ; compete scheme, £16,806.

stages of an emergency, ic that these brigades should be ofh-
cially inspected at regular intervals; that any fire or alarm
of fire in a mill or however slight, should be imme- | NOTES FROM BOSTON, U.S.A.
diately reported to the local authority with the view of pre- |
venting similar occurrences, and that a failure to imme- | By R. Brown.

yu des کت کر سے ےت ہے‎ [^ ROM the table in their New England building report,
and factories should be increased by a more systematic deve- "رر‎ by the F. M 1 al IO WIDE سن‎
lopment of the structural regulations defining watchmen's | . th ne ene a. í ۳ ka nn RC Pe sss
duties and responsibilities; that all stage scenery and pro- ji p! E TA او رو‎ i n li rd od of
perties should be rendered non-inflammable in a reliable and "×3 903.000d یع‎ er 2 E d 5.11907
permanent manner and that all the constructional parts of a 7 do T. Chi M. ۰5 = ties ha 2 پھر‎
stage be of a fireresisting character; that the greatest atten- ا‎ n ۱ ۳۳0 6 ۱ York has Ae mis 1
tion should be accorded to the chemistry of fire protection ; of building than E ese -۳- : :ّ dis d en n
that the public authorities should accord greater attention to | !t Seems to have been ve مد مرون موو و دن‎
the installation of modern fire alarm systems in the minor | building trades generally.

urban and rural districts.

—nb—— a مت‎

COMPETITIONS.

The original seheme | Messrs. Grieg. Fairbairn, and Macniven, 31, York place,
Edinburgh ; the second to Mr. W. A. Mellon, City Chambers,
York; and the third to Mr. C. E. Hutchinson, 11, John
Street, Bedtord Row, London. The designs were exhibited
at the town hall, Whitehaven, last week.

ON the 12th inst., about 655,000 pupils presented themselves
for entrance to the public school-houses in New York. A
writer in the Boston Transcript says: Ninety thousand of
these children will find no seats. They will not be turned
away; by an ingenious " part time” system of robbing Peter
to pay Paul all will be accommodated. Half will be given
seats during the forenoon; the other half will be given. the
same seats during the afternoon. But ninety thousand child-
ren will partially be deprived of the benefit of the law which
gives free education to every child between the ages of six
and fourteen. The task of providing school-houses for New
York's enormous army of school children— monumental as it
is—uvuld have been performed but for strikes,

SOMEWHAT curiously worded competition announce-
ment appears for a perspective drawing in pencil and
black wash fcr the external treatment of a building for

a tropical climate, of which plans and other particulars will
be given. The prize is £50, so here is a chance for students
who will have nothing much but art tc think of in the matter!
Messrs. Sanders and Harding. of 56, Lincoln's Inn Fields,
W.C., will give information on receipt of 5s.

Fon a school at the junction of Beach Street and Atherton
Street, Winton, the Eccles Education Committee offer three
premiums of £30, £20, and £10. :

In Boston about 92,000 pupils registered at the opening of
the public schools. There were three additional school-
houses built since last year to accommodate the increase.
There are also about ninety portable school-houses in the
yards of the big school-houses. In this respect Boston is
better equipped than other cities.

THE time for sending in designs for public offices, Wallasey,
has been extended from October 31 to December 21. All
other conditions remain unchanged.

In the business part of Boston I think the limit has been
reached for the present in regard to office buildings. Archi-
tecturally speaking, these structures are in a nondescript
French style. uninteresting both in form and colour, and
often devoid of good proportion.

Tue Corunna (Spain) authorities invite plans for street. im-
provements in that town. One year is allowed for the pre-
sentation of the plans. A prize of 10,000 pesetas (about
£290) is offered for the best plan, and one of 5.000 pesetas
(about £145) for that placed second. Further particulars
can be had from the Commercial Intelligence Branch of
the Board of Trade, 73, Basinghall Street, E.C.

‚Orr of half a hundred or more sets cf competitive drawings
for the Carnegie Technical School buildings at Pittsburgh,
five are from Boston and four from Néw York. There is no
limit placed on the cost of the intended work. The advisory
architect, Picfessor Warren B. Laird, of the University of
Pennsylvania, will adjudicate the designs, and a decision will
be given by October 22.

Tue Thorne Library Commissioners have resolved to adver-
tise for plans from local architects for the erection of a Car-
negie library at a total cost of £1,500.

Tue Whitehaven Library Competition, in which Mr.
Washington Brown, of Edinburgh, acted as assessor, hag
been decided, and the first premium has been awarded to

À COMPARATIVELY new hotel on Washington Street was
recently taken down and an immense departmental store for
a New York firm is being built on the site.

[SEPTEMBER 30, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

240

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

A ER ND

BALSALL HEATH BATHS.

On the 9th inst. we published the accepted design for the
above. We now illustrate the design submitted by Messrs.
Crouch, Butler, and Savage, architects, Birmingham.

KIRKINTILLOCH TOWN HALL, etc.

Tuis design was submitted in the recent competition by
Messrs. J. Salmon, Son, and Gillespie, architects, Glasgow.

— F°, *sp——

BUILDING BY-LAWS.

T last week's meeting of the Cardiff Public Works Com-
mittee some discussion took place in regard to the
stringent manner in which the Cardiff by-laws were ad-

ministered, and during the discussion Councillor Veall was
reported to have said that building was crippled 1n the town,
because within fifty yards of the borough boundaries builders
were allowed to do things which were prohibited in the town,
although the by-laws regulating building outside the borough
were precisely the same as the Cardiff Council's by-laws.

On seeing this in the local papers, Dr. R. Prichard, medi-
cal officer of the Llandaff and Dinas Powis Rural District
Council, wrote to Councillor Veall asking for an instance
where the building by-laws were not strictly enforced in the
Llandaff and Dinas Powis rural district, and pointing out
that the rural surveyor was not allowed more discretion in
hf interpretation of the by-laws than the borough surveyor.

Councillor Veall has replied to the effect that he did not
attribute remissness in the discharge of their duties to either
the chief rural surveyors or their assistants, at the same time
adhering to every word he said at the Cardiff committees
meeting. Mr. Veall continues: “You will have seen what
Mr. Holden said in the South Wales Daily News report this
week. They (the by-laws) allow 9in. walls in two-storey
houses. Just so. The Cardiff by-law is worded exactly the
same as the by-law of the Cardiff Union, yet Cardiff Corpo-
ration insist on all walls of similar two-storey houses being
13}in. thick. This adds about £16 to £20 to the cost of
each two-storey house within the borough, as compared with
a similar house just outside. Thus is the Cardiff builder
handicapped. Below is the extract from By-law No. 19 of
the Cardiff Union by-laws: ‘(a) Where the wall does not ex-
ceed 30ft. in length, and does not comprise more than two
storeys, it shall be Yin. thick for its whole height.’ In the
Cardiff by-laws the wording is the same, but tbe by-law 1s
No, 20, and the intention is obvious; but relying on Section
(k), worded ‘every external wall shall not be less than 134in.
in thickness,’ over-riding (a), which is doubtful, the Cardiff
Corporation are insisting on 1311121. external walls everywhere
—a practice which 1 do not think prevails in any other town
under similar by-laws.” —South Wales Daily News.

— Tc ee

BY-LAW ENFORCEMENT.

T following report, from the Susser Daily News, of tho
Chailey Rural Council proceedings at last week s
meeting, will interest our readers:—

The Clerk reported that in accordance with the instruc
tions of the Council he wrote Sir William Grantham re
questing him to stop the building of a cottage at Mount Plea-
sant, Barcombe, until plans had been deposited and found to
conform with the by-laws. He had had rather a voluminous
correspondence on the subject, and in his last letter Sir
William requested the Council to hear what he had to sy
that morning. The plans eventually did come ın, and were
passed on in the usual course to Mr. Weller, who took into
his confidence a member of the Plans Committee. Matter
in which they did not comply with the by-laws were pointed
out, and Sir William's attention was called to those.

The Clerk proceeded to read several letters from
William, and in these the latter expressed the opinion tha
having regard to the fact that he was regularly carrying ۳
cottage building and improvements a copy of the by-laws
should have been sent him in accordance with a promi
made by the clerk, instead of the matter being first brought
publicly before the Board “after an insulting commune
tion to my bailiff.’ From his construction of the by-laws
his plans contained all that was necessary, and in ۴

Sir

The commission for the work was subsequently placed

Ar Somerville, near Boston, a new Young Men’s Christian

Association building is to be erected at a cost: of 45,000dols.

On October 26 the cornerstone of the new Dartmouth Hall.

to be erected by the alumni of the college, will be laid. The |
Earl of Dartmouth, after whose ancestors the college was
named, is in this country now, and he will be present at the

ceremony.

Tue Massachusetts Institute of Technology, through the

generosity of Mr. Samuel Cabot, is enabled to offer annually
a handsome bronze medal, to be conferred for excellence in

the department of physical training. The medal, which is

three inches in diameter, has been designed and modelled by
Mr. Henry Hudson Kitson, the sculptor.

THE sculptured bronze doors for the Boston Public Library
are now on exhibition at the foundry of Mr. John Williams,
18 New York. They are the work of Mr. Daniel French, the

sculptor, who has been at work on them for several years.

They differ from the usual bronze doors of many panels, being
The subjects are
Music and Pcetry, Knowledge and Wisdom, Truth and In-
spiration. The work is treated in very low relief. Each of

simply large reliefs of separate figures.

the six doors weighs more than half a ton.

Last summer the McClellan Monument Commission, acting
on the advice of an. advisory committee of experts, rejected
all the models entered in competition for the proposed monu-

ment to General Gecrge B. McClellan in the city of Washing-

ton.
in the hands of Mr. Frederick Macmonnies.

Mr. H. Watters is going to build a new art gallery at the

rear of his Baltimore residence.

THE art exhibition in connection with the Canadian National
Exhibition at Toronto, Canada, is said to be unusually fine.

“The Death of Wolfe,” by Benjamin West, has been loaned

by King Edward and attracts much attention.

Ar Newton, near Boston, a new house is to be built of brick,
stone, and wood, from plans by Mr. W. G. Rantoul, archi-
tect, of Boston. It will cost about 30,000dols. Mr. A. F.
Bemis is the owner.

A PROJECT is on foot toestablish in Boston an Arts and Crafts

High School.
A MONOGRAPH on Fountains Abbey has recently been pub-

lished. It is written by George Hodges, D.D., Dean of the

Episcopal Theological School at Cambridge (Mass.), and
should be interesting to architects.

Mr. Cyrus E. DaLLiN, sculptor, of Boston, has about com-
pleted am equestrian statue of a picket on duty, which is to
be the soldiers’ monument of the town of Hanover (Pa).

Tux Boston Art Club will celebrate the first half century of
its existence by holding an exhibition of pictures, which will
be opened on Friday evening with ‘an informal reception
by the members to their friends. It will continue until
November 19. The committee are Messrs. Thomas Allen,
Samuel J. Kitson, Frank H. Tompkins, Melbourne H. Hard-

wick, and Daniel J. Strain.

A new public library building was recently dedicated at
Squirrel Island, Maine, a summer resort. The building, which
is of wood, cost about 3,500dols., and is the gift of My. A. H.
Davenport, president of the A. 11. Davenport Furniture Com-
pany, Boston. The design was by Mr. F. H. Bacon, and the
decorative painted panel on the exterior by Mr. G. E. Per-
kins. both ın the designing department of the company. A
number of cottazes will be built en the island from designs
by R. Brown.
—— چو چک‎ AA o مس‎

Mr. Seppon, the Premier of New Zealand, has introduced a
Bill to prevent the further exportation of Maori antiquities
from that colony. The penalty is fixed at £100.

241

x :
cil did, ought to be supported in every way. Therefore he

did not want to run counter to them, but to meet their

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

SEPTEMBER 30, 1904]

respects he considered the by-laws more applicable to towns
than a country place. He was most anxious to work in har-

mony with the Council, but he ought not to be asked to | wishes, and yet be allowed to go on building cottages in the

way he had done hitherto. The Chairman: Do I understand
you that the Local Government Board consider your plans
comply with our by-laws? Sir William Grantham: Cer-
tainly. Referring to the block plan and section plan, which
it was considered necessary to send in, Sir William said he
had done that, but they really conveyed nothing to the
Council, and really the position of the by-laws was almost
laughable. The difficulty was that they were intended to
apply to towns, where they had large blocks of buildings, and
country places alike, the result being that they often over-
lapped. The Chairman: These by-laws are, I believe, a
modification of the first we had. At this stage Mr. Kenward
suggested that the matter should he referred to the Local
Government Board. Mr. Wood thought it would puzzle any
architect to understand the block plan Sir William had sent
in. Sir William Grantham; I think so, too; but it is in
accordance with your requirexent».

The Clerk pointed out that the nıodel by-laws first sent
down by the Local Government Board were considered un-
workable by the Council, and likely to prevent the building
of cottage property for the poor. They therefore sent a
deputaticn to the Local Government Board, and were told
that the Board had under contemplation an entirely new set
of by-laws more applicable to country districts. In due
course they were sent down, and it was those by-laws that
the Council had adopted, and they had worked without any
trouble in the district until the difficulty with Sir William
Grantham cropped up. The by-laws were not of their
making, but were almost forced upon them. The method
of sending the plans in and the particulars was fully de-
scribed in By-law 45, but Sir William was asking the Coun-
cil to da something special to himself. Sir William Grant-
ham: No; but I want to be put in the position of others
who want to build in this way. A Councillor: Without an
architect? Sir William Grantham: Yes, without an archi-
tect. The Clerk: Those who have seen these plans find it
difficult to interpret them. Sir William Grantham: Its
quite evident from the view of one or two that I shall have
to give up this work. The Chairman: There is no desire
that you should do that. Sir William: It is quite evident
that your wish is that the plans should be drawn by a sur-
veyor or an architect. Mr. Haywood: If you were ill would
you send for a doctor or take quack medicine? Sir William :
My cottages are not quack cottages. Mr. Haywood: No,
but that is the position cf the surveyor in this matter. Sir
William: The question is whether the Council ought to ask
a person endeavouring to build as I am to do that. The
Chairman : We do not want to put any obstacle in the way
of your building cottages, because they are wanted badly.

After Sir William Grantham had retired, Mr. Kenward
moved, “ That the Council, having no power to depart from
their by-laws, cannot accept Sir William. Grantham's plans,
but have decided to send them to the Local Government
Board, and if they are satisfied with them, the Council have
no objection to their being passed." Mr. Vinall seconded.

Mr. M. H. Woods wished to propose “ That Sir William
Grantham be not allowed to proceed with the building
until he complies with the by-laws. This was supported by
Mr. Wallis, and after some discussion the following motion
was submitted for both and carried unanimously :—‘ That
sanction be not given to Sir William Grantham to proceed
with the building until tlie by-laws have been complied with.
The Council have no power to depart from their by-laws,
and consequently cannot accept his plans as now presented,
and resolve to submit them to the Local Government Board
for an expression of their opinion."

Sir William Grantham was then called in and informed
of the decision of the Council. “ What,’ he asked, “ do
you propose to do if I tell I propose to go on building? I
cannot see what's to prevent me. If you can show me I
shall be glad to accept it." The Clerk: The whole intention
of the Council is to submit this to the arbifration of the
Local Government Board. Sir William: Now 1 quite
understand.

— سب‎
A FIRE occurred in Inverarv Castle, leased to Mr. Cresswell
by thc Duke of Argyll, on Saturday. The historic tapestry,
with which the room was hung, was partially destroyed and
the woodwork was scorched before the flames were extin-

guished.

do what was uot necessary. He had gone through the by-
laws clause by clause with the surveyor and architect of the
Local Government Board. Considering he had been build-
ing cottages and farm buildings for forty years under his
own personal direction he thought he ought to be helped in
finding out what the Council desired, and that it should
be for the Council to help persons like himself who wished
to build cottages for himself instead of placing difficulties
in their way.

The Clerk pointed out that in one of his letters Sir Wil-
liam spoke ot his (Mr. Patrick's) promising. to send him a
copy of the by-laws. He remembered an occasion when Sir
William was showing him some new buildings he was erect-
ing at Barcombe, and that he (the clerk) admired them.
It was quite possible he said that when the new by-laws came
out he would send him a copy, but how that made him
responsible for Sir William's neglect to send in plans he
failed to see.

In another letter Sir William explained that the plans
had been hurriedly drawn, and on the previous day fresh
plans came in from him. These had been examined by
another member of the Plans Committee, who had pointed
out details in which they were at variance with a number
of the by-laws, and expressed the opinion that the plans
were not drawn clearly enough to indicate whether the
intention was to comply with the by-laws. Mr. F. Wood
criticised the plans as the sort one would expect to be got
out by an elementary schoolboy, and said there was no reason
why they should accept them from Sir William Grantham.
If such plans passed muster with the Local Government
Board other builders of cottage property could save them-
selves a great deal of trouble and expense. The Clerk
advised the Council that they had no option in the matter,
their duty being to insist upon compliance with the by-
laws. They were not elastic, and if they were not complied
with certain penalties could be enforced, and the Council had
the power to consider whether the entire property should
not be pulled down. Mr. Kenward urged that proper plans
must be submitted before the Council could pass them. Mr.
Parsons: Sir William says he bas been to the Local Govern-
menb Board, and their architect is content with his plans.
The Clerk: He does not actually say that, but he leaves you
to infer it.

At this point Sir William Grantham had an interview
with the Council, to whom he explained his views at length.
This cottage, he pointed out, was similar to four others he
built two years ago. Then he knew they had no by-laws,
but he thought they would have difficulty in showing that
any cottage he had built did not comply with the by-laws
which had now come into force. He was unaware of their
adoption when he commenced, and he sent word to his
builder, who had put up the other cottages, to get on with
this one when the men had nothing to do. As soon as he
came home and heard plans were required he sent for the
by-laws and set about preparing them. He made them, as
he thought, in compliance with the by-laws in every way—
and he was used to interpreting these things judicially ;
but they were done in a hurry, as he wanted to get the roof
on before the winter set in. The plans were sent back with
an intimation that they were not in accordance with the
by-laws, but it was not specified in what, respect, and the
letter did not give him the slightest idea in what way they
did not conform. His view was that a District Council was
not entitled to ask in such a case as this for such a plan as
a builder would have to build by, drawn by a surveyor or an
architect; all they should require was a plan wbich enabled
them to see that the cottages were proposed to be built
within their by-laws. Surely it was to the interest of the
Council to get landowners to build cottages for the working
classes. They might say this was his hobby. Suppose it
were: it was not a bad one. He preferred to prepare the
plans himself, but if he was compelled to call in architects
and surveyors, it would not be possible for him to go on with
his hobbv. Thinking the best plan would be to see the Local
Government Board, he had had a long interview with the
architect and the head officials, and they went through these
plans item by item, and hc was told they were absolutely
sufficient. He wanted to do everyfhing he could to carry
out the wishes of the Council, because everybody who de-
voted themselves to public work, as the members of the Coun-

- ——

: 242 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

[SEPTEMBER 30, 1904

— 2‏ — س
—
一 一‏

5 = 5 = Pann

—

DECAY OF STONE IN BUILDINGS.

members a small stalactite hanging underneath an important
piece of statuary. Its composition was of a y complex
nature—lime, sulphuric acid, carbonic acid, chlorine. tar, oil
and several cther substances. All these had found their Way
thicugh the stone from the top, rain bringing all these bodies
with it, and some of them formed from decayed leaves lying
on the top. Your correspondent suggests the silicate of soda
as a remedy. This is a very old cure, and one would be glad
if such a simple and cheap chemical were a success. But the
knowledge of its properties and its use show that its resulta
are much moie transitory than many stone preservatives in
the market. The silicate of soda is taken as a base with other
substances, and this has formed the subject. of many patents.
But they have: defects, and are certainly not so effective as
cthers. They may serve for some stones which are preserved
by slight protection, but they do not retard all or most decay-
ing influences on stone, while, again, many other preparations
are placed into the market with more push than their value
de:erves.

LETTER has appeared in answer to the notes of a corre-
spondent of the Glasgow Herald on the above subject,
which reads as follows: - -

While concurring with some of the views expressed by your
correspondent on the above subject, which is causing so much
concern in Glasgow and other centres, it. may nct be amiss to
give some further views on the matter of decay in stone. The
cause of decay is sometimes inexplicable, when we conside:
how a stone may last very well in one centre and not so in
ancther. In a manufacturing centie such as Glasgow we
know of certain constituents in the atmosphere which are
practically non-existent in country districts. One of these,
the ravages of which are so well pointed out by your corre-
spendent, is sulphuric acid, and doubtless one of the worst.
and for this each householder or factory, when burning ccal.
Is responsible for his quota.’ But in towns where certain
kinds of chemical works are in operation hydrochloric acid
exists and has a mischievous influence equal, in proportion,
to sulphuric acid, if not more so. While that is so regarding
specially manufacturing centres, we find considerable decav
in mansions far removed from towns and situated amidst salu-
brious surroundings and in pure air where (if there is any at
all) only traces of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid axe
the rule. The chief constituents of air are nitrogen and oxy-
gen, with always a small percentage of carbon dioxide or car-
bonic acid gas. Now carbonic acid is regarded as one of the
most important disintegrators of mineral matter which con-
tains lime. The action of carbonic acid on lime is very in-
teresting, as all students of chemistry know. But it becomes
interesting to a wider circle, and that in a very practical way,
when we understand the importance of the action of this body
in causing devay in stone. It is safe to say that more decay
is caused bv carbonic acid than any other substance, though
cther det itorating influences than the three substances which
have been mentioned are also at work. When lime is used in
building it is as slaked or dydrated lime, and this firms up or
sets like a stone only when it absorbs carbonic acid gas from
the air. ‘fo illustrate this further (for we are dealing with
the chief and most general cause of decay in stone), if we were
to take some of this carbonate of lime, or, better, a little
chalk, which is a pure form of carbonate of lime, and place it
with a little water into a flask, and then pass through the
liquid a current of carbonic acid gas, we would find (after this
concentrated copy of nature's way of working) that the milky
liquid had become clear—that is to say, the chalk had become
soluble, having changed from one carbonate of lime, which js
insoluble in water, to a double carbonate of lime. which و:‎
soluble in water. Most sandstones are composed of quartz
or silica, with a small percentage of lime, magnesia, or iron,
which help to bind the particles of sand together. Rain or
damp holding carbonic acid gets into the stone, and constantly
repeats our own experiment till the stone enters into decay ;
that is, the lime and other binding substances are ultimately
washed out. The humidity of our atmosphere is the bearer
of all these deteriorating agents, and helps in the reactions
which go on, like all nature's processes, persistently and
whercver it finds a chance. Cleopatra's Needle, which could
survive a thousand years in the dry atmosphere of the desert,
was fated to decay when exposed for a few years on the Thames
Embankment. Such a stone as Craigleith enjoyed fame as a
long-lasting and beautiful stone. It consisted chiefly of silioa
with much less lime and other impurities, if one may so term
them, than most other stones. Not to prolong these notes
much more one may suggest other probable causes of decay.
Fungoidal growths have their influence in decay ; they excrete

YA e arm

HOUSE DECORATION.

N accurate impression of some present-day tendencies ia
house decoration could be got from a visit to an exhibi-
tion which was held last week in the St. James's Hall,

Manchester. The National Association of Master House
Painters and Decorators of England and Wales met this year
in the city, and as usual there was a collection. of illustrative
material. As is natural, the interest of the exhibition was
largely of a technical kind. The casual visitor guiltless of
technical knowledge emjoys glimpses into little model rooms
full cf picked furniture and bright with pictured paper and
flowers. There was one chamber, for instance, much too gay,
one would think, to exist unless in the house of a modern
society novel. The furniture is perilously fragile; on the
walls hang quaintly framed pictures of country life, and a
broad frieze tells the tale of an old-fashioned hunt, with red-
coated squires riding hard, and the hounds in full cry. At
one place you pass under a doorway with a pictured lintel and
come into a room full of work in bronze and brass, and issuing
thence you find a " cosy corner ” with coloured panels designed
to show the virtues of an enamel “ so washable that it may be
scrubbed." One compartment was devoted to specimens of
the decorative work of students of the Manchester School of
Art. The exhibition was opened by Dr. Alfred Hopkinson,
vice-chancellor of the Manchester University. A municipa!
welcome. says the Manchester Guardian, was extended to the
association by the Lord Mayor of Manchester, who presidet
over the ceremony. He spoke appreciatively of the exhili-
tion, and especially singled out for praise the work of a
studente of the Municipal School of Art. It would be a goo
thing, he pointed out, if beauty of decoration could be intro-
duced into the cottage of the workman as well as 04 the
homes of the wealthy. The Mayor of Salford added 6
words of welcome. This year's president of the association 5
Mr. James Higson, of Salford. Mr. Higson, in an interesting
address, sketched the aims of the association, which was born
in Manchester ten years ago. They were not, he said, a aen
bative body. An important part of the work was tho found:
ing of a school for the training of apprentices. Thus schoo
was entirely supported by those engaged in the trade. It was
proposed to form a national board of arbitration to settle dis
putes between the masters and the men. The need of such
an organisation had been shown by the dislocation of trade
following upon disputes. They were working for the n
mate abolition of the brutal method of strike and jai
and there wag good hope of success. Mr. Higson summari

the association's objects as the betterment of their py
the education of the apprentices, and the production of go
and capable craftsmen. l

Before opening the exhibition Dr. Hopkinson touched on
the relation between the house decorator's art and the pro-
gress of civilisation. Having spoken of the “ large and apnd
rous character " of the association's educational efforts.
said that there were two things we now wanted most in di
country. In these days of hurry and excitement 16 was abov
all necessary to maintain and increase the old love of home.
and with cultivated people it was impossible to do that unles
the homes of the people were made beautiful. The move
ment which was now taking place to make the fome a more
beautiful place was one of the best movements of the 6
and one in which real advance had been made. Our nn
were far from being as ugly as they were. In the time of

products which act upon the lime aud other bodies, as well
as using them as food. Can anyone tell if bacteria, which
find food in abundance. like fungoidal growths. on the sur-
face of the stone from the ammonia and other salts there, and
which are adventurers that also come from the atmosphere,
may not take their share in the common destruction? Your
correspondent speaks of old stone having a. preserved face.
This no doubt comes from the soot, which contains tar and
which chokes up the exposed pores, at the same time blacken-
ing the stone. The builder sometimes is to blame; he lays
stones on their wrong edge, exposing the weakest portion of
the stoue to the atmosphere: he is fend of projections, which,
when rain, containing carbonic acid. sulphuric acid, etc.
comes, is like to a sponge, all the capillary passages being
charged with these stonedestroying agents, and often leav-
ing their traces underneath very evident. The writer re-

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 251

be as bad as it has ever been in the history of the trade; in
fact, we have heard competent judges express the opinion
that it is really worse; but prices of crude iron are very
much above the limits reached in former bad times. Just
before the revival of business of 1879-80 Cleveland pig iron
touched 32s. 6d. per ton; again, in 1885 it was sold at 32s.,
and in the following year at 29s. 3d., the lowest point ever
reached. The material now stands at about 43s. 3d. per ton,
or nearly 50 per cent. above that price. Is this fact an indi-
cation that under the greatest stress of circumstances we
are now unable to reduce the cost of an important raw mate-
rial to anything like the extent which was possible eighteen
years ago? Should such be the case it would show that our
capacity to compete in the markets of the world has been
considerably weakened during the past twenty years. It is,
of course, not only in Cleveland pig iron that the ability to
bring down the cost of production—or at any rate the sell-
ing price—seems to have suffered. In previous periods of

' depression steel rails, for instance, were rolled at 72s. per

ton, whereas now our makers are holding out for a price
15s. to 18s. higher, with the result that large orders for ship-
ment and even some orders for the home market are con-
stantly passing them. The tendency of a healthy trade over
a long stretch of years should certainly be toward the
cheapening of the cost of production—every fresh effort of
the inventor is in this direction—but it seems that in the
iron trade the reverse tendency is at work, and production
is more expensive than it was two decades ago. This, if
true. is a deplorable state of things, and needs urgent atten-
tion if we are to hold our own in the markets of the world.
There is one cause for the inability to cheapen the cost of
producing pig-iron in England which is fairly on the surface,
and that is the policy whereby production is curtailed to
uphold prices. This may be a short and easy way of dealing
with the difficulties associated with a declining market, but
it is inimical to the interests of the trade as a whole and

equally hurtful to all other dependent trades. The atten-

tion of makers, says a correspondent of the Manchester
Guardian, is drawn away from the very necessary work. of
improving the conditions under which the industry is car-
ried on and directed towards artificial devices for controlling
output and values. This policy it is which accounts for the
fact that pig-iron production in Great Britain is at a stand-
still. and has been so for several years; not because the
markets of the world were contracting or the needs of the
world growing less, but because it is easier to make less iron
and sell it at higher prices than to make more and sell it at
lower prices. The inevitable result of this policy must be
increasing competition from abroad; for if British iron-
masters persist in declining to make cheap iron, other pro-
ducers in other parts of the world will occupy the position
which they refuse to hold. To imagine that British pig-iron
cannot be made to sell at prices very considerably lower than
those now current is out of the question. During a portion
of every year from 1877 to 1898 Cleveland No. 3 iron has
been sold at less money than it is now fetching; that is to
say, the minimum price each year for a series of twenty-one
years was less than 43s.; indeed, in only one instance did
that minimum exceed 40s., viz., in the year 1882, when it
stood at 42s. per ton; while in eleven of the twenty-one years
it was under 35s. No doubt the present prices of ore and
fuel are militating to a certain extent against reductions in
the cost of iron-making, and perhaps labour is also a hin-
drance; but loss of trade by foreign competition will soon
affect these adverse factors in the problem.

— ee. ےکس‎

BUILDERS' VISIT TO CORSHAM.

HE Bristol Master Builders Association on the 21st inst.
made a. visit to Corsham quarries, undertaken at the
invitation of the Bath Stone Firms, Ltd. The journey

was made by train to Bath, where the president of the asso-
ciation entertained the party at luncheon. Afterwards close
upon two hours were spent in an enjoyable drive by way of
Box and Neston to Monks’ Park quarries, and there under-
ground workings were inspected.

Bath stone has been used for building purposes from the
time of the Romans. Massive beds exist from TOft. to 100ft.
under the surface, and they are mined in long tunnels. To-
day, after many years during which stone has been extracted,
the workings of the company alone extend over sixty miles
in length. One system of getting stone prevails throughout

SEPTEMBER 30, 1904]

youth furniture and decoration were generally ugly. That |
did not apply merely to the houses of the middle or lower
classes; it applied from the highest in the land down to the
very lowest. That movement would have a refining influence `
over the whole of the country. By showing what good work ,
could be done, and done cheaply, the association was doing a |
useful work in raising the whole tone of society, and also in
maintaining that love of home on which the character of our |
people was—and ought to be 一 so largely based. The next |
thing we wanted chiefly was that in these days of struggle tor
pre-eminence, for ease and amusement, everybody engaged
in any class of work should care for the work for the work's
sake, and for making a thoroughly good producticn apart
from any question of reward. A craftsman, whatever his
position, master or workman, must have sufficient remunera-
tion to prevent him from being the of continual anxiety
and care. Good work could not be produced under those con-
ditions. Remove the biting care which destroyed the possi- :
bility of good work. let remuneration be reasonably right and
certain, then let the whole cf the crafteman's interests be '
directed to the production of good and sound work. “I do
not believe," Dr. Hopkinson said, “ we shall see in our homes
really the best or the most beautiful designs unless, in addi-
tion to the thorough training in the craft, which is a neoes-
sary condition of all good work, we also train the imagination
and instil into the population, both the buyer and the pro-
ducer of artistic work, a thorough love and appreciation of
nature and all that ıs beautiful in the world around us.
When that has been done, then English homes will be no
longer. as now, often a positive hurt to a man who bas a taste
for beauty, nor Lancashire towns places painful to go through
because of their dewnright ugliness.”
— a

COURT OF COMMON COUNCIL.

A A — — ی‎ .— - 一

HEN the above Council reassembled at the Guildhall
after the vacation, a communication was received from
Mr. Harry W. Lee, chapter clerk of St. Paul's Cathe-
dral, stating that the Fabric Fund of the cathedral was at
present invested in the names of the Archbishop of Canter-
bury, the Bishop of London, and the Lord Mayor, with the
result that some inconvenience arose whenever there was a
change in the occupancy of those offices. It was suggested
that. instead cf the Lord Mayor, some permanent represen-
tative of the City might be chosen as trustee, and the Cor-
poration were asked if they had any objection to such a
proposal. The lctter was referred to the General Purposes
Committee.

A petition was presented from Mr. Francis George Heath.
representing the Hampstead Heath Extension Council.
asking the Court to assist that body with a graut of money
towards the purchase of eighty acres of Wylde's Farm, adjoin-
ing the heath. The land was required for the extension of
Hampstead Heath and to prevent the destruction of a beauti-
ful view from it. The cost of acquiring the land would be
£40,000, of which £36,000 had already been collected. The
London County Council had made a grant of £8,000 from
the rates. The memorial was referred to the Finance
Committee.

At the instance of the Improvement Committee, the Court
sanctioned arrangements for the further widening of Fleet
Street and London Wall, at a cost, respectively, of £2.214
and £3,500, of which amounts the London County Council
had agreed to pay half.

— ہم ہے ےہ ہہ‎ Q

THE PRICE OF IRON.

HE position of the British iron trade at the present
moment is extremely critical, and it becomes worth
while to inquire whether the current values of crude

irom in Great Britain are in reasonable accordance with
the actual condition of business. In a time of great depres-
sion it is important that the prime cost of raw material
should be brought down to the lowest possible figure, but
it is questionable whether this process of reduction, brought
about rapidly in former periods of bad trade by active specu-
lative operations, has not been arrested bv artificial means;
and although this arrest may have its temporary advantages
for individual producers, a doubt may be permitted as to
whether it is good for the trade as a whole. The present
depresaion in the iron trade is in some quarters believed to

ہہ سمي ب —Á—‏ —— — =

(SEPTEMBER 3o, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

252

tions which had prevailed during these years, nor to expresa
his belief that the return upon this investment of capital was
an ample one.

While England was the birthplace of Portland cement, and
until comparatively recent years, held a very real supremacy
in the trade, scientific developments had within the last de
cade received a great impetus in some other countries, and
therefore if they were to hold their own in this country, it was
absolutely essential for them to march with the times and to
bring up to date works which had been constructed under the
influence of older ideas. There had been a marked tendency
on the Continent and in America to introduce laboursaving
appliances, and this example was one which they were them-
selves bound to follow if they were to effect economies which
would alone enable them to meet the ever-increasing compe-
tition. They had endeavoured to keep in view the main con-
sideration—that cheap production would carry the day, and
to remember that while it wae true that finance was expen-
sive, it was equally true that it was still more expensive to
manufacture more dearly than their competitors. He had
spoken of the introduction of pew methods and appliances as
resulting in the economy of labour, but, unfortunately, this
was not the only way in which the number of their men had
been somewhat curtailed. The demand for cement had been
slacker of late than for some time, and had involved a certain
diminution of output. The shareholders might possibly
think that the directors had been too conservative in the
matter of selling price, but this was no so. They desired that
their men should continue to earn, as they had always done,
a good deal more than “a living wage”; but they could not
ignore market value. It was only by the strictest economy
and the cutting off of all abnormal cost that in these times
the company could hope to hold their own and keep their
works busy aud their men employed. While Portland cement
was the staple of their business, the other things which went
ta make up the total of their profits were not contemptible.
Thev owned a fleet of barges, which carried the goods they sold
and bought to and fro; they were considerable 6۵ 5
and they made and sold large quantities of lime, Keenes
cement, and whiting, while their estates department dealt
with the rentals of their properties, buildings, and cottages
From all these a considerable revenue was earned, which went
a long way towards providing the funds for their debenture
stock interest, and which contributed an element of add:
tional stability not unappreciated by manufacturers who
lacked these advantages. He referred at length last year to
the manufacture of a brand of cement at certain of the com
pany's works, which was sold rather cheaper than the cement
made at the majority of them. After long deliberation the
directors came to the conclusion that when contracts for the
cement in question should have been executed, the company
had better give up its manufacture, and it would not be long
before they would make and sell no Portland cement except
that which had the imprimatur not only of engineers aud
architects, but of the company's competitors. Of the works
where this cement was chiefly made three had been closed ;
when the manufacture ceased, the other works would only be
used for making Portland cement of the usual quality.

The report referred to expenditure incurred on repairs and
renewals and to sums set aside for reserve and depeciation.
The £135.592 unde the first heading was normal, and it ren-
dered the demand for depreciation less than it was 1n many
businesses. The directors considered that if, in addition ما‎
all the depreciation items which appeared in the accounts,
the shareholders authorised them to pass £25,000 of the sur-
plus above preference dividend to the general reserve and 32
preciation account, making £52,806 in all, they would ۱
doing what was right for the year under review. It v 0
not escape the shareholders’ notice that the annual instal-
ments of debenture stock sinking fund, amounting 0
£10,591, were, in fact, a depreciation item. They کت‎
lated steadily at a rate of interest really higher than in
contemplated when the sinking fund began, because not un
was this calculated on a 4 per cent. basis, whereas 1n reali :
the debenture stock purchased by the trustees earned 4} pe
cent., but in consequenve of the price at which the apice
stock had stood in the market the money available for p 1
ment had bought nearly 25 per cent. more stock than 1 us
had been expected, it had stood at par. The stock in 000
hands of the trustees already amounted to nearlv £48, t
and eventually the trustees would hold the whole of T. is
could then all be cancelled, and the shareholders would reat
how very well the demands of depreciation had been m بی‎
well by this great fund as by the amounte from time to

ٹڈ م١‏ ا هه >

the quarries, and that is an inversion of the mode of working
coal. The freestone miner has to commence operations at
the roof of the stone, and he uses adze-shaped picks with
handles of varying length, being able to drive 6ft. or Tft.
back into the rock. For cutting the rock into blocks of re-
quired dimensions one-handled saws are used. Blocks are
detached from the parent rock by levers; broken ends are
dressed with an axe; cranes and trolleys are requisitioned in
moving huge masses of stone; and each block is brought out
ready to pass into the hands of the mason and builder. One
saw how all this is managed in the course of an hour's stay
ın the underground workings at Monks Park. The quarıy
visited has been yielding supplies for the past twenty years.
The workings, some 70ft. below the park, are reached by a
steep road, which most of the visitors descended by way of a.
long range of steps. Afterwards a move was made to another
quarry a short distance across the park ; and further under-
ground workings were penetrated. The chief object له‎
interest there was a picking machine, which can do as much
work in a day as two workmen can accomplish in a week.
It is an ingenious machine, manipulated by compressed air,
and with a twisting drive it picks the hard rock at the roof of
the stone with surprising rapidity. This was the first oppor-
tunity afforded of seeing such a machine at work in the
quarry. It has been in use only for a few months. The
difficulty has been to get an apparatus sufficiently rigid yet
portable; but the problem has been solved, and the machine
is able ta control an extensive reach, and does its work with-
out waste. It is not easy to arrive at the yearly output of
the quarries, but. one would not be far wrong in stating that
nearly three million cubic feet of Bath stone is dug annually.
It is not only used in the United Kingdom, but is sent to
Canada and South Africa.

ee‏ سس

PORTLAND CEMENT MANUFACTURERS.

r|`HE fifth ordinary general meeting of the Associated Port-
| land Cement Manufacturers (1900), Limited, was held

on the 21st inst. at Winchester House, E.C., Mr. Frede-

rick A. White presiding. The chairman observed that he
had again to lay before the shareholders a record of suocess—
relative, if not absolute—less than they had desired, but more
than at some times during the year the directors had ven-
tured to hope. Since the formation of the company they had
lived in a time of wars and rumours of wars, and times of war
were not the times in which the arte of peace and the works
of peace flourished. Moreover, while they were suffering
fram stagnation, one of the greatest trading nations passed
the summit of a wave of great activity, and in the United
States there was an ebbing of that tide of prosperity and an
abatement of that confidence which were of good augury,
while they lasted, for European trade. If he mistook not,
European markets had suffered partly in sympathy with that
great market, while he supposed there was not a single great
industry which the sum of these and many other causes had
not subjected to some depression. The cement trade was not
the first to feel this reflex action. Building enterprises of all
sorte, once begun, had to be finished. In due course, how-
ever, the turn of all the trades which ministered materials
of construction to the promoters of great enterprises had to
come, and whether it were steel, or iron, or bricks, or cement,
or the railways and shipping which transported all this ton-
nage, all alike depended on the quietude and the confidence
which encouraged the investor of capital in the works which
the world needed. Yet in the year under review the com-
pany had maintained their quantities and their profits. The
trading profits showed the substantial improvement of
£18.306. If this amount were added to the increase in the
previous year, and a necessary adjustment were made for an
item which was differently placed in the two accounts, they
had in the two years an addition of about £56,000 to the
revenue of 1901-2. These profits had been secured in the
face of the adverse circumstances referred to, and were 6
result of the efforts made by their managing directors to
effect every economy compatible with the first and foremost
duty of turning out the finest quality of cement. The item
of additions to plant, buildings, and machinery made during
the past year amounted to no less than £154,883, while if the
amount expended in the preceding years of the company s
life were added, a total of nearly £500,000 was reached. He
did not hesitate to say that this outlay was the basis of their
having been able to make a stand against the adverse condi-

SEPTEMBER 30, 1904| THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 253

added to the reserve and depreciation account. The rotary | Colwyn Bay is in course of erection مه‎ an elevated site at
plant was a notable success. Of the year's expenditure on new | the corner of Abergele and Nantyglyn roads, and the
works a very considerable proportion had gone towards com- | foundation-stones were laid on the lUth inst. ‘he building
pleting the installation at Northfleet, which made the com- ! will comprise a chapel seating 450 adulte, a Sunday-school
pany's third such installation. Having warmly commended | for 300 scholars, and a church parlour for the connexional
the services of the secretary, Mr. Alfred Stevens, and of the ! meetings, as well as vestiies for the minister and choir. Ol
staff, he said he wished that it were in his power to predict ; cruciform plan, the structure is to be in the Late Decorated
with some measure of confidence that if in 1905 he should | style of arcnitecture, the materials used being Ruabon pressed
again meet them, it would be with the announcement of pro- | bricks with terra-cotta facings, and it will be lighted by elec-
gress so great that the ordinary shareholders might “ lift up | tricity. Mr. Arthur Brocklehurst, of Manchester, 1s the
their heads," but he claimed that the directors policy was | architect, and Messrs. J. Tucker and Sons, of Colwyn Bay,
the most likely one to accomplish the object in view. He | the contractors. The new church and school will cost, in-
concluded by moving the adoption of the report. Mr. W. | cluding the land, etc., £7,000.

Curling Anderson seconded the motion. ۵ short discussion
followed, and, in answer to questions, the chairman said he | A new church has just been erected in St. Vincent Street,
did not think that the directors would have the courage to ask | Glasgow, tor the St. Columba Gaelic congregation of the
the shareholders—as one speaker had suggested—to sanction | Church. of Scotland, who were dispossessed ot their former
a dividend of 1s. a share on the ordinary shares. Ib was very | church in Hope Street by the extension of the Central Rail-
difficult for him to say what the board would do next year, if way Station. The mason work is of red freestone, and is
there should be £27,000 to carry forward instead of £17,000 | worked in rock-faced, irregular courses, with finely-tooled
as at present. Any proposition they might make would, dressungs. The style of architecture 1s Gothic of the Early
however, have reference to what they regarded as the real in- | Decorated period, and the plan of the building is oruciform,
terests of the shareholders. The question of closing factories | having wide nave and narrow aisles—the latter used only as
was an extremely difficult one, and it must be left to the dis- passages—and chancel with semi-octagonal apse end. The
cretion of the board. With reference to the question of | church is seated for 1,050 persons. In a niche over the
prices, they were constantly balancing the considerations | doorway is a statue of St. Columba, 8ft. high. The architect
affecting this important matter. It was quite possible for | وز‎ Mr. William Tennant, 219, Hope Street, Glasgow. The
foreign cement— Belgian natural cement, for instance—to be | cost of the church and site is about £30,000.

sent to this country in English makers’ sacks and sold here as
English cement, unless the buyers were protected by some
mark showing the cement to be foreign. The lawsuit which
had been referred to at previous meetings was still “ alive,”
but it was a matter which could not be properly dealt with at
a public meeting. The motion waa then unanimously
adopted, and Mr. O'Hagans election as a vice-chairman and
a managing director was afterwards confirmed.

— Y ———————
BUILDING NEWS.
The Richmond Board of Guardians have received sanction

to erect a board-room and offices at a cost not to exceed
£8,680.

LoRD LATHOM last week laid a memorial-stone in connec-
tion with Holy Trinity Church, Southport. At present it is
only intended to rebuild the nave and aisles, at a cost of
£10,000 or £12,000, the building of the tower, west end,
morning chapel, chancel, and transept being deferred. The
estimated cost of the complete scheme is £30,000. The
style of architecture is Decorated Gothic. The building will
be of lofty proportions, resembling a cathedral, the internal
arcades rising to a height of 40ft., whilst the apex of the
barrel vault, which covers the nave, will be 62ft. above the
floor level. The aisles are to be carried to a height of 32ft.,
divided from the nave by graceful octagonal shafts supporting
richly moulded arches. Seven traceried windows of four
lights each will illuminate the aisles and nave. Over the
aisle windows flying arches are shown in the plans, spring-
ing from buttress to buttress in bold design, the buttresses
rising above the parapet being finished with panelled and
weathered gablets. The transept, which has still to be
built, will consist of a double bay, pierced by two traceried
and shafted windows, and the roof will be vaulted and
divided with groin ribs. The architects are Messrs. Huon
Matear aud Simon, Liverpool.

Messrs. WyLsoN AND Long, of King William Street, WC.,
are the architects for the proposed East Ham Palace of
Varieties.

Tue Antrim County Council have approved plans for im-
provements to the county court house, the estimated cost
being £14,850.

AT Monday's meeting of the Barnstaple Town Council the
scheme for erecting a secondary school at Newport, near
Barnstaple, was approved.

Tue BISHOP or NEWCASTLE last week dedicated the new por-
tions of the aisles and porches of St. Matthew's Parish
Church, Newcastleon-Tyne. This work puts the finishing
touch, sa far as the actual fabric is concerned, to a work
which has taken the best part of twenty-six years to com-
plete. It was in 1878 that the work of building began ;
during the next two years the sanctuary aud the eastern-
most portion of the nave and aisles were finished, and this
" fragment of a church,” says the Vewcastle Chronicle, was
consecrated in June, 1880, the church fabric being com-
pleted seven years later. Six years passed without any
important addition to the fabric, but in 1893 an anony-
mous donor offered to provide funds for the completion of
the tower after the architect's (Mr. R. J. Johnson's) original
design. The work was taken in haud almost immediately,
and in 1895 the tower and peal of bells were dedicated by
the Bishop of Newcastle. The terrible storm of February,
28, 1903, however, so completely wrecked the temporary
brickwork at the west end of the aisles, and did such havoc
with the interior, that the work of completion, which was de-
ferred, had to be undertaken at once. The building work
has been done by Mr. Thomas Wetheritt; the heating by
Messıs. Dinniug aud Cooke; the electric lighting by Messrs.
Robson and Coleman. The present architects are Mesars.
Hicks and Charlewood. The cost of the new portions
amounts to £3,906.

THE proceedings of the Finance and General Sub-Committee
of the Liverpool Education Committee contains a recom-
mendation that the surveyor be requested to prepare and
submit plans for the school for mentally and physically defec.
tive children, to be erected in Whitefield Road.

Ar last week's meeting of Dundee Town Council it was de-
cided to apply for an order for the acquirement of a site on
which to erect new public wash-houses and baths for the
west end district of the town. It was stated that the pro-
posed site would cost £650, and the new buildings £5,000.

Westey Hatt, which has been erected in Jeune Street,
Oxford, at a cost of £8,800, has just been opened. There are
two distinct buildings. The corner proper is occupied by
the Wesley Hall, and on the northern end of the site has
been erected spacious schools. Wesley Hall itself is in the
Renaissance style of architecture, built of Hanborough
stone, with. Bath stone dressing, and tiled roof, the windows
glazed with cathedral glass. The architect is Mr. Stephen
Salter, F.R.I.B.A., of Carfax Chambers. and the contractors
Messrs. T. H. Kingerlee and Scns, both cf Oxford. The
electric lighting has been carried out by Messrs, Hill, Upton
and Co.; the low pressure h.-w. heating by Messrs. Ison,
Kidman and Watts; and the carving by Mr. W. H. Feldon.

THE extensions and improvements which have been carried
out at the South Shields Union Offices in Barrington Street
have now been completed, and the handsome new board-

—————————————————————M— — SSS gS SSS ——————————HÁ— — M—————————— — - -— — —,t—)—.H — ی‎

A NEW place of worship for the Wesleyan Methodists of

[SEPTEMBER 30, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

254 `

— مومسم‎ A A AA Le ee ای ووه مضه‎

of the opposition of the Corporation, withdrew the bill so
far as it had to do with Salford; but have now again given
statutcry notice to the corporation that it is their intenticn
to promote an amended bill in the next Parliamentary

session for the purpose of extending the station. In the

new bill the company have scheduled Sacred Trinity
Church, Saltord. which stands almost immediately at the
foot of the station by the road which runs down into Chapel
Street. With the demolition of the church, the old Flat-iron
Market, at the bottom of Blackfriars Street, will also cease
to exist, and this, says the Manchester Guardian, is a loss
that will probably not be gieatly deplored by the genetal
public. In the new bill the company propose considerable
alterations from their original plans, and are endeavouring
to avoid interfering with much of the property in Chapel
Street which was schedulcd in the ciiginal bill, including
the new Caxton Hall, which is being erected by the Man-
chester Typographical Society. The new proposals cf the
company will shortly be placed before the Parliamentary
Committee of the Salford Corporation for their considera-
tion. The church cf the Sacred Trinity was originally a
building constructed mainly of timber. Humphrey Booth,
the founder of the famous Salford charity which perpetuates
his name, had it built in 1635, “ mostly," the old records
say. "at his own cost," and he gave land of the then value
of £20 per annum to endow it. But when the church had
served its purpose well for a century there came the neces
sity for replacing it by another and a more substantial
building. The old timbered building was demolished, and in
1751 the stone church in the Doric style which stands to-day
rose in its place. At first there was a Gothic steeple, and
for this, fortv-five years ago, the existing square tower was
substituted.

11 ا ——————

JOTTINGS.

WHENEVER Royalty is in residence either at Balmoral or
Abergeldie (the Prince of Wales s Highland home) a guard of
honcur is stationed at Ballater Barracks. These quarters
form a row cf flat-roofed, curiously Oriental-looking buildings,
which owe their existence on Decside to the fact that when
thev were designed a military building for India was also
being arranged for, and the plans got mixed, the Ballater
ones going to India and the Indian ones coming to Ballater.
This is another instance of War Office blundering which has
not. been brought under the notice of any Royal Commission.
says the Western Daily Mercury.

Five pic:es cf tapestry previcusly kept in the audit room at
the west end of the hall of Winchester College have been
repoired, framed, and glazed by the order cf the Sub-Warden
and Fellows and hung on the walls of the chapel. The
tapestries are belicved to have been part of the arras given
by Archbishop Warham in 1530. They used to hang in the
chamber of the Warden of New Colleze in the seventeenth
century, and were afterwards removed to the audit room. The
three panels on the north wall of the chapel represent two
scenes in the life of David and one the group of the Virgin
and St. Elizabeth. The two on the opposite wall represent
the Tudor rose and foliage. a coat of arms, and the sacred

monogram.
—— C

TRADE NOTES.

Messrs. E. H. SHoRLAND ann BROTHER. of Manchester, have
just supplied their patent Manchester stoves with descending
smoke flues to the extensions of the Union Infirmary,
Keighley.

Messrs. Wm. Potts AND Sons, clock manufacturers, of Leeds
and Newcastle-on-Tyne, have just completed a large illumı-
nated four-dial turret. clock, with all Lord Grimthorpes lates
improvements inserted, at the New Joint Isolation Hospital,
Seacroft, near Leeds.

Messrs. J. B. Joyce ano Co.. Whitchurch, Shropshire, have

been favoured with the order for the clock for the free library.
ials and strike

a large striking
da quarter clock

room for the guardians was opened last week. The new
buildings comprise cn the basement flcor, an applicants
waiting-room at the rear, with offices for relieving officer:
adjoining. The entrance to the ground ficor is approached
from Barrington Street, on the lett of whicn is the oid board-
room, which has been converted into rate collectors’ offices.
etc. On the first floor are clerks, general and private
offices, committee-rcom, etc., and at the rear is tne new
board-room. There are rooms for the caretaker, aud د‎
rooms on the second flocr. Two fireproof rooms are provided
for the storing of books and documents. ‘Lhe work has kein
carried out by Mr. J. C. Nichol, contractor, South Shielas,
from designs prepared by Mr. J. H. Morton, F.R.I.B.A..
South Shields. ‘the guardians have also completed a very
necessary extension at the Harton Workliouse, by the prc-
vision ot a nurses home, with accommodation for twenty-
four nurses and servants. Hitherto the nurses quarters
have been at the wards of the workhouse infirmary, and they
are now provided with adequate accommodation in a scpa-
rate building to the south of the hospital. On the ground
floor, there are probationer nurses’ sitting-room and dining-
room, with a folding partition, so that the rocms inay be
used for the purpose ot lectures and recreation. There are
also superintendent nurses sitting-room and charge nurses
sitting-room, with kitchen and scullery accommcdation, at
the rear. There are twenty-four bed-rcoms on the first and
second floor. The contracting work has been executed by
Mr. J. Moore, of South Shields, Mr. Morton being also the

architect.

THE new church of St. Leonard, at Sherfield English, near
Romsey, which has just been rebuilt (at a cost of £10,000)
from the design of Mr. 7. Bath, F.R.I.B.A., of Salisbury, is
cruciform in plan, and is built principally ot red bricks
supplied by Mr. E. C. Simeon, of Dunwood, and Mr. Hugh
Harrison, of Lowesfield. The fifteentb-century Gothic style
has been adopted. The carving was executed by Messrs.
Harry Hems and Sons, of Exeter; the hopper lights and
casements by Messrs. Williams Bros. and Co., Kaleyards,
Chester; the wood block flooring by Turpin's Parquet
Flooring Co., Queen's Road, Bayswater, W.; the vane.
lightning conductor, ironwork. etc. by Messrs. J. W.
Singer and Sons, Frome; the tout by Messrs. Jones
and Willis, London; the hot-water heating by Messrs.
Lumby, Son and Wood, Halifax; the ventilation by Messrs.
J. Carter and Son, Salisbury; the marble memorial tablet
by Messrs. A. Lee and Bros., Ltd., Hayes; the stained glass
for the east and west windows by Messrs. Powell, of White
friars, E.C. ; and the rest of the glazing by Messrs. Britten
and Gilson, Union Street, S.E. ‘the floors of gangways and
organ chamber are paved with marble Terrazzo, as also the
floors of the choir and chancel, enriched with Cloisonné
crosses of black marble, aud laid by Arrolithie, Ltd., 18,
Berners Street, W. The two-dial turret clock was
supplied by Messrs. J. Smith and Sons, Derby; the peal
of eight bells by J. Taylor and Co., Loughborough ; and the
iron brackets by Mr. A. Rogers, Salisbury. The roofs are
covered with Westmoreland green slates obtained from the
Tilberthwaite Quarries, with dull red Staffordshire ridges.
The external dressings and the octagonal portion of the
tower is of Chilmark stone, obtained from 1. P. Lilly's
uarries at Gillingham. The whole of the internal stone-
work is Bath stone supplied by the Bath Stone Firms, Ltd.,
who also worked the more delicate and ıntricate portions
of the internal masonry. Mr. W. Tayler, of Park Street,

Salisbury, was the clerk of works.

Tug London and North-Western Railway Company propose
to enlarge the Exchange Station at Manchester, and also to
extend the number of the lines immediately near it. Last
year the company promoted a bill in Parliament for the
acquisition of a good deal of the property in Chapel Street,
Salford, that lies a little to the west or left side of the
station. Their scheme was opposed by the Salford Cor-

ation, as it was considered that the proposed alterations
would add to the disfigurement of the borough by an increase
of the number of railway arches which already abound in

that part of Salford. It was suggested that the company | Great Crosby. It will show time upen four d
might put shops in front of the archcs, somewhat after the | the hours. The same firm have just fixed
lan that was undertaken in Deansgate, Manchester, by the ' clock at Saddleworth Church, Lancashire, an

Greab Northern Company. The company, however, in view at Kingston Church, Somerset.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 255

pletely with its surroundings and so soon pass through the

crude and brand-new period, and none continue to live on
such terms of good-fellowship with other materials, whether
rosy brickwork, grey lichen-covered masonry, or pearly flag-
slates, which last it loves the most of all.
hard to say which season of the year most becomes it. In
its cap of virgin snow, in its gorgeous garb of Virginia
creeper, or in its purple veil of wistaria it is equally bewitch-
ing. At the noonday it throws the broadest shadows, and
at eve (as no other building can) it gathers on its snowy
breast the rose of sunset, and responds to the silver magic
of the moon.”

And then it is

This guarded and qualified recommendation might well
be borne in mind by clients who are liable to succumb to
the picturesque attractions of half-timber work. Many
clients would doubtless say, “ Well, even if it is less practical
and sound than stone or brick 1 would rather have it and
take my chance.” Under such circumstances all that an
architect can do is to see that what is done is well done.
When all is said and done one cannot deny the charm and
interest of half-timber work as seen amongst the spreading
foliage of an English country side, but to our mind it
reaches its strongest point in comparatively small buildings,
or in little bits like the turret appearing amongst the de
lightful stonework in the abbot's house at Much Wenlock
on Plate viii. Some of the most charming work in Mr.
Ould's book hails from Orleton, in Herefordshire, a village
which he says abounds in timber buildings of high merit.
One of the most delightful bits of sturdy half-timber work
of the simpler kind which could be found anywhere is the
house at Orleton shown on Plate xxxi., and it really does
not seem much the worse to us for being shorn of its pro-
jecting windows and oriels. As Mr. Ould says, " The hoary
grey timbers, the pink stone base, the bold overhang and
shapely brackets, and the pathetic little garden seat enable
one to picture what this charming little house must have
been in its prime" No less than eight plates are given
from Orleton, and they are all most pleasing. Pembridge
is another place supplying some delightful examples. The
Middlebrook farm buildings are amongst the most interest-
ing in the volume. After all, there is much sobriety
amongst all the picturesqueness of this old half-timber
work, and we hope many who look over the pages of this
little volume will take that lesson well to heart. We think
all architects, even those who spend most of their time in
building hospitals, may learn something from it, and all of
them should find it an indispensable addition to their
shelves.

— — و‎ e

A MINISTRY OF FINE ART.

T really eeems that we may be within measur-
able distance of the formation of a Ministry
of fhe Fine Arts in this country or of some

consultative authority which may be able to im-
pose advice on local authorities for the better development of
art in oun cities. It is some time since Mr. Aston Webb
made a public appeal for something of the kind, and when ۰
Guy Dawber, the president of the Architectural Association,
again brought forward the idea in his presidential address
last week, Mr. Webb said the idea was favoured by the Board
of Works and that it was quite possible, if the profession
supported it, that something of the kind might be obtained.
We think such a consultative authority should include the
presidents of the R.I.B.A. and of the Architectural Associa-
tion er officio, and should include as few dilettanti or amateur
figure-heads as possible. The majority on such a body should
be strictly professional and if possible architectural, and such
sculptors should -be included whose sympathies are largel y
with architectural work. The authority which is required
for the development and control of streets is essentially archi-
tectural, and the chief support which it requires is that of the
sculptor, and perhaps secondarily the painter. Plenty of
sound architectural advice has been obtainable from the time
of Sir Christopher Wren onwards, but it is never requisitioned.
Mr. Webb took the opportunity to again emphasise the con-
spicuous failure of the London County Council to ensure the
architectural grandeur and dignity of the new Kingsway and
Aldwych. He said the County Council were anxious to do
their best, but he would like to see an expression of opinion
from architects that some specific steps should be taken before

OCTOBER 7, 1904]

The British Architect,

LONDON: FRIDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1904.

"pue ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.
Examinations will be held on the following dates :—

The PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION on the 8th and 9th NovemBEr, 1904.

Applications must be sent in on or before the 8th OcroBrER, 1904.

The INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION on the 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th NOVEMBER,
1904.

Applications must be sent in on or before the 8th OcTOBRR, 1904.

The FINAL and SPECIAL EXAMINATIONS from the 25th November to the
2nd DECEMBER, 1904, inclusive. :

Applications must be sent in on or before the 22nd OCTOBER, 1904,

The Testimonies and Study, etc., with the necessary fees, should accom-
pany the applications, all oí which are to be addressed to the undersigned.

LOCKE,
9, Conduit St., London, W. Secretary, ۰

OLD COTTAGES.

AAA A

H LD Cottages, Farm Houses, and Other Hülf-timber
Buildings in Shropshire, Herefordshire, and Cheshire `
is the title of a nicely-produced quarto just

issued by Mr. Batsford at 21s. net. It is illustrated by 100
collctype plates from photographs specially taken by James
Parkinson, architectural woodworker, and the interest is
much enhanced by the introductory and descriptive notes
and numerous sketches by Mr. E. A. Ould, F.R.I.B.A., who
is well known to our readers as an architect practising in
Liverpool. Amongst the remains of our early domestic
Architecture it is certain that none are found so attractive
and interesting as the half-timber work which is to be met
with in various parts of the country, and is always charming
by reason of the picturesque character 14 possesses, wherever
it be, and nowhere is it more so than in the three counties
which furnish the examples illustrated in the present
volume. It is also true that the indigenous nature of this
type of work adds greatly to the interest felt in it by all
who care for characteristic English architecture.

The subjects chosen for this work consist for the most
part of cottages and farm houses, together with some
specially interesting examples of houses in streets. The
aim has been to illustrate the smaller examples of half-
timber domestic work in the country, and many out-of-the-
way and practically unknown examples are included in the
book.

Mr. Ould puts in a well-written plea for the reader's
interest in his notes, which he hopes may be of use to the
more serious student, and invites them to follow him from
Shrewsbury southwards, through Much Wenlock and Lud-
low to Stokesay, and thence through the beautiful byways
of Herefordshire until they terminate at Ledbury on the
borders of Worcestershire, and afterwards to turn back and
explore the broad plains of Cheshire. As a comparison
between the southern and western counties half-timber work,
Mr. Ould thinks it will be found that in the west £he tim-
bers are larger and more massive, and the overhangs conse-
quently bolder, whilst the detail of the moulded parts is less
elaborate and coarser, and the carving, as a rule, more primi-
tive. He also points out that the most marked characteris-
tic of western design is the elaboration of ornamental forms
in the timber work itself.

On the value and use of half-timber work in modern
buildings, the following remarks will be read with interest
as gcming from one who has been responsible for a good
deal of it: —

“The question naturally arises, whether timber nogging is
a suitable style for a modern house, and as one who has had
some experience of such building, I would say that, given a
suitable client, one who is worthy of the privilege of living
in a timber house, who will appreciate the advantages and
put up with the drawbacks—it is an eminently suitable style
for a house of moderate dimensions, But it is not a cheap
style, nor one to give to a fidgety or exacting client, who
will attribute the natural behaviour of the materials to some
neglect on the part of the builder. No matter how dry the
oak may be it will shrink and twist to some extent when
first exposed to the weather and sunshine. After about two
years the oak work will require overhauling and the lead-
lights and casements refitting, after which it should give little
further trouble, if it has been properly constructed at first.
No style of building will harmonise so quickly and so com.

ee ساسا پس سا‎ = x.

[OCTOBER 7, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

256

ee ee ج ج ج‎ ee ee سر ورن کم‎ MM M UN C E E یرنه‎ hr,

very antique, and very much easier than new by-laws could
possibly be, and he deprecates making them any easier. The
question whether a wall to a passage could be called an
outer wall, and therefore necessarily be 9in. thick instead y
4۸18. appears to have given rise to the discussion, and it
was suggested how unfair to the poor working man would
be a by-law which made his cottage too dear for him. Hoy.
ever, the Labour members did not carry their point in
favour of the down-trodden working man, and the plans
with 41211. walls were referred back again.

Ar last week's meeting of the Lambeth Borough Council a re.
port from the General Purposes Committee with reference
to the question of the frontage dispute between the council
and the London County Council as to the Town Hall site was
presented. The report stated that the committee had been ad-
vised by counsel that the County Council had no power to
control or direct what should be the building line of the new
Town Hall, as the site was purchased by an Act of Parliament
passed in 1903, which confirmed the provisional order of
the Local Government Board, and which exempted the site
from the Building Act of 1904. The committee recom-
mended: ' That an intimation be given to the London
County Council of the effect of counsel's opinion; that the
borough council offer to put the building line back from the
existi walls 20ft.in Brixton Hill and 15ft.in Acre
Lane, 10ft. of such space to be thrown into the publio way in
Brixton Hill and 5ft. in Acre Lane; that, if desired by tle
London County Council, the borough council put up a stru-
ture or erection in both Brixton Hill and Acre Lane to such
proposed building lines, so as to enable the London County
Council to issue such proceedings as it may be advised or
consider expedient, or, in the alternative, a Special case be
agreed upon by the two councils and submitted to the court
should the London County Council prefer a special cas;
and that if no proceedings be taken by the London County
Council by the end of October next, the borough council
proceed to build according to the lines indicated مل‎
Councillor Jackson suggested that the latter portion of the
recommendation should be left out, leaving the motion
simply in favour of intimating the concession which Lam-
beth is willing to make. Councillor Gibbs agreed with the
shortened resolution, which was accepted by Councillor
Hunt, and carried with but two dissentients.

Ar the City of London. Court on the 21st ult., before his
Honour Judge Rentoul, K.C., Mr. T. M. Garrood, architect.
Bickbeck Bank Chambers, W.C., sued Mr. Charles Butcher,
Ewell Road, Surbiton, for ten guineas for preparing plans.
says the City Press. The plaintiff's case was that he acted
as the architect of some houses which were being built at
Surbiton. The defendant was the builder. An arrange
ment was made by which the plaintiff was to be paid his fees
of three and د‎ half guineas per cent. on the advances made
by the freeholders to the defendant. The plaintiff was
instructed to let the adjoining land. He agreed to let !!
on a building lease to the defendant. The latter ۳
structions to the plaintiff to prepare the drawings, and
agreed to pay the same fees as before. The plans were pre
pared, but the defendant decided to dispense with the plain
tiff's services. He (plaintiff) now sued for ten guineas for
preparing the drawings. Of course, if the matter had gone
through, the plaintiff would have received three and a bal
guineas per cent. on the advances. As there were ۵
houses, on which £150 was to be advanced, کال‎ 7
tion would then have been much larger. The defendants
case was that he never employed the plaintiff to prepare
the drawings. He decided not to appoint him as the archi-
tect because his fees were too high. Asa fact the buildings
were erected from plans supplied by a Mr. Mason, whose
fees were two and a half guineas per cent. on the amount
advanced. The plaintiff alleged that his drawings ٭‎
used, and pointed out that, where his drawings and Mr.
Mason's varied, the latter's had not been followed. The
Judge said he was in favour of the plaintiff, but, at the ame
time, he was in a difficulty, and scarcely knew what to d
He would take a timid way of getting out of the difficulty
by giving judgment for the plaintiff for five guineas.

In his remarks before the Haywards Heath Urban Council

it was too late to prevent that great street being built in the
style deprecated in Mr. Dawber's address.

With regard to the commission on street traffic, which of
course is concerned largely with the lines of architectural
development, he pointed out that, so far, only one architect
had been called before it. Of course this is a most unfair
oversight of a body of professional men, who include in their
ranks soma of the best culture of the day. Mr. Webb was,
hawever, able to show that though only one architect's evi-
dence or opinions had. been taken, it contained the germ of an
idea which would go far to redeeming the monotony of our
streets, viz., the principle of radiating streets.

—

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HOSE who have seen the threequarter inch
scale detail of the Bell Harry Tower at
Canterbury Cathedral which Mr. Caröe, the
cathedral ^ architect, has prepared, showing the

decayed portions of the stone, will be sufficiently impressed
with the mischief which has been and is going on about the
surface of this fine relic of medieval architecture. To
speak of this tower as a sort of decadent is, we think, quite
a mistake, for not only is it fine in general effect, but con-
tains some very beautiful detail. It is greatly to be hoped
that the necessary funds will be forthcoming to reinstate the
wall surfaces. Happily, there is no great danger
of structural disintegration at present, but, if the
present state of affairs lasted, it would not be long before
such was the case. “ Canterbury Cathedral " (author, G..H.
Smith) is to be the subject discussed on the 19th inst. at
the Architectural Association Discussion Section.

Ir wil be interesting to see the direction of architects’
thoughts in the design of the new Westminster hall and offices
for the Wesleyam body. As to how far in such a position
. Wesleyan Methodism may be symbolised in an ecclesiastical
manner is a debateable point, for though the architect may
settle it in his own mind satisfactorily enough, thc
Wesleyans themselves will probably hold strong opinions.
There are many Wesleyan church. buildings which are difficult
to distinguish from the chapels of the Established Church,
and it is generally understood that the Wesleyans come
nearer to the Established Church of England than any other
Nonconformists. At the same time it may well be supposed
by many influential Wesleyans that the type of building to
be adopted at Westminster should not have an ecclesiastical
look at all, and a letter we published recently makes this
pretty evident. In plain, unvarnished language, one object
of this great building may be supposed to be to advertise
Wesleyanism as well as to minister to its necessities, and
therefore architects will probably seek to produce an im-
pression of striking dignity in the group. If one could feel
sure that in the ultimate result the committee would be
guided largely by the views of their assessor, Mr. Aston Webb,
then the sound architectural judgment in such a problem
. would govern the issue.

THE exterior decoration of the great hospital
which it is understood the Empress of Russia is providing at
her own cost of some hundred thousand pounds is to be
- almost entirely limited to a large tile panel on view this week
at Messrs. Doultovs Lambeth studios. The building is
executed in glazed white briquettes, and this coloured panel
in a mosaic of tiles iin. thick will have a brilliant effect.
The cartoon supplied from St. Petersburg has been very
closely followed by Messrs. Doulton, and, considering the
limited range of colouring possible for outside work, the
result is wonderfully successful. Admirable greens, purples,
and transparent gold have been produced, and, as showing
- the certainty and perfection of manufacture, no single portion
of the mosaic has had to be done over again. We certainly do
not quite like the very archaic look of the drawing, the stiff
drapery, the exaggerated length of the noses of mother and
child, the round, dull eyes, etc., but we euppose that is an
essential to the symbolism in the mind of the accomplished
Court architect, Mr. Robert Meltzor. The whole panel
measures 15ft. 1015. by 11ft. 9in. |

THE Mayor of Lincoln says the by-laws for that city are

OCTOBER 7, 1904) THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 257

on the local drainage scheme, Mr. Baldwin Latham said he
proposed to deal with the sewage simply by broad irriga-
tion. Great objection was being raised to works where the
septic tank treatment was in use ; and the nuisance arising
from such works was really considerable. Only this week
he had been down to a town where £30,000 had been spent
In works for a septic tank and double filter treatment, and
an injunction had been applied for to abate the nuisance.
The council would get a satisfactory effluent from the broad
irrigation treatment. It would be more satisfactory, and
there would be no nuisance. Bacteriological systems were
very costly to manipulate. He recommended broad irriga-
tion because it was less à nuisance and considerably less
expense than the bacteriological treatment.

laying the foundation-stone of the new Liverpoe! Cathedral.
The Bishop's pastoral staff is a!so exhibited, and the collection
includes, too, the rich communion plate for the new cathedral,
the regalia and. plate of the Li verpool City Corporation, and
the chalice presented to the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone.
by the Armenians. Mr. John Hart, the manager, said
during its existence of twenty-six years the exhibition had
visited all parts of England with ever-increasing success.
Its object was to put before Church people and others the
different organisations and agencies which exist. within the
borders of the Church for the education and moral and social
advancement of different classes and sections of society. He
directed attention also to the fine collection of works in metal,
glass, and embroidery, mainly for the decoration and embel-
lishment of the houses of God, and demonstrating the strides
art and artistic ideas had made in that which was devoted to
religious worship. He specially commended to notice the
notable loan collection.

SINCE the west front was restored during Bishop Quirk’s
occupation of the rectory a considerable sum has been ex-
pended on the fabric of Bath Abbey, but a further outlay of
£3,000 or £4,000 is now contemplated. The pinnacle struck
by lightning last month needs rebuilding, and, on examining
it, the architeot discovered a serious situation as regards each

BanTHoLDr, the sculptor of the great statue of Liberty at
the entrance to New York Harbour, died in Paris on Tues-
day morning, at the age of seventy.

IN consequence of the resignation of Mr. Andrew Murray, -
the City surveyor, the corporation propose to appoint a suc-
cessor at £1,000 a year. ۱

after a lighter and more graceful model. Mr. Jackson, the
architect, also considers it necessary that the flying buttresses
on the nave should be strengthened to adequately support
the stone ceiling. It appears they were built when the ceil-
ing was of plaster, and are not sufficient under the altered
ciroumstanoes.

A NEW movement of Liverpool University is the establish-
ment of an Institute of Archeology to provide the material
for the real teaching of ancient history and kindred sub-
jects in connection with the Faculty of Arts. The com-
mittee have secured premises at 40 to 42, Bedford Street,
(two minutes walk from the University), as a temporary
centre for the work, and here there is assembled a series
of Egyptian antiquities which form a basis for the arrange-
ment of the collection of antiquities, many of the objects:
belonging to prehistorio periods. One room, destined for
Christian antiquities, is at present occupied with anthropo-
logical and ethnological specimens, and a good nucleus of
material for anthropometrical researches. For the autumn
term Mr. John Garstang, B.Litt., F.S.A., Reader in Egyp-
tian Archeology, will deliver a course of lectures on
“ Ancient egypt.” In the spring term. Dr. Caton will lec-
ture on “ Remains of Classical Greece "; and in the sum-
mer term the subject will be “ Western Asia," treated by
Mr. Garstang. The institute is provided with a library of
history and archaeology. An early feature of the institute's
work will be excavations to be conducted in the Upper Nile
regions.

IT is stated that the tower of the ancient parish church of
West Ham is in serious need of repair It is a square em-
battled stone tower, 78ft. in height to the top of the parapet,
on which there is a turret 106 high. It has been carefully
surveyed by Mr. W. Weir, architect of the Society for the
Protection of Ancient Buildings, who reported that, while
the interior is in good condition and only needs ما‎ be kept

At the Church Congress in Liverpool, which, promises to be
one of the most successful of recent years, Bishop Crevasse
alluded to the new cathedral as follows : —" It is no dis
Paragement to the noble and enthusiastic churchmen who
supported the first scheme to say that a larger cathedral will
be built upon a more picturesque site by a diocese better
able to appreciate its value than would have been possible
sixteen ¡years ago. At present I am thankful to be able to
report that the contributions from all sources and for all
purposes amount to upwards of £254,000, and that it is

THE School of Art Wood-carving, South Kensington, which
now occupies rcoms on the top floor of the new building of
the Royal School of Art Needlework, in Exhibition Road,
has been reopened after the usual summer vacation, and we
are requested to state that some of the free studentships
maintained by means of funds granted to the school by the
London County Council are vacant. The day classes of the
school are held from ten to one and two to five on, five days.
of the week, and from ten to one on Saturdays. The even-
ing class meets on. three evenings a week and on Saturday
afternoons. Forms of application for the free studentships
and any further particulars relating to the school may be
obtained from the manager. |

offer the munificent sum of £25,000 for the erection of a
Lady Chapel, for which Messrs Bodley and Scott have
already prepared a design of singular beauty, which will be
begun forthwith, and which, it is hoped, may be ready for
use in four years. A city which since 1890 has reduced the
number of its public-houses by 491, and which has swept

AT the quarterly ccurt, held at the Guildhall on September
30, Alderman and Sheriff. T. Vezey Strong was sworn into
the office of Master of the Plumbers’ Company, and Mr. W.
D. Caróe, M.A., F.S.A. (architect to the Ecclesiastical Com-
missioners), and Mr. Charles Hudson into the offices of
Warden and Renter Warden respectively, on election for
the ensuing year.

to speak out on such subject as “ Temperance Legislation,"
the Housing of the Poor," and ^ Casual Labour"; and
in this land of promise, where at least 80,000 Welsh people
live withiw view of their own hills, the Principality would

THE engineers of the London and North-Western Railway
are daily visiting the scene of the threatened encroach ment
of the sea on the Chester and Holyhead line between Holy-
well and Mostyn, and last week a large addition was made
to the number of stonemasons, navvies, and permanént way
men who are streugthening the railway embankment. The
tides, as thev ebb and flow through the gap in the outer
embankment, are engulfing the level field between it and the
the railway, a distance of lo0yds. The embankment itself

THE twenty-sixth annual Ecclesiastical Exhibition in connec-
tion with the Church Congress was opened at the Liverpool
Gymnasium, in Myrtle Street, last Saturday. The exhibi-
tion contains 500 objects of interest. His Majesty the King
has lent for display the gold trowel and mallet used when

[OCTOBER 7, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

258

the old wooden pens in the remaining space will be repaired
and used for overflow market purposes. The new cattle pen:
will be 18ft. by 15ft., and the sheep pens 10ft. by 6ft., and
arranged by communicating gates into suites of from four to
six pens. Three new entrances from George Street, Denby
Dale Road, and Ings Road will be provided. The total cost
of this work will reach about £7,000. It will be remembered
that Messrs. Richardson were awarded the first prize of ity
guineas last February. i

THE result of the competition for laying out an open space
at Welshpool has resulted as follows: —First premiated de
sign, Mr. Frank H. Shayler, Welshpool ; second, Mr. Leonard
Moore, Maidenhead; and third, Mr. J. W. Rowell, 21
Titchborne Street, Edgware Road, London. l

TIPTON FREE LIBRARY COMPETITION.

E think it is well to give the utmost publicity to the
1 facts in relation to competitions which are carried
through in a manner opposed to the best interests of
the profession, and we therefore give the following extracts
from the Birmingham Post 1n relation to the matter.
Our first paragraph deals with the situation last week :一
“ What amounts to almost a deadlock has arisen in conne-
tion with the scheme of the Tipton District Council to provide
a free library on the site adjoining the Viotoria Park. In
consoquence of Mr. Carnegie's refusal to give his consent to
the proposed triple library scheme, it was decided to ered
only two buildings, one on the park site, at a cost of £3,500,
and the other at Toll End, involving an expenditure of £1,500,
thus absorbing the whole of his gift of £5,000. Plans were
prepared for the erection of the library on the park site at
the cost stated, and tenders for the carrying out of the work
were invited, with the provision that the quotations should
not exceed that amount by more than 5 per cent. of the total.
A surveyor, unconnected with the district council, was en.
gaged to draw up the quantities for the contractors, in accor-
dance with the plans, and it was intended to adopt one of
the tenders at the meeting of the council on Tuesday night
last. Owing tothe protracted charaater of the business, the
opening ot tne tenders, numbering no less than twenty-four.
did not take place until an advanced hour in the evening. li
was then found that the prices quoted were largely in exces
of the amount specified, the lowest being £5,100 and the
highest £6,200. The council were therefore unable to pro-
ceed in the matter, which has become both difficult and urgent,
in view of the fact that the deed of gift of tne land contains
a clause to the effect that if the work of erecting a public
building was not commenced before or during the month of
October next the site would revert to the donor. The con.
mittee have decided to hold a special meeting on Monday
night to devise means, if possible, to remove the difficulty."
Following the appearanoe of the above report we have the
letter herewith : —" Sir,—The report, as published in yester
day's Post, of the meeting of the District Library Comnittee
15 only what has been expected by a number of architects
You will remember the council advertised for competitive
plans under conditions which caused a. number of architects
to refuse to send in designs, because (1) no assessor would
be appointed ; and (2) no guarantee was given that even the
author of either of the three premiated designs would be com-
missioned to execute the work. Mr. Bateman, who was thet
the Birmingham representative of the Competitions Reform
Society, endeavoured to get these conditions revised without
success. After a second competition between the author of
the second premiated design and a local architect (who 85
afterwards instructed to prepare working drawings and obtain
tenders), the committee find that they have selected à dessen
which will cost them £1,600, or 50 per cent. mere to
than they have to spend, exclusive of architects fees an ۱
clerk of works’ salary, which were all to be included in the
first competition. An assessor would have selected a desit!
which could either have been erected for the sum to be spent
or suggested an amendment to bring its cost within an s
scribed limit. The public do not expect the commis
appointed from the council to be experte, but they do v
their representatives to act fairly, and no one would have

grumbled at the cost of employing an expert وي‎

September 30.

for over 100yds. has disappeared, and there is now nothing
to stop the tides but the new railway embankment.

A CORRESPONDENT writes to the Times :—“ It is fairly evident
from the Blue-book (Egypt No. 2, 1904] that according to
Lord Cromer's despatch to Lord Lansdowne of April 22,
1904, the first new work in connection with future irrigation
of Egypt is almost sure to be the heightening of the dam of
Assouan. When this is effected the river level of water
stored in the reservoir will be 112 metres, or six metres
higher than the present level, and a further submersion of
the temples on the island of Phile will ensue. Sir William
Garstin points out in his report that this will destroy much
of their picturesqueness and will impair much of the beauty
of the present landscape, especially at a time when tourists
and others visit Assouan. He also alludes to the damage,
through the action of deleterious salts, to the lower portions
—the stone walls and columns of the temples; but he has
not apparently taken count of the damage through submer-
sion of their upper parts, the great blocks of stone work
lying horizontally above the columns. This is no doubt
merely an oversight, since it is quite clear that the autho-
rities have every desire to pay sympathetic attention to the
preservation, as far as circumstances will allow, of the old
buildings at Phile. There is no indication in either Lord
Cromer s despatch or Sir William Garstin's report that con-
sideration has been given to means for averting, in some
measure at least, the damage which must occur to the splen-
did temple thirty miles south of Assouan, at Kalabsheh.
This is a majestic stone temple of the Roman period, built
upon a brick base, which will be submerged, and then,
quickly decaying, the fall and complete ruin of the magni-
-ücent stone superstructure seem to be almost inevitable.
The temple at Dakkeh is some twenty-five miles or so south
of Kalabsheh ; its pylnos, or massive towers, are in finer
preservation than any others in Egypt. With the raising
of the dam, however, this practically unique monument will
be submerged and more rapidly ruined than the temple at
Kalabsheh. A movement is on foot to renew the representa-
tions made in 1894, and it is to be hoped that they may be
successful in impressing on the Government of Egypt that
there are precious monuments besides those at Phile which
claim their protection."

COMPETITIONS.

T is stated that five designs have been received for the
| girls’ and infants’ school at Worthing, and that a design

19 a which provides for 240 girls and 300 infants
at a cost of £7,290.

Tue Accrington Town Council, in committee, on Monday,
rejected a recommendation from the Education Committee
that plans for a new day-school at Woodnook be prepared by
the borough surveyor, and that the latter should be paid an
honorarium cf £200. This wouk is to be thrown open to com-
petition, and £400 awarded to the successful architect.

abe

In the competition for Concert Hall and Pavilion at Ayr
the first place has been won by Mr. J. K. Hunter, of Ayr;
the second by Mr. Henry Higgins jun. Glasgow; and the
third by Mr. Eric Sutherland, also of Glasgow.

FuurTEEN sets of plans have been received fer the new schools
im Canterbury Road, Birchfield.

w mnaman

Tug Stamford Free Library Competitien has resulted in Mr.

H. T. Hare making his award as follows: —First, “ Portico |

A," Messrs. Hall and Phillips, of 6, Great James Street,
London, W.C.; second, “ Burghley,” Messrs. Buckland and
Farmer, 25a, Paradise Street, Birmingham: and third,
* Erming," Mr. T. W. Cotman, Northgate Street, Ipswich.

Tue plans submitted by Messrs. C. W. Richardson and Son. |
Wakefield, fcr improvements at the cattle market of that |
town have now been approved, and are about to be carricd hope vcu can see your way to find space in your paper 1
t. Provision will be made for 1,200 cattle and 4,000 sheep. | lish this letter, and show the way the council have mul”

out.

and as a great saving of space will be effected by the design, | this matter in addition to others —BITTEN.

259

—

۱
Schemes were based on an official plan issued to all com-
petitors, and, further, that the committee desired the eleva-
tion to be in keeping with the existing library building.
The competition was limited to Birmingham architects, of
whom twelve were invited by the corporation to compete.

THE CATHEDRAL AND ITS STAFF.

——

r i first subject of discussion by the Church Congress,
at Liverpool, after the president's address on Tuesday,
was " ¡he Cathedral and its Staff." This was opened

in a paper on “ How and Why our Cathedrals were Built,”

by Mr. G. F. Bodley, R.A., the paper being read in the
author's absence,

Mr. Bodley said that cathedrals were the meeting houses
of the dioceses in which they stood. Our old cathedrals
were of interest, not alone to the student of architecture, but
to the student of England's history. They formed a remark-
able part of the making of our land. For example, they
showed the difference there was between the “ regulars," or
monks, and the “ seculars —Tnamely, the parochial and
cathedral clergy, headed by their " chapters,” the canons in
the church of the Bishop, which was the centre and head
church in each diocese. These canons were essentially
parochial clergy, assisting the Bishop in matters pertaining
to the cathedral, and were his council, but each, for the most
part, with the care of a neighbouring parish. The theory of the
old foundations,' as they were called, was an admirable one.
The rules which governed the abbeys were entirely different.
These matters threw great light on the history of the Middle
Ages and the subsequent changes that came later. To
realise the history of our cathedrals was to realise an im-
portant part of English history. But a few years ago and
these buildings were but little valued and little used. Arthur
Helps lamented that they seemed too big for the religion in
them—shells with shrivelled nuts that rattled inside. But,
happily, a few years had wrought a change, and our great
cathedrals were rapidly becoming centres of worship and
of the Church's teaching—themselves, indeed, teaching
always with their silent “ sermons in stones.” It was not
an easy matter to reply to the question, “ How our old
cathedrals were built?" ^ One brief answer was, “ By the
will of the people." There was no doubt that, while many
abbeys were founded and endowed with grants of land by
individuals, our cathedrals were raised by united gifts pf
labour and money. Chapels attached to cathedrals were,
without doubt, built and endowed by individuals. But the
main fabrics were builbby kings, bishops, nobles, and
the laity at large, and were dowered with lands given by
them. We might be sure that our cathedrals called out
and fostered the imagination of the young. And age did
not stale the effects that these great works produced on the
mind. For there was ھ‎ mystery and a well-nigh inexhaus-
tible mine of interest about them.

enema‏ لد oet os‏ سن ڪڪ

JUDGE GRANTHAM'S COTTAGES.

HE question of the fitness or unfitness of the cottage
plans which Mr. Justice Grantham submitted to the
local authority at his place ın Sussex is still exciting

the county and the rest of the world. The plans were sent
back to the learned Judge, as they did not comply with the
by-laws—in what respect was not made clear—after one of
the Judge's critics had called his cottages " quack. The
plans have been shown to a very competent designer of small
houses, whose life has been a constant round of submitting
plans to local surveyors. This gentleman had some difficulty
in grasping what the plans really meant. The marginal
particulars on the side of the plans were facts dealing with
dimensions of materials to be used. These materials, the
expert said, were well chosen for a cheap cottage. First of
all he contended that the local authorities were justified in
returning these plans. They were not adequate, they were
not properly drawn. Taking the defects of these plans

| seriatim the expert objected to the fact that they did not

show foundaticns at all satisfactorily. He had no doubt that
foundations existed in Sir William Grantham’s mind, but the
plans did not bring them home to an average surveyor. He
also objected to the rafters because they were not supported
properly, and unless “ sky hooks ” were provided he was afraid
that the roof might blow away. There only seemed to be

be explained that both eighteen inches allowed for the opening of the front door, and

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

| showing that the total amount to be |
expended on the building must not be in excess of 5 per |

OCT OBER 7, 1904]

_ يي —

On Monday night last the matter came up for settlement.
The Clerk (Mr. Waring) read the agreement with the
architect (Mr* Perry),

cent. above £3,900. He also read a resolution of the coun-
cil accepting Mr. Perry د‎ plans with such modifications as
the council thought fit to make. ‘Lhe Chairman said that,
in consequence of the tenders so largely exceeding the
amount stipulated, the council had now to consider whother
or not they could modify the plans so as to bring the cost
within the sum decided upon. Mr. Robbins said it appeared
to him that the first thing to decide was whether or not the
architect had complied with the instructions given him by
the council, and whether or not he had forfeited his right
for consideration by the council Mr. Stanton eulogised
the architect, and advocated the council giving Mr. Ferry
anviacr trial by modifying the plans. Lhe council had
got into such a muddle in reference to the scheme that some
had actually advocated the council giving it up, and he
trusted that they would now be all united, so that the difti-
culty could be overcome. Mr. Powell said the architect
had not complied with the conditions. The council had
now lost the fecs of the surveyor engaged to get out the
quantities, and a deadlock had been created. They could
not spend more than £3,500, and it appeared to him that
they should consider plans by other architects. Mr. Lyons
sald the council acoepted what they considered the best
plans, but they were not architects, and it appeared to him
that their ignorance was partly responsible tor the preSent
position. Mr. Sherwood pointed out that the architect's
specifications included over £600 for furniture. Ulti-
mately, it was decided to call Mr. Perry into the room to
make an explanation. Mr. Perry said that in drawing up
the specifications he had enumerated the very best mate-
rials, butibe could make such modifications as would reduce
the cost by £1,500 without interfering with the original
plans. The architect having withdrawn from the room,
Mr. Powell proposed that the scheme prepared by Mr. Perry
be rejected. Mr. Lyons seconded the resolution. Mr.
George: I think if you took a poll of the parish you would
find that the people, two to one, are dead against the Coun-
cil spending any money on that site. The resolution was
adopted ; and a motion by Mr. Powell that the council con-
sider the plans prepared by Mr. Wenyon (Great Bridge)
was also carried. Mr. Doughty contended that the whole
question was out of order because the council had d
from the original scheme. Mr. Wenyon then appeared
before the council, and, after alluding to certain modifica-
tions in his plans which might be made, gave an assurance
to the council that his scheme could be carried out well
under the sum specified, with his fees as architeot included.
Ultimately Mr. Wenyon was appointed architect, and a
resolution was passed not to engage a surveyor to prepare
the quantities. A special committee was then appointed
to deal with the scheme. The Clerk pointed out ۹
according to the deed of gift, the land would reveatt to the
donor on October 27 unless the council commenced thereon
the erection of a public building by them. Mr. Lyons: We
can get out of the difficulty by putting 25,000 bricks on the
ground. It was decided to instruct the architect to have
some portion of the proposed building erected on the ground
before the time specified.

———— eM

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

FLATS, SHEPHERD'S BUSH.
HOUSE AT HAZLEMERE.
CLARKE AND Warwick, Architecte, Lancaster Road, W.

GRISSELL PRIZE.
Design for a Timber Spire by Frep A. LLEWELLYN.

Tuis was an excellent contribution to the last R.LB.A.
competition.

BALSALL HEATH BATHS.
. Design by Messrs. CROUCH, BUTLER AND SAVAGE.
THE name of the firm responsible for this design, publishad
by us last week, should have been as above.
With regard to the similarity of the two plans we have
published, it should perhaps

[OCTOBER 7, 1904

260 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT —

—

tecture, we might soon expect to be free from any liabilities
of thıs nature.

Apart from this, the Association as a body is in a tho
roughly prosperous condition. Our membership continues
to grow year by year, during the past two sessions at the
rate of over one hundred per annum. t is especially
gratifying to find old and eminent members of the profes
sion wishful to enrol themselves in our ranks. Great and
varied as our work is, the enthusiasm of all is well main-
tained. I feel sure a great deal of this is attributable in
no small degree to the able guidance of your retiring presi-
dent, Mr. Henry T. Hare, whose unfailing energy, tact, and
ability, have done so much during the past two years to for-
ward in every way the intereste of the Association. Itis
not too much to say that the Architectural Association, as
a body, owes much of its growth and vitality to the admir
able way in which, in the past, it has been served by ita
presidents and officers, who have spared neither time nor
effort on its behalf, and in taking up the reins of office for
the coming year, I feel a great responsibility devolves on
me to maintain this lofty tradition.

The day school, under the able and popular mastership
of Mr. Hugh P. G. Maule, is now firmly established in ite
new quarters, and the comfort and convenience of the
spacious studios is greatly appreciated by both students and
masters—indeed, it would be impossible to find in London
a more complete set of rooms adapted to the work of the
school. It is now commencing its fourth session, and has
proved an unqualified success, which must be a source of
great gratification to our past president, Mr. W. H. Seth
Smith, to whose initiative the day school owes its origin.
It was a difficult task to fill the post of head master, which
Mr. Arthur Bolton so well occupied, and which he relin-
quished after two years of ungrudging work. His was a
labour of considerable difficulty in organising and
inaugurating a definite curriculum. The selection of his
successor, Mr. Maule, justifies entirely the high opinion
your committee had of his fitness for the position, and the
Association has every reason to be well satisfied with the
manner in which he is carrying on this onerous and respon-
sible work. The main idea of the day school is that pupilage
should be preceded by some elementary training, prepara-
tory to entering an office. Many consider it desirable that
a student should be grounded systematically and thoroughly
in the rudiments of his work, that he may begin to study
the history of architecture and ite development in various
countries, and obtain some insight into the principles of
design and construction. At the expiration of either one
or two years in the school, a student entering an architects
office will have gained a sufficient elementary knowledge
to be able not only to take an intelligent interest in his
work, but to utilise to some extent the results of his pre
liminary training. The advantages to a student who is
equipped heforehand in this way must be obvious ها‎ all,
and I am convinced that in years to come the school will be
recognised as a great service to the profession at large.

We have also this session established an evening continua-
tion school, under the mastership of Mr. T. Frank Green,
to enable students, who have passed through the day school
course, to carry on the work in a systematic way, concur-
rently with their articles in an architect's office. I do not
intend to deal in detail with the work of the various even
ing classes, but I do wish to draw the attention of members
to the classes of design—both elementary and advanced—
which are visited by many of the most eminent architects
in London, who generously give their time to the service
of the Association. It is a great advantage for a student
to be able to work out a series of designs, to have these
examined and criticised in open class, and to see how his
work compares with that of his fellows. This not only pro
motes a healthy rivalry, but enables him to see the progres
he is making and what his capabilities are, and I hope ۳
the coming session that many will join these and the other
classes. Students should make a point as much as possible
of doing this, and in some way or other taking advantage of
the training the Association offers. The fees for 8
various classes represent capital well invested, and if only
from a commercial point of view, assistants can always oom”
mand a larger salary if properly equipped. The 5
the Association shows only too clearly that this is 9 8
there are always twenty-five per cent. more non-members
wanting berths than members. Au

The Architectural Association represente the oldest edu

|
. he therefore gathered that it must open outwards like that of
a public building. The chimneys, he estimated, were several |
feet too high, and might require propping up at an early
period in their career. The windows were too low, and would
be aboub right if they were turned completely round. The
attics had fireplaces, but it would be difficult tc make a fire
unless one crawled on hands and knees, owing to the lowness
of the roof. The ceilings of most of the rocms were also toc
low, and: the larder was apparently unventilated. This
authority expressed a wish to see these cottages when they
were erected, because he thought that he then might tullv
understand the plans. As to the architectural beauties cf
these edifices, he said, after a mature consideration, that the
vast, disproportion: of the roof and the smallness of the win-
dows suggested a glorified chicken-shed altered cunningly fou
the use of a race of small people. One final question he
asked. Why were the attics so very amply provided with
windows? Were the cottages to be let to agricultural
labourers who needed photographic studios — Daily Mirror.

— e
۰ ۱

THE ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.*
By E. Guy Dawser, F.R.I.B.A.

\HE present occasion marks an epoch in the annals of
] the Architectural Association. It is the first time

that an address has been made from this chair in a
building devoted exclusively to the uses of tlıe Association,
and we may well feel proud that our efforts to attain this
result have been crowned with such signal success. I do
not wish to weary you again with an account of how this
has come about—all that is ancient history and was fully
dealt with in the address of your president last year. It
is my great privilege to declare that the consummation of
our” desires has come to pass, and, after more than half a
century's waiting, the Architectural Association is at last
in its own home. For many years past our growing needs
and requiremente, and the yearly increasing roll of mem-
bers, rendered the removal from our old and cramped pre-
mises in Great Marlborough Street a necessity—a change
was bound to come sooner or later ;. so that when the Royal
Architectural Museum offered us their premises, together
with the valuable contents, the Association most gladly
accepted such a generous and unexpected offer. To meet
our needs, the building required considerable alteration,
but your committee felt that this was the opportunity to
obtain studios and lecture-rooms, so that the work of the
Association could be carried on «properly without being
hampered by lack of room. It was therefore decided to
face the heavy outlay connected with the work once and for
all, and have thoroughly useful and well-equipped premises.
This most important work—the rearrangement of ۵
building—was entrusted to Mr. Leonard Stokes, and I feel
sure we can congratulate both him and ourselves upon the
successful issue of his labours. In addition to premises of
our own we have also the admirable collection of casts and
models which originally formed the Royal Architectural
Museum. There is not the least doubt these will prove of
great value to students and form a very fitting adjunct to
a society euch ag ours. It will be a matter of great labour to
arrange for the display of these casts in some sort of chrono-
logical sequence, but a start has been made under the able
direction of Mr. W. G. B. Lewis, and we hope, in time, not
only to see the work completed, but a revised catalogue
compiled, so that both the public and the profession may be
helped in their researches, and take an intelligent interest
in what is a most unique collection. But we have not been
able to. accomplish this work without incurring heavy
responsibility, and the indebtedness of the Association has
reached a total of about ten thousand pounds. Of this
amount over five thousand pounds has been subscribed, and
a generous donor has offered a further sum of a thousand

ds conditionally upon the balance being raised before
the end of this session. We need, therefore, about four
thousand pounds, and I feel sure all members of the Asso-
ciation and the profession will respond most generously to
our appeal for help to clear off this debt. If members would
bring the matter before any of those who are interested in
the education of architects and the advancement of archi-

— rE
* Delivered at the new premises, 'Tufton Street, September 30, 1904.

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269

different ways, and the loudest and most garish edifice
attracts the most attention. This, again, is emphasised
in the treatment of our shops, where massive buildings, many
storeys high, rest with no visible means of support on huge
sheets of glass, whilst the fagades of many others are covered
and disfigured by enormous letters and advertisemente. It
is indeed strange that wwe should, as a nation with some
claims to taste and refinement, tolerate these shams and
eyesores that mar and spoil the streets of all our large cities
and towns. |

I cannot help thinking we have lost a good deal in the
beauty and comsistency of our street architecture since the
days when such men as the Brothers Adam, Chambers,
Nash, and the Woods of Bath, for example, gave us their
quiet fagadea and street fronts, all based on some idea and
planned on a big scale, and though perhaps slightly un-
interesting to us to-day, yet possessing in a certain degree
scale and symmetry. In street architecture the mass should
be the main idea and the individual building should be sub-
sidiary to the general design. Exactly the opposite seems
to be the prevalent idea to-day, and one cannot help look-
ing forward with some degree of misgiving to the result of
such experiments as we see in Regent Street, which break
the simple lines and grouping of what, however much its
monotony may be abused, possesses some claims to design
on a monumental scale. Without doubt all this variety,
this diversity of idea and design which we see everywhere
throughout the country, is attributable to our lack of archi-
tectural education in the past—we have not learned in any
school, nor on any method, and hence our architecture, like
our training, is individual and haphazard, everyone building
what best suits his taste, just as our students study or pick
up their ideas in a like manner.

On the other hand, in essentially domestic architecture,
this country stands pre-eminent. Our country houses pos-
sess a character and quality of which we may well be proud,
and in this branch of our art a commonsense and legitimate
use of material is producing a style that stamps the building
of to-day.

In municipal architecture we have also vastly improved
during the past decade, and many of our modern buildings
are well worthy of comparison with the works of masters of
bygone years. But as a nation we have quite failed to re-
cognise the importance to the community of well-thought-
out schemes of building and their environment on a large
scale. We lack in England that spirit of civic pride which
is so pronounced abroad—a pride in the beautifying of our
individual cities and towns that makes one vie with the
other in'a display of noble buildings, dignified squares, and
that co-operation of architect, sculptor, and painter which
alone can produce great and noble works of art. ,

The least observant cannot fail to be struck by the feeble-
ness of conception shown in dealing with the various sites
that come into the market. It is deplorable that they
should be regarded merely as commercial speculations, to
be covered with buildings with neither character or indivi-
duality, and without the least regard for their surroundings,
aud perhaps more than anywhere else this is seen in the
development of our suburbs. On the Continent this prob-
lem is dealt with in a systematic way, and the various muni-
cipal authorities prepare the lay-out of the general scheme,
the lines along which the extension is to take place
and the proportion of the whole site which may be covered
by buildings. It is a great pity that our English town
councils do not study the admirable work of town extension
now being done in Germany, and do not obtain from Par-
liament powers to do similar work here; our towns might
then be developed and improved on broad and dignified lines
instead of the haphazard way we now deal with a question
that is worth far more consideration than is given to it.
In this country the interests and rights of the individual
are so jealously guarded that it is almost, impossible to effect
improvements for this reason, so that it is Utopian to hope
for the wide avenues, open spaces, gardens and fountains,
such as we see and admire in the cities of Europe. This
longing for light and air. though unexpressed on the part
of the public, is evident from the desire shown to live away
from the overcrowded centres of our towns—to spend: some
few hours in the outskirts, where sufficient air space can be
given to the houses, and where streets can be wide and
open spaces provided. But unfortunately the country sur-
roundings of our towns and cities are so rapidly becoming
alike, so levelled down to one dull cosmopolitan stamp, that

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 7, 1904]

cational body dealing exclusively with the training of archi-
tecta in the United Kingdom, and is, I think, the only
society-in which teaching has been carried on systemati-
cally from its foundation in 1847. There are chairs of
Architecture at the Royal Academy, the Royal College of
Art, and the Universities of London and King's College,
and also Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, and Edinburgh,
at some of which a regular course of study is pursued.
Though there are not less than eighteen other architectural
societies scattered through the provinces, it is only the
Architectural Associations of Birmingham and Ireland that
hold classes of construction, design, and hi l T'he
Devon and Exeter Architectural Society, founded in 1890,
have, however, established classes for the teaching of design,
and it has been arranged for some of our members to perio-
dically visit and criticise the work—in this case our valued
past president, Mr. G. H. Fellowes Prynne, has undertaken
16 for the ensuing session. It is much to be desired that
other societies would follow this example, for although in
many of the places where they exist are technical collages,

schools of art, and institutes, yet these do not and cannot

train architecte in the systematic and thorough way which
is felt nowadays to be a necessity. The question of educa-
tion occupies the attention of most thinking men, and, as
ھ‎ profession, we can no longer afford to allow our students
to be trained in the haphazard methods of the past. It is
much to be hoped the report of the Board of Education
Committee, appointed by the late Council of the R.I.B.A.,

comprising, as it does, many of the soundest educational
experts 'of the day, will result in the establishment of some
definite scheme of training which can be accepted as a basis
by the various teaching bodies throughout the kingdom.
I feel sure the Architectural Association would welcome an y
suggestions that would tend to bring its work into line with
this new movement, and thereby enlarge and extend its
sphere of usefulness.

I regret to announce that eleven members have died
during the past session, amongst them, only a few weeks
ago, being Mr. C. K. Roe, one of the most promising of our
day school students. This year has been memorable, in
that one of our members, a young and most talented one,
has seen the inauguration of his design for Liverpool Cathe-
dral take place. We most heartily congratulate Mr. George
Gilbert Scott on his brilliant success, and the Association,
as indeed the whole profession, will watch with keen inte-
rest the development of his great work. We are living
in a wonderful age of building, when houses, streets, great
towns indeed, spring into being almost in the space of days.
Ín London, large schemes are in hand, such as no previous
generation has ever known, and which are changing the
character of whole districts. The most conspicuous feature
in this new architecture is its entire absence of uniformity
or consideration of surroundings. Architects, with varying
success, have given rein to their imaginations without allow-
ing themselves to be controlled or influenced in any way
by neighbouring buildings; so that our streets present a
want of character and scale which is singularly unsuitable
in a city such as this. That this should be the case where
many of the buildings individually are most admirable is
lamentable, and I cannot help thinking that it is matter for
regret that in this country we have no Ministry of Fine
Arts, or some consultative committee on art who could
advise when sites come into the market, or buildings are
pulled down, as to the form the rebuilding should take, or
what improvements or modifications in the design would
conduce to the future dignity and beauty of the city. It
is, perhaps, too much to hope that the London County
Council will control the capricious talents of architects and
builders in Aldwych and Kingsway, but the greatest oppor-
tunity of recent years will be lost if such sites are allowed
to be covered with individual erections—the creations of
commercial syndicates, too varied in style and material to
give any dignity or character to their environment. The
recent changes in the Strand have proved that a great deal
of the beauty of St. Mary's came from the fact that the
church wa®so well fitted in style and size to the position
in which it was built, and to the height of the houses around
it. I venture to think this essential principle is not suffi-
ciently regarded in most of the new buildings we see on all
sides. This feeling of inequality and lack of proportion is
more noticeable in our street architecture than in anything
else—there is no settled tradition in building; no definite
aim or standard in view, and all treat different things in

کبس تت اا E imawas‏

一

< [OCTOBER 7 1904

一 -- P FT 一 一- 一 AA A NE‏ شس د ا

the one into the peace and quiet of the other is altogether out
of place. Each building should be treated with due regard to
its position, aspect, and environment as a separate problem,
and also with reference to the local materials of the district.
It is the employment of so many and varied materials, out of
all harmony with their surroundings, that has done so much
to destroy the local styles and characteristics that once made
all country building in England so beautiful.

Many are inclined to reproach the public for their apathy
and lack of sympathy with the architecture of to-day, but
does not a large amount of the fault lie with architects them-
selves? The public judge architecture by what they see
around on all sides, and when we look on the vast amount of
building throughout the country erected thoughtlesly,
hastily, and with an entire absence of taste, much of it, وا‎
deed, done by men who do not claim to be architects at all,
it is not to be wondered that the estimation of such work
should be low, and that the Press of this country should treat
it so indifferently.

Gentlemen, all these are broad questions not unworthy اہ‎
your careful consideration, and though they may appear to
our younger members as dry and uninteresting, it is essential
that they should be conversant with such matters, which in
after years will force themselves on their attention. But do
not believe that architecture has vanished, as the pessimists
say, for at least we are not satisfied with its substitute, and
though houses and costumes perhaps fall short of medizval
grace and colour, yet both are tending to become more seemly
and convenient than those our forefathers knew. Slowly, but
surely, we are striving for, and I think arriving at, that oom-
bination of beauty and utility wherein lies the truest, perhaps
the only true art, and we have to-day an ever-increasing body
of able and thoughtful men, who are doing work that is
worthy of our highest admiration, and which is awakening
the interest of the public in an art which for years past has
been regarded with comparative indifference. In architec
ture, decoration, and the plastic arts, there is د‎ strong and
virile movement permeating the country, not only to treat
material sensibly, but with freedom from the fetters of bygone
schools of design. It lies in your power to forward this move-
ment, to train your hand and eye, to study and labour in the
profession you have chosen, remembering always that as the
coming generation of architects with you rests a great re
sponsibility. I would have you think of architecture from a
national standpoint as a great force, and make up your mind
from the day you enter the profession to devote yourselves to
the uplifting of the noblest of all the arte. Your work will
be your greatest recompense, and if you throw your heart into
it you will find it a never-ending pleasure and engrossing pur-
suit to the end. Look at things largely and try to think in
the mass, and do not design your buildings as separate eleva-
tions, but picture them in the round, as imaginary buildings,
that you can feel and handle, and plan out the surroundings,
and the environment, so that the whole is complete in every
way. If you accustom yourselves to this habit of thinking of
your designs as a whole, you will be surprised: at the grasp of
idea it will give you and the increased pleasure you will get
out of your work. Study the work of our best living men
whenever you have the opportunity, as well as of those long
since dead and forgotten, and do not neglect the prosaic pre
sent for the picturesque past. Whenever you see a beau
building or work of art, either a new one just completed or
an old one coloured by the mellowing hand of time, one that
instinctively impresses you by its sense of proportion and fit-
ness, trv and analyse it and find out what it is in its concep
tion and construction that produces this effect. The cultiva:
tion of this habit of analysing everything you see, of dealing
with actual existent facts, will help you to design and pian
far more than studying books and illustrations. The reason
we admire old work so much is, I think, putly sentiment and
partly because it is, as a rule, thoughtful and honest—there 19
a feeling of reposefulness, of satisfaction and charm, that so
much modern work misses, and it is this spirit, this intangible
something, that one feels but cannot express im words, that
you should strive to attain and which will give character and
beauty to your work. It is the spirit and the thought behind
the design that makes a. beautiful building, and the more
Ted you put into your work the better and nobler will
it be.

So much is being done nowadays to encourage practical
training and technical education that many are apt to Des"
lect the more artistic side of their work. The recent exhibr

‚tion of holiday sketches and drawings, at the Royal Institute

of British Architects, was quite a revelation, and showed

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

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270

the people who live there forget, or never realise, that there
are towns and cities which can boast of long antiquity and
a noble history, and contain ancient and venerable build-
ings. They form as they grow up their impressions of
architeoture from that they live amongst and see on all sides,
and if these surroundings are commonplace and mean, can it
. be wondered that by them architecture is regarded with in-

difference, and that beautiful buildings arouse no feelings of
reverence and appreciation!

It was estimated in the Times recently that London
suburbs were ing and filing so fast that as many as
nine hundred thousand people settled in them, in new houses,
In tem years; so that to Greater London eveny year is added
a whole city the size of Norwich! It is difficult to realise
such a fact when, we contemplate it seriously and think of the
old cities of medieval days, crowded with beautiful buildings,
which cost long years and centuries of toil and thought to
create, whem building was for all time and architecture a
living force. To-day, when these communities grow like
mushrooms, I feel that this is almost a national question,
and, unless some steps are taken to plan our new towns and
thelr 1 on better and more artistic lines, that
architecture, as an art, will very greatly suffer. Experiments
have been made in recent years in this country of building
and laying out towns and villages on some artistic basis, and
with very satisfactory resulte. The paper that was read last
session on the Bournville settlement, showed that these
buildings could be erected to pay a fair return of interest for
the outlay, and entirely disposed of the fallacy that to build
artistically is more expensive than otherwise. There can be
no doubt that the influence of communities such as these must
eventually have a great effect on the taste of the public.
Unless this question of the extension of London suburbs
is dealt with on some such lines, we shall be surrounded
by a belt of appalling monotony and ugliness as
every suburban extension makes the existing suburbs less
desirable. ۱

There is one other thing that affects our present day archi-
tecture, especially in the country, and that is the building
restrictions enforced in nearly every part of the kingdom. I
make no apology for introducing the subject before such a
society as this, as 1ts effect on the work of the country is wide
and farreaching—to architects these by-laws are only too
well known, but the public do not realise in the least the
baneful and cramping effect they are producing. Buildings
in cities and populous towns must of necessity be under con-
ditions, but in provincial places and country distriots these
restrictions should be relaxed, as the circumstances are en-
tirely different. That the same rules framed originally for
dealing with buildings in crowded cities should be applied
indiscriminately all over the kingdom, and that only certain
materials should be used in particular ways, not only tends
to make our architecture lifeless and uninteresting, but causes
the neglect and discouragement of all the old crafts and
methods of building that made oun country districts so
picturesque and interesting. It is now frequently only on
private estates that building can be carried on without inter-
ference, for, owing to the extended powers granted to the
urban and district councils, and the wide areas they cover,
properties miles away from the nearest town or village, and
in many cases entirely isolated, are now compelled to conform
to these vexatious restrictions. Surely the time has come
when some broad and sensible regulations should be made,
and these unnecessary and mechanical by-laws modified,
which are of little use in preventing jerry building, but which
harass all good designers. These by-laws, again, are killing
the last lingering country crafts still in use, just as the so-
` called “improvements” have changed the surroundings of
the poorest peasant. He now has no distinction of dress: his
antique smock has been discarded for the cheap tweed suit,
his wooden clogs for ready-made boots. In his work he no
longer uses the scythe, the sickle, and the flail, but has become
a mechanic, and does most things by machinery. His cot-
tage, boo, 15 changed, and is built now in depressing rows,
after the ugly model laid down by the Local Government
Board; the open hearth has given place to the stove, the
red-tiled floor to linoleum, and the old-fashioned lattice case-
ments to sash windows and coloured glass—all things that
doubtless conduce to his material advantage, but certainly
to the great loss of picturesque effect. 01 course it is idle to

wish for these old days to return ; circumstances are altered,
and as architects ib is imperative for us te keep abreast of the
times, but I would urge you to remember that there is an
architecture for the country as for the town, and to bring

271

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 7, 1904]

that arohitects in daily practice can yet produce most clever | his work and in that direction alone, and to attempt to

make himself master of any of the subsidiary crafte, to work

and artistic drawings and sketches.

By some of our younger men, sketching and measuring, I ; with his own hands on buildings of his own, is a mistake.
understand, is not nowadays in favour, as 16 tends to keep 1 have never been able to ascertain that any of the greatest

architects of the past were craftsmen in the sense that we
use the word to-day, and I do not think that any work in
any ot their known buildings can be pointed to as actually
executed by them. The function of an architect should be
to design and have the control of the entire building, to be
the master builder in fact, and to be conversant with all
the work being done. He should, as far as possible, have
a knowledge of the technique of the various trades and
craits, and be able in a general way to direct and control
them all, but more than this seems unnecessary. To con-
cern himself personally with matters of actual cratisman-
ship must be to the detriment of the buildings, because an
architect cannot carry out the multifarious duties required
to-day, and find time to do these things as well. Of course
if an architect wishes to work with his own hands, and has
a tendency that way, he will doubtless produce excellent re-
sults, but the idea in buildings of any magnitude or import- `
ance seems out of the question. Do not be led astray with
theories such as these, but try and gather round you artists
and craftsmen in the allied arts, who understand and sym-
pathise with your aims and who will work with you. ‘Lhis
وړ‎ what all our great architecte have done and what we
should try and do to-day.

In conclusion, cultivate that spirit of comradeship with
your fellow-students, which has always been one of the chief
aims of the Association, and if you possibly can, take some
part, however small, in the good work itis doing. The aim
of the Association has always been to help its members, and
this is the spirit that has enabled it to maintain its almost
unique position. It may be your lot to stand by the way-
side and see others pass you in the race of life, for its prizes
are only for the few; but do not be discouraged, for if you
do the work, however small, which comes to your hand to
the best of your ability and power, it will not only bring
its own reward, but will help and encourage thoee around
you to follow your example.

—

BUILDING NEWS.

AT Wednesday's meeting of the Newcastle-under-Lyme
Town Council plans for new public baths, to cost £11,500,
were approved.

PLANS have been passed by the Southwark Borough Council
for the erection of a room to house the Cuming Museum
over the present newsroom in the Newington Library, ata _
cost of £1,500.

Tue Nelson Education Committee resolved last week to build
two day-schools, at a cost of £15,000. The corpora-
tion have also for £5,000 bought property in Railway Street
and Market Street for publio improvement purposes.

Tuz designs submitted by Messrs. George Baines, F.R.I.B.A.,
and R. Palmer Baines, 5, Clement's Inn, Strand, W.C., for
the Breachwood Green Baptist Church have been selected,
and the work is to proceed at once. The building will ac-
commodate about 400 persons, and the cost will be slightly
over £1,500. ۱

Ar Monday’s meeting of Kelso Town Council Provost
Crichton Smith made a statement regarding the town hall.
The building was handed over to the town by the Duke of
Roxburghe, and it has now been agreed, on the recommen-
dation of the Town Hall Committee, to proceed with the
improvement of the building on a modified scale, estimated
to cost £2,500. Mr. Swanson, architeot, Edinburgh, has
been appointed advisor to the committee.

THE foundatibn-stone of the Liverpool Wesleyan Central
Hall. in Renshaw Street, which is to perpetuate the memory
of the Rev. Charles Garrett, was laid on the 28th ult. by the
Lord Mayor of Liverpool. The hall, which will be in the
centre of the city, when finished will have cost nearly
£45,000. There will be a large hall capable of holding 2,500
persons, and a smaller one to hold 750, besides olass-rooms,
shops, etc. The building has been designed by Messrs. Brad-
shaw and Gass, FF.R.I.B.A., of Bolton.

١
i
1

alive that interest im the traditions of the past which many
consider harmful and cramping. But, in my opinion, there
is no better training for an architect than the study and
analysis of buildings, both old and new; it helps you to
cultivate a sense of proportion, to appreciate the beautiful
in art, and, more than anything else, the means by which
these results were attained. Apart from anything else it
teaches you to draw in perspective, to see your buildings in
the round, a point I have already urged. It is an invalu-

able aid in designing to be able to draw your schemes |

clearly and rapidly, tor, as you know, designs which look
well in elevation, often look very different in perspective.
Cultivate a good style of draughtsmanship, but remember
that the object of all architectural drawing is to clearly
explain your designs to those who will carry them out, so
that all tricks and mannerisma should be avoided which do
not convey any practical meaning. In these days, when
travelling is so easy, you should take every opportunity of
studying and comparing in each country you go to the dif-
ferent. ways in which similar problems are treated, and the
materials and workmanship with which they are carried
out; this will broaden and enlarge your mind, and you will
gain many valuable lessons in design and construction. But
do not sketch or measure with the object of copying old
forms and features, for mere servile imitation is a sure sign
of decadence and lack of creative force. At the same time
avoid going to the other extreme, and in your efforts after
so-caled originality becoming banal and grotesque.

Guard against being carried away by the love of the
pretty and picturesque, the passing fashion of the hour, and
recollect that eccentricity is not synonymous with genius.
Do not worry over trifling details, trivial mouldings, and
. such things; the greatest and noblest buildings and those
that impress us with their breadth and dignity, as a rule,
are very simply treated. You know that ornament must
follow good construction, aud that this again must be based
on the proper use of material, and, though the tendency له‎
the day is to try to be original, to produce something fresh
and striking, yet l venture to think, and indeed hope, that
much of what we see round us is only ephemeral and will
not hold its place in years to come as representative of our
architecture to-day. Beauty in architecture does not result
from. richness of material and profusion of ornament, but
from elegance of form and proportion, harmony of colour,and
perfection of execution; and in a large measure from the
intelligent application of material to its proper purpose.
Many do not sufficiently remember this, and forget that all
materials have their limitations and uses; so consider well
the suitability of your designs to the materials you would
build them in. Details and features that are right in one
are wrong and out of place in another. It is unnecessary
to urge you again ta err on the side of simplicity and re-
straint in your work. Everyone can crowd his design with
meaningless ornaments and details, but few have the power
of being able to know exactly what to use and what to omit.
This can only be gained by careful study, by thought, and
experience, and though at times you may get discouraged
and feel that your work is at a standstill and you are not
improving, yet this very dissatisfaction may be the means
of benefiting your work in the future. It will encourage
and help you if you will devote some of your leisure to
reading the lives and biographies of our great architects and
artists. You will find that they had the same troubles and
difficulties to overcome that you are bound to meet with in
your career, and that they learnt in the school of experience,
just the same as you will do. |

You should lose no opportunity of visiting bulldings m
progress, and of going to see workshops—accustom yourself
to actual materials and how they are used. The
spring and summer visits arranged by the Association to
buildings are admirable, and should be better patronised
than they are. If students could get a few months, or even
longer, on a building in progress, the advantages would be
inestimable, for there is nothing that is so useful as prac-
tical knowledge gained first hand. This, again, bears on
that very debatable question of craftsmanhip, on which
several papers have been lately read.

I cannot help feeling that if a man means to be an archi-
tect, all his time and thoughts must be concentrated on

a mE وسم‎

W，

[OCTOBER 7, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

272

—— = V<

divided from the nave by pillars and arches, and the side
walls will be divided into bays. The roof will be plain, and
of circular form. The total cost will be (exclusive of site)
about £8,500. The seating accommodation will be for 620
persons, but provision is made for the addition in the future
of a bay on the west end. 1 ;

سسنې سے

JOTTINGS.

Ir is stated that plans have been completed for the conver.
slon of Manila into a model city. At Begurio, 100 miles
north of Manila, which stands at an elevation oí 4,500ft., a
summer capital is also to be built, the building of which will
realise an old dream. of the Spanish Governors.

THE excavations which have been in progress for some days
at Harpham, near Driffield, have resulted in two more tee
sellated pavements being discovered. The pieces forming
the pavement are white, red, yellow, and blue in colour.
In addition some Roman coins of a date about 260 a.D.
were found.

—Ëe, —

TRADE NOTES.

THE GENERAL VENTILATING Co., of Farnworth, near Bolton,
have just issued a new price list of their various ventilating '
appliances. |

Messrs. J. Davis AND Son, LTD., mathematical instrument
manufacturers, etc., of Derby, have removed their London
offices from 26, Victoria Street, Westminster, S.W., to
Camomile Street Chambers, E.C. l IM

THE certainty of getting architectural joinery satisfactorily
carried out is a thing all architects will appreciate. How
often do we find carefully-thought-out designs marred by
careless workmanship and the inability of the workman
employed to enter into the spirit of the work before them!
It is therefore with pleasure one looks through the photo-
graphic. reproductions of work carried out by Messrs.
Goodall, Lamb, and Heighway, Ltd., of Lower Broughton. `
Manchester, as these examples show workmanship and
finish of great excellence. The three plates illustrating a
café treated with Burmese carved teak work are particularly
interesting, and give a good idea of the adaptability of this
beautiful and delicate carving to interior decoration. An-
other photograph shows us the interior of a billiard-room
treated with simplicity and restraint. Other interiors of a
room in a public building, public library, council-chamber,
smoke-room, etc., are all examples of the high-class work
this firm can turn out. The catalogue before us also con-
tains numerous designs of architectural joinery, including
such fixtures as mantles, shop fronts, staircases, doors,
windows, garden seats, etc., most of which would appedl
to the artistic architect. A page devoted to examples of
wall panelling, with prices, will be found useful for refer-
ence, although the more elaborate examples are hardly as
good in design as might be. A bungalow, designed by Mr.
A. H. Baxter, of Liverpool, is illustrated by an exterior
and interior perspective, the latter showing the treatment of
sitting-room, with its ingle recess and seats and panelled
walls, is particularly pleasing. "The dozen or so examples of
entrance and vestibule doors are nearly all excellent,

though we cannot say the same for the over-doors. Several
quaint little garden tables are illustrated. and these have
also the merit of being cheap. Messrs. Goodall's have evi-
dently a healthy distaste for l'art nouveau. and we are
thankful to them for not trying to persuade us that a few

stalks and a daub or two of paint is “ art.” Though some

of tlie designs illustrated may be found fault with on

various little points, they are at all events based on soünd,

common-sense lines, and we can honestly congratulate

Messrs. Goodall on their useful and interesting catalogue.

EN PAPER

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO

SPECIFY WILLESDEN 2-PLY.

next Issue.

Used by leading Architects. 8
» LD. WILLESDEN JUNCTION, LONDON, N:

AT a recent meeting of the Dundee Victoria Hospital Com-
mittee a letter was read from ex-Provost Moncur, offering
£5,500 to erect a substantial masonry wing to accommodate
twenty-four cancer patients at the west end of the hospital.
The committee thankfully accepted the gift. ‘Lhe council
oí Dundee University College also accepted an offer from
Mr. Robert, Fleming, London, a native ot Dundee, of £1,000
to provide à gymnasium, and of £400 to erect two covered
fives bourte.

‘ae Penrith Urban Council have decided to purcaase
Wordsworth House, in Corney Place, tor the purpose o.
oonverting it into a publio library and museum, to replace
the one 1n Hunter Lane. Last week the council purchasea
the adjoining house, and that will be used for public offices.
Chere ıs a large space ot ground with trontage to Portland
Piace, and it ıs proposed to build a technical school thereon,
thus bringing al! the municipal buildings together. The
cost of the aiteratons to ithe two houses, for tne first part
ot the scheme, will be about £5,000.

AT a Dean of Guild Court held at Leith on Monday war-
rant was granted to the parish council tor the erection of
the new poorhouse at Seatield, on the amendment ot the
pıans to meet the master of works’ report. Accommodation
will be providet for 659 inmates, and also for tie members
of the staff. No mechanical system of ventilation will be
attempted, and the vitiated air will be taken trom the
various apartments by flues, which will be conducted to the
top له‎ the building alongside smoke flues or hot-water tanks.
The plans are by wr. J. M. Johnson, Charlotte Street, Leith.

Sr. AiDAN s CHURCH, Crew's Hole, East Bristol, a portion of
which was congecrated on the lst inst., was designed by Mr.
G. F. Bodiey, K.A. ‘Lhe wallıng is of Bristol pennant, and
the dressings are of Monk's Park Bath stone. The root js
tiled with ied Broseley tues, capped with simple half-round
ridge tiles. A bell turret rises over the chancel arch to the
height of 77ft., carrying a bell of 4cwt., the gilt of the Rev.
E. ۲. Eales, and is ot a deep, full tone, cast by Messrs. Taylor
Brothers, of Loughborough. “he heating apparatus, on
the warm. air principle, has been provided by Messrs. G. N.
Haden and Son, of "I'towbridge. Messrs. Cowlin and Son, ot
. Bristol, were the builders.

AT Monday's meeting of the Town Council of Aberdeen
the subject of the reconstruction and enlargement of the
municipal buildings, (which has been under consideration
for several years, in the shape of schemes ranging in cost.
from about £30,000 downwards, was again discussed, on a
proposal by the Finance Committee, who submitted a plan
by ithe city architect, showing a modified scheme, which is
not expected to exceed from £3,500 to £4,000. Under this
modified scheme, the structural arrangements of the build-
ing would be interfered with as little as possible; there
would be no alteration on the existing line to Broad Street
and Concert Court, and the accommodation afforded would
be sufficient for the requirements of the various departments
for the next few years. Dean of Guild ¡Lyon moved, and
Mr. Todd seconded, approval of the committee's recommen-
dation, which was ultimately carried.

THE foundation-stone of St. Wilfred's Church, Lidget Green,
Bradford, was laid on the 29th ult. The architect is Mr.
Temple Moore, who, says the Yorkshire Post, has followed his
usual practice of working upon the early fourteenth century
style, with refinements of his own. The building will be
correctly Oriented. The whole of the elevations are fairly
plain and substantial in style, and the walls will be of the
best local stone. The builders are Messrs. John Thompson
and Co., of Peterborough, who will carry out all internal and
external work. The building wil] be rectangular, a cruciform
shape being suggested by the arrangement. of the nave, aisles,
and vestries for the choir and clergy. The aisles will be

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OCTOBER 7, 1904] THE BRITISH د‎ ME vii

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SUPPLY DRAWING OFFICE REQUISITES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
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———— The British Architect

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OCTOBER 7, 1904

London, N. Oct. 11. Post office (front block). J. Wager,
Office of Wks., Storeysgate, S.W. £1 ۴

London, S.E. Oct. 11. Electrical wiring and fittings
£1*

London, S.W. Oct. ll. Steam exhaust pipes, ete., for
L.C.C. Spring-gdns, S.W. £2.*

London. Oct. 22. Brass and gun-metal goods, gas and
plumbers' fittings, steel, cast-iron, electrical fittings, engi-
neers goods, wt. iron, paints, varnishes, ete., ete., for LU.C.,
Spring-gdns.

London, SW. Oct. 24. Subway, for W. London Exten-
sion Ry. E. C. Price, 57, Moorgatest., E.C.

Manchester, Oct. 12. Brick and concrete covering over
River Medlock. City surveyor. £2 2s.*

Meriden (Coventry). Oct. 15. Residence, etc. Herbert
W. Chattaway, Trinity-churchyard, ۰

Merthyr Tydfil. Oct. 18. Hospital works (pavilions, ad-
ministrative block, laundry and disinfecting block, eta), for
the U.D.C. £5 59.*

Methley. Oct. 15. Gas engines and centrifugal pumps.
for sewage works. G. B. Hartley, 10, East-parade, Leeds.
Nelson. Oct. 12. Fireclay goods. Town clerk.

Oakengates (Salop) Oct. 11. Drainage at sewage farm.
R. E. W. Berrington, Bank Bdgs., Wolverhampton. £5 5s.*

Osmington (nr. Weymouth). Oct. 14. Coastguard bdes.
Works Dept., Admiralty, Northumberland-avenue, W.C.

Pengam. Oct. 12. Laundry, at school. T.M. Franklen.
County Offices, Westgate-st., Cardiff.

Penybank (Wales). Oct. 12. Altering and extending
Isolation Hospital. P. V. Jones, architect, Hengoed.

Penyrenglyn. Oct. 28. School. Jacob Rees, Hillside
Cottage, Pentre. £3 3s.*
Pontnewydd ( Mon.). Oct. 19. School additions, etc.

W. H. D. Caple, Church-st.-chbrs., Cardiff. £1 1s.*

Portsmouth. Oct. 17. Cookery centre. in school play-
ground.. A. H. Bone, Cambridge Junction, Portsmouth.

Runcorn. Oct. 15. Engine-house, eto. G. F. Ashton,
71, High-st.. Runcorn. £1 1s.*

Salisbury. Free library. A. C. Bothams, architect, 32,
Chipper-lane, Salisbury. £2 2s.*

Seven Sisters (Wales). Oct. 15. Chapel. J. Cook Rees,
architect, Neath. £1 1s.*

Shotton Colliery. Sep. 30-Oct. 13. Sewage disposal. D.
Balfour € Son, S. Nicholas-bdgs., Newcastle-on-Tyne. £2.*

Southampton. Oct. 11. Additions, etc., to headquarters
and drill hall. Lemon and Blizard, Castleline, Southamp-
ton. £3 3s. each.*

Stockport. Oct. 17. Cooking apparatus, at new infr.

mary. W. H. Ward, Paradise-st., Birmingham.

Sunderland. Oct. 18. Pipe-laying (3% miles).
C. Hawksley, 30, Great George-st., S.W. £2 2s.*

Sunderland. Oct. 18. Engine-house, eto., at pumping stn.
T. & C. Hawksley, 30, Gt. George-st., Westminster. £2 2s.*

Swansea. Oct. 20. Steel vertical tubular boiler of 10
nominal h.p. A. O. Schenk, Harbour Office.

Thurlstone (Sheffield). Oct. 20. Heating church on low-
pressure h.-w. system, having ornamental radiators, and
necessary taps, valves, firing tools, etc. J. M. Greaves,
Townend House, Thurlstone.

Tottenham, N. Oct. 18. Roads (3). Ed. Crowne, Urban
D.C. Offices. £5 each.*

Tottenham, N. Oct. 21. Electric lighting, for U.D.C.

Troedyrhiw (Wales). Nov. 1. Church enlargement, etc.
Tiley, 16, Tydvil-terrace, Troedyrhiw. 10s.*

Tredegar. Oct. 13. Limestone, for the U.D.C.

Wandaworth, S.W. Oct. 18. Installation of electric light
at Council House. P.W.P. Adams. 28. Victoriarst., S.W. 21s.

Wharfedale. Oct. 17. Main sewer connection. E. C.
Newstead, Union Offices, Otley.

Wigan. Oct. 17. Temporary hospital at workhouse. H.
Ackerley, 9. Victoria-bdgs.. King-st., Wigan.
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T. and

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

| M. Fitzmaurice, L.C.C. Hall, Spring-gdns., S.W.

viii

NOTES OF COMPETITIONS OPEN.
(*) Signifies the deposit required.

Corunna (Spain). Sep. 1905. Street improvements.
Prizes: About £290 and £145. Commercial Intelligence
Branch of Board of Trade, 73, Basinghall-st., E.C.

Glasgow. Library, etc. (see advt.).

London, Dec. 31. Drawing of exterior of building for
tropical climate. Premium: £50. Sanders and Harding,
96, Lincoln’s Inn-fields, W.C. ۴

Wallasey. Dec. 21 (extension of time). Public offices to
cost £45,000. Premiums: £250, 75, and 50. H. W. Cook,
Public Offices, Egremont. 42s.*

Nh o

NOTES OF CONTRACTS OPEN.

Abergavenny. Oct. 14. Free library, reading room, etc.
B. J. Francis, architect, Abergavenny. 21s.*

Amersham. Oct. 17. Workhouse infirmary. H. Belch,
architect, Chesham. £2 7 |
Antwerp. Oct. 17. Electric cranes (10). Commercial

Intelligence Branch, Bd. of Trade, 73, Basinghall-st., E.C.
Initial deposit, £80.

Ashford ( Kent). Oct. 28. Mortuary (brick-slated). Wm.
Terrill, U.D.C. Offices, North-st., Ashford.

Batldon. Oct. 12. Detached house, conservatory, and
stabling. J. H. Bakes, Calverley-chbrs., Victoria-sq., Leeds.

Barnsley. School. Ernest Dyson, architect, 14, Market-
hill, Barnsley. £1 1s.*

Batley. Houses (15). J. H. Brearley, Branch-rd., Batley.

Birmingham. Oct. 11. Bdg. work in connection with
new electric generating stn.: brickwork, concrete work,
underground flues, chimney, ironwork, etc. Ewan Harper
and Bro, Ruskin-chbrs., Corporation-st., Birmingham.
' £2 ۳
:١ Birmingham. Oct. 18. School enlargement. H. T. Buck-
land, 25a, Paradise Street, Birmingham. £2.*

Bradford. Oct. 11. Chapel and school.
Pearl Assurance-bdgs., Market-st., Bradford.

Bradford. Oct. 12. Factory, E. L. Gaunt, A.R.I.B.A.,
5, Charles-st., Bradford.

Bradford. Oct. 12, Out-patients' dept. at hospital. J.
Ledingham, District Bank-chbrs., Bradford.

Brighton. Oct. 13. Electric installation at sanatorium.
Hugo Talbot, Town Hall,

Carmarthen. Oct. 11. School alterations, repairs, etc.
W. D. Jenkins, M.S.A., Shire Hall, Carmarthen.

Chelmsford. Oct. 12. Iron engine-shed. Town clerk.

Church Stretton (Salop). Oct. 11. Sewers, etc. J.
Mansergh and Sons, 5, Victoria-st.. Westminster, S.W. £5.*

Cockburnspath. Oct. 21. Coastguard .وعلط‎ Works
Dept, Admiralty, Northumberland-avenue, London.

Carkbeg (co. Dublin). Oct. 18. Coastguard station.
Office of Public Works, Dublin. 7

Darlington. Oct. 17. Wing, etc.. ta Neasham Hall, for
Sir T. Wrightson. G. G. Hoskins, Court-chbrs., Darlington.

Dublin. Oct. 17. Bridge works, for G.N. Ry. W. H.
Mills, engineer-in-chief, Amiens-st.. Dublin.

Dunbar, N.B. Oct. 15. Water main. Town clerk.

Durham. Oct. 13. Houses (5). G. Ord, architect, 16, The
Avenue, Durham. £1 1s.*

Gravesend, Oct. 24. Public library. E. J. Bennett,
A.R.I.B.A., 191, Parrock-st., Gravesend. £3 ۴

Greenwich, S.E. Oct. 11. Steam exhaust. pipes, etc., for
L.C.C., County Hall, Spring-gdns., S.W. 7۳

Hampstead, N.W. Oct. 19. Bdgs., etc., connected with
housing scheme. O. E. Winter, Town Hall. £5 5s.*

Hatton (nr. Tutbury). Oct. 13. Sewage tank, etc. C.
F. Chamberlin, Union Offices, Belvedere-rd., Burton-on-
Trent.

Ince (nr. Wigan). Oct. 22.
B. Howgate, U.D.C. Offices.

Keith (Scotland). Oct. 8-14. Waterworks.
Barclay, C.E., burgh surveyor, Keith. 10s. 57۶

Kirkburton. Oct. 11. Foundations, sleeper walls. and
drains, at hospital. J. Berry, 3, Market-plc., Huddeisfield.

Langley Park (Durham). Oct. 11. Public urinal. J. R.
Lupton, surveyor to Rural D.C., Lanchester.

Larkswood (Chingford). Oct. 12. Isolation hospital ex-
tension. G. W. Holmes, Town Hall, Walthamstow. £5.*

Londonderry. Oct. 18. Post office additicns, etc. Office
of Public Works, Dublin. £1.*

London, E.C. Oct. 18. Iron wire fencing (426 tons). H.
W. Notman, 55, Gracechurch-st., E.C.

London, E. Oct. 18. Additions to Asylum Stores Dept.,
etc. J. and W. Clarkson, 136, High-st., Poplar, E, £5.*

Abm. Sharp,

Council offices, additions, etc.

Lewis B.

273

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 14, 1904]

to show that by adaptation: of the various styles to the needs
of the people, there has been. developed a special style, which
he terms American Renaissance. . Chapter I. commences
with the “ magnificence ” of the subject. The secret of the
present popularity of our early domestic architecture is com-
monly supposed to te the outcome of a national frailty and
desire for whatever is new and strange, like /'art nouveau
and the newlyanvented architecture that is largely exploited
in the Western States. The popular idea of American
Renaissance, if the term. were ever to become general, would
be represented by the sumptuous estates of America recently
erected in great numbers by millionaires; but, strangely
enough, it would seem. after a perusal of this latest commen-
tary, that most of this distinctly modern architecture was
designed in defiance of the vital theory cf a dwelling-house,
namely, the Anglo-Saxon home principle, and that it ex-
presses American ostentation more often than American
Renaissance. “ The odd conceits cf captains cf industry in
the Berkshires,” mentioned in Chapter II., relates te this
phase of domestic architecture, as does “The Crowding of
Now York,” and the unfavourable comparison that is drawn
between the great estates of America and those of Great
Britain.

The author subdivide: the subject again into well-defined
periods, such as “ The Grand Epcch,” relating to the pros-
perity of the American colonies immediately preceding the
Revolution and following it, and the “ Reign of Terror,” for
instance, of exemplifying the culmination point cf the cut-
rageous circular work and the cupolas.

The main impediments in the way of good domestic archi-
tecture in America, the author considers to be American
Commercialism, which the platform of President Jackson in
1829 is charged with apotheosising. In Chapter VII., “ The
Transitional Period,” this influence is minutely traced, what-
ever good points there were being attractively presented in
illustrations of the Colonnade on Lafayette Place in New
York City, and other fine old domiciles of the time.

With the exception of some nice examples of old Colonial
work, there are not more than, perhaps, a dozen illustrations
of interest in the book. There isa good view cf a fine house,
' Biltmore,” by Richard Morris Hunt, and one good instance
of a moderate-sized modern house by the late Fred. B.
White. Mr. Dows own designs have some interest, but
there is practically nothing in the book to show that there is
yet grown up an American Renaissance of house building of
much value.

We expect a writer on a professional subject to have some-
thing to say in the first place, and in the second to have a
little judgment in the manner of saying it, but our inspec-
tion of this book docs not enable us to discover that Mr.
Dow has any message of any value, or that he has any inten-
tion other than amusing (?) the reader with a display of
humour which would be considered flippant in a comic news-
paper. Culture has been defined as being the sediment. of
the literature we have forgotten, but Mr. Dow's obvious
intention is to bore us by the mention of the works he has
read and failed to digest.

Broadly speaking, the value of the work is that of a num-
ber of charming photographs of old Colonial work. The
examples of modern American work are ill chosen, un-
necessary, and wholly irrelevant. We do nct need photo-
graphs of St. John's Wood or Fitzjohn's Avenue to convince
us that the designers of the great mass of buildings in such
localities were ignorant of all architectural knowledge. To
quote one sentence which shows the deplorable absence of
any literary, or, we may add, cultured instincts, we may give
the following : —* People must have the right kind of heart
and the right kind of a charitable nature before they may
really enjoy either a Chopin étude or the McPhaedris house
at Portsmouth. To quote the lines of Holcfernes in ‘ Love's
Labour Lost ’:—‘ They find not the apostrophes, and so
miss the accent!’ "

Few of us want to know or care whether Mr. Dow has

read “ Loves Labour Lost" or enjoys Chopin's études, nor

do such sentences bring us nearer to a conclusion as regards
the merits of architectural work. There are practi-
cally no illustrations given of good contemporary American
design, of which there is some, though, as with us, less than
we wish. Messrs. McKim, Meade, and White. Carrere and
Hastings, Peabody and Stem, Mr. Vaughan, of Boston (at
one time a head assistant to Messrs. Bodley and Garner,
who has carried out some charmingly cultivated and revived
work on old Colonial lines), Messrs. Andrews. Jacques, and

HE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.—

The Final and Special Examinations will be held from the 25th
Applications, accom-
panied by Testimonies of Study, etc., and necessary fees, must be sent in

Cite British Architect.

— T.

ے۔ سیم
一 一 一‏

November to the 2nd December, 1904, inclusive.

on or before the 22nd October, addressed to the undersigned,
W. J. LOCKE,

Secretary, R.LB.A.
9, Conduit Street, London, W.

L'ART NOUVEAU.

( See illustrations.)

HOSE who have nct recently visited Berlin and Brussels
can hardly realise the exteut to which the newest phase
of design, styled lart nouveau, has taken hold of the

fancy of Continental designers. It is perhaps illustrative of
British stolidity of temperament that this wild attempt at
originality and eccentricity has not met with very wide-
spread appreciation in this country. Already the movement
has been spcken cf in our hearing abroad as a thing of the
past, but we fear this is hardly the case, and it is not yet clear
what thé outcome cf it will be. In one quarter it has been
spoken of as having had its origin in Glasgow, but the best
work of Mr. Mackenzie is not the wild, purposeless, and
fcolish debauch in design which is a fair description of the
bulk of the new art. It is a good many years since there
was published in Manchester a book entitled “ Mercantile
Design," by Mr. Ogden, which contained the germ of a good
deal that was inventive and good about the methods of /'art
noureau, and though, when it was published, the energy
and restlessness of much cf it was over the heads of current
ideas, it deserves some recognition as an attempt to break
locse from the bonds of academic formality and servile tradi-
tion. The inventiveness and energy it displayed would,
under control, produce very captivating results, we feel sure,
but the nice taste in detail which our French confreres dis-
play is nearly always absent in our insular design. How-
ever, when we saw tha latest erection of l'art. nouveau in
Brussels the other day, we felt that the whole motif of the
design had a mcst remarkable parallel in more than. one of
Mr. Ogden's designs published now some twenty years ago.
Though the terrors of the latest nightmare are not absent
from. the design, there is much about it which suggests an
earncet attempt to meet modern necessities in modern ways,
and though the building does a little shouting, it is not with-
out breadth as well as vigour. The building we refer to ور‎
situate near to the General Post. Office in Brussels, and it is
illustrated in the centre of our plate, entitled “L'Art
Nouveau," by a sketch done direct from the building itself.
It may be of some interest and instruction to our readers to
have this somewhat slight record of a widespread movement
as an. indication of the feverish attempt to find cut some new
way in architecture. The bulk of the productions of ۷
nouveau have little or nothing to recommend them, even
when they are done with the graceful facility of our Conti-
nental neighbours, but in some cases they are kept within
some sort of architectural reticence as in the house from the
Boulevard de la Régence, which our sketch illustrates. Even
here, however, the setting out of solids and voids hardly
comports with ones ideas of architectural dignity and
balance.

We have given two or three other extreme instances of the
now art as applied to shop fronts, but the nearer approaches
to success are to be found in examples of interior decoration.
The revulsion cf feeling which may be caused by the latest
eccentricities in architectural design is, perhaps, to be guarded
against alse, for catholicity of mind may include even l'art
nouveau in its outlook.

— n

AMERICAN RENAISSANCE.

WELL-PRODUCED little quarto has reached us from

America, through the publishers in this country,

Messrs. Gay and Bird, of 22, Bedford Street, Strand,
W.C. It is entitled “ American Renaissance: A Review cf
Domestic Architecture," and illustrated by ninety-six half-
tene plates. The author is J. Whecler Dow, architect, New
York, and the price is 18s. net. The author's aim has been

[OCTOBER 14, 1904

quite so uniformly excellent, perhaps, as that which has
reached us this week from Meesrs. Jack, of Edinburgh. The
examples in this small quarto have been drawn and designed
by A. A. Turbayne, and bear evidence of a workmanlike
quality and refined taste. They are designedly in the
restrained and severer form, but سر‎ are well proportioned
and characteristic, and form admirable points of departure
for the designer’s ingenuity. There are many to whom such
a capital little book of reference will be of value.

“MACHINE Drawing, for Students preparing for Technical
Examinations,” by Alfred P. Hill, A.M.IM.E, ete, etc. of
Sheffield, is an admirable publication just issued by 8
King and Son, of Orchard House, Westminster (2s. 6d. net)
It is of interest and value to many besides those for whom
it is specially prepared. It gives practical knowledge of
machine drawings and elementary calculations connected with
simple machines. All the examples are from existing draw.
ings. The plates and details generally are excellent, and the
questions given are of real educational value. Altogether a
book to get and to keep.

THERE have been few bits of such vivid writing cn tbe art of
water-cclour as Mr. Lewis Hind's review of Mr. Huish's book
on “Water-Colour and Royalty” in yesterday's Daily
Chronicle. The linking of water-colour with Royalfy is very
forcibly vet delicately commented on. Of course the art of
water-colcur has nothing to do with Royalty of the kind re-
ferred to in the title of this book. The only Royalty that
matters to the art of water-colcur is the Royalty of Beauty.

Tue Irish Builder seems to suggest that in the building of
the greatest hospital in the world, that at Vienna, the type
of building which depends for its success on a certain patent
system of ventilation, will have a fcrmidable competitor on
the opposite principle. For at Vicnna there is to bea cor
gregation of eighteen “ pavilion " buildings, each of which
with its sick wards, operating theatre, and lecture-rooms,
will form a hcspital in itsclf. There are to be forty sepa
rate buildings, and altogether a congregation of 2,300 beds,
the ultimate cost being reckoned at a million and a half.
Evidently, says our contemporary, the authorities have uct

been taken with the Belfast type.

Tue fbllowing account cf a legal case anent drains might
almost have come out of a. comic opera:—Miss Lucy John
son, a Bermondsey property-owner, was served with a notice
to reconstruct the drains of one cf her houses. But when
her brotber-in-law, Alderman Tyler, a builder, opened up
the ground according to the plan produced by the sanitary
officials, he found that there was no drain at all, the pipe
being under the next house, and that the š bad smell
existcd only in the imagination of the sanitary inspector.
Miss Johnsen on Tuesday sued the Bermondsey Borough
Council to recover £7 10s. expenses and damages for the
council scrvant’s negligence. The Southwark County Cour
judge, however, held that sanitary inspectors by law were
the judges of whether drains required relaying or 6
and if they by reason of a defective nose or any other E
made a bona-fide mistake, the borough council could not |
held liable. He gave judgment for the defendant cou?
but without costa.

AT Chepstow Petty Sessions on Tuesday Cuthbert عون‎
Whalley, a justice of the peace, ex-district councillor, vi
contractor, was summoned by Douglas C. Fiddler, cA
the Chepstow Urban Council, for two contraventions dd
building by-laws. The first case was that jolsts of j
houses built by him in Moor Street went within four 2
half inches of the contre of party walls, some going asite El
through. The bench considered there was a technica d EL
but on defendant undertaking to remedy the cause S ur
plaint they dismissed the first summons and adjourn 2
second summons for a month, the case to be withdrawn F
vided the alterations are carried cut.

| I
AT Wednesday's meeting of the trustees and guardians ©

Shakespeare's birthplace at Stratford-on-Avon. e
£400 in placmg ۳

EN Street 1D
و‎ Han Nason.

defeated bY

cided te spend a sum not exceeding
cottages adjoining the birthplace

thorough repair. An amendment, moved by
that the cottages be razed to the ground was
ten votes to eight.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

274

Rentoul are nowhere mentioned, to quote only a few names
at haphazard. A corresponding work on present English
work, with similar omissions, would have no value.

The great fact which tells against modern Ameritan work
is the comparative poverty of the store of traditional work,
which is that of a young and poor community carried out
almost entirely in wood, and the over-readiness to copy such
forms without thoroughly digesting or understanding them
for larger, more costly, and often more ornamental buildings,
and also the readiness with which a wood construction lends
itself to the freaks of the immature designer. The American
designer 1s too often forced to omit all sash bars and window
divisions, such as most English clients are willing to use, and
this makes it almost impossible to produce work which is
archibecturally satisfactory, especially when combined with
the fact that the American is working an even simpler style
than our Georgian, and is therefore even more dependent on
the effect to be obtained by proportion and balanca We
imagine, in conclusion,that cultivated American architects, of
whom there are many, as we have ample opportunity to know,
must look on this publication with much the same feelings
which induce us to shudder at the performance of the enfant
terrible wc sometimes meet. It will, however, take many
such books to convince us that America may not yet produce
work worthy of the great place she occupies among the nations
of the world.

مسمس سس سو YA‏

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

SECOND edition, thoroughly revised, and much
enlarged, with many additional plans, has just
been published by Mr. Batsford, of ^" Houses

för the Working Classes,’ by S. W. Cranfield and
H. J. Potter, AA.R.LB.A. The work comprise
fifty-two typical and improved plans, arranged in

groups, with elevaticns for each group, and a view showing
an arrangement in terraces, and some interior fittings; there
are, also, introductory and descriptive text, general notes on
planning, tables of sizes of rcoms, cubic contents, costs, etc.,
and an appendix giving abstracts from the Local Govern-
ment medel, and Londen County Council by-laws,

THERE is next an attempt to show hcw closely a number of
working folk may be packed tcgether, but the book deals
with cottage: suitable for the working-classes in suburban
and rural districts. It is considered that the cottages illus-
trated provide a far more pleasant and home-like dwelling
than the large blocks of barrack-like model houses, and the
designs and the notes accompanying them have been pre-
pared to meet the demand for information upon the subject,
consequent upon the increased attention devoted to it by
the public Press; by legislation empowering local authorities
, to issue loans and build, and by the Act facilitating the acqui-
sition cf small houses by their occupants. The plans are
divided into groups according to the accommodation they
provide. In the preparation of the second edition, the
authors have taken the opportunity of revising and re-draw-
ing the whole of them. They have rearranged and added
to the various groups, aud the total number has been in-
creasod from. thirty to fifty-two. Im addition, many of the
plans cf the same cottages show alternative arrangements
fcr such details as staircases, fireplaces, passages, ete., so that
the actual number of types presented is very large. Each
group is accompanied by an elevaticn, and the plans are classi-
fed. The price of the work is one guinea net. In their
devigns the authors have felt one cf the central difficulties en-
forced in by-laws, viz., the raising of the party wall above the
recf between each separate house, which spoils the breadth of
effect and adds an extra difficulty in the way of making the
buildings weatherprocf. As regards the exterior treatment
cf the designs there are two or three which are very nice,
but ncne show a signal ability to make the economic con-
ditions conspicuous elements to an artistic success. One of
the plans in the Group G, No. 3, shows an improvement on
the usual type as regards the back parlour, which has the
fii place arranged within a splaved recess, which would make
a much more habitable pleasant rcom than the usual absc-
Jutely square plan, but, generally speaking. we hardly think
tho authors of the bock have been quite daring enough in
their ventures beyond the conventional design.

We have lately had a slight epidemic of alphabets, but none

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 14, 1904]

17 is suggested that Newport Castle should be acquired and | started thirty-one years ago by debtor's uncle, Mr. T. B.

Cooke. Debtor joined the firm fifteen years ago. The
business had been successful up to two years ago, when a
considerable loss was made over the Scarborough contract,
the time allowance—two and a half years—being exceeded
by five and a half years. The firm had been financed
throughout by the London and Westminster Bank, who had
been secured upon the retention money. On the Scar-
borough contract he had spent over £100,000, and had re-
ceived £60,000. The assets were valued roughly at £44,000.
The chairman, in conclusion, stated that by an arrangement.
with the bank the works on the various contracts had been
continued to the date of the meeting, and he asked that
they should be allowed a charge on the assets to cover that
outlay. In reply to a question as to whether the debtor
had any offer to make, Mr. Raikes (Harries, Wilkinson ond
Raikes) said that there was no offer. Resolutions were then
passed appointing a trustee and committee of inspection. It
was stated that it was hoped that an arrangement would be
made by which the contracts would be completed. The sea
wall is now finished. It is 4,200ft. long, and has cost
£127,700. :

THE Daily Chronicle says:—In nothing is Paris more
artistic than in the desigus of the metropolitan railway
stations. Beauty and utility, divorced by our railway archi-
tecture, are blended there in a building like a miniature
palace. But there are malcontents. The new station in the
Place de l'Opera: is denounced because it is not what the
French journals call “ modern style." It is eighteenth cen-
tury, and looks like the Trianon at Versailles on a. small
scale. “ What have we to do with the eighteenth century?”
cry the conscientious objectors. “No true Republican can
take his ticket at such a station without violating his prin-
ciples. A bas Louis Quinze! | Conspuez les Bourbons.”
Yes, but these enthusiasts for the “ modern style” cannot
know what it really is until they come over to London, and
revel in the charms of Baker Street Station. Then they
will hasten to use their return tickets for the eighteenth
century and the Trianon.

Vısıtors to the historic church of Fotheringhay (writes a
correspondent of the Westininster Gazette) now find it in a sad
condition. Some time ago its restoration was begun, but the
work has recently stopped through want of funds, and, on
entering the great building, one finds a scene of complete
desolation, the monuments erected by Queen Elizabeth over
the tombs of her Plantagenet ancestors boarded up, the
noble windows on one side without glass, and the aisle open

to wind and rain.

IN view of the experience of the last few years it wouldn't
be a bad idea to add a Sites Committez to the standing
committees of the council. In Bristol we never seem to be
able to find a place for anything, says the Bristol Mercury.
The war obelisk now ornamenting the Plymouth Hoe might
have raised its stately head in our city if we could only have
made up our minds where to put it. Whenever a memorial
or a monument or a statue or any other decorative article
comes along there is always the same difficulty in finding
a site for it. All sorts of suggestions are made, but all are
objected to in turn, and very often in sheer desperation the
thing is dumped down in the 'position to which it is least
suited. | 0

Tue first ordinary meeting of tlie winter session of the Liver-
pool Architectural Society was held cn the 10th iust. in the
Law Library, Cook Street, when Mr. Philip C. Thicknesse
read his presidential address to the members. In the
course of his remarks Mr. Thicknesse said that Liverpool:
was to be congratulated upon its cathedral scheme which
had proceeded so far, and also upon the design adopted. In
St. James's Place a large building had been erected for
workmen, and the city ought to be proud of those who were
thus willing to spend large sums of money for so noble ١
object. The president spoke of certain details in
architecture, and gave good advice to the younger
members of the profession. At the close he was heartily
thanked for his address. During the session papers are to
be read on, amongst other subjects, “ Modern Decoration,"
“The Building of York Minster," " The Palace of Ver-
sailles,” and “ The Study of Medieval Work."

preserved to the town in a monument of historical interest.
Mr. Councillor Swash, chairman of the Museum Committee,
says the large room, which he supposes was once the banquet-
ing hall, might be formed into a storehouse suitable for the
reception of curios, etc., incidental to a museum. Lord
Tredegar has promised to give to Newport the Roman re-
mains discovered on his land at Caerwent when the explora-
tions there have been completed, which it is expected will
be in the course of a year or two; and it would be a most
desirable thing that Newport Castle should be restored
sufficiently and preserved for the reception of these anti-
quities. From an architectural point of view it would be
quite possible to complete the external appearance of the
towers by forming battlements fronting the river, the roof
might be constructed flat, with concrete and asphalte, and
the large room might be top lighted, so as to admit sufficient
light without in any way detracting from the general archi-
tectural effect of the old ruin. It would be also a very easy
matter to form a passage from the High Street end of the
bridge across the stretch of green belonging to the Corpora-
tion, to lead into thetower. "This might take the form of an
archway, with battlemented sides. :

Mr. J. L. Tuomas, F.S.A., for many years chief surveyor of
the War Office, died on Tuesday week, in his seventy-ninth
year.

Mn. Henry LE JEUNE, A.R.A., retired, died on Wednesday
week, in his eighty-fifth year. Mr. Le Jeune, who was of
Flemish extraction, obtained the gold medal of the Royal
Academy in 1841 for his picture of “ Sampson Bursting His
Bonds.” He was at one time a frequent exhibitor at the
Royal Academy, but for the last ten years had ceased to
exhibit.

Ar Tuesday's meeting of the North Riding Education Com-
mittee at Northallerton it was agreed to ask the county
council to amend the appointment of the county architect,
so that it may be clear that he is not necessarily the archi-
tect of the Education Committee.

WirH the view of obtaining cheap cottages for labourers in
rural districts, the medical officer of Chertsey Rural Council
has recommended that the building by-laws should be altered
so as to permit of the erection of cottages of wood and cor-
rugated iron. Mr. Justice Grantham's recent action in en-
deavouring to secure reform on the point on his estate in
Sussex was eulogised, after which the council appointed a
committee to consider the by-laws with a view to proposing
alterations. ۱

Mr. W. Hote, R.S.A., has just completed another of the his-
torical series of Scottish pictures on which he is engaged
tor the decoration of the banqueting hall of the Edinburgh
City Chambers. Two are already in position on the walls
—the Corcnation of King James 11. at Holyrood, and the
signing of the National League and Covenant in Greyfriars’
Churchyard. The one now on hand is the State entry of
Queen Mary of Scots into Edinburgh, September 3, 1561.
The size is 64ft. by 8ft., and it is the gift of Sir Mitchell
Thomson, a former Lord Provost of the city.

AT the London Bankruptcy Court on Tuesday the first
meeting of creditors was held under the failure of Tom
Wilkinson, public works contractor, trading under the style
of “ B. Cooke and Co.” The debtor presented his own peti-
tion, describing himself as of 16, Victoria Street, West-
minster, Scarborough, and elsewhere, trading as “ B. Cooke
and Co." The cause of the presentation of the petition was
the heavy loss made by the debtor over a contract in 1897
to build the sea front of the Marine Drive at Scarborough.
The contract price was £60,000, and owing to the heavy
weather in the north the past two or three years the con-
tract had resulted in a loss of over 240,000. The contracts
entered into by the debtor in various parts of England have
amounted to between £200,000 and £300,000, and the
debtor alleges that the Scarborough contract. 1s the only one
that has resulted in aloss. The chairman, having dealt with
proofs amounting to over £77,000, stated that it appeared
from the preliminary examination that the business was

ge‏ زر چرس حسم A‏ دو بے ےر ee‏ ومس موو u,‏ سج سط CE‏ مي EEE‏ يومپس مه .ا

[OCTOBER 14, 1904

276 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

COMPETITIONS.

E have received the following letter from the Uxbridge
Union :—“ The Guardians have now abandoned the
idea of deciding competitive schemes for the work.

house additional buildings, and intend to appoint an archi.
tect to prepare and carry through a scheme and plans
Applications for the appointment are being received,”

Tue designs of Mr. Albert L. Guy, A.R.I.B.A,, of Lewisham
Park and Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn, the architect of
the Lower Sydenham library, have been selected for the
library to be erected next to Crofton Park Railway Station.
In general appearance the building will be somewhat similar
to that at Lower Sydenham, the design being Classic, freely
treated, and the material red brick and Portland stone. All
the public rooms will be on the ground floor. The main
entrance will be in Brockley Road, and passing to a central
hall the lending library will be to the right—the railway
side, and the reading, news, and magazine rooms on the left,
facing Darfield Road. The “ juniors” room is at the end,
and will have a separate entrance from Darfield Road.

AFTER waiting two months for the approval of the Local
Government Board to the guardians' proposal to erect a new
infirmary block at East Preston Workhouse, the Building
Committee lost no time in getting to work again, and at
Tuesday's meeting of the Board they submitted draft con-
ditions on which the guardians might invite competitive
designs from those architects who are to be asked to seud
in drawings, says the Sussez Daily News.

THE secretary of the Coedsaeson Building Club, Sketty,
desires us to state that the result of the competition for د‎
plan for the twenty semi-detached villas, which the trustees
propose to build, will not be known until after. the 2ud of
next month.

PLANS are to be invited for improving Park Street Schools
Llanelly.

THE design of Mr. John Tweed, of Chelsea, has been ac
cepted for the statue of the late Mr. Cowen, of Newcastle
on-Tyne, on the adjudication of Viscount Ridley. Mr. T.
Eyre Macklin, of Newcastle, is placed second, and Mr.
Kelloch Brown, of Glasgow, third.

— A ED

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

A COUNTRY HOUSE.

G. A. Jounson, Croydon, Architect.

THE object aimed at in the design of this house was the pr
duction of a, good style of medium-sized country house, quiel
and hemely-locking, avoiding all straining after what may be
described as “art and crafty” originality, the walle to be
rough-casted with a ragstone plinth (face of plinth stones lo
be left rough), stone dressing to windows and gables, and
stone tiles to roofs and end gable. The hall to be panelled
in oak to top of doors, with oak beams and Bin. by 4in. joists
to ceiling, joists to show below plaster.

L'ART NOUVEAU.
Rambling Sketches by T. RarrLEs Davison. No. 1381.
(See article.)
اس سے‎ A تست‎

THE RUINS OF GREAT ZIMBABWE.

T the Royal United Service Institution, MN
Wednesday, Mr. R. N. Hall read a paper X.
a meeting of the African Society on " The dk
Great Zimbabwe," Sir Harry Johnston, the president SR
society, being in the chair. The chairman, in T bad
proccedings remarked that the exploration work شی‎ 7
been carried on by Mr. Hall and Mr. Theodore Bent, 8 ,
South Africa into connection with the rest of the old gus
Mr. Hall, who has recently returned from South Africa. ^
ing just completed two years’ exploration work ab M m
Zimbabwe on behalf of the Rhodesian Government !
course of his paper, said that during these explorations

Mr. WILLIAM ARNOLD SANDBY, of Windsor, and late of the
Commander-in-Chief's Office, who died on May 28, “aged
seventy-five years, bequeathed £1,000 to the president, trea-
surer, and council of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts,
London, to be invested, to provide an annual “Sandby
Gift,” in memory of Thomas and Paul Sandby, foundation
members of the Royal Academy, to be awarded alternately
to an architect or landscape painter, or to the families of
such artists needing such assistance. He left to the library
of the Royal Academy of Arts his “ History of the Royal
Academy,” illustrated, in six volumes, the reports of the
Royal Academy in volumes, and his MS. copy of Thomas
Sandby’s lectures on architecture.

LORD BALFOUR or BURLEIGH presided on Wednesday over a
meeting at Reading in the council-chamber, convened by
the mayor at the request of Princess Christian of Schleswig-
Holstein, to appeal for assistance in building a sanatorium
at Davos, primarily for English-speaking patients of limited
means suffering from curable forms of pulmonary disease,
who would be otherwise unable fo be treated in an Alpine
climate. The cost. of the buildings required for 150 patients

. would not exceed £50,000, and £12,000 was now wanted

for a portion containing provision for about forty beds. For

every £500 subscribed in Reading the subscribers would be

itble to nominate one patient at a time; and the room re-
served for such patient would bear the name of the town.
The site of the sanatorium, which had an area of five acres,
was 5,400ft. above sea level and 300ft. above the town of
Davos. When the buildings were paid for the institution
might become self-supporting, with a payment of 25f. or
301. a week for each patient. About £6,000 had been sub-
scribed. |

Tag Swansea Corporation in committce om Wednesday
afternoon accepted Mr. Glyn Vivian’s condition as to his
gift of £10,000 to Swansea for the purposes of a fine art
gallery. Mr. Vivian will provide the money and the
nucleus of a fine art collection to be maintained for the
people by the corporation. The gallery will adjoin the
present free library.

His MaJestY THE KING has consented to give his patronage
to the Sanitary Institute. The Institute was founded in
1876, and it is carrying on a large wcrk in teaching and
examining in hygiene and sanitary science, both in the United
Kingdom and in other parts of the Empire. It maintains in
London a permanent Museum of Sanitary Appliances, open
free to the public. Its members and associates number
over 3,000,

PROFESSOR SIMPSON, of University College, London, is trying

an interesting experiment in the form of a course of instruc-
tion in building construction and elementary design. On
the first evening the Professor explains the aim of the class.
Plans, sections, and sketch elevations of a small country house
are supplied to each student. On the next evening this
design is presented drawn: out in more complete form. with
such modifications as each student may wish to make. This
first design is in brick with wood sash and casement windows.
On subsequent evenings the different parts of the building
are worked out to, say, Jin. scale. The first half of the even-
ing is spent criticising the drawings made during the previous
woek, the second half in lecturing on the particular subject
for the ensuing week. The following are considered in detail
and exercises set on each: —Walls and Bending, Footings
and Foundations, Arches and Offsetts, Chimneys and Fire-
places, Carpentry, Reoofs, Floors and Partitions, External
Plumbing, Slating and Tiling, Drainaga Joinery, Skirting,
Windows, Doors, Staircases, etc. The result is a complete
set of working drawings of one design. In the spring term
one or more designs will be supplied as before, in which
various details of construction—such as stene walling, hollow
walls, stone mullioned windows, steps, copings, structural
ironwork, steel roofs, fireproof construction, areas, ete.—not
previously considered will be worked out.

: disgraceful incapacity of London's management of its
m E strikingly illustrated this week, when dray horses
were standing about om the footpath opposite St. Paul's
Church, Covent Garden,

سي ات n.‏ ا تا I TE‏

277

———— —

the past. They knew that the great race of artists, which
made their nation famous, was extinct. Rich Japanese
collectors gave enormous sums for the art treasures in metal,
enamel, design, and painting. They were buying up the
resulte cf the cultivated labour of their progenitors, because
they were aware that the great tradition was for ever broken
and that the craftsman who spent his life in perfecting tha
achievement of his genius wculd soon be no more. Intelh-
gent Japanese, whose artistic instincts were not yet blunted,
wero acutely aware that the sham bore no relation in real
value to the immortal reality, and while they witnessed the
dissemination of the sham they actively recognised, perhaps
somewhat cynically, its inferiority. How sad to think the
articles of everyday use. beautiful, however simple and sin-
cere, the propcrty of peasant and of prince, would, instead of
finding their environment in cottagc or palace, bo relezated
to museums as objects of curiosity. In England the same
thing was g¢ing cm. Cheapness dismissed durability, imi-
tations took tho place of creations, mockery the place of sin-
cerity. In a fever of unrest, in constant love of change and
volatile excitement of movement, there cculd be no rest, no
concentration, litt'a contemplation, less leisure, no time.
With all that evil dispensing, pretty nearly all that mattered
suffered. In نه‎ sense the world was becoming vulgarly demo-
cratic, superficial, and not noble. We dressed alike, mostly
in bad taste, and wholly uninterestingly, and by no means
conveniently; and was the much vaunted and expensive
system of education really levelled up? Good manners were
obviously the result of selection. They might be innate, but

their acquiroment and continuance was alse an art. In good

manners, restraint and consideratien were implied, and they
were the result of forethought, of tradition, and selection.
Peihaps now there was nct time for attention to such small
matters. We must whirl in motor cars regardless cf the lives
of animals and perscns. Overbearing wealth was a very poor
substitute for modest poverty. |
Turning next to early education, he argued that. children
should be taught the principles of observation, remarking
that if the powcr cf observation were encouraged and fostered
in early life they would be more likely to cultivate originality.
How dull was literature and art whem the life was out of it.
If art and life were again to be in touch simplicity must be
the watchword, and cbservation must be trained from the
outside. The power of observation once gained, would form
the foundation upon which reason and: selection could be
built. As to the present system of education, he asked whe-
ther we were overdoing it. Was it a hobby that was being
over-ridden, growing more complicated in its machinery
every day, rendering obtuse that which we would make acute,

overloading, over-pressing young minds with a multitude of

artificial endcwmenta which were more hindrances than sor-
vices to the character. Had the s^hec's improved the man-
ners and conduct of the children? He did nct know. His
experience was that the children of tho working classce wore
far less respectful and refined than they usod to be. If the
teachers under the new Education Act were to give more
time to cultivate respect and gocd manners and implicit

obedience, and less to stuffing the children with indigestible,
so-called knowledge, perhaps the art of life might show signs,

of action and the whole tone of the nation become mora re-
fined and cchesive. Discipline and strength were surely in-
separable, and what was falsely called liberty too often de-
It was cohesion
that was wanted ta bring national strength, the strength of
defence, of life, of art, of intellect, of enterprise.

The defence cf the nation was in the hands of the people
materially as well as idcally. Was it dangerous to speak of
national military service in Birminghm? Surely not to
advocate now in the moment when War Offico experiments
one after another were failing to please either side of party
or the people at large. If it wore true that there was physi-
cal degeneracy of the young men, who were, or ought to be,
the foundation of what we were to build upon in the future,
surely some personal sacrifice shculd be received, and wculd
be received, by the nation which was not yet entirely given
over to luxury and self-indulgemce. There was something

wrong when individua!s would not give up some short period

of their lives to the service of the country. It was a sign
of selfishness. For tha sake of the nation—it might be a
startline suggestion, but he made it—first let us train obser-
vation, and then citizenship so that each member of the com-
munity was an item of protection to the Stae. That wculd
breed self-control, and, what was equally important, frater-
nity in one great cause, Fraternity in a national cause was

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

generated into weakness and individualism.

OCTOBER 14, 1904]

— en -一 一 -一 -一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 -

portions of the ancient temples were cleared to a. consider-
able depth of débris, and the original floors as well as ancient
walls and other structures were disclosed; and prehistoric
relics, overwhelmingly proving the extensive practice cf
phallie worship of an exceedingly old cult, were found. The
phallic character of these temples was discovered in 1891 by
Mr. Theodore Bent, whe only saw the ruins in their buried
condition ; but recent explorations not only fully bore out Mr.
Bent's conjectures, but yielded abundant evidence in this
direction. He had devoted eight years to the unravelment
of the mystery which had always been attached to the ancient
monuments of Rhodesia, which contained the most ancient
and most extensive gold mines known to the world. It was
his confirmed conviction founded cn careful rescarches in the
ruins generally, and at Great Zimbabwe, and supported by
the opinion of leading archeolcgists in Europe, with whom
he had been in close correspondence while at Zimbabwe and
since his return to England, that the older portions of Zim-
babwe ruins represented the monuments of a colony of the
ancient empire of Saba, im South Arabia. Saba (Sheba)
could now be shown, he said, by Assyrian and Egyptian docu-
ments, by ancient historians and the Scriptures, to have been
a world power long before and contemporaneously and sub-
sequently to the time of King Solomon. It was believed to
have succecded tho still alder kingdom of the Minzaus. Saba
rivalled Egypt im power and influence, arts, culture, and
literature, and civilisation, providing the Phoenician alpha
bet, which was the mother of all our European systems. It
enjoyed the monopoly of the trade and commerce of the
Indian Ocean and its coasts, and according to Scriptures, and
ancient Roman and Grecian: historians, it was the gold pur-
veyor for the whole of the then known: world, and. possessed
nearly the whole of tho east of Africa, a possession main-
tained at any rate till .ھ۸‎ 35, the Periplus stating that the
Sabaean King Kharbit was at that time in the possession of
the east coast of Africa to am indefinite extent. The lecture
was illustrated by lantern slides.
—ə وس‎ a o

ART AND LIFE.

"|^ HE session, of the Birmingham Ruskin Society was in-

augurated last week, when the president (Sir W. B

Richmond, R.A.) delivered his presidential address in'
the Temperance Hall, Temple Street. The Rev. A. J. Smith,
who introduced the president to the audience, reminded the.
gathering that Sir William Richmond was the successcr له‎
Ruskin as professor of art at Oxford. Selecting 16 72
tive subject, “ Art and Life,” Sir William suggested thoughts
which were the results cf broad issues rather than cf specialı-
sation with the object of stimulating activity of thought, and.
if possible, engendering enthusiasm for what was of lasting
value, active and permanent. Starting with the axiom that
art in its brcadest and most comprehensive sense was indis-

pensable, was life, he said the field of all artistic production,

was limitless in area, and the conclusion he desired to enforce.
was that art and lifo were really inseparable. The habit ot
union betwcen utility and beauty was maintaincd in ancient,
times until modern machinery divorced them, and the prob-
lem which no one could solve was how we could regain what
had been lost. Could the greed for money at all costs aver
be restrained by the higher emotions and aspirations to per-
mit cf the multiplication of desirable and beautiful objects
in place of the multitude of inexpressivo and, undesirable
objects with which commerce flooded the market, where pur-
chasera flocked who preferred the gaudy and vulgar to the
refined? It was an economical question wich it might take
a century to answer by practice. There were a few signs, not
many, that the average taste for good things was higher than
it was, but in some instances it was lower than it was a
hundred years ago, despite museums and art schools. Was
it not an indisputable fact that our country, as well as others,

Oriental and Occidental, had been breaking away مت‎ their

tradition, accepting the new services of life, customs, and,
manners, and that the changes effected had been marked, and
appeared to be permanent nd irrevocable? |

How, for instance, was the unmistakeab!o Orientalism. of
the Japanese to fit in with the e:sentially modern customs of
life and of warfare in that country? One cf the most inte-
resting questions which Japan suggested, hc thought, was

whether the East was coming tc the West to overcome the

inefficacics of a so-called civilisaticn, conquering it with: its
own weapens. Far-sighted Japanese evidently knew. that
the individuality of their arts, crafts, and manners was of

278 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [Ocroren 14, 1904

A A A A 2 ee ey a Rg l AA

Again, how often are the partition walls of stud work plas
tered over, and then whitewashed. The cottager must give
up the pleasure of putting up pictures, for the walls will
not held them ; and the walls cannot be washed. Often the
flooring boards have not been sufficiently dried before put-
ting down, and a walk over them, barefooted, leads to a
complaint of the draught arising, if this small evil is not for-
gotten by the entrance to the flesh of a splinter.

“Y contend, then, that the first quality of a house should
be its comfort; that this should be ensured by having every
room private, every room well lighted, and every room
capalle of being heated. Draught should be a thing un-
known. All the walls and ceilings, and in fact every part of
the house, should be able to withstand frequent cleanings.
In every house there should be water laid on, and in every
one à bath. The house may be as ugly as a new mansion;
if it has within it the possibility of comfort, the workman
will be Targely to blame if he is not happy, and the house-
wife will kear censure if the home is not clean.”

_—..

CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL.

likely to lead to fraternity in others. Then, instead of being
only self-sceking individuals, we should be a community ot
steadfast minds and strong bodies, able and willing to cope
with either physical or intellectual problems. Then teach
reading, writing, and arithmetic, and the rest would follow
if the soil was good enough to receive it. Character would
be formed, and no nation till its character was formed upon
the highest ideals would keep its place in an age when an
Oriental power was teaching lessons which we ought to have
learned years ago. We might learn great lessons from the
ancients, and now we might leaın great lessons from an
Oriental power which had arrived at stability by the imagi-
nation, diligence, hard labour and simplicity of life of its great
artists and craftsmen, whose character had been formed by
its art, industry, and religion. The glories of war were
expensive and terrible, but the ته نه اع‎ cf peace and pros-
pority were the glories which a great people must maintain
by a high ideal, a steadfast unity, and brilliant self-sacrifice.
Of one thing he felt certain: art and life must be in imme-
diata connection, and they were, for what the life of a people
was so its art would be. If that be sordid, drunken, pleasure-
seeking, squalid, selfish, the arts of a nation would reflect its
disgrace. Mako the naticn great, self-reliant, simple, provi-
dent, disciplined, and in its true sense socialistic, and indivi-
duality would take care of itsclf. When the whole nation
was proud of labour, proud of its artisans, its artists, and of
all noble, creative powers, commercial prospevity would follow
as a mattar of course; and being high in its ideals England
would stand in the front rank of the growing prosperity,
intelloctual as well as material, of other nations, Oriental or
Occidental. ۱ '

سه سه —— Y A‏ دت دچ ما

HE following letter has appeared in the Times:--
‚Sir, —1 am sorry to be obliged to appeal to all who
value the historic monuments of the English Church for

the means of preserving Canterbury Cathedial from a great
misfortune. We were lately informed by the architect of the
cathedral, W. D. Caröe, Esq., who is also the architect of the
Ecclesiastical Commissioners, that the central tower, com-
monly known as the Bell Harry Tower, was suffering from
grievous external decay. This tower is one of the noblest
features of the cathedral. It was erected by Cardinal Mor-
ton towards the end of the fifteenth century, and thus ata
late period in the history of Gothic architecture. But it. is
generally acknowledged to have na rival of its own period, and
few of any ; and its decay would involve ۵ most grievous in-
jury to a great national monument. Accordingly, with the
help of tha Ecclesiastical Commissioners, we lost, no time in
erecting د‎ scaffold round the tower, without which it could
not be minutely examined; and I regret to say that the
result of this examination has shown that its condition ie
even worse than the architect, apprehended.

Happily, nowhere does any fissure or crack appear in the
main walls of the structure. But there are cracks and fissures
in the flanking angle buttresses of the tower. The mullions
of several of the windows are in such a condition that large
pieces threaten to fall away. One large pinnacle was found
ready to fall at any moment, and had to be immediately re-
moved, and another cf the largest is quite lcose, and has boen
temporarily secured. The heads of the internal arches over
the upper tier of lights have almost in: all cages separated.
“ In conclusion," says the architect, “ there can be no doubt
that the erection of the scaffold has revealed a condition which
it is high time should be dcalt with. Wecan specially admire
the beauty of this noble structure, enhanced, as it undoubtedly
13, by the mellowing touch of age and decay. The duty is
none the less imperative to take steps ta hand it down to
posterity, and such steps must not be too long delayed, taking
into account the rapid progress of decay which recent years
have set up, and which is in full activity.” |

Besides tha central tower, the architect reports that the
roofs cf the south transept and cf the western portion of the
north aisle are urgently in: necd of repair; that in the 6
work in the upper walls of the nave the same form of decay
is occurring as we found in the great tower; that the w: ndow
in tho western gable, one of the finest. ornaments of the
cathedral, “is approaching a condition of considerable مز‎
pardy," and that the nave pinnacles are now in an advanced
state cf decay, and some of them are dangerous. ^ |

After a most careful examination, in the course of which
every single stone cn the south front of tlie tower has been
examined, and the treatment of cach scparately considered,
we are informed, on the joint authority of the architect. aud
builder, that the cost of repairs to the central tower wil
amount to £10,500, including all fees and expenses, but es-
cluding the scaffolding, the cost of which, amounting x
£1,000, has been defrayed by the Ecclesiartical 77

COTTAGE ARCHITECTURE.

R. WM. F. ROWLES writes to the Susser Daily News

as follows : —

“I will give you my idea of a model cottage. It is
an cight-roomcd house, having four bed-rooms, a sitting-
room, a living-room, a scullery, a larder or pantry, and a
bath-room. Entering the front door we find ourselves in a
lobby 6ft. wide. Before us, occupying & width of 3ft., and
distant 15ft. from the door, is the staircase. Straight
through is the egress to the back. We take a few steps,
and find a dcor cn our right and on our left, leading respec-

right, and immediately at the fcot of the stairs, is the door
of the scullery, and on the left, though not immediately
opposite, is the entrance to the pantry. We bound nine
steps up the staircase, we come to a turn, we take fcur more,
and are landed. Immediately bofore us is the bath-room,
while there appear also two docrs on each side of us. These
give entrances to the bed-rocms. Thus we have an eight-
roomed house, each rcem having one door, one window, and
(with the exception of the pantry) cne fireplace. The
average size of the rooms is 12ft. by 10ft. and 9ft. high.
The windows are of the sash pattern, and are large. The
ground floor throughout is laid with tiles bedded in cement.
The bed-rcoms, of course, have floors of boarding, which is
fitted tightly, and then stained. The walls of the lobby,
the bath-room, the pantry, and the scullery, are faced with
glazed bricks. For a height of 6ft. the colour is green,
above that, white. The walls of the living-rooms are of
cement, coloured with a light green, 6ft. high, and above
that, white. Either paint or colouring matter which will
not scrub off, shculd ] used. Can anyone show me a better
model of accommodation? I guess not.

“J have personally neither friendship nor aversion. to
architects (I do not even include one in my circle of
acquaintanccs); but I do know that in planning a cottage
they show either culpable ignorance of the qualities which
go towards the make-up cf a good cottage, or a remarkable
lack of originality in endeavouring to secure them. It isa
principle of mine that every living-room of a cottage should
have but one entrance. Now you may take up ferty ground
and upstair plans of cottages, and I dare swear in every one
you will find this principle violated. The more doors there
arc in a small rcom the greater is the draught, and the less | sioners, Of ccause, no alteration whatever will be made in
the privacy. In a great many cases also, you will find the| the architecture. Stones decayed beyond repair will simply
staircase in the living-room, with the result that the living- | be replaced by others of precisely the same form, and attampts
room gets more draughty and the bed-rooms more dusty. | will be mado, such aa thoao which seem to have been success

Apart from these objections, it is an ugly arrangement. | ful at Westminster Abbey, to check decay where it has not,

tively into the living and the sitting-room. Again cn the

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The total cost of the other repairs | that a gift of £10,000 had been offered to Her Majesty for

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 14, 1904]

penetrated deeply. -

requirod is estimated at present at £3,460. So that a sum | any purpose she (pleased by Mr. Lucas Tooth, an Australian
of £14,000 at least is needed to save tha tower and ما‎ put | gentleman, and that Queen Alexandra. desired to devote it

ta tha extension of the homes amalgamated with the Officers’
Branch. At that time and since twelve ladies were accom-
modated at Elm ‚Park Mansions, Chelsea, and these, together
with a like number lately chosen, are to be the first: occu-
pants of the premises whose completion next June will pos-
sibly be marked by some brilliant ceremony. Some fifteen
months ago the council of the association felt themselves
justified in developing the useful work by establishing a
permanent home upon a much larger scale, and wcre much
encouraged by the approval that it met from the Queen, who
at once gave £5,000 from her own war fund. After much cara
had been exercised in the choice of A suitable site, the free-
hold property of the Broghill estate at Wimbledon of three
and a half acres was purchased for £6,100. This had هط‎
longed to Captain Cecil Boyle, the first Yeomanry officer to
be killed in South Africa, and no more fitting memorial
could stand upon the beautiful old grounds than this. All
that has been built so far is paid for, and that without any
financial advances or mortgages, but to carry out the entire
project another £20,000 will be needed during the next few
months. On Saturday a small invited company were con-
ducted by Sir James Gildea over the two blocks already
finished, and were thus enabled to realise what “the New
Hampton Court,” as it has been described, will finally be.
The ground plan is that of three sides of a hollow oblong,
the longer line being filled by the two smaller buildings, in
each of which are twelve suites, while right and left are the
two larger ones, which, when finished, will cach contain
eighteen suites. The architects were Messrs. Ernest, George
and C. E. Lancaster Parkinson, and thy have kept to a
severe but dignified exterior effect, says the Daily Telegra ph.
There are three floors in each building, and every staircase
serves six suites, as one right and left opens from all the
landings. The stairs themselves are of concrete, and the
walla are faced with enamelled bricks in shades of green
and cream, decoratively arranged. All doors and the floora
of the apartments are of solid oak. Each suite contains a
charming sitting-room, measuring 13ft. 6in. by 10ft. 3in.,
a principal bed-room only slightly smaller, and a second
rather longer and narrower bed-room of 15ft. by 9ft. In
each case the dccorations are the same, the sitting-rcom being
distempered in a restful and pleasant tone of green, with
picture rail, mantelshelf, and other fittings of fumed oak.
Cream predominates in the bed-rooms, and, mindful of the
Queen's monitions when inspecting County Council tene-
ment dwellings, an ample provision of cupboards, with re-
volving hanging pegs, has been planned. The kitchens are
floored with red tiles, and each has an excellent little gas
range, with an oven, as well as a small open fireplace. A
larder, coal cellar, and a chute for cinders and other refuse
have also been included; while many other conveniences
and labour-saving devices by no means always found
in small flats are here. م1116‎ suites are entirely free from
rent and rates to their occupants, whose only outlay will
be for the use of the electric light in their rooms and for
the gas they may consume in the kitchener, which will be
supplied upon the shilling-i¡n-the-slot system. Admission
will be strictly limited to the widows and unmarried daugh-
ters of officers of both services, whose further qualificationa
must be that they are over fifty and under eighty years of
age, and assured of an income for maintenance of not ]ess
than £40 or more than £100 a year. There are already
nearly a hundred applicants for the thirty-six suites which
it is hoped will be ready in June. l

— AR

BIRMINGHAM WATER SUPPLY.

N the 7th inst. the Birmingham Water Committee 1n-
vited the City Council to visit Frankley Reservoir as

a complement to the royal function at the Elan Valley

in July, and to the actual introduction of the Welsh water
into the local supply. The reservoir, says the Birmingham
Post, recelves the water brought down by the aqueduct from
the 45,600 acres of gathering grcund belonging to tho city
in the mountains of Central Wales near Rhayader. ۵
reservoir is semi-circular in plan, and when full has a 7
arca of about twenty-five acres, a depth varying from 30ft. to
35ft., and will contain 200 million gallons. It is mainly

other important parts of the cathedral into a sound condition.

I need hardly say that theme are no resources at the dis-
pesal cf the Doan and Chapter for so large an expenditure.
Ten yers ago, under my predecessor, Dr. Farrar, a sum, of
nearly £20,000, to which the Dean and Chapter made con-
siderable contributions, was expended in special repairs of
an important character; but this has not lessened the heavy
annual charge on their funds for the ordinary repaim of the
whole structure. There is no capital fund to draw upon. It
1$ absolutely necessary, therefore, to appeal to all lovers of
the cathedral, and to all who honour the cradle of English
Christianity, for special donations.

The Archbishop of Canterbury, who has becn acquainted
with all the circumstances, gives his earnest support to this
appeal, and addrcesed to me, before leaving for America, the
letter which I subjoin. m
_ The Dean and Chapter have unanimously resolved that,
in view of the grave condition of the tower, it is their duty
to commence the work without delay ; and we earnestly and
confidently trust that, in endeavouring to prescrve unim-
paired a building cf such interest to the whole Anglican
communion, and indced to all Anglo-Saxon people, we shall
receive a generous and widespread support.

Donations may bo sent either to myself, at the Deanery ;
or to Canon Holland, the Treasurer of the Chapter, at the
Precincts; or may be paid to the account of the Cathedral
Reparation Fund at the Capital and Counties Bank, Canter-
bury, and at 39, Threadneedle Strest, London.—I remain, sir,
yours faithfully, Henry Wace.

The Deanery, Canterbury, Sept. 26.

EEA II

LONG GROVE ASYLUM CONTRACT.
I Asylums Committee of the L.C.C. on Tuesday re-

commended that the contract for the crection of the
Long Grove Aylüm be given to Mesers. Foster and
Dicksee, of Rugby, the lowest tenderers, at the price cf
£359,953. The next lowest tender was from a London firm,
who offered to do the werk for £368,996. Mr. Dew moved
as an amendment that as the lowest tender was £21,953
above the architect's estimate, the recommendation be. re-
ferred back to the committce with a view to the work being
carried cut by the Werks Committee without the interven-
tion of a contractor. ` Mr. E. White deprecated the commit-
ses sending this large contract to a provincial firm when
the building trade in London was in a bad state, more car-
penters and jeinens being cut cf work than there had been
for many ycars. The wages of skilled mechanics in Rugby
was 8d. an hour, whereas in London it was from 104d. to 11d.
If they worked the contract out on that basis they would find
that the difference in wages alone would account for the
difference in the amount cf the lowest tender. Mr. Crooks,
M.P., said there could be no doubt that if the contract was
given to a Rugby fim the joinery work would ba dene at
Rugby, and that was manifestly unfair to London people.
He supported the amendmerit that the matter should go back
to the committee for further consideration, because he felt
convinced that by finding employment for London workmen
they would ba doing a lasting gocd, and at the same time save
monoy in the end. After further discussion the Council
divided :-—For the amendment, 40; against, 68; majority
against, 28. The amendment. was accordingly defeated, and
the recommendation of the committee giving the contract to
Messrs, Foster and Dicksee adopted.

ګګ کو نو و و —

QUEEN ALEXANDRA'S COURT.

AST week some twenty-four ladies took possession of
the first two blocks of the series of homes fcr officers'
widows and daughters which are now in course of erec-

ticn at Wimbledon, and will be known as Queen Alexandra's
Court. The scheme is an outcome of the Officers Branch
of the Scldiers’ and Sailors Families Association, for those
ladics who had lost husband cr father during the South
African War. At the general annual meeting of the asso-
ciation, which was attended by the Queen herself, on the day
preceding the Coronation, at the Queen's Hall, Colonel Sir
James Gildea, as chairman of the committee, anncunced

-— m

(OCTOBER 14, 1904

—

Tue new Carnegie library and lecture hall, which has jug
been erected at Workington at a cost of nearly £7,000, has
been designed by Mr. Mellon, of York, in the Queen Anne
style,

THE architect's plans, etc., for the free public library at
Batlcy, have been approved. The total estimated cost is
£7,500. A design for tile flooring by Messrs. Barrett and
Russell has been accepted.

THE new two-tier theatre which has just been erected be
tween Titchfield Street and St. Andrews Street, Kilmarnock,
N.B., has a frontage of 75ft. with an average depth of 124}.
The front is built of red stone. It has accommodation for
2,200, and the total cost is £19,000.

THE new gasworks in North Berwick, which have just been
opened, have cost about £16,000. They have been de
signed and carried out under the supervision cf Mr. James
M'Gilchrist, gas engineer, Dumbarton, whilst the retorts are
those of Messrs. R. and G. Hislop, Paisley.

Tue Littlehampton Free Library Committee have reported
that the Duke of Norfolk and Mr. Carnegie had both ap-
proved the plans of the proposed free library building pre
pared by Mr. Howard, and decided that he be instructed
to prepare detailed plans and specifications in order that
tenders may be obtained. On the suggestion of Mr.
Edwards, Mr. Howard was asked to provide, if possible, for
a mcteorological station on the roof of the building.

The new Victcria Hall and Music Galleries at Leicester,
just opened, is a stone structure of five storeys, surmounted by
a tower, designed by Mr. E. Burgess, of Berridge Street تما‎
cester, and erected at a cost of over £30,000. The building will
be entirely devcted to the promotion cf music in the Midlands
and include a hall for chamber concerts, an orchestral room,
and rooms for private tuition. It is the gift of Mr. J.
Herbert Marshall, of Leicester and Regent Street, London,
president of the Music Trades Asscciation of Great Britain.

A SYNDICATE has been formed with the object of rebuilding
Rhyl Pier and extending it scawards, so that steamers may
call at practically all states of the tide. The pier will also
be made dcuble its present width. A block of buildings
including a theatre pavilion and arcade, will adorn the en-
trance, and another pavilion will occupy the pierhead. The
syndicate have under consideration the installation of a
system of electric traction along the pier. The estimated
ccst of the undertaking is £40,000.

THE plans of the new public baths and wash-houses in Picton
Road, Liverpool (foundation-stone just laid), were prepared
by Mr. W. R. Court, Messrs. Wearing and Sons, of West
Derby, being the contractors. The site has a frontage to
Picton Road of 70ft. and to Glynn Street of 200ft. Provi-
sion is made for two swimming baths, and fifty-five private
baths. The buildings are set back 45ft. from the line of the
street, and space is reserved for additional private baths
when required. The estimated cost of the buildings 8
£26,000.

Tue foundation-stones ‘of the U.M. Free Church and
Schocls, Church Street, Seaham Harbour, were laid last
week. The buildings will be erected by Mr. Arthur Erring-
ton, of Hetton-le-Hole, from the plans cf Mesas. Wm. and
T. R. Milburn, Esplanade West, Sunderland. The church
will seat about 800 worshippers, and the schools will accom
modate 400 children, divided into fourteen classrooms.
There will also be a large lecture hall in the rear, together
with vestries and conveniences. The contractors price 8
£3,500, and, with heating apparatus and organ, the build:
ings will cost about. £4,700 |

THE new Wesleyan Mission Hall in Seventh Avenue, Seaton
Hirst, cf which the foundation-stone was laid on Saturday,
is of Early English design, and will cost £3,500. The heat-
ing will be by hot water on low-pressure system. The ven

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

288

constructed of concrete and made water-tight by a skin of
asphalt uncovered on the floor and protected by blue brick
facing on the walls. The east straight wall or embankment
is nearly one-third of a mile in length, and the distance all
round the reservoir is a little over four-fifths of a mile. It
is divided into two equal portions by a main division wall
running from the centre of the circle to the circumference, at
which latter point the water is let. into each or both divisions
at will over a serics of steps or sills extending to the floor of
the roservoir. After leaving the aqueduct, and just before
entering the inlet basin, the water passcs through a gauge
chamber, in which the quantity flowing is measured and
recorded by means of an instrument installed for that purpose
in a small building on the west side of the reservoir imme-
diately behind the inlet. From the gauge chamber the water
flows into the inlet basin, where it is controlled by sluices
and passed into either or both divisions of the reservoir, or 1s
diverted to tha right or to the left round the reservoir to the
outlet valve wells which are situated below the domed build-
ings on its north-west and south-west sides. These buildings
contain the requisite machinery for regulating the quantity
of water allowed to enter the outlet well from the reservoir,
the direct mains from the inlet basin or the mains leading
therefrom to the filters. Below the reservoir, eighteen filter
beds having a combined area of about fourteen acres have
been constructed, competent to deal with the quantity of
water which the two mains comprising the “ first instalment '
are capable of bringing dewn the aqueduct, and there is ample
room on the sito for the addition. of other filter
beds when further mains are laid and the necessity
arises. After leaving the filter beds the water is
collected into a covered pure water tank having a capacity
of 500,000 gallons, near to the pumping station, from
which the several distributing mains into the district are fed,
and on the east side of the tank there is a chamber con-
taining the valves, etc., which control the quantities of
water allowed to enter these distributing mains. In order
to lift some of the water into two service reservoirs, cne at,
Northfield and the other at Warley, which supply outlying
districts at too great an elevation to be adequately dealt
with by gravitation, a pumping station has been erected
containing three sets of pumping plant capable of exerting
in the aggregate about 200-h.p., cach set. being able to pump
water either to Warley or Northfield. The steam for these
engines is supplied by two Babcock and Wilcox boilers work-
ing at a pressure of 15015. on the square inch. Ordinarily
only one bciler is in use. As may be imagined there are a
great number of sluice valves, openstocks, and other mecha-
nical devices all over the place, necessary for the complete
control, divisicn, and collection of the water; and in order
to minimise manual labour as much as possible, water at a
pressure of 7001k. on the square inch is distributed through
a network of pipes leading to the various places where work
has to be done. The pumping station also contains the
necessary plant and appliances for lighting by electricity the
whole of the works. A complete system of measuring and

recording instruments has been installed, whereby the quan-
` tity of water received, in store, or sent out, can at any
moment Te determined. The work has been carried out by
Mr. A. Kellett, Ealing. He received the order to commence
in June, 1897, although for several reasons not much actual
progress was made until about a year later, so that it has
occupied over six years in construction. During that period
the number of men employed at times exceeded 600, but has
of course varied according to circumstances. The machinery
in the pumping station has been supplied by Messrs. Glen-
field and Kennedy, Ltd., Kilmarnock. The resident engi-
neer until nearing completion was Mr. F. W. Macaulay,
M. Inst. C.F, now occupying the position of Elan Supply
resident engineer, and, on taking up this office, he was suc-
cceded by his principal assistant, Mr. A. W. Lewis,
A.M.I.C.E.

_— Y Ases

BUILDING NEWS.

Tenpers fcr an underground sanitary convenience, to cost
£6,500, are to be invited by the Hammersmith Borough

Council.

FOUNDATION-STONES were laid last week at Tottenham, of
now municipal offices, fire station, and public baths, which
are being erected at a cost of £55,000,

" Cao" "a 2

= KET s

THE BRITISH

ARCHITECT 289

Chapman, A.R.I.B.A., of Leeds, is the architect, his design
and plans having been awarded the first premium. in open
competition, in which Mr. Leonard Stokes acted as assessor.
The whole scheme has cost over £20,000, and the library
starts with 9,000 volumes. "The contractors for the various
works were as follows: —Mr. Paul Rhodes, bricklayer and
mason ; Mr. Banks Mawson, joiner ; Mr. Alfred Whitehead,
faience work ; Messrs. Pickles Bros, slaters; Mr. George
Thompson, plumber; Mr. Thos. Moore, plasterer; Messrs.
Perkins and Co., ironfounders; Messrs. Roylance and
Hcreman, painters; Mr. Dixon Powner, heating; Messrs.
Wallis and Watson, electric lighting; and Messrs. T. Hirst
and Sons, furniture and fittings.

THE new bridge just erected over the River Rede at Reeds-
mouth, near Bellingham, marks a new departure in bridge
building. The structure is built on two stone piers, and has
thus three spans, each of which is 42ft. The framework con-
sists of steel girders, and not any part of the steelwork is
seen, as the whole is embedded in concrete. On the outside,
from the top of the coping to the underside ot the bridge,
the structure is about 6ft. deep. Along the entire length of
tha bridge there is a moulding at the base of tha parapet,
while at the end of each span is a pillar with moulded base
and cap. The parapet. between these pillars is lightened with
a circular sweep from. the pillars to the centre, and the space
thus formed beneath the coping is filled im with square balus-
ters, graduating in length, the steel construction inside of
them bending into the coping. The stecl bands inside the
parapet are lying at full tension in the swoep, and, going over
the pillars, make the parapet act as a girder, and, being con-
nected with the steel standards,add greatly to the strength of
the whole structure. No part of the bridge is thus burdened
with a useless weight of concrete. The roadway is con-
structed of cross girders with expanded metal and ties em-
bedded in one foct of concrete. The expanded metal is
carried round the girders and into projected mouldings, bind-
ing the whole together. The structure has been carried out
by Messrs. John Rule, of Sunderland and Newcastle.

At Tuesday’s mceting of the Smethwick Education Com-
mittee 16 was announced that the Higher Education Sub-
Committee had reported having considered the question of
providing a new technical school, and in view of the reso-
lutions of the town council limiting the expenditure upon
a technical school to an amount not exceeding £5,000, and
having regard to the fact that the number of students had

increased to 524, and, further, that the proposed building

was intended to accommodate a secondary day school, which
might include a pupil teachers’ centre as well as the tech-
nical school, the subcommittee were of opinion that the
necessary accommodation could not be provided for such
an amount. They reommended that the town council be
asked to rescind resolutions passed on June 12, 1900, and
February 16, 1904, authorising the berrowing of £5,000 for
the erection of the buildings. They further recommended
that the committee take the necessary steps to provide a
suitable building to accommodate the technical school and
a secondary day school, which might include the pupil
Dr. Motteram pointed out
that when the proposal first came before the old district
council it was suggested that accommodation should be
provided for 500 students, but the committce now con-
sidered that they should previde for at least 1,000 students.
The cstimated cost of the building was £10,000. Towards
this the Staffordshire County Council provided £2,500. The
cost of the cquipment of tie buildings was estimated at
£2,200, half of which would be borne by the county council.
Ultimately the recommendations were approved, and the
reports adopted.

THE Lecds Corporation have erected two up-to-date hospitals
at Seacroft and Killingbeck, at an aggregate cost of £361,077,
including the sites. The buildings on the Seacroft estate, of
ninety-seven acres, are for general infectious diseases, and
are forty-two in number, being erected on the one-storied
principle. They are built of brick with stone dressings.
The administrative buildings are at the centre, and around
are the various fever wards and convalescent home. There
are houses for the medical superintendent and the steward,
a nurses’ home with 121 rooms, the female servants’ home

teachers’ centre, under one roof.

OCTOBER 14, 1904]

tilation has been carefully studied so as to avoid draughts as
much as possible. Foul air will be extracted at the ceiling
by galvanised sheet-iron trunks connected with an auto-
matic ventilator fixed on the roof, ample inlets fcr fresh air
being provided. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.R.I.B.A., of New-
castle-on-Tyne, is the architect, Mr. T. A. Turnbull, of
Rcwlands Gill, being the contractor.

THE new Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Long Eaton, which
has just been completed, is designed in the Decorated period
of Gothic. It has been erected at a total cost, with the
school extension scheme included, of £11,000. The con-
tractors are Messrs. Pask and Thorpe, Nottingham, with
the following sub-contractors: —Joiner, Mr. Appleby, Not-
tingham ; heating, Messrs. Danks and Co., Nottingham ;
ventilating. Ashwell and Nesbit, Leicester; marble 1aason,
Mr. Gibson, Nottingham ; brick work, Mr. G. Young, Long
Eaton; while the whole of the work has been executed from
the drawings of Messrs. Brewill and Baily, Nottingham.

Tue Bishcp of Bath and Wells on Saturday laid the founda-
tion-stone of a new church at St. Anne's Park. The total
cost of the scheme is estimated at something like £6,000,
and that of the portion now commenced at more than
£3,000, which will provide seating accommodation for 698,
to be increased later to about 800. The parts of the build-
ing to be erected first comprise the nave, two aisles, and the
transept. The church will be of the Decorated Gothic style
of architecture, with outside walls cf pennant stone, with
Bath stone dressings, and inside of freestone. The roof will
be of Broscley tiles, and the floor of oak blocks, and the
building will be of modern design in all respects. The archi-
tect is Mr. H. M. Bennett, the builders being Messrs. E.
Walters and Son.

Sr. Arpan’s CHURCH, Great Preston, the foundation-stone of
which was laid on the 10th inst., has been designed by Mr.
Richard Wood, Park Lane, Leeds, and will be in the Early
English Gothic style. It will be constructed of best pressed
brick, with stone dressings. The roof will be of open timber
work, with moulded trusses. At the south-west corner will
be the entrance porch. A belfry will occupy the north-west
corner, and the vestry will be placed at the opposite corner,
with the heating apparatus underneath. Seating accommo-
daticn will be provided for about 300 worshippers. The
contractors are Mr. W. Green, Kippax, brick, mason, and
joiner's work; Mr. F. L. Armitage, Leeds, plumbing;
Me:srs. Pickles Brothers, Leeds, slater's work ; and Messrs.
Roylance and Horsman, Leeds, painting. The building will
cost about £1,500.

THE Handsworth District Council applied to the Local
Government Board some months ago for sanction to borrow
£22,000 on loan, for the erection. of baths at the corner of
Hinstock Road and Grove Lane. Strong opposition, how-
ever, was raised by representatives of the Ratepayers Asso-
ciation, who contended that two sets of baths might be
erected for tle amount which the council proposed to ex-
pend upon one set. They also pointed out that a sufficient
supply of water might not be found on the proposed site.
The result cf the opposition was that the Local Govern-
ment Board refused to sanction the whole of the loan until
it was assured that an ample supply of water had been
found. To meet the cost of the boring operations it gave
the council sancticn to borrcw £1,000. The experiments
werc eventually highly successful, and the board has now
sanctioned the borrowing of the remainder of tho money.
The designs for the baths were selected some time ago,
and the work of erection will now proceed forthwith.

Tue new public library in York Road, Leeds, which has just
been opened, has a frontage of 100ft. Attached to the
building will be a set of baths. The exterior is an adapta-
tion of the Renaissance style, and is faced with Accrington
faced bricks, with Morley stone dressings. The lending
library, | newsroom, and ladies reading-room are
on the grcund flcor, while a juvenile reading-
room is provided on the first floor. The
building is heated throughout by hot water on the low
pressure system, and lighted electrically. Mr. 11. Ascough

- ~

[OCTOBER 14, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

290

Tue Llantrisant and Llantwit Fardr Rural Council require
the temporary services of a good draughtsman to prepare cen-
tract tracings frem the original drawings for a waterwciks
reservoir, etc. £2 10s. is the weekly salary offered. Apply
by letter to Gomer S. Morgan, engineer and survevor,
Pontyclun, Glam. `

Tuz lands of Kilmaron, in the parishes of Cupar, Monimail,
and Kilmany, have been sold to Sir James Lew, Kincraig
House, Bioughty Ferry. Kilmaron Castle is abcut two
miles north-west of Cupar, and was built in the early part of
last century by Admiral Maitland at a cost, it is said, of cver
£12,000.

Tne Warminster Rural Council have appcinted Mr. R. H.
Bourne as surveyor. Mr. Parker, surveyor cf Thornhill,
Dewsbury, has becn appointed engineer and surveyor at
Gainsborcugh. Mr. H. Berney has bcen appointed survayer
to the Croydon Rural District Ccuncil in the place of Mr. F.
West, resigned.-

THE two “ old mast::3,” representations of Christ and a scene
in connection with the Crucifixien, by Rubens and Vandyck,
which were found in the old Roman Cathclic cathedral at
Leeds, have been pronounced genuine, and the fortunate
broker who bought them fcr a few shillings was last week
offered 2,000 guineas for them by a Londen dealer.

WHILST excavating for a new drain in connection with an
improvement scheme at Newcastleunder-Lyme, some cor-
poration workmen have just made an interesting discovery.
A red sandstone corner wall of -dressed stone was revealed
in the vicinity of tho site of the ancient Royal castle, from
which the town derived its name, but. which has entirely dis
appeared. It was erected by Henry I. about 1120. The
remains, which are remarkably preserved, Mave been
examined by a well-known local archwologist, who pro
nounced them part of the old castle. The nncient tower of
the parish churcli is of similar stonc. Further excavation
will be made.

Ar last week's meeting of the Selby Urban Council the Gas
and Waterworks Committee recommendcd that Mr. Percy
Griffith and Mr. Bruce Gray, the council's surveyor, be ap-
pointed engineers for the new waterworks, and that the
former's remuneration be 5 per cent. on the contract price,
a remuneration for extras to be detarmined by the council.
Councillor Bowe asked if it was necessary to have two engl-
neers. Tho work was all straightfcrward, and was to cost
£20,000 to £30,000. This meant £1,500 for the engineer.
The Chairman said it would be a dangerous thing for them
to undertake the work unless they appointed an engineer.
The work was of too serious a nature to leave to their sur-
veyor, who would not undetake it. The recommendation
was adopted. ۱

ووو

TRADE NOTES.

THE firm of Wm. Aug's Gibson, Ltd., 28, Fleet Strect. EC.
have been, awarded the contract for the lifts for the new
Shipping Exchange Buildings, in Cockspur Street, S.W.

THE Consumption Hospital, Liverpool, is being warmed and
ventilated by means of Shcrland's patent Manchester stoves
with descending smoke flues, the same being supplied by
Messrs. E. H. Shorland and Brother, of Manchester.

Mr. Jonn Jones, Carlyle Works, Chelsea, S.W., sends us A
copy of his catalogue, Section List A, cf patent and improved
cast-iron drainage fittings, triple and double scat manhole
covers, deep seat manhole covers, air-inlet ventilating man-
hole covers, roadway and lamphole covers, sewer ventilating
shafts, and sewer ironwork, and cast-iron scil pipes and con-
nections. A well got-up catalogue of sixty-four pages. ME-
Jones has been awarded numerous gold, silver, and bronze
medals for his various sanitary specialities at different
exhibitions.

with eighty-four rooms, cottagea for sixteen married officere,
and a club-house for the employees. In addition to thə main

pavilions there arə four isolation pavilions. A clock and
water tower, 22ft. square and 110ft. high and storing 125 tons
of water, forms a landmark for miles around. The wards
are heated by means of fresh air passed over hot water pipes

evcry threc hours, and they are lit by electricity. Exhaust

steam—which costs nothing and would otherwise be wasted
—is utilised for these purposes, being supplied from a cen-
tral plant at Seacroft. This work was designed and carried

out by Messrs. Dargue, Griffiths and Co., Ltd., of London
and Liverpool. The staff will number over 200,
and accommodation is provided for 452 patients.

The following figures may give some conception of
the extent of the buildings :一 There are eight miles

of drains, twenty-six miles cf steam, water, and other pipes,
sixty miles of electric cables, 98,000 square feet of glass (in
2,000 windows), and twelve million bricks. The buildings
have cost, with land and furniture, £266,581. The small-
pox hospital at Killingbeck has been constructed for 100 beds.
The estate of 141 acıca was purchased for £21,250, and the
building has cost £69,000. There are three large pavilions
and two isolation blocks, with quarters for doctors and nurses.
The contract for both hospitals was obtained by Messrs. H.
Arnold and Sons, cf Doncaster, the architect being Mr. Edwin
T. Hall, F.R.I. B.A., Bedford Square, London.

Tue national memorial to the Venerable Bede, was unveiled
by the Archbishop of York on the 11th inst. The memorial
takes the form of an immense Anglican cross placed upon
a commanding site in the Cliff Park at Roker, near Sunder-
land. The actual work of designing the memorial was en-
trusted to Mr. Charles Hodges, of Hexham, and the cross
has been sculptured by Mr. Geo. W. Milburn, York. The
secretarial work in connection with the scheme has been
carried out by Mr. John Robinson, and Mr. Thos. Hodgkin
has acted as treasurer. The cross is 25ft. high, and is Angli-
can in form as being germane to the district and contempo-
rary with Bede's time. The memorial exceeds in size the
tall crosses at Ruthwell and Bewcastle, which are the two
largest ancient examples, and both of Bede's own day. The
stone for the cross has, by the kind permission of Lord
Armstrong, becn taken from his private quarry ۹۵٩ 66
and is of fine and even grain and of great durability. ‘The
shaft on the west side is onamented with scroll patterns
from the Lindisfarne Gazpel and from the stones at Monk.
wearmouth, and contains, within a twisted loop of the duck-
billed serpent seen on the Monkwearmouth doorway, pic-
torial subjects from the life of Bede. On the east side are
Roman letters giving two extracts from Bede's works—one
from the Ecclesiastical History, and one from his life of
St. Cuthbert. On the south side, within a vine scroll, is
carved in alto and bas relief the heads and busts of the
friends and associates of Bede. On the north side a scroll
introducing birds and animals, springing from a harp, em-
blematic of his poetic gifts, shows Bede's love of nature.
Beneath these four sculptured sides runs in a band the vers?
written by Bede on his death-bed, beginning “ Fore there
nedfarae " in Latin, in Rune, in Minuscule, and in English.
On the block out of which the cross rises is carved a short
inscription as follows: “ To the glory of God and in memory
of His servant Bede.—673—735. The foundation for the
cross has been prepared under the supervision of Mr. J. W.
Moncur, the borough surveyor.

—@—

JOTTINGS.

Am the last meeting of the Islinston Borough Council the
town clerk announced the receipt of a letter stating that Mr.
Carnegie had agreed to provide £40,000 for the erection of د‎
central library and four branch libraries, en sites to Le pro-
vided by the council in the four Parliamentary divisions of

Islington.

THE Church of St. Chryscstom, Victoria Park, Manchester,
was destroyed by fire the cthor day. The church was a stone
building in the Early English style, consisting of nave, chan-
cel, and aisles, with vestry tower and belfry at the north-east
side and a small chapel on the south-east. The building was
consccrated twenty-four years ago. |

OCTOBER 21, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT ۰ 291

he British Architect.

— ها ——

cleaning apparatus, but they will be hidden by ' picturesque ’
mullions. The noedlessly steep roofs will have a sham sag
and sham. timbered gables, and possibly forced Tichens will
give it a sham appearance of age.” This js an amusing parody
of the failings of some of us which is humorous if nothing
more.

Mr. Wells's sarcastic criticisms of the folly of building
with bricks and the desirability of replacing them by con-
crcte walls and partitions which could be run up at less cost
and with greater speed is probably at present a little beyond
the point, though we are face to face with the problem of
housing tho poorer classes by some new means which will
enable it to be donc at a cheaper rate. We might carry this
eritieism one stage further by imagining the discovery of
a cheap and practicable flying machine revolutionising house-
building, the postman and visitor preferring to alight on the
roof of our house for the greater convenience of starting off
again, and the development of a front roof entrance where
all but the younger children as vot unable to fly would make
their entrance and. exits. The living rooms would then. be
on. the top storey, the bedrooms below, and the picturesque
ridee and gable be eliminated in favour of roof gardens or
fountain courts.

There are more things in heaven and earth and the future
than are dreamed of, and it is difficult to say where the
realms of fancy begin and legitimate “ anticipations " end!

= = 1 - —— —
ے_‎ A A یمس همس وټ د نمو‎

LONDON: FRIDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1904.

ee — -——— -‏ اي س مو يسم à‏
A AAA mr ۹‏ يسا لھ ——— س

»-————
—————MM—M—————— ہے ۔‎ II

T E ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS.—

The Final and Special Examinations will be held from the 25th

November to the 2nd December, 1904, inclusive. Applications, accom-

panied by Testimonies of Study, ete., and necessary fees, must be sent in
on or before the 22nd October, addressed to the undersigned,
W. J. LOCKE,

Secretary, ۰

-一 -一 Y— — —V

9, Conduit Street, London, W.

-—— n.

ARE OUR BUILDINGS MEDIZEVAL OR
MODERN ?

E are all cf us under the general impression that what
W we do and are is part of a general scheme of progress,

a historical development from past times, but is this
so? Comparing our buildings in town and country with
those of the time of the Stuarts or early Georges we find
in the main the same methóds of heating and ventilating,
though they are improved 4n many particulars. There is
much better planning from a utilitarian standpoint, but a
marked retrogression in artistic value, if, indced, our build-
ings have any artistic value at all. (We axe speaking of
the general run of modern work, not of the work of an ex-
ceptional few.). But the changes are in degree, not in main
principles, nor do they in any sense correspond to the
radical revolution which in a like period of time have
occurred in the sciences, in government—or in the ethical
side of government—the duties now considered obligatory
among civilised people with regard to the care and treat-
ment of those whose misfortunes or inability render them
helpless.

Mr. MacVicar Anderson once said in a presidential
address that radical changes in architecture, leading as
they might do to the invention of a new style, were not to
be looked for, as the essential habits and wants of man
were unchanged and unchangeable, and it is an interesting
subject of speculation as to whether this is so. His vjew is
certainly not shared by Mr. H. G. Wells, who, in his latest
work, “ Anticipations,” gives us his Views of present dis-
comforts and future improvements. A servant is necessary
in the small modern house partly to supplement the defi-
ciencies of the wife, but mainly to supplement the defi-
ciencies of the house. The great proportion of the servant's
duties consist merely in drudgery that our present-day
methods of house construction entail and that the more
sanely constructed house of the future will avoid.

"It is the lack of proper warming appliances which
necessitate ۵ vast amount of coal carrying and dirt distribu-
tion, and it is this dirt mainly that has so painfully to be
removed again. The house of the future will probably be
warmed in its walls from seme power-generating station, as,
indeed, many houses are lit at the present day. Air will
enter the house of the future through proper tubes in the
wall, which will warm it and capture ıts dust, and it will be
spun out again by a simple mechanism. And by simple
devices such sweeping as remains necessary can be enor-
mously lightened.”

The foregoing remarks probably represent an approxima-
tion to what will be shortly possible, if not within. the
finances of most of us now. As to the “lack of ingenuity
' forbidding the “ obvious convenience

——__ a — ..

SOME MUNICIPAL LESSONS FROM PARIS.

By Guy WILFRID Hayter.

N° one can visit Paris without being impressed by the
fact that here is an ideal city, realising the highest

meaning of civic esthetics, and combining in its general
features cleanliness, comfort and healthful conditions. The
very moment you emerge from the Gare St. Lazare you
are confronted with evidences of a high artistio standard
in planning, architecture and decoration. This, whilst very
apparent in the case of private buildings, is more than ever
noticeable in the case of the public structures and the
streets. The main thing is the grent distinctive movement
which is in operation to make Paris still more the “City
beautiful" Nature has contributed much towards the
making of the great French capital, and the strange
atmospheric conditions which affect English cities are not
generally existant in France. A pure and dry climate,
with an absence of smoke, and an inborn sense of beauty
amongst the people, will go far towards the making of an
ideal city.

STREET PLANNING.

A great feature of the civic art in Paris is the planning
of the streets. The most favoured system is the radiation
plan, which was devised by Baron Haussmann and executed
with conspicuous success at L’Etoile. At this great point
ten of the most stupendous thoroughfares ever conceived of
radiate from the crowning Napoleonic pile—the Arc de
Triomphe. This plan produces a beautiful and stately
eftect, with magnificent vistas, such as are undreamt of in
England, with her haphazard system of street planning.
We seem to take great care to hide our public spaces, and
only approach them by back and erooked streets, as if not to
offend the eye more than necessary. In Paris the aim is to
open out the vacant spaces and enter streets into them, 80
as to increase their importance. The “inner” and “ outer ”
boulevards which encircle the city illustrate well the ingeni-
ous manner in which the ancient fortifications have been
modernised. The destruction of these old features, and the
adaptation of the ground: as street territory, has enabled a
great beautifying scheme to be carried out. The boulevards
in Paris are made much wider than the traffic requires, but
by these means a strip of ground on each side can be devoted
to tree culture, and sometimes for grass and flowers. The
city loses nothing by this; the property increases in value,
and it has been found that the increase would easily pay the
cost of the extra width. There are three thoroughfares in
Paris considerably more than 300 feet in width, and quite a
number of .over 200 feet, the pathways of most streets also
being very broad. The motto of the Parisian authorities is
more air and breathing space, and it is insisted upon and
successfully operated. Amongst the Latin races there is a
disposition to regard the street as their larger home. Of the
Frenchman one writer has said: “He comes downstairs to

in sanitary fittings "
of a hot and cold water supply to the bedrooms," we are
not sure. Would it not be fairer to say that cost makes
this generally impossible at present? Mr. Wells's sugges-
tions for improved methods of window cleaning are a little
fanciful, nor do we think this is a great item of labour in
the ordinary house year by year.

As to cooking, after descri bing the discomforts of present
arrangements, Mr. Wells savs, “ With a ncat little range.
heated by electricity, and provided with thermometcrs, with
absolutely controllable temperatures and proper heat. screens,
cooking might very easily be made a pleasant amusement for
intelligent invalid ladies." This is cettainly a consummation
devoutly to be wished! “A busy man cannot stop his life
work to teach architects what they ought to know. The house
may be heated electrically, but it will have sham chimneys in
whose darkness, unless they are built solid, dust and filth will
gather, and luckless birds and insects pass horrible last. hours
of ineffectual struggle. It may have automatic window-

ہے ہے اس سه 一 一‏

- — — — — اص‎ "s

[OCTOBER 21, 1904

292 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

artistic lines—through the medium of the municipality
The administration is a network of organisati |
ganisation to produce
civic beauty, and this receives as much attention as the
departments of Public Health and Safety. The newspaper
kiosks must be of an approved pattern, the street lavatories
must have ۵ decorative and harmonious exterior, and even
any placard attached to them must receive official sanction.
The lighting apparatus must also be of artistic design and in
good repair. All street fences and hoardings are of neat
construction, and painted, and advertisements are prohibited
on them. Thus the unsightly appearance of similar 6
tions in England is avoided in France. Even the letter
boxes are of ornamental iron, and surmounted by a lantern
to show their position at night, and all designed by the City
Architect. The street refuges are real ornaments to the
streets ; and posts, poles, lamps or public clocks are never
erected without sanction of their design, and particular
notice taken as to whether they will harmonise with the
general street outline. This is very different to the hap
hazard methods of the En glish municipalities who are obliged
to ignore ssthetic considerati ons when approving anything,
The movement for art in the street in Paris has progressed
until to-day we see its practical outcome. Those of ui who
go abroad come back with the firm conviction that some
thing should be done to relieve the gloom and monotony اہ‎
our cities. Surely there is crying need of a forward move
ment, and if only those who have imbibed some of the gay
continentality of our neighbours across “ the silver streak”
would endeavour to infuse some of it into their local lif
they would deserve well of their generation and nationality.

— 8-9 ———
NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HE Cardiff City Council have been discussing the archi-
1 tect's commission on the furnishing accounts. Th

chairman (Alderman Carey) and deputy chairman
(Alderman David Jones) had been ppointed to confer with
Mr. Lanchester, who offered, if the corporation would grant
him 74 per cent. on the council chamber fittings and a fee af
200 guineas for adapting and arranging existing furniture, to
take 5 per cent. for the remainder. Councillor Good wanted
to know why Mr. Lanchester should not take the same om
mission for the furnishing as he had done for the construc
tion of the main building, viz., 5 per cent., and Councillor
Veall replied that the furnishing involved a great deal more
work, especially in the shape of draughtsmanship. The
chairman stated that if Mr. Lanchesters terms were at-
cepted the total amount to be paid to him would be £1,570
Considerable pressure was put on Mr. Lanchester to reduce
the fee of 200 guineas for adapting existing furniture, and
eventually he agreed to take off fifty guineas. With Ins
reduction his terms were accepted.

In describing the main features of a new theatre, which ¥
to be erected at Cardiff at a cost of about £25,000 (Mess
Runtz and Ford, architects), the South Wales Daily ۷
states that there will be nothing of the “ gin palace style
of architecture about it.

Tue Cardiff Public Works Committee have often disused
and regularly rejected certain plans submitted by Mr.
Edwin Seward for converting residences in Newport Road
into shop premises, says the South Wales Daily News. The
committee appears to at length recognise that the commer
cialising of this portion of the thoroughfare comes as the
natural development at this point, for the plans
having been yet again presented last week wer
approved. The scheme shows that a considerable
public improvement is to be effected. A futur
widening of Newport Road opposite the infirmary *
allowed for, and a corridor of shops, in addition to four larg
shops on a new frontage line, is to be erected. These are t?
be carried out, we understand, by a limited company, the
“Celtic” Corridor Co., some fourteen new shops beng
established in the first instance, most of which will ۳
to a corridor of the usual arcade width, leading, later ۳
into Montgomery Street, and thus connecting to the ۳
district of Castle Road, of which this new scheme of shops
in Newport Road will practically be an extension. The
corridor will be of Celtic decoration and design, with 18%
lery and glazed arch roof above some portion, the flats ov

the street ; he descends to his thoroughfare as the millionaire
expects to descend to his breakfast-room or his study.
Whatever the gloom of the house, his street, catering for
his need of colour, variety, beauty and movement, helps him
to feel good.” This is surely a decidedly elevating object to
be aimed at, and if it is reached, the city must be the
happier.

ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES.

The architecture of Paris has been commended by the
greatest artistic critics, who have written on the show
places of the capital. It is as equally interesting to note
the building work of the present time. White sandstone

and yellow brick are in use almost exclusively ; and whereas

١
,

in tbis country they would be voted failures, in Paris they
are decidedly successful. The continental type of house is
much higher than the English house, on account of the
system of apartments which obtains. The architecture is
generally of a uniform character, but not unimpressive.
Balconies are carried along the front of the buildings, often
on every floor, and their tasteful ironwork adds greatly to
the general effect, Casement windows, with often a wealth
of plants, are typical of the French houses, especially in the
summer. A rather novel method of encouraging the build-
ing of artistic houses was adopted by Paris in 1897, following
on its previous adoption by Brussels in 1894. The Municipal
Council authorised an annual competition amongst the
architects and property owners for the most beautiful new
buildings erected. The assessors are composed of five
councillors, two civic architecte, and two architects chosen
by the competitors. The six owners of the structures
deemed the most beautiful and artistic are exempt from
half the street tax, the architect receives a gold medal and
the contractor a bronze medal. This competition is in a
measure the “ Blue Riband” of Architectural Paris, and is
eagerly competed for. Another example of the civic spirit
in the capital is the method by which the Municipal Council
cultivates the desire for good architecture, by instituting
special competitions where new property has to be erected
in demolished areas in the heart of the city. This has been
very succesaful, notably in the Rue Reaumur, in the centre
of business Paris. To give up half the street tax on an
expensive building and to award costly medals, shows that
Paris has grasped the fact that beauty in the street is a
valuable civic asset. En passant, it might be remarked that
all buildings bear the name of the architect on their plinth
stone or in some such conspicuous position, in similarity to
the way painters sign their pictures. Thus by the broaden-
ing of the public range of architecture, the community
benefits by its increased importance.

BEAUTIFYING UTILITIES.

The tendency in England is towards the idea that the
exterior of buildings may be neglected so long as the interior
is beautiful. No such wrong conclusion is abroad in Paris,
and it is pre-eminently the city where even the most com-
monplace features are arranged to serve an artistic end.
The city appreciates the beautiful building, and shows it in
a practical way by remitting half the property tax for a good
facade. And in the long run it is a cheaply bought method
for any municipality to encourage civic art. The conversiou
of wall ends and awkward blank spaces of brickwork to
artistic and useful application is seen very generally all over
the city. Nowhere is there a more conspicuous object
lesson than at the end of the Boulevard Ste. Michel, as you
cross from the Ile de la Cité. At the terminal of the great
block of angular buildings forming two boulevards stands
the magnificent fountain of Ste. Michel, nearly 100 feet in
height. Anywhere else but in Paris it would have become
the enviable prey of the advertisement desecrator and con-
verted to such a use that it would have been a disgusting eye-
sore for ever. But Paris, with her happy knack of utilising an
apparently waste space to an artistic purpose, has made the
Place Ste. Michel dignified and worthy of a great city.
When the diagonal system of street planning is adopted,
there must be many such difficult angles to negotiate ; but
this excellent hint of how to do it, coupled with many
similar problems in cul de sacs, shows that it CAN be done—
and successfully.

ART IN THE STREET.
There is no reason why the furnishings of the street

should not be regarded as similar to the equipment of a good
house, and Paris has seen fit to develop these on thoroughly

OCTOBER 21, 1904] | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT 293

A ——M 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 ~- À — —IIAH

in opposition to public interest. As a corollary those dis-
abilities are accentuated by an expensive, complicated, dila-
tory, and litigious scheme of transier and titie peculiar to
the three kingdoms. All those charges reduce the capital
which sheula ve available for the extension of commerce.”

Princess Louise on Wednesday unveiled a column which has
been erected in the open space in Kensington High Street,
opposite St. Mary Abbot's Church, as a memorial to Queen
Victoria. The monument, designed by Mr. H. L. Florence,
F.R.I.B.A., consists of a curved pedestal, 8tt. bin. in height,
in fine axed Corrennie granite. ‘Lhe pedestal supports a
column 22ft. 9in. in height, composed of a base, annuiet, and
cap of white Pentelicus marble, the intermediate shatts
being in polished red Corrennie granite. The capital is a
variation of that of the lonic order, carved in large angle
volutes and surrounded above the necking with a bana of
acanthus leaves. This cap is carved out غه‎ one block of
Greek marble. The total height of the memorial is 35ft. Yin.

Tue Main Drainage Committee of the London County
Council reported on Tuesday that sixteen tenders had been
rec.ived for the construction at Plumstead of a portion of
the new southern outfall sewer, No, 2, and a portion of the
new high-level sewer, No. 2. ‘Lhe lowest tender was that of
J. D. Nowell and Sons, London, at £68,377, and the highest
James Smith and Co., West Kilbride, Ayrshire, at £119,136.
The chief engineers estimate of the cost of the work was
£91,727 Ts. 2d. The committee recommended that the
second lowest tender, that of the Westminster Construction
Co. London, at £81,280, be accepted. Sir W. Collins
thought some explanation should be given as to why the
lowest tender had been passed over, especially as Messrs,
Nowell were already carrying out a contract for the council.
Colonei Rotton moved that the recommendation be referred
back, aud stated that if they were to give up accepting the
lowest tenders they might just as well give up calling for
tenders. Mr. Harris wanted to know why the job had not
been offered to the Works Department, who would, of
course, be able to do it cheaper than contractors. Mr.
Ward urged the council to adopt the committee's recom-
mendation, on the ground that next week the committee
would propose that Messrs. Nowell should be given another
job. Mr. McK. Wood considered that there should be
some very strong reason given why the lowest tenders should
be passed over. Mr. Goodman, the chairman of the com-
mittee, said the engineer had advised that the job was a
very difficult oue, and the council must take upon itself
the responsibility of interfering with the committee's re-
commendation. The amendment was, however, carried,
and the matter was referred back.

Tue elaborate and costly marble flooring which is being laid
down in the entrance hall of the official residence of the
First Lord of the Treasury, in Downing Street, is perhaps
the best possible assurance that there is no intention of
giving effect to the recommendations of the Select Com-
mittee on Government oflice sites which sat several years
ago under the chairmanship of Mr. Akers-Douglas, the then
First Commissioner of Works, says the South Wales Daily
News. This body, it may be remembered, whilst advocating
the total demolition of Nos. 11 and 12, Downing Street, the
residence of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the office
of the Chief Government Whip respectively, as being “ un-
worthy of the site they occupy," recommended that No. 10,
"for reasons of practical necessity, and on account of its
associations,” should be retained, the Downing Street front
being masked by a new building with a good architectural

——————————————————————————————— ———————————————————————————ÉHWÁrwÁrUÓ———"-— —--———!--— 1 eee

—

the Newport Road shops being arranged as roof gardens.
Flower boxes and shrubs, etc., will be used as part ot then
einbcilishment, and the place will pe lighted by electricity.
Some or tne shops have already been rented. Lacing the
100 tne cornaor will form a covered way, and this wiil be
convenient as a shelter ın connection with the various tram-
car routes which now have their crossings at tnis point.

‘LHe question of increasing the accommodation at the Vic-
toria Law Courts, Birmingham, for the magistrates clerks
and the othcials in their department, was brought betore
the Watch Committee at their last meeting, and on Wed-
nesday a subcommittee appointed to inquire into the
matter made an inspection 01 the building in company with
the architects (Messrs. Aston Webb, R.A., and Ingress Bell)
for the purpose ot ascertaining In what way additional
provision can be made witnout unduly interfering with the
architectural character of the interior. An inspection was
made, and the sub-committee hope to be able to present a
report on the subject to the Watch Committee at their
next meeting.

THE first members’ meeting of the Liverpool Architectural
Society was held on Monday in the society's rooms, 13,
Harrington Street, when Mr. Altred Culshaw, F.R.I.B.A.,
occupied the chair. A paper on ` Modern Decoration’
was read by Mr. G. H. Morton, who said modern decora-
tion had at 1east three main characteristics—tirst, that based
on the styles له‎ the eighteenth century under the name of
" Queen Anne,” " Georgian, and '' Adams ; secondly, that
of the so-called “ Modern English” school; and thirdly, the
“ Early Victorian ”or naturalistic. As regards “ Modern
Englisn ” design, it had so frequently been carried to ex-
cess and deveioped in many cases such eccentricities as to
make it conspicuous even to vulgarity. Colour in decora-
tion was not only an esthetic gratihcation, but a physical
necessity, and should be studied scientificaily.

THE session of the Birmingham Architectural Association
has been opened with an exhibition of drawings and smoking
concert at the Midland Hotel, the president (Mr. Thomas
Cooper) in the chair. Amongst the lecturers for the session
are Sir Oliver Lodge on “ Lightning Conductors,” Prof. W.
R. Lethaby, T. E. Colicutt on the new Savoy, William
Henman, and others.

Mg. CHARLES WELLINGTON Furse, A.R.A., died on the 17th,
at his house at Camberley, ncar Reading, at the age of
thirty-six. One of bis brothers is Mr. J. H. M. Furse, the
sculptor.

THE final surplus of the Glasgow International Exhibition
is now announced at £38,000, which will go to the further-
ance of art. .

THE final meeting of the Truro Cathedral Building Com-
mittee was held on the 14th inst. at Truro. The financial
report, presented by Mr. Nix and adopted, showed the
assets of the building fund were £1,357, and the liabilities
£642. In their report the committee recorded the benedic-
tion of the Victoria (central) tower and spire. The close
had been cleared and levelled, and the grounds were being
effectually laid out, according to a design, approved, by
the executive committee, prepared by Messrs. Tressidder
and Co. of Truro, who would also construct a footway
through the Close for the use of the public, according to an
agreement made between the first Bishop of Truro and the
mayor and corporation. The executive committee had

ordered new suitable gates for the Philpotts porch, and raıl- facade in keepiug with tle old Treasury buildings which

face the Parade Ground. Indeed, Mr. Shaw-Lefevre, an
ex-First Commissioner, who gave evidence before the Com-
mittee, went a step further, suggesting the removal of all
the old houses in. Downing Street, aud giving the Premier
Dover House in Whitehall —now the Scottish Office—as his
private residence. ١

WE understand that the committee appointed to choose a
site for the Palace of Peace at The Hague has selected a
piece of ground in the neighbourhood of the Bosch, and the
Government will purchase the site in order to present it to

— ———

ings, similar to those on the south side of the cathedral, for
the east end of the Close. Those were the final works which
had to be completed.

On the evils of leases and our present laws, Mr. William
Field, M.P., graphically writes: —“ At the end of a termin-
able lease the groundholder of a town appropriates the muni-
cipal utilities paid for by local rates to which he did not
contribute, and at the same time coufiscates the improve-
ments made by the householders, levies a fine 11 the tenancy
be renewed, and compels further expenditure and imposes

higher rent. Middlemen likewise pursue the same policy, | the founder (Mr. Carnegie).

الاسم _ عياش —— E‏

[OcTOBER 21, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

294

CARDIFF BUILDING BY-LAWS.

DEPUTATION of builders waited upon the Cardif

Public Works Committee on Thursday week in relation

to the enforcement of the building by-laws, Alderman
Ramsdale presiding. Among the concessions asked for by
the builders were the following: —To be permitted to build
all party walls of two or three storey houses of Yin. brick.
work ; to insert plugs and plates in a party wall for the pur.
pese of fixing stairs, angle beads, skirting, or other necessary
woodwork, usually fixed to a party wall ; to carry slate battens
and vallay boards across a party wall, and also to fix barge
boards, wall plates, and fascia boards to external walls with.
out. disconnecting at party walls; to measure the height of
storeys from floor to ceiling instead of from floor to floor; to
fix half-timber work in gables of roofs or window and door
frames flush in external walls, where 16 1s necessary for arch:
tectural ornament; to lay a bed of lime concrete under tile
or stone floors in lieu of cement concrete; to فلنما‎ 1
brick backs to all fireplaces, and 1n the case of small domestic
buildings to lay a lesser superficial area of paving at the rear
of such houses than that specified.

Mr. Gcorge David, explaining the views of the deputation,
said one result of the rigid entorcement of the by-laws was
that a stop had been put almost entirely to the building of
small property. The by-laws were what he might call د‎
counsel ot pertection ; they went beyond what was necessary,
aud were impracticable and unreasonable and ought. not to
be enforecd. The twentieth by-law stated that when the
wall did not exceed 2516. in height and 30ft. in length, and
the house did not comprise more than two stareys, its thick
ness should be 9in. for its whole height, but the committe
was ruled by a sub-section and insisted on the txternal walls
being 133ın. thick. Yet the first by-law was perfectly clear,
and must have been overlooked when the sub-section was in-
sorted. How were they to enforce by-laws that contradicted
themselves? The builders were anxious to give as much head
room and air space as possible, and that was why they asked
the height should be measured from. floor to ceiling instead
of from the floor to the floor above. In the matter of enfore
mg the by-laws relating to awnings outside shops, à cour
mittee of the corporation had left it to the discretion of the
head constable, and the builders would be content if they lett
the enforcement of the building by-laws in the hands of thar
surveyor and engineer (Mr. Harpur). The by-laws relating
to plugging in party walls was equally unreasonable, unneces
sary, and impracticable,

Mr. E. W. M. Corbett said if the by-laws were enforced
in the letter, builders would be unable to go on with ther
business. They would not. find in Newport, in Penarth, ın
the Llandaff and Dinas Powis Council's districts any of them
enforced. The by-laws apparently were made by people o
very little practical experience. When it came to buildin
back kitchens with 14in. walls, the thing was absolutely
absurd. "Lhese things made the difference between the Car
diff builder being able to compete with those in outlrue
districts, and tlie strict enforcement of the by-laws would
diive people to do their building outside, where the rates
were less and ground rents and other payments lower. 4
W. Symonds also spoke on behalf of the deputation.

Alderman Ranısdale asked the deputation to remember
that these were not the corporation و‎ own. by-laws, many
them being absolutely against the will of some members 0
the committee.

Mr. James Hoare also addressed the committee, remark
ing that the Master Builders Associations of Newport. Swan:
sca, Bristol, Birmingham, and Liverpcol had been written
to, and the replies were that the by-laws were not strictl
enforced in those places. . ۱

Replying to Mr. Richards, Mr. Corbett said if the 6۳
tion ef the builders were adopted, substantial buildings would
be erected, but he did not agree that there should be on!
Aliu. at the backs cf fireplaces, except where the fireplace:
were back to back. Bv adopting the suggestions there won
be ño depreciation in the houses, the restrictions being abso-
lutelv unnecessary, ۱

The cemmittec was thanked by the deputation for ۲
ing them, and Alderman Ramsdale said the matter would
be fully considered by the cemmittee, who would do all ۶
could to mect the wishes of the deputation.

e a a a —————

Mn. A. S. E. Ackermann, A.C.G.I.. A.MICE. notifies 8
that he has removed to 95, Victoria Street, S.W.

COMPETITIONS.

HE sum of £25 is to be the premium. awarded by the
Lambeth Guardians for plans selected for the con-
version of the old school premises at Norwood into a

home for the aged poor.

THE acceptance of Messrs. Wills and Anderson s design for
new baths at Chelsca appears practically settled. The build-
ing and engineering works are to cost. £21,000, with possible
extra works of second swimming bath £6.650, Turkish bath
£3,500, artesian well and storage tank £3,520, ete.

A SCHOOL competition is announced at Croydon amongst
architects who have built schools with accommodation for
about 1,000. Applications to compete are to be sent in by
the 29th inst. to the clerk to the Education Committee.

Tue trustees of the Primitive Methodist. Chapel, Silver Royd
Hill, Wortley, invite plans for new school premises.
December 1 1s the latest date for sending them in to the
Rev. E. Dalton, Cromer Terrace, Armley.

In our report of the result of the Ayr Concert Hall and
Pavilion competition we should have said that the third place
was bracketted between Mr. Eric A. Sutherland, of Glasgow,
and Messrs. Magnall and Littlewoods, Spring Gardens, Man-
chester, who were awarded the £25 premium between them.

۱
THE premiated designs in the Pollokshields Library compe-
tition were submitted by (1) Mr. T. G. Gilmour, assistant in
the architectural department of the aty engineer; (2) by
Mr. W. B. Whittie, 219, St, Vincent Street, Glasgow; and
(3) by Messrs. Sinclair and Ballantine, 95, Bath Street, Glas-
gow. The first plans have been accepted subject to estimates
being secured under which tho building could be erected at
the cost proposed.

—11. 0. — — —

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

ILKLEY LIBRARY AND MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS.

Design by Messrs. T. BurLER WILSON AND OGLESBY,
Architects, Leeds.

THREE OLD TOWERS.

THEsE old towers are good object-lossons in the attainment of
picturesqueness with some degree of dignity. What chances
have been lost: in the design of modern water towers and muni-
cipal buildings may be realised when wo consider how satis-
factory these examples are in poiut of good emphasis, pro-
portion, and outline.

LONDON STREET STUDIES.
(17, Charing Cross Road.)
(See Rambling Sketches by T. Rafjles Davison, No. 1382.)
WiMPERIS AND East, Architects.

AmoncsT all the recent efforts in London. street frontages
there are few to compare with this littla building, completed
a year or so since from the designs of Messrs. Wimperis and
East. which we illustrate to-day. Not only is the relation of
solids and voids pleasing, but an agreeable colour tone has
been achieved by the use of brown glazed bricks for the
general walling. In a case like this the glazed wall surface is
satisfactory in light and tone, and ensures the permanence
of the colour effect. Warm red bricks are used for bands in
the gable and fillings in the bay, which form an agreeable
relief to the brown bricks. Mr. Wimperis introduced
wrought-iron werk with signally good effect, and here, as
usual, it is admirably applied. We could wish the average
quality of our modern street froutages were anywhere near
` the level of this excellent building. There is nothing which
can be brought ayainst such a desivn as 1 n imical to modern
requirements, whilst it emulates the qualities we adniire in
old work of simplicity and reticence.

295

—

they properly represented on the councils of these institu-
tions. For some years past their society had not been re-
presented on the council of the Royal Institute—a state of
things which should not continue. They needed to stand
shoulder to shoulder to resist encroachments which were
being daily made by members of other professions—witness
the tearful and wonderful plans recently drawn and de-
posited by a judge, whose own protession was protected by
law against amateur encroachments. Last year he ex-
pressed his views upon the administration of by-laws by
local authorities, and the experience of the past year had
in no way modilied such views. A suggestion was recently
made that the corporation should nominate a court of ap-
peal, to which aggrieved property-owners could have easy
access. 11 such court were properly constituted ıt might
do valuable work. 11 should, however, consist of sensible
men who would not take the usual official and erroneous
vicw that property-owners, builders, and even architects
and surveyors were continually attempting to evade the
law and to scamp their work. What they asked was tnat
councillors should make themselves acquainted with the
true facts of the case, and that common sense and uniformity
should be exercised in the administration of the by-laws.
Had not the time fully arrived for the consolidation of by-
laws and of local and other Acts of Parliament, relating ta
new streets and buildings? declared Mr. Winder. At the
present time one's knowledge necds to be as extensive as
that of the daring property owner who attempts to take
advantage of the London Lands Registration Act of 1899,
with its three hundred and odd rules. Why, for example,
should Chapel-en-leFrith, which embraces an extensive
country district, require rooms of greater height than Shef-
field, with its slums and smoke? It is with grim satisfaction
that I have read the remarks of urban and city officials upon
the administration of the mode! by-laws by the Local Govern-
ment Board; an application which we are teld renders it
impossible for urban authorities and corporations to com-
pete with builders nd private enterprise, in the erection of
artisans’ dwellings. A result which I am sure none of us
regret, professionally, or as ratepayers. It is to be regretted
that á section of the Sheffield Corporation still adheres to the
policy of providing artisans dwellings, but I am thankful
to see that this question has been taken out of the arena of
party politics, and that those men of each party whose
opinions we value most highly, are giving the subject care-
ful and fair consideration, apart from party interests. The
provision of dwellings for artisans by corporations as at
present carried out, is totally unnecessary and extravagant.
The private capitalist does, and will, if given fair play,
provide more than enough of such dwellings at a reasonable
cost, as witness the ridiculous fiasco at a Local Government
inguiry held in a neighbouring town. After the inspector
had been assured of the great necd for corporation-provided
artisans dwellings, evidence was given that something like
400 of the cottages in that town were unoccupicd! The pro-
vision of cottages for the extreme poor is quite another
matter, and none of us will grudge those, even if provided at
an apparent loss. Ordinary cottages are completely worn
out in less than one hundred years. This is fortunate, as
long before that time has elapsed most of them are out of
date, sanitarily and otherwise, and very many of them are
then in the wrong part of the city. This will be cven more
so in the future, as the extension of rapid transit in,
around, and 1 hope before long far outside of our towns and
cities will solve the artisans’ dwellings question. 1 would
suggest that the extreme poor should be catered for by the
crection of one-storey wood and galvanised iron huts, upon
land to be purchased by corporations. These have a life of
twenty to twenty-five years, and I am assured by those who
have lived in them that they are very comfortable. _ If
properly protected wood is used, the fear of fire should be
almost nil. and if fire did occur there would be little danger
with single-storey buildings. At the expiration of twenty to
twenty-five vears these huts might be destroyed and new
ones erected in more convenient positions. The increased
value of the sites would often show a good profit on the
transaction, |

At the conclusion of Mr. Winders address, Mr. W. N.
Haden read a paper on heating and ventilation. He de-
seribed the various methods of heating and ventilation ap-
plicable to buildings generally. The paper dealt with the
subject more from a point of view of construction ın which

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 21, 1904]

MANCHESTER SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

HE session of the above society was opened last weck in
the Accountants Hall, when the president (Mr. J. W.
Beaumont) delivered his address. After referring to

the prosperous condition of the society, he said that it was
to societies such as theirs that the public should be led to
look for instruction in architecture and the allied arts, espe-
cially in provincial cities, where facilities for the study of
architecture were not easily obtained otherwise. It would
be a great public benefit if in all towns posscssing an ait
gallery the municipal authorities would devote a portion of
it to the formation of an architectural gallery or museum,
where, by means of casts and drawings and reproductions of
the various styles, the history of architecture might be studied
from its earliest days. There might also be a collection of
building materials, where the art student and workman
would be able to study the characters and methods of use ot
such materials, especially of those materials most suitable
for use 1n the locality. There should also be preserved. by
means of drawings and models a record of ancient. buildings
which had been cleared away ¿o make room for town impi ove-
ments. There were few places outside London where the art
student could study his art from actual examples. He
was sure that in rousing publie interest in the subject. the
soclety would have the sympathy of the members of the
committee of the Municipal School of Art. He hoped that
when the new art gallery was built in Manchester the cor-
poration would be able to provide for an architectural gallery
and museum. Discussing the question of the registration of
architects, the president expressed the opinion that any man
before he was allowed to call himself a qualified architect
should have passed compulsory examinations which would
show that he was entitled to use the term. No architect
should be eligible for a public appointment until he was dul y
qualified. During the past year the articles of association
had been altercd in order to facilitate the alliance of neigh-
bouring societies of architects to the Manchester Society.
He was conviuced that before many years Manchester would
become an important centre for the education of architectural
students, and that the training which would be given at the
Manchester School of Architecture would draw students
from all parts of the district. He spoke of the “ enormous
advantages in the matter of education now open to archi-
tectural students. Discussing the rebuilding of the Man-
chester Infirmary, he said he thought the site in Piccadilly.
when the old buildings had becn removed, should bo left as an
open space, laid out with grass and trees. Here might be
erected statues of eminent townsmen and publie men. If
this space were left open, and much of the surrcunding pro-
perties rebuilt, Manchester would possess one of the finest
squares in the world. Speaking of the architectural ugliness
of Manchester, Mr. Beaumont suggested, as a way of wunter-
acting the dirt and smoke, the usc of cement for facing build-
ings 1n the principal streets, on condition that the corpora-
tion have power to insist on the owners painting the build-
ings every two years. He also suggested the construction of
light foot-bridges for passengers at some of thc busy crossings
—for example, where Corporation Street and Cross Street
meet Market Street.
— —

SHEFFIELD SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

HE first meeting of the above society of this season was
held on the 13th inst., the president (Mr. T. Winder)
being in the chair. The following gentlemen were

elected associate members: -Messrs. C. Ridley, J. H.
Vickers, A. Nunweck, J. J. Bingham, and C. S. Sandford ;
student, Mr. Douglas Potts.

In his address, Mr. Winder voiced his satisfaction at the
interest shown by members in the work of the soctety during
the past session. There were no burning questions affecting
them professionally. Registration having been taken up
by the Royal Institute of British Architeets would, he
thought, he treated by them as " sub judice," especially as
most of the allied societies had expressed their opinions
upon ıt and nominated representatives upon the committee
which the institution had formed to consider ıt. He would
Impress upon the members the importance of loyalty to the
principal representative bodies of their professions. He
believed, however, such loyalty would be better assured were

| OCTOBER 21,

general cannot be too sharp. In regard to the second objec-
tion the fault lies entirely with the operator: if you see a
distorted building or one in impossible perspective, blame,
not the science, but the photographer.

For the benefit of architects employing professional photo-
graphers 1 should mention that many of the monstrosities
in architectural photography that one sees are due entirely
to the architect, whose ouders the photographer is naturally
obliged to carry out, however much they go against his better
judgment. The most common causes of failure are ہے‎

(1) The architect desires to get too much in one plate; he
wants "to look over his head ` or “round a corner —in
short, tries to achieve the impossible—in which amiable en-
deaveur the photographer collaborates. ^ Occasionally, for a
special purpose, it may be necessary to take a somewhat dis
terted view. For instance, one of the photographs of West-
minster Cathedral which is hung on the wall tonight is a
very sharp perspective of the campanile from the roof of the
nave. This photograph, which took me three hours to focus
and get into position, was specially asked for by Professor
Lethaby, who selected all the points of view. In general,
the photographer should resist a request for a view he knows
will appear distorted. |

(2) The operator receives instructions to do “ the best he
can” (a favourite form of request), and with some operators
the best does not amount to much. In this case the photo-
grapher goes blindly to work, never pointing out drawbacks
or defects (from a photographic standpoint) in the views sug-
gested or offering a workable alternative.
lam tempted to add a third reason—a want of knowledge
on the part of the operator of either the science of optics or
the laws of perspective, or both.

. 1 do not wish to pose as an authority on architecture;
there are toc many already; but in more than one instance
I have succeeded in bringing the architect round to a point of
view widely differing from his original idea, although still re
taining the same angle of the subject that, he required to be
taken. Some subjects are quite impossible to render in a
pleasing way, and unless they are required for litigation pur-
poses I strongly urge that they be left alone.

Concerning size, the larger the photograph of an architec-
tural subject can be made, the better in every respect: the
details and the proportions of the structure are shown to a
greater advantage. A small picture may be a gem of photo-
graphy in its way, but you instinctively feel you would like
to see it done larger. Of course, you can enlarge by means
of one of various apparatuses on the market, but why make
two bites at a cherry! The resulting picture lacks that
"quality ” and “ vim " only to be obtained by working direct.
An enlarged negative is another alternative, but that requires
a skill and power of manipulation far beyond the average
amateur, who only requires one or two prints of the subject
he is interested in.

Again, small plates are “small” in price, and tend to
carelessuess and slipshod work ; whereas a large plate and its
after manipulations compel you to walk round and study your
subject— consider every standpoint—the final one bang
selected only after mature deliberation,

I would like, while still speaking generally, to say e word
about aatificial light. For architectural work artificial light
should never be resorted to if it can be avoided. Though an
interior may appear absolutely dark to the naked eye, there
are always rays sufficient to act upon a sensitive plate if time
be given. Thus my view of the Chester crypt had to be
focussed on a torch, consisting of a newspaper rolled up,
lighted and held a certain distance in front of the camera.
The plate was exposed for five hours, and a slide of the re
sult obtained you will see later. Such prolonged exposures
are not always possible, and one is frequently forced to em-
ploy some sort of artificial aid. Though I have never em-
ployed it, I believe acetvlene gaslight is the best for photo
graphic purposes, as the spectrum of this light most closely
approximates to that of the sun. 1 have invariably
electric arc lamps when photographing the auditoriums %
theatres and other dark interiors. In the case of All Hallows
Church, Lombard Street, the very dark interior of which 1
photographed in foegv February last vear, the building Was
not wired for electric light and electrie arcs could 7
utilised. I therefore employed six lime boxes, using 2
oxy-hydrogen light, the gas being contained in سو‎
cylinders, ‘Lhe resulting photographs are shown on the 5
this evening. One light I warn you not to use for NT
tural purposes, and that is the one most commonly reso

THE BRITISH ARCHITECI

206

روس —

architects and engineers are both concerned rather than with
the technicalities and problems which would be dealt with
by heating engineers. The necessity was emphasised of
architects and engineers working together in order to arrange
a satisfactory scheme for any particular building, the point
to be aimed at in heating a building being that a comtort-
able temperature should be maintained with efficient ven-
tilation, without disfigurement ci the building by obtrusive
fittings. The different heating mediums were briefly de-
scribed, with reference to their adaptability to varous build-
ings, warm air being spoken of as suitable for large and
undivided buildings, such as churches, halls, etc., and hot
water as being used more than any other system in this
country. Electrical heating was referred to as being too
expensive for general use.

PHOTOGRAPHY AS APPLIED TO
ARCHITECTURE.*

F 1 commence my paper this evening with a few remarks
, om the ethics of “Photography as applied to Architec-
ture,” or in other words architectural photography, 1
must at once disclalm any intention of raising that wearisome
and unprofitable controversy over the respective merits of
sketching and photography as a means of depicting buildings.
I recognise that very exhaustive claims have been made on
both sides claims not supported by any substantial basis of
fact; and while my personal sympathies naturally tend
towards work with a camera, 1 am quite willing to grant that
the use of the pencil by the architect and student is a very
necessary and proper thing.

But architectural photography has its field. The late
John Ruskin, no enthusiast concerning photography in gene-
ral, said “ it was the foremost means of translation or repro-
duction in a graphic form of architecture." I do not attect
۵ belief that by this utterance the great art critic excluded
all other methods of depiction ; his own exquisite drawings of
architecture would at once dispel such a claim. But 1 do
believe that by this utterance he recognised the supreme claim
of the architectural photograph—its umpersonality. A draw
ing must necessarily be tinged with the individuality and per-
ception, or want of perception, of its author; in short, you
do not receive an impression of the building through your
own. eyes, but through the eyes of the artist—nay, it is but
an impression of his impression. So that whatever pleasure
you derive from the drawing as a drawing you do not necee-
sarily receive from it the impression of the building that
would result from a sight of it in the substance. Some
medium is therefore required for affording an impersonal
depiction of a building from, which each beholder can draw
his own deductions and impressions. Such an i al
basis is acorded by the photograph, which I claim ig the only
effectual means for the exhibition of architecture; and by
exhibition 1 not only mean a public display of architectural
views but also their publication in books and magazines, or
any other method intended to appeal directly to the criticism
and judgment of the individual. The first case is even more
important than the second, because if ever an impersonal
basis is needed, it is required by a judge who hae to decide
the merits, not of drawings or photographs, but the buildings
depicted in them. That I am not alone in my contention is
shown by the efforts that: have been and are still being made
by some of the leading architects to obtain a revision of the
Royal Academy rules with regard to architectural exhibits;
a revision that would permit architects to show their worl,
by means of photographs, geometrical drawings and modc!s,
as well as or instead of perspective drawings, to which they
are at present practically restricted.

My claim for the photograph as the best means of exhibit-
ing a building will doubtless be met by two objections : — 1)
That the photographs can be “faked.” (2) That buildings
seen in photographs are frequently distorted and are aot
truly represented. Both these objections must be admitte ;
in regard to the first I might rest content to say, so can draw-
ings. One has only to study perspectives at the Royal Aca-
demy for this fact to be self-evident. But if absolutely
sharp, clear detail be insisted upon m a photograph, it will
be exceedingly diffieult, if not impossible, to fake it without
detection. Only fusziness or impressionism will disguise the
effects of manipulation. And architectural photographs in

*A paper read by Mr. E. Dockree before the Architectural Association
on the 14th inst

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|
tion of your view is the “ focussing.” The screen upon which
| this is effected should be ruled into small squares, say, of an
| inch; this will facilitate the worker in composing his picture.
١ In ^ focussing ” get your subject as sharp as you can, roughly
so at first; see your vertical lines are vertical, and not, as
one sometimes sees, converging to meot at some point. Your
“uprights ” not being true, the camera must be generally
"levelled and the " swing-back " manipulated until the said
lines are vertical, the levels all working true to each other ;
your picture should then be dead " upright." Now re-focus,
fixing upon some object midway between the camera and
the middle of your subject; note the appearance of the same
at the top, bottom. and sides of your screen, using the lenss
stops to bring the whole view into general sharpness—and سر‎
architeotural work I have already said it cannot be too sharp.
The knowledge of the exposure to be given is only gained

by experience; there is no fixed rule, subjects, light, and
shade varying to an enormous degree. But bear this in
mind: always give plentv—look after the shadows, the
“high lights" will look after themselves. Better “ over-

modified in development, but no amount of development
will give detail which through “ under-exposure " is not in
the plate. Bear in mind that each consecutive stop requires
twice as much exposure as the one immediately preceding it.

Those having a medium rapidity will be found the most
serviceable, satisfactory, and easy to work. Some workers
like one make of plate, others prefer another; personally I
think the Imperial Company's or Elliott's Barnet give all
that is required of them, but every plate used must be
“backed.” The difference in the resulting picture obtained
from a “backed” and an “ unbacked plate" is most
marked; in fact, in some cases, especially where windows
assert themselves in an interior, a " backed ” plate is an
absolute necessity, otherwise ''halation,' the bugbear of
photography, will.be so evident as to quite mar the picture,
though everything else is quite satisfactory.

One composed of pyro, in combination with potash or
soda as the accelerator, is, to my idea, the best for the class
of work under consideration. It yields, if properly adjusted
in its components, a negative soft but vigorous, the 55
best suited for printing in either “silver or " platinum.”
In development the watchwords should be “Detail frst,
densitv afterwards," not the reverse; to obtain the correct
gradation keep your pyro down to a minimum, to start
with; it can easily be increased as development proceeds.
All detail out and the desired stage of density reached,
rinse the negative well and fix in the usual manner—say,
for ten to fifteen minutes—in hypo loz. to each 4oz. of
water; remove; well wash under running water for forty
minutes to an hour; drain and stand to dry in a place free
from dust and draught. The negative now obtained, when
dried, should be carefully examined, and the various de-
fects, such as pin-holes, etc., remedied, and the shadows, if
too pronounced, should be strengthened by one of many
devices, such as papering, etc., on the glass side.

I have no doubt that the numerous printing processes are
known to you; eacli one has his own particular idea in that
direction. But a note on prints intended for reproduciion
by the Press may not be amiss. A print to give the finest
block for reproduction is the “silver print.” By that I
mean that done on one of the various P.O.P. papers and
toned with gold. I prefer that “toning” which inc udes
the “sulphocyanide of ammonium "; the range of tones
the latitude it gives is excellent. The ‘ process worker 一
bv that I mean the “ block maker —likes a good plucky
“blue-black ” print full of ** vim ^ and “ contrast `; it yields
a. block far superior to any other class of print. In bad or
dull weather one of the numerous “ gaslight papers" must
be employed; no toning is required, the image being deve-
loped by one of the various “ Meto) formule. For framing
and kecping for show purposes there is no process equal to
the “carbon ”or " platinum," but suitable negatives are
required to give the finest results—any class of negative will
not do: for carbon a strong, plucky negative, and for plati-
num a soft but vigorous one.

— t
Tue Newcastle-on-Tyne Education Committee has autho-
rised Messrs. Shewbrooks and Hodges, local architects, to
prepare plans for the proposed extension of North View
School.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

than “ under-exposure": the former can be

OCTOBER 21, 1904]

— rs

to—flashlight, magnesium. Its use results in a white glare
over the objects nearest to the camera and the elimination
of detail in the background so that delicate undercut: carving
looks as flat and formless as a stencil pattern on a wall.
Unfailing patience and effort are required to obtain success
in architectural photography. One must be prepared to
work at it at all hours of the day and night. 1 have secured
excellent negatives by exposing plates in the subdued light
between 3 a.m. and 7 a.m. but as the fascination of the
work gets a firmer hold of the worker, so the various diffi-
culties are overcome and in the end practically disappear, the
intervening stages serving to encourage the earnest enthusiast.
There are obstacles to be overcome, undoubtedly, but none
of such magnitude as cannot be surmounted by care and
application.

in dealing with my remarks on photographic apparatus
and photographic processes, which I include in this paper for
the benefit of those of you who are or intend to become archi-
tectural photographers, I have endeavouned to eliminate as
far as posaible technicalities or technical terms, hoping «nat
my lay hearers may also understand and join in the discussion
which I hope will arise.

Bearing in mind my remarks as to size, I would recom-
mend nothing less than a whole plate or a 1012. by 8in.;
personally, 1 use a 12in. by 10in., and would use a 15in. by
12in. if 1 could get about with it and all its appurtenances
in a comfortable manner. The camera should possess double
extension; that is, the “front” and “back” should be
capable of being adjusted by means of a pinion and rack-
work, the bellows slightly tapering; and the "front " carry-
ing the lens should have a “rising movement " and, better
still, a sliding movement in addition. All up-to-date cameras
have a "swing-back " capable of two movements, “to” and
“from” the lens, and a “reversing back” to carry the dark
slide so that oblong and upright pictures can be obtained.
Some workers find fault with the " turn-table”; they assert
“ focussing ' is a difficulty in a dark interier— what light there
is coming up through the same from the ground or floor and
detracting from the visibility of the image on the * focussing
screen.” This may be so, but personally I have found no 1n-
convenience of any moment up to the presont. To my mind
the turn-table has advantages over tlie solid base board: it
reduces the weight cf the camera, it facilitatcs your movements
in finding the desired view, and gives rigidity to the whole
apparatus, the latter a most important feature when work-
ing with lenses of long foci and in exposed positions. The
tripod stand, or tripod used with the tum-table, should be
folding, with a sliding leg—two or three-fold, if of the right
weight, is immaterial; the camera and tripod when set up
for use should not exceed 5ft. 6in. to 5ft. 10in. in height,
this being an average sight-line. A slow-moving spirit level,
circular in shape, should be fixed on the “ base board " of the
camera just at the side of the front; on the front itself at the
top of the side a “ plumb index” should be placed, and
another one on the side of the “ swing-back.” These three
working together accurately, place beyond dispute the abso-
lute verticality of the resulting photograph.

The next thing to be considered, and certainly the most
important one concerning architecture, is lens or lenses. One
lens will not do everything required of it; and before decid-
ing what to get I would strongly urge the enthusiast to consult
someone well versed in the matter and, if the pocket will
allow, to purchase the best make possible. Then, should
your results be not satisfactory, blame yourself and not the
lens. 1 hold no retainer, so cannot advertise, but whatever
make is selected let it be a lens giving no wider angle than
65deg. for an interior subject, whercas 60deg. to 65deg. is a
very pleasing range for exteriors of buildings. If I quote
“focal lengths ”of lenses it will possibly only tend to con-
fuse, so I will merely state that lenses for architectural work
must be of the rectilinear type and possess great covering
power and marginal definition ; those of the genuine '' anas-
tigmatic ” series are absolutely the finest procurable for the
purpose. 1 am afraid I must depart from my original inten-
tion te avoid “technical terms." but I have no alternative
in giving the following particulars. Where the purse will
allow 1 strongly recommend the earnest worker to procure
a “battery ”of lenses for his use: for instance, for a whole-
plate camera a 6Jin., Yin. and 12in. focal lengtlis; for a
10in. by 8in. camera an 8in., llin., and 14in. focal lengths ;
and for a 12in. by 10in. camera a 10in., 13in., and 161n. focal
lengths And to the last-named I would add an 8115. lens.

The apparatus complete, the first operation after the selec-

[OCTOBER 21, 1904

is, how then does all the mischief of inhaling this air arise?
The truth is, that in taking air into our lungs and breath.
ing it out again, we breathe out with it an organe poison,
aud althougn little دز‎ known about its nature there is مو‎
doubt as to its poisonous properties. Dr. Ransome says oi
it: “The aqueous vapour arising from the breath, and
trom the gcucial surface of the body, contains a minute
proportion ol animal refuse matter which has been proved
by actual experiment to be a deadly poison.” It is this sub
stance that gives the peculiar, close, unpleasant smell wich
is perceived on leaving the fresh air and entering a contined
space occupied. by human beings or other animals. Air thus
charged has been fully proved to be the great cause oí
serotulous or tubercular diseases, and 16 is the home and
nourisher of those subtle microscopic forms of life that nave
lately become so well known under the title of germs of
disease, or microzyms. It is probably the source of a large
part of the increase of mortality that seems inevitably to
tollow the crowding together of the inhabitants of towns.
Again, whatever degree of dryness the air may possess pre
vious to Inspiration, after expiration 16 is saturated by
vapour, the quantity which will be thrown into the atmo
sphere depending very greatly upon the individual and the
season. "Ihe composition of the air is altered also by the
production of carbonie acid from the lights. This may also
be described as an action from within. Added to this, ex-
ternal causes of vitiation should also be taken into conside-
ration in designing an effective system of ventilation. ۵
chief of these are the solid products of combustion dis
charged from chimneys and the decomposition of animal
matter. In the country this is not to be taken into such
serious consideration, but in large towns where these causes
of vitiation chietly exist caretul consideration should be
grven. This aspect of the subject has had little thought
bestowed upon it, and where a certain quantity of air per
capita has been specified, the same amount has been de
manded for country as for towns. ۱

The main object of ventilation, therefore, 15 ها‎ cause a
constant renewal of the air, and this is doubly necessary m
the case of all publie buildings, where the causes of vitia
tion are enormously intensified, especially in the cases oí
hospitals and schools. To determine what method should
be adopted demands now the skill of the engineer. Being
aware of the fact that air must be moved in such quantities
as to cause this constant renewal, it now resolves itself into
the question of the best method for its accomplishment and
the quantity to be introduced. It has been found by care-
ful tests that the organic matter due to exhalations from
the breath increases directly, as the carbonic acid Increases;
therefore by simple tests we can caleulate the quantity of
fresh air required to be introduced to keep the air inside
within the limits of gocd ventilation, bearing in mind that
ina climate so variable as ours this interchange of air must
take place without creating unpleasant draughts or disconr
fort to the occupants. lt has been proved by the most CX
haustive tests that the quantity of fresh air to be
admitted should in no case be less than 20 cubic feet per
minute, or 1,200 cubie feet per hour per head of inmates 1D
ordinary good health. In school buildings this should be
increased to 1,800 cubic fcet, and in hospitals and infirmary
wards to between 4,000 and 6.000 cubic feet, in order to pre
vent any undue accumulation of the impurities of respira
lion and. avoid. disagreeable draugüts.

It is now proposed to show how an apparatus can be
installed to cope with this quantity of air supply. and as au
example I will take a school building containing six class
rooms and one central hall ou the ground floor, and كاذ‎
classrooms and one central hall en the first floor. It 13
proposed that each classroom shall be occupied. by nity
children of varying ages, and that each child shall be sup
plicd directly, by means of the heating apparatus. with
thirty cubic feet of fresh temperately warmed air po
minute. This is exclusive of additional inlets introducing
cold air direct from outside to obviate the necesity of open
ing windews during cold weather. To introduce this quar
titv of air has preved the stumbling block to many engl-
neers, and especially those who have attempted its accom-
plishment in conjunction with direct systems of heating.
As pointed out in the early part of this paper. 08 eS
tremely simple matter to easilv accomplish the ار‎
the temperature in a 16 space from, say. 8 ds
outside to 60deg. Fah. inside (the usual school standard),

306 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

— —— a A سے‎ — F. - - = - ی‎

THE WARMING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS.*

HAVE been induced to entitle my paper, " The Warm-
ing of Public Buiidings by the Warm Air, System, con-
siaered from a hygienic point of view,” partly for the

reason that a great misconception appears to exist as to the
scientific application of that system. 1 refer particularly
to the natural or gravity system which has been condenined |
by several engineers, who have, I teel sure, never gone |
carefully enough into the technicalities of the subject. put
a second reason why I venture to deal with this subject 1s,
that I have myself carefully observed a great many heatiug
installations whicn have been carried out, where the one
and only consideration appears to have been the raising of
the temperature in some cases even to an abnormal extent
without any thought as to the change of air necessary to
render the space treated habitable. I refer more particu-
larly to installations which have been erected by persons
who have had imperfect knowledge of the subject, and who,
although calling themselves heating aud ventilating engi-
neers, should no more be allowed to carry out their perni-
cious practices than a so-called physician without a degree.
I do not think I am using language too strong when the
matter is carefully considered, and am of opinion that the
Government (which looks after the adulteration of food,
drink, and sanitation to some extent) should not allow nap-
hazard schemes to be applied to auy building occupied by a
number of people.

The remedy would no doubt form matter for lengthy dis

cussion, so I will return to my subject, dwelling first of all
upon the greatest of all necessaries—the supply of a large
volume of fresh, pure air wherever any body of persons i5
gathered together. Admitting that a great number of
heating and ventilating iustallations are very far from
satisfactory, in fact in some cases positively dangerous, it
behoves us to look carefully into the subject and see how far
we can go to remedy the defects. Progress has, however,
in a great measure, been barred wherever the engineer has
proposed dispensing with the open fireplace. Whilst being
quite aware that this does not apply very forcibly in many
public buildings, excepting, perhaps, schools and hospitals,
there is a general prejudice against their removal. This.
fortunately is now being overcone to some extent, as it is
found that there are systems whereby the temperature
throughout a building is capable of being maintained at an
equable and agreeable degree, with a total absence of cold
draughts, and which at the same time are satisfactory alike
from an economical, a hygienic, and a scientifle point of
view.
The great importance is ackuowledged now of the com-
bination of ventilation with every heating system, and, in
fact, no heating apparatus can be considered complete which
does not combine with it a system of ventilation. Unfortu-
nately it has been proved over and over again that very few
buildings have been provided with satisfactory means of
ventilation, and that however well the heating may have
been carried out, and its capabilities of maintaining perhaps
a high temperature in the coldest weather tested,in very few
cases is the question of adequate air supply taken into con-
sideration. In some cases buildings are fitted up with most
elaborate mechanical appliances with this end in view, but
often the question of expense arises which at once precludes
their use, however perfect they may be. Such plant gene
raly requires the entire attention of a qualified engineer,
and is only practicable in remote cases. Therefore, in de-
signing an installation for effectually warming: and venti-
lating a building the first thing to be remembered is that
it shall work automatically, and the movement of the air be
brought about by the simple action of chimneys or flues.
The necessity for change of air is rendered evident when we
consider the multitudinous causes of vitiation. The prin-
cipal one is that caused by respiration, and which operates
within the building to be ventilated.

It is, of course, common knowledge that we breathe enor-
mous quantities of air, and that as it returns from our lungs
the proportions of the gases which constitute it are altered ;
the oxygen being reduced and the carbonic acid increased.
This, however, is not the greatest mischief, and does not
account for all the bad effects. The question to be asked
vA paper read by Mr. H. H. Grundy, on the 18th inst., at the Autumn
Meeting of the Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers.

307

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT

OCTOBER 21, 1904]

temples on the site. But for all practical purposes Mr.
Wood د‎ discoveries were of two temples. For long he worked
on what is certainly the temple that was built to replace the
one destroyed by fire on the night when Alexander the Great
was born, in 356 B.C. Erostratos, a citizen of Ephesus, kindled
the fire to win an immortality which he has, in fact, attained
by destroying one of the seven wonders. Its rebuilding
produced incidentally one of the neatest ways out of a diffi-
culty that could be imagined. Alexander offered to rebuild
it 11 his name might be inscribed on it. The Ephesians did
not like this, but could not possibly say so until some in-
genicus soul hit upon the answer that it was not seemly that
onc god should erect a temple to another god. This temple,
which was probably finished about 300 B.C., survived till the
downfall of paganism ; then it came by a downfall of its own
which, to judge by the remains that. Mr. Wood sent to the
British Museum, was a shattering fall indeed. Yet enough
survives for the conjectural restorer, and he makes for us a
picture of a temple with a fricze and cornice rich in acanthus
ornament. and all the varieties of moulding that the Greeks
used, and vast fluted columns in a double row all round, of
which those at the two ends of the building had sculptured
drums at the base and sculptured pedestals. But of course
it was the older building that was really the wonder of the
world, the building that Herodotus saw. It was known that
the later temple was built on the model of the earlier one,
so that, roughly speaking, what has here been described would
give a picture of the archaic temple. But by a piece of good
fortune that Is not all that we have to depend on. In his
excavations Mr. Wood began to find bits of carving embedded
in the walls below the cellar of the later temple. He was
not long in reaching the conclusion that these were fragments
of the older building used in the restoration ; and though he
had to use gunpowder to get them clear, still the British
Museum can show now something of what the famous temple
was. "There is a sculptured drum with a queer, stiff figure
on it, full of the Egyptian spirit-—seemingly a Hercules, by
the lion's skin he wears, with feet in line on a plane and an
Oriental kind of face. But the romance of the fragment is in
the scraps of the moulding below the drum. It is only a
few Greek letters——" BA . . . . . . KP . . . ..
ANE . . . EN, —yet they bring right across the centuries
the great Croesus himself, for they are the survival of
the inscription, BzssAsv; Kpoico; avtäyxes, '* Dedicated by King
Cresus.” Another curious point about these archaic frag-
ments is that, according to Professor A. S. Murray's recon-
struction of some of them, the old temple must have had a
sculptured cornice all round it of figure-subjects between
lions heads that were gargoyles to carry off the rain-water.
Two of the lions heads from the old temple are in the
Museum, hollowed through to the back from the wide-open
mouth; and it is interesting to compare their style—the old
flat-maned type, like the lions of Mycene—with. the lighter,
more deeply cut head that served the same purpose from the
cornice of the later temple.

On the eve of his departure Mr. Hogarth was kind enough
to give me some of his ideas about the temple, and his ex-
pectations. He told me that he thought that the plans of
the site drawn up by Mr. Wood and Professor A. S. Murray
were correct, but he doubted whether Mr. Wood had estab-
lished the actual limits of the temple. It is known that there
were at least two temples earlier than the “ archaic ” temple
of Wood's discoveries, and Mr. Hogarth hopes to get down to
the very earliest remains. The place had been a holy place
before ever a temple was built, and he wants to penetrate
to the most primitive relics; he may well find fragments
which would have conveyed hardly any meaning to Mr.
Wood. Mr. Hogarth admitted that a temple of such splen-
dour was very inadequately represented by the fragments at
the British Museum, but he mentioned that the town of
Avasalouk centuries ago found the temple a mile nearer the
city of Ephesus, and of course that meant that what they
needed for building was more easily got. from the temple.
The lime-burners, too, had their harvest. He thinks that a
good deal of the Artemision may be in the walls of the great
mosque at Ayasalouk ; but even if it were possible to get at
them, he said, it would be vandalism. to lay hands on so fine
a piece of fifteenth century architecture. Mr. Hogarth's
chief anxiety is water. This is the driest time of year, and
that is why he is hurrying off, but when he last saw the temple
water was over the platform discovered by Mr. Wood, and
there is the fear that it will be impossible to get really deep
down without striking water. Moreover the marshiness of
the ground makes the handling of remains difficult; but even

but to do this with direct radiating surfaces and at the same
time to ensure efficient ventilation has generally resulted in
failure, and innumerable instances are to be found where a
most efficient heating apparatus has been installed which
warms the space (generally speaking, using low-pressure hot
water and direct radiators and pipes as the medium), but
where cold air is admitted in a most haphazard way, and
as ۵ criterion to its effectiveness, the cold air inlets are in-
variably blocked up, as neither children nor teacher can
tolerate the insufferable draughts produced. Added to
this, in nine cases out of ten the exhaust air flues (if any)
are totally inadequate to carry off the vitiated air. The
consequence is not far to seek. Complaints are made as to
the stuffy condition of the atmosphere, the teacher's temper
is not improved, and the children are listless and inatten-
tive. In order to partially remedy this evil the windows
are constantly thrown open, with the result that the tem-
peraturé continually being lowered and raised, causing
bad colds and coughs, which could have been preventefí had
only adequate means bcon taken to supply the necessary
quantity of fresh air, and to provide for its removal after
vitiation. |
(To be concluded.)

— U

THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS.

HE announcement that excavations are to be resumed on
the site of the great Temple of Artemis at Ephesus has
reminded a generation of short memones how little we

know, and have been content for thirty years to know, of a
building that was one of the seven wonders of the world.
The tide of archzological interest, in this country at any
rate, has been flowing elsewhere, and the site that was pur-
chased by British Government grants in 1872 has been left
alone. But now the Austrian Government's excavations on
the site of Ephesus have advanced the wall built round the
site when work ceased in 1874, and this fact is, I believe,
largely responsible for our renewed activity; ıt was natu-
rally felt that it would not be fair to keep other nations
from the ground if we continued to do nothing ourselves.
So Mr. D. G. Hogarth goes out to take charge of the work
for the trustees of the British ‘Museum, and scholars will
be glad indeed that so able and experienced an archeologist
should undertake the task.

For there are many points whereon scholars have long
waited for the clearing up of doubts. Mr. J. T. Wood, who
had charge of the earlier excavations, was not really an
archeologist. He was an architect, and naturally his
interests were limited and he lacked the specific knowledge
and experience that let no slightest indication or relic pass
unnoticed. Yet if he had done nothing else he would have
earned the gratitude of scholars for the fact that his excava-
tions, which extended over the years 1869-1874, did estab-
lish the site of the temple. It was real discovery, and 1t must
have been a great. moment for Mr. Wood when Dr. Schliemann
came over to shake his hand and congratulate him. The
work was very arduous. For one thing, the site was where
a river had exceptional opportunities of depositing silt, and
the remains were found at a depth of no less than 20ft.
Then there was the immense size of the building to add to
thelabour. It was not only in gorgeous adornment that the
temple had its claim to be one of the seven wonders ; 16 was
also in its great proportions. It covered something like
four times the area of the Parthenon ; it was, roughly speak-
ing, about as long as Westminster Abbey, and as wide
(throughout its length, of course) as the Abbey across the
transepts; and, though one gives the comparison as a rough
gauge of size, the effect of the Artemision, an unbroken
oblong, a massive, single, uniform building, must have been
far more tremendous than that of the Abbey. Imagine the
dimensions and weight of the drums of the .غ601‎ columns of
the temple, and consider the labour of handling them. As
one stands in the gallery at the British. Museum, where the
fragments secured by Mr. Wood are exhibited, one seems to
be rather in the stupendous company of the Nineveh gallery
than amid Greek beauties. The pedestal and a single drum
of a column, enriched with beautiful sculpture, tower above
one's head; an Ionic capital waves its gigantic volutes far
wider than a man could streteh his two arms.

Mr. Wood found three distinct. pavements, one of them
composed with a layer of charcoal in the middle, exactly as
Herodotus says; and the old writers speak of seven different

w — سا‎ —U

—- وس -

308 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT [OCTOBER 21, 1904
۱۳ ام سین ی میا‎ nas 2 8

Zo مه مته شک‎ ARAS EIA ee l i و سی‎

so it is surprising that on tho same visit Mr. Hogarth saw | London, and Mr. C. W. Richardson, Wakeiiela, is estimated
a very largo piece of column left behind by Mr. Wood, | to cost, including the foundations, about, £3,600.
although it was clearly part of a capital which ıs at present
replaced in the Museum by restorations. It will be the first | St. Mary's CHURCH, Abbotsbury, Highweek, the foundation.
thing now to come to England. The object of the present | stone of which was laid on the 13th inst., is being erected
expedition is to finish off the site of the temple itself. For | from the designs prepared by Mr. Edmund Sedding.
the present no Government grant has been asked for, and | Although not wholly Gothic, many characteristics of the
the trustees are working with funds they have in hand. fifteenth-century architecture are to be included. The

To conclude with the expectant note, Mr. Hogartlvs great | edifice is to seat 750 worshippers. The erection of a tower
hope is that he may find'something of the wonderful altar will not be carried cut at present. It is stated that the
decorated by Praxiteles. Nothing was found in the earlier | amount of the contract for the building is £7,083, but addi-
excavations, but Mr. Wood, not being primarily a scholar, | tions have been added, and that sum will be considerably
looked for it inside the temple (apparently with some thought | exceedod. :
of Christian churches in his mind) instead of in front of the
western end of the temple. There is not much. space there
which has not been investigated, but Mr. Hogarth does not
despair. For the rest, he believes there must be fine vase
fragments; it is incredible, to his mind, that there should
be no such remains, for that material was of no use to the
medieval despoiler. Mr. Wood very likely would not have
the expert eye for things of this kind.—R. H. G., in the
“ Manchester Guardian.”

— —

Last week an informal opening took place of the first sec-
tion of the Old Kent Road Public Baths, which are ap
proaching ccmpletion, the cost being estimated at £35,000.
They will comprise twó swimming bains, first and second
class. First and second class accommodation will also be
provided in respect of slipper baths, Turkish and Russian
baths. The water will be obtained from an artesian well,
which has been sunk to a depth of 400ft. Mr. E. Harding
۱ Payne, A.R.I.B.A., John Street, Bedford Row, W.C., is the
BUILDING NEWS. architect, the builder being Mr. A. N. Coles, of Plymouth.

At Mondays meeting of the Western College, Bristol, the 7 —
scheme S Sena ot a new college at an expenditure ue meeting e the Cardiff Town Hall Committee on the
of £10,000 was approved. h inst. a fur ther certificate of £10,300 was signed, the

chairman remarking that this made the total amount of the
work done up to the present £211,000, out of that they had
a retention of £7,000, so that the contract was nearly com-
pleted. Replying to Councillor Roberts, who desired to
know to what extent the furnishing estimates had really
been reduced, Mr. Lanchester (the architect) explained that
the original estimate was £35,000; then it was brought
dcwn to £30,000, and now he was in a position to reduce it
by a further £3,505; but it would have to be still further
brought down to £25,000, in regard to the borrowing of
which sum the Local Government Board was going to hold
an inquiry.

Mr. J. Lane Fox, of East Parade, Leeds, is the architect 1
the new public baths which have Just been erected at Bram-
ley at a cost of nearly £11,000.

Tus new Y.M.C.A. Home in Daie End, Birmingham, which
was opened last week, was designed by Messrs. 'Ewen
Harper and Bro. the contractor being Mr. W. Bishop, ci
Kings Heath. The building consists of five storeys and a
double basement, and has cost over £30,000.

MEMORIAL-STONES OÍ the Llanhilleth Colliery Institute ana
Library were laid on Saturday. The buiding will cost ۱
£7,000. Mr. Dan Lloyd is the architect, the contractor On the 7th inst. two additions ta the Stanley Hospital were
being Mr. David Lewis. Swimming baths are to be pro- opened—an operating theatre, with rooms eñ suite, com-
videa, and there will also be a large hall for public meetings. | prising anesthetic and preparation rooms, and a vestibule
formed for the isolation of theatre, and the withdrawal of
Tuz foundation-stone was laid on Saturday of a new town patients. The door openings are fitted with steel doors
hall for Stockport, which is to cost £66,000. 1t will occupy made by Milner's Safe Company; the window casements
a site opposite the infirmary, and the public hall will have | from the Crittall Manufacturing Co.; the sinks and basins
seating room for 1,500 persons. The municipal offices will supplied by Messrs. Twyfords, Ltd., and Shanks and Co.
also be located in the building. Mr. A. Brunwell Thomas, | The pavements throughout are terrazzo. The other enlarge-
of Queen Annes Gate, S.W., is the architect. ment is an addition to the out-patients' department, aud

consists of a minor operation theatre, with male and female
recovery-rooms in direct communication with the theatre;
new male and female dressing-rooms, and a surgeons con
sulting-room, each approached from a central wide passage.
The contractors are Messrs. Henshaw and Sons, and Messrs.
Tomkinson and Co. respectively. The architect 15 Mr.
Alfred Culshaw, of Liverpool.

DrsicNEp in fifteenth-century style, St. Mark's Church,
Byker, is to be built externally of stone from the Windy
Nook quarries, the pillars and inside stonework being له‎
Denwick stone. Sitting accommodation will be provided
for 800 worshippers The contract for the building has
been let to Messrs. J. and W. Lowry, and tie architects are
Messrs. Hicks and Charlewood, both of Newcastle-on-Tyne.
The foundation-stone was laid on Monday.

THE foundation-stone of the new free library, which Mr.
| | c We MU Carnegie is presenting to Harrogate, was laid on Monday.
Bristou's new free library, in Corporation Street, is being | The cost of the building will be about £8,000. It is being
erected from the design—selected in jo competition—by | erected on land purchased some years ago by the corporation
Mr. Alex. Little, 53, Maddox Street, W., and the founda- | as a site for a town hall and municipal offices, the view and
tion-stone was laid on the 13th inst. The building will be | plans of which appeared in Tue BRITISH ARCHITECT on Sep-
in the Tudor Gothic style, to correspond with the ancient | tember 19, 1902, and when these are erected the library will
municipal buildings, formerly used as the Grammar School, i constitute the western portion of the block, with a frontage
on the opposite side of the street. Mr. T. H. Moggridge, of | to Victoria Avenue and Raglan Strect. The elevations are
Taunton, is the builder. to be faced entirely with Queen's grit stone from Pateley
Bridge Quarries. The staircases and floors are to be of fire
proof construction throughout, and the building has been
arranged with a view to its being connected with the ۳
posed new municipal buildings if desired. The lighting

تن ee‏ ورن ےہ eg‏ ےو

THE corner-stone of a new chancel for St. John's Church,
Wakefield, was laid on the 12th inst. The church, which
has no chancel at the present time, the east end terminating
in an apse, was built in 1794, and with the exception of the | and ventilating will be by electricit Mr. H. T. Hare,
cathedral, is the oldest in the city. The new chancel, which | F .R.I.B.A., is the eer MEN prm for its
js to be built from the designs of Mr. J. T. Micklethwaite, erection has been entrusted to Messrs. Barker Bros.

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houses in brickwork in this country as in any other material
and just as nice specimens of simple work as the gorgeous
brick houses of Essex. The sum of the whole matter, as
regards design, is that a man cannot produce bricks without
straw. 116 cannot make a pleasing building unless he under-
stands something of the laws of proportion and emphasis, and
this remark applies to judges, as well as to ordinary people.

—nt [0

A LITTLE TRIP INTO HOLLAND.

— E

(See Rambling Sketches No 1383.)
I TAKE for granted that we are in Bruges, and, not having

spent all our money on post-cards or lace, have enough `

left for the fourteen pence it costs to get over the
border into Holland. We arrive at the canal junction at
half-past eight in the morning, and find ourselves at the head
of the long stretch of canal along which our little steamboat
will travel. We have no cargo much bevond a few score
pairs of sabots. The fore part of the tiny boat has an awning,
and is provided with deck-chairs. There is also abaft the
funnel a little deck saloon, where one may retire to peruse
papers with unpronounceable names. As we proceed on our
journey in the sweet morning air, along the glittering and
placid track, bordered with sloping green banks, fringed with
rushes, amongst which, at frequent intervals, we pass men
fishing, we see on either hand avenues of producing
lines of apparently interminable length. The flat landscape
and the long line of silver light in the canal, bordered by the
sweet green of the grass, banks, and trees, are typical of
Holland. After some three miles, which are covered bv the
straight length of canal, we arrive at Dammé, and here

we find one of those rare treats which the jaded dweller

in civilization so much appreciates. This little place was once
of great importance, and was busy with shipping. Now it
is as silent almost as a museum of the dead. On the left of
the landing-point is a group of white farmhouse buildings,
which is well-nigh perfect, architecturally. There is an
enclosing wall, with a quaint arched gateway, and within it
are long lines of farm buildings, with elliptical arched open-
ings, and steep pitched or mansard roofs grouped together
in one delightful composition. , You will observe I give no
sketch of this, but something must be left to the imagination,
and I am in a hurry to go a little further along the bank
to the most beautiful specimen of a-windmill I ever saw. It
stands on a green bank, as do most of them, and it is of
brick, whitewashed over, built with concave outline, and
crowned by a little gable with tiled roof, on which is a metal
finial cut out to represent a mermaid with a curlv tail blowing
a horn ; a long line of willows, with featherv grev-green foli-
age, stretches away from the side of the windmill. The whole
is a perfect picture of delight. If you have tried to sketch
the sails of a windmill in quick motion, vou should have learnt
a lesson of sublime patience. The correct drawing for a
suggestion of motion would. of course, be a blurr of lines in
a circle; but we adopted the easier method of sketching the
windmill doing nothing.

If we were in ۵ large modern manufacturing town, we
should perhaps, in the length of time we have alreadv spent
at Damme, have seen everything of architectural interest.
But at Damme we have only just begun. Crossing the
canal again, we come directly into the town square, and here
we find a picture of medieval times almost perfect. On one
side is the hotel de. ville, one of the best proportioned stone
buildings you would find even in France, and round about *t
are most interesting samples of domestic Flemish brick archi-
tecture. و1‎ the centre of the square is an admirable monu-
ment to Jacob von Maerlans. Further down the road are
some beautiful old conventual buildings, and further on still
is a fine old brick church, with the earliest portion in ruins.
Altogether, Damme is a delightful place, and one leaves it
with regret, only with a sharpened appetite for the sight of
more such remnants from a former prosperity.

More long stretches of glittering water and tree avenues,
and then we cross the frontier into Holland through a bend
in the canal, where the right and left avenues of trees cross
each other with the most strikingly beautiful panoramic effect,
partly indicated in my sketch of the canal at L'Ecluse, and
then we draw up to the quayside at Sluvs, in the midst of one
of the most charming little scenes in Holland. Here is a
tiny dock, surrounded by a stone quay, planted round with
trees, and, through the trees, the quaint Dutch houses, which

ومس —

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

OCTOBER 28, 1904]

The British Architect.

二 二 二 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一

سس کے

LONDON: FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28, 4

COUNTRY COTTAGES.

GREAT amount of nonsense has been written lately on
A the subject of cottages. It appears to be assumed that

there is no irreducible minimum of the cost of cottages
in the country for the working classes, but that, by some means
or other, the cost must be reduced until the necessary rental
nearly reaches a vanishing point. We may well ask whether
ìt can be wise or needful to cater for such an impoverished
state of existence as is implied in this attempt. There is
obviously a point in cost below which anything approaching
decent building cannot be obtained. Building is, of course,
cheaper at certain times than at others; and it is also cheaper
(in certain methods) in some districts than others. But statis-
tics about building are apt to be very misleading, and it is
obvious that many so-called savings in cost are likely to be
more apparent than real. You may save apparently by erect-
ing your own corrugated-iron building, whereas it might really
have been cheaper to let the experienced contractor do it
for you. You may always save in building by exercising a
constant watchfulness as to the expenditure in both time and
materials ; but this saving may only be effected by an expendi-
ture of valuable time, which is not reckoned in adding up the
cost. We have done quite decent building at 34d. per foot
cube, but we are not foolish enough to hope to repeat it.
We know that a pair of decently-built labourers’ cottages can
be erected for £400, or a trifle less, and that this provides
a parlour, a good-sized, comfortable kitchen, a scullery, larder,
w.c., and three bed-rooms. We have seen such a pair, with
rough-cast walls and grey slate roofs, which formed a most
pleasing building, and would be inviting for anyone to live
in who could only afford a very small rental, and the result
being. that a tenant was quickly found for one of them at a
rental that amply covered the outlay on both. Cottages can
be built cheaply, and in good architectural form as well, but
this cannot be done without the aid of the artist, whether we
call him architect or amateur. We do not think we have ever
seen any cottages designed by an amateur that did not offend
against the canons of good architecture, and often as not
against the practical benefits of the tenants. There is a great
field for the skill of the architect in the design of cottages,
but such work cannot pay unless done in large quantities. To
begin with, a client hesitates to consult an architect about a
design of a cottage, and most probably argues that he cannot
afford the ten pounds in every hundred which would be the
proper fee for the design of such buildings. He even be-
grudges five pounds per hundred, for which commission he is
often let off. It is a nice problem how to produce a small
home which shall let at four or five shillings a week, and vet
have some degree of comfort in the rooms, and have a good
artistic expression inside and out. Yet it is possible—not
to the amateur—but to one who has the 1
of an artist to do everything and even the sim-
plest work in an artistic manner. From a business
point of view, it is not, of course, worth while
for an architect to sit down to the careful solution of this
difficult but interesting problem, but there are many archi-
tects who could do it if they would. The result we find is
that even wealthv people, who want to house their workers
in a comfortable and artistic manner, either dabble in this
difficult artistic problem themselves, with disastrous results,
or allow it to be tackled in the most careless way by others
on their behalf. We note an article in the World's Work
for November on cheap country cottages, which illustrates
forcibly the futility of discussion on such a matter, especially
where art is left out. For, with barely one or two exceptions,
the designs shown are a sorry lot indeed, and the example of
a corrugated-iron structure “ artistically treated ” is the worst
of the lot! The writer says: “ The achievements of many
artist-architects show that brick is capable of yielding as
pleasing designs as any other building material.” Surely this
is a naive remark. Why not, indeed? Does the writer know
anvthing of the brick architecture of this countrv, or of the
Netherlands? We have as charming examples of old and new

[OCTOBER 28, 1904

= 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 —

Tue Channel Islands have never had a daintier illustrator
than Mr. Henry B. Wimbush, whose 8و‎ pretty water-colour
drawings are now on view at the Fine Art Societys. A number
of these are somewhat cloying in the richness of colour, but
the artist knows how to stay his hand, and gives us some
pleasingly sober aspects also.

WHAT do our readers think of this little tale. A working man
wrote to the Rural Housing and Sanitation Association asking
for advice and assistance. He had saved a little money, built
his own house, and dug a well. His neighbour had placed a
manure-heap near the well, and the water became polluted.
The man complained to the Rural District Council, and was
ordered to close the well. The owner of the manure-heap was
the chairman of the local sanitary authority.

WE can hardly imagine any decorative artist sitting down to
Mr. Lewis F. Days “ Ornament and its Application,” and

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A Flemish Grille in fretted iron, from “Ornament and its Application,"
by Lewis F. Day.

The morality or the sense of
forth that good

reading such à

not being the better for it.
ornament and decorativeness is so well set
principles must surely be strengthened in r h
book. It abounds in admirable passages which enforce t E
proper aim of the artist, as, for instance, the following:
“An artist is an artist very much because, however well /
formed he is himself, he depends in the end upon an
initiative. For all that, sure sign of weakness though 1 1
tc rely upon the experience „of others, inborn Ne
not all the guide he needs. There are times when he is
fcllow that, though all the world said no 一 but only 0
weighing what they had to say—and to do that he d 1
be entirely unequipped with what is common knowie u
He owes that much to his art.” This is the و‎
ment of the experienced writer. He knows well وت‎ |
without some inborn artistic instinct there is no hope 0 3#
real success, but, besides this, he realises that without 50

^ mb .

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

310

—— —À ae 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 —

form a continuous line round it. The little town is full of
interest. There is a fine old hotel de ville, with a most
picturesque tower, built of red brick. It has been carefully
restored, and though new-looking inside on the principal floor,
it still retains its thirteenth century stone chimney-piece, and
one of the cross-beams is still supported from a splendid old
oak corbel, ‘which I have sketched. The ceiling is all
restored with new timbers, and the beams are bracketted up
from stone corbels newly carved, in imitation of one old one
remaining. My sketch shows how the old stone corbel,
with the old oak block above it, supported the bracketting uf
the beams, and the idea is suggested in the new work. The
interposition of a good strong white line between the red and
green of the decoration is worth noting. Many quaint old
gables are to be seen in the streets of L'Ecluse. It is a sweet
little place, and having got here 1 would advise vou to remain
where vou may live in comfort on five francs a day, and
forget all about Piccadilly.
T. RAFFLES Davison.

———— هه

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

W E think the Coronation picture must be pronounced
an undoubted failure. It would be a great triumph

for a second-rate artist. It may be a fair suc-

cess rendered in black and white, as an historical
record, but as a great picture composition we feel
t to be a failure, and a great disappointment

to the expectations formed of Mr. E. A. Abbey, R.A., its
distinguished author. Our first impression of the picture
was the extreme accentuation of vertical lines in the figures.
Then, when we looked for outstanding emphasis in the cen-
tral figures of King and Archbishop, we felt it very lacking.
And then we could not avoid a feeling that the perspective
of the figures was wrong, or, at least, unfortunate. The
colour effect is the most satisfactory part of all, and the
immense ability displayed in getting our British red into
decent subjection cannot be gainsaid. We suppose we
should be told that the difficulties in the way of an historical
picture are insurmountable, and that the demand for so
many actual portraits in one canvas leaves the artist very
little freedom. We are only playing the part of the humble
critic, but we do believe that dramatic intensity, pleasing
composition, and reality of effect might have been obtained
in such a picture. We do not pretend to say that there is
anyone now living who could do it, though one thinks of
Orchardson, Brangwyn, and one or two more who might be
within the possibilities. What is it that hangs like a pall
over Royal patronage? What can it be that palsies the
efforts of the ablest, when they come to deal pictorially with
these great ceremonies? We suppose that 300 years ago
there was a fair chance of a picture enforcing dramatically
the dignity and splendour of such a thing. as this Corona-
tion, but, somehow, we are fallen on evil times. Never
before, perhaps, could a painter more sympathetically show
a child cramming a dose of mustard down a puppy-dog’s
throat; but in the presence of big things we seem well-nigh
powerless. How is it that the distinguished painter of this
picture has again and again exhibited those particular quali-
ties which are so absent in this historical work ? We went
` to view this picture with the greatest expectation, which we
based on the known abilities of a singularly gifted man. We
have come away bitterly disappointed. |

ESPECIALLY interesting to architects are the galleries of the
Fine Art Society just now, for they contain a number of pencil
studies of charming architectural subjects by Mr. Axel Haig.
and a large collection of his published etchings. The pencil
drawings are perhaps, on the whole, a little disappointing ;
but two of them, Nos. 119 and 121, are almost masterpieces
in their way. Architects cannot fail to be largely interested
in such an exhibition, because of the choice of so many inte-
resting subjects. The collected etchings reveal a large amount
of industry, but also the defect of Mr. Haigs work, its hard-
ness and want of suggestiveness. One has only to compare
the Toledo Cathedral interior, 154, with the rest to realise how
vastly superior it is to them in its sense of mystery and sug-
gestiveness. Nos. 160 and 168 also stand out conspicuously
from nearly all the other prints for their greater breadth and

dignity.

7 _ OCTOBER 28, 1904] | o THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 311

- -一 一 -一 مہ‎ _

instinctive or acquired principles of work, the inspiration of
the born artist is often wasted or nullified. It is surely wise
to come to an early and a definite realisation of the real
necessity for understanding the why and the wherefore of
successful ornament and decoration. As Mr. Day says, it
Is strange there should be any occasion to insist at this date
upon the necessity of knowledge, and to combat the com-
mon superstition that the artistic faculty, because it is in-
born, is all sufficient. We could find endless quotations
from Mr. Day’s book to prove its value (we give two of its
illustrations, by permission of the publisher), but it is a book
which all who have anything to do with designs of any form
will be the better for possessing, and one will suppose that
all such will be wise enough to spend 8s. 6d. in its purchase.

retrogressive, and tending to undo the work of twenty-five
years back. What on earth is the good of certain members
of the profession holding out for the legitimate rewards of the
profession if other members, and especially if societies, go
behind them and stultify all their efforts in this way. غ1‎ is
nothing but business greed, we consider, to cut down prices
in this way, so as to get more work. If the public are
unwilling to place a five-per-cent. value on good architectural
advice, they ought to go without it. We have always felt it
was a spirited action on behalf of the profession when a dis-
tinguished architect risked the loss of a great Government
work by refusing to make any abatement off the proper five
per cent. commission. Fortunately for himself, his proper
regard for the status of the profession did not lose him the
work, but a weaker man would have agreed to a reduction
through fear of its going out of his hands. Where, we
should like to know, is an architect ever going to score if he
does not occasionally get work of a sort which enables him
to earn some balance of profit out of the five per cent. com-
mission? Is he always to be screwed down to the level of
the profits of a greengrocer? Do the attainments necessary
to the endowment of an even fairly-equipped professional man
merit no more return than a living wage? If so, architecture
will have to be left to builders and quantity surveyors. A
man does not devote years of labour and special gifts to a
profession in order that he may be occupied all his life in a
heavy fight with tradesmen and tax-collectors. He should
have a reasonable prospect of earning a modest competence,
at least, and more than that, we know, is hardly ever possible
to the architect. We have heard it stated with bated breath
that a certain architect had made some twenty thousand
pounds in the course of seven years” practice, as though it
was a piece of the most extraordinary good fortune. We
are more inclined to think that it was most likely the
possession of good business instincts whith insured him this
result, and if it was not obtained by taking Any unfair advan-
tage of brother architects, we can have nothing but congratu-
lation on the result.

WE are glad to note that the fine old carriage preserved at
S. Erth, in Cornwall, and which we illustrated several years

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CHA

WE regret to have to record the death of Professor Kerr,
who was the first president of the Architectural Association
some 55 years ago. He was a Fellow and Emeritus Profes-
sor of King's College, London, and for 42 years district sur-
veyor of St. James', Westminster. He died at the age of
82. One of his chief works was Bear Wood, in Berkshire,
which he designed for the late Mr. John Walter. He will
also be remembered as the author of the “English Gentleman's
House,” the “ Consulting Architect,” and the third edition
of Fergusson's “ History of Modern Architecture.”

8 ۵ 0
۱۱۷/۱8
ہس ==

— P lx $ 2
| NES!

۱ 1

WE suppose few ratepayers will be found to object to 6
rejection of the scheme to rebuild Lambeth Bridge at a cost
of three-quarters of a million. Our provisions for posterity
are numerous and costly enough.

17
۷
M |
7

1
7 ري‎ OM d IN.
i; :

Ir is now stated that the new Palace of Peace at The Hague
is to cost over £800,000, and to be modelled on the design

| of the Palace of Justice at Brussels.

Tue Education Committee of the London County Council
have considered the position of the land surveyor and his staff
under the late School Board, and are of opinion that the
Estates and Valuation Department of the Council can, وه‎
i ， i e of a junior assistant or assistants, effec-
i : f woodwork destroyed by ironwork, from ۶۶ Ornament pe rhaps the assistance o ,
"0+0 سين‎ Application فو سو‎ tively deal with the work which has devolved upon the Council
in connection with the work of the survey of pe for
i E š er
ago, is to find a place in the South Kensington Museum. | educational ده موو سا‎ EE
We understood it to be the property of the Duke of Man- | need to reca او > 1 2 ووو‎ a تچ‎ en
chester. It has been severely handled by tourists, whose ردي‎ S T و : ےت راس‎ ha
-insti Je ^m to steal portions of the leather | salary 15 £,700. | | :
شه سه‎ id: : office as from December 31 next, and ask him to send in
تہ وت‎ his claim for compensation. Three other officers in the de-
| : : partment will be transferred to the Council's Estate and Valua-
Ir is certainly most curious that architects, who are j most tion Department
unfairly treated body, not only fail to stand shout er x ۱
€ improved s he less] out actually
houlder for the improved status of the profession, bu : ۱ ۱ وج(‎
plas into the Hands of forces which are always working In : p کت کت نمو تا وله وم‎
1 It was a wed by the Ulster Society of | kitchens at Peterborough © 1 arches,

hem. It was actually proposed by the \ at | : | | ANA

۷ hitects erdine to the Zrish Builder) that the scale of | for many years have remained bricked up 0
A T has, it is stated, now been opened, and found to contain a

S, |

... 1۳ کش‎ i bo up el f five to three and a :
hiteets’ fees should. be reduced from | e دو‎ he
n p-r cent., in the case of certain classes of work. Mr. | complete window, d en quM ms
po و‎ ， 1 T aie Jrapos s | window measures ıoft. Gin. by sft. glin. 8
Chas. Geoghegan might well describe such a proposal as | window mea

——

[OCTOBER 28, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

312

EEE TE eee

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS. `

CIVIC BUILDINGS, MANCHESTER.

RovLE AND BENNETT, Architects, Manchester.
This building, which is close to the Manchester Town Hall,
was erected for J. W. Makant, Esq. The contract was
executed by Messrs. W. Southern and Sons, of Salford. The
general arrangement is as follows :—The basement is arranged
as warehouse, all well lighted with upright and deck-lights;
strong rooms, lavatories, etc., are provided. The ground
floor contains central corridor and a series of offices, with
strong rooms, eta To Mount Street, and also to corner of
Lloyd Street, shops are arranged. The upper floors are
arranged as offices. The top floor contains lavatory and
closet accommodation, coal stores, etc. Rainhill stone has
been used for external masonry. A stone staircase, with pas-
senger lift, is provided. The turret dome is copper-covered.

PUBLIC LIBRARY, PETERBOROUGH.

Tuis design was submitted in competition by Messrs. Septimus
Warwick and H. A. Hall.

A LITTLE TRIP TO HOLLAND.

RAMBLING Sketches, by T. Raffles Davison, No. 1,383.
(See Article.)

وو ت

SOME NEW STAINED GLASS.

LATELY paid a visit to the large Grecian Doric Church
of West Hackney, completed in 1824 from the designs
of Sir Robert Smirke, with the deep galleries and flat

ceilings of its epoch, when 1 observed some stained glass
inserted there within the last few years from the ateliers of
local artists, Messrs. Cakebread and Robey, of Stoke New-
ington Road, and which appeared to me as deserving of much
praise. This glass, with which several of the square
windows in the aisles formed under the galleries are filled,
is being carried out on a uniform plan, and, as far as pos
sible, in harmony with the surroundings. The general effect
is very religious, and, from the circumstance alluded to
above, very pleasing, the plan of the artist being to place
a single efhgy against a richly-flowered dossal, the top corners
of which are held up by charmingly-treated subjects, and to
surround the whole with a good expanse of white glass, thus
showing that Messrs. Cakebread and Robey are not unmindful
of this important detail in a town church window. As is
proper, a scheme has been drawn up for the series, Old
Testament characters being selected for the northern range,
and new Testament ones for the southern. Of the former,
Isaiah and David are only as vet in position, while of the
latter, the Blessed Virgin and Child, St. John, St. Stephen,
5t. Peter, and St. Paul have made their appearance. The
tinctures and drawing of these figures are alike excellent,
the figure of St. Stephen striking us as particularly felicitous.
For the dossals, against which the figures are standing, the
tones employed are deep and rich, as, e.g., russet-brown,
olive, deep ruby, and blue, and the treatment of the colours
in the wings of the angels are exceedingly well managed and
skilfully blended. When the whole series of windows 1
filled in this manner, the interior of West Hackney Church
will have become one of the most striking of its character
in London; even now it is a most interesting exhibition of
architectura] shortcoming corrected by religious taste.
The east window, a huge square composition of three
lights, presents an interesting specimen of Early Victorian
glass painting—a copy of Ribalta's celebrated picture of Our
Lord bearing the cross, and figures, considerably above life-
size, of SS. Peter and Paul. It was executed at the cost of
the then Rector, Rev. Edward Birch, in 1842, by Holder, of
Gray's Inn Road ; but, from insufficient firing, is now in à most
dilapidated condition. Its removal has long been talked of,
but we hope that, when the time arrives for replacing i
with something better, the old subjects, long familiarised ٥
worshippers at West Hackney Church, will be reproduced. 1
have also been much pleased with some quite recent ۴
ductions of Messrs. Cakebread and Robey, viz. the two
windows dedicated a few weeks ago in St. Pauls, Homerton.
by the Bishop of Stepney, in memory of two poor girls—
Phyllis Eliott and Gladys Chambers—who lost their lives الا‎
the Queen Victoria Street fire of June رو‎ 1902. The windows
are Early English lancets, but the accessories are treated In

—

window is almost on a level with the present path. This,
coupled with the fact that the door leading to the old kitchens,
part of which remains intact in the Palace Gardens, is much
smaller on the outside than on the inside, seems to show that
the surface of the ground has risen three or four feet since
the passage was patrolled by monks. There are, it is believed,
several similar windows in the adjacent arches, which are at
present blocked up.

“THE Architecture of Berlin" was the subject of an illus-
trated lecture delivered by Professor Gourlay before last
week's meeting of the Glasgow Technical College Architectural
Craftsmen's Society. The subject was divided under three
heads :—(1) New buildings in Berlin, including the cathedral,
the Emperor William Memorial Church, the Imperial Houses
of Parliament, the Upper and Lower Houses for the Prussian
Parliament, the national mnoument to Emperor William I.,
the Emperor Frederick Museum, opened on the 18th of this
month ; (2) the Royal Technical High School at Charlotten-
burg, with notes on the system of education there; and (3)
Berlin as a city, its past, present, and future, from an archi-
tectural point of view.

THE members and friends of the Bristol Society of Antiquaries
inspected the few remaining fragments and buildings con.
nected witn Bristol Castle on Saturday. Mr. A. W. Little,
secretary, gave an account of the foundation and antiquity of
the castle, which, at one time, was only second in the king-
dom. The said state and present use of many parts of the
ancient building grieved many present. One of the most in-
teresting spots was the Royal vestibule, with groined ceiling
and pillars, with carved capitals showing the Norman Arch
under which Royal visitors passed on their way to the ban-
queting-hall. Mr. A. W. Little here reminded the party of
its historical associations, and recited the names of those
illustrious visitors who had passed beneath its portal 7
times. When the Dominican Monasterv was reached, Mr. A.
W. Little gave a paper dealing with its history since the foun-
dation in 1229.

* F.R.S." WRITES to the Times as follows:—-" Sir.—Some
years ago, when the proposal was made to submerge Philz and
other temples in Nubia, the general sense of indignation at
such destruction brought about a change of plans ; and it Was
tacitly understood that the reproach of such vandalism was
not to be borne by England. Now it is rumoured that this
understanding is to be torn up, before any public statement is
made as to the steps which will be taken, and that the dam
at Assuan is to be heightened without further notice or justi-
fication. If this is true, it would be a serious breach of what
was believed bv the public to be an honourable compromise ;
and the public are justified in asking for direct information.
1. Is the Assuan dam to be raised? 2. If so, what buildings
will be submerged in Nubia? There is a belief that great
destruction among the few remaining temples that are left
in Egypt will follow such a course. 3. Will any steps be taken
about the many ancient buildings which would be ruined if
they are submerged? Will they all be removed and carefully
rebuilt above the levels of this or any future submergence ?”

Sır Thomas Drew, who has been president. of the Royal
Hibernian Academy since 1900, has been re-elected for the
coming year, and, in returning thanks to the members, he
intimated that he hoped to be able to secure a Roval Com-
mission to inquire into the subject of art endowment in Ireland.

— &— T. .
COMPETITIONS,

LAST WEEK we announced a premium of £25 to be awarded
to the selected design for converting old school premises
at Norwood into a home for aged poor. The date for send-
ing in the designs to the Lambeth Guardians, Brook Street,
Kennington, S.E., is December 2o.

THE question of obtaining competitive designs for new
municipal buildings at Wallsend has been before the Coun-
and whilst there seems to be a good deal of feeling
it is probable that at any rate designs
It is a pity that architects are so often
designs for buildings which cannot be
thev at least do it with their

cil,
against the scheme,
may be obtained.

called upon to supply
afforded, but in many cases

eyes open.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. T

disadvantage of this lies with the formation of carbonic
oxide, which reduces the efficiency of the apparatus since the
formation during the process of combustion, is always accom-
panied with loss of heat. Coal, when burnt for producing
carbonic acid, generates about 8,080 units of heat. When
producing carbonic oxide, it only generates about 2,450 units
or about one-third. This extraordinary diminution of heat
generated ought to be easilv observed, even without the assist-
ance of any instrument, if it took place to any considerable
extent. Professor Meidenger was not able by thermometric
observations to discover a loss of more than 3 per cent. of
heat, but a considerable loss of heat. amounting to more than
12 per cent. was discovered after the iron cylinder was lined
with a laver of fireclay about one inch thick. The explana-
tion of this remarkable difference is easy enough directly we
consider the conditions under which the combustion takes
place, and the behaviour of the fuel. Carbonic oxide is only
formed as a secondary product. Oxygen burnt in contact
with carbon produces. in the first instance, only carbonic acid.
The reduction of carbonic acid to carbonic oxide requires the
action of a great amount of heat. C with Oz generates 8,080
units of heat, C2 with O2 generates onlv 4,900. The differ-
ence amounts to 3,180 units of heat, and that amount of
heat is absorbed in combining CO2 with C to produce CO.
This process requires therefore a very high temperature,
otherwise it will not be possible. -Coke is a comparatively
good conductor of heat, the heat generated bv it during the
process of combustion spreads rapidly through the mass, and
can easily be conducted bv an iron shell to its external sur-
face. If this actually takes place, the amount of heat which
remains behind, and is available for converting. carbonic
acid into carbonic oxide, is onlv small, hence the amount so
reduced cannot be large. But if the firebox be lined with a
non-conducting substance like fireclay, then the heat is kept
in, and the production of carbonic oxide in large quantities
is rendered possible. This result, which was discovered by
purelv physical observations. was confirmed by a chemical
analysis of the products of combustion. A. Buhe, in an
article on "Coke Stoves and the Use of Coke in Them,”
says:--" The lining of stoves with clay, in order to prevent
the iron from becoming red-hot, and thereby to prevent a
dreaded diffusion of carbonic oxide throughout the air of the
room, must accordingly be looked upon as a most senseless
proceeding; in fact, the operation completely fails in its
object as, owing to the products of combustion containing
a much larger amount of carbonic oxide, a diffusion of this
poisonous gas, if it does not take place from the actual seat
of the fire, will take place all the more certainly through
the joints of the different parts of the stove, if not hermeti-
cally sealed. Many stoves are provided with a special lining
which goes down nearly to the firebars, in order to fill up the
seat of the fire. and to confine the actual amount of fuel in
process of gombustion to a certain narrow zone, in the hope
of thereby preventing the formation of carbonic oxide.
According to the above explanation, this lining can be of
only triflins service for such a purpose. H will only prevent
the production of carbonic. oxide at a certain rate of com-
bustion, unless free oxygen be present. If the draught be
strong. an excess of air will be present amongst the products
of combustion, and if the draught be weak there will be a
small amount of carbonic oxide. This special lining is
therefore, as a rule, worthless, and only makes the stove more
expensive, and contracts the amount of space available for
contaming fuel. Moreover, if certain kinds of coal were
burnt, the lining could not possibly be used. The use of
cast iron is to be preferred to wrought iron in construction
for the following reasons: The gases of combustion do not
attack it so readily; it can be made in sections, which are
more easily handled; it does not oxidise so quickly; it can
be made with fewer joints and more easily cleaned; there
are no seams to open with continual expansion and contrac-
tion, One objection often raised to this svstem of heating
is that the injurious gases of combustion can pass through
cast iron when it is raised to a red heat. But as the draught
in a furnace must always be greater than the draught created
bv air ducts. this statement is ridiculous, and if only the
heating surface is properly proportioned to do the work
required it. no overheating is necessary. The chief cause
TII objection has been due to the faet that hitherto it. 5
been the practice in most warm air Installations to over rate
the heating surface, and, in order to gain the necessary tem-
perature it has been compulsory to raise the temperature
of the heating surface to a very high degree, whilst no thought
has been expended on the proper provision for cleaning the

OCTOBER 28,

| 1904) —

the style of the Late Decorated or Early Perpendicular period.
I must confess we are a little tired of this period, and should
much like to see our glass painters once more try their
hands at the Mosaic style of the thirteenth century. At
St. Paul's, Homerton, the lancets are wide. so that there is
no fear of the artist being eramped. or of his being obliged
to introduce an ultra-archaic stvle of drawing, which too manv
inseparably connect with the work of this period. I should
much like to see Messrs. Cakebread and Robey essay this
style, taking as a model the glass in the procession-path of
St. Etienne, at Auxure, or that in the apse of St. Remi at
Rheims. where a band of rich colour is carried down the
centre of the window, leaving a considerable margin of white
on either side.

T. EB.
چ‎

THE WARMING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS.”

(Concluded from Page 307.)

HE first essential is. of course, in designing the building
to provide a heating chamber of adequate size to
contain the apparatus, air storage chamber, filtering

apparatus, etc., and at the same time to allow ample pro-
vision for stoking space and fuel storage. The access to this
chamber should in all cases be directly from the outside of
the building. and entered bv steps from the playground, or
other approved position. An open area, if possible, is ad-
visable, to enable a window to be provided to give good
light, and a coal shoot formed to save the necessity of carry-
ing down fuel, etc. A gulley should be provided to take
away the water from the filtering shaft, and pipes run from
the shaft and connected with the drain. Where a horizontal
smoke flue is necessary across chamber. it should be con-
structed of cast iron, of ample dimensions, and well provided
with doors for the easy removal of soot or other products of
combustion. Immediately below the point where "t joins
the vertical smoke flue a large cleaning door should be
provided, to give access for cleaning the latter. The cast iron
pipe should be covered with non-conducting composition.
In this particular case, a cast iron heater is proposed to be
used, and will occupy a space of approximately 15ft. by 5ft.,
having a heating surface sufficient to economically deal with
the volume of air to be warmed.

As there are 12 class-rooms, the cubical contents of each
being 8,400 cubic feet. and two central halls, each of 25,000
cubic feet capacity, it will be found that providing for a
change of air to meet the necessary requirements of 1.800
cubic feet per head per hour, an apparatus capable of warm-
ing 1,080,000 cubic feet per hour is needed for the class-
rooms, and allowing for a change of air of twice per hour for
central halls, this will add 100,000 cubic feet, making a total
of 1,180,000 cubic feet to be dealt with per hour. The
type of apparatus used for this purpose is principally composed
of secondary heating surface, gilled in such a manner as to
allow the free passage of air over the whole of the surface,
and the firebar area proportioned to prevent the overheating
of the same. 1 have already referred to the apparatus as
being constructed of cast iron, and at this point would like
to deal with an objection often raised as to the dryness of
the air produced with cast iron stove surface. Professor
Wolpert proves over and over again in his thesis on warm-
ing by heated air, that air cannot possibly be dried by any
mode of w arming. no matter of what material the stove mav
be constructed; but. on the other hand, air in proportion to
the extent to whic h it is heated will contain a larger amount
of water in suspension before it is saturated with moisture.
The same amount of air when saturated with moisture at
freezing point will. if raised 10 degrees, require a larger

amount of moisture to saturate it, and will there-
fore seem to be relatively dry. and it is perfectly
immaterial what agent is emploved for raising the
temperature. The increased capacity for absorbing moisture

possessed by the air will produce its effect. and if no water
in a fluid state be present, the air will derive the amount of
moisture necessary to saturate itself from any objects that
may be subjected to its influence. [n order to avoid a rela-
tive dryness of the air, it is advisable to provide humidifving
apparatus suitable ; but this question will be dealt with later.
f It has often been advocated that all fireboxes should be
ined with firebrick, but when it is carefully considered, the

"A paper read by Mr. H. H. Grundv, on the 18th inst., at the Autumn Meeting of ilie
Institute of Heating and Ventilating Éngineers

[OCTOBER 28, 1964

一 -一 一

ARCHITECT. `

一 -一 一 -一 一 -一 一 一 ”一 一 一 一 一 -~ _ ŇU‏ = کے A‏ — ما اما سے یں رٹ

taken place, and a great divergence of opinion even now exists
amongst medical and scientific men. The matter being one
of such great interest, the writer was induced to make a
number of experiments, and “arrived at the conclusion that
to obtain the most thorough distribution of air throughout the
room the inlet should always discharge opposite to the coldest
surface. Taking a room with three inside walls and one out.
side, the warm air shaft should be constructed in the inside
wall opposite the exposed one. In this case the exhaust air
shaft should be formed in the same wall adjoining the warm
air shaft. In the case of a room having two outside walls.
the warm air inlet should be situated to discharge from shaft
in the inner wall along one outer wall towards the other
outer wall. The exhaust air shaft in this case should be
situated in the inner wall at opposite end. In the case of د‎
room with three exposed walls, the positions of. warm air inlet
and exhaust shafts should be as described for one exposed
wall only. It has been the general idea to place the exhaust
as far away as possible from the inlet, but practice has proved
that this arrangement has not the same beneficial results.
In the sistem described in this paper, the warm air is ad-
mitted through registers fixed in all cases not less than 6ft.
above the floor line for winter ventilation, a second register
being provided in same shaft near floor line to admit fresh
air for summer ventilation. In the same way two registers
are provided in the extract shaft, one near ceiling and one
In winter time the air is admitted at the
higher level, rises to ceiling, and is distributed in horizontal
strata, having practicallv the same temperature all over the
room at the same level. The exhaust register near the floor
line is now opened, and by the action of exhaust shaft the
air is drawn down, removing all the heavier. gases of vitiation
by this means. It follows naturally that if air is admitted at
a higher temperature than the gases of. respiration these must
necessarily fall, and therefore the above arrangement. has
proved the most successful. The advantage is further exem-
plitied by the fact that vou are in both cases making use of
the vertical column, and thereby ensuring more constant cur.
rents. [n summer time the cooler air is introduced near the
floor line, and, being heavier than the respired air, assists in
its removal from the top of the room.

The question of humidity has now to be gone into, and it
Is oroposed to provide proper apparatus for this purpose in
the warm air generating chamber. It has been the common
practice to. simply suspend a vessel of water of any size
without anv thought as to the quantity of air to be dealt with,
or the percentage of moisture requisite to render the ۲
pleasant. [n the installation I am attempting to describe.
à vessel is provided of such a form that the surface of the
water can be instantly altered by means of a regulator. As

the temperature in the air chamber varies with the required

conditions, so the water surface is altered to suit, it being well
known that evaporation takes place only in accordance with
the surface exposed. 1 would now like to say a few words
on the subject of automatic control of temperature through-
out the building. By the means of thermostats this is easih
accomplished, and has been found to work with most satis
factory results. The form of thermostat most suitable is that
which operates bv means of air tubes connected with a metal
diaphragm divided into two parts. In one is a liquid which
boils at 60 degrees Fah. When the temperature rises above
this point. vapour forms and the diaphragm is expanded.
forcing the air on the other side through the air pipe. This
operates upon another diaphragm, and, in turn, opens or
closes the valve regulating the supply of either warm or cold
alr. ۱

There only now remains the question of the exhaust ar
shafts. and these should be arranged in the position as e
described. Experience has proved that they should be 0
the same arca as the warm air inlet shafts, and the registers
proportioned in accordance. As a still further aid to their
efiicienes, it is proposed that they should be connected In
means of metal ducts in the roofs to one common shalt
through which the smoke flue is carried. This will al all

‘cat work. or
umes induce an up-current where the apparatus Js at work.

in summer time a fire can be arranged. at the base to alwais
maintain a temperature which will serve to keep this asp
rating shaft at a sufficient heat to ensure the quantity of air
passing through. A very successful arrangement is to prov! ;
a cast iron flue, and to carry it inside a brickwork shaft ©
sufficient area to deal with the total area of exhaust an
Unfortunately, time has prevented my going more closely in

: “e will afore
details with regard to areas, surfaces, etc. ; but it will añor

near floor line.

314 THE BRITISH

air chamber or screening the cold air in its passage from the
outside to the warm air generating chamber. The conse-
quence has been that innumerable dust particles have been
conveyed into it and literally burnt, thus accounting for the
so-called parched and unpleasant odour often attributed to
the air. In the majority of cases that have come under obser-
vation, it has been found that no inspection door has been
provided to give access to the air chamber, and, in conse-
quence, the apparatus has been at work for vears, until a
thick deposit of dust has accumulated on the heating surface,
with the result that, when warmed, it emits an unpleasant
smell.

We should not think of neglecting to well Aush our sanitary
appliances at home, why therefore do we neglect the all-
necessary dutyot keeping free from impurity our air supply.
which is the breath of life? In the installation I am describ-
ing, the air is introduced directly from outside the building
by means of air-ducts. constructed of either glazed stoneware
pipes, or brickwork carefully cemented inside to a smooth
face, to 3110160 every facility for a rapid transmission of air
and to minimise frietion. Experience has proved that it is
advantageous to take these trunks from all sides of a building
wnere practicable, and. in an instance such as above quoted,
to collect them into one common shaft situated so that the
cold air supply to the apparatus can be easily effected. 1n
this shaft it is proposed to place three screens of perforated
zine, carried on runners, so that one or all may be removed
for cleansing purposes. Taking into consideration the area
of the shaft necessary for the supply of air. these screens
are so proportioned as to allow the full complement of air
to pass. This arrests the passage of the dust particles,
and. in the case of town installations, a large quantity of
carbon in the form of sont. Added to this it is proposed
to instal a filtering sprav, Ze., in the main cold air shaft a
water spray is provided, discharging water in the finest spray,
reaching all sides of the shaft. The result is that all the
dust particles. are arrested and thrown down through the
agency of the water into the gulley below, and thence con-
veyed to the drain. Further, the sprav discharging down-
ward partially helps to induce a current of cold air. Whilst
on this subject, it ts as well to refer to the proportions of
cold air supply to. meet the requirements of the warm air
ducts. Allowing for a discharge into rooms through warm
air registers at the rate of .اگ‎ per second, and making proper
provision for the old air supply, it has been proved that the
proportion of cold air, taken on a basis of 32 degrees Fah.,
should not be Jess than 80 per cent. of the total area of
outlets. To deal with the necessary volume of air supplied
to warm t to Its proper temperature and to discharge it into
the spaces to be warmed, demands most careful calculation,
both with regard to exact areas of ducts and shafts, as also to
heating surface in the apparatus. By calculating separately
the losses taking place through walls, windows, floors, roofs,
doors, etc., and allowing a factor for the different materials.
we arrive at the loss of heat throughout the building. Added
to this, we have to allow for the loss of heat by the air
allowed for ventilation, and this added to the former gives
us the total amount of heat required per hour. Knowing
the value per square foot of surface in the apparatus, it is
easily calculated what number of heat units are required to

vive the necessary result. and thereby the surface is propor- ，
uive À u

. ۰ I
I have referred before to the air discharged through

tioned.
the registers. This should never be allowed to move more
A he] =

rapidly than sft. per second. The question will probably be
asked how. in the event of a sudden rise in temperature such
as we so often experience in this country, and with the appa-

ratus working to give definite results on a lower temperature, |

is a great increase prevented in the class-rooms?2 This is

easily accomplished, two methods being employed. AIL:

; : er
me great pleasure to make this the subject of a future pap

warm air-ducts. where they leave the air generating chamber,
are formed in duplicate; that is to sav. they have a separate
opening from the cold air chamber. and are provided with
a double swing valve, so that, when opened in one direction,
the cold air is entirely excluded, whilst it can be so regu-
lated as to admit warm and cold air in any proportion. This
ic done by the attendant, or by means of thermostats. By
this means the temperature of the air may be regulated without
affecting (except to the slightest extent) the volume of air
delivered.

Having dealt with the necessary heating surface, the source
and supply of fresh air, the quantity to be warmed and dis-
charged per hour into the rooms, I now wish to deal with
the position and arrangements of the ۷۰۱ gratings Or registers.
This is a subject upon which almost endless discussion has

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98. LANCÑ3GTEIRR?, W

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THE PRITIDM ARCHITECT. OCTOBER 28 TH 1904 COPYRIGHT.

PYBLIC LIBRARY
PETERBOROVOM ` `

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كلاس و مهدا‎

DESIGN BY

حح —

—

The annual dinner was held on April 22, at De Keyser's
Hotel, London, when the president, Mr. Walter W. Thomas,
was supported by a large number of members and guests,
and a very successful evening resulted. On June 18 a field
day was held at Coventry, under the leadership of Mr.
Tickner, of that city, Mr. A. E. Pridmore, vice-president,
was in charge of the party, and took the chair at the
luncheon; at which several of the City Councillors and clergy
and other prominent citizens were present. The supply of
assistants is far in excess of the demand, and those who
require help cannot do better than make enquiries as to suit-
able applicants. "The employment register does useful work,
and, with a few exceptions, has been able to supply suitable
candidates for every vacant post placed on the list. |

Among the names of candidates for election on the register
of students occurs, for the first time, that of a lady, Miss
Annie Hall, of Cheltenham, a pupil of Mr. T. Overbury, of
that town. ۱

Your council has given careful and prolonged consideration
should have its own scale
of charges and form of contract, and has come to the con-
clusion that, while the present generally acknowledged sca!e
Is open to. improvement, duplication in this case would lead
to considerable misunderstanding and difficulty, and that with
regard to a form of contract, no better basis could be tcund
than the form recently agreed upon by the 1.83.4. and the
Institute of Builders, after negotiations extending over sume
years.

During the past year further additions have been made tc
the reserve fund, which has now reached a total of ور‎ 1,000.
The auditors' report and balance-sheet will be presented at
the November meeting.

The following are the officers and council elected for the
ensuing year:— President, Walter W. Thomas, Liverpool ;
vice-presidents, A. E. Pridmore, London; C. Gard Pye,
London ; hon. secretary, Ellis Marsland, London ; hon. corre-
spondence secretary, W. R. Mallett, London; hon. treasurer,
B. R. Tucker, London ; hon. librarian, R. C. Bare, London.
Council: G. E. Bond, Rochester ; C. Cole, Exeter ; J. W.
Frazer, Newcastle; H. Knight, London ; F. W. Macey,
London; T. G. Price, Birmingham ; W. W. Chancellor,
Chelmsford ; A. Curry, Jersey ; J. C. Jackson, London ; E.

Leest, Devonport; D. Morgan, Cardiff > R. F. Vallance
Mansfield. |

.سس

THE ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION
IRELAND.

وه

Te opening meeting of the Session was held on the

18th inst., in the new premises, when the president,

Mr. J. H. Webb, delivered the following address: We
are gathered together to-night for the first time in our new
abode, and I thought that it might be well to
stating for the information of those who do 1
circumstances that led up to our acquiring these premises.
As most of you are aw

i are there has been a general feeling
for some little time

ti would be
advantageous, if it could be managed without unreasonable

outlay, to have premises entirely devoted to the purposes of
the association, could not only hold our
usual fortnightly general meetings, but which would also be
available for our classes and lectures, or for anv other pur-
pose which might be developed; and further. it was thought
that possibly such development might receive a stimulus
from the very fact of it being known that premises were
available. From the time of the inauguration of this asso-
ciation we have heen dependent for a home on the kindly
hospitalitv of Sir Thomas Drew, who has also been our
benefactor in other Ways. Not only have we at all times
had the benefit of his experience and advice. but having
given us the use of a room at his offices at 22, Clare Street,
he also placed his library at our disposal for reference pur-
poses. In fact, I may say that without his help the asso-
ciation could hardly have gone on. But for the last year
or two we have felt that the A.A.I. was becoming too
sturdv an infant to be living on the bounty of a benefactor,
and many suggestions were made as to the best way to pro-
cure rooms. One suggested that we should combine theory
and practice and put on several squads of enthusiastic. stu-
dents to build a palatial residence on some urban back
garden, but somehow the artisans did not come up to the
scratch, so it was not until the régime of my immediate
predecessor that a practical scheme began to

materialise.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

ا اک ——r—r‏

to the suggestion that the society

OCTOBER 28, 1904]

the foregoing has created any interest amongst the members,
My main aim is, and always will be, to advocate the provision
of a proper air supply, which must be temperately warmed
before admission, robbed of the greater portion of its impuri-

ties, and introduced in such a way as to produce no unpleasant
results.
—— 9 ————————

THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

ROM the 2oth annual report of the council, read on
E October 20, we take the following :—During the past

twelve months the number of applications for
membership has been above the average, resulting in the
addition of 53 names to the roll under the following head-
ings:—Members 33, hon. members 3, Students 15. On the
ether hand, 32 names disappear from the books. There
are now nearly 6o students' names on the roll, and to avoid
tne necessity of a studentship lapsing before the student was
of the required age to qualify for full membership, the age
limit has been raised to 28 years, but this regulation does
net prevent the student taking advantage of the entrance
examination before reaching the new age limit. As intimated
in the last report, it became necessary, owing to changes
taking place at St. James's Hall, for the society to find fresh
heacquarters at somewhat short notice, and early in the
session, suitable premises were found at Staple Inn Buildings,
Holborn, of which possession was taken last December. The
accommodation then consisted of ground floor offices, with
the use of a hall on the first floor for the meetings, etc. ;
hut it soon became evident that the society was cramped for
want of room, and additional accommodation was secured on
the second floor, where a room has been set aside for the
use of the members as a reading-room and library. The
reading-room is supplied with the professional journals and
papers, and writing materials are also provided. It is com-
fortably furnished, and fitted with electric light, and is in com-
munication with the clerk's office on the ground floor, where
there is a telephone. These facilities offer many advan-
tages to the members, particularly those residing at a dis-
tance, and who may require some central place for business
Purposes when in Town ; to such as these it practically affords
a London address and office accommodation. It is hoped the
time is not far distant when the society will be justified in
considering the question of permanent headquarters of its
own.

The council has referred to a committee the question of
extending the present small collection of books, and the
formation of a library more worthy of the society, and is of
opinion that the society's requirements will best be met for
the present by obtaining a number of modern technical
works necessary for the use of the student and the experienced
practitioner, the majority of the books to be available for
circulation among the members. Several members have
already expressed their sympathy with the scheme by making
donations in money or books, and it is hoped that every
member will co-operate, as by this means a library more in
accord with the society's needs may be brought together.
The council appeals to the liberality of members to assist in
supplying the necessary volumes.

The past twelve months has witnessed an agreeable change
in the attitude of the R.I.B.A. towards registration, and your
council, for the present, has adopted a waiting and watching
policy, to ascertain whether the senior architectural body will
proceed with the question to which it is now practically
pledged. The 4 appointed early in the year a com-
mittee to consider the question of registration, but before it
had issued any report the annual election of officers took
place, with the result that a majority was returned in favour
of the principle of registration, and your council is patiently
awaiting the result of this change of policy. In the mean-
frme. the Registration Bill. promoted bv this society, has
been carefullv revised, and again placed in charge of Mr.
Atherley-Jones, K.C., M .P., being set down for second read-
ing in June last, but, owing to its position in the ballot, was
not reached. It is, however, Satisfactory to find that the
measure is gaming the approval of many members of Parlia-
ment. Half-vearly examinations have been held in London
and Manchester, the arrangements for the latter having been
undertaken by Mr. T. Cook, the local hon. secretary. The
number of candidates has been double that of last year. and
for the first time since its institution the gold medal of
the society has been secured, the winner being Mr. W. D.

Jentins, of Llandilo. |

[OCTOBER 28, 1904

but I think our institute ought to be encouraged by every
means in our power to establish an examination of its own
Until that is done our younger members have not got any
special, tangible object to work for, and, like school boys,

.| am afraid, it is no use preaching to them that it is for

their eventual good to work on. There are 7 things
that cannot be learned by going through the routine of an
architect's office which it is nevertheless necessary to know,
such as the history of architecture and facility in sketching.
As was pointed out by a former president, there is nothing
so good for teaching design and construction as sketching.
If. you look at a building, or a window, or some such object
and then go away and try to reproduce it from memory, you
will find you have forgotten many of its most necessary
features, but if you sit down and try to draw it, no matter
how badly, you will find long afterwards you will remember
the outline and details quite readily. That, I think, to an
architect, is the real use of sketching apart from the record
which such a drawing gives for future reference. I have
rather an objection to an architect posing as a third-rate
artist, as far as the brush or pencil goes, for after all with
us drawing is only a means to an end, and not, as in the
case of an artist, the end itself. If you could imagine it
possible for a man to so describe or specify a building as to
make it capable of being erected, and the building when
erected was suitable to its purpose and pleasing to the eye,
and if he could do this without a single drawing of any kind,
surelv that man would be as great an architect as he who
would describe a building by means of the most beautiful
drawings? But, be that as it may, there is no doubt that
you can impress an object much better on your memory
bv drawing it than by merely gazing at it and trying to re
collect its peculiarities, and it follows that if vou can wield
the pencil with facility and ease, vou are much more likeh
to spend vour spare time sketching than if your efforts have
to be labelled to tell what thev are. Now, it is surprising
how quickly one can get into the way of it, and what a
pleasant occupation it is, especially if you are accompanied
by kindred spirits such as one meets on the little excursions
organised bv this association. Also a friendly hint some-
times saves one much tribulation, and I may tell you that
amongst our members there are not a few who can hold their
own with the best.

Students are often shy about joining a class or design club.
or even dont like to show others their attempts at sketching,
and, of course, it is only natural that they should be, especially
at first. but if they once take the plunge they will likely find
that they are just as good as the next man, and perhaps
better. ;

We who have had the privilege of being born in this cit?
have been brought up, as it were, in an architectural atmos-
phere. We are conversant from our boyhood with fine
examples of classic work, erected, I believe, mostly in the time
of Grattan's Parliament ; surelv, therefore. we ought to have د‎
in our blood to do good work if we get the chance. Unfor-
tunately, it seems to be the opinion of not only our neighbours
but of our own public that there is not such.a thing as an
architect to be found in this country, so that whenever 2
building of any style or magnitude is to be erected, a foreign
“expert” is emploved, and sent touring the kingdoms and
the Continent examining examples of the work he is supposed
to have at his fingers’ ends. It is for us to make such a state
of things impossible bv using every means in our power to
perfect ourselves in our art, and thereby showing our country
men. by means of competitions or otherwise, that there are
men practising here equal to any.

If the pubfic onlv really knew and understood. even now
things would not be so. Í truly believe that a client will get
better and more loval service from a qualified local architect
than from one that has been imported, also the practice o the
profession is purer in this countrv than elsewhere, and that 15
one of the things for vou, coming men, to look to. to uphold
that standard of upright, fair dealing and honesty. that incor
ruptibility, which has been established by our seniors, espe:
cially in this city. An architect is employed by his client and
is paid by his client to give him the benefit of his technica
knowledge and experience. and to protect him from those
who might take advantage of his inexperience. Sometimes
even vou have to protect him from himself. The days wen
an architect made a sketch and was finished are gone. MW
he has to be half a solicitor. with a knowledge of the law.
so as to keep his emplover out of difficulties. He often has
to practically arbitrate between the proprietor and the builder;

324 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

Well, now, gentlemen, having provided ourselves with a
home, what do we intend to do with it? Of course we will
carry on our classes and lectures as heretofore. We hope
shortly to form a museum in one of the rooms on the lower
floor, in fact some specimens of timbers and stones were
gathered together some years ago by the then secretary
(gentlemen, we have been very fortunate in our secretaries),
which, I believe, will be forthcoming, and the committee
have also many ideas to work out.

I do not intend to-night to enter into a long dissertation
on things in general, or to detain you with an address on
nothing in particular, but it is our custom at the beginning
of a session to review, as it were, the position we stand
in, and also, perhaps, the general situation with regard
to architectural education. Of course, primarily, we exist
for the purpose of architectural education. Our mission
is to endeavour to implant in every student a knowledge
in what in past ages, and from period to period up to the
present, have been considered the best methods of construct-
ing and adorning the houses the people lived in, and the,
temples raised to the Deity, together with any other struc-
tures erected by man. If we can get that into a youths
head we are satisfied to let him go on his way and try to do
better, if he can. I often think that we ought to be proud
of our mission. We are endeavouring to teach the coming
man to do good to his tellow-man. As some one has said,
he would not be a doctor and live by people's ills, nor would
he be a lawyer and live by their quarrels, and certainly he
could not be a clergyman and live by their sins. Well,
gentlemen, 1 think he might have had a try at architecture,
and have built houses to keep them warm and comfortable.
The two first things a human being wants are food and
shelter, and it is the architects province to provide the latter
in the best known form.

At the present time, on the other side of the Irish Sea,
they are trying to formulate a scheme by which all existing
schools of architecture will be brought under the super-
intendence of a head board or governing body, which board
will be in close alliance or affiliation with the Royal Institute
of British Architects, and, as a matter of fact, will consist
mostly of Fellows of that body (at least that is the proposal
of the Royal Institute of British Architects). As your
president 1 was nominated by the Royal Institute of the
Architects of Ireland to attend a preliminary meeting of the
bcard in London, which I did. I think it may be possible
that some benefit may accrue to the English student, even
possibly the provincial English student, by the operations
of this board, but it is more than doubtful that it will be
of benefit to us. Our circumstances and surroundings are
so entirely different to those across the water that any set of
conditions or requirements suitable for England would be
altogether unsuitable for us. No, gentlemen ; what we want
is a little self-reliance, and not to be afraid of a little trouble.
It is a matter of common knowledge that we have the
ability, but we want a little more self-conceit. We are too
modest, and inclined to think that others can manage our
aftairs better than we can ourselves. What I consider we
ought to do, and I know there are others who think with
me, is to follow up our policy of last year and endeavour to
persuade our own institute, the Roval Institute of the Archi-
tects of Ireland, to formulate a proper and suitable examina-
tion, an examination based on the knowledge required
by an architect practising in Ireland, such an examina-
tion as could be passed by one of our leading architects with-
out it being necessary for him to read up a lot of extraneous
subjects and certainly an examination without catch ques-
tions. Gentlemen, I think there is no body fitted to draw
up and work such an examination, but an Irish body; and
no body in Ireland so fitted as the Council of the Roval
Institute of the Architects of Ireland.

Then, gentlemen, we have to do our part. It is for this
association to teach the student and prepare him for that
examination. Mind. I do not mean to cram him; far from
it, If the examination is such as I hold it should be, he will
acquire at our classes and lectures the knowledge requisite
for the practice of his profession, and it should be our aim
to see that our lecturers present the subjects in such a way
as not to be retained for a little while and then forgotten.
Do not think that this is the idle dream of an enthusiast.
The principle of having an examination has already been
agreed to and passed by a general meeting of the institute,
which action as we know has placed that body in rather a
difficulty with the British Institute, to which it is affiliated,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

OCTOBER 28, 1904]

_ 325
s‏ جات تب III A I iii ia‏ جر ی 7ب ”باب 2 رج سک ہک کت AAA‏

the late John M'Ausland, of the firm of Messrs. Denny, ship-
builders, and there was unveiled a bust in bronze of the
founder and benefactor of the institution.
the studio of Mr. W. Grant Stevenson, R.S.A., Edinburgh,
and is placed in the entrance hall on a pillar of scagliola.

Mr. James M. Thomson, York Place, Edinburgh, was the
architect.

The bust is from

Tue ceremony of laying the foundation-stone of the new Town

Hall in the Market Place, Leigh, Lancs, at a cost of £,30,000

for building and furnishing, and £10,000 for land, was per-

formed on Monday. The building, which will be in the
Renaissance style, and of three storeys, with an attic storey,
will comprise, in addition to offices for the various ofticials,
a council-chamber, two committee-rooms, and a large mayor's
parlour. Messrs. R. Neill and Sons, of Manchester, are the

contractors, Mr. J. C. Prestwich, of Leigh, being the architect.

ON Saturday the Bishop of Southwark laid the foundation
stone of the Church of All Saints, Tooting Graveney. The
project is due to the bequest of the late Lady Charles Bruce,

who, at her death in rgor, left a sum of over £100,000 in

trust to create a new ecclesiastical district, and build a church
for it in London as a memorial of her husband. The scheme

includes a church in the 14th centurv Gothic style, with an

east-end chapel for daily services, a vicarage connected with

the church by a cloister, and a parish hall, clergy house, and

workmen's club, these last being built on three sides of a

Mr. Temple Moore, of 37, Old Queen Street,
S.W., is the architect, Mr. Sherwin being the builder.

THE foundation-stone of the Epileptic Homes being estab-
lished by the Guardians of Manchester and Chorlton, was laid
The site, which has an area of 168
acres, cost £13,267. Plans were originally drawn for an
establishment capable of accommodating 370 idiots and im-
beciles and 330 epileptics, 700 in all, at a cost of over

4,187,000, Messrs. Giles, Gough, and Trollope, of Craven

Street, London, being the architects. But it was deemed in-
expedient to incur such a considerable expenditure, and it was

decided to only proceed at the present time with the adminis-

trative block, which is to be constructed on a scale to meet
developments, and six homes for epileptics, three for each sex,
each capable of accommodating forty people, making a total
of 240. The cost is estimated at £78,500. |

THE Newcastle-on-Tyne new art gallery, which was opened
recently, has been built at a cost of £30,000. The expense
was defraved by Mr. Laing. a local merchant, to commemo-
rate a fifty vears successful business career in the city. The
first exhibition is of works by the British school, valued at
over a quarter of a million, obtained on loan. The building
is two stories in height, forming a hollow :quare, the ground
floor consisting of a large entrance and sculpture hall, and
three lofty art or museum galleries extending through behind
the public library, and lighted from a central court ; the upper
floor being entirely taken up with top-lighted art galleries, four
in number. The main facade is to Higham Place, and the
corner formed with the library at the south-east angle is
occupied bv a lofty tower. which contains the grand staircase.
The staircase is reached from the sculpture hall, the main
entrance to which is about the centre of the Higham Place
front. At the north end of the buildings are provided recerv-
ing-rooms, a private staircase, and a picture hoist. The
design externallv, carried out in polished ashlar, is Renais-
sance in style, the ground floor forming a rusticated plinth
the same height as the librarv. The ventilation is on the
Plenum system. The architects were Messrs. Cackett and

Burns Dick, and the contractors Messrs. J. and W. Lowry, all
of Newcastle.

THE new Calvinistic Methodist Chapel at Penmaenmawr,
which was opened the other day, has been erected by Messrs.
P. Connacher and Co., of Huddersfield, from the designs of
Mr. J. S. Coverley, local architect, at a cost of £6,500.
The building, which is planned with nave and transepts,
provides seating accommodation for 650 (including 130 in the
gallerv.) The pulpit was made bv Messrs. Harn Hems and
Son, Exeter, and the seating was put in by Messrs. J. Owen
and Sons. Liverpool. The floors throughout have been laid
with wood block, the flooring being by Messrs. Burgess and
Co., Liverpool. The glazing throughout is of lead lights,
and manufactured by Turner and Co., St. Helens. The

À‏ هیپ لل ۷ سج . GALIA‏ د

quadrangle.

at Langho on Tuesday.

therefore, unless he is an honest, trustworthy man, he is worse
than useless.

^ This association is made up of men of all shades of political
opinion and religious opinion, and I think, as far as that
goes, we are a model that our countrymen would do well to
follow. Each one is equal in all respects to the other, and
no man thinks of questioning his fellow's right to be heard on
any subject within our scope. Therefore, what I say is a per-
sonal opinion.

I do not see why Ireland can have schools of medicine, a
school of law, schools of divinity, schools of engineering,
dental schools—in fact, schools of everything, and not a school
of architecture. 1 do not think it can be said we have not
enough students ; their numbers makes me quake. We cannot
expect to commence in the position that has been reached by
others after half a century ; but, surely, we can make a be-
ginning. Cannot we make a start and leave it to our suc-
cessors to carry on the work from generation to generation if
necessary? Great things have small beginnings. We can
hardly expect to be recognised at first throughout the world as
a first-class educational body, or that the diploma given by
the Institute will be taken as an absolute guarantee of com-
petency, but we can look forward to such things coming to
pass in the future, and 1 fully believe that that future will not
be found so far ahead. Let us have a little belief in ourselves,
let us strive to better the condition of architecture in this
country, let us look forward to that time when the profession
of architecture will be on the same footing as medicine or
law, and the unqualified, incompetent practitioner unknown
in the land. Why cannot we try to do these thing for our-
selves, instead of waiting with our hands folded until others
give us alead? Gentlemen, I believe we can do a great deal
to improve our position, and that if we hold up our heads
and have a little self-respect, that we will be supported not

only by our fellow-citizens, but by the public of Ireland.—Zrish
Builder.

— U A
BUILDING NEWS.

THE Gloucestershire County Council have agreed to erect two
additional blocks for the reception of patients at the Second
Asylum, Barnwood, near Gloucester.

PLANS of a free public library, to be erected in Victoria
Avenue, Southend, have been prepared. The cost is esti-

mated at £7,300, and the fittings are expected to cost an
additional ‚42,000.

THE London County Council at Tuesday's meeting decided to
erect another lodging-house for men, similar to that now exist-
ing at Deptford. It will accommodate 699 lodgers, and will

be situated at the corner of Kemble Street and Drury Lane,
and will cost over £50,000.

THE historical Parish Church of Clevedon, near Bristol,
which has stood for many centuries, is to be restored at a
cost of £3,000. There will be a new roof and oak seats in
the south transept, which is to be levelled. It is hoped to
alter the position of the organ from the south to the north
transept. Messrs. Collins and Godfrey, Tewkesbury. are

the builders, the architect being Mr. W. D. Caroe, M.A.,
F.S.A.

-—

FURTHER improvements at Balmoral Castle are to be carried
out under the direction of Sir R. Rowand Anderson, of Edin-
burgh, who had an audience of his Majesty three weeks ago,
when the plans were discussed. His Majesty also intends to
build a sanatorium for the benefit of the tenants and emplovees

on the Rovai estate, and other alterations and improvements
are to be carried out.

A NEW wing of buildings in Beech Street, Fairfield, Liverpool,
in connection with the University Hall, was opened on
Saturday bv the Countess of Derby (the president). Professor
Simpson was the architect of the new building, which. to-
gether with certain renovations of the older buildings, has
been erected at a cost of over £4.000. Rooms are provided
in the new wing for 20 additional students, and there are also

other special facilities, including a library, study. and common
room.

COLONEL J. M. Denny. M.P.. last week opened the extensions
to the Dumbarton Cottage Hospital, founded by his uncle,

[OCTOBER 28, 1904

A سے = مب‎ MÀ

essential to the production of pottery, can be obtained
nowhere else.

MosT people are probably unaware, says the Daily Chronicle,
that the Mansion House, of which the first stone was laid on
October 25, 1739, 1s built on piles like a Venetian palace.
This was found necessary because when the old Stocks market
was cleared away for the purpose, the ground was found to be
so full of springs that the foundation could not be laid in
the ordinary way. It was through the ignorant objections of a
Common Councilman that the present unattractive building
was set up instead of one from a beautiful design by Palladio,
“Who is Palladio?" asked this indignant Britisher. "Is he
a freeman? And is he not a Roman Catholic?" So a design
bv Dance was chosen, which included an upper storey now
removed, familiarly known at the time as the " Mayor's nest."
— سس سس وس یب‎

TRADE NOTES.

MR. HENRY SAINSBURY notifies us of his retirement from the
directorate of the company of Msesrs. Sainsbury Bros., Ltd.,
clock manufacturers, Walthamstow.

IN our article the week before last, on Queen Alexandra's
Court at Wimbledon, we omitted to state that the marble
Arrolithic mosaic in the entrances was laid by Arrolithic, Ltd.,
18, Berners Street, W.

Messrs. J. Davis AND Son, All Saints Works, Derby, have
been awarded both a gold and a bronze medal for their
special surveying and mining instruments exhibited at the St.
Louis Universal Exhibition.

A WELL-PRODUCED little catalogue of electric radiators has
been issued by The General Electric Co., Ltd., of Queen
Victoria Street, E.C. The various designs shown therein are
claimed to suit all requirements as regards appearance and
price.

-——

THE Whitstable Trust Schools are being warmed and venti-
lated by means of Shorland's patent Manchester grates, patent
ridge ventilators and special inlet panels, the same being
supplied b Messrs E. H. Shorland and Brother, of Man-
chester.

Messrs. ARCHIBALD RAMSDEN AND Sons, LTD., have given
orders to Messrs. Wm. Potts aud Sons, of Leeds, to erect a
large illuminated. clock, with two external dials, which will
be completed in a few days. at the front of their establishment
in Park Row, Lceds.

Tue latest “ hygiastic " ward stove in the Llanelly Hospital,
South Wales, which has rendered such wood service in connec-
tion with the late railway accident there, has been supplied
by Messrs. Hendry and Pattisson, successors to D. O. Boyd,
Oxford Street, London. `

Messrs. Joun SMITH AND Sons, Midland Clock Works,
Derby, have received an order for a three-dial clock, to I».
placed in St. Patricks Church, Newry, Ireland. 0 be
fitted with the latest improvements, and generally to the
designs of Lord Grimthorpe.

MESSRS. Hopkin AND Jones. LTD.. of Queens Road. Shef-
field, and 63. Finsbury Pavement, London, have issued an
illustrated. catalogue specially devoted to their corrugated-bar
system of fire-resisting floors. Two gold medals have been
awarded this firm for concrete work. Messrs. Hodkin and
Jones also manufacture artificial stone goods, and also design
and execute marble mosaic and terazzo pavings. Separate
catalogues have also been issued for both these departments

THE commodious new underground convenience, situate 1
the Old Kent Road, at the comer of Marlborough Road,
which has been constructed by the Camberwell ۵
Council. has been constructed from the «designs and under
the superintendence of W. Oxtoby, M.I.CE., Borough
Engineer, by Mr. A. N. Coles, of Plymouth, who.
by the wav, is erecting the new ۵ adjoining.
The scheme of sanitation is excellently designed, an
comprises ample accommodation conveniently arrange’
for both sexes, of the latest and best deseription, especial car
and consideration having been exercised in the selection 0
fittings of an improved type. and the introduction of an € ec-

326 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

ceiling is formed to waggon roof shape, pannelled and
moulded in fibrous plaster, and has been executed by Messrs.
E. Cross and Sons, Liverpool. The external walls are faced
with picked and selected local stones, from Messrs. Darbi-
shire, Ltd.'s, quarries. The dressings and weathering are
of Linthwaite stone. The roof is covered with Dinorwic
slates, and two roof extract ventilators have been fixed. The
ventilation generally has been carried out by Messrs. James
Stott and Co., of Oldham. The heating of the whole pre-
mises is by low-pressure steam, and radiators are fitted up in
all the ciass-rooms, this work having been entrusted to Mr.
J. E. Miller, of Liverpool. The whole of the ornamental
railings were provided by Messrs. W. MacFarlane and Co.,
Glasgow. The joinery and carpentry work was carried out
by Mr. John Jones, Island View, Penmaenmawr. The
masonry work was done by Mr. Erasmus Jones, Llanfair-
fechan. The tiling and fience work of vestibule walls and
floor was done by Mr. J. C. Edwards, Ruabon; the plumbing
work by J. Bailey and Co. ; and the painting and varnishing
by Mr. W. Pritchard, of Penmaenmawr. The schools pre-
mises consist of an assembly hall to seat 300 scholars, with
class-rooms, vestries, kitchen, deacon's parlour, etc.

——————————

JOTTINGS.

۵ SURVEYOR to the Walsall Rural Council is required, at a
commencing salary of £175 per annum. Apply by November
gto A. H. Lewis, 29, Leicester Street, Walsall.

AT Monday's meeting of the Evesham District Council, plaus
and estimates of a sewerage scheme for Broadway were
adopted. The amount of the estimate was £3,300.

THE new pulpit which has just been erected in St. Annes
Church, Hessenford, in memory of the late vicar, is of thir-
teenth century design. Its main fabric consists of stone, cut
from the quarries of Caen, to which richly-veined and varie-
gated alabasters, from Derbyshire, have been added, with
effective results. This memorial cost كر‎ 115, and was carried
out by Messrs. Harry Hems and Sons, of Exeter, from whose
studios also came the reredos erected in the same chuch
twenty-one years ago.

THE Skegness Urban Council have received sanction from the
L.G. Board to borrow £10,360 for improvements to the
sewerage system, which includes a new sewer along Dummond
Road, construction of new pumping station, pumping main,
and ejector-chamber, also septic tank and bacterial filters on
the existing sewage farm. — Messrs. Elliott and Brown, the
engineers, of Parliament Street, Nottingham, have been in-
structed to make the necessary arrangements for the work to
be started as soon as possible.

Tue Pembrokeshire War Memorial, in the shape of a Celtic
Cross, which was unveiled last week, was executed from draw-
ings by Mr. A. G. Langdon Kensey, Launceston, on the
advice of Mr. Romillv Allen, and the work was entrusted to
Mr. J. Nicholls, of Launceston. ‘The cross, with the base on
which the names are carved, is of polyhant stone, and is
mounted on a flight of steps, the material of which is Forest
of Dean stone. This latter part of the work was entrusted to
Mr. Havard, of Haverfordwest.

Tug various objects found on the site of the Roman villa at
Harpham, near Burton Agnes, together with the three tesse
lated pavements, have been presented to the Hull Municipal
Museum, by Mr. W. H. St. Quintin. The whole has now been
removed to the museum, under the supervision of the curator,
Mr. Sheppard. ` The coins, pottery, tiles, objects of iron.
bronze, and glass are already on exhibition, and the pave-
ments, including the large one; measuring 17ft. square, will
be on exhibition as soon as it is possible to put them together.
A COMBINATION between the producers of Cornish stone,
thousands of tons of which are used in the potting industry,
has been effected, savs the Manchester Guardian, During the
past few years this stone trade has been far from remunerative,
and a deed of association has now been signed by the various
firms in the trade with a view to increasing prices. The
increase is about 3s. per ton to potters millers, who, in turn,
will be obliged to raise the price to manufacturers. It will
take effect in the new vear. The Cornish stone industry is a
fairlv extensive one, and this particular kind of stone, which is

their intense concentration, put them on the very highest
level as works of fine art. They are about 10 inches by
r5 inches, and almost all presented in a characteristic colour-
mg of light blues, greens, and yellows, with here and there
a note of rich red or brown, to give strength and contrast."
But what a life of splendid effort made this beautiful work
possible! He died in 1849, yet in 1839, only ro years before
his end, his house was burned, and nothing but his brushes

saved, yet, though the long struggle with poverty continued,

his work never lost the freshness and spontaneity of youth.
He said of himself, “It was only when 63 years old that I
Legan to understand how to draw well animals, birds, insects,
fishes and plants." His simple modesty and untiring energy
Of his powers as an artist, we take
the following from Mr. Strange's book: In 1804 he executed

4 gigantic drawing, in Indian ink, of the Deity Dharma;
though i is said to have measured 200 square metres, he
completed it in a few minutes, running backwards and for-

wards, and painting with brooms from a cask of ink. By
way of showing his versatility, he went to the other extreme,
and drew two sparrows on a grain of corn, so small that they
He also displayed
his dexterity by drawing in anv direction, from bottom to
tcp. or from right to left, with his finger, an egg, a bottle,
or even a wine measure. But ome of his most astonishing

performances appears to have taken' place when he was
called to display his skill

before the Strogum Iyenari.
The artist, Tani Buncho, drew first, so as to elicit great
applause. Hokusai followed in the same manner; and
then, on one of the karakami (screen-like doors of paper)
he drew a river of deep blue, and, dipping the feet of a
cock, which he had brought, in red colour, caused him to
walk over it in such a way as to produce a picture of the
kiver Tatsuta, with autumn-coloured maple leaves floating
down the stream. The other artist confessed himself beaten
and astonished, and Hokusai at once became a popular idol.
It is curious to see it recorded as a virtue that such and such
an artist “never painted actors." The actor in Japan was
iGolized as an actor, but, socially, regarded as inferior to
au artisan. In 1810, when Hokusai was very poor, Baiko,
the actor, was anxious to obtain from him a design of a
certain kind of phantom, a class of work for which the artist
was then in high repute. Baiko visited him in some state,
and, on entering the wretched room in which Hokusai then
lived, almost without furniture, without a stove, and carpeted
with dirty mats, he, before sitting down, spread a rug of his
own, on which to rest in comfort and cleanliness, and then
began the usual polite forms of conversation. Hokusai, his
pride hurt by this ostentation, went on with his work in abso-
lute silence, utterly ignoring the presence of the actor, who
finally had to depart, bitterly angry and humiliated. After
a time, however, he again sought the artist, this time humbly
and with many apologies, and so eventually induced him to
accept a commission. Yet at this very time Hokusai's house
bore the inscription, “ Hachivemon—Peasant "!

— THU

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HE competition for St. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh,
is within the memory of many of our readers. It
was generally thought Mr. Street had spoiled his own

chances by trying to approximate closely to the suggested
cost. Sir Geo. Gilbert Scotts design was selected at an
estimated cost of £75,000, but the ultimate cost was about
£110,000. The twenty-fifth anniversary of the dedication
of the cathedral has just been celebrated.

* SoME Consequences of the Norman Conquest," by the
Rev. Geoffrv Hill, is a book of some interest just published
by Mr. Elliot Stock, That part of it referring to old nomen-
clature would interest many of our readers. Thus we hear
of a field called “ Britny,” which points to a Breton origin.
There are several byeways of interest in the book, which is
published at 7s. 6d.

WE have received from the publishers, The Sanitary Pub-
lishing Co., Ltd., of 5, Fetter Lane, E.C., a very useful little
book on “ New Streets: Laving Out and Making Up,” by Mr.
A. Tavlor, M.A., municipal and county engineer, etc., and
author of four other surveyors’ handbooks (price 3s. net). غ1‎
forms a condensed book of reference, with examples of carry-
ing out work under the P.H. Act, 1875 (sec. 150). and the

1 T .
:
ا‎ d o — —— dit اه‎ -=

were beyond all praise

could not be seen with the naked eye.

The boldness and vigour of the

NOVEMBER 4, 1904]

Ee 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一

LONDON: FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1904.

THE CHOICB OF AN ARCHITECT.

UST as in the reaction from the gaudily-tinted views of
the competitive designs of 40 years ago there has
been created a prejudice against the study of build-

ings in perspective at all, so, in the extreme anxiety to avoid
the risk of appointing untried and incompetent men who are
likely enough.to enter the lists of competitions, there is now
arising a restrictive policy which bids fair to limit hospital
commissions to hosiptal architects, school commissions to
school architects, and church designs to ecclesiastical archi-
tects. A further elucidation of the efforts being made to
obtain a suitable architect for new schools at Croydon is
forthcoming in an explanatory letter we have received from
Mr. James Smyth, the clerk to the Education Committee of
the Couty Borough of Croydon. He writes: “You will
notice from the advertisement that the appointment of an
architect for the new schools which my commiitee propose
to build will not be competitive in the ordinary sense of sub-
mitting designs. The committee, in the advertisement, asked
that architects who have within the past five years built large
schools in London or the Home Counties, should forward
particulars of the same. It is the intention of the committee
to visit some of the schools respecting which they receive
particulars."

Now it should be pointed out that the condition of appoint-
ing only an architect who has built ۵ school to accommodate
1,000 or more scholars within the last five years, probably
rules out all the best local architects, but also a large number
of even the best London architects, whilst it practically rules
out all the younger men. We all know the rule that “to him
that hath shall be given," but we are also well aware that the
bulk of those who get the best architectural commissions are
those who are the least fitted to carry them out! It is un-
doubtedly well that the committee should, ^f possible, see all
the big schools executed within the last five vears, for they
may find in them a good deal to avoid. But it does not
follow that those schools provide the summum bonum of matters
scholastic, or is it certain that in any one case the architect
was specially chosen because of his pre-eminent ability. Mr.
E. R. Robson certainly did get to know what to do in regard
to school-planning, and his type of brick-built London school
has never been surpassed; but we hardly know of another
case in which selected official appointment has been so satis-
factory. We very much deprecate this development of special-
ism. We are of opinion that in an open competition where a
really competent assessor is promised, and reasonably liberal
treatment accorded, the committee would secure an abso-
lutely better return for their efforts than by the limited choice
they propose. They are perfectly secured from a bad result
if they have an assessor like Mr. E. R. Robson, either alone
or in collaboration with the president of the institute, and by
open competition they give not only local architects a chance,
but some of the very many able young architects who give
of their best for such a chance of winning a good job. All
the evils of competition are not so great as the limited choice
which is guided and controlled by the worship of mere business
success.

سس ——

A GREAT ARTIST.

VERY interesting book, entitled “ Japanese Colour
Prints,” by Edward F. Strange, has been issued as a
handbook of the Victoria and Albert Museum. The

illustrations, which occupy as much space as the letterpress,
and periods, the human interest in it is considerable, especi-
the book is technically discriminative as to schools and styles,
ani periods, the human interest in it is considerable, especi-
alls in the chapter on Hokusai. Of his 46 plates of Mount
Tuji, Mr. Strange says it is difficult to speak in measured
lenguage. “Ags compositions, they are unsurpassed, and
should for this reason alone form part of the course of study
ci every landscape painter.
drawings, the amazing dexterity of the arrangement, and

[NOVEMBER 4, 1904

328 | THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

A F —A— sWSV-A,-—— WPF V

THE annual conversazione of the Architectural Association
was held at Tufton Street, Westminster, on Friday evening,
when about six hundred members and guests were received
by the president, Mr. E. Guy Dawber, and Mrs. Dawber. A
number of sketches and drawings were exhibited, and music
was a pleasant feature of the evening.

MESSRS. WILLS AND ANDERSON have now been definitely ap-
pointed as architects for the new Chelsea Baths.

Mr. D. B. ALLeY, of Southport, who practised as an archi-
tect in Manchester, has just died, at the age of 93. Mr. Alf.
Waterhouse, R.A., was one of his pupils. The death is also
announced of Mr. F. Smith, J.P., architect, of Manchester.

MR. SAMUEL THOMAS GEORGE Evans, for many years drawing
master at Eton College, died somewhat unexpectedly on
Tuesday in the gallery of the Royal Society of Painters in
Pall Mall. Mr. Evans, who was born in 1829, was 75 years
of age. He studied under Picot in Paris, and afterwards
became a student of the Royal ۰

AT Birmingham, the other day, some graphic demonstrations
of the uses and possibilities of liquid air was made by Pro-
fessor Taylor, at the Gaiety Theatre, before an audience of
medical men and others. Professor Taylor exhibited a metal
vessel of five pints capacity, and remarked that it contained
sufficient of the liquid air to drive a thousand horse-power
engine for an hour, and if he were to saturate some cotton-
wool and coal dust with it he could blow the Gaiety to atoms.
By way of experiment, Professor Taylor petrified some rubber
balls by subjecting them to the influence of liquid air, which
he pointed out was 350 degrees below zero. Subsequently
he froze a quantity of whisky into a solid block, and did the
same with a steak and link of sausage, which had to be
removed from the pan with the aid of a hammer and chisel.
Grapes were similarly treated, and ice-cream produced,
although it was subjected to the heat of a lamp.

THE Art Gallery Committee of the Leeds Corporation met
last Friday afternoon in the Art Gallery, and decided to pur-
chase, subject to confirmation by the Council, several exhibits
in the arts and crafts collection, including specimens of the
workmanship of Nelson Dawson, Alex. Fisher, Anning Bell,
Joseph Hodel, and two or three exhibits from the Leeds
School of Art. among them being specimens of lustre pottery
bv H. E. Simpson and Miss Burras, and an embroidered fan
by Miss Mary Wilson. It was also decided to purchase a
statuette by the late Onslow Ford, R.A., entitled " Peace,"
which had been sent down from London on approval.

À STATUE of Milton was unveiled on Wednesday afternoon at
St. Giles's, Cripplegate, where the poet was buried. The
site of the statue is close to the church porch, and was pur-
chased from the Corporation by the Cripplegate Foundation
on condition that it should remain for ever an open space.
The statue, which is the gift of Mr. Deputy J. J. Baddeley,
chairman of the governors of the Cripplegate Foundation, 1s
the work of Mr. Horace Montford, whose authority for the
portrait is a bust sculptured by Pierce about 1654. The
earliest known possessor of this bust (says the Times) was
Vertue, tne engraver, who described Pierce as "a sculptor
of good reputation in those times, the same who made the
bust in marble of Sir Christopher Wren, which is in the Bod-
leian Library." The next owner of the bust was Sir 8
Reynolds; and finally it found its way vo Christ's College,
Cambridge. Milton's own college, where it is preserved with
other relics of the poet. The pedestal of the statue, designed
by Mr. E. A. Rickards, is inscribed with the words:—
“O Spirit what in me is dark

Illumine, what is low raise and support,

That to the highth of this great argument

I may assert Eternal Providence,

And justify the ways of God to men."
On the eastern side of the pedestal is a bas-relief in bronze
representing the expulsion from Paradise, and on the western
side another bas-relief illustrating a passage in Comus.

His MAJESTY THE KING has been graciously pleased to confer
the title “ Royal " upon The Sanitary Institute, and to signif
his pleasure that the Institute be known as the Royal Sam-
tary Institute.

اخس وښ س e —MÀÀ‏

Private Street Works Act, 1892. It is divided into three |

sections :一 (I) deals with the laying out and general construc-
tion of “ new streets," with an appendix of by-laws relating
to their construction, level, and width. (2) treats specially
of the making up of private streets under powers conferred by
various Acts, with selected enactments and an appendix of

_ the Private Street Works Act, 1892 ; and (3) comprises com-

plete plans, specifications, estimates, and apportionments,
with specimen notices. It is a practical book by an experi-
enced man, and we recommend it to surveyors and others
interested. By the way, the same publishers will shortly issue
a digest of the evidence given before the Royal Commission
on Sewage Disposal, and the conclusions at which the Com-
missioners have already arrived. We know that there will
be a run upon this book.

A SERIES of 160 hitherto unknown sixteenth-century
drawings of Roman buildings, both classical and
medieval, will shortly be published by Messrs. Mac-
millan as the second volume of the Papers of the British
School at Rome. The collection was bought by Sir John
Soane at Robert Adam's sale in 1818, and is now preserved
in the Soane Museum, in Lincoln's Inn Fields. For the
most part the drawings consist of plans, elevations. and
architectural details, and furnish valuable, and often unique,
records of ancient buildings which have since disappeared,
together with much new evidence in regard to contemporary
buildings. The drawings have ben reproduced in facsimi'e
in a series of 170 collotype plates, and are accompanied bv
an introduction, descriptive commentary, and appendices by
Mr. Thomas Ashby, jun., assistant-director of the school.

HERE is a nice exposure of contractors work:—At the last
meeting of Caerleon District Council, Sir Arthur Meckworth
complained of the drainage of St. Cadocs Homes, Caerleon,
and the surveyor was instructed to report. At a special meet-
ing of the Council last week, the surveyor reported that he
had examined the drains, and found them in a terrible con-
dition, there being only three inches' fall through the whole
length of the drains to the sewer. He had informed the
architects of the result of his examination, and they had
replied that the plans were deposited and passed by the
Council at the time the houses were erected. Mr. Rogers
sanitary engineer, said he had examined the drains and had
not found a single joint properly made, and sewer-gas was
continually escaping. He had applied the smoke test, and
in a few minutes the rooms were full of smoke. 1 was
decided to issue a notice that the drains be constructed

according to the bye-laws.

THE Billericay (Essex) Rural District Council resolved on
November 1, as the lack of labourers in the country was
due to great scarcity of cottages, to reconsider the building
by-laws, with a view to permitting the erection of cottages
built of timber and roofed with corrugated iron. Root crops,
it was said, were choked by weeds, as there were no
labourers to be employed. Nearly all the cottages at Wick-
ford that were formerly the homes of aged workers were now
occupied by men in the employ of the Great Eastern Railway.
We should certainly very much doubt the expediency of the
corrugated-iron roofing, but the timber framing, we think,
might be adopted with advantage.

THE Sutton Coldfield Bench on Tuesday expressed its desire
that the essential features and the quaint style of architecture
of the older buildings of the Roval town should be retained
as far as was possible and practicable. The question arose
over an application made by Mr. Charles H. Collett, a Bir-
mingham architect, for the approval of plans for a number
of alterations at the Old Sun Inn, an old-world hostelry in
Coleshill Street, belonging to the Holt Brewery Company.
The suggested alterations provided for reconstructing the bar,
smoke-room, and private apartments, and also for re-fronting
the building, and in his application Mr. Collett said the
trade of the house would by the alterations be placed under
better supervision, and the sanitary arrangements improved.
The magistrates said the building was one of the oldest in
the town, and they hoped its old style of architecture would
not be quite obliterated. Mr. Collett promised to revise his

lans of the front elevation, so as to retain the essential
features of the building, and on this understanding the Bench

consented to the suggested alterations.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. E,

that they should begin at £50,000 there was no response,
upon which he invited offers of £40,000 and £30,000, with
the same result. He was, he remarked, in the hands of in-
tending buyers; but he was acting under sealed instructions,
and he could therefore give no hint as to prices. Subse-
quently he invited bids of £25,000 and £20,000, adding that
he would not go below the last-mentioned amount. No offer,

however, was made for the property, which was accordingly
withdrawn.

, COMPETITIONS.

E understand that 122 designs have been received in
the Wesleyan Westminster Hall competition, and

that Mr. Aston Webb, R.A., has already entered on
his task of examining them.

IT seems that it was left to an architect to suggest that,
though the premiums be awarded in accordance with the
assessor's report, the choice of an architect should be made
independently. At the Wandsworth Borough Council meet-
ing last week, it appears that the recommendation of the
Baths Committee was that the author of the design placed
first by the assessor (Mr. Tiltman) should be appointed archi-
tect, but Mr. Councillor G. A. T. Middleton proposed that
the author of the first design receive the premium only, and

that the appointment of architect should be a separate con-
sideration.

THE monthly meeting of the Handsworth Education Com-
mittee was held on Wednesday, Mr. Thomas E. Forsyth in the
chair. Mr. Alfred Lane, chairman of the General Purposes
Committee, said they had received the assessor's award in
reference to the fifteen plans sent in for the proposed new
schools in Canterbury Road, Birchfield, for 1,300 children.
Thev had not vet, however, gone into the details of the report,
so could not make any recommendation. Dr. Hennessey said
he thought fifty guineas a large sum to pay the assessor for
going through these plans. Mr. Lane said they could not get
an eminent architect to undertake the work for less.

AT Wednesday s meeting of the Benwell District Council, the
public library plans were selected. It will be remembered
that premiums of £75. £40 and £25 had been offered for the
best three designs: The design of Mr. Vernon Hodge, of 11,
Grand Parade, Teddington, was placed first ; and the Council
agreed that the second and third prizes should be shared
amongst Mr. C. Leslie Cox, of 68, Dalkeith Road, Ilford,
Essex ; Messrs. Davison and Gratney, Central Buildings, Wall-

send ; and Mr. G. H. T. Robinson, 27, Queen Street, Wolver-
hampton. I

ARCHITECTS practising im Northumberland are invited by the
governors of Alnwick Infirmary to submit designs for the new
building. Premiums of £100 and £80 are offered, and Mr.
F. Caws, F.R.I.B.A.. has been appointed assessor. Full par-
ticulars, on receipt of a guinea deposit, can be had from Mr.
W. T. Hindmarsh. 26, Bondgate Without. Alnwick, to whom
designs must be delivered by Januáry 24.

THE Carnegie Dunfermline Trust invite designs for a branch
library at Townhill. Full particulars can be had from the
secretarv of the trust at Dunfermline.

THE Warrington. Education Committee invite local architects

to furnish designs for the new * Bolton " schools, to be erected
in Latchford.

۱
| WE understand that the Kilkenny Town Council have decided
| to invite competitive plans for a public library.

Tue Acton County Schools competition resulted in the accept.
ance of a design for which a Jocal tender has been received

for about 4,12.000, whereas £8,000 was fixed as a definite
| limit of cost. | 33

^
N 2

Tue Urban District Council of Ross, Herefordshire, offer
premiums of £50. £25, and £10 for the best sewage scheme,
to be ‘sent in to Mr. E. R. Davies, Albion Chambers, Ross,
bx December 5. |

¡AMONG the recipients of awards at the opening meeting of the
۱ Institution of Civil Engineers on Monday were Major Sir

|
o
|
|

NOVEMBER 4, 1904)

ہس — حي

THE new Manchester water supply pipe, which is to convey
from 10,000,000 to 12,000,000 gallons additional daily from
Lake Thirlmere to Manchester, has (says the Times) begun
to relieve the auxieties of the Manchester Water Committee
appreciably, though it will not be before to-day or to-morrow
that it can be gradually brought into actual use. The fall
is only 2in. in each of the 95 miles' length, and the first water
admitted takes many hours in its passage. Its advent, how-
ever, may obviate further curtailment of the Manchester
supplv, which has been limited nightly for many weeks, owing
to the dryness of the season, while the total quantity at com-
mand from the old works at Thirlmere, Longdendale, and
nearer sources has shrunk, nevertheless, to the calculated
needs of only 18 days ahead.

—

AT the London County Council meeting on Tuesday, upon
the recommendation of the Highways Committee, the sum
of £22,500 was voted in connection with the construction for
electrical traction of tramways along Rosebery Avenue A
tender of £30,700 was accepted for the construction of 4
relief sewer from Cornwall Road, Notting Hill, to Upper
Addison Gardens, Kensington. The Main Drainage Com-
mittee again recommended that the contract for the construc-
tion at Plumstead of a portion of the new southern outfall
sewer should be given to the Westminster Construction
Company at £81,285 in preference to the lowest tenderer
who offered to do the work for 468,377. When this recom-
mendation was before the Council a fortnight ago it was
referred back to the committee. The chief engineer's esti-
mate of the cost of this work was £91,727. In making 7
recommendation, the committee justified their action in pass-
ing over the lowest tenderer on the ground that the firm
had not yet done any work for the Council, and the job in
question was one of exceptional difficulty. Mr. Torrance
now moved as an amendment that the work be given to the
lowest tenderer. Mr. Beachcroft seconded the amendment,
which was rejected on a division by 61 votes to 44. The
recommendation of the committee was then adopted. Upon
the recommendation of the Theatres and Music-halls Com-
mittee, plans were approved for a theatre which it is proposed
to erect at the junction of Commercial Road and Myrdle
Street. The building, which will be known as the Orient
Theatre, will have seating accommodation for 1,887 persons.

Bv order of the High Court of Chancery, the Woking, Alder-
shot, and Basingstoke Canal was offered to sale by auction at
the Mart, on Thursday week, by Mr. B. I Anson Breach, of
the firm of Messrs. Farebrother, Ellis, Egerton, Breach and
Co. In giving particulars of the propertv, the auctioneer
remarked that the occasion presented a unique opportunity
for speculators. The canal, which was constructed under two
Acts of Parliament passed in the reign of George III, was
built at a cost of between £150,000 and £200,000, and it was
opened in 1794. It started in the town of Basingstoke, and,

passing through some of the most picturesque and beautiful
residential. neighbourhoods of Hampshire and Surrey, it

ended at the junction of the river Wey, by means of which
a direct line of navigation was opened to London, a distance

of nearly 7o miles. The canal was about 37 miles long, and

there were 29 locks. The traffic was at the outset very re-

«munerative, but when the South-Western Railway was con-

structed it seemed gradually to “swamp” the canal. 6
were 13 wharves conveniently. placed at important. military

and trading centres; and along the canal were a number of

lock-keepers' dwellings. warehouses, etc.. principally let. The

property. embraced a total land and water area of about 6
acres. .. There were rentals now coming in amounting to £500

a year, and the revenue—the general trading of the company

«was £5,000. He saw no reason why the canal should noi
be carried on to Southampton; and a splendid opportunity
was afforded to the War Office of connecting their waterways
with. the camp at Aldershot. Replying to questions, the

auctioneer stated that the lack of water in the canal about a
month ago.near Woking arose fróm the fact that the receiver

had been putting in a new lock-gate. Under the existing
- Act it was; clearly defined that the canal was to be used for

the purposes of a canal ; but he knew of no difficulty which

‘would prevent a purchaser from obtaining a short Act of
. Parliament to enable him to convert it into a motor track
if he wished to do so. Adjoining property-owners, under
section 1601 of the Act, had the right of pre-emption on
terms. which would have: to be settled. by Commissioners.

He then invited bids for the property. To his suggestion

330 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. [NOVEMBER 4, 1904

س س لے ا i‏ ——

一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 a سس سس ی ا مس سح ات‎
-一 -一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一
—À— eee

Stephens (George Stephenson gold “medal), and Mr. A. Steiger | time —before 4000 B.C.— the prehistoric time, and the period
(Watt gold medal), Professor J. Campbell Brown, of Liver- | of the early historic. These covered about 800 years before
11001 7 premium), and Mr. E. W. de Russett, of Liver- | the time of the pyramid-builders. The interest of it was that
pool (Telford premium). In the student section Miller prizes | it showed how much older art was than bad hitherto been
were awarded to Mr. W. H. Dickenson and Mr. N. M. | supposed. It had always been considered that, because we
Lawson and Mr. H. Middleton (all of Newcastle Association), | did not happen to know anything about these early dynasties
Mr. C. G. du Cane Conrad Gribble and Mr. J. E. Lister (all | of Egypt, therefore there was nothing worth knowing; that
of the Yorkshire Association). art was in a very backward condition. But now, on the
HERES contrary, it had been found that much of the work of this
early period— from about 4800 to 4000 B.C.—was really
the finest work of all. The Egyptian monarchy began at
Abvdos—far removed from the Mediterranean—and at
Koptos, still further removed. This went to show that the
people who came into the country did not come in from the
north; or they: would have founded their capital nearer the
coast. Again, it was very unlikely that they had come froin
Central Africa, because they differed in physiognomy from
the Central African races. It was probable that this early
civilisation at Abydos and Koptos came from the Red Sea;
the desert road from Koptos to the Red Sea was very well
known, and commonly used now. Professor Petrie exhibitei
lantern pictures of the interesting objects discovered during
the excavations at Abvdos. There had, he said, been de-
stroyers before him, who destroved only for plunder. But,
having a specially trained body of men, he was able, by per-
severance, and by turning over some thousands of tons of
rubbish. during a period "of two years, to discover a mass
of material that had been entirely overlooked by the previous
destroyers. The first picture he showed was the famous low-
relief of the elephant, and bulls; and he showed, also, the
tombstone of King Merneit, which, he said, was one of the
few perfect tombstones ; the ebony tablet of Mena; and a
great number of seals, fragments of pottery, etc. 6
showed a remarkable stage of culture possessed by the people.
They understood the glazing of pottery in two colours ; and
the linen taken from the wrappings of a mummy was so fine
that it was even more regular than our English-made hand-
kerchief seven thousand years later. These early Egyptians
had a highly-developed system of accounts; and one tablet
recorded the capture of cattle numbering more than a mil-
lion. There was no vague talking about quantities; every-
thing was numbered by a decimal notation. There were
flint implements, and fragments of pottery which belonged to
a period in Greece long before any found in Greece itself.
Thev had large ships which carried on an extensive commerce,
and the pottery was imported into Egypt from Greece.

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

CRURCH OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW, STAMFORD HILL.
W. D. CAROE, M.A, F.S.A., Architect.
(See Rambling Sketches, No. 1,384.)

IT is seldom we get a new London church of equal interest
to this of St. Bartholomew, which was consecrated on Tuesday
by the Bishop of London. On the long line of the main roof the
junction of the nave and chancel is marked bv a tall, graceful
fléche, and about the main building the outstanding western
porches, the transepts, aisles, etc., are grouped with striking
picturesqueness. The interior shews ۵ nave and chancel
evenly continuous, of 25ft. span, and producing an effect
of great length, with an open timber roof of heavy scantlings.
There is a dainty little morning chapel, with vaulted roof on
detached columns, under the chancel, which latter is well
raised above the nave floor. Altogether this is one of the
most successful of Mr. Caroes many churches. It is built
of red brick,with Doulting and Monk's Park stone dressings.
It is interesting to note that the old pulpit and font both came
from the church of St. Bartholomew's, Moor Lane. They
date from Wren's time, and are rich examples. The re-
arrangement of the pulpit, with the new base stairs, etc., was
the gift of the Bishop of Islington. The wrought ironwork
is by Mr. W. Mylam, of Kilburn. The stalls are executed
bv Messrs. Dart and Francis, of Crediton. The bricks were
supplied by Mr. W. D. Cornish, Houndsfield, Lower Edmon-
ton; and the glazing was carried out by Messrs. Wm. Morris
and Co., Rochester Row, S.W. The contract sum is about
£58,000. The builders are Messrs. Dove Bros.

一 一 -

L'ART NOUVEAU AT THE ST. LOUIS EXHIBITION.

WE reproduce these examples of German design at the St.
Louis World's Fair because they claim to have preserved
the principles of good design, whilst retaining some of the
distinctive character of the new art. Each room is designed
ir all its detail and furnishing by one artist.

——

PENROSE MEMORIAL FUND.

AMERICAN STABLES, EIC.
“DREAMWOLD,” COOLIDGE AND CARLSON, Architects, Boston.

Tuese striking buildings are portions of a great farm estab-
lishment w hich Messrs. Coolidge and Carlson have carried out
for Thos. W. Lawson, Esq., Egypt Mass The immense
iding academy at the top of our illustrations is as large as
Medion Square Gardens, in New York. The building is, | larly appropriate, because Mr. Penrose had first made his
however, surpassed in size by the racing-stable (which we | reputation bv his great work on “ The Principles of a
show in our lower illustration), which is 860ft. long. The Architecture, he had been the first director of the es s
horses occupy the two wings, and all stand facing south. | and had remained until his death an active member o 8
The central building has, on the second floor, recreation- | Managing committee ; and had, moreover, been called in pedi
rooms for the grooms and trainers, library, dining-room, than once. of late vears bv the Athenian authorities to a E
kitchen, re frige rator, and bath-rooms. On the third fonr are | 35 to the preservation of the Parthenon. Moreover, S
dormitories. The carriage-horse stable contains forty stalls. well known that the existing accommodation for the sc 0
The kennels, which we illustrate: are 225ft. long. We have librarv was lamentably inadequate, and that, oid بی‎
seen a large number of American stable buildings illustrated, | 3 building as was proposed would add greatly to the efficiency
but hardly any equal in quality to these of “ “Dreamwold, » | of the school. hino
which are copied from the Scientific American Building An influential committee was formed to carry er
Monthly. ject, consisting of representatives of the British Sc i
1 Athens, of the Hellenic Society, and of the Royal Institute. s
British Architects, the presidents of the Society of Antiquan

HE following letter has been sent for publication:—
After the death, early in 1903, of Mr. F. C. Penrose,
the well-known architect and astronomer, it was decided

to commemorate his work in Athens by building on to the
Students’ Hostel of the British School in Athens a library to

Robert Brown, R.E. (Telford gold medal), Mr. G. H. | been brought to light two long periods before the pyramid
|
bear his name. This form of memorial seemed to be pecu-
|
|

AN‏ نت
EARLY EGYPTIAN BUILDING.‏

T the Literary and Philosophical Society's lecture-hall,
Newcastle-on- Tine, last Monday, Prof. M. Flinders
Petrie, D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., the eminent Egypto-

logist. lectured on “ The Earliest Kings of Egypt.” There
was a very large audience. Professor Petrie said that until
quite recently the pyramid-builders were looked upon as the ( appeal was issued in the name of the committee, and ٥ 1
oldest Egyptians we knew anything of. It was considered | rather more than £400 have been received in subscriptions
hopeless to learn anything of the w vork of Egypt before the | The school can. if necessary, afford out of its own Scat
eke gnats :٥ builders. Rut within the last few vears there had | (including a grant of about £150 from the sisters of the ۵

and the Royal Academy, the British Minister at Athens, the
then directors of the French and German Schools in Athens,
Mr. Cavvadias, Ephor-General of Antiquities, the late Lo

Bravbrooke, Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, Sir
Richard Jebb, Sir William Richmond, Sir Norman Lockyer
Mr. J. D. Crace, and others. It was estimated that the tota
cost of the building and fittings would be about £1,200. An

ARCHITECT. 331

SHEFFIELD SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

MEETING of this society was held on Thursday week.
A Amongst those present were Messrs. T. Winder
(president), Messrs. E. M. Gibbs, C. Pawson, H.
Wilson, H. Nowill, and H. 1. Potter. A lecture was given
by Mr. C. F. Innocent, on “Romanesque Architecture in
England." Mr. Innocent said the architecture of the western
provinces of the Roman Empire was much freer and less
refined than that of the city, and Romanesque architecture
was that. which the Teutonic invaders of Western Europe
developed from the specimens of Roman architecture which
they found. There were two varieties of Romanesque archi-
tect in England—Saxon and Norman. Such energetic
builders were the Normans that very few examples of Saxon
architecture remained, and those were nearly all of the cen-
tury immediately preceding the Norman Conquest. There
were within the Sheffield district 48 ancient churches which
contained Norman work, but only two which contained Saxon
work, viz, Laughton-en-le-Morthen and Carlton-in-Lindrick.
After discussing the formative elements in Englisu Roman-
esque, the lecturer went on to describe Saxon architecture
in detail. He then considered the question of the origin of
our Norman architecture, aud showed that the early Roman
cathedrals in design were based on the church of St. Stephen,
at Caen, which William the Conqueror built as an offering for
his victory at Hastings. Blythe Church, near Worksop, was
au interesting example of the influence of the Caen Church
in this district. Then the lecturer described the features
of Norman style in detail, and traced their development.
He considered that Conisbro Castle was the finest and most
Interesting example of the perfect Norman style in the dis:
trict. Steetley Chapel, near Worksop, was also a most
perfect and beautiful example. The lecturer showed how
the demands of the church authorities for a fireproof roof
led to the use of stone vaults, and he pointed out the various
difficulties of construction which the medieval builders had
to contend with, and which were successfully met by the
invention of pointed arched vaulting. The lecturer finally
showed what architecture owed to the Romanesque designers.
The lecture was illustrated by a number of lantern slides of
great beauty and local interest ; one of the so-called Norman
granges, between Kimberworth and Thorpe Hesley; showed
it was not Norman at all. d
On the motion of Mr. Mitchell Withers, seconded by Mr.
E. M. Gibbs, and supported bv Messrs. T. R. Wigfull and
W. T. Hall aud the President, a heartv vote of thanks was
accorded to Mr. Innocent for his interesting lecture. The
lantern slides were exhibited by Mr. J. Atkinson.

. eene

THE MANCHESTER NEW ROYAL INFIRMARY.

HE Board of Management met on Monday, under the
chairmanship of Mr. W. Cobbett. The minutes of
the Building Committee stated that the committee had

been in consultation with the architects for the new infirmary
(Messrs. Hall and Brooke) as to the suggestion made by Sir
James Hoy that, in order to expedite the payment of the
Corporation's instalments of the purchase money for the
Piccadilly site, the contracts for the new buildings at Stanley
Grove might be so let that vacant possession of the old site
could be given to the Corporation when accommodation for
300 beds had been provided, and before the completion of
the whole of the new buildings. In reply to the committee's
inquiries as to whether some portions of the buildings could
be postponed. without increasing the cost or seriously delay-
ing the completion of the whole, the architects pointed out
lo the committee that, owins to the fact that the new hospital
will consist of forty buildings, the mere postponement of
some of them would not expedite the completion of the re-
maining buildings. They surgested that the most practical
and practicable course would be to let the contract for all
the buildings, and. while stipulating that thev should all be
completed at the earliest possible date, to lay down the con-
dition that all the Oxford Road blocks. the casualties, in-
patents, and laundry blocks, and all the surgical side should
he finished at a given date, and the remainder at a later
date. [n this way it might be found possible temporarily to
use some of the surgical pavilions for medical cases. It was
also reported that Mr. A. Simpson. a member of the Board
of Management, had written urging the committee to con-
sider the advisability of delaving the contracts except those

Their ol ject .

tow

THE BRITISH

NOVEMBER 4, 1904]

Lord Leighton, which they kindly allowed to be applied to
~ 3 purpose) the sum of £600, but no more.

The work is already complete so far as the building is con-
c rned, and the committee have practically settled the ques-
tion of interior fittings, electric light, etc. f

It seems probable, now that the actual accounts or esti-
mates are before us, that the total cost will not exceed
41,150. This, however, means that in order to open the
building free of debt we must raise at least another 4150,
and our object in writing this letter is to invite further sub-
scriptions from friends and admirers of Mr. Penrose or from
those interested in the school on other grounds, in order that
this comparatively small deficit may be made up without
delay. We ought to add that as soon as the project was an-
nounced the Athenian Archeological Society offered, through
Mr. Cavvadias, to present to the library a bust of Mr. Penrose
to be executed by a Greek sculptor, as a mark of the high
esteem in which he was held by Greek archeologists. This
offer, we need hardly say, was gratefully accepted. The bust
will stand on a herm in the vestibule of the library, while a
memorial tablet. with suitable inscription, will be fixed at one
end of the library itself. Opportunity will be taken to fix at
the same time a tablet in the hall of the Students’ Hostel.
recording ıne fact that the books there formed part of the
library of the late Mr. George F inlay, and were presented to
the school by his executor, Mr. W. H. Cooke.

1٤ is intended that the Penrose Library shall be opened,
with due ceremonial, in the course of the Archeological Con-
gress, which is to take place in Athens next spring.

Subscriptions may be sent to the hon. treasurer, Mr. George
Macmillan, at St. Martin's Street, London, W.C., or mav be
paid into the account of the Penrose Memorial Fund at the
London and County Banking Co., Ltd., Henrietta Street.
Covent Garden, W.C. j

We are, your obedient servants.
GEORGE A. MACMILLAN,

CECIL SMITH,
Hon. Secretaries Executive Committee.

لق

BIRMINGHAM ARCHITECTURAL
ASSOCIATION.

R. T. COOPER, president of the above, last Friday
delivered his presidential address. He stated that it
was not the architectural seed they had to fear so

much as the barrenness of the soil in which it had to grow.
Architecture was by no means an altogether lost art, and
there was a sufficiency of the true artistic spirit to be found
could it only meet with a suitable environment to aid its
growth. But in these days all the conditions seemed
adverse. The increase of luxury and the almost universal
indulgence in ostentatious display had necessarily led to the
cheap and nasty, and .vulgarly pretentious erections of the
jerry builder. Mr. Cooper spoke of the prospect of a scheme
for architectural education being formulated an education
that might foster the artistic instincts, while it did not lose
sight of the many-sided responsibilities that crowded in upon
the architect in the carrying out of the multifarious duties
that modern custom had allotted to him. Touching upon
local topics, the president remarked that recently a letter
appeared in the local Press asking how it was that the Bir-
mingham Architectural Association. with others, had not
come forward to prevent the erection in so important a street
as Stephenson Street of such a front (to be ultra Irish) as
the back of the New Theatre Royal. The reply was obvious.
The association had no means of knowing before it was
erected what manner of building was proposed. and, secondly,
that if it had that knowledge it would have no power to
enforce its views. They could not but regret that the pro-
moters of the scheme in question should, in providing a home
for the drama, have thought fit to entirely disregard another
art, and thrust such a purely utilitarian erection as a plain
brick wall and a plumbers trophy before the gaze of those
entering the city by its most important gate.
should be to try and educate and lead the public as to what
the requirements of good architecture were; and so in time
to obtain a measure of that civie pride. combined with a
true feeling for art, which produced such glorious results as
those that still remained to us. in fading splendour, in the
great cities of the Middle Ages.

332 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. [NOVEMBER 4, 1904

—_—— eee

for the buildings which were essential for providing for the | five in number, on the west and north sides, are set apart
three hundred patients now in the infirmary. As the Cor- for the County-clerk and his staff. On the east ip
poration would press the Board to vacate the present site | Parliament Square. is the Council chamber. A corridor
at the end of three years, Mr. Simpson suggested that only | running south, corresponding to the one below, leads to com.
the surgical blocks, the administration blocks. the nurses’ | mittee and writing-rooms, while at the end of it is the Justice
home, and the laundry shouid be completed, and that the ' of Peace Court-room, 4oft. square. It has a separate en.
remainder of the work should wait. The committee resolved, , trance for the public from Melbourne Place, and adjoining it
however, that, in view of the architects’ belief that the com- | are waiting-rooms for male and female witnesses, It is also
pletion of the new infirmary would be expedited by proceed- ' in direct communication by means of a service staircase to
ing with the whole of the buildings, and their assurance that the basement floor, on which the cells are situated. Another
the infirmary could be completed within three and a half or service staircase leads to the second or upper floor, on the
four years from the date of commencing the foundations, the ' south side of which are placed the departments of the medical
preparation of the contracts for the foundations should be officer cf health and sanitary. inspector, while on the north
proceeded with. At a subsequent meeting of the committee. ' side are day-room and dormitories for constables on duty, and
these contracts were considered, and were referred to the | a house of several rooms for the sergeant of police, who
Board's solicitor for examination and report. The com- , resides on the premises. On the basement there is a wide
mittee had also received reports from the Medical Board, and ! corridor, lined with white glazed bricks, running the whole
the surgical staff as to the rearrangement of some portions of ' length of the building. Opening off it are muster-rooms for
the new buildings. Mr. Charles Hopkinson (chairman of the | the police, charge-room, detectives’ room, cells, two rooms
committee), in moving the adoption of the minutes, said that | for the weights and measures department. and a house for
almost all the suggestions contained in the reports would be x the caretaker. There are also provided five large record
|
i

met and satisfied by the architects. There were, however, | chambers of solid masonry, fitted. with Chatwood's fireproof
one or two questions which had vet to. be settled. safe doors. Wall safe chambers with Chubb. doors are also
The minutes were approved by the Board. | attached to several of the rooms upstairs. The building
throughout is lighted by electricity. The heating is by means
of pipes and radiators, supplemented by open fire-places.
| The names of the contractors for the various works are:—
١ Mason work, Messrs. G. and R. Cousin; joiner work, Mr.
John Lownie; plumber work, Messrs. D. Purves and Co.;
iron and steel work, Messrs. Redpath, Brown and Co. ; plaster
| work, Mr. A. Hunter; glazier work, Messrs. A. Cunningham
‚and Co.; heating work, Messrs. Mackenzie and Moncur;
painter work. Mr. Thomas Hall ; electric light and bell work.
Messrs. Chancellor and Peterkin; marble work. Messrs.
Gunn: and Co.; slater work, Mr. A. Ogilvy, Leith;
chairs and desks, Messrs. J. Tavlor and Son, electric passen-
ger elevator, Messrs. Wavzood and Otis, London; electric
fittings, Messrs. F. and G. Osler. London ; and fireproof floor-
ing work, Messrs. Mark Fawcett and Co., London. Rest of
Edinburgh. |

_ m

EDINBURGH’S NEW COUNTY BUILDINGS.

HE above buildings, which have been erected at a cost

of £40,000 on the old site lying between Parhament

. Square and George IV. Bridge, take the place of the

building (copied from the Erectheum) which was erected in

1817 from designs by Mr. Andrew Elliot, a well-known

architect of his day. The architect of the new building,

opened on the 24th ult., is Mr. James M'Intrye Henry. |

F.R.LB.A., of 7, South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh, and '

the sculptor-work has been designed and executed by Mr. W. |
Birme Rhind, A.R.S.A.

The style adopted is of the later English Renaissance, and
on the Parliament Square side the buildings harmonise well
with the architecture of the adjoining Signet Library. The |
principal entrance has been placed in the Melbourne Place |
elevation. It is supported bv double Doric columns, tied
with oblong blocks, which carry an entablature and circular
pediment, with tympanum, in which is a carved shield with
supporting figures. د‎ feature of this elevation, says the
Scotsman, is the portico, which is carried up from the first |
floor to the wall-head. It embraces fluted Ionic columns. | at Mainz on the Rhine? Congresses of this kind have been '
supporting an entablature and pediment, which contains an held in Germany for the last five years, and have been at
important group of life-size figures, including a female figure tended by representatives of the German States and public

|
x

—NF مب‎

THE PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL CITIES.

HE following letter, which has been sent to the Times
bv Prof. G. Baldwin Brown, will be of interest to
our readers کے‎ Will you grant me the space of a few

lines in which to report the chief results of the Congress
for the Care of Monuments, held at the close of last month

with sceptre typical of " authority "-—the power of the County | officials of towns and districts. This vear the number of
Council—surrounded by representatives of science, agricul- | these official representatives has been doubled, a fact which
ture, mining, and engineering. On the south side of the shows the attention this subject is claiming in administrative
main buildings is a subsidiary block, in which the Justice | circles. At the opening of the congress, the representative
of Peace Court is placed. The sculptured frieze, which is in | of the Hessian Government and سو د‎ of the Hessian
three panels six feet in depth, is an attractive feature of the | Monument. Act of 1902, after reporting on the working of
facade. It contains groups of figures representative of the | this Act. laid down the sound principle that all protective
principal industries of the county, agriculture, mining, and | operations should be based, if possible, on a common under
fishing. The entrance hall. 4oft. by 23ft. by 14ft. in height. | standing between authorities of State and Church on the
is said to be a handsome piece of work. The roof is carried | one side. and local bodies and private persons on the other.
on marble columns, while the walls are divided into panels | A rigid قن تا‎ ts system and sentimentality are alike to
by pilasters of the same material, with oak dado between. ا‎ be avoided; the needs of the present and the capacity ol
The ceiling of what may be called the inner entrance hall is | ratepayers ave: ton he weighed dispassionately, and the whole
pierced by a circular well, 7ft. across, placed directly under Š The
one of the roof cupolas, for lighting purposes. On the

north side of the entrance hall is the County Assessor s depart- | jects of monument legislátion which were being prepared in
ment, with large rate-collecting room; the apartments in the | each of those States, and the latter made the interesting
north-cast corner are set apart for the road surveyor and his | communication that the forthcoming Prussian law woul
staff, while on one side of a corridor, opening off the south | contain a provision to arm municipal authorities with legal
of the entrance hall, are rooms, overlooking Melbourne | powers for giving effect to esthetic requirements. ;
Place, for the Chief-Constable, Deputy-Constable, and clerks ; | * Handbook of the Artistic Antiquities of Germany, ٥ be
and on the other side the Justice of Peace Court department | published in five volumes, was reported on, and it was all
is housed. On the north side of the entrance hall the main | nounced that the Kaiser had authorised a grant of 50,000
staircase is constructed. It ıs in three square flights, and | marks in aid of the work. A long discussion took place
leads to a hall on the first floor. 4oft. by zoft. by 3oft. in | on the question of the treatment of the older examples 0
height. On its west and north sides are arcaded corridors domestic architecture in historical cities, and it was 8

and bays, formed of Skyros marble columns, with Ionic | that these should not only be catalogued, photographed. and
capitals of white Carrara marble. This Skyros marble-—from | measured, but should be preserved. The subject of loca
a Greek quarrv— which is used throughout the interior of the | building regulations in relation to the care of historica
building for this class of work. has rich deep red and golden ! monuments was introduced to the congress by Ober-Baurath
veins. On the east side the wall presents to the view a flat; Dr. Stubben, of Berlin, well known for his work in the
arcade, formed by marble pillasters. The suite of rooms, | extension of Koln, and author of the volume on the laying

movement based on an instructed public opinion.
representatives of Austria and Prussia reported on the pro

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. NOVEMBER

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. ۱ 341

— € — s —

NOVEMBER 4, 1904]

industry in North-West Rhodesia, but as it only boasts a
single farm at present it could.doubtless afford to wait, more
especially as the best farming district in Rhodesia—the
Melsetter and Victoria country—is clamouring in vain for a
railway. Further north are the copper fields, at present
rather an unknown quantity, but with all those possibilities
for which the shareholder is always willing to pay. It
might, however, be said that the past history of Rhodesia is
the history of the failure of such possibilities. Again, it
may be urged that it is a step nearer to Cairo, but, in view of
the difficulty of subsequent steps, that can hardly be the im-
mediate object. This, after all, is a matter for the Chartered
Company and their shareholders to decide; but, assuming
that the northern extension is necessary, the question still
remains why this particular site was chosen for the bridge.
The selection was left entirely to the engineers and contrac-
tors, and the assumption is that they were not influenced
largely by artistic feeling. Yet even from an engineering
point of view the site has its disadvantages. During eight
months of the year it is within the " spray area," and all the
men hitherto exposed to it have been down with fever. The
climate of the Zambesi valley is notoriously unhealthy, and
the effect of this. added to the drenching spray, will prob-
ably bring all work to a standstill with the advent of the
rains. Moreover, it has not been definitely stated that the
present site is the only possible one. Above the Falls are
innumerable islands which might have been connected by a
series of bridges without bringing all the accompaniments
of a railway, embankments and signal posts, in close proxi-
mity to the Falls themselves.

It is, perhaps, unfortunate that tbe custodians of the
Victoria Falls should be a commercial company, for the
temptation to consider them as an asset, and to exploit them
accordingly, was likely to prove too strong. Under their
auspices an hotel of the wood and galvanised iron type has
already been built, and there are rumours of another on a
really gigantic scale. Yet they might have established a
base of operations for tourists rather further from the F alis
themselves, for visitors who are willing to face a journey of
' 300 miles from Bulawayo would not be deterred by a drive
or walk of one or two miles. The action of the authorities
has been curiously contradictory. They have appointed in
Mr. Sykes a conservator of remarkable energy and ability,
yet they have hardly helped him in his difficult task by sur-
rounding the Falls with camps and allowing a " watering
place ” at the head of the Devil's Cascade. Again, they
have sent out Mr. Allen, from Kew, to look after the vegeta-
tion, but have withheld all.necessary tools and appliances,
and deny him even the luxury of a rain gauge. o

Now that the bridge is more or less a 4 accompli, it may
appear that all criticism, however justifiable, is useless, but
in a sense this is not so. It has been indicated that it ıs
not so much the bridge as its entourage which destroys the
character of the Falls. But this may yet be averted if they
find a champion in that best of all allies, public opinion.
Hitherto they have been reserved for the eye of the ex-
plorer, but since the opening of the railway m June they
have been visited by people from Africa, Europe, and by
cne gentleman who proudly 5 himself in the book as

“ frst Yank.” To the English people they are no longer a
or at most a book of travel ; they
which must be

یت ل A‏ ۰

page from a fairy story,
have now become a reality, a sacred trust,

guarded against all desecration.

هم سے

THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS.

HE opening meeting of the 86th session of the above
institution took place on Tuesday night, and was

very largely attended. Sir William White, the retir-
ing president, took the chair at the opening of the meeting,
and he was supported by Sir Guilford Molesworth. the incom-
ing president, Sir Benjamin Baker. Sir William Preece,
Professor Unwin. Colonel Crompton, Sir J. Wolfe Barry,
Mr. Alexander Siemens, Dr. Kennedy, Sir Alexander Binnie,
Mr. C. Hawksley, Mr. J. C. Hawkshaw, Dr. Elgar, Mr.
Yarrow, Sir John Thornycroft, Sir George Bruce, Mr. R. A.
Hadfield, and Dr. Tudsbery (secretary). |
Sir William White. who was loudly cheered, said that he
had come to the final act which he had to perform as presi-
dent of that institution. It was to introduce to them his
successor in that chair, a gentleman whose name was a house-

out of cities in the great German ‘Handbook of Architec-
ture, The danger that old buildings and old features run
from inconsiderate enforcement of such regulations was ex-
plained and illustrated, and a bolder assertion of zsthetic
claims contended for. Hildesheim and Vienna have set a
notable example in this mattef. The Bavarian Government
has sanctioned the issue of local regulations with «esthetic
intent in the larger towns, and has ordered the preparation
of illustrated local inventories of old buildings, the preserva:
tion of which is desirable. ٥۸ number of German cities, such
as Nurnberg, Hildesheim, Frankfurt, Lubeck, Rothenburg.
and manv others, have local building regulations, which pre-
scribe adherence to the traditional style in new work intro-
duced into the central parts of towns, and safeguard what
is valuable in the old. Dr. Stubben discussed the whole
question of such prescriptions and prohibitions from the
point of view of the practical architect and man of affairs,
and decided in favour of the principle of such. compulsion.
It would have to be applied, however, with caution and tact,
and should be only attempted in the older and more his-
torically important parts of towns. Town councils should

‘on these questions take advice from persons of good judgment

and knowledge of art. The congress ultimately drew up a
recommendation on the lines of Dr. Stubben's address, which
was to be laid before local authorities.

In view of the fact that our own historical towns, such
as Chester and Edinburgh, have no protective regulations
of this kind, while in all parts of these islands, save in
favoured Ireland, the official care of monuments has been
reduced to the narrowest limits, it is well that we should take
note of the systematic manner in which these questions are
being treated in Germany, as well as in other Continental
countries. We have to rely almost entirely, save when the
Office of Works acts out of the goodness of its heart, on public

acts in a somewhat haphazard fashion, or does not act at
all till it is too late. The Germans recognise that public
opinion is the ultimate basis of all protective work, but thev
have a great advantage in their system of official commis-
sions and conservators, as well as in State and local regula-
tions, which aim at preserving for posterity the inheritance
of artistic and historical monuments handed down to us
from our forefathers.”

THE VICTORIA FALUS BRIDGE.

YEAR has now passed since an article appeared in
the Times containing some oriticisms on the site
chosen for the Victoria Falls Bridge. Answers to
these criticisms were supplied by the engineers of the Rho-
desia Railways, and by the Administrator of North-West
Rhodesia on behalf of the Chartered Company. During
that time the railway has been extended to the bridge-head,

and substantial progress has been made with the bridge it- |
self, so that it is possible for every visitor to see for himself

whether such criticisms were or were not justifiable. At
the present time no one can fail to be struck by the hideous
contrast between a piece of natural scenery, which is prob-
ably without a rival, and the advent of what is known as
* civilisation." This part of the Zambesi provides a series
of pictures, each of which has its own peculiar charm.
There is the typical river of the tropics, flowing lazily among
wooded islands, its banks fringed with waving grass and
stately palms; or there are the clouds of white water, the

grim, black cliffs, and the rushing torrent which they en-

close; or, again, there is the green patch which rests the
eye after the parched veld, and above it the light columns
of spray, with here and there a gleam of pink or saffron hue,
where the sun's rays strike them. But on a nearer view the
scene is changed. In the foreground is a long railway em-
bankment of red sand, on the right is the beginning of an
iron girder bridge, on the left, and immediately above the
Falls, a washing place with clothes drying in the sun, while
all around are dotted the camps and shanties of the railway
employés. Fortunately much of this is temporary, but much
that is permanent will remain, and by next year the bridge
will have been built within a few hundred vards of the top
nf the Falls.

Already it is often asked why it is proposed to extend the
railway further north—the alleged object of the bridge. It
is true that Kalomo is described as the centre of the farming

opinion as influenced by private societies, and public opinion

[NOVEMBER 4, 1904

ا رپ س

of Government action in trade matters. Non-intervention
and laisser faire might easily degenerate from a conservative
principle into an indolent attitude of mind, and then it was
politically vicious. He could not agree with those who
argued that there was no market for the produce of Indian
industry. |

With regard to the demand for iron and steel, the
London and North-Western Railway, with its few hundred
miles of line, was able to manufacture its own steel rails,
chairs, and other permanent-way materials, as well as its
bridges, locomotives, and rollingstock. Surely India, with
its 27,000 miles of railways, ought to afford a demand suff
cient to justify the manufacture of some of these in the
country. It was now the accepted policy of the State to
render India practically independent of external supplies,
as regarded her Army, by establishing Government factories
in various parts of the country for the manufacture of arms,
ammunition, clothing, equipment, and munitions of war.
There was no reason why this policy should not be extended
to her State railways and other public works, and to the
needs of the country in general. A broad-minded policy on
these lines would open up the great but undeveloped wealth
of India. The prosperity of India must in the next half.
centurv, as in the past, depend upon public works, initiated
and carried out, in the future, mainly by members of the
Institution of Civil Engineers.

بت — ———

BARRY LIBRARY DISPUTE.

N Tuesday, October 26, Mr. E. W. M. Corbett sat as
an arbitrator at the Park Hotel, Cardiff, to deal with
a dispute between the Barry District Council and Mr.
Watkin Williams, contractor, in reference to the new
Carnegie Library, in course of construction at Barry. Mr. B.
Francis Williams, K.C., appeared for the District Council
(instructed by Mr. T. B. Tordoff, clerk), and Mr. Abd
Thomas, K.C., represented Mr. Watkin Williams (under in-
structions from Messrs. W. R. Davies and Co., solicitors,
Pontypridd). The dispute was in reference to the founda-
tions, which it was contended had not been carried down to
the depth required.

Mr. B. Francis Williams, K.C., said the library was being
built according to accepted competitive designs prepared by
Messrs. Hutchinson and Payne, architects, Bedford-row,
London, the contract being let to Mr. Watkin Williams,
and was to be completed within 12 months from November
11, 1903. On July 15 one of the architects visited the build:
ing, and found the concrete to be only ro to 14 inches in
depth, and laid unevenly on loose ground. Test holes were
excavated, and the building was found to be resting on loose
ground instead of solid rock, or no solid foundation of any
sort or kind except under the west wall. Besides that, even
to the uninstructed eye the building could be seen to be all
askew. |

Mr. Abel Thomas: Where were the District Council?

Mr. B. F. Williams: They were trusting foolishly to the
contractor, Mr. Thomas. By using a theodolite it would
be found that the building was 12 inches out of square. | At
first the architect thought that the building might be given
some sort of stability. but after having the opinion of other
skilled architects in examining the character of the concrete,
oz what was called concrete, they came to the conclusion
that it would be impossible to do anything with the building
except to have it removed, and rebuilt on proper foundations.
Dealing with the point which he anticipated would be raised,
whether the clerk of works had power to give instructions
to the contractor, he said he believed that Mr. Wm. Robbins
had been * taken in" by Mr. Watkin Williams and his fore-
man, for a large quantity of the foundation had been put in
at night. The statement by Mr. Robbins that the stuff had
been properly put in was not in accordance with the fact.

Mr. Abel Thomas said to his mind practically the whole
of this matter depended on the question—Did the architect
or not order the contractor to make the foundations ۳0
to the rock? It was a very disagreeable thing to meet that
the clerk of works and the foreman did something which was
improper, through negligence. and certify before Mr. Fit
for work which was not done; but that was not the question
to decide.

Subsequently Mr. Corbett, accompanied by
son and Mr. George Thomas, proceeded to
the site.

Mr. 7
Barry to view

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

سس سس ——— هي ما

hold word among English engineers. He then introduced
Sir Guilford Molesworth, who took the chair amid loud
cheers.

Sir Guilford Molesworth said that it was most gratifying
to him that this, his jubilee year as a corporate member,
witnessed his election to the presidential chair. Fifty years
ago, when he joined the institution, the total number of all
classes was 773. It now amounted to 7,633, almost a ten-
fold increase, and the material and intellectual advance had
quite kept pace with the numerical progress. The president
proceeded to treat of the public works of Ceylon and India,
with which he had been connected for more than 3o years
of his professional career. He enumerated certain great
improvements in the material and moral progress of India,
which he claimed had been mainly due to the liberal and
enlightened policy pursued in the extension of irrigation works
and railways. The climatic conditions of Ceylon and India
rendered those countries greatly dependent on artificial irri-
gation. Public works were necessary, not only on financial
grounds, but also on those of common humanity, for the
alleviation of the misery and loss of life caused by those
appalling famines which periodically devastated many of the
districts of India. Another field for development, in which
little had as yet been done, lay in the utilisation of the
potential energy of rivers and mountain streams for industrial
purposes. The most important factor, however, of public
works in its effect on the moral and material progress of a
country was that of its railways. After devoting a large part
of his address to the question of railway construction, the
president went on to discuss some of the very difficult
engineering problems presented by the rivers of India. He
also touched on railway administration, and, passing from
the question of internal communications to that of sea-
borne trade, pointed out that India was singularly deficient
in harbour accommodation.

In conclusion, he said that the manufactures and trade of
India were steadily improving. Statistics showed that be-
tween 1880 and 1902 imports and exports had nearly
doubled. The cotton manufacturing industry had increased
tenfold, and in 1902 there were 200 mills, giving employment
to 178,000 persons, while the smaller industry of jute manu-
facture employed 118,000 persons, 34 times as many as in
1880, and the output of coal had increased 73 times.
Nevertheless, the development of the latent wealth and indus-
trial resources of India fell very far short of the magnificent
potentialities of the Empire. Ball, in his “Economic
Geology of India,” said: “ Were India wholly isolated from
the rest of the world, or its mineral productions protected
from competition, there cannot be the least doubt that she
would be able, from within her own boundaries, to supply
nearly all the requirements, in so far as the mineral world
is concerned, of a highly civilised community.” But the
once-flourishing native industries had been crushed by un-
restricted foreign competition. Old slag heaps might be
found throughout India testifying to the former prosperity
of such industries, the splendid native iron and steel having
been superseded by inferior material of foreign manufacture,
although an attempt had been made to revive this industry
bv the establishment of the Bengal Iron and Steel Works.
Irdia had every requisite for manufacturing and producing
most things at a very low rate of cost, and there was no rea-
son why she should not supply the mother country and the
Colonies with those articles which they did not produce;
but no attempt had been made to foster international or inter-
colonial trade bv the exchange of concessions, which would
be mutually advantageous. ‘There was plenty of capital in
India. The amount of wealth now hoarded was estimated
at £550,000,000 ; but neither this nor British capital would
flow to a market in which its operations were checked and
struggling industries were swamped by unlimited foreign com-
petition. 6 imports of India were large, and a moderate
duty on them, which would not be felt by the masses, would
not only materially aid the development of India's indus-
tries. but would raise a revenue that would afford a much-
needed relief from the dead weight of taxation on the land.
Such a policy, at the outset, and during the stage of develop-
ment, might involve slightly increased cost; but there
could be little doubt that eventually it would be productive
of considerable economy and general prosperity. Lord
Curzon had pointed out that, whatever may be the merits
of free trade, as a system suited to these or those national
circumstances, it probably carried. with it a defect of its
qualities in inducing too great apathy towards the exertion

/' THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. en

NOVEMBER 4, 1904]

Taking the camera all round, we can, from personal expe-
rience, thoroughly recommend it to anyone about to take up
the fascinating hobby of architectural photography, owing to
its simplicity of construction, easy working, and excellent
finish. Tbe Thornton-Pickard time and instantaneous
shutter already has a world-wide reputation, and nothing
further can be said for it, except to recommend those few
people who have not tried it to at once make its acquaintance,
as it is thoroughly reliable in every respect, and fully comes
up to what is claimed for it.

BUILDING NEWS.

PLANS of new buildings, of the estimated value of £25,300, -

have been sanctioned by the Plans Committee of the Aberdeen
Town Council.

THE Dover Town Council have decided to purchase a site
at River for school extension. The new Duke of York's
School is to be commenced next February. About £200,000
is to be expended on the school. j
Messrs. FRANK MATCHAM AND Co. are the architects of the
new Hippodrome in St. Nicholas Street, Ipswich, the founda-
tion-stone of which was laid last week. -The builders are
Messrs. T. Parkington and Son, Crown Street, Ipswich.

THE recent extension of Holy Trinity Church, Margate,
which was .consecrated on Saturday by the Archbishop of
Canterbury, consists of the lengthening of the church by 3oft.,
so that accommodation is now provided for nearly 3,000
people. Two transepts and two vestries have been erected,
and the church entirely re-seated. The organ has been
enlarged at a cost of 4,750, and the electric light and a new
system of ventilation have also been installed. The total
cost of the work, which was divided into two schemes, was

416,000.

THE new municipal museum and art gallery at Kingston-upon-
Thames, which was opened on Monday by Lord Rosebery
(High Steward of that borough), has been erected on a
site adjoining the new free library at a cost of 48,000. Mr.
Alfred Cox, A.R.LB.A., 4, Adam Street, Adelphi,
W.C., was entrusted with the design, which has
been carried oüt by Mr. E. Chamberlain, of Addlestone.
The principal front is to Fairfield West. The museum is 45ft.
by 24ft., leading out of which is a lecture-hall 4oft. by 27ft.,
with dome roof. The art gallery occupies the first floor.
The carving was executed by Mr. Gilbert Seale, of Camber-
well, the heating and ventilating by Messrs. Price, Lea and
Co., Adam Street, Adelphi, and the iron railing and gates
by Mr. Albrow, of Earlsfield, S.W.

A MONUMENT of Sir Joshua Reynolds has been unveiled in
the church of Plympton St. Maurice. The work, executed
by Mr. Herbert Read, at the St. Sidwells Art Works, Exeter,
from designs by Mr. James Hine, F.R.I.B.A., Plymouth, is
classic in character, and is faced to the north side of the
church. It is composed of finely-marked Staffordshire ala-

baster, delicately pink in colour, and highly polished. In .

the centre, surmounted by the word “ Revnolds" in raised
letters, is an oval portrait medallion of the great artist, carved
out in pure white statuarv marble bv Mr. Derwent Wood, ot
Chelsea. Surrounding the oval are mouldings carved with
egg and dart ornaments and sprays of laurel. At the top is
a shield, on which the arms of Sir Joshua are to be wrought
in enamel, while at the base is a panel, bearing an inscription.

THE Bilberry Hill Tea Rooms at Rednal, which have been
built and equipped and presented to the Corporation of Bir-
mingham by Mr. and Mrs. Barrow Cadbury, were formally
handed over on Saturday. The buildings comprise a tea-

room, 66ft. by 33ft., and five smaller tea-rooms. A teme |

perance buffet, or. lounge, has been provided in the centre
of the buildings, and in the basement there is à dark room
for the use of photographers, cycle storage for 175 machines,
and in the yard adjoining stabling for eight horses. The
administrative block contains a kitchen, scullery, pantry, with
cutting-up room, serveries, a bakery with steam oven, etc.,
with caretaker's apartments and five bed-rooms for servants
on the first floor. The buildings are heated throughout with
hot water, and are lighted with gas. The contract has

At the afternoon sitting Mr. C. E. Hutchinson, one of the
architects, was called, and the correspondence and plans

were proved, and on the following day the evidence of Mr.

Hutchinson was continued as to the character of the founda-

tions. The proceedings were adjourned until November ro.

۳ F. ——

A GOOD CAMERA.

HOTOGRAPHY being now one of the principal methods
of obtaining illustrations for the increasing mass of

publications, it is important to know of a really good
and reliable camera, and we have pleasure in drawing atten-
tion to the “Royal Ruby Triple Extension” camera, as manu-

factured by the Thornton-Pickard Manufacturing Co., Ltd.,

of Altrincham. From personal experience, we can thor-

oughly testify as to its being one of the best cameras at

present on tne market for architectural work. The 1904
model is specially suitable for architectural engineering, or
technical photography. To any one desiring a camera of
simple construction, the “Royal Ruby ".can be specially re-

commended. Every necessary movement is provided, amongst
which we might mention the rising and cross front, which is
worked by means of a rack and pinion, which we consider

a great improvement on the old-fashioned method. The front
has an extreme rise, which we need hardly point out to archi-

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tectural photographers is an advantage that cannot be over-
. looked in these days of high buildings. The folding front and

the back of the camera are provided with patent spring

stretchers, so that they automatically lock themselves at right
angles to the base-board. The front and bellows of this

camera are much wider than in most cameras with taper

bellows, which is a decided advantage, as there is no danger
of cutting off part of the picture when using a wide-angle lens,
and compactness is not sacrificed thereby. An extra set of
. pivots are provided on all sizes up to and including whole
plate on which the front may be fixed when using a lens of
specially short focus. The back of the camera may be
clamped in any position along the baseboard, by means of a
small milled head-screw at the front of the spring stretcher.
These stretchers are fitted to all sizes up to 10 by 8 The
shortest focus obtained in the half-plate size, including shutter,
is three and a half inches. The advantage of the extra width
in the bellows is here shown, as it prevents the danger of sag-
ging, and cutting off part of the picture. The longest ex-
tension in the half-plate is sixteen inches. The back and the

front of the camera may be 7 backwards or forwards, and
clamped by the set-screw on either side; and a horizontal or
side swing to the back is also provided. The patent focus-
sing screen is designed specially for using the camera as a
hand camera, and is most useful, as it guides the plate:holder
into position. The solid plate-holder, as designed by the
Thornton-Pickard Manufacturing Co.. is very compact and
light, and can be thoroughly recommended, as it is so simple
in using.

[NOVEMBER 4, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

344

and fire-escape stairs are provided from the dormitories to the
ground. All the external walls are constructed of hollon
brickwork, with redstone dressing, and harled, tinted a grevish-
white. The roofs are covered with red tiles. The architects
were Messrs. M'Arthy and Watson, 25, Frederick Street.
Edinburgh.

THE unveiling at Brighton on Saturday of the memorial lı
the officers and men of the Royal. Sussex Regiment, who fel
in South Africa during the late Boer war, was a brilliant
function. The monument, which is situated at the south
side of Regency Square, facing the entrance to the Wes
Pier, is 32ft. in height, and adds a striking feature to thi
part of the Brighton front. It is composed of selected Por:
land stone, and the badge of the Royal Sussex Regiment, the
lettering, the battle honours of the regiment, the memoria!
tablets, and the railings which enclose the whole, are of fine
bronze. The structure is surmounted bv a bronze statue,
about 7ft. 6in. in height, of a bugler of the regiment, which
has been executed from suggestions contained in a snapshot
photograph of one of the regimental buglers in the act of
sounding the ^ Advance” at the battle of Doornkop, wh:
the ist Battalion charged and cleared the Boer entrenchment.
The bronze figure is an admirable piece of modelling by Mr.
C. L. Hartwell. Every portion of the monument has be
carried out from the full-sized drawings of the architect, Mi
John W. Simpson, F.R.I.B.A., of Grays Inn. London, W.C
In connection with the famous Rousillon plume which figures
on the regimental badge, Mr. Simpson took great pains tu
ensure that the representation of the plume should be his
torically correct, as this had been transformed, in the cours:
of time, probably owing to the carelessness:of engravers ani
die-sinkers, into something resembling the Prince of Wales:
ostrich feather. This is, of course, incorrect, as no French
Grenadier Regiment ever wore an ostrich feather. and Mr.
Simpson, when designing the memorial, seached the records
at the British Museum with a view to satisfying himself on
this point.* He also received much assistance on the subject
from Mr. Andrew Gow. R.A., the historical painter and
authority on French military costume. The badge, as te
presented in the central bronze trophy on the memorial, ظا‎
therefore, correctly modelled as the “Plumet” worn by the
French Grenadier Regiments at the Battle of Quebec. A
representation of the modern War Office pattern اہ‎ badge
appears on the lower bronze plaque on which the battle
honours of the regiment are displaved. x

JOTTINGS.

Mr. J. F. HAWKINs has been selected (out of 298 candidates)

SIN SS eS‏ ڪڪ ص سا
x Ll a a ER ERR BRE J | JJ U I d EE‏

county survevor of Berkshire.

Mr. R. E. L. Hookwar. architect; “of Bideford, has been
appointed borough survevor to that town atan annual salan
of £150, rising to £200. gu E ae

Er has been decided to remove the much-debated Obelisk from
St. George's Circus, Southwark, to the grounds of Bethlem
Hospital, which are close by. =
Mg. F. W. MAGER, A.M1.C.E., surveyor to the Wall
Rural Council, has received from. the Colonial Office an ۲
portant appointment in the Public Works Department of the
Federated Malay States. I UM

4 : %
. : í—— ۲
Tug Ecyptian Government has now decided to raise the
Assouan Dam, in accordance with the advice of Sir William
Willcocks, supported by: Sir William Garstin. The cost of

the work is estimated at about £550,000.

A PROPOsAL to extend the Promenade at Matlock Bath for à
distance of a mile along the bank of the Derwent was dis
cussed on Tuesday at a conference of the owners and ۵۲
piers of the properties affected. The scheme also includes
the erection of a pump-room and baths. . The conference
was called by the Matlock Bath Improvements Association.

PAPER

NER en‏ تت سل ل
一 一‏
ہک _ ېي يہ سم وی — — — — MM — MÀ —‏ نشم سم 7

——r از تا انس‎ et ———À —

^ WILLESDEN

been carried out by Messrs. J. Barnsley and Sons, from the
designs of Messrs. Cossins, Peacock, and Bewlay, all of
Birmingham.
A

Mr. A. C. ScovELL presided on Saturday at a meeting of the
Metropolitan Asylums Board, held at the offices, Victoria
` Embankment. The Local Government Board wrote sanction-
ing a proposal to enter into a contract with Messrs. C. P.
Kinnell and Co. for the revision of the heating arrangements
of the administrative block and the staff blocks at Tooting Bec
Asylum, at £480, without first advertising for tenders. It
was decided that application should be made to the Local
Government Board for an order authorising the managers to
incur an expenditure not exceeding the sum of 436,250 on
the erection of certain additional buildings at Tooting Bec
Asylum, such expenditure to be defrayed by means of a loan
١ 116 Board further decided to ask the Local Government
Board to give consent to tenders being invited from selected
firms of manufacturers for the supply of schoolroom furniture
required at Highwood School.

THE new Weslevan Methodist Church and Schools in Bank-
` street, Mexborough, which have cost £5.000, are designed in
late Gothic, freely treated. The walls are of brick inside,
with rock face outside. Accommodation is provided on
the ground floor for 310 adults, and in the gallery and choir
for 220, total 330, or a mixed congregation of 700 persons.
The schools are in two storevs, and consist of assembly-
room, with six class-rooms, kitchen, stores, etc. The build-
. ings are lighted throughout by electric light, and heated on
the low-pressure hot-water system. Efficient ventilation is
provided by means of inlet and outlet ventilators. Messrs.
C. Sprakes and Sons, Doncaster, were the contractors, and
Messrs. J. Wills and Sons, Derby and London, the archi-
tects. The electric lighting was carried out bv Mr. Mid-
wood, of Mexborough, and the heating and sanitary arrange-
ments by Messrs. Truswell and Sons, Sheffield.

AN exbaustive report on the proposed pier and harbour works
at Douglas was issued fróm the Manx Government Offices on
Saturday. His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor had
requested tne Isle of Man Harbour Commissioners opinion
on (1) the best means of increasing the facilities for the
. management of traffic on the Victoria Pier; (2) the provision
. of additional accommodation for steamers; and (3) the best
method of tranquilising the inner harbour. They recommend
` the erection of a deck from rooft. long on the Victoria Pier,
to which visitors would have access at the arrival and depar-
ture of steamers, and thev suggest a glass-covered verandah
over the parapet round the pier building. To provide addi-
tional berthage for steamers they propose excavations of rock
on both sides of the Victoria Pier, which would give addi-
tional room for three large steamers. They also suggest
excavations at the root of the Batterv Pier or breakwater,
to give another berth, and certain alterations at the old Red
Pier, to allow the diversion there of a portion of the excur-
sion traffic. As regards the tranquilisation of the harbour,
thev think the placing of blocks in the harbour would have
a good effect. The estimated total cost of the works sug-
gested is 4157,223-

A NEW school for girls. in Edinburgh Road, Gilmerton, the
latest addition to Dr. Guthrie's Edinburgh Original Ragged
Industrial Schools, was opened last week. The structure
. forms three sides of a quadrangle, and is two storeys in
height. The entrance front faces the road, and is recessed
in the centre on the upper floor, forming a pleasing feature

‘in the design, - Accommodation is provided for eighty girls.

..Qn the ground floor are an entrance hall leading into a wide
eorridor, extending nearly the whole length of the frontage,
. waitingroom; matron’s room. officials’ dining-room, girls

-dining-hall, sick-room, with dutv-room, etc. On the south
side of the quadrangle are arranged the class-rooms and the
gymnasium, and on the north side the kitchen and offices.
store-rooms, eto. and the laundry block. The upper floor
contains the officials bed-rooms and girls, dormitories. and the
bata-rooms and lavatories are centrally placed between the
dormitories. Two staircases give access to the upper floor,

FOR ALL OLIMATIES.

2.PLY.

Bee next Issue.

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN

Used by leading Architects.

The best Underliniug on the Market.

WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS, LD., WILLESDEN JUNCTION, LONDON, NW.

and was very active till nearly the close of his long life. Few
men could show so successful and honourable a career, andit
will be almost a sense of personal loss which will be felt by
many who hear of his death. F ortunately, Mr. Batsford has
left able successors, and Messrs. Bradley and Herbert Bats-
ford, with their nephew, have, by their business ability, tech-
nıcal knowledge, and uniform courtesy and tact, cemented
and greatly extended the business which Mr. B. T. Batsford
created.

ONE of the new Knights, Mr. Ed. Boyle, K.C., was educated
for the Army, and passed his articles, after which he com-
menced practice as an architect in 1870. In 1878 he became’
a fellow of the Surveyors’ Institute, and nine years later
changed his course, and was called to the Bar at the Inner
Temple.

Mr. Huc Roumieu GouGH, F.R.I.B.A., a former president
of the Society of Architects, died at his residence, 35, Shaftes-
bury Road, Ravenscourt Park, W., on Sunday, at the age of
sixty-one. Mr. Gough was chiefly known, perhaps, as an
architect of churches.

THE death is announced of Mr. Edwin Hayes, R.H.A., the
well-known painter of the sea. He was 84, but continued to
the last to exhibit at the Royal,Academy and elsewhere.

WE report the address of the new President of the R.I.B.A.,
Mr. J. Belcher, A.R.A., this week. At the first general
meeting of the session, on Monday night, when the address
was read, there was a very good attendance, despite the bad
weather. The company included Sir Benjamin Baker, Sir
William Emerson, Mr. G. Frampton, R.A., and Mr. Frank
Dicksee, R.A. On the motion of Mr. Frank Dicksee,
seconded by Sir Benjamin Baker, a vote of thanks was
accorded to the President. | | s

MR. CHARLES FitzRoy Dott, F.R.I.B.A., has been elected
Mayor of Holborn. Mr. Doll is a Conservative.

Mr. Rost. E. BRINKWORTH makes the following criticism
as to the Bath Abbey tower:—At to-day's meeting the
Bishop advocated that after the tower pinnacles 'have
been pulled down an opinion can best be formed
as to the desirability, or otherwise, of rebuilding them;
and his lordship's view was evidently shared by many
present. When these pinnacles have been pulled down, there
will be a network of scaffolding around the upper part of the
tower and—unless the considerable expense of removing it
and (when a decision has been come to) erecting it again, is
incurred—it will then, I venture to think, be far less easy to
form an opinion of the desirability, or otherwise, of re-
building them than now. Surely it is not difficult to now

Jaek at the tower and imagine it without the pinnacles ?

Two dealers were in collision in the law courts as to their
arrangements in regard to buying and placing tapestry at a
cast of over 41,000 a foot. It is a serious matter when one
cannot get one's full commission on goods which sell at such
a price. As the tapestry in question is about 12ft. square,
according to the Chronicle, and was valued by one of the
experts at £40,000, it is evident that twelve square feet were
thought of, for it was bought at £12,000. Subsequently the
parties agreed to divide the profits made out of the transaction.

IN the circular that announced the business to be transacted
by the Newcastle-on-Tyne City Council on Wednesday last,
we are informed that there was presented the " Report of
the Town Improvement Committee. recommending that the
Plummer Tower in Croft Street be purchased and removed
for the purpose of widening Croft Street." In reference to
this, the following appeared in the Times :—" As a believer in
historic associations to help the nation to a spirit of reverence
for the past, and of strength for the future, one cannot help
the hope that the local antiquaries, as well as the archeologists
of the whole country, will urge the mayor and his improve-
ment committee to purchase the tower, but to pause before
they sanction the destruction of this interesting feature on their

city wall.—H. D. RAWNSLEY."

—

A sum of £25,000 has been offered to the Liverpool
Cathedral Committee for the erection of the Lady 'Chapel.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

NOVEMBER IT, 1904]

LONDON: FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 4,

—s'— —— ل‎
一 一 一 一 一 一 一- 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 全

THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

I T is always interesting and refreshing to hear the words

of a new chief to his assembled comrades. And in the
war against ugliness and all its concomitant evils, Mr. John
Belcher, A.R.A., has sounded a good stirring note. In the
aim for proper control over public improvements he evidently
intends to let the influence of the Institute be left, and
he suggests that though consultation and advice may be
sufficient. in many cases, there are others which the First
Commissioner of Works should have power to decide and
determine. And for this purpose something approaching
despotic power is, he things, needed, for he says: 47
much might be accomplished if only the First Commissioner
of Works, acting as a minister of fine art, with the aid of an
advisory committee, possessed the necessary despotic power
to see the right proposals adopted."

We are very glad to see that the President referred to the
growing evil of important buildings being given into the
hands of borough surveyors or engineers. The committee
who have been appointed to consider this matter will soon
report and take steps to bring the matter forward in the
right quarters. :

We are also inclined to hope for much from the promised
Board of Professional Defence which, under proper restric-
tions, will be empowered to afford help and protection to
members in legal matters. We should suppose that the
mere existence of such a body will probably do something
to render its action unnecessary. Seldom, indeed, does an

architect think it worth his while to fight against a profes-

sional injustice unaided, but with a body like this behind him
the architect, with a real grievance, ought to be able to
secure himself against absolute wrong. |

We will not follow the President's excellent address in
detail, but we may, in conclusion, note with pleasure that the

social gatherings inaugurated by Mr. Webb are to be con-

tinued, so that we may look forward with pleasure to more

presidential “ At Homes,” from which, says Mr. Belcher, “My

Lady Nicotine ” will assuredly not be banished. Mr. Belcher
has been, perhaps, more generally associated with the sister
arts of sculpture and painting than most other architects, and
it was, therefore, to be expected that he should put in a
strong claim for the adornment of our buildings by sculpture
and painting. His concluding remarks are admirable. He
says, after all, the great thing is not where we are, but
where we are going, and if we advance with that which we
have proudly inherited, and " seek not arrogantly for some-
thing new," we may share his hopes and enthusiasm.

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HE architectural profession will seldom have felt so
unanimous or sincere in its congratulations on the
bestowal of honours as on the distinction of knighthood

conferred on Mr. Webb, who will henceforth be known as
Sir Aston Webb, R.A. It was not in his Majesty’s power to
add to the reputation which was already enjoyed by Mr.
Aston Webb, and which had been marked by the highest
honours his professional brethren could bestow. But the
King's gift of a title emphasises the popular recognition of a
career which has not only been crowned by a considerable
measure of artistic success, but has surely done something to
uplift the profession to which it has been devoted. Not
only for his signal services to the profession by his work at
the Roval Institute of British Architects have architects to
thank Sir Aston Webb; but they also recognise that, in his
kindly and honourable personality, as an English gentleman,
he has lent that distinction to the profession which it needs
quite as surely as profitable rewards or sounding titles.

WE much regret to have to record the death last week of
Mr. B. T. Batsford, the well-known architectural publisher
in High Holborn. Mr. Batsford has enjoyed good health,

* [NOVEMBER 11, 1904

RCHITECT.

er AAA لی سی‎

and music. It is not proposed "to rely in any way on the
lighter kinds of attractions, such as side-shows, cheap-jack
stalls, roundabouts, Geisha girls, etc.” But it is intended to
have a series of promenade concerts, the music for which
would be supplied by first-class military bands and vocalists
The Improvements Committee favours the project, as it is
advised that the surplus land fronting on Aldwych is not
likely to reach its full value until Kingsway is completed and
open for traffic.

SPEAKING of competition in the engineering trade, on Satur.
day, 'Mr. W. Bardill, managing director of the Wantage
Engineering Company, said: “Competition, feverish cutting
of prices, was the ruin of trade. Cheap labour was intro-
duced to turn the balance, but, generally speaking, cheap
labour was very expensive. One good mechanic at 38s. per
week was worth two bad ones at 28s. Another method
adopted to meet cutting prices was slave-driving with the
men. That was also a failure., Premium systems and piece-
work were other devices to lessen cost of output. Mr.
Bardill was a firm believer in piece-work. A bad system of
book-keeping, if properly done, was better than a good
system done badly, for in book-keeping much economy
should result. The speaker then gave illustrations of
American methods. In the United States a workman with
an idea was encouraged by the firm in every way. Managers
and foremen had risen from the lathe or bench, and, f neces-
sary, the foreman could take off his coat and show a sub-
ordinate how a piece of work should be done. Foremen
and managers hold weekiv conferences, at which ideas were
suggested, to the general good. The British working man,
said Mr. Bardill, could hold his own with any mechanic in
the world. Too often he was badly managed, and treated
in anything but a proper spirit. ‘In that respect they could
learn valuable lessons from abroad."

Mr. B. T. BATSFORD announces for publication during the
present month a fifth edition of “ A History of Architecture
on the Comparative Method," by the late Professor Banister
Fletcher and Mr. Banister F. Fletcher, F.R.1.B.A. This
edition has been rewritten and considerably enlarged by the
junior author. The volume will contain upwards of 800
pages, with 2,000 ilustrations of the chief buildings of the
world reproduced from photographs and from specially pre-
pared drawings of constructive and ornamental detail.

THE Irish Builder says:—“ A certain public body were de
fending an action for fees brought against them by their
architect, and were preparing to dispute the items. Counsel
advised the production of other architects to prove the account
excessive. Dublin and Belfast were both tried, with similar
results. Apart altogether from the merits of the case, no
architect could be found willing to give evidence against 2
professional brother."

Mr. W. H. Lever, of Port Sunlight, in ممو‎ bought 2,200
acres of land at Rivington for £60,000. He gave 370 5
to the town of Bolton for the purposes of a park, which will
have to be maintained by the Liverpool Corporation, who
obtain part of the water supply from Rivington Pike. He
retained 48 acres for his own use, in which he built a bung
low, and the Liverpool Corporation required the remainder
of the land to prevent the pollution of the water. Mr Lever
offered to let them have it for £470,000. The Liverpool
Corporation offered £40,000, and the matter was referred to
arbitration, the proceedings taking place in London 1 July.
The award of the arbitrator has now been issued, and is m
favour of Mr. Lever for £138,449, the Corporation to pa
the costs of the arbitration.

THE award of Sir Benjamin Baker, the arbitrator acting ۳
the arbitration between Messrs. Pearsons, contractors, an the
Great Western Railwav, has been published. The claim arose
over the construction of the new South Wales direct route,
which was recently opened. The contractors claimed on 4
total cost of extra work done, amounting to ۳ 16,000, exclu-
sive of profits. The arbitrator gives no decision on à sum
of £130,000, which will be referred to the Court on a point
of law. Out of the remaining claim of £286,000 the arbi-
trator awards the contractors £,233,000.

THE Baths and Washhouses Committee of the Newcastle Cor-

poration appointed recently a sub-committee, consisting of

the chairman (Ald. R. H. Holmes), the vice-chairman (

THE BRITISH

346
The donors are members of the Earle and Langton families,
who have always been members of the Church of England,

and are now amongst the very few remaining whose connec-
tion with Liverpool dates back previous to 1700.

The president and council of the Royal Academy having ex-
pressed a desire to hold an exhibition of the works of the late
Mr. G. F. Watts, R.A., at Burlington' House, the picture
gallery established at Compton, near Guildford, shortly
before the artist's death, will be closed during December to
enable the works it contains to be removed to Burlington
House. The gallery at- Compton, which was opened last
Easter, has throughout the summer attracted a large number
of visitors to the village where Mr. Watts lived and worked
for many years.

IN view of the present depressed state of the building trade
in Sunderland, the local Master Builders’ Association con-
template certain changes in the conditions of employment,
including a reduction of wages. They have sent invitations
to the various trades unions of the men employed in the
building trade to meet them in conference, says the
Newcastle Chronicle. As far as the bricklavers are con-
cerned, among other points put forward as the basis of dis-
cussion are (1) A reduction of one penny per hour off the
men's present wages ; (2) the abolition of the rule to the effect
that two hours’ notice must be given to a workman before he
is paid off; and (3) that during the winter months a start
shall nor be made until 8a.m. At present the ۵
start at 7.30 a.m. during a certain period, and 7 o'clock
during another period of the dark mornings. The joiners
society have agreed to the conference, and the other socie-
ties have the matter under consideration.

THE Improvements Committee of the London County Council
have drawn up a report with reference to the allocation of a
١٠ site for the proposed Gladstone memorial. They recom-
mend that the Memorial Committee be offered a site to the
west of St. Clement Danes Church in the Strand. The
First Commissioner of Works has consented to the erection
of the monument on this site.. The monument will, in the
opinion of the Memorial Committee, be in every way worthy
of the sufroundings. It is designed by Mr. Hamo Thorny-
croft, R.A., and has a cruciform base, measuring about 26tt.
every way, with a pavement around it about sft. wide. The
superficial area of the ground required for the structure will
be about sooft. It is proposed that the memorial shall have
an architectural base of Portland stone, and shall be sur-
mounted in the centre by a bronze statue of Mr. Gladstone
in the robes of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Seated
statues or groups, also in bronze, will be placed on the pro-
jecting portions of the base, and the height of the memorial
will be about 32ft. The proposed site, including the sur-
rounding footway, is distant about 82ft. from the buildings
on the south side of the Strand, about 51ft. from the railings
at the western end of St. Clement Danes Church, about 83ft.
from the north side of the Strand, and 13oft. from the eastern
end of the crescent site. This will allow a width of about
6oft. to the east, 63ft. to the north, and 87ft. to the west.

On the 8th inst., at the London County Council meeting, after
a long discussion, the Council resolved to seek Parliamentary
‘powers to authorise that the mansion, stable and machinery-
house at Avery Hill. together with certain adjacent land, esti-
mated at four acres, may be utilised by the Council as a resi-
dential training college for teachers, the amount to be credited
to the parks account and debited to the education account,
in respect of the scheme to be the subject of future arrange-
ment. The Council also adopted, without any discussion, a
recommendation of the Improvements Committee that a site
to the west of St. Clement Danes Church be allotted to the
. Gladstone Memorial Committee for the purpose of the monu-
ment to the memory of the late statesman. E

A SCHEME is afoot to utilise the vacant land in the Strand at
a rental of £7,500 till the end of next year. The syndicate
responsible for the scheme states that it is organising a num-
ber of important international exhibitions, representative
of the leading industries of the British Empire, the United
States, and Europe. It is by no means merely a private
speculation, but an important public undertaking, organised
in the best interests of British commerce. The exhibitions
would deal with such subjects as shipping, mechanical en-
gineering, modern and antique furniture, mining, fashions,

347

NOVEMBER 11, 1904]

nn‏ ی سے سق ات

Deacon, Central Buildings, North John Street, Liverpool,
has been awarded the prize. The outlay will be about
410,000, and tenders will be invited as soon as details are
ready. The accommodation required in each villa is as
follows:-—Dining and drawing-rooms, four bed-rooms, bath-
room, kitchen, scullery, two w.c.'s, and usual offices. The
walls are to be of brick (cavity) and the roofs slated.

THE Guardians of Wigan Union recently instituted a limited
competition for offices, and the plans submitted by Mr. H.
Ogden, A.R.I.B.A., of Moot Hall Chambers, Wallgate,
Wigan, have been selected.

MR. WALTER GILBERT, of the Bromsgrove Guild, has offered
to award a prize to the Architectural Association, value five
guineas annually, for modelling in clay, plaster or wax. The
subject for the present session is as follows :—“ A ‘cap,’ suit-
able for casting in bronze. The cap to be either for a column
or pilaster, designed for a doorway or a fireplace—a rough
pencil sketch showing its relationship with its surroundings to
accompany the work. The modelling to be full size. No
limit to style or the student's desire of expression.” Any
member may compete, as no age limitis fixed. The models
should be delivered at 18, Tufton Street, Westminster, before
1 p.m., on May 27, 1905, accompanied by a label with the
member's. name.

Tur Council of the Society of Arts hold a sum of „4400,
the balance of the subscriptions to the Owen Jones Memo-
rial Fund, presented to them by the Memorial Com-
mittee, on condition of their spending the interest thereof
in prizes to © Students of the Schools of Art who, in annual
competition. produce the best designs for household furniture,
carpets, wall-papers, and hangings, damasks, chintzes, etc.,
regulated bv the principals laid down by Owen Jones.” The
prizes will be awarded on the results of the annual competi-
tion of the Board of Education, South Kensington. Com-
peting designs must be marked “ In competition for the Owen
Jones prizes." No candidate who has gained one of the
above prizes can again take part in the competition. "The
next award will be made in 1905, when six prizes are offered
for competition, each prize to consist of a bound copy of
Owen Jones's “ Principles of Design,” and the Society's bronze

medal.
مب‎ 一 一 一

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

TORQUAY MUNICIPAL OFFICES AND LIBRARY
COMPETITION.
2ND. PREMIATED DESIGN.
E. V. HARRIS AND S. TowsE, Architects.

Tuis competition, held in the early part of the present year,
was one which required the varying levels of the site to be
taken advantage of, and at the same time a plan arranged
in the most simple and economical manner. "The principal
entrance to municipal offices is from Marychurch Road, with
entrances to Town Hall and library from Castle Circus and
Leamington Road respectively. The plans are sufficiently ex-
plicit to render detailed. description unnecessary, the main
idea being concentration of departments. A crescent-shaped
front, with forecourt, bridged across to main entrance, was
adopted. as it seemed to the authors a solution to the diffi-
culties of levels. The library was purposely designed a
separate building. it being one of the conditions of com-
petition. The architectural treatment is an attempt to depict
a restrained monumental and solid dignity conceived to be
best adapted to the use of local material, which is blue-grey
limestone, and in this the architects have been very successful.
The freize surmounting the whole building is intended to
be worked in Ham Hill stone.

COPSEHAM, OXSHOTT, SURREY.
For HERBERT Cook, Eso. ;

E. Guy Dawser, Pres. A.A., Architect.
Tue quality of Mr. Dawber's work is well-known to our readers.
He is doing much in various parts of the country to support
the high character öf the best English domestic architecture.
Amongst his more recent work is the extension of Copseham
House, for Mr. Herbert Cook, whose interest in. pictures is so
well known. Of the additions, we have only illustrated the

| new wing, containing servants hall, nursery, etc., and the new

J. C. Laird), with Councillors Arthur Scott, Johnstone Wal-
lace, J. M. Oubridge, and Wm. Smith, to visit various parts
of the country, in order that they might see the baths and
washhouses of other municipalities, prior to the preparation
of plans for the re-modelling of the Northumberland Baths.
The sub-committee has visited Liverpool, Westminster, St.
Pancras, Shoreditch, Bristol, Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Alloa,
and Glasgow. In a report to the committee, embodying thc
results of their visits, they say: “ We have seen all the newest
features in swimimng baths and washhouses, and the survey
. has been of great educational value. In the new establish-
ment to be erected in Gibson Street, we would recommend
that the swimming bath be constructed on the amphitheatre
plan, or in such a manner as will allow the spectators to
obtain a full and uninterrupted view of the water area, and
that, with a view of economising space in the washhouse, the
dryers be constructed separately from the washhouse stalls ;
that, if practicable, the machinery in the washhouse and iron-
ing and mangling-rooms be under-driven ; that no turnstiles
be placed at the entrances ; and that time indicators be fixed
on the doors of the slipper and spray baths. We would also
recommend that the plans for the remodelling of the North-
umberland Baths be based on the same lines where applicable.
With regard to the existing establishments, we would recom-
mend that all the exposed machinery should be provided with
galvanised wire guards, that time-indicators be fixed on the
doors of the slipper baths, and that all the attendants be sup-
plied with linen jackets and caps." It is noticeable that in
the most modern washhouses visited in Glasgow, a creche
was provided, says the Newcastle Chronicle, but has not been
appreciated ; and the children are allowed to remain in the
washhouses with their mothers.

MR. T. R. Marr, secretary of the Manchester Citizens’ Asso-
ciation, addressed a meeting of the Manchester Economic
Society on the 3rd inst. Professor S. J. Chapman presided.
Mr. Marr expounded the policy of the Citizens’ Association,
pointing out by way of introduction that in Manchester the
reformer had to deal with a growing city with several very bad
slum areas. These ought to be cleared away as soon as possible,
and it was equally necessary to provide that the new suburbs
should grow in such a way that healthy life should always be
possible in them. He protested against the waste of time,
thought, and money in futile attempts to patch up the slum
areas, but admitted that municipal by-laws for the preserva-
tion of health were becoming more stringent. He pleaded for
a housing policy comprehensive of the needs of the city as a
whole, and suggested that houses of all classes should be
subject to careful inspection. Town councils should do
something to meet the prevailing need for more houses, and
It was essential that the municipality should have power to
acquire land to be used for beneficial improvements. Such
power could not be enjoyed without the rating of land values,
and the Citizens' Association approved of this measure, though
they had not committed themselves to a definite plan. It was
a wise custom in some foreign towns for the municipal council
to call into consultation representatives of important interests
and professions when large plans and policies were being con-
sidered, and this might well be imitated in this country. A
discussion followed Mr. Marr's address.

—— "n

COMPETITIONS.

HE Governors of the Royal Latin School, Buckingham,
invite designs for a public secondary school in Chandos
Road, to accommodate 100 boys and girls as day

scholars. Full particulars can be had from Mr. H. Small,
town hall.

The Bristol Watch Committee, having decided to erect police
and fire-brigade stations in Bridewell Street. invite designs
for same in competition. A copy of conditions may be ob-
tained on application to the Town Clerk, on payment of a
deposit of z,1 1s., which will be returned on receipt of a
boná-fide design, or if the conditions be returned within one
month of the date upon which they are issued.

THE trustees of the Coedsaeson Building Club, Skettv,
Swansea, who propose erecting twenty semi-detached villas
on the Coedsaeson Estate, recently offered a prize of ten
guineas for a plan of a pair of semi-detached villas, the total
cost of which was not to exceed £900. Mr. Basil C.

[NOVEMBER 11, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

348

standing his glaring want of refinement and taste, he possessed
valuable qualities for his profession, and had he lived longer
would, no doubt, by further study have become a really great
architect. At the conclusion of an interesting paper, illus
trated by limelight views, a vote of thanks was passed to
the chairman, Mr. P. C. Thicknesse.

—nn,.“I!Íp0)7—8x<s‏ جج سا

“THE BEGINNINGS OF GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURE."

N encouraging start was made last Friday in connection
with the effort to revive the popularity in Bristol of
the Oxford University Extension lecture scheme.

Under the presidency of the Bishop of Bristol, a large

number of ladies and gentlemen interested in architecture

gathered at the University College to hear the first of a series
of six lectures on the “ Beginnings of Gothic Architecture,"
to be given by Mr. Francis Bond, of Lincoln College. The
subject of the lectures was “ Architecture as a Reflex of

National Character.” In the Greek architecture there was

evidence of the superhuman fineness of Greek intellect and

Greek taste, while the failure of the Greek as a practical

builder was an index of his failure as a practical adminis-

trator and organiser. With regard to Roman architecture
there were two sorts:—-(1) the architecture of the Greek
temple, imported by dilettanti; (2) the indigenous arcuated
architecture in brick and concrete. Buildings of the latter
tvpe were the outcome of the strength and solidity of the
Roman character; buildings big enough to reflect the vast-
ness of the Roman Empire; built not for a passing dav, but
for eternity. The Roman learnt his trade as a builder in
the camp. There he learnt to build rapidly, vet strongly,
with unskilled labour. with the commonest materials. The
same moral and intellectual qualities that had organised
victory made of the Roman the world's greatest builder.

Turning to the Bvzantine architecture the lecturer showed

how Roman architecture in “ Eastern Rome " went on from

the fourth to the fifteenth century. Byzantine architecture
was a reflex of a civilisation. great, wealthy. and cultured.

Alluding to the little architecture which was perpetuated in

the years succeeding the collapse of the Western Roman

Empire. Mr. Bond said that it reflected the degradation to

which Europeans (except in the Byzantine Empire) fell.

The lecturer dealt with other periods, explaining the lessons

to be read from the architecture of past generations. He

concluded bv remarking that modern architecture differs
from that of byyone days, in that it reflects the spirit of any
and every other age, but never the spirit of its own. which
was to be sought for in the achievements of the engineer
rather than of the architect, and found monumental expres-
sion in the appalling ugliness of the Forth Bridge. At the
end of the lecture Mr. Bond held a class, and invited

بد

students to submit papers for criticism.

سس ويو —

THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH
| ARCHITECTS.

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.*

T has been the custom of the Institute, as I daresay you
all know, for the President, in opening the new session
. with an address, to pass in review the important events
of the last session, and also to sav a few words upon the
existing condition of our national architecture as à whole.
Before entering upon my task, I desire to thank my colleagues
for the honour they have done me in electing me as jw
dent—an honour which, coming, as it does from my brot :
architects, I am sensible is of peculiar distinction. It is E
without anxiety that I enter upon my duties, for, ري‎ 1
responsibilties attached to the office, I know how difficult 1
wil be for me to follow a President of such Sn
qualifications and ability as my predecessor, Mr. ان‎
We all recognise and appreciate much that Mr. We x
achieved during his term of office, but his colleagues 3 si
council best know how greatly his work has been x ie
vantage of the Institute. His artistic sympathies, his 8 :
manner and ready tact have secured for him the widest POP

inst.
*Delivered by Mr. John Belcher, A.R.A., on the 7th in

stable buildings. An interesting feature of the bay window
in the gable is the decorative lead-work, which has been ad-
mirably carried out by Mr. Tracy-Boevy. The nursery on the
first floor of the new wing is one of the most charming rooms
we have seen.

一 一 一 一 一 一 人 一 一 一

AN ARCHITECT'S FEES.

EFORE the Lord Chief Baron and a county special
jury recently, the hearing was concluded of the action
Owen v. Tyrone and Fermanagh County Councils.
The plaintiff, Mr. Charles A. Owen, F.R.LB.A., of Dublin,
sought to recover £549, balance of fees on work executed
by him in connection with the district lunatic asylum at
Omagh, for the upkeep of which the defendant Councils
are jointly responsible. The total amount of the works
executed at the asylum was £55,000. The claim made by
the plaintiff was based on commission fees at 4 per cent. on
the outlay and 2 per cent. on omitted works. The defen-
dants traversed the claim, alleged that the plaintiff under the
terms of his appointment was not entitled to anything for
omissions, as the contract provided for commission on outlay
only, and that he was guilty for negligence in superintending
the works of the contractors. They lodged £300 in court,
and counter-claimed for £750 damages for negligence. Mr.
G. C. Ashlin, R.H.A., president of the Royal Institute of
Architects of Ireland, was examined on behalf of the plain-
tiff to show the reasonableness of his claim.

The ‘Lord Chief Baron, following the decision of the
English Court of Appeal, ruled that no action for negligence
would lie against an architect for matters in which he was
acting in the capacity of an arbritrator who has to assess
accounts between employer and contractor. He also ruled
that, according to the contract, the plaintiff could only get
4 per cent. on the outlay, and not the additional 2 per cent.
which had been claimed. But, as plaintiffs witnesses had
sworn that there was a custom by which the architect was to
get 2 per cent. on omissions, he would leave it to the jury
to say whether the custom applied to a contract like the
present, where the payments were to be on the outlay only.
The only other question he would leave to the jury was
whether certain plans should be specially paid for by the
- defendants, the sum amounting to ten guineas. The plans
weferred to were special drainage plans for deposit in the
board-room for the purpose of showing the sanitary svstem
of the entire premises. The jury found that the custom of
paying 2 per cent. on omissions did not apply to the contract
under which the plaintiff was employed, and that defendants
should pay for the plans. The result was that a verdict for
the plaintiff was entered for £322, being £22 over and
above the sum lodged in court bv the defendants. — The
counter-claim was dismised. A stay of execution was
granted, to enable the question to be raised in another court.

—— Št

LIVERPOOL ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.

R. ROBERT P. OGLESBY read a paper on the th

' inst., at a meeting of the members of the above society,

held in the Law Library, Cook Street, the subject of

his address being “Sir John Vanbrugh, Dramatist and Archi-
tect.” The lecturer said Vanbrugh when in his teens was sent to
France in order to complete his education, and it was there
that he became equipped with much of the wit, sense of
comic situation, and freedom ot morals which were such
prominent features of his plays. His first work, “ The Re-
lapse,” was staged at Drury Lane in 1697, and it immediately
secured his reputation as a playwright. He was accused of
introducing indecorous elements into his plays, and his reply
to the charge was to the effect that the business of comedy
was to show people what they should do by representing
them upon the stage doing things they should not. Van-
brugh's intentions were good, and both Swift and Pope openly
regretted their raillery against him, and acknowledged him
as a man of wit and humour. 6 sudden leap from drama
to architecture was taken as a joke by his brother wits and
litterateurs. Swift wrote :一 Vans genius, without thought
or lecture, Is hugely turned to architecture. The lecturer
went into detail concerning the building of the various castles,
ete.. with which Vanbrugh was associated, and remarked in
conclusion that, however great his faults were, and, notwith-

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 7

-一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 ېو په‎ ————MÀ عب پس امت‎ 一 一 - مد هس‎ MÀ ee — — مسي‎

whose members are called to rise above the differences which.
so often distract the artist, and to act harmoniously. as from
one centre to the end that architecture may flourish as a fine
art. The Institute's growing influence brings, of course, dis-
tinction to its members, which distinction, however, must
be honourably earned---won, in fact, -by force of merit rather
than demanded asa right. The increase in our numbers gives
proof of vitality and vigour, but this involves greater responsi-
bility, and an obligation to let the audacity of youth give
place to the growing caution and dignity of maturer years and
riper experience. We may, perhaps, differ among ourselves
as to the true line of advance, but we are all, I believe, actu-
ated by the same loval desire, and all ambitious to see the
Institute firmly established in the honourable position it has
earned. We must see to it, then, that the foundation is
secure before we attempt to add to the superstructure. We
must, in other words, know something of our limitations as
well as of our influence and power, bearing in mind the old
lesson of the nut and the nut-crackers—if the crackers are not
strong enough to crack the nut, the nut will assuredly be
hard enough to break the crackers. The purpose and work
of this Institute are not limited to the great metropolitan in-
terests. Unlike the allied societies which are represented
on its council, and which are mainly concerned with local
and personal matters. the Institute, as a corporate bodv, has
a duty towards the whole profession, and its council, in weigh-
ing the many dithcult problems that come before them for
solution, have to remember this greater responsibility, this
more extended obligation.

One such subject before the Institute at the present time
is the question of registration. Registration is apt to be
somewhat hastilv regarded as a panacea for all ills, so that
the very sound of it breathes comfort, like "that blessed word
Mesopotamia” in the story of the old lady and the sermon.
The simplieitv, however, of the operation or process of registra-
tion must not be taken for granted. A clear definition of its
practical working and effect will, no doubt, be elucidated in
time; but as this 18 the task upon which the committee
specially appointed by the general body is now engaged, I feel
it would be better for us discreetly to keep silence until they
have reported upon it. Moreover, as there is considerable
diversity of opinion, it will be well to hear both sides before
coming to a decision. There is, however. one matter. affect-
ing both ourselves and the allied societies, upon which we
are all agreed— viz., the special education and equipment
necessary for an architect. Some carefully-devised scheme of
training is in realitv that proper foundation to which I have
alluded, and must have precedence of all other claims upon
our time and attention. I congratulate the Institute that
during the past session an efficient “Board of Architectural
Education ` was established. This scheme was brought before |
vou by my predecessor, under whose able guidance it has
come to fruition, and I am glad to inform vou that Mr. Webb
will continue to act as chairman of the board. The distin-
guished men who are associated with him are in themeslves a
sufficient. guarantee that the result of their labours will be far-
reaching and beneficial. Several meetings of the board have
already been held, and the business in hand is far advanced,
Their scheme will shortly be before vou. and, I hope. in active
operation before long.

Another cause for congratulation is the growing interest
of the publie in architecture --an interest evidenced in a.
variety of ways. [t is obvious that. side by side with a more
systematice training of the architect, some attempt should be
made to educate the public. At the very least, we might set
before them fundamental principles and elementary. axioms
that they may know what to appreciate and what to avoid.
This might be partially accomplished by lectures in the large
cities and towns, under the patronage of the local authorities ;
also bv the distribution of short papers or pamphlets on the
subject for the use of schools, art teachers. and others. Un-
fortunately. at our great centres of learning, which should
have given a lead in this matter. the study of architecture has
been made subservient to archeology; it has been a hand:
maid to other interests rather than a queen in its own right.
The result is only what might have been expected viz., that
architectural work of all sorts, good. bad, and indifferent, has
been judged and appreciated (or the reverse) not upon its
merits but according to its antiquity. Archaeology has thus
been an unconscious cause of the decav of architecture as a
living art. But. it may be asked. are not the technical schools
educating our people in a knowledge of architecture Scarcely.
They impart a knowledge of the methods and science of build-
ing construction, but what is needed by the general public is

NOVEMBER 11, 1904]

larity. The success of the President's “ At Hcmes,” which
he inaugurated, has been most marked. They have afforded
Opportunities for social intercourse and the exchange of ideas,
and have been occasions on which the experience of those
of riper years has been readily placed at the disposal of
younger brethren. The drawings and sketches also, which
have been exhibited, proved both attractive and helpful. I
propose, therefore, by your favour, to continue these pleasant
gatherings, from which “ My Lady Nicotine ” will assuredly
nut be banished.

Turning to matters of more general architectural interest,
the past year has been distinguished by events of unusual
importance. The laying of the foundation-stone to the new
Cathedral of Liverpool— probably the last Gothic cathedral
to be built in our days—was a unique occasion, and its signi-
ficance was recognised bv his Majesty the King in perform-
ing the ceremony. The greatness of the work and the im-
portance of the city, combined with the desire of the citizens
that the sign of their faith should dominate this centre of
commercial enterprise, mark it as an event not only in archi-
tecture but in our national history, and one which should
materially affect the lives of the toiling masses. We shall
watch with interest every stage and every feature in the growth
and development of this important building. In the genius of
Mr. G. G. Scott, who has inherited the traditions of a talented
family, and in the supervising care of that most learned and
profound exponent of Gothic methods, Mr. Bodlev, R.A.,
we have ample assurance and guarantee that the beauty and
excellence of the work will be complete.

Another great undertaking which has been begun is that of
the Memorial to our late Queen, as designed by Mr. Aston
Webb. Already the laying-out of the new road in the Mall,
with its avenues of trees and approaches to the Palace, is
complete, and has been greeted with universal approval and
commendation. The large piers which mark the points of
divergence of the several roads and avenues show how effec-
tively these are set out. Not only are the existing approaches
一 with Constitution Hill —brought into unity, but they are so
contrived as to open up new vistas. At one point, for in-
stance, a fine open turved way reaching across the Green Park
will be viewed through elaborate iron gates and piers with
fine effect. Mr. Webb has certainly made the most of his
opportunities, and when all his design, including the arcad-
ing, is completed we may anticipate a result of which we shall
be proud. The present unfinished aspect of the work from
which the main architectural features are lacking can give
the public but little idea of the beauty and harmony of Mr.
Webb's enfire scheme. In this connection I may just say
that the very commonplace electric light standards, to which
so much exception has been taken, are only temporary, and
will, I hope, soon be replaced by others specially designed by
Mr. Webb himself. The Indian Memorial to the Queen has
also been taken in hand. Owing to the nature of the site
chosen the foundations for the superstructure designed by
Sir William Emerson have presented many difficulties, which,
however, have been overcome by methods of considerable
ingenuity. We shall look forward to having the particulars
and description of this interesting work before us in due course.
The contemplated extension to the British Museum—so long
needed --has been entrusted to Mr. J. J. Burnet, whose ex-
cellent Greek work in Glasgow fully entitles him to this dis-
tinction.

Amongst the events of the vear must be recorded the be-
stowal of the honour of kniglithood upon our colleague. Sir
Henry Tanner, whom we sincerely congratulate on so well-
deserved a reward for his eminent services. A proof surely,
this, of the awakening interest and increasing regard wheth our
beloved art is beginning to inspire in the minds of those in
authority. Before passing on. I desire to remind vou of the
great International Congress of 1906, which, as vou are
aware, is to take place in this cit. The necessary prepara-
tion and organisation for this important event is alreadv in
hand. and will continue to occupy the attention of your
council. I have the honour formally to announce that the
King has graciously consented to be the patron. aud the
Prince of Wales the honorary president of the Congress. 6
occasion will be in the highest degree interesting and impor-
tant —fruitful. too, we may well hope. in opportunities not
only for advancing the true interests of our art, but also for
drawing publie attention to its value and importance as a
factor in our national life and education. It is to this end that
our Institute should always be directing its efforts. We are
something more than a Trade Union we are a corporation

Artistic needs —

[NOVEMBER 11, 1904

burden from which they would fain escape? It is a well-known
fact, for instance, that an ill-designed building looked at sud.
denly will cause an involuntary shudder in a man with a
trained eye, while certain bad forms, as well as bad smells,
will produce a feeling of actual nausea. Any and every culti.
vation of the senses, in opening up hitherto unknown avenues
of delight, brings with it also increased discomfort, for it
reveals defects of which we were formerly unconscious. — All
forms of knowledge have this or a similar drawback. Rudyard
Kipling puts it from the moral side in a very telling form
when he makes our friend Tommy Atkins sing the praises of
some place he had discovered (Was it Mandalay? At am
rate, it was “east of Suez”), “where there ain't no bloomin'
ten commandments,” or words to that effect. But seeing that
we have our ten commandments or our canons of art as the
case may be. our moral principles and our artistic tastes, every
violation of which brings its fore-ordained penalty, surely we
may look to the authorities to defend us from all the hideous
sights and. sounds and smells which force themselves upon us
in our public thoroughfares, whether urban or suburban..

The object which business men have in view in choosing or
designing or rebuilding the frontage of their premises is to
arrest the attention of the passer-by. To catch the eye—that
is everything. They succeed sometimes, alas! too well, by
what is practically a severe shock to the nervous svstem of a
man of taste. The buildings they erect are marked by such
a vicious extravagance in material and so-called ornament, and
display such an eccentricity of forms as will not only effectu-
ally catch the eye of the passing wayfarer, but will certainly
also “land him in the interior - if not in a physical, in a
metaphysical sense. ‘The coarseness and vulgarity of these
methods need not be wholly attributed to architectural design
— though, certainly, once the author of a work of this class,
when remonstrated with, did boast that he was a “commer-
cial architect,” and that his clients wanted “the most show
for their money." This advertising mania is the cause of
much which we deplore in our street buildings. If the law
can restrain street cries and noises, because they affect the
nervous system, surely it may well undertake to control the
blatant architectural efforts which may be said to “cry aloud
and shout in our public ways.

Some effort has been made to control advertisement signs,
those modern eyesores which, not content with disfiguring our
good buildings and important places, have also intruded them-
selves upon the beauty and repose of the rural landscape.
Heavy taxation is too mild a penalty for these, especially
when they blink. Then, again, the increased height of build-
ings contributes largely to that atmosphere of gloom which
pervades some of our streets. 1 am not objecting to lofty
buildings on special sites, or where the road is wide enough,
nor are architects to blame if they show a willingness to add as
many stories as are required. The responsibility rests with
the ground landlords, who insist upon raising the ground rents
whenever the opportunity occurs, so that additional stories
must be built to meet the increased demand. Owners who
are privileged to possess land in important areas should be
under special control. 11 certain well-defined rules were laid
down applicable to all such places and sites, they would serve
for the guidance of those who purchase property or obtain
leases in those neighbourhoods, and freeholders would thus
be restrained from demanding excessive ground rents.

My predecessor in office strongly urged the need of some
authority to whom schemes of public improvements might be
submitted, not necessarily for sanction, but for consultation
and advice -a suggestion whieh Lord Windsor was good
enough to endorse, and has since sought to get adopted. This
Is a great advance, but I should like to press the matter still
further. Consultation and advice may be sufficient in man)
cases, but there are others where the First 65
should have power to decide and determine. 0۳
must be insisted upon, more particularly where considerations
of finance are likely to exercise an undue if not tyrannical sway.
Quite recently, when some important improvements were sus
gested in the Strand frontage of the new street, the meme
of the County Council appointed to meet the artists De
to the Finance Committee of the Council, and, as was p
expected, showed but little sympathy with artistic ideals. N
artistic treatment has a financial value of its own, 5 و‎
property are beginning to find out 一 for where the موو‎
of art are listened to, property 15 more eagerly SOUS the
and its value correspondinglv enhanced. Not long وت‎
Globe newspaper drew attention to this subject in à $7,

: vles
adu. he sh in Sir Arthur Conan Do;
article, apropos of a paragraph in Sir Gir Arthur.

address to the Incorporated Society of Authors.
i

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

350

一 一 一 -一 ہمہ ہس سے‎

not so much a technical knowledge as a discriminating taste
moulded and set upon elementary principles, a discrimination
which will enable them to approve what is excellent and reject
what is inferior. In the eighteenth century the education
of a gentleman was not considered complete unless he had
acquired some knowledge of the rudiments of architecture,
and a refined taste in the appreciation of its beauties. Too
often, it is true, the dilettante thus inspired attempted to
express his ideas without the aid, or with onlv the partial aid
of the professional architect, and fell into the many errors
and mistakes into which a little learning is always so apt to
betray a man. Such rash experiments are to be deplored,
but the interest in and appreciation of art which prompted
them is one which we might well seek to revive.

In this good cause I believe the power of the Press may be
reckoned on. In an admirable and interesting article in the
Limes, of September 3 last, from which 1 should like to quote
more fully, the writer, after stating that every town and
county council is making effort to establish some kind of
technical education among the people, adds:—* The want of
such an education in England, and of a rudimentary know-
ledge of design, has been matter of complaint during many
generations, but until quite lately the complaints have fallen
upon deaf ears." Again, after drawing attention to the
general neglect of decorative artists in the past, who had to
abandon their art because there was no demnad for it. he
writes: —“ Things have changed a good deal in the last. forty
vears, and there is now, at least, no want of schools of art
or of the encouragement that is given by an enthusiastic, if
rather uninformed, public opinion." It is this uninformed
public opinion which is the difficulty and the danger, and 1
hope a committee of this Institute may be appointed to con-
sider the subject, and to suggest something that may be done
by way of remedy. In these days, supply (of a sort) follows
hot-footed upon the heels of demand, and the quickened
public interest in art was promptly met by the abominable
affectation (1 should like to use a stronger phrase) of what is
known as “l'art nouveau.” A new art, forsooth A pernicious
trick easily acquired and applied alike to buildings or jewellery,
furniture or dress ; no matter what the nature of the material,
whether iron or wood, stone or glass, all alike twisted to
curves representing the final stages of vegetable decay and
animal decrepitude, in defiance of all true principles of con-
struction and beauty. In the Times article I have quoted
from, an incident is related of an intelligent French workman
who, passing through a museum with an Englishman, after
contemplating a Riesever cabinet, turned to an “ art nouveau ”
chair (alas: that it should have been there), and delivered his
soul as follows :- — In the old days they had ideas, but as for
this chair - well, it is the art of fools suited to an age of fools.”
In correcting such false ideals as “lart nouveau” holds up to
the public admiration, the Press can render powerful aid, but
we must do our part also hv supplying principles to direct and
mould the taste of the people in matters architectural.

Fortunately, the County Councils and other public bodies
acknowledge the advantage to the community of these artistic
influences, and are alive to their importance in trade and
commerce, but have they ever vet regarded them from the
point of view of the public health aud morals? If legislation
is necessary on sanitary matters that the public may be pro-
tected from insidious poisons conveyed through the senses
of smell and taste and touch, mav it not be equally important
to protect the sight? Environment insensibly influences the
development of all forms ol life, and it cannot be doubted that
the squalid conditions, horrid forms, mharmónious colours,
and injurious sights amongst which such à large proportion of
our urban population spend their lives, contribute their quota
to the sum total of degenerate moral tendencies of which re:
curring acts of crime are the inevitable outcome. Even the
untrained have sensibilities to be shocked and blunted, and
if the effect of a gloomy and monotonous environment be bad,
what shall we say or think about the cumulative moral effect
of those wildernesses of mean streets and horrid buildings by
which our great cities are disfigured. There must be no con-
cession to what is bad or even mean in architecture if a
healthy and manly condition of the people is to be main-
tained. This aspect of the functions of good architecture
should be considered by the authorities whe watch over the
needs of the community. And may it not be that many who
do not live in mean streets are yet suffering, perhaps uncon-

‘ously. from the conditions by which they are surrounded in
اسر ات‎ rhfares, their senses assailed by a multitude
the public thoroughfares, their se ics (conca حر‎
of petty annoyances amounting in the aggregate a heav

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

一 -一 -一 -一 一 一 一 一

great centre，and thence again outwards，seems inevitable.
The lungs of London，as they are rightly regarded，must not
consist solely of the few open parks, which, after all, are
now more or less closed in, but of wide channels and routes
for currents of air to flow freely through. This is a matter
I commend to the attention of our town councils.

One of the questions raised by my predecessor, and still
under the consideration of the council, is the growing habit
of employing the Borough surveyor or engineer on what is
really professional architectural work. It is true this official
is usually a man of considerable capacity, but the very
nature of his ordinary and proper work stands in the way
of architectural or artistic accomplishments. The com-
mittee appointed to report upon the subject have done so in
a very thorough and excellent manner. They have ascer-
tained the custom and conditions existing in other countries,
and the result of their labours will be condensed and pub-
lished in the Journal. lt is proposed to take steps to
bring the matter to the notice of the public authorities and
others who may be concerned. Tt has been urged with much
show of justice that our Institute ought to afford help and
protection to its members in legal matters, when these matters
are wrongly forced upon them, and are of such a character
as to prejudice the interests of the profession. The principle
has been approved by the council, and a board established,
called the Board of Professional Defence, which, under proper
restrictions, will be empowered to deal with such cases as
come within the above category. "The increasing uscfulness
of the Journal in bringing matters of importance to our
notice leads me to suggest that this usefulness might be
extended if members would more freely communicate
matters of general interest ——either in the form of letters to
the editor, or of short articles—drawing attention, for in-
stance, to buildings or obects of interest seen during their
vacation, that others may be led to visit the same locality.
There is scope also for short descriptive papers on various
subjects connected with our methods of work, and such
papers would often prove of great value and interest to
readers of the Journal. "The opportunities afforded by the
sessional papers for imparting information are necessarily few,
but the Journal may to some extent make good the deficiency,

while recognising the desirability, even the necessity, of a
strain of artistic blood in the body corporate of the London
County Council, did not seem very sanguine, for he calculated
it would take a man with the talent of Michael Angelo, the
despotic power of Napoleon I., and the all-round energy of the
Kaiser Wilhelm to make this city of mean streets and of the
commonplace to be what it should be—a fitting centre of the
greatest empire that the world has ever seen. |

No doubt the qualities here so tersely epitomised would
prove advantageous, but how much might be accomplished
in this direction if only the First Commissioner of Works,
acting as a "Minister of Fine Art with the aid of an Advisory
Committee, possessed the necessary despotic power to see
the right proposals adopted. This is, above all, imperative
in the treatment of our public places, in the formation of
new thoroughfares, and in dealing with spaces and buildings
around our public institutions. Again, where buildings
should be considered in relation to their surroundings, where
they must be in scale, and accord in breadth of treatment,
and where other similar claims of art must be considered
it the proposed work is to be in due relation to and in
harmony with the existing or determined general scheme,
all these are cases where the power of authority may well
be invoked and exercised on behalf of the best interests of
the community.

A Building Act is of little or no good here. The law
càn determine the height of buildings, fix the size of light-
ing areas, and so on, but no mere Act of Parliament can
define the subtle qualities and delicate nuances which dis-
tinguish good art from bad, or, rather, shall we say, which
separate art from the lack of art. ln France and in the
States, both of them lands of freedom, some such exercise
or authority as I am advocating has been found necessary—
why not here? I am by no means suggesting a mechanical
or despotic control such as would engender a monotonous
uniformity and ultimately entail a loss of individuality, but
a freedom under control—för freedom without control is
licence, and licence tramples under foot all consideration for
others' rights. This is the one side. On the other, so-called

“rights” may be unduly and oppressively insisted upon.
of “Ancient Lights" has

These, gentlemen, are some of the minor matters which
interest and concern us as architects. 1 should like to add
a few words upon the general condition and prospects of our
art in this land.

Those of us who have watched the steady improvement in
English architectural work during the last few years can-
not but experience a measure of satisfaction and even of
pride at the progress which has been made. Our colleagues
on the Continent and in America, who have been inclined to
regard architecture as a dead art in this country, are already
awake to the fact that there is more vitality and advance
being exhibited here than anywhere else. Many American
friends who have been absorbed by the excellent French
methods they have studied have recently expressed to me
their admiration of certain hitherto unsuspected qualities
and beauties in our English work. This is both gratifving
and encouraging, especially as under our unfortunate clima-
tic conditions we are constitutionally prone to belittle every-
thing that is of us or around us. Do not imagine, how-
ever, that our friendly critics have not been discriminating.
“A man,” said Ruskin, “may hide himself from you in every
other way, but he cannot in his work—there you have him”;
and our critics have had us, sometimes, to our confusion of
face before them. We cannot, however, fail to observe that
there is a growing demand for the best and purest work,
and as the appetite for what is good is whetted, all that is
vulgar and bad will become repugnant and tend to disappear.
As the sunshine of popular favour shines upon our art it must
advance. Side by side with the good fruit there will still
flourish the ill weeds, those vulgar street buildings and
fantastic fripperies which flaunt and force themselves to the
front. Yet we may take heart even from these. for they
are a sign that there is something they are fighting against
which will eventually be valued at its true worth. Let them
alone, they must come to grief. If “experience is the dress
of thought,” then a building is bound to reveal its true
character at the last, If it glitters for show 1t proclaims that
which is false and weak. “To dazzle let the vain design,”
said Pope; “to raise the thought and touch the heart be
thine.” _

Architecture must tell its tale; it has
deliver. Like a musical score it expresses a great deal more

its message to

The Bill, as I believe

The terrorism, for instance,

frequently. been prejudicial to architecture, and a short 6
since it culminated in such unreasonable demands as to
We in this City, and, in-

paralyse all building operations.
deed, the whole country, owe a debt of gratitude to Mr.

Howard Colls for boldly withstanding the legal opinions of
A clear
and satisfactory judgment has thus been obtained on the
question, establishing a principle of law which will relieve
the public from formidable

the courts and appealing to the House of Lords.

both

restrictions.

property owners and
To the architect this must come as a relief,

for the difficulties which he has to eucounter in the exercise
without the added fear

of his duties are harassing enough
of litigation, which must necessarily hinder him from giving
that thought and devotion to his art which the case requires.

It will not be forgotten that an Easement of Lights Bill, in-

troduced by Mr. Fletcher Moulton, K.C., on behalf of the

surveyors and ourselves, has been before Parliament the last

two sessions, and steps will be taken to continue its promo-
tion when Parliament meets. again.
you all know, covers the ground of the Colls v. Home and
Colonia! Stores case, and provides a simple machinery for
arbitration.

Light and air have long been bracketed together, and,
indeed, in most cases they do go together. There is, how-
ever, one important respect in which the question of air calls
for separate and independent consideration. In the cxten-
sion of suburbs of cities and towns the public health
demands that the buildings should be farther apart and the
open spaces larger the further thev are removed from the
In Germany the authorities regulate the growth of
their suburbs. Different heights and different degrees of
proximity are prescribed according to the locality. Towards
the centre five stories is the limit, which is reduced to three
farther off, and then the houses must be detached. In cer-
tain directions a larger area must be reserved for the wind
to blow freely about the houses.

Our London suburbs are becoming a source of considerable
danger. Here the houses are indeed smaller, but they are
so closelv packed and crowded with unhealthy subjects that
the air which passes over them to the centre is becoming
denser and more impure every succeeding vear, and should
a serious epidemic occur, the spread, of contagion to the

centre.

[NOVEMBER 11, 1904

360 | “HE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

than meets the eye. Its meaning is hidden behind the veil; enthusiasts. Our national architecture is not dead; there

are many signs of life and movement within it. The spark
is there; let us blow upon it and the fire will burn. Let

of outward symbol. It is a mystery whose voice is heard

speaking, according to each mans mood, capacity, and

temperament. Just as the words of genius have a profounder | us encourage and stimulate the energies of those who, with

the love of their art burning brightly, seek not arrogantly for
something new, but to advance that which they have proudly
inherited, and to make its influence for good ever more and
more known and loved.

—-

A NEW WOOD PRESERVING PROCESS.

ادو نوي ووه یجو نا

F the wood-preserving process which we inspected last
week does all that is claimed for it, we sho"ld sureh
see something of a revolution in the timber trade.

For this ingenious process deals satisfactorily with the newest
timber. We are told that within a fortnight of being felled
timber can be made ready for use by the Powell wood process.
so that, if the patentees carry out their promises, we need
vo no longer in fear of unseasoned timber. In response to
an invitation received from the Powell Wood-Process Svndi-
cate. Ltd., of Temple Bar House, 28, Fleet Street, E.C., we
lately paid a visit to their works at Carpenters Road, Strat-
ford, E.. for the purpose of enquiring into the new process.
The advantages claimed are that it increases the strength,
toughness, durability, and resiliency of the wood, and als
prevents dry-rot.

The process briefly consists in first boiling the timber in
a compound saccharine solution, care being taken that the
solution has free access to each piece, after which it is
passed on to the drving-rooms. The process is applicable
to all kinds of timber, whether used for railway sleepers
and paving-blocks. or for the finest cabinet-work. Its
claimed that the timber is made stronger, firmer, less porous.
and more durable, and much more compact than in its
natural state. A very cheap material in the form of sugar
molasses can be used for the commoner woods, while for
the best woods raw beet sugar is preferable. Common spruce
is much improved bv the process, and will not contract or
swell, and is from 25 to so per cent. stronger than in its
ordinary state. Another very strong point in favour of this
process is that it does not increase the inflammability of the
wood.

We may sav. in conclusion, that the plant is most simple and
Inexpensive, the labour required for the manipulation being
small, and the cost of the whole process compares favourably
with other processes of a like nature. From personal observa-
tion, we can safely sav that it improves the appearance of mam
woods used for decorative purposes, and if in other respects
the process fulfills the claims that are made for it. we should
imagine its general adoption could hardly be long delaved.
Our readers will be interested to note the results, The idea
appears to have been the result of the personal observation
of the patentee. whose experience of the matter has extended
over à considerable time.

سس سس ت IA‏ _ _ _ _ _

ST. LOUIS EXHIBITION AWARDS.

YAA

HE following are some of the awards to exhibitors from
Great Britain and Ireland, organised under the Royal
Commission: — |

Group 27. - Architectural Engineering. 一 Grand ۳
Ernest George and Yeates. Gold Medal.-—Robinson Hains
worth. Silver Medal. - Liverpool Corporation.

Group 33.— Productions in Marble, Bronze, Cast Iron. and
Wrought Iron. - Silver Medal. - Verde Antico Marble Com
pany. 00

Group 37.-—Decorative and Fixed Furniture of Buildings
and Dwellings.— Grand Prize.—G. Trollope and Sons, Warm:
and Gillow, Ld. Gold Medal.---Ch. Mellier and Co. i
Medal.—The Harehope Mining and Quarrying Co.. L
Awards to Collaborators. Gold Medal. —W. Galloway (War
ing and Gillow), J. Morton (Waring and Gillow), G. en
wright (Waring and Gillow). W. Smith (Waring and Gil on).
R. A. Russell (Waring and Gillow). F. Murray (Waring ۷
Gillow), T. S. Smith (Trollope and Sons). €

Group 38.— Office and Household Furniture.— Grand ٨2 5
Wm. Birch. Ld.. Ch. Mellier and Co.. Geo. Trollope and m
Waring and Gillow. Tad., F. P. Bhumgara and Co. is ۱
Collaborators. - Gold Medal.---W. Wheeler (Melher and Lo.)
Silver Medal.— A. Moumy (Mellier and Co.).

x
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1

meaning than the actual thought that prompted them, so true
architecture possesses the power, as by a magic wand, to
"call up spirits from the vasty deep —from the ocean of
human thought and passion.

Art speaks in all its manifestations alike. Every picture,
every group of sculpture, every musical composition is à
vehicle for the conveyance of thought in poetical form.
Architecture is the prose of inarticulate but beautiful thought
and feeling. Sometimes it tells of the commonplace in life;
rising higher it speaks of domestic peace and happiness;
and yet again in more stately diction it sets forth the
grander and larger purposes of life. It recounts the past,
records the present, and holds up ideals for the future.
But only when it is enriched from the sister arts of sculpture
and painting can it tell the tale with the fulness of eloquence
and power—for then it speaks to the heart in tender and
solemn tones of all that is most grand and beautiful in life
and humanity. It is a pleasure to see that much has been
done in recent years to cement and confirm the alliance of
the arts. The brotherly readiness of the sculptor to aid in
the good cause shouid be recognised, and his name coupled
with the architects in all such work. If the building is to
be harmonious in expression these two must work together
from its conception, and the sculptor must have a fitting and
honourable place assigned to him whence he may take up
his parable with effective force. Not a new or separate motif,
but the same with new progressions, a harmony with one
delightful melody. When further the orchestra is increased
by calling in the painters art, then, like the vibrating
strings with their soul-strring chords, the refinements of
tone and colour appeal to the heart with a new and higher
power based upon the primal sympathies and emotions of
the human breast. Why, then, we may ask, have these arts
so few opportunities of Joint action? Is it not because archi-
tecture has forgotten her place and lagged behind? Is she
not like Lots wife, who, looking back, was stiffened into a
pillar of salt? Looking back, there lies the explanation.

The sister arts of painting and sculpture have been the
while advancing; they have developed, but architecture has
stopped short and been content to look back to the past, to
draw upon old periods and reproduce ` defunct” styles, so
that the living arts of the present age could no longer asso-
ciate with one that was a mere mouldering survival from bv-
gone times. A special architectural carver had to be trained
to forge or imitate archaic forms, and to reproduce the quaint
and grotesque figures of almost forgotten centuries; while
the painter has given place to the " firm of decorators," and
his message to the dumb extravagance of mere costly material.
All this, I believe, will soon be past history, a vanished night-
mare, for a new era has undoubtedly begun.

May we not justly feel sanguine? After all, the great
thing is not so much where we stand as 1n what direction we
are moving. It is no question of style. Every period has
contributed something to our art. Gothic, with its rich
luxuriance, has been the foster-home of the crafts, and if
the crafts themselves seem to have lost their independence
and vitality, it is because having had a part in beautifving
the “styles,” they have, like them, been made to serve in the
copying and forging of bvgone examples. Without denying
that in the hands of true genius these past types may be taken
up and carried forward. yet it 1s rather with the Renaissance
forms that modern sculpture and painting can best and most
easilv be associated. It is natural, perhaps, that I should
have this confidence in the development ot the Later
Renaissance. There, at any rate, it will again be possible
to co-operate with ones brother artists, and that must be a
step in the right direction. There is in its methods a free-
dom, a vitality, and a power ot adaptation to modern re-
quirements which surely stimulates conception and fosters
growth. There is. too, a characteristic wealth of stateliness
and grandeur fitting it for all high and noble purposes. 6
genius of Inigo Jones, and subsequently of Wren. taking it
up, each at the point at which he found it, carried it on far
bevond its budding efforts, and established it as a great
English tradition. Here is the“ quarry. and. to quote the
words of Goethe. “ He does not deserve the name of archi-
tect except out of this fortuitous mass he can combine with
the greatest economy, suitableness, and durability, some form

the pattern of which originated in his own soul." Let us be.

۰
-————— —

THE foundation-stone of St. Silas's new parochial buildings at
Byker was laid last week. The new buildings are situated
at the corner of Rodger Street and Heaton Park Road South.

| They will contain two large halls, on the first and second

floors, with class-rooms, etc. The total cost will be £2,500.
Mr. A. B. Plummer, Newcastle, is the architect, and Mr. J. L.
Miller, North Shields, the contractor.

THE new schools which have recently been completed at
South Broomhill, from designs by Mr. J. Wightman Douglas,
of Alnwick and Newcastle, were opened on the sth inst. These
buildings have been erected at a cost of about £7,000, and
include a school for 230 boys and 230 girls, and a hostel.
The school has been planned on the Central Hall System,
with corridor, and consists of ten class-rooms, all on the ground
floor, and opening direct into the wide corridor or central
hall. The whole work has been carried out by Messrs. R.

.Carse and Son, Amble.

ON the 2nd inst. the foundation-stone of the new school in
Elwick Road, West Hartlepool, was laid. The new building
will be a three-storey erection with two-storey wings, and
accommodation will be provided for 1,200 scholars. The
third storey will provide accommodation for science teaching,
and will include a lecture-room, with gallery and demonstra-
tion-table and preparation-room. The whole building will be
lighted by electricity, The school has been designed by Mr.
Richard Holt, of Liverpool, and the contractors are Messrs.
T. Beetham and Son, West Hartlepool. The total estimated
cost is 421,041.
on

THE foundation-stone of the new Grammar School for Girls
at Bury was laid on the 3rd inst. The second step was thus
taken in a movement which, wnen completed, will provide
the town with one of the finest schools in the North of Eng-
land. A scheme was adopted in 1899 for the erection of a
new building for the Boys’ Grammar School and for the
establishment of a Girls’ Grammar School. For these pur-
poses the Governors of the Hulme Trust made a grant of the
capital sum of £18,000 and a fixed yearly sum of £1,250.
The boys' school was first proceeded with, and this was
opened last year, having cost about كر‎

THE new infirmary at Gravelly Hill, near Birmingham, which
has just been erected at a cost of £6,000, was opened last
week. The building has been erected on the site of the old
schools. The large dormitories and school-rooms of the old
building have been retained, and these have been converted
into six infirmary wards, each 6oft. by zoft., and the neces-
sary day-rooms have been added, and five separation-wards
have been provided. The heating is by radiators placed in
the centre of the wards, while fire escape staircases have been
built outside. The work has been carried out to the plans of
Mesrs. C. Whitwell and Son, by Mr. Colin Hughes, each of
Birmingham.

THE new Wesleyan Church and School in Elm Hall Drive,
Penny Lane, Wavertree, which were opened on the 4th inst.,
have been erected from the designs and under the superinten-
dence of Messrs. G. Fraser and A. Thornely, architects. The
school-chapel is of Gothic design, built of Ruabon pressed
brick, with Portland stone dressings. The entrance hall gives
access to a large well-lighted hall, capable of seating 500
persons, and this will serve the double purpose of a Sunday
school and a place of worship. Immediately adjoining are
vestries, cloak-rooms, a large ladies parlour, and an infants’
school-room. On the top floor there is a smaller mecting-hall,
capable of accommodating 300 people. The cost of the
building has been between £4,000 and £5,000.

THE Church of All Saints, at Lincoln, which was consecrated
on the sth inst, is of late Decorated Gothic design, and
consists of a nave, with north and south aisles, chancel, with
transepted organ-chamber on its south side, and a transept
on its north, with a choir-vestry opening out of it eastwards,
and sacristy outside the east end of the chancel. The nave
is separated from the aisles by arcades of five high arches,
carrying a lofty clerestory, with tallfi three-light windows on

The , either side. The chancel is fitted with carved oak seats, side

ARCHITECT. 36r

NOVEMBER 11, 1904] THE BRITISH

Group 42.—Paperhanging.—Gold Medal.—G. Trollope
and Sons.

Group 43.—Carpets and Tapestries.—Grand Prize. 6
Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum (Fredk. Walton's New Patent Co.,
Ld.). Gold Medal.—Ch. Mellier and Co. ‘Silver Medal.—F. P.
Bhumgara and Cu. Awards to Collaborators.—Gold Medal.
— Fred. Walton (Greenwich Inlaid Linoleum Co.). Silver
Medal.—Victor Bentton, Henry Bentton (Greenwich Inlaid
Linoleum Co.).

Group 44.—Upholsterers’ Decorations.—Grand Prize. —
The Singer Manufacturing Co.). Gold Medal. —Wm. Birch,
Mellier and Co., Trollope and Sons, Waring and Gillow. F. P.
Bhumgara and Co., A. H. Lee. Silver Medal.—Wm. Birch,
Brown, E. A. Hunter. Awards to Collaborators.— Gold
Medal.—F. Murray (Waring and Gillow). Silver Medal.—
G. Wainwright (Waring and Gillow, J. Morton (Waring and
Gillow), A. Russell (Waring and Gillow), W. Galloway (Waring
and Gillow), W. Smith (Waring and Gillow), W. Wheeler
(Mellier and Co.), R. Roumy (Mellier and Co.).

Group 45.—Ceramics.—Grand Prize.—Mintons, Ld., W.
Howson Taylor, Doulton and Co., Ld., Wengers, Ld.
Gold Medals.—Booths, Ld., the Crown Staffordshire Porce-
lain Co., Ld., W. H. Grindley and Co., Johnson Bros.
(Hanley), Ld., John Maddock and Sons, Ld., Alfred
Meakin, Ld., Minton, Hollins and Co., Sherwin and Cotton,
Henry Watkin, G. Woolliscroft and Son, Ld., Sir Ed.
H. Elton, Bart. Silver Medai.—-G. L. Ashworth and Bros.,
W. L. Baron, C. H. Brannan, H. E. Buley, the Welsh Indus-
tries Association. Bronze Medal.—F. P. Bhumgara and
Co., Wardle and Co., Ld. Awards to Collaborators.— Grand
Prize. —G. Tinworth (Doulton and Co.). Gold Medal.—J.
H. Mott (Doulton and Co.), W. Gaudy (Doulton and Co.),
J. Slater (Doulton and Co.). C. J. Noke (Doulton and Co.), L.
M. Solon (Mintons). | Silver Medal.—-J. Campbell (Min-
tons), Leon V. Solon (Mintons), J. W. Simmill (Maddock and
Sons) Bronge Medal.—J. W. Wadsworth (Mintons), D.
Jones (Wardle and Co.), H. G. Rhead (Wardle and Co.),
C. B. Hopkins (Doulton and Co.), W. Brough (Doulton and
Co.), E. Roby (Doulton and Co.), P. Curnock (Doulton and
Co.), W. Slater (Doulton and Co.), J. Broad (Doulton and
Co.), A. E. Pearce (Doulton and Co.), March V. Marshall
(Doulton and Co.), Miss Elise Simmond (Doulton and Co.),
F. C. Pope (Doulton and Co.), Miss H. B. Barlow (Doulton
‘and Co.), Miss E. Barlow (Doulton and Co.), Miss M. E.
Thompson (Doulton and Co), F. A. Butler (Doulton and
Co.), W. Rowe (Doulton and Co.), J. H. McLeman (Doulton
and Co.), C. Bailey (Doulton and Co.), R. Allen (Doulton
Co.), H. Bettlev (Doulton and Co), F. Hancock (Doulton
and Co.), S. Wilson (Doulton and Co.). G. White (Doulton
and Co.), W. Hodkinson (Doulton and Co.).

Group 46.-—Plumbing and = Sanitary Materials. —Gold
Medal. 一 Waring and Gillow. Silver Medal. —W. Bradley.

Group 47.— Glass and Crvstal.—Gold Medal. —John Mon-
crieff, the Cloisonné Mosaic Co. Award to Collaborator.—
Bronze Medal.—J. Duff (John Moncrieff).

Group 48.—Apparatus for Heating and Ventilation.—
Bronze Medal.— John Sim.

Messrs. W. F. Stanley and Co., Ltd., of Great Turnstile,
Holborn, W.C., also inform us that thev have been awarded
a gold medal for surveving and drawing instruments.

07ھ

BUILDING NEWS.

Mr. J. B. LANGLEY, of Manchester, is the architect for the

new public baths to be erected at Newcastle-on-Tyne, at a.

cost of £13,500.

THE Parish Church of St. Thomas-à-Becket, Portsmouth, was
re-opened on the 8th inst., after repair and renovation under
the direction of Mr. T. G. Jackson, R.A.

THE foundation-stone of a new church was laid on Saturday
at Thurlstone, near Penistone, by Sir Walter Spencer Stan-
hope. K.C.B. The estimated cost of the church, building,
and endowment scheme is £11,000. The edifice, which has
been designed by Mr. C. Hodgson Fowler, F.S.A., of
Durham, is to seat 280 people.

ipu munem eo

A FREE library is to be erected at Newbury from the plans ا‎

of the Borough Survevor, Mr. S. J. Lee Vincent.

facade will be built in red bricks, with Monks Park stone | screens, gallery for the organ, altar. ete.. while in the nave

The lending de- | is a handsomely-carved oak pulpit, oak Jectern, ete. Exter-

dressings, and roofed with Broseley tiles.

partment will be screened from the hall or corridor by a screen : nally the church is of red brick, with Bath stone dressings,
of Muranese glass, and accommodation will be afforded for |

both externally and internally, while the inner faces of the
walls are plastered. The roots are covered with red tiles.

10,000 volumes.

[NOVEMBER 11, 1504

一 一 一 一 一

of the choir was, he considered, in a dangerous state, and
should be seen to without delay. The finial was broken
across, and the two top courses were lifted an inch and a
quarter on one side. The flying buttresses, to which he
directed attention more than two years ago, were, he be.
lieved, put up for ornament, and had no work to do until
Sir Gilbert Scott vaulted the nave. The vault was now
overpowering the buttresses, and the walls had an inclination
outwards. He considered it imperatively necessary that the
walls should be shored at certain points, and the flying but.
tresses reconstructed without delay, or the consequences
might be serious. The buttresses had all come over several
inches, and it was not safe to leave any of them. Some
repairs to the parapets were also needed. Two western
turrets were prepared for flying buttresses to give the same
architectural eftect to the west front as was given by similar
buttresses at the east end, and though in neither case were
they needed for strength, but only for beauty, he thought the
west front would gain very greatly if these buttresses were
added. It was estimated that the whole of the work recom-
mended by the architect would involve an expenditure ap
proximating 4,4,000, and donations to the amount of £738
were announced. It was resolved, on the motion of the
Bishop of Bath and Wells, seconded by Mr. E. T. D. Fox
croft, to proceed at once with that part of the work which
was considered urgent at a cost not exceeding £3,000. The
erection of the two buttresses at the west end and the
question as to the alteration of the character of the pinnacles
were deferred.
—— وھ‎

JOTTINGS.
Tue British School of Archæology in Athens will shortly com-
mence excavations at Karyais, in Laconia.

A FUND is being raised to provide a memorial effigy in South-
well Cathedral to the memory of the late Bishop.

Fryston HALL came under the hammer at Leeds last week.
The Yorkshire home of Lord Houghton had a fame which
was peculiarly its own, and which was earned for it solely b
its tenant, for it had no history to speak of prior to the days
of Monckton-Milnes. Since the death of that famous owner,
Fryston Hall has lain neglected almost, as the successor to
the title --the present Earl of Crewe—has shown a preference
for other environments. No sale was, however, effected ol
the mansion and grounds, though other lots of land found
purchasers.

CALAIS is about to erect a statue of the famous inventor
Jacquard, to whose fertile brain a great part of her industria
prosperity is due. The plaster model. which has been com-
pleted by the chosen sculptor, M. Lormier, is of special
interest for its frank acceptance of the fact that a great part
of the prosperity of the silk trade is based upon feminine
vanity. The figure of Jacquard is supported on a carved
base, on which is represented a young woman n even;
dress, to personify the tulle industry, which flourishes m
Calais, and the highest efforts of which are represented m
her costume. In front of her an allegorical figure of a child.
symbolising Fashion, is tempting her by the offer of other
silks and laces, at the same time presenting her with a look-
ing class.

A RECORD in hydraulic engineering has been made by the
completion on Monday of the laving of a submerged water
main at a depth of 8oft.. across the channel in Cork UAM
which separates Queenstown from the Government Islam
of Haulbowline, says the Chronicle. In no part of the world,
it is stated. have pipes for a like purpose been laid at ري‎
great depth. Several experts were of opinion, Qu
project y mooted, that. owing to the great depth of ۵ Í
in the channel. and the fact that the bottom of it was i
posed of very irregular jagged limestone rocks, the work cou!
not be carried out. ‘Fhe work of the divers was perilous ۷
the extreme. The length of the submerged main 1 close 0
2,000ft., and consists of specially cast 6in. internal ia s
ball-and-socket-jointed pipes. i

The work was carne
Çi eens-
from plans prepared by Messrs. Kirby and Doran. Qu

: ñ ° ; de
town, for the Queenstown Urban District Council, who ۷

took, at the request of the Admiralty, to give an ample b.

of pure water to the naval dockvard on the island.
contractors were Messrs. Lester, of Plymouth.

The designs for the church and all the fittings were by Mr.
C. Hodgson Fowler, F.S.A.

THE founuation-stone of a new public elementary school in
Cavendish Koad, Withington, was laid last week. The school
is intended to accommodate, in the first instance, 500 chil-
dren, but the plans have been so arranged that an extension
which will find room for another 300 can easily be made. The
building will be faced with red Ruabon brick, dressed with
buff terra-cotta. The ground plan is something in the form
of the letter H. There are to be a central hall capable of
holding 800 children, with two teachers’ retiring-rooms and
six Class-rooms on each of the. two floors. The school will
- have a properly equipped science-room. There is also to be
a detached cookery and manual instruction school. The
site, of an acre and a quarter in area, faces an open space
used as a recreation-ground. The architect is Mr. Ernest
Woodhouse, of Manchester. The cost of the building in its
first form will work out at about £17 10s. per child. When
it has been enlaryed to accommodate 800 children the cost
per head will be reduced to £14 10s.

THE oak chancel screen, erected in the Parish Church of
All Saints, Driffield, at the sole cost of Mr. Harrison Holt,
J.P., was dedicated on the rst inst. The design is by Mr.
Temple Moore, of Westminster, and the work has been
carried out by the firm of Geo. Shepherdson and Son, Ltd..
of Drifield. The screen is designed in the English style of
15th Century Gothic. It consists of seven principal divisions,
filling the width of the chancel arch, three of which are occu-
pied by the wide central doorway (or archway, for there are
no doors). Each main division is sub-divided into two com-
partments by slender moulded mullions, which branch into
richlv-carved flowing tracery at the top. From the massive
mullions of the main divisions spring the ribs of the groined
core of the cornice. This cornice on the west side extends
beyond the screen up to the north and south walls of the
nave, and is surmounted by a richly-carved cresting, with
crowned shields at intervals, bearing sacred monograms. The
cornice has two orders of carving; the upper one contains
the text, “Glory to God in the Highest; On Earth Peace,
Goodwill towards Men," and the lower order is filled with a
rich scroll of vine-leaves. The eastern side of the screen is
of similar general design, but simpler in detail. The lower
solid part of the screen on either side of the central doorway
is enriched with carving and tracery. The donor has also
filled the window over the chancel arch, and immediately over
the screen, with stained glass, the effect of which adds tone
to the sereen. The glass, which is rich in colouring, is from
the studio of Mr. H. Victor Milner, of London. The window
is of four livhts, aud these have been filled with figures of
St. George, St. Patriek, St. Andrew, and St. David. The
tracery over the window contains the Royal Arms, and the
York Arms.

A PUBLIC meeting was held at the Guildhall, Bath, on the
4th inst., under the presidency of Lord Bath, to consider a
statement which had been drawn up by Mr. T. G. Jackson,
-R.A., upon the condition of Bath Abbey Church. Mr.
Jackson, after recalling the fact that early in August the
south-east pinnacle of the central tower was struck by light-
ning, stated that the damage done was less than might have
been expected, but the top 15ft. of the spirelet was seriously
disturbed and some of the stone shattered. There were no
conductors on the building. which was obviously in danger
from anv storm. and it should be protected by a complete
system of points and copper tapes on the plan he had sub-
mitted. The removal of the shattered part of the pinnacle
had. he was sorry to say. revealed another defect. The
whole of the four pinnacles. as well as those at the east
end of the choir, were put together with iron clamps, which,
being near the outside of the stone and exposed to damp,
had rusted so seriously as to expand sometimes to twice
their original thickness, and had thereby disjointed the
masonry to that extent. He recommended that the whole of
the four spirelets of the tower and those of the east end
should be reconstructed. substituting copper rods and slate
dowels for the iron clamps and ties. As the pinnacles had
to come down. he thought it would be well to consider
whether, instead of the modern bulky pinnacles, they would
not substitute pinnacles of a lighter design, something more
like those of Malvern Priory and Gloucester Cathedral, which
would be to return to what was the character of the original
pinnacles as shown by old prints. The north-east pinnacle

NOVEMBER 18, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 363

——————————————— M"

is concerned, and some will well bear comparison with‏ .4* لي
riti 6 I tchite ct „4 | modern buildings, where too often compliance with bye-laws‏ 0
and the requirements of the public inspector are by many‏ /
thought to ensure a satisfactory building. These residences‏
remain ‘as memorials of an age now long past; they had‏
LONDON: FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1904, their day—a very long day—and the movements which are‏
evolving the English house of the near future are justifying‏
themselves. The teaching of John Ruskin, William Morris,‏
BY-LAWS. and others has entered the spirit of our time, and has already‏
produced results both beneficial and far-reaching, and we‏
DISCUSSION on the emendation of building by-laws | now look with sympathy on work which shows aspiration for‏
in relation to cottage property took place at the | rational and distinctive design. This was evidenced on‏
meeting of the East Grinstead Rural Council on the | Saturday by the expressions of approval with which the vari-‏
10th inst., and we were glad to note that one speaker, Mr. | ous changes were noted.‏

Taylor, sounded a note of warning in regard to the use of Externally the old fore-court wall has been entirely cleared
iron, which is cold in winter and warm in summer. He com- | away, and a new dwarf wall of red pressed bricks, with oak
plained that'iron houses could not be called comfortable, | slat fence built therein, substituted. Brick piers support the
and that, though they might get them for sixpence a week less, | oak’ entrance gates, and the path leading to the front door is
they would cost one shilling a week more for heating. This, | paved with buff quarry tiles. Originally, around the front door
of course, all depends on the extent to which the inner sur- | there was a pseudo-portico, instead of which is now an oak
faces of the walls and roofs are protected, and if the provision | porch, constructed with four oak posts, beams, flat roof and
against cold is adequate, it is possible the saving in cost is | cornice. The upper heavy wooden panels of the front door
largely nullified. Mr. Taylor said he should be glad to | have been replaced by leaded glass, and the door embellished

see a provision in the proposed by-laws whereby objection , with wrought-iron furniture.
could be made to iron cottages for the working classes. ' Internal y the changes are more marked, as, in addition to
Another speaker, who said that a cheap, healthy cottage was | several structural alterations giving additional light and air.
desired, and that for the lack of it labour was driven away, | so often wanting in these buildings, each room has been treated
possibly does not realise the correlation between health and | in a manner suitable to its purpose, while the entrance hall,
comfort. Comfort is certainly often achieved where health- | corridors, etc., have received as much attention as the rooms.
fulness is conspicuously lacking. It was ultimately decided | A small lobby at the front door has green walls, and those of
to postpone further consideration of the matter until after | the entrance hall beyond are embellished with oak framing.
conference with the Local Government Board. The result of | dividing the surface into panels, which are covered with brown
by-laws should be to make the erection of uncomfortable and | canvas. This treatment continues up the principal staircase.
insanitary cottage dwellings as difficult as possible, without | The drawing-room is large, and has walls of a silvery-grey
hindering the philanthropic efforts of those who would gladly | lustre, with deep white frieze, above a picture-rail, behind
benefit the condition of the poorer classes. It is quite open | which the electric lamps are placed, in order to diffuse a sub-
to question whether these two views of the question can ever | dued light. The fireplace is open, with dog grate, the white
be made to synchronise sufficiently. The employer of labour | enamelled chimney-piece being large, and having a wide
who himself provides cottages naturally aims to do it at the | area of blue tiling. The dining-room and smoking-room have
most economical rate possible, for to him, no less than the | wall surfaces of flat green and deep brown frieze, the ceiling
speculative builder, the whole matter may be pretty well | also being brown, the cornice white. The bed-rooms through.
summed up as a question of more or less profits. It is a | out have woodwork in white enamel, with papered walls to
signal hardship, however, to the estate-owner, who has some- | delicate tints, and deep white friezes, with purpose-made
thing of a desire to see all his employees comfortably housed, | picture-rail, to act as hanger and shelf. Some of the chimnev-
to be thwarted in his schemes of amelioration by foolishly | pieces are in oak, others in white enamel, and all have a large
restrictive by-laws. Out in the open country there should be | area of tiling, giving a homely appearance. The billiard-
really very little restriction needed. It is of the utmost im- | room may be described as an ideal room for its purpose, and
portance that a dry foundation and subsoil be provided, for | opens on to the large garden in the rear. Its furnishings are
the lack of this tells more heavily against the general health | in plain oiled oak, and the flooring of polished oak blocks.
than almost any other thing. The utmost cubic air space for | The walls are similar to those in entrance hall. The fireplace
sleeping-rooms is also advisable, though in regard to this it | is a plain, arched opening, in a breast of malm bricks, the
would make all the difference if we could induce people to | yellow of which is relieved by lacing courses of red tiles. The
see the wisdom of sleeping with the windows open. Add to the | hearth is of brown tiling, and separated from the floor by an
above a sound and proper method of drainage, and there is | oak curb bound with iron. The table is lit by a six-light
really very little else with which local authorities should وز‎ | fitting, made in oak, and suspended from the ceiling by chains,
terfere. Every good architect knows that cottages may be | additional light also being provided by pendants from oak
as pleasing in form and artistic effect as any other class of | brackets on the walls. The electric light fittings throughout
building, however cheaply they have to be lone, but he also | the house are well chosen, and worthy of note, some being in
realises that for a sound, dry foundation, for reasonable air | oak and others in mahogany. Nowhere do they appear in-
space, and for proper drainage there is no royal road to’saving | congruous, as is too often the case. The double-hung
cost. We strongly maintain that the craze for cheapening | “guillotine ” windows have been replaced by casements, with
cottages ought to have some definite limits, and one of the | fanlights over for ventilation. The sanitary arrangements of
uses of by-laws should be to bring this about. the house have been entirely remodelled, and the drains are
new throughout, this work being specially attended to by the
senior partner, Mr. Mark H. Judge, so well known as a sani-
tary expert. The medical men who were present on Satur-
dav last took special interest in this matter, and testified to
the ability with which the sanitary arrangements had heen

designed.

— lá

INDIVIDUALITY IN ARCHITECTURE.

T the invitation of the architects, Messrs. Mark H.

Judge and Sons (by kind permission of their client,

Mr. A. Dowie), the Mayor of Paddington and some

so other guests visited, on Saturday last, No. 36, Gloucester

Gardens, Hyde ‘Park. The architects are just completing a

remodelling of the building, and in them card of invitation

said : “ب‎ We have endeavoured to give to the house as much

individuality as possible, without ancurring the outlay which

would be necessary to elimmate entirely the stereotvped
design of the Regency period."

Gloucester Gardens is a section of Bishop's Road, and this
district was laid out in the Early Viotorian days with stucco-
fronted houses of heavy classic design repeated ad nauseam.
It is this repetition which has made so many of our streets
monotonous and drearv, whilst the interiors of the houses
are wholly of the pattern so perpetuated by classic copyists. |
These erections are not without merit so far as construction

man +o

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

uf)‏ سس
WRITER calls attention to the simple way of breaking‏
the draught which so interferes with the comfort of‏
railway passengers. The provision of a projecting‏
flap, in advance of the door opening in the direction the train‏
is travelling will, he claims, take awav all the unpleasant‏
draughtiness which we suffer from.‏

€
A DAILY paper has the following :—-* The open window is the

way to health, says the chairman of the Manchester Societv
of Architects, and no system of ventilation vet invented--
automatic or otherwise—can compare with the free play of
fresh air direct from the outside. Draughts are not danger-

[NOVEMBER 18, 1904

ARCHITECT.

364 THE BRITISH

۴77 تست سنا د 2 حت د وح ل ا —

markable what large ideas we had in national and commer-
cial enterprise, but directly we touched architecture we be.
came petty and cramped. Liverpool was the pioneer of
grand ideas. She was the first to build a cathedral of any
size that would compare with foreign cathedrals. They often
heard it said that the cathedral of Liverpool was to be the
largest in the United Kingdom ; that was no praise to him,
but it was praise to the public spirit of the Liverpool citi-
zens. Any one could design the biggest cathedral in the
world; the difficulty was to design a beautiful one.

THE Chelsea Borough Council discussed at their last meeting
the report of the Baths Committee, who stated that they had
received from Mr. F. H. A. Hardcastle a report on Messrs.
Wills and Anderson's plans for new baths, showing that the
approximate cost will be £521,000 for building and engineering
works, and £1,530 ros. for architects’ and quantity surveyor's
fees and clerk of works salary, 43,520 for artesian well and
storage tank, and £202 for architects’ and quantity surveyors
fees, and £2,600 for electric light installation, and £132 for
architects’ and quantity surveyor's fees. The committee re-
commended that the council do formally adopt this as the
scheme for new baths, subject to such amendments or altera.
tions in detail as the Public Baths Committee may hereafter
approve. The council, after rejecting several amendments,
accepted the report. The Contract Journal savs:—" The
council also received a report from the Town Hall Extension
Committee, which stated that they had considered further the
question of the proposed extension of the Town Hall, and
recommended that Mr. Leonard Stokes be asked to advise
the council as to the practicability of adapting the present
building to the needs of the council and their staff, and to
furnish an approximate estimate of the cost of such adaptation,
and that the council sanction the pavment of a fee not exceed-
ing 25 guineas for his services. This was also agreed to."

THE adjourned report of the Building Act Committee, which
proposes many important alterations in the London Building
Acts, was discussed at considerable length at the County
Council meeting on Tuesdav. The committee recommended
that the Bill which the council resolved last June should be
introduced into the next Session of Parliament, to deal with
this matter, should be modified in certain particulars. In its
original form the Bill only dealt with the question of safety
from fire, but the present proposals of the committee aim at
securing many other important amendments in the Acts: In
preparing the Bill the committee have considered suggestions
made by the Fire Brigade, Highways, Improvements, Local
Government, Main Drainage, Public Control, and Public
Health Committees of the council, by the majority of the
metropolitan borough councils, and by the Royal Institute
of British Architects, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the
Surveyors’ Institution, the District Surveyors’ Association,
and manv other bodies.

THE L.C.C. Asylums Committee presented the following in-
structive report:—‘ In pursuance of the promise of ou
chairman to submit to the council further information as to
the estimate for the erection of the superstructure of the Long
Grove Asylum, we now report as follows—the amount of the
accepted tender (that of Messrs. Foster and Dicksee) 5
£359,892 10s. ; the architect's cube estimate was £338,000;
to which must be added for * foundations’ of some of the de
tached buildings omitted from the foundation contract and
included in the superstructure contract, £10,000, making à
total of كر‎ 348,000 ; showing the amount of the tender in excess
of the architect's cube estimate to be £11,892 108. The
estimate of the quantity surveyors (based on priced bills), ob-
tained at the request of the Finance Committee, amounts ٥
£389,119 17s. 3d., which, after deducting amount of accepted
tender (£359,892 10s.), shows the excess of the quantity sur
vevors estimate over the accepted tender to be £29,227 15. 30
In the event of the committee having contemplated the ۲
tion of the work bv the works department, in accordance with
the standing orders of the council, they would have had to
obtain an estimate from the proper officer, and before te
porting to the council to have referred such estimate, together
with full pians and specifications, to the Works Committee
for consideration. The estimate, therefore, that would have
been submitted to the Works Committee is that prepared :
the quantity surveyors referred to above. As shown. bs
tender accepted by the council—viz., that of Messrs. del
and Dicksee amounted to £359,892 10s.—is 629.227 78. $e
les than the quantity survevors' estimate.”

ZT حسم نن‎ SAO 一 一 一 - -一 一 一 - بے سا‎ 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一

ous, and should be cultivated by those who desire not to take
cold, is his opinion, which is perhaps his professional way of
admitting the inability of his brethren to design a building
free from draughts. As to liability to catch cold from a
draught, the common sense of the people has settled that point
long ago.”

WE have received a very comprehensive “Architects” and
Builders' Pocket-Book,” edited by Mr. Frank E. Kidder, and
published by Messrs. John Wiley and Sons, of New York, and
Messrs. Chapman and Hall, London. Jt is a well-got-up
little volume, and contains a perfect mine of information and
about 1,000 engravings. The aim of the author has been to
produce a book of reference which should contain some in-
formation on every subject (except design) likely to come
before an architect, structural engineer, draughtsman, or
master-builder, including data for estimating approximate
cost. Part I. of the book deals with arithmetic, geometry,
and trigonometry. Part II. is devoted to strength of materials
and stability of structures. In Part III. we find useful infor-
mation for architects, builders, etc., under the various heads
of heating, ventilation, plumbing, lighting, etc.. etc. A glos-
sary of terms and a list of legal definitions of architectural
terms are useful features. In books of this sort one generally
finds a quantity of irrelevant and unnecessary matter, but,
although the book before us: contains over 1,650 pages, we

have been unable to find any matter which has not some prac-.

tical value. Architects and builders will find it a valuable
work of reference.

A SUB-COMMITTEE of the Finance Committee of Torquav pre-
sented a report, with sketches, of a proposed pavilion, to cost
£7,000, on the roth inst. It met with a good deal of adverse
criticism. Ald. Beans called it a compromise between an iron
church and a suburban railwav-station, and said it would only
provide visitors with a butt for ridicule. Coi. Stovell said
Torquay was one of the most beautiful places in the world. and
he was surprised at the council desiring to erect such an
inartistic structure. |

We have to record the death of Mr. John Norton, F.R.T.B.A.,
at the age of 71, on Thursday week. Mr. Norton won the
first prize at the London University classes in 1848, passed
through the presidential chair in the early davs of the Architec-
tural Association, and was elected Associate of the Roval
Institute in 1850 and Fellow in 1857. He was member of
council of the R.I.B.A., and of the Artists’ General Benevo-
lent Institution. The Arundel Society was greatly indebted
to him, for he was its hon. secretary during the whole of its
existence. Mr. Norton was responsible for more than 3o new
churches and 50 restored and rebuilt churches, including the
Gothic church on Lundy Island. He was also architect of
many country mansions.

MR. VALENTINE CAMERON PRINSEP, R.A., died on Friday, at
Holland Park, from the effects of an operation. He was born
in 1838, the second of the three sons of Henry Thoby Prinsep,
all of whom became distinguished men. He spent some time
in Paris, and it is no secret, savs the Z’imes, that he uncon-
sciouslv sat for the portrait of the big Taffv in his friend Du
Maurier's famous novel of “ Trilby.” After his time of train-
ing was over, Prinsep returned to London and began to exhibit
with great success. He first exhibited at the Academy
in 1862, and never failed to show a picture, or more
than one, up to the end of his life. In 1879 he was elected
A.R.A., and in 1894 was promoted to R.A. A great event in
his career was his being chosen to paint Lord Lytton’s Great
Durbar of 1877, when the Queen was declared Empress of
India; and the choice was justified both by Prinsep's merits
as a painter and by his familv's Indian record. The vast
canvas was exhibited in 188o, and is now, we believe, at
Buckingham Palace.

MR. GILBERT SCOTT, the architect of Liverpool Cathedral,
was the guest of the Liverpool Philomathic Society at the
annual dinner on Wednesday. Responding to the toast of
his health, he said that apart from mere form and shape,
though these, no doubt, played their parts in producing
effect, there was needed a something which he felt rather
than expressed in words. He had endeavoured so far as he
could to produce that something in the Liverpool €athedral.
They could not realise what the effect would be from the
drawings; they must see the thing in actual execution.
Liverpool had an enormous task before her, but he had not
the slightest doubt that she would succeed in it. It was re-

365

— سم —

—

“ single private drain” within the meaning of section 19 of the
Act, 1890, and therefore the corporation were authorised
to serve upon the plaintiff notice to repair at his expense under
section 41 of the Act of 1875. Lords Justices Stirling and
Mathew concurred, and the appeal was accordingly allowed

with costs.

MAJOR J. STEWART, R.E., last week, on behalf of the Local
Government Board, held an inquiry at the Town Hall, Cardiff,
into the application of the Corporation to borrow £25,000 for
the purpose of fitting up and furnishing the new Town Hall
and Law Courts. Those present were Alderman P. W.
Carey, Alderman David Jones, Mr. J. L. Wheatley (town
clerk), Mr. Lanchester (architect), and Mr. C. Howells (clerk
of works). Prior to the inquiry, Major Stewart visited the
new buildings. Alderman David Jones and Mr. Lanchester
gave evidence in support of the application, and answered
several questions put bv the inspector. They stated that only
about کر‎ ۱3:535 of the £25,000 was for furniture. The re-
maining £11,465 was for decorations, fixtures, electric fit-
tings, etc. In reply to the inspector, Alderman David Jones
said the £25,000 did not include the architect's commission,
and the inspector thought the £25,000 ought to be enlarged
to include the architects fee, as it was undesirable to have
to applv to the Local Government Board for a further loan.
Subject to a covering resolution by the Corporation, the in-
spector agreed to allow the application to be for £1,500 for.
the architect's commission, in addition to the £25,000.

۷۷۶ have received the 29th report of the Leeds and Yorkshire
Architectural Association. The total membership is 155,
namely, 35 honorary members, 67 members, and 53 associates,
as against 152 at the date of the last report. The council
appointed a sub-committee to deal with the Leeds Corporation
Bill. Whilst approving the Bill as a whole, the sub-committee
suggested alterations to some of the clauses. The society's
librarv has now been deposited with the reference department
of the Leeds Citv Library authorities, where the books will be
more strictly supervised. Any member or associate can
borrow books on the production of his certificate of member-

ship.

* ENGLISH ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE " was the subject
of a lecture delivered on the roth inst. bv Mr. C. B. Howdill,
A. R.I. B.A., of Leeds, before the Hull Photographic Society.
The period covered was from the pre-Conquest times until
the Reformation. Devoting his opening remarks to the
characteristic buildings in their entirety, Mr. Howdill, pro-
ceeded to specially explain and illustrate the various portions
in detail, according to their periods. Facades, doorways, in-
teriors, vaulting, one or two examples of wooden roofs, arcad-
ing, windows (illustrated by tri-colour slides, taken by the
lecturer himself), and towers formed the principal branches.
This interesting lecture was illustrated by no less than 200

slides.

۸ CONVERSAZIONE in connection with the Jubilee celebration
of the Society of Engineers was held on Wednesday night at
the Roval United Service Institution, Whitehall, which was
used for the first time for such a purpose. The guests of the
society who assembled at the invitation of Mr. D. B. Butler,
the President, and the members of the Council, included
Admiral Sir John Hay, Admiral Barry, Sir E. J. Reed, Mr.
Alexander Siemens, Dr. Kennedy, 'Major-General Protheroe,
Sir Leader Williams, Sir A. Noble, Sir J. Thorneveroft, and
the presidents of the Surveyors’ Institution, Institution of
Mining and Metallurgy, Junior Institution of Engineers,
Royal Institute of British Architects, the Civil and Mechani-
cal Engineers, and the chairman of the Society of Arts.
The museum of the institution—with its many curios, its
priceless historical Naval and Military relics, and its magnifi-
cent ceiling, painted by Rubens for ‘Charles T., at a cost of
بكر‎ 4,000 —was thrown open to the visitors, and during the in-
spection of its interesting treasures the band of the 22nd
Rifle Volunteers performed an excellent selection of music,
under the direction of Mr. A. E. Bensen-Ansley. Later,
Mr. A: Goodwin (former President) gave an illustrated lec-
ture entitled “ Japan and the Far Fast.”

A WRITER in the Bristol Mercury says: —-“ The discussion that
has been going on in the London papers about week-end cot-

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

NOVEMBER 18, 1904]

“= 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 تست‎

— s N 53و و‎ ss
-一 -一 一 一 一 -一 -一 ”一 -一 一

——— A

THE Channel Tunnel was again discussed at the London
Chamber of Commerce dinner on the gth inst. In opening
the debate, the chairman said that, though he was not abso-
lutely in favour of the-scheme, a tunnel under the sea-bed
between Dover or Folkestone and Boulogne would cost less
than one-third the amount required for the construction of a
bridge. He did not claim to be an expert in tunnel con-
struction, but he could see no serious difficulty in the way of
construction. The great question to be considered, however,
was that of national security. Sir Henry Hozier expressed
himself strongly in favour of the tunnel scheme. believing that
its accomplishment would be unattended with danger to this
country, and that enormous advantages, both commercial and
social, would be gained bv the two countries united. Mr.
Spencer Wilkinson said he was an absolute believer in the
Channel tunnel scheme, provided that reasonable precautions
and a reasonable amount of vigilance were exercised. But he
was not anxious to see the tunnel made at present, because
he failed to see in our present political svstem any kind of
guarantee that we should have reasonable vigilance. Mr. S.
Straker and Mr. Frank Debenham spoke in favour of the con-
struction of the tunnel. Mr. W. Beckett Hill characterised
the tunnel scheme as “the most absurd thing in the world.”
To destroy our natural protection by driving a mole-hole under
the Channel would be foolish in the extreme, for it would
create fear and alarm, and one of its first results would be
that we should be bound to have conscription. He was,
however, in favour of the construction of a bridge. Mr. R. S.
Fraser and Mr. Charleton thought that the tunnel scheme
presented no difficulties which could not be easily overcome.
The chairman, in reply, expressed the opinion that the tunnel,
if constructed, would cost not less than £ 10,000,000. `

A MEETING of members and friends of the London Reform
Union was held on the rath inst., at Clifford's Inn Hall, Fleet
Street, when Mr. J. D. Gilbert (chairman of the Rivers Com-
mittee of the L.C.C.) gave an address on “The London County
Council and the River Thames." Mr. W. J. Cleland,
L.C.C., ocupied the chair. Mr. Gilbert said that few people
seemed to realise the importance of the Thames to London.
A great deal of our good public health was no doubt due to
there being practically 22 miles of a wide river passing
through our midst. The existing embankments were 34 miles
in length, and had cost the ratepavers £2,500.000. A
southern embankment between Westminster and Blackfriars
was needed to bring London up to date. The ideal site for
a County Hall would be on this proposed southern embank-

ment.

AT Swansea County Court, on Tuesday (before Judge
Gwilym Williams), William Bevan, builder, of Mumbles, sued
Warren Watkins, of Bishopston, for £10 3s. 7d., goods sold
and work done. There was a counterclaim for £25 7s. 3d.
Mr. Villiers Meager (instructed by Mr. Stanley Owen) was
for plaintiff, and Mr. Viner Leeder for the defence. On
November 3oth, 1901, a contract was entered into by the
plaintiff to build a house for defendant, at Murton, for £450.
The house was finished in April, 1902, and shortly after-
wards all the work was paid for. The claim was in respect
of work done outside the contract, and the counterclaim was
for delay in. completing the contract, and damage sustained
in consequence. His Honour gave judgment for plaintiff,
and added that he considered that morally he ought to allow

defendant £5 or £6.

THE Court of Appeal, composed of the Master of the Rolls
and Lords Justices Stirling and Mathew, delivered judgment
on Monday on the defendant corporation's appeal in the action
Thompson v. Eccles Corporation against adecision of the
Divisional Court (the Lord. Chief Justice, Mr. Justice Darling,
and Mr. Justice Channell) reversing a decision of the jus-
tices. The question was whether a drain passing under and
receiving the drainage of a number of houses, situate in Liver-
pool Road, Eccles, and belonging to different owners, was
or was not repairable bv the local authority. The plaintiff

contended that the dran was a sewer within the
meaning of the Act of 1875, and as such was
repairable by the local authority, and the Divisional

Court took this view. Mr. Macmorran, K.C., and Mr. C. F.
Richards appeared for the corporation, and Mr. Clavell Salter.
K.C., and Mr. G. Rhodes for the respondent. The Master of

the Rolls, in giving judgment, said that the authorities on the | tages has brought to light two pieces of information ; first,

that wooden houses are cheap to erect, warm in winter, and
cool in summer ; and, second. that many district councils will

point were not in accord. After carefully considering the

matter, however, he thought it clear that the balance of the '

authority was entirely in favour of the view presented by Mr. | not permit them to be erected. insisting on brick or stone

The absurdity of this regulation for detached

Macmorran for the appellants - namely, that this drain wasa being used.

[NOVEMBER 18, 1904

—— mag وچو‎

COMPETITIONS.

Tue Llanelly Urban Council Education Committee invite
designs for the remodelling of Park Street School buildings,
Llanelly. The present accommodation is for 300 children,
but the designs must show accommodation for 330. The
amount to be expended is limited to 4800. The designs will
be referred to a referee for selection, and for the first in order
of merit the sum of £20 will be paid, and for the next £10.
The author of the selected plan must carry out and personally
supervise the work; but the prize of £20 is a mythical one,
as it is to merge in his commission of 5 per cent. Full par-
ticulars can be obtained from Mr. Ifor W. Watkins, at the
Education Office. The designs, with specification, must be
sent in by January 31.

THE Rev. N. J. Willis, of Richmond Hill, Leeds, invites
designs for a Weslevan chapel and school.

۸ MEETING of the Hector Macdonald National Memorial Com-
mittee took place on Saturday, to select the most suitable
design for the memorial. There were 150 designs. A short
leet was made out of ten, which was reduced to five, and from
that to three. These three have been sent to a firm of
measurers to find out the actual cost of each, when a sub-
committee will be called to select the most suitable of the
three. We are able to state that the three selected are of
tower design, with view balconies on the top. The memorial,
which is to be erected at Dingwall, was to have cost £1,500,
but we understand that the fund has reached nearly £2,000.

سد

—ip E

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

TORQUAY MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS AND CARNEGIE
LIBRARY.
ACCEPTED DksIGN.
Thomas Davison, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

LAST week we published the 2nd premiated design of the
above, and we now publish the rst premiated design. This
design is being modified in some ways, and the only portion
to be erected at first is the Carnegie Library. 'Mr. Dave
son's design promises a dignified and pleasing structure, and
the many competitors for the work will be interested to see
with what ability he has solved a somewhat difficult plan on
a sloping site.

AN OLD DOORWAY AT BRUGES.

SEE RAMBLING SKETCHES NO. 1386.
This is a suggestive and pleasing example from a byeway in
Bruges.

"MEROC," co. ANTRIM. |
W. J. W. Roome, M.R.1.A.I., M.S.A., Architect, Belfast.

This building is erected on a site facing the sea, about 30
feet above high-water level, and with the grounds sloping
down to the edge of the waters of Belfast Lough. It has
been carried out in brickwork, finished with cement rough-
cast, the roof having green slates. The plan accompanying
the perspective gives a full description of the interior arrange
ments. The work has been carried out by Messrs.
McLaughlin and Harvey, the plumbing and sanitary
arrangements by Messrs. John Dowling and Son. The steel
casements were supplied by the Crittall Manufacturing Com-
pany, and the lead glazing by Messrs. Ward and Partners.
The position is an exceedingly exposed one, and the build
ing has, therefore, been carried out in a simple design exter-
nally. The interior arrangements have been provided of a
commodious, yet homely, character. The main feature of
the house is a central hall, with gallery, giving access to all
the upper parts. As the building is completely in the
country, acetylene gas has been installed by the Sunbeam
Acetylene Gas Company, and the more elaborate gas fittings
have been designed and made by Messrs. Norman and Ernest
Spittle, of Birmingham. 2

نی OR‏ و شن
Tue London Fire Brigade Committee presented a report o?‏
Tuesday recommending the council to take steps for the ere‏
üon of a new fire-station in place of the present Waterloo‏
Road Station, at an estimated cost of between 424.700 and‏

| 426.000. The recommendation was agreed to.

ARCHITECT.

366

THE BRITISH

houses in the country must be obvious to everyone. It is all
very well to forbid the wooden houses in towns where disas-
trous. fires might break out and spread. Charming little
wooden houses may be got over from Norway at £150 and
less, all the parts numbered for fitting together, work which
can be easily done by a handy man in two or three days. . In
à great many countries, Norway and the Tyrol, for example,
both very cold, practically all the houses are of wood, and most
of them are exceedingly artistic and picturesque. The Nor-
wegian houses in many cases have deep verandahs that are a
delightful lounging place on hot summer days. With ordinary
care there is no reason to fear fire. I have lived for months
together in a pretty wooden house, but as we are not people
who set candles where lace curtains can blow into them, who
use Shaky and imperfect lamps, or throw lighted matches on
the floor, there has been no danger. Anyhow, wooden houses
for the most part are low, so that there is little danger to life
in jumping from the first floor, except, perhaps, to the aged
and infirm. To so many people cheapness in the erection of
à cottage is a great desideratum, so that it is to be hoped the
use of wood will be sanctioned in all places where the situ-
ation and surroundings are such as to preclude any public risk
in employing it."

AT the Mart, Tokenhouse Yard, on Tuesday, an antique oak
reredos, which was designed by Sir C. Wren and executed by
Grinling Gibbons, and measures about 21ft. wide by about
18ft. high, was sold for £650. The reredos was removed
from St. Matthew's Church, Fridav Street, City, when the
building was pulled down 23 years ago. The original church,
under which Sir Hugh Mvddelton, the founder of the New
River Company, was buried, was destroved in the Great Fire.
The church was rebuilt in 1685 from designs bv Wren, Grinling
Gibbons contributing the reredos. The pulpit is at present
in St. Peter's Church, Fulham.

Tue following appears in the Times :—“ Can vou possibly find
a small space in your valuable columns to enable me to call
attention to Kirkstead Chapel, on the banks of the river
Witham, one mile from Woodhall Spa and three miles from
Tattersall, in Lincolnshire, where the well-known castle,
which is such a fine example of brick architecture, is situated ?
Kirkstead Chapel is just outside the precincts of the Cister-
cian Abbey, which was founded in 1139 by Hugh Fitz Eudo,
and is one of the finest examples of Earlv English architec-
ture remaining in the country. It is private property, and
consequently it is exceptionally difficult for my society to bring
about the repairs to the building which are so urgently needed.
We have done our utmost and failed. Unfortunately the
owner does not see his wav to repairing the building, or hand-
ing it over to those who will repair it, and so England is
losing a priceless work of art.— THACKERAY TURNER, secre-
tary, The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, 16,
Buckingham Street, W.C."

Tug custom prevalent in many European cities of illuminating
Roman Catholic churches on the occasion of festivities is to be
introduced to London. Subscriptions are being collected to
defray the cost of an illuminative scheme for the Westminster
Cathedral campanile, and the jubilee celebrations on the 8th
of next month of the promulgation of the doctrine of the
Immaculate Conception is to see the project initiated, savs
the Newcastle Daily Chronicle. A decorative scheme of light-
ing, which will bring out the architectural features of the bell
tower and outline the big cross. is contemplated, and if pre-
sent intentions are realised the effect will be striking. as from
the height of the tower the illumination will be visible over a
very large part of the Metropolis. Beneath the big cross is
a silver casket containing a relic of the Holy Cross, and at the
festival of the Holy Cross this will be specially lighted, while
for other Catholic festivals there are to be other appropriate
schemes. Much, however, depends upon the response to the
appeal for funds, though the promoters do not appear to have
any misgivings on that score.

Mr. T. G. Jackson, R.A., is to lecture on the subject of
“ Street Architecture," before the Applied Art Section of the
Society of Arts, on Tuesdavs, December 20, January 31,
February 21, March 21, April 11. and May 16. i

burgh which included the teaching of architectural subjects
--the Heriot-Watt and the School of Art (better known as
the School of Applied Art) — both fell very far short of meeting
the real requirements of a school of architecture. The scope
of the work was not sufficiently extensive. The staudard and
results of the Applied Art School were excellent so far as
they went, and, being under the direct control of architects,
the school supplied in a limited way the needs of those who
used it as a supplement to their office work. In the teaching
schools in London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, and
Glasgow, the requirements for the examination of the Roval
Institute of British Architects were kept in view, and a syste-
matic course of instruction in architectural history and detail
and general professional practice provided. In Edinburgh no
attempt was made to prepare students for this examination.
A chair or lectureship of technical science was urgently re-
quired, which would pave the way to organised teaching
schools. The University authorities said that funds were not
available for the endowment of a chair. In America patriotic
citizens had met the occasion, and surely there were those in
this country who would in a like manner come forward in the
interests of an object that so much touched the welfare of
the country. The course of instruction would need to em-
brace the special subjects demanded from architectural
students for the passing of the R.I. D. A. examination. as well
as such subjects of general education as were required for
degrees in science, including modern languages. and the
course would be useless unless 1t extended for at least three

academic vears.
Ga aan

VENTILATION.*

HE invitation which I received from the Architectural
Association to address its members on the subject of
^ Ventilation " was accepted as a compliment and with

somewhat of a light heart; but more recently I have been
R.A., that, like politics and

reminded by Mr. Aston Webb,
religion. the subject of ventilation is apt to arouse passion
and prejudice. This fact has recently been unpleasantly
forced upon me to such an extent that I have had seriouslv to
consider whether I could venture to face another audience
and run the risk of exciting animosity in again dealing pub-
liclv with the subject. To have withdrawn, however, might
lead to the suggestion that 1 had not the courage of mv
convictions, or, ‚at least, that 1 feared consideration. and
kindness might not be accorded to me by the members of
this association. Believing that truth and justice will eventu-
ally triumph in this as in other matters, and trusting in the
good nature and reasonable spirit in which vou will receive
the few remarks which 1 have to make on this thorny subject,
I have decided to brave the occasion, simply premising that
it will be my endeavour, not so much to raise. controversy
as to stimulate observation. in the hope of extending sound
views upon the principles involved and greater intelligence in
their application. Difficulties which confront one in dealing
with the subject of ventilation arise from the fact that it
principally relates to functions of life which, in their fulness,

are practically bevond human comprehension, and because
as well as
viz..

with an invisible, elusive, and almost intangible body.
the atmosphere, affected by chemical and physical laws, but
vet only partially understood. [Literature on ventilation is
somewhat profuse. and many eminent scientists have investi-
gated various phases of the subject: vet it appeared. to
me there is still an opening for a concise treatise which will
deal with it in a scientifically practical manner, without pre-
judice, to serve as a text-book for architectural students.
Under limitations imposed upon me bx the editor, I wrote an
article some three or four vears past which. appeared in a
publication called “Modern House Construction.” which, in
some respects. deals with details. It would be tedious to
repeat in an evenings paper, although I must, in substance.
place before vou the same conclusions as those dealt with
in that article and drawn from my own practical experience.
Perhaps the most unfortunate circumstance. m connection
with ventilation results from the fact that eminent. early
writers thereon, whose works are still largely resorted to,
make assertions from their undoubtedly careful observations
which. in face of more modern practice and the great im-
رن ود‎ which have since been effected. in appliances,

cannot now be accepted. One of the best standard works is

In his that by Dr. D. B. ۷۰ who for some vears supervised the

openiug address; which was on the subject of “Education and —

—

at the meet-

A paper read by Mr. Wm. Henman, F.R.T.B.A.,

ing of the Architectural A ocalan, on the 1itli inst.

Ñ HE BRI TI SH. ARCHITEC

¡dt has to deal with individual susceptibilities

NOVEMBER 1 8, 1 904]

-一 一 -~ 一 -一 ee — —.— — — - - — — s= =

OUR LETTER-BOX. |
LIVL «POOL UNIVERSITY PHYSICS BUILDING.

To the Editor of THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

DEAR SIR, 一 In the Liverpool paper of Saturday describing
the new Physics Building for the University of Liverpool,
opened by Lord Kelvin, it is stated that the architects “are
Messrs. Willink and Thicknesse, with whom is associated Pro-
fessor Simpson, now of University College, London.” This
description is misleading. Mr. Willink and I were appointed
joint architects for the work, and I acted as one of the archi-
tects from start to finish of the building.

Will you kindly state that the joint architects are Messrs.
Willink and Thicknesse and myself.

I am making enquiries as to who supplied the paragraph to
the paper.

Yours faithfullv,
F. M. SIMPSON,

137, Gower Street, W.C.

November 16, 1904.

——————Ó

SHEFFIBLD SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

T last week's meeting of the above, a lecture was given
by Dr. John Stokes, on * Monumental Brasses." In
the course of his remarks, he said that monumental

brasses made their appearance in England in the thirteenth
century, the earliest now in existence being that of Sir John
d'Abernon, of Stoke d Abernon, Surrey, dated 1277; earlier
ones now lost are recorded. This form of memorial probably
first arose in Germany, and seemed to have sprung into exist-
ence as a perfect art, for the earliest examples were best in
execution and design. The material of which they were made
was known as " latten," a term loosely used to designate any
compound of copper, and also as “ Cullen plate.” a corrup-
tion of Cologne, where. tozether with Flanders, the plates were
chiefly made. Many brasses in England were of Continental
origin, but most were of native workmanship. The brass
being a substitute for a stone effigv, the figures were repre-
sented as if Iving on the back, the head resting on a cushion
or helmet, and the feet on a lion or dog, as in the stone
monuments; but in the 16th century the practice arose of
showing figures kneeling and in other awkward positions, an
attempt at realism, but an evidence of decay in art which was
not found at the best period. Enamel was used in some
brasses, but this, not being a durable material. or perhaps
the method of its application not being sufficiently understood.
had in most cases worn off. "There was an example of the use
of enamel locally in some brasses in Hathersage Church.
These monuments, he said, might be divided into four classes
—military. ecclesiastical, civil, and miscellaneous. It was im-
possible to over-rate the importance and value of monumental
brasses, forming. as thev did, a series of illustrations of and
a commentary on the history, dress, manners, and customs
of our ancestors. In them thev could trace the change from
mail to plate armour. and its gradual disuse as a means of
defence, the changes in civilian costume, showing the rise
of a new order ; but perhaps the clerical ones were especially
as it was the rule of the church to bury eccle-
siastics in full dress, with all the ornaments of their orders.
which were hence faithfully represented on the brass. The
local brasses shown and described were those at Burgh Wallis,
Sprotborough, Chesterfield. Hathersage. Tideswell (militan).

noteworthy,

York, Wenslev. Dronfield, Tideswell. Newark (ecclesiastic).
Bradfield, Rawmarsh. Rotherham, Owston. Marr, Boston,
Newark (civilian).

On the motion of Mr. J. Hale. seconded by Mr. C. F.

Innocent, and supported by Messrs. J. R. Wigfuli. H. L. Pater-
son, W. C. Fenton. and T. S. Brown. a hearts vote of thanks
was accorded to the lecturer. The lecture was well illustrated

bv rubbings taken by Dr. Stokes.

. THE EDINBURGH ARCHITECTURAL
ASSOCIATION.
HE opening meeting of the session of the above was held

on the gth inst., Mr. Harold Tarbolton. 44
. president of the association, being in the chair.

Architecture.” Mr. Tarbolton «aid: the two scheals in Edin

[NOVEMBER 18, 1904

جج — Le ux‏ ميت

to make provision for adequate circulation of air in your
buildings. Air is more universally distributed around the
earth than is water, and, fortunately for us, it is in the open
naturally maintained in a fairly uniform condition, many in-
fluences being continuously at work to keep it in a sufficiently
pure state for supporting human existence. Yet, even apart
from human agency, it becomes fouled. In certain localities
the atmosphere is well known to be unhealthy, and although
in these days, when the open-air treatment is so greatly ex-
tolled, it may appear heretical to say so, there is reason for
belicving that better health and comfort can at times be
secured within doors than outside—or why should buildings
be erected? ° Partly, no doubt, to shield ourselves from ex-
cessive velocity of winds, which may give us a pure atmo-
sphere, but the one rapid movement of air is liable to so
reduce the heat of our bodies that ill-health may result. An
important difference between air and water is that, while air
is very elastic and can be compressed, water cannot be re-
duced materially in bulk by compression. Itis now demon-
strated that air can be brought to a liquid and even solid
condition, and we know that water can easily be volatilised.
1 mention these faces in the hope of impressing upon you
the material nature of the atmosphere, that it can be handled
and dealt with, that it is subject to certain laws which can
be ascertained, it can be measured and weighed. Like
water, it dissolves certain substances and vapours. It will
hold in suspense insoluble matter. Fresh air, like fresh
water, may become fouled by contact with impurity, either
in the open, in confined vessels, or by passing through dirty
conduits. If desiring a "drink of water” vou find it un-
palatable, it would be folly to continue taking it from the
same source in the expectation of getting a refreshing
draught; or, if vou know of a pure source of supply, you
would not willingly permit it to be conveyed in’ a dirty
vessel or through a foul channel. Similarly you cannot expect
to have fresh air unless it be taken from a pure source, and,
having a pure source around a building, care should 1
rally be exercised so that it be not contaminated by contact
with impurity whilst entering or when within a building
before being breathed by occupants.

Architects being princivally concerned in the design of
buildings which, on being erected, cause obstruction to the
free circulation of air, it is only reasonable that upon them
should devolve the necessity of providing eficient means
whereby adequate change of air can be secured within and
around the buildings they design and erect, so that stagnation
may not take place to the injurv of those who occupy them,
or to the detriment of surrounding properties. Movement,
above all things, is necessary for maintaining a healthy atmo-
spheric condition. Consequently. the first consideration in
respect to securing ventilation within a building is—how can
the required movement be brought about? Probably the
earliest buildings were erected in order to secure protection
from excessive movement of the atmosphere. Our term
“house,” signifies a covering or protection. At an early
period the necessity for securing ventilation must have been
recognised, because in the simplest dwellings an eye or open
ing for the wind, now termed a window, was provided; and
as there must also have been a second opening for the ingress
and egress of individuals, means were provided by which
movement of air could take place. When it is understood
that air is a material body, it becomes evident that before
a fresh supply can enter an equal volume must make way for
it. Consequently an outlet, as well as an inlet, becomes
essential, and at the present day buildings are mostly pro
vided with both windows and doors; but, unfortunately, ther
are not so generally made use of for assisting ventilation 4
they might be, although by them reasonable regulation.
according to the varving state of the outer atmosphere, be
comes possible by the exercise of a little personal attention.
Except the property of diffusion, which is common to
gases. air has no inberent powcr of movement, but movement
being essential for maintaining its freshness and for securing
efficient ventilation, some power must be brought to bear upon
it. The most potent natural power available is wind; ve
wind is only the result of varving temperature on large bodies
of the atmosphere. When heated, air becomes specificalh
lighter than an equal volume of cooler air; the latter falling
bv the power of gravitation, forces up the warmer. -
therefore lighter, air around ; consequently it is the power
of gravitation which principally causes natural movement
of the atmosphere, ¿.e., winds. Let me specially direct You
attention to this, because I believe considerable ۴
hension, in respect to possibilities of securing ventilation, has
resulted from a somewhat slipshod manner in describing this

368 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

ventilation of the Houses of Parliament. He published in
1844 a book entitled “ Illustrations of Ventilation." His ob-
servations and general statements are generally trustworthy,
but his deductions are sometimes at fault. A more modern
book is that of Dr. J. S. Billings, of the Johns Hopkins’ Hos-
pital fame, entitled “Ventilation and Heating,” consisting
of some 500 pages. It brings together a vast mass of useful
information on the subject ; but, being written by an American
principally for use in America, a considerable portion of its
contents is unsuitable for this country, and a careful perusal
of the volume left on my mind a sense of indefiniteness.
examples being given of so many different methods without
clearly indicating those that are worthy of adoption or those
that should be avoided. There are numerous other writers
on different phases of the subject, but the two mentioned are,
so far as I know, the only books in English which deal with
it exhaustively. Yet there is in both a lack of that practical
guidance based on modern experience such as architects now
require. The result has been to engender what 1 may term
a chaotic state of mind in the profession. Some are inclined
to dogmatise upon the simplicity of this or that method, while
others prefer to do nothing, on the excuse that the difficul-
ties are too abstruse. Nevertheless, there are certain weli-
recognised facts which ought to be known bv all, and intelli-
gently made use of by those who realise the necessity for
efficient ventilation or whose province it is to provide for it
in our buildings.

It would be impossible for me, in the course of an evening,
to go fully into what is known of the chemical and physical
properties of the air we breathe. I must take it for granted
that vou are acquainted with its accepted composition and
general characteristics. We all recognise our dependence
upon the continuous breathing of atmospheric air to sustain
life; but is it always realised that, to sustain healthy life, air
must not only be breathed in sufficient. quantity, but that
it must be of suitable quality? Under ordinary conditions,
nearly everyone who can use the muscles of his body for
filling his lungs may get quantity, but it is not always obtain-
able in suitable condition or state of purity. “Give us some
air” is an expression often made use of even by people fully
surrounded by air. What they really want is fresher or purer
air. Ventilation, therefore, has to deal with both quantity
and quality. or it cannot be considered effective... The science
of ventilation may be said to consist in providing and em-
ploying means by which adequate quantity can be procured,
and the art of ventilation as that of securing a wholesome
atmosphere for the purpose. Unless air is reasonably pure
outside a building, it is scarcely possible to have it pure
within. Air may be screened and washed, but it is ques-
tionable if any means have vet been devised by which, in
its passage from without to within a building, a thoroughly
impure atmosphere can be made wholesome.

It is rather bevond the province of architects to practically
deal with the outer atmosphere. The question of maintain-
ing it in a reasonable state of purity is of necessity a com-
munal matter, and must be attended to by the State and by
local authorities ; vet each individual is personally respon-
sible to the community for every act of commission or omis-
sion which leads to contamination. of the atmosphere. هډ‎
much depends upon the condition of the outer air whether or
no good ventilation. can be secured within buildings, that
it is right we should direct public attention to the fact that
no means supplied bvrarchitects for securing ventilation
within buildings can be effective unless the outer atmosphere
is maintained reasonably pure and wholesome. Millions are
spent in order to secure supplies of fresh, wholesome water,
because people recognise that an impure supply results in
ill-health, disease. and ۰ But probably in. conse-
quence of the subtle nature and obscure effects of the atmo-
sphere which all of us constantly breathe, expenditure is
ever grudged in obtaining it pure and wholesome even within
our dwellings. It is this subtle nature of the atmosphere
which doubtless accounts for the difficulties most people find
in dealing with ۰ They cannot see, and only with difficulty
handle it. Yet. as Sir Wm. Preece, when voung, is said to
have been told bv his father: “ The air, although vou cannot
sce it, is as material as water; vou feel it in every puff of
wind. and see it in every bending bough.” I am convinced
by experience that the possibilities of dealing with it for the
purpose of securing ventilation are greatly facilitated by 7
recognising the material nature of the atmosphere.

Air and water have different properties, vet, in manv re-
spects, they behave in a similar manner. and I believe the
more thoroughly vou study the latter and picture. to vourself
the material nature of the former, the better able vou will be

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THOMAS DAVISON ARRIBA. ARCHITECT

m, TORQUAY I>: PREMIANTED DESIGN.

ARCHITECT.

CO. ANTRIM. FOR ۷ W. ۸۴

-MEFOC” GREENISLAND.

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NoveMBÉER 18, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 3717

comfort. It has been ascertained that, at a velocity څه‎ ٠
a second, most people would complain of draught, some might
at 3ft., few would at 2ft., and not even the most sensitive
person would complain of draught when the velocity does not
exceed ift. per second. The temperature of the air will
naturally have some effect, so it must be assumed to be
normal, :.e., about 6odeg. Fah.

Efficient ventilation of occupied apartments implies the
continuous change of air without causing discomfort to or
adversely affecting the health of occupants, and after several
years' observation I cannot detect the least objection to that
change being effected in a downward direction, so long as
draughts are avoided. Because air respired and emanating
from our bodies is warm, and, being warm, it is light, and will,

scientific fact ; for it is most commonly stated that heat causes
air to rise, and that statement of the case has led many to
infer that heat causes a suctional influence in a flue. By ade-
quately appreciating the fact that no power is known which
largely attracts air upwards, while we are well acquainted with
the power of gravitation which attracts it downwards, you
may realise that when a fire is lighted at the base of a flue
it causes a body of air to expand, which then, being lighter
than the air around, the latter is attracted downwards by
gravitation, and forces the warmer and lighter air to ascend.
Such being the case, it is by propulsion and not by suction
that the air of the room is changed when a fire is lighted at
the base of a flue. So much importance do I attach to a clear

therefore, rise, is the argument used by the advocates of what
they call upward ventilation, and they term it Nature's

method. But, again, I believe this to be the result of an

imperfect appreciation of scientific facts. In the act of
respiring air is expelled by the contraction of the lungs, with
considerable force from the mouth and nostrils largely in a
downward direction, and the emitted air being warm and
light is, at some distance from where it was emitted, forced
upwards bv cooler and fresher air coming down from above,

Consequently, if our venti-
lating appliances are so arranged as to secure a constant
supplv of fresh air above the heads of individuals, and to carry
off the expired air at ۵ low level, is it not probable that, as
occupants more generally occupy the lower portions of a room
than the upper part, thev are likely to obtain fresher air from
the larger volume above their heads than from that below?
Take extreme cases, such as a compact body of people in an
assembly-hall, or even in the open—is it not ev ident that they
can be supplied with fresh air better from above than from
below, for, in the former case, the air from above is far
greater in volume, can circulate freelv, and is, therefore,
likely to be more pure than the smaller volume below their
heads, which can only move about with difficulty, and must
be contaminated by emanations from so many people being
congregated together? To efficiently ventilate such a
crowded room from below is practically impossible, because
even if fresh air be supplied from below, it must of necessity
pass over the bodies before being breathed, but it has been
proved to be quite possible to do so from above. If, under
such adverse circumstances, ventilation can best be secured
by downward movement of the atmosphere, surely it can be
attained under more favourable conditions for smaller num-
bers. In an ordinary room, with an open fire-place, where
do we find the outlet opening? Why, within 2ft. to 3ft. of the
floor level. Evervone can prove for himself that, unless some
greater power be exerted, such as a strong gust of wind, or a
much larger fire in the same or in an adjoining room, etc.,
which will only occasionally occur, the only outlet for air
is bv the fireplace flue. If any present are not thoroughly
convinced of this fact, I beg they will test it for themselves.
A lighted match or a piece of thin paper held before every
possible opening is all that is necessary, and I venture to
say that, under normal conditions, vou will easily detect that
air is entering at every other opening, and only quitting the
room by the fireplace flue. Bearing in mind. then, that effi-
cient ventilation implies comfort for “the occupants of a room,

the next question is 一 Where should any special inlet for air:

be placed? I say “special inlet,” because, if air quits the
room bv the fireplace flue. other air must enter some way or
other to replace it; generally, vou will find it comes in
through casual cracks and crevices around the lower portion
of the room, and travels in narrow streams direct to the fire,
frequently resulting in unpleasant draughts, and the: more
thoroughly cracks and crevices are closed the more likely will
discomfort be experienced from draughts. On this point I
shall have something to say later on. At present we are
considering an ordinary room, built in the ordinary manner.
And, although it mav appear paradoxical, the best way to
prevent draughts is really to admit air more freelv. It may
involve rather more expenditure of fuel for maintaining com-
fortable warmth, but that is better than catching colds. ۰
however, change of air is too rapid in any room, the only way
to prevent it is to reduce the outflow by contracting the
sectional area of the outlet flue. because it 1s the cooler air
pressing in on all sides of the room which forces air up
that flue. And, as with the same pressure only a given
quantitv of air can be forced through a flue. of given section,
reduce that section in size and a less volume of air will be
passed through it in a given time. Consequently, the velo-
city with which the air will travel from inlet to outlet will
be lessened, änd draughts in the room mav be overcome ;

for the benefit of the individual.

understanding on this point that I ask you to test the correct-
ness of it yourselves; place two large thin glass vessels in a
delicate balance, let each be filled with air of equal tempera-
ture so as to secure an even balance, now heat the air in one
of the vessels, permitting the excess to escape as it expands,
and it will be found that the arm of the balance which carries
the lighter air will rise—not because it is attracted upwards by
the lighter air, but because the heavier air on the other arm
of the balance is attracted downwards by gravitation. People
of some scientific attainments with whom I have discussed
this question, were inclined to treat it rather as a distinction
without a difference, and asserted that where there is a push
there must be a corresponding pull, and vice-versá. — Theo-
retically that may be, but practically it has certain limitations.
You can pull at the end of a rope, but with it very little
power of push can be exerted; and with some substances—
with fluids and even more so with gases— considerable force
of propulsion may be exercised, but very little " pull." If
you such or draw air out of an enclosed space around which
are various apertures, you will find that the incoming air will
take the line of least resistance towards the outlet. Suppose
the enclosed space to be a large room, with windows or other
openings around, some high up, others low down; if a
suctional influence be brought to bear upon the interior, say
by an extraction fan near the upper portion of the room, the
greatest volume of air will come in by the openings nearest to
the fan, and but little change will be effected in the lower
portion of the room. Close all the openings high up, and the
air will have to travel from greater distances, consequently
better change of air within the room will be effected ; but, if
people at the floor level are to benefit by that change, they
also run the risk of experiencing discomfort from draughts,
because when a suctional power is made use of it is difficult
to determine where the incoming air will enter, and some may
be sucked in directly from the outside, and will certainly
cause discomfort in cold weather. The effect is the same
whether mechanical power or the natural force of wind be
employed. So I think it fortunate that Nature has provided
forces which act more strongly in. propelling than in extract-
ing air from dwellings.

Other terms used in connection with our subject have been
unfortunate, from a scientific point of view, such as “ Auto-
matic Ventilation," * Natural Ventilation," and * Mechanical
Ventilation," because ventilation is a result brought about
principally by the exercise of an ascertainable power. It can
never be properly described as “Automatic,” “Natural,” or
“ Mechanical.” It may, however, be brought about by natural
or mechanical means, and there is, correctly speaking, no
such thing or appliance as u ventilator without some power
acting in conjunction therewith, whereby change of air can
he effected. To mv mind this is most comforting to archi-
tects, because, as natural power must most frequently be relied
on for securing ventilation, all that they can do in such cases
is to provide suitable means in and about their buildings. for
it rests with occupiers to maintain, regulate, and properly
emplov the means which every architect ought to suitably
provide for ventilating his buildings. In this country, at
least, the warming of our buildings is necessary for several
months in every vear, during which times it is practically
impossible to effect ventilation without considering the subject
of warming in conjuction’ therewith. Whether the lighting
of a fire results in the development of a natural, artificial, or
mechanical power, is not very material, the important fact is
that it does develop a power, and an open fire is most useful,
not only because it gives comfort by the heat it evolves, but
because the power developed may be usefully emploved to
assist in securing ventilation. Those of you have followed
up the subject, know what controversy there has been on the
question of upward and downward ventilation. All will ۰
bablv agree in condemning actual down draught, and I shall

not attempt to defend that; but. what is draught? ۰

simply an excessive movement of the air which causes dis-

[NOVEMBER 18, 1904

-
ہسے۔ مم

—

ways should be abolished, each separate urinal should be
tapped and provided with a frequent flush of water so directed
as to cleanse all surface which can be fouled. Properly con.
structed and maintained, thev may alwavs be fresh and sweet,
and little contamination of the atmosphere in and around
them takes place. I draw attention to these necessary appli-
ances as being illustrative of our subject, and to impress upon
you that mere change of air is not all that is required to
secure good ventilation ; cleanliness and the continuous re.
moval of everything which defies the atmosphere is quite as
essential, particularly in and about the channels or ducts
which convey air from without to within the building.

Let us summarise the points to which reference has already
been made:—ı. The deductions of early writers or of those
who simply adopt their views should not be accepted without
personal examination as to their correctness. 2. Ventilation
is an effect always brought about by the exercise of an ascer-
tainable power ; it is never automatic, and no appliance with-
out the employment of power is, properly speaking, a “ venti-
lator," but simply a means bv which ventilation may be secured
when a power acts to cause movement of the atmosphere.
3. Air to be serviceable for ventilation must be kept free from
defilement. 4. To secure change of air within doors, both
inlets and outlets are essential. 5. Air rises because it is
forced upwards bv cooler air, being attracted downwards by
gravitation. 6. Nature's principal method for causing move-
ment of airis propulsion. 7. By taking precautions to reduce
velocity, and so to prevent unpleasant draughts, the down
ward movement of air may reasonably be employed for 77
ing ventilation. 8. To secure fresh, wholesome air, for the
purpose of ventilation within doors, condensation on surfaces
should be guarded against, and all surfaces, as well as the
substance of materials, should be maintained in a clean con-
dition.

In this country. as I have previously mentioned, it is neces-
sary to employ heat during some four or five months of the war
for the sake of comfort within doors, and the open fire has
been referred to as a means for assisting ventilation, because
it necessitates a flue bv which the products of combustion
may be carried away. Such flues. even when no fire is alight,
generally act as outlets and so assist in the ventilation of an
apartment. To close them by a register or any other means
is, therefore, an improper proceeding, and should on no
account be resorted to. Other forms of heating- sav by
steam or hot-water pipes or by electricity-— do not necessitate
separate flues from the apartments heated, but it is quite as
essential that outlets—as well as inlets—-should be provided
if change of air is to take place in apartments so heated.

Judging from the various schemes for ventilating buildings
which have come under my notice, I am surprised to find what
little attention is given to even the most elementary calcula-
tions as to the probable resufts which will be attained not
withstanding that certain data have been arrived at which
experience proves to be fairlv reliable and so simple that
there is no excuse for neglecting to employ them. 6
where it takes place, results generally from under-estimating
the supplv of air necessary for securing efhcient ventilation.
and from the employment of restricted areas of inlet or outlet
channels, openings, or ducts. An ordinary room is provided
with one fireplace flue. and, as previously stated, when a fire
Is lighted. that flue is practically the only outlet of air from
the room. Consequently, by ascertaining the velocity of air
passing up the flue and the sectional area of the flue, ۹
easy to find how much air will pass through the room m à
given time. Several influences wiil be at work at ٥۸
times which will affect the velocity of air passing up the flue.

‚such as more or less fire in the grate, more or less force of

wind outside, etc., etc., but under medium conditions a flow of
about 5 cubic feet per second may be taken. as the volume
passing up an ordinary 14in. by ıcin. Aue. Kindly note that |
give the volume at about 5 cubic feet. 1 do this for the pur
pose of simplicity, and because it is near enough for practica
purposes and can easily be remembered. If 5ft. be multi-
plied by 60 times 60, the result—viz., 18,000ft.—will be the
volume of air passing through the room in an hour, and 1
change of air be demanded at the rate of six times per hour.
the cubical capacity of a room with only one fireplace flue
should not exceed 3.oooft.. sav 20ft. bv r5ft. by ioft

A point to which I have given some consideration 15 the
size of a special inlet relative to that of an ordinary fireplare
flue. A good rule is to have it of ample dimensions. with
easy means for its regulation. It is then the fault of the occu-
pants if care be not taken to adjust it to requirements. | The
difficulty, however. is that people are generally careless in pa
ing attention tu su simple an appliance—on a windy day the

‘

™~

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

Unless ample provision be made for '

378

but then the question will arise—Is the room being efficiently
ventilated? If not, then the outlet flue area must be enlarged,

and a special inlet provided. So we come back to the ques- |

tion—Where shall it be placed? After careful observation
and experiment, extending over several years past, I say, with-
out hesitation, that it should be on the same side as the fire-
place opening, as nearly central thereto as may be, and
towards the upper portion of the room (say, about 2ft. below
the ceiling). By providing louvres or other means for dis-
tributing the incoming air throughout the upper portion of
the room, it will mix with the warmer air rising in front of
the fire, spread out, gradually fall and make its way towards
the fireplace flue, without causing discomfort, because its
velocity will be slight, and, coming in contact with the
warmed surfaces in the room, its temperature will be raised,
while if the fresh air enters freely at the special inlet, less
air will enter by the casual cracks and crevices. With inlet
openings in any other position there will be less diffusion
throughout the room, because incoming air will take a shorter
and more direct line towards the fire, and leave portions of
the room less properly ventilated. If the arrangement I sug-
gest is the right one, then downward ventilation with comfort
is secured.

Another subject in connection with ventilation to which
I have devoted attention is that of condensation and evapo-
ration. I do not think these results brought about continu-
ously by variations in temperature and movements of air have
received the consideration which they deserve, for I believe
they exercise very decided influences in connection with ven-
tilation. As the temperature of air is raised it becomes more
and more capable of absorbing moisture, and is specifically
lighter than dry air at the same temperature. Again, as it
cools by coming in contact with cooler surfaces, moisture is
deposited, and becoming specifically heavy, the air falls. By
condensation vitiated air may for a time be somewhat purified,
but the impurities are deposited upon the cold surfaces with
which it comes in contact, and, unless those surfaces are fre-
quently cleansed, the animal matter, which is deposited in
the moisture, in time putrifies, the result being that rooms
become stuffy where such condensation takes place, and is not
soon removed. You may open the windows freely and freshen
up the atmosphere for a time, but when again closed up, and
particularly if a fire be lighted, the stuffiness again becomes
apparent. For this reason I hold the opinion that the most
healthy rooms to live in are those of which the walls are not
constructed of dense materials which do not retain heat. In
fact, I believe that rooms the walls of which are constructed
of pervious materials, are likely to be the best ventilated,
even when no special inlets for air are provided. Such walls
take up and retain heat from the fire, they allow air to pass
through them over their whole surface, the air is filtered and
takes up heat in its passage through, it enters gradually vet in
large volume, and keeps up a thorough change of atmosphere
in the room without perceptible draughts. Some think tha
the continual passage of air through the walls will in time
contaminate them; but, with reasonably pure air outside and
exercising its known purifying effect, it is more than likely
that no deleterious effect upon it would take place, provided
alwavs that the walls are kept drv. Wet in the walls would
partially close the pores, and probably cause vegetable and,
, maybe, animal growth.
permitting continuous change of air in a room, nothing can
be worse than constructing all walls. floors, and ceilings of
impervious materials, or than the covering of all surfaces with
impervious materials- -such as linoleum, lincrusta, paint. etc.
Movement of air outside-- in a word. wind— is the active force
bx which ventilation within doors is principally brought about ;
consequently, when rooms are unoccupied windows and doors
should he freely opened, so that frequent change of air may
take place, by which surfaces and materials on which dele-
terious matters have been deposited, or bv which they have
been absorbed, may become purified, in addition to which the
frequent cleansing of surfaces and materials IS necessary if a
pure atmosphere within doors is to be maintained. Some
places, even with air constantlv changing, are never sweet
and wholesome. Urinals and the household water-closets,
unless all surfaces: are kept scrupulously clean. are unwhole-
some places which may contaminate the atmosphere of a
house. Many of these appliances are still badly constructed,
particularly in public places. Generally speaking, at railway
stations thev are a disgrace. The large surfaces contami-
nated and infrequently cleansed constantly generate noxious
fumes which foul the air, change it never so frequently.
Public urinals are capable of great improvement ; there should
be no angles in which deposit can accumulate, open channel

بسن -

NOVEMBER 18, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 379

cool down, condensation takes place on all exposed surfaces,
and other influences deleterious to the atmosphere of the
building may, for a considerable time, result.

For buildings such as hospitals, which are continuously
occupied, and throughout which it is important that continuous
and ample change of air should take place, together with
uniform heating, I thoroughly believe that mechanical means’
will in time become an absolute necessity. Having recently
dealt with this subject at the R.I.B.A., I will only now say
that to successfully ventilate a building by mechanical means
implies a considerable knowledge of the various appliances
available—there must be no stinting of space and materials
necessary to secure the most thorough and economical results.
A change of air up to ten times per hour must be insisted
upon, the plant in all important features should be duplicated
and the most economical power available should be employed.
All air ducts and channels should be of ample sectional area,
so as to reduce friction to a minimum, and the outlets and
inlets must be arranged with judgment and properly propor-
tioned. The air must be taken in at a point most free from
contaminating influences; it must be screened, brought to a
suitable temperature, and hvgrometric condition, and passed
on to the several apartments required to be ventilated, with-
out the possibility of its becoming deteriorated until it ap-
proaches the outlets and is again discharged into the open at
a distance from the intake, so that movements of the outer
atmosphere may not exercise any influence upon its outflow.
For some time there was considerable controversy as to
whether methods of propulsion or of extraction were to be
preferred. I believe that by far the majority of those who
have had practical experience in the matter are now most
favourable to propulsion. One of the most serious mistakes
has been the combination of the two systems, for they cannot
possibly be economically worked together, and I fear that,
even if expense were no object, imperfect results can only be
secured by employing means for securing extraction as well
as propulsion conjointly.

Experience of the practical working of well-proportioned
installations of Plenum ventilation by mechanical means has
proved to me that it is possible to secure continuously, at a
reasonable expenditure, efficient ventilation such as is quite
out of the question when natural means alone are relied on;
but, in saying that, I on no account undervalue the necessity
for taking advantage of the means which Nature places at our
disposal, because I realise that for the majority of buildings
anything in the way of mechanism for securing ventilation is
out of the question at present, although I venture to predict
that, as time goes on, and the possibilities of employing
mechanism for securing ventilation are more appreciated, an
architect's training will not be considered complete unless he
makes himself fully acquainted with the principles and appli-
ances by which buildings may be successfully ventilated by

mechanical means.

opening will be closed to prevent discomfort from draughts,
and no one thinks of opening it in calmer weather. I have,
therefore, come to the conclusion that when the inlet is placed
as I advise—on the same side as the fireplace, and as nearly
central thereto as possible, about 2ft. below the ceiling—a
clear opening of about one-half the area of the outlet flue will
suffice, for the following reasons:—ı. If the inlet is simply
through an external wall there will be less friction than in
the long outlet flue, therefore the velocity can be greater. 2.
Because, with a properly-formed and louvred inlet, the addi-
tional velocity in the upper and unoccupied portion of the
room will distribute the air throughout better than if entering
at low velocity. 3. Because variations in the force of wind
outside will not be so much noticed within the room when the
area of inlet-opening is not excessive.

But because of the well-known and frequent variations in
the force of wind outside I have devised this little automatic
regulator. You will notice that in calm weather the central
flap will stand stationary, allowing some 33in. of space for the
air to pass in, but as the force of wind increases, the flap will
be deflected, and the available space is thereby reduced pro-
portionately. A difficulty which took some time to overcome
was, so to hang the flap so that its movements could take
place without producing a clicking noise; after several at-
tempts I believe this has been successfully accomplished ;
consequently the appliance may be usefully employed to
avoid the necessity for any personal regulation, and I believe
it should go a long way towards solving one of the difficul-
ties hitherto experienced in securing constant and adequate
ventilation without personal attention in ordinary rooms.
Onlv one size is made, suitable for a room with a single ordi-
narv flue, two or more of the automatic inlet regulators being
necessary for larger rooms. Attempts have previously been
made in the same direction, but the difficulty of overcoming
the annoyance of clicking noises in appliances with movable
parts has militated against their adoption. Having no pecu-
niary interest in the appliance, either past or prospective, I
may safely commend this automatic inlet regulator to your
favourable consideration.

Much more might be advanced as to the necessity of con-
sidering details in connection with the emplovment of natural
means for securing efficient ventilation, not only in domestic
buildings, but also in those for more public purposes. Let me
again remind you that doors and windows can, and should,
be more generally regarded as legitimate means for securing
change of air within buildings. Windows should be con-
structed so that they may with ease be opened and closed,
and that, whenever practicable, they should be freely opened,
particularly at times when the buildings are unoccupied.
Although the manv appliances called ventilators onlv permit
of the passage through them of a limited amount of air—
for, as a rule, thev are emploved too small in size, and are
only serviceable when there is sufficient movement of the outer
atmosphere—it fortunatelv happens that, more frequently than
not, in this country, some movement is takine place, and one
advantage of having them is. that a certain amount of change
of air takes place through them almost continuously, and,
when unoccupied, the air of buildings fitted with them is
surely if slowly changing, so that there is a freshness within
when they come to be occupied, but for continuous occupa-
tion the change of air. which takes place when such appliances
alone are depended upon. is generally inadequate—a few
figures will easily rrove this. Ascertain the cubical capacity
of the building and the total minimum area of the free open-
ings in the appliances. and find the time required for the
volume of air contained in the building to pass through the
openings, sav, at a velocity of sft. per second, and unless the
whole volume can pass through in twenty minutes, /.e., at
the rate of three changes per hour, efficient ventilation will
not be secured for reasonable occupation of the buildings
during any considerable length of time. In calculating the
amount of change of air required in a building, it is safer to
take as a basis the cubical contents and number of changes
per hour than to take the number of people to be accom-
modated and allow so many cubic feet of air in a given time
for each, because it is important to remember that the build-
ing itself has to be ventilated as well as that the occupants
require change of air. For this reason I have come to the
conclusion that, unless it is considered worth while to continu-
ously ventilate buildings when mechanical means are provided,
there is risk of failure, because when the mechanism is stopped
change of air ceases. and although when the machinerv is re-
started change of air may soon be effected, the long period of
stagnation permits the materials of, and in. the building to i

سس —

A NEW BLIND ROLLER.

LMOST every week one hears of the replacing of long-
estabkshed and old-fashioned methods or materials by
some ingenious invention. and it is always with interest

that we inspect these signs of progress. Many of these inven-
tions are too complicated to come into general use, and it is
nearly always the case that the more simple and obvious
things command the greatest success. We have received a
neat little model of the "Handy Blind Roller," Rowthorn’s
patent, manufactured bv the Rotherham Blind Roller Co.,
Devonshire Street, Rotherham, and feel confidence in bring-
ing this excellent little invention before our readers. We

all know the disadvantages of the ordinary blind roller. The
tacks which secure the blind to the roller rust, and the blind
tears away. It is a matter of some time and difficulty to
attach a new blind, as, unless this is done with great care,
it will not draw straight. The Handy Blind Roller has none
of these disadvantages. The roller is made with an under-
cut groove running the full length of it. A galvanised iron
rod is run into the hem at the top of the blind. and is then

[NOVEMBER 18, 1904

ES -一 — E nm -—

— A سپ مي‎ -—— ral

on thrce sides of same, ànd are in each case directly entered
from the hall. The class-rooms are planned for 60 children
each in all cases except the babies room, which provide
accommodation for 30. The manual instruction-room is
placed over the laundry and coukery-rooms. The buildings,
which are heated by radiators connected to hot-water piping,
have been built of local brick and stone, and designed by the
architect to the Education Committee, Mr. W. S. Braithwaite.
The works have been carried out bv the following contrac.
tors:— Brick and stone work, Mr. J. H. Wood; carpenter and
joiner, Messrs. Ledyard and Sons; plumber, Mr. J. H.
Crosland; slater, Mr. J. W. Richmond; plasterers, Messra
Pennington and Sons; ironwork and cloak rails, Messrs.
Longfield and Sons, Ltd.; concreting, Mr. S. McFarlane;
painting. Messrs. Roylance and Horsman; heating, Messrs.
Braithwaite and Co. ; and electric lighting, Messrs. Dixon and
Sons, Ltd. The total cost of the site, buildings, and fittings
has been about £18,800.

—

THE foundation-stone was laid last week of Exeter's new
infirmary, which is -being erected on the separate block
system, from designs prepared by Mr. R. M. Chalice, of
Bedford Circus, Exeter. The complete design comprises five
distinct blocks, viz.. an administrative block, situate in the
centre, in which are located the medical officers’ surgery,
offices, etc., and the quarters of the nursing staff, comprising
dining and sitting-rooms, kitchen, offices, and excellent bed.
room accommodation. From this department covered cor.
ridors diverge to the respective wings—block 1, for females
and children, providing for 66 beds; block 2, the maternity
portion, comprising 7 beds; block 3, for males, 66 beds;
and the consumptive block, providing for 13 beds, making
a total accommodation of 152 beds, exclusive of the nurses
quarters. The sanitation generally has received careful at-
tention, separate and distinct sections of drains are provided,
and the consumptive block drains are entirely disconnected
from the general system. The sanitary offices are situated
in towers, having a free passage of air between them and
the main buildings; they are provided with glazed brick
dadoes. All the fittings, including closets, hospital sinks,
and lavatories, are to be of Corbel pattern, leaving the floor
space in each case absolutely free for cleansing purposes.
The staircases are of Bristol Pennant stone, and the corri
dors of fireproof construction ; iron emergency staircases are
provided for at each end of the main blocks, and internal
and external hydrants will be suitably placed, the former
being fitted with swinging cradles, lengths of hose and
nozzles, ready for immediate use. The wards generally are
to be heated by Messrs. Shorland's Manchester stoves and
grates, while the corridors, bath-rooms, and sanitary wings
will be warmed by hot-water radiators. A complete system
of ventilation is provided for. The first portion of the com-
plete scheme is now being carried out by Messrs. Ham and
Passmore, of Exeter, at a cost (inclusive of certain alterations
to the existing infirmary) of £10,500.

وچ

JOTTINGS.

ARCHBISHOP BOURNE had intended to have the great west
entrance of the Westminster Cathedral fitted with a door of
hammered bronze of artistic design, but the L.C.C. has dis-
approved of the idea, on the ground that, in case of a panic
or rush of any kind from the Cathedral, such heavy doors
could not be swung open quickly enough to allow the ۳
shippers to clear out. Dr. Bourne has, in the circumstances,
had to forego his intention, and to substitute an oaken door,

which is now being constructed according to a design left bs
Tug new ` Victoria” schools, which have just been erected |

Mr. Bentley.

ELECTRICAL power houses are, it is stated, about to be con-
structed at the Zambesi Falls, which are estimated to represent
35.000.000 horse-power. The power will be delivered to
lone distance transmission lines and distributed to the copper.
gold, and coalfields in the region which are already in کت‎
of development. besides performing all the other work which

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

380

attached to the roller by sliding it along the groove in the
roller. The use of tacks, stitching, or tape is thus done away
with. The groovebeing parallel to the roller, the blind must
always roll straight, and, of course, mav be detached or re-
placed in a minute. The prices of these blinds, given in a
‚list issued bv the company, are very reasonable.

BUILDING NEWS.

AT Tuesday's meeting of the Worcester City Council, plans
were approved for an enlargement of the schools block of the
Victoria Institute.

THE new medical buildings and the George Holt physics
laboratory, which have been added to the Liverpool Univer-
sity, at a total cost of £56,000, were opened on the 12th
inst. by Lord Derby. The architects of the medical buildings
are Messrs. A. Waterhouse and Sons, of London; the con-
tractors being Messrs. Tomkinson and Sons, of Liverpool,
except for a portion of the fittings supplied by Messrs. Vickers,
of Nottingham. The joint architects of the physics laboratory
are Messrs. Willink and Thicknesse, of Liverpool, and Pro-
fessor Simpson, of 137, Gower Street. W.C. ; and the con-
tractors for this block were Messrs. Brown and Backhouse, of
Liverpool.

THE Hyde Borough Education Committee have decided to
build a new school, to provide accommodation for 0"
children, in three departments of yoo cach. For this purpose
they have already secured the Acres Estate. near St. Thomas's
Church, as a site, at a cost of £2,250. The committee fur-
ther decided that the scheme should comprise two one-storey
buildings, one with two departments for the elder children
and the other for the infant department. “These will be sub-
divided into class-rooms, each to accommodate so to 60 chil-
dren. The plans are also to include a site for accommoda-
tion for cookerv and manual instruction in a separate build-
ing. It is anticipated tbat the whole scheme will cost about

£15,000.

AFTER operations extending over two vears, the new railway
bridge over the Swale at King’s Ferry, which links the Isle
of Sheppey with the mainland of Kent, was completed on
Saturday. All railway and road traffic over the bridge was
suspended for the day, and, everything being in readiness
to remove the old centre span of 65ft. of massive ironwork.
operations were begun early in the morning under the
personal supervision of Sir William Arrol, M.P., وا‎
the contractors. The new bridge is constructed so as to
open for vessels with fixed masts, the necessity for this pro-
vision being pressed upon the South-Eastern and Chatham
Railway Company by the Milton Creek Conservancy, who
have jurisdiction over the Swale and creek from the railway
bridge to the towns of Sittingbourne and Milton. : The
weight of the bascule is 350 tons, and the total cost of the
new bridge 1s, roughly speaking. £50,000. It is known as
the Scherzer rolling lift bridge. There is one bridge of
this type at Barking. but that is onlv a. road bridge. The new
Swale bridge provides for both road and rail traffic,
and the chief difficulty in Its construction has been the
necessity of keeping the line open for rail traffic. Li:
engineer of the bridge is Sir Benjamin Baker, who has worked
in conjunction. with Mr. P. C. Tempest. chief engineer,
South-Eastern and Chatham Railway.

—— —

on a site of 7,630 yards, in York Road, East Leeds, are in
three blocks. The larger block provides accommodation for
360 junior children on the ground floor, and 360 senior on the
upper floor. Ihe ۹ school 1s a separate building,
and provision has been made for 410 infants. The third
block contains manual instruction department, laundry and

cookery room, with caretakers house attached... Three

central halls are provided. the class-rooms being arranged progress there is cutting out for it.

WILLESDEN PAPER

FOR ALL OLIMA TES.

2PLY.
LONDON,

See next Issue.

WILLESDEN JUNCTION, N.W.

ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN

Used by leading Architects.

LD.,

The hest Underlining on the Market.
WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS,

381

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

NOVEMBER 25, 1904]

ment. Even in slight sketches, as here shown, there should
have been some better attempt at good architectural effect.
In some cases one is inclined to question the benefit of the
architectural additions, even though they had been really
well designed, as, for instance, in the balustraded inclosure
to the old circular basin on page 45. The whole effect is
infinitely more pleasing as seen in the picture of the original
effect on page 44, than with the new addition on page 45,
with its woeful perspective. As for the modern building
on page 163, being "intentionally reminiscent of a master
work of Leonardo da Vinci,” it would require a good deal
more than our sympathy with the Professors interesting
visions to enable us to realise that.

میس ہے لهت

THE BUILDING BY-LAW. QUESTION.

A EE

SSUREDLY a crisis has now been reached in what
has become to be known as the Building By-Law
Question. Sir William Grantham is responsible for the new
development which has come over it. Some years ago Mr.
E. D. Till came into notice over a building by-law quarrel
at Dartford, and since then similar cases have occurred in
very many other parts of the country. Mr. Wilfred
Scawen Blunt, at East Grinstead, and others have com-
plained bitterly of various building restrictions. Mr. Blunt,
in an article in last month's Wineteenth Century, entitled,
“ The By-Law Tyranny and Rural Depopulation,” said :一
* The Public Health Act, sprung in ignorance of its meaning
on many a rural district, and manipulated since bv the local
building and contracting interests, in connivauce with subur-
ban landowners, has become not only the instrument of a
vast amount of jobbing expenditure of all kinds in Rural
England, but also an engine of direct tyranny, which is
driving the indigenous English peasantry from the soil of its
forefathers." This grave indictment of an Act of Parlia-
ment, which is the foundation of all our sanitary and muni-
cipal legislation, is so startling as to call for immediate public
attention. Certainly, widespread discontent with the existing
system is apparent, and the more rebellious spirits joined
forces in the latter part of 1902 in forming “The Build-
ing By-Laws Reform Association." Very little public action
has yet been done by this bodv, although its membership
includes eminent landowners and architects, with His Grace
the Duke of Westminster as president, and Sir William
Chance, Bart., as chairman. Its work is outlined as follows:
1. For the purpose of securing, with as little delay as may
be, some relief from the more oppressive of the by-laws now
in force in rural districts, the committee to approach the
Local Government Board, and endeavour to secure their
publishing a new set of model by-laws for these districts,
embodving amendments which the committee may suggest
to the desired end. Further, to urge district councils to
amend existing by-laws accordingly.

2. Following on the above, to prepare a set of draft build-
ing by-laws, carrying out the recommendations of the special
committee, that each by-law should provide that, unless the
principle it enunciates is otherwise given effect to, to the
satisfaction of the local authoritv, it shall be considered to
be given effect to if the requirements set out in the
schedule to the bv-law are complied with.

3. As soon as practicable, to deal with the by-laws of
urban districts in like manner.

How far unanimity can be obtained amongst those inter-
ested in this question, and upon these lines, remains to be
seen. The last annual meeting of the association was
principally notable for the precipitate action of Mr. T.
Myddelton Shalleross, a well-known Liverpool architect, who
has since issued a widely-circulated book, entitled: 5 Muni-
cipal Shortcomings.” This book, covering almost the whole
area of municipal work (as well as other topics), is a publi-
cation which should be read by all who are interested in by-
laws. Something akin to a revolution would be provoked
if progress is to be achieved by the suggested changes.
Nevertheless, they suggest much in the wav of reform. It
is certain, however, that whatever alterations are made, as
a result of the present agitation, they must come slowly, and
only after mature consideration. At present there is too
much talk of amendments en bloc. The Building By-Laws
Reform Association, assisted by such influential men as Mr.
E. D. Till, Mr. E. L. Lutyens, Mr. Mark H. Judge, Dr.

The British Architect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1904.

CITY DEVELOPMENT.

HAT the proper development of our cities and towns is
a matter which ought to occupy a much more important
place in practical politics than it does at present is an
undoubted fact; and that, in some ways, it would appear
that the present generation is labouring under a somewhat
severe strain for the purpose of making things pleasanter for
the succeeding one is also true. But though it is not neces-
sarily politic to advance too rapidly in the direction of civic
improvements, and to fetter the resources of the present
generation to a severe extent for the sake of those which are
to come, we must concede that it is most desirable to have
proper schemes of development for our great towns, so that
as opportunity arises they may be gradually realised.
Dunfermline is in the happy condition of looking forward
to the prospective enjoyment of great trust funds, provided
by the generositv of Mr. Carnegie, for the betterment of the
conditions of life in that town. And what may well serve to
heighten the anticipation of future benefits is the careful and

elaborate report of Professor Geddes, which he has prepared |

1
0

at the instance of the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust, as to the
laying-out of the Park, and as to the buildings in and around
it, needed or desirable, for the carrying out the work of the
trust. As Professor Geddes points out, his report in no sense
commits the trust to anything, and he has apparentlv per-
mitted himself to indulge in the pleasantest dreams which
appeared capable, or possible, of realisation in the future. A
report which was worthy to be produced as a pleasant volume
of 232 pages, and which contains 132 illustrations, testifies
to the thorough manner in which the author's work has been
performed, and it should prove a most interesting object-lesson
for all town authorities who have the future welfare and deve-
lopment of their localities at heart.

The object of the report is to show a plan and a plea for
conserving and developing the amenities of a small provincial
city. It deals with the subject from the social, educational,
horticultural, and architectural point of view, and if we feel
less in accord with the latter, it is because we feel the lack
of special professional knowledge in dealing with it. ٥6
problem before the author was, briefly—What can be done
in towns for the benefit of the masses by. money in the hands
of public-spirited citizens? To reply to this is not easy, we
admit. Both instruction and amusement have to be adminis-
tered with discrimination and knowledge if they are to be
productive of the best results. The results of aquaria, skating
rinks, museums, and picture-galleries are not altogether en-
couraging on the lines thev have taken, and to be enduringly
attractive those foundations which aim at either amusement
or instruction must provide for some elasticity of develop-
ment. We are firmly. convinced that one of the great needs
of our large towns is the provision for recreative physical
- exercise for the whole vear round. Covered tennis and fives-
courts and swimming-baths should be available in the winter,
so that active games should be as easy in the winter as in the
summer; and a steady effort should be made to encourage
ample phvsical exercise during the winter months when it is
most needed. By a judicious combination of physical and
intellectual exercises a healthv balance is maintained, such
as makes both continuously pleasant and satisfying. To give
some notion of the many-sided aspects of Professor Geddes’
scheme for Dunfermline, an enumeration of some of the head-
ings of his chapters may be given. “Gardens and Nature
Studies.” “Property and Housing Improvements." “ Social
and Central Institutes," “Orangery and Mansion House,”
" Lake and Rock Gardens." * Wild Garden." * Southern Park
and Zoo," “Nature Museum,” “Crafts Village," “ Institute
ot History,” “Art Institute,” “Queen's Garden and Arena,”
etc. It is quite impossible to do justice to this interesting
volume in the space at our disposal; but we would advise all
our readers interested in the subject to get it.* With the
purely architectural part we cannot but express disappoint-
مج‎ A تن یوت ود لول‎ MIN s

and Out-

"Geddes and Co., s, Old Queen-st., Westmins
look Tower, Edinburgh. : , estminster,

[NOVEMBER 25, 1904

= — m — —— -—— ——I m —RS-.-_——PF“Nn- .— سے‎ — ہس‎ o aoU

thank Mr. Long for the very great deal he had already done
to remedy the existing evil. If the amended by-laws issued
two years ago were adopted in rural districts, they would
go a long way to.get rid of the disadvantages under which
they at present laboured. Sir William Chance's remarks
were very much to the point, for, as Justice Grantham after.
wards informed the Press, he had never heard of the new
model by-laws, and the statement that they existed came as
“a complete surprise.” All this goes to show that the
remedy is really in the hands of the local ratepayers, who are
independent (through their council) of the Local Government
Board. The Right Hon. W. H. Long, 'M.P., President of
the Board, replying to the deputation, said the large assembly
present testified to the attention being given to this ques-
tion. The responsibility. of the Local Government Board
was much less real than was thought. It was not the duty
of that Department to force by-laws on any authority; it
framed two sets of models for urban and rural districts, and
the local authority then decided which they preferred. He
was not sure whether the by-laws were really so guilty as the
deputation thought. He had thoroughly overhauled and ex.
amined them, and he was glad to hear the rural code
approved by Sir William Chance. This dealt with sanitation,
stability and fire prevention. Any rural authority could with-
draw their existing by-laws and apply for the code drawn up
two vears ago. He was prepared to again examine that
code, but he thought it would be found, on the whole, a
workable one. He understood from Sir William Grantham
It was not the by-laws so much that they condemned as the
people who administered them. If they were not satisfied,
then they must turn them out, and instal better ones. He
would consider the suggestion of a committee to further
examine the code. These were the main points of Mr.
Longs reply, and after a vote of thanks for his kindness in
receiving them was passed, the deputation dispersed. The
general purport of it all seems to be that the Local 71
ment Board disclaims all interference with the nature and
operation of the building restrictions in the rural council
areas. No other course, therefore, remains, outside an
amendment of the existing laws, but for those of Mr. Justice
Granthams wav of thinking, to interest themselves in local
affairs more than thev do, and procure an abatement of the
grievances they complain of. through a participation in the
administration of the rural district areas. At least this is
the opinion of one who formed part of the deputation on
Thursday, and who has, both before and since, thought over
the pros and cons of this complicated question.

G.W.H.

全

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS. .
OMPARED with the way we do things in this

— جس‎ — — ——À (u

country, the programme of a competition for
the Carnegie Technical Schools at Pittsburgh
comes as a pleasant change. Here is an admir-
ablv-produced quarto pamphlet, of nearly 50 pages
setting forth the full particulars of this important

competition, all apparently devised with the best safeguards
for a good result. The competition is a mixture of the
open and limited, which is, perhaps, not altogether a desir-
able feature. Five firms of architects, viz., Messrs. Carrere
and Hastings, New York; Frank Miles, Dav and Brother,
Philadelphia; Mr. Cass Gilbert, New York; Howell and
Stokes, New York; and M. Geo. B. Post, New York, have
been invited to take part in the competition, and are to
be paid $1,000 each in any event. Out of the tatal of the
remaining competitors, five of the best will be awarde
$1,000 each. The prize of the competition will be the com
mission to design and supervise the work. The drawing
required include a bird's-eve perspective in ven and ink
which is a most wise arrangement of such an mu
group of buildings. No nom de plume or identifying mar
is to be placed on any of the drawings, and the committee
are to be advised in making their awards by Professor
Warren P. Laird, of the University of Pennsylvania.

AN interesting little series of postcards are just being Er
by Messrs. Meehan, of Bath, produced from the pag
drawings of Bath buildings by Henry Venn Lansdown. 7
Bath architect, who lived in the early part of the in
century. Each picture is accompanied by a short M
description. Notwithstanding some palpable faults of pe
spective, the drawings are not without a quaint interest.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

يسمل — چک سم ماسب —

— —-— مت‎ —— — 一 P w ہل‎ A — sis

x —— A EO o کک‎
————— M MÀ M — M —À ————— MM M ہے‎ € MÀ M ا‎ —À

G. V. Poore, Mr. J. St. Loe Strachey, Mr. Lacy Ridge,
and cthers who are equally well known for their experience,
will achieve much if they are lovally supported. This body
evidently intends to proceed slowly, but surely. Justice
Grantham, who conceives himself the victim of “rural poten-
tates ` (to quote a newspaper title), has flung himself into the
contest with great vigour and determination. His
battle with the Chailey Rural District Council is too well
known to need a recital of the question at issue. All the
facts, letters, plans, ete., connected therewith have been
published, and vigorous correspondence on the subject has
been going on in many newspapers. Anyone who has fol-
lowed this case, and is in possession of the latest facts, can
but come to the conclusion. that while this action of Justice
Grantham is assuming a national appearance, it 1s in reality
only of local moment, and cannot be settled by exterior
agencies. Nationally, it is only of consequence as drawing
attention to erratic and often meaningless restrictions imposed
in the rural districts. But the remedy is wholly in the hands
of the people who live in the distriets affected, and who
have the right, if they care fo use it, to alter the personnel
of the councils, and so the impositions complained. of.

Last Thursday (November 17th), Sir William Grantham,
at the head of a large deputation of about 100 gentlemen
residing in Rural England, paid a visit to the Local Govern-
ment Board, at Whitehall. There were present the Duke
of Sutherland, Lord Coventry, Mr. ‘Coningsby Disraeli,
M.P., Sir William Chance, Bart., Mr. Albert Pell, Rev. C.
Leslie Norris, Mr. A. R. Stenning, and others. A printed
document was handed to those present, which contained
219 names of people (landowners, clergymen, doctors, archi-
tects, builders and working men) who have written to Sir
William Grantham of the hardships, difficulties, and, or, im-
possibilities of complving with the rural district by-laws in
their particular district. It was said :一

1. That the by-laws governing the building of cottages in
the country are enforced by those who either. have—

(a) No knowledge of the ¿ocus imn que; or

(6) No knowledge of the wants and requirements of
the district; or

(d) An interest against the landlord or person desirous
of building; or

(f) A desire on the part of the councils, or officials of
the councils, to strain. the language of the by-laws
against the building owner, and, instead of assisting
him, throwing every obstacle in the way of his carrv-
ing out the desired work.

2. That hundreds more cottages would have been built
all over the country, which would have prevented (to some
extent) the people from crowding into the towns, if there
had been—

(a) More suitable by-laws; or

(b) An elasticity allowed to those who administer
them; or

Sir William Grantham's speech in introducing the deputa-
tion was mainly a reiteration of the above points. In
addition he suggested that there should be an appeal
bevond the rural council in cases of dispute—either to the
Local Government Board, the County Council, or the magis-
trates. Sir Wiliams own case at Barcombe was largely
dealt with, but no new facts given. The Duke of Sutherland
followed, also Lord Coventry, who spoke on the local
management of water supply, a matter never previously
mentioned in this controversy. Mr. Albert Pell dealt with
the effect of by-laws in producing cottages in the 7
“which might have been taken out of Wolverhampton or
Wigan,” as he put it. Mr. A. R. Stenning, who spoke as
an architect, said he thought that the councils prevented the
erection of wooden country cottages. He did not think that
the councils should be authorised to ask for plans (except
drainage plans), which were an unnecessary expense, and not
understood by the councillors. He said there was no proper
system of road construction, and method of insisting on
such. The question of rural water supply and the excessive
rates charged in many cases— one shilling and twopence in
the pound in one case— were also mentioned. Rev. C.
Leslie Norris also spoke 7 favour of wooden dwellings.
Sir William Chance followed, and said that they ought to

په کو ہر سي rq‏ ی ce xs‏ -

Je co rr TER r z — +‏ سم

-—— —- — o یي نوس صا‎ piman — MÀ —

with this firm on October 12, and the first delivery was made
on that date. A floor was completed and fixed before the
foundation-stone was laid on the 15th of that month. Four
days afterwards, the whole of the next floor was despatched,
and on the 26th of the same month the balance was delivered.
some 12 days under penalty time, the work being supplied
from the London and Croydon works of the above company.

— nT

COMPETITIONS.

TEN guineas is the prize offered for the best design for a
Baptist Chapel, schoolroom, etc., to be erected at Swansea.
Full particulars can be had from Mr. T. E. Williams, Lynwood
House, Rhyddings Park Road, Swansea.

Tur Competition Reform Society disapproves of the existing
conditions of the Hristol police and fire stations competition
for the following reasons:— (1) No professional assessor ; (2)
insufficient premiums ; and (3) no guarantee that the successful
competitor will be entrusted with the work.

THE Thorne Carnegie Library competition has resulted in the
selection of the design submitted by Mr. E. H. Ballan, of
Oriental Chambers, Doncaster. The building is to cost

£ 1,500.

MR. JOHN M'INTYRE, 8, Brunton Place, Edinburgh, has been
awarded the first premium (£50) for his design of the new St.
Pauls Church. Glasgow. which is to be erected in John Street,
with frontages to Little Hamilton Street and Margaret Street.
The governors of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical
College paid £15,000 for the old building, with the object
of still further extending their new edifice being built in
George Street. Of that sum 45.000 was expended on a site,
and the balance of گر‎ 10,000 is to be spent on the building.

THE council of the Survevors' Institution have awarded the
prize offered by Mr. H. T. Steward (president), to Mr. F. H.
Osmond-Smith, for his paper entitled ^ Forestry Hints for
Landowners and Land Agents." and honourable mention has
been made of Mr. H. Lemmoin-Cannon’s paper on the
“Public Health Act, 1875.” The council's gold medal for the
best paper read bv a member of the institution during the
past session has been awarded to Mr. J. Smith Hill, B.A.,

(associate).
— کے ہہس‎

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

A HILLSIDE COTTAGE.
T. RAFFLES Davison, Architect.

Tuis is an attempt to make the plan of a small house possible
of expansion or contraction. Dx the shutting. off from, or
inclusion of. the hall gallery with the drawing-room. The
occasional entertainment of a number of people in a small
house 1s often a difficulty. which such ۵ plan might to some
extent obviate. By giving the general outline of the building
something of the shape of an old barn building, a simplicity
and breadth are perhaps obtained which would make even a
small building like this an effective object on the landscape.

OLD WINDMILL AND DOORWAY, BRUGES.
BLANKERBERGH TOWN HALL.

See Rambling Sketches. bv T. RAFFLES Davison,
Nos. 1,387-88.

| The quaint old Town Hall at Blankerbergh is almost lost

under the shadow of high modern buildings. which is much
to be regretted. One of the old windmills which used to
adorn the eanal-side near that we have here shown, has dis-

appeared. It is to be hoped this other will not follow.

میتی کد من من لام

IN response to an inquiry from the Imperial authorities, Mr.
Reid. the Premier. has intimated that, in accordance with
the promise given by Sir E. Barton, at the Colonial Confer-
ence In 1902, "he will ask the Commonwealth House of Repre-
sentatives and Senate to authorise a contribution of £25,000
to the Queen Victoria Memorial im London. —Reutcr.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 383

an increase of air velocity deflects the flap .

to the apartment is |

NOVEMBER 25, 1904]

— ہے

AT the adjourned Quarter Sessions, before Judge Adams,
Mr. Bryan Sheehy, C.E., sought to recover £15 from Mrs.
Fox, Treaty Hotel, in payment for plans of two houses drawn
for her late husband. Mr. Philip O'Sullivan appeared for
the plaintiff, and Mr. James Doyle for the defendant. Evi-
dence having been given, his Honour said he would give a
decree for £7. Mr. Doyle claimed the plans, and said he
would put them to auction. Mr. Sheehy said that would be
most unfair. “The professional practice was that the fees
were paid for services rendered ia preparing the plans, and
not for the plans themselves. He retained all plans prepared
by himself, and had bought those belonging to the late Mr.
Corbett, C.E. His Honour said as that was the rule he
would give a decree for £6, Mr. Sheehy to retain his plans.

THE annual general meeting of Glasgow Archeological
Society was held on the 17th inst.. Dr. George Neilson pre-
siding. The annual reports were submitted, and considered
satisfactory. Thereafter Mr. J. W. G. Dalrymple was elected
president for the ensuing term, and, in an address, said that
Glasgow was far behind what it should be in the matter of
a proper archeological museum. Even the smallest of
foreign countries were better off than Scotland in this respect.

and he suggested that this country might have two such in-,

stitutions, one in Edinburgh and one in Glasgow.

GLOUCESTER HOUSE, the residence of the late Duke of Cam-
bridge. has changed hands, Mr. Duveen, sen., of Bond Street,
having acquired a ووو‎ vears lease of the site. Mr. Duveen.
it is stated, intends to demolish the old building. and erect
upon the site, which covers an area of about 13.000 super-
ficial feet, a block of flats, the design of wlfich will be car-

ried out by Mr. Collcutt.

THE following gentlemen have been selected as candidates
for the office of City Survevor, at a salary of £1,000, rising
to £1,500:—Mr. F. Brown, County Council Department,
19, Charing Cross Road; Mr. J. E. Crouch, 29, Basinghall
Street; Mr. S. Perks, 5, Crown Court, Cheapside; Mr.
W. H. Prescott, Council Office, Tottenham; and Mr. F.
Sumner, Survevor’s Department, Plumstead.

THERE were delivered, on the 13th, at Rochester Cathedral
the six bells to make up the full peal of eight which will ring
for the first time upon St. Andrews Dav, the occasion of the
1.300th anniversary of the foundation of the See of Rochester.
The remaining two bells, the great tenor and the “ sixth,” were
recast by the same foundry in 1834. Altogether, the peal of
eight bells weigh four tons and a quarter. It is interesting to
note, savs the Standard, that it was Bishop Haymo de Hythe
(1319-1352) who raised the first campanile in Rochester Cathe-
dral, and placed in it four bells, named Dunstan, Paulinus.
Ithamar, and Lanfranc. The oldest bell of the present octave

is dated 1635.

Messrs. HART, SON, PEARD AND COMPANY, LIMITED, of
Charing Cross Road, London, and Grosvenor Street West,
Birmingham, are the manufacturers of the Automatic Inlet
Regulating Ventilator referred to in Mr. Wm. Henman's
Paper on “ Ventilation" last week—See British Architect,
pages 378-379 in last issue. “his Automatic Inlet Regu-
lating Ventilator has been designed by Mr. William Hen-
man, to meet the long-felt want of a simple contrivance for
automaticallv regulating the inlet of fresh air. It consists
of a flap suspended eccentricallv to the curve of an enclos-
ing box, leaving a space below for the passage Of a given
quantity of air;
so as to contract the area of the inlet opening, with the
result that a uniform supply of air
automatically secured.

e—- سے‎ 一 一 一

WE have received the following:—" Our American cousins
are, no doubt, well to the front in rapid construction. but
the following will require a bit of smartness to beat: —A
tender was asked for 260 tons of steel constructional work,
consisting moctly of stanchions and riveted girders. from 2ft.

to 43ft. long, with a small proportion of joists. Every por- ，

tion of the work required cutting and fitting in accordance
with architect's requirements. Time was of prime import-
ance. The material had to be supplied and fixed under a
penalty of £s per dav. Four firms were asked to tender,
but onlv that of Measures Bros., Ltd., would undertake the
work under the conditions. The order and plans were placed

[NOVEMBER 25, 1904

was easy to prove that it could neither be economical nor
effective. He knew that it had been employed for the Houses
of Parliament, in the Law Courts, and elsewuere. Generally
it was adopted as a makeshift; the original means provided
having been proved inadequate, supplementary power had
been made use of, too often in the wrong direction.

As to the economical aspect of the question, at the
General Hospital, Birmingham, wards were well ventilated at
a considerable distance from the propellers, and at the Royal
Victoria Hospital, Belfast, wards were similarly well venti-
lated 6ooft. away from the propellers. Where, then, was

this room thev were occupving, if there were a propelling fan
of sufficient power to force in a volume of air equal to a
change throughout of, say, ten times an hour, all that would
be necessary for doing it effectively would be to properly
dispose and proportion the inlets and outlets. The addition
of an extraction fan could not possibly help matters—it would
simply entail extra expense ; but, supposing that the propel-
ling power were not sufficient to effect the required change,
then it might be supposed that a supplementary power would
be necessary ; yet it should not be in the direction of extrac-
tion, because if air from the apartment was forcibly re-
moved, other air must enter, additional to that supplied by
the propeller ; hence it must be drawn from somewhere else,
probably through casual cracks and crevices, resulting in
draughts, or it may be sucked from impure sources. Under
such conditions, the ventilation of the apartment could not
be said to be efficient. If, however, instead of supplementing
a propelling power by one of extraction, the propelling power
were augmented, better results might be expected, providel
the inlets and outlets were properly arranged and propor-

tioned.
—— r ni

NORTHERN ARCHITECTURAL
ASSOCIATION.

HE opening meeting of the winter session of the above
association was held in the Y.M.C.A. Buildings,
Blackett Street, Newcastle, on Tuesday, the president

(Mr. J. Walton Taylor, F.R.I.B.A.) occupying the chair. It
is stated that the attendance was small.
The Hon. Secretary (Mr. Arthur B. Plummer) read the
following letter, dated the 22nd inst., from Mr. W. Glover,
of 68. Tyrwhitt Road, Brockley, London:—“ At our meeting
in London, on a deputation to the council of the R.LB.A. 1
promised, if they arranged to hold their meetings in New-
| castle, that 1 would commemorate the event by a gift for the
benefit of the profession. This was agreed to, and I have
therefore much pleasure in giving £1,000 for the following
objects. and will discuss the question of the division with
your council :--(1) Additional help to complete the purchase
of the home for our association which I have been so anxious
to see accomplished ; (2) the Benevolent Fund ; (3) the scheme
of Sir Aston Webb, R.A., for the higher education of archi
tects. The conditions for the two latter are that the funds
are invested in trustee securities, the nominations from the
council of the Northern Architectural Association to be first
considered so far as the interest in the funds will allow. This

¡ will enable me to carry out these leading principles, which

١ have influenced me through life (1) to spend my money where
I made it; (2) to assist those poorer than myself; (3) to en
deavour to leave the world better than I found it. I do

| sincerely hope that the effort made for the higher education
of our students will make them better men than we are.

On the motion of Mr. J. W. Dyson, seconded by Mr. $.
Errington, a cordial vote of thanks was given to Mr. Glover
for his handsome gift. The hon. secretary, in supporting
the resolution, which was heartily carried, referred to the man!
past kindnesses of Mr. Glover, their past president. Mr
Glover, who had travelled from the south to be present at the
meeting, in a sentence returned thanks. “I shall only
express one wish," he said, “and that is that every associate
student and member should give their minds to accomplis
the end.”

The Chairman, in the course of his presidential address.
said that a year ago he made reference to the liberality ©
Mr. Wm. Glover, F. R.LB.A., a past president, in generous?
presenting the association with the substantial gift of 0
of Consols towards a building fund. A wish was also &

, pressed that thev might be housed in a building of their ۳
Happily thev expected that that wish would be soon an accom

i
i

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

-一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一

the necessitv for an extracting power? In connection with
|

384

a — i À—— — سس‎

THE ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION’S
DISCUSSION ON "VENTILATION."

R. HENMAN, in reply to the discussion on his paper,
said if he had not recognised the unreliability of some
deductions of Dr. Reid, and of other early writers

on * Ventilation," he probably would not be appearing before
them that evening. and he trusted that he had given clearly
his reasons for dissenting from those early opinions. It was
only possible, in the time at their disposal, for him to briefly
reply to a few of the numerous questions put to him by the
various speakers. Certainly it was necessary that air
channels, ducts, and flues should be kept clean. Flues from
open fires and stoves had to be periodically swept, or un-
pleasant results would follow. All air passages for the pur-
pose of securing ventilation must be “get-at-able.” Construct
them so that they may readily be cleaned down, and insist on
them being periodically cleansed, was the best advice he
could give.

As to walls, floors, and ceilings, thev were more or less
pervious, according to the class of materials used in their
construction, or employed for covering their surfaces. His
attention was forcibly directed to this subject several vears
ago, when he occupied an office, the walls of which were
covered with oak-grained and varnished paper. Not satisfied
with their appearance, he had them painted over the var-
nished paper, the ceiling was also painted, and the floor
covered with linoleum. Air could only enter through cracks
around the doors and windows, or by a special inlet over the
door, situated in the opposite side to the fireplace. It was
the most uncomfortable room to be in--stuffy without a fire,
and very draughty with one. He gladlv quitted it at the
earliest opportunity, but it caused him to observe the resulting
effects on the ventilation of rooms brought about bv the
employment of more or less pervious materials used in the
construction of walls, floors, and ceilings, or for surface
coverings. He had told them that air heated in a flue
ascended, because it was propelled upwards by the surround-
ing cooler air being attracted downwards bv gravitation ; the
outer air was then pressing in all directions, seeking entrance
to the room ; if openings were few, and of no great size, air
would be forced in thin streams rapidly, in direct lines to the
fireplace, probablv causing unpleasant draughts, and vet not
efficiently ventilating the room. With larger openings. more
distributed, better results might follow ; but with one or two
properly constructed openings on the fireplace side. about
2ft. below the ceiling, the incoming air might be well dis-
tributed throughout the upper portion. of the room, and
would return towards the fire at low velocitv from all parts,
much in the same wav as it would if it came in through per-
vious walls, floor, and ceiling. The rooms in his own house
were ventilated in this manner, and he had often been com-
plimented upon their freshness and comfort.

A question having been asked as to the best height for
rooms, Mr. Henman replied that much depended upon the
size and proportion of rooms, and the purposes for which
they would be used. It was obvious that if change of air be
required so many times an hour, the greater the height, the
greater the cubical capacitv of a given superficial area. conse-
quently the greater the power (whether it be mechanical or
natural) necessary for effecting an equal change. Years ago
he advocated moderately low rooms in ordinary houses, but
could not always get his clients to allow him so to build them.
More recently he had noticed that, particularly in houses
designed by architects for their own occupation, rooms were
generally kept low. It had been suggested to him that it
might be the result of enforced economy on the part of archi-
tects; but he believed that many of them must have realised
the true facts, and knowinglv designed their rooms so as to
secure comfort and good ventilation. | Anyone having to
mount towards the upper portion of an ordinary but fairly
lofty room—occupied, or in which gas was burning—would
realise that the condition of the air was more and more impure
as the ceiling was approached. This vitiated air, having no
means for escape, must in time again descend, slowly but
surely, and some of it would be re-breathed. Any opening
other than into the fireplace flue served as an inlet for air
whenever à fire was alight, and if the opening was high up
in the fireplace. air only passed away by such an opening
under most favourable conditions, and back flaps were neces-
sary to prevent the egress of smoke from the fire.

With regard to the conjoint employment of means for
propelling air into, and extracting it from, an apartment. it

385

—

Lu — -— ——— -一 -~ 一 — - 一 一 一 ——n

If the oft-repeated

“HE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 85

The Building Committee were fortunate in | much “in pocket’ by the transaction.

, 1904]

اښ it‏ تد

í CN

NOVEMBER د‎

plished fact. | š
obtaining the offer of suitable premises at No. 6, Higham ; details which are carved in stone had been reproduced in

terra cotta, a great saving would have been made, whilst
retaining the general richness of effect. A judicious use of
the pruning knife among the lead ornamental mansards,
turrets, pinnacles, domes, etc., forming the roof covering,
would have had a similar result. The money so saved
could have been expended with more telling effect in the
centre of the citv.”
After referring to other new buildings, the president
looked into the tuture. We may vet, he said, want a new
art gallery, natural history museums, and possiblv a block
of law courts, to relieve the congestion of our present build-
ings, and in this connection I plead for a due consideration
of their positions, so that each may reinforce the others.
It is much to be desired that these matters—the laying out
of sites for new buildings and streets—should be carefully
thought out by a strong committee assisted by a competent
architect, and not be left to the advice of a surveyor, whose
training is directed to the questions of sewers and levels,
rather than the ultimate architectural effect to^ be arrived at.
The munificence and energy of Colonel Harding has settled
the City Square problem. and other problems remain for solu-
tion. The Town Hall Square is à monument of previous in-
competence. and must be taken in hand, unless we wish our
grand Town Hall to remain standing in 3 howling wilderness.
Can we hope that vet another wealthy citizen may be found
to earn the gratitude of his fellows. and leave his “foot-
prints in the sands of time,” by following the example set in
the City Square? E
There are three more areas in the city which will have
to be dealt with—-that formed by the widening of the road
at the bottom of Cookridge Street being the most important.
lt seems to me that here is an opportunity for the skill of
the survevor in providing convenient lines and levels for our
tramways, and for the architect in devising a building
scheme which will be an ornament to the city. With the
Roman Catholic Cathedral on the north side as the keynote,
this should not be an impossibility. An open space, having
the cathedral on the north, imposing buildings of good
architectural character on the east and west, and on the
south a well-devised junction to Park Row—the centre
marked by a feature, however inexpensive, of real artistic
merit. As Artemus Ward said, ^ Now is the present time.”
Unless this question is tackled in a thorough manner, the
usual fiasco will ensue. Another area to be dealt with is
that in front of the Yorkshire Penny Bank. As the
triangular block which stands there has to be cut away,
almost entirelv, for the widening of the street, here is
another opportunity for creating a breathing space, and one
of those points which are so valuable in punctuating a long
line, or the junction of several strects. The third area I
refer to is that unoccupicd site in the City Square, the front-
age line of which has already been defined in accordance
with suggestions emanating from this society. I trust our
City Council has sufficient power or influence to ses that
any building erected thereon may be in architectural
harmonv with the Post Office and the Standard Insurance
If the railway companies will do their part at
the station entrances, we shall then have a citv centre not
unworthy of us. The president then dealt with various pro-
fessional matters, notably the movement for the statutorv
qualification of architects, which he cordially approved.
Mr. Vickers Edwards, in proposing a vote of thanks to the

wood) had made the most of a restricted site. as regarded the | Buildings.

一 一 一 一 一 一 -一

اہ —————
— —

1
1

| president for his address, expressed the view that the Leeds

new markets might have heen erected for less money, with
due regard to the interests of the ratepavers. He thought
that every man who entered the noble profession of an archi-
tect should bs registered.

Mr. W. H. Thorpe, F.R.I.B.A., of Leeds, in seconding

At Armley, Mr. Henry Walker had been .

Place. Newcastle, situated immediately opposite the Laing
Art Gallery, which they recommended the council to purchase
for the association rooms. Mr. Glover and the council con-
firmed their report. Negotiations had been entered into for
securing the property. He (the president) suggested that the
premises should be named “ The Glover Institute. That
would be a fitting tribute to one who had always manifested
such a great interest in their association, and be a lasting re-
minder of the many vears he had spent amongst them. The
principal object for which the institute had been formed was
for the better training and equipment of architectural students
in their noble professien. After referring to the Royal honour
conferred upon Sir Aston Webb, owing to his skill as an archi-

tect, the President went on to refer to the question of the

registration of architects. As to consulting architects, the

President said during recent vears questions of light and air
had been dealt with to a great extent by architects and sur
vevors, who had made a special study of that subject, and
their services were much in demand as expert witnesses. But
there were many other subjects. such as questions of good
planning and design, professional practice, ete., upon which
most of them at some time or other would be very glad to have
the unbiased opinion of a brother architect, and for which
they and their clients would gladly pav a fee. He hoped
this subject would be ventilated at their association 5
during the coming session. Another subject they ought to
seriously consider was the safeguarding of sub-contractors
against the nonpayment of moneys due to them from the prin-
cipal contractor. Dealing with the depression in the building
trade, the President said there were not many indications of
the general activity in the building world which thev experi-
enced three or four years ago. This was not confined to one
particular district, for unhappily the wave of depression
seemed to be even worse in the south and midlands than in
the northern provinces. In conclusion. he hoped that the
excellent svllabus of lectures and meetings arranged for the
winter session in connection with the association would be
loyally supported bv members and students alike.

— —FWA.I

ARCHITECTURE IN LEEDS.

1 opening meeting of the Leeds and York-
shire Architectural Society was held on the

17th inst. at the Queen's Hotel, Leeds. ۵
president, Mr. G. Bertram Bulmer, F.R.IBA., said
numerous buildings of importance were completed in
he city in 1904, and it was to be hoped that

the energy and skill which had distinguished the last decade
might be displaved in the coming one. “There can be
little doubt that the citv has, in its practical and artistic re-
quirements, advanced by leaps and bounds, after waking
from a period of lethargy which threatened to envelop it for
ever." The first new building which occurred to his mind
was the new Roman Catholic Cathedral. The builders of
that were to be congratulated. Their architect (Mr. Fast-

plan, and externally had succeeded in giving à cathedral
character to his design, in spite of its limited dimensions.
" Although it is thoroughly Gothic in conception, it is full
of original thought in detail. and this is the treatment 1
should like to see adopted in the new Liverpool
Cathedral, rather than a merely scholastic repeat of old

medieval work.

enabled to complete his chef-d'œuvre, the foundation-stone |

^ the motion, mentioned that he was an old member of the

Architectural Society. and had served on its council for

28 vears. He praised the good work being done for archi-

tecture by the Leeds School of Art. and commented upon

the excellent positions gained by the Leeds candidates in
the professional examinations. In passing. too, he had a
good word for the Leeds Aris" Club. Mr. Chas. H. Gott.
president of the Bradford Architectural Society, supported
the vote, which was cordially extended.

Early in the evening. the president distributed a series of
x competed for bv associates of the society. Mr.

alph Thorp was awarded a gold medal and a cheque for
£5 for some measured drawings of Hemingborough Church,

“T must confess that T think a little more originalfiv —

of which was laid in 1872. bv adding a tower and spire.
Considering the excellent quality of this work, it seemed
strange that we had not heard of a longer list of churches
by this architect, who was, he believed, a native of Leeds.
At Holbeck. Mr. Bodlev, R.A., was responsible for a new
church of brick, and stone dressings. with lofts aisles, and
without a clerestorv, on similar lines to his church at Chapel-
town.
in detail desirable, although full prepared to admit and
admire the scholarly character of Mr. Bodlev's designs.
Another very important work completed during the past vear

is the Kirkgate Market, and I had, on vour behalt. the

pleasure of congratulating Messrs. Leeming and Leeming en
its successful completion. At the same time. as a practical
architect, T cannot but consider that the promoters might
have paid a large fee to a consulting architect, and been

[Nove «BER 23, 1904

factory—one could be so by providing.a complete metallic
enclosure, like a bankers strong-room. This might be struck
by lightning as much as the lightning pleased, but those inside
would not know anything except the noise. The only possible
way to damage such a building would be for the lightning
to be strong enough to melt it. The building might retain
the charge. however, so that it would be as well to have sky
and roof terminals. Sir Oliver then proceeded to demon-
strate his lecture with a number of interesting experiments,
and at the close a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to him,
on the motion of the president. seconded by Mr. A. Smith.

— هد‎
DEFECTIVE SCHOOL BUILDINGS,

R. A. W. MARTIN, the medical officer of health ١
Gorton, read a paper on “The effects of defective
school buildings upon health” at a meeting of the

Manchester and Salford District Education Association in the
Art Gallery, Mosley Street, last Friday week. Dr. Martin
dealt principally with the schools built before 1871, which,
according to his estimate, form about half the number of those
at present in use. Most of the schools erected since that
vear did pass muster, he said, especially the schools belonging
to the local authorities, though even among those there were

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

He perceived that the sub- |

numerous cases in which great mistakes had been made. As,

for instance, in Manchester. But many of the old school
buildings did not satisfy the lowest standard of efficiency.
There was so much to condemn in them that the difficulty was
to tell where to begin. Beginning with the playground, the
usual surface at the voluntary schools was the bare earth,
cindered or gravelled, on which pools and puddles formed in
wet weather. The children got their feet wet, and the con.
sequence was a severe cold, which, aggravated in many cases
bv other defects in the schools. developed into bronchitis or
pneumonia. The sanitary conveniences were often deplor
able. and in the majority of the older schools the cloak-rooms
were simply an apology, soaking wet coats and cloaks bein;
put on the top of one another. In many schools the floorinz
was in a half-rotten condition, soaked through and through
with the dirt and filth taken into the schools on the childrens
wet boots. "The floor was swept every day with wet sawdust
and the dust was as thick as the dust-starm behind a 7
car. and more noisome and pestiferous. In the sweeping ۷
disinfectants were used, and no preparations to prevent the
dust rising. The furniture also required attention.

The desks were nearly all of one size-—the little ones could
not reach the floor with their feet, whilst there was not suff-
cient room for the taller boys. There were no backs to the
seats, and he would suggest that the managers ought to have
their chairs without backs also. He had sometimes seen the
text * Suffer little children to come unto Me” over the school
doors, and he had thought that it ought rather to read,
“ Let little children come unto me and suffer." The idea!
desk was one for one child onlv, with a back to the seat, and
an arrangement bv which the seat could be adjusted up and
down. backwards and forwards. and at any angle. | Slates.
though discountenanced by the educational authorities, WEF
still largely used. In theory they were cleaned by a wet rar
in practice bv the spittle. It was not difficult to see how
casilv infectious sore throats and diphtheria were passed from
child to child by such means. Every slate should be
abolished and paper substituted. It seemed to be quite the
exception for water and soap to be provided for washing the
hands. and a towel was still more rare. Should there he one.
it served a week for 300 or goo children. The schoolroom
Every class should have a separat
room. and the classes should be only half the size they ۳
at present, or even less.

The rules for school buildings issued in 1903 |
that the area of the window glass must not be less than one

| | ^ .` ¿ ` 5
fifth of the floor space in rooms used for teaching; in Bs
Defective lightin:

aid it down

opinion it should be more like one-half. the

was not only injuricus to the sight, but its evil effects 00

general health of the children were enormous. کو‎ air
res

of warming was part of the problem of ventilation. oe
was the most important article of diet. In 24 hours Jas
quired only two pounds of solid and three pints of 0 l
Expired air was venta?!
of this air over ۳
had such a dis

Wer avain. to r with deficient light, that ۱
Over again. together with 6 g Wm physical

astrous effect on the development of children.
and mentally.

was badly arranged.

١ but we required 24.000 pints of air.
aerial sewage, and it was the breathing

—

|
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near Selby. A prize for drawings showing the construction
of an entrance hall and staircase was won by Mr. Martin
S. Briggs. Designing prizes were awarded to Mr. Godfrey
L. Clark (first), and Mr. J. Crust (second), and prizes for
sketching were given to Mr. Martin S. Briggs and Mr. S. R.
Wyvill (extra). The prize work was on view at the meeting.

-—- s

LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS.

T the second general meeting of the Birmingham Archi-
tectural Association on Friday, Mr. I. Cooper (presi-
dent) in the chair, a lecture on the above subject was

delivered by Sir Oliver Lodge.

He was, he said, very glad to have the opportunity of
bringing before them certain facts concerning lightning and
lightning conductors. In the year 1887 his attention was
especially drawn to the subject by being asked to deliver the
Mann lectures, founded by Dr. Mann, an enthusiast on light-
ning conductors in South Africa.
ject had not been attended to in the light of new theories
and new knowledge of electricity. They were not much
advanced up to 1888 bevond the times of Benjamin Franklin.
During the interval electric inertia, or momentum, had been
discovered, and the result of a perception of that was to
enable him to say that the old views about protection from
lightning were in many respects erroneous and in all respects
inadequate. He proceeded to make experiments. The new
views met with some opposition, but they held the field. and
were universallv accepted. Whether thev were universallv
accpted or not, they were undoubtedly true. The discovery
of electric inertia greatlv altered ideas about lightning. The
old view of lightning protection was as if it were something
to be let down like rain, orasif there were a certain amount
of stuff to get nd of which would take an easier path, so
that if a channel were provided for it, it would go down that
channel and avoid all others. and that the easier path would
protect all others. It was also supposed that the best way to
get rid of the electricity one did not want was to supply it
with the best possible conductor—the largest and best con-
ductor one could afford; and the only reason for not using
a copper rod a foot thick was the fact that 1t was so expen-
sive. But a copper rod a foot thick would be dangerous;
an iron wire one-tenth of an inch thick would be much safer.
It had got about to a certain extent that he had said that
lightning conductors were dangerous. He did not advocate
the abolition of lightning conductors. It was desirable to
have them, but there were certain things to be considered
about them before thev became as safe as they could be. He
would also say that very few lightning conductors could be
considered to be absolutely safe. Many protected buildings
were struck and damaged ; what was called protection was not
complete protection, but imperfect protection was better than
nothing as a rule. Whv was it that a copper rod was not
the best conductor? The answer was because of electric
inertia. A copper rod let down the current too quickly. and
produced a shock or collision of the utmost violence. But
an iron. wire allowed it to leak down. and was much safer.

A copper conductor was hable to side flashes and disturb- '

It used to be thought one could take hold of a con- |

ances.
ductor with the hand, and hold it while it was struck Dv
lightning. He did not think anyone would try that experi-
ment now. The fact was that in any building. when one
thing was struck, a number of other things Were hable to be
struck simultaneously. The flash was not a single thing, but
was liable to be a multiplicity of things. A small flash was
quite sufficient te set things on fire ; serious damage had been
done bv one single spark in a basement igniting the gas. A
Aash would often strike another building m the neighbour-
hood. and surge underground through a pipe. or along a bell
wire. Hf one wanted to be properly protected, many con-
ductors were better than one, but, as he had said, a copper
conductor was not so good as an iron one. It did not damp
t the oscillations ; it let the current down too suddenly,
and was liable to side flashes. A small iron wire was ample
protection, so long as the wire lasted. It was true that the
jizhtning might dissipate the wire, but by the time the flash
was over the conductor had achieved its purpose. A house.
holder who found his house all right, and the wire. dissipated
would be rather grateful to it than otherwise. It was better
to have a number of cheap conductors than one or two ex-
But if one wanted to be absolutely immune
and there were cases where it was desirable,
of a powder magazine. or a gun-cotton

pensive ONES.
from ۳011
such as in the case

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT, NOVEMBER 28TH 1904

CO*YvRIOMY.

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NOVEMBER 26TH ۱۰ COPYRIGHT.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

Digitized by Google

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 395

ہُو a‏ و م ————————

homes. It was incredible the opposition these gentlemen
had suffered through the restrictions put on their operations
by the rural district councils, supported, as the latter claimed
to be, by the officials of the Local Government Board. “If
I myself,” he continued, “had not been constantly brought
to a stop in the way now known, I could not have believed
that such an amount of iniquity—I am sorry I must add
of incompetence, narrow-mindedness, and pride of office—
could have existed in these quarters; but how much more
startled was I to find the amount of mischief and direct
injury done to the country, and to find also that all this was
done in the name of the law!" The origin of the mischief,
Sir William explained, was the 276th section of the Public
Health Act, which gave the urban district councils power to
adopt urban by-laws. Those of them who, as members of
Parliament, helped to pass that Act, little thought what a
heritage of woe they were preparing for the country! The
local authority (formerly the boards of guardians) now sought
practically to control the management of the property of land-
owners—men who wished to bring their estates up to the re-
quirements of the times and build cottages for the poor.
They employed surveyors, and had themselves much experi-
ence in the matter. "These men were * restricted, thwarted,
snubbed, and insulted bv those who acted in the name of
the law." |

Speaking of his own case, to which he returned over and
over again, Sir W. Grantham stated that the rural council
in the district where he lived consisted of twenty members,
ten of whom were farmers, some being his own tenants.
Their honesty was shown bv the fact that they admitted they
were absolutely incompetent to do the work. Of the others,
two were retired tradesmen and two were clergymen. Now
clergymen were sometimes most valuable people; some-
times they were not.—(Laughter.) There were only three
men on the council who professed to be independent. These
were the men who ruled over that vast area. He ased them
to show him where his plans were wrong. There was not a
man in the room who knew what to say, and one man—a
builder, said, “ Well, they always send their plans to me.”
It might be said there were officials, but the Act of Parlia-
ment did not create councils to be ruled by officials. There
was the clerk, who knew nothing of these matters. “ But,”
people would say, * there is the survevor; he must be com-
petent to deal with all the property of the Duke of Suther-
land and the Duke of Westminster." Well, the surveyor of
his district was a man who had kept a public-house, then
he took a farm, and then he blossomed forth into a survevor.
This was the man who told him he did not understand his
own plans. A member said: “ They are not coloured—
not the plans we are accustomed to see.” “ Very well,” he
replied, ^I am not going to give you anything better." It
was surely never meant that the enormous power of the coun-
cil should be wielded bv such men. م11‎ should add that
his council were more open-minded and liberal than many
others. He took their by-laws and to the best of his ability
tried to draw the plans required, and he professed to know
something of plans. He was told they were schoolboyish,
quack plans, and things of that sort. One great objection
to the present system was that the councils could say first
of all this or that must be done. If you objected, you had
to show cause to the council itself why the thing should not
be done. There was a quasi appeal to the magistrates as
to the penalty, but there was practically no appeal from the
councils. |

He asked the President of the Local Government Board
to withdraw the present by-laws and start afresh. The by-
laws should be framed by persons who had practical acquaint-
ance with life in the country. Take the question of the
height of rooms, he continued. He was told the council
would only have rooms 9ft. high. Now a high room was
not necessarily a healthy room. If there was no ventilation
a high room was simply a pocket for bad air. When he,
was marshal to a judge he had to stav in the judges' lodges
in Manchester—a large Gothic building with high ceilings.
Some twenty vears after, when he was made a judge, he went
to the same place, and the moment he got into the room he
exclaimed, “Why, Sheriff, this,is the same air I left here
21 vears ago.” This was the fact, and he had to insist on a
passage being made in the roof.

The Duke of Sutherland endorsed Sir W. Grantham’s re-
marks. The great evil, he said, was that cottage building
was discouraged. More elasticity was required in the by-

laws.

NOVEMBER 25. 1964]

—

COAL SMOKE.

HE following letter appears in the 7'¿mes :一 Canterbury
Cathedral is one of the priceless treasures of England,
whether viewed from the ecclesiastical standpoint, or

that of the historian or the artist. and the nation is being asked,
and rightly asked, to subscribe a considerable sum of monev
for the repair of its well-known central tower, commonly
called the Bell Harry Tower. From the report made to the
Dean and Chapter by their architect, and published in the
T'imes of September 28, 1904, it will be seen that the stone-
work of the tower is suffering badly from surface decay. As
my society is aware that this surface decay of stone is almost.
entirely due to the action in the atmosphere of the products
of imperfect combustion of coal, it is thought that public
attention ought to be directed to such an important considera-
tion. The society believes that Canterbury is no worse than,
and perhaps not so bad as, many other cathedral cities, in
respect to the amount of smoke emitted by factory chimnevs.
Nevertheless the harm which is being done is most serious.
My committee has felt that, before venturing to address you,
Sir, it was bound to trv to ascertain the facts, and it therefore
sent its inspector to Canterbury. He reports that during
two day he took observations of the factories in the neigh-
bourhood of the Cathedral, and that from the chimnevs of ten
firms alone he registered the emission of no less than 611
minutes of black smoke.

“ The society believes it to be a fact that not many vears
ago an eminent architect reported that the Bell Harry Tower
was in a good state of preservation. Such a report could
not possibly be made at the present time. The smoke is
evidently now having disastrous effects upon this valuable
piece of architecture— and not only upon the ancient stone-
work, for the modern stonework erected in recent vears is also
stated to be fast decaying.

“ Under these circumstances, has not the time arrived for
the evil effects of coal smoke to be recognised, and stringent
action taken to put the existing laws against the emission of
smoke into action? The cost to the nation caused by the
destructive action of smoke is far greater than the cost
of preventing the emission smoke. if indeed its prevention is
not in the long run an actual saving to the manufacturer.—
LAWRENCE W. CHUBB, secretary. Coal Smoke Abatement
Society, 25, Victoria Street, Westminster, November 7.

— 9

BY-LAWS AND COTTAGES.

N his capacity not of one of His Majestv’s judges but of

a Sussex landowner, Sir William Grantham, on the

17th inst., headed a large deputation to the President

of the Local Government Board (Mr. Walter Long. 'M.P.),

on the subject of building regulations in the rural districts.

The deputation consisted of landowners, clergymen, archi-

tects, builders. and some working men, and the general pur-

port of their complaint, as stated in correspondence, was as
follows : —

1. That the by-laws governing the building of cottages in
the countrv are enforced bv those who either have no know-
ledge of the locus in que or no knowledge of the wants and
requirements of the district, or no ability to administer, or an
interest against the landlord or person desirous of building,
or a desire to administer by-laws suitable for towns but most
unsuitable for country districts, or there is a desire on the
part of the councils or officials of the councils to strain the
language of the by-laws against the building owner, and in-
stead of assisting him throwing every obstacle in the way
of his carrving out the desired work.

2. That hundreds more cottages would have been built
all over the country. which would have prevented (to some
extent) the people from eroweling into the towns, if there had
been more suitable by-laws, or an elasticity allowed to those
who administer them, or if there had been no bv-laws in
those places or districts where there is no necessity to en-
force them. l |

Sir W. Grantham said the deputation consisted not of mere
theorists or of people who wrote letters or made speeches
in favour of providing better homes for the poor, but of men
who had been building, or who wished to build, better houses
for the people in their districts—something better than the
mere hovels in which so manv of our people lived. ۳
wished to sec the people around them well and comfortably
housed; and to keep them healthy and contented in their

[NOVEMBER 25, 1904

misapprehension on this matter by bringing home to the
minds of the district councils the fact that if they liked they
could remove difficulties under existing codes, and that if
they wanted strong powers for urban areas they could have
them—that, in fact, by withdrawing the present code, and
adopting the new rural code, they could have powers which,
he believed, were thoroughlv applicable to the county dis-
tricts. He was aware the deputation had given rise to the
fear that proposals were to be made under which we should
have an inferior class of houses. He was glad to sav no
such suggestions had been made. The whole spirit of the
deputation had been in the contrary direetion.—(Applaus:.)
They asked that there should be such an examination of the
bv-laws—urban and rural—as would satisfy him and am
persons whose assistance he might obtain that nothing re.
mained that could legitimately be removed consistently with
the object aimed at. This and other practical proposals that
had been made—namely, that he should obtain the advice of
some outside gentlemen, and the question of appeal—were
proposals he should like to consider.

و ===

THE SURVEYORS' INSTITUTION.

R. H. T. STEWARD, the newly-elected president of
the above, presided on Monday week at the frst
ordinary general meeting of the session. In his in-

augural address, Mr. Steward referred to the question of the
housing of the working classes, remarking that, out of a total
population of 32,678,000 persons in England and Wales.
nearly half were dwellers in London and 75 other great towns.
Much had been done by private enterprise, bv philanthropists,
and by legislation during the past few years; but whether the
class was reached whose rehousing was of such importance
to their well-being and to the health of the community at large
was another question. Be that as it might, the result had
been to remove an immense amount of squalid and unhealthy
property, the breeding-place of disease and crime. It was
gratifving to notice the disposition which existed to remove
factories to the suburbs. “his should tend to help a wider
disversal of the population, for no doubt the workman desired
to live close to his work. and if the scheme of garden cities
ever became an accomplished fact, much good would accrue
to the community at large. He was not afraid that the ten-
dency of working-class migration to the suburbs would repeat
in the suburbs in another generation the present evils, for he
believed that the rapid and cheap transit of to-day would be
increased and improved in the future. The extension of the
system of Rowton Houses to women could but have beneficial
results. but the best efforts of housing the working classes
would be more than neutralised if the indiscriminate admis-
(Loud applause.)
Referring to the application of remedies to the problem ol
overcrowding in individual houses in the rural districts. the
president said manv of the councils in rural districts, with, no
doubt. laudable intentions. had adopted model by-laws with
reference to houses, framed on the London Building Act. a
Statute totally inapplicable to cottages in the country (hear,
hear) - with the result that landlords and others were dis-

. couraged from providing them. as the cost of building was

altogether disproportionate to any return that could be ob-
tained. Tt was worthy of note that one of the judges of the
High Court had lately been in conflict with a rural authority
upon the subject. and he trusted this might lead to some
alteration in the future bv a remodelling of such by-laws. Phe
large increase in the parish rates of recent years was a matter
of much concern to many, and had its effect on the question
of housing. After referring to the general improvement 1"
street architecture. and speaking with approval of the action
of the London County Council in the widening of streets and

| the opening up of new thoroughfares, he hoped the days were

far distant when London would be disügured by monstrous
steel-frame erections like those of Chicago and Manhattan
Island. If we were to resort to steel-frame buildings. some
modification of the existing. Buildings Acts would be neces
sary. "The rise in wages in the building trade had been
accompanied by a large decrease in the amount of work done
by a man in the dav, and this had led to a great increase الا‎
the number of labour-saving appliances used by the builder.

On the subject of ancient lights. Mr. Steward said the recen!

decision had put the law on a clear and definite footing. and

|
١
|
condemnation passed on the by-laws generally was meant to
|

; Sion of aliens was to go on unchecked.

396 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

The Earl of Coventry complained that the by-laws, as
administered in Worcestershire, were most unsatisfactory,
being much more suitable to urban than rural districts, and
the effect of them was largely to increase the cost of
labourers’ cottages.

Mr. Albert Pell was of opinion that the beauty of the
country was being spoiled by some of the regulations insisted
upon by the local authority, and mentioned a case where a
council had insisted on the thatch being removed from two
new brick cottages, and slate substituted.

Mr. Long said he had been anxious to know whether the

apply to the new model series. Sir W. Grantham remarked
that he had not been aware of their existence. Mr. Long
replied that one of the speakers, at any rate, had mentioned
them. It was not the duty of the department to force ۰
laws on any local authority. Its business was to frame model
regulations—one set for rural and the other for urban districts
—and under the Public Health Act a rural authority could
apply for the adoption of the urban by-laws. The depart-
ment was most careful to assure itself that there was real
need for the urban by-laws in a rural locality, returning again
and again to the charge and begging the local authority to
satisfy itself that these regulations were really applicable,
and that they would neither interfere with local enterprise
nor result in injustice. He did not know that a central body
could do more. The rural code, he believed, could not be
condemned in regard to any of the charges that had been
brought against the urban code. The old code dealt with
three subjects. In regard to cottages in purely rural districts,
where stability was not of any great importance, except to
the owner and the tenant, he decided that the provision
could be left out. In regard to sanitation, however, he felt
bound to frame by-laws applicable to the case. There had
undoubtedly been a great deal of jerry-building in this coun-
try, and in the days of our fathers and grandfathers a great
deal of property had been put up which he heartilv wished
could be burnt down. It was against errors of that kind
that they sought to provide by by-laws, whether rural or
irban.—(Hear, hear.) Any rural authority could apply to
withdraw existing by-laws and obtain the rural code, which
he was prepared to examine again with a sympathetic desire
to remove unwise and unnecessary restrictions, but which he
believed, when examined, would be found to be on the whole
a workable code. The real initiative, however, must come
from the local authorities. Sir W. Granthams speech did
not really condemn the by-laws so much as the people and
officials who administered them, but the President of the
Local Government Board was not responsible in that matter, |
and the complaint that the local bodies were narrow-minded
and the officers ignorant was addressed to the wrong quarter.
—(* Where can we go, then?) They must go to the people x
whe. elected the members of the councils. As to the officials, |
while he spoke of them with the utmost respect, he was
bound to say that he had sometimes noticed with regret that
the local authorities did not exercise sufficient care and ۰
tion in selection.

As to practical remedies, Mr. Long said the suggestion
that the survevors of county councils should in some way be
asscciated with the work was at any rate worthy of consider- |
ation. The statement that local surveyors of the district
councils had frequently too much to do was no doubt true. |
It had been suggested also that he should endeavour to ;
obtain the counsel of people of practical experience, in order
to see whether further changes could not be made which, |
while not departing from the conditions admirably laid down |
bx the speakers, namely, that nothing should be done cal-
culated to destroy the sanitary and wholesome conditions
of the houses in which the poor were to live, would not ex-
pose people to trouble of the kind which the Duke of Suther-
land and others complained of. This was a proposal he
should like to consider. He reminded the deputation that
a division of area could now be made bv the local authority. |
Supposing a rural council had part of a district that was ,
likelv to become urban, they could get the urban code;
applied to that part. In the new model code there was
nothing to prevent the erection of cottages of wood or iron,
or other suitable material, and there was no restriction ex-
cept with regard to the essential matter of santtation. 1
was, indeed, absurd that where you had only fields and
trees rules should be applied that were onlv intended for
aggregations of houses and towns. (Hear. hear.) He hoped `

the deputation would be the means of clearing away some | as a result he hoped they would in future have their eyes less

391

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

NOVEMBER 25, 1904)

THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.
Aa Lc]

PON the recommendation of the Main Drainage Com-
mittee, an estimate of £10,000 was, at Tuesday s
meeting, adopted for the acquisition, in connection

with the scheme of flood relief works, of properties ( includ-
ing a site at Shad Thames) necessary for the erection of
pumping-stations and the construction of storm-water outlets.

The Local Government Committee reported with refer-
ence to the meeting on October 7 last of a municipal confer-
ence on the taxation of land values, convened by the Glas-
| gow Corporation, when resolutions were passed in favour of
the introduction of legislation on the subject. The com-
mittee stated that the Glasgow Corporation had asked
whether the council was prepared to co-operate with the
committee of the conference in endeavouring to secure that
the principles for which the conference was contending should
be placed on the statute-book. The Local Government
Committee were of opinion that the bringing into line of so
many provincial authorities was the most important step yet
taken towards the rating of site values, and the council
should do what it could to assist the conference in its efforts
to bring about this reform of the system of local taxation,
which the council had long advocated. They accordingly
recommended : —* That the council reaffirms its opinion in
favour of the direct rating of site values, and that it be re-
ferred to the Parliamentary Committee to approach the mem-
bers of Parliament representing London constituencies, with
a view to their balloting for a place next Session for a Bill
on the subject of the rating of site values." The recom-
mendation of the committee was adopted without further

discussion.

سس هه —

THE AEROGRAPH.

N ingenious spraying instrument has been brought out
by the Aerograph Co., Ltd., Memorial Hall, Farring-
don Street, E.C., which should, we imagine, find wide

acceptance for the perfection with which it enables the artist
and decorator to cover surfaces evenly and perfectly with
colour, either with a flat or a gradated effect. The great

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point about it is that it gives the operator complete and

| Instantaneous control over the distribution of the colour. the

| starting, stopping. and amount of colour distributed being

' controlled instantaneously by the forefinger alone. Soft

| lines, light or dark, can be drawn by holding the point of
the instrument close to the surface, or tints varying in width
“and density may be produced by holding it at a short dis-
tance from the surface.

The instrument has come into general use among a large
number of art crafts, and may be useful for archi-
tectural drawings where colour tints are to be laid
on in a carefully graduated manner. Most of the
work for flat tints as have to be masked, but it is surpris-

| ing how rapidly this can be done in all rectangular work.
| One mask and a straight edge have been used for the illus-

d Aa A eS‏ جرد
p 一 un ch A‏

If such an opaque coating as |

often offended by the unsightly boards bearing the menacing
words, “ Ancient Lights,” which were apt to be used as a lever
for virtual blackmailing in cases where persons were timid and
fearful of the risks of an action at law. The president was
thanked for his address, and at its conclusion he unveiled a
portrait, painted by Mr. Jacomb Hood, of Mr. J. W. Penfold,
in recognition of the services of that gentleman for 36 years
as hon. secretary of the institution. Mr. Penfold, in acknow-
ledging the gift, asked the institution to become the custodian
of 9 ند‎ and expressed the hope that it would be hung
in the hall.

BELL HARRY TOWER, CANTERBURY.

HE following has appeared in the Zimes:—* S1R,—
Permit me to offer a few remarks on the preservation
of decayed stonework, remarks based on laboratory

trials and the practical experience of five-and-fortv
years. Although the imperfect combustion of coal produces
tarry matters and soot, which cling to and discolour stone,
yet it must not be forgotten that it is the sulphur in coal
which is the real origin of the mischief against which we have
to contend. This element, which ultimately produces sul-
phuric acid, is present in coal to the extent, roughly speaking,
of 1 per cent. ; and it must be owned that the most perfect
combustion increases rather than lessens the amount of this
corrosive acid which is formed. At the same time, it may
be conceded that particles of soot charged with acid moisture
will inpure the surfaces of stone to which the ymay adhere,
even when the sulphuric acid of the air is not directly brought
into contact with the stone by the action of rain.

“Amongst very numerous remedial measures which have
been suggested, treatment with certain baryta compounds,
notably the hydrate of this earth in the form of baryta-water,
are theoretically and practically the most promising. Against
the use of all such hydrofuge preparations as paraffin-wax and
resinous substances sound arguments may be adduced. But
barvta-water repeatedly applied in dry, warm weather, with
suitable precautions. scarcelv changes the colour of the sur-
face, forms no skin, penetrates deeplv, and serves to render
solid once more disintegrated stone where the damage has
been wrought by the formation of sulphate of lime. It turns
this soluble compound into insoluble sulphate of baryta, and
at the same time sets free caustic lime, which in course of time
becomes carbonated. A recent example of the success of this
treatment mav be seen in the interior of Westminster Chapter
House, where the process has been used in 1gor and 1903.
When consulted in 1901 as to the treatment of Bell 7
Tower, I recommended the use of barvta-water, for I had
analvsed specimens of the decaved stone. and had found
therein enough sulphate of lime to indicate the applicabilitv
of this method. It is possible that a final dressing of some
other solution. perhaps one of barium aluminate. of alumi-
nium fluoride, or of aluminium fluosilicate, mav be advisable
in the case under consideration, in order to close the pores
of the stone. I should deprecate the emplovment of a free
acid such as fluosilicic, which, in alternation with barvta-
water, was suggested by the late Mr. Jesse Rust in 1861, but

which subsequent experience has shown to be unsatisfactorv. |
"Let me, in conclusion. say a few words as to the use of a |

lime-wash in the treatment of decaved stone. Although from
an esthetic point of view this process has the disadvantage
of concealing the time-worn surface and destroving the beautv
of its tone and hue. it undoubtedlv acts for à time, provided
it keeps its place on the decaved and crumbling walls, as a
preventative of further attack by sulphuric acid. But it
must give rise to more sulphate of lime, the verv substance,
the formation. presence and migration of which have been the
Chief causes of the mischief.
milk of lime be admissible at all. then, speaking as a chemist.
[ would suggest a coating into which precipitated carbonate
of barvta enters as the chief ingredient. This substance is as
effective as lime in barring out the corrosive sulphuric acid,
while it can add no injurious soluble salt to the decaved
stone.—I am, Sir, vour obedient servant. A. H. CHURCH.
F.R.S., Shelslev. Kew Gardens, November 16."

سس سس Y‏ ————

MR. C. S. Warp, of Savernake-Road, London, N.W., who is
only 28 vears of age. has been appointed architect to the
Newport Corporation at a salary of £250 per annum. There

were no less than 188 applications.

[NOVEMBER 25, 1904
سح‎

——— —

and loading direct alongside, and 4soft. to the road, Orchard
Place, covering an area of about 24 acres. The main factory,
which consists of crushing mills, grinding mills, powder floors,
spaces for boilers, roasters, grit stores, etc., is of two floors,
each having an area of 15,000ft. superficial. The substratum
of the site is of that delicate nature which is generally found
near the river, and it was consequently necessary to cam:
down the concrete foundations to a considerable depth, espe
cially next the quay. The whole of the buildings are built
of stock bricks in cement. The floors are of fireproof con.
struction, and supported by steel stanchions. The steel
joists used are embedded in concrete and covered with the
companys mineral rock mastic asphalte. The roofs are
treated in a similar manner, being laid flat with openings in
them to allow materials to be lowered in their places on the
respective floors, as desired. The new stables and loose
boxes are lined with salt-glazed bricks. The Limmer Com.
pany's new patent paving, “ Lothofalt,” is used for paving the
stables. Besides being a very suitable material, the cost com:
pares very favourably with the blue brick and other paving
hitherto generally used for that kind of work. A roof has
been thrown over the vards between the buildings, so that the
vans, etc., may be loaded in the dry. The company obtain
their rock from their own mines in the heart of the Bassin de
Sevssel, also from Sicily and Hanover. The raw rock is
brought to the wharf in specially chartered vessels, which
come alongside the quav, and are unloaded in a very short
time by means of a powerful travelling crane. which can run
to any part of the wharf and pick up the material from am
part of the vessels and deliver either on the roof of the
buildings. into the buildings, or into trucks, which are run
upon a specially constructed steel overhead gantry to different
parts of the works for stacking or immediate use. A crusher
is placed in a sunk basement for the crushing of the rock
asphalte, and other disintegrating and mixing machines are
placed in proper sequence, so that no ground is travelled
over twice before the rock, reduced to a fine powder, reaches
the boilers and roasters, where it is finished ready for use upon
roadways, pavements, floors, water reservoirs, on any other
purpose requiring this reliable and durable material. The
managine-director, Mr. H. D. Blake, has taken great pains in
seeing that every detail of the new buildings and machinery
has been so arranged with a view to every possible future
economy. — Messrs. Clarkson, of Poplar and Bloomsbun.
were the architects, and have carried out the companys de-
sires with every satisfaction. Messrs. Selby and Saunders.
of Victoria Street, Westminster, were the quantity surveyors.
and the several contractors who have satisfactorily carried out
the work are Messrs. F. and H. F. Higgs, of Loughborough
Junction, for the buildings; Messrs. G. Munday and Sons for
the river frontage ; Messrs. H. J. Cash and Co., of Belvedere
Road, S.E.. for the electric installations for both power and
lighting (including motors) ; and the steelwork was supplied h
Messrs. M. T. Shaw and Co.. as sub-contractors.

— -- ——+--
JOTTINGS.

PROFESSOR HENRY Apams, M.Inst.C.E., who has recenth
retired from the City of London College, where ۲0 ۲
vears he has been head of the Engineering Department, 1
forms us that he is, however, still continuing his practice à
a consulting engineer, at go, Queen Victoria Street, EC.
where he has had offices for the last twenty-five vears.

Apropos of Sir Wm. Grantham and his cottage dispute, the
Referee has the following :一
Though the judge’s scheme at the genesis
As not gs the Council devises,
We can only hope that the premises —
Will be built as Sir William "remises.
Tne Skipton Rural Council, on Saturday, had before them
several proposals for improving the sanitation of the village
and towns in the Skipton Union. The scheme for vig
Grassington had. it was reported, been submitted to |
L.G.B., who had written suggesting several amendments. :
these were referred to Mr. Johnson, of Bradford, the 7
engineer. The Council decided to carry out an extension o
the existing. sewerages cheme in the Thornton township:
Another scheme of sewerage was considered 6 village 0
Embsav, and sanction to borrow the necessary mone? ۳
given.

شم -۔ پوس ےہ جب a Di m a‏ یھر و تست epi EE a em‏ مر e‏ ی چک Be esu‏ تا هشت A‏ نکی ہے کے

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

بر ee‏ و Ne‏ نتس نب کک AE‏

|
|
|
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398 |

tration shown herewith. The work can be done as readily
in one tint as another. A shaded column is done in less time
than a flat tint could be laid with a brush.

As the makers sav, the qualities which make a bunch of
hair in the form of a brush useful for distributing colour,
are its softness and flexibility, and these qualities air
possesses in a higher degree than hair, it is softer and more
flexible. In practice we obtain much greater rapidity, a
more even distribution, and more perfect graduat' ons of tint,
and greater luminositv in the colour when distributed. Of
course, bv such a process a high degree of finish and complete
graduation of tone or shadow can be acquired in the time
necessary to make a rough sketch bv other means. Owing
to the facility with which one colour may be super-imposed
upon another, the danger of washing up is obviated, and very
perfect. blendings of tint obtained. Portraits, pictures, or
drawings done with the tool have a peculiar softness and
beauty. The colours are quickly and easily changed in
the instrument.

By the Aerograph colour may be applied to any surface,
of paper, canvas, tapestry, satin, glass, or porcelain; and
almost any pigment used, all of the standard water colours,
oils, Indian ink, lithographic colour, etc. ; it only being
requisite that they are sufficiently liquid to flow readily, and
free from lumpy or coarse granular particles.

For the photographer it is obvious such an instrument
as the Aerograph must be verv valuable. as also to the
process-engraver for the preparation of work, strengthening
shadows, laying tints. and vignetting ; either black or opaque
white may be used. As the colours adhere to anv surface.
-it is of great value where glazed photos and all sorts of
pictures are brought for reproduction.

In the case of pottery and stained-glass work, vitrious
colours may be used either suspended in oil or water, and
new and unique results in china and glass decoration pro-

duced.
— bb —

BUILDING NEWS.

RESPECTING the erection of public offices and depot at
Solihull. the surveyors alternative scheme for utilising two
cottages as offices was on Tuesday adopted. It was decided
to accept the tender of Mr. Hope (Berkswell), subject to the
consent of the Local Government Board. Mr. Hope's tender
was---for the original scheme £3,145, alternative £2,590.

Tue pavilion which the Torquay Town Council have decided
to erect, for the convenience of winter visitors, 15 to cost
about £7,000. It will be 145ft. by soft. bv 26ft. over ridge
in height. and will have a verandah on the Princess Gardens
side goft. long by roft. projection. The grand hall is to be
goft. bv soft., and will accommodate 800 persons, whilst a
gallery and promenade will accommodate a further 300. The
builders entrusted with the work are Messrs. W. Macfarlane
and Co., of Glasgow.

Tue Church of St. Chad. Claughton, Lancashire, which has
just been re-opened, was built in the twelfth century. It was
te-built during the latter part of the 18th century, but, says
the Birmingham Post, the interior had more the appearance
of a barn than a church. The interior has been entirely reno-
vated from designs by Messrs. Austen and Paley. The chief
feature of the alteration is the addition of a new wing on the
north side, together with an arcade with three arches.

Tue Prince of Wales on Saturday performed the ceremony of
opening the new building of the Incorporated Inns of Court
Mission. in Drury Lane, W.C. “This institute has been
erected from plans by Mr. S. Gambier Parry, 34, Victoria
Street. S.W., the architect entrusted with the work. The
buildings. which have been built ata cost of some 458.600,
include a large hall, a coffee-bar, a billiard. room. bagatelle-
room, library, card-room, a committee-room, small club for
bovs. an office for the warden, three dressing-rooms, and a
caretaker's flat. Altogether accommodation is provided for
۲,٥٥٥ members. The grand hall is fitted up for use as a
gymnasium during the week. On Saturdays it will be used
for concerts, ete. The top storey of the building is set apart
as the bovs quarters.

Tue Limmer Asphalte Paving Company's premises, which
have been added to, are situate at. Blackwall, having a front-
ave of 48oft. to thc river. with facilities for vessels unloading
j t

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 399

ےس — ee‏ ماد —

DECEMBER 2, 1904]

—— ا عشم‎ 一 一 一 一 -一 一 -一 一 一 -一 一 一 -一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一

FRIENDS .IN COUNCIL.—No. 104.
BUILDING BY-LAWS.

By THE EDITOR.

We think our Friends in Council will be doing a
real service if they will support Mr. Henmans appeal
for a revision of by-laws as to their form and their
application. Mr. Henman’s point is that the by-laws shall
enact what shall zol be done, rather than attempt to produce
a sort of building specification, by which architects and builders
shall be ruled. "We have expressed the opinion that by-laws
should be made as few as possible, and they they might well
be lessened in quantity ; but it is perhaps Utopian to hope that
we can look to the intelligent application of them for real
relief from unnecessary and absurd restrictions in building
operations.

By WM. HENMAN, F.KR.I.B. 4., BIRMINGHAM.

I generally requires a calamity to befall some person
. holding a prominent position in order to direct public

attention to a grievance which may have long irritated
many m more obscure paths of life. Without passing any
opinion on the merits of the dispute between Mr. Justice
Grantham and his local authoritv, all who have to do with
building operations must rejoice that his misfortune in not
being able to comply with the building by-law in force in
his district has brought to the front a matter of very general
importance, not only to individuals, but to every community.
It is, therefore, an opportune time for those having practi-
cal knowledge of the subject to set forth their opinions, and
help to bring pressure to bear on authorities dealing with
building by-laws, in the hope that “relief may be afforded
from the existing state of things.

For several years past I have directed attention to the
construction of building by-laws and their administration,
and I took the opportunity, when a conference of architects,
held under the auspices of the Royal Institute of British
Architects, assembled in Birmingham, to read a paper on the
subject, which was published in the institute " Journal ”of
December 24, 1896. Following thereon, Mr. Lacy W.
Ridge brought before the institute a series of resolutions
respecting building bv-laws in rural districts, and a com-
mittee was appointed to report thereon. I served on that
committee, and exerted myself in directing attention to the
defective principle underlying building by-laws generally,
but the committee considered they could only deal with
verbal amendments to existing forms (see R.I.B.A.
“ Journal," vol. vi, No. 15), yet 1 have hoped that difficulties
encountered during the considerable time expended in dis-
cussing those forms must have impressed several who took
part in the work with the fact that there is something
radically wrong in the principle on which thev are based.

Early in 1902 I joined the then newly-formed Building
By-Laws Reform Association, and was elected on the council
and on the general committee. Again I endeavoured to
press forward considerations of the defective principle, and
the committee went so far as to report that * it is practically
impossible to frame really satisfactory amendments to the
existing model forms," and that ^ these forms, it is thought,
are wrongly conceived." Yet, after a number of meetings
had been held, it was decided in the spring of this vear that,
before dealing with the defective principle, it was advisable
to proceed with the “ practically impossible ” task of devis-
ing amendments to existing forms, both for rural and urban
districts. ‘Consequently, I resigned my connection with the
association, still hoping, however, that the difficulties when
faced would eventually direct attention. to the defective
principles which I had defined somewhat thus:

Existing building by-laws shift responsibility for work
being carried out imperfectly (as it frequently is; in en-
deavouring to comply with existing by-laws) from the build-
ing owner or his agent, to the authority enforcing. them ;
and vet, acting under sanction of the Local Government
Board, it is not possible to bring home that responsibility.
The assumption of administration, in a wav that involves
responsibilitv, by an irresponsible body, appears to me to
be a serious defeet in many departments of modern public
life.

The principle on which building by-laws have been drawn
up is wrong, because they generally dictate what 1s to be

Che British Architect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1904.

~ 一 一 一 -一 -一

THE FRONT PARLOUR.

HE fetish of the front parlour has been vigorously
attacked by Mr. John Burns, and no less cleverly
accounted for by.“ Florence Warden,” in the Daily

Chronicce. We have often written of the loss to everyday
comfort which the possession of a front parlour implies. The
space it occupies in the workman's dwelling would be enough
to afford ample and pleasant living-room for every day in the
week, and the chances of making everyday life brighter and
better would, we think, be greatly increased by its absence. But
it is only fair to admit the compensating charm of the front par-
lour. In the name of the authoress quoted above, * the front-
room represents, in a concrete form, that ‘ something better `
to which we all aspire; that precious means of escape from
the sordid cares and worries of every day, without which the
dead monotony of the lives of most of us would be unbear-
able indeed, It represents the aspirations. it enshrines the
sentiment of those who, without some such outward help,
might well be tempted to sink to the level of the imaginary
world of Emile Zola, who in his painstaking but short-sighted
endeavour to paint the world without either sentiment, humour,
or passion in any but its lowest form, represented. in truth, a
world not only not “realistic, but unutterablv fantastic, a
world peopled with creatures human only in name.

This must be conceded; but it is on this point that we
have always felt that reform in sentiment was needed. The
superior advantages of getting the Sundav-best feeling in-
fused into everydav life, instead of reserving it for the front
parlour, should be realised bv everybody. For it must not be
forgotten that we all have our “front varlour.” There are
none amongst us except the Carlvles who have not a front
parlour— we even doubt whether Carlyle had not one some-
where! The desire to look at our best is, in fact, somewhat
intermittent. The working-mans front parlour is na more
special to him in its sentiment than are the stone fronts to two
well-known houses in a London square, with their brick sides.
In fact, those two well-known houses are not commonly
decent, for they flaunt their superiority to the square in full
view, with their “ brick " attitude to the side street only. But
everyone amongst us who occupies a house planned on the
type of something greater or grander is keeping up the "front
parlour.” Thousands of middle-ckass Englishmen are keeping
up appearances of something bevond their real means or
necessities, the absence of which would enable them to live
more pleasantly and economically. This question of the front
parlour needs to be faced from its sentimental side. So far
as the sentiment of a sanctified front parlour is concerned with
the higher jovs of home life to a degree which overbalances
the other trouble and inconveniences it causes, so far it may
be tolerated. But there must be thousands of folk who would
gladly give up the fetish of the front parlour for the sake of
the overwhelming advantages to them against it. We know
where the shoe pinches, for, again and again, when a house-
wife has realised that a small house with a hall-parlour
involves some sacrifice of “the front parlour " sentiments, she
scornfully and summarily abjures the idea. ۰ We fear the
workman's home is only too deeply under the same influence,
and that to sacrifice “the front parlour" would be found
in numberless cases a struggle too hard to be borne. But a
real philanthropist and philosopher would find this sentiment
acting as a barrier to much real progress. If we have a porte
cochére we do not need, a fine vestibule, or one extra room. at
the expense of added domestic comfort, we are “on all
fours " with the poor working-man who will not give up his

`“ front parlour.”

Tne Ilford Local Advisory Committee have been authorised
to prepare plans for an extension at the present secondary
school, the cost not to exceed £5,000. Plans of the pro-
posed new secondary schools at Chelmsford and Braintree are

being prepared, and a site has been offered on which to build
the latter. °

پد

[DECEMBER 2, 1904

— یس‎ e ara

ARCHITECT.

M M از تن‎ EE رز‎ ED

“STUDYING APPEARANCIS”

Some Reflections on the Arch.

F we remember that things appeal to us through the eye,
not direct to the brain, it will surely be held essential
that we should study appearances in all things, and,

above all, in those matters which affect us every day of our
lives, chief of which matters is architecture. Unless an
object appears to be right, judged according to the standards
to which the eve has so far adapted itself, the eve will not
give a satisfactory message to the brain— there will not be
complete harmony, understanding, between the two For
the eve is not the brain; it is only a medium for the message,
an organ for projecting what is “sees” on the brain at
the back of all; and so long as we have the eye to use as
this “ go-between,” so long will all external matters have to
receive the most careful consideration.

. It would seem, therefore, that we cannot appeal to the brain
direct; we must consider the means given us for reaching it,
and we must not allow the keener state of the brain to inter-
fere with the rightful conditions suitable to the sensitive
organs. In architecture, for instance, the brain has com-
pletelv grasped the new methods o fdistributing loads and sup
ports, bv the introduction of iron and steel, and the concen.
tration of weight on fixed points. But the eve—No! It is
not vet capable of appreciating the effect of a seemingh
impossible upholding of the upper half of a building upon
the slenderest of “tendrils” and plate-glass below. The
brain can appreciate this dexterity ; the eve—at least, not vet
—is unable to. If we go back for a moment to the davs of
those sturdy Norman pillars, cannot we imagine a correspond-
ing feeling of wonder when the first of the lighter Gothic
structures began to be developed? Must there not have been
some corresponding controversy then, between the eve and
the brain, which the former subsequently overcame?

Now, take the arch. To those skilled only in trabeated
forms of building, the sudden coming of the arch and the
vault (forms which had to come "full-blown ") must have
brought a feeling with it that the structures above them would
topple down upon those below.

Builders of trabeated structures, builders like the Egyptians.
were building for eternity. Their buildings were to stand to
the end of time, and in their sheer massiveness are stronger
than any arch construction could possibly have rendered them.
Such builders did not require the arch. — Or is it, perhaps,
possible that they were content to use it in their less permanent
structures( for such there must have been) in buildings of the
period, which had no cause to stand immutable through each
successive dynasty? Buildings which have left no trace,
while all that we now have of these ancient builders are the
colossal creations of mighty minds. For at least one example
of the arch has been found in Egypt belonging to an early
dynasty.

Who can dispute the choice made by the Egyptians? An
endless supply of granite, a limitless command over slave
labour, an atmosphere of the driest—these are the conditions
which would naturally develop a system of building in which
welght counted for evervthing—-weight and perfect rest. How
were arches to be thought of in connection with such con-
ditions ?

But we cannot think of the Greeks in the same way. The
surely had no such idea of their buildings standing for all
time. Rather would it be a question of distrust at departing
from it which led them to adopt ۵ system which could stand
so resolutely the test of time, while even for them there may
have been evidence to show that arches had already existed
and perished:

With the halls of Carnak and Luxor before them—or, per
haps, reflections of these through the later Assyrian and Baby-
lonian palaces, likewise the inspirations of Egypt—the Greeks
would feel in no state for anticipating experiments In arch
construction, which it was the passion of the Romans to m-
dulge in. "That architecture of Egypt gave them all p
wanted, suited their temples, their climate, and, above all
allowed itself to be conducible to their sense of proportion
in things, and to their indigenous canons of beauty. "

When we come to the Romans, we must remember t
their wide knowledge and experience of the world سس‎
bably brought them into contact with much that showe E
arch in practice, and there was all the experiences of Ys pr
vious builders to work upon when ¿hey took up the arch. ۲

For graduallv the eve was coming round to the en
the brain. Tt was beginning to be perceived as well as

ITISH

THE BR
400

3 تی کچھ امم سے وچ مقر ھی ےچ سے

done before actual requirements have been ascertained |
The proper principle would be first to decide wha ae |
matters connected with building, is proved to be detrimer ;

to safety and health, and then to define what shall not be

done.

In support of this view 1 pointed out that the common :

law does not lay down that everyone shall do this or that

for the public good; but when it has been determined that |

certain acts are prejudicial, the law requires that they shall nol
be done, or penalties will be incurred: leaving individuals
free to act in any other way. For instance, à by-law should
not define that a wall must be a certain thickness, simplv
because it is a particular height and length, before the
functions of that wall have been ascertained ; but rather that
a wall shall not be less in substance than can be proved by
scientific means to be adequate for the functions it has to
perform in a particular building. The latter is, I venture
to say, the correct principle on which all building by-laws
ought to be framed, and no mere tinkering with the working
of existing bv-laws will ever make them satisfactory or
serviceable in the interests of communities. In the existing
forms there are hard and fast rules which are frequently in-
applicable to particular cases. Architectural art is stifled.
Scientific methods of construction are depreciated. Inven-
tion is stultified, and the employment of useful materials is
barred.

Under more enlightened forms, architectural art would be
encouraged, the science of building and powers of invention
would be developed, and the useful employment of suitable
materials would follow, safety and health being duly
guarded bv simplv forbidding the doing of whatever has
been proved to be detrimental thereto.

Judging from mv own experience, I find it takes times and
thought to arrive at a definite conclusion which is diametri-
cally opposed to any matter to which one has for long been
accustomed. 1 have for vears realised there must be some-
thing radically wrong in connection with the principle on
© which building by-laws have been based; yet it is only within
the last few months that I have been able to put clearly into
words what I consider to be at the root of the widespread
discontent with them. Some would abolish all building
by-laws; others blame the mere wording of them, while
many condemn the methods of administration, demanding
that they should be more elastic; but if a by-law be elastic,
how can it be enforced? My own opinion is that if safety
and health are to be reasonably guarded, building by-laws
are a necessity of the times: but it does not in the least fol-
low that the principle underlying them should be defective,
or even that their administration. should be oppressive ;
and, for one, I believe that it is possible to determine what
is known to be detrimental to safety and health, and then
to enact that such shall not be done.

If a commencement be made on moderate lines from our
present knowledge, simply determining that such and such
things shall not be done, because thev are detrimental to
safety and health, it is probable that, as time goes on, other
things will be proved to be likewise detrimental thereto—
then let it be enacted that they shall not be done; but,
meanwhile, let us all strive for freedom of action, in order
to develop the many useful problems in building construc-
tion which in one wav or another may benefit our fellows.

Realising that it is not desirable that any institution
should be seriously attacked until some more serviceable
substitute has been provided, I shall hope shortly to give
4 more detailed outline of the principle on which building
u laws might be founded, so that, while preventing the
doing by individuals of what is generally recognised to be
detrimental to public safety and health, reasonable freedom
in all other directions may be secured.

: ی ی کی‎
Count BERNSTORFF. German Minister in London, attended
as the direct representative of the Kaiser at the consecration
of a new German Evangelical church in Montpelier Place,
Brompton Road, S.W., last week. The church has been
erected at the expense of. Baron Schroeder for the double pur-
ose of filling the gap created by the discontinuance cf German

services at the Chapel Royal, St. James s Palace, and of rais-
a permanent memorial to his late wife. Evelina Dorothea.
The German Emperor and Empress have given the whole of
the altar furniture. including a crucihx, massive silver cande-
labra, and a service of Communion plate. Mr. C. G. F.

Rees ıs the architect of the edifice.

ing

OD ريو‎ a درس‎

Mam SOSA uyay T

ماب سے A‏

سوب س == =

ARCHITECT. dot

一 一 -一 一

——— — — a

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

T is stated that the London County Council's chief offices
are situated in 25 separate blocks of buildings, at a rental
of over £34,000 per annum, and even this is probably

far short of the total cost.

ONE hardly realises the extent of building operations going
on in the Colonies till an occasional fact or two enlightens
one. [t is stated that nearly a quarter of a million pounds
have been spent on St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and that,
on completion, it will take its place amongst the great cathe-
drals of the world.

THE Chailey Rural District Council have unanimously de-
cided to take proceedings against Sir William Grantham for
building on his estate at Barcombe in contravention of the
by-laws. It is stated that the council's by-laws are the latest
issued by the Local Government Board.

AT King's Heath Police Court, on the 25th ult., Arthur
Curson, builder, of Heathfield Road, was summoned, at the
instance of the King's Norton and Northfield Urban District
Council, for contravening the building by-laws. Mr. F. W.
Wood, deputy-clerk to the council, prosecuted, and it was
stated that defendant had erected a shed at the rear of his
house and built on to it. He had not deposited any plan
with the Building Committee, and had neglected to enclose
the building with walls made of bricks, stone-work, or other
non-combustible material, it being built of wood. Defendant
had refused to pull it down and build according to the by-
laws. Mr. Willison, for the defence, said it was merely a
shed to keep defendant's cycle and his wife's mangle in.
He claimed that the building, which was only six feet high,
came under the exempted clause. The only mistake defen-
dant had made was that he had not carried the shed 3oft.
farther down the garden, away from the house. It was
stated by the prosecution that the building was really used
as an extra scullery, and Mr. A. W. Cross, survevor to the
council, said the building did not come under the exemptions
of the by-laws, because it was required that the building
should be 3oft. from any boundary of any land or premises,
so as to avoid danger of contact in case of a fire. Mr.
Willison contended that the by-law under which defendant
was proceeded against gave no definition of a new building,
and therefore his client was technically entitled to a dis-
missal. He had offered to meet the by-laws, but the officials
demanded the shed being pulled down. By-laws were not
intended to take away the right of an Englishman. They
must keep the cycle and the mangle there. A settlement was
suggested, but Mr. Willison would not accept it, and in a
long speech criticised the by-laws of the local district council,
laying emphasis upon the failure to define a new building.
As matters stood, he said. a man dare not put a soap-box
against the wall. The Bench dismissed the case, it was
understood, on the point of failure to define * a new building.

THE Ecclesiastical Commissioners have made a grant of

£4,000 to the fund for the reparation of the Bell Harry

Tower of Canterbury Cathedral, in addition to the L 1,000
which they granted for the erection of the scaffolding. The
grant will be paid in four annual instalments, ‚as the work
progresses. The Goldsmiths’ Company have given a dona-
tion of £250 to the fund.

A MEETING of the Edinburgh Architectural Association was
held on the 23rd ult.---Mr. H. O. Tarbolton, president. in
the chair-- when a paper was read by Mr. F. C. Eden.
architect, London, on * Mystery as an Architectural Quality.
The lecturer showed how this poetic quality was produced by
the form, disposition, and decoration of buildings, especially
of religious buildings. At the close of his address, Mr. Eden
was awarded a cordial vote of thanks.

AT Monday s meeting of the Architectural Section of the Roval
Philosophical Society of Glasgow. Mr. Ninian M'Whannel in
the chair, Mr. Samuel Smith, clerk of works, Glasgow and
West of Scotland Technical College, gave a lecture on The
Decav of Stone in Buildings.” The stone, he said, most in
use for building purposes in Scotland was sandstone, composed

THE BRITISH

DECEMBER 2, 1904]

that there was indeed a store of economy in this arch construc-
tion. When its qualities of strength were once grasped and
understood, its endless possibilities seem to have been per-
ceived by those forerunners of the Gothic £uilders the men
who, in the attempt to vault the Roman basilica, unconsciously
developed that Byzantine architecture which 50 rapidly spread
to the north. |
. Now, go back through the ages again, to those so-called

Cyclopean ” ruins in the mainland of Greece. Is there not
there, too, that original massiveness—never quite lost in the
development of Greek architecture, and seen, perhaps, at its
minimum, in that almost Gothic structure, the Erectheion.
Walter Pater has suggested* that these ruins imply the
“ reasonableness" of the arch, in the self "Supporting polvgons
locked so firmly and impenetrably together ; that in them there
is the evidence of a complete understanding of the “law of
weight." The ornament thereon is in no sense architectural
— merely tectonic. But when the finer architectural ornament
was evolved, that “law of weight ” was still the first considera.
tion.
_ Here we seem to have some suggestion of a connecting link
118 that adaptation of the eve from the elementary architec-
ture towards the complex arch itself, making itself felt. in
this instance, before its time had come. For those polvgonal
structures show how far the eye could then go towards an arch
form. And a sequence of such links in different peoples
would tend to throw new light on the art-instincts of different
nations. For, in some cases, the eye has followed the brain
quicker than in others.

There must, indeed, be some reflection Of the earliest
attempts of building in all its later phases, and it is when we

In the days of “Etruscan Vases,” and such-like ideas, the
arch had hardly any recognition in the studies devoted to the
ancient world. But modern archeological research has re-
vealed to us an elaborate knowledge of arch-forms in brick
—in the shape of sewers, drains, and vaults, especially from
Mesopotamia ; we may even begin to think that we know
more about these first ideas of arch construction than any
Greek did. For who knows when what the spade reveals to
us to-dav first disappeared from view, and whether subsequent
archeologists of the time have, or have not, intervened
between that dav and this? The Assvrian, seeing that he had
no stone, was obliged to turn to the clay, out of which he
made his bricks; and though, in the main. the Assyrian
architecture followed that of Egypt, the brickwork developed
that “small -stone ` architecture, which, sooner or later, must
give rise to the 'arch construction. |

In Greece, however, neither the Opportunities nor the cir-
cumstances existed which led to the growth of those Mesopo-
tamian palaces—Nineveh. Babylon, Persepolis. It is from
these palaces that we have found so much evidence of the arch,
mostly in the form of drains. Drains have been found, too,
in others, and in the only place in the ZEgean at all comparable
with the extent of the Asiatic sites, the Palace of Knossos,
at Crete, there has come to light a most elaborate system
of pipe drainage ; though not brick drains, we should not be
surprised to find evidences of them, and a knowledge of the
arch.

We must always remember that Greece may have been
ignorant of these Assyrian sewers, for how far Greece came
into contact with Mesopotamia is still a verv open question.

However, one thing seems clear from all this, that it was not
until long after the arch became known a date now much
earlier than formerly supposed that it came to be adopted in
any of the structures which were meant to be relatively. per-
manent—that until then it had existed onlv as a subsidiary
method, useful for small affairs, to which no great importance
was attached, or which were likely before long to pass away ;
and I have tried to suggest that all this backwardness in the
use of the arch came from a spirit of distrust—from, in fact,
studving appearances.

Max JupcE.
—

THE large bronze-gilt statue, which was erected last week
over the Strand approach to the Savov Hotel. is more than
14ft. from the top of the spear to the base. It is the work
of Mr. F. Lynn Jenkins, and represents Peter, Count of Savoy

and Uncle of Eleanor, Queen of Henry III. of England.

**Greek Studies.”

ARCHITECT. [DECEMBER 2, 1904

402 ۱ THE BRITISH

0 تب هتسه a ne ee A en i i i ii‏ سس

— TQ r rF شش‎ . a

denuded, with the result that at high water the sea reaches
the base of the cliffs, which had not happened for the last
quarter of a century to his knowledge. As this, in his
opinion, must inevitably lead to the foundering of the cliffs,
he appealed to the council to use its influence with the
Government departments concerned, with the object of en-
suring the preservation of the natural beauties of one of the
most charming places on the coast of the island. The rural
district council decided to forward the report to the War
Office and Board of Trade, urging them to take immediate
steps to stop the removal of the shingle.

Tue Medical Officer of Health for the city of Birmingham,
Dr. Robertson, was one of the principal speakers at a sessional
meeting of the Roval Sanitary Institute, held in the Council
Chamber, Nottingham, on Saturday, under the presidency of
Mr. W. Whitaker (chairman of the council of the institute).
The subject under discussion was “ Some Present-day Aspects
of Conservancy Systems," and it was introduced in a paper
read by Dr. Philip Boobbyer, the Nottingham City Medical
Officer of Health, who strongly advocated ه۸‎ 6
system of sewerage in substitution for the pail-closets so
largely in vogue at the present time in Nottingham. Dr.
Robertson said this question was one in which he had taken
a great interest for many years. His first appointment as
medical officer was in a town where dry closets were in
existence, and the local authority had the greatest anxiety
with respect to the ever-recurring outbreaks of typhoid fever.
In various parts of the town there were privies, pail-closets,
and w.c.'s, so that comparative statistics were available for
compilation, and the deductions to be drawn from these were
absolutely convincing as to the undesirability of the dry
system. He could not quote the exact figures, but roughly
thev showed the mortality to be above five times as great
in houses provided with privies, and three times as great in
houses provided with pail-closets, as it was in those houses
which had water-closets, whilst the proportionate number of
cases of sickness in the former dwellings was even greater.
He had watched the town in question for many vears, and
found that as the number of water-closets increased the
typhoid statistics improved. He had had similar experience
in Sheffield and Birmingham, with the same results. There
could be no doubt that, wherever the storage of filth near
dwelling houses was abolished, typhoid was reduced, and a
similar effect was also produced with regard to a large
number of other diseases. His only concern was that, at the
present time, middens and pail-closets were not being
abolished at a sufficiently rapid rate. He recommended that
even in the worst slum districts, water-closets of a first-class
description, with really good fittings, should be provided.
He did not believe that pail-closets were suitable for any large
town. Many prominent members of the institute took part in
the discussion, and the unanimous opinion expressed was that
the water-carriage system was the best which could be adopted
in all populous centres.

—— —M—M P
COMPETITIONS.

THE competition for the Carnegie Technical Schools of Pitts-
burgh. the conditions of which were referred to last week, has
been won by Messrs. Palmer and Hornbostel, of New York,
Mr. George B. Post, one of the especially invited and paid
competitiors, being second ; and the third, fourth, and fifth
places, each conveying an award of one thousand dollars, to
Messrs. Wood, Donn and Deming, with Corbett and Pell asso
ciated (Washington and New York); Cram, Goodhue and
Ferguson (Boston and New York); and Newman and Harris
(Philadelphia) respectively. We understand that the commit:
tee are gratified with the result of the competition.

LasT week we announced the winner of the 1st premium (£50)
for the best design for St. Paul's Church, Glasgow. We are
now able to state that the 2nd premium (£30) has been
awarded to Messrs. G. N. Beattie and Morton, 121, St. Vin-
cent Street, Glasgow, and the 3rd (£20) to Mr. J. A. White-
Halley, of Chelsea, S.W. `

AT Wednesdav's meeting of the Bridlington Town Council, tt
was decided to invite designs for the erection of a concert ۷۲
lion and large cafe upon the extension of the Prince's Parade,
the building to seat 2,500 persons, and to be constructed at
a cost of not more than £9,000 (with £1,000 for furnishing)-

of quartz grains, cemented by such substances as carbonates
of lime or magnesia. Decay, in a great many cases, might
be attributed to the binding materials of these stones being
of clay, on which the action of frost had a disintegrating effect.
The chief cause of decay in Glasgow was the amount of
sulphur acids in the atmosphere. These acids attacked stones
of which the binding material was carbonate of lime or mag-
nesia very readily. The best stones for the sulphur-laden
atmospheres of cities such as Glasgow were the red sand-
stones of Dumfries, from the district lying between Thornhill
and Dumfries, these having the least of carbonates of lime or
magnesia in their composition.

MR. ANDREW CARNEGIE has intimated his willingness to pre-
sent £20,000 to the Birkenhead Corporation— £15,000 to
pay for the erection of a central library building, and £2,500
each for two branch libraries. — The present central library
was opened 40 years ago, and there are still thousands of
books for which room cannot be found.

AT a meeting of quarrv owners and slate merchants on the 25th
ult., it was decided to cancel next year all premiums on the
old list, which, at the beginning of the vear, amounted to 10
per cent. Skates were reclassified, the prices of certain sizes
in bests being advanced as much as 13s. per thousand, and
increases in the seconds reaching to 7s. 6d., but reductions
were made in the smaller sizes. “The merchants agreed not to
sell below the new quotations without first giving notice to
other merchants in the district. This firmness indicates con-
fidence in a revival of trade next summer.

AT the meeting of the Society of Antiquaries, on the 24th
ult., Lord Avebury, president, being in the chair, the follow-
ing resolution was unanimously adopted :—“ The Society of
Antiquaries of London has heard with great regret of the pos-
sible destruction of the Plummer Tower, one of the few
remains of the ancient Edwardian wall which once enclosed
the town of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and would venture to urge
strongly upon the city council the propriety of taking into
serious consideration any alternative scheme bv which the
tower could be preserved.’

AAA

AT the ordinary meeting of the managers of the Metropo-
litan Asylum District, on Saturday, a letter was read from the
Borough of Poplar and District Trades and Labour Council
stating that they had been informed that employees of the
board at Joyce Green Hospital were not being paid the rates
of wages prevalent in London, and asking that such rates
should be paid. ۸ letter on the same subject was received
from the London District Committee of the National Amalga-
mated Society of Operative House and Ship Decorators, en-
closing a resolution, passed at a mass meeting of house
painters, protesting against the action of the Metropolitan
Asylums Board in paying the painters employed by them at
Joyce Green Hospital, Dartford, 74d. per hour, and request-
ing them to adopt the same system as the London County
Council by paying to the workmen engaged upon their hos-
pitals the London trade-union rate up to a radius of 20 miles
from Charing Cross, thereby giving to London workmen an
opportunity of obtaining work at a living wage. There was a
further protest against the men being compelled to be vac-
cinated as a condition of employment. Mr. J. T. Helby
said the present was not the time for trade unions to try and
deprive men of employment. The Asvlums Board, through
its Works Committee, had done all it possibly could to give
work to the unemployed of London, and the men were per-
fectly satisfied with what had been done for them. If the
board were to be dealt with in this way by various boards, it
might be necessary for them to discontinue their action, and
so many men might be thrown out of employment.

مين سم موو

Tye Isle of Wight Rural Council have received a report from
a local geologist, Mr. G. W. Colenutt, who had been asked
to advise the council on the question of adopting means for
preventing the encroachment of the sea around the island
coast. In his report, Mr. Colenutt stated that he was grieved
and astonished to find that vast quantities of shingle were
being removed from the beautiful beach at Whitecliff Bay,
between Sandown and Bembridge, for the purpose of making
concrete for use in the construction of a new fort on the
Culver Cliff. He states that the Bay has already been partly

F ۳ PT c yw ا آذآ لي‎

CEN و 970 پک‎ ۳۰٢ LIFT دي‎ ۳ +P) RECRUIT

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 403

E — ——— = =æ- = ee ملا‎ ,-, ل 7ج7‎

London, seconded by Mr. Birkenhead, and supported by Mr.
Cross and Mr. Hutchinson, London, a hearty vote of thanks
was accorded the president for his address.

———— B —Á M

THE ABBEY MILL STREAM AND BRIDGE,
WESTMINSTBR.*

dea € COLLEGE STREET forms the southern boun-
dary to the garden of Westminster Abbey, from which
the street is separated by the well-known medieval
stone wall that runs along its northern side. In many old
maps this is called the Dead Wall. and separated the garden
from the path and water-course, the situation of which are
accurately represented bw the street of to-day. In a map,
dated 1690, at the British Museum, this Dead Wall is shown
as forming the southern enclosure of the Earl of Lindsey's
garden, the eastern portion of which seems to have formed
part of the site of the Abingdon Street houses. Many confi-
dent statements are to be met with that the water-course in
question was a tidal creek, practicable for boats and barges as
far as the ancient Abbey Gateway, represented by the arch-
way at present giving access to the south-eastern corner of
Deans Yard, anciently called “ The Elms.” A study of
XVIth and XVIIth century maps and plans, however, makes
it clear that this water-course was a mill stream of no great
width. and serving a mill placed on the river bank at the
southern end of the present Victoria Tower Garden. This
mill is clearly shown in several plans and " Birdseye” views,
notably in the plan of Pieter Vanden Keere, 1593, in the print-
room of the British Museum. In this plan a double structure
is shown, labelled the Queen's Slaughter House and Mill.
Norden's map, in the ^ Speculum Britannia. the first parte,"
published in 1593. also clearly shows the Mill and Queen's
Slaughter House. The Slaughter House existed well into the
XVIIIth century, and is shown as the King's Slaughter House,
in the same position, in a plan of intended improvements to
Westminster Bridge. dated 1739, at the British Museum. In
view of its position on a tidal river, with so great a rise and
fall of tide as the Thames. the Mill, in all probabilitv, must
have been worked between tides. and very likely bv means
of automatic flood-gates, which admitted water as the tide
rose, and held it back as the tide fell. There are, I believe,
many mills of this sort existing on Southampton Water and
elsewhere, and I have lately seen one near Chichester. If
such was the nature of the mill, boats or barges could onlv
have passed from the Thames to the mill stream at high
tide by some side creek or lock, which I have been unable to
detect on any of the maps or plans I have seen ; and in the
recent demolitions of buildings in Great College Street, and
the subsequent excavations, nothing, so far as I am aware.
has been discovered, either in the nature of quays or wharves,
or in that of fragments of boats or apparatus of any sort,
to warrant the supposition that the stream was navigable.

It is possible that the other branch of the Tyburne, which
ran along the northern side of Thorney Island. and fell into
the Thames further down, was navigable to some point in or
near the enciente of the Abbey precincts, but of this I have no
evidence. In Richard Bloom's + Mapp of the Parish of St.
Margaret's. Westminster, taken from the last Survey with
Corrections.” 1720, the position of the eastward commence-
ment of uncovered waterway in Great College Street coincides
with the bridge recently uncovered. at the junction of that
street with Tufton Street, and of which T am able to show a
photographie view, and measured drawing made last spring.
Bloom's map shows Tufton Street as the Bowling Allev, a
name under which it firures in several contemporary and earlier
maps. and indicates several small bridges crossing the course

| of the stream in what is now Great College Street. and con-
necting the path that ran along the bink under the old wall,
, known as the Dead Wall. Tt further shows one wide bridge

for general traffic on mill bank.

- The bridge. as shown in my illustrations. consists at present
of a round brick arch, or vault. placed between two stone
abutments or flanking walls of obviously earlier date. The

brickwork appears to be, at earliest, of XVIIth century char-

acter. and the arch uncovered recently seems to me to be the
end of a culvert rather than a bridge, and formed between
the stone abutments of a demolished bridge. which was pro-
bably of timber. merely to enable the street to be carried

"A Paper real hefore the Architectural Association by E. P. Warren

DECEMBER 2, 1904)

— . 090 تن‎ ۵ E
-一 全 一 一 一 一 一 - 一 ~ 一 ہے‎
—————M MM ÁÀ =
b ES

Tue Belfast Library and Technical Instruction Committee
invite sketch designs for three Carnegie branch libraries, to
reach the Chairman, Public Library, Royal Avenue, Belfast,
by January ۰

MESSRS. CHEERS AND SMITH, of Blackburn, are the authors of
the chosen design for the Stockport Council Schools. Mr.
Alfred Darbyshire acted as assessor. The cost 1s fixed at
410,000. We have received a letter of strong disapproval
with the award.

For the Townhead district public libary, the successful
architect was Mr. John Fairweather. 1 36, Wellington Street,
Glasgow. The winners of the second and third premiums
were Mr. Wm. H. Howie, West Regent Street, and Mr. T. G.
Gilmour, Monteith Row. Glasgow.

THE committee appointed to carry out the proposed ۹71
berland War Memorial are prepared to receive sketch models,
plans, etc., by sculptors and others desirous of competing for ，
the work. The Corporation of Newcastle-upon-Tyne have
provisionally agreed to give a site for the memorial, occupying
one of the most conspicuous positions in the city, and a sub-
stantial sum will be expended on the erection.

———P———

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

CHELSEA PUBLIC BATHS.
SELECTED DEsIGN.
WILLS AND ANDERSON, Architects.

THE design we now illustrate was successful in the recent
limited competition. It will be remembered the same authors
were placed first by the assessor in the competition for a much
larger scheme on the same site, about three years ayo. At
present, it is intended to build the men's swimming bath,
slipper baths, ıst and znd class for both sexes, establishment
laundry, engineering department, including two artesian wells
and storage-tank, and the superintendent’s house. The cost
is expected to be about 421,000 for buildings and engineer-
ing, and £3,520 for storage-tank and wells. Externally the
buildings are designed to harmonise with the more recent parts
of the Town Hall buildings adjoining, with Portland-stone
dressings and red-brick facing. The architects are Messrs.
Wills and Anderson, of 4, Adam Street, Adelphi.

a,‏ د

CARDIFF AND SOUTH WALES SOCIETY
OF ARCHITECTS.

N the 25th ult., at the rooms of the above society, in
: High Street, Cardiff, there was a large gathering of
"members on the occasion of the delivery of the presi-
dential address by Mr. Cholton James, F.R.I.B.A. The pre-
sident reminded the associates that the society was founded
in the year 1902, and had a membership of about 50. He
pleaded for an augmentation of the number, and pointed out
some of the advantages to be derived. He contended that
by combination much could be done to raise the status of
the profession, closing the door to incompetent men, securing
increased confidence of the public, and, perhaps, in the near
future, State recognition. This. in short. was what he
thought meant statutory registration which the architects in
the provinces far more than their London brethren un-
doubtedly needed. Were thev not, he asked. constantlv in
competition with incompetent men, who stvled themselves
architects, when their proper trade name would be mining en- |
gineer, grocer, mason, carpenter, or clerk of works? He pro-
ceeded to offer some practical suggestions with a view to the
advancement of the profession. and to ventilate various
grievances under which they laboured, incidentally protest-
ing against the svstem adopted by some Corporations and
public bodies of having architectural work done under the |
supervision of their engineers and surveyors. He submitted |
that in such cases the designing of these public buildings |
should be given out to duly qualified architects. He expressed
the hope that the Education Committees of Cardiff and other
towns would take a leaf out of the hook of the late School
Board when dealing with matters concerning architects, and |
distribute the work to qualified and capable architects in the .

一 一 一- 一 一 一 -~ سک سم‎ Lal ا‎

district. Upon the proposition of Mr. George Hubbard, | November 25th, 1904.

[DECEMBER 2, 1904

or, at any rate, disappears. The whole lie of the ground,
however, and the lines of the houses in old maps, seem to
indicate that it passed through Old Scotland Yard, or there-
abouts, and made for the Old Scotland Dock, shown clearly
in the plan of the Palace of Westminster, published by the
Society of Antiquaries in 1747, from a survey of 1680. There
seems, however, to have been an offshoot of this branch run-
nine southward across the present Parade Ground of the
Horse Guards. I think it must have passed along a portion
of the eastern side of St. James' Park, as excavations along the
western side of Delahav Street some vears ago discovered a
number of willow trunks. etc., and down Princes Street,
which in a map of 1685, as well as in others, is called “Long
Ditch," though this, of course, may have been an artificial
ditch. The water has long since been diverted from the
natural course of the stream into the pond in St. 5
Park, and into various sewers. There is no water in the old
course in Great College Street, and mv examination of such
portions of the course as were recently exposed suggested
that the diversion of the water, and the silting un of the
course, had rendered the stream inoperative as د۸‎ 66
before the brick culvert or bridge was built.

] have now to draw attention to the objects found in the
excavations on a spot bounded bv Tufton Street-—or the old
Bowling Alley—on the west, the Mill Stream or Great Col-
lege Street on the north, and Barton Street on the east, and
extending to some 8oft. or goft. southward from Great College
Street. Most of the articles were found within 20ft. or 3oft.
of the old stream; many in the course itself. These mostly,
to such an audience as this, speak for themselves. They
consist chiefly of spoons, knives, and pottery. Of the spoons,
No. 1. a small slip-ended pewter spoon, is, I think, the
earliest, probably early XVIth century, and much like one in
the Ellis Collection at South Kensington, having the date 1523
assigned in it. No. 2, marked “ S. G.” on handle, and No. 3,
with“ H” on the back, are of about the middle of the 0
century. No. 4, a pewter spoon, with a touch composed of
two cross spoons, is of the first half of the XVIIth century.
No. s, a brass spoon, 1660. No. 6, a brass spoon, with a
heart on the touch and a pied de biche handle, probably
1680-90. No. 7, a spoon marked “ T. S.,” and with a pied
de biche handle, of about the same date, as also No. 8, a
pewter spoon with a lozenge-shaped touch. No. 9, the sifting
or straining-spoon of brass, from the shape of its handle, must
be, I think, of the XVIIth centurv—probably later. The
knives are, I think, all of the XVIIth century, with the pos-
sible exception of No. 10, a knife with a small, blue-stained,
short wooden handle, inserted in an iron ferrule, which may
be of the late XVIth century. The small glass bottles, Nos.
13 and r4. are probably scent or essence-bottles. I am ۳
debted وا‎ Mr. W. W. Watts, F.S.A., and Mr. Mitchell, ol
South Kensington Museum, for kind assistance as to dates
and descriptions of these articles. The most interesting find
has been No. 19, the “ Grav-beard " jug with its contents.
When found and purchased by me it was stoppered down
with a cord, and upon opening it and washing out the contents,
was found then to be the objects here exhibited, viz.:—À
small piece of cloth or serge. formerly red, cut carefully an
neatly into a heart shape, and struck full of brass roundheade
pins, each pin bent. A small quantity of hair, ostensibly
human. and some small finger-nail parings. I think there can
be little doubt as to the nature of this deposit inside a corke
jug. found in the clay of the mill stream bank. It isa male-
volent. charm, the intended victim. of which was a woman:
and it is perhaps permissible to surmise that the depositor
and evil-wisher was of the same sex. Perhaps a maidservant
who had a grudge against her mistress, and who could easih
obtain the cliprings and prunings of her toilet. The Jus
and iis contents were probably buried, with the accompanying
rite of a fearful incantation. The Lord's Prayer may even
have been said backwards, and a peculiarly malevolent phase
ef the moon mav have been awaited. If it is fair to form
these somewhat uncharitable and ungallant 75 the

` 3 . F tv
opportunity is also presented of adjusting the balance of char!
i and of gallantry by expressing the sincere hope tha

t the charm

was ineffectual. that the fair intended victim escaped all i
and pains, and that the only pricks bestowed were وہ‎
repentant conscience of the depositor. Having but little
knowledge of the Black Art, and being unable to سی‎
single sorcerer amongst my acquaintances, I appeal to an
of mv audience who are more erudite or more highly sal
lo assist me with information as to the science and practice
charms of this order. or to cite similar or correlative instance?
of which thev mar have knowledge.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

solidly up to the entrance of Dean's Yard. It is noticeable
that the exposed end of this brick vault shows that there 1s no
invert arch. The vault, indeed, springs from the clay of the
bed, without anything approaching to foundations. As 1
saw it in the spring, the right-hand, or northern, side of the
vault rested upon a thin slab of wood, which, on inspection,
proved to be not even oak or elm, but pine. I have had no
possible means of ascertaining the length of this brick vault
or culvert, and its extent would throw considerable light upon
its purpose, for, if extending back, رت‎ westwards, as far
as Great Smith Street, it would lead to the supposition that.
after the disuse of the mill and mill stream, the latter was
vaulted over to gain ground whereon to erect buildings or
form gardens at the back or to the southward of Dean's Yard.
A few vears ago the northern side of Little Smith Street.
at present occupied by the Church House, was formed bv a
row of small houses, whose back-yards abutted on the 5
and back-yards of Dean's Yard ; under these back-vards ap-
proximately the stream must have passed. But Nordens map
shows a twin stream, the southern branch of which would.
I think, about coincide with Little Smith Street. These
streams seem to converge at the bridge. It will be noticed
in Norden's map, of which mv illustration shows a portion,
that there is a group of buildings precisely at the point where
the recent excavations have discovered so many indications
of XVIIth century usage.

These are the only buildings which, in 1593,
existed on the south bank between the Abbey gate and the
river. The stone abutments, or flanking walls, of the bridge
are in fairly dressed masonry of Kentish ray. and are, I
should sav, not later than the carly part of the A Vth century.
Eastward of the bridge, and marking the seuthern bank of
the stream, is a row of small timber piles. or camp shedding,
probably placed to form a stable site on the bank for build-
Ing purposes. Upon this site, extending between Tufton
Street (the old Bowling Alley) and Barton Street. a much more
recent thoroughfare apparently, there stood until last vear
two blocks of houses, separated by a narrow passage, called
Black Dog Alle, and all, I think, of the XVIIIth century;
though the brick-vaulted cellars beneath those in the eastern
block next Barton Street, built of smallish bricks, had the
appearance of XVIIth century work. A very large number
of objects, pottery, spoons, knives, ete, mostly of the XVllth
century, were found in the recent excavations beneath. these
houses, together with a portion of a Purbeck marble shaft,
which I believe to be the upper part of the shaft from the
north-eastern angle of the Confessors shrine; it exactly fits
that position. I shall now be able to show other objects of a
similar character, but before doing so wish to offer a few
remarks upon the course of the stream in the neighbourhood
of Thornev Island, and must profess mv indebtedness for
much information to Mr. J. G. Waller, Fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries, whose paper and plan contained in the trans-
actions of the London and Middlesex Archeological Society
in 1890 is of extreme interest and value. Mr. Waller derives
its name of Tvburne from the Saxon Tye or Teo Bourne- a
double brook-—and accounts for this name by the duplication
or bifurcation which forms the delta on which the city and
abbey of Westminster stand, and which, as he says, it must
have done so much to form. He points out that, in its south-
ward course, from its rise in the Conduit fields below the hill
cof Hampstead, to the "Thames, it gives name to Brook
Street. to Conduit Street, and to Pump House Ground, at the
junction ol the latter with Bond Street, Hence it passed by
the rear of the gardens of Berkeley. House and the end of
Clarges Street to the Greco Park. which it crossed to the front
of Buckingham Palace, where. in Faithorne's map of 1685,
was covered in from View. Passing in front of the Palace,
its course was down James Street, Chapel Street. Orchard
Street, between the present Church House and the south
side of Dean's Yard. to the bridge at the corner of Tufton
Street. Mr. Waller describes the junction of the other branch,
the bifurcation, as occuring in front of Buekiogham Palace,
whence, he says, H made a bold sweep westwards. forming
the ancient boundary. of Westminster. and, under the name
of the Kings Scholars Pond Sewer. passed into the Thames,
running close to Victoria Station there wis in the early part
of the XIXth century a brewery hère- and by Vauxhall
Bridge Road and Tachbrook Street, out to the river. But
there is still the eastern branch which confined the island of
Thernev to account for. and this is more difficult. Tn Nor-
dens map a branch is shown running eastward along St.
James Park. until close to Spring Gardens, somewhere about
the present Admiralty buildines. it seems to be covered in.

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stones, passing a }-in. or $-in. mesh, for floors or walls, s.
14-in. or even more for foundations. The cleanliness 0
the aggregate and the water is most important, as is also
the cleanliness and sharpness of the sand. Small sand,
such as would run in an hour-glass, is utterly useless—the
sand must be fairly large and sharp; it should vary 1n size :
the more uneven the sizes the smaller the voids. The finer
the sand the less the strength. There should never be more
than three of sand to one of cement. The author described
the process of mixing concrete, which should always be done
under supervision. Concrete mixing machines are much
used in America and on the Continent, producing very good
and uniform results. These machines are rarely seen bere.
One has frequently seen on a building a lot of concrete mixed
up, and left for an hour or so before being set in place. If
too stiff more water was added. Such treatment of the
material invites disaster; initial set begins very quickly, and
the concrete should be put in position as soon as mixed, and
without a moment's delay. When the concrete is eventually
laid on the centering, or püt into the moulds, it is put in in
thin layers two to three inches thick, and beaten down with
iron beaters very carefully all over. This is essential in
order to prevent the formation of voids, and to increase the
resistence of the concrete.

Mr. Dunn then treated in considerable detail of the
strength of the material in place, describing various tests of
cement made by eminent scientists, and illustrating by
diagrams and mathematical calculations. For further
mathematical investigation of the subject, he referred those
interested to Professor Perry's * Applied Mechanics” (p.
345), and to M. Considére's experiments, the results of which
were communicated to the French Académie des Sciences
in a note of March 18 last—an abstract of his communica-
tion appears in the Génie Civil for April 3o. These writers
base their discussion on “ Rankine’s Ellipse” of Stress,
which, as given in Rankines own. words, is not easy
to grasp. In Alexander and Thompson's * Elementary
Applied Mechanics," however, the ellipse of stress is fully
explained, and a preliminary reading of part of the last-
named book should enable anyone to follow Considére's or
Perrys reasoning. The resistance to the swelling and burst-
ing action to which columns in concrete alone would be sub-
ject can be produced by binding the columns with iron or
steel wire. ‘Makers of concrete columns do so bind these
according as the effect to be combated is more or less clearly
understood. What is done in the Hennebique column is
done by other concrete specialists. In all there is first the
concrete ; second, vertical bars of metal, iron or steel ; third,
bindings of sheet metal or wire. The method of construc-
tion is very simple. A wooden box or mould is made in
which the rods are set upright; one of the bindings is then
put in, and about six or twelve inches of concrete well
runmed down; another.of the bindings is put in and the
process repeated.

The special functions of the vertical rods are (a) to aid
the concrete in resisting the compression due to the load;
(b) to resist any tensile stress which may be set up in the con-
crete by unequal loading, or by any want of homogeneity in
the material itself, which tensile stresses cannot be safely
left to the concrete to overcome. Almost all the makers of
reinforced concrete constructions put their trust in the verti-
cal rods of metal, as the special element adding strength
to the concrete, if we may judge by the large proportion of
metal so used, and by the rules employed to fix the safe
load, which rules take no account of the binding. If there
were no initial stresses in the combination, the load would be
carried by the two materials on the inverse. proportion. of
their rigidities; that is to sav, if the concrete were ten
times as easily compressed as the iron or steel, the iron or
steel would be carrving ten times as much per square inch
as the concrete. But the question is not so simple. Con-
crete setting in air shrinks, while concrete setting in water
expands. Columns for buildings always set in air, and con-
sequently the concrete shrinks. As the concrete adheres
rigidly to the metal, the concrete is put in tension, and the
metal in coMpression—into a state of internal initial stress—
before the load comes on. So strong is this action that
the concrete may be at the limit of its tensil + strength, and
the metal at its elastic limit. No formula has so far been
devised which takes this initial stress into proper account.
The function of the bindings is to prevent lateral swelling
and bursting. M. Considere was the first to give this its
proper consideration and importance. In almost all columns,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

٦ 5‏ ګت "تت لس DECEMBER‏

CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AND

STRENGTH OF REINFORCED CONCRETE.

T last week's meeting of the Royal Institute of British
Architects, Mr. W. Dunn read a paper on the above
He said that, owing to many unpleasant

experiences, there was a feeling among many architects and
a treacherous and unreliable

In all such experiences there was something
mysterious; the cement came from a maker of established
repute, it had been specified “ Best London” Portland
cement, the sand and gravel looked clean, and the builder
Nevertheless it failed to set; it

cracked; it thrust out the walls, and generally led to a
To make good concrete much care

subject.

builders that concrete was
material.

was an honest man.

great deal of trouble. te
in the selection of the materials and in the mixing was re-

quired. The cement was the most important ingredient,

‚and the only way to get good cement was to constantly. test

it, and reject that which was faulty. That was the only way
If the fact

to ensure that only good cement was used.
that it is frequently tested becomes known to the merchants,
it will be found that a dangerous article, such as bad cement
is, would be less and less frequently sent. When floors,

walls, roofs, or pillars are made of concrete, a bad cement is

really- dangerous to life. It would be an excellent plan if
the institute, the Builders' Institute and the cement makers
could agree upon a standard suitable for architectural work.
But until such a standard was fixed, architects must describe

1t themselves in their specification. «Many cement experts

had given model specifications, but there are some points
in cement specification required for building work which a
cement expert scarcely values. Fineness of grinding is all
important, as only the very fine particles have cementitious
value. Foreign makers were much ahead of us a year or
two ago; now we can get English cement which will all
pass a 76 by 76, and leave only 18 per cent. on a 180 by
180 sieve. This isa very fine cement, and perhaps too good
for ordinary work. All, however, should pass so bv so and
leave only 5 per cent. on a 120 by 120 sieve. A good
cement is economical; we make a stronger mortar or con-
crete with much less of it, so that the extra cost is more than
repaid. The particles which are retained on a so by so
sieve are practically so much sand. The author strongly
urged the use of a slow-setting cement. Pats made with the
minimum quantity of water should set in not less than five
hours when the temperature is at 34 deg. F., and in not less
than twenty minutes when the temperature is at 75 deg.,
and proportionately in time when the temperature is between
these points.

Soundness or constancy of volume is one of the most
important qualities د‎ cement should have. Tests without
elaborate apparatus are fortunately available. Make two
cement pats on small pieces of glass, tap them out to a cir-
cular shape, about 3 in. diameter, lin. thick in the centre,
and with thin edges; keep one under water and one in air
for several days. The cement should then show no cracks,
change of shape, or tendency to curl off the glass, if sound.
The author went on to describe other methods of testing,
and strongly urged architects to test their cements bv one and
all of them as often as they could. It would save many
after troubles. Tensile strength he regarded as the least
important; it is the test on which the most varied results
may be got bv different. observers according to the method
employed in filling the briquettes. A strength of 400 lb. per
square inch. at seven days, and 25 per cent. increase in
twenty-eight days is usually asked for and easily attained ;
many briquettes he had found go up to nearly 1,000 lbs. at
seven days. It is not unusual to specify that sufficient
cement should be delivered on the works at starting, kept
stored in a dry weather-proof shed to à depth of not more
than two feet, and turned over daily for a fortnight before
use. It is found that makers send out the cement hot from
the mills, and (unless it is a vers high-class cement) ít is
much improved by air slaking. Aeration seems to improve
an inferior cement bv the slaking of the free lime, which if
it took place in the work would be dangerous. A
thoroughly sound cement should have no free lime in it,
and is not improved by air slaking ; it rather suffers ; cement
in which there is no free lime can be produced by the maker,
but it requires much care in the making, and is consequently

expensive. |
As regards the aggregate, the strongest concrete ıs made

with gravel; the size should vary from large sand to small

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. [DECEMBER 2, 1904

this may very properly be the case as regards the allied
societies, but we are in the happy position of standing alone in
this question, and of being untrammelled by any considera-
tion of this kind. At the same time, we have fully recognised
that it would be inadvisable if, at the moment, we took any
part in the matter beyond that of an interested spectator, or
took any steps which would prejudice whatever action the
senior body may contemplate. It is to be hoped that the
report of the Committee appointed early in the year, and the
deliberation and action of the R.I.B.A. thereon will not be
unduly delaved, as at present there is undoubtedly an im-
pression abroad that the committee has become non-existent
without completing the work for which it was formed. The
Parliamentary Session is approaching, and our members and
supporters will look for some results, and any unreasonable
delav on the part of the institute in declaring its policy vill
undoubtedly alienate from it many who at present are looking
to it for some solution of the question.

“ [E think it may be taken for granted that 16 0
is pledged. bevond recall to some measure, the principle of
which it adopted in ۵ somewhat vague form long ago, and it
only remains for it to formulate that principle in a Bill to be
submitted to Parliament. The Society of Architects will con-
tinue its pioneer work until, sooner or later, its object is
achieved. The Royal Institute of Architects of Ireland is now
solid 1n favour of registration, so much so that it would seem
extremely likely that Ireland will lead the way with an Act
of its own if the parent institute 061315 much longer.

" ] do not propose to enter here upon the arguments for or
against registration, which have been reiterated ad nauseam
for years; but I think a great deal of unnecessary trouble is
created by the “art man, who endeavours to raise difficulties
over the question of how to provide for the" artist” in am
Bill; but surely the measure would not affect artists as such.
It is only when thev desire to practise the art of an archi-
tect. bv way of a profession, that they would be called upon,
very properly, to show that they are qualified to do so. Even
architect should be an artist, but all artists are not qualified
to assume the title of architect.. If registration is not desir
able, or the principle of federation. as applied to the practice
of architecture, is a wrong one, why, and on what other prin-
ciple, are the many architectural societies founded. from the
R.I.B.A. onward 2 Does not their very existence imply
agreement with the principle, and have they not recently ex-
pressed adhesion to it with no uncertain voice?

" The recently-constituted board of defence, formed by the
R.L B.A.. reminds us that we have for long possessed similar
powers of initiating and supporting such legal proceedings
as the council mav deem desirable in the interests of the pro-
fession, or the members of the society, and only lately we
have had several claims for assistance of this kind ; indeed.
it would wearv vou were I to reiterate in how 7 directions
and ways we are authorised to act as a corporate body. But
it is obvious that we are limited. to a large extent, as to how
far we can make use of these powers in proportion to the
growth of our membership, for as vet we have not a large
margin to devote to other purposes than those immediately
and materially benefitting the members, whose interests must
naturally come first, though, as I previously stated, they ٤
not all that we exist for.

“ There 1s room in the profession for educated ability, but
none at all for mediocrity. or for those who, under the present
system —or, rather, want of one—-are pitched into the profes:
sin halfeducated. or even worse, to the detriment of those
who are endeavouring, however imperfectly, to uphold Its
honour and integritv. The outlook, however. -is distinctly
brighter than it was. and we are encouraged to hope that the
dav is not far distant when some scheme of education an
federation will be carried through, which, while it may not—
and probably will not— be a panacea for every ill, will go vel
far towards inaugurating a new era of prosperity, not mere?
to the material advantage of architects, but to the wider
interests of architecture.”

— ee

THE Building Committee of the Dudley Board of Guardians

have recommended that the architect be instructed to p
ng

d. to relie?
and (he

( 1

remainder into a clothes store. Mr. Mantle mentione hirty
the change would find accommodation for twenty or MM
The recommendation was adopted.

plans and approximate estimate of the cost of convert!
| larger portion of the old laundry into an infirm war

beds.

414

except M. Considere’s, these bindings are usually about six
to twelve inches apart, showing that the true use of the
metal is not yet fully recognised.

The author gave the results of some experiments on con-
crete in compression, armoured and unarmoured, referring
to those carried out by Professor Gaetana Lanza, and re-
ported in the “Transactions of the American Society of
Civil Engineers " (1903; p. 487; by M. Gary, of the Ecole
Polytechnique, at Charlottenburg; by the Commission des
Voutes de la Société des Ingénieurs et Architectes Autri-
chiens, reported on in rogor; and others by M. Considere
described in his papers on “ Resistance à la Compression du
Beton Armé et du Beton Fretté," in Le Génie Civil (Novem-
ber and December, 1902). Reference was also made to Mr.
Dunn's report of the armoured concrete column test in the
* journal" R.I.B.A. for November 21, 1903. and to the
test of a column made by Messrs. Cubitt and Co., and
tested at 'Messrs. Kirkaldy's Testing Works in June, 1904.
The lecturer went on to give the formule and rules which
various constructors use to determine the necessary sizes of
reinforced concrete pillars to carry given loads.

As regards fire-resisting properties, from all the reports
on the Baltimore fire, whereas intense heat was experienced,
as will ever occur, the armoured concrete constructions
appear to have stood best. «Concrete and iron or steel ex-
pand at about the same rate under changes in temperature,
and the permanence of the concrete covering in fires Is no
doubt due to this. There is now no doubt that jron or steel
buried in ordinary concrete remains uninjured for
generations. When an architect decides upon adopting re-
inforced concrete for a structure, or part of it, he will prob-
ably put the work in the hands of a concrete specialist, who
makes his own calculations for the strength of the members,
and arranges the details of the construction according to his
own ideas. But as the responsibility must alwavs in some
measure lie with the architect, he will naturally want to
check the specialists work, particularly when the contract
has been let in competition, and there is an object in the
specialist endeavouring to reduce cost to a minimum.

— —

THE SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

PRESIDENTS ADDRESS,

1904-5.*

ROM Mr. Thomass ptesidential address we take the fol-
lowing :— It is twenty years ago since your first pre-
sident, himself a Liverpool man, delivered his inaugural

address in the Council Chamber of Exeter Hall, and now, on
the verge of the “coming of age” of the society, history
repeats itself in so far as a Liverpool architect is again called
upon to address vou in a similar capacity. There is no insti-
tution which has more cause for satisfaction at the progress
which is being made in architectural education than have we,
seeing to what it must inevitably lead, and I think the various
architectural societies which are actively engaged in this most
im portant work deserve the heartiest support from every mem-
ber of the profession. The pioneer in this movement, the

Architectural Association, has assumed what I do not hesi- :

or subscribing to architectural edu- .

tate to call a heavy responsibility, in taking over and re-
modelling the old Architectural Museum. to make provision for
its educational work. Unfortunately, it is hampered bv a
considerable debt on the building fund, which must be a
source of much anxiety to its promoters. Several of the pro
vincial societies are also launching out in this direction and
doing most excellent work. either in connection with univer-
sities or on their own responsibility. The Society of Archi-
tects is not, any more than the senior body, a teaching in-
stitution, but I think the time bas come when it should recog-
nise its responsibilities in this matter, not by entering the
area as a competitor. but rather bv founding scholarships and
assisting financially those bodies who are bearing the burden
of this great undertaking. Whether on the question of sup-
porting benevolent funds, g to;
cational schools, the societv should, I think. recognise its
responsibilities, particularly as regards the latter, which is so
closely allied to that question with which the sfciety is indis-
solublv connected. the statutorv education and registration of
architects, to which subject T would now ask vour attention.

a Tt has recently been stated that the matter is sub judice,
as being at present under consideration by the R.L. B. A., and

ET PME l 1 ۰ 1 一 一 -一 一
*Delivered to The Society of Architects by Mr. Walter W.
Thomas, on tbe 17th ult.

DECEMBER 2, 1904) THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 415

good assortment of gas-cooking appliances of every descrip-
tion. They also show some gas-cookers suitable for hotels,
restaurants, public buildings, etc., and we were informed, by
their representative that they have recently completed the
kitchens in the Royal Naval College at Osborne. The Carron
Co. also show some very useful patterns of gas-stoves, which
are very compact and economical. We specially noticed a
stove, listed at £9, which consumes 16ft. of gas per hour,
when full on, and which is recommended for churches, schools,
libraries, halls, etc. etc. This stove will heat a room 3oft.
square, and keep the temperature up to 65 degrees in the
severest weather. A smaller condensing gas-stove is also ex-
hibited, which is most suitable for bed-rooms, offices, etc.,
and which burns only 8ft. of gas per hour. The cost is
44 75. 6d., and it will heat a room 2oft. square. A circular
burner radiates one-third of the heat, and the rest of the
heat is given off entirely from the iron. These stoves are
made of the best cast-iron, and are finished off in a very
superior style, which makes them quite an ornament to a
room.

Stands Nos. 24 and 27.—Messrs. William Sugg and Co.,
Ltd., of Westminster, have a large and varied selection of
lamps and apparatus for high and low-pressure gas, gas-heating
stoves, kitcheners. and ventilating apparatus. Messrs. Sugg
have also a new cooking-stove on view. In this stove the
gas is burned exterior to the oven with a hot-plate, and
covered at the top, if necessary, with eight circular hot-
plates, which are removable ; and the products of combustion
of the gas are all carried away from the stove by a ventilat-
ing-pipe. Every burner is provided with a small flash-light ;
and the burners are so made that, when the gas is turned on
in any part of the oven by accident or design, it will imme-
diately light itself up. The consumption of gas is regulated
accurately by means of a governor, so that any temperature
may be produced in the oven, and two single ovens on the
same principle have been fitted up at the National Training
School of Cookery, Buckingham Palace Road, London. We
also noted a large double stove, for standing in the centre of
a kitchen. the products of combustion being carried off by
gas ventilation. Amongst other exhibits we might mention
a large patent pastry-oven, which is an exact model of that
supplied to the King for Windsor Castle. This oven is very
clean, being lined out entirely with tiles, so that it can be
easily cleaned after use, and there is no condensation of steam
on the articles cooking. A very good collection of heating

stoves are also distributed round the stands.

THE INTERNATIONAL GAS EXHIBITION.

aro

LL the other sources of illumination and heating have
by no means done away with the vital necessity for im-
provements in gas appliances, and that there are many
such a visit to the recent exhibition at Earl's Court is ample
enough to prove. By the adoption of all the most recent
developments in connection with gas lighting and heating,
it is marvellous to what an extent we may benefit beyond the
capacities of some few years back. We must confess that,
contrary to our expectation, we were a good deal interested
in what was to be seen at the International Exhibition the other
day. We would advise our readers to see it before its close
on December 17.

Messrs. Stewarts and Lloyds, Ltd., of Birmingham, occupy
the right-hand of the entrance hall leading to the Ducal Hall.
This well-known firm have on view a selection of pipes in
red, black, and grev, of different lengths, with a stand in
front of them filled with tees, bends, joints, etc. مه‎ 18-inch
lap steel gas-main, with their pressed socket-ends; a 36-inch
lap steel condenser pipe, and one of 24 inches, as supplied
for the Provan Gas Works, Glasgow; an 18-inch pipe fur-
nished with the Mephan-Ferguson lock-bar; and another of
9 inches in diameter, as supplied to the Mond Gas Company ;
and a 21-inch welded gas reservoir. The exhibits include
samples of the “Kimberley” socket-joint, the "Albion"
joint (with turned-up ends), cast and wrought-iron flanges of
various kinds, and fittings for gas and other purposes are
also shown. Altogether, they make a most excellent show of
their manufactures. 1

Stand No. 62.— Messrs. James Stott and Co., of 158, Queen
Victoria Street, E.C., show their well-known patent ventilat-
ing fans, roof extractors, and inlet ventilators. and also gas
stoves for cooking and heating.

Stands Nos. 79 and دو‎ are occupied by Messrs. Harris and
Pearson, of Stourbridge, who have on view some verv good
fire-clay goods, including glazed bricks, buff building bricks,
and blue bricks of all descriptions, and all of which have a
very fine appearance. A sample regenerator, built with this
firm's “Simplex ” tiles, may be seen at these stands.

Stand No. 194.—Messrs. Hardy and Padmore, of Wor-
cester Foundry, Worcester, have a selection of their patent
“Lowne” gas engines, and we also noted a very useful little
3-h.p. gas-engine, the cost of which is £7.

Stand No. 65.—Messrs. John G. Stein and Co., of Bonny-
bridge, who exhibit a selection of their firebricks, “Thistle”
brand, which are made from the well-known Glenboig seam of
fire-clay, of which this firm have the largest known field. We
understand that Mr. Stein has now three brickworks. with
eighty kilns, with an average output of 75,000 bricks per day.

Stand No. 1524.—Maughans Patent Geyser Co., Ltd., of
Holywell Row. E.C., who make a speciality of gevsers, have
a new one, called the “Simplice” geyser. which is made of
strong copper, and can be purchased in two sizes, either
at £4 or £6 6s. The larger size will heat 30 gallons of water
at roo degrees in six minutes. This firm also show their
"Sunray" stove, which is a very efficient and economical one
for warming rooms, offices, etc., with either gas or oil.

Stands Nos. 123 and r38.— The Silica Fire Brick Co., of
Oughtibridge. near Sheffield, exhibit a good selection of their
bricks, and a wall is also on view, built with Holdsworth's
patent Hold-fast bricks. |

Stand No. 50.—Messrs. Ewart and Son, Ltd., of Euston
Road, N.W.. have some of their well-known gevsers on view.

Stand No. 41.— Messrs. Fenlon and Son. of Tudor Street,
Whitefriars, E.C., exhibit the “Pudor” geyser, fitted with
either patent locking gear taps, or with patent automatic dual
valve. The construction of this geyser is simple and effective,
and it is too well-known to need detailed description. Another
exhibit is the “Unique” hot-water self-contained radiator,
which will warm 4.200ft. of space at very small cost. This
firm also show the “Temple” hot-water apparatus, for warming
greenhouses and conservatories, churches, offices, etc. This
heating apparatus will burn either gas or oil, and gives a great
heat, while no back-draught, or fume, can possibly enter
the house. The price of this apparatus is very low, and it is
well worth a trial. An absolutely new feature in the firms
productions is a patent automatic pneumatic dual valve which
is used with the gevser, and which will automatically shut off
the gas should the water supply fail— thus preventing all
accident from burning.

Stands Nos. 109 and rgi are occupied by the well-known
Carron Co., of Carron, Stirlingshire, who exhibit a specially

A WONDERFUL GARDEN.

HE owner of a curious garden is Mr. H. R. Rauch, of
Lebanon, Penn. For fifty years he has toiled over
it. Flowers, plants, stones, cinders, oyster and clam

shells, tiny pieces of wood and rocks have all been utilised

in the work. Mr. Rauch (says the New York Tribune) has
been a cripple since birth. When a boy he had to deny him-
self baseball, football, and other atliletic sports, so he turned
his attention to books. Ancient history especially interested
him, and it was from reading of the walls and fortresses of
the early Romans and Britons that the idea of building a city
in his garden first appealed to him. He was only ten
years old when the initial stone was laid, and it was not until

a few months ago that the finishing touches were given to it.
The first thing that strikes the eve upon entering the

garden is a mound apparently covered with Egyptian char-

acters. A nearer view reveals that what at first appeared to
be lettering is a collection of woods, stones, etc., arranged
in a fantastic design. Close to this mound is the Temple of

Eros. Herein dwells the Goddess of Love, represented as a

maiden surrounded by her numerous attendants, all in atti-

tudes of worship. Fairy cherubs hold torches and offer gifts
of flowers freshly cut and placed in their arms each day by

Mr. Rauch. In the miniature forest which skirts this mytho-

logical palace are stationed armed soldiers ready to slay any

who may attempt to attack the goddess; Dan Cupid leads
them. Historic occurrences as well as tales of ancient lore
are recalled as one walks through his garden. Ruined palaces,
falling walls, broken chariot wheels. tell of the destruction of

Pompeii Nero and his court are shown, and near him a

dapper little Napoleon and a stalwart Wellington. On a

miniature Manila Bay float Dewey's ships. This scene is

gay with American flags and bunting.

[DECEMBER 2, 1904

——M—
- 一 一 一 - 一 一 一 -一 一

JOTTINGS.

AAA

THE new extension of the Wakefield Cathedral—the memo-
rial to Bishop How—-is to be consecrated on St. Mark's Day, in

1905.

IT is stated that new beds of green and blue slate, as well as
deposits of sulphur, manganese, and white marble, have been
discovered on Carnedd Llewellyn, Wales.

STANWELL PLACE, Staines, a mansion over 300 years old,
and the seat of Sir Charles Gibbons, was almost 40
bv fire yesterday week, the cause, it is stated, being the over.
heating of a flue.

EnviLLE HaLL, Staffordshire. the seat of the Countess of
Stamford and Harrington, which was almost entirely destroved
by fire last Friday, was built in the middle of the 18th cen-
turv, but was enlarged late last century.

THE Trinity Presbyterian Church, Newcastle, which was built
ten years ago at a cost of £17,000. was almost destroyed by
fire on the 25th ult. One account states that the fire was
caused bv the fusing of an electric wire, which set fire to
some timbers in the roof.

The Town Hall at Dipton, near Consett, and the Workmen's
Club premises beneath, were destroved by fire last week.
The damage is estimated at £3,000. There was not an ade-
quate water supplv, owing to the frost, and the roads were
so blocked by snow that it was impossible for fire brigades
from neighbouring towns to reach the place.

THE Housing of the Working Classes Committee of the
London County Council asked on Tuesday the sum of £4.328,
in order to enable them to continue the brickmaking opera:
tions on the Norbury Estate, Croydon. The quality of the
bricks was commented upon by Mr. Edward White, and Mr.
John Burns produced a sample and handed it round the
Council for inspection. — In the end, the capacity of the
Housing Committee to make bricks was affirmed by a sufficient
majority in favour of the proposed expenditure.

IN view of Mr. John Piggott's resolution at the meeting of the
London County Council, a writer suggests the suitability of
Vincent Square as a site that would cost the council com-
paratively very little, and would offer many other advan-
tages, such as the certainty of giving the people of London
another public garden, seeing that the hall would not cover
more than three out of the ten acres available. The selec-
tion of this site, moreover, he savs, would remove the oppo-
sition of the Vincent Square landlords, who object to the land
being sold for ordinary building purposes, and would enable
the Governing Body of Westminster School to carry out the
scheme of the Commission of 1860, and remove the well
endowed institution to “ a fit and proper site elsewhere."

AT Wednesday's meeting of Gloucester City Council, a scheme
for the extension of the electricity supply was considered.
The scheme provided for a new 600-k.w. set, together with
the necessary boilers, plant, and buildings, at an estimate
cost of £13,000. The electrical engineer said the additional
expenditure could only be justified by showing that the revenue
which is being earned is sufficient to provide for the repayment
of the whole capital expended to date, with some surplus
profit. and that the new expenditure is likely to be met by an
increase in the revenue to such an extent as will provide the

necessary interest and sinking fund for the new loan. During

the first half of last vear there was a net loss ol ارك‎ ۰
during the second half there was a profit of 60 During
the first half of the current vear the loss was reduced to £29
and the engineer estimated that the profit in the second half
would be 4767. leaving a net profit on the tear of £,477- The
chairman of the Electricity Supply Committee, moving ۴
adoption of the scheme, said they were selling electricity الا‎
Gloucester at a lower rate than was the case in any other tV?
of a similar size. The scheme was approved, and it wa
decided to apply for sanction to borrow the necessary $15,000

for carrving it out.

2-PLY.
LONDON,

See next Issue.

WILLESDEN JUNCTION, N.W.

LD.,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

ILLESDEN

FOR ALE OLIMA TES.
ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN

Used by leading Architects.

416

Quaint figures carved out of rude stone represent
men of letters and learning in characteristic poses.
Roosevelt is therein his Rough Rider costume, Edward

VII. in his coronation robes, Dickens with his im-
mense goose-quill behind his ear, and Sir Walter
Raleigh offering his cloak to haughty Queen Bess.

Tiny forts nestle among the mountains. while boys fish and
sport in the running waters, children pick the blooming flowers,
and excursion trains carry tired passengers from the heated
and cic wded cities to the open country and cool seaside resorts
—all, of course, in miniature. In one corner of the garden
is a map of the city of Washington. The White House is
there, the Treasury Department, Congressional Library,
. Smithsonian Institution, and other buildings, while a trolley
will take one—provided he be a Liliputian—to Washington's
home in mount Vernon.

— "r
BUILDING NEWS.

A “SKYSCRAPER” school is to be built in-New York to accom-
modate nearly 8,000 pupils, and will be ten storeys high.
Each floor will have fifteen class-rooms.

THE Edmonton Board of Guardians has decided to erect a
very large infirmary capable of accommodating 800 patients.
The total cost of the buildings. when completed, will, it is
expected, amount to nearly £200,000.

PLANS for the erection of a new infant school on the Gilbert
Street site. South Shields. for the accommodation of 410
scholars, have been approved by the Board of Education.
Application is to be made to the Local Government Board for
permission to borrow £7,000 for building purposes.

THE Liverpool Education Committee recommend the City
Council to borrow money for the following purposes :--For
the purchase of land in Bank Road. Garston, £3,035, and for
a temporary school on the site £2,207; for land in Ros-
common Street, 4998; for land in Dingle 6 £57,576, and
for temporary school on the site 45,867 ; for permanent build-
ings in Longmoor Lane £12,189. in Venice Street £8,257,
and in Northcote Road 411,135; for temporary buildings in
Sudley Road £2,220, and in Greenbank Road £2,014.

TRADE NOTES;

Tue New Temporary Hospitals, Bradford, are being warmed
and ventilated by means of Shorland's patent Manchester
stoves, the same being supplied by Messrs. E. H. Shorland
and Brother, of Manchester.

THE halls, lobbies, corridors, bath-rooms, lavatories, etc.. to
C.O. officers quarters and messes, Tidworth Camp. are being
laid with marble “ Arrolithic ” terrazo for H.M. War Office
bv Arrolithic, Ltd.. 18, Berners Street, London, W.

On the oth ult., a large clock was started in the Redruth Town
Clock Tower. It has four s-ft. dials, chimes the * Cam-
bridge” quarters, and strikes the hours upon five bells. It
is fitted with all the latest improvements, and has been made
generally to the designs of Lord Grimthorpe, by John Smith
and Sons, Midland Clock Works, Derby.

As a memorial to the Rev. A. K. Henley, son of the Rev.
the Hon. R. Henlev, Vicar of Putnev, a reredos, subscribed
for bv the people of Putney, has been erected in the
parish church of $t. Marv. It is of white Caen stone,
with five panels of opus sectile and some small coloured
alabaster panels. The reredos was designed and executed by
Messrs. Jones and Willis, of Great Russell Street, W.C.

THE Manchester City Council have instructed Messrs. J. B.

ovce and Co., Whitechurch, Salop, to make and fix a four-
dial striking clock for the Victoria Baths, Chorlton-on-
Medlock. The same firm have just fixed a clock at Kinder
Waterworks, Havfield. and are now fixing a large quarter
clock at Hoole Church, Chester.

ARCHITECTS

Tre best Underlining on the Market.
WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS,

Nobody can be a specialist or a connois-

DECEMBER 9, 1904

— س
一 一 一 ~ 一 一 -‏
دی _ د VS‏

Che British Architect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1904.

—

A NEW COUNTY HALL,

] JHE BRITISH ARCHITECT. E | 417

vested with the antiquity of the objects they handled. But
these ideas are passing. Just as those local architectural
societies made architecture popular, so it is similar bodies
which are now doing the same for archeology. Foremost
of these must be placed the Society for the Promotion of
Hellenic Studies.

The archeological world now has a very much 67
audience, both as regards the actual new light revealed by
the excavators and the “transactions” of the more learned
bodies. And many are beginning to see that, without, after
all, being so very learned, it is quite possible to understand
and appreciate the products of the past as unearthed and
classified by the archeologist; and that this “ contempla-
tion” is, when all is said and done, not so very different
from that in which that early enthusiasm for architecture

Ar the question of sites for a new County Hall has
come to the front, and a report will be presented on
those which may be considered within practical politics.
The opinion that the one finest site of all would be somewhere
along the Thames Embankment will, of course, be ruled out
by consideration of cost, and so it will probably be with
other sites worthy of the purpose. We cannot think that in
America such an opportunity as that presented by the new
Aldwych and Kingsway frontages would have been allowed to
go by, notwithstanding its great cost. No site presents much
finer chances for a great building to be treated with becoming
dignity and effect, and the situation is most desirable as to
its centrality. Another central site, qf which much could
have been made, would have been all that ground to the north
and west of Charing Cross Hospital, up to St. Martin's Lane.
But, the fact is, nothing more illustrates the need of prescience
in such important schemes than the difficulties which now
beset the County Council as regards the possibilities of posi-
tion and cost of a new City Hall. We suppose there are
some of the ablest men we could get now acting on the County
Council, as regards great practical questions, but we doubt
if many of them are alive to the value of Art as one of the
ruling factors in such a scheme as the new County Hall. It
is possible that many of them will do their best to reduce
the outlay to the narrowest limits, consistent with mere prac- | none of that freshness which is so strongly marked in modern
tical efficiency. One thing, at least, we sincerely hope for, ^ publications. And one cannot help thinking that unless one
and that is the employment of the very best architectural | was quite bent on mastering the subject it would soon be
skill available, so that, whether the new building is worthy of | allowed to drop. For compare the early cuts and the first
its purpose as to size and cost. it may at least have that | reproductions of photography with what we get so plentifully
dignity of Art, which is not dependent on either. and though | to-day! For, apart from the dry facts, which, perhaps, were
it may not rise even to the richness of a. provincial town ball. | embodied in the earlier engravings, we get now some of the
it mav, at least, evidence the supreme talent of our time. To ! parm of the actual objects, without which it is sad work to
the architect the question of site somewhat vields in import- | attempt to study archaeology, or anything else for that matter.
ance to that of the kind of scheme which is going to occupy | The society mentioned above is certainly creating a number
it, and it is sincerely to be hoped, before it is too late, thata | oe amateur archeologists. and there seems to be a fear in some
good understanding may be arrived at with the authorities. to | quarters that these “amateurs ^ will outrun the practical ex-
provide a well-guarded opportunity for the production of the | For, after all, they are not students to whom the
best designs that modern English architecture can produce | professors can look for new forces. Thev are in the position
nothing less will be worthy of the occasion, and nothing less of an intelligent audience of what goes on in the field of work,
ought to satisfy those who have charge of the well-being | and the real workers are. liable to become deficient.
of this great city. Opportunities like this occur onlv every Thus Professor Perey Gardner writes in "Classical Archae-
few generations, and for manv vears the results have to hear ology for Schools. "* that “it is exceedingly difficult to 1
the brunt of everyday criticism and use. supply of students " for the British schools at Athens and
ه‎ [tis easy to believe this, if one examines the facilities

was carried on.
seur in everything; some are not permitted to be such in
anvthing. But it is given to all to develop the faculties of
observation, and appreciation (the direct result thereof), bv
taking up some branch of study without temerity.

There are many causes to which this increasing attention
on the part of the amateur can be ascribed—causes cor-
responding to the influence of Prout and Ruskin towards
architecture. First there is the several excellences of the
sculpture and other galleries in the museums, whereof we
need only mention the British "Museum itself, and the
equally-important collection of casts at South Kensington
(though this last is not as good as it should be, and is far
surpassed by Munich and Boston). Then there are the pub-
lications of the museums, so compiled and graded that thev
are within the reach of all who really want them. And,
thirdly, we must reckon the great advance made in recent
vears by photography and photo reproduction. In picking
up any early book or journal devoted to archeology, one gets

eavator.

Rome.
that exist for preparing students not merely interesting them

It is generally after school has long
been left that one strikes out for ones self on such a path
as archeology. acquiring a mild mania for it. when it is prac-
tically too late for it to be anv more than a liberal and ele-
Ruskin thundered out his " aphorisims ”on Gothic | vating pursuit for one's own self alone. Professor Gardner
architecture, followed as they were by the springing ! would like to begin at school. And, surely, if the most ele-
up of innumerable local societies which, whether actually | mentary stages were put before a boy when still in the mould-
so-called or not, existed chiefly for studying local architec- ing. any such after-mania would then be awakened, and he
ture—since the beginning of this period architecture has ever would be in a position fo take up a proper course on leaving
continued to be a popular study; the interest of the subject | school. That would certainly recruit the archeological army.
has penetrated to classes who seize on this interest, not in ' There should be, the Professor urges, a visiting lecturer, Fami-
any technical sense (far from it in some cases !), but with the | liar with Greece and Rome and the great museums of Europe.
idea that it provides something which can be followed with | ‘This visitor would make the bovs found a small museum
enthusiasm quite apart from their individual and more im- | ---of models, casts, photographs, ete. The idea seems a
mediate occupations. They believe, doubtless, that they Such “museums ” are plentiful enough where
will gain pleasure in proportion to the study put in, and we are dealing with natural history or science, and there is no
it must be held that to start with an enthusiasm for a sub- reason why archeology should not be given its chance.
ject and to develop the technical side as one progresses, is The colleeting spirit, never more manifest than in one's
more fruitful than the apt-to-be-futile process of commene- | schooldays, would son create such a museum, even sup-
ing with a complete grasp of the theoretical points and | posing the smallest. proportion. of the boys were found to
then attempting "to get up" the?! respond to the efforts of the visiting lecturer.
| And thus many who would afterwards. in any case, have
become amateur archeologists, would have the opportunity
at least of putting that tendency on a more practical basis.
Max JUDGE.

THE AMATEUR ARCHAEOLOGIST.

Prout sketched, and

workable one.

technicalities, and

enthusiasm.
Quite recently archeology has shown signs of entering a

corresponding phase of popularity. The dry-as-dust study
has been unearthed from the dusty studies of the professors
and brought out into the light. Archeology was long re-
garded as a study pursued by individuals tending to be in-

*Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902.

ل —— M——‏ سے

[DECEMBER 9, 190

١ he carried out with remarkable professional skill and deter.
mination, savs the Times, for he possessed both artistic taste
and a genuine reverence for the old and historic. Among the
larger undertakings of this kind with which his name is asso.
ciated are Bamborough Castle, Naworth Castle, Muncaster
Castle, Edenhall, and Aberystwyth College, and a number
of other ancient buildings of less importance were also en-
trusted to his care. The manner in which this work was
executed commanded general admiration and praise. In his
native city he was always eager to impove its zsthetic beauty
and promote its interests. Among the schemes which he
initiate] was the conversion of Tulliehouse, the ancient resi.
dence of an old Carlisle family, into a public library, art gal-
lery, and museum, an undertaking which originally cost about

He was a frequent contributor of papers on architectural and

E BRITISH ARCHITECT.

س مم

x £,25,000, and on which further sums have since been spent.

historical subjects to the Transactions of the Cumberland and

He
was a justice of the peace for Cumberland.

Tur Daily Chronicle says: —* To the surprise of the whole
council, the County Hall motion, moved by Mr. John Piggott,
at Spring Gardens vesterday, went through without discus-
sion. The resolution instructed the Establishment Committee
to consider and report as quickly as possible on sites available
for a county hall and offices, and to submit a definite recom-
mendation on the most suitable property. In the lobby, after
the council's decision, Mr. Piggott expressed his pleasure at
the fact that the question of a county hall was at last within
the scope of practical municipal politics. “I have given up
the idea,” he said, “that we shall be able to get one huge
building in which to house all the council's departments.
But I think there should be little difficulty in arranging for the
chief officers and the heads of departments to work together
in à hall worthy of the Council, and the supreme position it
occupies in municipal dffairs. | No estimate can possibly be
made of the waste entailed by the present system. Principal
officers whose attendance is needed for a few minutes only
have to journey from department to department. It is three
and one-third miles from the tramway offices in Camberwell
to the branch office of the Engineer's Department in Cran-
bourne Street. In his address to the Council in 189o, Lord
Rosebery said: * Though we may be able to get along for a
time, we cannot hope to permanently conduct our business
efficiently in these buildings. Every chairman of the council
has expressed himself in favour of a scheme.” "

THE Royal Institute of British Architects has forwarded a
memorial from that and other architectural bodies, addressed
to the municipal councils, urging (a) that architectural work
be not placed in the hands of engineers or surveyors ; (b) that
where it is deemed desirable for architectural work to be
carried out by a county or municipal official, such official shall
be required to have passed the qualifying examinations of the
Roval Institute of British Architects; and (c) that the work
of an official architect be restricted to structures of secondary
importance, and that all buildings of a monumental character
be entrusted to independent architects, to be selected in such
à wav as may seem best to the local authority.

AT Monday's meeting of the Royal Institute of British Archi-
tects, Mr. T. E. Collcutt (vice-president) in the chair, the
following were elected members :—As Fellows: W. A. Aick-
man, S. N. Chandabhoy, J. B. Chubb, B. J. Dicksee, W.
Dunn, F. Emley, A. C. Forrester, A. L. Guy, W. Leck, E.
C. P. Monson, H. A. Pelly, E. Thornton, W. F. Young, and
R. Watson. As Associates: R. J. Allison, E. G. Allen, W.
H. Bagot, W. J. Ball, E. Bates, C. Batley, W. E. A. Brown,
A. N. Campbell, W. A. T. Carter, C. M. Childs, B. C. Chil-
well, C. B. Cleveland, N. Culley, S. C. Curtis, W. T. Curtis,
W. J. Davies, A. H. Glovne, H. P. Gordon, P. W. Hawkins,
B. B. Hooper, V. Hooper, P. C. Pilling, K. D. S. Robinson,
G. A. Ross, T. T. Sawday, A. Scott, jun., N. O. Searle, R.
E. Stewardson, F. E. Stratton, P. J. Westwood, G. H. Wid
dows, F. Wilson. As Honorary Associate: George Noble,
Count Plunkett, B.L., F.S.A. On the motion of the chair-
man, it was agreed to allow the Registration Committee ap-
pointed by the general bodv to co-opt additional members.
Mr. G. A. T. Middleton's motion “that it be referred to ې‎
council to consider tbe advisabilitv of appointing an یں‎
assessor of architectural competitions ” was accepted by thé
council.

Of | Westmorland Archzological and Antiquarian Society.

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

A plea for a school of architecture! This
time it is from Dr. Waldstein, the Slade

professor at Cambridge, who, on the 23rd
ult., delivering his inaugural lecture, said:—“ There

was one “practical or technical aspect to which he
should especially like to draw their attention—namely, the
establishment of a school of architecture. He was one of
those who maintained that the purpose of the university was
above all, theoretical and scientific, in contradistinction to the
practical and the technical. Yet he felt that the past had
shown that the university would not lose its essential spirit
by the introduction of some practical or technical subjects,
while such professional studies would undoubtedly gain by
their admission into the university. So the greater American
universities had all established schools of architecture from
which art and the country at large were the gainers.
all the practical and professional aspects of art, architecture
was the one which by its nature was most related to the work
of a university. They had a thriving school of applied and
mechanical sciences, where the student of architecture could
now learn much that would be of great use to him in his pro-
fession as to "stress and strain," the properties of materials.
metals, and other details ; while the prover teaching in history
and the history of art would do much—together with the
general culture which a university ought to give—to make his
sojourn at the university of real use to him. He hoped that
they might add to this a special school of architectural design
where the student could be taught some of the work more
specifically his own. They might thus hope to found a school
of architecture which would be made greater, he had no
doubt, by the new Board of Architectural Education, ap-
pointed by the Institute of British Architects, and bv the
country at large. Such a complete school of art would not
demand rreat outlay. To mention round figures, he believed
that £600 per annum would suffice to supplement the teach-
ing of art history, while £400 per annum would give them
their school of architecture."

We much regret to have to record the death of Mr. Francis
William Bedford, F.R.T.B.A.. of Leeds and London. He was
until lately the head of the firm of Bedford and Kitson, of
Leeds, and about twelve months ago he removed to London,
and established a business which rapidly grew and developed.
He was 38 years of age. Mr. Bedford expired on Friday night
at his residence near Earl's Court. A son of the late Mr.
James Bedford, manufacturing chemist, of Leeds, the de-
ceased was articled to Mr. William Thorp. and upon the
experiation of his indenture he entered the offices of Messrs.
Ernest George and Peto. Mr. Bedford won the Ashpitel
prize in 1890, and the Owen-Jones in 1891-1892. He set up
business on his own account, three or four years ago, in Leeds,
and carried out some recent public buildings: The new School
of Art in Cookridge Street, the library and police-station in
Dewsburv Road, and the dispensary in North Street, in which
work a share was taken bv his partner, Mr. Sydney Kitson.
One of his most recent works is the organ case and choir
stalls at the Headingley Congregational Church. -It is to
Mr. Bedford's credit that he displaved his talents and obtained
a good deal of distinction in competitive work.

Mn. C. J. FERGUSON, F.S.A.. A.R.I.B.A., died on the ٤
inst. at his residence, Cardew Lodge, near Carl isle, at the age
of 64. A member of an old Carlisle family, he had spent
most of his life in his native city, but his reputation as an
architect extended far bevond his own locality. Educated at
Shrewsbury, he served his articles with the late Mr. Cory, a
well-known Carlisle architect, with whom, after a short period
in the office of Sir Gilbert Scott, he entered into partnership.
In conjunction with him, and afterwards on his own respon-
sibilitv, he carried out much important architectural work
both in his own district and in other parts of the country.
Ecclesiastical architecture was his special branch of profes-
sional work, and the number of churches which he built or
restored in the diocese of Carlisle was remarkable, and he was
also the architect of one of the churches at Bournemouth.
Gifted, like his brother, the late Chancellor Ferguson, with a
genuine love of antiquarian and archaeological study, he ap-
plied this faculty to his professional work, and he was engaged
on many important schemes for the restoration, renovation, or
enlargement of old and historic buildings. This declicate task

419

一 一 -一 -一 一 一

THE BRITISH | ARCHITECT. ۱

would be able to make مه‎ arrangement with the Heriot-Watt
College in Edinburgh, similar to that which had been made

with the Technical College in Glasgow.

ON the subject of building by-laws, " A Surveyor" writes to
the Liverpool Daily Post:—“ The system of administering
the by-laws of Liverpool would have rendered impossible the
erection of such works as Lever Bros., or of such comfortable
and perfectly sanitary and artistic dwellings as those at Port
Sunlight. Liverpool would have 'disapproved' of such plans."
* Survevor " suggests that the Health Committee should adopt
instructions to their survevors somewhat to the following
effect:— 1. That the building surveyor, when submitting a
set of plans to be dealt with by the Health Committee, shall
state in writing his reasons for disapproving of the plans, so
that the committee can consider whether such objections are
reasonable, and ones that ought to be enforced. 2. On the
disapproval bv the committee of any set of plans for the
reasons given in writing by the surveyor, a copy of such ob-
jections shall be forwarded to the person submitting the plans.
By such a very simple process the spirit of the by-laws would
become known, and the present irritating system of raising
frivolous objections, one at a time, would be done away with,
and architects, having a freer hand, would be able to erect
on the outskirts of our city something that would be an im-
provement upon the type of building now so extensively
approved of bv our city authorities.

THE question of the modification of rural building by-laws,
associated with the action of Sir William Grantham, is being
discussed in the village councils, says the Sussex Daily
News. The Slaugham Parish Council have submitted a reso-
lution to the Cuckfield Rural Council that, in their opinion, the
building by-laws of the Cuckfield Council are unnecessarilv
restrictive, and that buildings should be allowed in any mate-
rial, ordinary precautions being taken against fire and in-
sanitation. The Cuckfield Rural Council have two codes of
by-laws in force in their district-- urban and rural. The rural
by-laws, adopted in 1902, at present only apply to Albourne,
Bolnev, Newtimber, Pyecombe, and Twineham. The differ-
ence between the two codes of by-laws is not great, but there
is a modification in the requirements in rural districts. It is
contended that even the rural by-laws are not elastic enough,
and probably many parish councils would be inclined to adopt
the Slaugham resolution. A difficulty in the Cuckfield
Councils district is to define urban and rural areas. The
Cuckfield Council, with agreeable alacrity, appointed a special
committee to consider whether any modification was desirable
in their building by-laws. The report of the committee will
be an interesting contribution to the controversy.

AT the Gainsborough Rural District Council, on the 6th inst.,
the surveyor said that he had ignored a slight breach in the
bv-laws, because he agreed with Mr. Justice Grantham con-

cerning his Sussex cottages.

AT à meeting of the Workmen's National Housing; Council, on
Saturdav afternoon, at Essex Hall. Essex Street, W.C., onthe
motion of Mr. Robert Williams, seconded by Mr. Watts, a
resolution was passed viewing with alarm the agitation now
being carried on by some land-owners in favour of entirelv
abrogating, or so modifying, rural building by-laws, that
cottages of match- lining and corrugated iron might be built,
deploring the tendency in London and other places to modify
the urban by-laws so as to permit the construction of rooms
containing an inadequate airspace, and calling upon the
London County Council to introduce in its forthcoming Build-
ing Act Amendment Bill a clause defining a room, such de-
finition to state that the air-space of a room should not be less
than 1,200 cubic feet. The resolution also urged the extra-
metropolitan local authorities to embody the same provision
in their building bv-laws, and suggested that the Registrar-
General should be empowered to issue to the enumerators of
the next census a proper definition of a room.

THE question of cheap cottages in the rural districts has been
taken up by the * County Gentleman," whose offices are at 3,
Wellington Street, Strand, W.C. It is intended next summer
to hold a practical exhibition of rural cottages on land be-
longing to the Garden City Company at Letchworth. It is
possible that the company mav agree to purchase the cot-

Thev will have the first option of doing so at the cost

tages.
To make the ex-

of erection, plus 16 per cent. for profit.

DECEMBER 9. 1904]

A MEETING of the Liverpool Architectural Society was held
in the Law Library, Castle Street, on the sth inst., Mr. P.
Thicknesse in the chair. Messrs. Sydney Maddock, of Frod-
sham, and D. H. Richards, of Birkenhead. were elected asso-
ciates. Afterwards, Mr. Maurice B. Adams, F.R.I.B.A.,
read a paper on “ Modern Libraries.” He pointed out that
the value of public libraries as an adjunct to education was
not yet realised in this country as was the case in America.
Libraries were crippled by the limit of the penny rate, fixed
when the movement was an experiment. This limit led to in-
efficiency and waste. On the whole, he advocated State aid
for libraries as part of the education grant. Every class
should be catered for. It would increase the usefulness of
libraries if the Cardiff system was more generally adopted.
In Cardiff they had juvenile reading-rooms and school lending
libraries, and lectures and classes on the use and value of
books, as well as special lectures for adults and artisans, Mer.
Adams insisted that architecturally libraries should be among
the best features of a town, and arranged to meet the varied

needs of a forward movement.

AT last week’s meeting of the Sheffield Society of Architects
and Surveyors. Mr. J. R. Wigfull delivered a lecture on “ The
Lancet Period of English Architecture.” He urged the neces-
sity of studying the history of a country side by side with its
architecture. In illustration of this, he pointed ¡out that
in the middle of the twelfth century what was now France was
divided up into a number of separate provinces, about half of
which were under the government or indirect control of the
King of England. To sav, therefore, that Gothic architec-
ture was the invention of the French was misleading, if one
regarded France in its modern aspect of one country and
one people. By the help of plans of various cathedrals, Mr.
Wigfull showed that, although starting from one point, wie
architects Of England and France worked on more or less
independent lines. and by the commencement of the thir-
teenth century each evolved a distinct type, as shown in the
contemporary cathedrals of Amiens and Salisbury. He
pointed out that the plans of our English cathedrals were
largely influenced by the monastic desire for a large presbv-
tery, while the great cathedrals of central France, intended
more for general worship, were quite different in arrangement.
Mr. Wigfull then dealt with the introduction of the pointed
arch, showing that the difficulty of vaulting oblong and irregu-
lar spaces with the round arch led to the use of the pointed
form, one which, while more readily adapted to varving spans.
had the advantage of being better constructionally.

THE annual meeting of the Glasgow School of Art was held
on the 2nd inst., in the Royal Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts,
Sauchiehall Street, Mr. James Fleming presiding. The
annual report, which was presented by the secretary (Mr. E.
H. Catterns) stated that the co- operation of the School Board
with the School of Art has made it possible to organise for
the city of Glasgow a complete and progressive svstem of
art instruction, beginning with the lowest classes of the primary
schools and leading on to the School of Art. The Chairman,
in moving the adoption of the report, said that three or four
vears ago the school was transferred from the Science and Art
Department to the Scottish Education Department. That
transference had proved a success in every way. They had
had greater encouragement than ever thev had got before, and
the school had done very much better work than it did three
or four vears ago. Under the old régime they had to work
up to examinations. One of the first things the Department
did was to abolish examinations, and give the teachers free.
dom to teach what thev felt they ought to teach, not to work
up to a standard that was set by an outside body. Sir R.
Rowand Anderson, in seconding, referred to the assistance
given to the school by Glasgow Corporation. He was sorry to
sav the Corporation of Edinburgh did not follow the excellent
example set bv the Corporation of Glasgow. For a few 5
after the Customs and Excise Grant was first given. the Cor-
poration of Edinburgh did give support to the Applied Art
School. Gradually they curtailed it. and under the plea of
reducing the rates they finallv cut it off. The relief of rates
so afforded amounted, in the case of a man taxed upon
کر‎ 100, to tenpence. The most active, living, and progressive
school in Edinburgh was nearlv strangled owing to the with-
drawal, but thev had managed to survive, bv amalgamation
with the Art School of the Board of Manufactures, and they
were now carrving on their work as formerly. He trusted when
thev got rid of the complication which blocked the way, thev

[DECEMBER 9, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

420

PE
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hibition a thorough success, funds are, of course, necessary. | THE character and objects of the scheme for a proposed

Shakespeare Memorial in London have now been formulated
as follows:—1. The memorial to be erected on some pro-
minent site in London ; the funds collected to be, in the first
instance, devoted to the erection of some such monument in
London as the Scott Memorial or the Albert Memorial; any
sum over and above that required for the monument to be
used for some object or objects tending to promote the study
or appreciation of Shakespeare, to be determined by a
general memorial committee. .د‎ The General Memorial
Committee to consist of leading men and women of the day,
belonging to all parts of the Empire; representatives of the
American people; distinguished foreigners. 3. The Shakes-
peare Memorial Committee to be formally constituted at a
public meeting to be held in London some time in February.
4. A Shakespeare commemoration to be held in all parts of
the world during “The Shakespeare Week,” 1905 (April 23
to May 1), so that د‎ concentrated effort may be made, in con-
nection with the commemoration, to collect the funds neces-
sary for the memorial. A provisional committee has been
formed, but it is, perhaps, needless to point out that the
name of no architect appears upon it. And yet we have a
few, out of our thousands of architects, who have more def-
nitely valuable ideas on such a subject than perhaps all the
rest of the committee put together!

THE restoration work at Peterborough Cathedral is stopped
for want of funds. An appeal largely circulated in the diocese
did not meet with sufficient response to justify the Restora-
tion Committee in proceeding with the repairs to the north
and south transepts, which are estimated to cost about

I,200.

THE memorable historic site, Clausentum, situate on the river
Itchen, Southampton, which formed the doorway to the
Roman legions on their invasion of Great Britain, and re-
mained their chief naval station during their occupation of
this country from A.D. 41 to A.D. 375, has been purchased
and taken possession of by the War Office for the purpose of
a military depot for the time-expired men and Reservists,
says the Zmes. The want of barracks has been keenly felt.
In 1902 as many as 243,873 troops landed and embarked at
this port, and in 1903 77.932 troops also passed through the
port. At times it has been necessary to locate the men in
the grain warehouses of the docks as temporary barracks at
great inconvenience to them. Now, however, the Govern-
ment propose erecting large and commodious barrack accom-
modation, singularly on the same site as that which for about
400 years was the camp of the Roman legions. The remains
of the fortified camp are still visible, including the outside
ditch and stone masonry, with looped walls. Tessellated
pavement, pottery, implements and coins in large quantities
have been found disseminated over the whole area whenever
the ground has been disturbed. Among the coins found are
those of Claudius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nero, Trajan,
Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Gordianus Africanus (in silver),
Gallienus, Victorinus, Tebricus, Diocletianus, Constantine the
Great (in large number), and Allectus. All are in a more or
less excellent state of preservation. When the foundations of
the new barracks are made, many valuable remains will, it is
hoped, be brought to light, and preserved. From the initials
S.C. found on several coins, it is believed that the Romans
possessed a mint there.

IN connection with the proposal that an International Exhibi-
tion should be held in Edinburgh in 1907, Mr. W. Lindsay,
vice-president of the Edinburgh Merchants’ Association, has
issued a memorandum in which he advocates that the exhibi-
tion should be of the nature of a “ Scots national exhibition,
wherein to display by comparison the rise and progress of our
country during the last two centures." An exhibition of this
kind will give opportunity for showing the advances made dur-
ing that period in:—1st, our industries; znd, our social life;
3rd, our arts and sciences ; 4th, our inventions and discoveries;
5th, our literature; 6th, our religion, and many other phases
of our national existence and life. An exhibition on such
national lines ought to appeal to the people of every city,
town, burgh, village, and hamlet in Scotland, and individually
to every Scot at home and abroad, and that in no half-hearte
or stinted manner. but with a patriotic enthusiasm that makes
for success. In this age of international exhibitions
which we have had a surfeit- -we ought, he says, to strike out
a new line, if such can be-found, and make our exhibition

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The “County Gentleman” has opened a subscription-list,
heading it with a donation of £100. Other donations are
invited, and will be acknowledged in the columns of our con-
temporary. The exhibition will be of a national character,
and samples of cottages suitable to various localities in Great
Britain will be shown. An effort will be made to demonstrate
what is the cheapest available material in different districts.
Subsidiary to the main exhibition, there will be shown photo-
graphs of cottages from all parts of the world, designs for
cottage gardens, garden implements. etc.

SPEAKING at a farmers’ meeting in Derbyshire. this week, the
Duke of Devonshire, referring to the by-laws question, said he
welcomed the movement that had been initiated to investigate
the possibility of building cottages, not very luxurious or
beautiful perhaps, but still decent and sanitary, at a figure
very much below the present minimum. The movement
should have for its object the revision of the regulations which
appeared to apply with unnecessary stringency. Another
useful object was the proposed exhibition at which builders
and architects would be invited to submit designs for cottages
which could be erected at a cost not exceeding £150.

AT the annual prize-giving on Wednesday at the Lewes School
of Art, Lord Monk Bretton (president) referred to the improve-
ment which had taken place in architecture, in the make of
furniture, in sculptor work, designing. etc., and in concluding
a most interesting speech he urged the necessity of carrving
into practical effect the knowledge gained in schools, such as
that in such parts as the East End of London, where the
people had time to think of nothing but keeping the wolf
from the door.

Tue Gateshead Town Improvement Committee on Wednes-
day reported receiving a letter from the Roval Institute of
British Architects .and the Architectural Societies of the
United Kingdom, asking that, in carrving out public works of
architectural importance, such work should be entrusted to
independent architects, unless the councils engineer or sur-
veyor had passed the qualifying examination of the Institute.
The Committee stated that they had informed the institute
that the matter would be considered whenever the erection
of new public buildings was being thought of. The committee
reported having given instructiOns to put several public stair-
ways into proper order. The report was accepted.

A MEETING of the Edinburgh Ordained Surveyors Students’
Society was held on Monday at 117, George Street. Mr. J.
Webster, ordained surveyor, presiding. Mr. Henry F. Kerr
delivered a lecture, entitled, “Some Notes on the Stiles of
Architecture.” The lecturer sketched the history of archi-
tecture from its cradle in Egypt, tracing the evolution of the
classic orders and the development from classic through
Romanesque to Gothic. He concluded with an account of
the Renaissance in Rome, Florence, etc. The lecture was
illustrated with limelight views. -

A RIVAL to the London Sketch Club is now being organised for
the Modern Gallery. Bond Street, says the Daily Chronicle.
It is to be called * The Arts and Crafts Club.” and will aim
at bringing together members of the various branches of art
and literature. The Friday evenings are to be devoted to
“ time-sketchings,” and the club premises will include various
entertainment rooms. Ladies are not eligible for member-
ship. Mr. Edward Freeman will receive applications for
membership at the Modern Gallery.

Tue formal opening of the new Institute of Archeology, in
connection with Liverpool University, took place on Satur-
dav. The ground floor is arranged as a museum, and con-
tains a collection of Egyptian antiquities. The objects are
erouped chronologically. In the first room is a fine collection
of flint tools, and implements, and other utensils of pre-
historic man, and also examples of the somewhat advanced
arts of the Egyptians before B.C. 3000. Passing into the
second floor, there is found a larger series of original wooden
models, representative of the life and industries of the Nile
Valley before 2000 B.C. Thethird room brings one to a more
recent period: of Egyptian history, from 1600 B.C. onwards.
The fourth room, destined ultimately for a series of Christian
antiquities, is devoted at the present mo to the collection
of anthropological and ethnological specimens, In connce-
tom with the opening a reception took place.

421

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

TORQUAY MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS AND
CARNEGIE LIBRARY.
ACCEPTED DESIGN.
Taos. Davison, A.R.T.B.A., Architect.
WwW” now give the competitive elevation of the hall

entrance front.

HOLIDAY NOTES.
SEE RAMBLING SKETCHES, NO. 1389.

A MOST pleasing little bit of modern design is the half-
timber porch which we illustrate, from a new house
lately built at Haslemere, from the design of Mr. E. J:

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May. This porch projects from the end of the main build-
mg with a piquant effect, and its colouring is very pleasing.

The silverv oak framing and gable shingles contrast

charmingly with the red brick and the filling of the panels
and the surrounding setting of. purple and red and brown of
walls and roofs. We should note that the chimneys are tiled

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. |

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DECEMBER 9, 1904]

— — nTOÓÁW OX— I—.- -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一

an outstanding one and unique in its purpose. I would,
therefore, suggest that it might take the line of a compara-
tive exhibition—that is to say, one showing the evolution and

progress of the centuries.

COMPETITIONS.

AT Mondays meeting of the Education Committee of the
Middlesbrough Corporation, Ald. Hugh Bell presiding, Mr.
Walter B. Brierley (of Demaine and Brierley, York), who had
been appointed assessor for the fourteen sets of plans received
in competition for the Crescent Road Schools, awarded the
first place to No. 5, which were found to be those of Messrs.
R. Lofthouse and Sons, of Albert Road. Middlesbrough.
The assessor described Messrs. Lofthouse's plans as a “con-
veniently-arranged and well-thought-out scheme, exhibiting
a more capable and experienced treatment of the subject than
any of the others." Messrs. Lofthouse estimate the cost of
their scheme at £15,974.

THE Kings Heath library (local) competition. was decided
upon on Wednesday, with the following result: —The Public
Libraries Committee recommended that the design sent in by
Mr. A. G. Latham, of Temple Row, Birmingham. for the
King's Heath Library, be accepted in accordance with the
report of the assessor (Mr. J. A. Cossins), and that Mr.
Latham be engaged to act as architect in the erection of

the library, at an inclusive commission of 5 per cent. upon ,
the total outlay authorised to be expended thereupon by the.

rre ps

council. The committee asked for authority to engage a
quantity surveyor, and to advertise for tenders for the erec-
tion of the library. They also recommend that certificates
be granted to Mr. Norman Twist and Mr. Owen P. Parsons,
the authors of the designs placed second and third in the
competition.—The report was adopted.

THE Fortune Green (West Hampstead) mortuary and colum-
barium competition has resulted in the borough council
accepting the design of Mr. J. J. S. Naylor. of 19, Hanover
Square, W. There were 31 designs submitted, which com-
prised 93 drawings.

THE architect selected in the Paisley Y. M.C.A. competi- ,

tion is Mr. T. Graham Abercrombie, of County Place,
Paisley. The building will cost nearly £12,000.

THE following architects have been invited to submit 95
5 |

for a new parish church at Elgin:—Messrs. A. Marshall |

Inverness; and

all over with excellent effect, both of simplicity and sub-

Stance, Our readers should note that in our Christmas nun
ber next week we shall illustrate. this house by Mr. Mav.
Our other subjects are probably familiar to many of our
readers. Most of the shrines at the street corners in
Bruges are more or less Gothic in character, but this

ہے

Mackenzie, Aberdeen ; J. Robertson,
Chalmers,. Glasgow. The cost has been fixed at £4,000.
Messrs. HALSALL. TONGE AND CAMPBELL, of South port and
Westhoughton, are the architects selected for the new Con-
gregational Church at Birkdale The work is to be pro-
ceeded with at once. |

THE committee of the Competition Reform Society. dis-
approves of the existing conditions of the following competi-
tions, but is endeavouring to obtain a revision of the same:
(1) Cheltenham Elementary School. Reasons: No profes-
sional assessor; no premiums; the committee de not bind
themselves to accept anv plans sent in. (2) Chapel. school-

room, ete., Swansea. Reasons: " Unless a majority of the |

committee is definitely decided that one set of plans is the
best. an assessor may be appointed to determine between
the first four—.” (3) Northumberland War Memorial.
Reasons: No professional assessor.

THe prizes at the Royal Scottish Academy were presented
on the ast inst. as follows: -The Carnegie scholarship. J.
stewart Muir; the Chalmers bursary, Adam A. Tyler: the
Chalmers-Jervise prize for best drawing from the life,
Thomas D. Baillie; Maclaine-Watters medal. J. Stewart
Muir; the Stuart prize, Adam A. Tyler. R. W. Stewart and

J. J. Waterston were commended for their designs in the

competition for the Stuart prize. The -competi-
live prizes. given bv the president were announced as
follows :۰ November, 1903— “Industry.” Andrew A. Gam-
lev: December- Charity." James B. Martin; Januarv---
"Peace," Andrew A. Gamlev ; Februan - “Edinburgh Street
Subject,” Thomas D. Baillie; March --“ Youth and Awe,”
James B. Martin; April-—“ Spring.” Mav--* Commerce," and
June—“ Summer.” Adam A. Tyler. |

[DECEMBER 9, 190

ARCHITECT.

R. H. Blackburn, Manningham ; H. Blackadder, Broughton
Ferry; W. P. Schofield, Leeds; A. E. Beswick, Swindon;
G. H. Parry, Upper Warlingham; W. E. Mellor, Halifax;

x Bridge; F. G. Oliver, Tweedmouth ; A. D. Aitken, Airdrie;
|
|
, D. W. Ditehburn, Leytonstone; R. G. Roberts, Stafford;

L. S. Fifoot, Penarth; F. N. Bamford, Blooms-
bun Square, W.C.; T. S. Attlee, Putney; F. L.
Atwell, Plumstead; F. H. Bulmer, Balham; T. H. 0
Collings, | Hove; W. F. Dickinson, Buckingham

Palace Road, S.W.; J. P. Firth, Walton; B. W. Fitch.
Jones, Bexhill; H. French, Hull; E. H. Gandy, Canonbury;
J. H. Gask, Stamford Hill; J. H. Goodchild, Finchley ;
G. H. B. Gould, Ipswich; J. H. Hargreaves, Fulham;
A. J. Healey. Regents Park Road, N.W.; F. B. Hooper,
Manchester; W. Jackson, Hitchin; W. Kerr, Putney ;
H. G. Lay, Wellingborough; A. S. W. Mackay, Barking;
M. R. Martin. Chiswick: A. M. Millwood, Barnes;
G. E. H. Newbold, Gainsborough; G. W. Page, Bolton;
x J. A. Pirie, Highbury ; H. A. Porter, Gravesend; A. Rigby,

Manchester; H. E. Seccombe, Clapham Common; A. F.
Slaughier, Reading; J. C. Smvthe, 'Mutley ; B. H. Sutton,
| Basildon; W. I. Travers, Kensington; G. M. Trench,
i Honor Oak; R. J. Tyndall, Maida Vale; F. A. Walker,
| Hampstead; J. B. Wills, Clifton; W. B. Wyllie, Dalston
Lane, N.E.; S. A. S. Yeo, Exeter.
The following 33 have been successful in the final and
special examinations :; —T. Y. Amery, Chelsea; D. Ander-
| son, Hampstead; E. G. G. Bax, Catford; W. S. Beaumont,
Manchester; M. S. Briggs, Otley; J. S. Brocklesby, St.
James's, S.W.; J. T. W. Brooke, Bowdon; C. F. Callow,
St. Leonards-on-Sea; C. P. Carter, Mansfield; G. R.
Ellis, Manchester; J. A. Fletcher, Leicester; H. C. Fread,
East Molesey; W. J. Freeman, Halifax ; C. L. Gill, Regents
Park, N.W.; H. H. Golding, Plumstead; P. A. Hinchliffe,
Barnsley ; P. A. Horrocks, Freegrove Road, N.; A. B.
Hubback, Federated Malay States; D. F. Jenkinson,
Rimberworth; G. A. Johnson, Croydon; J. Miller, Cal-
thorpe Street, W.C.; €. Nicholas, Tooting; H. L. North,
v Llanfiirfechan ; €. T. Palmer, Stamford Hall; C. Paterson,
| Bowdon; A. R. Powss, Grantham; E. Quiggin, Tunstall;
G. S. Salomons, Manchester: H. R. G. S. Smallman, Wim-
bledon Common; N. C. smith, Craigielands; E. G. W.
Souster, Northampton; C. J. Thompson, Wandsworth;
|
|

J. N. R. Vining, Sydenham.

— F

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE.

T the rooms of the Leeds and Yorkshire Architectural
Society, on the ist inst., Mr. Alexander MeGibbon,
A.K.LB.A., of Glasgow, read a paper on the above

subject. The lecturers justification. for this subject was
| found in the current popularity of the style, notably in the new
| Westminster Cathedral and some of the paper designs for
| Liverpool Cathedral. and a large number of students com-
| petitions, and as a suggested counter-action to “L'Art
Nouveau,” whose vogue can only be explained as a protest
against the restraints of orthodox architecture, and designing
' architecture in “styles,” as commonly understood, 85 de-
fended by the lecturer. Byzantine architecture was described
as Romanesque modified in its principal features, and it has
been styled as Mediæval Greek.

Whatever the first intention, in effect, the style was one
ol interiors prineipally, for. as with many of the Italian
Romanesque churches, the exteriors were bald, but the ideal
seems to have been marble veneer. Rustication was not
emploved. but the traditional Romanesque use of tiles.
brought about the first appearance of polychromatic archi
teeture,. The constructive methods were ingenious, but net
perhaps, for modern builders, very instructive, An interest
ing point is that truth in architecture was much mote W
evidence then, than with Gothic or Renaissance builders, let
semi-circular vaults were not sheltered under a wooden roof,
and there was no false dome. When height was wanted, the
| later usage was to elevate the dome on a drum; but still. the
| form that was seen internally was that of the exterior. The
|

absence of mouldings is noticeable, but suggestive to present-

Of their mosaics little need be said ; and thev

dav designers. Th
e

were of glass rather than marble or encanstic tessaree. e
carving in capitals is very characteristic, largely influenced bs
dull work, and the decorative effect realised in flat surface

THE BRITISH

Renaissance one is not without a certain quaint interest.
The Salle des Armès at Calais is one of those well-known
items of picturesque interest which never fail to attract. the
traveller.

Eee

Our sketches include a pencil portrait of a characteristic
official in the Dutch gendarmerie.

A HILLSIDE COTTAGE.
T. RAFFLES Davison, Architect.

This is an attempt to treat with simple pieturesqueness a
country cottage on a hillside, and the room illustrated is
one which is designed to be shortened by curtain inclosure
from the beam in the foreground, or opened out into the
long corridor, which is a feature of the plan, as explained
in our issue a fortnight ago, with the exterior view.

وي

THE LONDON COUNTY COUNCIL.

HE weekly meeting of the above was held on Tuesday,

Mr. J. W. Benn, M.P., presiding. |

Upon the recommendation of the Fire Brigade Com-

mittee 414,360 was voted to meet the expense of erecting a

new fire station for Westminsier, on a site in Greycoat Place,

in substitution of the existing Westminster fire station, in

Francis Street. It was agreed that the work of constructing
the station should be entrusted to the Works Committee.

In reply to a question upon the report of the Bridges Com-

mittee, Mr. Straus (chairman of the committee) said that ihe

progress in the construction of the new Vauxhall Bridge

was very slow indeed, but the work done so far was of à |

most satisfactory character, and no complaints had been
received.

Upon the recommendation of. the Fire Brigade Com-
mittee it was decided to invite tenders وا‎ publie. advertise-
ment for the supply of a motor steam fire engine.

In reply to Sir Melvill Beacheroft, Mr. Smith (chairman
of the committee) said that the motor engine already in the
possession of the brigade had been fairly successtul. There
were, however, certain things about ihese motor fire engines
which rendered them less trustworthy than engines drawn
by horses. The committee were watching every invention
in the direction of motor traction, and its adaptability to
fire brigade purposes, and they hoped before long to place
a report on the matter before the council. At present they
could not rely on that form of traction.

An expenditure of £84 was sanctioned for the purchase
of gongs to be fitted to fire brigade appliances, to be used
to call attention in the streets to the approach of fire engines
or life-saving apparatus.

Mr. J. Piggott moved in pursuance of notice.—" That,
having regard to the faci that the Council's present rental
in respect of the inadequate and disconnected chief offices,
comprising over 25 separate blocks of buildings, amounts to
over £34,000 per annum, and also having regard to the in-
creasing extra expense, loss of time, and inconvenience caused
by the departments of the Councils service being so far re-
moved from each other, and to. the pressing need for

adequate ۰ accommodation for the staff. it be referred :

to the Establishment Committee to consider and report as
quickly as possible upon sites avallabl= for county hall and

offices. amd that the committee do submit a defnite recom.
mendation for the acquisition. of the site whieh, in their |

opinion, Is most suitable for the Councils purposes.” Mr.
E. White seconded the motion, which was unanimously
Jopted without discussion. The Council then adjourned
ter a short sitting.

—

THE R.I.B.A. NOVEMBER EXAMINATIONS,

N the preliminary examinatior 159 candidates have
| passed.

The following 62 have passed the intermediate exami-
nation تک‎ Nott, Leicester; W. Harvey, Ashford, Kent:
P. M. Fraser, Streatham; H. L. Samson, Balham; S. J.
Webber, Maidenhead ; Ss. 8. Waghorn, St. John’s Park;
L. S. Wood, Queen Square, W.C.; P. Dalton, Birkdale;

ESL. Wren, Leicester; H. A. Beeston, Dover: J. S. Cable. |

Briston; A. G. ۰ Exeter; €. H. Potter, Matlock

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LIVERPOOL CATHEDRAL.

IR WILLIAM B. FORWOOD on Monday presided at‏ لے
a largely-attended and prolonged session of the Liver-‏ 5
pool Cathedral Executive Committee, held at the‏
Church House. A letter was read from Mr. Robert D. Holt,‏
chairman of the William Ewart Gladstone Memorial Commit-‏
tee, who have erected the Gladstone statue in St. John's Gar-‏
dens, offering the balance (about 4,600) of the fund for the‏
purpose of placing a memorial window in the Cathedral. On‏
the motion of the Bishop (Dr. Chavasse), seconded by the‏
chairman, it was resolved :— “That the best thanks of the exe-‏
cutive be given to Mr. Holt and the subscribers to the‏
Gladstone Statue Fund for their donation, and it be at once‏
accepted, the executive being glad that the name of a states-‏
man of Mr. Gladstone's eminence and noble character should‏
be perpetuated with the cathedral of his native city." It was‏
announced that rapid progress was being made with the ex-‏
cavation work for the foundations, the hope being that the‏
first section of the foundations would be commenced at a‏
very early date. A resolution was adopted excluding sight-‏
seers from the works, as, owing to the loose nature of the‏
soll, the movements of the electric cranes, and other dangers.‏
accidents were almost inevitable in case the public gained‏
admission to the enclosure. The offertories for the Cathedral‏
Building Fund taken in the diocesan churches on Congress‏
Sunday had amounted. it was announced, to over £1,400.‏
The Church Congress Committee's offer of the 1904 (Liver-‏
pool) banner was accepted, the banner to be preserved in a‏
case pending its suspension in the cathedral. The centre of‏
the banner is occupied with a figure of Christ, to whom the‏

will be dedicated.

cathedral
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KIRKSTEAD CHURCH.

HE following letter appears in the Zímes : —" The his-
tory of this httle church, unrivalled in the kingdom,
or probably anywhere else, for the combination of

interesting features which it presents, is very remarkable.
Oniginally the chapel of the monks of the wealthy Cistercian
Abbey of Kirkstead, after the dissolution of monasteries by
Henry VIII. it became ihe parish church of the village ;
but, though a parish church, it was what was called until
recently a “ peculiar,” or * donative "——4.e., it was the private
property of the owner of the estate, and could be kept open
for use or closed at his will and pleasure. As such, when
it passed to the familv of Disney, in the 17th century, through
a marriage with a Fiennes Clinton, of the Duke of New-
castles family, on whom it was bestowed by Henry VIII.,
the former, being of the Presbvterian persuasion, used it as a
Presbyterian chapel. The Ellison family, who were Church-
people, ES quired the estate bv pure hase in 1812, and insti-
tuted a suit to recover the chapel for the Church of
England. This action ended in a compromise, the edifice
being restored to the Anglican Church, but the endowment
being retained by the Presbyterians, who have now an en-
dowed chapel and manse in the parish. In 1876 the church
was closed on the advice of the then Bishop of Lincoln, Dr.
Christopher Wardsworth, as being in too dangerous a con-
dition to be fit for public worship. After all these vicissi-
tudes the building is stil] standing, but the walls are much
out of the perpendicular, and the massive stone vaulted
“ceiling” may fall in at any time. “ This lovely little struc-
ture," as it was called bv the late Suffragan Bishop, Dr.
Trollope (one of our greatest authorities), 15 of the purest
early English style. It is known to all students of architec-
ture, and is v isited annually by members to inspect its charm-
ing features; all lament its condition, but nothing is done
to save it. It remains in every sense As
having known the fabrie for some so years, and having acted
as guide to English, foreign, and American visitors, I most
earnestly support the appeal of ‘Mr. Thackeray Turner.
The building is not now needed for publie worship, the popu-
lation now centring round the modern Woodhall Spa, where
there are two churches; but it should by all and every
available means be preserved as a unique 1 tional monument.

ehh

"a peculiar.”

A MONUMENT to perpetuate the memory of Beethoven is to be
erected at Paris. It is to be sculptured by M. de Charmoy.

and will probably be placed in the square in front of the

Trocadéro.

DECEMBER و‎ 9 1904] THE BRITISH

effect, was more like painting or inlay, than carving of the
bossy sort we are accustomed to. The ornament was taken
from metal work. but the transference to another material was
not allowed to influence the form.

A selection of lantern slides, illustrating the various points
of the lecture. were shown on the screen. A vote of thanks
to the lecturer was proposed by Mr. R. P. Oglesby, and

seconded bv Mr. S. D. Kitson.

一 一 一 一 一 一

A PENDLETON BUILDING TRANS CTION.
[^ the Nisi Prius Court, at Liverpool Assizes, on Wed-
nesday, before Mr. Justice Walton and a special jury,
Mrs. Winifred Taylor, wife of a builder at Salford,
brought an action to recover from Messrs. Cunliffe and Greg.
solicitors, of Manchester, the sum of £197 10s.. alleged to
have been received for her by them, and wrongfully expended
by them. Mr. Tobin, K.C., and Mr. Greaves Lord were for
the plaintiff. and Mr. Langdon, K.C.. and Mr. Spencer Hogg
for the defendants.
Mr. Tobin, in opening the case, stated at the outset that not
a word was to be said against the absolute honour and in-
tegritv of the defendants. The only suggestion was that they
had made a mistake for which thev were responsible. The
facts were that Sir Percival Heywood, for whom the defen-
dants were solicitors, was the owner of the Claremont Estate,
Pendleton, which was being developed for building, and the
plaintiff s husband was engaged in building certain houses
thereon. At the end of 1900, Taylor sold to his wife a
house then in course of construction, called Tuebrook Villa,
at the price of £420. Mrs Taylor paid 4,280, intending to
mortgage the house when completed, and out of the proceeds
to pay the balance of £140, the costs, and some £30 for
road-making. In the interim the plaintiff's husband got into
financial difficulties, and at the defendants’ suggestion the

plaintiff consented to deposit the conveyance with Messrs.

Bellhouse, timber merchants, who were creditors for a con-
On completion of the

siderable amount, and this was done.
house, the defendants raised for the plaintiff a mortgage on

the house for £350, but the defendants, instead of handing
to the plaintiff the balance after pavment of the amounts
named, expended the whole of the £350 in paying her hus-
band's debts. They had no authority to do this. and she
claimed that balance..

In the course of the plaintiff s examination-in-chief, it trans-
pired that the plaintiff gave a mortgage to Messrs. Bellhouse
for £200, and there was subsequently a reconveyance by
Messrs. Bellhouse to the plaintiff. Mr. Langdon said Messrs.
Bellhouse's account for 4235 was discharged on the recon-

veyance.

The plaintiff said it was never suggested to her that she
should be responsible for more than the balance of £170,
which she still owed on the house and on the roads. Sir
Percival Hevwood had got judgment against her for the £30
for the roads, and had levied execution. She never autho-
rised the defendants to pav the balance bevond the 4170. In
cross-examination the plaintiff said the £280 she paid was
out of her own earnings.

Mr. Langdon indicated his defence to be that the plaintiff
thoroughly understood her husband's position, and volun-
tarily helped him; that, in fact, she gave Messrs. Bellhouse
a mortgage for £200, and their claim thereon, with interest,
came to 4,235 ; and that the further mortgage af 4350 could
not be raised until Messrs. Bellhouse were paid off. 5
were produced which had passed between the plaintiff and
the defendants, in which she spoke of having already paid
£350 raised on mortgage. adding that they might wait until |
the builder could pay her some of the money overpaide She |
also spoke of holding the builder responsible. |

The Judge said the real question was whether the defendants |
were entitled to pay away more than the £200 mortgage to
Messrs. Bellhouse, which ‘was clearly due. Mr. W. H.
Tavlor, the plaintiff s husband, was also examined in support
of her case. Mr. R. S. Milford. solicitor. a member of the
defendant firm, was called for the defence. He said that
up to the time of both the first and second mortgages ۲
was on his own account and was not being financed by Sir
Percival Hevwood. At that time Taylor owed large amounts
to both Bellhouses and, Ropners, timber merchants.

In the course of this witness's examination, the jury stopped
the case, found for the defendants. Manchester

Guardian.

and

[DECEMBER 9, 1904

the reservoir goes far beyond the mere immersion of the
island of Phil.

The floor of the Nile Vallev for some 100 miles south of
Phila will be more or less affected. Here are several
| temples, some of no small interest and dignity, also a consider.
able number of sites of ancient settlements which have never
vet been properly examined. These must contain things of no
little interest and value to the ethnologist, the antiquarv, the
historian, and the artist. The readers of the Times will be
vlad to know that the Egyptian Government is by no means
indifferent to these things. 1t am permitted to state. on the
best authority, that the matter will be thoroughly examined.
with a view to taking steps that as little harm as possible under
the circumstances shall be done to the temples, etc.”

Ban nn مر‎

————————————

INTERNATIONAL GAS EXHIBITION --Il.

‚ Stand No. 164.— Messrs. Edward Le Bas and Co.. of Dock

House. Billiter Street, E.C., Glasgow, Manchester, and The
Cyclops Ironworks, Millwall. This unpretentious show
‘pleased us mightily. There is something satisfactory, solid.
reliable. and workmanlike about the exhibits, from the artistic
railings, built up of malleable iron fittings, to the sample tube.
which is really the most extraordinary thing in the exhibition.
It is in a 2in. gas tube, tested by Kirkaldys, and official
istamped by them as having withstood uninjured the remark-
able pressure of 3,000 pounds per square inch. We believe
that the standard test is 300 pounds, or just one-tenth: The
“Good Fit ^ Geo. Fischer malleable English-iron fittings ex
hibited surpass anv we have ever seen. Each one is stamped
, "G.F."—aà guarantee of quality. "Carbonising coating,” for
the thorough protection of iron ‘and steel, and “ Galvanum,”
for galvanised iron, add to the interest of this stand. The
e Perfecta ° (double-acting) — piston-pumps are also shown.
‚These are superior to all wing or disc pumps, in that they are
, not affected injuriously bv grit, ete. They are simple in
design, durable and reliable in action. and celebrated for efh-
ciency and easy working.

Stands 70, 101.— Messrs. Ashmore. Benson, Pease and Co..
Ltd.. of Stockton-on-Tees. This well-known firm are show-
ing. among other things, model gas-holders, serubbers, puri-
fiers, condensers, washers, valves, and retort-house plant com-
plete. They are making a special feature of Colson's Patent
Sulphate Plant. the advantages of which are widely known.

Stand 37.— Messrs. S. Clark and Co.—The Paten!
Hygienic " Syphon” Stoves. shown here. are a household
word, and to praise them seems like gilding refined gold: but
we must direct special attention to the new model 7
radiator, for heating and lighting. It is a powerful stove @
large heating capacity. of excellent design. and most compact
‘taking up the least possible space.
Stands 75. 96. Messrs, S. Cutler aud Sons, ۲
engineers, ete., of Millwall, E. This noted firm are 71
‘ing Jager's Patent Grids, ete., for gas purifiers ; Cutler's Patent
¡Guide Framing for gas-holders ; steel tanks ; 6 tanks;
the Charles Hunt Patent Washer, which performs the con
bined duties of tar-extraetor, washer, and scrubber; carbu-
eto. ۱

Stand No. rı. The Dudbridge Tren Works, Ltd. L
Stroud, Glos.. and 11 and 12, Finsbury Square, EC Thr
admirable exhibit “was described. to us most courteoush In
Mr. Wm. Macdonald, the London manager. Two of the
‚Dudbridge gas engines are shown running. one free, and the
other under a heavy load. ‘Phe company are very generoush
providing many exhibitors with power for lighting. ete. free.
the oniy charge made being a nominal one for the gas co"
sumed. Such liberality deserves success. Certainly the
are models of what gas-engines should be, They also make
engines to work with producer-gas. oil, ete., and are always
pleased to quote for complete installations. including gaspl”
ducing plant.

Stands 67. 104- The General Heating and Lighting Co.
Ltd.. of 26, Victoria Street. S.W.. and Balham, S.W.. show
Moellers system, patented, of illumination. This u
give the highest efficiency at ordinary pressure. With ۰

5 ۰ E FIN. Y }

burners. from 27 to 30 candles per cubic foot of gas: 5
“COD burners. 35 to yo candles at ordinary PN
Y, . ol ana

No gauge, no sieve. and no chimney.
| to choke or in corrode. Top part lifts off fot rep
mantles, | ë
E * . Es E 8 58 ۱ 7
Stand No. 160. The James Keith and Blackman |
a very 6 show

lacın,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

The floor of this temple '

What effect will this have on the °

‘retted water-gas plant, all their own patents, ete..

۱ ۲۱۸۱۱۱۰ to ۰

of 27, Farringdon Avenue, E.C., make‏ رام

THE ASSUAN DAM AND TEMPLES OF
SOMERS CLARKE writes as follows to the 7
— "There has recently been some rather controversial

PHILAE.
۱ | R.
correspondence in your Columns on the above sub-

ject. It may perhaps interest those of your readers who care
tor the antiquities of Egypt to have a report which 1 am able
to send, made from observations taken in the ruins them-
selves. These I have just visited, measure in hand. I will
not now raise the question whether the Egyptian Gowernment
has broken faith in deciding to raise the level of the Assuan
Dam. I will confine my statements to which I have observed.
The Assuan Dam, as now constructed, holds up the water to
what is known as R.L. 106—that is, toa level of 106 métres
above a fixed datum or "reduced level” at Alexandria. At
this level all the buildings on the island of Phila are more or
less immersed, with the exception of the Temple of Isis, which
stands a little higher than the rest.
is just above R.L. 106. As a matter of fact, the water has
been impounded until it rose more than a métre above this
level. So far as we can tell at present, the substance of the
masonry immersed, which, it must be remembered, has stood
perfectly dry for some 2,000 years, has not received any
harm. The surface, tinted by time and sunshine $0 a warm
golden colour, is now washed to a cold grey. The painted
surfaces are fast losing their colour. Not a little of the pic-
turesque charm and beauty of the ruins is gone for ever.
Such is the price that must be paid for the reservoir. There
are many persons who seem to hold tne opinion that the
Egyptian Government is perfectly callous to the historical
and artistic value of the island of Phile, but this is not a fair
view to take.

Foreseeing the danger that must come, the Government
has caused to be made very careful examinations of the ruins.
It has published the results, with maps, plans, sections, and
a multitude of excellent photographs. It has caused the toun-
dations of the various buildings to be examined. and, at a
cost of some £18,000. to be carefully and thoroughly under-
pinned and supported. I have seen these works in progress,
and have been down under the buildings. — Twice, since the
underpinning was done, has the reservoir been filled. Exami-
nation does not show at present any movement worthy of con-
sideration. Speaking on behalf of those whose interests
lie chiefly in the direction of architecture, archeology, and the

picturesque, we cannot but deplore that the reservoir was |

made; but who can possibly deny its value to the country.
who can sav that, from the engineers point of view, a site
offering so many advantages could elsewhere have been
found? |

The Egyptian Government now proposes to raise the level
of the water in the reservoir from R.L. 106 to 18.1. 112—
about 20ft. additional.
ruins at Hhile? The Kiosk, or Pharaoh's Bed. as it is called,
will stand in water up to the necks of the capitals of the
columns. The long ranges of the colonnades lving south of
the central group of buildings will be completely hidden
under water. Even the doorway between the towers of the
southern pylon will be closed. The Mammesium and oppo-
site colonnade will be submerged. The water will rise to the
necks of the capitals in the Hvpostvle Hall. The roof will
consequently stand above the water; but the cornices of the
rest of the temple will hardly emerge. Judging by the evi-
dence of the past two vears, it may reasonably be expected
that the stonework of the walls and columns will not crumble
away under the influence of further immersion. but what will
be the result upon the architraves and horizontal roof slabs.
manv of which will lic soaking for weeks under the water?
We mav learn by observing what happened some four vears
since at the Temple of Edtu. A rainstorm of unusual dura-
tion occurred in the Nile Vallev. It was very persistent at
Kdfu. The immense roof slabs of the temple became charged
with water. Several of them broke in two. falling with a crash
to the pavement. This was the result of a rainstorm. What
mav we not fear trom a saturation lasting many weeks? If
the roof slabs and architraves at Phile receive the same atten-
tion that has been given to the rest of the structures, it seems
quite probable that the buildings on the island mav survive
(or an indefinite period. Seeing that the Egyptian Govern-
pant has already done so much, it is unreasonable to suppose
(hat it will grudge the small expense necessary to maintain
the roof. We must not. however, close our eves to the fact |
that the damage caused by the additional body of water in,

۰
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کے en‏ لاصو ينه

ASAE r‏ ماش

SORT عب‎ a O oni

一

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 438

سم مس — -

coke-breaking machine, for dealing with eight to ten tons
an hour. A Wallers Phoenix type direct acting steam tar
or liquor pump, and a small belt-driven column pump, for tar
or liquor. Messrs. Waller and Son also have a number ot
fine photographs on view, showing examples of their ex-
hausting, pumping, concrete-mixing machinery, and coke
breakers, which are most interesting to those in their manu-
factures. This wel-known firm, which have now been
established over a century, originally located at Holland
Street, Southwark, moved about 14 years ago to Stroud, in
order to expand their business, and for the lasi 50 years
they have made a speciality of exhausting machinery.

— 0 一- -- 一

BUILDING NEWS.

WE understand that the plans for the new Theatre of Varie-
ties at Lewisham have been passed, and the building will
commence almost immediately. The cost will be close on

425,000.

AT the last meeting of the Darlaston District Council, it was
announced that the County Education Committee had inti-
mated its intention of providing a new elementary school to
accommodate 1,200 children at Darlaston.

THE building of the nave of the proposed new church at Ben
Rhydding is to be undertaken at once, at a cost of م‎
A site, at the junction of two of the principal roads, has been
acquired, and the church will be built from the designs of
Messrs. Chorley and Connon, of Park Row, Leeds.

THE Electric Lighting Committee of Leith Town Council
have approved of the plans for the extension of the present
electric station. The cost of this addition is estimated at
between £7,000 and £8,000, and accommodation will be
provided for a 1,000 h.-p. engine and a boiler.

AT the Dean of Guild Court, on Monday, plans were passed
for à public hall for the burgh of Kirkintilloch. The site
کا‎ in Union Street, and the accommodation to be provided is
for 1,200, with cloak-rooms, committee-rooms. etc., and the

estimated cost is £8,500.

—

Ine new Carnegie library at Levenshulme. near Manchester,
which was opened on the 3rd inst.. has been erected in
Barlow Road, at a cost of 2.500. The building has been
designed by Mr. James and Mr. J. Jepson, surveyor and archi-
tect to the District Council ; the builders are Messrs. Burgess
and Galt. of Ardwick. l

THe Public Libraries Committee of the Eccles Corporation
have resolved that plans be prepared for the equipment and
internal arrangement of a room in the Parochial Offices, Pat-
ricroft, to be utilised as a library and reading-room. The
committee has deferred the consideration of the proposal to
utilise the public elementary schools as evéning reading-rooms.
A sub-committee has been instructed to select a site for the
erection of a public library building. in accordance with the
terms of Mr. Camegie's gift to the borough.

THE work of preparing the site for the new Poorhouse to be
erected at Seafield, by Leith Parish Council. has now been
commenced. Contracts have been signed for the laying of
the drains and the formation of the principal roadway from
the Soafield road to where the administrative block will be
situated, and during the next few months brieklavers and
other tradesmen, with the requisite number of labourers,
will be employed on this work, and in building a brick
boundary wall ten feet in height, which is also to be pro-
ceeded with. It is expected that the work of erecting the
walls of the main building will be commenced within three
months, and that the whole undertaking will be completed

in about three vears.

Tue Birmingham Education Committee last week recom-
mended that a site for a boarding-school for mentallv-defec-
tive children, situate in Roundshill Lane. Kenilworth, and
containing an area of about twentv-two acres, should be pur-
chased for £1t.700. and that a school should be erected
thereon for about eighty defective children, the plans being
prepared with a view to additional accommodation being

DECEMBER 9, 1904]

with their various specialities, amongst which a good number
of the “ Blackman Ventilating Fans" are shown. These
fans are so well known that a description is unnecessary, but
it might be mentioned that for ventilating. drving, and re-
moving foul air, dust, or steam, or for any other purpose
that depends on the free movement of air in volume, they can
be thoroughly recommended to anyone wanting a thoroughly
efficient thing of this kind. This firm also exhibits some
specialities in the matter of lighting, including compressors
in various sizes, with compressing capacity from 70 to 6,000
cubic feet of gas per hour. and shown arranged for direct
driving by water motor, electric motor, and by a small gas-
engine or other power. Keith Patent Burners, in all sizes,
for both high and low pressure ; inverted 30 c.p. fitting ; lamps
and fittings, for both indoor and outdoor lighting, and suit-
able for either high or low-pressure burners ; high-pressure gas,
applied to laundry ironing machines and irons; lighting and
extinguishing contrivances; anti-vibrators ز‎ gas-heated water
boilers and radiators; Blackman Air Propellers, for belt-
driving, and fitted with electric motors. A complete Keith
Light installation is in daily use for lighting half of the
Queen's palace, and consists of 20 TAJ lamps, with a total
20,000 candle-power, and gas consumption of 600 cubic feet
per hour. Each lamp is fitted with an automatic bye-pass, and
the whole of the burners are lighted and extinguished bv the
action of turning on or off one control cock on stand, where
the compressor supplying the compressed gas is also shown
working.

Stand No. 13.--- Messrs. Graham, Morton and Co., Ltd.,
of Leeds. This exhibit shows the various designs and styles
of conveyors made by this company. The coal is deposited
into the bin or receiver, and runs from there into the large
gravity bucket-conveyor. This convevor, in travelling round,
tips the coal into a small bin, or receiving hopper, on the top
of the exhibit. The same coal runs from this bin on to a
rubber belt conveyor, which carries it to the receiving hopper
at the end of the same. From here it is delivered on to a
double-sided push-plate conveyor, which has two openings in
the bottom of the trough. The coal runs through these two
openings on to two other convevors (one being a steel trav
conveyor and the other a single push-plate conveyor). These
two conveyors finally carry the coal and return it to the first
and original large bin from where it started. This coal being
about two tons in weight, completes its evele of operation at
a rate of twenty tons per hour, or in six minutes. The cost
of labour for handling anv class of material is onlv id. per
ton. This is the first time that amthing like so compre-
hensive an installation has been shown in such a small space,
and. like all the products of this celebrated frm, it reflects

the greatest credit upon them.
Stands Nos. 14. رود‎ 26.— Messrs. R. and A. Main, Ltd..

3.
display their well-known gas cookers, combined canopy and
plate-racks. grillers, boiing-tables and stoves, iron heaters,
baking-plates, pie-warmers, water-heaters. ete. Their new
patent "Swift" range calls for special mention. It is entirely
self-setting, and self-acting, and is for coal and gas com-
bined. |

Stands 117, 114.— The Wigan Coal and Iron Co.. Ltd.. of
Wigan, Lancs, make high-class concrete flags, mechanically
mixed, hydraulic pressed, and fully matured; sell chippings
and carefully-sized slag. for concrete and railway ballast ; also
bricks, lime, steel, pig-iron, coke, and coal. Their products
are too favourably known to need enlarging upon.

Stand No. 158. --Messrs. Mobberley and Perry, of Stour-
bridge. have on view a good assortment of their best Stafford-
Shire blue bricks, copings, pavings. channels. kerbs, etc.
This firm manufacture every description of bricks. blocks,
tiles, and specials for regenerator, generator furnaces, and
for intense heat.

Stand No. 165.—Mossts. George Waller and Son. of 163,
Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C., and Stroud. Glouces-
tershire, exhibit some very high-class exhausting machinery,
amongst which we noticed the following : —Horizontal
engine, with exhauster combined. A type set of their
standard 20,000 c.f. per hour capacity, with inlet and outlet
valves. One patent * Combined ” exhausting set, “ F ” type
pattern, with small vertical gas engine direct coupled, for
3,000 c.f. per bour, with inlet and outlet valves, automatic
bye-pass, valve, gas governor, and compensating valve, all
self-contained on one base-plate. A small combined engine
and exhauster, or blower, capable of dealing with 500 c.f.
per hour, specially designed for passing air through purifiers.
A No. y size Wallers improved Thomas and Summerville

ARCHITECT.

[DECEMBER 9, 1904

5 مس‎ - = ae 一 一 0ب‎ as
090119 1 72 — نس د‎ mn

amended tender was accepted. At the same meeting the
Public Libraries Committee recommended that Mr. Arnold $.
| T^vler, of 2, The Sanctuary, Westminster (the architect of
the central library building). be instructed to prepare plans
and elevations for the proposed extension buildings, based
upon the sketch plans provisionally approved by the com.
mittee ; that facsimiles of these plans be reproduced for circu.
lation with appeals for funds, at an estimated cost of £7;
and that. in the event of the plans not being carried out, a
fee of 25 guineas be paid to the architect in discharge of his
claims in connection with the preparation of the plans. The
consideration of the subject was adjourned, in order that coun-
cillors may have an opportunity of studying the plans,

————: a |

TRADE NOTES.

NO. 16, PORTLAND PLACE. W., the residence of the late H.H.
Princess Edward of Saxe-Weimar, has been acquired by Sir
Thomas Henry Brooke-Hitching, and entirely redecorated,
¡Under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Hopkins, architect. The
floors throughout the house have been covered with Mainzer

improved Lin. parquet, and the hall floor with marble Arto-
lithic.”

Msssns. W. POTTS AND Sons, clock manufacturers, of Leeds
and Newcastle-on-Tyne, have been instructed to make and fix
a large turret clock, with Cambridge chimes and hours, for
St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dundalk. Messrs. Ashlin and Cole-
man, F.K.I.B.A., F.H.S.. Dublin, are the architects. It
may be mentioned that Messrs. Potts also made St. Joseph's
Church clock and chimes, Dundalk, many years ago.

A coop development of the uses of gas is to be found in
the Boston “ Gasteam” radiator, which derives its name from
the fact that it gives a steam heat from a gas-burner. The
radiator requires no separate boiler. pipes, or chimney, and
after lighting may be left to burn all day without any atten-
tion. It has no smell, does not ول‎ up. or vitiate the atme-
sphere of an ordinary ventilated room. The best proof أن‎
this is that it is being used in offices, in private sitting-rooms,
in bed-rooms, and surgical wards. ete. It is very economical,
being fitted with an ingenious contrivance whereby the steam
in the radiator controls automatically the admission of gas.
and reduces the supply to the minimum quantity required to
maintain a regular heat and to keep the pressure low. Te
show how inexpensive it is, we may point out that, with gas
at 3s. per thousand feet, an ordinarv-sized room, of, sa.
2,000 cubic feet contents, may be well warmed at a cost of
2d. per day of eight hours. The radiator occupies vers little
space, and may be placed wherever a gas connection can
be made, and on any kind of floor. It can be adopted ina
simple and unobjecticnable manner. We would advise a
visit to Messrs. Hendry and Pattisson. Ltd.. 11, Hills Place.
Oxford Street, from whom all particulars may be obtned, and
where it may be seen in operation.

NOTES OF COYPETITIONS OPEN.
(*) Signifies the deposit required.

I — and
Alnwick. Jan. 24 (local). Infirmary, Premiums: 410

4,80. W. T. Hindmarsh, 26, Bondgate Without, Alnwick.
Belfast. Jan. 17. Libraries (3). Chairman, public libran.

' Roxal-av., 3 y

1 Bristol. Police and fire stos. Town clerk. 215.

Llanelly. jan. 31. Remodelling school (4800). وی‎
Z;20 (to merge) and ږ‎ ۱١ J. W. Watkins, Education 0 E

London, S.E. Dec, 20. Converting school, 71
£25. Guardians, Brook-st., Kennington, S-E. د‎ 7

London. Dee. 31. Drawing of exterior of is
tropical climate. Premium: 450. Sanders and Hardin.
56. Lincoln's Inn-fields, W.C. 87

Neicastéc-on Tync. War Memorial.
bdgs.. Northumberland st. Newcastle. 7

Swansea. Chapel. schoolroom, etc. Premium: 19 o
T. E. Williams, Rbyddings Park Road, Swansea, ces to

Wallasey. Dec. 21 (estension of (۰ Pubar : n
cost Z,45.000. Premiums: كر‎ 250, 75. and 50. H. ۴
Public Offices, Egremont. 425.*

x+ ال ہی‎ Pearl:
C. Cowell, Pearl

THE BRITISH

provided when necessary. Tt was also agreed that, subject to

the approval of the City Council, the Board of Education |

and the Local Government Board, a site containing about
7,000 square yards, situated in Sladefiell Road, Ward End,
be purchased, and that a council school should be erected
for 450 children. Tenders were also accepted for the en-
largement of Dennis Road Council school and the renovation
of nineteen voluntary schools, two cookery centres, and Arden
Road council school.

ON the 23rd ult. the Plymouth Board of Guardians agreed to
a recommendation of the Hospital Committee to build a
new infirmary in the garden attached to the present work-
house. According to Mr. H. J. Snell's plans. which were
furnished the board as far back as 1897, the cost of a new
infirmary would be £39,900. New tramp-wards would cost
an additional £2,900. Taking the total cost as گر‎
that would mean £167 per bed of 300. Inquiries had shown
that the cost was very much less in other towns. In Ipswich
they were supposed to have a model workhouse infirmary,
and the cost there was £100 per bed, and it was £120 at
Newton Abbot. Three vears ago a small committee was
appointed to make inquiries concerning sites, and they were
offered 27 acres for £25.000, 20 acres for £12,000, and, a
few miles further out, any quantity at گے‎ 150 per acre.

LAST week Rochester observed the 1,300th anniversary of its
see and its cathedral church. It did so bv inaugurating a
new tower and spire on the spot where Bishop Jutus began
a mission in the year 604. at the instance of St. Augustine,
and where King Ethelbert built a cathedral for him. Mr.
T. H. Foord, a citizen of Rochester, some months ago,
offered £5,000 to the Dean and chapter, to be used as they
might determine. When it was decided to rebuild the tower,
Mr. Foord took upon himself. the entire expense of the work,
including the setting in order of the clock and bells, and the
gift of two new bells, to form a peal of eight. From the
floor of the cathedral nave to the top of the weather-cock is
about 182ft. Mr. C. Hodgson Fowler, F.S.A., is respon-
sible for the reconstruction, The lower portion is in the
early English stvle. and is little more than a facing to the
original walling. It is ornamented with a trefoil. headed
arcade. Above this comes the new belfry stage, in the style
of Bishop Hamos time- Late Decorated. Two large win-
dows allow the sound of the bells to escape. Rising from
within the parapet is an octagonal broach spire, of oak,
covered with lead. laid in herring-bone pattern, and repro-
ducing the original covering of Hamos. Weldon stone is the
material which has been emploved.

AT Wednesday's meeting of the Coventry Board of Guar-
dians, Mr. Best submitted the minutes of the Joint House
and Estates Committees, which had considered the plans
prepared by Mr. Tickner for new infirmary and imbecile
wards. They had adopted them, and decided to build half
of the infirmary towards Bricklin Lane, the block to include
the nurses’ new home and day wards. The principle of the
scheme had been adopted, said Mr. Best, but not the
details. It was necessary to take up such a scheme as the
infirmary accommodation was now exhausted, and the Local
Government Board required it extending. Particulars of
the scheme were given, which Mr. Tickner estimated to cost
about £20,000. The portion of the scheme which the
committee recommended should be carried out at once
would cost £11,660. It was suggested that the work to be

roceeded with at once should embrace a new infirmary
block (457,009), alteration to nurses. buildings (4650), two
day rooms (£1,100), new nurses homes . 52.350), the profes-
sional fees making up the total of £11,660. The minutes
‘of the committee were referred for consideration to the whole
Board in committee.

Last month the Hampstead Borough Council accepted the
tender of Messrs. Banvard and Son, of Cambridge, amounting
to 410,950. for the erection of the block of working-class
dwellings in Lower Cross Road, The Housing Committee
now report that Messrs. Banyard have intormed them that an
error had been made in their calculations by the omission
of the painters’ bill, amounting to £566 17s. 10d., but that
they were prepared, as a compromise, to accept 4350 as an
addition to their tender, making a total of £11,300. As the
next lowest tender nas 7,89; above Messrs. Bamard's, the

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PITA TOES, SOUTO RI? تی‎ CONE وولو( ۸ہ موس رت‎ NTS

DECEMBER 16. 1904) THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 435

مہ — ص —— — — 一‏

کس —

— nn Re

ing examination would possess a greater value than it does

The £ ritish Architect. a of the American institute ‚points out that

the supervising architect to the Treasury has charge of‏ | ی
all post offices, customs houses and court houses, and for‏
LONDON: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1904. years this work was carried out under a supervising archi-‏
tect (appointed often for political reasons), and the work of‏
the office was most unfortunate. from every standpoint.‏ |
Action was taken, and a Bill passed enabling the Secretary‏ ,
THE INSTITUTB'S MEMORIAL TO PUBLIC of the Treasury to secure designs by public competition.‏
BODIES. At the present time about 75 per cent. of the buildings‏
erected are the work of outside architects. “he United‏
E have frequently called attention to the damage States army engineers are responsible for a large amount of‏
done to architecture and to architects by the grow- | army hospitals and other buildings, with much the same re-‏
ing practice of municipalities of employing more or sults as ensue in similar cases here. Congress has also in a‏
less qualified officials to carry out work whieh can only be number of cases obtained designs in competition for public‏
successfully undertaken by the best independent talent we buildings, and then placed the superintendence of the works‏
have. It falls to our lot to congratulate the council of the under the care of army engineers, to the great detriment of‏

Institute on a good work well done. A committee, consisting architecture. ۱
of Messrs. Burnet, Hare, Mountford, Seth-Smith, J. W. In France, M. Pascal writes that the nomination of per-
Simpson (chairman), and the presidents of the allied socie- | sons charged with the construction. of municipal buildings is
ties, after obtaining evidence as to the position of matters | too often left to the discretion of mayors or prefects, often
at home and abroad, sent copies of its memorial to nearly | naturally influenced by political motives or friendly relation-
1,600 municipal and local authorities. ‘The memorial sets | Ships. He points out that the damage arising from this source
forth that the employment of officials to carry out archi- | is partly made good from the fact that such designs have to
tectural works is a matter involving such grave interests that | be submitted to a departmental commission called the Com-
it is necessary that their employment should be regulated | Mission on Civil Buildings. When loans are required, draw-
by certain conditions. The memorialists point out: ings must be sent to the Minister of the Interior, who consults
“That when the official is an engineer or Surveyor, the the General Council for Civil Buildings. If the designs of
artistic aspects of buildings designed bv him is apt to be buildings are considered unsatisfactory, they are sent back,
overlooked, or misunderstood, by reason of his not having and it is seldom they do not come back " greatly improved."
| "We judge primarilv convenience, conformity with traditions,

received the artistic training of an architect." x ! ۱ 01

“ That an engineer or'survevor, in planning buildings, is | And construction, much more than design, and this tradition
deterred by the lack of the expert knowledge possessed by | Prevents the trouble which academic or artistic preference
architects.” : might produce."

“That greater expense is incurred by employing an In Germany the appointment of official architects is
engineer or surveyor than by employing an architect. Non- | general, the municipalities possessing one, or mostly several,
expert planning involves unscientific distribution, and con- architects, as their officials, who design and carry out the
sequent expense in construction, often leading to subsequent general run of public buildings, and " we are contented with
alterations, which involve waste of public money, the amount this universal arrangement. But we demand, in the case
of which is impossible to be ascertained, owing to the com- | of architectural projects of especial artistic or technical
plicated nature of official departments. The saving of an | Sighificance (Ze, theatres, museums, churches, high
architect's fee is undoubtedly false economy. It is the | schools, town halls, etc.), that opportunity shall be given
function of an architect to obtain for his client the best to private architects to participate. Most of the towns meet
value for money expended, which special experience, not pos- this demand by apportioning bv lot projects of this nature
sessed by an engineer or survevor, alone enables him to do; | to the architects practising m the towns, or by instituting
further, his independent position compels him to exercise a | Open or limited competitions.”
closer control Over expenditure than the salaried official Austria and Belgium have the same complaint to make as
whose purely personal interests are not intimately involved.” England and America, while Sweden appears to be as con-

“That the time of a county or municipal official is so tented as Germany with the status quo obtaining there.
greatly occupied with administrative work that it is Impossi- In Spain all architects have to have a Government diploma
ble for him, when entrusted with any building scheme of first- | after going through the official schools at Madrid or
class importance, to devote the requisite attention to the Barcelona, and the municipalities are obliged to have archi-
essential considerations of artistic design, expert planning, | tects for frontage lines, Structures, public thoroughfares and
and economic building. Such work is inevitably referred to other technical matters. The municipalities engage their
irresponsible ássistants, and an unsatisfactory and expensive | architects after a competition to determine their fitness.
building is the result." There are five architects for Madrid, and two for its out-

The memorial further urges, (1) That architectural work | skirts, each having an assistant for waterworks and sewers,
be not placed in the hands of engineers or 5۰ (2) two for the fire brigade, one for the municipal cemeterv, and
That where it is deemed desirable for architectural work to | one as secretary of the municipal consultative bureau. In
be carried out by a county or municipal official, such official | small towns there is one architect in charge of everything,
should be required to have passed the qualifying examinations and there are architects who are responsible for rural build-
of the R.I.B.A. (3) That the work of an official architect | ۰ The Ministry of the Interior has architects for prisons,
be restricted to structures of secondary importance, and that | that of Finance for state lands and taxed properties, and for
all buildings of a monumental character be entrusted to in- | customs houses and tobacco factories. For important public
dependent architects, to be selected in such a way as may buildings in towns, competition is usually invited.
seem best to the local authority.” In conclusion, we must again congratulate the council, on

With all the foregoing statements we are in hearty agree- | the useful mass of information they have accumulated, and
ment, and we think thev are both moderate and to the the thoroughly sound and sensible protest they have made
point. It is true we may not consider the qualifving exami- against a growing public evil. We hope that the Institute
nation of the Institute to be a very thorough test of an archi- | council will take means to bring. the whole question
tect’s fitness, but it may be at the same time one which | prominently before the general public in the daily Press,
would appeal to the average public man as more or less | as by so doing they will render their action more effectual.
convincing, and it does ensure a man having given some time
and thought to considerations of an artistic nature. It is
not too beyond the bounds of possibility that the examina-
tion may be remodelled in time, and made more of a test
of a student's appreciation of architecture, as evidenced in
his own powers of design, and less of a test of his knowledge
of what has been done by others in the past, and should
this change take place, the fact of having passed the qualify-

AT the last meeting of the Architectural Association, the fol-
lowing new by-law was passed, with the object of claiming
exemption from local rates :—-“The association shall not make
any dividend, gift, division, or bonus. unto or between any

of its members."

9ے — ——À‏ ہت —

[DECEMBER 16, 1904

ہس یش ی سک تخت سس A‏ 5

— .— _

the dead body been the dominating feature of the whole com-
position, and clothed in a serene atmosphere of light, the
subject would have been more nearly realised.

So far as the other awards are concerned, we do not
need to make special comment. They were as
follows:—Design in monochrome for a figure picture
(Cain killing Abel), Armitage prizes—ıst (£30), and
bronze medal, William Ewart Gladstone Solomon, 0
(£10), Edith Margaret Leeson ; painting of a figure from the
life, silver medal—ıst, William Ewart "Gladstone Solomon,
2nd, John Holman Wybrants; painting of a head from the
life, silver medal—ıst, Frederick Dallas Barnes, 2nd,
Marjory Violet Watherston; perspective drawing in outline
(open to painters and sculptors only) (the east end of the
schools’ corridor, with a step-ladder in the foreground), silver
medal, Mary Isabel Dovaston; set of six drawings of a
figure from the life, 1st prize—£ 20 and silver medal, Ernest
Stafford Carlos, 2nd (£15), Francis Edward Fitzjohn Crisp,
3rd (£10), Catherine Ouless; model of a design (Samson
betraved by Delilah), 1st prize (£30), Leonard Stanford
Merrifield, 2nd (£10), Lindor Thomas Sands; set of four
models of a figure from the life, rst prize (£20) and silver
medal, Frederick Brooke Hitch, 2nd (£15), Leonard
Jennings. Landseer scholarships of £40 a year each,
tenable for two vears, have been awarded :—in painting, to
Ernest Townsend and Eva Emmeline Louisa Marsh; in
sculpture, to Leonard Jennings. Landseer scholarships of
£40 a year each, tenable for one year, have been awarded:
—in painting, to 'Charles Gordon Hayward and Hugh St.
Pierre Bunbury ; in sculpture, to Ferdinand Victor Blund.
stone and Leonard Stanford Merrifield.

r MÀ‏ سس

FRIENDS IN COUNCIL.—No. 104.

BUILDING BY-LAWS.
By WM. HENMAN, F.R.LB.A., BIRMINGHAM.
(Second Article.)

EFORE proceeding to give a more detailed outline ol
the principle on which building by-laws should be
based, it may be well to refer to a letter which re-

cently appeared in the Times, contributed by Lord Heneage,
which shows that even the official mind realises the an-
tagonism of existing by-laws to the welfare of communities,
for it appears that the surveyor of a rural district expressed
regret that he could not pass a pair of cottages, because
they were not in accordance with the by-laws of his council
adding, however, “that they were the best pair of cottages
in the union." f
Reference may also be made to the latter portion of a
paper appearing in the “ Journal” of the R.I.B.A. for Novem-
ber 26, 1904, on the subject of ferro-concrete construction,
in which the author points out that on land under the juns-
diction of the L.C.C., that material is prohibited, because the
London Building Act requires that no external walls, if built
of concrete, shall have less than a certain minimum thicknest.
Yet ferro-concrete is a material greatly strengthened by means
of iron or steel, and can be usefully employed in much
smaller volume than ordinary concrete. Why, then, should
its use be barred by any building by-law? Many similar
examples might be given to illustrate the restrictive infu-
ence exercised on the employment of useful building materials
by existing by-laws; but my present object is to show how
they might be framed on a better basis. ۱
To be generally serviceable, any code should be concise.
It should deal consecutively with the various subjects, follow-
ing the same order in which they usually have to be dealt
with in building operations ; and, for the sake of easy refer-
ence, there should be a full index, marginal notes, explana-
tory illustrations, and diagrams.
in administering a code of building by-laws, the first thing
necessary for the local authority to be informed of is that
someone intends to build. Hitherto, that someone has neve
been particularly defined—he is referred to in the constantly re-
peated term, “Every person who shall erect" ot "who sh
construct.” Consequently, authorities frequently have 0
serve some two, three, or more notices, in the endeavour to
catch the responsible person. One would think that the frst
necessity of by-laws would be to define the responsible person,
and I suggest it should rightly be the “building e
he being the person intending to build ; naturally he might

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

436

——— —— MÀ — مےے۔‎ [nn ےم‎

ROYAL ACADEMY STUDENTS’ COMPETITION |

HE work of the students at the Royal Academy this
year is not so interesting as usual, and the archi-
tectural part of it is particularly disappointing.

The subject for the £60 travelling studentship, a public |
bui.ding, was one requiring for its successful treatment those
qualities in which English students are, perhaps, the most
lacking. For this, an art school for a London borough, ۱
the designs exhibited left the winning one by Leslie Wilkin- |
son easily pre-eminent. It is admirably set forth in bold
and feeling draughtsmanship (good in pencil and ink alike). |
The design is good without being specially noteworthy, but
it suggests a feeling for good detail. We should like to see
a little more value obtained by plain wall surfaces.

In the competition of an architectural design with coloured
decoration, one design is shown. 11 is in Early Gothic, of
the east end of a church, with two bays only and an open
timber roof. The silver medal goes to Mr. Harvey for this.
The church has a green dado with red columns, and deco-
rations of orange and blue between the rafters. It presents
no special distinction.

It is a poor competition for the architectural. drawing
prize, the subject being the 100dAoft in the church of Bois-
le-Duc, in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Two silver
medals are awarded, but neither the first, awarded to John
Swarbrick, nor the second, to William Harvev, are highlv
merited. The figure drawing, as well as the mechanical
drawing, is not very good in either case. Both show a want
of spirit, and the drawings are all very “tight.” We would
even rather see less neatness if there were more spirit 8
the drawing, and more evident appreciation of the subject.

We are still sorry to find so low a standard fixed for the
perspective award. The drawing which takes a silver medal,
by Leslie Wilkinson (the interior of St. James's Church,
Piccadilly), is manifestly weak, the necking of the columns
being sadly out of drawing, and shows a want of apprecia-
tion of sound perspective.

As we have before noted, the work in the lower school
design is more interesting than that of the upper. Both are
this year unusually poor. In the set of drawings of an archi-
tectural design competition, the first prize of £15 goes to
Benjamin Charles Ernest Bayley, who certainly contributes
the best work, but it is far from satisfactory in its sense of
proportion. The second prize (410) goes to Leslie Wilkin-
son. There is no competition for the prize of £10 for an
original composition of ornament. M. ۱ f

The drawings executed by the travelling sturent in archi-
tecture in England are represented by six sheets of water
colours and eighteen admirably crisp pencil studies in per-
spective. About these latter there is a brightness and vigour
which is most pleasing. The water colours are unequal, but
one of them, a study of York Minster transept, is charming.

For the bust from the life some charming work has been
called forth. The first silver medal goes to Marian Álice
Dibden for a most refined and pleasing head, and a second
to Helen Frazer Rock for a charming piece of work. A
dignified tranquility, so suited to sculpture, marks both these
pieces, which was further emphasised by the single other
exhibit shown with them.

One feels regret that for a design containing figure and
ornament, the work is generally so poor, but à good piece of
design, by Geo. Alexander, took the silver medal. ۱

Amongst the 21 pictures af Scotch firs on a common, Alice
Palgrave Walford was easily first for the award of £30, with
a capitally decorative picture, though the smoothness of the
fir trunks left something to be desired. ہے‎

Amongst the cartoons of a Greek girl dancing, Lilian
Price-Edwards' contribution divides the honours with another
(No. 39), which was much more Greek in spirit, but her
work is admirably vigorous and clever.

Amongst the designs for the decoration of a building, the
first prize (440), designed by Geo. Howard Short, is curi-
ously impossible as a realisation of the subject, but un-
doubtedly clever. Figures wbirling round a globe in space
suggest anything but peace. The design numbered 23 indi-
cated commendable ability, but as a whole the designs seemed
below the usual average. There is generally a want of deco-
rative breadth and unity, but even where this is absent we
often see isolated figures of considerable excellence. In
one design the idea of Peace was conveyed by a dead hody,
which was laid at one gloomy corner of the space. 0

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Actual by-laws would simply provide that certain things,
well ascertained to be detrimental to safety or health, shall
not be done ; and if carefully-devised schedules were printed
with the by-laws, describing how, or in what way, the several
requirements for securing safety and health may reasonably
be complied with, thev would have an educational effect.
Then regulation and inspection would be substituted for the
dictation and interference which existing by-laws engender

on the part of officials.

(To be continued.)

= 一 一 一 一

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

OT more we have attempted to set forth, for the benefit
of our readers, a few selected examples of modern

country houses. The subject is a wide one, and in-
cludes the simple cottage of the clerk as well as the splendidly
appointed homes of the rich. We have not attempted an
omnium gatherum this year, but include houses of a thousand
pounds, or less, and delightfully roomy houses, such as
“ Hollycombe,” with its spacious hall and entertaining-rooms,
its studios in the tower, its terraces, and its unsurpassable site.
The names of the architects whose work we illustrate com-
mand respect throughout the profession in house design, but
we are glad to know that they are only a small number of those
who are now doing admirable domestic architecture. It is
also good to know that many of our younger architects are
now amongst the best architects of domestic work. The
present president of the Architectural Association, Mr. Guy
Dawber, has been for some time in the front rank of architects
of country houses, and we regret having to hold over examples
of his work, intended for this number, to a later issue.

Ir the alterations in building laws were needed only for the
improvement of cottages, the subject would be important
enough ; but. those who see much of architects’ designs know
how ridiculously stupid is the result of bad enactment in all
sorts of buildings. We have in our mind a case now wherein
a certain religious edifice is most seriously spoilt, from an
architectural point of view, by the limitation of height apply-
ing to a ridge, instead of a parapet or eaves. On the face
of it, the framing of the by-laws was never intended to limit
the proper architectura] ambition of religious bodies, but in
the case in question that is the result, and a large part of the
value of the site—a very expensive: one-—has been thrown

away.

THE memorial of the R.J.B.A. in regard to the employment
of borough officials in architectural work has not produced
any effect at Berwick, apparently, for the’ Mayor thought
the letter should lie on the table unread! This is hardly
courteous treatment, surely.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

E. CORBETT

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DECEMBER 16, 1904]

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represented by a recognised agent; or, in the event of his
decease, or the property changing hands, his legal repre-
sentative would take his place. As the authority cannot act
until informed that someone intends to build, by-law No. 1
should be to this effect, viz.:--No building is to be erected
until notice is given to the local authority by the “building
awner” of his intention to build, and his plans, etc., have
been approved. Then would follow instructions as to sub-
mitting plans, etc., etc. |

I.do not presume to give the actual wording of by-laws;
that could only be determined with legal assistance, and be
settled by general agreement of many who might have to be
consulted ; but I consider that much irritation and unneces-
sary official interference might be avoided by throwing respon-
-$ibj ty upon the “building owner ” in the matter of the plans,
etc., dubmitted. and the declarations made at the time.

They should clearly show or describe that, in order

To SECURE SAFETY,

(1) the nature of the subsoil is suitable on which
to erect the particular class of building; (2) the materials
to be used and the methods of construction to be em-
ployed throughout will be suitable, and sufficiently substan-
tial for the intended purposes of the building; (3) suitable
precautions will be taken to prevent outbreak of, and spread
of, fire, also to allow of escape in case of fire or panic. And,

in order
To SAFEGUARD HEALTH,

the site will be suitablv drained, and, if
necessary to prevent the rising of deleterious emana-
tions from the ground, the portion built over will
be covered with an impervious material; (5) the air space
about the buildings will be ample for their requirements; (6)
the access of light to surrounding properties will not be
unduly interfered with; (7) the sanitary appliances will be
adequate and serviceable ; (8) the soil and waste water drains
will be of required size, inclination and direction; (9) the
ultimate means of disposal of sewage matters on or beyond
the site apportioned to the buildings will be effective; (10)
efficient means will be provided for preventing moisture rising
to within the buildings bv capillary attraction or otherwise ;
(11) the materials and substances of all walls, roofs, etc.,
their methods of construction and finish, will exclude wet from
penetrating to within the buildings; (12) suitable provision
will be made for carrying off water from roof coverings, etc.,
and for storing or conveying it to a proper outlet, away from
the buildings; (13) suitable windows or means for admitting
adequate daylight throughout the buildings will be provided ;
(14) suitable means .will be provided for securing change
of air throughout the buildings for the purpose of securing
efficient ventilation.

The foregoing summary generally sets forth the important
matters to be attended to, no matter for what purposes the
buildings may be intended.

that (4)

[DECEMBER 16, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

438

bition, which was the subject of several illustrated articles in
THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. He did a great deal of designing of
fabrics for manufacturers, especially in the way of pure white
goods.

IT is impossible to convey a sense of the sort of refined in-
terest which awaits the visitor to the exhibition of the Guild
of Handicraft, in Derring’s Yard, Bond Street. The Chip
ping Campden industries are well known now to a certain
number of people, but we cannot doubt that its circle of
acquaintance should be a much wider—a very wide—one. The
pretence of art which is offered to the public by the average
shop-keeper, makes way here for the real thing. Tt is, at least,
amongst the very best of modern efforts, for the producers are
trained architects and decorative artists. Even where there
is little departure from traditional design, as in most of the
furniture shown, it is just that little which gives its distinctive
value. As for the jewellery and metalwork, we find in the
Chipping Campden work that interest in detail, combined with
reticence in general design, which lifts it so far above the
senseless vagaries of lart nouveau and the like. We would
strongly advise all our readers, who can make opportunity, to
see this vear's exhibition in Derring Yard. It is useful to feel
the influence of good work, whether one entirely approves of
its methods or no, and it is possible that an influence which
is the more subtle is often the more useful. This is not the
shouting art of the modern music-hall, but it should make full
value on a sensitive and trained intelligence. We do not
nowadays need to buy jewellery whose only or chief merit is
its obvious costliness, for the Guild of Handicraft supply
stuff in which the artists thought and work are the chief
values; and it is a genuine pleasure to be able to choose
amongst such delightful pendants, brooches, necklaces, and
rings, as this guild supplies. The charming little caskets,
with enamel pictures on the lids, form jewel-boxes, which, for
daintiness, refinement, and lasting beauty, hardly a jeweller's
shop in the world can show.

lor architects especially there will be found much attraction
in the excellent water-colour drawings, bv Mr. A. H. Hallam
Murray, at the Fine Art Societv's rooms. The subject of these
water-colours is “On the Old Road through France to
Florence." Not only is the colour treatment pleasant, but
the rendering of the architecture is careful and good. The
Castle of Chenonceau, built in 1515, No. 13. is a most dainty
little drawing, whilst the Church of St. Stephen, at Caen (15),
is a very telling effect in silhouette of these graceful spires
and pinnacles. In No. 27—Amboise—The Clock-Tower—
the artist seizes graphically on the charm of such delightful
old bits, whilst in 28—Aix-en-Provence—Romanesque Arch
in the Ancient Cathedral of St. Sauveur—he indicates that
feeling of repose, which is so characteristic of the subject, in
a very sympathetic and telling way. Then, again, in 38—Car-
rara Mountains—From the Sea-coast—we have a most de-
lightful landscape transcript, which makes a bit of pure deco-
ration. This is one of the most agreeable little collections
we have seen for some time.

IN the next Parliamentary Session the London County Coun-
cil will promote legislation to preserve the existing garden
squares and enclosures in London. The council discussed
recently the question whether the measure should be a com-
pulsory one, or should merely enable ground landlords, who
were willing to do so, to assist the council in carrying out
its desire. This latter was the view of the council, as ٠
vealed by the voting. By the proposed Bill, the squares and
gardens will be restricted voluntarily from building
operations, and an undertaking is given that they shall de
exempted from the operation of legislation providing for
the taxation of site values.

ON ‘Tuesday the students of the St. John's Wood Art Schools
were “at home" to their friends and exhibited the prue
works of the vear. "The fine silver medal. designed by Mr.
Gilbert Bayes, and presented annually by Mr. W. Q. Orchard:
son, R.A., for the best painting of a figure and a bead, [el
to Miss Nora Straube. The si months scholarship went t°
Mr. Eric H. Ward tor a set of three drawings of the ngur:
3n chalk, and the three months’ scholarship to Miss Inez
Christy for three drawings of heads in chalk. The 8

|
|

NEWSPAPER accounts of architects and architecture are often
amusing, and we have one illuminating bit of explanation
in a paper this week on the new Coliseum, which is said to be
“Italian Renaissance in part, and the remainder Mr. Frank
Matcham's own style.” It’s a bit too bad to leave the public
in doubt as to which part is really the Italian Renaissance
and which Mr. Matcham! The interior, we are told. is "as
handsome as good taste can make it.”

IN a paper read to the Architectural Association last Friday
evening, Mr. T. Raffles Davison dwelt on the paramount neces-
sity for a cultivation of the artistic part of an architect's work
as the ratson d'étre of his existence, at the same time echoing
the statement of our late Friend in Council, Mr. George Gil-
bert Scott, that this was the part of an architect's services
which could never be adequately paid for. He urged the im-
portance of cultivating a spirit of self-reliance and individu-
ality, and looking to the constant pleasure in our work as its
chiefest reward. Mr. Francis Hooper, Mr. Alfred Cox, Mr.
Passmore, and others spoke sympathetically in sup-
port, and Mr. Louis Ambler, who took the chair,
concurred generally, but uttered a warning note against the
danger of placing the artistic outlook too prominently in front
of the very néedful practical work of the profession. This
warning, though perfectly right and true, and not to be pro-

perly overlooked by any wise counsellor, is perhaps less needed.

just now than some ten vears since. The proportion of
mechanical (even mechanically good) work in the profession is
so great that it would take a verv great uplifting of spirit before
the artistic sense becomes too wild or too exhilarating.

—
THOUGH à great number of very interesting and well-known
people do not figure in it, there are, perhaps, enough and
to spare in “Who's Who,” the 1905 edition of which has just
reached us. There are certainly worse books to while away
a vacant half-hour than “Who's Who.” Architects mav find
a good deal of information about members of their profession,
which they would be unlikely to find elsewhere. For instance,
though the selected list is brief, the names given of country
houses executed by Ernest George conveys some hint of
the impress this able artist has made upon modern domestic
work. Here it is, as shown in " Whos Who ":— Stoodleizh
Court, Devon ; Rousdon, Devon ; Motcombe, Dorset; Bats-
ford, Gloster; Monk Tryston. Yorks; Poles. Herts; North
Mymms, Herts; Buchan Hill, Sussex; Dimlev Hill. Surrey ;
Welbeck Abbey, Notts; Eynsham Hall, Oxon; Sedgwick
Park, Sussex; Ruckles Grange, Salop; Shiplake Court.
There is a goodly list of country houses, in ten counties, for
you, apart from those in towns. The complete list, if it were
given, indicates a practice which, for combined quality and
quality, could hardly be beaten. And vet this distinguished
architect is not even an A.R.A. !
To even glance through the innumerable illustrations which fill
the well-produced catalogue of Messrs. C. W. Faulkner and
Co.’s Christmas cards, post-cards, and various publications
in photogravure, platinotype and silver. reproductions in
carbon of old masters, etc., is quite a long business. Amongst
the pictorial post-cards we can especially commend those of
the Norfolk Broads, which are excellent in colour. The
Abbeys series will also be appreciated, and include such in-
teresting subjects as Muckross and Medmenham. Amongst
views of Cornwall there are some charming pieces of colour.
Some of the English village scenes are copied from artists
drawings and paintings, and these, of course, rank much
higher in quality than the mere photographs.

MANY of our readers will remember the interesting series of
illustrations in THE BRITISH ARCHITECT, contributed by Dr.
Christopher Dresser, some years ago. Dr. Dressers book on
Japan (which he visited in 1876) has always had a special inte-
rest for us as the work of a keen and sympathetic observer of
the beautiful art of the Japanese. and we daresav it is known
to many of our readers; it is a book we often turn to with
interest. We now have with regret to chronicle the death of
this well-remembered figure in the artistic world,- which
occurred in Germany, on the 24th ef November, at the age
of 70. He was a prolific worker, and as our contemporary,
The Builder, points out, he was also a most genial companion
and interesting talker, as we personally knew. His Ph.D. was

given him by the University of Jena. for discoveries in natural | presented a nnually by the proprietors of the 6۶۷۸۸4۰ for com:
science. He was one of the jurors of the 1878 Paris Exhi- | position in black and white, was won by Miss Clare Waters,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 439

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R. S. LORIMER, ARCHITECT.

Recently Erected.

DECEMBER 16, 1904]

HicH BARN, GODALMING.

and the prize for composition in colour by Mr. F. Pickering | Tur hearing of the case of Stocks v. Dean was concluded on

Saturday in the King’s Bench Division, before Mr. Justice
Kennedy. This was an action by Mr. F. W. Stocks, archi-
tect, of Middlewich. against Mr. J. E. Troughton Dean, a

solicitor, of Hawkshead, Lancashire. for money for work one
on the defendant's estate at: Knutsford. The plaintiff also
claims damages for wrongful dismissal. The defendant

“denied that money was due, and claimed justification for the

dismissal. Mr. Justice Kennedy, in giving judgment, held
that the defendant was justified in dismissing the plaintiff on
account of want of reasonable skill and care with regard to
the drains, the cellars. and. in some respect, to the houses,
and therefore no damage could be allowed on that claim.
But the plaintiff was entitled to pax for certain work done,
while the defendant would succeed with regard to certain
costs to which he had been put in making good the improper
work. The plaintiff would therefore recover £118 4s. 7d.,
and the defendant would have £35 18s. sd.. the plaintiff to
have the costs of the claim, and the defendant the costs of
the counter-claim.

AT Atcham (Shrewsburs) Rural District Council meeting. on
Saturday, the Rev. G. T. Hall moved that the by-laws as to
the erection of cottages in rural districts be rescinded, and
new regulations framed to allow of the use of less expensive
materials. His idea, he said, was that permission should
be given to build cottages of cheaper material than brick or
stone. Such dwellings were the rule in the rural parts of
Canada and Norway, and? as thev had been found to be satis-
factory where there were such extremes of temperature, the
ought to meet all requirements in England. ۴ chairman
pointed out that, in parts of the district where the by-laws

were not operative, there had been no building developments :

but Mr. Hall said it was not generally kuown that people could
use these cheaper materials in the greater part of the area of
the council. The matter was referred to a committe.

AT the Guildhall, Westminster, on Friday, Major J. Stewart,
R.E., held an inquiry on behalf of the Local Government
Board into proposals of the Middlesex County Council. to
be allowed to borrow from time to time sums not exceeding
£,500,000 beyond their present borrowing powers, and
490,000 in respect of the county lunatic asylum at Naps-
burv, near St. Albans. The County Council of. Middlesex
was represented by Mr. W. G. Austin, the deputv-clerk ;
and Mr. Roland Plumbe, architect, and Mr, W. H. 77
engineer of the asvlum, attended to give assistance in the
inquiry as to the asylum expenditure. Bv the County of
Middlesex Order, 1899. the County Council are empowered
from time to time to borrow, subject to and in accordance
with the provisions of the Local Government Act, 1888,

Walker. Miss Amy Fry, who showed some exquisite pen
work, gained the weekly sketch prize, and Miss Amy Squire |
the prize for work done in the summer landscape class.
The judges were Mr. Luke Fildes, R.A., Mr. J. W. Water-
house, R.A., and Mr. David Murray, A. R.A.

AT the last meeting of the Bristol Society of Architects, a
lecture on the development of architectural styles in England,
illustrated by limelight views, was given by Mr. F. Bligh
Bond, F.R.I.B.A., at the Gr. and IA Hall, Small
Street. Mr. Bond commenced by remarking on the few
fragments of Roman work at present existing in this coun-
try. The influence of the Norman architecture was then
described by him, the keep of Rochester Castle being given
as one of the earliest types of castle building. It was "of a
massive and severe character, erected when the common
liberty of our fellow countrymen was in a measure unknown,
everyone acting as a slave or servant to the barons. Defence
seemed the great idea in erecting castles at this time. Many
other castles were shown, of a later date, bv which one could
trace the dawn of a more peaceful life m common, when
castles were not erected for defence only. The exterior
may have borne a defensive aspect, but within the outer walls
things had greatly changed. They were constructed for
comfort and convenience. The castle became so altered
that within one might take it for an old country manor
house. This was to be noted at Raglan Castle and many

others. ;

A PAPER on the wall paintings recently discovered in Trotton
Church, Sussex, was read by Mr. P. M. Johnston at a meet
ing of the Royal Archeological Institute last week. The
present building, erected by the Camoys family. replaced the
church mentioned in Domesday. and dated from about 06
A.D. During the recent restoration it was Found that the west
wall was covered with paintings, and, after much labour,
the outer coat of lime, applied by au iconoclastie incumbent
about 1850, was removed. Fhe wall area is about 3oft.
square, and the subjects depicted were the seven deadly sins,
of which quaint representations were grouped round the
sinner, and the seven Corpor. ıl works of me ICY ds prae sed
by the good man. Over these was the Divine Judge. seated

ona las and under ۳ Moses. with the Tables of the

Finished 7177

Law; while on each side an angel brought up a departed
soul for judgment. On Hus north wall the legend of St.
Hubert was represented; and on the south wall a figure of
Sr. George, the patron saint, was found.
of the decorations were exhibited. together with tracings,
showing details.

[DECEMBER 16, 1904

ARCHITECT.

the foundations for modern houses are being excavated. In
this connection .he told of one of the most successful collec-
tors of ancient remains he had ever known. The man was
a Whitechapel costermonger, and dealt in bones and old iron,
and wherever excavation work was going forward, there he
would rummage. He had something of the antiquarian in.
stinet, and soid coilections to the British Museum, the Guild-
hall Library. and to many museums and private collectors,
including Mr. Price himself. Among the relies exhibited at
the meeting in illustration of the paper were many specimens
of Roman and other pottery, coins, statuettes, and other
antiquities unearthed at different times in the City of London.

Ara meeting of the Lambeth Council, on the 8th inst.. the
General Purposes Committee submitted the opinion of another
counsel as to the powers of the London County Council to
decide the frontage of the Town Hall site under the Build.
my Act. Brief, the opinion was that, as the Borough
Council bought the land under a special Act of Parliament,
it was not subject to the imitation of the London Building
Act. Nevertheless, the committee, in order to avoid litigation
with the London County Council, and with the object of
commencing the new municipal buildings at the earliest date,
recommended the council to vield to the wishes of the County
Council, and to throw له د‎ into Brixton Hill and rsft. into
Acre Lane. The recommendation was carried.

THE committee appointed by the Conference of Health and
Water Authorities, Architects, and Plumbers, held at Birm-
ingham in October, 1900, held a further meeting last week
in the Guildhall. The committee is composed of health
and water authorities and plumbers in equal proportions, and
elected on a basis of a minimum population of a quarter of
a million. Mr. W. D. Caroe, M.A. (architect to the
Ecclesiastical. Commissioners and Warden of the Plumbers
Company), presided. Representatives attended from Birm-
ingham, Bradford, Bristol, Glasgow, Leeds, Manchester,
Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham, and Plymouth. The
committee considered the resolution passed in the municipal
section of the Sanitary Institute Congress, recently held at
Glasgow, as to its being necessary to the effective adminis-
tration of the Public Health and Water Acts that the autho-
rities should be recommended and empowered to require
that the competency of plumbers employed to execute or
inspect plumbers’ work under public regulations should be
certified by the Plumbers’ Company under the conditions
appertaining to the national registration of plumbers, or such
other body as mav be set up by statute or be approved by
the Local Government Board. ‘Considerable discussion
arose on the subject of the register being immediately closed
to all applicants who did not pass an examination in practical
work, as well as in theoretical subjects. It was urged that
this would be unfair to some of the older men, and, having
regard to the divergent. views taken by the district councils
in various parts of the country on the subject, it was resolved
to extend the period to December 31, rgos. The returns
showed that upwards of 12,500 plumbers had been registered
by the company. Resolutions were passed recommending
for general adoption apprenticeship for plumbers on the lines
of the indenture settled by the London Apprenticeship
Board. Resolutions were also passed referring questions Te-
lating to the examination of students in plumbing classes to
local authorities and the Board of. Education.

COMPETITIONS.

Tug following firms, cut of the 132 competing. have been
selected for the final competition. for the new Weslevan
Methodist Hall. (te, at Westininster: Messrs. Crouch,
Butler and R. Savage, Birmingham: Messrs. Lanchester and
Rickards, London; Mr. James S. Gibson, London; Messrs.
Cheston and Perkin. London ; Messrs. Waddington. Son and
Dunkerley, London; Mr. James A. Swan, Birmingham; Mr.
E. Vincent Harris, London: Mr. William Flockhart, London:
Messrs. ) E. Hall and A. W. S. Cross, London. It will be
remembered that the scheme was supposed to cost 120,000.
Sir Aston Webb s report to the secretary of the trustees of
Connexional Buildings, Westminster. is as follows :—-“ I have
made a very careful examination of the 132 sets of sketch
designs submitted in competition for this important building.

THE BRITISH

sums not exceeding by £500,000 the amount which they
would be authorised to borrow under that Act without a
provisional order. The County Council now desire to raise
that amount to £1,000,000. It was explained that a further
provisional order, authorising the borrowing of additional
sums was mecessarv, in view of the fact that the council
had nearly exhausted its present borrowing powers. The
money might be required within the next few vears for vari-
ous county purposes. As regarded the Napsburv Asylum,
the council had already obtained the consent of the Local
Government Board to the borrowing of £360,000, but esti-
mates had since been sent to the Board showing a total ex-
penditure of £457,000. The plans of the asylum were pro-
duced, and detailed explanations were given of ihe 29 items
which go to make up the estimate of £457,000. One of the
items was 515,000 in respect of roads. Mr. Plumbe stated
that tenders were submitted for this work in open competi-
tion, and as the lowest tender received exceeded £20,000
and the highest was nearly £40,000, whereas his own esti-
mate was £15,000, the council, on his advice, resolved to
make the roads themselves. The work was now in progress,
and they had already made, or partly made, a mile of roads.
At the conclusion of the inquiry the inspector said that he
would make his report to the Local Government Board.
Tue president of the Royal Academy (Sir Edward Poynter),
on Saturday evening, distributed the prizes to the successful
students ef the Roval Academy Schools. The president,
after presenting the prizes, said thev might judge that they
had done well. since none of the prizes had been withheld this
year in any subject. The only part of the competition which
seemed to be not quite up to the standard of former vears
was the life-drawing. This he regretted to see, for a know-
ledge of the figure was the foundation of all art. Unless they
had a tolerable masterv of it, thev were handicapped. when
thev came to paint from the model, by having the difficulties of
correct drawing added to those of painting. All he wished
to warn them against was letting the natural impatience to work
in colour make them slack in their drawing. As regarded
the Creswick prize, the council had eliminated a considerable
number of the paintings from the competition for that prize.
Some of them were evidently done by students who were not
advanced enough to attempt to work on so large a canvas,
and who apparently had never worked from nature before.
As landscape painting could not form part of the curriculum of
those schools, they expected the paintings to show evidence
of careful practice and painstaking study. The paintings
generally. although of various degrees of merit. showed evi
dence that the students had done their best to grapple with
the great difficulties before them. Many of the designs for the
decorative treatment of a wall-space showed much thoughttul-
ness and painstaking in working out the subject, as regarded
both the allegory te be rendered and the composition of the
groups for filling the space in a decorative manner. The best
work. however. in this competition would be found in the
paintings of the figure from the life. He might, without de-
taining them longer, end by congratulating the school which
was able to produce so much good work as was to be found

in that department of study.

—— ispa
THE London Topographical Society, of which Lord Rosebery
is president, has just secured two important new subscribers

in the Bodleian Library and the University of Chicago, savs |

the Yorkshire Post. Vhis gratifying announcement was made
at the annual meeting of the society on Tuesday. Mr. F. G.
Hilton Price. the director of the Society T Antiquaries. read a
paper entitled, “Some Notes upon the Antiquities of Old
Londen.” Judging from the fragments that have been found
of sculpture. cornice, tesselated pavements, and other objects
of luxury and wealth, he thought that London at the
time of the Romans was a really handsome cit. There is,
he pointed out, some doubt as to the exact location and size
of the original Londinium. Cemeteries. have been found
witbin the waled area, Now, the Romans were strongly
averse to cemeteries within the City, and this seems to indicate
that the City must have been enlarged from time to time.
and this view is confirmed by the irregular shape of the walls

as known to-day. Both before and after the Great Fire, new

buildings erected on the site of old ones were built on the old |

foundations. Hence the wealth of Roman and other ancient
remains underlying the foundations of many old houses. Mr.
Hilton Price urged that careful watch should be kept when

CHITECT.

Mapeo Sons 9

DETMAR BLOW, ARCHITECT.

acted as assessor; and that the five unsuccessful competitors
were to recelve ten guineas each.

DESIGNS are, we understand, to be invited for extensions to
Eton Workhouse, and premiums of 60, 30 and 20 guineas to
be offered.

THE Hector Macdonald National Memorial Competition has
resulted in the selection of the design submitted by Mr. J. S.
Kav, of 18, Skirving Street, Shawlands, Glasgow. It repre-

' sents a square tower in the Scottish baronial style, about
| rooft. in height, and surmounted by a turret at one of the

corners. A heavilv corbelled balustrade surrounds the top,
to which access is gained by a spiral staircase inside the
There will be four floors, and arrangements can be
made for utilising these apartments as a museum. The

foundations rest on a low mound faced with rubble pitching,
Above

1 tower.

the door is a carvel panel, on which an inscription will be

placed. There are a few alterations to be made on the pre-
The

other architects on the short leet were Mr. E. C. H. Maidman.
It
will be remembered that the memorial was to have cost
61.500, but the fund has reached nearly 42,000.

ANOTHER competition for a Hector Macdonald Memorial, to:
be erected at the grave, in the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh,
has resulted in the choice of a design submitted by Mr. Birnie
Rhind, A.R.S.A. The design is an Egyptian obelisk, ۰
high, with a life-size bust in bronze of Sir Hector, military
emblems, and laurel festoons. In all, fifteen designs were
considered by the committee.

THE Government Board of Education have notified the award
of a Kings prize in building construction (stage two) to Harold
L. Wrigley, a student in the evening classes of the Birmingham
School of Art, under Mr. F. B. Andrews.

— n

DETAILS of a biz dock scheme for Harwich show that some-
two hundred and fifty acres of land are to be acquired, of
which one hundred are to be converted into a huge dock, in-
cluding graving docks eight hundred feet in length, which will
take in the largest ship afloat. There is to be an available
depth of 20ft. of water at low tide. and 33ft. at high water,
in addition to increased depths as the outcome of svstematic
dredging. Extensive warehouses, granaries, and the most
up-to-date machinerv are also to be put down. The Bill for
the development of the new scheme will be brought in im
the next Session of Parliament.

‚ Edinburgh, and Messrs. M Donald and Currie, Glasgow.

| sent design, and a caretakers house to be added.

THE design for the Carnegie branch library at Castleton ١ memorial will be situated on the “Green Hill,” Dingwall. The

BRITISH AR

Recent? y Erected.

THE

DECEMBER 16, 1904]

ہے

Sr. Mary's, HAPPISRURGH, NORFOLK.

I beg to report that, in mv judgment, vou have had a very
excellent response to your invitation, and that many of the
designs submitted show much ability, both in planning and
design. Under these circumstances, I do not consider there
is anv necessity for the trustees to exercise the right reserved
to invite final designs from architects other than those who
have taken part in the first competition ; but, instead of doing
this, I would advise the trustees to invite the authors of nine
of the designs submitted to take part in the final competition,
in place of the six originally contemplated, each of the nine
receiving an honorarium of roo guineas, on submitting a
design in accordance with the conditions. Taking plan and
elevation together, and having due regard to the conditions,
1 am of opinion that the designs marked 19, 27. 60, 67, 72,
89, 117, 118, and 122, are, on the whole, the best; and I

would recommend that the authors of these designs be invited |

to take part in the final competition, subject to its being found |
| with a short flight of steps leading to the doorway.

that the designs are each accompanied by the declaration
required on page 5 of the conditions. —- I am, sir, yours faith-

fully, Aston WEBB." °

(Rochdale), submitted by Mr. Jesse Horsfall, F. R.I. B.A.. of
Manchester and Todmorden, has been selected.

THE General Purposes Committee of the Wandsworth Boro’

Council, at last week's meeting, reported that they had further `
considered the report of the Baths and Washhouses Com-

mittee with reference to the designs for the proposed baths
at Clapham, together with letters from the assessor and Mr.
E. J. Strevens, Mr. A. W. S. Cross (on behalf of 14 com-
petitors), and Messrs. Edwards, Heron. and Co.. on the sub-
ject of the competition. The committee recommended that
the council do not confirm the award of the assessor, with
regard to the plan numbered 16 (agreed to bv 11 votes to 4).
Councillor Lorden moved the adoption of the recommenda-
tion, and after some discussion this was put and adopted.
The committee further recommended that the author of the

design numbered 17 be emploved as architect to carry out |

the work. under the conditions of the competition (agreed to
by 8 votes to 4). Councillor Lorden moved the adoption of
the recommendation, and it was agreed to*without discussion.
The committee further recommended that the author of the
design numbered 11 be awarded the second premium, viz.,
30 guineas (agreed to by 8 votes to 5). Upon the motion of
Councillor Lorden this recommendation was also agreed to
without discussion. It was then resolved to open the whole
of the letters, giving the names of the competitors. The
name on Plan 16 was Mr. A. S. Snell; Plan 17. Mr. N.
Drury and Mr. E. R. Dollw ; and Plan 11, Mr. A. W. S. Cross.
It will be remembered that the total cost of the baths was
not to exceed £5,000; that Mr. A. H. Tiltman, F.R.I.B.A.,

- [DECEMBER 16, 1904

س ر —

442 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

only forms adequate protection against the driving rains of
this district, but also has the agreeable architectural result
of giving substance to the chimney-stacks. The general
materials are the same as at “ Ballindune,” except that the
window-frames are in deal. The porch, which we illustrated
separatelv last week, is all of oak. The builders and others
were Messrs. Chapman and Lowry, of Grayshott, as at “ Bal.
lindune.”

HOUSE AT DORE.
EDGAR Woop, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

This simplv-designed house has that nice strength and
breadth of effect characteristic of Mr. Wood's work. It is
built on a site, with a steep fall. almost on the top of a high
It is built of local stone,
obtained from the site. with stone slates of beautiful broken
colour. The wood window-frames are painted white. The
walls are 2ft. thick, with cavity and 43-brick inside lining.
Mr. Dyson, of Shetfield. was the builder and joiner. Mr.
Manders, of Sheffield, was the mason. The house has cost
£ 1,600.

I A SURREY COTTAGE.
SULLINGSTEAD, NEAR GODALMING.
E. L. Lutyens, Architect.

This picturesque cottage shows two phases of Mr. Lutyens
work. The first portion was built some vears since, and the later
of steps, as shown in our sketch, and the latest portion serves
to emphasise this. The newer part is occupied on the lower
additions has lately been completed. In the garden front, the
difference between the earlier tile-hung portion and the last
part is more marked. The simple, long lines of the original
cottage have a very telling effect from below the long lines
level by a good-sized drawing-room, and Mr. Underwood was
the builder of the later portion. The house was built for
C. A. Cook, Esq.

COTTAGE AT FARNHAM ROYAL.
EDMUND WIMPERIS AND BEST, Architects.

Tuis picturesque little house is economically planned and
executed. It has Broselev tile roofs, and fair-faced plaster
above red brick plinth on the external walls. The contractor
is Mr. Bowver, of Slough. 1

HOLLYCOMBE.
GEORGE C. SHERRIN, F.R.I.B.A., Architect.

Turs delightful country house is reminiscent of old English
stone houses, with their quiet and breadth. It is situated 00
a charming site, on the borders of Hampshire. It i5 only
right and fair to the architect to note that the house has been
built up round certain portions of an older one, as the plan
in our text will show. The builders were Messrs. Dyer, of
Alton. The plumbing has been admirably executed by the
well-known firm of Bolding and Sons. Mr. E. Goddard, 4
Harlevford Road, executed the metal casements. The heating
throughout has been most efficiently executed by Messrs.
Chas. P. Kinnell and Co., Ltd., of Southwark Street, London,
and is on the low-pressure system. The same firm, we under-
stand, installed the fire mains and hydrants. These latter are
so situated that, in case of fire, any portion of the house 5
easily reached, an important point not to be overlooked.

A SMALL COUNTRY HOUSE.
By ALFRED E. CORBETT, A.R.l.B.A.

THIS design, though on a small scale, aims at a certam
spaciousness of plànning. combined with economy and com-
pactness. The provision of a large living-room (500 square
feet in area) is the leading motive of the plan, and ıs em-
phasised externally bv the two wide bay windows facing
south. — The parlour is reduced to the smallest practicable
size consistent with comfort (13ft. by 10ft.), and would i
rally be treated as a part of the entrance-hall, by opens
the wide folding doors. thus making one large hall of 300
square feet area. The entrance hall proper is 19ft. high لل‎
the centre, with a timber-framed roof, and is lighted by 2
five-light dormer window over the vestibule. The positio!

١ hill- a very exposed situation.

———

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

اس تست م۱

LITTLESHAW, WOLDINGHAM.
LEONARD STOKES, F.R.I.B.A., Architect.

This house is specially interesting, as being erected by Mr.
Stokes for his own occupation. It occupies a beautiful site
cut out from the top of a hill, amongst the trees, and the
view from the hall verandah commands a very pleasing com-
bination of wooded hills and green meadow land. We hope,
later on, to give some idea of the interior. Our sketches
are taken from the completed building, but they by no means
exhaust the interest of the subject. The approach drive goes
somewhat steeply up to the house, under a novel treatment
of pergola formed off the enclosing banks. The road is not,
however, so steep but that the owners motor-car negotiates
it satisfactorily. Mr. Stokes has had the good fortune to
see the work admirably carried out by Messrs. Maides and
Harper, of Croydon, whose extensive business in the erection
of country houses is well known to some of our best architects.
The gas service was put in bv the Acme Sunlight Gas Svndi-
cate, of 222, Shaftesbury Avenue, W. We mav also note that
the house is roofed with Wrotham hand-made. sand-faced

roofing-tiles. of medium red colour, manufactured by Messrs. ;

Thos. Pascall and Sons, of South Norwood.

" BALLINDUNE," HASLEMERE.
E. J. May, Architect.

This house has just been erected on a beautiful site not far
from Haslemere Station. It is built in a small wood at the

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GEORGE SHERRIN, ARCHITECT, Ü

Recently Erected.

wider end of a long, triangular-shaped piece of ground, and
as it was desired not to clear away more of the wood than
could be helped, the house, cottage, and stables are in one
block, and, by carrying the roof of the stable on to the house,
a covered carriage-porch is obtained. The quaint effect pro-
duced by this is illustrated by our sketch, which was made on
the spot. The walls are built of the many-tinted local clamp-
burnt bricks, and the roof covered with Petersfield tiles. All
the window-frames and other external woodwork throughout
are of oak; the principal stair, with its posts and beams, are
also of oak left clean from the workshop. Our sketch shows
something of the quaint effect of the staircase-roof, supported
by posts, shaped by cutting, after the manner of old wagon
design. The aspect of the garden front is S.E. by S. The
builders were Messrs. Chapman and Lowry, of Gravshott, the
window-casements and the hot-water heating apparatus being
supplied by Mr. E. Goddard, of 4, Harlevford Road. Vaux-
hall, S.E., and the leaded glass by Messrs. Aldam Heaton
and Co., of Baker Street, W.

A HASLEMERE HOUSE.
E. J. May, Architect.

Tus house has just been completed, on a site near to “ Bal-
lindune,” before-named, and in its general character and
effect must rank amongst one of Mr. Mays happiest efforts.
A pleasing feature is the tiling of the chimneys, These are
hung with tiles just as an ordinary wall surface, which not

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DECEM

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT,

”

aH Hope Sans ۳

BALFOUR AND TURNER, ARCHITECTS.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

DA
j

Recently Erected.

SOME ARCHITECTURAL REFLECTIONS.*

By T. 1۸1855 Davison, Hon.A.R.I.B.A.

HE architectural divinity which we worship is the cause
of much uncertainty and illusion. At one time she is
all smiles and charm; at another she is petulant and
frowning. If we have been enjoving the ecstacy of design,
or, better still, the tangible products of it, we see nothing but
the bewitching smiles of our goddess. But when we are
plunged in some of the thousand troubles which seem to dog
the architects path, we find our charmer cold and fickle.
You may say this is only the lot of all trades and all pro-
fessions. But it has always seemed to me that, as a pursuit
which needs for its very start and impetus a spirit of inspira-
tion and enthusiasm, the art of architecture is peculiarly
liable to rebuffs, discouragement and disappointment.

I may suggest that there have been several happy escapes
from the profession of architecture, and certain distinguished
men have " cut their teeth " upon it before entering on their
final pursuit. Mr. Thomas Hardy and Sir Edmund Bovle
may be instanced. These gentlemen, who either quailed
before the terrors of our profession, or only wanted a respect-
able stepping-stone to something more profitable, or pre-
ferred the untrammelled appeal of literary genius, or the
* registered " security of the law, are the wiser, if not sadder
men, for their brief insight into architecture. We are all
sure that evervone would be the better for a vear or two at
the classes of the Architectural Association. and a liberal
Government would doubtless make it an essential of all edu-
cation! It is one of the great advantages of our day and
evening classes that even if by their means vou find out what
vou ought not to be, you at least must pick up some know-
ledge of an art which is at the root of all eivilisation and
all comfort. But do think we cannot too earnestly impress
on students the vast importance of finding out as soon as may
be whether their love for architecture is onlv a passing mood
or infatuation. or whether it is a love that will carry them
through life. ] suppose we have all known bovs at school
whose budding instincts for trade lead us often enough into
small financial disasters, but the professional instinct is

The politician and mathe-

seldom so early or well-developed.
matician, or the tradesman. all make their qualities felt pretty

soon. When you congratulate a successful architect. and

Paper read before the Architectural Association, December 9,‏ ٭
.1904

|
x
x
|

پخ" —

WESTBROOK, GODALMING.

of the staircase and passage (which are lighted by a wide
window on the first floor) is of value in preventing any pene-
tration of noise from the servants’ quarters to the living-
rooms. It is intended to have a small separate boiler, next
to the scullery, for hot-water circulation and supplementary
heating, radiators being placed in the large living-room.
entrance hall, staircase passage, hat and coat place, gun-room,
and lavatory. Six bed-rooms are provided, including two on
the ground floor, with a bath-room on each floor, and ample

cupboard accommodation, etc.
Externally, an endeavour has been made to secure a simple,
home-like character. and the roof nestling down cosily over

the walls possibly suggests a feeling of unassuming comfort
and protection from the elements. The cubic contents,
taken from three feet below ground level, are 75,850 cubic
feet; the cost per cubic foot would be about 73d., giving

42.370 as the probable cost.

AAA [un

COTTAGE AT WALTON-ON-THE-HILL.
WM. WaLLis BALDWIN, Architect.

‘Tus illustration will be of special interest, having regard to
the articles and correspondence we have had on the subject

‚of the hall parlour. The plan is a most careful and excellent
ctively expressed in elevation.

one, and it is simply and effec
The author has had a varied and extensive practice 1 houses.
and none know better than he the needs and possibilities of

house design.

هد د

ST. MARY’S, HAPPISBURGH.
DETMAR BLow. Architect.
"Turs house is specially interesting for its effective use of

thatch, flint, ete.

—

WESTBROOK, GODALMING.
BALFOUR AND TURNER, Architects.
“HERE is a simplicity and breadth about this entrance front
which is very telling.

—

HIGH BARN, GODALMING.

R. S. Lorimer, Architect.
Tuis is amongst the best examples of Mr. Lorimers work.
e of its pleasing

The colour and texture of materials is on

characteristics.

ARCHITECT.

[DECEMBER 16, 1904

you will know it to be his, just as you would tell his hand-
writing.

A scholar and a reverent student of type will show by his.
efforts that he is trying to keep them in mind, but his own.
inclinations will appear through all; and one has only to com-
pare the work of men like Bodley, Champneys, and Jackson, to
realise how true this is. Thev were all supplied with the same
material, and they have all done something definite for
modern English architecture; but they have all made an in-
dividual and legible rendering of their art. It is not, of
course, by a conscious effort, to pose as individualities that
this comes about, but by the serious effort to put one's own
mind into one's work. All good art comes by a following of
Shakespeare's advice to be true to ourselves, and not to affect
the methods of others; that is, to let our own personality
dominate our efforts. Why should we sacrifice our own aims
and desires in imitating another man who has been successful
im quite different methods? Why stir up the cold soup of
the Queen Anne period if we prefer the fiery spirit of the
Spanish Renaissance? Why fit up the details of a Gothic
church in the archaie simplicity of an Eastern style, if we our-
selves are sympathetic to the ornate decoration of the Per-
pendicular period? Why adopt coupled dormers which
another man has made effective, ıf our conscience rebels
against the costly cutter between them? Why copy the latest
competition success if It goes against your sympathies? Why
change your style of architecture every week to suit the sup-

. posed. leanings of each new assessor whose judgment-seat

To catch the favouring breeze
that wafts vou to success? To show your versatility? To
show your largeness of mind? But the architectural studio is
not a draper's shop, to fit the passing fashion or the clients.
whim. It is the school in which you are learning to develop

vou have to face? Why?

THE BRITISH

سیا prs c LP‏ سب

os + — سس‎

your own aim by a steady light of firm belief, and it cannot

be illuminated by will-o-the-wisps, or shooting stars. I think
I remember when all gables did not have little kicked-up
kneelers, when there were fewer country cottages with long,
sloping buttresses ; when there were no gable apices like those
at Scotland Yard, and when there were, perhaps, no modern
boundary walls built up from pier to pier. with inverted arches.
Yet these interesting little details, by Messrs. Bentley, Vovsey,
Norman Shaw, and E. S. Prior have been clung to for salva-
tion by many who were drowning in a sea of influences for
want of the lifebelt of individuality.

CATHOLICITY.

Some folk might construe this ready adoption of nice bits:
into catholicity of mind. Well, if we come to that, we must
make a strong stand for catholicity of temperament. For no
wide culture, no liberal art, can be at its best without it.
The architects whose work I most esteem have a charitable eve
for the work of others—speaking, of course, of work which
can lay a claim to be called architecture at all. It is quite
impossible for any two or three, or even twenty or thirty men,
to embody all the good there is in the work of a generation.
Neither is it possible to pretend that the marvellous ingenutties:
and graces of a great Gothic church sum up all the virtues any
more than do the stately repose of a Greek temple, or the
ponderous richness of a Renaissance chapel. You may find
telling mass and a kind of dignified picturesqueness in a great
modern brewery, even if vou have come to it direct from
the finality of repose and dignity in the pyramids themselves.

u = — تک‎ ———

he replies, “ Well, I don't know, but I zink I should have
made a very good butcher," you feel pretty sure he had a
successful boyhood, and that whatever his special claims as
an architect, he ‘has carried with him through life that
earnestness of purpose which no profession or trade can
afford to be without. To find out what we really want, and
then to set about getting it with a steadv purpose is the
secret of success ; therefore, it would surelv be better, when-
ever or however we find we have mistaken our aim, to at
once acknowledge it and set about something else.

INFLUENCES.

Sometimes, when we regard the calm, calculating, scholarly
man, who really thinks his own thoughts, we are apt to doubt
whether he is really much under the influence of others.
Well, in proportion as his work is scholarly, he is very much
under the influence of others, and it is a question whether
any of us are as free of influences as we imagine. There
have been, and are, amongst the ablest of architects, those
who hold that the onlv safe road for architectural develop-
ment is in the path of tradition, and that no sound progress
can be expected except little by little in the development of
what we have already laid before us, If this be true, we must
acknowledge and yield to Influences as one of the prime
factors in our life. One can hardly doubt that the monumental

treatment of Mr. Geo. Gilbert Scott's Liverpool Cathedral |

has its being partlv through the influence of the late Mr. J. D.
Sedding and Mr. Henry Wilson grafted on to the scholarly
ability of the late Mr. Gilbert Scott.

PERSONALITY.

And the question of Influences leads one to the consideration
of Personality. When the theological definitions of Heaven
and Hell were undergoing ۸ certain amount of revision, and

we were happily set free from the terrors of an endless flam- |

ہیں mA‏ ,= ہے —— ——MMM——‏ ——— دد — ——— مس و

SA ہے وت‎ AA A A Re په کن تج‎

١ You have found pleasure in a white glazed frontage in a ۴

row city street, for its gaiety, if not for its proportions ; have felt
the stimulus of life and interest in a building where all was

١ bad but the modelled ornament; you have appreciated the

quiet simplicity of a building which would have been madden-
ing if repeated in big doses; vou have noted many 2 lesson
in good detail, where the general shape and sky-line of the.
building was sadlv at fault. We all see these things, and the:
spirit of catholicitv is to take the good from wherever it come

RESTRAINT.

But the snare of Catholicity is its possible degeneracy Nt"
a weakening of sound principle and a lack ol restraint.
t archı-
tecture is peculiarlv an art for the constant exercise of د‎
—not alone in the thousand and one practical necessities °
cost, size, uses of material, ete., which press on US most

۰ wopr ce
, hardly in our vounger days, but the absolute need of reticen

. 8 P » £ : Te
and restraint over the impulses of design which we feel n
. (۳

and more the older we grow. A very able archuect sal

| From the very outset of our career, we all feel tha

Do -

ing fire, we were also offered the reward of an amalgamated
existence in Heaven, so that those distinguished for faith would
live again in an embodied essence of Abraham. and so on
through all the virtues. Where the attraction of this came
in, I never could discover. To my mind. for good or ill, we
are here for an individuality of existence. and our concern
should be with the upbuilding of that individuality. For the
progress of art, it seems to me, individuality is the most
precious asset. Years ago 1 remember its being suggested to
me to go to a certain place to sketch. When I objected
that so-and-so and so-and-so had been, and that, in fact, every-
bod y had been there, the reply was:- -

“What is that to you: have you been? ^

Now this is surely the essence of art. Why, when the
Greeks had earned undving fame by their work, was there
room fer the Romans? Why, after St. Peter's, was there
room for St. Paul's? Why. after the countless gems of Gothic
art, need Mr. Scott trv to doit again at Liverpool? Because,
surely, of the need of individuality to exercise itself —the
individuality of our age speaking through the individuality
of the architect. Herein lies our hope ‚and our pleasure.
If we are to be the characterless transmitters of a tvpe, where
does the joy of life come in? Is impersonality a desirable
feature in architecture? Or is it possible? When we think
of the distinetions that were expressed in the work of Burges,
of Street, of Pearson, and of Sedding, do we not kamo that
there is no such thing as impersonalitv in art? And do we not
feel how dull and sad it would be if it were possible? 1
think. if vou look round vour acquaintances, vou can carry this
study of personality a little further. Isit not the little eccen-
tricity — may we not sav the little fault —that gives a flavour
to our friends? Should we really like our friends so well were
thev all quite perfect? And can we quite disassociate this
feeling from architecture? The quiet, smooth, scholarly work
of Pearson might sometimes spell monotony; the vivacious
interest of Sedding's work might sometimes mark unrest.
we, therefore. forget the debt we owe them? Assuredly not;
and if thev have the defects of their qualities, it serves to
drive home and enforce the lesson they had to give us. Now,
the emphasis of certain characteristics which makes a man
into a Smith, a Brown, or a Robinson gives vital interest when
applied to architecture. We are told that Nature cares onlv
for the type. and not for the individual ; that we must think
of architecture, and not of architects; but we need never
forget that we have to create the type and the art bv means
of individual effort. If an architect is worthy the name, he
is sure to stamp his work with a certain something, by which

469

THE BRITISH _ARCHIT ECT.

سح —

not get disillusionised about everything. It is well to know
that if we pay only sixpence a cube foot for our foundations,
we may likely enough have half-a-crown to pay for our tower.
We want no illusions about practical necessities or common-
sense requirements. It is well to have no illusions about our
friends, nor about the fine quality of our own productions.
An architect once told me of the very kind and flattering ap-
preciation of his work which his lady client bestowed upon
it, and how he valued it, until, one day, she asked him if he
had seen a very charming house by a certain other architect,
which he knew to be the very poorest stuff imaginable. But
these knock-down blows to a legitimate pride in our work
must not bring a disillusionment which would check our ideals.
The architect just referred to did not alter his style to the
fancies of his fair client, but has gone on doing better and
better work in his own manner, buoyed up by a consistent
ideal of high quality. How often one hears the young archi-
tect exclaim against the want of proper appreciation of his
public, forgetting they are not blessed with his own trained
vision and sense. How differently placed is the architect to
the musician! In the musical world there is a wide circle of
sympathetic hearing to count upon, and really good work
seems sure of its reward. But the architect can reckon on no
such audience, and beyond the appreciation of his fellows
there is little to count upon. Of course, in great works like
the Palace of Justice at Brussels, the general public are un-
doubtedly affected in a sense by the size, ponderosity, and
richness of the group, but the finer intellectual qualities of
architecture are felt by very fewindeed. The sooner a proper
disillusionment on this point is arrived at—the more an archi-
tect is thrown back upon his own beliefs for guidance and
support, the better for him. And it must never be forgotten
that the want of this self-support leads architects to look about
for direction in the work of others who appear to succeed in
pleasing the public. ‘Thus individuality is sacrificed, whilst
no really sustaining encouragement is obtained. One has
only to watch the lead which is given by successful competi-
tive designs to realise that.

But we must not let the disillusionment penetrate the armour
of our own faith. We know this to be founded on the best
architecture of all the ages, and that our little villa, or
church, or stable, is the product of some study and some
knowledge of what is right and good in outline and mass, in
nice proportion of solids and voids, and in good architectural
emphasis and keeping. We have admired the calm repose
and stability of the Pyramids, the rythmic proportion of the
Greek temples, the sturdy picturesqueness of English Gothic,
the elegant daintiness of those marvellous mixtures of French
Gothic and Renaissance, the rich rococo of the Spanish
churches, and the abiding charm of old English houses. We
have learnt the spirit of these things, and know that each
of them conveys for us a lesson in architecture which may
come every dav into our practice. These are sheet-anchors
of our art, and whilst we may never build a pyramid or a
Greek temple or a Gothic church, we know that we may follow
the principles which have guided the builders of such works
with safety and success. Gentlemen, when I look at the
productions of our modern architects, I often feel that our
students need someone at their elbows to whisper in their ears
something about first principles, about law and order in
design, about inspiration, about self-reliance. and personal
enthusiasm. Art is a big word; it includes a vast field of
human effort, and it is very difficult to talk wisely about ; but.
with all its cold-water douches of needful revression, 1 fee]
that architecture ought to kindle a live and enthusiastic desire
which would carry the earnest student through his life with

happiness and success. 5
A gentleman, whose ability is supreme, once said to me.
when going as visitor to a class:

“I have to visit a class of students to-day, and wish I

knew what to tell them.”
“Well,” I replied, “ all they want to know is how vou do it !

» Ah, said he. “Jm afraid that's just what I can't tell

them!"

That is just it.
steadilv-balanced enthusiasm of many vears' experience to

more vouthful minds ; all he could do was to reiterate eternal
principles of good, and leave it. for the natural instinct to

It is not a shouting enthusiasm which
can be of use in architecture (as it might be for the actor
or the singer) ; but I maintain the enthusiasm should be there
all the same, or the result of afl our hard work will be a very

This gentleman could not convey the

-
سس —
.— —
سے — سمه

| adapt and work upon.

-一 -一 一 一 一

DECEMBER 16, 1904]

— —nn

me lately he had been learning the art of " wiping out” all
his life. But then his practice has been largely in big things.
You can wipe out too freely in some things— in house design,
for instance; and if I may venture to say so, I think the
wiping-out process in.that direction has gone too far with
sóme people. But Restraint is not a. question of form alone ;
it is also to be remembered in the matter of colour. A
gentleman whose work vou all know and esteem said to me
the other day he was convinced you could not make a great
or noble building in two or more strongly constrasting colours.
I am very much of his opinion. And, singularly, within a
few days of hearing the remark, I came across a small country
house, roofed with grey-stone slates, and walled in white rough-
cast, which emphasised this opinion. Fhe blending of grey
and white in two tones of one colour made this house ex-
tremely broad and telling, in contrast with its neighbours.
It is, perhaps, not the first duty of a house to look big, but
it enforced on my mind the opinion my friend had just ex-
pressed. I have always felt the same influence of breadth
in Mr. Hare's municipal buildings at Oxford, which, with all
their elaboräte detail and picturesque treatment, have that
quality by the blending of yrey-stone slates with the
stone walls.
| CHARACTER.
But with all the need for an ever-watchful Restraint, we

cannot afford to lose expressiveness and Character. I have
heard it said that anything is better than “sleepiness.” Now,
1 A certain

this is perhaps a debatable point in architecture.
amount of “sleepiness” is, perhaps, very good ; for you surely
want, first of all, to convev the impression that your building
is satisfied with its site, and that so much of repose is im-
parted to it as will convey that fecling. Sleepiness is greatly
preferable to Part nouveau. It is traversing well-known
ground to say that the exterior expression of a home should
be homeliness ; of a bank, dignity, strength and repose; of a
music-hall, brightness and gaiety ; of a palace of justice, calm
dignity, and so on; but really we find these necessary initial
characteristics are often quite ignored. We see the small
house built with features only suitable to a large one, and

a great house made up of petty triflings. We find bank
buildings fussy, restless and mean; music-halls heavy, lifeless
lumps of building; hotels dull and dreary; and chuches
frivolous ; and every kind of ingenuity tried to evade the one
vital character needful. But the special character needed
for each particular building will always be controlled and
affected bv the personality of the man who designs it. Let
your? building be ever so simple in style, the ingenious archi-
tect will make his ingenuity apparent; or, on the other hand.
however elaborate in detail a building may be, an architect
of a stolid unemotional character can easily clothe it with
deadly dulness. You can be dull with a rich feast, and gay
with a poor one. It is quite obvious we cannot theorise on
these points از‎ we take for granted the need of ghosts in the
With sufficient ghosts we may astonish the world
But vou can alwavs dodge individuality
Just as in going to a certain painter
in going to a particular

profession.
bv our versatility.
bv the use of ghosts.
we hape to get his special gifts, so,
architect, vou must hope to obtain his own characteristic vein

of art. For his own home a client might very much prefer
tosee the characteristic art of Mr. Smith ; but, for his business
who will give him

store, he might vastlv prefer Mr. Brown.
l The quiet

more life and advertisement for his outlav.
scholarly work may be delightful for a literary institute, but
The designer of

might work with dulness in a house or stable.

broad surfaces and large masses will not so readily give satis
faction in small work requiring interesting and dainty detail:
the individual character of the man will be apparent in his
work, and should be a good enough asset for all his needs.
If we make a trade of art, of course it would be our duty
to supply to the order or whim of our client whatever he
asked for, and if he desired a Bodleian church, or a Jack-
sonian college. or a Dawberian house. we should make haste
to supply it either Dx servile imitation on our own part, or bs
the employment of capable ghosts. But this is surely a wrong
wav to look at the art of architecture. We shall best serve
the advancement of the art bv trying to put something of our-
selves into the studv and practice of ıt. We shall use the
knowledge we have acquired by education and all the helpful
influences about us to do something of our own, and show
whatever there is in us of individualits of character.

DISILIUSION.

Disillusionment awaits us at every turn of our life, and thei
But we must | dull and lifeless show.

are disillusionments that are to be welcomed.

[DECEMBER 16, 1904
— — A

less, but horribly expensive? And can we find it in our hearts
to altogether blame a really clever architect for doing such
things? We have to ` shut the other eve” very often in archi.
tectural design. 1 could illustrate my point bv references to
some of our best architects. l

But what I want to emphasise is the peculiar kind of tight.
rope walk one has to make between the abyss of dull utilitari-
anism on the one hand, and the deep waters of ideal beauty on
the other. Shall we say one word in passing for our prac-
tical friends, who can tackle fhe many difficult problems ol
construction, of prices, or of tactful management of affairs,
which are so very useful to the successful architect? Ow:
need not undervalue the services of such men, whilst pointing
out the high ideal of artistic endeavour, which should form
the goal of every real architect. [t has almost come about
nowadays, in the bustle of modern life. that we need another
race of specialists, who might be called architectural sur

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

— چوس ے ا .یمج سا یت AA‏ یس و

and who. without any trouble about aesthetics, might‏ ی
o devote themselves to the more practical problems which are‏

their delight. Of course, they would be sane, capable men,
and would probably be registered! They would eam the eon
fidence of everybody, because they could nearly always see

that buildings cost less than was expected, They would noi

be hoodwinked by builders, quantity. survevors, clerks-of
works. or committees, and, generally speaking. would avoid
all the faults of the artist.

The real artist must, however, always risk something. His
mind is filled with ideals ; he is generous, not only with other
people's money, but with his own time and strength; and if
he completes his aims, he is content to sacrifice a good deal
of personal gain and personal comfort. He thinks more ol
his art than of its professors. He hopes to leave in concrete
form some thoughts of beauty which have filled his imagi-
nation, and which max bestow pleasure on others. He is not
engaged in tasks. but in delights; therefore, if he is nol ade-
quately paid, in coin or goods, he has still had his reward,
We have heard of a good many such men. -literary 5
who, to the commercial mind. have lived a life of mere suffer-
ine toil, but who to themselves have been blessed with visions
which lifted their eves above all their troubles makers ol
pottery, who were not owners of great works of world-wide
fame. but were merely toiling away in obscure. places to ge
a glaze or a colour to their liking. and who lost ۷٣۷
else to obtain it- painters of pictures, who were willing to
be accounted mad. so that they enjoyed their own dreams
in their own wav- designers of great architecture who fled
the offices of poorly-paid surveyors, so that they might live with
the building-up of a fabric that they loved. These are men
who really live their Jives. aud of such rank and kind should
be the architect. Through the thousand-and-one worries that
encounter the realisation of graceful designs - the evil 1 had
workmanship; the follv of committees: and the scamping of
builders ; the adjustment of accounts ; the irritating restraints
of cost and materials; bad building laws : bad assessors. an
bad competitions- the arehitect must still live up to his ideal,
and finally leave some impression of his art in the
finished structure. The more he does this, the le
he will be valued by his client, the greater plague he wil
be to the authorities, the more annoying to his builders.
and the more exacting to his employees, and, to ۰۱ all,
the less he may be understood by the public, or appreciated
bv the erities. f can tell vou that recently 4 wed aem
architect sent in, with pleasurable anticipation, te his cheat
a design which contained three features he had never eam

out before, that he had designed with especkil n
and relied upon to give interest and expression to his buit

ing. E saw him afterwards, and he told me that his زو‎
mittee. with prompt and unerring discrimination, ruled these
three features out. They were not the best judges. but on
were the dictators. and. as the late Geo, Gilbert Scott 885
they got all they paid for in a good, practical building. att
the art, which was by the war. could never bave been [97
for adequately. "The hardship lay not with those who neve!
realised their loss, but it was a sample of the rebufls M
architect has to meet.

You think the aun

hut art 5!
nl ۳

may the comfort is cold, and
matter Which fs us above the beatitudes of trade,

artist should learn to took for rewards from the same i

I VMistona rv, Which a drue architect may expert,

Whence his inspirations flaw. Directly the hreaih 18 om"

aA mans body, the measure of his work 15 complete;

reputation is very much like his legacies of real propr t7

Le”

470

You have perhaps taken for granted that bills of extras,
prices of materials. valuations, or any question of that kind
would be left out of my view to-night. Even if T knew more
about them than I do, I should still want to take this oppor-

tunity to emphasise the essential fact that an architect has to |

be an artist, first and foremost. It is the only excuse for his
existence. The term “art-architect” is an absurdity. All
architects are artists—at least, nearly all. Perhaps 500 out
of every 5,000 are, at all events!

It is impossible to deny that the man who can advise as to
the best kind of foundation, the best and cheapest building
materials, who can secure the best builder at the lowest price,
who can avoid costly encounters with the authorities or neigh-
bouring property owners, who can obtain the best return for
the building outlay. who can insure a sound and durable build-
ing. is a most useful person. But that alone would not con-
stitute him an architect. To be an architect. worthy. the
name he must be something much more than this. Many an
architect. with all his ability, is less of an architect than the
clerk whose artistic instinct has failed to bring him more
than a fair living. But, strange to sav. whilst the man who
creates the beauty of a building is often il paid and unknown,
the business-like man. who poses as an architect, trades on it
to most profitable results. This has long been a standing re-
proach to the profession that the value of art is not even
paired off as equal value with the knowledge of business 257
and practical details. We must admit the’great importance of
business capacity, and of practical knowledge; but the art
of beautiful design is an instinct that is the very crown and
flower of our profession, and, until this is better realised, we
shall never do great work. What a lasting service would
have been done to London had the practical knowledge and
skill that created the Tower Bridge been really emj:husised
by lines of beautiful form, instead of being masked by a
falsity of architectural trimming which great engineers theut-
selves must despise! In this country the art in such things
is a matter of ornamentalism, which can readily be applied
and bought at very small cost: it is not a development of
the lines of construction into beautiful form, which could only
come about by that uncommon genius, an artistic ۰
or by a thorough and serious collaboration of architect and
engineer.

Your motto says, “ Design with beauty. build with truth.”
These two things have got to be done together. Building with
truth alone will not do. though some of the latest apostles
of art would almost seem to suggest it will. Truth is often a
very disagreeable thing by itself. The truth alone about many
of our modern street frontages would be a terrible exhibition
of girders and stanchions, though it is even worse when clothed
with the beautv of false ornament.

No more difficult motto could be devised than this watch-
word of the Architectural. Association. We are delivered
over into the arms of these two glorious creatures, Truth and
Beauty ; and it is not difficult for any student of human nature
to know which of them makes the easier conquest. Beauty
is very captivating even when her falsehood is only half-con-
cealed, whereas truth is always a little frigid. Beauty is
always luring us on into unknown paths of wonder and delight.
Truth is ever arresting our steps with warning in her voice.
Beauty is always kind and silver-tongued ; Truth is always
reading a lecture. Truth often seems to hate Beautvs pre-
sence; but Beauty always pretends to think well of Truth.
Truth seems grudging and niggardly, whilst Beauty is prodi-
gally generous. It really seems easier to cast in our Jot alto-
gether with one or the other, but very difficult to please both
together.

One of the worst difficulties about the whole matter is that
men have been trving for ages to find a sensible answer to
the questions: What is Truth? What is Beauty 2 - and have
been unable to do it. Of course, we all know that there is
a sort of answer to be made to both; but it will depend on
the character of each individual what answer he himself
makes. Here is the point we are called upon to decide.
What shall be our critical balance between these two often
apparently opposing elements. and how far shall we allow our-
selves to be guided by one or the other? You can no more be
absolutely truthful in your design. than vou can be in vour
speech. We none of us want to be the most perfect inim an
the nastiest Wu possible. We cannot afford to allow the
jealousy of Truth to banish Beauty, but we must be ever on
our guard against the lurking falsehood in Beauty's heart.
Who of us has not admired the effect produced by a w od mass
of walling in a position where it was not only perfectly use-

4717

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. |

DECEMBER 16, 1904]

THE LONDON COLISEUM.

HIS huge 4-tier theatre, which has cost about
کر‎ 100,000 to erect, covers about an acre and
| a quarter of ground, and is to be opened next Monday.
The seating capacity represents some 3,500 persons.

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هزیر

Recently Erected. J. S. GIBSON, ARCHITECT.

| The proscenium opening is 55ft. in width, the workable space
between the fly-rails is 57ft., from the stage to the " gridiron "
7oft., and the clear space from the curtain-line to the back
wall Soft. Across the stage from wall to wall at the centre
the distance is 105ft., and it increases in. width towards the

front. In the ceutre is the great revolving stage, invented
by Mr. Oswald Stoll, the managing-director. The Institution
of Junior Engineers recently inspected the engineering section,
when a demonstration of this stage was given. There are

three concentric rings, or stages, the outer one and the inter-
mediate being 12ft. across. and the middle circle 25ft. 7in.

75ft., and so accurate

The entire diameter across the three is
has been the building up that only rin. of clearance was

necessary to permit of the tables running separately, without
rubbing or touching. ‘The tables are built up on rolled steel
under-frames oft. high, and. instead of the motive power
| and wheels being on the carriages as in a tramway. the en-
gineer has designed a run-way on the under-frames. which
runs on the motors, thereby reversing the usual order of
things and securing considerable lightness, absence of moving
contacts for the current, and a great reduction in the noise.
The rings or stages can run in either direction as separate
pieces, or can be locked together for combined effects. The
top staging for actual use is constructed of 21in. teak, and is
screwed to the under-frame with a laver of compressed felt
between the surfaces. The electric motors, 14 in all, used for
driving the stages, are all set on adjustable beds for levelling
up to the level of the fixed. or permanent, stage surrounding
ings, and the motors are all controlled from the

— A

| three outer r
| special switch pillars on a raised gallery on the prompt side

١ of the stage which overlooks over part of it. The signalling
to the drivers is effected by means of a special form of ship's

HULL PUBLIC LIBRARY.

it soon fades away. It is surely well to build our joys upon
something less unstable than public estimation, or some-
thing less uncertain than personal belongings. For the
artist the one great lesson to learn is to find the highest
reward in the work itself, and to no art does this more per-
tinently apply than that of architecture. Tt is so under-

valued by the public, so little under-
stood by the critics, that we are
best to form our own public, and
our own criticism. We are told again
and again that the profession is not one
in which fortunes can be made except bv
the very few. But all who enter it can
set themselves determinedly to find their
pleasure in its practice —to have great
ideals and live up to them. — The art is
the noblest and most useful the world
knows. It ministers to the wants
and to the sentiments of all. and.
the architect mav find happiness for him-
self far bevond the common measure
in learning how to design with Beauty
and build with Truth. You cannot
suppose I have followed the doings of
architects for many vears, and made
over ten thousand drawings and sketches
of architecture, without realising that
there is a wav to successful accomplish-
ment in the profession. There are men
whom one admires as architects, and
respects as personalities, who have kept
alive their efforts through vears of earn-
es& work and sustained endeavour. They
may not be Michael Angelos, but they
point the way for us all to emulate. The
lesson of their work is its persistent hold
on what is good— in the constant thought
of fine outlines, good proportions, re-
fined details, and expressive character.
You can do no more, and you can do no
better, whatever stvle vou affect, or how-
ever eclectic vou choose to be. You can
aim high, even in the simplest work. As
surelv as vou do this vou will find out
what architecture can really be, and
realise to the full the difference between
the ephemeral meanness of a cockney
villa and the elemental grandeur of the

Pyramids.

”سیو ————

AN INTERESTING CATALOGUE.

E hardly know of any form of catalogue which would
appeal so strongly to the architect as the admirably
produced folio sent out by Messrs. Henry Hope and

Sons, Ltd., of Birmingham. The numerous illustrations of
interesting recent buildings, especially of good country houses,
make a special appeal to the architect, whilst admirably clear
details are given of casements and window-frames, ete. When
we note the work of Messrs. Lutyens, Flockhart, Balfour and
Turner, W. R. Lethaby, Lanchester and Rickards, Arnold
Mitchell. Detman Blow, J. S. Gibson, and R. S. Lorimer, we
feel sure of its appeal to the notice of the profession. The
testimonials to Messrs. Hope's manufacture conveyed in its
adoption by these architects, speak volumes for its excel-
lence. By courtesy of the publishers, we are enabled to
reproduce some of the illustrations from the catalogue, viz..
of Hull Free Library, bv Mr. Gibson; Westbrook, by Messrs.
Balfour and Turner; St. Marv's, by Mr. Detman Blow; and

High Barn, by Mr. Lorimer.
—

A NEW council school is to be efected in Hacktord Road,

Brixton, to accommodate 828 children.

Tue United States Minister to the Netherlands has informed
the State Department that ıhe Dutch Government will invite
the Powers signatory to The Hague Convention to appoint
two architects from their respective subjects to compete for
the selection of. plans for Mr. Carnegie's Palace of Peace.

[DECEMBER 16, 1964

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

472

مسوم ب و
1 2 — ج ےم en H 一 -一 一 一 一‏ ——
—

with a few odd days on shore, visiting Taormina, Constan-
tinople, Smyrna, Ephesus, Athens, Corinth, Mycenz, and
Tiryns. As the antiquity of the architecture he had to illus-
trate was almost in reverse order to that in which the cities
were visited, he commenced with Tiryns and concluded with
Constantinople. Tiryns, the building of which is ascribed
to Cyclops, 2000 B.C., and which is described by Homer, was
shown by limelight to be a shapeless ruin of unhewn stones
without mortar, and before the invention of the arch.
Mycenez, the lecturer said, was of nearly equal early date,
and Cyclopean. The huge stone beam to the Lion Gate was
relieved of weight by the corbelling over it, and the triangular
space filled with sculpture. The tomb of Agamemnon was
shown, as also was a portion of the surrdunding circular wall,
within which are five tombs, the gold and other ornaments
of which, the lectufer said, filled many cases in the Athens
Museum. The tomb of Queen Klytemnestra, which was
shaped inside like a beehive, had all the roof built in hori-
zontal courses of stone, and showed that the radiating joints
of domes had not then been invented. It had partly fallen
in consequence. The Corinth of Apostolic times was now a
mere hamlet, and contained nothing much of interest except a
few columns of the Temple and a bath. The modern canal
across the isthmus was a great engineering work 35 miles long.
with water ıooft. wide and 26ft. deep. Athens, though pre-
viously very fully described to that society by Mr. Stannus,
was so pre-eminently beautiful and interesting that the lecturer
could not refrain from devoting a large number of slides to
it, but no slides could convey any idea of the beauty of the
combination of blue sky, fine hills, and white marble build-
ings stained with age, and of the most perfect architecture.
Some snapshots of architectural fragments interesting to
students were also shown, Mr. Gibbs said the Stadium had
recently been restored by a Grecian merchant ; it had a course
about 100ft. longer than Bramall Lane, and had seats in
white marble on three sides raised in 60 tiers, so as to hold
50,000 people. It was formed out of a natural valley, and
suggested to the lecturer that if the Sheffield Water Depart-
ment ever do away with one of their large dams at Crookes-
moor, then there would be an excellent opportunity of form-
ing an exceptional place for sports and great meetings. Views
of modern buildings in Athens showed how excellently the
architects worked in the ancient style. The views of Ephesus
were limited to a few snapshots taken during a visit which
was shamefully hurried by the guides. considering its great
historical interest and its immense wealth of Grecian-Roman
remains. One view showed a street nearlv a mile long, all
of white marble, with the remains of columns down each side,
and out of this street opened many public buildings, and it led
up to the great theatre, which seated 24,500. The remains
of the Temple of Diana, which were discovered bv Mr. Wood,
an English architect, 22ft. below the surface, are now 0
great hollow and difficult of access because of water; the best
of the work is to be seen in the British Museum. The exc
vations of the city are being rapidly proceeded with, and any
traveller to the East should visit Ephesus. The ruins show
in what magnificence and beauty the old Greeks and Romans
loved to dwell, and made the lecturer desire that the time
should come when a rich nation like the English might m
like way more fully appreciate noble architecture. Views
were shown of Constantinople, and of its mosques, fountains,
palaces, bazaars, and streets. The wealth and beauty of the
marble and mosaic decoration of Sophia were equalled by
its wonderful arched and domed constructure, which has stood
the test of earthquakes for 1367 years; it was over goo ۹
old when it came into possession of the Turks, and they have
preserved it almost intact, with the exception of obliterating
the figures of saints. 1t was also remarkable that the mosques
built by the Turks in Constantinople so very many years after-
wards were all adaptations of the general arrangement o
S. Sophia. The old seraglio is the residence of the ۳
of deceased Sultans. The parts shown to the public wer
partially illustrated bv a few snapshots, and showed great
beauty of detail. The museum contained some 21 77
phagi. discovered in 1887 in Sidon. Two of them were illus
trated, the one called the Tomb of Alexander being evidently
of that period of Greek art; it was of white marble, and was
sculptured on all sides. The other tomb was called The
Weepers, because of the figures all around it. The marble
shows traces of vivid colouring. The Bazaars dated from the
time of Constantine. and were verv interesting. The four
tains were wholly Turkish work. It should be remembered
that the Turks conquered Constantinople as late as 1453: 2?

engine-room telegraph, worked from a position on the stage
level, where the stage-manager has also to hand speaking-
tubes, lamp-signal keys, and telephones to all the points where
engineers are stationed to work the numerous electric appa-
ratus. On receiving a signal on his dial, the table driver
has only to turn to his controller wheel and the vast table,
75ft. in diameter, can be turned, stopped, and reversed, the
actual controllers or switches being in a chamber below the
stage. These controllers are over sft. 6in. in height, and are
the largest series of parallel controllers ever made. To work
in conjunction with the revolving stages, and for the proper
representation of moving objects and other purposes, it is
necessary that panorama on a large scale should be used.
There are now installed eight panoramas and a cyclorama. In
addition to the ordinary panorama, there is also one that will
carry people or built scenery and properties. All these
devices are electrically driven and controlled, but can in an
emergency be worked by hand to prevent á breakdown.
When complete, there will be 30 electric motors at work on
the building. The weight of the revolving stages 1s 160 tons,
of which 79 tons represent the weight of the steel under-frames
carrying the stages. For lighting, there was used through-
out fireproof cables, an earthed steel tube conduit system.

The main stage switchboard has 85 distinct working switches, '

which are so combined that, by interlocking and automatic
releasing, it is possible for one man to control all the lights
on the stage and produce combinations of colours at any
strength. All the electrical and mechanical details have been
worked out bv Mr. E. Wingfield Bowles. The illuminating
power on the stage is equal to about 5,000 8c.p. incandescent
lamps, and the auditorium has upwards of 2,000 similar lamps.
The public parts of the theatre are divided into two separate
installations, supplied bv two independent companies.

The architects are Messrs. Frank Matcham and Co., the
builders being Messrs. Patman and Fotheringham, Ltd. The
steel construction for the auditorium, proscenium, and roof
was carried out by Messrs. R. Moreland and Son, of Old
Street, E.C.; constructional engineering for the dome, W.
Whitford and Co., West Ferry Road, E. و‎ girder work, Drew-
Bear, Perks and Co., Ltd., Queen Victoria Street, E.C., and
W. Jones and Sons, Bow Bridge, E.; revolving stages, pano-
rama gear. etc., Ransomes and Rapier, Westminster and
Ipswich; fireproof curtain, Merryweather and Sons; mosaic
work, Diespeker. Ltd., Holborn Viaduct, E.C. ; ornamental
fibrous plaster and decorations, F. de Jong and Co., Albert
Street, Camden Town, N.W. ; plumbing, sanitation, sanitary
appliances, and water supply, Davis and Bennett, West-
minster ; marble decorations for entrance hall, vestibule, and
staircase, Anselm. Odling and Sons, Ltd.. New North
Road, N., and Carrara; fibrous plaster. S. Wright and Co. ;
electric lighting. Blackburn, Starling and Co., Ltd., Notting-
ham, Hanley, and London ; heating and ventilation, Ashwell
and Nesbit, Ltd., London and Leicester; installation for
cleaning carpets, seats, draperies, ete., without removal,
British Compressed Air Cleaning Co.. Ltd., 104. High Hol-
born, W.C. ; and the ferro-concrete fireproof flooring (Hénne-
bique's patent—L. G. Mouchel, C.E., 38, Victoria Street.
S.W., agent). bv W. Cubitt and Co., Gray's Inn Road, W.C.,
who were also responsible for the joinery work, etc. The
grey terra-cotta was supplied by The Hathern Station Brick
and Terra Cotta Co. ; glazed bricks. Joseph Cliff and Sons
and W. Ingham and Sons; Fletton bricks, Hicks, Gardner
and Co.. Old Fletton ; fire clay goods, Timnús and Co.. of
Stourbridge, and Poulton and Sons, of Reading; cement,
Martin Earle and Co... Ltd., Broad Sanctuary Chambers,
S.W. ; glass, Pilkington Bros., St. Helens; electric motors,
Newton's, Ltd.. Taunton; and pavement lights, Hayward
Bros. and Eckstein, Ltd.. Borough, S.F.

The electric lifts in the entrance hall, for taking the
audience to the upper tiers, were supplied by Messrs. Archi-
bald Smith and Stevens, of Queen's Road, Battersea, S.W.

+ Fp 8
ARCHITECTURE IN THE NEAR EAST,
A' the meeting of the Sheffield Society of Architects and

Survevors, on the 8tb inst., a lecture was given by

Mr. E. M. Gibbs, un the above subject. The lecturer
apologised for the ambitious title, stating that it was suggested
and accepted by telephone without due thought of it being
too comprehensive. 11 was not a critical essay he had to
deliver, but only a number of views of buildings taken or pur-

chased by him on an 18 days cruise in the Mediterranean,

E mnn ااا‎

DECEMBER 16, 1904] THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

fittings have been inspected by the majority of the great in-
surance companies, and have been passed by them as quite

satisfactory.

that the development of their architecture which had been
shown was contemporaneous with our Renaissance and later
work.

On the motion of Mr. J. Smith, seconded by Mr. W. J.
Hale, and supported by Messrs. A. Howe and Horace
Wilson, a hearty vote of thanks was accorded Mr.
Gibbs for his lecture, which was well illustrated by
lantern slides exhibited by Mr. J. Atkinson, of University Col-
lege. On the motion of Mr. E. M. Gibbs, seconded by Mr. J.
Smith, and supported by the president, a resolution was
unanimously carried, expressing satisfaction and congratulat-
ing the hon. secretary (Mr. W. C. Fenton) on his appointment
as chairman of the School of Art managers.

一 一 人 一 一 一 人

ARTISTIC WOODEN ELECTRIC FITTINGS.

E should suppose that the development of wooden
fittings for the electric light will meet with a good

deal of favour from architects. The greater sub-
stantiality will often prove very acceptable in place of the over-
attenuated lines of attachment which have been developed
in metal fittings. Messrs. J. S. Henry, Ltd., have carried
out a number of most excellent designs of wooden electric
fittings, and whether they are the actual pioneers in the matter
or no it cannot be denied that they have followed the idea
with much suocess as to refinement and daintiness of time
and detail. We give two examples of the kind of work
their catalogue shows, but we feel sure our readers would be
greatly interested by an inspection of their fittings at the

WOODEN ELECTRIC FITTING,
By J. S. HENRY.

———

DIARIES, CATALOGUES, ETC.

New Year are to be placed the time-tried excellencies
of Messrs. Hudson and Kearns’ production. They,
indeed, need no further recommendation from us, but they
always form a welcome addition to the library at this time of
the year. The blotting-pads are made in various sizes and
styles, to suit every requirement, whilst the diaries contain an
amount of valuable information indispensable to the archi-

tect, builder, etc.

F OREMOST. amongst diaries and blotting-pads for the

We have received from The Auctioneers’ Institute of the
United Kingdom (Incorporated), of 57 and 58, Chancery
Lane, W.C., a copy of their excellent Year Book and Diary
for 1905, published at 4s. 6d. (or with the diary portion ruled
throughout with cash columns at 55.), containing alphabetical
and topographical lists of the members, with a collection of
tables and general information for auctioneers, valuers, estate
agents, and others. It is issued under the authority of the
council, and entered at Stationers’ Hall. We find it a most

useful book.

Messrs. W. BOUGHTON AND Sons, Lro., of Thetford, are
making a very useful file for binding letters, loose papers, etc.
These patent files may be obtained from the manufacturers

at 4s. 6d. a dozen.

WooDEN ELECTRIC FITTING,
Bv J. S. HENRY.

showrooms 287, 289 and 291, Old Street, E.C. Messrs.
Henry say in their catalogue that their decorative treatment
of electric lighting has proved a conspicuous success. The
difficulty of convincing the public that wood could be suc-
cessfully used as a constructive basis was overcome as soon
as realised, and the fear of ignition of wood as an inflam-
mable material was easily removed. Those who can regard
without fear the use of flimsy silk shades, or of thousands
of celluloid globes in street decoration, may look with
equanimity on the wood electric fittings in their home. The

Messrs. LEWIS BERGER AND SONS, LTD., of Homerton, N.E.,
the well-known varnish and paint manufacturers, have sent
us a nice little folding blotting-pad and diary combined,
which is very neat and compact, as it includes, besides the
blotting-pad, a roomv diary and a letter pocket.

Mn. A. ROBERTS, of 27, Leyfield Road, West Derby, Liver-
pool, sends us his catalogue of greenhouse heating and ventilat-
ing apparatus. It comprises “Ideal,” Premier, and sectional

[DECEMBER 16, 1904

effect. Messrs. Fletcher, Russell and Co, s specialities are
so widely known that further comment on their exhibits is
unnecessary, and we understand that all the cooking stoves
on the Midland, Great Central, and L. and N.W. Railways

are supplied by this firm, and have given complete satis-

faction. |

Amongst other exhibits worthy of note may be mentioned
the following:—Stands Nos. 36, 118, and 143— The Davis
Gas Stove Co., Ltd., of 200, Camberwell New Road, S.E.—
which includes large gas roasters, “Metropolitan” kitcheners,
range or double ovens, with automatic hop plate, lagged steam
cooking-chests, steam cooking-chest, with wheel screw doors,
coffee-roasters, and baking-ovens. Stand No. 35—The
Cannon Iron Foundries, Ltd., of Deepfields, near Bilston,
Staffs— gas cookers. Stand No. 161—The Planet Foundry
Co., Ltd., of Guide Bridge, near Manchester— gas cooking
and heating-stoves.

— E
BUILDING NEWS.

THE Aston (Birmingham) Board of Guardians, on Tuesday,
decided on the extension of the Gravelly Hill Workhouse, etc.

AT Wednesday's meeting o fthe Birmingham Watch Commit-
tee, plans of the proposed fire-station for Bordesley Green
were passed.

Tue Wandsworth Guardians have decided that, subject to the
sanction of the Local Government Board, the necessary steps
should be taken for the erection of an infirmary in St. James
Road, to accommodate 500 patients. The cost is estimated at
4,150,000.

Twenty million dollars is the amount to be spent on the
new buildings at John Hopkins University, Baltimore, and
140 acres the extent of the site. Messrs. Parker and Thomas.
of Boston, U.S.A., are the architects-—selected in the recent
competition.

Tne work of erecting the new chancel at Brighouse Parish
Church is now completed, the dedication ceremony being per-
formed last week by the Bishop of Wakefield. The work,
which has been carried eut under the superintendence of Mr.
C. Hodgson Fowler, of Durham, has cost over £3,000. '

AT Saturday's meeting of the Chepstow Board of Guardians,
a new scheme of infirmary extension, to cost 45,000, as against
£7,000, the estimate for the scheme which was approved by
the Local Government Board, and rejected on account of
expense, was presented. The matter was adjourned for six
weeks.

مس

THE new theatre which is to be built in Park Place, Cardiff,
is, it is stated, to be on the same lines as the New ۰
Messrs. Ernest Runtz and Ford being the architects for both
playhouses. The new Theatre Royal, Birmingham, referred
to elsewhere in this issue, also very much resembles it, and is
by the same architects.

THE new Palace Theatre, at Grimsby, just opened, is built
upon the site of the old Theatre Royal. The external front
is of red Accrington bricks, with buff terra-cotta dressings.
in the Early Victorian style. The interior decorations are in the
Louis XV. style, and the house is built to seat 2,000 persons.
The theatre has been designed by Messrs. Owen and Ward,
of Colmore Row, Birmingham, and the contractors were
Messrs. Hewins and Goodhand, of Grimsbv.

THE new wing of the children's hospital, in Bertram Road,
Bradford, (he foundation-stone of which was laid on the roth
inst., has been designed by Mr. J. Ledingham, of Booth
Street, Bradford. The plans provide for waiting, registration.
consulting, and operating-tooms, a dispensary and drug store,
and a porter's residence. It is estimated that the cost of this
new department, including fittings, and adaptation of the
rooms at present in use for out-patients in the hospital, vil
amount ta £1,700.

474 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

xAAAA>HN KK ——HA+A—— , — — lll

— À— ——— KA سے‎ ———

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boilers, patent ventilating gear, greenhouses, and much use-
ful information. It is particularly seasonable just now. and
we can confidently advise those interested to apply for a copy.

Messrs. JOHN WHITEHEAD AND Co., LTD., Albert Works.
Preston, have just issued an illustrated and descriptive cata-
logue of patent and improved machinery and appliances for
the manufacture of bricks, tiles, and pipes.

————»———————————

THB ACROPOLIS AT ATHENS.
ROFESSOR ERNEST A. GARDNER. of University
College, on Saturday afternoon delivered a lecture at
the British Museum to the members of the University
Extension Guild, on the Athenian Acropolis. There were
only two places in the world, Professor Gardner said, where
the study of this famous hill city c@uld be carried on. One,
of course, was the Acropolis itself; the other was the Elgin
Room of the British Museum. He proposed to trace the
various stages in its development, from the bare rock to the
marvellous harmony of buildings that had made it the wonder
of the world. The hill must always have been conspicuous
in the Athenian landscape. and was well adapted for defence
against pirates from the sea or invaders from the landward
side. On a large scale plan, Professor Gardner then went
over the line of the early walls of the Pelasgian masonry,
pointing out the rock-staircase similar to those at Mycene
and Tiryns, the tunnel entrance on the North, and the West
gates with a flanking tower. The earlv house of Erechtheus
was described as the palace of the early Kings, the centre of
the worship of Stato, and the favourite home of Athene.
From this point, Professor Gardner built up the later Acropolis
by card diagrams superposed on the original plan, showing
in succession the new Erechtheum, the peristvle added by
Pisistratus, the original Parthenon, which was later than,
and possibly the result of, the Battle of Marathon, and the
massive platform of masonrv. Next came its capture by the
Persians, and, when the Athenians regained possession, the
North wall was rebuilt bv "Themistocles, and the South wall
later bv Cimon. Then followed in order the later Parthenon
of Pentelic marble, the colossal statue of Athene Promachos,
the first object on the Acropolis visible from the sea, and the
Entrance gates, the magnificent plan for which was not carried
out in its entirety. Professor Gardner then invited his audi-
ence to visit the Elgin Room, where the most important sculp-
tures from the Acropolis were pointed out.

چ
INTERNATIONAL GAS EXHIBITION-—III.‏

Stands Nos. 23 and 28 are occupied by Messrs. Fletcher,
Russell and Co., Ltd., of Pendleton (Manchester), Warring-
ton, and also 134, Queen Victoria St., London, E.C., who ex-
hibit a very fine selection of ranges, grillers, steamers, water-
boilers, carving-tables, large ovens for confectioners and
restaurants, mantels and overmantels, curbs, reflector stoves,
warm-air stoves, radiator stoves, greenhouse boilers, special
taps, and gas fires. We might mention here that many of the
gas fires shown are fitted with patent ventilated backs. This
new arrangement has the effect of producing a brighter fire,
and gives upwards of 25 per cent. higher duty for the same
gas consumption as that of the old pattern fires.¢ A novelty
in the shape of a kitchen is on view, fitted up with all neces-
sary appliances, suitable for hotels, or large institutions (the
suite shown being capable of easily satisfying the wants of
from 200 to 250 people). A suthcient quantity of hot water
is supplied by a multi-tubular boiler. By means of this system
for cooking. absolute cleanliness, precision, and despatch in
handling large quantities of food are obtained. We noticed
some gas-stoves fitted up with overmantels, which give a cosy
and ornamental appearance, and also one of this firm's
“Floral” radiators, which seems to be a very good thing.
The columns can be supplied in any number at 25s. per
column, and the approximate heating power is 100 square feet
of floor area for each single radiator, and when these radiators
are finished. off with majolica enamel. they have a pleasing

ہس سے

_ pa

475

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

making roads and forming tramway sidings at the Jovce Green
Hospital, for which the engireer-in-chief's approximate esti-
mate was £2,850, and for the building of additional storage
accommodation at the White Oak School.

cussion, the committee's recommendation was adopted. The

After some dis-

Hospitals Committee reported that the small-pox hospital
ships Atlas and Castalia, and the staff-ship Endymion, had

been sold by public auction for 48,045.

THE new Theatre Royal, Birmingham, which was opened
yesterday, has been erected at a total cost of about £50,000,
and is five storeys in height, with a street elevation of about
6oft., and a general height of between 7oft. and 8oft. The
main walls are of red brick, but the elevation to New Street
is, of Monk's Park stone, in the semi-Classic style of the period
of George III. The seating accommodation is for 2,150 play-
goers. The plans of the architects (Messrs. Runtz and Ford)
have been modified in various ways since they were provision-
ally approved a year ago. Every precaution has been taken
against fire. the building being practically of fireproof material
throughout. The heating and ventilation is on the Plenum
system. The erection of the theatre has been carried out in
the short period of nine months by Messrs. H. Lovatt and Co.,
the well-known builders, of Wolverhampton. The decoration
and upholstering was entrusted to Messrs. Smee and Cobay,
of London, the scheme of colour being green, white and gold.

161۸۸ HILL Baptist CHURCH, Higham Hill Road, built
under the auspices of the London Baptist Association, and
recently opened by Mrs. G. S. Gould, of Loughton, has been
erected from the design of Mr. Edgar Stones, London, E.C.,
at a total inclusive cost of about £5,500. It is in a free
Gothic style, in red brick and stone dressings. The chapel
accommodates a congregation of about eight hundred, includ-
ing the gallery. A large church hall, capable of providing for
six hundred scholars, has been provided below the chapel,
and on this level is placed a boiler-room for the heating of the
whole building, and also a kitchen. The present building has
been erected with a view to future extension, which will pro-
vide for permanent vestries and a choir gallery, and also
additional class-rooms. The seating (in Orham wood) has
been carried out by the Bennett Furnishing Co., Ltd., and
the electric lighting and ventilating fan and apparatus by the
Vulcan Electric Co., Stratford. Messrs. J. Jones and Sons,
of Shoe Lane, E.C., are responsible for the hot-water heating
on the low-pressure system, and the general contractor for the
building is Mr. F. J. Coxhead, of Leytonstone. The inside
clock was presented by Messrs. Sainsbury Bros., church and
turret-clock manufacturers, of Walthamstow.

DRURY LANE THEATRE, which has undergone an extensive
alteration, from the plans of Mr. P. E. Pilditch, of Pall Mall
East, S.W., will be re-opened on Boxing Day. In the audi-
torium the chief alterations concern the gallery and balcony,
and consist in the removal of the wooden balconv, gallery,
and ceilings, and the substitution of steel, concrete, and non-
inflammable plaster. In addition, the gallery has been pro-
vided with fresh exits, and four new stone staircases. The
proscenium opening has also undergone considerable deco-
rative changes. On the other side of the curtain. the altera-
tions are of a more extensive character. ‘The stage has been
rebuilt from basement to roof. The stage itself, which was of
wood, is now of steel with teak boarding ; there are new flies
of steel, and a new grid from which the scenery cloths are
suspended ; and they will be worked bv new wire ropes, in-
stead of hemp, running in steel channels with counterweights.
The rooms beneath the stage level have been reconstructed.
The basement floor is of concrete instead of deal, and above
that iron galleries run round the whole space and give access
to the traps and gear for machinerv. Large sliding skylights
have also been placed in the auditorium roof. the panels of
which can be released by cutting ۵ string, to allow any smoke
to escape. The theatre the public knew was the third bear-
ing the name, and was built bv Mr. Wyatt in 1813. Wood
was used largelv in the construction, but some two vears ago
two lower tiers were reconstructed of steel and concrete. The
outer walls are practically all that remain of Mr. Wyatt's
theatre. They are very fine walls, however, in some places
three and four feet thick, and the old brickwork is declared
bv Mr. Pilditch to be in splendid condition. and harder than
most of the finest work of the present day. Messrs. Leslie
and Co., Ltd., the contractors, have carried out the work in

the short space of three months.

The

Gas is the illuminant, and the light will be un-

attended by night. Mn clear weather it will be visible from a
The focal plane of the

light is elevated gı ft. above high water of ordinary spring

DECEMBER 16, 1904]

一 一 一 -一

RIDLEY House, a settlement in the Parish of St. James the
Less, Bethnal Green, N.E., which was opened on the roth
inst., affords accommodation, on the ground floor, for a young
men's club and a Bible-class hall, and for a medical mission

and surgery; on the first floor for four club-rooms and rooms

for curates, and on the second floor for bed-rooms and
Mr.

cubicles for young men, with dining-room and kitchen.
E. Hoole, of Finsbury, is the architect.

Two new theatres are shortly to be erected at Carlisle for
Mr. Macnaughten. Plans have been passed by the Carlisle
Plans Committee for one in Botchergate, to cost 515.000, and
to accommodate about 1,700 people. Plans submitted by the
Carlisle Public Hall Company for the rebuilding of the theatre
in Lowther Street, which was burned down three months ago,
have also been approved. The latter building, which will be
erected at a cost of about £6,000 from the design of Messrs.
Bendle and Hope, architects, Newcastle, will provide seating
accommodation for 1,500 ۰

Tue new church hall at Pelaw-on-Tyne, of which the memo-
rial-stone was laid on the 1oth inst., has been designed by
Messrs. Badenoch and Bruce, of Newcastle, in a plain. treat-
ment of Early English work, the walls will be faced with
red pressed local bricks, and finished with stone dressings.
The floors throughout will be wood block, laid herring-bone
pattern, on concrete, and the seating will be chairs. The
heating is by low-pressure hot water, Messrs. Emley and
Sons, Ltd., of Newcastle. having secured the contract for this

work. Mr. W. Foster, of Pelaw, is the contractor, the total
cost being £1,573-

THE laying of the memorial-stones of a Baptist church at
Shirehampton, last week, was a further step towards securing
a permanent habitation for the local Baptists, who have had
to be content with the use of a public hall. The contrac-
tor's price for the building is £2,044, and accommodation will
be provided for a congregation of 3oo. "The chief entrance
will be from Pembroke Road, the chapel being entered
through a porch, on either side of which will be a lobby. At
the further end of the building will be vestry-rooms and other
offices. The plans were designed by Mr. Bernard Wakefield,

of Bristol, and are being executed by Messrs. Biss and Sons,
of Portishead. The building is being contructed of Kings-

weston stone.

On Monday the new buildings at Sir Isaac Newton's School,
Grantham. which have entailed an expenditure of £18,000,
were opened. "The Governors have been able to build on a
site adjoining the existing structures, the most notable of which
is the identical quaint old school-house in which Newton and
the other worthies of the past received their early instruction.
One of the new blocks of buildings contains a series of dormi-
tories, a recreation-room, and masters-rooms ; the other, the
Brook Street entrance to which was opened vesterday, provides
up-to-date class-room accommodation, a lecture-room, and
Evervthing is on modern principles, from the

laboratories.
designs of Mr. Bilson, of Hull.

— A ——

THE new lighthouse at St. Catherine's Point, just opened,
The situa-

tion is excellent, as the light may be seen by every passing
vessel all the way from Plymouth, and on the Western side
It

will warn sailors of the danger of the Udder Rock, also of

is constructed on the edge of Peunybney Cove.

its rays will be observable far beyond Dodman Point.

the still more dangerous Gannis Rock. The light is dioptric,

white, flashing, of the fourth order, with red sectors.
intensity of the red and white lights will be 1,700 candle-

power.
distance of fifteen nautical miles.

tides, while the fane is Ioo ft. above sea level,

A MEETING of the managers of the Metropolitan Asylum Dis-
trict was held on Saturdav. The Local Government Board
wrote approving of the plans relating to the additional blocks
which it is proposed to erect at Tooting Bec Asvlum, and pro-
mising to issue an order authorising the expenditure and bor-
rowing of a sum not exceeding 436.250 in respect of the
works, £33.450 of which is to be repaid in 30 years, and

2,800 in 15 years. A report was presented by the Works
Committee recommending the acceptances of tenders for re-

476 | ^. THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. [DECEMBER 16, 1904

— س‎ — 一 -一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 ~
— —

JOTTINGS. TRADE NOTES.
THE War Office have, it is stated, aequired the house and | WE give herewith an illustration of the Boston “ Gasteam"
grounds of Bitterne Manor, near Southampton, on the site of | radiator, manufactured by Messrs. Hendry and Pattisson
which it is proposed to erect a large military discharge depot. :

AN Indianapolis archeologist, Mr. V. Millard, claims to have ۰
discovered where Noah lived, where he built the Ark, and

also asserts that the builder of the first great vessel of which

history has preserved an account was also the builder of the

great pyramid of Gizeh. As to the pyramid of Gizeh, the

Indiana archeologist is reported as saying that Noah built

this wonder of the world in the earlier part of the fourth

Egyptian dynasty, not later than 1200 A.M. f

THE Wakefield Corporation has consented to a statue of the
late Queen Victoria, subscribed for by tradesmen and others,
being placed in the Bull Ring. The base is to be erected by
the Corporation. This will be Wakefield's first public statue.

on "wr‏ 7 سر میں

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ADVERTISEMENTS are to be strictly regulated as to size,
position, and manner of exhibition in the newly opened New
York underground railway. No advertisements are to be
allowed below the frieze line on the side walls of the stations
alongside the lines. It is also stated that automatic machines
are to be banished from the stations, on the ground that they
are obstructions.

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IN connection with the Capetown Cathedral Memorial Fund.
a circular letter, signed bv Lord Roberts and Princess Chris-
tian, appealing for the support necessary to bring the under-
taking to a speedy completion, has been issued. It is pointed
out that work in connection with the new cathedral has been
begun, and it is hoped that it will be possible to begin the
erection of the memorial portion during next spring, 6
original estimate of the amount required was 435,000, of
which £20,800 has been received or promised. Ltd., rr, Hill's Place, Oxford Street, and described in our
last issue—on page 434- ۱

—— الي‎ -一 一 一 -一 一 一 -一 -一 一 一 一 一 —- = -

一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一

THE building of the Eastern and Western breakwaters of the | THE new hospital, Brakpan, South Africa, is being warmed
Admiralty Harbour at Dover has produced a race on a gigantic | and ventilated by means of Shorland's patent Manchester
scale among the engineering staffs. Only three days have | Stoves, the same being supplied by Messrs. E. H. Shorland
elapsed between the laying of the final blocks of these two | and Brother, of Manchester. l

huge works, which have been in progress for the past five —

years, the last block on the Eastern breakwater being laid on | ThE foundation-stone laying ceremony of the Beverley Road
Friday. These breakwaters enclose over six hundred acres of | Baptist Church, Hull, was held on the 7th inst. The church,
anchorage. The Western breakwater goes seaward 4,0ooft., | which will accommodate over 1,000 persons, mostly on the
and the Eastern breakwater 3,320ft. Over 32,000 blocks, | ground floor, is designed in a late period of Gothic, a bold,
weighing forty tons each, have been set in these breakwaters, | square tower being the feature at the corner of the site.
giving a total of about 1,280,000 tons of concrete. The | The contract amount for the church, five vestries, large church
breakwaters rise 75ft. from the sea bottom, and are asft. wide. | parlour, cloak-rooms, etc., is 5,500. The architects are
The Southern breakwater, 4,200ft. long, which is rapidly pro- | Messrs. George Baines F.R.I.B A and R. Palmer Baines,
gressing, will complete this vast undertaking. I s, Clement's Inn, London, W C. 1

C-JEAKES& C251, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, BLOOMSBURY.‏ زم

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Sanitary Engineers |. PLANS GIVEN FOR COOKING: LAUNDRIES; AND. WARMING LÎ!

RT.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 27

DECEMBER 23, 1904]

The British Architect.

LONDON: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 23, 1904.

occuplers of buildings, whose interests are seriously affected
by such oppressive by-laws. Yet disregard of a single one of
them, may result in having any building branded “as unfit
for human habitation ” ; because the only form allowed to be
used, when a by-law is not complied with, sets forth those
very words as a description of the condition of the building.
This is no imaginary statement, but actual fact; for 1 have
had to defend a case brought against a client, which was only
defeated on a purely technical point, viz, because the
solicitor, acting on behalf of the authority, failed to prove

STRBET ARCHITECTURE.
that the building was occupied on the date stated in the

T may be hoped that the paper by Mr. T. G. Jackson. ! summons, After the case was dismissed, the clerk to the
R.A., on “Street Architecture.” before the Society of | magistrates stated that, had it not been for the slip on the part
Arts, on the 20th inst., will produce some effect in the ¡of the prosecution, there would have remained no option for

quarters where it is most needed. We are all pretty well | the magistrates but to convict. This is by no means an

agreed with Mr. Jacksons diagnosis of the parlous state of | isolated case in which a district surveyor has advised his

street architecture. and everything that he said has, we believe. | counci! to take action for some reason or other, quite apart
been urged over and over again in these columns and else- | from any question of the safety or health of the community.
where. His emphatic illustration of the obligations of street | The draft by-laws, above referred to, are evidently founded
architecture to be at its best, on account of social considera- upon the forms issued by the Local Government Board, and

tions, may do more good with many people than an insistence ¡follow their usual topsy-turvy arrangement of placing
on Art for Arts sake. He pointed out that there is a parallel ; toward the end-—actually after the forms of notice certifying
between social obligations and artistic ones—that is, in social ¡that the by-laws have not been complied with—what un-
matters, such as dress, deportment, etc., one must conform to 'doubtedly should be at the beginning, viz, the fact that
certain lines of conduct and usage—so in street architecture, ' notice of intention to build has to be given to the local
designs ought not to be put forward which are in flagrant op- ! authority, together with particulars as to drawings, etc., which
position of style and treatment to all their neighbours. Of | are required to accompany such notice.

course, this is meant in the interests of dignity and unity, but | Much has already been said on the question of depositing
the other aspect of the case, which concerns the interests of | drawings with the local authorities. So far the doing of this
variety and picturesqueness, has also to be remembered, and ۰ has been a serious tax upon architects, many of whom hold it

سس

| ——

سر مچ سم P‏ ——

¡to be totally unnecessary. Such being the case, it is becoming
' general for architects to charge their clients with the prepara-
| tion of such drawings ; consequently the tax will in time fall
| entirely on the building owner, and ultimately upon the
! occupiers of buildings. It consequently remains for them to
| say if unnecessary requirements shall continue. Nothing
| short of sustained and persistent agitation, however, is likely
to cause abatement of unreasonable demands.

All that a local authority ought to require for detention,
| is a block plan of the site, showing the position and other
| particulars, by which the proposed buildings may be identi-

fied ; but complete plans, elevations and sections of the build-
| ings proposed to be erected, should be submitted for only a

limited time. (See the suggestion of the R.I.B.A. “ Journal,”
| vol. vi., No. 15.)

In the draft form, referred to, the requirements relating to

the deposit of plans, etc., for streets and buildings respec-
tively, are, as usual, inextricably mixed up, and occupy no
' less than four pages of closely-printed matter, full of the
' most impracticable and contradictory demands. Just consider,
‘ye landowners who desire to open up land on which the
| public may dwell! Should you intend to lay out a new street,
you must, among other impossible things, deposit complete
plans and sections, and show thereby “the size and number
' of the building lots, and the intended sites, height, class, and
‘nature of the buildings to be erected therein, and the
¡ intended height of the division and fence walls thereon,” as
| well as “the intended level of the intended buildings." The
wonder is that the authorities do not also demand to know
١ the lowest or highest price which will be accepted fur each
| yard of land, or what will be the rent of each building to be
| erected, and when it will be ready for occupation.
ı Much is heard nowadays of the * Housing question,” and
of the extravagant schemes carried out or in contemplation
| by local authorities, yet the fringe of that subject is scarcely
touched by them. it almost seems as though, in order to
accomplish their own ends, it is necessary to obtain the
sanction of the Local Government Board to by-laws which
put every possible obstacle in the way of landowners develop-
۱ ing their estates for the gcod of communities, by demanding
¡that which is practically impossible. Instead of which, a
wiser policy would be to encourage to the utmost the forma-
١ tion of good main roads, branching outwards from city and
| town centres, far into the country. In fact, local authorities
would do well if they would look to future possibilities by
| plotting down the best lines for main roadways, and for
' improving existing ones, and by placing before landowners

| reasonable inducements to favour their development as public
requirements may demand.
One would suppose that the by-law regulations relating to
the laying-out of new streets were devised by those who had
| never been beyond city slums, or who are incapable of any higher

— s x T. -. o o

this the lecturer did not lose sight of. The importance of
some artistic control over street architecture seems to be taken
for granted, but Mr. Reginald Blomfield very pertinentlv re-
marked that, in this country, we had not vet a sufficiently high
standard of taste to- warrant the setting up of an artistic
directory of control in architecture. Mr. Blashill nointed out
that taste changed radically in 20 years, and he thought that
individuality ought to prevent over-collectivism. Sir J. Wolfe
Barry said the architect of the future must discard a great deal
of what he had been taught of Roman, Greek, and Gothic
architecture, which was not suitable for modern commercial
life. As to his contention that architects should study the
artistic treatment of metal-work, we only wish engineers would
afford them a better chance of doing it. bv associating archi-
tects with them in some of their schemes. It seems to us that
the appreciation of architecture is neither very deep nor very
sound, for a leading light in the provinces the other day
maintained that the streets of the city in which he lives contain
some of the finest examples of modern architecture and work
which would live ; and, we believe, pretty much the opposite!
We agree with the chairman of the Society of Arts’ meeting,
Dr. Longstaff. that one of the most hopeless things about
modern street architecture is its height, and Mr. Jackson's
contention that the new buildings to the Strand, onnosite
Somerset House, should be about the scale and height of that
excellent building. 1s a most wise one, thought we fear there
is little chance of its being listened to. He did not appear
very hopeful himself, judging from the start that has been
made next to the Gaietv Theatre. The main point of im-
portance is that, until municipal authorities place the value
of Art as an asset of some vital consideration alongside Utilitv,
no intelligent progress will be made in the beautv of our cities.
however many new avenues and squares we create.

—

FRIENDS IN COUNCIL.—No. 104.

BUILDING BY-LAWS.*
By WM. HENMAN, F.R.I.B.A., BIRMINGHAM.
(Third Article.)
Ss writing what appeared in your last issue, I have

had placed in my hands a copy of draft by-laws about
to beadopted by an urban authority, whose district com-
prises a large area, purely rural in character. There are
65 pages of printed matter, totalling over 20,000 words. Apart
from this excessive volume of matter, the arrangement is most
complex, and, being altogether devoid of suitable index,

marginal notes and illustrations, it cannot be expected that
everyone about to build can become acquainted with all the
requirements—to say nothing of the majority, being owners or

AAA q aa —— MM—————————MÓMÓMMM aan 0 ۰ ۰ 5
* For former articles on this subject, see THE BRITISH ARCHITECT . ideal than the perpetuation of their depressing effects. Yet,

as regards their construction, and the demand that “every

for December د‎ and r6.

478 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. [DECEMBER 23, 1904
— شش ی ا‎ E سی کٹ اس ری ری‎ ie شا‎ lp و‎ IEEE ما سیه‎ ES 一 سس‎
Xu o uu ee ee و‎ ee د‎ |

angle and corner shall be rounded off to a radius of mof ¿ess ings. He thought them clever drawings, but useless as

architectural drawings, and that two to three guineas apiece
was a fair price for them. Another artist valued them at
ten shillings ayiece. But Mr. Arthur Blomfield considered
the, were worth fifteen guineas each. As Mr. Ayrton sup-
plied 16 designs of weathercocks and an article for the
small sum of £10, it seems to us only fair that Messrs.
Pearson should have to pay for the loss of the original
drawings.

THE new Scala Theatre, in Charlotte Street, Fitzroy Square,
by Mr. Frank T. Verity, F. R.1.B.A., was opened by Lady
Bancroft on Monday. We had the misfortune to miss the
opening ceremony. The name given to the new house is an
indication of its principal feature. It is called the Scala
because that word, which has given a name to the most
famous theatre in Italy, means in English " staircase," and
the staircase in this house breaks away with a gentle decline
on either side below the balcony (or dress-circle, as it is called
in most theatres), and leads, bv a fine flight of ivory-veined
marble steps, to the orchestra stalls. At the top of the house
is the gallerv, an admirable one, both for seeing and for
hearing, since there is ۵ free view of the whole of the stage
from every seat. ‘The seating of the house has been disposed
of as follows:- -Stalls, staircase stalls, balcony, pit. and
gallery. For the pit it is claimed that it is without an
equal. A special feature of the interior is the orchestra,
which is sunk after the manner of the Wagner Theatre, and
is à commodious and comfortable place for the musicians to
The Roval boxes are on
the right and left of the stage. That on the right is the
King's box, and that which faces it is reserved for the use of
the Prince of Wales. A Georgian design has been adopted in
these boxes. The stairways and passages are broad, ain,
and as nearly as possible straight, and every door from the
auditorium leads direct into the street. The building is
constructed of steel, stone, marble, concrete, and bronze.

Ihe theatre. which will hold 1.300 persons, has been built by
Messrs. Allen and Son.

AT Monday's meeting of the Liverpool Architectural Society
Mr. John Murray read a paper (illustrated) on Scotch
plaster work of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
He discussed a number of decorated ceilings of the period
found in Scotch castles and country houses, and in the old
town houses of Edinburgh, and showed the influence of
Italian and French taste, and the gradual increase of rich-
ness in the ornament. The work of the seventeenth and
early eighteenth centuries was largely that of Adam, the well-
known Edinburgh architect, or of his son, the designs of the
latter being marked by greater delicacy. All the modelling
was hand-wrought. In conclusion, Mr. Murray insisted on
the importance of artistic plaster work in interior decoration.
It was at least as important as decoration in wood or metal.

AT last weck's meeting of the Edinburgh Architectural Asso-
ciation Mr. Nelson Dawson delivered an address on “Metal
Work," which was illustrated by lantern slides of ۲
famous examples of iron, silver, gold, and enamel work. At
the close, Professor Baldwin Brown moved a vote of thanks
to the lecturer. He made a passing reference to the pro-
posal to utilise the Roval High School buildings for the pur
poses of art, remarking that whatever difference of opinion
there might be regarding the suitability of the buildings for
that purpose—and there was room for difference of opinion
—they were all agreed that there must be no tampering with
the exterior of the Roval High School.

occupy during the performance.

—— —
— —— — ———— o —— À— — سح —— گے‎

M . g.‏ —— سس — یمس

I . . . 2 : -
AT a joint meeting of the Architectural Association of Glas

gow and the architectural section of the
Society of Glasgow, held on the 15th inst., Mr. B.
Bromhead, F.R.I.B.A., read a paper on * The Registration
of Architects." He said the statutory registration ۹ d
advocated because it would improve the best architects 4
the least educated. The Royal Institute of British jai
tects’ examination could not be raised, because that wou
decrease the number of applicants. The دو‎
statutory registration would not have that fear, and pe
not be afraid to raise the standard to a reasonable = : ۶
The London professor's objection, that it was 1mposs

Royal Philosophie

hie de be-‏ 。 و
test a man's "artistic conceptions," was possibh E is‏
cause of its vagueness; it was like the soldiers C: 7‏

on a stick from behind a wall for the enemy to 8

than twenty feet," the requirements of the by-laws are so
extravagant aud prohibitive that they cannot fail to prevent
the opening-out of good main roads, by which access to and
from cities and towns would be facilitated, and the over-
crowding of central localities might-be prevented by the
development of secondary streets opening up suitable sites
where the artisan, the trading, and the professional classes
might live comfortably in fresh air.

The general public know, and I fear care, little-about what
they would probably term the dry-as-dust subject of by-laws
—the majority are too careless of their own welfare, aad
some have such simple faith in the anxiety of local autho-
rities to benefit the community, never dreaming that instead
of improving dwellings and making: them cheerful, safe,
and economical, the tendency of restrictive by-laws has been
to make them monotonously ugly, crudely uncomfortable,
expensive, and no safer to dwell in.

What improvements have taken place here and there
cannot be credited to the modern enforcement of building
by-laws ; but, in spite of them, are due to a better appreciation
of requirements, general demand and ability to procure them.

Now that the subject bas been brought prominently
forward, it is hoped that all who are interested in building,
so as to secure safety and health, unfettered by oppressive
regulations, which tend to reduce everything to one dull
level of mediocrity, will bestir themselves and make it their
business to demand that such by-laws as are put in force,
shall alone lay down what shall not be done, when it has been
proved that the doing of such things is detrimental to either
safety or health. This can only be brought about by united
action influencing the Local Government Board, and by
keeping close watch upon local authorities, in order to
prevent encroachments upon the reasonable liberty of their
constituents.

— ——49-

NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.
SIGNOR ORLANDO, the Minister of Public Instruction, in
` Venice, in answer to a question in the Chamber of Deputies,
on the 17th inst.. was able to assure the public that there was
no immediate peril or any change in the already known con-
dition of St. Marks Church which would warrant alarm. The
work of restoration required the greatest care and judgment,
and there was no reason to hurry the operations, which were
steadily proceeding. Wherever it was safe or advisable to
press on the work, it should be done. Jn the meantime,
there was no question of expense, as the Government would
put no limits to the sum it was willing to. give for the preserva-
tion of the Basilica. The reassurances of the Minister are
fullv borne out bv a letter from the architect, Signor Manfredi.

۲ 9

Tur names of Messrs. Lockwood and Mawson are identified
in the remembrance of architects with the Bradford Town
Hall, which thev designed, and which is now undergoing
enlargement, from the design of Mr. F. E. P. Edwards, the city
architect. Mr. Richard Mawson, the head of the firm, has
just died, in his zoth vear. The work of the firm included
the St. George's Hall, Bradford, Sir Titus Salt s model village,
Dublin and Kirkgate Markets. the Bradford Workhouse, the
City Temple, the Nottingham University, etc.

Mr. BROOKE, architect, a member of Porthcawl Urban Coun-
cil, died on Monday morning while his doctor was prescrib-
ing for him. He was a well-known Forester and Freemason,
and local agent ۱١ the Conservative party.

—a

INDIGNATION has been aroused in Newcastle-on-Tyne by a
proposal to pull down St. John's, one of the oldest churches
in the city, and use the site for building purposes. A svndi-
cate is said to have ‘offered £300,000 for the land. At
Wednesday's conference, held in the church vestry, the
Bishop (Dr. Llovd) suggested that the church should be not
destroved, but transplanted to another place, stone bv stone.
The suggestion, however, was firmly opposed.

MR. AYRTON, A.R.T.B.A., architect, claimed X174 58. for
rr drawings which the defendants, Messrs. Pearson, Ltd.,
had published copies of and lost. The jury found for £40.
Mr. H. P. Adams, architect, of Woburn Place, said he had

seen the article Mr. Ayrton supplied, and some of the draw-

419

سس مس وس بسن ج a‏

- -一 -一 mm سس‎

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

THE HOO, WILLINGDON
Ep. L. LUTYENS, Architect.

i E .
This delightful country house, situated in the centre of the
village of Willingdon, commands a beautiful view towards East-
bourne and the sea, with the high Downs to the west. As

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| older portion. From the high ground on the Downs to the

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

helmed |

delayed it as long as |

of 5, Crown Court, Cheapside, has been .

assessor was !

DECEMBER 23, 1904]

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there was nothing in it. What was
obtainable wisdom and knowledge, but
not afraid to cen-

was put up because
wanted was not more
a scientific architectural authority that was
ondemn the abominable in art, that overw

The legal position of a lawyer
tify that he would win his client's
case or cure his disease, but it showed that he had the
knowledge and training necessary. These professions had
been enormously benefited by their legal position. Yet a

few of the leading men opposed and
possible. Now the nation was reaping t
tage. So would i be with architecture.

sure and c
and deadened public taste.
and a physician did not cer

he enormous advan-

MR. SYDNEY PERKS,
appointed City surveyor.
to £,1,500.

Tue Lord Chief Justic

in the Kings Bench Div
manufacturer, of Bradford,

The salary is 451,000 a year, rising

e gave judgment in an action brought
ision by Mr. G. H. Hodgson, a loom
against Mr. John Waugh, an
architect and civil engineer in that town. claiming damages
for illegal negligence and breach of dutv. The defendant
counterclaimed for his fees. Put renerally, the plaintiff's
case was that Mr. Waugh had exceeded his instructions in
connection with certain work executed on an estate in Hert-
fordshire, with the result that he bad been put to great ex-
pense. His Lordship said that the plaintiff had in no case
made out his claim to damages. He dismissed the action,
and on the counterclaim entered judgment for the defendant

for £1,018.

Tue Dean of York and the Minster Restoration Committee
have decided to undertake the restoration of the north side
of the nave of York Minster by the erection of six pinnacles
and flving buttresses to correspond with those on the south
side of the nave. It had not been intended to undertake this
work until the spring, but, owing to the lack of employment
in the city, the work will be put in hand at once. The top
stages of the south-west tower have now been completely

restored.

On Saturday afternoon, at Christie's, were sold a number of

old masters and modern painting, forming part of the collec-
tion of the late Mr. Wickham Flower. of Great Tangley
Manor, Guildford. Seven works by the late Lord Leighton
fetched less than twenty guineas apiece. The chief of the
old masters represented was a Botticelli, * The Holy Family
and St. John the Baptist," Messrs. Agnew secured the pic-
ture for 2,000 guineas. A portrait of the early Flemish
school, representing Mary Tudor, Queen of Louis XIT., was
acquired by Messrs. Agnew for 1,200 guineas. 09
Matsys’ * Virgin and Child " brought 1,200 guineas.

مس سس

COMPETITIONS.

Tue Bromley Municipal Buildings Competition (cost,
£20,000) has been decided as follows : —First place to Mr.
R. Frank Atkinson, 8, Sackville Street, W. ; second premium
of £60 to Messrs. Ashley and Newman, ro, Gray's Inn
Square; and premiums of £30 to Mr. G. Harrold Norton,
14, Bedford Row ; Messrs.- Hall and Phillips. 6, Great James
Street. Bediord Row ; and Messrs. Lanchester and Rickards,
1, Vernon Place, Bloomsbury Square. The

Mr. J. S. Gibson.

Tue Oxford Education Committee invite designs for a school
for 800 children, in three departments. together with a
teacher's house, at Caversham. Particulars can be had of Mr.
S. Stallard, county surveyor, Oxford, on receipt of a deposit
of Lt 1s., which will be returned on receipt of a bona-fide
design. The author of the selected design must carry out and
personally supervise the work, for which he will be paid s
The Education Committee will be advised bv a

per cent.
Designs are to be sent in by February 1.

competent assessor.

Tue design, by Mr. T. M. Cappon, of Dundee, for Clepington |

U.F. Church, has been selected, though placed second bv the
assessor. who awarded the first place to Messrs. Thoms and

Wilkie, Dundee.

[DECEMBER 23, 1904

— —

~-~ چ‎ 一 一 一 一

two at the end, where the main entrance is placed. At the
opposite end is the serving-room, provided with a hot plate,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

The garden entrance leads `

, butler's sink, and cupboards for china, glass, and plate.

Opposite to the serving-room is a large store-room. A ser-
vant's hall adjoins the kitchen. Communicating with the
serving-room is the kitchen, and beyond is the scullery.
The dairy and darder are placed outside, and approached by

. a covered way, being thus cut off bv the open air from the

kitchen and scullery. A small enclosed vard is provided, in
which are placed the coal store and servant's w.c., and also
the approach to the heating chamber and coke store, which
are under the kitchen and servant's hall.

The interior of the buildings throughout are finished with
hard plaster, and circular angles are everywhere provided,
right angles and mouldings, wherever possible, being
avoided.

Every precaution has been taken to secure perfect cleanli-
ness in the sanitary fittings, and the drains are of Doulton's
salt-glazed stoneware socketed pipes, jointed in cement.
The sewage from the buildings is carried to an old quarry
situated in the grounds, and is there effectively treated upon
the most modern biological system. The rain-water is col.
lected in a large tank constructed in another quarry, and
utilised for laundry purposes. The drinking-water is
obtained from a local company. a large iron tank providing
sufficient storage.

The buildings and grounds are lighted Dv electric light. a
very complete plant having been laid down for the purpose.
The laundry is quite away from the main buildings, and
adjoins the electric light station. Accommodation for ser-
vants has been provided bv adapting some existing cottages,
13 bedrooms, a bath-room and store-room being thus
obtained.

The furniture throughout the building is of the simplest
character, and designed by the architects for sanatorium
purposes. Each bed-room contains a white enamelled bed,
washstand. dressing chest, wardrobe, bedside table, a com-
fortable arm-chair and a single chair; the whole with the
exception of the arm-clrair being enamelled white, with
nickel-plated fittings. The floors throughout are covered
with specially-made floor cloth. A rest shelter, rooft. long,
forms a connection between the two blocks of buildings.

The plans of the buildings have been prepared by Messrs.
Silcock and Reay, Bath, the builders being Messrs. J. Long

ينب

480

west, the whole group has a charming effect, nestling amongst
the trees and surrounding houses.
down on to a long terrace, and thence down on to a large
lawn, which is enclosed by retaining walls. with picturesque
garden houses at the angles. Our illustration, a few years ago,
of a house, near Dieppe, by Mr. Lutvens. showed a staircase
with similarly designed oriel windows to those at the Hoo.
We hope, later on. by the kind permission of the owner, Mr.
Alexander Wedderburn, K.C., that we may give some further
illustration from this recent work of Mr. Lutyens.

WINSLEY SANATORIUM.
T. B. Sırcock, B.Sc., F.S.I., and S. S. REAY, F.R.I.B.A.,

Architects.
Tur Winsley Sanatorium, which is now practically com-
pleted, and has been opened this week, has been
built by the executive committee of the Gloucester-

shire, Somersetshire, and Wiltshire branch of the National
Association for the Prevention of Consumption, and is in-

tended for the use of the consumptive poor of the three ，
counties. Forty of the beds are maintained by Town and.
Rural District Councils, individual firms, groups of persons,

' and Sons, of Bath, Mr. E. J. Trotman acting as clerk of

works. The contractors for the electric lighting were
Messrs. Edwards and Armstrong. of Bristol.

— _ +

NOTES FROM BOSTON, U.S A.

By R. Brown.

NELUENCES from New York are observable of late in
| many departments of business in Boston, particularly in

department stores and in newspaper management. The
American Architect. for manv vears published in Boston, has
been purchased bv a New York corporation, at the head ol
which is Mr. F. P. Burt, Mr. Wm. Rotch Ware will continue
to be associated with the editorial department.

Tue recent destruetion of the Harcourt Studios, in Boston,
by fire, in which some thirty or forty artists suffered heavily.
suggests the desirability of erecting studio buildings in the
city. The subject has been discussed, but no action has
resulted therefrom as vet. Boston has not any large picture
galleries worthy of the city. The larger exhibitions have
been held in Copley Hall, which is not a fireproof structure.
THe Coples Society, under whose auspices our large picture
exhibitions are held, intend having an exhibition of Claude
Monet's work.

وسم

Tue Art Museum recently acquired, by purchase. ۸ ۵
of Velasquez's- a full-length portrait of Philip IV. of S
About ten davs ago. a New York paper, inspired by a MT
dealer, declared that this portrait was a copy, an n
of a portrait bv Velasquez, of Don Fernando. brother E
Philip IV. The director and the trustees of the کت‎
have not been disturbed by this talk, but they have though

to make an investigation.
John Bngss

-— —— 7

|
|

and private donors; the remaining 20 beds being main-
tained by an average payment of 6s. per week per paient.
Dr. Lionel Weatherley, the chairman of the executive com-
mittee, has throughout given the closest personal attention
to every detail, and the successful realisation of the scheme
may be really said to be entirely due to his untiring energy
and devotion.

Accommodation for 60 patients is provided in two build-
ings, one constituting the administrative block and the other
containing bed-rooms only, each consisting of a long narrow
block, one room deep, with a corridor immediately behind.

The administrative block is of two stories only in height,
except at each end, where six bed-rooms and linen-rooms are
provided on the second floor. The ground floor contains a
spacious reception-room, with a large bay window, four
rooms for the use of the resident doctor, two rooms for the
matron, and six bed-rooms for patients. A large cloak-room
is placed at each end of the building. and immediately oppo-
site are two projecting wings, containing the staircases, bath-
rooms, lavatories, w.c. s, and housemaid's closets, all being
separated from the corridors by cross-vemilated passages.
The first floor is arranged m an exacoly similar manner, and
contains, in addition to the above-mentioned sanitary pro-
visions, 16 bed-rooms, 14 of which are for patients, and the
remaining two for nurses.

The bed-room block consists of three Doors, the ground
floor containing two cloak-rooms and 1o bed-rooms, the
first and second floors each having 12 bed-rooms, in addi-
tion to a linen-room and two bed-rooms for nurses. In the
wings at each end are the staircases, bath-rooms, w.c.s,
and housemaid's closets. “The corridors are wide and have
bay windows at intervals, and are amply lighted and venti-
lated. At each end are the exit doors, with ventilating fan-
. lights over, a thorough current of air from end to end being
thus secured. .

The rooms in the administrative blocks are raft. 4. by
ııft. 6in. and ıoft. by oft. 6in. upon the ground and first
floors respectively. In the bed-room block the rooms are
raft. Gin. by ııft., and oft. Gin. high.

Each room is lighted bv very wide and lofty windows ex-
tending right up to the ceilings. The windows throughout
are wooden casements and frames, with mullions and tran-
-soms, every light opening, the parts below the transonıs
being hinged at the sides and opening outwards, and those
above hinged at the top and opening in a similar manner.
In the walls opposite to the windows, and above the level
of the door heads, the whole width of each room is tilled
in with casements and frames extending to the ceiling, every
one opening upon centres, thus Securing complete Cross
ventilation. Some of the bed-rooms are provided with fire-
places, for use in certain cases, but the building is to be
heated throughout by hot-water upon the low-pressure system.

The block containing the dining hall and kitchen and
offices connected therewith is entirely detached from the
main block, being approached by a paved walk merely roofed
over. The dining hall is a lofty apartment. 33ft. by 27ft.,

and capable of accommodating 60 patients, with additional | best, in the interest of the public,
seats for the doctor and two or three visitors. The room | Three Boston painters— Edmund C. Tarbell. s
I lighted by eight lofty windows, three on each side aud L Potter, and J. M. Gangengige —have been called m,

481

-- =. mom عن د‎ 一 -~

| the school as an augurs. of still better things for architecture
and a love of the beautiful in Manchester. He was quite
certain, he said. that in Manchester there were some of the
finest buildings to be found in any city on this planet.

وچو چب سب خو چک ,—

| ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ۴

۱ R. GIBSON, whose paper was entitled “ Architectural

Design and the London Building Act,” said that the

Building Act of 1894 was probably, دا‎ the majority

of London architects, a series: of regulations with which

the artistic spirit was continually in conflict. The objects to

be attained by a Building Act for such a city as London were

twofold; first, in all matters relating to the construction of

buildings, it must contain such provisions as are necessary for

the safety, health, and bodily well-being of the inhabitants,

and in the arrangement. and design of streets ample facilities

| for the carrying on of their daily work; while, secondly, its
|
|
|
|
|

regulations should be such as would encourage the mental
growth of the people by providing an environment likely to
stimulate thought and invention.

As regards the primary object —viz., the satety, health, and
bodily well-being of the inhabitants, generally speaking, this
had already been attained by the London Building Act. As
regards the second, the design and arrangement of streets
to afford ample facilities for the carrying on of our daily
work, he thought the Act was not wholly inadequate, but had
not even touched the fringe of the subject. This was amply
proved by the constitution of a Royal Commission on the
Trathe of London Streets. In the personnel of that Commis-
sion it was rather amusing to find that all architects had been
ignored; and, as far as he knew, no architect had appeared
before it to express any views on the laving-out and design
of London streets; vet. if Sir Christopher Wren's scheme for
laving-out the new streets of London after the Great Fire had
been carried into effect, it is very probable there would have
been no need for the present Royal Commission on Traffic,
and Sir Christopher Wren was only an architect and surveyor.

When one realises the enormous annual loss to the com-
munity directly occasioned by the inadequate widths of the
main streets in the central part o£ London, the lack of broad
and direct lines of street communication east and west, north
and south, on both banks of the river---when this is manı-
fested day after dav by the congested traffic in practically

every main street within a radius of one mile of St. Pauls,

group after group of cabs, motor-cars, and buses intermixed
with slow-moving dravs and carts, stopped every quarter of a
mile, the dislocation of streams of traffic. occasioned bv the
loading and discharge of vans in Fleet Street, the Strand,
Cheapside, Bond Street. and suchlike thoroughfares. it must
be patent, to even the most indifferent, that the time has come
when, to put it on the lowest commercial grounds, the whole
question of the realignment of the main trafic arteries and
their enlargement to the work to be done must be seriously
taken. in hand.

All new streets. and the widening of those already existing.
should be part of one great scheme. conceived on large and
generous lines, so that ultimately we should have a city of
noble streets. As regards the laving-out of new arcas on the
outskirts of London, large estates are being continually cut
up by the speculative builder into vast tracts. of mean streets,
‘lined with meretricious or vulgariv pretentious houses, dis-
posed as he thinks best for himself. and with no regard to
the surroundings, the main lines of trafic, or the taet that
‘his area is an integral part of the whole town. The time

has come when steps should be taken to compel the owners
to lav out their land in the interests of the community, as
well as in the interests of the owner. The utter failure of
Shaftesbury Avenue, either as an adequate roadwax, or as an
example of architectural street design. has evidently not been
lost upon the authorities, tor we tind the London Counts
Council setting out the Kingsway at ۱٥١١١١ wide instead of
the .)لهم‎ of Shaftesbury Avenue. and this is a step in the

-—— — — 0 3

right direction.
The author went on to compare the widths of ۱۱۱۱۱ ortant

thorougbfares in London with those ol Continental and

American cities. and thought there would be general agree-

ment with him that any amended Act should authorise the

— کو و سا ہا ہے لم اید که ہو — Jam‏

*Abstract of Papers, bv J. S. Gibson and W, Lacy Ridge read
before the Roval Tnstuute of British. Architects, on the roth inst,

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

عاففعغغضر نسم ل dee‏

DECEMBER 23. 1904|

> — —— ےہ‎ o — ——— M — A ہم ھچ ہے — — ہہ‎ 一 一 一 一 = 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 ~

ده خی صمح `

others are coming— Charles Hopkinson, William U. Chase,
Francis Lathrop, and the professor of art at Wellesley Col-

lege, will give their opinion.
AT a recent exhibition of American art at the Art Institute

of Chicago, the Harris prize of $500 for the best painting was
- awarded to Mary Cassatt, for her picture, entitled “The

Caress.”

Thomas MORAN has painted a series of large pictures of the
Grand Canyon of Arizona, the Yellowstone, the Yosemite,
and the petrified forests of Arizona. They will be exhibited
in the larger cities of the United States.

THERE are now six water-colour drawings, by Turner, in the
possession of the Fogg Museum of Art, Harvard University.
the last addition being a small drawing of the Castle of

Ehrenbreitstein.

4 سس
MR. HERMANN D. Murpny is holding an exhibition of pic-‏
tures and sketches in his studio.‏

WILLIAM T. Dannar, the American painter, has been com-
missioned to paint a pörtrait of the Queen Mother of Spain,
and has gone to Madrid for that purpose.

THE revised report of the Building Height Commission has
just been given in. This determines the limits within which
buildings in this city may be erected to a height of 125 feet.
Generally speaking, the business of the Commission was to
define what may be called “ residential" districts and " busi-
ness" districts. The limit of buildings in “residential " dis-
tricts was placed at 80 feet. Other valuable suggestions have
been made by the Commission.

وھ —

MANCHESTER SOCIETY OF ARCHITECTS.

HE position of architecture in Manchester, aud its
brightened prospects now that there is a School of
Architecture and an Architectural Chair at the Uni-

versity, were the subject of the speeches at the forty-first
annual dinner of the above society, on the 16th inst., at
Queen's Hotel, Mr. J. W. Beaumont (president) occupving
the chair. In submitting the toast of “The R.T.B.A.,” the
president said its charter of incorporation was granted by King
William IV. and ratified by Queen Victoria now nearly seventy
years ago. Since that time the Royal Institute had been
gaining in usefulness, so that at the present time there was
no Country in the civilised world in which there was not a
member of the Institute. King Edward had twice shown his
interest in it by conferring the honour of knighthood upon
two of its presidents, Sir William Emerson and Sir Aston
Webb, R.A. If the registration of architects became law, the

Institute would become the registering and examining body.

But if this did not come to pass, the Institute was intending
to take into more serious consideration the education of archi-
tectural students, upon which the good of the protession
seemed to him tostand. Mr. T. E. Collcutt, vice-president of
the Institute, and Mr. John Slater responded to the toast.
Mr. A. J. Murgatroyd proposed * The Victoria University of
Manchester." Vice-Chancellor Hopkinson, in his reply, said
nothing had given him more satisfaction than to know that
the School of Architecture was an accomplished fact. The
manner in which it had been started was a model of how things
ought to be done in Manchester. The Universitv and the
Manchester Society of Architects had worked harmoniously
together from the first. and he could not fail to acknowledge
the obligations of the University to the two representatives of
the architectural. profession— Mr. Beaumont and Mr. Ogden.
Dr. Hopkinson regarded the fact of the University and the
architecturfl profession working together as one of the indi

cations that Manchester recognised there was a future for

English architecture, and that that future would onb be
brought about by the union of architectural skill and ۰
ledge, artistic study, and talent with those who were engaged
in theoretical studies, the study of letters and of history. The
toast of “ The Architectural Association ` was proposed by
Mr. C. Heatheote and responded to by Mr. E. Gus Dawber
(president of the association). Mr. A. Darbyshire proposed
“ The Manchester School of Architecture,” and Mr. C. Rowley
replied. Mr. Rowlev pointed to the successful working of

[DECEMBER 23, 1904

The Institute had made some suggestions dealing with this
matter, whereby sufficient piers, or other supports, of granite,
stone, brick, metal, or other approved materials. should be
constructed from the level of the ground to the main wall
of the superstructure above, and these piers should not at
any time be covered with mirrors, or otherwise concealed.

Mr. Gibson concluded by referring to three matters which
he claimed to be of grave public importance :—First,
the lack of any provision in the present Act for the use of
protected steel construction in buildings. Considering the
advantages to be obtained by its adoption, the saving in
floor-space, the important bearing it had on the areas of sup-
port, the difference its proper use would make on the pro-
portion of solids and voids in external wall design, it was
greatlv to be regretted that its adoption as a building material
was not foreseen and provided for. Buildings were construc-
tionallv erected in this material, and then the external and
other walls built acound the steel in the same huge masses of
brick and stonework as were necessary for buildings erected
of the latter materials onlv. Practically the whole advantages
of steel construction were nullified, and enormous masses of
materials and labour absolutely wasted. Secondly, he pro
tested against the exemption of certain buildings of railway,
canal, and dock companies from the operation of clauses 6
and 7 regulating matters of construction and design. One could
onlv think with indignation of such atrocious structures as
Broad Street, London Bridge. Ludgate Hill. and Victoria
Stations, to mention a few examples of the ill-doing of these
private companies. It was nothing less than a public scandal
that a great city like London should be powerless to insist on
the instant removal of such structures. The third point of
public importance was the great desirability of all district
survevors being practising architects. Nothing could be
more inimical to the interests of the public, to the growth
of architecture, to the beautifving of our streets, than to have
as interpreters and administrators of a complex Building Act
persons who, although highly skilled in technical knowledge
and masters of routine, were inexperienced in the erection
of buildings. In the interpretation of the various regulations
dealing with complex modern buildings, it was essential to
have men who were experienced in modern architectural prac-
uee, men who knew the difficulties that were constantly arising.
who were intimately conversant with the schemes of architects
as Judged by their designs. He commended to the considera-
tion of all district. survevors the second section of the Build-
ing Laws of New York—viz., “ This ordinance is hereby
declared to be remedial, and is to be construed liberally. to
secure the beneficial interests and purposes thereof.” The
author hoped that the attention of the City Corporation and
the London County Council would be given to all the matters
raised by the reading of the papers that evening, and that
they would use every means in their power to further the
development of London on lines that would give them a noble
citv.

Mr. Lacy W. Ridge read the next paper, entitled ” Building
By-Laws, Specially in Rural Districts." He trusted, he said.
to be enabled to lay before the meeting the broad outlines of
a scheme fit to be submitted to the Government, and em-
bodied with proper consideration and due technical drafting
ma Bill for presentation to Parliament in the coming session.
That the oppression and inconvenience of the existing by-laws
was being constantly more and more widely felt was particu.
larly shown by the formation of the Building By-laws Reform
Association. As regards Mr. Justice Grantham’s case, It
could be no small degree of annovance that could cause à
judge of the High Court to come down from the Bench m
order to resist this action of the local authority in his district.
Architects might take up the judicial position in this matter
Though the trouble these by laws gave them was great, the
quarrel was not directly theirs. Their views were the views ol
د‎ ٢٢ l :

Dealing with the main grounds of objections to the rural
by-laws, Mr. Ridge said that, primarily and chiefly, they were
an interference. with the liberty of the. subject. out of all

482 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

| proportion to the necessities of the case. or the good done

Again, the whole scheme was founded on Mi
fallacy that in every district there were a large number of fi
persons able and willing to serve on local administrative

bodies, with no axes to grind, with plenty of time on thei

hands, and capable inter alia cf drawing up a code of work
able building by-laws. Another objection to the system was
its unnecessary clumsiness. This was illustrated more par
ticularly bx the requirement of the deposit of drawings. 8

by ۰

}

Council to provide for streets up to 100ft. in width if the
inadequacies of the present were to be obviated in the future.

The next point was the relation of the height of building
to the width of street. In this connection, the author re-
ferred to an article in the Builder, of February 20 last, which,
he said, dealt thoroughly with the point, and which he quoted
at some length. The writer of the article expressed astonish-
ment that, in considering section 49. "the Institute Committee
had made no protest against the absurd anomaly bv which,
according to the existing Act, a street 6in. less than z>lt. in
width is restricted to buildings the same height as the ۸۵
of the street, while a street 6in. over soft. in width may be
lined. with buildings Soft. high. In buildings in the City of
London, the dominant factor governing the height was usually
the rights of lights of the opposite owners, and this had often
determined the reasonableness of the heights of new buildings.
When streets are increased bevond a width of 6oft., the
heights. he thought. might be also increased bevond the width
of street without detriment to its architectural aspect. The
author suggested the following as a schedule of maximum
heights for streets within a radius of 13 miles of St. Paul's

Cathedral :
۱
Ratio of Height! Approximate | Approximate
Width of Street. | of Buildings to Lowe.t | Highest
Width of S'reet. Buildings. Buildings.
Feet. Feet. Feet.
40 to 60 1.000 40 م0‎
60 to 80 1.125 67 مو‎
80 to 100 1.250 100 x 125
For streets outside the 13 miles radius from St. Paul's

Cathedral, and within a 3 miles radius, the heights should
be equal to the widths of the streets, while outside the 3
miles radius the heights should be less than the widths of
the streets, with a maximum height of .75 of the width for
streets of rooft. wide.

Another point of great Importance is the provision of air
spaces between the houses in the outer zones. The German
regulation which stipulates for the outskirts of Berlin and
Gther towns that there should be a space between the houses
for aeration 1s à provision worthy of our serious consideration.

A further point is the provision of air-spaces to buildings,
mere particularly on corner sites in London, where. by
section 41. sub-section 4. the height of the building is limited
to zolt. upon such part of the space at the rear of the build-
ing as the Council may think fit. It would tend to continuity
of street frontage design if the restrictions as to heights of

¿buildings on such rear spaces were abolished, and percentages

of areas of land to be covered substituted, and would render
unnecessary the special applications to the Council which
architects resort to only after they have tried every other
expedient to obtain the effect they desire. |

Coming to the minor details of the Act. which bear upon
the design of buildings, the author dealt with the regulation
governing the areas of openings. and recesses in external walls,
Section 54. he thought,, was not properly drawn, even for a
plain wall with openings and recesses in it, and as a regu-
lation. governing the whole subject of the relative areas of
solids and veids in external walls of varied design and cen-
struction it was wholly inadequate.

The projection of cornices Is a matter of very considerable
importance in architectural design; the arbitrary limitation
to oft. 6in. met with wholesale disapproval. It should not be
necessary, in streets of ample width, to set back the building-
line. in order to obtain an adequate projection of cornice, as
had practically been done under the present Act. Further.
in streets ol soft. width and over. the projection of cornices,
balecnies. oriel, and bay windows, should have fixed ratios
to the width of street, and their erection permitted without
having to make special apy Heaton to the Council. Some pro-
vision should also be made for overhanging eaves and verges,
whieh do net strictly come under the heading of cornices, as
there are great artistic possibilities in the treatment of wall-
heads. gables, and pedunents, with overhanging eaves. and
these would not interfere with the amenity ot the Streets in am
ercater degree than cornices ol similar projection,

i As regards the regulation governing shop-fronts. it would
Me a step in the direction of sober and logical design if it
were made impossible to erect huge sheets of gloss on ground
and first Acers. The publie would welcome a return to more
modestly-designed shop-fronts. and trade, he thought, would
not suffer in consequence of the change.

THE noo WILLINGDON .

GARDEN FRONT

8
ope,
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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT, DECEM 28RO 190€ COPYRIOMT.

—- 5

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THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 491

— A M سات لے‎ EN, 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一-
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well administered, would be far more useful to stop bad build-
ing than hard-and-fast by-laws. The local council and their
inspector would soon discover the cases where intervention
was necessary, and would leave the reputable builder, con-
tractor, and architect alone.

Leaving London and the large towns out of consideration,
the author considered his scheme sufficient for all practical
purposes. In the most open country, and universally through-
out England, spice would be left for the roads, the cottages
would not be huddled together, the laws of common cleanli-
ness would be observed in sanitary matters, and material pro-
tection from the spread of fire would be afforded. The svstem
suggested was simple, elastic, worked at small trouble to the
loca] council, and with but few officials, and was applicable
even in the smaller towns—in fact. until the stage was reached
at which the community was justified in employing a really
competent professional adviser.

— ACA

ROYAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS IN
IRELAND. .

ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT, MR. WM. M. MITCHELL,

|
!
| Y first duty, and a very pleasant one it is, is to render
| to vou my heartfelt thanks for the honour vou have
! conferred upon me by electing me to fill the presi-
dential chair of our institute. Believe me it is a distinction
| which I prize very highly, not only because of its being the
| blue ribbon of the profession in Ireland, but also because it
is a token of the goodwill and esteem in which I am held
| by you, my brethren. I should have some diffidence in under-
| taking the onerous duties which acceptance of the office
involves, did I not feel assured that 1 may reckon on the sup-
port of the members of the council, among whom I have
worked for many years. With their kind help and advice, I
believe I shall be able to overcome any difficulties I may
meet with during my term of office.

The report of council, which will be laid before you, will
give all needful information respecting our proceedings for
the past year, as well as the present position of the institute.
I am sure vou will agree with me that the Government has
treated the profession in Ireland very unfairly by appointing
an English architect to design the new buildings for the
College of Science. No doubt Mr. Aston Webb (now Sir
Aston) is a very able man, and occupies a leading position
among his professional brethren in England. Nevertheless,
his appointment can only be taken to mean that the Govern-

ment did not consider that any Irish architect possessed the |

requisite knowledge and skill to qualify him for the task.
Gentlemen, unless we have sadly degenerated from our pre-
decessors, we have onlv to point to the public buildings.
which are the glory of our city, to refute such a puerile sug-
gestion. ] can, therefore. only stigmatise their conduct as a
deliberate slight and a suggestion of inferioritv to us. the
descendants of those men of old, which we resent as being
uncalled for and unfair to us; and, furthermore, thev have
missed one more opportunity of conciltating public opinion
in Ireland by their unpatriotic action. But the injury to our
profession does not stop here. If this instance of studied
| neglect stood alone, it would be bad enough ; but, when we
consider the results which such a pernicious example in high
x places must produce, we must regret the action of the Govern-
ment all the more, and we cannot be surprised, therefore, at
١ public bodies, as well as private individuals, acting in a
similar manner.

The Ulster Society of Architects have recently intimated to
us their intention to take a step which may have far-reaching
consequences. Our report will give vou full information of
what has taken place, but I may be allowed briefly to state
the outlines of the case. Our friends in the North tell us that
they are in a peculiar position with respect. to their remunera-
tion for buildings of a class with which we are less familiar
in Dublin. 1 allude to mills, workshops, and suchlike struc-
tures. Thev sav that those clients who erect such buildings
object to pay the regular fee of 3 per cent. for what thev

| regard as a simple class of work, involving no great skill in
, designing, and that, in order to retain their connection among
them. thev will be obliged to reduce the scale of fees some-
what. They endeavour to safeguard their position as far as
| possible by strictly confining the reduced scale to the case of

DECEMBER 23, 1904]

ILL — III AA RÁ‏ نن

that ho building could be begun without the previous approval
of the local authority. Things in themselves manifestly of
no importance had to be complied with, to save the face of the
by-law. This hard-and-fast ruling and keeping to the strict
letter of their regulations by bodies who could not trust them-
selves to administer with commonsense in practice, put the
public at the mercy of the least intelligent member on the
board. It was said that local bodies should insist on the
letter of the law all round, or there would be all sorts of
jobbery. Perhaps that might be so. That was Just his point.
To say that was a confession that one could not secure in
these rural districts, bv popular election, men to be trusted
with any discretionary powers, and if thev were not fit to
exercise discretion, they were not fit to have authority at all
over the buildings of their district. The present condition of
things was stopping building in the countrv, and. above all.
was cutting off the supply of labourers’ cottages. It was now
generally recognised that there was no efficient way out of the
difficulty except by legislation. With respect to this it was
important to realise the proper limits of legislation. It was
not for the law, as a fairy grandmother, to lav down in such
a case as this that which was desirable or comfortable, or
even economical or good building, but onlv that which the
public safety demands should be enacted. and enforced. by
officials appointed for the public and paid at the public
expense.

Mr. Ridge proceeded to submit a rough draft of by-laws,
which he considered would suffice for the general regulation
of building, so far as the public interest was concerned, in

ordinary rural districts. These proposals dealt with— (a) |

Notice to the local authority of the kind of building intended
to be erected ; (6) width of road; (c) the provision of open
space for purposes of light and ventilation; (2) damp laver
and course --being a shortened form of By-laws 3 and 4 of the
Local Governments Model of 1903. The draft also con-
tained regulations relating to sanitarv arrangements ; (e) lobby
to closets; (f) privy; (g) soil-pipes and wastes; (4) disposal
of sewage.

Speaking of the disposal of sewage. Mr. Ridge asked:
Have we not somewhat recklessly admitted the system of re-
moving bv water-carriage away from our houses matter which
ought to have been returned to the land? Is not our wrong-
doing constantly finding us out, both in the smaller cases
which we architects have to treat, and in the larger problems
involved in the disposal of the sewage of our city ?

One other subject (7) party -walls. not included in the Model
Rural By-laws of 1903, should, Mr. Ridge considered, most
certainly be added, and be of universal application. The
efhcieney of the party-wall on small buildings for preventing
the spread of fire was manifcst. The Roval Institute had
already submitted to the Lecal Government Board a care-
fullv-drawn clause on this sublecé, but it was neglected in the
New Model, in favour, appar atly, of provisions as to the
sizes of windows and heights of stories, which seemed to
assume that the proposed buildings were to be carried out
bv lunatics. The Institute did not suggest that [.arty walls
should be carried threugh the roof in small buildings, while
in warehouses it suggested increased height, as in the London
Building Act.

The by-laws proposed, Mr. Ridge considered, might be
made universal in this country without oppression or incon-

venience to the public. The system required no submission |

of drawings, no assent before building was to be given or with-
held by any local authority, and the points were so little
technical that such supervision as was needed could be given
by any man who was fit to be appointed an Inspector at all.
When the local authority furnished sewers for the use of its
district, a new stage was reached. Plans showing the drains
needed must be submitted, and the works to be executed
agreed to as a condition precedent. to having the use of the
sewers. The autbor counselled the local authority and their
officers to co-operate with architects in doing the best for the
buildings under the special circumstances of each Case. rather
than regard their by-laws as the laws of the Medes and Per-
sians, however useless and inapplicable thev might be. The
administration of by-laws with respect to the formation of
roads and streets in the spirit of agreement rather than of
command, would also do much to remove irritation. Nothing,
however, should be dóne to diminish the power of local autho-
rities to deal with dangerous structures or places unfit for
human habitatión. On the other hand, it should be distinctly
understood that these powers might be extended to deal with
new buildings, should necessity arise. The system proposed,

[DECEMBER 23, 1904

able title of architect, and, by so doing, will raise the status of
our art. until, at length, it can take the position amöng the
other liberal professions to which its inherent dignity and
worth entitled it. All this. however, will necessarily be a
work of time. If an Act of Parliament to establish registra.
tion became law to-morrow, a good many vears must elapse
before the benefits I have mentioned would be realised in am
great degree. Still, 1 am persuaded that when thev do arise
they will come to stay; and, although we seniors in the pro-
fession can scarcelv expect to see the full fruition of our
labours, vet we mav find consolation in the belief that those
There are, however,
still more cogent reasons than those I have brought forward
for insisting that a thorough practical and technical training
shall be imparted to our vounger members and students. We
cannot forecast the future with any degree of certainty. Never-
theless. if we look back on the century which has lateh
closed, we must be struck by the enormous increase in our
knowledge of the laws which govern this earth of ours. aud
which mankind has acquired during its term. Look at the
wonderful changes which have been wrought ın the conditions
of our daily life, owing to the introduction of steam and
electricity. Compare the complexity and pace of our modern
existence with the placid, uneventful days of old. The
rapidity with which change follows change, discovery follows
discoverv, till the marvel of to-day is the commonplace of to-
morrow. and, furthermore, that the rate appears to increase
as the vears roll bv. With all this before us, can we expect
that this great onward movement is likely to cease, or " that
earth will stand and gaze like Joshuas moon at Ajalon.”
Surelv this teaching of the past is quite otherwise. Again, the
recent amazing discoveries in physical science, which seem to
upset all our preconceved ideas, are sufficient to warn us that
there can be no finality in our knowledge of phenomena. so
that we may look forward to such a further unfolding of our
perception of the laws which govern the physical universe
that it may well be that our advance in knowledge may be
even greater in the twentieth than it was during the nineteenth
century. It is impossible but that these ever-changing con:
ditions of our knowledge must profoundly affect our present
modes of construction. That most original writer. Mr. H. G.
Wells. in his book. entitled " Anticipations,” offers some in-
eenuous forecasts of some of the changes which may occur
in our buildings in the coming vears. Doubtless these are
but the clever guesses of an able writer; but 1t seems to me
that they have a serious lesson to us-—namely, that we should
become fully equipped, bv scientific study and training. to
adapt our methods to the new problems which may confront

“who succeed us wH assuredly do so.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

一 一 一 一 < 一 一 -~ ee مت چ من س م‎

r
4

- — سے سس سس‎ -

تک - نبا ہم ې

us in the future, so that we may prove resourceful and capable

Already we see man!
innovations in the traditional style of building creeping into
Stecl-work and concrete in various combinations are
taking the place of stone and timber construction to a large
extent. and this tendency will doubtless extend further. From
such considerations, it Is evident that a more accurate know-
ledge of the strength and capabilities of materials, as well as

‚in dealing with them as they arise.

' Use.

more scientific methods of construction. must supersede the

rule-of-thumb wav of doing things, so long in use, and so
honoured in the observance. The keynote of the future will
be efficiency, and those who fail to educate themselves up
to the required standard will be left behind in the race. ال‎
Is plain, therefore, that any system of instruction we mas
adopt. must, in order to produce successful results, be based
on such lines as these, and must be, in the language of the
day. fully uv to date. We have an excellent object-lesson m
this respect in the methods adopted by the medical profession.

' Their students undergo a long and varied course of stud) and

experiment. and the knowledge so acquired tested by frequent
examinations, while their professors welcome any new dis
covery of science that may have any bearing on their work,
and introduce it into their practice if they think good results
will follow.

But while advocating as strongly as possible thoroughness
and efficiency in relation to the mechanical side of architec-
ture, let us not neglect its artistic side. It is quite possible for
both to co-exist in a high degree in the same individual. We
find numerous instances of what T mean in the case ol the

' great artists of the Italian Renaissance, Michael Angelo, Da

Vinci, and the rest. These men were fully abreast of the
most scientific and mechanical inventions of their day. ٧
were vet artists to their finger-tips, as their achievements IN
every branch of art abundantlv testify. There is no real
divorce between the two sjdes of our art, and although th:

The object is in itself an

492

buildings of this class. 1 do not think, however, they have
given sufficient consideration to what the effect of their
action may be. Their clients will naturally endeavour to have
their buildings paid for at the lower scale, and it may be
found somewhat difficult in some cases to determine under
which rate they should be placed, especially as the interests
of client and architect cannot be said to be identical. I
greatly fear the alteration will be attended with some difficulty
and friction, and I do not regard the proposal to submit cer-
tain cases to the arbitration of the council as being either a
satislactory or practicable arrangement. I consider it is dan-
gerous to depart from such a generallv- accepted. standard of
remuneration as the 5 per cent. commission, unless very strong
reasons indeed can be adduced for taking such a step. I
greatly fear the tendency may be to lower the commission on
all buildings whatsoever to the reduced scale. Such a result
would be indeed deplorable, and would render the remedy
worse than the disease.

It is very satisfactory to learn that the British Institute have
appointed a Board of Architectural Education. in order to
promote a uniform sistem throughout the United Kingdom.
Mr. J. H. Webb, the president of the Architectural Associa-
fion, is our representative on this board. We wish them all
success وژ‎ their labours. I need not tell you that. in this vital
matter, we are still far behind our brethren across the water.
We have been depending, until quite recently, solely on the
pupil system for the training of our young architects. I
believe this method to be indispensable for this purpose, and
it has undoubtedly produced many accomplished professors of
our art in the past. It is now, however, generally recognised
that the average student needs further instruction, in order to
equip him properly for the duties of his profession. Our
energetic Architectural Association are doing much to supplv
this want by their excellent system of supplemental instruction,
which includes evening classes, lectures by specialists, visits
to workshops and to buildings in course of construction. All
of which is excellent, and must prove of great benefit to those
who participate in them. and will greatly assist them in pre-
paring them for the entrance examination to membership of
the institute which we hope to Inaugurate very soon.

E do not believe that any difference of opinion exists as
to the absolute necessity of raising the standard of qualifi-

cation for membership to a higher level, but there is not the:

same unanimity as to the best means of accomplishing it.
Some would prefer the adoption of the R.I. B. A. examination,
while others would favour a purely local one, drawn up by
and conducted by our own members, but of an equallv high
standard. It is doubtful, however. whether the latter pro-
posal will be acceptable to the British Institute. None of the
other allied societies possess this privilege, but the R.T.B.A.,
recognising the unique position of our institute (which repre-
sents the whole of Ireland). have offered to modify their ex-
amination papers, so as to adapt them to our special require-
ments ; a concession which merits careful cousideration on our
part. If this matter could be settled to the satisfaction of
both sides, a serious difficulty would be removed from our
path, and we should be enabled to proceed with our work.
What renders a speedy solution of the system of education
the more urgent is the prospect of obtaining a Registration
Bill for architects in the near future. Since our last annual
meeting, distinct progress has been made in this direction.
There are not wanting signs that the defenders of the existing
state of things see that their. position Is au untenable one,
and that, sooner or later, they must capitulate. This should
inspire us with hope. and encourage us 0 labour and to
wait.” Ido not now propose to consider the arguments which
have been brought forward for and against this vexed question.
J would rather refer vou to last vears presidential address, in
which Mr. Ashlin analysed m a masterly manner some of
the chief objections which. were urged against the proposed
scheme, and in which be completely refuted them. A com-
mittee of the R.I. B. A... embracing representatives from the
allied societies. are now deliberating on the subject of regis-
tration, and are expected shortly to produce their report.
‘This fact indicates that the leaders of the profession in Eng
land are becoming alive to the pressing importance of the
question which they may have to face in the near future.
At the same time. it is well not to be too sanguine about anv
immediate realisation of the benefits which 11131 follow from
the attainment of registration.
excellent one, and which will. I believe, ultimately prove of
immense benefit to our brethren, chiefly because it will enable
us to prevent unqualified presons from assuming the honaur-

ہہ --- سے ہے په

|
|
|

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. | 493

— 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 - —

| 58ft. deep. The dressing-rooms for the artists contain every
modern convenience, even a reading-rooin for the ladies and
a billiard-room for the men being provided.

Mr. Bertie Crewe, of Savoy Mansions, Strand, is the archi-
tect, whilst Messrs. Parkinson and Sons, Ltd., of Blackpool
؛‎ and Newcastle, are the builders, the clerk of works being
, Mr. Geo. Sheen. The constructional engineering has been
; carried out In Messrs. Heenan and Froude, Ltd., of Manches-
ter; the mosaic work by Diespeker, Ltd., Holborn Viaduct.
E.C.; the Kulm fireproof partitions Ly H. W. Cullum and
Co., 28, Budge Row, E.C. ; the marble work by J. Whitehead
and Sons, Ltd.. Kennington, S.E.; the heating by R. Daw-
son and Co., Ltd., Stalybridge ; the plasterwork, decorations,
and furnishing by Warings ; and asphalting by Lawford and
Co.. 15. Fenchurch Street, E.C. The bricks were supplied by
the London Brick Co., of Old Fletton, Peterborough.

The old Lyceum was first known as the English Opera
House, and was built by Dr. Arnold in 1794. In 1803 it was
the building that witnessed the initial experiments in gas-
‘lighting, by Winsor. that were eventually to revolutionise the
j art of illuminating our dwellings and cities. It became the

| Lyceum in 1809. Destroyed by fire in 1830, it was rebuilt and

i ۰
| reopened four years later.

7
0

一 -一 ~ 一 -一 -一

— n -Ə —

BUILDING NEWS.

THE Shoreditch Guardians have decided to build a gymna-
| sium at the Hornchurch cottage homes. at a cost of £1,200.

Tue L.C.C., on the 20th, accepted the tender of £57,396,
from Messrs. Chas. Wall, Ltd., for a block of buildings, to
accommodate 1.398 persons, ou the site of the Roval Cale-

donian Ásvlum, Islington.

' IN our last issue we mentioned that Messrs. Cubitt and Co.

| executed the joinery for the new Coliseum. The whole of
the joinery work, we are now informed, was carried out by

' the builders—Messrs. Patman and Fotheringham, Ltd., of

| Theobald's Road, W.C., who completed the contract in the
very short time of about six months.

|
| 2
| NEWINGTON CHURCH, by Sittingbourne, recently dedicated
' by the Archbishop of Canterbury, is an interesting structure
| of various dates, the earliest part being the present vestrv,
which was built apparently as the lower part of a tower b
; Richard de Lucy. Lord Chancellor of England, between the
| vears 11354. and 1178. in the reign of King Henry 11. The
‘stonework of the two lancet windows in this chamber was
quite decaved, and has been replaced by new, and a new
vestry doorway, with oak door, has been inserted. The other
work consists of rebuilding the defective parts of buttresses,
and renewing such portions of the stonework of windows.
string-courses, etc.. as were in an advanced state of decay, and
restoring the west gable of the south aisle. which has been
patched with modern brickwork. The whole of the work has
been carried out la Mr. W. Parmenter, builder. of Braintree,
under the superintendence of Messrs James Brooks, Son, and
` Godsell. of 35. Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.. who also re-
stored the fine 15th century western tower about three vears

همس —— —-

—— 一 一 一 一 一 5

ago.

THE new offices. Whessoe Foundry, Darlington, recently
completed from the designs of Mr. W. Hargreaves Bourne,
A.R.I.B.A.. architect, Darlington, re built of Huncoat's
plastic red bricks. The whole of corridors. halls. staircases,
etc., are covered with a dark-green tile dado ft. high, and
white tes 5ft. high in lavatories, above which the plaster
١ ds brought flush, and the floors are laid with black and white
' tiles, all carried out by Messrs. Doulton and Co. All the
| ground-floor rooms are laid in pitch-pine block flooring.
! The staircase is ol Stuarts granolithic stone. A special
feature of the design is the entrance waiting hall, with
gallery running round on first floor, open to a domed ceiling
light filled in with coloured leaded lights. The board-room
has an ellipticil-shaped ceiling. to obtain extra height.
The drawing-room is open to the apex of roof. and ceiled to
underside of rafters. the principals showing in room. The
whole of the internal fittings and fixtures have been sup-
Er by the North of England School Furnishing Co.,

arlington, The contractor was Mr. Frederick Shepherd,

一 一 一 一 一
-一 一 — ہے‎
———— ۔‎

سی لے —
š:‏ —
ہے س

—— مت‎ 一 -一 一 -

DE- EMBER 23, 1904]

سے —

great names I have mentioned are rare in any age, vet in our
own degree we may follow in their footsteps and strive to
excel in both as they did. If we examine the works of nature
and “consider the lilies of the field.” we shall see these two
principles blended into the most exquisite harmonv ; the most
marvellous adaptation of structure to the end in view, clothed
in forms of ineffable loveliness. If we possess the requisite
knowledge and skill, combined with an artistic appreciation
of the beauties of perfect form and proportion in our souls,
We may well await with confidence the problems the future
may hold for us, knowing that, being touched to finer issues,
we shall be competent to deal with them as thev arrive, and
to transmute, by the magic of our art, forms and structures,
commonplace and mean in themselves, into shapes which may
claim in some small degree an affinity with the haunting and
mysterious beauty which surrounds us, and with which the
Creator has clothed the entire visible universe.

CHOISY'S RESEARCHES IN ANCIENT
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

wg
T the rooms of the Leeds and Yorkshire Architectural
A Society, on the 15th inst., Prof. Capper, of Manches-
ter University, read a paper on the above subject, Mr.
G. B. Bulmer, F.R.I.B.A. (president), in the chair. The

lecturer said that Choisv's researches into ancient Egyptian |
building construction follow his previous detailed studies, |

along similar lines, of Roman and Byzantine work. extend-
ing over a period of more than 3o years. To Eg» pt he has
brought the same power of penetrating analysis of constructive
fact, the same keen insight into the practical necessities of

building organisation and method, that illumined so admirably |

his account of ancient Roman building, as well as of the suc-
ceeding school of architecture at Byzantium. Choisy’s re-
searches in Egypt, though not apparently the result of pro-
longed residence, and suffering from a curious ignorance of
much recent work on Egypt and new data so derived, give
undoubtedly an epoch-making study, presenting some well-
known facts in altogether new relationships, and giving us
daring and reasoned solutions for many problems hitherto
apparently insoluble, even to experienced Egyptologists. As
one of the most important of these solutions of long-standing
enigmas, the lecturer gave in detail, with lantern illustrations
from Choisy's book, the minute study of Egyptian brick walls,

built with undulating bedding. a puzzle that has hitherto |

baffled every enquirer. As demonstrated bv Choisy, 6
curious walls, which occur on a large scale at Karnak. Abydos,

El Kab, Phile, and elsewhere, are the logical outcome of ,

Egyptian crude-brick building on sloping sites, given the
scanty foundations possible in Egvptian soil, where these walls
are liable to attack bv the waters of the Nile. — Similarly,
Choisy, by a single illuminating paragraph, accounts for the
well-known bench on the sides of the ascending gallery in the
Great Pyramid, admittedly unexplained in Professor Flinders
Petrie's classical book on Gizeh. The lecturer then gave an
account of Choisv’s explanation of the transport of material,
whether in the enormous blocks of obelisk or colossal statue,
or of the materials of more moderate dimensions used in ordi-

nary building, and of his very ingenious demonstration of the .

use of sand for the nice adjustment of the great blocks in
position.

一 人 一

TAB LYCEUM THEATRE OF VARIETIES.

HIS building. which is shortly to be opened, has been
erected on the site of the old Lyceum Theatre in
Wellington Street, Strand. It is a ven spacious

theatre, the pit alone seating 1,000 people. The dress circle
is said to be the largest in London, the old dressing-rooms of
the Beefsteak Club apartments having been utilised to increase
the "bend." The gallery is also very large. There is a
sliding roof, which will be painted to represent clouds, and
the four “coves” beneath it are filled in with pictures illus-
trating poetry, painting, music; and literature, the last-men-
tioned containing a portrait-bust of Shakespeare. The
" lunettes " are painted to illustrate various sports.

The proscenium pillars are of red marble. a colour which
harmonises with the gold and cream selected for the decora-
tion of the other portions of the auditorium. This prosce-

nium opening measures 42ft. in width, and the stage itself is

[DECEMBER 23, 1904

سم

— 一 一 一 一 一 一 — . —— سد — — ل‎ . ——— —

special fire-extinguishing appliances, hydrants and water
mains. The balcony on the second floor, besides leadiny to all
the show-rooms, gives access to the large public office, strong-
room, and check-room, and the private offices for the secre.
tarv, treasurer. and manager. The balcony on the third floor
is mainly used for the large hall, capable of accommodating
between 800 and goo people. The platform occupies part of one
side, and the roof is a large span open-iron structure. A stor.
age-room and caretakers' -room occupies one end. The board-
room has also been arranged on this floor, with panelled pitch.
pine dado, and boarded walls and ceiling, together with com.
mittee and waiting-rooms. The boot-repairing shop, etc.,
with electric-driven machinery, is also on this floor, and a
dining or refreshment-room for the assistants. The fourth
floor contains extensive work-rooms of large cubic capacity,
exceptionally well-hghted and ventilated, and with staircases
leading to all departments. Special attention has been given
to the ventilation, each department having a separate system
of trunks and electric-driven fans, capable of being regulated
to suit any requirements by special switches. The same at-
tention has been given to the heating with hot-water pipes and
radiators on the American system. which has proved a great
success. Some idea of the extensive nature of the scheme
may be gained when it is stated that the contractors have had
a large staff of workmen engaged on the site for a little over
three years, and, in order to allow the society's business to
proceed, the architeet devised a scheme of carrving out the
work in sections. The duties of clerk of works have been
carried out bv Mr. S. Jack, and the local contractors engaged
were Mr. William Batv, West Walls; Mr. R. Nelson. carver,
London Road; Mr. G. Black, joiner, Lorne Street; Messrs.
R. M. Ormerod and Son, plasterers, Close Street; Mr. T.
Sowerby, plumber, King's Arms Lane; Mr. F. Hart; slater,
West Tower Street; Messrs. R. M. Hill and Sons, painters,
electric light, and ventilating engineers’ work, Castle Street:
Mr. John Corbett, iron-work, Corporation Road. The out-
side contractors were Messrs. Mackenzie and Moncur. Ltd.
heating engineers, Edinburgh ; Messrs. Bladen and Co.. ıron-
founders. Glasgow ; Messrs. Pickering and Co.. Ltd., electri
hoists and machinery, Stockton-on-Tees; Messrs. Merr-
weather and Son, fire appliances ; Messrs. Pilkington and Co.
mosaic work, Manchester; and Messrs. Maw and Co., Lid.
tile work, Jackfield, Salop.

EES rey ass nn),

C. JEAKES & CO., ENGINEERS, 51, GREAT RUSSELL ST., LONDON.

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494 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

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of York, his sub-contractors being Messrs. Lishman and
Son, plumbers ; Robinson and Son, plasterers; and Mossom
and Son, painters, all of Darlington.

THE directors of the Carlisle South-End Co-operative Societ'
have completed new premises in Botchergate. The society for
many years had occupied the site as their central stores and
flour mill. In the early part of ۱9٥٥ it was decided to occupy
the whole of the site from Botchergate to Collier Lane, and
erect new premises of a modern character, with internal
arrangements to admit of a more efficient working of the
various departments. To obtain the large shop accommo-
dation required, Mr. T. Taylor Scott. F.R.I. B. A., of Carlisle,
adopted a central arcade scheme, with a wide approach from
Botchergate, which gave a total frontage window space of
about 35oft. "The front elevation has been constructed with
white polished ashlar stone and dark Shap granite pilasters,
with carved caps. It is in the Renaissance style of architec-
ture, freely treated. The butchers shop is on the north side
of the arcade entrance, with tiled walls and enamelled ceiling.
and has cool storage in the cellar ventilated by electricity. On
the opposite side of the entrance is the large drapery depart-
ment, with show windows about ıooft. long, and a staircase
leading to extensive show-rooms on the floor above, with cut-
ting, waiting, and fitting-on rooms. On the south side of the
drapers’ shop is the furniture department, with a central mas-
sive staircase and large electric hoist and passenger-lift giving
access to all the floors above, which are mostly adopted as
show-rooms for the various classes of furniture. The right-
hand side of the arcade entrance has been allotted to the
clothing and outntting department, with a staircase leading to
a tailors’ show-rooms and cutting and fitting-on rooms on the
floor. above. The north side of the arcade is occupied by the
boot and shoe shop, with a staircase leading to a shop on
the floor above for ladies boots and shoes. The grocery
department occupies the site from the west end of the arcade
t: Collier Lane. The arcade forms a great feature of the
scheme. Tt is covered bv an ornamental iron roof and glass,
with ventilating glazed Aecklights. and round the four sides
on each floor has been constructed overhanging fireproof bal-
conies, protected by ornamental railing, access to each balcony
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and, besides this, expressed his willingness to attend and
further explain personally anything else. Under the circum-
stances, the Rural Council appear to have placed them-
selves in a very foolish position.

IT is not very long since the firm of Wimperis and Arber
was deprived uf the services of Mr. J. T. Wimperis,
F.R.I.B.A., on his retirement, and since that time the sad
death of Mr. Arber occurred. The late senior partner, Mr.
Wimperis, has now died in his 75th year. Amongst the
best-known of the firm's work are the Princes's Restaurant,
in Piccadilly, and the Grafton Gallery, and thev have erected
many West End mansions and business premises. Mr.
Wimperis was a genial member of the Arts Club, and a

brother of that admirable artist, the late E. M. Wimperis.
Messrs. Wimperis and Best,

THe death has also occurred. of Mr. Ernest Stelfox,
A.R.I.B.A., of Manchester. Mr. Stelfox was one of the
most successful students at the Institute, and was awarded
the Ashpitel prize. He had built several Manchester

schools, banks, and houses.

Mr. W. G. Laws, late city engineer of Newcastle, died at
Newcastle on the 22nd inst., at the age of 62. He retired
with the position of consulting engineer four years ago. In
his earlier years he was engaged on constructive work for the
North British and North-Eastern. Railways, and during his
term of office he was identified wich the municipal progress
He was a brother of Captain G. A. Laws,
Mr. Laws was past
Engineers and

of Newcastle.
founder of the Shipping Federation.
president of the Association of Municipal

Surveyors.

Tne will of the late Mr. Henri Arthur Hunt, survevor, of
45, Parliament Street, Westminster, has been proved ai
4597, 534-
IN the December issue of the Beacon there is printed an
admirable view of Bath Abbey Church, from i. scarce. print
in the possession of Mr. J. F. Mechan.

THE Council of the Society of Architects has resolved. to
guarantee a sum not exceeding £50 from the funds of the
society towards the legal expenses of Mr. Pease in his en-
deavour to obtain a reversal of the verdict in the case of
Gibbons v. Pease, or a new trial in the Court of Appeal.
The council has also intimated that if. further financial
assistance is required for the purpose it will be prepared
to consider a request for a further grant. The council has
passed the following resolution :一 That where the retainer
of an architect and his employment is to superintend work,
and the preparation of plans is merely ancillary to the super-
vision of the work, or where the architect is instructed in
the first instance to prepare plans and afterwards to super-
intend the carrying out of the works thereunder, the architect
keeps the plans, not onlv bv custom, but because on com-
pletion of the work the building owner has all he bargains
for. Where the employment of the architect is confined to
the preparation of plans without reference to the carrying
out of any work, then the employer, by special contract,
keeps the plans, but there is no recognised custom as to the
employment of an architect for this latter purpose, and,
therefore, in every case where the emplover keeps the 85
he keeps them in pursuance of a special contract.”

THE scheme for a Peoples Opera-house in Paris is fast
approaching realisation. The cost of the building, which
is to be of stone and iron, is estimated at £160,000. The
auditorium is to be fan-shaped, and on the floor and the
three galleries there will be places for 4,000 spectators.
It will be the property of the city of Paris, which will also
guarantee the cost of the various productions.

AN important report on the condition of the schools in
Burnley was laid before the Education Committee on the
21st inst. The Medical Officer to the Corporation recently
condemned in severe terms the bad ventilation and over-
crowding of the class-rooms as being responsible in a great
measure for the spread of measles and other infectious
The members of the Education Committee

diseases,
as exaggerated and unwarranted,

described this report

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 495

. Mr. Edmund Wimperis, of

IS a nephew of the deceased gentleman.

DECEMBER 30, 1904]

Che British Architect.

M —‏ س با
لل ہے سم م ج ت ——

—— r 2
me I سح‎ N E سه ہر یں‎

LONDON: FRIDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1904,

ہے يږې —

一 一 一 ~- ص‎ 一 一 -一 -

BUILDING BY-LAWS.

NE of the most pertinent remarks in Mr. Lacy Ridge's
paper on “By-laws.” at the Institute, the other week,
was that we are undoubtedly suffering in this country |

from a constantly-inereasing growth of officialdom. And |
he cites, in illustration, a case of his own experience, in which
anxiety and expense were caused to his client. and several
officials emploved at the public cost, on a subject in which
the public had no interest whatever! He says the 1903 Rural
By-laws, founded originally on the London Building Act (in
itself a piece of panic legislation), reinforced by the sugges-
tions of theorists and faddists. extended recklessly from urban
to rural districts, enforced bv officials unfit or unwilling to
put any but the narrowest interpretations upon them, in the
hands of local authorities. who receive their instructions from
the Local Government Board, who, in their turn, repudiate
the responsibility, and regarded on all hands as binding to
the letter, constitute a petty tyranny of a class to which
hitherto Englishmen have not submitted themselves. Mr.
Ridge takes very much the view we have maintained, viz.,
that the limits of legislation should be indicated, not bv con-
siderations of mere desirability, comfort, economy, or perhaps
even good building, but by the need for public safety from
insanitary conditions or unfair encroachment on the rights and
enjoyments of our neighbours. Even in this direction ۵
and needless restrictions may be enforced, and the questions
of fire prevention and rights of light and air need a good
deal of reconsideration. Here we come to a most essential
point in all reform. We strongly. maintain that it is only a
trained architect of artistic cognisance who can properly rele-
gate the claims of fair opportunity for good and effective
building. as against the really needful conditions for fire pre-
vention, proper light and air, and sanitation. Now that
public attention has been thoroughlv aroused to the absurdi-
ties that exist, not alone in by-laws themselves, but also in
the application of them, it is of the greatest importance that
in any emendation which may be made a strong representa-
tion of the architectural profession should be heard.
Messrs. Lacy Ridge and J. S. Gibsons papers at the
R.T.B.A. are timelv and important, and should serve to
illumine the wav to reasonable reforms. The result of ignor-
ing those specially suited to deal with these questions is
forcibly illustrated by Mr. Gibson when he says: “ lt is one
of the little ironies of life that, if Sir Christopher Wren's
scheme for the laving-out of new streets in London after the
Great Fire had been carried into effect, it is very probable
there would have been no need for a Roval Commission on
Traffic in 1904---and Sir Christopher Wren was only an archi-
tect and surveyor!” Mr. Gibson, besides giving several illus-
trations of the absurdities of building regulations. also em-
phasised three important points— first. the lack of any pro-
vision in the present Act for the use of protected steel con-
struction ; second, the exemption of the buildings of railway.
canal, and dock companies, from the operation of parts 6
and 7, regulating matters of construction and design ; third,
the great desirabilitv of all district survevors being practising
architects. Very needful emphasis and publicity has now
been given, from the architectural point of view, to the grave
need of reform in these matters if architecture is to have a
fair chance of development ; and it only remains now to hope
that our public authorities will be induced to lead the wav. |

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NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS.

HE case of Sir Wm. Grantham and the Chailey Rural
Council has ended.most absurdly in what the Bench
call a “finding,” and not a decision. Sir Wm. Grantham |

very much objects to being a party to any compromise on the |
evidence, and the general result of the affair is ridiculous. |

Sir Wm. Grantham has, by the evidence, complied a

fairly with the requirements as to showing his intentions,

[DECEMBER 30, 1904

- — — — — — VA .@—

council, it has been thought desirable to place these views

before the members of the Institute generallv, and to ask
their co-operation in discouraging the practice referred to,
the council being assured that members will not only recog-
nise the validitv of its objections, but welcome its support
in this matter. In name and on behalf of the Glasgow In-
stitute of Architects,
C. J. MACLEAN, Secretary.
Glasgow Institute of Architects.
115, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow,
December 22, 1904.

— do nn

OUR ILLUSTRATIONS.

AN ARCHITECTS HOME, “LITTLESHAW!
WOLDINGHAM.
LEONARD STOKES, F.R.I.B.A., Architect.

We now supplement the illustrations of “Littleshaw,” pub-
lished in our Christmas Number, by a sketch of the hall
parlour.

THE HECTOR MACDONALD MEMORIAL DESIGN.
ALr. E. CORBETT, A.R.I.B.A., Architect.

Tuis is an interesting contribution by an architect to a
memorial in which, as a rule, the sculptor overrides all or
most of the architectural interest.

A MANCHESTER SCHOOL DESIGN.
ALF. E. CORBETT, A.R.LB.A,, Architect.

THERE is much to be commended in the simplicity and robust
character of this school design, which would give a well-
balanced group.

GLASGOW SCHOOL OF ART ٤۷

TO FRENCH SCHOOLS.

DEPUTATION consisting of the chairman. Mr. James
Fleming, with two other of the Governors, Mr. W. F.
Salmon, F.R.LB.A., and Mr. John J. Burnet,

A.R.S.A., F.R.LB.A., and the Head Master, Mr. Fra. H.
Newbery, were appointed, at a meeting of the Governors, to
visit. and report upon the working of some of the more
important of the National and Municipal Schools of Art in
France. They were further charged with the mission of ob-
taining, if possible, the services of a professor for the depart-
ment of design and decorative art in this school. In this
latter commission they were successful.

We have been favoured with a copy of the report of the
deputation. The schools visited were the Ecole Nationale
de Beaux Arts, in Lyons; the Ecole Nationale et Speciale, of
Paris ; l'Ecole des Arts Decoratifs, in Paris ; l'Ecole Nationale
des Arts Industriels, at Roubaix ; and l'Ecole Municipale des
Beaux Arts, at Lille. It was not found possible, as at first
intended, to visit the School of Art at Toulouse. The pro-
posed visit of the deputation had been notified by the Minister
of Public Instruction in France, to the directors of the
schools in Lyons, Paris, and Roubaix, and the Prefét of the
Nord was instructed to notify the Mayor of Lille. The depu-
tation spent eight davs in France. 7

The conclusion of the report says:—In France education 15
free, but no student may enter a school of art until he has
passed an entrance examination. This examination demands
preparatory instruction, which is provided for in special pre
paratory schools. The entrance examination is such that
candidates applving must exhibit both skill and earnest €T
deavour in order to obtain a pass. The ordinary Fren
student is compelled to follow a definite and rigorous cours
of training, which ensures a thoroughness that has not as yet
been possible to reach in Scotland. One of the reasons for
this is, that art education is felt everywhere in France to be
an absolute necessity. It is encouraged alike by the State,
by the civic authorities and bv thé manufacturers. The
gratuitous instruction that everywhere prevails may partly
account for the organisation and methods to be found in the
French schools. The French people take art and art ۳
struction much more seriously than is the case in Scotland.

especially as regarded the modern council schools built on
the central hall principle. Dr. Pullon, medical officer to the
Education Authority, has since been making a thorough ın-
spection of the schools, in conjunction with the Borough
Analyst and the Borough Surveyor. His first report, pre-
sented on the 21st inst., deals with four schools, and in
two of these, both voluntarv schools, Dr. Pullon found a
vitiated atmosphere, showing a serious defect in the venti-
lation. At Fulledge Wesleyan School, in one class-room
there were 16.47 parts in 10,000 of carbonic acid gas,
whereas the Government only allows a maximum of nine
per 10,000 parts in mills. It was impossible, added Dr.
Pullon, for children to be able to do good work in such
an atmosphere, and the effect on their constitutions must be
serious. Dr. Pullon also found the class-rooms here very
much overcrowded. "Wood Top National School he also
described as badly ventilated, and pointed out serious
structural and sanitary defects. The Education Committee
has decided to reduce the number of children in attendance
at Fulledge School, and to set about the erection of new
schools for that district. They also decided that three
months' notice be given to the managers of Wood Top
School to place it in a thoroughly satisfactory condition
structurally, failing which the school would be declared
inefficient.

SoME interesting illustrations of Gosford House appear in
the December 24th number of The King, and architects will
find specially attractive some very interesting illustrations
from old service books of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries,
with quaintly decorative Christmas scenes.

UE ا ج‎
COMPETITIONS.
FROM an advertisement appearing in this issue, it will be seen

that Mr. H. T. Hare, F.R.I.B.A., is the assessor appointed
in the Lambeth municipal buildings competition.

MR. W. E. WILLINK, F.R.1.B.A., of Liverpool, has been ap-
pointed assessor in the competition for the Carnegie library
for the Town Council of Wrexham, which is to cost about
£,4,000.

THE Bucks County Education Committee invite designs
for a public elementary school, to be erected at Aylesbury,
and to accommodate 750 children. It is stated that an
architect of established reputation will be engaged to act as
assessor. Premiums of #50 and £25 will be awarded to
the authors of the two most successful designs, but the
premium is to merge into the commission in the event of the
successful competitor being engaged to carry out the work.
Further particulars can be had from Mr. C. G. Watkins,
Education Office, Aylesbury, upon payment of XI 1s.
deposit, to be returned on receipt of bond-fide design, or if
the plan and instructions are returned within seven days.
Designs are to be delivered by February 28.

A nn
OUR LETTER BOX.
PRESENTS FROM ARCHITECTS.

To the Editor of THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

DEAR SIR,— The council of the Institute has had under con-
sideration the apparently increasing prevalence of valuable
presents being given on the occasion of the laving of founda-
tion-stones or formal opening of buildings, by the architects
concerned to those officiating, and, even in some cases, to
their wives or relatives. In such circumstances, and where
the importance of the building warrants it. the presentation
of a trowel or kev by the contractors is often expected, and
the action of the architect in co-operating in such cases, either
financially or bv designing and selecting the article, as also in
representing those concerned at the presentation, is in no
way criticised by the council. Anything bevond this, how-
ever, is considered objectionable. as setting up between archi-
tect and client a wrong relationship of donor and recipient,
and as unfair to many of the profession in encouraging rivalry
as to the importance and value of the respective gifts. Such,
after due consideration, being the unanimous feeling of the

سا سس F‏ 0

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. 497

一 一 一 一 一 -一 一

the principle that the landlord is not the occupier of the
premises, and has no means of knowing what is the condi-
tion of the premises unless he is told, because he has no right
of access to the demised premises, whereas the occupier has
the best means of knowing of any want of repair. It has,
therefore, been heid that the naked obligation on the part of
the landlord to repair is not broken unless notice has been
given to him of the want of repair. . . . There is
authority that evidence of means of knowledge on the part of
the landlord is not sufficient, but that there must be express
notice." |

To the rule as to the non-liability of the landlord for repairs
in the absence of contract, there is one exception in the case
of a building let out in flats or tenements. Where a stair-
case is the only means of access ۲۵ the flat or tenement, and
it remains under the control of the landlord, he is bound to
keep it in repair, and is liable both to the tenant and to those
having occasion to visit him for injuries caused by the stair-
case being out of repair (Miller v. Hancock (1893) 2 Q. B.
177). 1 am inclined to think, with regard to such lettings,
that the landlord is also under an implied liability to keep the
roof in repair.

As to the tenant, the rules I have mentioned entail upon
him the obligation to treat the property let to him while in
his possession with due and reasonable care, or, according to
the somewhat vague formula of the older cases, in a tenant-
like manner, doing proper repairs, the nature of which will
depend upon the extent of his tenancy. The liability of a
tenant from vear to year is much less than that of a tenant
for a term of years. And, as I shall have occasion to speak
of waste, it may be convenient here to mention that there are
two kinds of waste, namely, voluntary waste, which consists
of the commission of acts which result in the spoliation of
the property; and permissive waste, which consists of the
omission to prevent the happening of matters which bring
about the deterioration of the property. The common law
liability of a tenant from vear to year has been defined in
various way in the old cases. In 1797, Lord Kenvon said:
“ A tenant from year to year is bound to commit no waste and
to make fair and tenantable repairs, such as putting in
windows or doors which have been broken by him, so as to
prevent waste and decay " (Ferguson v. 一 -一 一 ，2 Esp. 590).
And Lord Tenterden, C.]., in directing a jury in 1832, said:
“What are the things which an occupier of a house from year
to year is bound to do? I am of opinion that he is bound
to keep the house wind and water tight, and that is all he
is bound to do. A tenant who covenants to repair has to
sustain and uphold the premises, but that is not the case with
a tenant from vear to vear " (Anworth v. Johnson, 5 C. and P.
239). A tenant for vears is, independently of contract, liable
both for permissive and voluntary waste, but his liability does
not extend bevond this, and in the case of accidental fire he
is not bound to rebuild the premises. But the use of written
instruments of tenancy containing some provision as to repairs
is so general nowadavs that it is seldom necessary upon a
question of dilapidations to have to refer to the common
law upon the subject, for an express stipulation upon the sub-
ject supersedes an implied stipulation, though it is always
convenient, both with reference to dilapidations and also
in the earlier stages of framing the agreement of tenancy, to
consider what the tenant's liability would be independently
of contract on the subject. I may note, in passing, that the
tenant's liabilitv for waste is not excluded by any express
stipulation as to repairs, but continues together with any
remedies the landlord may have under the repairing stipu-
lations (Marker v. Kenrick, 13 C. B. 188).

Assuming the existence of ۵ repairing clause in the instru-
ment of tenancy. then both in framing and in resisting a
claim for dilapidations vou have got to consider not only
what the damage is— that is, what is the amount of repair,
renewal and decoration required to put the premises into such
a condition as to command a suitable tenant for the class of
property—but also whether the terms of the outgoing tenant's
undertaking to repair have been broken. and, if so, in what
respect, and to what extent. An incoming and outgoing
tenant. invariably look at. premises through different. spec-
tacles. You all know from experience that to put premises
into a state to satisfy an incoming tenant almost invariably
involves an. expenditure bevond that for which the outgoing
tenant is liable. Not only is work insisted upon which is not
within the terms of the obligation to repair, but the work
executed often takes the shape of improvements and more
expensive work than the outgoing tenant. is liable for, and
there are added a number of minute details which ought

DECEMBER 30, 1904]

mm
ا ااا یہس‎ Ncc E

The accommodation for work afforded by the Glasgow
School of Art compares favourably, in many respects, with
that existing in the French schools. The general excellence
of the work of the Glasgow School of Art in drawing and
painting will bear comparison with that produced by the
Continental schools, but in architecture, advanced design
and figure composition, there remains much to be accom-

plished in Glasgow. ;

d‏ ڪڪ

THB LAW OF DILAPIDATIONS.*

S you are well aware, the subject of dilapidations has
A been found sufficiently large to be treated as a sepa-
l rate branch of law, and have devoted to it several
well-known works, and it generally occupies no inconsiderable
space in books on landlord and tenant. Consequently you
will not expect at my hands, in the time at my disposal,
anything like an exhaustive examination of this branch of
law. Nor do I propose to do more than to take a general
survey of the law, dealing broadly with the most salient
points to be borne in mind in everyday practice. 1 do not
know how the short but convenient term “ dilapidations ”
got imported into our legal phraseology with regard to land-
lord and tenant, though it was probably borrowed from
ecclesiastical dilapidations. It cannot boast the antiquity
of " waste," for which it is commonly treated as a convertible
term. It has no exact legal meaning, and though Cowell
defines * dilapidation " as a wasteful destroying, or letting of
buildings run to ruin and decay for want of reparation, the
more accurate legal description of what is intended is, breach
of the obligation to repair, or waste, But popular usage has
come to treat the expression as synonymous in disputes
between landlord and tenant as to non-repair, and as mean-
ing defects in buildings resulting from neglect or misuse, as
distinguished from the natural deterioration caused by lapse
of time and the elements, and not contributed to by negli-
gence or misuse—in other words, a condition of non-repair
for which a tenant is liable. We shall appreciate the common
law distinction as to the different liabilities of landlord and
tenant with regard to repairs if we bear in mind one or two
general principles. One is the maxim of caveat emptor,
which imports that in making a purchase-— or taking a lease
—the purchaser or tenant must at his peril inform himself as
to the physical condition of the property he is going to
acquire, and it is his own folly if he takes a house which
is so out of repair as to be uninhabitable (Hart v. Windsor,
12 M. and W. 68). In such a case he cannot, upon discover-
ing its condition, call upon the landlord to put the house
into repair, but must go on paying his rent though the pre-
mises are useless. This does not apply to furnished houses,
or houses let to the poor, which latter are provided for by the
Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890 (53 and 54 Vict.,
C. 70, s. 75). Another principle is that when a man pos-
sessed of property hires it to another the law imposes upon
the hirer the duty of taking reasonable care of that which is
entrusted to him, so as to be able to deliver it up at the
end of the hiring in as nearly as may be the same condition
in which he received it, allowance being made for natural
deterioration bv time and the ordinary user for the purpose
for which it was intended. Now, let us see how the common
law with regard to repairs has been built up under these
simple rules.

First, take the landlord. Unless he has contracted to do
repairs he is under no liability to put the premises into a
habitable condition or to do any repairs, notwithstanding the
premises become uninhabitable in consequence of neglected
repairs (Arden v. Pullen, 10 M. and W. 321). Even if the
premises were burnt down he is not bound to rebuild (Pindar
v. Ainsley, 1 T. R. 312). In fact, having let the premises,
he has no right to go upon the premises to make reparations
without the licence of the tenant. Even where he has cove-
nanted to repair, he is not liabile under his covenant until he
has received notice of the defects. The rule and the reason
for it are clearly expressed by the present Master of the Rolls
in the recent case of Z'readzeav v. Machin (gt L. T., 310) as
follows:—" The law upon the subject has been repeatedly
laid down and stated. The landlord is not liable unless
there is a contract bv him to keep the premises in repair,
and he is not liable even in that case unless he has had
express notice of the want of repair. That rule rests upon

*A Paper read to the Auctioneers’ Institute on the 14th inst.,
by Mr, Joseph Haworth Redman, Barrister-at- law.

[DECEMBER 30, 1904

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

498

DEN AM یت‎ Is ا دی حتفف‎ A A ee ee

mean to furnish new ones where those demised were old, but
to put and keep them in good tenantable repair, with refer-
ence to the purpose for which they are to be used.” And
Baron Rolfe said: “The term ‘good repair’ is to be con-
strued with reference to the subject matter, and must differ,
as that may be a palace or a cottage; but to 'keep in good
repair' pre-supposes the putting into it, and means that
during the whole term the premises shall be in good repair."
Fortv vears later, in Proudfoot v. Hari (1899), 25 Q. B. D.
42, we find the Court of Appeal accepting the authority of
this case as still unquestioned, and Lord Esher, M.R. said
(at p. 52): “The result of the cases seems to be this—the
question. whether the house was, or was not, in tenantable
repair when the tenancy began is immaterial; but the age
of the house is very material with respect to the obligation
both to keep and leave it in tenantable repair.”

In clearing the ground of what it is not necessary to take
into consideration in dealing with questions of repair or dila-
pidation, we may reject as without foundation any assumed
dfference in effect from the various adjectives used to qualify
the word repair, such as " good," “ tenantable,” “ substan-
tial," “proper,” “habitable,” or the like. They probably all
import the same thing, and none of them appear to add force
to the simple undertaking to keep in repair. In the case of
Belcher v. McIntosh (1839), 2 M. and Rob. 186, Baron Alder-
son, in his charge to the jury, said: " It is difficult to suggest
any material difference between * habitable repair, as used
in this agreement, and the more common expression ' tenant-
able repair. They must both import such a state as to
repair that the premises may be used and dwelt in. not only
with safety, but with reasonable comfort bv the class of
persons by whom and the purposes for which they were to be
occupied.” * What,” said Lopes, L.J., in Proud foot v. Hart,
"is the meaning of good tenantable repair? That expres-
sion appears to me to mean such repair as, having regard
to the age, character, and locality of the house, would make
it reasonably. fit for the occupation of a reasonably-minded
tenant of the class who would be likely to take it." The def-
nition has crystallised into our text-books, but 1 have never
met with the reasonably-minded incoming tenant who
accepted recently vacated premises as in a satisfactory state.

Another expression to which undue importance is attached
in an agreement to repair is that of “fair wear and tear ex-
cepted.” I confess I have never been able to satisfy myself
that the expression has any legal effect whatever. The law
imports that a tenant shall not be liable for deterioration
resulting from reasonable use of the premises, notwithstand-
ing he undertakes to deliver them up in good tenantable
repair, and, if the damage is from unreasonable use, it
would be waste. But it is reasonable to retain the expression,
as most people do attach importance to it. Having indicated
what is immaterial to consider in forming an opinion as to
whether premises have been kept in repair, we proceed to
consider what is material. |

First, as to the age of the house. Nobody can reasonably
expect that a house 200 years old should be in the same con-
dition of repair as a house lately built, and it is obvious that
the obligation is very different when the house is 5o years
older than it was when the tenancy began (Proud foot v. Harl,
per Lord Esher, M.R.). lí the premises were old and dilapi-
dated, the tenant is not required to give the landlord new
buildings at the end of the tenancy, but he should take them
out of their former dilapidated condition and deliver them
up fit to be occupied for the purposes they were used for
(Belcher v. Melntosh, per Alderson, B.) A covenant to
repair as applied to an old building which is not dilapidated
at the commencement of the tenancy does not mean that the
old building is to be restored in a renewed form at the end
of the term or of greater value than it was at the commence-
ment of the term. What the natural operation of time flowing
on effects, and all that the elements bring about in diminish-
ing the value, constitute a loss which, so far as it results from
time and nature, falls upon the landlord. But the tenant 15
to take care that the premises do not suffer more than the
operation of time and nature would effect. He is bound r
seasonable applications of labcur tc keep the house as near?
as possible in the same condition as when 1t was demised
(Guilcridge v. Munyard (1834), 1 M. and Rob. 334, Pt
Tindal, C.P.). |

In the next place in favour of the tenant is to be taken into
consideration the nature of the building. The rule 1s laid
down and illustrated in the case of Lister v. Lane (1893) 7

P e M ——— — — M‏ 1 € — . سسوم جس r‏ س
一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一- 一 一 一 -一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 一 -一 一 一 一 一 一 一‏ و

W i a A hr

never seriously to be claimed against an outgoing tenant who
has been in occupation for a considerable period. Every
prudent surveyor or auctioneer, in making or testing a
schedule of dilapidations, commences with a careful perusal
of the tenant's agreement to repair. The repairing clauses
in use are couched in language of considerable variety, and
in the older leases are often very wordy and spun out. The
covenant or agreement is seldom a simple undertaking "to
repair." That expression is frequently supplemented by “to
put in repair,” where the state of repair is doubtful, and
almost invariably by “keep in repair" and "vield up in
repair." The liability under a convenant to repair, and the
extent and character of the defects in the premises which
may be treated as dilapidations which the tenant may be
called upon to remedy, depends not only upon the actual
terms of the covenant itself, but somewhat also upon the
class, age, and locality of the premises and their inherent
nature. It was also at one time considered that the state
of repair of the premises at the commencement of the
tenancy was a material matter to take into consideration. but
this can only be so where the covenant is one simply to repair,
or to keep the premises in as good repair as the same were
in at the commencement of the tenanev. or where some other
expressions are used which clearly limit the liabilitv of the
tenant to maintaining the premises in a state of repair, of
which the condition of affairs at the commencement of the
tenancy shall be the standard. Ordinarily, the condition of
the premises as to repair at the time of the letting is of no
great moment if the tenant undertakes to “put” the: premises
in repair. And this is equally the case where the tenant has
undertaken to “keep” or “ deliver up ” the premises in good
repair at the end of the tenancy. The condition of repair
at the commencement of the tenancy can only be taken into
consideration as far. as it goes to show the age, character,
and class of the buildings, and the extent to which the tenant
has performed his covenant (Haldane v. Newcomb (1863), 12
W. R. 135).

In the case of Payne v. Haine (1847). 16 M. and W. 541,
the defendant, on becoming tenant to the plaintiff of a farm
and outbuildings, agreed “to keep the same. and at the
expiration of the tenancy to deliver up the same. in good
repair, order, and condition.” An action having been
brought for not delivering up the premises in good repair,
Baron Platt at the trial directed the jury to consider the
state of the premises when the defendant entered, adding
that it was enough if the defendant left them in as good
plight as he found them. I was argued by counsel, in
support of this direction, on an application for a new trial
on the ground of misdirection, that the ruling of the learned
judge was correct, and that a tenant who contracts to keep
premises in good repair fulfils his undertaking by leaving them
substantiallv in the same condition in which he found them.
The application for a new trial was, however, granted ; and
the judgment of Baron Parke is such a complete and concise
summarv, and one from which extracts are constantly made.
that I may be allowed to cite it at length. He savs:—* If
at the time of the demise the premises were old, and in bad
repair, the lessee was bound to put them in good repair as
old premises, for he cannot keep them in good repair without
putting them into it. He might have contracted to keep
them in the state in which thev were at the time of the
demise. This is a contract to keep the premises in good
repair, as old premises; but that cannot justifv the keeping
them in bad repair because thev happened to be in that state
when the defendant took them. The cases all show that the
age and class of the premises let. with their general condition
as to repair, may be estimated, in order to measure the extent
of the repairs to be done. Thus, a house in Spitalfields mav
be repaired with materials inferior to those requisite for re-
pairing a mansion in Grosvenor Square ; but this lessee cannot
sav he will do no repairs, or leave the premises in bad repair,
because they were old and out of repair when he took them.
He was to keep them in good repair, and. in that state, with
reference to their age and class. he was to deliver them up
at the end of the term.” The judgment of Baron Alderson,
in the same case, explains the sense in which the tenant 5
entitled to preve what the general state of repair was at the

time of demise, namelv, so as to measure the amount of

damages which the landlord has sustained for want of repairs
bv reference to that state. He also added: “It 15, no doubt.
in practice, difficult to say what is putting premises, so old
as to be ready to perish, into good repair, or keeping them
in it; but a contract to “put” premises in good repair cannot

A A بس‎

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. ۱ 499

mean of equal value 一 to the paper which was on the walls
when his tenancy began. He need not put up paper of a
richer character than would satisfy a reasonable man within
the definition.

“ The same view applies as to painting. If the paint is in
such a state that the woodwork will decay unless it is re-
painted, it is obvious that the tenant must re-paint. But I
think that his obligation goes further than that. A house
at Spitalfields is never painted in the same way as one in
Grosvenor Square. If the tenant leaves a house in Gros-
venor Square with painting only good enough for a house in
Spitalfields, he has not discharged his obligation. He must
paint it in such a way as would satisty a reasonable tenant
taking a house in Grosvenor Square. As to whitewashing,
one knows it is impossible to keep ceilings in the same condi-
tion as when thev have just been whitewashed. But if,
though the ceilings have become blacker, they are still in
such a condition that a reasonable man would not say, ‘I
will not take this house because of the state of the ceilings,”
then I think that the tenant is not bound, under his covenant
to leave the house in tenantable repair, to whitewash them.
Take, again, the case of a house in Grosvenor Square having
an ornamental ceiling, which 1s a beautiful work of art. A
tenant goes in and finds such a ceiling in the house, and in
course of time the gilding becomes in such a bad condition,
or so much worn off, that the ceiling is no longer orna-
mental. 1 should think that a reasonable tenant taking a
house in Grosvenor Square would not require a gilded ceiling
at all. If that be so, on the mere covenant to leave the
premises in tenantable repair, I should think that the tenant
who has entered into that covenant was not bound to regild the
ceiling at all. As to the floor, it may have been rotten when the
tenancy began. If it was in such a state when the tenancy
began that no reasonable man would take the house with a
floor in that state, then the tenant's obligation is to put the
floor into tenantable repair. The question is, what is the
state of the floor when the tenant is called upon to fulfil his
covenant? If it has become perfectly rotten, he must put
down a new floor. but if he can make it good in the sense
in which I have spoken of all the other things---the paper,
the paint, the whitewashing—-he is not bound to put down a
new floor. He may satisfy his obligation under the covenant
by repairing it. If he leaves the floor out of repair when
the tenancy ends, and the landlord comes in, the landlord
may do the repairs himself, and charge the costs as damages
against the tenant."

It might be expected that I should refer in detail to dilapi-
dations in regard to drains and sanitary arrangements, deal-
ing particularly with the onerous burdens that are constantly
thrown upon tenants in complving with the requirements of
local authorities to abate nuisances and remedy defective
sanitary arrangements. But this is to a very limited extent a
question of dilapidation. The liability of a tenant under his
covenant to repair, so far as it concerns drains, can be
expressed in a few words. Tt is a liability to maintain and
keep in repair and in working order the drains as they existed
at the time of the demise. 1 does not entail the H; ibility to
rectify structural defects, or to construct new drains, or sub-
stitute an improved system of sanitation, in place of one of
which is wholly condemned. or to give to the premises a
new and perfect drainage for that which was imperfect. The
tenant's liability in these respects arises somewhat oddly, as it
would strike most persons considering the question for the
first time, not under the covenant to repair. but under the
covenant to pav "rates. taxes, impositions, outgoings, and
burdens " imposed on the premises, or in respect thereof.
The consideration of the cases on this branch of landlord and
tenant would lead us wide a-field from the subject of dilapi-
dations.

A survevor on behalf of the landlord is generally sent upon
the premises to find fault in the way of omission to repair,
while the survevor acting for the tenant attempts to minimise
the dilapidations complained of. Usually justice. lies
between the two estimates. In all these cases the question
is whether the premises have been kept in substantial repair,
‘as opposed to claims. for fancied injuries, such as a mere
crack in a pane of glass, cracks in the plaster. nails driven
| in the w all. or the like (Stanley v. Towgood, 3 Bing. N. C. 4;

Perry v. Chotzuer. 9 Times L. R.. 488). And the general
| covenant to keep in good and substantial repair is satisfied
iby a substantial compliance with its tems (Harris v. Jones
| (1832) د,‎ M. and Rob. 176). Special covenants, such as to

A in every third or seventh sear, must be performed

DECEMBER 30, 1904]

Q.B. 212: “If a tenant takes a house which is of such a

kind that by it own inherent nature it will, on course of time, .

fall into a particular condition, the effects of that result are
not within the tenant's covenant to repair. However large
the words of the covenant may be, a covenant to repair a
house is not a covenant to give a different thing from that
which the tenant took when he entered into the covenant.
He has to repair that thing which he took; he is not obliged
to make a new and different thing, and, moreover, the result
of the nature and condition of the house itself, the result
of time upon that state of things is not a breach of the
covenant to repair” (per Lord Esher, M.R., at p. 216). The
facts of that case were that the plaintiff granted to the defen-
dants a lease containing a full covenant to keep and yield
up in repair of a house in Lambeth. Before the end of the
term one of the walls of the house was bulging out, and
after the end of the term the house was condemned by the
district surveyor as a dangerous structure and pulled down.
The plaintiff sought to recover from the defendant the cost
of rebuilding the house. The evidence showed that the
foundation of the house was a timber platform which rested
on a boggy or muddy soil. The bulging of the wall was
caused by the rotting of the timber. The house was at least
100 years old, and possibly much older. It was held that
the defect having been caused bv the natural operation of
time and the elements upon a house the original construction
of which was faulty, the defendants were not under their
covenant liable to make it good.

Then, as we have seen, the class of the building is to be
taken into consideration in construing the liability of a tenant
to repair, and we have the familiar illustration that the class
of repars that would be necessary to a palace would be
wholly unnecessary to a cottage. The locality of the buildmgs
can also be looked at as controlling the nature of repairs
necessary to command tenants of the class likely to occupy
them. But this proposition must be qualified by looking at
the class of house which the covenant referred to when it
was originally entered into, and the fact that the neighbour-
hood has deteriorated since the date of the lease is no justi-
fication for executing repairs of an inferior nature to those
originally contemplated by the lease (Morgan v. Hardy, 17
Q.B.D. 770).

Repairing means upholding and maintaining. Not only
does it not involve renewal or rebuilding, but it does not
include mere decoration. Repairing covenants frequently
deal expressly with painting, papering. and the like; but
painting (except so far as may be necessary to prevent wood-
work from perishing s), papering, and whitewashing are deco-
rations and not repairs. The lability of a tenant in respect
of these matters under his ordinary covenant to repair is thus
expressed by Lord Esher, M.R., in Proudfoot v. Hart, 25
Q.B.D., at p. 53: “The official referee appears to have said
that, in his view, ‘tenantable repair? included painting,
papering, and decorating. If he meant, as I think he must
have meant, that it included all papering, painting, and
decorating, 1 have no hesitation in saying that his construction
of the term ' tenantable repair was wrong. Again, he has
said that the tenant's obligation is to *re-paper with similar
paper to that which was on the walls before, and repaint
with similar paint to that which was on the painted portion
of the premises before.’ I think that view was wrong also.
With regard to the papering, Cave, J., in the Court below,
said: ‘I cannot see how in any case a man can be bound
to put new paper on the walls simply because the old paper
which was on at the time when he took the house, or which
he has subsequently put on the walls. has become worn out.’
I agree that he is not bound to re-paper simply because. the
old paper has become worn out, but I do agree with the view
that, under à covenant to keep a house in tenantable repair.
the tenant can never be required to put up new paper. Take
a house in Grosvenor Square. If, when the tenanev ends,
the paper on the walls is merely in a worse condition than
when the tenant went in, ] think the mere fact of its being
in à worse condition does not impose upon the tenani any
obligation to re-paper under the covenant. if it is in such
à condition that a reasonably -muided tenant of the class who

take houses in Grosvenor Square would not think the house |

unfit for his occupation. But, suppose that the damp has
vaused the paper to peel off the walls, and it is hing upon |
the floor, so that such tenant would think it a diserace, I
should sav then that the tenant was bound. under his covenant
to leave the premises in tenantable re pair, to put up new paper.

He need not put up paper of à similar kind —which I take to

[L ECEMBER 30, 1984

m mms

—
سيد سسوم

over, it was a lasting art: the average duration of a build-
ing was at least two or three centuries. Other works of art
as a rule, were inaccessible to the public, and only to be
seen on special occasions. Architecture was in every respect
a most difficult art. That, he thought, was evident from
the number of architects who did not succeed conspicuously
in their profession. It was extremely difficult for the
amateur to acquire sound ideas upon the subject, however
much he might desire to do so, and it seemed to him that
that was a great gap in English education. If architecture
were more taught, especial]v in association with history, and
if it was taught in connection with such elementary teaching
of art as was already in existence, people might have better
canons of art. The author in his paper said that people
did not know what was good art, and what was bad, and until
they did know what was good and what was bad, it was
hopeless, he was afraid, to expect them to do what was good.
The most hopeless thing to his mind in the present day in
town architecture was the height of buildings. At the same
time, looked at in the spirit of compromise, he did not see
the slightest hope of restricting buildings to a lower height
than that allowed now by Jaw. As they knew, a limitation
was imposed. not very long ago. The great cost of land,
and the great desire of everybody to be as near the centre
of town as possible, made that inevitable. London was not
so bad as New York. He was afraid that poor St. Mary's
—he was pleased to have been connected with the preserva-
tion of the church—would be smothered by the imposing
structures on the north side of the Strand, when the County
Council succeeded in selling the land, but even that would
be nothing to the fate of Trinity Church in New York,
which stood between two skvscrapers, and could .not be dis-
cerned unless one was right opposite it. As a general rule,
the facts were on the economical side rather than on the
side of doing the thing well. There was one point to which
the author did not allude, although he knew that he recog-
nised it, viz., the constant warfare that was waged against
the best buildings of the architect by the bill-poster. There
had been two widenings im the Strand, and anyone going
through the Strand, and looking to the east or west, would
see at the widening that the blank ends of the adjoining
buillings were covered with advertisements, which always
suggested that the building was not finished. He sawa
member of the Improvements Committee present, and that
gentleman and himself endeavoured to purchase one of the
houses, but, unfortunately, it was a public-house of enormous
value, and the owner of the house persisted in sticking
advertisements upon the wall.
Sir John Wolfe-Barry, K.C.B., F.R.S., said he found him-
self very much in accord with all the author had contri-
buted to the question, which was one of great importance.
He thought the time was very opportune for the matter to
receive public attention, because, as most people knew,
there was a Roval Commission sitting upon the question of
the congestion of traffic in London. He thought anybody
who read the evidence given before that Commission would
realise that whatever might be said about the necessity for
better modes of locomotion, the broad fact stood out con-
spicuously that the streets of London were inadequate for
the trafic which thev had to accommodate. 6 people
seemed to think, and he rather fancied that that was the
trend of the evidence given by the police, that the traffic
should be made, by a variety of restrictive regulations, to
fit the streets, but he did not think that was the reasonable
thing for a great city. The streets ought to be made suitable
and adequate for the trafic of its inhabitants. In all prob-
ability, dating from something like the present time, there
would be a great effort made to make new and wider streets
in London to fulfil the object which was now most urgent,
and which could be assessed, even in a money point of view,
as entailing, from the narrowness of the streets, an enormous
loss to those who daily frequented them. 1] was interesting
to see that the money loss, such as it was, fell more partt
cularly upon the wage-earning class, and it 15 to be remem-
bered that they formed the class of all others to whom S
was money, more so, perhaps, than to even the middle
classes of the community. That being the case, 1t seeme
to him highly probable that large street improvements
would be the order of the dav: and it was most desirable

that the street improvements should be considered - in an
attistic as well as from a utilitarian point of view.

not know that he would go quite so far as the author in e

He di

ing they should consider the artistic point of view first.

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

A en‏ او سد

He had long considered that the glorv of

according to the letter. 1 cannot better close this very frag-
mentary paper than by borrowing the language of Lord
Esher in the case of Proudfoot v. Hart, from which I have
drawn so freely, and saying that, under a covenant to keep
à house in repair, the house need not be jut into the same
condition as when the tenant took it; it need not be put into
perfect repair, it need only be put into such a state of repair
as renders it reasonably fit for the occupation of a reasonably -
minded man, age, character and locality being considered.

You will observe-- and I say this by wav of explanation,
and not of apology that 1 have limited my observations to
dilapidations or non-repair to claims as between landlord and
tenant. Defective repairs on premises may involve actions
by third parties, who are injüred by reason thereof, or criminal
proceedings at the instance of the authorities ; but these are
outside the purview of this paper, and when such difficulties
arise an auctioneer will probably feel that the matter has
gone outside his province. Neither have I troubled vou with
the consideration and of the effect of a covenant to repair,
where there are conditions precedent as to acts to be per-
formed by the landlord before the tenants hability to repair
arises. These involve points too technical to be dealt with in
a few sentences, and are matters more for the Jawyer than
the auctioneer.

س .— —

STREET ARCHITECTURE.*

HE discussion on Mr. Jackson's timely paper is of such
interest that we reproduce it here from the Journal
of the Society of Arts. The secretary of the Applied

Art Section read the following letter from Mr. Walter Crane:
I should have liked to have been present at Mr. Jackson's
lecture on Street Architecture—a subject which in the pre-
sent state and transformation of London one would think
must claim universal attention. We scem to be in a terrible
fix. The appalling cost of the ground in London, owing
to our having allowed private owners to reap the fruits of
the community to which it owes its value, stands in the
way of really drastic improvements, and makes the struggle
with London traffic almost hopeless, and the effect of our
street architecture dependent upon such clearances as can
be made to relieve the congestion of such trafe. The policy
of huge stores and flats upon ihe top of plate-glass walls
knocks everything else near them out of scale; while posters
and mammoth lettering for conmercial purposes make even
the best efforts of the street architect look ridiculous. We
have tasteful and capable architects among us, but somehow
their influence is not so great as it ought to be, and even
their efforts are liable to be stultified by the commercial
monstrosities alluded to. The great fire of 1060 gave Wren
his opportunity. The great clearances of the London
County Council ought to give our best modern architects their
opportunity, but our chance of getting really beautiful build-
ings or strecis seems quite haphazard under our present
system. Why should not every municipality have a council
of advice on architecture and street arrangement ?

The chairman said he thought the great problem Was to
upon municipal bodies—of course, primarily m
but also over the whole country generally—the 1m-
portance of esthetic considerations which were Now so much
neglected. From his experience of various municipal bodies,
he thought one of the great difficulties: was that the work
of the municipality was necessarily very hard and very tedi-
ous work, and it wanted a eertain class of men to do It.
Unfortunately one did noi often find the 67 perceptions
combined in the same individual with that sort ol character
which would lead that individual to go day after dav to his
county or town-hall, and toil over. committee work. He
thought that was the real point. He did not think, as a rule,
that municipal bodies 17 represented the taste of the
nation. By a process of natural selection, they might be
said to represent what was somewhat below the average taste
of the nation. A great deal was heard about art nowadays,
but, in his humble opinion, not nearly enough importance
was attached ٥ architecture as an art. loo much time
was spent over drawing and painting. wiihout considering
architecture.
architecture was that it was the poor mans art. The ex-
a fine building was equally visible to all, and, more-

Impress
London,

terior of

* A Paper read by Mr. T. G. Jackson, R.A., before the Societv

of Arts, on the 20th inst.

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۲ هت لم اف اک ıTECT. DECEM 30 ۷ ۱ e‏

THE BRITISH ARCH

THE BRITISK Ancuirger ti

ON THIS GLOBE THE
COUNTRIES IN WHICH
GENERAL MACDONALD
FOUGHT ARE INDICATED
BY BRONZE PLATES UT
INTO SURFACE OF STONE
SCALE :5
2 FEET ,,
TO ONE ,,
INCH :
?2

STATUE OF GENERAL
MACDONALD IN SERVICE
UNIFORM: THE SUBORDINATE
FIGURES BESIDE HIM
SYMBOLISE THAT HE
FOUGHT ON BEHALF OF
THE DEFENCELESS WOMEN,
CHILDREN, AND OLD MEN
OF THE BKITISH EMPIRE.

MAJOR GENERAL
SIR HECTOR
MACDONALD

BORM 5
DIED MAR 25 1903

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——— m —— —À—— 一

١ئ05‎ MACDONALD MEMORIAL

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TH 1909%

MATERIALS: THE, WHOLE
OF THE MONUMENT TO
BE EXECUTED IN LOCAL
STONE SET IN CEMENT,
WITH THE EXCEPTION
OF THE SOLDIERS RIFLES
AND BAYONETS, WHICH
ARE TO BE BRONZE &
A BRONZE INLAY ON
THE CLOBE INDICATING
POSITION OF CAMPAIGNS.

LIST OF PRINCIPAL
BATTLES, AND OUTLINE
OF GENERAL MACDONALDS
CAREER IN EGYPT, ON
BACK OF MONUMENT.
CORRESPONDING INSCRIPTION
RELATING TO SOUTH AFRICA
ON THE OPPOSITE, SIDE.

RELIEF SCULPTURES AT
ANGLES REPRESENT TYPES
OF KEG)MENTS ASSOCIATED
WITH GEN MACDONALDS
CAREER: THE GORDON
HIGHLANDERS; THE 9"
SUDANESE: AND THE
ROYAL FUSILIERS:

"NP,

اا

۰ ره ۱۸۱۸۲۱۷۱۰۵۲۱۰۰

FOR ^ MANENESTER SCHOOL, BY NLF. C. CORBETT, ۸۴۱٢ A. ARCNITECT. 78. CROSS ST.

DESIGN

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT, bEcen BOTH 19C4 COPYRIGHT.

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ARCHITECT.

-一 一 一 一 -~ 一 一 -一 一

discussions. 11 seemed to carry with it the ideas which they
ought to follow, namely, that it was perfectly hopeless for
architects any longer to consider that they could make com-
mercial requirements fit the architectural knowledge of 200,
300, Or 500 years ago! Iron construction was the construc-
tion of the future. It had so many advantages that it was
not likely to be set aside, and he thought it was most en-
couraging that Mr. Jackson should have indicated, however
slightly, the way in which he would deal with what he called
the trabeated form of architecture, and so render it possible
to adopt sound idea of proportivn and detail to the com-

paratively modern building material of iron and steel.

Mr. Reginald Blomfield said that as a member of the
humble profession of architects, he had been particularly
edified with Sir John Wolfe-Barry's remarks. Architects
knew that their shortcomings were very considerable; they
were used to being lectured, and even sermonised, by
eminent engineers, and were very grateful to them for it.
He was very glad to hear what engineers expected of archi-
tects, but he could not precisely follow Sir John Wolfe-
Barry in one or two of his remarks, because he pointed out
that iron and steel should be of trabeated construction, and
then stated that he could not see the difference between
the iron arch of a bridge and the same arch in stone.
There seemed to be something wrong there. Then, again,
Sir John asked architects to show how iron and steel were
to be treated in an artistic way, but surely that was the
engineer's business. Architects were waiting for the
engineers to show them how they were to deal with iron
and steel, and they would be only too delighted to follow
their lead. He was grateful to the chairman for having made
some appreciatory remarks of the profession of archi-
tecture; he realised that it was a profession which had a
good deal to think about, and which ought to be consulted
more than it was at present. "The subject of street archi-
tecture was à very important one, which had apparently been
very little studied in this country ; in fact, the public seemed
to be altogether indifferent on the matter. "The author had
formulated three very valuable principles in regard to the
method of dealing with the proper principles which regulated
street. designs, the first concerned the designers of houses
and buildings in streets, and the other two were addressed
to the authorities who controlled the designer. The first
principle he termed very happily the principle of architec-
tural comity, which was a point that all architects ought to
lav to heart a great deal more than thev did. There had
been some glaring instances lately of the total disregard of
adjoining buildings with disastrous results. He did not
think any artist, if he seriously considered the matter, would
entirely ignore the setting of his building, and he thought
it would be unsportsmanlike of him not to consider the
interests of adjoining buildings as well. The difficulty was,
who was to control the man? If there were à committee, or
even a Ministry of Fine Arts, they were not much more than
à stalking horse for the professional man behind them, and
he did not think there was at the present moment in England
a sufficiently established authority on the standard of taste
to warrant the establishment of such an artistic. ministry.
In France, where such things were done much better than
in England, the great superiority was due to taste, which
dated back many years. There was nothing of the sort in
England, and he was afraid that al] they could do was for
Individual designers to appeal to architects themselves.
The other two principles which the author formulated were,
first, the principle of vista, and, secondly, the conservation
of places of historical interest. He thought they were both
excellent principles, but did not think they were quite
compatible. The author had given an interesting example
of how the house at the end of Portland 'Place prevented
the continuation of Regent Street right through to Portland
Place. What was wanted was some definite principle of
the designing of the streets. There was no doubt that
streets could not grow; they had to be designed and laid
out, and it seemed to him that the proper principle to con-
trol them was really the esthetic one, 1.۴.۰۰ architectural and
artistic considerations, of course after utilitarian purposes
had been satisfied. In order to obtain that there must be
some controlling spirit. The author had congratulated the
London public on never having had a Haussmann or à
Napoleon. He did not agree entirelv with that, because
some such spirit as a Haussmann was wanted if a great vista
was tu be obtained, and Napoleon cleared the way to a
large extent for the very stately city which Paris was at the

THE BRITISH

q¿_ _E —— سس ورن‎ —

— TU

DECEMBER 30, 1904]

thought the great point of a new street was that it should
adequately accommodate the traffic in the direction which
was most convenient, and he had not the least doubt in
the world that the modern architects would rise to
the occasion, just as the older architects did, and would deal
with the problem which they had to solve, the main lines
being more or less prescribed as matters of necessity. In
that connection he most cordially agreed with the great
desirability of considering the question of vista, and the
grouping of streets and public monuments. He thought
that had been much neglected in London, with very great
disadvantage. The only real effort historically in that direc-
tion was the valuable work of Nash, in the laying out of
streets in the time of the Regency. There was some attempt
made then in making the street point in a direction which
was agreeable, and in placing public monuments where they
could be seen in proper directions. When they came to
consider the more immediate question of the paper, the
modern style of street architecture, he could not help think-
ing that the architect of the future must discard a great
deal of what he had been taught of Grecian, Roman, and
Gothic architecture, which only fitted special buildings, and
was not suitable for the commercial life of the present
generation. Just as the freer style of architecture took the
place of the more cramped style in former times, so in his
humble judgment the modern architect would have to study
steel and iron construction, and show them how it could
be made artistic. He was, from the point of view of taste,
one of those benighted persons called civil engineers, and,
therefore, he would not express any opinion upon what was
artistic and what was not, but he was quite oertain that the
architect of the future must make steel and iron work to
serve his purpose as an artist. Thus he thought it was most
valuable to hear what the author had said on what he called
the trabeated form. It carried the germ of what he (the
speaker) had in his mind, which was a development of
structural steel and iron work to produce a harmonious
whole, and for himself he did not see why that should not
be the case. They knew that very beautiful things could
be done in steel and iron construction. He always admired
extremely Southwark bridge, which was a building of a most
bold conception made of castiron. He thought it would
be very difficult to improve on some of the lines of general
beauty of Southwark Bridge, and he could not see anything
but encouraging results in Blackfriars Bridge, the great
arches of which were, in their way, quite as beautiful as a
stone arch. If it was right to discard the idea of stone con-
struction when stone limited the span of arches in a wav
that was inadmissible in their work, why should not it be
right to adopt the same idea in the design of domestic
architecture? A shop window was a necessity of com-
merce; if that was recognised—and he did not think any-
body for a moment could doubt that it must go on—the
trabeated form was the form which could best adjust itself
to the conditions. How that was best tó be done was a
matter which he thought could be left to the best archi-
tectural talent of the day. "That was the problem that had
to be faced, and he was quite certain it could be faced by
persons of the attainments of Mr. Jackson, and other
architects who gave their mind to it. He could not help
thinking that architects up to the present time had been
too much the slaves of construction based upon materials
which were no longer capable of fulfilling the work of
modern requirements. Until they shook themselves free of
those fetters, people would always be confronted with
bastard styles of construction, which were ludicrous in them-
selves, and did not satisfv the eve as to strength or fitness.
He recollected the navies of the present day being quoted
as an example, and remembered when people said nothing
could be more hideous than the modern iron ships. But
they had come to stay, and, to his mind, apart from the
sails of former times, the hulls of the modern ships were
quite as beautiful as the old wooden ships which they had
replaced. He did not mean to say that two or three
funnels on a ship were as beautiful as a cloud of sails;
but when one got rid of the idea of a sailing ship, the hull
of a modern ship was every bit as beautiful as the hull of
an old three decker. He thought everybody was much in-
debted to an architect of the distinction of Mr. Jackson
for coming and telling them so frankly that what was to be
done was to deal with the necessities of commercial archi-

tecture. It was a new departure, he thought, in architectura]

510 THE BRITISH ARCHITECT. [DECEMBER 30, 1904

present day. There was no such thing in England, and | of the picturesqueness of the Strand until quite recently;
the authorities did not seem to be conscious of the possi- | it was never thought of until quite modern times. The
bility of it, and it was to that they owed such horrible fiascos | author had deprecated the alterations which were made in
as had distinguished the work of the London County Council. | Harley Street. He called to mind some 40 or 45 years ago
Northumberland Avenue appeared to have been laid out so the howl of derision with which a company of gentlemen, in
that the eye settled on the signal posts and the lamps of | such a meeting as the present, received Mr. Beresford Hope
Charing Cross Bridge! He hoped better things would | when he spoke of the architecture of Harley Street and
come out of the Strand improvement than had happened so | Upper Baker Street. Nothing would induce him to live in
far. The difference would be seen if such undertakings | Harley Street; it was a narrow and gloomy street; and even
were compared with those carried out in Paris. In the if the whole of it were rebuilt and made as lively as the
Place de la Concorde there were grand views on all sides. | author feared, it would not come up to his scale of cheerful.
In the Place de la Opera, although he did not admire the | ness. The author had spoken against terra cotta and oriel
Opera House, he admired the way it was placed. Then | windows. He remembered when terra cotta was looked
the very fine new bridge, “ Alexander the Third,” had been | upon as the coming salvation of architecture; everybody
laid out with direct regard to the Invalides at the end of it, | rushed for it, and it was simply the impossibility of getting

and was one of the finest things in Europe as a piece of | the material within six or eight months that prevented the
municipal architecture. It was not only a question of plac- | whole of the buildings of London then in course of می‎
ing the things, but spacing them, and in England there was | tion being built in terra cotta, and now Mr. Jackson was
no idea of scale at all. He thought the biggest square m | discouraging it! Then the author had said that con-
London was Russell Square, and a terrible affair it was at | sideration should be given for neighbouring houses. Of
present. The biggest public parade in London, apart from | course, they all liked to be polite, but he did not think any
the Horse Guards Parade, was Trafalgar Square, and, com- | of the buildings which they admired, whether old or new,
pared with any of the famous piazzas of St. Mark's, or St. | had been dictated to any great extent by consideration for
Peters, or Milan, it would be seen what a rubbishy affair | the neighbours. That very fine building at ther corner of
it was. He thought the corner of the crescent in the piazza | Pall Mall and St. James's Street, the Alliance Bank, a rich
at Milan was about 500 paces, whereas Trafalgar Square | building, not only in its outline but in its decorative
was the same in feet, which showed how deficient England features, seemed to him to have been dictated not very much
was in that respect. Another instance was the City Square | by the architecture near to it. The author was in favour of
at Leeds. There was a figure in the middle by an eminent | designing: neighbouring houses to accord with a particular
sculptor, and around it many charming figures holding | structure. One instance of that was the bridge at Conway,
lamps; there were four statues exceedingly well done, but | and the imitation of the Castle, which most people would
the whole effect was stultified by a poor sort of balustrade | wish was not there, so that there was something to be said
of Aberdeen granite quite out of keeping with the rest of | on both sides. With regard to the Arch at Hyde Park
the monument. The real gravamen of the paper was that | Corner, he would say ten times as much as the author, if
such things were left to people who had neither time nor | he could on that subject. lf he remembered right, that
ability to study them. The author had described, with a | piece of business was arranged ا2‎
great deal of quiet humour, a really touching surprise of the | Works without much appeal to public taste. They heard
London County Council that the church of St. Mary-le-Strand | one dav that it was going to be moved at a cost of £10,000,
had some architectural merits, and he also described the very | and he thought most people wished that the arch had been
agreeable candour with which they amended their decision | kept where it was; in fact, it was worth £10,000 to put
in regard to it. He hoped that might be a sign of better | it back again. The author had raised the question of in
times, and of some awakening intelligence; he hoped the | dividualism and collectivism. He was en
paper would rouse them up to a keener sense of their duties | that individualism was REE Ma
as the guardians, not only of the pockets of the ratepayers, | he thought it ought to. People who spent money on build:
but also of the beauty of the city in which they had to live. ings would not spend it to please the municipalities; in fact,

Mr. J. J. Stevenson thoroughly agreed with what the | they were not very anxious to take public advice at all. H
author said with regard to Piccadilly Circus, where SO | the public wished elevations to be made to suit them the
beautiful and regular a scheme wis turned into an amorphous | would have to piy for it in some shape or another. The
fiasco. It seemed to him that had arisen from those who | Holborn Viaduct was begun with the intention of making
laid it out endeavouring to make the most curved lines so | everybody build to one design, but, owing to the restrictions,
that a cab should have no serious turnings to make. the land was not built upon for some years. The same
Another thing which he thought those who laid out streets thing happened with Northumberland Avenue, T eople were
placed more stress on than was necessary was that the widths | not anxious to take such property. He wished to make a
of the streets necessary produced a good architectural | few remarks about the method of 208٣۷
effect. After all, peuple ee ae ون‎ aa a building purposes. It was now let by auction, When land
was required was that the size ol the streets should be in | was let by auction to a person, even although his plans had
a sense proportioned to the size of the building. In laying | to be approved, there was a limit of time in which em
out streets a great mistake had been made through the mania | could reject his attempts to make a decent design. In the
of making them pertectly straight. Straight streets always | case of the streets which Mr. Blomfield had mentioned.
produced the most dreary effects. All the beautiful old | there was great anxiety on the part of the public authorities
streets of the world had been erected, not in a straight line | to get the ground covered. One could not confiscate the
but curved, and one reason why that produced a better | man's right which he had obtained by buying the land 4t
effect was that the buildings. were turned towards the on- auctions the land would have to bessold or let again, 7
looker. That was most noticeable in Venice, where not | would mean delav. and probably’ it would not sell itti
only the buildings were turned, but where they were separated | s me price as béboré. Whe should not the authorities

: I onn ' canals, so that cac ding hi E. E it ele.
from each other by narrow canals, So that each building had London, if they desired to have control, make it clear th
they had certain plots to let, and wanted a certain 1

a side as well as a front. He believed that was one reason
why the author very properly said ae وه‎ Strand, with | or money for them? If that were done an entirely differen
its comparatively poor wu. puc a a ATUSUC | state of affairs would arise. Under the old stile a 1
effect. It might be M aM ره‎ ays : | ps ٢ set of architects made it their business to get hold of de
; ildings stre j considerations o í 1
high buildings m حون‎ ^ ER رس‎ E. i er other tan | land, and whoever wanted to build on it must get the BY
artistic beauty applied, ads ae h cnn le through them and adopt their designs. He thought that
country, they would have e allowed to — oe was the root of the difficulty. If the plan which he suz
. 3 d : TS 5 as \ y 1 CO Ve 7 . i 1 : ٩ ۱ =
which were picturesque as Well as eonvenient e thought gested was followed. any man who wanted a plot would 3
cto some well-known architect, gel wood design at no ¿es

one of the great calamities of recent times had been that..
almost all over the country districts, the new municipal laws

ing i try districts what و‎ pedes in order to show what he meant to do: he vel

I 1 1 > Š > 1 t i i à z » ۰ لح‎ * ۹-۹ 1

were importing into quiet country districts what were really then go with thai design to the County Coun and sj
little bits of the mean streets of London.

he would give so much for the plot. and show the sort ۷

Mr. T. Blashill said that Mr. Blomfield had confirmed | building he intended to put on it. In that way the dees?
what he himself thought, namely, the difficulty of eve would be seen before the bargain was made. Under bi
down any new principles unless they were permanent. In his | present system the thing was settled in the auction pe
experience taste had radically changed el) 20 or 5 Years; ' and then a tight began between the Council and its ور‎
there was no kind of permanence about it. He never heard | Mr. Halsey Ricardo exhibited a diagram which express

511

THE BRITISH ARCHITECT.

DECEMBER 30, 1904]

COUNTRY COTTAGES.

Bakewell that, owing to the building by-laws now en-

forced by rural councils, it.has become impossible to
erect a labourer's cottage in most parts of the kingdom under
£250 or £300. He will be corroborated by evervone who
has knowledge of the lacts. A cottage of that kind means
a rent of £12 to £15 a year, which is more than an agri-
cultural labourer can pay. Moreover, the cottage, when
built according to pedantic notions borrowed from towns, is
not what the labourer wants. There must either be greater
elasticity in rural districts, or, as the Duke of Devonshire
points out, there will be no cottage building. Of course,
there is abundance of cant about district councils being the
guardians of the public health, and insisting upon proper
sanitation, and so forth. If they would look after the jobbing
builders who happen to have seats, they might find scope
for useful effort. But when thev bring their technicalities to
bear upon the average English landowner they are not protect-
ing health or encouraging cottage-building, or doing anv-
thing but asserting their own importance, and, it mav be.
assisting local jobbery. Rural cottages are not subject to
the same conditions as urban houses, and ought not to be
under similar technical rules. Nor did the Legislature,
clumsv as it is, ever intend that the means should be mis-
taken for the end, as they are now mistaken by local busy-

bodies all over the kingdom.— T'he Times.

T Duke of Devonshire observed the other day at

BUILDING NEWS.

Tur Bexhill Town Council have asked Mr. H. Ward,
A.R.I.B.A., to prepare plans and estimates for the provision
of office accommodation immediately at the rear of the exist-
ing Town Hall buildings, such scheme to be a part carrving
out of the corridor svstem of offices forming the basis of the

original Town Hall scheme.

A NEW church, costing £ 10.000, dedicated to St. Nathaniel,
has been completed at Platt Bridge, near Hindlev, Lan-
cashire, ۵ new jarish having been created there, and next
year a new church, dedicated to St. Paul, will be built in
Broad Oak Park, near Worsley, Manchester, to supply the
needs of the newly-formed parish there. Lord Ellesmere

has given the sites in both cases.

THE working mens institute, erected by the trustees of the
late Dr. Andrew Stewart, who was chairman of Stewart’s and
Lloyd's, tube manufacturers, in the immediate vicinity of their
Clyde Tubeworks, Coatdyke. was formally handed over to
the Corporation of Coatbridge for future management on
Saturday. The institute consists of reading and billiard-
rooms, with rooms for games, with janitors house. "٢

On Saturday the new institute, erected by the Messrs. Dun-
nachie. of the Glenboig Union Fireclay Works, for the benefit
of the workmen, was formally opened by Mr.James Dun-
nachie. managing-director. The institute consists of billiard-
room (three tables), reading and | recreation-rooms, with
janitor s house, and is situated in a central part of the village.
It has been erected to plans by Mr. James Davidson, of Coat-

bridge.

ProBus CHURCH, the additions of which were dedicated last
week by the Bishop of "Truro, is built entirely of grey
granite, from the quarries at St. Stephens, and is in three
tiers. The edifice consists of a chancel, a nave divided
from its two aisles by noble arcades of five bays each, and
north and south porches. The architects for the new addi-
tions were Messrs. F. W. St. Aubyn and Wadling, of Lamb's
Buildings. Temple, E.C., the builder being Mr. G. Miners,
of Marazion. Messrs. H. Hems and Sons. of Exeter,
executed the seven carved oak parclose screens, pulpit.
lectern, etc. ; the five-light stained-glass window by Clav-
ton and Bell; and the heating apparatus bv G. N. Haden

and Sons.

7 سپ
يا

-一 一 一 -一

his views on the principles on which one might construct a
street, showing some of the possible advantages of the
trabeated style of iron and steel work. The overhanging of
the upper storeys would give shelter to the ground floor.
In order to get a wide street, the upper parts of the building
would be set back in order to let more air in. The people
in the residential! rooms on the top storeys would have a
little forecourt, which they could use for observing what was
going on in the street below. The real object of the diagram
was to show how the difficult problem of the question of
the trafic might be solved. In the roadways, provision
would be made for vehicles of two speeds, quick and slow,
and the rule of the road would be strictly kept to. 6
same provision was made on the pavements. There were
two classes of people who used the streets, business people
who get along as quickly as possible, and a second class
who desired to walk slowly and look into the shop windows
without being jostled and hurried. Provision was made for
those two classes of people on the pavement in exactly the
same way that provision was made for fast and slow traffic
in the road.

Mr. Mark H. Judge was very glad the author had referred
to the Strand improvements at some length, and finished his
paper by expressing the hope that something would be
done to induce the County Council to alter the line of
frontage. He agreed with Mr. Blashill that some alteration
should be made in the method of the disposal of land by
the County Council in connection with the great improve-
ments which were being made. There was evidently some-
thing wrong when land in that central situation, perhaps the
principal thoroughfare of London, remained unsold and un-
occupied for a long period, and it was not in the public
interest that that should be so. Efforts ought to be made
to cover the land with buildings in the quickest possible
time, and he thought it would be a very great advantage if
some steps were taken to force on the London County
Council the suggestion made by the author.

Mr. Blashill said he did not take upon himself the
responsibility of advising a change in the system, except if
the Council desired to retain the kind of control Mr. Jack-
son and many others wished to have over the elevation.
The chairman, in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to Mr.
Jackson for his exceedingly able and interesting paper,
thought Mr. Blashill’s suggestion was a very pregnant one.
He thought the suggestion made that land should be sold
subject to the condition that the buildings erected were
designed by a well-known architect would get over the
difficulty quite easily. That system was adopted by the Duke
of Westminster, with very satisfactory results.

The resolution of thanks being carried, Mr. Jackson, in
reply, said there was a good deal he would like to say in
reply to the gentlemen who had addressed the meeting, but
as time was short he must necessarily curtail his remarks.
He thought the question of iron construction should be
taken very seriously into consideration by architects. He
was delighted to hear what Sir John Wolfe-Barry had said
as to the necessity of abandoning the archeological way of
looking at architecture, which not only on that, but on many
other grounds, was the view architects were coming to them-
selves. The time had come when they must face the new
conditions, and try and adapt their architecture to them, in
the first place, considering that people in former days built
buildings in a style which was very likely entirely unsuited
to present necessities. With regard to what Sir John Wolte-
Barry said on the subject of abandoning the old styles, he
had been much struck with the remark that they ought
never to be afraid of showing the iron construction. He
once had the privilege of going under Sir John's magnificent
Tower Bridge when it was a naked structure of iron and
steel, before it was disguised with the stone, and he was
immensely struck by it. It seemed to him that was a new |
departure, not only in engineering but in architecture, and
he believed he was right in saving that, among others. Sir |
John regretted when it was masked by the superstructure
of stone which now disguised it, aud gave it the fictitious
appearance of its being supported bv pillars of masonry, |
Which would be utterly inadequate to the task thev fulfilled.
The iron structure should be visible, and should not be |
treated as if it were something to be ashamed of.

|
|
|
|

FEMA.

— e

THE Southend-on-Sea Town Council has decided to erect! Tue Liverpool Consumption Hospital, which was opened

on the 22nd inst. by the Countess of Lathom, occupies an

a dust destructor, at a cost uf £10,000. ` i

[DECEMBER 30, 1904
AA

A u
س‎

leather papers and English wall-papers, notify us that they
have just opened West End showrooms, at 29, Mortimer
Street, W. The City address, however, will continue to be
the head office and warehouse.

DURING ploughing operations at Culmone, Scotland, an
entire workshop of stone weapons, in every stage of manu-
facture. was unearthed. There were about a thousand
weapons, some beautifully chipped into leaf-shaped arrow-
heads or hammers. Implements were also discovered that
had apparently been brought to the workshop for repair.

AN addition has been made to the frescoes in the ambulatory
of the Royal Exchange. It is a panel painting by Mr. E. A.
Abbey, R.A., and represents the settlement of the historic
dispute between the Merchant Taylors and Skinners’ Com-
panies for precedence during the reign of Richard 111. Last
week the fresco was unveiled by the Lady Mayoress. There
remain fourteen more panels to be filled.

In reading of its collapse, which occured on Wednesday even-
ing, most people will probably learn for the first time that
à cottage existed in the City of London, says the Morning
Leader. “The Cottage,” as it was known locally, stood out
of the public gaze in Back Yard, Cloth Fair, and blocked a
north window of the lady chapel of the Church of St. Bar-
tholomew the Great. [t was a gabled, tile-roofed, lath-and-
plaster building of three rooms, with overhanging front, and
must have been at least 200 vears old For many days past
the inhabitants had heard rumbling noises, which thev attri-
buted to rats. But on Wednesday night the noises were so
threatening that the occupants rushed out of the cottage, and
a minute later the roof fell in and the front bulged out.

ONE of the most respected of West Country contractors has
recently passed away at the age of 71 years. Mr. William
Dart. head of the firm of Dart and Francis, of Crediton, was
well known in the building world, and a long list of contracts
for public buildings and ecclesiastical works has been car-
ried out by him and his firm during his business career of over
fifty years. He had an especial reputation for English oak
joinerv and church fittings, which he sent to all parts of the
kingdom. His loss leaves a blank in the building world not
easily to be filled, and his genial presence and sterling charac-
ter will be long remembered by those with whom he came in
contact. We understand that the firm of Dart and Francis
will be continued, as formerly, under the management of the
partner, Mr. S. B. Francis, in conjunction with the executors.

Tue Horsham Urban Council met at the Town Hall, on
Wednesday. Among the list of plans approved by the Works
Committee was that of Mr. Sendall. whose plans were net
sanctioned at the previous meeting of the council and caused
a prolonged discussion. Since then, Mr. Sendall had written
forwarding plans of proposed alterations. Mr. Smith, in
moving the adoption. of the report, mentioned that Mr.
Sendalls plans were not strictly in accordance with the pre
sent by-laws; but they were as near as possible to the
amended by-laws which had been before them on two ۳
sions and received their sanction, and which would, in course
of time, come back with the sanction of the Local Guvem-
ment Board. The Waterworks Committee reported a ۳
page of the new boring at the waterworks. The contracter
declined to proceed with the work without a promise of 10
demnity or the lining of the bore, in view of the possibility
of a fall in. The subject was gone into full, and th:
council eventually decided to adopt the committees report
presented Dv Mr. Lintott, and make the contractor stick to
his contract. The council were of the opinion that the fall-

ing-In was so little that thev saw no reason to u
course suggested by Mr. Matthews, the contractor. :

512

important site at the corner of Rodney Street and Mount
Pleasant, and has the advantage of possessing a consider-
able walled garden on the south side. 11 will accommodate
thirty patients, in addition to the full complement of nurses
and servants, under the direction of the matron. The prin-
cipal entrance is from Mount Pleasant, and admits into an
entrance-hall, with the doctors' rooms on the left-hand side
and the porters’ on the right. Here provision is made for a
passenger lift, which will be added hereafter, and we pass
through swing doors into a spacious corridor, with a wide
staircase at each end, and opening from it is the dining-room
in the centre, the smoke-room and mens day-room on one
side, and the women's day-room on the other, all opening
into covered verandahs, overlooking the garden to the south.
A wide serving-passage leads to the kitchen and adminis-
trative block. On the first floor are two large wards, to
contain ten beds each, with a cubical area of 1,500ft. per
bed. These are very bright and cheerful rooms, and have a
large, open balcony, with a screen dividing the sexes. There
are also two single rooms on this floor, looking south, and
the nurses duty-room, with a small cooking range, 1s within
easy distance of wards and single rooms. The sanitary block,
cut off bv a ventilated passage, appear at each end of the
main corridor on every floor, and contain the bath-room,
lavatories, and housemaids sink. On the second floor are
the eight remaining single rooms, nearly all with balconies
looking over the garden. The wards have large open fire-
stoves in the centre of the rooms, and thev and the uhole of
the single rooms, day-rooms, and corridors, are warmed with
hot-water ventilating radiators, the work of Messrs. Saunders
and Taylor, of Manchester, to supplement the open “well fires”
which, with their pretty glazed tiles, are a feature in. every
room. In addition to the ventilating radiators, and the large
sash windows, with fanlights opening up to the ceiling, there
is an elaborate sistem of inlet and extract ventilation, the
importance of which cannot be over-estimated in a hospital
of this nature. The old house adjoining has been altered
and adapted for the purposes of an administrative block, and
corridors connect it with the hospital on each floor. New
kitchen and sculleries, pantries, larders. bath-rooms, lava-
tories. ctc., have been added to it, and the tasteful scheme
of decoration has quite transformed this rather dingy but
interesting old house into a comfortable and artistic home
for the matron and her staff, as well as supplving cooking
and house-keeping facilities for the hospital. ‘There is a
separate entrance to it from Mount Pleasant, and a doorin the
main corridor gives easy access to the out-patients’ depart-
ment, which has been in existence for some time, and is now
being enlarged by the addition of two further consulting-
rooms. The out-patients entrance is from Roscoe Street.
Everything has been done that science or skill could devise
to render the institution thoroughly. efficient and up-to-date,
and the cheerful, well-lighted, and charmingly -coloured rooms
and corridors leave nothing to be desired. Externally, the
new buildings are of the Georgian style of salmon-coloured
terracotta, from the Bispham Hall works, and red Ruabon
bricks, with a roof of green slates, surmounted by a pleasing
ventilating cupola. The design is not of an expensive charac-
ter, but the same cheerful tone pervades the exterior which
is so apparent within. The architects are Messrs. Grayson
and Ould, of Liverpool, the general contractors being Messrs.
J. Gerrard and Son, of Swinton.

JOTTINGS.

Tug colleagues and friends of Mr. William Ernest Henley
have formed a committee to ereet a monument to his memory.
for his bust of Mr. Henley, which will be cast in bronze. and
the Dean and Chapter of St. Pauls have given a site in
the Cathedral.

MESSRS, ROTTMANN AND CO., of 25 and 26, Garlick Hill,

Queen Victoria Street, E.C., manufacturers of Japanese | difficulty was only a problematical one.

PAPER

2-PLY.

See next ۰

LESDEN

FOR ALT OLIMATIES.
ARCHITECTS ARE DESIRED TO SPECIFY WILLESDEN

Used by leading Architects.

WIL

-The best, Underlining on the Market.

WILLESDEN PAPER AND CANVAS WORKS, LD., WILLESDEN JUNCTION, LONDON, N.W.

: E

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BOOKBINDING I | I
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