Historic, archived document
Do not assume content reflects current
scientific knowledge, policies, or practices.
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SOUTH DAKOTA
~ Alan W. Green
USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin INT-12 —
INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION
FOREST. SERVICE, U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
USDA Forest Service
Resource Bulletin INT-12
July 1978
TIMBER RESOURCES
OF
WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA
Alan W. Green
INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION
Forest Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Ogden, Utah 84401
RESEARCH SUMMARY
Reports findings of the comprehensive survey of western South
Dakota's 1.4 million acres of forests, which include 1.2 million
acres of commercial forest land. Presents statistics on area,
volume, growth, mortality, and timber use. Also describes species,
volumes per acre, stocking, site quality, ownership, trends in
product harvesting and other factors that bear on timber management.
Opportunities and problems related to future development are discussed.
THE AUTHOR
ALAN W. GREEN is Acting Project Leader of Renewable Resources
Evaluation at Intermountain Station. His career has included
research in silviculture and regeneration, economics of timber
production, and foreign forestry resources. In addition toa
degree in economics, he holds both bachelor and master of
science degrees in forestry from Purdue University.
alee
FOREWORD
This report presents basic statistics on western South Dakota forest
area, timber volume, growth, mortality, and removals. It also discusses
the outlook for future timber supplies from State and privately owned for-
est land.
The area covered in this report includes all of Harding, Butte,
Lawrence, and Fall River Counties, as well as all lands west of the 103rd
Meridian in Meade, Pennington, and Custer Counties. Timber statistics for
South Dakota reported by Choate and Spencer (5) were for the entire State
and so cannot be compared directly with data reported here.
Data are from timber inventories conducted from 1971 to 1974 by the
South Dakota State Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, Division of For-
estry; and the Rocky Mountain Region, Forest Service, in cooperation with
the Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service,
Ogden, Utah.
103°
alata
A 2-MINUTE SUMMARY
There are 1,246,800 acres of commercial forest land in western
South Dakota; 63,200 acres less than in 1970 (7).
Most of it is in public ownership, but farmers hold over 154,000
acres, 70,000 acres less than in 1960.
Land productivity is relatively low, but climate and soils make
good tree growth possible. Average annual net growth is 32 ft? per
acre per year.
There are 1.6 billion ft? of wood, 5.6 billion bd.ft. (International
1/4-inch rule) of sawtimber. Pennington, Lawrence, and Custer
Counties have the most timber.
Mortality is low, but increasing due to greater insect activity.
Because of prolific regeneration and resultant dense stands, an
intensive thinning program is required to keep stands in a productive
condition.
State and private lands have the potential to produce in excess of
12 million ft? per year. Only about 192,000 acres are presently
operable, with a potential output of 8.5 million ft? per year.
Planned output for State and private lands is about 6.2 million ft3
per year from the operable area. In order to assure wildlife, grazing,
recreation, and esthetic goals are achieved, managed stands will have
fewer trees than would be required to maximize timber output.
Removals from National Forest and private ownership have increased
since 1970.
Maintaining markets for small size material and management money are
key items for achieving planned goals and objectives for western South
Dakota's forest resources.
iv
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
The area of commercial forest land is 63,200 acres less than reported in
S701 7a)
Commercial forest land owned by farmers is 70,000 acres less than in 1960 (4).
Growing stock volume and sawtimber volume increased 6 million ft? and
2.2 billion bd.ft., respectively, since 1960 (4).
Sampling techniques, revtsed land classtftcatton, and changes
tn land status account for much of the reductton tn area. The
loss of farmer-owned CFL ts due, in large part, to wtthdrawals
for nontimber uses.
The tnereases tn volume are due, tn part, to growth rates tn
excess of removals over the pertod and, tn part, to changes
tn sampling techntques used in more recent tnventories.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .
A 2-MINUTE SUMMARY .
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
A BRIEF HISTORICAL FLASHBACK .
TODAY'S FOREST .
The Size of It
Who Owns It ane
How Productive Is It
Timber Kinds and Sizes
How Is It Used
THE TIMBER RESOURCE
How Much Wood
Growth--Mortality .
Removals
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WOOD SUPPLIES FROM STATE AND
PRIVATE LAND
Potential Versus Available Output
Available Output.
The Existing Timber Resource
Stand Age and Size
Sigerelilitei 1 6 6 6 oe c
Growth and Mortality
Opportunities for Increasing Timber Supplies
In Total
ABOUT THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST
Resource Use and Management Direction
Consequences of Timber Management .
Recreation
WENEGIR! 6 20. No 6.0 obo te
Grazing and Wildlife
OthenvEifiects .. :
Key Issues for Future .
PUBLICATIONS CITED .
APPENDIX .
Glossary
Tables
A BRIEF HISTORICAL FLASHBACK
Any discussion of western South Dakota forests is primarily one of
the Black Hills. This 4,500 square mile uplifted granite, limestone,
and metamorphic rock island in the Great Plains is a major geographic
landmark of the United States, attracting hundreds of thousands of visit-
ors each year (12). These visitors are more likely to look at the Black
Hills as a suitable setting for Gutzon Borglum's transformation of Mt.
Rushmore than an important source of timber. But although the area is
heavily used for recreation, significant values are derived from the
water, wildlife, livestock grazing, and timber associated with the forest.
The values of the timber and related resources of the Black Hills
have been recognized for more than a century. Before 1870, these
were the hunting grounds for Plains Indians. The ponderosa pine forests
were subject only to the vagaries of nature and to fires set by the
Indians to drive game. As a consequence, the stands of timber were
generally sparse or open (10).
With the discovery of gold and the subsequent opening of the
area to white settlement came significant changes in the use and nature
of the forest. The timber resources were exploited for mining and the
attendant construction of houses and other buildings, and later to
supply timber needs for construction of railroads (3,10). Fires con-
tinued to go unchecked. Concern for what was happening to the resources
of the Black Hills led to much of the area being set aside as a forest
reserve in 1897. That reserve later became the Black Hills National
Forest.
The increased density and vigor of the timber, consequences of
protection and management of the forest since the turn of the century,
are clearly seen in the remarkable comparative photographs taken from
the same locations in 1874 and 1973.1
1 Photographs courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, South Dakota
State University, Brookings, South Dakota.
The 1874 photographs were taken by William H. 11lingsworth during
a 60-day expedition into the Black Hills to gather extensive information
about the terrain and resources. The expedition of some 1,200 troopers
of the 7th Cavalry and assigned civilians was under the command of Lt.
Col. George A. Custer, elevated to the rank of Brevet Major General
for the occasion (10). Custer and his command left Fort Lincoln for
the northwestern edge of the Black Hills July 2, 1874. Two years later
(June 26, 1876), he was to die in the battle of the Little Bighorn.
The ''today'' pictures were taken by Richard H. Sowell, South Dakota
State University, for Dr. Donald R. Progulske during a study to show
man's impact on the environment and resources of the BiltaekeiHiinlulisie amine
Progulske publication (10) is a delightful and most informative look
at the history and development of the Black Hills.
ps VF 3y
ms ae
General Custer's 1874 encanpment near Dearfield, looking up Silver Creek,
near the confluence of Castle Creek....
.-.and in 1973 (above). (Below) another 1874 view of the sane encampment area...
ee
&
TODAY'S FOREST
About 20 percent
of the land area
iS) fOtmeSteaee
and 9] percent
of the forest is
classed commercial.
«ANG in 1973.
The Size of It
There are nearly 1.4 million acres of forest land in
western South Dakota. Over 1.2 million acres are classed as
commercial forest land (CFL), suitable and available for
timber-growing activities. About 11,000 acres of productive
forest land are reserved from cutting because of uses that
preclude timber harvesting. Most of this land is in Mt.
Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, and
Jewel Cave National Monument.
Land Class Area
(Thousand acres)
Commercial timberland 1,246.8
All other forest land:
Productive reserved eal
Other reserved (ats)
Other forest nonreserved 108.1
Total forest land MS 367 23
Nonforest land SoS
Total land area 6,878.8
Most of the noncommercial forest land is relatively
unproductive; either the site conditions are unfavorable
for economic production of useful wood, or the sites are
occupied by kinds of trees not commercially useful.
Who Owns It
Over 80 percent of the commercial forest land is
publicly owned or administered:
Owner Group Area Percent of Total
(Thousand acres)
The bulk of the Public:
CFL is publicly Federal 961.0 TIA
owned. State 67.0 5.4
County and
municipal 3.4 OZ.
Subtotal 1,034.4 82.7
Private:
Forest industry* ar I
Farmer 154.6 12.4
Misc. private 60.8 4.9
215.4 Wia3
Total 1,246.8 100.0
The principal owner is the Forest Service. Its
952.5 thousand acres represent 76 percent of the total
The Forest Service and 83 percent of the publicly owned commercial forest
has the most CFL. land. The biggest part of its holdings are the Black
Hills National Forest in Pennington, Custer, Meade,
and Lawrence Counties with minor areas in Fall River
County, and small areas of the Custer National Forest
in Harding County.
*Forest industry data have been combined with
miscellaneous private data to avoid disclosure of
an individual owner.
Collectively, private
individuals own
more CFL than any
Owner except the
Forest Service.
Some poor soils and
exposed bedrock
reduce the average
productivity of
the land.
But the land is well
suited for growing
crops of timber.
Ninety-four percent
of the CFL is growing
ponderosa pine.
The Bureau of Land Management administers most of
the other federally owned commercial forest land.
Other publicly owned land belongs to the State,
administered and managed through the State Department
of Game, Fish, and Parks, Division of Forestryan es
biggest single holding is Custer State Park.
Privately owned commercial forest land is dominated
by small private owners, largely farmers, who collectively
control 154,000 acres, or 12 percent of the total and
72 percent of all privately owned commercial forest land.
This is 70,000 acres less than reported for 1960 (4). These
holdings are rather evenly distributed throughout the
seven counties.
How Productive Is It
Compared to other important timber producing areas in
the West, the commercial forest land in western South Dakota
is not highly productive. Only about 3 percent of the land
is capable of growing as much as 60 ft? of wood per acre
per year.
Shallow soils with low moisture-holding capacity are
common. Also, there are many areas where exposed bedrock
prevents the establishment of trees. In such areas, stands
tend to be sparse-to-open, and over a given time period
cannot produce the amount of wood possible with more
dense stands.
But although the productive capacity of the CFL is
limited, the area is well suited to timber culture. As
Boldt and Van Deusen (3) point out, ''This basic premise
is neither speculative or theoretical--its validity has
been demonstrated by actual forest responses to nearly a
century of consumptive use.''!
Timber Kinds and Sizes
Were it not for some
24,000 acres of spruce type
(mostly in Lawrence, Penning-
ton, and Custer Counties), the
softwood (evergreen) forest
would appear to be a single
species, ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa). As a forest type,
it occupies nearly 1.2 million
acres of the CFL.
Hardwoods are not
a significant
resource for
timber purposes.
Two-thirds of the
CFL area is occupied
by sawtimber stands.
Hardwoods (broadleaf spe-
cies) cover only about 50,000
acres and include localized
pockets or small stands of
aspen (Populus tremulotdes) ,
as well as a mixture of oak
and other species in the hills,
and considerable cottonwood
(Populus deltotdes) along major
streams and rivers.
Sawtimber stands dominate the commercial forest land in
all counties. Although Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington
Counties have the most sawtimber stand area, Lawrence County
has the highest proportion of sawtimber and none of the coun-
ties has less than 50 percent of the CFL in that size class.
This does not mean there are no small trees in these
stands. Stand-size classification can be misleading in
terms of the diameter distribution simply because of the
way stand sizes are defined?.
Butte, Harding, Meade
DS
Custer
Pereent of commerctal Fall River
forest land by stand-
size class.
Lawrence
Pennington
All Counties
Percent of Total
0 25 50! :60:" 570) °80)=.90"" 100
[|] = @Z@
SAWTIMBER POLES SEEDLING/ NONSTOCKED
SAPLING
3Softwood sawtimber trees need be only 9.0 inches d.b.h.
(hardwoods, 11.0 inches); sawtimber stands need have only half
the total stocking in sawtimber and poletimber trees, with
sawtimber at least equal to pole timber stocking.
Only @,700 acres
are classed as
nonstocked.
Visitors won't
find grizzly bears
or wolves...
but they may see
some 60 varieties
of other animals,
as well as birds
and fish.
Major nontimber
uses of the forest
include outdoor
recreation.
There is little nonstocked area and most of it is
in Fall River County. This attests to the ease with which
natural regeneration becomes established following har-
vesting activities.
How Is It Used
The grizzly and the grey wolf are gone and the black
bear and mountain lion are rarely seen. But, there is abun-
dant wildlife to be seen by the hundreds of thousands of
people who annually visit the Black Hills.
Deer, elk, wild turkey,
antelope, beaver, buffalo,
and even Rocky Mountain
goats and Big Horn sheep can
be found. Many of these
animals and birds have been
introduced or reestablished
over the past 50 years or
so. (12). In the streams and
lakes, fishermen find several
varieties of trout, most of
which have been introduced
and maintained by the State.
Outdoor recreation is the dominant use of much of the
forest today. Management of the forest is designed to in-
tegrate recreation opportunities, esthetics, protection of
wildlife habitat, and production of usable wood. Tree har-
vesting is a necessary part of maintaining wildlife habitat
and a varied landscape, as well as a healthy forest.
The diverse recreation opportunities of the Black Hills
National Forest are used at the rate of about 2 million
visitor-days annually. Much of the recreational activity is
in developed sites for camping, picnicking, and boating.
However, about 70 percent of the present use is for dispersed
activities such as hiking, hunting, and sightseeing, the most
common activity (12).
Livestock grazing,
though sometimes a contro-
versial issue, is a con-
trolled use on the Black
Hills National Forest during
the summer. In 1975, 26,900
cattle and horses and 4,700
sheep grazed over 125,000
animal unit months on the
National Forest (12).
THE TIMBER RESOURCE
Although only about
1.6 percent of the
total wood volume
in the Rocky
Mountain States is
in western South
Dakota, it is an
important resource.
Custer, Lawrence,
and Pennington
Counties are the
most heavily
timbered.
Nearly three-fourths
the volume is in
trees less than 15
inches d.b.h.
Volume by
dtameter class
How Much Wood
In 1974, CFL in western South Dakota contained an esti-
mated volume of 1.7 billion ft°,1.6 billion of it in growing
stock trees, most of it softwood timber.
About 1.25 billion
ft? are in sawtimber size trees (9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger
for softwoods and 11.0 inches for hardwoods), estimated at
5.6 billion bd.ft.
bd. ft. more than in 1960 (4).
The bulk of the standing volume is in
and Pennington Counties, the latter having
Lawrence County accounts for
hardwood volume (8.6 million ft?).
cubic foot volume
million ft.
VOLUME (Thousand cubic feet)
300
250
200
150
100
50
in trees less than 15
DIAMETER CLASS
(International 1/4-inch rule), 2.2 billion
Custer, Lawrence,
the most, 589
about half the
73 percent of the
inches d.b.h.
22, 24°26) 28) 290i
Net annual growth
is higher than the
average of the Rocky
Mountain States.
Ninety percent of the
growth occurs on
90 percent of the
Clrika gs
but growth rates
vary by county.
Insect activity
is increasing in
some areas...
and mortality may be
underestimated in
terms of current
conditions,
Growth — Mortality
In spite of the low productivity of the forest land,
relative to the rest of the Nation, growth of timber in
western South Dakota is above average for the Rocky Moun-
tain States. Gross annual growth is about 43.7 million
ft? or 35 ft? per acre. That is about the average for the
other States. However, a low estimated mortality rate
(3 ft? per acre compared to 11 ft? for all the Rocky
Mountain States and about 9 ft? for the Nation), results
in a net annual growth of growing stock of 32 ft? per
acre, 8 ft* more than the average.
About 90 percent of the net annual growth is in
Custer, Lawrence, and Pennington Counties, about the same
proportion as CFL area, but that does not mean all the
counties are equally productive:
County Average
net annual growth
(ft3/A/yr)
Butte, Harding, 32
Meade
Custer 28
Fall River 21
Lawrence 36
Pennington 34
All counties 32
Recent increases in mountain pine beetle activity
indicate that current tree mortality is probably somewhat
higher than that found during the last inventory. Hardest
hit seems to be Lawrence County, but no current accurate
estimate of the amount of damage is available. There is a
real need for damage survey in areas of most severe
infestations.
Western red rot and other fungi have caused sub-
stantial volume losses in older stands (8). But, the
continuing conversion of older stands to faster growing
young stands will significantly reduce the impact of
thesendiliseasesuasi welll vasimthatmon; insects is) se
lt should be noted also that in contrast to ponderosa
pine areas in other parts of the West, the Black Hills
ponderosa pine is free of dwarf mistletoe (1, 3).
Snowbend and windthrow losses vary from year to year,
but currently are the third ranked cause of mortality.
Snowbend and breakage occur more often in sapling and
small pole-size stands; windthrow is a more common hazard
to large pole and small sawtimber sizes (3).
10
A record high
volume of 17.9
million ft?
WaSmeut mimi O74 2.
but, 700,000 ft?
were left as
logging residues.
Seventy-five percent
came from National
Forests, the rest
from private land.
Output from all
lands is expected
to increase.
Removals
In 1974, 17.9 million ft? of roundwood products were
harvested (11), two-thirds of which were saw logs, amounting
to 76.7 million bd.ft. (International 1/4-inch rule). The
remainder, about 6 million ft? were pulpwood, poles, posts,
and fuelwood.
Removals from grow-
ina stock were 17.7 mil-
lion ft? (or 44 percent
of net growth) and about
0.114 million ft? came
from dead trees. The
latter represents only
about 0.2 percent of the
salvable dead volume and
9 percent of the annual
estimated mortality.
Three-fourths of the total output came from National
Forest and almost all the rest from private land. More
than half the total came from Lawrence County.
The estimated output for 1977 (appendix tables 10
and 11) is about 19.7 million Fteoanick present trends continue.
That would represent an increase of 31 percent over 1970.
Sawtimber removals are expected to total] 82 million
bd.ft. for saw logs and account for about the same proportion
as in 1974. "Other removals'' associated mainly with land
withdrawn from timber use, are expected to account for
about 1 percent.
PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE WOOD SUPPLIES FROM
STATE AND PRIVATE LAND
The future timber supplies from western South Dakota will be influenced by (a) the
management goals of the owners or managers of the resource; (b) the potential of the
land to grow wood; (c) the condition of the existing resource; and (d) the amount of
money available for silvicultural treatment.
The major supplier will, of course, be the Black Hills National Forest. The
planned cut through 1986 is in excess of 36 million ft? per year (5).
Because the bulk
of the remaining CFL ts tn State and private ownershtp, the remainder of the report
will examine the timber resource on those lands, an area of about 242,000 acres,
excluding Custer State Park.*
State and private
CFL has the potential
for producing about
12.4 million ft?
of wood annually.
Even if achieving the
potential were
considered desirable,
that level of output
would be impossible
to reach at present...
because not all the
land is operable...
Potential Versus Available Output
Potential output of timber is a function of land pro-
ductivity and the level of management or silvicultural
practices applied to the timber resource (5). Given
current and prospective future on-site costs for silvi-
cultural treatments, State and private lands have the
capacity of producing 12.4 million ft? per year under a
management program of a precommercial thinning at 10
years, commercial thinnings every 20 years, and a final
harvest at the end of a 110-year period. Stand density
would have to be maintained between 120 and 140 ft? of
basal area per acre.
That output could be reached only if (a) the
entire CFL area were operable; (b) the forest resource
were managed strictly for timber production; (ec) the forest
were fully regulated, and (d) suffictent funds were avatl-
able for on-site cultural activities when needed.
The fact is, however, nearly 20 percent of the CFL
is now considered ''tnoperable.'' Along with a prudent
logging operation that would protect the soil and other
associated resources, steep slopes and other conditions
make harvesting and management impossible or unwise with
present harvesting techniques.
*Custer State Park is excluded from much, but not all, of
the more detailed examination of the resource that follows.
Although timber will be harvested from the Park, such removals
will be requirements to enhance the other values and meet the
overall management goals of the Park, rather than representing
any specific timber production goal.
ANNUAL OUTPUT (Million cubic feet)
50
Timber output foregone in favor of
nontimber values generated by
planned management.
LAND POTENTIAL
AVAILABLE POTENTIAL
oo™™
eo”
P\
ry
| L@
le?
®
2] |
a |
|
|
PRESENTLY |
eo” | INOPERABLE
ag 90,339 ACRES
|
|
|
OPERABLE
192,209 ACRES l
|
|
|
|
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
ANNUAL MANAGEMENT COSTS ON-SITE (Thousand dollars)
Potenttal output and avatlable output, State and privately owned CFL,
and more management
money is needed.
To grow the potential
of the operable area
would cost about
$245,000 a year.
Managing the currently
inoperable area will
cost more.
Management plans
propose levels of
output less than the
land's potential...
western South Dakota.
There are over 30,000 acres of dense young stands
needing thinning. The State has placed these lands in the
inoperable category because present and prospective future
(short term) management money available is insufficient to
realistically include them in its management plans. (The
Black Hills National Forest has a similar situation; such
lands are included in the Marginal land component) .
At current costs, potential output on the operable
area is estimated at 8.5 million ft2, and would cost
$245,000 annually for on-site management activities. For
the 192,000 operable acres, this would amount to about
$1.28 per acre per year.
Should the entire 90,000 acres of inoperable area
become available for harvest and management, an additional
3.9 million ft? of wood could be produced annually at an
estimated additional cost of $140,000 or $1.55 per acre
per year.
The State Division of Forestry has timber management
plans for each county.
technical and financial assistance to private owners and
coordinated programs with other public agencies, these
plans include a proposed target timber harvest for all
The likelihood of this happening is small, however.
Because its forestry program includes
non-Forest Service lands. The timber management objectives
outlined in these plans are much the same as the Forest
Service's multiple use goals. Timber is considered to
be an important available commodity to be grown and
utilized along with other commodity and noncommodity goods
and services. Therefore, there is no intention to assume
a management posture to maximize timber output on State-
owned land or to recommend such a program to private owners.
Maximizing timber output would require stand densities
to favor other forest nearly twice those planned. Only with a more open forest
resources and values. can the nontimber objectives for livestock range, wildlife
habitat, water production, esthetics, and other recreational
uses of the forest land be achieved.
Planned output could Available Output -- The difference between potential
be achieved by and available output (planned for period following achieve-
intensively managing ment of full regulation) indicates the trade-off between
fewer acres... timber and the nontimber values achieved.
Because of uncertainty as to whether private owners
will in fact act in accordance with plans, the ''available
output'' has to be considered as the probable upper limit.
8 LOW SITE LAND
HIGH SITE LAND |
x
4 ‘ Wy
\2
er
randy
ANNUAL OUTPUT (Million cubic feet)
on
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
CUMULATIVE ACRES (Thousands)
Potential and planned output for operable area, State and private Lands.
Looking again at the potential and planned output, by
intensively managing all the high-site land now operable
but the overall manage- and an additional 42,000 acres of low-site land, the total
ment objectives would planned output could be achieved. In other words, only
not be met. 136,000 acres would need to be intensively managed rather
than 192,000 to get the same annual output. This would
result in a savings of about $66,000 annually. But, in
terms of overall management objectives, that would be a
false saving.
The 56,000 acres of unmanaged land would not provide
the water, wildlife, range and esthetic value objectives;
nor would the intensively managed areas. Why? Because
maximizing timber output on the 136,000 managed acres
would require stand densities so high that good wildlife
browse and herbage production would not be possible. The
unmanaged areas would soon grow into such densities that
they would provide about the same nontimber values as the
high density, managed stands and little timber. They would
also look worse.
Herbage Production ——»
Basal Area/Acre —>
To achieve the planned Achieving the available potential timber output is
potential output of not just a matter of scheduling intermediate cuts and
timber and nontimber harvesting. There are specific conditions that exist now,
values, the manager with respect to timber stands and to the forest in general,
must begin with that need to be examined. The manager must begin with
existing timber the current timber resource and manipulate it during the
and nontimber next few decades in a manner that will result in a timber
resources. resource of a kind and condition that will allow both future
timber and nontimber goals and objectives to be met.
The Existing Timber Resource
Softwood timber Stand Age and Size -- Although there are some stands as
stands are old as 240 years, the bulk of CFL is occupied by stands in
relatively young... the 50- to 130-year class, with heaviest concentration in
the 50- to 100-year-old class.
Nearly 60 percent of the CFL is occupied by sawtimber
stands:
Stand stze Area % Cumulative %
class
but over half Old growth sawtimber 21,493 9 9
are sawtimber Young growth sawtimber 116,601 48 57
size. Poletimber 62,129 26 83
Seedling-sapling 36,629 15 98
Nonstocked 5,424 2 100
Even though such a large proportion of the CFL is
classed as sawtimber, board foot volumes per acre are
relatively low; 96 percent of the area is carrying stands
with volumes less than 10,000 bd.ft. per acre. The board
foot-cubic foot ratio of 4.4 indicates that the average
size of trees in these stands is relatively small.
Ninety-eight
percent of the
CFL is stocked
with trees...
but some acres
have too few
trees, some
have too many.
Inadequate stocking
is tough to deal
with except over a
longer time frame.
Much of the CFL
will be under
some even-aged
management system,
with a two-cut
shelterwood harvest
to regenerate the
stand.
Stocking -- Only 5,400 acres (2 percent of the total)
are considered nonstocked. No doubt part of the non-
stocked area is unable to support trees and its burned
sections lack sufficient seed to naturally restock such
areas within a reasonable period.
However, having 98 percent of the CFL area classed as
stocked doesn't mean there are just the right number of
trees nor that only good trees are included. Eleven percent
of the area actually capable of growing trees is either bare
or is occupied by cull trees:
Area occupted by
Stockable Growtng stock
area trees Cull trees lo trees”
Nr INCOSE 3S
211,482 188,110 3,490 19,882
% of total 89 2 9
Both situations are equally unproductive for timber.
An acre 60 percent stocked with growing stock trees
is considered to have an adequate number of trees. About
33,000 acres of CFL are less than 50 percent stocked with
live trees and some 64,000 acres are less than 60 percent
stocked with growing stock trees. An estimated 40,000
acres have more growing stock trees than are needed to
use the site effectively.
The latter condition is somewhat easier to deal with
in a short time frame. A thinning program can bring over-
stocked stands into a more productive condition rather
quickly and is consistent with other management goals.
Understocked areas are not so easily dealt with, especially
small treeless areas scattered through the forest. Over
time, many such areas will ''grow'' into a more desirable
condition and better utilize the site. They can also be
planted, but at considerable cost. Planting, however, is
much used to restock larger areas without a sufficient seed
source.
Stand Denstty and Structure.--One of the objectives of
the State's planned forestry program is to bring the State
and privately owned CFL under full management and ful]
regulation within 30 years through its public assistance
program. Although many kinds of silvicultural treatments
can be used (depending on the nature and condition of
existing unmanaged stands), most will take advantage of
the tendency of ponderosa pine to establish itself in
even-aged stands. Intermediate harvest every 20 years
with a two-cut shelterwood regeneration cut at final
harvest is the system generally thought most appropriate
for ponderosa pine in the Black Hills (1, 3).
“This area represents open areas in sparse stands in
which trees could grow.
Average stand
density is
about 80 ft2
of basal area
per acre...
but, there is
more in small-
size trees
than desired.
Square-foot basal
area by diameter
class for the
average acre.
When fully regulated,
only 30 percent of the
total basal area
will be in trees
less than 10
inches in
diameter.
A continued
thinning program,
emphasizing removal
of smaller trees,
is needed.
Once the acreage of CFL is all under management,
it would be occupied by individual stands of different
ages and tree sizes. On a per-acre basis, the average of
all these stands would have a density of about 80 ft?
basal area distributed among the diameter classes as shown
by the dotted line.
Currently, the average of all stands (some managed
and some not), is about 80 ft? of basal area but dis-
tributed by diameter classes as shown by the solid line.
The apparent imbalance in basal area distribution
indicates both the existence of stands needing thinning
and the fact that the forest is not yet ina fully
regulated condition.
—
£
12
10 e
g
C2
8 a
&
A Under full
6 “<<—_— Management
& regulation
BASAL AREA (Square feet per acre)
&
&
a
C4
&
o
&
2 4 6 8 1OI IZ 4 16)" 18). 20
D.B.H. CLASS (Inches)
In a fully regulated situation where a variety of
roundwood materials (pulp, poles, and saw logs) are pro-
duct objectives, the basal area in trees less than 10
inches d.b.h. should be about 40 percent of that in trees
10 inches d.b.h. and larger; or, 30 percent of the total
basal area’ (6).
Currently the average stand has 40.6 ft* basal area
(about 50 percent) in trees less than 10 inches d.b.h.
Removing more of the smaller diameter trees (thinning
from below) automatically will increase average stand
diameter. Normal tree growth, during the period between
thinnings will increase the diameter of residual trees
and, therefore, the basal area in each diameter class.
iy)
Nontimber benefits
achieved through
timber management
activities stretch
the nontimber
resource management
dollars.
Heavy thinning in
stagnated stands
can produce some
startling results.
There is a good
case for thinning
investments.
If the annual harvest
could be increased
at the same rate
as volume growth...
Fewer but larger trees will be the result and will
create a more open forest capable of meeting both timber
production and other management objectives. In addition,
maintaining the vigor of young stands will help control
mountain pine beetles and reduce mortality losses.
As an example of what thinning stagnated stands can
do, Boldt (2) reported in a case study in 1970 some
startling results of a sequential thinning effort.
A 70-year-old stand containing 2,000 trees per acre,
with an average diameter of 4.2 inches was thinned
from below to 476 trees, then 7 years later to 105 trees.
The result: in an 1]l-year period, removal of smaller
trees increased diameter growth of remaining trees, and
a stagnated sapling stand was transformed into a smal]
sawtimber stand averaging 9.1 inches d.b.h.
Such a thinning program may not always be prudent,
however, because of the susceptibility of residual trees
to damage from snow or wind. A series of lighter cuts
is usually recommended to reduce the likelihood of such
losses 163).
How good is an investment in precommercial and
commercial thinnings? Although the forest land is not
as productive as that of other timber-producing areas
in the West, there are opportunities for generating
both timber and nontimber values.
The major silvicultural requirement for growing
timber is stocking control. The average cost for pre-
commercial thinning in young stands is about $60 per acre.
On an average site, a management regimen consisting of
one precommercial thinning and three commercial thinnings
to a growing stock level of 80 ft? would generate a total
output of some 4,600 ft? per acre over a 100-year rotation.
That is about 30 ft? per acre per year more than if no
thinning were done. Also, an additional 20 cents per
acre per year worth of forage would be produced. There
are several ways to look at and interpret such an
"opportunity."
First, if there is sufficient old-growth sawtimber
reserve, the ''allowable cut effect'' would indicate that
an additional 30 ft? per year could be harvested for
each acre brought under such a management regimen.
Assuming a stumpage value of $0.25 per ft3, that represents
an increase in income per acre of $7.50 per year, in
addition to the annual income from grazing estimated at
$0.20 per acre per year.
If the rotation were 110 years and the thinning
were done at 20 years, there are 90 years in which the
grazing income and the additional wood values would be
captured.
the rate of return on
the $60 thinning is
about 11 percent.
If capturing the
"allowable cut
effect'' is not
possible, the rate
of return is about
5 percent.
A: With management.
Year Stand Age
0 20
20 40
40 60
60 80
80 100 Harvest
90 110 Harvest
All All Grazing
B: With no management.
0 20 Nothing
80 100 Harvest
90 110 Harvest
All All Graze
Activity
The rate of return on the initial $60 investment
generating this series of annual
But, again,
incomes
remember this rate of return could be earned
is 11.05 percent.
only tf the annual cut could be tnereased at the same
rate as the expected average annual yteld tnecrease.
Given the following management schedules,
in terms
of the difference in yield between such a management program
and the ''do nothing but harvest'' plan, the rate of return
is about 5.05 percent:
Precommercial thin
Commercial thin
Commercial thin
Commercial thin
Total
Total
Volume Removed Cost Income*
cu. £t.
0 $60 0
400 20 $100
500 20 125
700 20 175
1,500 30 375
1,500 30 375
4,600 ain =
10 AUM 0 20
0 0 0
700 $30 $475
600 30 150
1, 300
03 AUM 0 06
*Assume stumpage value of $0.25/cubic foot.
Gross growth is
now 8 million
—
ft?’ per year
but could be
increased.
Mortality is probably
understated...
and so net
growth may be
less than estimated.
Difference in:
Volume Removed Net Cost or
CUSSsEtr Income*
0 -$60
400 + 80
500 +105
700 +155
800 +200
900 +225
Even though they cannot be measured in monetary terms,
other key values--scenery, water yield,
and fire hazard reduction--are also generated.
recreation,
Growth and Mortality -- Gross
private land
is about 8 million ft
wildlife habitat,
aeOweh on State and
per year.
A program
to adequately stock the nonstocked or understocked ance
could increase the gross growth to about 11 million ft3
annually.
Mortality is difficult to estimate, especially with
the inventory procedures used.
Also,
increased insect
activity since the inventory has made a substantial
increase in the number of trees dying, and therefore, a
reduction in net growth.
There
is some evidence that
mortality actually may be 3 or 4 times that calculated
from the basic inventory data.
19
Future timber supplies
will be influenced
by land use objectives
of owners and by
bringing additional
areas of CFL under
management.
Management objectives
for State-owned
land have been
established.
Objectives of non-
industrial private
owners vary, and
can change.
Increased wood prices
could bring inoperable
areas under manage-
ment.
The estimated annual mortality of softwood growing
stock and major causes are:
UM fe?
Insects V2
Disease 56
Weather 36
Other 2D)
Total 189
Opportunities for Increasing Timber Supplies
Basic factors that will influence future timber
supplies from State and private lands include: (a) land
use policies and programs for joint resource use on State
lands; (b) objectives of nonindustrial private timberland
owners; (c) technical advances in logging and utilization
to bring currently inoperable areas under management; and
(d) management money for stocking control.
A fully integrated resource use and protection posture
is State policy, and land use policies and management
objectives are already established. Management will be
directed toward enhancing scenic values, recreation
opportunities, and critical winter range for deer and elk,
toward protecting the critical watersheds, reducing
wildfire hazards, controlling mountain pine beetles, and
maintaining the timber stands in a productive condition.
Proposed timber supplies that reflect these nontimber land
use objectives have been established for these lands and
are included in the county timber management plans.
The intent of small private
owners, largely farmers, who hold
much of the non-Federal CFL is an
important matter. Although cut-
ting has been increasing on such
lands, substantial areas of other-
wise productive forest land are
being withdrawn from timber use
in favor of summer or year-round
homesite development. In 1960,
the area of CFL in farmer owner- YY Yl
ship was estimated at 224,000 1960 1977
acres, some 70,000 acres more
than V977> (Cb).
Farmer Owned CFL
yf
YU
The CFL now considered inoperable supports a good
supply of timber. Harvesting it without damage to other
important resources is not possible at the present. The
price of wood will influence the speed with which cable,
balloon, or helicopter techniques wil]
*
20
invade the Black Hills.
Access to timber is
good.
Regeneration is a
naturale
but usually comes
in too great numbers.
Continued thinnings
will be necessary...
and much material
will be available
for pulp, posts,
and poles.
A major increase
in timber output
would mean giving
up other forest
values.
Markets for
merchantable
material and
management money
are key items for...
Access is not much of a problem. Almost all the CFL
is within 5 miles of a haul road and 90 percent is less
than 1.5 miles of an existing road. In addition, 90
percent of the CFL is within 35 miles of a sawmill or
other wood-processing plant. Access to railroads is not
quite as good.
Probably the most critical issue for future timber
supplies has to do with stocking control. Regeneration in
cutover stands is generally of little concern to managers
after harvest. The frequent heavy seed crops combined with
timely and abundant spring and summer precipitation make
overstocking of seedlings the rule (1, 2, 3). Forty
thousand seedlings per acre are not uncommon.
Such constant and heavy regeneration makes thinning
a necessity for sustaining a reasonable growth rate and
concentrating the growth on larger more valuable trees.
Intermediate thinnings pay
for themselves through pulp,
posts, and pole sales. The
usual management regimen is a
precommercial thinning, addi-
tional entries for commercial
thinning every 20 years, and
ending with two shelterwood
cuts for regeneration.
InTotal -- Aside from
making maximum timber output
the sole objective of forest
management (which would mean
giving up much, if not all,
the nontimber values now
being generated), there are
only a few ways supplies from
State and private forest lands
will be increased. First,
there needs to be a...
Precommercial
and commercial thinnings are requirements to maintain or
a Continued program of stocking control.
increase output. Again, maintaining and expanding markets
now for merchantable small materials are necessary to
avoid a slowdown in otherwise commercial thinnings. Such
thinnings on behalf of growing sawtimber trees make total
2)
continued and in-
creased stocking
Teontnolle
Better utilization...
and cutting more
usable dead wood
will help.
Three-fourths of
CFL area is
producing all the
growing stock growth.
Replacing slow or no-
growth trees with
GS trees would
theoretically
increase output
about 4 million
S252 6 4M eee
ft?’ per year.
But it probably
won't happen for
at least 30 years.
Logging techniques
not now being used
in western South
Dakota...
and more management
money are the keys
to capturing wood
from the now
inoperable area.
management less expensive (net income rather than net
cost action) and reduce the volume of usable wood left
lying in the woods. Which brings up...
MB Increased utilization. Better utilization of
usable wood during logging operations could increase
wood supplies. Present logging residues are estimated
to be about 700,000 ft? per year.
Mill residues are being well utilized at the present
except for sawdust and shavings. Slabs, edgings, and
trimmings are being converted into chips and most of the
bark is being utilized (11). But, meanwhile, back in
the woods, there are lots of...
MB Salvable dead trees. The volume of products realized
from dead trees could be increased. -In 1974, the total
of such volume was 114,000 ft? for all ownerships. That
represents only 0.2 percent of the total volume of salvable
dead material. If more such trees could be economically
removed, not only would timber supplies be increased,
but there would also be room for...
WB More growing stock trees. It is estimated that only
about 183,000 acres (75 percent of total) of State and
private CFL are occupied with growing stock (GS) trees. The
Open area and that occupied by cull or dead trees and stag-
nated stands contribute little to current growth. In effect
then, the approximately 8 million ft? of gross growth
is being generated on three-fourths of the area. It would
seem reasonable that getting the nonproducing area stocked
with growing stock trees would increase growth and there-
fore supplies of timber. The theoretical possibility is that
the potential of 12 million ft? per year can be achieved.
Here is a situation that is, however, probably only
masquerading as a 4 million ft? opportunity. Nearly a
third of the CFL is now inoperable and the acreage of the
inoperable area not stocked with GS trees is not known. Also,
establishing more GS trees on understocked operable areas can
only happen gradually over the next 30 years, the planned
period for achieving regulation. In the long run, the biggest
opportunity for increasing supplies is to...
|| Bring as many inoperable areas as possible under
management. The areas totaling 90,000 acres now included
in the ''inoperable'' category have the potential to grow
nearly 3 million ft? per year. Probably not all such
areas can be brought under management. But, getting even
part of the potential will require two important things:
logging techniques not now being used to manage the new
stands and money.
Such high-priced methods as balloon, cable, or heli-
copter logging will result in higher prices for the
products generated. More management money will be required.
It costs more to operate on steep slopes than on flat
ground. Also, there will be more acres to treat annually
once the steeper slopes in the inoperable area are opened up.
22
ABOUT THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST
Planned management
of the timber
resources of the
Black Hills National
Forest will...
increase timber
output to 190
milion IbdEh eee:
provide more varied
and pleasing land-
scapesy..
Resource Use and Management Direction
Use and management of the resources of the Black Hills
National Forest are directed toward sustaining the high
quality environment while capturing the multiple benefits
potentially available from the existing resources (12).
Major objectives are to enhance key values of scenery,
recreation, and wildlife, as well as providing timber,
watershed, and range values. And one of the most important
vehicles for achieving these goals is manipulating the
timber resource.
Consequences of Timber Management
The timber management proposed
for the Black Hills National Forest®
will result in an annual output of
36 million ft? of roundwood, (190
million bd.ft. Scribner rule or 213
million, International 1/4-inch rule),
a substantial increase over current
output (152 million bd.ft. Scribner).
All associated resource values will
be affected in a positive way, even
though planned timber output will not
reach as high a level as would be 1977 2000
possible if the goal were to maximize
timber production.
Wood Output
Recreation
Recreational use of the National
Forest is expected to rise to an
estimated 3 million visitor-days by
1990. Scenery is important to Black
Hills visitors, else they would not
be there. Increased harvesting and
thinning will reduce the visual
monotony of dense stands and
create a more varied landscape.
Visual Quality —>
1977 2000
6The effects of management are from the final Environ-
mental Impact Statement for the timber management plan
on the Black Hills National Forest (12).
23
Water
increase water Reducing stand densities will provide more water.
supplies by 7,500 Planned management is estimated to increase surface flow
acre feet... by 2,000 acre-feet per year and subsurface water by about
5,500 acre-feet during a year of average rainfall. More
snow will reach the ground and drift. This will result in
a slower and larger addition to streamflows in the spring.
Grazing and Wildlife
Planned management activ-
ities for the timber will in-
crease both the acreage avail-
able for livestock arazina and
the amount of herbage produced.
Also, wildlife habitat will
increase in area and quality.
The values so generated by
increased tree removals are
substantial.
Water Quantity
1977 2000
To maximize wood output, stands should be maintained
double big game browse at about 120 to 140 ft2 of basal area per acre. At such
and provide a three- density, herbage production is only about 60 pounds per
fold increase in acre (9, 12). If a cow could walk through such a stand,
grazing potential... she would need about 32 acres of it to feed herself and
her calf for a month, at the recommended utilization rate
of 40 percent.
At the planned stand
density of about 80 ft?
of basal area, there will
be 260 pounds of herbage
per acre (9, 12), requir-
ing only about 10 acres to
feed them for a month. That
is more than a threefold
increase in qrazing capac-
ity over that from a program
to maximize wood output. In
addition, wildlife browse
production will double to
40 pounds per acre per year.
Available Forage
1977 2000
Other Effects
The proposed timber management plan would also help
and reduce mortality control the present mountain pine beetle outbreak and
from pine beetles reduce chances for future losses by increasing the vigor
and potential loss of stands susceptible to attack. The overall effect would
to wildfires. be to reduce mortality and increase net growth.
24
The key issues are
maintaining markets
for small-size
GRrEES. ..
and adequate
management money.
In addition, the poten-
tial for destructive wild-
>
fires will be reduced and 3
so also the probability of s
loss of timber and associ- 2
ated resource values. 2
ie
o
Ww
1977 2000
Key Issues for Future
The prospects for the future of the resources of the
Black Hills National Forest pivot on the same basic
issues as for State and private lands: markets and manage-
ment money.
If lack of markets for small trees slack off, thinning
may become more costly. Fewer acres would be treated
annually and the total benefits associated with the sched-
uled thinning would be reduced.
25
PUBLICATIONS CITED
Alexander, Robert R.
1974. Silviculture of central and southern Rocky Mountain forests: a summary of
our knowledge by timber types. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-120, 36 p. Rocky
Mt. For. and) Range: Exp. (Stne. Pty Collins; toile:
Boldt, Charles E.
1970. Sequential thinnings boost productivity of a ponderosa pine stand in the
Black Hills of South Dakota. USDA For. Serv. Res. Note RM-172, 7 p. Rocky
Mt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ft. Collins, Colo.
Boldt, Charles E., and James L. Van Deusen.
1974. Silviculture of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills, the status of our
knowledge. USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. RM-124, 45 p. Rocky Mt. For. and Range
Exp Stk, Bt.7 Coliduns, Coliox
Caporaso, A. P.
1964. Forest area and timber volume in western South Dakota. USDA For. Serv.
Res. Note INT-20, 4 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.
Choate, Grover A., and John S. Spencer, Jr.
1969. Forests in South Dakota. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull. INT-8, 40 p.
Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.
Green, Alan W.
1976. Assessing the timber situation on a working circle using inventory data.
USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-183, 43 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn.,
Ogden, Utah.
Green, Alan W., and Theodore S. Setzer.
1974. The Rocky Mountain timber situation, 1970. USDA For. Serv. Resour. Bull.
INT=105 75°p.." intermts For. and Range: Exp, Stni.5).0gden),, Utah.
Hinds, Thomas E.
1971. Decay of ponderosa pine sawtimber in the Black Hills. USDA For. Serv.
Res. Pap. RM-65, 11 p. Rocky Mt. Fon~ and Range Exp. Stme, Ft. Collins, Colo.
Pase, Charles P., and Richard M. Hurd.
1957. Understory vegetation as related to basal area, crown cover, and litter
produced by immature ponderosa pine stands in the Black Hills. Im Proc. Soc.
Nile IOlko8 SPECS y Weiag 5) [es
Progulske, Donald R.
1974. Yellow ore, yellow hair, yellow pine--a photographic study of a century
of forest ecology. South Dakota State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 616, 169 p.
Brookings.
Setzer, Theodore S., and Michael K. Barrett.
1977. Western South Dakota timber products output and plant residues. USDA For.
Serv. Res. Note INT-233, 7 p. Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah.
USDA Forest Service.
1977. Environmental statement for timber management plan for the Black Hills
National Forest. USDA For. Serv., RM Reg., Lakewood, Colorado.
26
APPENDIX
Glossary and Tables
Forest land
Commercial
forest land.
Deferred
forest land
Unregulated
forest land
Noncommercial
forest land
Productive-
reserved forest
land
Unproductive
forest land
Nonforest land
Glossary
Land Use Classes
Land at least 16.7 percent stocked by forest trees
of any size, or formerly having had such tree cover, and not
currently developed for nonforest use. (Note: Stocking is
measured by comparison of basal area and/or number of trees,
by age or size and spacing with specified standards. The
minimum area for classification of forest land is 1 acre.
Roadside, streamside, and shelterbelt strips of timber must
have a crown width of at least 120 ft to qualify as forest
land. Unimproved roads and trails, streams, or other bodies
of water or clearings in forest areas shall be classed as
forest ho lessmthanm!|ZOeftonnmwidthy) Also see definitions
for land area, commercial forest land, stocking, unproductive
forest land, and water.
Forest land producing or capable of producing crops
of industrial wood and not withdrawn from timber utilization
(Note: Areas qualifying as commercial forest land have the
capability of producing in excess of 20 ft3 per acre per year
of industrial wood under management. Currently inaccessible
and inoperable areas are included, except when the areas
involved are small and unlikely to become suitable for
production and industrial wood in the foreseeable future. )
National Forest lands that meet productivity standards
for commercial forest, but are under study for possible
inclusion in the Wilderness System.
Portions of commercial forest land and the noncommercial
forest land that will not be utilized for sustained timber
production.
(1) Unproductive forest land incapable of yielding
crops of industrial wood because of adverse site conditions,
and (2) productive-reserved forest land.
Forest land sufficiently productive to qualify as
commercial forest land, but withdrawn from timber utiliza-
tion through statute, administrative designation, or
exclusive use for Christmas tree production.
Forest land incapable of producing 20 ft? per acre
of industrial wood under natural conditions, because of
adverse site conditions. (Note: Adverse conditions include
sterile soils, dry climate, poor drainage, high elevation,
steepness, and rockiness.)
Land that has never supported forests and lands formerly
forested where use for timber management is prevented by
development for other uses. (Note: Includes areas used
for crops, improved pasture, residential areas, city parks,
improved roads of any width and adjoining clearings,
powerline clearings of any width, and 1- to 40-acre areas
28
Ownership
National Forest
land
Bureau of Land
Management lands
Miscellaneous
Federal lands
Other Federal
lands
State, county,
and municipal
lands
Other public
Farmer-owned
lands
Forest industry
lands
Forest types
Major forest
type
Commercial
species
of water classified by the Bureau of the Census as land.
If intermingled in forest areas, unimproved roads and
nonforest strips must be more than 120 ft wide and clear-
ings more than | acre in size to qualify as nonforest land.)
Qunershtp Classes
Property owned by one owner, regardless of the
number of parcels in a specified area.
Federal lands that have been legally designated as
National Forest or purchase units and other lands under
the administration of the Forest Service, including
experimental areas and Bankhead-Jones Title II! lands.
Federal land administered by the Bureau of Land
Management.
Federal lands other than National Forest lands, lands
administered by the Bureau of Land Management, and Indian
lands.
Federal lands other than National Forest lands,
including lands administered by the Bureau of Land
Management, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and other Federal
agencies.
Lands owned by States, counties, and local public
agencies or municipalities, or lands leased to these
governmental units for 50 years or more.
All Federal lands other than National Forest lands,
and State, county, and municipal lands.
Lands owned by farm operators. (Note: These exclude
land leased by farm operators from nonfarm owners, such as
railroad companies and States.)
Lands owned by companies or individuals operating
wood-using plants.
Forest Type and Tree Spectes
A classification of forest land based upon the species
forming a plurality of live-tree stocking. (Note: Types
shall be determined on the basis of species plurality of
all live trees that contribute to stocking; that is, up to
a maximum of 16 percent at each plot point based upon a 10-
point location.)
A grouping of local forest types into about 10 eastern
and 10 western groups. The groupings are based upon
similar and associated species.
Tree species presently or prospectively suitable for
industrial wood products. (Note: Excludes species of
typically small size, poor form, or inferior quality, such
as hawthorn and sumac, scrub willow, and alder.)
29
Noncommercial
Species
Sof twoods
Hardwoods
Growing stock
trees
Rough trees
Rotten trees
Cull
Salvable dead
trees
Mortality trees
Diameter classes
Tree size
class
Seedlings
Saplings
Tree species of typically small size, poor form,
or inferior quality that normally do not develop into
trees suitable for industrial wood products.
Coniferous trees, usually evergreen having needles
or scalelike leaves.
Dicotyledonous trees, usually broad-leaved and
deciduous.
Class of Timber
Live trees of commercial species meeting specified
standards of quality or vigor; excludes cul] trees.
(1) Live trees of commercial species that do not
contain at least one 12-foot saw log or two noncontiguous
saw logs, each 8 ft long or longer--now or prospectively--
and/or do not meet regional specifications for freedom
from defect primarily because of roughness or poor form;
(2) all live trees of noncommercial species.
Live trees of commercial species that do not contain
at least one 12-foot saw log, or two noncontiguous saw logs,
each 8 ft long or longer--now or prospectively--and/or do
not meet regional specifications for freedom from defect
primarily because of rot; that is, when more than 50 percent
of the cull volume in a tree is rotten.
Portions of a tree that are unusable for industrial
wood products because of rot, form, or other defect.
Standing or down dead trees that are considered
merchantable by regional standards.
Growing stock trees dying from natural causes
during a specified period, usually annually.
Diameters and Size Classes
A classification of trees based on diameter outside
bark, measured at breast height (4-1/2 ft above the ground).
(Note: ''d.b.h.'' is the common abbreviation for diameter at
breast height. Two-inch diameter classes are commonly used
in Forest Survey, with the even inch the approximate
midpoint for a class. For example, the 6-inch class includes
trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches d.b.h., inclusive.)
A classification of trees based on diameter at breast
height, including sawtimber trees, poletimber trees, and
saplings and seedlings.
Live trees less than 1.0 inch d.b.h.
Trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h.
30
Poletimber
trees
Sawt imber
trees
Net volume
Growing stock
volume
International
1/4-inch rule
Gross growth
Net annual
growth
Mortality
Allowable cut
Timber
removals
Timber
products
Trees at least 5.0 inches d.b.h., but smaller than
sawtimber size.
Trees exceeding poletimber size. In the Intermountain
States, the minimum d.b.h. for softwood sawtimber is 9.0
inches and for hardwoods 11.0 inches.
Volume
Gross volume less deductions for rot, sweep, or other
defect affecting use for timber products.
Net volume in cubic feet of live sawtimber trees and live
poletimber trees from stump to a minimum 4.0 inch top (of
central stem) outside bark. Net volume equals gross volume
less deduction for rot and missing bole sections.
The standard board-foot log rule adopted nationally
by the Forest Service for the presentation of Forest
Survey volume statistics.
Growth and Mortaltty
Annual increase in net volume of trees in the
absence of cutting and mortality. The total includes
ingrowth and accretion.
The increase in net volume of a specified size
class for a specific year. (Note: Components of net
annual growth include the increment in net volume of trees
at the beginning of the specific year that survive to the
year's end, plus the net volume of trees that reach the
size class during the year, minus the net volume of trees
that died during the year, minus the net volume of trees
that became rough or rotten during the year.)
Number of sound-wood volume growing stock trees
dying from natural causes during a specified period.
Timber Cut
The volume of timber that could be cut on commercial
forest land during a given period under specified manage-
ment plans aimed at sustained production of timber products.
The net volume of growing stock trees, removed from
the inventory by harvesting, or by such cultural operations
as timber-stand improvement, land clearing, or changes in
land use.
Roundwood products and plant byproducts. (Note: Timber
products output includes roundwood products cut from
growing stock on commercial forest land, and from other
sources, such as cull trees, salvable dead trees, limbs, and
saplings, or from trees on noncommercial and nonforest lands,
and from plant byproducts. )
SHI
Roundwood
products
Plant
residues
Logging residues
Other
removals
Rotation
Industrial wood
Site class
Stand-size
class
Sawt !mber
stands
Poletimber
stands
Logs, bolts, or other round sections cut from trees
for industrial or consumer uses. (Note: Includes saw logs,
veneer logs, and bolts, cooperage logs and bolts, pulpwood,
fuelwood, piling, poles, hewn ties, mine timbers, and
various other round, split, or hewn products.)
Wood materials from manufacturing plants not utilized
for some product. (Note: Includes slabs, edgings, trimmings,
miscuts, sawdust, shavings, veneer cores and clippings, and
pulp screenings.)
The unused portions of trees cut or killed by logging.
The net volume of growing stock trees removed from
the inventory by cultural operations, such as timber stand
improvements, land clearing, and changes in land use.
The period of years between establishment of a
stand of timber and the time when it is considered to be
ready for cutting and regeneration.
Qualtty
All roundwood products, except fuelwood.
Site
A classification of forest land in terms of inherent
capacity to grow crops of industrial wood.
Site classifications are based upon the mean annual
growth of growing stock (not including thinnings) attain-
able in fully stocked stands at culmination of mean annual
growth. Height-age relationships are usually used as
indicators of the specified volume-site class.
Stand Stze Classes
A classification of forest land based on the size
class of growing stock trees on the area, that is, saw-
timber, poletimber, or seedlings, and saplings. (Note:
Only those trees that contribute to no more than 16 percent
stocking at a plot point, based upon a 10-point location,
will be considered in determining stand-size class.)
a. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with
growing stock trees, with half or more of total stocking
in sawtimber or poletimber trees, and with sawtimber
stocking at least equal to poletimber stocking.
b. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with
growing stock trees in which half or more of this
stocking is in poletimber and/or sawtimber trees, and
with poletimber stocking exceeding that of sawtimber.
B2
Sapl ing-seedling c. Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked with
stands growing stock trees in which more than half of the
stocking is saplings and/or seedlings.
Nonstocked d. Commercial forest land less than 16.7 percent
land stocked with growing stock trees.
Stand Denstty and Stocking
Stand density A quantitative measure of a stand in terms of square
feet of basal area, number of trees, or volume per acre.
It reflects the degree of crowding of stems within the area.
Stocking A relative term used to describe the adequacy of a
given stand density in meeting the management objectives.
Basal area The cross-sectional area of a tree stem, in Square
feet, at a point 4.5 ft above the ground. Basal area per
acre is the sum of the basal areas of all the trees on the
acre.
Growing stock Basal area (square feet) per acre that will remain after
level thinning when average stand diameter is 10 inches or more.
33
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: SSETO 99TS
4SeI0qZ TEUOCTIEN
TeqoL
pex03SUON
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= Spoomp1zeH
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vEO'OT ae Tc6 98e'L Tve‘ ST yss'9 = vS8 €88'8 T6z‘9T SPOOMp1AeH
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96L =5 80 6tS‘z SEE 800 == 87 O8T’€ 959'€ spoompizeH
9S9'8TT == €06'9 9T7‘SL8‘T SLL‘000'2 6SS‘ bP == TOLLS? €7e‘Les €ST‘S8S Spoom 730s
uojbutuueg
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£90'Z == ITE OLT‘? 8ys‘9 cpe‘e == OSS v77'v 9T9'8 SPOOMpATeK
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ABATY TTed
OTP’ s9 = eve’ Let 7S8‘Tre'T S09‘ 70S‘T pSe'Sz == 922/95 OTP‘ 9SE 068‘LEP setoeds [tv
06 == S T6E€ 980 BET a Tt TS aE OTP‘T SpoompireH
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007‘L9 =5 99L‘TT 976‘Z9T 760‘ 77 €00‘ PC == vor’? v06‘7S TEES Spoomzyos
apesy, ‘burpzey ‘oqqnd
Se a a PO SOG PUR SNOU IT a =i eae eng eet ------- - - gaaf o1gnd puosnoyzs - --------
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Z3yUI0 > 4sezo0qg : 23uA0 > [eRUOTIeEN + ZeumMo [Tv : Z3y30 : 4sez0q : 239u30 : TeuotjeN : ZauMO [Ty : at 3
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-- ple’L pL8‘L 66P 979 Stila LEV se 866‘E 680‘L OTp‘T O8p‘9ED 068‘LED O0P‘S 826‘8bP BLE‘ PSP zeqsnD
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-------------------------- - Zaaf aignd pupsnoyy - ----------------- - ee ee eee eee
SPpOOM : SpoOmM :SeToOSsdsS : SPOOM : SpOOM :SaTOedsS: SpoOM : SPpOOM : SeTOeds : SpOOM : : SetToeds +: spoom : : Setoeds :
, : 3 5 s SPOOMA FOS : SPpOOM}A FOS : Ajunop
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€8P‘Z OS 0S =~ €€p'Z ev o6e‘z 6°0Z - O°6T
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Z7S9‘TT LOT LOT == SvS‘TT BET LOv." Lt 6°VT - O°ET
Z6L‘ET €0Z TOz Z 68S‘ET 9ZT €9p‘ET ich = OF tb
TSO‘ LT BETZ Ozz 8T €18‘9T O8T €€9‘9T 6°OT - 0°6
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OLL‘6 €0D LG 92T ELE‘6 90T L9z‘'6 6°9 = O'S
epeow ‘butpazey ‘o44n¢g
-------------- - Zaaf o1gno pupsnoyy ---------------
setoeds [Te spoompzey : spoompzey : ocee 2 SpoOmMRyFOS : s9oOnAds : SuTd | 3 (SSUudoUT)
TeqoL Te30L ° 23430 ° : TeI30L ° o4TUM > eBSOASPUOd =: sseTo azsjoWweTp
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gg8e‘s -- -- -- G8E‘S €€7 ZSGT‘S 6°P2 - O°E?
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O77‘ Ee 659 €7Z 9€0 TOG‘ EE BLL E8L‘ZE 6°9 - 0°S
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-------------- - gaaf o1gnd pupsnoyy ---------------
setoeds [Te : Spoompzey spoompizeyu usdsy SPOOM}FOS aonads outd (seyoutT)
moe : TeIr0L : Z9UIO ; 8 TeIaoOL > OQTUM > eSOTBpPUog sseTO ZoOjoWeTp
: SGOOMaGCUWH : SGT OLOeM DeasOnsS pue AjuNoD
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ECE EL 90T ZL VE ELEY, TES 989‘0P Teq0L
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69 -- -- -- 69 -- 69 6°82 - O°LZ
621 LE LE -- 76 -- 76 6°97 - 0°SZ
€62 -- -- -- €67 6 V8z 6°0Z - O°EZ
S9G -- -- -- S9G 6€ 97S 6°72 - O°TZ
os7‘T -- -- -- OS7‘T Oz O€c‘T 6°0% - O°6T
LSE‘ -- -- -- LSE‘Z 6T BEEtT 6°8T - O°LT
9720‘'P -- -- -- 9720‘ 79 Z796‘E 6°9T - O°ST
TL8‘S (7) (1) -- TL8°S 80 €78°S 6s Vile =. Omak
vOL‘9 T iD -- €0L‘9 LL 979'9 6°@T - O°TT
O¢r’s 62 €Z 9 T6e‘8 vOT L8z’8 6°OT - 0°6
VeD‘L OT L € PLD‘L per ose‘ 6°8 - O°L
VOT‘? 67 v G2 SLO‘? LZ 800’? 6°9 - 0°S
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-------------- - gaaf o1gned pupsnoyg ---------- er rr oe
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TES"ES €L EL -- BLT‘ES Zot‘ 920‘0S 6°9T = O°SGT
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sduUaeAMeT
-- ee ee ee ee ee + + = Goal O1gnNd pupsnoyg - - -------- - ee ee
setoads tte : Spoompzey : Spoompzey uedsy SPOOM}zFOS eonads sutd 3 (seyout)
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uojbutuuedg
------------+ - - Gaaf o1gnd pupsnoyy - - ----------+---
a ee ie eer ee
: SGdOOMadAUWH : Sdoomaibaos : pue AjunoD
(*u0d) 9 eTqeL
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6E7‘OT O8€ Ose -- 6S8‘6 9EZ €79'6 6°97 - 0°SZ
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=>
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soTtqzunod TTIW
-------------- - gaaf o1gnd pupsnoyg - --------------
sotoeds [Te + Spoompzey SPOOMpreY i See > Spoom3yos : oonads : outd : (seyouT)
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661 -- -- -- 661 -- 66T
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KASES LLY LLY -- PVO‘E 6S G86‘Z
6L9'S €09 €09 -- 90'S 0Sz 978'P
DEG‘ PT Dre DET -- 069‘PT 092 O€P' PT
60S‘ bz 99S 99S -- €86‘EZ O@P €9G‘EZ
900‘6€ GST SST -- TS8‘8E€ LLD PLE‘8E
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L60‘9S SLE 796 €T ZZT‘SS EEL 68E' PS
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---- - - - - 87nd Yout-p/T TDUO14DUAeZUT *Zeef Pavog puwpsnoyg - - - ---- -
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6°OT - 0°6
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: a eu Ss : fore) 2 nad 5 3 ou
setoeds {Te spoompizeu spoompizey moder SpOomM3 FOS sonads utd (SSyoUuT)
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6S2'LT aT. [AE -- eve 20 =~ Cte LE 6°9% - O°GZ
ofr‘ oe -- -- -- Of‘ O€ OLP‘T 096‘8z 6°PZ - O°E%
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-- - - + = - - 87M YOUI-f/[ TDUO1ZDUAEQUT “Zoef Pavog pupsnoyy - - ----- -
soetoeds tre 7 Spoompzey > Spoompzey : uedsy + SPOOMAFOS : sonads 3 outd : (seyoutT)
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: SGdOOMdCUYVH 3 Sd O70. M ht O0S 2 pue AjunoD
(*uoo) £ eTqeL
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6PE -- -- -- 6PE -- 6PE +0°6Z
TS? oa ated -- TS? = ISP 6°8Z - O° Le
LTé L6T L6T ~ OzS ~ OzS 6°9Z - O°SZ
BOLT 7 = —- 89L‘T LS REESE 6°VS = O°EZ
osz‘€ == = =~ ogz*e GEZ STO‘E 6°22 - O°T2
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€tS‘ET -- -- -- ESET SIT GOP‘ET 6°8T - O°LT
969 TZ “= -= == 969‘ TZ P8e ETE ‘TZ 6°9T - O°ST
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-~- 7 > mm ONL YOUL-p/] TOUO1ZDUAeZUT Sqeaf Ppabog pupsnoyy ---~---- -
setoeds TTe : Spoompzey =: spoompzey =: gods 2 SpoomZyjos : eonazds : eutd 3 (seyouT)
Ter04 : TeWOL : Z24I40 2 3 TeIOL 2 O83TUM R esorzepuod : sseToO ZSjRoueTp
: SGOOMGUWH ; SGOOMBLaAOS ; pue Aqunop
(7uQd) 4 eTAeL
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L06‘€ -- -- -- LO06‘€ ISv 9G7‘E 6°82 - O°LZ
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99L‘ CZ 8CT'T 8zZT‘T -- B8E9‘E7 OVO’ ET 86S‘0TZ 6°8T - O°LT
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SOUSIMET
----- - - = 87nd YOUI-fF/IT [DUOLZDULEZUT “4Zoaf pPavog pupsnoyy, - - - - - - - -
: Spoompaey : Spoompzey : 2 SpOOMAjOS : oonads : outd : Soyout !
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54
Table 10.--Projected output of roundwood projects from timberlands by county,
softwoods and hardwoods, and owner group; western South Dakota, 1977
:All owner : National : Other) (9) Forest: Other
County groups |: Forest : public : industry :. private
-------- Thousand cubte feet --------
Butte, Harding, Meade
Softwoods 1,076 672 i! -- 403
Hardwoods Sam Sie: ie So te
All species 1,076 672 1 -- 403
Custer
Softwoods 3,451 2,982 85 -- 384
Hardwoods Sie = a = Es
All species 3,451 2,982 85 -- 384
Fall River
Softwoods -- -- == ie ss
Hardwoods -- -- es eu par
All species -- -- = aes ae
Lawrence
Softwoods 10,329 7,085 81 oe 3,163
Hardwoods aS me mS == --
All species 10,329 7,085 81 Sc 3,163
Pennington
Softwoods 4,800 3,922 49 -- 829
Hardwoods -- -- -- -- --
All species 4,800 3,922 49 -- 829
All counties
Softwoods 19,656 14,661 216 oi 4,779
Hardwoods a os S= == =e
All species 19,656 14,661 216 =a 4,779
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4) .
Green, Alan W.
1978. Timber resources of western South Dakota. USDA For.
Serv. Resour. Bull. INT-12, 56 p. Intermt. For. and Range
Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah 84401.
Reports findings of the comprehensive survey of western South
Dakota's 1.4 million acres of forests, which include 1.2 million acres
of commercial forest land. Presents statistics on area, volume,
growth, mortality, and timberuse. Also describes species, volumes
per acre, stocking, site quality, ownership, trends in product har-
vesting and other factors that bear on timber management. Oppor-
tunities and problems related to future development are discussed.
KEYWORDS: timber supplies, forest land, statistics.
Green, Alan W.
1978. Timber resources of western South Dakota. USDA For.
Serv. Resour. Bull. INT-12, 56 p. Intermt. For. and Range
Exp. Stn., Ogden, Utah 84401.
Reports findings of the comprehensive survey of western South
Dakota's 1.4 million acres of forests, which include 1.2 million acres
of commercial forest land. Presents statistics on area, volume,
growth, mortality, and timberuse. Also describes species, volumes
per acre, stocking, site quality, ownership, trends in product har-
vesting and other factors that bear on timber management. Oppor-
tunities and problems related to future development are discussed.
KEYWORDS: timber supplies, forest land, statistics.
yy U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:1978—777-095 / 16
Headquarters for the Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station are in Ogden, Utah.
Field programs and research work units are
maintained in:
Billings, Montana
Boise, Idaho
Bozeman, Montana (in cooperation with
Montana State University)
Logan, Utah (in cooperation with Utah State
University)
Missoula, Montana (in cooperation with
University of Montana)
Moscow, Idaho (in cooperation with the
University of Idaho)
Provo, Utah (in cooperation with Brigham
Young University) ;
Reno, Nevada (in cooperation with the
University of Nevada)
‘
ay
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