TRANSACTIONS
OP THE
LONDON AND MIDDLESEX
VOLUME IV.
L 0 N D 0 N>:
PRINTED FOE THE SOCIETY,
BY J. B. NICHOLS AND SONS, PARLIAMENT STREET.
JBtstrtbuteti gratuttouelg to sjubsmfiing
PUBLISHED BY J. II. AND J. PARKER, 377, STRAND.
(TO BE OBTAINED BY THE PUBLIC THROUGH ALL BOOKSELLERS.)
MDCCCLXXV.
PEEFACE.
THE Council of the London and Middlesex Archae-
ological Society have much pleasure in submitting to
the Members the fourth volume of its Transactions,
containing papers read at the General Meetings held
in 1869-1874, and comprising many memoirs of per-
manent general interest as well as several valuable
papers relating to local history.
The Members will observe from the Reports of the
Council to the Annual Meetings in each year that
the period occupied by the work of which the results
are shown in this volume has been marked by progress
and prosperity to the Society, the number of Mem-
bers having largely increased, and 'the financial con-
dition of the Society having much improved.
The Council have the pleasing duty of acknow-
ledging the gift of the cost of printing the Ordinances
of London Guilds by Mr. J. R. Daniel-Tyssen, F.S.A.,
and also the gratuitous services of the authors and
editors of the various papers, and of Miss Victoria
Howe, Mr. J. G. Waller, Mr. Charles Golding, and
Mr. Albert Hartshorne, who have contributed some
of the drawings which illustrate this volume.
It may be interesting to remind the Members that
the present volume does not contain a record of the
whole of the labours of the Society during the period
IV
to which it has reference, numerous other papers
having been published separately, as " Proceedings of
the Evening Meetings," and two distinct publications
having been issued by the Society, viz. the account of
the Roman Tessellated Pavement at Bucklersbury by
Mr. John E. Price, E.S.A. Hon. Sec. published in
co-operation with the Corporation of the City of
London, and the Account of the Roman Antiquities
discovered on the site of the National Safe Deposit
Company's premises in Queen Victoria Street, by the
same author.
The Members will find melancholy interest in
observing among the earlier papers in this volume
some by distinguished men no longer among them —
the late W. H. Black, E.S.A. and J. G. Nichols, E.S.A.
— to the value of whose services to the Society the
Council have endeavoured to bear some testimony in
their Reports.
4, St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square,
London, 10 May, 1875.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
The Ordinances of some Secular Guilds of
London, 1354 to 1496 ...7. H. C. Coote, Esq 1-59
The recently discovered Roman Sepulchre at
Westminster Abbey W. H. Black, Esq 60-69
Sir William Harper, Alderman of London,
Founder of the Bedford Charities John Gough Nichols, Esq. ... 70-93
Silver Coins discovered at Harmondsworth,
Middlesex ..'. A. White, Esq 94-96
The Hole-Bourne ....J. G. Waller, Esq 97-123
Eoman Quern discovered in St. Martin's-le-
Grand J. E. Price, Esq 124-130
The Mercers' Company John Gough Nichols, Esq. ... 131-147
Plate of the Mercers' Company G. E. French, Esq 147-150
Great Greenford Church A. Heales, Esq 151-172
The Pilgrimage to our Lady of Wilsdon J. G. Waller, Esq 173-187
The Parish of Willesden Frederick A. Wood, Esq 189-201
St. Dionis Backchurch William Durrant Cooper, Esq. 202-222
Notes on an Ancient Crypt within Aldgate .. .Alfred White, Esq 223-230
Statutes of the College of the Minor Canons
in St. Paul's Cathedral, London Kev. W. Sparrow Simpson ... 231-252
Notes on the Church and Parish of Monken
Hadley Rev. Frederick Charles Cass 253-286
Notes on Two Monumental Brasses in the
Church of St. Andrew Undershaf t, Leaden-
hall Street W. H. Overall, Esq 287-300
St. Peter's Church, Cornhill Rev. Richard Whittington ... 301-312
The Inventories of Westminster Abbey at
the Dissolution Rev. Mackenzie E. C. Walcott 313-364
Inventory of St. Stephen's Chapel, West-
minster : J. R. Daniel-Tysseu, Esq., and
Rev. Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, 365-376
On the Paintings in the Chapter House, West-
minster John G. Waller, Esq 377-416
The Great Barn, Harmondsworth Albert Hartshorne, Esq 417-418
Notes on Gray's Inn W. R. Douthwaite, Esq 419-424
The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn ...Edward W. Brabrook, Esq.... 425-444
Lincoln's Inn and its Library Wm. Holden Spilsbury, Esq. 445-466
Proceedings at the Meetings of the Society 467-492
General Index , 493
List of Members and Rules at End
VI
PAGE
Forty-second General Meeting, 13th July, 1869, at the Vestry Hall,
Willesden
Forty-third General Meeting, 26th May, 1870, at the Hall of the Worship-
ful Company of Clothworkers, Mincing Lane .
Forty-fourth General (Fifteenth Annual) Meeting, llth July, 1870, at the
Society's Rooms
"Report of the Council and Auditors 470
Forty-fifth General Meeting, 13th September, 1870, at Monken Hadley ... 472
Forty-sixth General Meeting, 4th May, 1871, at the Hall of the Worshipful
Company of Leathersellers 473
Forty-seventh General (Sixteenth Annual) Meeting at University College,
Gower Street 474
Report of the Council and Auditors 475-77
Forty-eighth General Meeting, 16th May, 1872, at the Chapter House,
Westminster Abhey 478
Forty-ninth General (Seventeenth Annual) Meeting, 23rd July, 1872, at
University College, Gower Street 479
Report of Council and Auditors 479-82
Fiftieth General Meeting, 4th September, 1872, at the School Room, West
Drayton 482
Fifty-first General Meeting, 15th May, 1873, at Lincoln's Inn Hall , 483
Fifty-second General (Eighteenth Annual) Meeting, 21st July, 1873, at
University College, Gower Street 483-6
Report of Council and Auditors
Fifty-third General Meeting, 23rd July, 1873, at Hampton Court Palace... 487
Fifty-fourth General Meeting, 28th April, 1874, at St. Paul's Cathedral ... 487
Fifty-fifth General (Nineteenth Annual) Meeting, 21st June, 1874, at St.
Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square ; Report of Council and Auditors ... 488-491
Fifty-sixth General Meeting, llth August, 1874, at Fulham Palace 492
ILLUSTRATIONS.
(WITH DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.)
PAGE
Roman Sepulchre discovered at Westminster Abbey, to face 61
Arms of Lady Harper 83
Brass of Sir William and Lady Harper 86
Arms of Sir William Harper 87
Seal of the Bedford Charity 92
Examples of Mint Marks 95
Map of the Hole-Bourne, to face 97
Roman Quern discovered in St. Martin's-le-Grand, to face 124
Section of ^Excavations in St. Martin's-le-Grand , 125
Ancient Querns in the Museum of John Walker Baily, Esq., to face 126
The Leigh Cup of the Mercers' Company 147
Plan of Great Greenford Church, to face 151
King-post of Chancel Roof, Greenford ., 156
Quarries from Windows at Greenford 158, 159,172
Bell Stamp, Greenford 160
Brass of Simon Hert, to face 165
Pilgrims' Signs 183, 184, 185, 186
North View of an Ancient Crypt within Aldgate, to face 223
Stone Bosses, Crypt, Aldgate, to face 228
Ground Plan do. do 228
Sections do. do 228
Initial Letter of the Charter of Incorporation of the College of Minor Canons,
St. Paul's Cathedral, to face 231
Old Beacon on the Tower of Monken Hadley Church 259
Pier of Chancel Arch do. do 260
Insignia of Judge Stamford, Knight, and Arms of Goodere of St. Alhan's 261
Signatures of the Family of Goodere 265, 266, 267
Date on the Western Face of the Tower Hadley Church 286
Brass of Nicolas Leveson in the Church of St. Andrew Undershaf t. Leadenhall
Street, to face 288
Brass of Simon Burton in the Church of St. Mary Undershaft, Leadenhall
Street, to face 296
Remains of Painting on the East Wall, Chapter House, Westminster. Fig. 1.
to face , 383
Ditto ditto Fig. 2. to face 385
Ditto on the Northern Wall, ditto Fig. 3 409
Ditto ditto Fig. 4 412
The Great Barn at Harmondsworth, to face 417
Sections ditto .. 416
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
LONDON AND MIDDLESEX
Vol. IV. JANUARY, 1871. Part I.
THE ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR GUILDS
OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496.
BY HENRY CHAELES COOTE, ESQ.," F.S.A.
[Read at an Evening Meeting of the Society, 13th February, 1871.]
THOUGH the history of the old trade guilds of London is sufficiently
known through the works of Maitland, Herbert, and others, the
rules and ordinances which governed the internal economy of those
interesting institutions are, I may venture to say, a sealed book.
Herbert indeed intimates that the more ancient records of the
guilds (now better known under the name of Companies) have perished
in the conflagrations which from time to time have devastated the me-
tropolitan city. *
If this destruction has really occurred, it is the more to be regretted,
inasmuch as the same casualty would seem to have overtaken even
those transcripts of them which by the 12th Richard II. were ordered
to be returned into Chancery, f '
Of the returns made under that authority, the copies of the charters
* History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies, Advertisement, p. vii.
t No transcripts of rules of the trade guilds of London are extant at the
Kecord Office.
VOL. IV. B
2 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
only seem now to be in existence, and these, it is obvious, do not
supply the information and particulars which the rules would have
given.
Some of these missing rules have, however, been recently dis-
covered in a place of legal custody little anticipated even by the ac-
complished antiquary who unearthed them.
In prosecuting a research amongst the records of the court of the
Commissary of London, our esteemed member J. R. Daniel Tyssen, esq.,
F.S.A., was agreeably surprised to find duly recorded in that venerable
depository the entire English texts of the rules and ordinances of four
secular Guilds of London,* and of two German fraternities established
in the same city.
The London Guilds whose rules have thus reappeared are of those
of the Glovers, the Blacksmiths, the Water-bearers, and the Shear-
men, f
* In especial reference to the discovery made by Mr. Tyssen, I cannot forbear
remarking that the stores of archreology dormant in the registers and other
records of the ecclesiastical courts of London are incalculable. They pre-emi-
nently deserve to be abstracted and published by authority. A few years ago
I called attention in the Athenceuin to the fact (Itnonn by me) that the whole
of the inventories of the seventeenth century, filed in the Prerogative Court by
the representatives of all deceased persons, were in existence, though inaccessible
to the curious. At the instance of Lord Stanhope, President of the Society of
Antiquaries, Lord Penzance ordered these and other inventories of prior date to
be looked up, with a view to their being indexed. The order was, I believe,
nominally obeyed for a few weeks, and was then disregarded. To demon-
strate the interest of these inventories, at least those of the seventeenth century,
it is sufficient to say that amongst them miist be the inventory of the personal
estate and effects of William Shakespeare, and therein, perhaps, may be found
some mention of his copyrights.
f It is unnecessary to say that every guild was entirely isolated and inde-
pendent of all others of the same description. This is traditionally said to
have been the true constitution of the guilds of Freemasons, now called lodges.
Originally they were, like other guilds, distinct communities, neither affiliated
to nor dependent upon any other association of the same craft. At the
beginning of the present century (perhaps at the end of the last), through
extraneous influences, a hierarchical system was introduced into Freemasonry,
and all the independent lodges (or guilds) submitted themselves to one lodge,
in London, as their chief, at the same time surrendering to the latter their
royal charters (or licences), and their ordinances. These were probably all
destroyed by the central authority at the time of the surrender. Copies of the
charters, however, will possibly be found in the Record Office amongst the
returns made under the 12th Richard II. (see ante), and Mr. Tyssen's discovery
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 3
The German fraternities are those of St. Katharine and of the Holy
Blood of Wilsnach in Saxony.
Of the guilds themselves I will observe, that the Glovers and the
Blacksmiths are old fraternities still amongst us.* The Shearmen also
still exist, though under their later and better-known appellation of
Clothworkers, and are one of the twelve great Companies. f The Water-
bearers are, however, entirely unknown to fame, Maitland and Her-
bert making no mention of them.
The same oblivion has come over the two German guilds. Mait-
land, Herbert, Blley, and Dr. Lappenburg (Geschichte des Hansis-
chen Stalhofes zu London) have left them unnoticed. Dr. Pauli also,
the latest writer upon London from a German point of view, ignores
them.
At the same time it is possible that these last-mentioned guilds
may have severally belonged to the two establishments of Germans
trading in London, those of Cologne and the Hanse.J
The rules thus discovered by Mr. Tyssen are, as I have said, all in the
English language. As they range in date from the year 1354 to the
year 1496 they represent the vernacular in its progress towards fixity
and consolidation. They have an obvious worth, therefore, as texts of
our language, besides their intrinsic value as illustrations of the ma-
chinery and inner working of those most powerful institutions of the
middle ages — the trade guilds.
Their interest also does not stop there. Having by their means
complete details of these fraternities, we are now in a position to com-
pare them with those more ancient institutions preceding the Norman
Conquest which first assumed the name of guilds in this country, and
these latter may, in their turn, also be subjected to a further compari-
son, viz. with those collegia privata of the empire which were the pre-
cursors of them all.
As no one would expect to see these rules in the place where they
shows it to be more than probable that the rules and ordinances are registered in
some of the ecclesiastical courts, where they will be discovered whenever a
search shall be made for them. When they shall be found we may assure our-
selves that Von Hammer's hypothesis of Baphomet and the Templars will not
hold good, still less will Mithras (another and a later theory) stand a chance
of being accepted.
* Maitland, History of London, vol. ii. pp. 1242, 1247.
t Herbert, vol. ii. p. 650.
£ Riley's Munimenta Gildkallee Londoniensis, Introduction, p. xcvii.
I? 2
4 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
%
now are and have always been, it will not be superfluous to ascertain
upon what principle of law and for what legal object they were thus
registered in the court of an ecclesiastical judge.
We shall find by the rules themselves that this registration was not
ministerial only, but that in each case there was either expressly or by
implication a preliminary confirmation of the rules by ecclesiastical
authority. In other words, the rules were certified, to use a term of
our own time, which is exactly applicable.
The proem to the rules of the Shearmen registered in the Court of
the Commissary of London 27 February, 1452, states that they have
been submitted to the official of the Consistory of London, and con-
tains his confirmation of them in the following words : " Et quia nos
Johannes officialis antedictus, per nonnulla documenta aliasque proba-
tiones legitimas, evidenter invenimus et comperuimus prsemissa apunc-
tuamenta sive ordinationes ex causis veris rationalibus et legitimis
fuisse et esse confecta et ordinata; igitur dicta apunctuamenta sive
ordinationes, tanquam juri consona, in quantum possumus de jure et
debemus, auctoritate qua supra confirmavimus et auctorizavimus,
prout ea sic tenore prsesentium confirmavimus et auctorizavimus, ipsa-
que appunctuamenta sive ordinationes omnia et singula per omnes et
singulos dictarum artis et fraternitatis fratres et liberos homines ac
eorum successores imposterum observanda et perimplenda fore sub
po3nis in hujusmodi appunctuamentis sive ordinationibus plenius de-
scriptis decrevimus et decernimus per pragsentes."
At the conclusion of the rules of the Water-bearers, registered 20th
October 1496, in the Court of the Commissary of London, we find
the same Commissary confirming them " as far as in him is."
The rules of the German guild of St. Katharine, registered in the
same court on the 25th October 1495, are confirmed also by the Com-
missary of London.
We further find, by the evidence of the rules themselves, that the
object and intention of this confirmation and registration was to facili-
tate the suing in the Ecclesiastical Court for the quarterages and
penalties contained in them.
The rules of the Glovers contain this provision : " Also it is
ordeyned that if any brother of the same fraternitie of the crafte
of glovers be behynde of paiement of his quarterage by a yere and
a day, and his power the same quarterage to paie, and if he that
do maliciously refuse, that thenne he be somened tofore the officiall
GUILDS OF LONDON, 13/>4 TO 1496. 5
(i.e. the official of the Consistory of London) and by the wardens for
his trespass and rebelness of such manner, duly for to be chastised or
ponyssed, and to paie the fine aforesaid, and her (i.e. their) costs of the
court, as in here (their) account tofore all other brethren of the same
craft wellen answer."
So the rules of the Shearmen provide, that if a brother " breke his
othe he shall be punysshed by the lawe of our moder holy chirche,"
and " that the said wardens do make certification unto the officers of
the Bishop of London * * * to the intent that thay by the lawe
spiritual compel the said person so being rebel and disobedient for to
pay and satisfy the said fine."
The rules of the brotherhood of St. Katharine in the same strain
provide that " the names of all persons, transgressors and rebels,
being brethren of the fraternity, be presented unto the judge ordinary
of the Lord Bishop of London."
The principle of canon law by which an ecclesiastical court could
enforce payment of the quarterages and fines of a Livery Company has
so long passed out of existence that I may be excused for entering
into some particulars concerning it.
In all cases of the infraction of an oath or solemn promise to pay,
the ecclesiastical court could enforce performance. The canonist
Lyndewode describes the pleadings in a suit of this nature (styled
pro Icesione fidei) in a manner which throws light upon the clauses in
the rules which I have recited. He says, " A libels B that the latter,
by interposition of his faith or by his oath, promised and bound him-
self that on a day named he would pay, &c., but has since minus
canonice refused to fulfil his promise, in violation of his oath, which
by the divine and canon laws he is bound to perform under pain of
mortal sin ; wherefore the complainant prays that, on proof of the
facts, the judge will decree and compel the defendant to observe his
promise and engagement by canonical censures."*
The rules of these guilds being thus confirmed and registered by
full legal authority, it is impossible to conceive a' record more authentic
than those transcripts the discovery of which we owe to the penetra-
tion of Mr. Tyssen.
We have, accordingly, no reason to regret the more than probable
* Lyndewode's Provinciate, lib. v. tit. 15 de poenis. See Ducange also, sub
voce Curia Christianitatis.
ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
loss of the originals themselves. The authenticity of all these rules
being thus placed beyond doubt, I will abstract the regulations of the
oldest set, in order to facilitate a comparison of them with the pro-
visions of those other guilds which, as we shall see, preceded the
Norman Conquest.
The first in date are the ordinances of the GLOVERS (A.D. 1354).
They purport to be made by the masters and keepers (or wardens)
of the craft of Glovers of the City of London and the brethren.
1. Every brother shall pay sixteen pence a year, by quarterly pay-
ments, towards providing two wax tapers to burn at the high altar of
the chapel of Our Lady in the new church- haw beside London, and
also to the poor of the fraternity who well and truly have paid their
quarterage so long as they could.
2. If any brother be behind of payment of his quarterage by a
month after the end of any quarter he shall pay sixteen pence, that is
to say, eight pence to the old work of the church of St. Paul of Lon-
don, and the other eight pence to the box of the fraternity. Also as
often as any brother be not obedient to the summons of the wardens,
or be not present in the " hevenys that folk be dead," and in offering
at the funeral of a brother, and in attendance at church with the
fraternity on the feasts of the Annunciation and Assumption and
others, he shall pay sixteen pence in like manner.
3. Every brother shall come to Placebo and Dirige in the " hevenys
of dead folk," in suit or livery of the fraternity of the year past, and
on the morrow to mass, and there offer, in his new livery or suit, upon
pain of sixteen pence. •
4. If a brother be behind of his quarterage for a year and a day,
and though it be in his power to pay it he maliciously refuse, he shall
be summoned before the official of the Consistory of London, &c. (see
ante).
5. If any brother or sister be dead within the city, and have not of
his (or her) goods him (or her) to bury, he (or she) shall have burning
about his (or her) body five tapers and four torches, at the cost of the
brethren, provided the deceased have continued seven years in the
fraternity, &c.
6. All the brethren be clothed in one suit, &c.
7. The masters, wardens, and brethren shall attend and hear mass
on the feast of the Assumption, &c.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 7
8. Every brother shall keep his livery for four years, &c.
9. Settles the fee for entrance into the fraternity, and also the form
of oath.
10. On the day of the feast when the brethren have eaten they
shall go together to the chapel of our Lady before-mentioned, and
there continue the time of Placebo and Dirige, and on the morrow
shall attend mass of Requiem, and from thence come together to their
Hall, on pain of sixteen pence.
11. If any brother revile another he shall be fined six pence or
eight pence, &c.
12. All the brethren, with their wives, shall go together to their
meat the Sunday next after Trinity Sunday, &c. &c. *
13. A trade regulation concerning the admission of apprentices.
14. Settles fines for " contrarying " against the rules.
15. Settles further penalties for disobedience to the rules, and regu-
lations as to apprentices.
Twenty-nine brethren have signed these rules. At the same time
they were sworn (fidem fecerunt) well and faithfully to keep and fulfil
them.
The ordinances of the BLACKSMITHS come next (A.D. 1434).
They are made by the masters and wardens and the whole company
of the craft, " in the worship " of St. Loy.
They are in part materid with the preceding rules.
These rules, as registered in the Commissary's Book, are subscribed
* Upon the admission of females to the companies' dinners, Mr. Herbert
makes the following quaint remarks (vol. i. p. 83). "This curious, we had
almost said indecorous, custom, but which must at the same time have greatly
heightened the hilarity, occurred in consequence of the companies consisting, as
we have seen, of brothers and sisters ; and which practice they seem on their
reconstruction to have borrowed from the religious guilds. Not only did widows,
wives, and single women who were members join the joyous throng, but from the
Grocers' ordinances of 1348 we find the brethren could introduce their fair
acquaintances on paying for their admission ; and that not, as in modern times,
to gaze in galleries, the mere spectators of good living, but as participants. There
is an amusing simplicity in the ordinances alluded to of the Grocers on these
points. They enjoin that every one of the fraternity, from thenceforward, having
a wife or companion, shall come to the feast, and bring with him a damsel, if he
pleases. If they cannot come from the reasons hereinafter mentioned, that is to
say, being sick or big with child and near delivery, they are then, and not other-
wise, to be excused."
8 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
by sixty-five brethren and by the wives of two of them, the original
signatures appearing on the record.
The rules of the SHEARMEN follow next (A..D. 1452).
Their proem states that " the wardens and freemen of the craft for
the more encrease and continuance of brotherly love and good example
unto the honor of God, our Lady St. Mary, and all saints, by license of
the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, form a religious
brotherhood amongst themselves for the sustentation of a perpetual
light of thirteen tapers to burn in the church of the Augustinian
Friars in London before the image of Our Lady."
The ordinances refer to the guild generally as well as to this interior
fraternity, and need not be repeated here, though the extreme par-
ticularity of the details, including the oath of the brotherhood, make
them exceedingly interesting.
The rules of the WATER-BEARERS of the City of London are the last
of our English series.
They bear date A.D. 1496, and purport to be made by the wardens
and the whole fellowship of the brotherhood of St. Christopher of the
"Water-bearers founded within the Augustine Friars.
The three remaining guilds are of Germans residing and trading in
London. Their objects are good fellowship, and, where need might arise,
the succour of the poor members of the guilds. As they do not directly
concern English antiquities, I abstain from making any comment upon
them, save to observe- that, from the stringency of the provisions
against loss of temper and strife, it is clear that there is ancient autho-
rity for the proverbial querelle d1 Allemand.
We have in the old English rules now published full details of the
inner life and working of our guilds. Their origin, however, is as
mystical as it was before, and we must go beyond even these rules to
trace it. Luckily, materials for this research do not fail us. We have
references to English secular guilds existing long before the Norman
Conquest, and, what is still more valuable, we have the texts of the
rules of three of such associations, of the date respectively of the tenth
century.
The guilds whose rules we thus possess are of London, Cambridge,
and Exeter.
GUILDS OP LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 9
The rules of the London guild, perhaps the first in date, contain
the fullest details of them all.*
The proem states that the text contains the constitution of the
guild, which is composed of thanes and ceorls, (gentlemen and yeomen,)
under the perpetual presidency of the bishop and port gerefa of
London.
It also declares that the rules are made by common consent of
the brethren, in addition to and furtherance of the stringent pro-
visions against robbery of the acts of the witenagemot therein
specified,! and for the better comprehension of the object of the guild,
it invokes into the rules the enactments themselves. J
The object of the guild is the recovery of stolen stock and slaves,
wherever that recovery is practicable, and where that cannot be effected,
* Mr. Thorpe (Preface to Diplomatarium Anglicum, p. xvii.) calls this
" A deed of incorporation by the prelates and reeves of the Londoners for the
repression of theft and maintenance of the public peace, which in its provisions
is closely akin to the later institution of frithborg, or as it is mistranslated frank-
pledge." This is a strange misconception of the meaning of a very plain instru-
ment-. Equally strange is the confusion in Mr. Thorpe's mind between frank-
pledge, which is security, and the object of the London guild, which is indemni-
fication by mutual assurance.
f " J5is is seo gersednis J>e J>a biscopas and J>a gerefan J>e to Lundenbyrig hyraft
gecweden habba'S, and mid weddum gefaestnod on urum frrftgegyldum, aegfter
ge eorlisce ge ceorlisce, to eacari J>am domum J>e sst Greatanlea, and get Exan-
ceastre gesette wseron, and set Jmnres felda." (Thorpe's Ancient Laws and
Institutions of England, vol. i. p. 229.)
J " ^aet we ewaedon fraet ure aelc scute mi pseng to ure gemsene t>earfe binnan
xii monSum, and forgyldon J>aet yrfe f>e sySftan genumen wsere J>e we J>aet feoh
scuton, and hsefdon us ealle J>a zescean gemsene, and scute aelc man his scylling,
l>e haefde J?aet yrfe J>aet waere xxx paenig wyrS, buton earinee wudewan J>e naenne
forwyrhtan naefde, ne nan land." Mr. Thorpe corrects "scylling" by "pcenig,"
the equivalent of which appears in Brompton's translation. Forrvyrhta is the
literal translation of the Latin procurator. See Ranks, Thorpe's Laws, p. 192.
Ibid. p. 230. " J>set we tellan a x menn togaedere, and se yldesta bewiste
|>a nigene to aelcnm J>ara gelaste J>ara J>e we ealle gecwaedon, and sy'S'San J>a
hyndena heora togcedere, and aenne hynden man }>e J>a x mynige to ure ealre
gemsene J>earfe, and hig xi healdan Jjasre hyndene feoh, and witan hwaat hig
forftsyllan }>onne man gildan sceole. And hwaet hig eft niman gif us feoh
arise aet urum gemaenum spraece, and witon eac J>£et aelc gelast foriS cume, J>ara
\>e, we ealle gecweden habba'S to ure ealra bearfe be xxx pa;n, oW>e be anum
hrySere, J>aet call gelaest sy J>£et we on urum geraednessum gecweden habba'S, and
on ure fore spraece staent."
10 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
then the indemnification of the loser by pro rata contributions of the
brethren.
2. Each of the brethren shall contribute yearly four pence to the
common behoof ; the brethren shall pay for the stolen property so soon
as the contribution is made. They shall make the search for it in
common.- Every man who has property to the value of thirty pence
shall contribute his penny. The poor widow who has neither a
friend who will contribute on her behalf, nor land of her own, is
exempted.
3. The guild shall be subdivided into bodies of ten men, one of those
ten being its chief.
Further, these bodies of ten men or tithings shall be united into a
body of one hundred men (or hynden),* and over this last-mentioned
body shall be appointed an officer, called a hynden man, who shall
direct the other ten, to the common benefit of the guild
These eleven shall hold the money of the hynden, and will decide
what they shall disburse when a payment must be made, and what they
shall receive when there is anything to receive, and when money shall
be payable to the brethren at their common suit.
The brethren are to take notice that there must be forthcoming
every contribution which has been ordained to the common behoof, at
the rate of thirty pence, or an ox, so that all may be fulfilled which
has been ordained, and which stands in the agreement of the brethren.
4 and 5 contain directions for commencing and prosecuting the
searches after stolen stock.
6.f Is a rule respecting the payment of the policies on the stolen
* Mr. Thorpe (Ancient Laws and Institutes of England, vol. ii. Glossary,
sub voce) explains "hynden" to be "an association of ten men." The context
shows that this is not so, and etymology supports this contrary view. Dr. Leo
made the same mistake in " Die angel-ssecsische dorpverfasjung." Rectitu-
dines, p. 176. Even Dr. Bosworth has accepted this as the meaning of the
word.
t Ibid. p. 232. " Emban urne ceapgild. Hors to haelfan punde, gif hit swa,
god sy, and gif hit msetre sy, gilde be his wlites wyrfte, and (supple ne) be )>am
t>e se man hit weor^ige, J>e hit age, buton he gewitnesse habbe, J?aet hit swa god
ware swa he secge, and haebbe J>on afer eacan )>e we J>ar abiddan. And oxan to
mancuse, and cu to xx and swyn to x. and sceop to sell. And we cwasdon be
urum }>eowum inannum J>a menn J>a men haefdon gif hine man forstsele, J>aet hine
man forgilde mid healf an punde. Gif we bonne gild arajrdon, J>set him man yhte
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 11
property. A horse shall be paid for at the maximum rate of half a
pound, if it be so good. If it be inferior, it shall be paid according
to its value. An ox shall be compensated for at a mancus, a cow at
twenty pence, a hog at ten pence, and a sheep at a shilling.
The money required beyond what shall be in hand shall be raised
by a call amongst the brethren.
A theowman (i.e. a slave) shall be compensated for at the maximum
rate of half a pound, or according to his value, the money to be raised
by a call, as before mentioned, If he has stolen himself (i. e. has run
away from his owner),* he shall be stoned, and every brother who has
a slave shall contribute either a penny or a halfpenny according to the
number of the brotherhood. If the slave shall make good his escape
he shall be compensated for according to his value.
7. The brethren shall avenge each others wrongs, and shall be all
as in one friendship sp in one enmity.
The brother that shall openly kill a thief shall have a reward of
twelve pence out of the common fund.
The owner of property insured shall continue the search for it until
he be paid, and he shall be recouped the expenses of the search out of
the common fund.
8.f The hyndenmen and those who preside over the tithings shall
meet together once in every month and ascertain what business has
been done in the guild.
ufon on J>aet be his wlites weorj>e, and haefdon us )>one ofereacan )>e we bs&r
abaedon. Gif he hine )>onne forstalede J>aet hine man laedde to t>£ere torfunge, swa
hit aer gecwaadon waas and scute aelc man, J>aat man haafde, swa paenig swa heafne
be J>aes geferscipes maenio, swa man t>ast weorS up araeran mihte. Gif he ]>onne
oftseoce \>eet hine man forgulde be his wlites weor*3e.
* This phrase is very suggestive. It is altogether Roman (see Cod. vi. tit. 1).
" Servum fugitivium sui furtum facere .... manifestum est." A happier or
more philosophical definition of the crime of a fugitive slave, who, by his flight*
robs his owner, cannot be conceived. The same phrase was applied to the colonus
also who left his farm. (See Neglected Fact in English History, p. 51.)
t Ibid. p. 234. " ^aet we cwsedon dyde daeda sej>e dyde, )>aet ure ealra teonan
wraece, baet we waeron ealle swa on anum freondscype swa on anum feondscype,
swa hwaaj>er hit }>onne waere, and se J>e )>eof fylle beforan oiSrum mannum J>aet
he waere of ure' ealra feo xx paeng J>e betera for J>asre deade and for anginne
and se J>e ahte J>aet yrfe, t>e we foregildaft, ne forlaete he J>a aescean be ure ofer-
hyrnesse, and t>a, mynegunge J>armid, oJ>J>aet we to )>am glide cuman, and we
boune eac him his geswinces geftancedon of urum gemasnum feo, be )>aem J>e seo
fare wur'Se waere, by laes seo mynagung forlaege."
12 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
These eleven men shall also have their dinner together a discretion,
and shall give away the remains of the dinner, for the love of God.*
Every brother shall help another, as it is ordained and confirmed by
oath.j1
If a sworn brother of the guild die, each brother shall give a loaf
for his soul, and shall sing or procure to be sung fifty psalms within
thirty days. J
Every brother who has lost stock and intends to claim the amount
of his insurance shall notify his loss to his neighbours within three
days. But the search shall be proceeded with notwithstanding, for
the guild will pay only for stolen, not unguarded, property; and many
men make fradulent claims. §
The regulations and provisions of this guild command our unquali-
fied respect. They are irrefutable evidence of a high state of civiliza-
tion. We have in them a scheme of mutual assurance, with all the
appliances for carrying it out, combined with thorough comprehension
of the true principles upon which such schemes are founded, and can
alone be supported. For the guild not only satisfies itself that the
claim is honest, but repudiates payment of it whenever the claimant
has shown himself to have been contributory by his negligence to the
loss of which he affects to complain. And, lastly, the guild, in order
to secure the society against claims of unlimited and overwhelming
amount, establishes a maximum rate of compensation.
The rules of the Cambridge Guild are as follows : || —
The proem states that the instrument embodying these rules con-
* Ibid. p. 236. " ~pset we us gegaderian a emban aenne mona'S, gif we magon,
and Eemtan haebban, J>a hyndenmenn and J>a J>e teo'Sunge bewitan, swa mid bytt
fyllinge, swa elles swa us to anhagie, and witan hwaet ure gecwydraedeune
gelaest sy and hsebban }>a xii. (lege xi.) menn heora metscype togaedere, and
fedan hig swa swa hig sylfe wyrfte munon, and daelon ealle J>a mete lafe Godes
Dances."
f Ibid. p. 236. " And eac )>aet aelc o'Srum fylste, swa hif gecweden is, and mid
weddum gefaestnod."
J Ibid. p. 236. " And we cwasdon eac be aelcum J>ara msenna ]>e on urum
gegyldscipum his wedd geseald haefS, gifhim forftsrS gebyrige, J>set ealc gegilda
gesylle seune gesufelne hlaf for )>aere saule and gesinge an fiftig; o)>l>e begite
gesungen, binnan xxx nihtan."
§ Ibid. p. 238. " tonne beode we J>aet binnan iii. nihtum he his neobnran
gecySe, gif he J>ses ceap glides biddan wille, and beo se aesce }>eah forS, swa hit
ser gecweden wass, for'San we nellen nan gymeleas yrfe, forgyldan, buton hit
forstolen sy. Maenige men specaft gemahlice spraece," &c.
|| These rules were first published by Dr. Hickes in his " Thesaurus Lin-
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 13
tains the constitution which the society had determined upon in the
guild of the thanes of Cambridge.*
guarum Septentrionalium, in his " Dissertatio Epistolaris ad Bartholomajum
Showere," pp. 20, 21. They have been often republished; but, as the originals
were destroyed in the fire of the Cotton Library, the text, as given by Dr.
Hickes (in some respects faulty, as we shall see), now admits of no emendation,
save by conjecture. The MSS. were formerly in Tiberius, E. 5, and at present
they are " burnt to a crust," says the catalogue.
* Her is on J>is gewrite siu geswitelung J>aere gersednisse }>e HUS geferrasden
gersed haefS on t>egna gilde on granta brycge —
1. k£aet is J>onne aerest }>aet aelc ojrum aS on haligdome sealdesojre heldrasdenne
for gode and for worulde and eal geferraaden Jjjem a sylste J>e rihtost haefde.
2. Gif hwilc gegilda fortJfasre, gebringe hine eal gegildscipe, fcaer he to wilnie.
And se |>e >aerto ne cume gylde syster huniges. And segildscipe Jiyrfe be healfre
feorme of \>one forftferedan? And aelc sceote twegen penegas to J>aere aalmessan.
And man J>aer ogebrynge }>a3t arise aet see jEfteldrySe.
3. And gif ftonne hwylcum gyldan J>earf sie his geferena fultnmes, and hit
gecyd wyrfte f>£es gildan nihstan gerefan, butun se gilda sylf neah si, and se
gerefa hit forgymeleasi gegyldean pund. Gif se hlaford hit forgymeleasie
gyldean pund, buton he on hlafordes neode beoo'Sfte laegerbaera.
4. And gyf hwa gyldan ofstlea, ne si nan ofter butun eahta pund to bote
Gif se stlaga Sonne }>a bote oferhogie, wrece eal gildescipe J?one gildan, and
ealle beran. Gif hit )>onne an do, beran ealle gelice.
5. And gif aenig gilda hwylcne man ofstlea, and he neadwraca si, and his
bismer bete, and se ofstlagena twelfhende sy, fylste aelc gegylda healf mearc to
fylste. Gif se ofstlagena ceorl sy twegen oran. Gif he wylisc si anne oran.
6. Gif se gilda J»onne hwaanne mid dysie and myd dole stlea, here sylf J>et he
worhte.
7. And gif gegilda his gegyldan J>urh his agen dysi ofstlea bere sylf wiS
magas J>aet he brsec ; and his gegylde eft mid eahta punduin gebycge, o'S'Se he
)>olie a geferes and freondscipes.
8. And gif gegilda myd \>sem ete o'S'Se drince J>e his gegildan stlog, butun hit
beforan cyninge o'S'Se leodbisceope 0880 ealdormen beo, gilde an pund, butun he
setsacan maege mid his twam gesetlun J>aet he hine myste.
1 The words in italics Mr. Kemble has translated: " and let the gildship inherit
of the dead half a farm." (Kemble's History of the Saxons in England, vol. i.
App. 513.) This is simply absurd. The original words are so corrupt and ungram-
matical that it is impossible to give any meaning to them. Mr. Thorpe has left
them untranslated (Diplomatarium Anglicum, 611), and following so excellent
a leader I have done the like. Dr. Hickes has made a very clever guess, but it
is only a guess. His translation is " Et sodalitas alteram partem sumptuum
accommodabit quas ad justa solvenda in silicernio, seu epulatione funebri im-
pendentur." (Thesaurus Ling. Septent. Dissertatio epistolaris ad Bartholomasum
Showere, p. 20.)
14 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
I. Each gave to other upon the holy Gospels an oath of true fidelity
as regarded God and as regarded the world, that he would ever give
all fellowship to him that had most right.
9. Gyf hwilc gegilda o'Scrne misgrete, gylde anne syster huniges : —
And gif hwa oiSerne misgrete, gylde anne syster huniges, butun he hine mid
his twam gesetlun geladie.
10. Gif cniht ' wsepn brede, gild se hlaford an pund ; and hsebbe se hlaford
set J>aet he msege, and him eal gildscipe gefylste J^aet he his feoh of hsebbe.
II. And gif cniht otSerne gewundie, wrece hit hlaford, and eal gyldscype on
an, sece }>set J> he sece, J>aet he feorh nebbe.
12. And gif cniht binnan stig a sitte, gyld anne syster huniges.
And gif hwa fotsetlan hasbbe, do J>£Bt ylee.
' The meaning of this word " cniht" has been strangely misunderstood, though
nothing can be plainer. jElfric, in his Abstract of the Old Testament, trans-
lated miles, in the Apostle's expression miles non portabit gladium, by " cniht."
The ballad on the death and last exploits of Byrhtnoth the ealdorman or eorl of
East-Anglia calls him " cniht."
" Be J>sem man mihte oncnawan,
t>set se cniht nolde
wacian set J>asm wige,
)>a J>e he to wsepnum feng."
The eorl was the King's cniht, because he was a King's thane, that is, he had
taken his oath of homage to the King and was his man. On the other side, and
for the same reason, the same appellation is applied by the poet to the eorl's
own men.
" Hun be healfe stod
hyse unweaxen.
Cniht on gecampe."
To a charter of the tenth century we find, after the mention of several attestants,
these words " and masnig god cniht to eacan )>ysan." (Hickes' Thesaurus, prsef.
vol. i. p. xxi.) Oswald (Bishop) in a diploma A.D. 969, gives certain land
" sumum cnihte, )>sem is Osulf nama." (Kemble's Cod. Dipl. vol. iii. 557.) And
in another document of the same period Oswald (Archbishop) makes a similar
grant, " sumum cnihte, Jjaeni J>e is Wulgeat nama." (Ibid. Dipl. 680.) ^Iflajd's
will, of no date, but referrible to the tenth century, has the following " Ic geann
Brihtwolde minnm cnihtas," &c. (Ibid. Dipl. 684.) ^Etheling ^Etheling, in
a charter of the eleventh century, says " Butan )>aem vill hydum J>e ic _«Elm£ere
minum cnihte geunnen hasbbe. And ic geann ^Ethelwine minum cnihte >£es
swyrdes J>e he aar me sealde." (Ibid. Dipl. 722.)
2 Stiff is wholly unintelligible, and can only be an error of the copyist. Mr.
Kemble translates it spence (History of the Saxons in England, vol. i. p. 514) ;
but in this the interpreter is at least as hard to understand as the original.
Mr. Thorpe leaves the whole phrase untranslated. (Diplomatarium Ano-licum,
p. 613.) A reference, however, to par. 2 of the rules of the Exeter Guild (p. 17)
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 15
2. If any brother die, the whole guild shall bring him to the place
where he has wished, and he that comes not thereto shall pay a sextarius
of honey ; and each shall pay two-pence towards the alms (viz. at the
offertory), and what is befitting shall be delivered to St. ^Stheldrith.*
3. If any brother be in need of the aid of his comrades, and it be
made known to the land steward of the nearest brother, unless the
brother be himself at hand, and if the steward neglect it he shall pay
a pound. If the lord neglect it he shall pay a pound, unless he be
compulsorily engaged on his lord's business, or confined to his bed by
sickness
4. If anyone slay a brother, let fully eight pounds be exacted for
the compensation. If the slayer neglect to pay the compensation, let
all the guild avenge the brother, and bear the feud. If one do it, let
all bear alike.
5. If any brother slay any man, and he be an avenger by necessity
of repairing his outrage, and the slain man be a thane, let each brother
pay half a marc in aid. If the slain man be a ceorl (i.e a yeoman),
let him pay twelve oras. If the slain man be a Welsh man, let him
pay one ora.
6. If the brother slay any one out of wantonness or malice, let him
himself bear the consequence of what he has done.
7. If a brother slay his guild brother through his own foolishness,
13. And gif hwilce gegilda ut of landae forftfere, o'SiSe beo gesycled, gefeccan
hine his gegildan, and hine gebringan deadne e'SiSe cucene, }>£er he to wilnie, be
}>sem ylcan wite J»e hit gecweden is.
14. Gif he set ham f or'Sfer'S and gegilda J>aet lie ne gessec'S; and se gegilda J>e
ne gesece his morgen ' spzece, gilde his syster huniges.
* See note, p. 13.
will throw light upon the meaning of the provision itself. That paragraph
contemplates a guild brother's cniht sitting with his lord in the banqueting
room of the guild, in which case, as the cniht cannot be expected to be abstemious,
he, as his lord, is required to contribute something towards the increased con-
sumption. It must be borne in mind that the cniht would be of the same
social standing or birth as the lord, and therefore without offence to the other
guild brethren he could sit at table with them. Dr. Hickes mistakes the sense
of the passage by translating it thus, " Si famulus in yia cuiquam insidietur,
&c." (Dissertatio epistolaris, p. 20.)
1 We have a hiatus here; but the sense of the passage may be arrived at not-
withstanding without difficulty. " Morning " or "morrow speech " is an expres-
sion which continued to be used very late in the middle ages for the general
meeting of a guild. (See passim in Mr. T. Smith's Old English Guilds.)
16 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
let him himself bear, as regards the relatives, what he broke (i.e. the
consequences of his infraction of the law) and also redeem his fellow-
ship with eight pounds, or lose for ever fraternity and friendship.
8. If a brother eat or drink with him that slew his guild brother,
except it be before the king, or the ealdorman of the shire, or the bishop
of the diocese, let him pay one pound, unless he can disprove by the
evidence of the two persons who sat on each side of him at table that
he knew him not.
9. If any (brother) revile another, let him pay one sextarius of
honey, unless he can clear himself by the evidence of the two men who
sat at each side of him at table.
10. If a cniht (i.e. an armed retainer of a brother*) draw his weapon
let the lord pay one pound and detain what he can (of the servant's
effects) and let all the guild assist him in recovering his money.
11. If a cniht wound another (cniht) let the lord avenge it, and all
the guild together, wherever he may seek refuge, (effect) that he have
not his life.
12. If a cniht take his seat indoors (i.e. in the banqueting room of
the guild I) let him pay (i.e. contribute) one sextarius of honey.
And if any brother have a servant to sit at his foot let him do the
same.
13. If any brother die out of the country, or fall sick, let his guild
brothers fetch him and bring him, dead or alive, to where he wishes,
upon the penalty aforesaid.
14. If he dies at home, and a brother does not repair to the body,
and the latter does not excuse himself at the morning speech (i.e. the
general meeting of the guild), let him pay his sextarius of his honey.
The rules of the Exeter Guild are as follows :
The proem states that this Society is assembled in Exeter for
God's love and their soul's profit, both in regard to the prosperity of
this life and the future, which we wish for ourselves in God's judge-
ment. J
* See note, p. 14. f Ibid.
J J>eos gesamming is gesamnod on Exanceastre for godes lufun and for usse
saule J>earfe, segfter ge be usses lifes gesundfulnesse, ge eac be ftsem sefteran
dagum, }>e we to godes dome for us sulfe beon willaS.
1. Jjonne habbaft we gecweden, J>aet ure myttnng si J>riwa on xii moniSum, ane
to See Michaeles msessan, o^re siSe to See Marian msessan ofer midne winter,
J>riddan siSe on eal hseligra rnaesse daeg ofer eastron.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 17
1. There shall be three meetings in the year, the first at Michael-
mas, the second at the feast of our Lady after midwinter, and the
third at the feast of All Saints after Easter.
2. Each brother shall contribute two sextarii of malt, and each
cniht one and a portion of honey.
3. The priest shall celebrate two masses, one for the living friends,
the other for the dead, at each meeting ; and each brother of lay estate
shall recite two psalters, one for the living friends, the other for the
dead. This altogether (says the rule) will make six masses and six
psalters, there being three general meetings.
4. At each expedition ordered by the king every brother shall con-
tribute five pence.
5. At a house burning each brother shall contribute a penny.
6. If any brother neglect an appointment for a meeting, on the first
occasion he shall pay for three masses, on the second occasion for five,
2. And hsebbe selc gegilda ii sesteras mealtes, and selc cniht anne and sceat
huniges.
3. And se msessepreost a singe twa msessan, oftre for J>a lyfigendan frynd, o'Sre
for J>a for'Sgefarenan set aslcere mittinge; and aelc gemajnes hades broker twegen
salteras sealma, o'Serne for J>a lyfigendan f rynd, ofterne for \>& f orftgef arenan ;
and eft forS sv$e selc monn vi messan o'S'Se vi sealteras sealma.
4. And set svcS fore selc l mon v peningas.
5. And set husbryne aslc mon anne pen.
6. And gif hwylc man }>one andagan forgemeleasige, set forman cyrre iii.
msessan, set oiSerum cyrre v. jet ftriddan cyrre ne scire his nan man, butun hit sie
for mettrumnesse, ofifte for hlafordes neodde.
7. And gif hwylc monn J>one andagan oferhabbe zet his gesceote bete be
twifealdum.
8. And gief hwylc mon of \>is geferscipe o"$erne misgrete, gebete mid xxx.
peningum, J>onne bidda'S we for godes lufun, )>aBt selc mscnn J>£es gemittinge mid
rihte healde, swa we hit mid rihte gersedod habba'S god us to \>se,m gefultimige.
1 For " suS fore," which means nothing, I read " utfare," the expedition
ordered by the King's gelan. This reading is supported by a practice of the
burgesses of Colchester before the Norman Conquest. Ellis says (Introduction
to Domesday, p. 113), " Six pence a year was paid out of every house, which
might be applied either for the maintenance of the King's soldiers, or for an
expedition by sea or land. This payment, it is said, did not belong to the
King's ferm." The contributions are analogous. In the one case the burgesses
subscribe among themselves for the behoof of their brother burgesses going to
the war. In the other case the guild brethren subscribe much the same sum for
the same purpose.
VOL. IV. C
18 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
and on the third occasion no allowance shall be made for the neglect
unless it be through infirmity or his lord's business.
7. If any brother neglect the appointment for paying his subscrip-
tion or contribution, let him compensate for it two-fold.
8. If any man of this fellowship revile another, let him compensate
for it with thirty pence.
In conclusion the document prays " for God's love, that every man
of this assembly justly observe what we have justly ordained. God
assist us therein."
Though these three secular guilds are the only associations of that
kind whose rules we possess, our knowledge of the existence of guilds
amongst the Anglo-Saxons goes back to a much earlier date.
They are mentioned generally in the seventh century, viz. in the laws
of King Ine. *
In A.D. 860-866 there was a guild of cnihts.f A similar guild
would appear to have existed in London at a date long anterior to
the Norman Conquest.;}: Domesday also speaks of a guild of clerks
possessed of considerable house property at Canterbury. §
As that great record could only refer to institutions possessed of
real property, and as the city was exempted from its range, its silence
is in no way conclusive, either against their having been other guilds
in England unendowed, or against there having been guilds in London
both with and without estate.
After the Norman Conquest we find guilds in abundance in London.
These, or many of them, we have every right to consider to have pre-
ceded that great event. They are called by their old Anglo-Saxon
name of " gild ;" they are governed by an official of like Anglo-Saxon
nomenclature, and their word for a great meeting of the associates,
viz. morning speech, || we have already seen in the association of
Cambridge.
In a short space of time succeeding the Norman Conquest the guilds
became in England, as upon the Continent, a power in the boroughs,
* Thorpe, Tol. i. p. 112.
f Kemble's Cod. Dipl. vol. ii. 293. A signature to a defaced charter of Ealhere
is " cniahta gealdan."
J Herbert's History, vol. i. p. 27.
§ Ellis's General Introduction to Domesday, p. 115. Earlier than this date
similar guilds of clerks are alluded to in the canons enacted under King Eadgar.
(Thorpe's Laws, vol. ii. p. 246.) || See ante.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 19
and above all in London. In that city they had by the time of Ed-
ward II. overturned the old burghal constitution. Herbert says, " By
one of a number of articles of regulation, ordained by the citizens for
their internal government, which articles were confirmed by the King,
and incorporated into a charter, it was provided that no person,
whether an inhabitant of the city or otherwise, should be admitted into
the civic freedom, unless he was a member of one of the trades or
mysteries, or unless with the full consent of the whole community
convened ; only that apprentices might still be admitted according to
the established form. Before this no mention occurs of any mercantile
qualification to entitle the householder to his admission to the cor-
poration."
The next reign saw greater changes still.
" The reign of Edward III. (says Herbert) gave birth to an entire
reconstruction of the trading fraternities, which, from now generally
assuming a distinctive dress or livery, came to be called Livery Com-
panies." He adds, " The alterations under this reconstruction were
numerous. Amongst the principal may be reckoned their change of
name from gilds to crafts and mysteries, and the substituting for the
old title of alderman that of master or warden, * * *. A more im-
portant change for the interest of the companies was their being at
this time generally chartered, or having those privileges confirmed
by letters patent which they had before only exercised through suffer-
ance, and the payment of their fermes."
These changes led to the further aggrandisement of the companies.
Norton says, " In 49 Edward III. an enactment passed the whole
assembled commonalty of the City, by which the right of election of
all city dignitaiies and officers, including members of parliament, was
transferred from the ward representatives to the trading companies."*
All our rules come under the reconstruction mentioned by Herbert.
They are not however the less interesting, for though the institutions
to which they refer are no longer called guilds, they are still such in
fact and in spirit.
Finding thus a succession of guilds in England from the seventh
* The same strange assumption of power on the part of the guilds had
already taken place on the Continent. In 1297 Dante became a member of the
Company of Physicians and Apothecaries at Florence (the sesta of the arti
maggiori}, to enable him according to the existing laws to take office under the
government. (See Dr. Barlow's Divina Commedia, p. 491.)
c 2
20 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
•century to the present era with nothing to show that they received
their creation from King Ine of Wessex,* we may naturally ask, to
what origin are we to refer these fraternities of our land ?
This has been a topic much discussed both at home and abroad.
As might be expected, the opinions expressed upon the subject have
been various and contradictory.
Lappenberg traces our English guilds to the sacrificial feasts of the
Teutonic tribes. This is perhaps the strangest theory of all. For
what connection can reasonably be supposed between a rendezvous of
uncivilized Pagans and an association of Christian men combining
for schemes of mutual benefit ?
Dr. Brentano rejects this hypothesis, and supports a view of his
own in the following manner. He says, " Neither Wilda, the prin-
cipal writer on guilds, nor Hartwig, who has made the latest researches
into their origin, is able to discover anything of the essential nature of
guilds, either in what has just been related about the old family and
its banquets, or in the sacrificial assemblies; and it is only as to the
one point of the custom of holding banquets on the occasion of anni-
versary festivals that Wilda is inclined to derive the guilds from them.
But of the essence of the guild, the brotherly banding together in
close union, which expressed itself in manifold ways, in the mutual
rendering of help and support, he finds no trace. The banquets were
either casual meetings, to which every one, as he thought proper,
invited his friends, or which several people prepared in common, and
which did not produce any more intimate relationship than that already
existing from the actual bond of the family, or state, or neighbour-
hood, or they were meetings in which every one of the nation was
able, or was obliged to take part. There appears in them nothing of
any closer voluntary confederacy of the members within or by the side
of the union caused by the state or religion. Hartwig considers these
objections of Wilda conclusive, and believes that from the continued
existence of Pagan ceremonies, even amongst the religious guilds, and
from the custom of holding feasts, nothing whatever can be deduced
which is essential to the guilds."
Dr. Brentano, having thus disposed of an opposite theory, goes on
to attribute the guild to the family, i.e. the Teutonic family, the guild
being an instance of that union for mutual support which existed in
* See ante.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 21
that Teutonic family, and he sums up as follows: ''The family appears
as the first guild, or at least as an archetype of the guilds. Originally
its providing care dispels all existing wants, and for other societies
there is therefore no room. As soon, however, as wants arise, which
the family can no longer satisfy — whether on account of their peculiar
nature or in consequence of their increase, or because its own activity
grows feeble — closer artificial alliances immediately spring forth to
provide for them, in so far as the state does not do it. Infinitely
varied as are the wants which call them forth so are naturally the
objects of these alliances. Yet the basis on which they all rest is the
same. All are unions between man and man, not mere associations of
capital, like our modern societies and companies," &c.
It is not very difficult to dispose of the theory to which the fervid
Teutonic genius has led Dr. Brentano.
This theory proves too little in one sense and too much in another.
It is wholly illogical to deduce from the natural obligation of the
family an institution which is not only voluntary and optional, but
which can only begin outside of that family. In this respect, therefore,
Dr. Brentano's theory falls short.
Again, if the guild be derivable from the family, every other associ-
ation of freemen must be equally so derived, and should Dr. Brentano's
arguments prove his contention, the army, the navy, the civil govern-
ment of a country have all claims to that origin. But this is to prove
more than is proposed.
Mr. Toulmin Smith was of opinion that " none of our guilds were
founded upon a Roman basis." Miss Smith adds " and, when a refe-
rence to early Roman history was suggested," he replied " there is not
the shadow of an analogy (misleading as even analogies are) between
the old Sabine curies and our old English guilds. We trace ours
back to the old Saxon times."
As I am free to confess that I do not understand the allusion in
this, I must leave it, with all its mystery, uncommented upon, except
to observe that it may mean that English guilds are of English
origin.
In the various hypotheses which I have referred to the propounders
all agree in one point, viz., in ignoring the past history of Britain.
They seem to have forgotten that England was a Latin country for
four centuries, and during that period as she received Latin colonists
so she received also Roman laws and institutions.
22 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
Amongst the latter the collegia privata were planted here, at the
infancy of the Conquest. The collegium fabrorum which dwelt in the
Civitatis Regnorum, when Claudius and his successors were Emperors,
is known to all antiquaries.*
The colleges remained in this country throughout the imperial rule,
and with the provincial inhabitants survived the Anglo-Saxon occu-
pation of Britain. They were subsequently, through that marvellous
imitativeness f which distinguished the German in the early stages of
his national life, adopted by him also.
That this is the true origin of the English guild it will not be very
difficult to demonstrate.
Under the empire and before it private colleges (collegia privata)
were corporations composed of men voluntarily bound together for a
common lawful purpose.!
They were established by legal act,§ either a senatus consultum or a
decree of the emperor.
The number of the sodales could not be less than three. It might
be any larger number, unless it was restricted by the authority which
gave the college existence. ||
In its constitution the college was divided into decurice and centuries
— bodies of ten and a hundred men.^1"
* Horsfield's History of Sussex, vol. i. p. 41, gives the inscription in its existing
state, and see Horsley's Britannia Romana, p. 332 ct seqq. for an ingenious
restoration by the celebrated Roger Gale. Whatever may be thought of this
restoration in the whole or in part, we hare in the original (as it now exists,) the
words " gium fabrorum," which can only be read " collegium f." These colleges
were amongst the few " antiqua et legitima " left undissolved by Augustus.
(Suet, in Aug. c. 32.)
f See the acute and philosophical remarks of Dr. Rollestone, who discusses the
" imitative tendencies " of the Teutonic race in vol. xlii. Archseologia, p. 422.
J See J. F. Massman's Libellus Aurarius, under the heading collegia, p. 76 et
seqq. See also Dig. 50, 16, 85, and 3, 4.
§ Ibid. p. 75. Massman says, " Inde frequens ilia formula, quibus ex S. C.
coire licet." (Gruter, 99 i. 391 i.; Murator, 472, 3, 520 3; Orelli, 4075, 4115, 1467,
2797.) See also Sueton. in Augusto, c. 32."
|| Fabretti, x. 443, Marini, Fratres Arvales. (Quoted by Massman, p. 75.)
Dig. de verb, signinc. Pliny's Epistles, x. 42.
^f " Collegia divisa erant in decnrias et centnrias," says J. F. Massman,
quoting Muratori, 518, 4; Fabretti, 73, 72; Marini, Fratr. Arv. 174«; Orelli,
4137.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 23
It was presided over by a magister and by decuriones — a president
and a senate.*
It had a qncestor and arcarius — a treasurer and sub-treasurer.^
It was a corporation, and could hold property as such.|
It had a common cult and common sacrifices at stated times. It
had its priests and temple. §
It had its lares and its genii.
It had a curia (or meeting-house) where the ordo collegii (its sena-
tors) met to consult and to determine.
At the same curia also the whole sodality met at their general
meetings and to feast.
There was a common area (or chest) to contain their revenues, their
contributions, and their fines.
Each college had its archives and its banners.
It had a jus sodalitii or full power over its members.
To each candidate on his admission was administered an oath
peculiar to the college.
The sodales supported their poor brethren.
They imposed tributa or contributions to meet their current and
extraordinary expenses.
They buried publicly deceased brethren, all the survivors attending
the rite.
A common sepulchre or columbarium received the brethren.
Each college celebrated its natal day, a day called carce cognationis,
and two other days called severally dies violarum and dies rosce.
We may guess the intention for which the natal day and the day
cara cognationis were appointed, viz. to carry out the general pur-
poses of the college ; but for the dies violarum and dies rosce there
were other purposes. On those two days of charming nomenclature
the sodales met at the sepulchres of their departed brethren to com-
memorate their loss, and to deck their tombs with violets and roses, an
offering (if not a sacrifice) pleasing to the spirit of the manes. ||
* See the authorities (derived from epigraphs) for these and for varying names
of the same officers in Massman, p. 80.
t Ibid.
I Dig. 47, 22, 3.
§ Ibid. p. 81. For all the ensuing assertions the reader is referred to Massman
and the authorities quoted by him.
|| Massman, in reference to these days, says only that the dies cares cog-
nationis was in the month of February, that the dies violarum occurred
24 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
Each college could hold property.
Of trade colleges epigraphy has preserved an infinity of examples ;
but, as I have intimated, the private colleges were not of craftsmen
only; any persons could combine and form a college, if the common
purpose of it were lawful.
Men could combine themselves into a religious college if the religion
were tolerated by the State ; * and De Rossi has shewn that colleges
funerum causa, or for the purpose of holding land wherein to bury
the sodales, were rife in Rome both before and after the rise of
when the violet began to blow, and that the " dies roses " was on the 10th day
before the calends of June. (Ibid. p. 83.) This, however, gives only part of the
information. It omits the objects for which such days were appointed. As
regards the two floral days the information, however, is at hand. Violets and
roses were strewn or hung in garlands upon tombs in commemoration of the
dead, and to sooth the ever wakeful and mischievous spirit of the manes. As to
the employment of these flowers, see Orelli, 4419, 4107, 4070, 3927, and Marini,
Fratres Arvales, 580, 581, 639. Suetonius (Nero, c. 56) says, that after the
burial of that emperor " non defuerunt, qui per longnm tempus vernis sestivis
que floribus tumulum ejus ornarent " — persons strewed his tomb with violets
and roses. Byron's allusion to this fact is amongst the best known passages of
his Childe Harold. Before then Augustus had acted similarly in regard to the
remains of Alexander the Great. (Suet. August.) " Corona aurea ac floribus
aspersis veneratus est." M. Antoninus Pius (Capitolinus, c. iii. vol. i. p. 46,
Peter's edition) so honoured his magistri that after their death " sepulchra
eorum floribus semper honoraret." A graceful poem (Anthologia Latina,
4. 355), thus alludes to the same custom—
" Hoc mihi nostcr herus sacravit inane sepulchrum,
Villa; tecta suae propter ut adspicerem ;
Utque suis manibus flores mihi vinaque saepe
Funderet et lacrimam quod mihi pluris erit."
This scattering of violets and roses upon tombs was commonly known by the
quaint names of vlolatio and rosatio (see Orelli), and Henzen has gone very
fully into the subject of the mischievous powers of the manes, and of the con-
sequent necessity for propitiating them. (See Annali di Roma for 1846). He
quotes the following inscription preserved in the Villa Panfili : " Quamdiu vivo,
colo te: post mortem nescio; parce matrem tuam (sic) et patrem et sororem tuam
marinam, ut possint tibi facere post me solemnia." (See also a paper by the
same author in the Annali for 1849, p. 77).
In the Archasologia, vol. ii. p. 31, is recorded an inscription found at His-
pelluni of the same tenor; "Viridi requiesce viator in herba; fuge si tecum
caeperit umbra loqui." The phrase "de mortuis nil nisi bomim," (if it be ancient)
refers to this property of the manes. It is not a lesson of generosity, as it is now
taken to be ; but a counsel not to rouse the anger of an irritated ghost by speak-
ing too freely of his past actions in the fles>h.
* Dig. 47, 22, 1.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 25
Christianity.* In fact, it was the glorious destiny of this order of
colleges, as the creators of the catacombs, to preserve our nascent and
struggling faith. Under cover of a Roman burial club the scheme of
man's redemption was carried out.
Though a glance over the preceding pages will have shewn the
identity of the English guild (through the Anglo-Saxon institution)
with the Roman college, it may perhaps assist the reader if I place
their resemblances in stricter juxtaposition. In doing so I will refer,
where I can, more particularly to the guild as found in the Anglo-
Saxon period of our history.
The collegium was an association of men, combined for a common
lawful purpose, and cemented together by admission into a sodalitium
and an oath of fellowship.
The Anglo-Saxon guild was identical in these respects.
The collegium had a complete self-government of master and officers.
Though we have no full information upon this in the Anglo-Saxon
guild, the old English guild is constituted in a manner similar to the
collegium.
When the collegium was large it was divided into decurice and
centuries.
We have seen this identical division in the Anglo-Saxon guild of
London.
The collegium and the guild had a special cult. In the old English
* A. very interesting paper of the Cavaliere de Rossi's in the Revue Arche-
ologique, vol. xiii. N.S. p. 295 et seqq., and entitled " Existence legale des
Cimitieres Chretiens a Rome," contains a resume of his discoveries upon this and
cognate points treated from time to time in the Bullettino di Archeologla
Cristlana and Roma Sotterranea. I refer the reader to this paper, p. 240 et
seqq. The Cavaliere thus sums up his discoveries (Ibid. p. 240) : "Aussi lea
Chretiens, en leur qualite de possesseurs de cimitieres communs, ont-ils forme
ijfso jure un college de ce genre (i.e. funerum causa); et pour leur oter le
benefice du senatus-consulte on devait prouver qu'ils tomhaient sous le coup de
cette restriction de la loi : dummodo hoc pr&textu collegium illlcitum non coeat.
A. la constatation de ce delit equivalait chacun ees edits speciaux de persecution,
ou Ton interdisait aux Chretiens 1'usage de leurs cimitieres; et ces edits sont en
effet du iiie siecle, epoque ou 1'histoire et les monuments temoignent que les
fideles possedaient des tombeaux en qualite de corps constitues. Apres la revoca-
tion de 1'edit le privilege rentrait en vigour ; et alors les empereurs restituaient
aux eveques comme representants du corps de la chretiente la libre possession
avec 1'usage des cimitieres."
26 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
form this is uniform and prominent, and it shews itself in the Anglo-
Saxon guild of Cambridge in the reference to S. ^Etheldryth.*
There are fixed general annual meetings of the collegium for
business.
We have seen the same in the Anglo-Saxon guild.
The collegium and the guild have also severally their reunions, at
which to feast and disport themselves.
The collegium and the guild subsist through the contributions of
their members. Their business and their pleasures depend upon these
exactions.
The collegium and the guild correct their disobedient members by
mulcts and fines.
They both have a common chest, and they both may and do hold
landed estate.
The saddles of the collegium are brethren as well as contributories.
Nothing is better defined than the same feature in the guild also.
The sodales supported their poor and comforted their sick brethren.
We have seen this in the guild.
The collegium and the guild could make bye-laws for their respective
regulation.
When a sodalis died the surviving brethren followed him to the
grave or to its Roman equivalent.
The same kindly spirit is enforced in the Anglo-Saxon as well as in
the old English guild.
The collegium was a corporation.
The guild was unequivocally the same. In the dearth of words of
precision which followed upon the disuse of the Latin language in
this country the word was assumed and continued to late days to
express a commune — the same thing, f
* Mr. Toulmin Smith is anxious to exculpate the guilds from the charge of
being religious. He says, " These were not in any sense superstitious founda-
tions, that is, they were not founded, like monasteries and priories, for men devoted
to what were deemed religious exercises." (Old English Guilds, Introduction,
p. xxviii.)
f See Glanville, v. c. 5. Domesday, in speaking of Canterbury, says that the
burgesses held certain land " in gildam suam," i.e. in their aggregate capacity.
(See Ellis's Introduction, p. 115). At Doyer the burgesses had a " guild hall."
(Ibid. p. 105.)
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 27
We have found also in one of the Anglo-Saxon guilds mention
made of the brotherhood suing in the aggregate.
Lastly, as the pagan sodalities met on the day of violets and the
day of the rose to commemorate the death of brethren in the manner
which has been mentioned, so the Christian guild at all times of its
history in this country met similarly on stated days for an analogous
commemoration of those who had preceded them with the sign of faith,
to use the words of the old office of memento.
I think that these resemblances are so striking and so nearly con-
nected with the essence of each that the common similarity can mean
nothing less than the identity of the two institutions — the collegium
and the guild.
And it does not, I think, conflict with this conclusion that the
collegium could not be constituted without authority, while it is more
than probable that no such difficulty existed in regard to the Anglo-
Saxon guild.* But any authorisation, besides not being of the essence
of the institution, would be out of the question in those days of irre-
gular liberty which succeeded the dislocation of Britain from the
empire.
Still less does it affect that identity for which I have contended,
that amongst all the purposes for which collegia, so far as we know,
were instituted there is no mention made of mutual assurance. For,
as it was the machinery and system which made a college, whatever
the object might be, the institution was still a college, being like the
sun in Horace, " aliusque et idem."
* The proems of the Anglo-Saxon rules seem to prove this. In addition
thereto is the inference to be drawn from a fact related hy Herbert, vol. i. p. 24>
who says that in the reign of Henry II. certain guilds in London were amerced
as being adulterine or set up without the King's licence. In other words these
were probably old guilds which followed the old custom. The Normans had
introduced the licencing of these fraternities.
28 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
TEXT OF THE ORDINANCES.
ARTICLES AND ORDYNANNCES undirwrite by the MAISTRES and
KEPERS or WARDEYNES of the FRATERNITIK of the CRAFT of
GLOVERS in the Cite of LONDON. In the Chapel of OURE LADY
in the Newe Chirchawe beside London. Acknowledged before the
Commissary of London 1354, 28 Edward III.
[Extracted from the Registry of the Commissary Court of London. (E Libro
" Prowet," fo. c.lxxxxvjo.) Dated A.D. 1354. 28. Edw. iij.]
xj° 1 xij".
In the Worshipe of the holy and the hye Trinite fadir and sone and holy
Goost And in the Worshipe of the blessed and Glorious Virgyne Mary Moder
of cure Lord Godde Jhesu Crist Maistres and Kepers or Wardeyns of the
Fraternite of the Craft of Glovers of the Cite of London and alle of the same
Frateriiite brethren with oon consente and assent in the worshipe and solempne
festes the Nunciacion and in especiall the Assumpcion of the blessed Mary
Virgine they have doon ordeyned arid ymade alle the Articles and Ordynaunces
undirwrite by hem and either of hem and here successours for evirmore wel
and truly to be kepte to be holde and fulfilled upon the peynes in the same
Articles here aftir specified.
First it is ordeyned that every brothir of the same Fraternite the which for
the tyme beyng and here successors for here tymes paieth or doth to paye
yerely to fynde ij. Tapres of the wight everych of hem of xli. wax brenyng
in the Chapel of Oure Lady ysette in the Newchirchawe beside London atte
the Hye Auter of the same Chapell in the worshipe of the Blessid Virgine
Marye xvj d. to be paied that it is to wete every quarter of the yere iiij d. to
the fyndyng of the forseid light and to the pore of the same Fraternitee the
whiche well and trewly have paied here quarterage as longe as they and to here
power have done.
Also it is ordeyned that if any brother of the same Fraternite of the Crafte
of Glovers be behynde of paiement of his quarterage by a monyth aftir the
ende of any quarter that thanne for defaute of paiement of soch quarterage he
shal paie or do to be paied xvj d. st. that is to wete viij d. to the olde werk
of the Churche of Seynt Poule of London and other viij d. to the Boxe of the
same Fraternitee of the Craft of Glovers And so as oftetymes as it happeth
any brothir be behynde in paiement of his quarterage any quarter of the yere
or be not obedient to the somounce of the Wardeyns or be not present in the
heuenys that folk ben dede and in offerynges for to be doon as in berying of the
bodyes of the brethren of the same Fraternitee of Oure Lady that is to wete
the Annunciacion and Assumpcion specially and in alle othir tymes in the
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 29
•which brethren of the same Craft of Glovers togedyr owen for to be And that
for every defaute he paye xvj d. in maner and forme as is above expressed And
that the Maistres Kepers or Wardeyns of the same Fraternitee which for the
tyme ben such sommes of money for everych defante so ygadred shul do to
rere or doon to be rered othir elles an othir that the same Maistres Kepers
or Wardeyns a fore said for the same defautes of here owen proper godes shal
make satist'accion and yelde accompte ther of of the same sommes in the endes
of the yeres of thike Kepers or Wardeyns that is for to say as for ij yere.
Also it is ordeyned that every brother of the same Fraternitee shul come to
Placebo and Dirige and in the heuenys of dede folk in sute or in here lyverey
of the same ffraternite of the yere last passed and in the morowe atte Masse
and there for to offer alle snych brethren in here newe lyverey or sute atte
snych offerynges for to be doon owen for to be upon the peyne of xvj d. to paie
in maner and fourme above seid.
Also it is ordeyned that if ther be any brother of the same Fraternite and
of the same Craft of Glovers be behynde of paiement of his quarterage by a
yere and a day and his power the same quarterage to paie And if he that do
maliciously refuse that thenne he be somened to fore the officiall and by the
Wardeyns for his trespas and rebelnes of snche maner duly for to be chastised
or ponyssed and to paie the fyne afore seid and her costes of the court as in here
account to fore alle othir brethren of the same Craft wellen answere.
Also it is ordeyned that if any brothir or suster of the same Fraternite if have
be of the Craft of Glovers and be dede withynne the endes and the lymytees of
the citee of London and have not of his owen godes hym for to berye he shal
have abowte his body v. tapres everych of the wight of x Ib. bernyng and
iiij torches upon the costes and expenses of the brethren of the same Fraternite
if it have be that he by vij yere contynuyng in the same Fraternitee so long
hath duelled and his quaterage wel and truly aftir his power ypayde.
Also it is ordeyned that alle the brethren of the same Fraternite ben clothed
in oon sute onys every ij yere ayeyns the ffeste offe Assumpcion of cure Lady.
And that all soch brethren that is to wete of the forseid Crafte of the Werk of
Glovers in the same fest of Assumpcion atte the forseid chapell of oure Lady in
the Newe Chirchawe beside London ysette for thanne togedir personlich togedir
shul neighborly and there here offerynges shul doon as the maner afore hath
ben And if any brothir that day be absent but if a cause resonable hym doth
lette that thenne for his absens of the' same he pay xvj d. for to be paied in
maner and fourme above seid.
Also it is ordeyned that the Maistres Kepers and Wardeyns of the Fraternite
afore seid of the Craft of Glovers of the Cite of London the which for the tyme
shul be and alle othir brethren of the same Fraternite and of the same Craft of
Glovers for here tymes in the feste of Assumpcion of the blessyd Virgyne Marie
atte the aforeseid Chapell of Oure Lady in the Newe Churchawe beside Lon-
don ysette personally shul neighe and come by vij of the clokke to fore the
oure of ix. And therfore to be in syngyng of masses and ther her offerynges
for to do after the maner of longe tyme passed and ther of forto contynue and
abyde and remayne from the same oure of vij vnto the our of viij fullich
30 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
fulfilled but if they have cause resonable hem for to lette upon the peyne of
xvj d. to be paied in maner and fouraie aboveseid.
Also it is ordeyned that every brothir of the same Fraternite that is to wete
of the Craft of Glovers her lyvery of the same Craft by iiij yere holde next
sewyng aftir that he it receyved hole and faire shal it kepe and the same in no
maner withynne thike iiij yere shal not leve it ne selle it ne aliene it upon
the peyne of xl d. to paie therof xx d. to the olde werk of the Church of Seynt
Poule of London and the othir xx d. to the boxe of the Fraternite of the same
Craft.
Also it is ordeyned if any brothir of the forseid Fraternite of the Craft of
Glovers aforseid absente hym from his mete and he be withynne the Cite of
London butte if it be that he holde with grete sikenes or any othir cause reson-
able hym doth lette that thanne for his absens of the same he shal paie xl d.
that is to wete xx d. to the olde werke of the Churche of Seynt Poule and the
other xx d. to the box of the same Fraternite.
Also it is ordeyned that he or they the which hath be resceyved or shalbe
resseyved here aftir into a brothir of the same Fraternite if it so hadde be that
he or they have ben or hadde ben of the Craft of Glovers of the forseid Cite of
London paieth or dooth to paie everych of hem for his in comynges xl d. or elles
as the Maistres Kepers or Wardeyns of the Fraternite aforeseid and othir iij.
brethren of the same Craft and Fraternite to gedir mow accorde. And also it is
ordeyned that he and they that so have be resceyved or have ben resceyved into
a brother or a brotherhood of the same Fraternite and everych of hem shal be
sworen on the boke so helpe hem God and Holydom that he and they well and
truly shal kepen holden and fulfille in alle the ordynnances and articles of the
same Fraternite of the Craft of Glovers of the forseid Cite of London kepyng
upon the peynes in the ordynances and articles aforeseid above specified.
Also it is ordeyned that the day of the feste that every brothir whenne that
they have eten shal go to the forseid Chapell of oure Lady in the Newchurchawe
beside London i set personlkh to gedir an ther to ben and contynue the tyme of
Placebo and Dirige for alle the brethren and sistren of the Fraternite and on
the morow aftir atte the oure of viij to be at Masse of Requiem and fro thens
to come to gedir to her halle in payne of xvij d. to ben paied in maner and
fonrme above seicl and so that Sonday twellmoth as the j-er commeth about to
that thanne be mad a quarter day and so the Dirige to be kept yerly in manner
and form above said.
Also it is ordeyned that if any of the same Craft or Bretherhood of what degre
he be revyle any man of the same Lyverey with any foule langage as thus lying
falsyng or sclaunderyng or with any word unlefnlly violensely and ther be
made compleynt to the Wardeyns arid therof be atteynt by recorde that thenne
anone he be warned by the Clerk of the Craft that he come tofore the Maister
and Wardeyns of the Craft therto be examyned and therto make a fyn of
vj s. viij d. di. to the olde werk of the Church of Seynt Poule and the othir di.
to the box of the same Craft of Glovers.
Also it is ordeyned that alle the Brethren of the same Fraternite the Sonday
next folowyng aftir Trinite Sonday to here mete to gedir shull goo and that
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 31
every brothir of the same Fraternite of the same Craft be warned atte that mete
to come by the Maistres Kepers or Wardeyns of the same Fraternite the which
for the tyrne ben or by her servants other her familiaryes or elles here deputees
due tymes and that every brothir and sister paie to his mete xx d. that is to
wete for hym self xij d. and his wyfe viij d. and on the morow aftir for hym
self iiij d. and thagh his wife come nomore and if more that day be spende falle
upon the Maistres for that tyme beyng as the maner is and that the Maistres or
Wardeyns the which for the tyrne shulbe in the same Sonday in the which afore
seid to gedir owen for to etc. and on the morew aftir thenne sewyng without
any lette of the resseittes by hem for alle the ij yere afore tofore alle the
Brethren of the same Craft shull make a trewe accompt and yelde other elles
that they be redy of here accompte with ynne xv daies aftir othir elles that every
Maistre Kepers or Wardeyns for the tyme beyng paie for suche defaute eithir of
hem in xiij s. iiij d. that is to wete xx d. to the olde werke of the Church of Seynt
Poule and the othir xx d. to the box of the same Fraternite.
Also it is ordeyned that no maner person of the Crafte of Glovers presente to
fore the Chamburlayn of London no man to make hym free lesse thenne he be
presented to fore the Maistres or Wardeyus of the Craft of Glovers upon peyne
of vj s. viij d. to be paied xl d. to the Church of Seynt Poule and xl d. to the
box of the same Craft of Glovers.
Also if any of the same Craft of Glovers be founden contrary ing to do ayens
the poyntes a fore seid or ayeyns any of hem thanne that he be somoned by the
office atte the sute of the Wardeyns of the same Craft for the ffirst defaute he to
paie xl d. the on half to be paied to the olde work of the Churche of Seynt Poule
and the othir di. to be paied to the box of the same Craft of Glovers and atte
the secounde defaute vj s. viij d. and atte the thirde defaute x s. and so forth fro
tyme to tyme til he wol obeye to the good rules and ordinaunces of the Craft of
Glovers and for to be rered in maner and fourme a fore seid.
Also it is ordeyned if any maner man of the forsaid Craft of Glovers of what
degre he be disobeye any rules ordynances or articles lawfully made by the
goode avys of the Maistre and Wardeyns that ben for the tyme and othir vj
Brethren of the same Craft of Glovers that ben nedeful and profitable for the
comen welfare of the seid Craft and also to the gode profite to alle the Kynges
lege pepull be not denyed upon the peyne of xiij s. iiij d. that is to sey vj s. viij d.
to be paied to the olde werk of the Churche of Seynt Poule of London and
vj s. viij d. to the box of the same Craft of Glovers atte the first def aut and atte
the secounde def aut ij marcs and atte the iijde def aut x s. to be rered and paied in
maner and fourme above seid.
Also that noon apprentice of the same Craft in the ende of his terme be made
f reman lasse thenne the Maister and Wardeyns of the seid Craft for the tyme
beyng with his Maister or his lawfulle depute presente hym able afore the
Chamburlayn and that no man of the seid Crafte selle ne alien the terme of his
prentice without the avys and counceille of the Maister and Wardeyns of the
seid Crafte for the tyme beyng and that no man of the seid Crafte teche or
enfourme any foreyn or straunger in the seid Crafte in hyndryng of the same
upon payne of vj s. viij d. as ofte as any be founde defectyf to be paied in maner
and fourme above said.
32 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
Anno Millesimo cccmo liiij'0 et anno regni Eegis Edwardi Tercii post Con-
questum xxviij0 per ordinacionem fratrum subscriptorum.
Qui quidem Fratres de Arte Cirothec' videlicet:
Symon Spenser Petrus Haberdassher
Willielmus Derby Johannes Roger
Willielmus de Pilton Willielmus Sprygge
Johannes de Cornewaille Robertus Martyn, White Tawier
Ricardus de Banbury Thomas Crowcher
Johannes Grnndhill Walterus Gosgrove
Johannes Elmestow Johannes Yaneslee
Johannes Coke Johannes White
Symon Haverhille Stephanas le Burner
Robertus de Preston Johannes Derneford
Adamus de Thurston Walterus de Bedelle
Galfridus de Salisbury Willielmus de Burton
Johannes Guygge Willielmus Bisshop
Petrus de Preston Robertus de Chesterfeld
Johannes de Ratford
Fidem fecerunt bene et fideliter tenere et adimplere omnes ordinaciones
antedictas.
WM. Fox, Registrar.
[Examined, JOHN ROBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN, 14 May, 1852.]
ORDEYNANCE ARTICULIS AND CONSTITUCIONES ordeyned and graunted
by the WORSHYPFULL MAISTRES and WARDEYNES in the Worship
of the Bretherhed of SAYNT LOYE att the Fest of Ester with alle
the hole company of the CRAFTE OF BLAKSMYTHES who assemble
in SEYNT THOMAS of Acres and thence to the GREY FRERES in
London. Founded and ordeyned atte the Fest of Ester 1434 —
12 Henry VI.
[Liber 3 More. 1418—1438. f. 455. (1435.)]
In the worship of almyghtte Gode cure Lady and all the holi company of
hevene and in the worship of Seynt Loye atte the fest of Ester in the yer of
Kyng Henry the vjthe after the Conqueste the xijte The Worshypfull Maistres
and Wardeynes with alle the hole company of the Crafte of Blaksmythes of
London hathe ordeyned and graunted to the servantes of the seyd Crafte that
they shul come in to the brethered of the sayd Saynt Loye as hit was of olde
tyme and thei to kepe trewelie and deweli al the ordynance articulis and consti-
tuciones the whiche is ordeyned be al the worthi compani of the seyd Crafte.
Firste they byn accorded and graunted be the seyd company that every
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 33
servant syngulerly shal pay a quarter ij d. to his Bretherhed and everi suster j d.
And if ther be eny newe cliant will come into the Bretherhed to be a brother he
shal pay for his yncomyng ij s.
Allso they byn acorded hennesfortheward that if hit soo be that ony
strangere other alyant come to London to have a servyse in the Crafte he shalbe
reseyved in to the Crafte to serve ij wokes and after that he to make his cove-
nant iij yer, he to have for his saleri be yer xl s. And whanne the seyd servant
shal make his covenant thanne at that tyme shal be the wardeyne the wheche
is asyned be the yere that he may bere witnesse of the covenant and thet the
seyd wardeyne. may reherce to the seyd servant al the governance of the Crafte
he forto treweli and deweli to kepe hem.
Also they byn acorded that the seyd servantes schal not doo no maner thyng
the wheche that perteyneth to the seyd Crafte and of here Bretherhed of articules
constitucionys and ordinances withouten thct they have to conseyll of the same
wardeyne thet is chosen to be here governour opon the peyne of xiij s. iiij d.
Also they byn acorded that ther schal no servant of the seyde Crafte snsteyne
ne socour noo neweman that cometh newe to toune to have servyse be noo
maner crafte ne collusioun but in the forme aforeseyde.
Also they byn acorded that no master of the seyd Crafte shal not susteyne ne
sucour noo servant otherwyse thanne the seyde constituciones and ordynance
afore seid specefie.
Also thei byn acorded that from hennesfortheward whenne eny stranger
cometh to London to have a servise oni of the servantes knoweth that he will
have a servise he shall brynge him to a mastir to serve and to warne the war-
deyne that is here governour that he may be at the covenant makyng.
Also they ben acorded that the seyd servantes shal come and geder into the
place the wheche is nessesari to hem at sevene of the bell in here clothyng of
here Bretherhed soo that they mai come to Seynt Thomas of Acres be ix of
the bell to goo fro thennes before the Maistres of the Crafte to the Grey Freres
to here here mas in the worshup of the holy seynt afore seyd apon the payne
aforeseyde.
Also they byn acorded that the seyd articles be treweli and duely ikepte
apon the payne of xxs. And that the same persone that is founden in ony
defaute he to be corrected be the wardeyne that is here governoure and be the
wardeynes of the Bretherhed of yomen to stonde at here discrecioun in alle
maner degre. Also he that cometh nat at all maner of somons the wheche is
worship and profit to the seyd Bretherhed of yomen shall pay at everi tyme a
pounde of wax but if he have a resonable excusacioun.
Also thei ben acorded that there schall be a bedell of the yomen and the seyd bedel
to take for his salari be the quarter of every brother of the seyd Brethered ob.
And wanne eny distaunce other thyng that perteyneth to the seyd Brether-
hed the wheche that is profit and worship to the seyde Bretherhed he to have
for his labour j d. ob. And whanne eny brother other sister be passed to God
the seyd bedell to have for his traveyle- ij d.
Also they byn acorded that if hit soo be that ony servant hennesfortheward
be founden false of his hondes or in eny other degre at the first defaute he to be
VOL. IV. D
34 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
corrected be the oversseer that is ordeyned to the Bretherhed of yomen and
be the wardeynes of the same. And at the secounde tyme he that is founde in
such a defaute schalbe put oute of the Crafte for evere And at the firste defaute
hoo that is fonnde in that degre shal make a fyne to the Crafte that is to seye
iiij s. halfe to torne (sic) to turne to the box of the Maistres and halfe to the
box of the yomen.
Also they byn acorded that they shull chese newe Mastres at the fest of Seynt
Loy. And that the olde Maistres yeve up here acountes to the newe at the fest
of Cristemasse. And thenne that to be here quarter day. And the newe
Maistres be bounde to the olde. And that this artycul be treweli and deweli to
be kepte apon the peyne of xiij s. iiij d.
Also ther shal not on brother plete with another at no maner place withouten
leve of the wardeynesse and xije of the bretheren in the peyne of xiij s. iiij d.
Also if ther be eny brother that f orsaketh here clothyng schal paye to the
boxe of the seyde yomen xij d.
Also they byn acorded whosoever be wardeyne withoute the gate he schall not
have the box in kepyng nother the wex in governance but he shall have a key
of the box and another of the wex. Also they byn acorded if therbe eny brother
that telleth the counseyle of the seyd Brethered to his master prentis or to eny
other man he shall paye to the box ij s. halfe to the Maistres and that other
halfe to here oune box. And the seyde money to be reysed of the Mastres.
Also they byn acorded if therbe eny brother that revylet the wardeyns or eny
of here brethren he shal pay xij d. halfe to the master box the tother halfe to
ther oune box.
Also if the wardeyns be mys governed ayenest ony brother the foreseyd
brother shall playne to the Master of the Crafte and the Mastre forto correcte
the foreseyd wardeyns.
Also a remembrance that in the tyme that William Ferour was wardeyne of
blakesmythes and governour of yomen of blakesmythes in that tyme John Water,
John Specer, Jhef erey More, and John Lamborn, Mastres of the yomen aforeseyd
and xije of the same company : We have ordeyned that every brother shall pay
the firste dai vj d. and everi wif of the seyd bretheren iiij d. and also at the
quarter day everi man and his wif iij d. And also if eny of the seid bretheren or
here wyves be absent fro oure comon dyner or elles fro oure quater dai schall
pai as moche as if he or sho were present.
Also we be f ulli acorded that he that hath byn wardeyn of the yomen he shall
not be chose within vj yere next foloyng aftur, and thei that chese hym til the
vj yer ful passed thei shall pai vj s. viij d. to the box.
Also we byn acorded that thei that byn wardeynes of the foreseid yomen thei
shal abyde ther in ij yere.
Also we byn acorded that the wardeyns that byn choson for the yer shalgeder
up here quarterage clere before the tyme that they go out of her offis.
Also the bretheren be acorded that fro Mychelmas fortheward everi brother
shal pay for his quarterage j d. and for that is behynde thei shall gedre hit up as
hit was before.
Also at the quarter dai we will have baken conys as hit was be gonne, and
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496.
35
what Master that hreketh this ordynance everi pece shall pay vj s. viij d. halfe
to the Mastres hox and halfe to oure box.
Johannes Lamborne
Johannes Peyntur
Galfridus More
Johannes Water
Willielmus Johnson
Willielmus Wodryse
Stephanus Manne
Johanna Uxenisdenne
Kicardus Abbot
Jacobus Barton
Johannes Fantard
Johannes Sylvester
Willielmus Walpoll
Rogerus Holdernesse
Willielmus Breteyn
Johannes Trefelweth
Johannes Lynne
Thomas Kelen
Johannes Criste
Johannes Hermes
Petrus Leyre
Willielmus Mapull
Elizabet uxor ejusdem
Johannes Broune
Robertus Edward
Robertus Rose
Johannes Fraunces
Johannes Tachon
Johannes Coventre
Egidius Fauderle
Thomas Lemmcryk
Thomas Foxe
Stephanus Clampard
Johannes Stone
Johannes Kyng
Johannes Wolston
Thomas Klerk
Willielmus Rolston
Johannes Hille
Petrus Patrik
Willielmus Baudewyn
Robertus Penmore
Johannes Harvye
Johannes Baron
Robertus Edward
Holiverus Broune
Reginaldus Brombey
Henricus Smyth
Hugo Robard
Willielmus Mors
Willielmus Langwyth
Robertus Caton
Johannes Warner
Willielmus Frebody
Johannes Hayne
Martinus John
Johannes Goddesfaste capellanus
Johannes Newerk
Willielmus Warde
Stephanus Priour
Andreas Dericsoun
Johannes Aylewyn
Thomas Cristemas
Willielmus clericus apud Sanctum
Zacarie
Petrus Ryley
Willielmus Bolivere.
Rogerus Clerk.
Willielmus Syxsumby
[Examined, 14 May, 1852, JOHN ROBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN.]
RULES AND ORDINANCES of the BROTHERHOOD of the CRAFT of
SHEARMEN of the City of London.
[Extracted from the Registry of the Commissary Court of London. (E Libro
" Sharp " fol. 101 b.) 27 Feb. 1452, 31 Hen. VI.]
Universis Christi fidelibus ad quos praesentes Litterae sive prtesens publicum
instrumentum pervenerint sive pervenerit et quos infrascripta tangunt seu tan-
D 2
36
ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
gere poterunt quomodolibet in f uturum Johannes Druelle utriusque j uris doctor
Officialis Consistorii Episcopalis Londonie salutem in Domino ac fidem indubiam
prsesentibus adhibere. Ad vestrse universitatis notitiam dcducimus et innotesci
volumus per praesentes quod discreti viri Willielmus Bette, Johannes Hungerford
et Johannes Baker, cives civitatis Londini, Gardiani Artis vocatae in Anglicis
Shermencrafte civitatis Londoni, necnon
Johannes Whitefeld
Willielmus Butte
Willielmus Spaldyng
Robertas Topclif
Johannes Gadde
Ricardus Herberd
Willielmus Baldewyn
Willielmus Kee
Thomas Gronde
Johannes Fissher
Ricardus Partriche
Johannes Dewyke
Johannes Phillipp
Johannes Nottingham
Johannes Harry
Thomas Overey
Laurencins Picot
Ricardus Daunce
David Kyrie
Willielmus Hariot
Henricus Kyrig
Robertus Angevyn
Robertus Northland
Willielmus Thomlynson
Johannes Davy
Johannes Daunson
Johannes Plunket
Willielmus Dixon
Johannes Laudesdale
Johannes Trewynnard
Henricns Phillippe
Ricardus Harford
Johannes Stanlake
Johannes Hopkyn
Johannes Biforde
Thomas Mersshe
Thomas Draper
Johannes Bronde
Thomas Hoddesdon
Johannes Hopton
Johannes Broun
Johannes Blakborn
Willielmus Basele
Thomas Fraunceys
Johannes Scottys
Willielmus Colman
Thomas Flete
Hugo Hilkot
Stephanus Martyn
Johannes Essex
Henricus Warer
Willielmus Benett
Robertus Lenyse
Johannes Traves
Ricardus Clerk
Thomas Bedford et
Johannes Bolton
Gives ac liberi homines ejusdem artis et Civitatis ac fratres Fraternitatis Beatae
Marise Virginis in domo fratrnm Augustinensium ejusdem Civitatis London'
majorem et saniorem partem in duplo omnium Civium et liberorum hominum ac
fratrum dictarum artis et Fraternitatis ut asseruerunt facientes coram nobis
official! antedicto in quadam aula superior! vocata Lumbardeshall infra dictam
domum fratrum situata pro tribunal! sedente personaliter comparuerunt. Et ex
consequent! praefati Willielmus Bette, Johannes Hungyrford et Johannes Baker
gardiani praedicti tarn nominibus propriis quam omnium aliorum singulorum
supradictorum quaedam appunctuamenta sive ordinationes in Anglicis scripta de
eorum expresso concensu et per ipsos ad Dei laudem et honorem dictse Beatae
Virginis ipsiusque artis et fraternitatis incrementa et sustentationem pauperum
at asseruerunt facta et ordinata tune ibidem exhibuerunt coram nobis.
GUILDS OP LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 37
Unde nos Johannes officialis antedictus in hac parte ulterius legitime proce-
dentes praemissa appunctuamenta sive ordinationes omnia et singula in praesentia
dictorum gardianorum ac omnium aliorum et singulorum suprascriptorum per
Magistrum Thomam Marvyell notarium publicum scribam nostrum et per nos
in hac parte assumptum et deputatum distincte et aperte perlegi mandavimus
atque fecimus. Quibus quidem appunctuamentis sive ordinationibus sic ut prae-
mittitur lectis et intellectis suprascripti gardiani ac alii omnes et singuli fratres
et liberi homines dictarum artis et fraternitatis tune praesentes asseruerunt et
affirmarunt hujusmodi appunctuamenta et ordinationes ex eorum certa scientia
et notitia processisse atqne emanasse nobis humiliter supplicantes et supplicarunt
quatenus ipsa ordinationes sive appunctuamenta auctoritate qua fungimur in hac
parte confirmare et auctorizare dignaremur juxta juris exigenciain. Et quia
Nos Johannes Officialis antedictus per nonnulla documenta aliasque probationes
legitimas evidenter invenimus et comperimus praamissa appunctuamenta sive
ordinationes ex causis veris rationabilibus et legitimis fuisse et esse confecta et
ordinata Igitur dicta appunctuamenta sive ordinationes tanquam juri consona in
quantum possumus de jure et debemus auctoritate qua supra confirmavimus et
auctorizavimus prout ea sic tenore praesencium confirmavimus et auctorizavimus
Ipsaque appunctuamenta sive ordinationes omnia et singula per omnes et singulos
dictarum artis et Fraternitatis fratres et liberos homines ac eorum suecessores
imposterum observanda et perimplenda fore sub pcenis in hujusmodi appunctua-
mentis sive ordinationibus plenius descriptis decrevimus et decernimus per
praesentes consequenter quidem tune ibidem praafati Willielmus Bett, Johannes
Hungerford et Johannes Baker et alii omnes et singuli dictre artis et Fraternitatis
suprascripti personalitcr constituti coram nobis tactis per eos et eorum quemlibet
Sacrosanctis Evangeliis ad ea jurarunt et quilibet ipsorum juravit hujusmodi
appunctuamenta sive ordinationes omnia et singula sub pcenis in eisdem limitatis
debite et fideliter adimplere et observare. Proviso semper quod licebit majori et
saniori parti artis et Fraternitatis praedicta; et suis successoribus hujusmodi ap-
punctuamenta sive ordinationes corrigere emendare aut reformare eisdemve
addere sive ab eisdem detrahere prout utilitati et commodo artis et Fraternitatis
prsedictae magis videbitur expedire, hujusmodi nostris confirmatione et auctoriza-
tione sive discrete ac aliis prajmissis per nos et coram nobis gestis atque factis in
aliquo non obstantibus.
Verus tenor dictorum appunctuamentorum sivi ordinationum sequitur et est
tale : —
In the name of the Blessid Trinity Father Sone and Holy Cost, owre
blessyd Lady Seint Marie Moder of Jesu Criste and of all the holy compani
of Heven, We William Bette, John Hungirford and John Baker citezeins of
the Citee of London Wardeyns of ye Craft called Shermenecraft of the
Citee of London, and John Whitefeld, William Butte, William Spaldyng,
Robert Topclef, John Gadde, Richard Harberd, William Baldwyn, John
Trewynnard, Harry Phillypp, Richard Herford, John Stanlake, John Hopkyn,
John Byt'ord, Thomas Mersshe, William Kee, Thomas Gronde, John Fyssher,
Richard Partrich, John Devyke, John Philypp, John Notingham, John Harry,
Thomas Overey, Laurans Picot, Richard Daunce, David Kyrie, William
Harriott, Harri King, Robert Angewyn, Robert Northland, William Tomlynson,
38 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
John Davy, John Daunson, John Plunket, William Dixon, John Laudedale,
Thomas Draper, John Bronnde, Thomas Hoddesdon, John Hopton, John Broune,
John Blaborn, William Basele, Thomas Fraunceys, John Scott, William Colman,
Thomas Flete,Hugh Hilcot, Stewyne Martyn, John Essex, Harry Warer, William
Benett, Robert Levyse, John Tr'aves, Richarde Clerke, Thomas Bedford, and John
Bolton citezeins and Fremen of the Crafte and Mistere of Shermen of the Citee
of London for the more incres and continuans of brothyrly love to be had among
us and oure successours goode ensample from thys tyme forthwards unto the
honour of Almyghti God oure Lady Seint Marie and all seintys above sayd and
unto thentente that there schalbe founde a perpetuall lyght of xiij tapers in the
chyrche of Frere Austeyns in the Citee of Londoe beforesaied afore the ymage
of oure sayd Lady for to brenne there unto hyr worchip by licence, auctorite and
power to us yeven in thys behalf of the Maire and Communalte of the sayd Citee
begynne erecte ordeyne and make of oure silf e a Fraternite or yelde amonges us
and of us and of other of the seyd Mistere or Crafte as havyng affeccione to the
same Fraternite to be callyd the Brethyrhede of oure Lady of the Craft of
Shermen of London for the sustentacion perpetuall of the seyd lyght and for du
correccion reformacion and good rule and gonvernaunce of the same Crafte or
Mystere for evyr hereaftyr to be had and contynued in oure dayes of three
wardeyns and of the brethern and sustren heraftyr atte all tymes to be had
receivyd and admittyd in to the same Fraternite successifly for evyr more aftyr
the ordinances of appunctuamentis here aftyr wryten in the seyd Crafte be us
and oure successours to be kep in fourme as folewyth.
Ferst we ben accordid and ordeyne that every persone of the seyd Fraternite
be bounde for to susteyne aud maynteue the seyd lyght of xiij tapres of waxe to
brenne before the sayd ymage of oure Lady in the seyd Chirche of the Frere
Austeyns for the prosperite and welfare of alle brethern and sustren of the seyd
Fraternite beyng on lyve and for the sowlys of all them of the same Fraternite
that be passyd oute of thys mortal lyfe or here aftyr schal so passe and for the
sowles of all cristen aftyr imposicion as the wardeyns of the same Crafte and
twelve councelers to them to be ordeyned in fourme hereaftyr more playnly
rehersyd schall charge or the more partie of the seyd nombre of xvne schall do,
charge and ordeyne.
Also that the brethern and sustren of the seyde Fraternite every yere the
Sonday nexte aftyr the Feste of the Assumpcion of oure more blessyd Lady
Seynt Marie assemble in ther clothyng att wat place that the wardeyns shall
assigne unto them wythin the seyd citee and fro that place goo honestly and
worshipfully unto the chyrche of the Frere Austyns and there here masse by
note praying specialy for the goode spede and welfare of all the brethren and
sustren of the seyd Fraternite beyng on lyvc and for the sowles of the same
Fraternite that ben passyd oute of thys mortall lyf and for alle ciysten sowles
and than there every brothyr and sustyr offre att the masse j d. and that the
same brethyrn and sustren come the same day at aftyr none to the seyd chyrche
of ffreres to Dlrige and so on the morowe to the Masse of Requiem and every
brother and suster offre j d. and from thens to goo honestly togyddyr unto theyr
dener where as the wardeyns assygneth them and ther to make theyr eleccion of
iij wardeyns whyche schalbe aswell wardeyns of the seyd Crafte or Mistere as
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 39
of the seyd Fraternite to rule and governe the same Craft or Mistere and the same
Fraternite during a yere next folwing and in cas that any of the seyd wardeyns
passe oute of thys mortall lyf whithyn that yere hys ij felawes schall occupye
and kepe the charge of that ocupacion for that yere withoute ony eleccion of any
othyr into ys place to be made in ony wise and then on the Tuesday folwing to
come to theire brekefaste unto the same place aforeseyd and there and thanne
every brothyr to paye for hys dyner aforeseyd and yf eny brothyr in the seyd
citee without cause lawfull absent him from thes masses Dirige and dyner he
schalle pay for ys absentyng vnto the seyd lyght iij s. iiij d. and thanne with
ynne xiiij dayys aftyr the same tyme the seyd wardeyns schall do call all the
seid brethern and sustren and they there schall make their eleccion of xij
persones discrete sad and welavised for the noble and worthi of them for to
assiste keepe and councell the seid wardeyns in all thinges concernyng the rule
and governaunce of the seid Bretherhede Crafte and Mistere as the ordinaunces
ther vpon made schall require after the forme tenure and effect of the same ordi-
naunces and the same day the seyd newe wardeyns schall take the charge of the
olde wardeyns wythynne hem selfe for the charges that perteynyd or may per-
teyne of the seyd Brethyrhede Crafte and Mistere and he that is electe and chosen
for a wardeyn and warnyd in thys partie and absenteth him withouten resonable
cause determinable by the othe of hym that ys absente to be made and sworne
before the wardeyns withouten fraude and male engyne schall pay vnto the seyd
lyght and Brethyrhede and for sustenannce of the poure men xls.
Also that the wardeyns that be for the yere chosyn and chargyd kepe iiij
quarter dayes that ys for to sey withyn a fouretenyght after Mighelmasse the
ferst day and thanne the olde wardeyns of the yere before to brynge yn theyre
accompt to the newe wardeyns and to theyre Felawschyp in peyne xx s. to the use
of the same Crafte to be payd and the ij day withyn xiiij daies aftir Cristmas
and the iij day withyn xiiij dayys aftyr Ester and the iiijthe daye withyn xiiij
days aftyr Midsummyr and thei schall at eche of thes quarter daies do call all
their felawschip and there to do rede and declare all the poyntes and articles
belonging unto the seyd Crafte and Fraternite to all the felawshyp that they may
wel undirstond them and kepe them that they falle notte in the peynes conteyned
in the same and than yf yt may be founde that ony of the felawship have for-
fetyd in any of thys articles afore declaryd or aftyr folwyng he to be punysshed
aftyr the same paynes and that the wardeyns that be for the yere kepe wel and
trewly alle thes quarter dayys and rules that lyeth in them to be don uppon peyne
above reherced and if so be that ony of the wardeyns kepe not there quarter
dayys and rules aforeseid or be found f awty in any of these articles be the seid
xij persones or the more partie of them that he thanne renne on peyne of xl s.
to be payd unto the boxe to the snsteynyng of oure Lady Lyght and of the poure
men and the peynes and forfetis so doon to be resid be the wardeyns nexte yere
folwyng well and trewly to be doon be the othe that they have made or ellys the
same wardeyns to pay the same summe and that every housholder enfraunchisyd
of the seid Crafte paye every quarter ij d. and that yt be payed at the iiij quarter
dayes afore rehercid in peyne of dubling unto the seyd lyght.
Also that all the brethern of the seid Fraternite be clothid in oon sute at suche
tymes as the wardeyns for the tyme beying shall orden and appoynte that ys to
40 OEDINANC ES OF SOME SECULAR
wyte every secunde thirde or fourthe yere. And that no persone be admitted to
have the same clothyng withoute thassent of the same wardeyns and of the
said xij persones or the more partie of them. And for the worship of the seid
Crafte every man of the seid Fraternite shall kepe ys clothyng clenly and
honestly iiij yeres whether it he goune or hode. And that receiveth goun or
hode to kepe them honestly the tyme above rehercid withoute ony gyfte of
them to hys apprentyse or ony other persone in peyne of forfeture to the Crafte
the valow of the same clothyng. And that no man of the seid Crafte or
Mistere doo make or countyrfete in any wise neither goun nor hode lyke unto
the clothyng of the seid Crafte withouten licence of the wardeyns for the tyme
being in peyne of paying unto the seyd lyght suche a fyne as wardeyns shall
deme and appoynte. And that every man that hath receivyd any clothyng
of hys wardeyns of the seyd Craft that ys for to sey either goun or hode that he
pay for hyt by the feste of Mighelmasse aftyr that they have so received it in
peyne of doublyng of the same somme.
Also that every man that hereaftyr shalbe received into the seid Fraternite
be received by the avise and assent of the seyd wardeyns and of the seyd xij
persones or the more partie of them and that no man be received into that
Fraternite but yf he be knowyn a goode man and of goode name and fame and
of goode condicions and that he be perfith and able workman of the seid
Crafte and therto admittid by the seyd wardeyns and be the seid xij persones
or the more party of them and in none nothyr wyse upon peyne xl s.
Also if any of the seid Crafte that jrs enfraunchesyd be lye or fals despite or
repreve ony othyr that ys in the seyd clothyng of the same Craft he schall pay
unto the seid lyght xx d. And that no man of the seid Crafte schall take accion
by the law upon anothyr wer the mater may be endid by trety or compromyse
unto the tyme that he hath hasked the wardennys leve wyche that ben for the
yere and that the same wardeyns shall trewly examyn bothe parties and that
eche of hem schall chese a man or twoo men wythyn the seyd Crafte and thei
for to sette them atte corde if they can. And yf so yt be they cannot than that
it shalbe leffull to both partyes aforsaid for to goo to the commune lawe. And
who so dothe the contrarie shall pay unto the seid lyght vj s. viij d.
JOHN MAYE.
Also that no man of the Crafte hire no man of the seid Crafte onte of hys
house for malyce nor malygne nor be noon othyr sotyll meane nor be procuracion
to any othyr straunger of the seid citee so to be doon and if it may be founde
so doo by ony of the seid Crafte he renne in peyne to pay to the seid lyght xls.
Also if so be that ony of the foreseid Fraternite and of the clothyng wiche
that hath be of good rule fal into poverte than he shall be the assent of the
wardeyns and of the seid xij persones or the more partie of them be refresshyd
with the almesse of the commune godes of the seid Fraternite aftyr discrecion
of the seyd wardeyns and xij persones councelors or the more partie of them.
And if any man of that clothyng die inn poverte that than the wardeyns with
the whole felawshyp of the clothyng do brynge him in erthe in theyre clothyng
on the costes on the seid Crafte. And who so of them be warnyd thereto and
cometh not he schal paie unto the seid light j li. of wex.
Also that there be a commune chest and box with iij kcyys to ben in the
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 41
kepiDg of the wardeyns ordeyned and made for to kepe yn all that remaynyd in
store yerely unto the seid Fraternite in golde, silvyr or othyr joyall or thyng
saufley to be kepte unto the use of the same Fraternite And the same cheste
for to stonde in suche place as the wardeyns and the seid xij persones with the
more partie of the seid Fraternite shall be apoyntyd and assyned and that
there be in the same cheste a registre booke for to engroce thereyn the names
of the brethern and sustren, theire othys theyre peynes and forfeturys the dettys
accomptes of the wardeyns and all othyr thynges necessarie and in any wyse
apperteynyng unto the seid Crafte or Mistere and Fraternite abovseid.
Also that no man of the seid Crafte take noon apprentice into the Crafte but if
he be freborn and clene of body and of lymmes and that he be not disfigured in
any maner wise and that be the next quarter day that the seid apprentise be
bounde unto ys mayster and that than hys maister presente him to the wardeyns
and they for to see his Indenture and do write the terme of his apprenticehode in
theire boke and there the maister to pay xx d. for the interyng thereof unto the
helpe of owre Lady Lyght and of the poure alines men and who so othyr wyse
doth to renne in the peyne of payyng vj s. viij d. to the same lyght and that no
man of the seid Crafte hereaftyr ocupie over the nombre of iiij apprentices doyng
him service attonys butt hee that hath moo than iij apprentices before the tyme
of thys ordinaunce made which so havyng we woll that he enjoye them and them
kepe and ocnpie tyll they be weryd into the nombre of iij apprentices and than
he to take the iiijlhe if him liste and if any man enfraunchysed of the seid Crafte
aftyr thys oure ordinaunce made and publisshid take moo than iiij apprenticis
atte oons in hys craft boundyn to hyme he shall paye to the seid lyht a fyne of
xl s. and that every maister having apprentice whan hys apprentys hath servyd
him hys yeres of hys apprenticehode withyn iij dayies aftyr that terme finisshyd
do wame ys wardeyns for the tyme beyng of suche apprentice and than the
wardeyns shall sende for him and lette hem knowe the goode persones of the
seid Crafte and hereto for to be sworne as othyr men enfraunchesed of the seid
Crafte beith and what maister othyrwyse doth shall thenne pay unto the said
lyght vj s. viij d. and if the apprentice refuse that othe he shall not be admittyd
to werke with any man of the said Crafte upon peyne to be limittid by the
wardeyns and the seid xij . persones or the more partie of them upon hym that
contrarie receiveth hym.
Also that if any man of the seid Crafte or ys apprentice shere any clothe but
yff it be truly wette he shall make unto the wardeyns unto the use and behove of
the same Crafte a fyne arbitrarie bi the advise of the seyd wardeyns and of the
seid xij persones or the more partie of them as ofte as he so doeth.
Also if any man of the seid Crafte take any manner chaffer of eny Lumbard
or straunger or of any othyr man of hys workyng in the occupacion of hys
crafte but oonely coyned money on lesse that hyt be to hys owne propre use
for hymself hys wyfe and ys servantes withoute any othyr maner of colour he
shall paye unto the seyd lyght and to the sustentacyon of the poore men of the
said Fraternitie as ofte as he so doth x li. of sterlinges.
Also that no man of the seid Crafte receive any foren man withouten licence of
the wardeyns and the xij . persones or the more partie of the xij . upon peyne xl. s.
to be payde unto the seid lyght as ofte tymes as suche man of the Crafte shall
42 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
be founde fawty thereyn and than the seid wardeyns with the seid xij. persones
or the more partie of them schall see the foreseid foren werke and conciencely
sette ys salary betwixte hys maister and hym and there to be bounde iiij. yeres
in covenant aftyr the rule of the Graf te and to all othyr goode rules of the seid
Crafte.
Also that every man of the seid Crafte take for the barbyng of a yerde of
clothe ob. and if it be twys barbyd j d. and for sheryng of scarlettys and all
othyr engreynid clothe every yerde ij. d. and for sheryng of fyne whites every
yerde ij d. and all othyr maner clothes what so evyr they be yf they be barbid
ob. for a yerde and for the shering a j d. every yerde and for the sheryng of fine
redes murreyes and blues and Essex clothes and also Sowthfolke clothes every
yerde j d. and for all othyr clothes course and Ludlowys every clothe xvjd.
and for all maner clothes foldes and takkys in Jenewey maner ij d. and for
foldes and takkys a dosen streytes in Jeneweye maner vj d. and for foldes and
takkys of kerseyes for every carsey j d. and for foldes and takkys of xij streites
in Venycien maner viij d. and for foldes and takkys of all westrons and bastardes
every clothe iiij d. thus to be doon undyr thys forme to all maner straungerrys
that ys to sey Lumbardys, Jauneys, Venycians and all othyr whatso evyr they be
upon peyne of xl s. to paye at every tyme that any of the seid Crafte be founden
fawty and culpable thereyn.
Also we the seid bretheren before named be assentid agreed and fully acordid
that for the observyng as well of the seyd ordinaunces made as of all othyr ordi-
naunces hereaftyr to be made of us and every othyr part shall be received in to
the seid Fraternitie in tyme to come att is admission and receivyng swere and
make hys othe here folwyng be fore the seid wardeyns forthe tyme being undir
forme I N. shall be faithful and trewe unto oure Souvreigne Lord Hery Kyng
of Ingloude and to hys heyers and successors Kynges of Inglond I schall not do
nor consent unto ony tresons or felonyes nor any offenses agayn hys pees but
that suche of them as I know I shall truly do beknow unto the Maire of London
or unto others having his poure or more I schall also be obedient unto the
wardeyns of the Crafte of Shermen of the same citee for the tyme beyng in all
thinges concernyng and tochyng the same Crafte and Brothyrhede and come duely
unto theire sommaunce but if I be lawfully lettyd under the peyne of a pounde
wexe and to be contributorie to all maner costes and charges doon by them upon
and abowte the same Crafte and Brethirhede and al the ordinaunces now made
and hereaftyr to be made for the commune well of all persones of the seid Crafte
and Fraternite I schall well and trcwly do my powre, obeye, observe and kepe and
noon of them to discovre nor of them speke but onely to men of the same Crafte
in like wyse sworen. So God me help and the Holy Evangelies.
Also we ben acordid and ordeyne that if any man of the seid Fraternite sworne
in the forme above seid breke his othe wilfully or any part thereof he shall renne
in to a peyne arbitrarie unto the seid wardeyns and xij persones chosen in the
forme aboveseid and that whan any of the seid Fraternite and Crafte shall make
hys seid othe in the fourme aboveseid that there be there thanne present atte the
costes of the seid Crafte a notarie for to witnesse the makyng of the same othe to
th'entente that if he breke his othe he shall mowe be pnnysshyd by the lawe of
oure moder holy cherche.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 43
Also if there be any discord or stryff be twixte eny man enfraunchised of the
seid Crafte and his servaunt the parties shall notifie it unto the wardeyns of the
same Crafte and thei shall here the mater and grevaunce oon both sides and put
the mater undir rule. Any suche man or servaunt woll not obeie their rule in that
partie the seid wardeyns schall thanne do warne everyman of the seid Crafte
that noon of them sette not the seyd servaunt a werke unto the tyme that he have
agreed with ys seid maister and obeied hym unto the seid wardeyns and unto the
rules of the seid Crafte and who soever othyr wyse doth the contrarie shall paie
unto the seid lyght vj s. viij d. and if the maister be founde in the fawte that he
be punysshed aftyr the discrecion of the wardeyns and xij councelours or the
more partie of them.
Also if any man enfraunchised of the seid Crafte have iij jorney men in hys
hous and a nodyr man enfraunchised have noon and have nede to have oone that
than the wardeyns shall goo to hym that hath the seid jorneymen and schall
take oone of them suche as the goodman of the hous may beste forbere and dely-
ver hym to hym that hath noon and hath nede to have as is aboveseid.
Also we ordeyne and fully ben agreed that in caas that ony persone of the seid
Crafte be rebell and dissobeisannt ageyns the rules conteyned in the articles
aboveseid or ageyns eny of the poyntes conteyned in the same articles and woll
not in any wyse obeie unto the wardeyns aboveseid that than the same
wardeyns with the good avisement of the seid xij persones or the more of them
shall sette upon hym that so ys rebell and dissobeissannt double as grete a fyne
as he whas sette att be fore to be payde the oon moyte thereof unto the olde
werkes of the Cathedrall Chyrche of Powlys and the other moyte unto the
Chambre of London and of that fyne the seid wardeyns to make certification
aswell unto the officers of the Bisshope of London as unto the Chambyrleyn of
London for the tyme beyng withyn the nexte quarter day upon peyne of xl s. to
be payd unto the seid lyght of Oure Lady to that entent that they shal be the
law spirituall and temporalle compelle the seid persone so beyng rebell and disso-
beisaunt forto paie and satisfie unto the seid fyne.
Also for all othyr ordinaunces to be made in this behalve for the rule, govcrn-
aunce and owirsight of the seid Fraternite, Crafte or Mistere for shortness of tyme
and lak of leyser, We the foreseid William Bette, John Hungirford, John Baker,
John Whitef eld, William Butte, William Spaldyng, Kobert Topclyf, John Gadde,
Richard Herberd, William Baldewyn, John Trewynnard, Henri Philipp, Richard
Herford, John Hopkyn, John Stanlake, John Bigord, Thomas Mersshe, William
Kee, Thomas Gronde, John Fissher, Richard Paritche, John Devike, John Philipp,
John Notyngham, John Harry, Thomas Overey, Laurence Picot, Richard Daunce,
David Kyrie, Willyam Hariot, Henri Kyng, Robert Angevyn, Robert Nortland,
William Tomlynson, John Davy, Johan Daunson, John Plnnket, William Dixon,
John Laudesdale, Thomas Drapier, John Bronde, Thomas Hoddesdon, John
Hopton, John Broun, John Blacborn, William Basele, Thomas Fraunceys, John
Scottis, William Colman, Thomas Flete, Hugh Hilcot, Stewyn Martyn, John Essex,
Henri Warer, William Benet, Robert Leuyse, John Traves, Richard Clerke,
Thomas Bedford, and John Bolton citezennys and fremen of the seid Crafte
and brethren of the Fraternite aboverehercid yeve and graunte our power and
autorite unto the wardeyns of the seid Fraternite and Crafte that now be or here
44 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
aftyr shall be and unto the seid xij persones of the same and to their successours
with thassent of the more worthi part of the seid brethren for to adde amenuse
chaunge and undo all maner of ordinaunces made and here aftyr to be made in
this party so that the same makyng amenusyng addyng and undoyng be not
ageyns the comon lawe nor any hurt or prejudice unto the common ryght and
wele of the seid Crafte in any wyse.
In quorum omnium et singulorum fidem et testimoninm prsesentes litteras
nostras sive prsesens publicum instrumentum exinde fieri et per prsefatum magis-
trum Thomam Mawell publicari et subscribi e j usque signum apposuisse ac nostrse
officialitatis sigilli appensione manclavimus et fecimus fideliter communiri. Data
et acta sunt hasc prout snprascribuntur et recitantur anno Domini secundum
cursum et computationem Ecclesise Anglicanae Millesimo quadringentesimo
quinquagesimo secundo indicione prima Pontificatus Sanctissimi in Christo
Patris et Domini nostri Domini Nicholai Divina Providencia Papse quinti anno
sexto mensis vero Februarii die penultimo in dicta aula de qua supra fit mentio
et anno regni Regis Henrici Sexti trigesimo primo.
Et ego Thomas Maywell clericus Bathoniencis et Wellensis Diocesis Publicus
auctoritate apostolica notarius venerabilis viri Magistri Johannis Druell utriusque
juris Doctoris Officialis Consistorii Episcopalis Londonii scriba assumptus et per
ipsum dominum Doctorem et officialem in hac parte deputatus suprascriptornm
appunctuamentorum sive ordinationum hujusmodi exhibitornm ac discretorum
virorum Willielmi Bette, Johannis Hungirford et Johannis Baker gardianorum et
aliorum omnium et singulorum Fratrum et liberorum hominum dictoe artis et Fra-
ternitatis tune ibidem existentium ut prtemittitur juramenti prtestatione caaterisque
omnibus et singulis dimisit ut prsefertur sub annis Domini et Eegis Indictione
Pontificatu mense die et loco de quibus supra fit mentio coram praef ato Magistro
Johanni Drnell official! et per ipsum agebantur et fiebant personaliter interfui
ac ea omnia et singula sic fieri vidi (et) audivi ideo prajsentes litteras sive hoc
publicum instrumentum de mandate ipsius Domini officialis fieri et per alium
scribi feci publicavi et in hanc publicam formam redegi hicque me manu propria
subscripsi ac signo et nomine meis solitis et consuetis una cum appensione sigilli
officii dicti Magistri Johannis Druell officialis ut prajdicitur signavi rogatus et
requisitus in fidem et testimonium omnium et singulorum prsemissorum. Et
constat mihi notario antedicto de rasura dictionum theme sexto primo superius
in prsesente instrumento publico facta. T. M. -)- -j-
Deo gracias -f- Et ego Thoma.
WM. Fox, Registrar.
[Examined, 20 July, 1852, JOHN ROBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN.]
RULES AND ORDERS of the Brotherhood of THE HOLY BLOOD of
WILSNAK in SAXONY. CRUTCHED FRIARS. I.April 1459.
[Extracted from the Registry of the Commissary Court of London. (E Libro
" Sharp " fol. 404b.)]
In Dei nomine Amen. Per prajsens publicum Instrumentum cunctis appareat
evidenter quod anno ab Incarnatione Domini Millesimo quadringentesimo
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1196. 45
quinquagesimo nono Indictione septima Pontificatus Sanctissimi in Christo
patris et Domini nostri Domini Pii Divina Providencia Papas secundi, anno
prirno Mensis Aprilis die quartadecima ante horam nouam ejusdem diei in domo
habitationis mei notarii subscripti in vico vocato Thamisestrete in parochia
Sancti Dnnstani in Oriente Londonii situato In mei notarii praesentia et testium
subscriptorum prassentia personaliter constituti discreti viri Dominus Jobannes
Johnson capellanus, Dedericus Hunter, Bertram us Johnson et Conradus Molle,
nominibus fratrum et sororum Fraternitatis Sanctissimi Sanguinis Jesu Christi
vocati Almus Sanguis de Wilsnak in Saxonia in Ecclesia fratrum ordinis
Crucis Civitatis Londonise ut asseruerunt fundata;et ordinatae jurarunt et quilibet
eornm juravit ad Sancta; Dei Evangelia per ipsos et eorum quemlibet tune
ibidem corporaliter tacta quod ipsi et eorum quilibet bene et fideliter observabunt
ordinationes et fundationes ejusdem Fraternitatis omnes et singulaset quamlibet
particulam in hujusmodi contentam jnxta ipsorum et cujuslibet eorum posse et
facultates: quas qnidem ordinationes et fundationes et qua;libet particula earum
fuerunt et fuit eisdem Fratribus tune ibidem in vulgari Anglicano lectas et
expositas prout et sicut in una papyri cedula huic ibidem ostensa et perlecta
plenius continetnr cujus quidem ceduke tenor sequitur et est talis :
In the name of God that is Almyghti and of our Lady Seynt Mary his Moder
and for the blessid blode of hir sone Jesu Christ which is by all Cristen people
wurshipped at Wilsnak and opynly called the .Holy Blode of Wylsnak and of
all the Seyntes of Hevyn the xiiijth day of Aprill the yere of our Lord God
Ml.cccc.lix and the yere of Kyng Henry the Sixtxxxvij. A Fraternite in the
speciall honour of the seid Holy Blode of Wylsnak and of all the Holy Seynts of
Hevyn is ordayned founded and devised in the Chirche of the Crossid Freres of
London for to norish encrece and engender love and peas amonge gode Cristen
people in the fourme sewyng that is to weten.
First hit is ordeyned that no maner of person shall come in the same Frater-
nitie but with good will of all the Brethern as well of the most as of the lest and
shall pay at his entre xx. d. to the use of the same Fraternite and he shall be of
good condicions and conversacions.
Also if any Brother or Suster of the same Fraternite have any accion ageyn
any brother and suster of the forseid Fraternite the pleyntiff shall compleyn
hym to the masters of the same Fraternite beyng for the tyme and they shall
make an ende reste and peas between them as good fay and conscience asken and
who that will nought stonde to the accorde and warde of the same maysters shall
pay a Ib. wex for to be arrered of hym by the same maysters to the use of the
same Fraternite and who that will nought do so shall be put oute of the same
Bretherhede and never have no maner good longyng ther to.
Also what maner brother or suster disklaundereth or defameth other of the
same Bretherhede in wurdis of malice or other wise in unhonest maner that hit
be proved and verified on hym with good and trew men with oute fraude or male
engyne shall shall pay ij Ib. wex to be arrered of hym to the use of the same
Bretherhed within xv. dayes sewyng withoute any lenger respite and he that will
not pay so if he be funde gilte in the maner aforeseyd shall be pute oute of the
Bretherhede for evermore.
Also yf any brother or suster of the same Brotherhede desese greve or dis-
46 ORDINANCES OP SOME SECULAR
claunder other on the day of the Bretherhede holden of the seid Holy Blode of
Wilsnak which shall he yerely on Holyrode day which is the iij de day of May
by any grevouse wurdes what they be fouude in defaute shall make amendes hey
and lowe after the awarde and jugement of the mastris beyng that tyme uppon
the peyne of ij Ib. wex or elles to be pute oute as it is aforeseyd.
Also yf any of the same Bretherhede greve or decesse with grevouse and evill
wurdes the Maistris when they go a boute to gadyr mony and duettes longyng to
the Bretherhede what may be founde in defaute shall pay a Ib. wex within xv
dayes sewyng.
Also by oon assent of all the brethern of the same Bretherhede every yere
shall be chosyn ij or iij sufficiaunt and honest men of the same Bretherhede for
to be maystris for the yere sewyng for to rule and governe well and "trewly the
same Bretherhede, the which maystris shall be bound in a certeyne somme for
to kepe good rule and govern all maner constitucions and ordenances to the same
Bretherhede belongyng And for to yelde and geve att the yeris ende good and
trowe rekenyng and accomptes of all maner receytes and paymentes by them y
do duryng theyr yere and all the bretherne shalbe at the same rekenyng and
who that will not comme therto and he be warned shall pay at every time at his
absence a Ib. wex, but if he may resonablie excuse hym.
Also when any brother or suster of the same Bretherhede is dede he or she
shall have iiij torchys of wex' of the Bretherhede to bryng the body in erthe
and every brother and suster shall come to his masse of Requiem and offer a j d.
and a byde still in to the tyme the body be buryed uppon payne of a Ib. wex
yf he or she be with in the Cite [but] yf he or she cane resonablie excuse them.
Also if any brother or suster of the same Bretherhede by fortune shall [fall]
yn naturall sikenesse by visitacion of God so that he nor she mought labore and
travel to helpe them selfe the same foke by warnyng to the Maysters for the
tyme beyng the same day of the sekenesse comyng, or on the morow at forthest,
shall have xx d. every wike sewing unto the same seke be recovered of the
sekenesse and that trewly be payed at every wikes withoute any longer delay.
Also every brother and suster of the same Fraternite shall have every yere a
hode of lyverey the which shall be kepped ij yere sewyng, and every brother
and suster when eny of the same Bretherhede be dede shall be there in his hode
of lyvery to bryng him in erthe as it is aforeseyd. And every brother and suster
shall kepe hys hode the fyrst yere after hit be ordeyned for holydaycs and who
that workyth in his hode the werkydayes or werke havyng on the same of the
same yere shall paye ij Ib. wex. And what brother or suster of the same Fra-
ternite that is behynde unpayed of the quarterage by iiij d. ob. shall not opteyne
the right of guylde withoute amendes makyng bi the discrecions of the maistres
for tyme beyng.
Also there shall no brother ne suster go oute of the Brotherhede withoute
speciall licence of all the hole Fraternite and to pay iij s. iiij d. for the lycence
to be hadde.
Also every brother and suster of the same Brotherhede shall be sworn to be
good and trewe and to perfourme and to fulfill to his poure all maner good con-
dicions and ordinances longyng to encrece and profit of the same Brotherhede
and there upon an instrumente shal be made and every brothirs name entred in
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 47
record of a notari for to fulfill the condicions a foresayd and that every brother
and suster shall be of good conversacions and good condicions.
Super quibus omnibus et singulis prefatus Johannes et predict! Dedericus,
Bertramus et Conradus, ut magistri dictee Fraternitatis ut asseruerunt, requisi-
erunt me notarium publicum subscriptum sibi conficere publicum instrumentum.
Acta sunt hajc, prout superius scribuntur et recitantur sub anno Domini, Indic-
tione, Pontificatu, mense, die et loco in principio praesentis Instrument! publici
specificatis, prsesentibus discretis viris Ricardo Barton pannario Give Londonii
et Johanne Pumfret literato. Testibus ad praemissa vocatis specialiter et ro-
gatis subsequenterque anno Domini, Indictione, Pontificatu, ac quintodecimo
die, mensis, in principio prsasentis instrument! publici specificatis post horam
prandii ejusdem quintodecimo diei in Refectorio dictorum fratrum Ordinis
Sancti Crucis in parochia Sancti Olavi juxta Turrim Londonii in meo ejusdem
notarii et testium retroscriptorum presencia personaliter constituti discreti viri
Johannes Bull, Petrus Hugenson, Johannes Johnson de Swolley, et Gysbritus de
Aeon' fratres ut asseruerunt dicta; Fraternitatis juraverunt et quilibet eorum
juravit ad Sancta Dei Evangelia per ipsos et eorum quemlibet tune ibidem cor-
poraliter tacta quod ipsi et eorum quilibet bene et fideliter observabunt et obser-
vabit ordinationes et f undationes ejusdem fraternitatis omneset singulas et quam-
libet particulam in eis contentam juxta eorum et cujuslibet eorum posse et facul-
tatem. Quse quidem ordinationes et fundationes et quselibet particula earum
fuerunt et fuit eisdem fratribus tune ibidem in vulgari Anglicano lectae et
expositae prout et sicut supra plenius expressum. Super quibus omnibus et sin-
gulis prsefati Dedericus, Bertramus, Conradus, magistri praedicti requisierunt me
notarium publicum subscriptum sibi conficere publicum instumentum. Acta sunt
haec prout suprascribuntur sub anno Domini, Indictione, Pontificatu, quintodecimo
die et loco proximo superius specificatis przesentibus discretis viris Gerordo
Johnson, Hans Hane, Johanne de Moleyn, Johanne Harryson, Petro Boeykyn,
Willielmo Michelson, Jacobo Evettisson, Johanne de Horst testibus ad prasmissa
vocatis specialiter et rogatis.
Et ego Johannes Ecton clericus civis Civitatis Londonii publicus auctoritate
imperiali notarius praemissis omnibus et singulis dum sic ut pnemittitur agerentur
et fierint una cum praenominatis testibus praesens ac personaliter interfui eaque
sic fieri vidi et audivi aliundeque occupatus per alium scribi, feci, publicavi et in
hac publica forma redegi signoque meo solito et consueto signavi rogatus et
requisitus in fidem et testimonium omnium et singulorum prcemissorum. Et
constat michi de Rasura harum dictionum "and shall pay" in undecima linea
a capite. WM. Fox, Registrar.
[Examined, 7 March, 1852, JOHN ROBEET DANIEL TYSSEN.]
RULES AND ORDERS of the Brotherhood of the HOLY BLOOD of
WILSNAK in SAXONY. 8 December 1490. AUSTIN FRIARS.
[Extracted from the Registry of the Commissary Court of London. (E Libro
" Sharpe " fol. 406b.) ]
In Dei nomine Amen. Per praasens publicum instrumentum cunctis appareat
evidenter quod anno ab Incarnatione Domini Millesimo CCCC°. XC°. primo,
48 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
Indictione decima, Pontificatus Sanctissimi in Chrislo patris et domini nostri
domini Innocentise Papas octavi anno octavo, mensis vero Decembris die tercio-
decimo, in domo officii Commissariatus Londonii juxta Paulys Cheyne infra
parochiam Sancti Gregorii Civitatis London ibidem situata in mei notarii
publici subscript! et testinm infrascriptorum prsesencia personaliter constituti
discreti viri Edwardus Rohe, Lodowicus van Brig, Tankardns Hewson, Petrus
Adrianson, Johannes Johnson, Vincentius Rute, Johannes van Water, Stephanns
Sprynkehelle, Oliverus Weste, Cornelius Goodrede, Erasimus Sukande et Petrus
Fase, fratres Fraternitatis Sanctissimi Sanguinis Jesu Christi vocati Almus
Sanguis de Wilsnake in Saxonia, in ecclesia fratrum Ordinis Augustinensis
Civitatis Londonii, ut asseruerunt fundatse et ordinatae, nominibus omnium
fratrum et sororum Fratemitatis praedictae, jurarunt et quilibet eorum juravit ad
Sanr.ta Dei Evangelia per ipsos et eorum quemlibet tune ibidem corporaliter
tacta, quod ipsi et eorum quilibet bene et fideliter observabunt ordinationes et
fundationes ejusdem Fraternitatis omnes et singulas et quamlibet particulam in
eisdem contentam juxta ipsorum et cujuslibet eorum posse et facnltates. Quae
quidem ordinationes et fundationes et quaelibet particnla earum fuerunt et sunt
eisdem fratribus tune ibidem in vulgari Anglicano lectae et expositas prout et
sicut in una papiri cedula tune ibidem ostensa et perlecta plenius continetur;
cujus quidem cedulae tenor sequitur et est talis.
In the name of God the Fader, the Son, of the Holy Goste, and in the honor and
worship of the holy blode of Wilsenake, We bretherene in our Lord God, in
whiche present instrument our names and surnames are subscribed, consideryng
that herein in this mortall and wreched worlde we be not stablisshed to lyve
evere and as whos say dayly awaytyng after the owre of our dethe ; Therfore of
oon assent and coinon accorde for the helthe and salvacion of our synfull sowles
and for pease loue and charite to be kept with our even cresten, have proposed
to holde maynten and to kepe a Fraternyte within the chirch and cloyster of the
Freres Austyn within the Cite of London in the worship and honor of the forsaid
holy blode of Wilsenake wheruppon wee the foreseid bretherne be sworne every
of us in pai-ticuler upon the holy gospell to susteyne perfourme and holde in all
goodnesse loue and charite the forseid Confraternyte accordyng to the wordes
of the prophete saying Howe good and howe holsom it is to be brethern togedir
lyvyng in charite.
And Firste whosoever wille come and entre the saide Confraternite to be a
brother of it he shall pay xxd. at his commyng in and so therat he shal be
receyved if he be knowen of the moste partye of the brethern for a good man and
a true and if eny broder wolde say there geynst there shalbe founde a good
meane be twene theym and a paixe and soe he shalbe receyved and not forsaken.
Also who soever in this forsaid Confraternyte is entred or herafter shal entre if
he have any question or angre or that makethe eny debate or strife with ony of
his bretherne the wardeyns gouernours and maistres of the said Confraternyte
shall com unto them to make a paix be twix them and who soever of the said
bretherne saith ther against he shall ranne to the forfayttor of a Ib. wex to the
behouf of the said Confraternyte alweys the Kinges and the Lordis right upon
the same reserved. And if so be that he will not be greable to do soe he shall
abyde the saying of the hole felawship of the said bretherne upon the same.
Also what soever brothere that belieth an other with ungoodly wordis spoken
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 49
the one agaynst that other he shall pay a Ib. wex and he that smytteth shall
forfaitte ij Ib. wexe and all this to the said Brotherhoodes behouffe whiche
f orffaitor must be contented and paied within xiiij . daies theraf ter.
Item also whatsoever of the said brothers or his wif upon the day the feste is
kepte that is to witt the Sonday next after Corpus Christi day and the next daye
folowyng com not to the masse of the feest and secondly e to the Masse of
Requyem the said day folowyng they shall forfaitte to the same Brotherhodes
behouff a Ib. of wex. Also if ony brother or suster or eny of our brother wifes
speke ony evill the one to the other they shall pay iij Ib. wex to the said Confra-
ternyte behouf.
Also atte eny tyme that the said governours and maistres shall goo aboute to
gader the dute belongyng to the said Bretherhod yf eny resayveth or saith to
them otherwise then reason requiereth and saith and that they therof do com-
playne he or she that so entreateth them ungoodly shall renne unto the payne of
Ib. wax to be paied withoute eny lenger delay within xiiij. daies therafter.
And also the forsaid maistres shall yelde and shewe their accomptes bifore all
the forsaid brethem foure tymes in the yere that is to witte at every quarter ons
and for this cause every of the said brethern shall com to suche a place as where
the saide governerns and maistres shall send for them and if they com not so shall
they forfaitte a Ib. of wex but if they can lay for theym a lawf ull excuse.
Also when eny gildebrother or his wif is decessed oute of this worlde all the
bretherne of the same Brotherhid shall com to the Masse of Requiem that shalbe
don for hym or hir that is dede and ther they shall ofre j d. and they shall abide
till that the corps be brought and buried under the erthe and that all the servys
be doon and whosoever faileth herof shall paye a Ib. of wex to the said Confra-
ternyte behouff but if it wer so that he wer forthe of the towne or ellys aboute
som syngler bysynes wher by he myght lawfully excuse hymselfe.
And also whan eny of our brethern happith to fall sike of som sikenesse that
comith of Godis hande and not by no fawte of good governaunce and good gydyng
he shall have for his sustentacion after that he hath lien vij dayes xxd. every
weke as long as he lieth sike and this benefacte and- charite shall perseyve as
moche the moost as the lesse to thend that this charite and almosse be not
mynysshed be no wise and whatsoever brother of the same Brotherhod that shall
owe to the same as moche as cometh to more money then iiij d. ob. he shall not
have nor perceyve the forseyd benefacte and charite of the said Brotherhod.
And also where our forsaid Confraternyte shall have neede of councell or of
eny maner of thynge that shall belong to the same there shall then be made
an enquyre aboute upon the same. And so after the saying of the moost of an
opynyon it shalbe ordeyned and made. And thereupon shall the hole felawship
of the said bretherhod abide by.
And whosoever shalbe clerke of our Bretherhod he shall not paye no quarter
money and also he shall goo scott free at the day of our said feest. And he with
the same shall take and perceyve that that the said maisters and he can agree.
Also he that oweth no thing of his duety to the said Brederhod shall not com to
the quarter day but he wille but if it wer nedfull for som other thynge.
And also noon of the said Brethern shall nether medle nor say towchyng that
VOL. IV. E
50 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
that concernyth the said Confraternyte but if he first have paied all that he is
hehynd of dutee therunto.
Also every brother and suster of this forsaid Brotherhod at every quarter
shall paye for his quarterage viij d. and j d. to drynke and this to be paied
within xiij daies upon payne of a li. wex.
And whoo so evere will departe onte of our said Confraternyte he shall com
to the forsaid maisters of the same. And to them he shall paye all that he is
behynde of dute due to the same Bretherhod. And also with the same for his
goyng oute of it xl" penys. And whansomever he will com in ayen he shall
entre in it Math halfe money. But and if he departe with angre or eny rancor
from the said Felawship and Bretherhod he shall first paye all that he owith to
hit and not com in it ayen but only as a stranger.
Also when any of our brethern shall dye if his wif wille abide as on of our
Busters she shalbe resayved therintho as long as she shall paye the right due
unto the forsaid Bretherhod. And if she hap to wedde ayen than shall hir
husbond com in hir plase and if he wille not do soo she shall not be no more no
suster.
And upon the day of the feest shall a dyner be made wherat shall every man
com with his wif and they shall pay as the forsaid maisters shall set them unto.
And if he be oute of the towne then shall he pay but halfe money.
Also whan we shall make lyveray than shall the said maisters have j d. for
their labor and the clerke j d. for berying home the said lyveray.
And if it be so that there be eny of our seid brethern or susters fallen in
poverte or sore in age so that they can not get their lyvyng but muste begge
their bredc from dore to dore he shall have and perceyve of the said Bretherhod
x d. every weke so that it be f ounde that he have be a brother of the same Con-
fraternite the (sic) of vij yere. And for this to be had and paied unto the said
pore brother every brother and suster shall geve a verdyng every weke.
Also where no dyner shall not be made so shall the forsaid maisters have
vij s. oute of the box.
And also when the said maiesters wille chuse other maiesters ther shall no
man saye there agaynst upon payne of x Ib. of wax.
Also we have every wyke a Messe for our bretherne and susters soules and
for all cristen soules upon suche day as Corpus Christi day falleth to with as
many moo masses as we may paye thrughe the yere. And to thend this be per-
formed and kepte ther shalbe overseers that shall see that it be doone.
And that day that the masse of the feest is doon than shall every brother and
every suster offre there that is to witte every man a peny and his wif an half
peny.
Also our susters shall paye like as a brother doeth paye atte eny quarter daye
when they shalbe sent for or at eny other tyme to the offrynge upon peyne of a
Ib. wax.
And also -when ony of our bretherne or susters hapen to dye then shall som
body of theire frends com for to warne the clerke that he goo abonte for to
warne our bretherne and susters for to com to the oiferyng. And so they shall
geve iiij d. to the clerke to a tokyn.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 51
Also if eny of our said bretherne or susters kappen to dye out of the towne
and have paied theire duetye to the said Bretherhod thenne shall they have the
rightes of the same like as they that dye within towne soo that the clarke be
warned as it is saied in the next article afore. And soo shall the bretherne
come to the masse of Requiem and not to faylle therof upon payne of a Ib.
of wax.
And who so evere the day of the feest be not at the begynnyng of the Masse
that is to witt afore that the preest have torned hym ones he shall paye a Ib.
of wax.
Also noon of our bretherne shall not make another of the same Felawship to
be attached nor arrested for dette but that the some be above xltes. withe oute
he have licence to doo it of the said maisters. And this upon peyne of x Ib. of
wax.
And whan our Confraternite is to his above in all thynges (sic) than shall
there be a comon askyng aboute of the bretherne for to wit and understande
whither they shall doo make eny hodes or noo. And this shall be taken and doon
after the moost of one opynyon.
Also atte all offerynges where the forsaid maisters of the said Bretherhod
shall sende for the bretherne and snsters to com offer every of the said bretherne
and susters shall com therat with theire token in sight upon the peyne of a Ib.
of wax to the behouffe of the said Confraternyte.
And also when we shall have eny of our bretherne or susters sike than shall
every brother and suster geve an half peny every wyke to the snstentacion and
kepyng or the said sike.
Also we have v masses of Requiem in the yere that is to wit the first upon
the Monday next folowyng after the day of our said feest. The second upon
the Monday after Lammasse day. The iijde upon the Monday folowyng next
after Alhalowen day. The iiijtl1 upon the Hoppe Monday. And the vth Masse
upon the Monday next folowyng after Candilmasse day. And there at every of
the said Masses every Brother and Suster shall come and offre there an half peny.
And who so ever faileth therof he shall forfaite a Ib. of wax to the said Confra-
ternyte behouffe.
And also it is ordeyned by the consent of the holle felisship that in the forsaid
Confraternyte noon shall not be receyved but if he be boron beyonde the see
And if eny of the said bretherne paie not all such duetes as they shall owe unto
the said Bretherhod within the xiiij daies as it is specifyed above and that they
happen to fall sike so shall they be barred from the right that a sike brother
shuld have by as many daies as they have owed their dueti to be paied unto the
same without it be so that they have afore accorded of their said dnety with the
forsaid maisters and rewlers of the same.
Also it is graunted of the said Felawship of brethern forsaid that viij men
shal be chosen every yere for to com to suche place as the said maisters sendeth
for them to holde and kepe theire love daies that is to wit to redresse all that
is wronge betwixt party and party. And the party that will not be agreable as
the said viij men shall ordeyn thenne shall they pay as the said viij men shall
sett them. The on halfe to the behouffe of the said Brotherhod and the other
parte to the behouffe of my Lord the Bishop of London.
E 2
52 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
Super quibus omnibus et singulis dictis constitutionibus reqnisierunt me
notarium publicum subscriptum sibi conficere publicum instrumentnm. Acta
sunt hsec prout suprascribuntur et recitantur sub anno Domini, indictione, pon-
tificatu, mense, die et loco praedictis. Presentibus discretis viris Ricardo Mayler
cellario et Johanne Turtilton mercer civitatis Londonii litteratis testibus ad
praemissa vocatis specialiter et rogatis.
WM. Fox, Registrar.
[Examined, 7 March, 1852, JOHN ROBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN.]
RULES, ORDENAUNCES, AND STATUTIS made by the RULERS and WARDENS
of the Bretherhed of the FRATERNITY of SAINT KATHERYN founded
and ordeyned by DUCHEMENNE nuxx yeres passed in the CROSSE
FRYERS in the CITE of LONDON and acknowledged before RICHARD
BLODYWELL Doctor of Law and Commissary of London. 25 Octo-
ber 1495, 10 Henry VII.
[Extracted from the Registry of the Commissary Court of London. (E Libro
"Harvey" — fo. Ixxxxviij.)
[Dated 25 October, A.D. 1495.]
In the Name of God Amen.
We Richard Blodywell Doctor of Lawe and Commissary of London to alle
Cristene peopille to whome this presente wryting shall come or shall here of
know, sende greting in our Lord God. And wher it is soo that of late the
rulers and wardens of the Bretherhed of the Eraternite of Saint Katheryn
founded and ordenyd by Duychmenne iiijx!t yeris passid in the Crosse Fryers in
the Cite of London and the bretheren of the same Fraternite, that is to say,
Rolland Jonson, Kerry Percy, nowe being Rewlers and Wardens of the saide
Fraternite; Gerard Wygarson, Jamys Edward, Cornelys Walter, Cordelys Jamys,
John Cornells, John Jonson, Peter Andrew, Peter Jonson, Thomas Herryes, Henvy
(sic} Wyssyll, Peter Arnoldson, John Harryson, Gilbard Arnoldson, Reynolde
Frederykson, William Williamson, Jamys Lambert, Poles Husman, John Bacon,
Peter Bell, Leonard Herrys, John Tomson, John Vansanton, Cornelys Knyspard,
John Godfrey, Leonard Higbarson, Mathew Jonson, John Jonson, Deryk Bruer,
Raynkyn Egbarson, Barnard Egbarson, John Cleve, John Arnoldson, Gyles Clay-
son, Mathew Godfrey, and John Kyrchynson being all or the more parte in doble
of the Fraternite aforsaid have with good mynrle and to thentent of good rule
to be had and kept in the saide Fraternite in tyme comyng with grete instancis
had in this party presented unto us alle suyche rules, ordenaunces and statutis
within written mekely beseching and desyring us the Commissary aforesaide to
ratefy stabelishe auctorise and conferme the saide rules, ordenaunces and
statutis : We therfor Richard Blodywell Commissary aforesaid considering that
the said beseching and desyre benne resonable and consonant to good lawe and
consciens with the consent of the saide rulers wardens and bretherue ratefy
stabelyshe auctorise and conferme as fer as is in us all and singuler rules
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 53
ordenances and statutis within written effectually charging the saide rulers
masters and bretherne all and eche of theme that they and eche of theme doo
dewly and trewly obbey observe and kepe all the saide rules ordenaunces and
statutis as it to theme and eyther of theme concernyth and to theme perteyneth
under payne of the grete curse and other paynes expressed in the same statutis
ordenaunces and rewlis And for the more feyth and credence to be gevyn
to this presente wryting We the said Commissary have put to this wrytinges
rules ordenaunces and statutis our scale of office the xxv day of the monyth
of October the yere of Our Lord God a M'cccclxxxxvtt>ne.
First that no maner persone nor persones fro hensforth be admitted or receyvid
into the said Fraternite but with the good will of all the Bretherne of the
Bretherne (sic) of the same Fraternite or of the senior and sanior parte of
theme and that he or they soo admitted and receyvid pay at his entre ij li. of
wex to the encresse of the light of the saide Fraternite and opinly to be sworen to
kepe and observe the ordenaunces statutis and determinacions here after folowing.
Also that no brother nor sister of the saide Fraternite from hensforth fray
not missay ne pyke bate nor quarell one with a nother nor have eny slaunderous
or rebukful wordis or disf amacions one ageynst a nother uppon payne that he
or she that is provid in the defaute and will not abyde the rules sayingges and
a warde in that behalfe of the governors for the tyme being forfeit as often
x li. of wex or ellis gyff for every pounde vj d. of money to be leved and
applyed half therof to the use and behoof of the werkes of Poules and that other
half to the use of the saide Fraternite.
Also that every broder of the saide Fraternite from hensforth faythfully and
trewly pay theyr quarteragis and dewtis longing to the said Fraternite as of olde
tyme accustomed it hath benne used And he that is behynde by iiij d. and woll
not pay it within the space of vij dayes after that he is therto lawfully required
forfeit as often ij li. of wex to be leved and applyed to the uses maner and
forme above saide.
Also that every persone and persones of the said Fraternite for the tyme being
from hensforth honestly as well in theyr wordis as in theyr dedis demeane and
behave theme sylfe anenst the rulers and governors of the saide Fraternite for
the tyme being whanne they go aboute to gadder quarteragis fyns and other
dewtis longing to the saide Bretherhed uppon payne that he or they that doo the
the contrary f orf ett as often v li. of wex to be levid and applyed to the uses
aforesaid.
Also wher as often tymes at the assembles and drinking to gidders of the saide
bretherne and specially uppon Saint Katheryns day certeyne misavysed and evill
disposed bretherne of the saide Fraternite brail and chyde togidders with gret
revylis and rebukef ull wordis and sum whylle the same misavysed persones
rebuke the rulers for the tyme being and other sadd and wele avysed persones
of the said broderhed wherby grete wrath ire and devysyon have benne often
provoked among the saide bretherne to the grete grugge and trowbill of all the
good folke of the saide Fraternite Therfor to kepe a good order and rule
amonge theme by way of penaltys for reformacion and scilence of all suych
froward and seducious peopill it is ordeynde that what persone or persones of the
said Fraternite that from hensforwardis at any suych assembles or drinkyns or
54 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
nppon Saint Katheryn day that soo ungoodly demeane and behave theme sylff
and at the commaundmentes and biddinges of the rulers and governors of the
saide Fraternite for the tyme being woll not kepe silence nor be in peas forf et
for the first tyme vli. of wex for the ij tyme xli. of wex for the iij tyme xvli.
of wex and for the iiijth tyme xxli. of wex; and so as often as the saide
rebellis of theyr malicious frawardnesse disobbay the saide commaundments
and biddingges of the saide rebellis, to be leved without redempcion and applyed
to the uses abovesaid.
Also that no persone nor persones being bretherne of the said Fraternite from
hensforwardys maytene nor " support ne bere onte in worde or dede eny of the
saide rebellis or transgressours in theyr nngoodly demenours ayenste the said rulers
and governoures for the tyme being or ayenste eny good brother of the said
Fraternite being of good and honest demenor uppon payne that he or they that
soo doone forfet as often x li. wex to be leved and applyed to thuses aforesaid.
Also that the rulers and governours of the saide Fraternite for the tyme being
shall every yere from hensforth xiiij dayes afore the Feste of Saint Katheryne
the Vergyn and Martter call unto theme the iij. olde bretherne of the saide
Fraternite that were rulers and governors in the yere next before passid. And
they all vj togidders with one will and consent within the saide xiiij dayes
shall chose betwix theme selff of the feloshipp of the saide Fraternite iij new
rulers bretherne to governe the same feloshipp for the yere folowing the which
iij newe rulers bretherne soo chosen uppon the day of Saint Katheryn shalbe
opinly presented and shewed unto all the bretherne ther and thenne being
presented. And ther and thenne being they shalbe sworene discretly to rule the
said Brethered in good love peas and condicion to theyr powers and to make levey
of the fyns quarteragis and dewtis growing and longing to the same Bretherhed
for the yere folowing. And in case be that iiij or v of the said vj persones in
chosing of the saide new rewlers agre togidder and ether ij or j of theme of his
or theyr obstinacy and frowardnesse woll not consent to the same agrement that
thenne those ij persones or that one persone that soo of his or theyr wilfulnesse
disagre shall eyther of theme or that one forfet and pay v li. of wex to be leved
and applyd to thuses aforesaid and yet those iij bretherne which the said iiij or
v chosyn into newe rulers and governors shall stande in force and strength for
the said yere And over that in case be that the said iij olde rulers and governors
that were in the yere passid as afore is sayde or eny of theme refuse and wilnot
come to the said eleccion whanne they therto benne required and callid in forme
abovesaide that thenne they or suych of theme as so refusith and will not come
shall pay and forfeit every of theme as often v li. of wex to be levid and applyed
to the uses abovesaid without a lawfull impediment or cause proved.
Also that the olde rulers and governouris of the saide Fraternite which for
the yere passid alway have benne within xxj dayes after the presentacion and
shewing of newe rulers and governors in forme abovesaid to be electe and
presented shall gyve unto the same newe rulers and governors a lawfull
rekenyng and accompt for theyr tyme that is to say what they have receyvid
and takyn upp and what they have paid and gevyn out, and in all thinges what
remayneth to the use of the saide Fratern,ite as trew and feythf ull governors
ought to doo without conceling or hyding of eny point therof uppon payne that
GUILDS OP LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 55
every of the saide olde rulers and governors forfeit xxli. of wex, to be leved
and applyed to the uses aforesaid.
Also that all other ordenaunces, actis, constitucions and rules made among the
saide Bretherhed by theyr owne free willis and consencions specyfyed and
declared in Duych tong wherof a copy in a cedule to these presentis is annexed
by the said rulers and governors and theyr successours for the tyme being and
by all the bretherne and sustrene of the seid Fraternite that nowe benne and alle
those that hereafter shalbe and everych of theme from this tyme forwardis be
faythfnlly holden kepte performed and inviolably observid uppon the paynes
therin comprysed and written to be leved and applyed half therof to the use of
the said werkis of Poules and that other half to the use of the said Fraternite.
Also that the rulers and governors of the saide Fraternite for the tyme beyng
from hensforth truly presente without favour or excuse unto the Juge Ordinary
of my Lord Bisshopp of London for the tyme being the names of all maner per-
sones transgressours and rebellis being bretherne of the said Fraternite that
offend in eny point or article of the premisses and woll not be reformed by the
said rulers and governors within the space of xv dayes after theyr offencis and
trespasses committed and no manne spare contrary to trouthe and yf the saide
rulers and governors or eny of them for eny mede favour or love lete spare or
woll not truly presente suyche transgressours and rebellis and say trough in that
behalf forfett he and every of theme as often as he or they be founden in faute
x li. of wex to be leved and applyed to the uses af orsaid.
Provided alway that yf eny of the said transgressours being bretherne of the
said Fraternite fortune to be of suych povertye and insufficientnes so that he is
not able to pay the said hoole fyns and forfeturs or ellis yf eny other considera-
cion or remorce of consciens or pitty canne be thaught in suych losses and for-
feturs that conscience and pitty wolde not that they shulde not be hoole leved
that thenne by the advyse of the said Ordinary Juge and of the said rulers and
governors of the said Fraternite for the tyme being the said fyns and forfeturis
by grace shal be mittigated and lessid as the case shall require after theyr
discreciouns. WM. Fox, Registrar.
[Examined, 18 May, 1852, JOE^N ROBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN.]
RULES, ORDENAUNCES, AND STATUTES made by the RULERS, WARDENS,
and the hoole FELISHIP of the Brotherhed of SAINT CRISTOFER
of the WATERBERERS of the CITIE of LONDON, founded and
ordeyned in the FRERE AUGUSTINYS of LONDON and acknowledged
before THOMAS BRENT Doctor of Law and Commissary of London ;
the See then being void. 20 October 1496, 12 Henry VII.
[Extracted from the Registry of the Commissary Court of London. (E Libro
"Harvey" fo. c.xxxviij.) The Statutes of the Bretherhod of the Water-
berers. [Dated 20 Oct. A.D. 1496, 12 Hen. 7.]
Theese been the Statutes that beth made by the wardens and the hoole
Feliship of the Brotherhed of Saint Cristofer of the Waterberers founded withyn
the Friers Augustines in London as folowith.
56 ORDINANCES OF SOME SECULAR
First hit is ordeyned that ther shall no man chese the wardens of the seid
Fraternitye but onely they that have been wardyns and they that bith for the
yere.
Also hit is ordeyned that there shall no brother nor sister arrest none of hys
seid brothers nor sisters without licence of the wardens that be and the wardens
that have been byfore tyme undre the payne of vj s. viij d. to the boxe.
Also hit is ordeyned that if ther be eny man or woman of the seid Brotherhed
that wil not obbey the statutes that been made in this behalf but frowardly wille
disobbey them he for to pay iij s. iiij d.
Also it is ordeyned that if ther be any man or woman of the seid feliship that
revileth ony of them that beth wardens or have been wardens of the same
Feliship and callith them otherwise than they owght to doo be it brother or
sister then if it be a man that so doth he for to pay iiij li. wex and if it be a
woman she for to pay ij li. wex as oftentymes as it may be provid eny of them
so offcndith this statute.
Also it is ordeyned that if ther be eny brother or sister of the seid Brotherhed
that dieth withyn the tranches of the said Citee of London than that persone
that so deceaseth shal have the torches and the tapers of the seid Fraternite if
so be that they do ther diettty to the seid Brotherhed as they shold doo.
Also it is ordeyued that they that beth wardens of the Feliship for the yere
shall do no correccion without they do first take counsell of them that hath been
wardeyns afore tyme that thann the seid wardens that have been before tyme
shall stond by them in all that is rightfulle and lawfull and they forto her with
them their mony like as they doo and if the seid wardens for the tyme being
wille not doo as is aforeseid echo of them for the yere beyng shall paye v li. of
wex as often as they so offendith.
Also it is ordeyned that if the seid wardens that have been byfore tyme wilnot
stande by them that beth wardens for the yere in all ryght when they calle
them then they for to pay a peece vj li. wex as often as the wardens for the
yere being calle them.
Also it is ordeyned that if there be eny brother of (*£c) sister of the Fraternite
aforeseid that remeveth out of the seid Cite of London that he shalbe don for if
he decease and have doon his diuety than he shal have his Masse and his Dirige
with the torches and tapers as a brother shuld have or a sister that deceaseth in
the forseid Cite of London.
Also if there be any man or woman of the seid Fraternite warned to come to
the byrying of ony brother or sister that dieth withyn the Cite of London and
come not if that he have no lawfull excuse he or she so faylyng for to pay j li. of
wex as often as he or she is warned and so fayleth.
Also if ther be eny brother or syster that takeyth eny custemar owt of eny
brothers handys without so be that the parties that he serveth wille no lengar
have his service and that the seid brother seith that he be content of his
diewte that he shold have or ellis he to take no mannys custymer owt of hys
hands under the payne of vj s. viij d. be hit brother or syster.
Also it is ordeyned that if there be eny brother or syster that heryth eny of
our counsell withyn our selfe and uttereth it and will not kepe it wythyn our
selfe that they shall pay iiij li. wex as often tymes as it may be knowen and
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 57
lawfully proved so that the seid counsell be not contrary to the lawes of the
Chirch nor prejudiciall to the Kyng and this realme of England.
Also it is ordeyned that if eny brother or syster of the seid Fraternite take
into ther service eny persone not beying a brother of the same Fraternite that
then the seid persone shalbe presentid byfore the wardens for the tyme beyng
withyn iij dayes after he shall so be set a werk. And to paye at hys present-
ment j li. of wex to the use of the seid Fraternite. And this to be doon uppon
the payne of forfayture of ij li. wex. And costys and charges of every such
brother so doyng to the contrary to be convertid to the seid use.
Providid alwey that if any of the seid transgressouris beyng a brother or a
sister of the seid fraternite fortune to be of such poverte and insufficientnesse
that he or she is not able to pay the seid hole ffynes and forfeitures or ellis if
eny other consideracion or remorce of consciens or pite canne be thought in suche
losses or forfeitures that conscience or pite wolde not that they shulde not be
hole levied that then by the advise of the undrewriten Ordinary Juge or his suc-
sessors and of the seid rulers and governors of the seid fraternite for the tyme
beyng the seid fynes and forfaitures by grace shalbe mitigat and lessid as the
case shall require after ther discrecions.
In the name of God Amen. We Thomas Brent Doctor of Law and Commis-
sary of London the see ther being voied to all Christen people to whome this
present writing shal come or shall hereof know send gretyng in our Lord God.
And where it is so that of late the rulers and wardens of the Bretherhed of Seint
Cristofere foundyd and ordeyned by Waterberers of the Cite of London in the
Frere Augustinys of London aforeseid and the Brethern of the seid Fraternite
that is to sey William Johnson, John Kerver and John Parker now beinge
rulers and wardens of the seid Fraternite, John Gregori, Thomas Johnson,
John Raynoldson, Robert Savage, Robert Digonson, John Baker, Richard Payn,
John Eager, John Lesby, Thomas Mores, John Smere, John Cakes, Elis Brian,
Thomas Lambe, Jeffrey Blake, William Smyth, David Breupine, Jacobe Offzand,
Simond Wryght, Richard Payne, John Maston, Richard Trowyll, Harry Barbour,
William Aylmer, William Cornyshe, Robert Long, John Goodfeld, John Browne,
Thomas Payne, John Bland, John Watson, John Byckyrs, Thomas Somer, Thomas
Nepecker, and Nicholas Thomson being alle or the more parte or greter parte of
the Fraternite aforeseid have with good mynde and to thentent of good rule to
be hadde and kepte in the seid Fraternite in tyme comynge with gret instances
had in this party presentid unto us all suche rules ordinaunces and statutes as
bith above wryten with one statut folowing in the end mekely besechyng and
desyring us the Commissary aforeseid to ratify, stabilish, auctorise and conferme
the seid rules, ordinaunces and statutes :
We therfore Thomas Brent Doctor and Commissary aforeseid consideryng that
the seid beseeching and desire been resonable and consonant to good law and
consciens with the consent of the seid rulers, wardens and brethern ratify,
stabilishe, auctoryze and conferme as fer as is in us all and singler rules and ordi-
naunces and statutes above specified especially chargyng the seid rulers, wardens
and brethern all and eche of them that they and eche of them doo duly and
truly obbey, observe and kepe all the seyd rules, ordinaunces and statutes as it to
them and ether of them concernith and to them perteynithe undre payne of the
58 ORDINANCES OP SOME SECULAR
grete curse and other paynes expressed in the same statutes, ordinaunces and
rules and for the more feith and credence to be geven to this present writinge we
the seid Commissary have putt to this writinge, rules, ordinaunces and statutes
our seale of office the xx day of Octobre the yere of our Lord God M'cccclxxxxvj
and in the xij yere of the reigne of Kyng Henry the vijth.
Also hit is ordeyned that no brother nor syster of the seid Fraternyte shal have
at the condyte at onys to his owne use above one tankard uppon the payne of li.
of wex to the use of the lyght aforeseid to be applyed.
WM. Fox, Registrar.
[Examined, 14 May, 1852, JOHN ROBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN.]
NOTE.
A curious trace of the Company of Waterbearers of London is afforded by the
report of a recent case before the Master of the Rolls (" Merchant Taylors'
Company v. Attorney-General," Lam Reports, 11 Eq. 35.) Robert Donkin,
citizen and merchant taylor of London, and deputy of the ward of Cornbill, by
his will dated 1 Dec. 1570, besides various charitable bequests to his own com-
pany, which were the subject of the recent litigation, left the following : —
" That ys to saye ffirst all that my messuage or howse wth all singuler commo-
dities and appurtenances thereto belonginge which the ixth daye of October in
the yeare of our Lorde God 1568 I purchased of the Companie of Water-
bearers in London, beinge now rented at fowre poundes by the yeare, I give and
devise unto the p'son and churchwardens of the p'ishe churche of Set Michaell
in Cornehill in London for the tyme beinge and to theire successors Persons and
Chnrchwardeins of the said p'ishe Churche for ever, To this intent that the p'son,
churchwardens, and p'isheners of the said p'ishe or some of them shall wth the
profytts thereof p'vide and give every weeke wekely on the Sondaye for ever one
dozen of peny breade wlh the vantage * in the Churche to and amonges the poorest
howseholders of the said p'ishe where most neade shall appere. And two shillings,
the rest of the rente, I give to the churchwardens for there paines. And the whole
rest of the rent I will shalbe reserved to the maintenance of the rep'ac'ons of the
said howse." Signed and sealed the 1st December in the yeare of our Lorde God
a thousand fyve hundreth threscore and tenne and in the 13"1 yeare of Elizabeth
(1570).
12th March, 13th Elizabeth, Roll No. 256, Mem. 26. f
In a list of deeds, evidences, &c. belonging to the parish of St. Michael's, and
preserved in the " Great barred Chest " in the vestry the 8th of February, 1582,
appear the following notices of Waterbearers' Hall:
" Item six pieces of evidences, two obligacons and a quyttance concernyng the
howse somtyme the Waterbearers Hall J and of the ten'tes and gardeyns w'out
Bishopsgate gyven by Robert Donkyn to the parish.
* Surplus, excess.
f Records of the Hustings Court, Guildhall.
J Now Numbers 143 and 144 Bishopsgate Street Without, between Lamb
Alley and Angel Alley.
GUILDS OF LONDON, 1354 TO 1496. 59
" Item a Counterpayne of Ticknes lease^of yt in 1591.
" Item a Counterpayne of a lease made to Evan Davy baker of his dwelling
house called somtyme Waterbearers Hall." Great Book of Accounts 193.
1st December 1588.
" Item first the Churchwardens to viewe the estate and rep'acions of the hous
called the Old Water Bearers Hall."
Sonday 8th of December 1588.
" Item it is agreed that John Olmestid first agreing for the old leas graunted by
Mr. Dunkin of Old Water Bearers Hall shall have a leas of the same made in
his own name for xxx yeres frcm Mighelmas last paying p'ntely for a fyne to
the p'ishe vju xiii8 iiijd and othr rent and rep'acions accordinge to the newe leas
in revertion wl othr resonable devise an the p'ishe shall devyse the said old leas
and othr leas in rev'cion ffyrst£surrendred unto the p'isshes handes."
20th September ano 1590. "It is also ordered that the Church wardeins or two
of them acco'panyed w' Mr. Kevall, Mr. Bull and Mr. Cowp' p'ntelie shall vewe
ov' the leass or lesses of or hous called Waterbreres Hall geven by Mr. Dunken
and to take order by their best discretion eyther ye the house nowe in ruyn and
abused may be p'ntelie in good order repayred or elles to take the adv'ntage of
the hous or lesses to the use of the p'ysh."
We are indebted for these extracts from the Minute Book of the Vestry of St.
Michael's Cornhill (1563 to 1697) to Mr. W. H. OVERALL, F.S.A. They show
that the Brotherhood of Waterbearers existed at least seventy-two years after
their rules were certified. How much longer remains to be ascertained; pro-
bably Sir Hugh Myddelton and his New Kiver (which was opened Sept. 29, 1620)
were the cause of their dissolution.
61
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED
ROMAN SEPULCHRE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
BY WILLIAM HENRY BLACK, ESQ. F.S.A.
[Read at an Evening Meeting of the Society, 10 January, 1870.]
When the Dean of Westminster communicated to the Society of
Antiquaries on the 9th December, 1869, the then very recent dis-
covery of a Roman interment within an inscribed stone coffin, in the
" North Green " of the abbey, lying east and west, between the north
side of the nave of the abbey and the fence which separates it from
the parochial churchyard of St. Margaret's ; although I then per-
ceived the importance of this discovery in respect of the history of
that locality, yet I reserved the observations which then occurred to
me until I should have visited the ground and seen the coffin itself.
Accordingly I went thither the next day, and inspected the coffin in
the cloister ; but could not obtain access to the exact spot where it
had been found. On Monday the 13th I was more successful, having
obtained an interview with the Dean ; and I carefully examined those
parts of the ground which then lay open. In the meantime I had
marked the spot (as shown in a sketch-plan exhibited by the Dean)
on one of the best maps of London which I possess, that published by
Cross in 1842, and I had obtained a remarkable series of ancient lines
and measures from it.
I have repeatedly pointed out to this Society and elsewhere the fact,
of which no practical use had been made by antiquaries before I
recovered the measures and methods of the Roman surveyors, that, by
a law of the Emperor Tiberius,* they were authorised to use sepulchres
for purposes of boundary, and for points and intersections of geometric
lines. I had already shown that the sculptured and inscribed marble
sarcophagus or sepulchral monument, found in September 1867 at
Clapton,f had served as a geometric point from which numerous
* Kei Agrariaa Auctores, Legesque varise. (Amst. 1674, 4to.) pp. 346-8.
f See the Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society,
62 OBSERVATIONS ON THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED
measures extended to boundary points of Hackney and its neigh-
bouring townships. I thought, therefore, that this newly-found coffin,
in like manner bearing a classic inscription at the side or in front,
might have served for a similar purpose; and so I have found it.
Without entering upon a discussion of the veracity of the measures
to which I have often referred in this Society or elsewhere, and
without specifying the ancient denomination of the measure or quantity
of those lines and spaces which I shall now describe, suffice it to say
that the latter is neither an itinerary measure of the Romans, nor any
one of the large or small measures used in originally surveying or
mapping a country, but it is one rarely used in Britain, and here used
only for supplementary surveys. Its proper denomination is perfectly
well known to me, but has no identity with any measures that I have
heretofore quoted. It stands on its own merits ; and there is no
necessity to stir up controversy by giving a name to it, beyond
treating it as an algebraical quantity denoted by the letter x. The
magnitude or linear quantity of this measure is enough for the present
purpose, and is obtained by drawing equal lines to two Roman monu-
ments, the positions of which are clearly ascertainable.
Of these two monuments the first is Ossulstone, from which the
great hundred, wherein the metropolis is locally situate, derives its
name. Its position and identity I had discovered some years ago by
reversing my method of determining the uses of geometric stones :
that is, by finding, from the proper boundary points, a centre where
lines of proper quantities unite, so as to make them serve as radii
from such centre to the said boundary points. I find this method
infallible, and often trace out the positions of obscure or lost monu-
ments by geometric figures. I examine the spot indicated by this
method, and there I find the monument or some certain trace of it.
Ossulstone is figured in Sir John Roque's great map of 1741-1761,
sheet xi. in the very spot to which my process on other maps had led
me; and it is there called the " Stone where soldiers are shot," situate
near the north-east angle of Hyde Park. It was afterward covered
with an accumulation of soil, and is now dug up and lies against the
Marble Arch, as stated in my petition, presented last session to the
House of Commons, for the protection of ancient uninscribed stones,
vol. iii. pp. 191-212, for an account of it, illustrated by engravings and a plan of
the locality. My own papers and plans relative to that subject have not been
printed.
ROMAN SEPULCHRE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 63
mounds, and other landmarks; — monuments of more value and im-
portance to historical science than medieval tombs and sculptured
effigies, which are already in official custody, and infinitely more in
need of public conservation than ornamental works of art can be.
The second equal line leads to the well-known sculptured stone,
undoubtedly of Roman work, formerly uninscribed, but now bearing
an English inscription below the sculpture, dated " 1685," which
stone forms part of the front wall of a house on the eastern side of
Panyer Alley, between Newgate Street and Paternoster Eow. I had
already found and publicly mentioned that this stone had geometric
uses, both within and without the City, and had mentioned to Parlia-
ment its temporary disappearance and restoration. Now I find that
this stone is equally distant from the newly-discovered Sepulchre as
that is from Ossulstone.
Although there is a triangle formed by lines between these points,
of which the Sepulchre toward the south I shall call " S," Ossulstone
toward the north-west I shall call " O," and the stone in Panyer
Alley I shall call " P; " yet the base-line from « O " to " P " is here
diregarded, not being consti-
tuted by multiples or parts of
the quantity x, and there being
no necessity, arising from the
practice of the Roman en-
gineers, that it should be so S
constituted. They chiefly employed radiating lines, forming curves
more or less parts of a circle, and sometimes in every direction, so as
to make a whole circle. In this instance the radiating lines, except
that from " S " to " 0," all tend to constitute a large arc in an east-
ward direction, toward the boundaries of London and Southwark, of
which arc " S " is the centre.
Thus the same quantity x is found in a line drawn from " S " to an
angle of the territory or liberty of London, on the Fleet River, situate
north-west of Smithfield ; and the same quantity x is found in a line
drawn thence to " A," the boundary of Whitechapel and Aldgate,
soxith of Rosemary Lane ; whence another line x leads to the Lord
Mayor's stone, " N," at the ancient watercourse bounding the borough
of Southwark and the parish of Newington, near the Elephant and
Castle.
The next line x that I shall notice, drawn from " S," leads to " D,"
64 OBSERVATIONS ON THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED
at the mouth of Dowgate Dock, or the Wall-brook. Then the curve
from " O " to " P " and " D," passing over the Thames, reaches the
mouth of a corresponding Roman dock, " M," on the southern side
of the river, properly named St. Mary Overy's Dock, but called in the
map " St. Saviour's Dock." It next proceeds to a boundary point
" H," in High Street, Southwark, and so on to the western extremity
of Bermondsey parish, where a trifinium of three parishes or townships
occurs, which I shall call " B." Each of those lines radiating from
" S " is of equal length to the others, being the quantity designated x.
If the line " S " to " D " be directly prolonged by a further equal
quantity, it reaches " W," the Whitechapel stone, situate at the
corner of a street (called Cannon Row) between the London Hospital
and Mile End, at the trifinium of three of the Tower Hamlets, whence
extend various and long measures of different quantities throughout
the county of Middlesex, and also into Kent, Surrey, and Essex.
This prolonged line or radius therefore, from " S " to " W," is equal
to 2x. A similar long line is the last that I shall describe as leading
directly from our first point, the Sepulchre, namely (per radium 2#)
to " R," the trifinium of the great parishes or townships of Rother-
hithe and Catnberwell, and the manor of Hatcham; from which point
runs another line a*, to " C," the confinium of two Tower Hamlets
crossing the Roman military way called Cable Street, 150 yards from
the spot where I write this paper. Thence back again, across the
river, passe's another line x, to " RR," the trifinium of the said parish
of Rotherhithe and of the manors of Hatcham and Deptford, in
Surrey. Thence also (from " C ") passes another line x, to " F," the
mouth of the river Fleet, where it touches the line " S " to " P,"
second already described. From "F" another line x reaches a
trifinium of three Tower Hamlets, at the north end of Back-church
Lane, whence I had previously found measures of other known dis-
tances to many other boundary points. Two or more lines, also, of
the same quantity a?, pass from " W " to other boundary points, one
of which terminates on the river Ravensbourne, and one other line x
reaches from Cable Street to " T," the extreme south boundary of
Southwark, near St. Thomas-a- Watering, at the trifinium of Newing-
ton, Camberwell, and St. George's Southwark. Thence a long line of
2x reaches back to a Westminster boundary at Hyde Park Corner.
Returning again to the line " S " to " P," I find a line x running
southward from the stone " P " to " NL," the confinium of Newington
ROMAN SEPULCHRE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 65
and Lambeth, at the corner of Kennington Lane. Hence a like line
x reaches (in a south-westerly direction) to " L B," the west angle of
Lambeth, which boldly projects into Battersea parish at the locality
now called " South Ville." Thence a like line, drawn almost north-
ward, reaches to '< Q," an ancient boundary-point of Westminster at
the west end of Birdcage Walk. Thence another like line x reaches
to " X," a projecting boundary-point between Marylebone and Pancras
parishes, near Park Square, in the New Road. Thence the same
quantity (x) brings us in a south-east direction to the Thames, at the
precise boundary-point " LW," between the liberties of London and
Westminster.
From this last-mentioned point I gain, by the same remarkable
measure x, the true diagonal quantity of the territory or liberty of
London : viz. (1) from its south-west angle at " LW," to " Z," its
extreme east angle in Portsoken Ward, behind and between Somerset
Street and Great Alie Street, where, in making the perambulation of
Whitechapel parish, the boundary-plate is touched in a wall behind
the late Presbyterian Meeting-house now called " Zoar Chapel.'' The
same diagonal x is found by measuring (2) from Holborn Bars to the
trifinium on Little Tower Hill, where the City boundary meets the
liberties of Tower Without and Aldgate Without ; also (3) from the
extreme north-west angle of the City liberty in Gray's Inn Lane, to
the City boundary on the north (not the south) side of Swan Street,
Whitechapel ; and also (4) from Temple Bar to Aldgate Bars, at the
north-east corner of Somerset Street, Whitechapel. All these are
diagonal lines of the territory of the Roman Londinium.
I could greatly extend this survey with the same radius #, and its
constituent parts and multiples, but I have shown enough to demon-
strate three things: (1) the certainty, value, and usefulness of the
quantity derived from the relation between the Roman Sepulchre at
Westminster and other ancient monuments ; (2) the great antiquity
of the townships, manors, parishes, and districts marked out by this
elaborate and exact system of limitation, of which some few elements
only are now exhibited out of the measures of x described in my MS.
" Explorations," and out of thousands demonstrable by the ordinary
measures consisting of Roman miles and stadia; and (3) the true
geometric character of the spot chosen for the position of the newly-
discovered sepulchre.
VOL. IV. F
66 OBSERVATIONS ON THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED
Let me now treat of the sepulchre itself. It was found in a dry
sandy soil,* altogether different from what has been hitherto repre-
sented or supposed to be the nature of Thorney Island, the site of
Westminster Abbey, and from the bog-earth which was lately dug
out of the ground southward of St. Margaret's Church in making a
subterranean railway. The boldly and deeply-cut inscription of this
coffin remarkably contrasts with the delicate and almost obliterated
inscription of the more elegant coffin found at Clapton, and now
preserved at Guildhall. Both contained bones when found, but both
had been disturbed and rifled long ago. Both were inscribed at the
side or in front, as if for public view ; and the Clapton sarcophagus
bears an elegant medallion likeness of its occupant, which it is un-
reasonable to suppose should have been intended to be hidden under
the ground. The original covers of both have disappeared: for the
Westminster slab, bearing a fantastic cross of the twelfth or thirteenth
century, rudely cut in relief, cannot be the original top of the se-
pulchre. The ornamentation of the Clapton monument covers its
whole side or front : that at Westminster occupies only the extremities
of the side or front, and seems to consist of two peltce, or perhaps the
halves of a dimidiated shield, the curved edges being turned inwardly,
toward the panel which contains the inscription, and the lines of
division being placed at the utmost distance asunder. If so, each part
has one-half of the pattern or bearing, the insignia of the shield ; and
the shield itself would be of the same round shape as all those figured
in that most important Roman record, the Notitia Dignitatum Utriusque
Imperii.
Together these insignia would constitute four pairs of bosses or
circles, placed so that two of the pairs form, together with a central
lozenge, a kind of quatrefoil ; and the upper and lower pairs, situate
against the edge of the shield, have lateral curves connecting them with
the central group. No such shield is represented in the Notitia ;"f but there
* Some of the sand is now produced, which I took from the spot upon which
the stone coffin had rested, about four feet below the recent surface.
t Neither in the first complete and illustrated edition, Basil, 1552, fol.; nor in
PanciroFs Venetian edition, 1602, fol.; nor in the stupid German edition of
Bocking, Bonn, 1839-53, 3 yols. 8vo. All these are in my possession, besides
the unillustrated edition of Labbe, Paris, 1651, 12mo. quoted below. The plates
in the Dutch edition, published in Graevii Thesaurus, are too ornamentally and
fantastically engraved. The first edition is the best and most intelligible of all.
ROMAN SEPULCHRE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 67
are four shields bearing each a single pelta.* Nor can I certainly deter-
mine its meaning from the inscription, which says, "Memoriae Valer.
Amandini, Valerii Superventor et Marcellus Patri fecerunt: " that is,
" To the memory of Valerius Amandinus, Valerius Superventor and [Va-
lerius] Marcellus to [their] father made " it. Here all three are named
" Valerii," but the elder son is surnamed Superventor. This cognomen
is a military term, not only used by Ammianus Marcellinus once, (as
quoted by some of those gentlemen who spoke when the discovery of
this monument was first made known,) but also repeatedly occurring
in the Notitia, By this record it appears that, in the fourth century,
some of the " auxiliaries," or regiments distinct from Roman legions,
were stationed at Axiupolis " under the disposition of the spectable
man, the Duke of Scythia," by the title of Milites Superventores.^
Also, " under the disposition of the illustrious man, the Praesental
Master of the Infantry," (subject to whom were the Comes Limitis and
the Dux Limitis in Britain,) were constituted eighteen regiments of
" Pseudo - Comitatenses," including those called " Superventores
Juniores.":}: Also, " within Gaul, with the illustrious man, the Master
of the Cavalry of Gaul," are specified " Superventores Juniores." §
Lastly, " under the disposition of the spectable man, the Duke of the
Armorican and Nervican Tract," was stationed an officer entitled
fi Prefect of the Milites Superventores, at Mannatiae." (j
Jn the second of these four instances, the insignia of the " Super-
ventores " are pictured in the Record. The form of their shield was
round, with a simple circle or boss in the centre. How this is coloured
in the illuminated MS. which I have used and collated at Paris, I
cannot remember ; but Pancirolus, in his Commentary,^ describes the
" shield red, with a golden orb in the middle." He adds that, in one
MS. the shield was green, and bore a purple ball in the middle. It
appears, however, that the only " Superventores," whose shield is ex-
hibited in the Imperial Record, were the Juniores ; and they must (as
in all other instances) have borne a difference to distinguish them
from the Seniores, who are twice mentioned without their distinctive
* Namely, those of the following legions stationed in the Eastern Empire: —
Prima Flavia Theodosiana, Secunda Felix Valen. Tkebaorum, Prima and
Secunda Armeniaca. (Edit. 1602, f . 33.)
f Ed. 1651, p. 46.
j Ib. p. 69. § Ib. p. 75.
|| Ib. p. 114. f Venet. 1602, f. 126b, 132".
F 2
68 OBSERVATIONS ON THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED
name of seniors. To these, I conceive, the Valerii belonged who
erected this monument, and their father also, who was interred in it ;
a't least the one surnamed " Superventor." Hence, I submit whether
the peltce sculptured on this tomb were bearings proper to the " Milites
Superventores," or " Senior Overcomers." If so, this is one of the
most ancient examples of heraldry in Britain.
The importance of this sepulchral monument, in respect to the
topography of Westminster, cannot be too highly estimated, since
here is clear proof of its Roman occupation, which was alleged by the
monkish historians, but is discredited by modern antiquaries. Whether
or not there ever were a temple of Apollo, on the site of the abbey, is
a matter of comparatively small importance ; but that Roman domestic
edifices were there, appears plain to me from the ruined substructures
disclosed by the learned and zealous Dean. Among those, ruins, con-
sisting of squared chalk and stone rubble, I found lumps of mortar,
containing finely-powdered brick, which all those antiquaries, who have
fractured and examined the lumps now exhibited, agree with me in
believing to be Roman.
I conclude by saying, that, when those foundations shall have been
thoroughly explored, and the precise position of the Toot-hill, for-
merly in or near Tot-hill Fields, Westminster, shall have been ascer-
tained, and treated as the other geometric mounds are capable of
being treated, the earliest history of Westminster may be written,
with greater probability than it could be under the uncertain influence
of traditions and legends handed down by the monks of Westminster,
whom our public records prove to have been in some respects untrust-
worthy. Nevertheless, there was some truth in their tradition of
Roman occupation, whether or not by a temple. At all events, it now
appears to be not improbable that this Roman interment, while its in-
scription was above ground and visible, being made without the usual
dedication to the Dii Manes, may have been deemed a Christian sepul-
ture (as possibly it was), and so may have given rise to a belief in the
sanctity of the spot, as a place proper for the erection of a church or
monastery early in the seventh century.
W. H. BLACK, F.S.A.
Mill Yard, Goodman's Fields,
23 Dec. 1869.
KOMAN SEPULCHRE AT WESTMINSTER ABBEY. 69
POSTSCRIPT.
The following are the authorities from the Notitia at length,
extracted from the edition of 1602 : —
1. " Sub dispositione viri spectabilis, Ducis Scythias. . . . Auxiliares
Milites Superventores Axiupoli." (f. 100b.)
2. " Sub dispositione viri illustris Magistri Peditum Praesentalis,
Comites Militum [leg. Limitum~\ infrascriptorum. Italiae. Africse.
Tingitaniae. Tractus Argentoratensis. Britanniarum. Littoris Sax-
onici per Britannias. Duces Limitum infrascriptorum decem
Britanniarum Legiones Comitatenses triginta duse
Pseudo-comitatenses decem et octo Superventores Juniores"
(f. 126b, 127.)
3. " Sub dispositione viri illustris Comitis et Magistri Equitum
Prsesentalis. Vexillationes Palatinze ix Vexillationes Comi-
tatenses xxxii Qui numeri ex prsedictis, per infrascriptas
provincias haberitur. Intra Italiam Intra Gallias cum viro
illustri Magistro Equitum Galliarum Superventores Juniores.'1'1
(f. 133b, 135b, 136.)
4. " Sub dispositione viri spectabilis Ducis Tractus Armoricani et
Nervicani Praefectus Militum Superventorum Mannatias."
(f. 174b.)
Compare sections 28, 38, 40, and 61, as the text is divided in the
Edition of 1651.
THE BIOGEAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER ALDER-
MAN OF LONDON, FOUNDER OF THE BEDFORD
SCHOOL CHARITIES.
BY JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, ESQ., F.S.A., VICE-PRESIDENT.
[Read at the Evening Meeting, February 14, 1870.]
Among the good results arising from an increased attention paid
to the history and antiquities of the City of London, promoted and
fostered by the efforts of this Society, not the least interesting is the
illustration which the Biography of the most eminent Citizens of
former ages has received from the investigations of several persevering
inquirers. I need only allude to some of the most prominent works —
such as Burgon's Life of Sir Thomas Gresham, Brewer's Life and
Times of John Carpenter, the worthy Town Clerk whose memory is
now honoured as the Founder of the City of London School, and the
memoirs of his more eminent contemporary Sir Thomas Whittington,
written by the Rev. Samuel Lysons, M.A. under the title of The
Model Merchant of the Middle Ages, (8vo. 1860). More recently
Mr. Orridge has produced his interesting compilation regarding Philip
Malpas and Sir Thomas Cooke, two aldermen highly distinguished in
the political transactions of the fifteenth century, and ancestors of the
great families of Bacon and Cecill, in the pages of the Society's Trans-
actions,* whilst our Secretary Mr. Milbourn has commemorated the
history of Sir John Milbourne, the founder of the Milbourne alms-
houses, j1 and more briefly, in our last year's Part, all the more eminent
members of the Vintners' Company. J
Such indeed are the riches of Civic Biography that some surprise
must be entertained that they have not more frequently afforded
subjects for investigation, and that no general or comprehensive work
of this character has hitherto been composed. Large and valuable
collections for the purpose were amassed by the late Mr. Gregory of
the Lord Mayor's Court Office, but were unfortunately dispersed after
his death, though I am happy to remark that portions of them have
found their way into the Library of the Corporation at Guildhall.
* Vol. III. pp. 285—307. f Vol. III. pp. 138 et seqq.
I Vol. III. pp. 448—470.
BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER. 71
A lady already distinguished by her biographical works, Mrs.
Matthew Hall, the author of The Queens before the Conquest (two vols.
1854), has, I understand, for many years been engaged in preparing
materials for lives of the Lord Mayors, and I am sure that you will all
unite with me in expressing a hope that she will bring her design to a
successful completion. I will only add these two further general
remarks, that there is a curious anecdotical volume, dated in the year
1800, which presents, under the title of City Biography, sketches of
some sixty of the more conspicuous citizens of the preceding half-
century;* and that Mr. Orridge'sf volume, entitled The Citizens of
London and their Bulers, from 1060 to 1867, 8vo. 1867, contains a
very useful summary of the biography of the Lord Mayors, accom-
panied by pedigrees of the more distinguished of their descendants
among the nobility and aristocracy.
When the Dissolution of the Monasteries had put a stop to the
dedication of superfluous wealth to religious uses, and it was no longer
bequeathed to the four orders of friars or to other devotional purposes,
it became very much the practice to direct its stream to the promotion
of education. This object was earnestly pursued during the sixteenth
century, and for some time after many great benefactors devoted their
liberality in this manner. It was necessarily done under the sanction of
the Crown, which continually assumes the credit really due to private
munificence: for we find throughout the country that the grammar-
schools which were founded by individuals, or by local corporations,
yet received designation as the Free Grammar Schools of King Edward
the Sixth, of Queen Elizabeth, or of James the First, as the case
might be. This rule was even followed in the great instance of the
Charter-house in London, which was at first attributed to the founda-
tion of King James, though posterity now rightly honours the name
of Thomas Sutton.
Among the Civic Benefactors none deserve commemoration more
than the Founders of Schools, of one of whom, Sir Wolstan Dixie, the
founder of the School at Market Bosworth in Leicestershire, a copious
* See note on " Woodcocks' Lives," &c. in p. 93.
f Since this was written the Society has to lament the loss of their zealons
colleague : who, no longer ago than the meeting at Mercers' Hall in 1869, read
an animated paper on some of the more eminent members of that Company.
Benjamin Brogden Orridge, esq. F.G.S. was a memher of the Court of Common
Council for the Ward of Cheap, and took a very active and useful part in the
affairs of the City Library at Guildhall. He died on the 17th July, 1870, in
his 57th year.
72
BIOGRAPHY OF S1E WILLIAM HARPER,
memoir was presented to this Society by Mr. Brewer, and has been
published in our Transactions.*
I believe that Mr. Brewer has directed his attention to the biography
of other great citizens the founders of Grammar Schools, and I hope
that more of his valuable memoirs will be hereafter given to the public.
I have hastily compiled a list of Schools founded by Citizens of London,
which I have no doubt would be lengthened if revised by Mr. Brewer.f
Lord Mayor.
1498 Sir John Percival
1509 Stephen Gennings
1515 Sir George Mononx
1545 Sir William Laxton
1548 Sir John Gresham
1550 Sir Rowland Hill
1551 Sir Andrew Judd
1554 Sir Thomas White
1562 Sir William Harper
1567 Lawrence Sheriff
1593 Sir Wolstan Dixie
Ml Taylor Macclesfield
M* Taylor Wolverhampton
Draper Walthamstow
Grocer Oundle
Mercer Holt, in Norfolk
Mercer Dray ton, in Shropshire
Skinner Tonbridge
Ml Taylor St. John's Coll. Oxford, subsidiary to
the London sch. of M. T. Co. and
to those of Reading and Bristol
Ml Taylor Bedford
Grocer Rugby
Skinner Market Bosworth
We all know Knight's Life of Dean Colet, the Founder of St. Paul's
School, published early in the last century ; but I do not recollect any
other separate work of this nature, except a small quarto pamphlet,
which contains an essay on the life of Sir Andrew Judd Founder of
the School at Tonbridge, which was written by George Maberley
Smith, scholar of the school, and recited by him before the governors,
being the Master and officers of the Skinners' Company, at their
annual visitation held in 1849. This, of course, from the position of
the author, is rather a scholastic essay than the embodiment of any
amount of historical research.
My attention has now been directed to this subject in connection
with the task I have undertaken in conjunction with Mr. J. Jackson
Howard, LL.D., to edit for this Society the Visitation of London,
made in the year 1568. You will recollect from the portions of that
work which have been already issued, that it has been the plan of the
Editors to place opposite each Pedigree a Note giving some additional
particulars of the family therein set forth, with references to other pub-
* Vol. II. pp. 25-36.
f Since this was in type Mr. Brewer also has finally quitted his sphere of
usefulness.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 73
lications in which further genealogical or biographical details may be
found. In pursuing this plan with regard to the family of Harper,
my attention has been directed to a small volume printed in 1856,
which bears this title :
THE BEDFORD SCHOOLS AND CHARITIES OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER. History
of this celebrated Endowment; the Act of Parliament and scheme of Rules
for its management; and a Memoir of Sir William Harper. Compiled by
JAMES WTATT, and dedicated (by special permission) to the Trustees of the
Charity. Bedford, 1856. 8vo.
The Memoir of Sir William Harper, contained in this book, I find
to be so very injudicious a production, and at the same time so inac-
curate, although it claims to have been published under the special
patronage of the Trustees of the Bedford Charity, that I think it
requires some public animadversion; and, as it concerns one of the
munificent old Citizens of London, whose name is now among the best
known in the long list of Benefactors, I imagine that its examination
and correction cannot be made more properly than in the presence of
the London and Middlesex Society.
The writer has managed to fill eleven pages ; but, as he himself
admits, with very " scanty biographical notices or historical memo-
randa." The rest is all bombast, in the original and proper sense of
that word, that is to say, mere stuffing — imaginary statements, made
upon presumption, and expressed in an inflated and impertinent tone ;
as, for example, —
" The chief records that exist of him show him to have been intelligent, per-
severing, and philanthropic. The very circumstance of the citizens of London
choosing him as their Lord Mayor, at a time when the brightest stars of Great
Britain were in the ascendant, proves him to have been not only a person of high
moral sentiments, but also a man of wealth and intellect, one in whom his guild
and the city could place the highest confidence and reliance. We find that he
was born in the town of Bedford, and that his parents were in very humble cir-
cumstances, and that his education was most insignificant."
Now, for all this, the only foundation is that Stowe states that Sir
William was " son to William Harper of the town of Bedford." For
Mr. Wyatt's assertions that his parents were in very humble circum-
stances, and that his education was most insignificant, the authority is
simply nil.
The other known facts of Sir William Harper's life, — that he was a
Merchant Taylor by company, served Sheriff and Lord Mayor, married,
and died, are eked out by some particulars regarding the Company of
74 BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
Merchant Taylors, and by several passages from Machyn's Diary, in
which the name of Harper occurs.
One of these is introduced by Mr. Wyatt after this fashion : —
" We have said that the only records of Master Harper show him to have been
philanthropic ; there is one, however, which shows that he participated in the
bigotry of the day. The point least to be admired in his character was his
religions profession, and an amount of inconsistency is displayed which would
hardly be expected from so otherwise sound and good a man. That he was a
professed Papist there can be no doubt, for we find entries in the Diary referred
to of his attending mass. For instance — The 29 day of August (1555) was the
day of the Decollation of Saint John Baptist, the Merchant Taylors kept mass
at St. John's beyond Smithfield, and my Lord of St. John's did offer at mass,
and Sir Harry Hubblethorne, Sir Thomas White, and Master Harper, aldermen,
and all the clothing; and after the four wardens of the yeomanry, and all the
company of the Taylors, a penny a piece: and the quire hung with cloth of
Arras. And after mass to the Taylors' Hall to dinner."
Now, this was in the reign of Queen Mary, when all had to conform
to her religion. There is therefore nothing surprising in finding
master Harper, being an alderman, giving his attendance, as in duty
bound, upon the principal religious feast of the Merchant Taylors'
company. The patron saint of that company was St. John the Baptist,
after whose name Sir Thomas White, the contemporary and associate
of Sir William Harper, named the college of his foundation at Oxford,
which is still flourishing in all honour and prosperity. It was customary
for the Merchant Taylors to observe this feast by going in procession
to the priory church of the Knights Hospitallers at Clerkenwell, which
was dedicated to St. John, and Machyn describes the solemnity again
in 1557, the last year in which it was celebrated.
" The 29th day of August was the Merchant Taylors' feast on the Decollation
of St. John Baptist, and my Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Offley) and Sir Thomas
White, and Master Harper, sheriff, and Master Row, and all the clothing, and
the four wardens of the yeomanry, and the company, heard mass at Saint John's
in Smithfield, and offered every man a penny. And from thence to the hall to
dinner, two and two together."
But Mr. Wyatt's greatest misapprehension of all is exhibited in the
following passage : —
" It was during his Shrievalty that the circumstance occurred which certainly
does appear like a blot on his fair fame. There were thirteen Protestant mar-
tyrs, eleven men and two women, to be burnt at Stratford le Bow, and Sir
William Harper attended to see the sentence carried out. So far it might be
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 75
argued that his official position compelled his attendance: doubtless that was so,
but we can find no good defence for his tampering with the poor creatures before
the execution. The event is thus described by John Foxe : — When these thir-
teen were condemned, and the day appointed they should suffer, which was the
27th day of June 1556, they were carried from Newgate in London the said day
to Stratford le Bow (which was the place appointed for their martyrdom) and
there divided into two parts, in two several chambers. Afterward the Sheriff
who then attended upon them came to the one part and told them that the other
had recanted, and their lives therefore should be saved, willing and exhorting
them to do the like, and not to cast away themselves; unto whom they answered
that their faith was not built upon man, but on Christ crucified. Then the
Sheriff, perceiving no good to be done with them, went to the other part and said
(like a liar) the like to them, that they whom he had been with before had re-
canted and should therefore not suffer death, counselling them to do the like, and
not wilfully to kill themselves, but to play the wise men, &c. Unto whom they
answered as their brethren had done before, that their faith was not builded on
man, but on Christ and his sure word, &c. Now when he saw it booted not to
persuade, (for they were, God be praised, surely grounded on the Rock Jesus
Christ,) he then led them to the place where they should suffer: and being all
there together, most earnestly they prayed unto God, and joyfully went to the
stake, and kissed it, and embraced it very heartily And so they were
all burned in one fire. It is quite certain (adds Mr. Wyatt by way of comment,)
that Sir William Harper was at that time as rigid a Papist as Bloody Queen
Mary, his Royal mistress, could desire ; but in the subsequent reign he conformed
to the Protestant church, and was zealous for the faith."
An examination of dates shows at once that Mr. Wyatt's censure is
founded on misconception. Foxe tells us that the holocaust at Strat-
ford le Bow was perpetrated on the 27th of June 1556. It is true that
Harper was then Sheriff elect, having been " chosen " (or nominated
by the Lord Mayor) as Sheriff for the King and Queen (Philip and
Mary) at the Grocers' feast held on the 15th of that same month.* But
the Sheriffs, as every Londoner knows, do not enter into office until
after Michaelmas day, on the morrow of which they are sworn at
Westminster. It was therefore clearly one of the two sheriffs of the
previous year f whose conduct at the burning of the thirteen martyrs
is described by Foxe, and not Sir William Harper. Besides, it may
be questioned whether the Sheriffs proceedings, whoever he may have
been, were not dictated rather by motives of commiseration, than of
religious zeal. His object was to save the lives of the condemned, even
* Machyn, p. 108.
f They were Thomas Leigh, mercer, afterwards Lord Mayor in the first year
of Elizabeth's reign, and John Machell, clothworker.
76 BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
if by cajoling and deceiving them. Foxe's own side-note is, " A prac-'
tice of policy in the Sheriff of London," not one of cruelty or bigotry.
But, leaving Mr. Wyatt, let us trace for ourselves William Harper's
career. His name occurs in 1537 in the list of the Merchant Taylors'
Company in the Public Eecord office. In 1553 he was elected by the
Court of Aldermen to be the Second Alderman of the Bridge Ward
Without, and in 1556 he was elected Alderman of Dowgate Ward.
In the same year he was nominated for Sheriff, by the Lord Mayor
of that year, Sir William Garrard. The event is thus commem-
orated by Machyn : " The xv. of June was the Grocers' feast ; and
there dined the Lord Mayor and fourteen Aldermen, and my Lord
Chief Justice (Sir William Portman), master Cholmley the Eecorder,
and many worshipful men; and my Lady Mayoress, and many ladies
and Aldermen's wives and gentlewomen. There was Master of the
company master White, Grocer and Alderman, and master Grafton
and master Greenway wardens. And master Harper, alderman,
Merchant Taylor, was chosen Sheriff for the King."
The second Sheriff was elected at a court of hustings in Guildhall on
Midsummer Day, but one had previously been "nominated (as Stowe
says, tit. Temporall Government,) by the Lord Maior according to his
prerogative." This was done at the Grocers' feast June 10, 1555
(Machyn, p. 30), as again in 1556. The Mercers called their annual
feast a Supper, as appears from Machyn, pp. 205, 288 ; and on that
occasion, on the night of the 25th July, 1559, " there supped my
Lord Mayor (Sir Thomas Leigh, Mercer), and my Lord Treasurer
and divers of the Council, and divers Aldermen ; and there was
chosen the Sheriff for the Queen, — master Lodge, alderman and
Grocer, for the year to come." This ceremony of nominating one
of the Sheriffs, by the Lord Mayor " drinking to " some wealthy and
capable citizen, is circumstantially described in 1583 by the recorder
Fleetwood in a letter to Lord Burghley, printed in Ellis's Original
Letters, I. ii. 290, and Nichols's Progresses, $c. of Queen Elizabeth,
edit. 1823, ii. 410. It was performed that year by the Lord Mayor
Sir Edward Osborne at Haberdashers' Hall, with the great standing
cup, the gift of Sir William Garrard, being full of hypocras ; and an
announcement was immediately carried by the Swordbearer to Alder-
man Masham the nominee, then dining at the Grocers' feast. Of an
earlier date is the anecdote related by Stowe and Grafton, that Sir
Henry Colet, when Mayor in 1487, drank to his carver, then waiting
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 77
upon him, who thereupon took his seat as Sheriff, and was afterwards
Sir John Percival, Mayor in 1499.
As Machyn contributes so largely to the incidents of Sir William
Harper's career, I will not omit what is related by that minute eye-
witness of his inauguration as Lord Mayor. He was elected to the
chief magistracy in 1561, on the 29th September, being Michaelmas
day. On the morrow, my Lord Mayor and the Aldermen and the
new Sheriffs (Alexander Avenon and Humphrey Baskerville, both
aldermen), took their barges at the Three Cranes in the Vintry,*
whence they proceeded to Westminster, and so into the Court of
Exchequer, where they took their oaths ; and Sir Eowland Hill f was
armed with a chopping knife, when, one holding a white rod, he with
the knife cut the rod asunder before all the people ; | and afterwards
they returned to London to their places to dinner — my Lord Mayor,
and all the Aldermen, and many worshipful men.
On the 29th of September the new Mayor took his barge towards
Westminster, with all the Aldermen in their scarlet, and all the crafts
of London in their liveries, their barges displaying the banners and
arms of every occupation. There was a goodly foist § made with
streamers, targets, and banners, and great shooting of guns and
blowing of trumpets. And at xij. of the clock my Lord Mayor and
the Aldermen, on their return, landed at Paul's Wharf, and thence
proceeded to Paul's churchyard; where there met him a Pageant
gorgeously made, having children as the dramatis persona, with
divers instruments playing and singing. Again, after dinner, || he
went to St. Paul's with trumpets, and with many^f men in blue gowns
and caps and hose, and blue satin sleeves, carrying targets and shields
of arms.
* See London and Middlesex Archaeological Transactions, ii. 404, 440.
f Sir Rowland Hill was perhaps the senior alderman then present. He died
on the 28th of the month following: see Machyn, p. 271.
J This well-known ceremony of tenure has been preserved to the present day.
§ A barge fitted up.
|| Machyn does not here say " after dinner," but such was always the order of
proceeding, as on the following Lord Mayor's day the company went " to Guild-
hall to dinner (where there dined many of the Council and all the Judges and
many noble men and women), and after dinner the Mayor and all the Aldermen
.yede to Paul's, with all the goodly musick."
If The number is left blank in the MS. The next year there were sixty poor
men in blue gowns and red caps. I believe they usually corresponded to the
years of the Lord Mayor's age.
78 BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
We will further pursue from the same source some of the other
ceremonials and occurrences of Sir William Harper's mayoralty : —
On the 1st of November (being All Saints day) went to St. Paul's
the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, in the afternoon, and all the crafts of
London in their liveries, with four-score men all provided with torches ;
and my Lord Mayor tarried until night, and so went home with all
torches lighted, for my Lord Mayor tarried the sermon, which was
made by the Bishop of London (Grindal). •
On the 5th of the same month the Lord Mayor was chief mourner
at the funeral of the late alderman Sir Rowland Hill, solemnised in
the church of St. Stephen's Walbrook.
On the Twelfth day of Christmas the Lord Mayor and Aldermen
again went to Paul's with all the crafts in their liveries, and the
bachelors ; and afterwards there came into Cheapside a Lord of Mis-
rule * from Whitechapel, with a great company carrying guns and
halberts, and trumpets blowing, his men "well beseen" in their attire.
He went through Newgate out of the city, and in again at Ludgate,
and so about Paul's, on to Cheapside, and so home by way of Aldgate.
Subsequently, in the same month, the young Duke of Norfolk, con-
ducted by the master and wardens and all the clothing of the Fish-
mongers, was brought to the Guildhall and there made free of that
company, as his grandfather the last Duke had been before him. He
afterwards dined with the Lord Mayor, the Fishmongers' company
dining at the King's Head in Fish Street.
On the 12th of May, 1562, there was a great fray, upon which my
Lord Mayor and two Sheriffs were sent for, and they had much ado to
pacify the people. Divers were hurt, and certain were carried prisoners
to Newgate and the counters. The rest of the passage f is obscure,
but mention is made of " the best archers in London," and " the
master of the common hunt." However, the next night my Lord
Mayor commanded that certain constables should keep all Smithfield,
standing in array in harness, to see who would be so bold as to come
and make any business ; and my Lord Mayor and the Sheriffs in their
own persons did walk about Smithfield to see whether any would make
any assault, as they had done the night before.
* On the 27th of December preceding a Lord of Misrule— whether the same it
is not clear— had come riding through London, in complete gilt harness, with a
hundred great horse and gentlemen riding gorgeously with chains of gold ; and
had joined the Christmas festivities in the Temple. See Machyn, p. 274.
f Machyn, p. 282.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 79
On the 1st of July was the Feast of the Merchant Taylors, the Lord
Mayor's own Company ; of which Machyn (himself also a Merchant
Taylor,) gives a full account. He names among the more distinguished
guests, my Lord Mayor, the Earl of Sussex, the Earl of Kildare, Sir
Stanley, (Aldermen) Sir Thomas White, Sir Thomas Offley
and master Ro(bert Offley?), Sir William Hewett, Sir Martin Bowes,
master Cowper, master Allen, master Gilbert, master Chamberlain,
master Champion, master Avenon, master Malory, and master Basker-
ville (these all Aldermen) ; and the Master and four Wardens and the
clerks and the beadle of the Skinners; Garter and Clarenceux kings
of arms were also there, the latter (William Hervey) being a leading
member of the Skinners ; and many worshipful men, and many ladies
and gentlewomen. And they had against the dinner more than four-
score bucks and four stags.* On this occasion the Lord Mayor drank
to master William Allen, whereby he was " elected Sheriff for the
Queen for the year ensuing."
* Machyn never fails to describe the annual feast of the Merchant-taylors,
during the eight years to which his Diary relates, except in 1558, when there is
an hiatus of some months. He usually notices the large amount of venison which
was provided, viz.
Bucks. Stags.
In 1555 58 2
1556 50 4
1557 60 (two of which the master, George Eyton, gave to his
parish, " to make merry.")
1559 30, " besides all other meats."
1560 (great cheer).
1561 (the numbers left blank.)
1562 fourscore and more bucks and 4 stags.
Harper was probably present at most, if not all, of these feasts, though Machyn
does not happen to name him at any of them; but his biographer Mr. Wyatt has
somehow caught hold of the feast of 1559 (only), upon which he makes these
remarks: — " It appears that master Harper, like most Bedford men, was fully
alive to the importance of a good dinner, for we find that under his direction at
one of the feasts there were ' xxx bukes be-syd al odur mettes.' Thirty bucks
beside all other meats formed a tolerably substantial proof of our townsman's
ability to cater for his guild." As usual, Mr. Wyatt is totally wrong, both in his
facts and inferences. There is nothing to intimate that Harper was caterer for
his Company in 1559, and the above figures show that the number of bucks was
unusually small in that year. But, moreover, the venison was in great measure,
if not entirely, sent to the City companies as presents, by the great men who
came as visitors, or who bestowed this portion of the feast by annual grant. Thus
in Kempe's Loseley Manuscripts, p. 160, will be found a warrant from the Mar-
80 BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
On the 20th of July the Lord Mayor and all the Aldermen graced a
wedding with their presence, and it is the most fully described of any
of the civic weddings which Machyn has introduced into his Diary. It
was on the occasion of the marriage of Elizabeth the younger daughter
of John Nicholls, gentleman, " comptroller of the works at London
bridge, and all other lands and revenues of the same, and in charge for
provision of corn to the city of London:"* she was wedded to Edmund
Cooke, of Lesnes abbey in Kent, gentleman. After this "goodly
wedding " they went home to the Bridge-house to dinner : for there
was as great a dinner as ever was seen on such an occasion, no manner
of meats or drinks wanting that money could procure ; and all manner
of music; and afterwards a goodly masque at midnight. Again, on
the day following, there was still "great cheer at the Bridge-house ;" f
and after supper came three masques ; J the first in cloth of gold ; the
next of friars ; and the third of nuns ; and afterwards the friars and
nuns danced together. This occurred, it will be remembered, only
three years after real friars and nuns had been finally dismissed in this
country after the death of Queen Mary.§ Master Thomas Becon, the
celebrated Protestant preacher, had made a sermon at the wedding ;
quess of Winchester to the keeper of the great park of Nonesuch, transferring to
the wardens of the Grocers, for their feast in 1556, the fee buck to which he was
entitled by virtue of his office of High Treasurer of England. In 1561 the
Grocers had thirty bucks and some stags at their feast, and in the same year the
Skinners had eight bucks and three stags. (Machyn, p. 260.)
* Pedigree of Nicholls in the Visitation of London, 156.8. A full account of
this family of Nicholl or Nicholls, among whom were Dr. William Nicholls,
Dean of Chester (ob. 1657), and Colonel Richard Nicolls, Groom of the Bed-
chamber to James Duke of York (ob. 1672), is printed in The Topographer and
Genealogist, 1858, iii. 533 — 544.
f The Bridge-house, which occupied a large plot of ground on the south side
of the Thames a little below London Bridge, is described by Stowe as a store-
house for stone, timber, or whatsoever pertained to the building or repairing of
the bridge. Connected with it there were divers granaries for laying up of corn
for the service of the City, and ten ovens for baking bread for the relief of poor
citizens when need should require. These were built pursuant to the will of Sir
Joseph Thurstan, Sheriff in 1517, who left 200Z. for the purpose. There was also
adjoining " a fair brewhouse for serving the City with beer."
J A marriage masque is represented in the curious Elizabethan painting of
the life of Sir Henry Unton, and engraved in Strntt, Manners and Customs,
vol. iii. pi. xi.
§ See Machyn, p. 204, as to the friars of Greenwich and Smithfield, the nuns
of Syon, and monks of Westminster.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 81
but whether he returned to witness the revelry of the following night
our chronicler doth not say.
On the 1st of August the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, and all the
crafts of London, repaired to Guildhall to elect the second Sheriff, when
they made choice of Alderman Chamberlain, ironmonger.
The 18th of September was the day of the Visitation of the Conduit-
heads, and the accompanying hunting of the hare and fox, upon which
I have to make some remarks presently.
Such are the transactions of Harper's mayoralty in which Machyn
relates him to have been personally engaged; and it will be allowed
that they are curiously illustrative of the various incidents of London
life in the early days of good Queen Bess.
With respect to the last of them Mr. Wyatt's remarks are as sapient
as before : —
" It is very remarkable (he thinks) that of the few records of this great man,
there should he one in existence detailing the particulars of his going hunting !
Although a man of undoubted benevolence and humanity, he had no morbid and
ascetic antipathies to the national amusements ; and we cannot say that we have
less respect for him on that account. The passage describing this event occurs
in Stowe, b. i. p. 25, and is also noticed in Knight's London. Stowe is speaking
of the ancient conduits of London, which he says were regularly visited in
former times, and particularly on the 18th of September 1562, the Lord Mayor
(Harper), the aldermen, and many worshipful persons, and divers of the masters
and wardens of the twelve companies, rid to the conduit heads for to see them
after the old custom. Afore dinner they hunted the hare, and killed her; and
thence to dinner at the head of the conduit.* There was a good number enter-
tained with good cheer by the chamberlain. And after dinner they went to
hunting the fox. There was a great cry for a mile, and at length the hounds
killed him at the end of St. Giles's, with great hallooing at his death, and blow-
ing of horns. And so rode through London, my Lord Mayor Harper with all his
company, home to his own place in Lombard Street."
* The conduit-heads appear to have been at Paddington, and formed as early
as the reign of Henry HI. when Gilbert Sanford granted to the citizens liberty
to convey water from Tybourn by pipes of lead to the City. Stowe describes the
course in which the water was conveyed : from Paddington to James head was
510 rods, from James head on the hill to the Mewsgate 102 rods, from the Mews-
gate to the Cross in Cheap, where a cistern of lead cased in stone called the
Great Conduit was formed, was 484 rods. See the curious chapter of Stowe's
Survay, on Rivers, Brooks, Bourns, Pools, Wells, and Conduits of fresh water,
serving the City. On St. Andrew's day (November 30) 1560, there was no water
in any conduit in London but in Lothbury ; on the 14th of the following month
two men were whipped who had cut the leaden pipes, and occasioned the mischief.
Machyn, pp. 245, 246.
VOL. IV. G
82 BIOGRAPHY OP SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
Now, to any one who has read of the ancient state of the Mayor ol
London, there will be nothing strange in his going hunting. He
always kept four Esquires of his Household, and one of them was the
Common Hunt, attendant upon whom were two men also maintained
in the Mayor's house.* From the earliest times hunting had not been
unknown to Londoners. Fitz Stephen in the reign of Henry II. says,
" Many of the citizens delight themselves in hawks and hounds, for
they have liberty of hunting in Middlesex, Hertfordshire, all Chiltron,
and in Kent to the water of Cray."
I do not find that Stowe has noticed the custom of visiting the
Conduit-heads, and therefore the account given by Machyn is the
more valuable. Mr. Wyatt quotes it as from Stowe, but he means
Strype's edition of Stowe, and Strype took it from Machyn's Diary.
When Mr. Wyatt comes to speak of Sir William Harper's matri-
monial alliances he is not more to be relied upon. The name of his
wife " dame Alice " appears in the deed of gift (dated in the 8th
Eliz.) which transferred to the corporation of the town of Bedford the
thirteen acres and one rood of meadow in the parish of St. Andrew
Holborn, which are the site of the rich estates now possessed by the
charity. So Mr. Wyatt tells his readers that " the worthy Knight
and the Dame Alice visited Bedford, and made a grant for the
School." But this visit to Bedford is of his own imagining, and so in
all probability is the statement that Dame Alice was buried in the
tomb in St. Paul's church, Bedford. If that had been the case there
can be little doubt that her name would have been there commemo-
rated. It is far more probable that she died, and was buried, in
London. |
The thirteen acres and one rood had been purchased of Dr. Caesar
Adelmare, and Mr. Wyatt says " It has been stated (he does not tell
where) that Dame Alice was a daughter of Dr. Adelmare, and that he
gave her and her husband the land out of natural love and affection."
Afterwards the biographer adds, " it is quite certain Dame Alice was
not his daughter. * * * It is probable however that she was related to
him, for the name of Alice was a favourite one in the family."
Now, the pedigree of Harper in the London Visitation favours no
such idea. It furnishes these particulars of Dame Alice, — that she
was a widow when married to Harper ; that her maiden name was
* Stowe, Survay, — List of Officers belonging to the Lord Mayor's bowse,
f See Postscript in p. 93.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 83
Tomlinson, her first husband Richard Hanson of Shropshire, by whom
she had an only daughter, Beatrice, married to Prestwood; and that
she died on the 10th Oct. 1569, having had (so far as appears) no
issue by Sir William. Very shortly before her death she is thus men-
tioned in the will of Thomas Thomlynson alias Towreson, Citizen and
Merchant Taylor, living in the parish of St. Mildred Poultry :
" It'm, I bequethe to Sir William Harper, Alderman of London, and to my
lady his wyffe, my cosen, to either of them a blacke gowne."*
Mr. Wyatt next volunteers the statement that, after remaining a
widower a short time, Sir William Harper " married a native of
Bedford, of whom we have obtained very little information, except
that she was of a very different disposition to her husband. She was
neither just nor generous." The whole of this is gratuitous assumption
on the part of Mr. Wyatt, even from his very first assertion that the
lady was " a native of Bedford." Asserting this, Mr. Wyatt yet
cannot describe her parentage. Nor does it appear in the Visitation,
although her arms are there given, viz. Per chevron
gules and argent, three trefoils counterchanged, on a
chief of the second three martlets of the first. But
yet there is no surname. I have lately discovered,
in Sir William Harper's will, the name of " Richard
Lethers my wife's brother," an obscure and unknown
name certainly, but I presume that it may have been
that of the second Lady Harper before her marriage.
Sir William Harper died on the 27th Feb. 1573-4, in the 77th year
of his age : leaving, as it appears, in the tenure of his widow, the great
house in Lombard street in which he had kept his mayoralty, and
where former mayors, Sir John Percival and Sir Thomas Offley, who
were both Merchant Taylors, had kept their mayoralties f in the years
1499 and 1557. It is related by Herbert, in his History of the Twelve
Great Livery Companies, that Sir William Harper's lease of this
mansion was near expiring at the time of his death. " It shows (re-
marks Herbert,) the control exercised by government (meaning the
* Recorded in the Hastings Court Guildhall Eoll 256, 7 dorso, 11 Eliz.
f Herbert, City Companies, i. 168. The house stood in the parish of St.
Mary Woolnoth, as appears by Sir William Harper's will, and in 1605 was
occupied by a Mr. Butler, mentioned by Wm. Smith, Rouge Dragon, when
noticing Harper in his List of Mayors and Sheriffs. Was it the same which
subsequently became the mansion of Sir Robert Vyner, and was converted into
the General Post Office ?
G 2
84 BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
Queen's ministers and councillors) over the (London) companies at this
time, that persons wanting favours of them scarcely ever applied in
such cases direct to the Companies ; but, if they had court influence,
instructed some great person to interfere for them. Lady Harper
procured Lord Burghley to write, in order to obtain low terms for her
on this occasion. The company offered her a new lease for 21 years
at an additional rent of only 10Z., but the lady wanted it at less. Lord
Burghley wrote again, and was again humbly replied to by the com-
pany. They determined, after further negociation, not to sacrifice their
premises, finding their tenant would come to no terms, and attempted
to eject her. Matters were coming to extremity, but were prevented
by the lord mayor (Hawes), who, having learned from court that such a
contempt of the Lord Treasurer's authority might be attended with
serious consequences, wrote himself, to advise the wardens to com-
promise. They gave Lady Harper 66Z. 13s. 4d. to quit possession,
and afterwards let the house to Richard Offley, son of Sir Thomas, for
the 21 years, at 13Z. 65. a-year more rent, and 4101. fine."
This is Herbert's account of the transaction, and we may remark
that the result of this matter of house-agency, when properly under-
stood, merely proves these two points : first that the Offley interest in
the Mei'chant Taylors' Company was triumphant over that of the
widowed Lady Harper ; and, secondly, that the Company were suc-
cessful in defending their proper rights against Court influence. But
the Bedford biographer regards it as " a proof that the lady was very
mercenary in her desire and very unfair in her demands," appending
this absurd exclamation, " How unlike all the acts of her late husband
and of the Dame Alice, the first wife ! " the only act of Dame Alice of
which he has any proof being that she married Sir William, and that,
being his wife, (for some legal reason, no doubt,) her name was placed
with his in his deed of gift to the town of Bedford.
Mr. Wyatt's fictions do not end even after relating Sir William's death
and abusing the widow. He adds this account of an imaginary picture : —
The only portrait known to have been taken of Sir William Harper was that
painted for the Merchant Taylors' Company, and hung up in their hall. Unfor-
tunately, this was lost at the great fire of London. Granger, in his Biographical
History, gives a portrait from a rare print in the possession of Mr. St. Aubyn,
which is said to have been taken from the picture burnt in the old hall of
Merchant Taylors. The portrait given in this work 'is taken from Granger's,
for the use of the trustees, who have kindly lent the plate to embellish this
publication. Some years back, a committee was appointed to ascertain if a
genuine portrait existed, with power to purchase it under a certain sum. The
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 85
inquiries have not yet been attended with success, although it is believed that
there is one in existence which belonged to the Harper family.
There are, unfortunately, too many facilities for the discovery (or
manufacture) of historical portraits ; and if an unscupulous purveyor
were encouraged by a credulous committee, no doubt a picture of Sir
William Harper would very soon be forthcoming. But, as Mr. Wyatt
wrote some years ago, let us hope that the committee he speaks of was
not credulous. They may wisely have rested satisfied with such repre-
sentations of their Founder as had been provided by their predecessors.
These we shall presently describe, but let us first dispose of Mr. Wyatt's
statements, which are altogether unfounded. There is really no record
of any portrait having been painted for the Merchant Taylors' Company,
nor hung up in their hall, nor burnt in the great fire of London. The
portrait noticed by Granger, engraved by W. Richardson, was copied
from one of a series of wood blocks figuring all the Lord Mayors of
the reign of Elizabeth (to the year 1601); but many of these heads,
as Granger remarks, served over and over again in the course of the
book, for several Lord Mayors. How far, therefore, that named Sir
William Harper may be genuine is questionable. From this book
(upon which I shall append a note) the head was copied on a copper-
plate by W. Richardson. Richardson's print is the original of a line-
engraving by R. L. Wright, prefixed to An Account of the Public
Charities of the town of Bedford, by R. B. HANKIN, of Bedford,
solicitor, 1828, 8vo. ; and the last is again copied by R. Baker for the
plate included in Mr. Wyatt's book. This is all that can be said on
the portrait, with truth, and all that ought ever to be said, unless,
beyond every reasonable hope, a genuine picture should really be
discovered.
Sir William Harper died, as already stated, on the 27th February,
1573-4, probably at his house in Lombard Street, where he had made
his last will (hereafter inserted at length) on the 27th October pre-
ceding. In compliance with his testamentary injunctions his body
was taken for burial to the parish church of St. Paul in Bedford. I
have not found any account of the funeral, but many persons whom he
desired to attend are named in the will.
In the north aisle of the chancel of the church a table tomb was
erected,* upon the slab of which were placed figures in brass plates
* It now stands in the chancel opposite the south door, to which spot it was
removed about the year 1828. Hankin's Bedford School, p. 36.
86
BIOGRAPHY OF Sill WILLIAM HARPER,
(two feet in height) of Sir William Harper and his second wife, of
which engravings are now given.* His figure is remarkable from repre-
senting him in armour, as a knight, his alderman's gown being worn
®6ijt 27° &te Jfebruarij 1573. ario aetatts fuae 77°.
&ere bnlrer Itetfj burtefc tfje fcotrg of S»ir ffiaailltain J^arper, Um'gfjt, ail&erman anU
late Horlre j&aiov at tfic dLHie of Hoirtron, tottfie Irame ifttargatett fife last totfe, toc
5ir 3'iLltIIiam bias tome in tfjt's totone of CrDforti, and fir IT fouttetr & gabe lantif
for tfje maintenance of a d*ramrr frfjoole,
* I beg to acknowledge the kindness of Major Heales, F.S.A., a member of the
Council of the London and Middlesex Society, in furnishing rubbings of these
figures for the use of the engraver. They have been previously published only
in the rare work, Fisher's Bedfordshire Collections, 4to, 1812.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON.
87
over the armour. It will be remembered that the effigy of Alderman
Sir John Crosby (ob. 1475) in the church of Great St. Helen's is
similarly attired, and probably several other examples in effigies* may
be found, but I believe this is unique as a sepulchral brass.
Above the figures were two shields
of arms, one over Sir William's
head, of Harper only, the other
over the lady's head, lost many
years since (as appears from T.
Fisher's etching) f
These arms, as authorised by the
Heralds in the London Visitation^
are, Azure, on a fess between three
eagles displayed or a fret between
two martlets of the first. Crest,
upon a crescent or, charged with a
fret between two martlets azure, an
eagle displayed of the last.
Harper's arms and crest are com-
posed of the same charges and tinc-
tures as the arms of Lord. Chan-
cellor Audley, which were, Quarterly
or and azure, per pale indented, two
eagles or, over all a bend of the
second quarter, on the bend a fret
between two martlets of the first
quarter. (I follow the blason of the
original grant 18 March, 1538. See
Lord Braybrooke's Audley End, 4to. 1836, p. 23.) There must surely
have been some origin for this similarity beyond mere accident. The
fret came from the simple bearing of the ancient Audleys.
* As those of Sir Thomas Rowe, Lord Mayor 1567, and Sir Henry Rowe,
Lord Mayor 1607 (both kneeling figures), formerly in Hackney church, engraved
in Robinson's History of that parish.
•f The original slab remains in the pavement of the same' chapel : but a new
slab having been provided for the tomb, the brasses were reset in it, with the
remaining shield in the centre.
J Also for Harper of Camberwell in the Visitation of Surrey, 1623, but the
connection of that family with the Alderman has not yet been ascertained.
88 BIOGRAPHY OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
Another monument was erected in 1768, in obedience to the Act of
Parliament presently mentioned, at the east end of the same aisle.
Who the sculptor was I hare not learned, but he inserted portrait
medallions of Sir William and Lady Harper, for which his only
authority, if he cared for any, could be the sepulchral brasses. This
monument bears the following inscription : — *
Sacred to the memory of Sir WILLIAM HARPTJR, Knight, a native of this place,
and in 1561 was Lord Mayor of London, and of Dame ALICE his wife,
Who, by their virtue and industry, and God's blessing upon both, acquired an
ample fortune, which, joined with a beneficent mind, both disposed and enabled
them to communicate their benevolence to mankind in general,
Their peculiar charity and munificence to this town in particular, where in the
infancy of the Reformation they, by Royal Charter, erected a Protestant Free
School, for the education of youth in Grammar, Learning, and Good Manners,
and in the firm and genuine principles of the Reformed Religion.
This pious foundation they originally endowed with land situated in London,
which, by many fine and stately buildings since erected on it, is now increased to
a large estate, the revenues whereof afford an ample provision for the Master,
Usher, and Boys ; a large surplus also for other Charitable Exhibitions in this
Town.
The Mayor and other gentlemen who are trustees for this estate, and dispensers
of this Charity, and who 'tis hoped will ever continue to discharge this sacred
trust agreeable to the spirited design of their munificent Benefactors, have in a
grateful sense of their benefits caused this Monument to be erected, that the
influence of their example may follow the respect done to their memory, and their
good name, which the Wise Man compares to precious oyntment, may for ever
retain and communicate its fragrancy after their bodies (here interred) have
been long since in noisomness and corruption.
NON SIBI SED BOHO PUBLICO.
One hesitates to whose authorship we may attribute this rambling
and incoherent effusion, so characteristic in its expressions of the period
at which it was written, and yet so badly put together, and so imagi-
native in its conception. It seems quite unworthy of the master of
the grammar school, who was then the Rev. George Bridle, as it would
be now of a junior scholar. Unlike the sculptor of the founder's
* At this period it had become the practice to spell the name Harpur instead
of Harper, and that spelling is now maintained for Harpur Street, a small street
on the Bedford estate. The family of Harpur-Crewe, advanced to a Baronetcy
in 1626, and which took the additional name of Crewe in 1808, is of high
antiquity in Warwickshire and Derbyshire, and quite unconnected with that of
our worthy citizen.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 89
statue (hereafter described), the writer disdained to take the unassum-
ing contemporary memorial as the model either of his diction or his
statements. Disregarding the fact there recorded, that Sir William
Harpur lay buried with
Dame itlargarrtt fits last imfr,
and the circumstance that his former lady was not even represented on
the tomb, as so often was the case in other monuments of the time, it
displaces dame Margaret to make room for dame Alice, to whom
imaginary virtues are attributed, resting solely, as I have already
shown, upon the occurrence of her name in the deed of gift. This
eighteenth-century epitaph was evidently the poetic fountain from
whence the biographer, whose work we have been examining, first
drew his inspiration. The " thirteen acres and one rood," so fortu-
nately seated on the immediate outskirts of the great metropolis as to
have become the site of " many fine and stately buildings," have the
retrospective effect of endowing the worthy alderman and his wife, not
only with " an ample fortune," but with virtue and industiy, a benefi-
cent mind, and " peculiar charity and munificence."
A more sober view of the matter leads to these conclusions — that
Sir William Harper invested his money fortunately, and that he
performed a good deed in devoting his estate to the purposes it has so
well fulfilled. In so doing he was merely following the coiirse which
was generally taken at the same period by other public benefactors.
There was no " peculiar munificence " in this act. The value of his
gift owes its extraordinary increase to causes that have arisen since his
death, and which could never have entered into his imagination.
With regard to Sir William Harper's foundation, I will only state
the purport of its two most important records, referring for further
particulars to Carlisle's Endowed Grammar Schools, 1818, J. D.
Parry's Illustrations of Bedfordshire, 1827, and the other works
which are devoted to its history.
By indenture dated 22 April, 8th Eliz. 1566, made between the
mayor and commonalty oft the town of Bedford of the one part, and
Sir William Harper and dame Alice, his then wife, of the other part ;
after reciting letters patent of King Edward VI., dated 15th August,
1552, for founding a free grammar-school at the town of Bedford, in
a messuage there called the Free School House, which the said Sir
William Harper of late built ; the said Sir William and dame Alice
90 BIOGRAPHY OP SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
granted to the mayor and commonalty the said school-house with the
premises adjoining, and also thirteen acres and one rood of meadow
lying in divers parcels in or near the parish of St. Andrew Holborn, in
the county of Middlesex.
By an Act of Parliament of 4 George III., reciting that under build-
ing leases several new streets were formed on the trust estate, viz., Bed-
ford Street, Bedford Row, Bedford Court, Prince's Street, Theobalds
Road, North Street, East Street, Lamb's Conduit Street, Queen's Street,
Eagle Street, Boswell Court, and several other streets and courts
thereto adjoining in the parishes of St. Andrew Holborn and St. George
Queen Square, which were likely to produce a clear rental of £3,000
per annum,* the Corporation of Bedford were empowered as trustees
to manage the estate and to carry into execution the rules for the
management of the school, and also to erect in the chancel of St. Paul's
church in Bedford a monument of marble to the memory of Sir
William Harper, and likewise a statue in front of the grammar-school.
These monuments were both accordingly erected ; that in the church
has been already noticed. The statue was placed in a niche over the
doorway of the school-house, erected in 1767. f It is remarkable as
being in the costume of the last century, and not of the founder's own
day ; exhibiting a full cravat, a long coat with lapells, knee-breeches,
and shoes with buckles ! The head is bare. The aldermanic gown is
worn, but thrown back. Altogether, it would seem as if the sculptor
set himself the task to translate the sepulchral effigy of the Elizabethan
alderman into one of the Georgian era. On a tablet below the
statue is this inscription : —
Ecce Viator ! Corporea Effigies
GULIELMI HARPUE, Equitis Aurati
Scholae istius
Quam cernis amplam et ornatam
Munificentissimi Fundatoris.
Si Animae pictnram spectare velis,
in Charta Beneficiorum invenias
delineatam.
* At the period of the Fourteenth Report of the Charity Commissioners,
1861-3, the total yearly income of the trustees had risen to £13,211 5*. 3d.
f There is a view of this school-house in J. D. Parry's Illustrations of Bed-
fordshire, 4to. 1827. That author falls into the mistake that the burning of the
steeple of St. Paul's Cathedral (June 4, 1561) was during Harper's mayoralty.
ALDERMAN OF LONDON. 91
THE WILL OF SIR WILLIAM HARPER.
In the name of God amen. The seaventh and twentie dale of October in the
fyftenthe yeare of the reigne of or soveraigne Lady Elizabeth by the grace of
God Quene of Englonde France and Irelonde defendour of the faithe, &c. I
Sir WILLIAM HARPEB knighte and alderman of the Citie of London being of
perfect mynd and memory, thanckes be geven to almightie God, doe ordeigne
and make this my presente laste will and testament in manner and forme follow-
inge: First I bequeathe my soull to almightie God my Creator and to Jesus
Christe my saviour and Redeemer, and my body to be decentlie buryed by the
discrecion of myne Executrixe here after named, within the parrishe churche of
St. Paull in the towne of Bedford. Item I geve to the worshipfull Company
of the Marchant tailors for a remembrance of the good will I bare unto them
vj/. xiijs. iiijd. in ready mony to make a Cuppe wthall to remayne to th'use of
the said Company. Item I geve to my welbelovid ffrindes William Albany,
Thomas Rigges, Thomas Muschampe, Humfrey Stephens, Edwarde Thome, and
Richard Lethers my wife's brother, if they will take the paynes to be presente
at my buriall at Bedford aforesaid, to every of them a blacke gowne. Item I
geve and beqneethe unto my welbelovid frendes Mrs. Muschampe wife of the
said Thomas Muschampe and to mistres Ballinger wief to Mr. Gabriell Ballinger
to either of them a blacke gowne if they will take the paines to be at my said
buriall. Item I geve to Paull Warner, William Malton bedle of the warde of
Dowgate, Richard Richardson and to Thomas Addams if they wilbe presente at
my buriall at Bedford aforesaide, to either of them a blacke cote. Item I geve
to Tenne poore men which shalbe present at my buriall Tenne blacke gOwnes of
vs. iiijd. the yard. Item I geve to my servantes Phillippe Cotton and David
Bellett yf they happen to be dwellinge w°' me at the tyme of my decease to
either of them a blacke gowne and a cote and to every other man servante that
shall happen to be dwellinge wth me at the tyme of my decease a blacke cote.
Item I geve to every maide servaunte that shall happen to be dwellinge wth me
at the tyme of my decease a blacke gowne. Item I geve to be distributed by the
discrecion of my Executrix the somme of ffortie shillings. Item I geve to the
poor people of S* Mary Wolnothes parishe in London where I now dwell the
somme of Twentie shillings. Item I geve to Elizabeth Peltingale widowe the
somme of xiijs. iujd. The Residue of all my goodes and cattels, Leases for
yeares, plaite, monie, juells and household stuffe, my buriall expenses, laufull
debtes and legacies being paid, I geve and bequeathe to my welbeloved wief
dame Margarete Harper whom I ordeigne and make hole and full Executrix of
this my last will and testament. And my dear frendes William Albany,
Thomas Rigges, Thomas Muschamp, and Edward Thorne Overseers of this my
last will and testament. In witnes whereof I have to this my last will and
testament putt my hand and seall the daye and yeare above written. By me
William Harper. Sealed subscribed and delivered in the presens of these
witnesses, Thomas Ramsay alderman, William Abraham, Cutberte Buckle,
William Softley no1?.
Proved at London 6 April 1574 on the oath of Edward Orwell notary public,
92
BIOGRAPHY OP SIR WILLIAM HARPER,
proctor for dame Margaret Harper relict and Executrix. (Reg. Prerog. Court,
14 Martyn.)
The present seal of the Bedford charity, of which an engraving is
appended, was probably made in 1764, shortly after the passing of
the Act of Parliament before mentioned. It bears the arms of Sir
William Harper, impaling those of his first wife (Thomlinson.)
SEAL OP THE BEDFORD CHARITY.
Portraits of Elizabethan Lord Mayors.
These prints are thus described in Granger's Biographical History of England : —
" A set of the Lord Mayors of London, from the first year of Queen Elizabeth to
1601; when the prints, which are cut in wood, were published. Some of them serve
for several Mayors. Under the portraits are mentioned their charitable gifts, and
places of burial, with a few other particulars. Among them are seven Clothworkers,
six Drapers, one Fishmonger, two Goldsmiths, six Grocers, five Haberdashers, four
Ironmongers, five Mercers, two Salters, two Skinners, two Merchant Taylors, and one
Vintner."
The set therefore is complete ; but only one copy is known to be preserved. It was
in the valuable collection of Joseph Gulston, esq. ; at the sale of which in 1786 it was
purchased by Sir John St.Aubyn, Bart. F.R.S. who permitted the heads of Sir
William Harper and others to be copied by Richardson the printseller. After Sir
John's death the set of portraits was again sold at Phillips 's on the 7th April 1840, for
292. 8s., and acquired by the Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville. It did not accompany
Mr. Grenville's library of books to the British Museum ; hut, as prints, remained in
the possession of his niece, and I am informed that it does so still.
I find it remarked by one who wrote in 1825, that "neither Sir William Musgrave ,
ALDERMAN OP LONDON. 93
Horace Walpole, antiquary Storey, Mr. Towneley, Mr. Bindley, or Sir Mark Mas-
terman Sykes, had a single impression of any one of these portraits." (MS. note in a
copy of Granger in my possession) ; and I have made a recent inquiry in the Print
Room of the British Museum without discovering any. But I find that as many as
six were copied (on copper) by W. Richardson, by favour of Sir John St.Aubyn,
although only two of them (Lee and Harper) are mentioned in the 1824 edition of
Granger. The following is a list of Richardson's copies : —
Lord Mayor Published
1558 Sir Thomas Lee .... 179..
1561 Sir William Harper . . 1793
1592 Sir William Roe .... 1796
1597 Sir Richard Salstonstall . 1794
1599 Sir Nicholas Mosley . . . 179..
1600 Sir William Ryder . . . 1797
Woodcocks' Lives of Illustrious Lords Mayors and Aldermen of London.
With a Brief History of the City of London. Also a Chronological List of
the Lords Mayors and Sheriffs of London and Middlesex, from the earliest
period to the present time. (No date.) This imperfect work forms a small 8vo.
volume. The title-page is in chromolithography, as is the frontispiece, & portrait of
Henrie Fitz Alwine, Kt. first Lord Mayor of London, and so also thirteen plates of
Arms of Companies; besides which there are three (second-hand) steel engravings of
the new Royal Exchange. The History of London occupies 79 pages, the lives of Lord
Mayors and Aldermen 296, and the lists of Mayors (to 1846) and Sheriffs (to 1844),
followed by an account of the Queen's Visit to the City in 1837, fill up to the 322d
page; prefatory pages viii. No name of author appears, but the plates are chromo-
lithographed chiefly by W. and R. Woodcock, Warwick Lane. The lives of Lord
Mayors are only nineteen in number, including the well-known names of Walworth,
Whittington, Philpot, Rockesley (misspelt Rockesby), Spencer, among those of the
olden time, and Beckford, Gyll, Wilkes, and Waithman, among those of modern days;
of Aldermen Sir John Crosby, Fabyan the chronicler, Sir William Fitz William, and a
few more; whilst the well-known biographies of Sir Thomas Gresham and of his two
relatives Sir Richard and Sir John Gresham occupy nearly one-third of the whole.
Altogether the work is one of little value, and scarce any originality : but, as copies
will probably be scarce, I have thought it worth while to add this note.
Postscript. — My expectation (p. 62) has been entirely confirmed on
examining the parish register of St. Mary's Woolnoth, where I have
found the following entry : —
"The xvth day of October 1569 was buried Dame Alice Harper, late wife of Sr
William Harper knight and Alderman of London, and lyeth in a vault made of
brick, the mouthe beinge before his pewe dore in the North Isle of this Churche."
ON SILVER COINS DISCOVERED AT HARMONDS-
WORTH, MIDDLESEX.
BY ALFRED WHITE, ESQ. F.S.A. F.L.S.
I am enabled to lay before the Society an account of the discovery
of coins in the burial-ground of Harmondsworth Church, Middlesex,
from particulars kindly furnished by the vicar, Rev. J. Percy Arnold, B.D.
A. .Chantler, Esq. and Frederick Hunt, Esq. The churchyard has
been recently enlarged by an addition on its north side, and many
inequalities in the ground were then reduced. A grave was dug in
the spring of 1870 to the north-west of the church close to the boundary
of the old churchyard, and at a depth of about three feet (the soil
removed from this part would have made the original depth six feet)
several coins were found. They appeared as if arranged in fours upon
the arm of the skeleton of a full-grown man ; some of them were in-
closed in what might have been a purse or (as the sexton described it) a
sort of leather piping, around which were traces of metal, probably brass.
This receptacle was very much decayed, so that no part of it could be
preserved. About one half of the skeleton was removed, but no re-
mains of a coffin were visible. The coins are of silver, and are all
half-shillings ; twenty -two are of Elizabeth, with the rose at the back
of her head, and three of James I. with a VI. to indicate its value
in pence. The dates range from 1564 to 1604. The body from
which these coins were taken was buried in his clothes, and it would
appear as if the money was concealed in the sleeve of his coat. Had
the body been found in the open fields instead of in a churchyard we
could have supposed this person had been robbed and murdered by the
highwaymen who infested the adjacent open country at Hounslow and
other places on the Windsor Road, and that the victim had been only
partially deprived of the valuables about him. This theory seems to
be destroyed by the deposit of the body in a churchyard, which would
have led to the immediate discovery of the murder. Let us look to
the coins for help in our investigation. They belong to a large part of
the reign of Elizabeth, and the beginning of James I. They are all
SILVER COINS DISCOVERED AT HARMONDSWORTH. 95
in fair preservation, but have evidently seen much but unequal wear,
just such as would have occurred in a circulation of from thirty to sixty
years ; and history will inform us that about this number of years
from the earliest and latest dates on the coins will bring us to a time
of great troubles in England. Charles I. and his Parliament were at
war, and this neighbourhood was not exempt from the horrors of this
conflict. Brentford was the locality of an engagement in 1642, and
the fighting was within a mile or two of Harmondsworth. In 1647
the battle was on Hounslow Heath, part of which is in this parish. At
either of these encounters a wounded soldier or officer might have fled
in this direction and died here, or one of the slain on the field may
have been brought here for burial, put into the grave with his clothes,
and the money have been overlooked and buried with him. Leaving
these conjectures we will proceed to notice some interesting features in
the coins. They bear the dates of seventeen different years, and have
as many as eleven varieties of mint marks. The marks are repre-
sented in the accompanying woodcut, and occur on the coins in the
following order with regard to their dates. 1564 apheon; 1565 a
rose; 1568 and 1569 a crown; 1570 and 1571 a tower; one of 1574
a flower of four petals ; another of 1574 and four of 1575 a flower of
five petals ; 1578 and 1582 a plain cross ; 1583 a bell; 1590. and
1591 a hand ; 1594 a woolpack ; and 1603 a thistle. The mark on
the coin of 1604 is obliterated. At all times the process of coinage
appears to have boen carried out by license given by the sovereign
power to bodies, officers, or other individuals. It therefore became
necessary to identify each parcel of money produced under the several
licences, and to ascertain if any error or fraud in weight or fineness had
been committed by the contractor before he received his discharge
from liability for the parcel of gold or silver which had been given to
him. The earliest mint-mark of the kind described above on English
money is believed to be the crown at the beginning of the legend on
gold pieces of Edward III. Before that time the cross is very generally
found in this place, but it does not appear as a mint-mark ; indeed they
sometimes occur together on the same coin. Certain parcels of silver
are identified at various times to show their origin : thus the silver
96 SILVER COINS DISCOVERED AT HARMONDSWORTH.
produced from the Welsh lead mines in the reign of James I. had the
Prince's feathers as a mint mark; and in the reign of George II. the
silver taken at Lima and Vigo when coined was stamped with the
names of these places. The name of the artist who executed the die
is frequently found on the money made by it. The names of Blondeau,
Simon, and Eoeter in the time of Cromwell and Charles II. and of
Pistrucci on the crown pieces of George III. are in full. On most
modern coinage we find the initials of the die-sinker, and on the money
of Victoria since 1864 each piece has the number of the die with
which it was struck. On the coins of many of our kings the name of
the place where they were struck is found very conspicuously on the
reverse, as " Civitas London," " Civitas Cantor." " Civitas Eboraci,"
" Villa Calisie," for London, Canterbury, York, and Calais. On the
copper money of George III. struck by Bolton and Watt, the name of
their works " Soho," near Birmingham, may be seen in small capitals
on the reverse.
3O M ER S
TOWN
I S LI NGTON
CLER^KENWELL
Black Marys Well .
Sir John Oldcaatle.
Ducking Pond.
Chimney Conduit,
source of Lambs Conduit supply
Lambs' Conduit.
Hoekley in the Hole.
Site of Fort.
The Clerks Well .
Saint Bridget's Well.
Scale , 3 laches tu 1 Mile .
Saint Futile (tilheJnil
MAP OF THE COURSE OF THE "HOLE BOURNE" OR" RIVER FLEET"
THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
BY JOHN GREEN WALLER, ESQ.
There are three great brooks, rising from the Hampstead and
Highgate hills, which pass through London on their way to the
Thames, viz. the " Hole-bourne," the " Ty-bourne," and the " West-
bourne." It is the first of these which will at present occupy our
attention. I use its most ancient name, such as is given to it in
old records, and which well describes its physical character. It is
strictly, throughout its course, the brook or " bourne " in the " hole "
or hollow. But it has other names : John Stow speaks of it as the
" River of Wells," this also is a very appropriate appellation. The
" River Fleet " is that by which it is best known. But the term
" fleet," the affix to so many names on the Thames and Medway and
other southern rivers, can only be properly applied where it is in-
fluenced by the tidal flow of the Thames. A " fleet," in fact, is a
channel covered with shallow water at high tide. Turnmill Brook is
another name : this also was local in its application.
It would be but a dry record, were I merely to point out the course
of this stream through the miles of houses which now obliterate it.
But it passes many spots belonging to our social history. Our city's
development and growth, the customs, habits, and amusements of its
inhabitants, all that makes up the true history of a people, are exem-
plified on the banks of this stream. No better gift could have been
conferred upon a city than a supply of pure water in abundance, as
was here given by Nature's hand, yet never was such a gift so abused.
In defiance, or in ignorance of physical laws, it became, in our
hands, a " pestilence walking in darkness." We endured it as a
nuisance for six centuries, in the heart of London. I shall show you
what is said of it in the thirteenth century, and how many fearful
scourges of epidemical diseases have we not recorded since ? Yet was
it, actually, an open, foul, pestilential sewer, after we had had the
cholera twice amongst us, within a short distance of the spot whence
arose complaints at the time alluded to !
I will now ask you to follow me, in imagination, whilst I peram-
bulate its course. All the springs arise within the semicircle formed
VOL. IV. H
98 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
by the heights of Hampstead and Highgate. Walking from the latter
place towards Hampstead, we turn on our left by the grounds of Lord
Mansfield at Ken Wood.* Immediately we are in a scene of con-
siderable beauty. On our left the crested hill of Highgate, on the
right the grounds of Ken Wood. The landscape slopes from us, and
dips in the centre, showing the vast metropolis in the distance, the
noble cathedral of St. Paul's crowning the whole. There are plenty
of fine trees to form a foreground and frame to the picture; the place
is quiet and retired, not a hum to be heard from that largest and
busiest of all human hives which lies before us. A path leads by a
winding course until you reach where " a willow grows ascant a
brook," •(• and beneath its roots, in the bank, gurgles forth rapidly a
limpid stream, which, from the colour of the objects about it, shows it
to be in some measure impregnated with iron. It passes across the
road into Lord Mansfield's inclosures, and helps to form the first of a
series of five ponds, in which it is assisted by another spring within
the grounds. These are the first of the sources on the Highgate side.
The course of the brooklet is now in the succession of artificial reser-
voirs, formed one after another, in a line, at descending levels. Con-
tinuing down the lane (Milfield Lane), we come to a gap, where,
a few years ago, grew a very picturesque ash tree, now gone, leaving
only a decaying stump. Here other sources from the fields nearer
Highgate are tmited, and pass under the road to the third pond,
and those succeeding receive small rillets here and there. From the
last, the outfall takes a bend and crosses the road of Highgate Rise,
and, proceeding parallel to Swain's Lane, it receives a rillet from
a field by the cemetery, and turns southwards in a meandering course.
A few years ago, a footpath by its side made a pretty rural walk,
through undulated fields, and the broken banks of the stream were
full of picturesque " bits," some of which I did not fail to record
with my pencil. In places it passed through inclosures, and was of
avail to make ornamental pieces of water, and it " babbled " over little
dams, made here and there to keep it back for the use of cattle.
Pursuing this course, it at length bent round again, and re-crossed the
high road of Kentish Town, near the three-mile stone. The section of
the stream here, above the bridge, at flood was thirteen feet. The
* See fig. 1 on the Map facing the preceding page. On this plan are references
to the more important places mentioned in the text.
•f Now gone.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 99
whole of this portion is now dry, and drained off into the main sewer,
and the fields, for the greater part, are covered with houses. After
passing the road, it makes a sweep around the new chapel of Kentish
Town, erected in 1844. The ancient chapel was built in the reign of
Elizabeth, not on this site, but a quarter of a mile south of it.
After passing the chapel it proceeds southwards, keeping nearly
parallel to Kentish Town, until it reaches a point a little to the north
of the Regent's Canal, at the junction of what is now Exeter Street
with Hawley Road. And here we must at present leave it, and make
our way to Hampstead, to trace the course of that branch which at this
point forms a union with that just described. *
Here the spring arises in the Vale of Health, forming the large
square pond south of that spot. Leaving this, it winds along at the
base of the heath, receiving another supply from a spring on the east,
where a large bridge is erected over a gap between rising ground, and
also other rillets from the heath. It then forms a succession of three
ponds, like those previously noticed, artificially constructed for the
Hampstead Waterworks.
The overflow from these then passes east of South End, a little
green, with a few houses around it, and in a broken course, fringed by
very old picturesque willows, which have often found a place in
artists' sketch-books, it moved southwards until it effected a junction
with the branch from Highgate at Hawley Road. At a short distance,
however,' from South End, there was a straight cut directly across to
Kentish Town, in union with a small arm which bent southwards, and
united with the Highgate branch a little to the south of the new chapel.
None of this appears in old maps, and it is obviously artificial, pro-
bably for the purpose of diverting the stream, as the branch from
Hampstead, from the point where it meets this straight cut, has for
many years been entirely concealed. Now the whole is dry, drained
off into sewers, and at present it is the boundary of London which,
in compact streets, reaches up to this point, though only a few
years ago there were extensive meadows between Kentish Town and
Haverstock Hill.
Near the junction made by this cut, within a space marked out by a
bending of the brook, where it forms the boundary of the parishes of
* None of this course is now visible.
H 2
100 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
Hampstead and St. Pancras, stood an old oak, known as the " Gospel
Oak:" its memory is well maintained in the large district erected about
the site, and in a railway station, which one would always desire should
be the case ; such landmarks are memories of the past. But what is
the meaning of " Gospel Oak ?" for there are others in different parts
of th^country — one notably by Birmingham. It has been suggested
to me by a friend that Whitfield, the follower of John Wesley,
preached beneath it, and it may be that such an origin may apply else-
where. But the association of this noble tree with religious ob-
servances, it is unnecessary to say, is of extreme antiquity, and not
confined by any means to one system of worship. Domesday Book
gives us a name in Shropshire of Cristes-ache, " Christ's Oak," now
Cressage, and one would like to be sure of the origin of such a term
as " Gospel Oak." The term sounds modern, but may not the tree
have had an earlier veneration in connection with religion ?
Before we proceed further on our course, let me direct your attention
to the acute angle of land embraced within the space formed by the
junction of the two arms of the brook. Remember, Kentish Town is
a corruption of " Cantlers," or " Kantloes," the name of the prebend of
St. Paul's, and parcel of the parish of St. Pancras. Now, the word
" Cantlers " allies itself with roots most familiar to us in our Saxon
tongue, such as " Cant," " Cantle," signifying an oblique angle, and
the meaning of " Cantlers " probably points to this angle of land, con-
tained within the boundaries of the two streams. Perhaps they form
the boundary of the prebendal manor, which contains 210 acres. Com-
paring the inclosed space with the proportion of land in the parish
(2716 acres), it appears to be as nearly as possible of the size stated.
But this is a point doubtless quite capable of being set at rest, as the
boundaries of the manor must be well known.
Continuing our route, we now encounter a succession of works of
engineering of more than Roman magnitude. They have effaced old
landmarks, by the alteration of levels, to an extent that must be
directly studied to comprehend their vastness, and these works meet us
and interfere with us throughout the whole of our way to the Thames.
But I must pass them with scarce a mention, except when they serve to
point out the way we are pursuing. From the junction of the two arms
the course bent again across Kentish Town Road, a little above the
Regent's Canal, and here the flow had gained so considerable an
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 101
accession of power, that, after it had passed under the bridge, at flood,
the section was no less than sixty-five superficial feet.* It then pro-
ceeded a short distance till it approached the canal, beneath which it is
carried, a test of the vast changes made in the levels. It continued its
course nearly parallel to the canal, for some distance, crossing Great
College Street, towards Kings' Road, and then, between it and Great
College Street, behind the Veterinary College, in many a bend, it
found its way to the corner of the road last-named, by St. Pancras
Workhouse, and hence to King's Cross it followed the course of the
road, on its south side, and for that reason we find its windings con-
trolled to suit the convenience of the public way.
"We must now, however, throw ourselves back into earlier times, and
forget the vast works of engineering skill about us — the dense neigh-
bourhood— and try and imagine that St. Pancras' mother church, to
which we have now arrived, was once a desolate, neglected spot, se-
cluded from and also forgotten by the world, and this, too, not much
more than a century ago. Norden, writing at the end of the sixteenth
century, thus speaks of it : " P. C. standeth all alone as utterly for-
saken, old, and wetherbeaten, which for the antiquitie thereof, it is
thought not to yeeld to Paules in London : about this church have
bin manie buildings now decaied, leaving poor Pancras without corn-
panie or comfort : yet it is now and then visited with Kentish Town and
Highgate which are members thereof: but they seldome come there,
for that they have chapels of ease within themselves, but when ther is
a corps to be interred, they are forced to leave the same in this for-
saken church or churchyard, where, no doubt, it resteth as secure
against the day of resurrection as if it lain in stately Paules." In
this condition, remote from the metropolis, out of the great highways,
having only an approach by a miry lane, often deeply flooded, it
remained until about 150 years ago, whilst its children of Kentish Town
and Highgate became the centres of increasing neighbourhoods. But
we must go still further back to understand the state of things. Where-
ever we find a place known by no other name than that of the patron
saint of its church, I think we may conclude that, when the church
was first erected, there was neither township nor village, but a sparse
and scattered population.! This condition prevailed in the adjoining
* These facts are taken from a Report on the Bridges of Middlesex. Lond.
4to. 1826.
f Mr. Black disputes this hypothesis, but it is certainly most usual in England,
102 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
parish of Marylebone, Saint Mary at the Bourne, built in the four-
teenth century. Its antecedent church of St. John the Baptist, which
stood near where Stratford Place now is in Oxford Street, was also in a
lonely spot far away from habitations, and this isolated condition, ex-
posing it to depredation, caused it to be taken down; yet this, re-
member, was on the great Roman highway to the West. The proofs
of the existence of the great forest round London in which, in early
times, ranged wildly the deer, the ox, and those formidable animals
the boar, the bear, and the wolf, may be found in many local names
in Middlesex, and in the fact that game abounded in the immediate
vicinity late in the seventeenth century. It was not until 1218 that
disafforestation took place, and in the Visitation of St. Pancras in 1251
there were but forty houses ; the parish stretching from Highgate Hill
to Clerk enwell, nearly four miles in a direct line, and, most likely,
these were mainly the farmsteads with their cottiers, attached to the pre-
bendal manors. We cannot estimate this population beyond 250 souls,
yet now it is 200,000 ! It is clear that, in the thirteenth century, the
parish could have had but a small portion under tillage, but consisted
chiefly of pastures in the low-lying lands, whilst the upland was entirely
covered with wood. In the same Visitation the church is said to have a
small tower, and it was doubtless just such a structure that came down to
our times, if not the same, having only a nave and chancel, with
tower at the west end. Besides the church two areas are mentioned, the
one nearest to it, probably the vicar's house, surrounded by a moat.* In-
dications of this moat remained until recent times, and served to delude
Dr. Stukeley into the idea of it being the praetorium of a Roman camp.
The gradual formation of hamlets at Kentish Town and Highgate,
with chapels of ease for their convenience, must gradually have conduced
to the neglect of the mother church ; and the proof of this neglect the
old church exemplified in a powerful degree. It seemed to have been
patched up so often, as to have lost all its original architectural
features ; especially as the work appeared to have been done anyhow,
and with any materials. The prints of Toms, Chatelaine, and others
declare its mongrel character. What, indeed, could be expected, when,
as elsewhere, for a town or village to receive its name on account of some local
distinction.
* At the reading of this Paper, one of the members stated that the vicarage-
house was in another part of the parish, but he forgot I was speaking of the
thirteenth century. — J.G.W.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 103
down to the present century, service was only performed in it once a
month ?
We can easily imagine, then, that to be Vicar of Pancras was not,
formerly, a very coveted ecclesiastical benefice. But, if we are to believe
the dramatist Thomas Nabbe, " the parson of Pancrace " must have
been in the seventeenth century a sort of " Sir Oliver Martext," as in
" As you Like it." Shakespeare, without question, painted from the
life, when he makes Touchstone tell Audrey, " I have been with Sir
Oliver Martext, the vicar in the next village, who hath promised to
meet me in this place of the forest and to couple us." Jaques dissuades
him from being so married, much to the disgust, however, of Audrey,
who says to him afterwards, " Faith, the priest was good enough for
all the old gentleman's saying." Audrey knew " delay is dangerous."
A dialogue in Nabbe's play of " Totenham Court," 1633, runs thus :
1. " And yet more plots, I' sure the parson of Pancrace hath been
here.
2. Indeed, I have heard he is a notable joyner.
1. And Totenham Court ale pays him store of tithe ;
It causeth questionless much unlawful coupling."
Now Tottenham Court was the old manor-house of Totenhall, a
prebend of St. Paul's, standing at the corner of Hampstead Road,
in after times, as now, the Adam and Eve public house. Deserted by
its former tenants, it had become a place of suburban resort for the
citizens of London, and so continued far into the eighteenth century. At
this time, the place had many attractions. It was extremely rural ; no
houses nearer than St. Giles Pound ; and the neighbouring dairies afforded,
in abundance, the materials for syllabubs, custards, and cheesecakes.
These were some of the staple commodities of its entertainment. Close at
hand, reaching nearly up to it, was Marylebone Park, the site now
occupied by Regent's Park, but somewhat larger, and a pathway led
across the fields to St. Pancras Church, three-quarters of a mile distant.
By the play, we learn that, the park was convenient for flirtations, the
parson convenient for the unavoidable consequences, and Tottenham
Court for the banquet. It ends, indeed, by " Why then to Pancrace
each with his loved consort, and make it holiday at Totenham Court."
Those who would, the vicar might marry at the Court, those who
would be more precise could walk across the fields to the church.
104 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
Seventy years later we find an apt analogy in the adjoining parish of
Hampstead, as appears in the following advertisement :
" Sion Chapel, Hampstead, being a private and pleasure place,
many persons of the best fashion have lately been married there.
Now, as a minister is obliged constantly to attend, this is to give
notice, that all persons, upon bringing a licence, and who shall have
their wedding dinner in the gardens, may be married in the said
chapel without giving any fee or rewards whatsoever, and such as do
not keep their wedding dinner at the gardens, only 5s. will be de-
manded of them for all fees."* On the subject of irregular or clan-
destine marriages I must again speak of in another place ; it may be
well, therefore, here to give an outline of the history of our marriage
law and custom, otherwise very erroneous conclusions may be arrived
at from the foregoing. Previous to the Council of Trent (sixteenth
century) marriage, all over Europe, was a civil obligation, no eccle-
siastical sanction being essential. Of this we have, in the autobiography
of Benvenuto Cellini, a most atrocious illustration, not redounding to
the credit of that great artist, great braggart, and great scoundrel.
The Council decrees that marriage is a sacrament, and whoever says
it is not, and that it does not confer grace, " let him be accursed." After
that, no one within the pale of Roman Catholic communion could
marry without the priest and two witnesses. But previously to the
pontificate of Pope Innocent III. in 1198, these matters were con-
ducted in the most simple and patriarchal fashion. The man took the
woman, with consent, led her from her own to his house, and it was
indissoluble marriage. The words " sponsus," " sponsa," " spouse,"
meant no more than that each had given the response or answer to
each other. Before this time no marriage was solemnized in the
churches. Banns were first directed to be published in 1200, and in
1347 we find clandestine marriages, as it were, a natural protest
against any restriction on the right of the individual. For they are
thus spoken of in the Constitution of William la Zouch: " Some con-
triving unlawful marriages, and affecting the dark, lest their deeds
should be reproved, procure every day in a damnable manner mar-
riages to be celebrated, without publication of banns duly and lawfully
made, by means of chaplains that have no regard to the fear of God
* Vido Park's History of Hampstead, p. 235.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 105
and the prohibition of the laws." Clandestine marriages, however,
continued thence down to our own times. England did not acknow-
ledge the Council of Trent ; so, irregular as these unions might be in
ceremony, they could not be undone, the law of the land recognised
them, and the parties were amenable only to ecclesiastical censure.*
But we will now return to the lonely church of St. Pancras, whose
churchyard, in the eighteenth century, had become a favourite place
for the interment of Roman Catholics, it is said on account of masses
being performed in the south of France, at a church dedicated to the
same saint, for the repose of souls therein.
In 1765 there was established, on the north side of the church, a
large bouse, with drinking rooms and gardens, in consequence of the
discovery of a mineral spring, and the place became known as St.
Pancras Welle. There was a rage for these spas in the eighteenth
century, and numbers of them were opened around London, and
drinking mineral waters for health's sake soon became one of the
established modes, to use a modern advertising phrase, " of spending a
happy day." The course observed was, to rise early, drink the waters,
then walk about and listen to dulcet music, with songs, often in praise
of the wells or springs. It must have been somewhat " tragical mirth "
for people to swallow a fluid akin to Glauber's salts, then to walk
about and try and make merry ; yet, this was what you were enjoined to
do, if you would seek health.
One Dr. Soames, who died in 1738, inveighed against the evils of
tea-drinking, prophesying, as a consequence, that the next generation
may be in stature more like pigmies than men and women, but he spe-
cially advised mineral waters. " An hour after you have done drinking,"
says he, " you may divert yourselves with the diversions of the place,"
but, he adds, which must have been somewhat depressing to the hypo-
chondriac, that " all who expect to reap any benefit from the use of
these waters must be of a merry and cheerful disposition."
An old engraving of the last century exhibits this house and
gardens. There was an inclosure, planted with trees, in rows, to form
walks, and the view gives us the patients of both sexes solemnly
walking up and down. On the other side of the church was the Adam
and Eve public-house, also with its garden, which must have been a
serious rival. Few other buildings occupied any part of this neigh
* Vide Bum on Fleet Registers, &c., Loud. 8vo. 1833.
106 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
bourhood until the end of the eighteenth century, and these became
very squalid and dilapidated before the Great Northern Railway
began those vast works which have since effaced so much of the
primitive character of the place.
The brook flowed towards Battle Bridge by the south side of the
road, receiving an affluent rising from some springs by Tottenham
Court Road, on the south side of what is now Euston Road, parallel
to which it continued as far as Burton Mews, when it turned in a
north-easterly direction and fell into the main stream by the Brill,
the position of Stukeley's Roman Camp. The road was often
overflowed by it, making what was called " St. Pancras Wash," and
was often in this state as far as Battle Bridge, now King's Cross.
At times, the inundations were attended with danger, and occasioned
much loss to the dwellers around. Indeed, here, the stream had less
fall ; it was at the foot of hills, and moved sluggishly, spreading itself
out as it bent round the end of Gray's Inn Road, which was here
carried over the bridge which gave name to the locality. Why the
prefix " Battle " was given must, I think, be left unanswered, though
imaginative antiquaries have found that it was the scene of the conflict
between Suetonius and Boadicea, recorded in the pages of Tacitus.
One of the most serious of these inundations occurred at the breaking
up of a frost in January, 1809, thus related in Nelson's Islington :
" At this period, when the snow was lying very deep, a rapid thaw
came on, and, the arches not affording a sufficient passage for the in-
creased current, the whole space between Pancras, Somers Town, and
the bottom of the hill at Pentonville, was in a short time covered with
water. The flood rose to the height of three feet in the middle of the
highway, the lower rooms of all the houses within that space were
completely inundated, and the inhabitants sustained considerable
damage in their goods and furniture, which many of them had not
time to remove. Two cart-horses were drowned, and for several days
persons were obliged to be conveyed to and from their houses, and
receive their provisions in at the windows, by means of carts."
Close to Battle Bridge was another mineral spring of great antiquity,
for it was one of the Holy Wells, of which there were many in and
about London. This was dedicated to St. Chad, and the name is yet
perpetuated in Chad Place, but the well and its establishment has been
swept away by the Metropolitan Railway Station of King's Cross.
There are many springs or wells dedicated to this saint in different
THE "HOLE-BOURNE." 107
parts of the country. Shadwell, in the east of London, is but a cor-
ruption. He lived in the seventh century, and his life is recorded by
the Venerable Bede. Educated in the celebrated monastery of Lin-
disfarne, he became Bishop of Lichfield, and died of the plague in 673.
After his death, his body performed miraculous cures : hence the reason of
dedicating to him springs supposed to possess medicinal virtues.
St. Chad's Well had a longer life than most of the other mineral
springs that once flourished in the vicinity. It never launched out
into dissipation ; never, under the guise of drinking the waters,
tempted you with tea or brandy and water. It was thoroughly respect-
able : dull, perhaps, not to say sad. The latter days of its existence
reminded you painfully that it had seen better days. The house with
its large windows looked faded. The gardens were pining away slowly,
but surely, under the influence of London smoke, and decay was visible
everywhere. Its waters were drank hot, being heated in a copper, which
certainly did not suggest poetical ideas. You paid 6d. a glass — not
cheap, but perhaps efficacious. You might compound at £1 Is. per
annum; but it must have required immense enthusiasm for St. Chad
to do that, although, for your money, you had the extra privilege of
" circulating " in the gardens. A portrait hung in one of the rooms,
which has been thus described: " As of a stout comely personage with a
ruddy countenance, in a coat or cloak, supposed scarlet, a laced cravat
falling down the breast, and a small red night-cap carelessly placed
upon the head, conveying the idea that it was painted for the likeness
of some opulent butcher who flourished in the reign of Queen Anne."
If you made inquiries, you were answered, " I have heard say it is the
portrait of St. Chad.'' If you mildly expressed a doubt, you were
snubbed, of course, and told, " This is the opinion of most people who
come here."*
Leaving St. Chad's Well, the brook passed between Gray's Inn and
Bagnigge Wells Roads, but soon approached the latter, when it abutted
upon the road-side, making another formidable wash, called " Bag-
nigge Wash." In 1761 it is recorded that, on " Saturday night the
waters were go high at ' Black Mary's Hole,' that the inhabitants of
Bagnigge Wells and in the neighbourhood suffered greatly. About
seven o'clock a coach, with five gentlemen within, and three on the
outside, was overturned by the height of the water in the road just by,
and with great difficulty escaped being drowned." It sometimes was
* See Hone's Every Day Book ; vol. i. p. 323.
108 THE "HOLE-BOURNE."
called in this locality " River Bagnigge." The name was given by a
house which preserved until recently this inscription : " S. T. This is
Bagnigge House neare the Finder a Wakefeilde, 1680." It was said
to have been the country residence of Nell Gwynne, but without any
good authority. The name " Bagnigge " is derived of a family to
whom the property belonged in the seventeenth century.
The place became noted for a public resort in consequence of the
discovery of two springs, one chalybeate, the other aperient, in 1767,
and it became known as " Bagnigge Wells." Of the many gardens
attached to the numerous spas about this part of London these were
the largest, and the brook flowed through the grounds. Most of these
medicinal springs had a similar history : first they were fashionable,
then vulgar, then disreputable. But this resort was pre-eminent in all
these characteristics, and it will be recollected that the spas of foreign
renown for health-giving are equally so as places of dissipation, to which
the former is often but a cloak. A treatise on the waters was written
by Dr. Bevis a physician, in which, without doubt, their virtues were
set forth without reserve : cures or imaginary cures, which is much the
same thing, followed ; fashion wiled away its hours in interesting
dyspepsia, and so the wells flourished for a time. But in 1776 George
Colman, in his prologue to " Bon Ton," clearly shows us that Bagnigge
Wells had degenerated to " Tea Gardens," with a very miscellaneous
company :
What is Bon Ton ?—
Ah! I love life and all the joys it yields,
Says Madam Fussock, warm from Spitalfields.
Bon Ton's the space 'twixt Saturday and Monday,
And riding in a one-horse shay on Sunday.
'Tis drinking tea on Sunday afternoons
At Bagnigge Wells, in china and gilt spoons.
'Tis
A very scurrilous poem, entitled " Bagnigge Wells " (1779), pre-
tended to be written from notes given by some of the notorieties, is of
no other value than that it paints a scene of common dissipation,
in which the pursuit of pleasure, rather than of health, formed the
object of those who repaired thither. In this, however, it did not
differ from other places of the kind, which, with it, came under a pre-
sentation of the Grand Jury of Middlesex. It continued to exist,
rather than to flourish, until 1813, when the bankruptcy of the tenant,
Mr. Salter, caused it to be sold up by auction.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 109
On the opposite side of the stream, at the south-west corner of the
street, was a well or spring, sometimes called " Black Mary's Hole,"
sometimes " Black Mary's Well." The explanation giv^n of this term
is, that one Mary (some say a black woman named Wollaston) leased
here a conduit, to which the citizens resorted to drink the waters, and
who kept a black cow, whose milk gentlemen and ladies drank with
the waters. Hence the wits of the seventeenth century used to say
" Come let us go to Black Mary's Hole." Mary dying, and the place
degenerating into licentious uses, about 1687, Walter Baynes, Esq. of
the Inner Temple, inclosed the conduit in the manner it now is, which
looks like a great oven (1813). He is supposed to have left a fund to
keep it in repair. " The stone, with inscription, was carried away
during the night about ten years ago " (1802).
The physical character of this spot is strongly marked, notwithstanding
the extraordinary changes that have taken place in the levels, for
the brook in many places cannot be less than twenty-five feet beneath
the surface, and it is now utterly impossible to trace its course. There
is a view taken from the " Upper Pond," by New River Head, in
1733, which shows the hollow of its channel as almost partaking of the
character of a ravine, crossed in the distance by a wooden foot-bridge,
which must have been near Sir John Oldcastle's, by Coldbath .Prison.
This shows us what a change has been effected. It took place in
1825, on the occasion of enlarging the prison, and surrounding it with
its present walls. A view is given of the brook flowing at the foundation
of these walls in Hone's Table Book.* It shows them erected upon
lofty arches, now concealed by the raising of the soil, but there is a
•spot close by which gives the original level. An alley on the west
side leads into a deep hollow, where are a few miserable dwellings, the
tops of their chimneys being scarcely on a level with the road on the
north wall of the prison, called Calthorpe Street. The course of the
brook was here, and it then passed under the north-west angle of the
prison wall (but on its erection was diverted), winding about towards
Dorrington Street, which it crosses near its junction with Mount
Pleasant. At this point a considerable accession of water must have
been supplied by the numerous springs which were utilised in the year
1577 by William Lambe, gentleman of the King's Chapel and a
member of the Clothworkers' Company. He erected a conduit at a
* Page 75.
110 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
cost of 1,500Z. which gave the name to Lamb's Conduit Fields. Some
remains of this system of water supply yet exist. Near to Brunswick
Row, Queen's Square, is the Chimney Conduit and its stream, con-
tinuing eastward from the boundary of the parishes of Saint Pancras
and that of Saint George's Bloomsbury. Lamb's Conduit gave the name
to the street in which it stood, and it seemed to have been the head of
the several springs, for one from a northerly direction here joined in as
well as one from the south-east. The fall of this course into the main
stream was by the hollow near Mount Pleasant. Up to this point
we have been in the parish of Saint Pancras. Hence, until its exit into
the Thames, the brook divides the metropolis into two parts, by a deep
depression that no one can avoid remarking who passes from east
to west, notwithstanding the vast changes made of late years by the
Metropolitan Railway, and improvements consequent upon bridging
the great chasm of Holborn Hill. But, before we follow it, there
are several places to which we have arrived which call for a notice.
At the south-east corner of what is now the prison, removed by its
enlargement in 1866, stood a public-house, with the sign of Sir John
Oldcastle, having been so called from the seventeenth century, and for-
merly used as a place of public entertainment and resort, having large
gardens attached to it. Tradition (but I do not know if fortified by
anything better,) has made this house to have been originally the
property of that unfortunate knight Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham
in right of his wife, and who suffered so cruel a death at St. Giles in
1413 for heresy. The sign is so remarkable, and probably the only
inn so distinguished in England, that it lends some probability to the
tradition, and, if it is a fact that he held property in the neighbour-
hood, it would tend to confirm it. Opposite is another house, with
the sign of Lord Cobham' s Head, and the name is preserved in a row
of houses, Cobham Row. A little to the south-east of this was for-
merly a large pond, called a " ducking pond," which is seen in maps of
the first quarter of the eighteenth century. This at once recalls to us
an old but barbarous sport, once much in fashion with the citizens.
Ben Jonson, in " Every Man in his Humour," speaks of the citizens
who go " a-ducking " to Islington Ponds. Davenant also alludes to
it, and Charles II. was particularly fond of it. A brief description is
all that it is worth, for it is now happily obsolete.
A large pond was provided, and the sport consisted in hunting a
duck with dogs, the duck diving when the dogs came close, to elude
THE " HOLE-BOURNE.'' 1 1 1
capture. Another mode was to tie an owl upon the duck's back : the
duck dives to escape the burden, when, on rising for air, the wretched
half-drowned owl shakes itself, and, hooting, frightens the duck ; she
of course dives again and replunges the owl into water. The frequent
repetition of this action soon deprived the bird of its sensation, and
generally ended in its death, if not in that of the duck also.*
The " Coldbath," which names the prison and locality, is said to
have been the first of its kind in England; it was opened in 1697;
and attached to it also is a chalybeate spring. Mr. Baynes, previously
mentioned, established it and managed it at the beginning of the
eighteenth century, as a cure £or rheumatism and nervous diseases.
The establishment still exists, and has therefore outlived all its
compeers. Baynes Row preserves the name of its founder.
The course of the brook now lies through a maze of yards, until it
reappears at the bottom of Little Warner Street ; crossing Ray Street
at Back Hill, it pursues its way towards Clerkenwell Green. No part
of London is more singularly marked in its physical geography than
this, to which of old the name of " Hockley in the Hole " was given.
This must make us pause once more, for here we have another
reminiscence of the past, which bears us back to the amusements of
our ancestors.
" Hockley in the Hole " derives at least one part of its designation
from the hole or hollow formed by the brook at this place. Its tra-
ditions are those of the amphitheatre, viz. bear and bull baiting and
gladiatorial combats. Bear-baiting, an old sport, once in favour with
kings and princes, and, in the sixteenth century, attended by ladies,
patronised by Elizabeth, and also by her sister Mary, as well as by the
aristocracy and people in general, was sometimes so madly followed
as, like modern horse-racing, to bring ruin on its votaries. Among
these latter, who would expect to have found the kind old schoolmaster,
Roger Ascham ? The Revolution came, and, with it, proscription of bear-
baiting, but, unfortunately, things innocent, genial sports, and equally
the drama with its noble teachings. So, when the Restoration came,
who can wonder riot, in all forbidden things, came back also, and thus
again came bear-baiting. Nevertheless, it had had its prestige taken
a^ay, and henceforth it was to decline, and be, at best, the recreation
of the low and brutal. j^Here it was that an amphitheatre was erected
* See Strutt's Sports and Pastimes of the People of England.
112 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
in the seventeenth century, and bear and bull baiting, with prize
combats of masters of fence, took place.* In the early part of the
eighteenth century many allusions to it occur in the papers of the day,
and Gay, in the Beggars' Opera, mentions it as a place in which to
learn valour. I shall give you an advertisement of the reign of Queen
Anne, which will be quite sufficient to show the character of the amuse-
ments here provided :
" At the BEAR GARDEN, in Hockley in the Hole, near Clerkenwell
Green, this present Monday, there is a match to be fought by two dogs
of Smithfield Bars against two dogs of Hampstead, at the Reading
Bull, for one guinea, to be spent ; five let goes out of hand ; which
goes farthest and fairest in wins all. The famous bull of fire-works,
which pleased the gentry to admiration. Likewise there are two bear-
dogs, which jumps highest for ten shillings, to be spent. Also variety
of bull-baiting and bear-baiting, it being a day of general sport by all
the old gamesters ; and a bull-dog to be drawn up with fire-works.
Beginning at 3 o'clock."
But, we will now pass on to something to the citizens' greater
honour. We have arrived at the boundary of London of the Com-
monwealth, and stand in front of the fortified lines made by order
of Parliament in 1643, when the dashing Rupert had menaced the
environs with his squadrons, and an attack on the city by the King's
forces seemed imminent. The ordinance was read in the churches of
London, Sunday, April 30, and, on the Wednesday following, says the
" Diurnall," "many thousands of men and women (good housekeepers),
their children, and servants, went out of the several parishes of London
with spades, shovels, pickaxes, and baskets, and drums and colours
before them, some of the chief men of every parish marching before
them, and so went into the fields, and worked hard all day in digging
and making of trenches, from fort to fort, wherebie to intrench the
citie round from one end to the other, on this side of the Thames, and
late at night the company came back in like manner they went out,
and the next day a many more went, and so they continued daily, with
such cheerfulnesse that the whole will be finished ere many dayes," &c.
Again, on Monday, May 8, with them went a great company of the
Common Council, and divers other chief men of the city, with the
* This spot is marked by a public-house, which must have been close by its
side. It rejoices in the sign of the " Pickled Egg," and claims a pedigree to
1663.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 113
greater part of the Trained Bands, with their captains, officers, and
cutlers before them, to assist the works, &c. On the following day
the good example of the Trained Bands gave such encouragement that
many substantial citizens, their wives and families, went to digge. All
the porters in and about the city, to the number of 2,000, went
together, in their white frocks. Then, Monday, 5 June, went the
tailors of the city, to the number of 5,000 or 6,000, and afterwards
the patriotic cobblers performed the same duty.
An instance of the value of keeping the old names of streets, or, at
least, not lightly altering them, reminds one of the above facts, for I
shall show you that Laystall Street, curiously enough, points out the
exact situation of the fort which was erected to command Gray's Inn
Road. The term " laystall," now nearly obsolete, is applied to heaps of
dust and refuse. And here, outside the north of the city, the dust-
heaps had for a long time been used to be accumulated, as we shall see
by a reference to Ogilby's map, being shifted further and further as
the town extended itself. In the King's Library, British Museum, is
preserved a map of the fortifications, by Cromwell Mortimer, with
MS. additions, made about 1743, when traces of the lines were still
visible in many places, and the fort, here called a breastwork, is
noted as being then covered by a " laystall." The spot is very remark-
able ; Mount Pleasant, on its side, leads up to it like a natural scarp,
and the hill itself yet preserves an older name, " Tot-hill,"* the ele-
ments of which are of frequent occurrence around London, and which
has often exercised the ability of etymologists, but into which subject I
here refrain upon entering.
After the stream leaves Hockley in the Hole, it turns towards
Clerkenwell Green, following the course of Farringdon Road with few
bendings to Holborn Bridge, by Farringdon Street and Bridge Street
to the Thames at Blackfriars. The banks are mainly steep on both
sides, and in some points must, in early times, have almost given
the appearance of a ravine. After it passes Fleet Street and nears
its outfall, the sides fall gradually, until it enters the Thames, where,
on the western side, we have low-lying ground, which must originally
* The meaning of this word is not however doubtful. In a vocabulary of the
fifteenth century, edited by Thomas Wright, Esq. F.S.A. and privately printed
1857, " Hec Specula " is Englished " a totyng hylle." In Halliwell's Archaic
Dictionary " Totehlll " is given from the Cheshire dialect to an " eminence." To
" Tote " means to look out, to spy, or to " tout," as we now use the ivord.
VOL. IV. I
114 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
have been a marshy delta; it is now called Whitefriars, from the
monastery which formerly stood by.
But our way is full of interest — and, first, on the eastern side, we
come upon the grounds of the Convent of St. Mary, then, separated
only by Clerkenwell Green, the spacious establishment of the Knights
Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. Now, both these monastic
houses had their gardens, orchards, and meadows sloping down to the
brook, and, near at hand, their fish-ponds and water-mills. Documents
are extant interesting to us as declaring these facts, and also as giving
us a positive proof, that the true name of this stream is " Holebourne,"
and that the etymology " Oldbourne " of John Stowe, and the brook,
also, which he makes to run down the present Holborn Street, is nothing
more than imaginative. It is time this was definitely settled, when we
find one modern writer accusing us of a " cockneyism " for spelling the
name with an " H." In the ancient Cartulary * to which I am re-
ferring we find meadows described as lying by the " Holebourne "
(juxta Holeburne) ; again, on the bank of the " Holeburne " (in ripain);
and a ditch which supplied the water for the Nuns' Mill is said to be
from the " Holeburne ; " so that, it is beyond all question, that this is
the oldest and the true name of this brook. In one of these documents,
there is an early mention of the Skinners' Well, described as in " a
vale with the great fish-pond ; " and not far distant is another well,
not mentioned by Stowe, called " Gode Well."f These springs were
clearly upon the slope or bank of the stream. I shall have occasion
again to allude to the former.
It may seem strange now to say, when the " vale " described in
these deeds is all but filled up by the vast works that have so altered
the face of this part of London, when, for centuries, the gardens and
orchards have disappeared, that still there are existing memorials of
the past. Yet this is true. Turnmill Street reminds us of the water-
mills. Pear-tree Court, perhaps, derived its name from a venerable
relic of monastic horticulture: and Vine-yard Gardens seem to declare
to us an attempt to cultivate the vine. But, indeed, the culture of the
vine is associated with the earliest record in which the name " Hole-
burn " occurs, viz. Domesday Book ; for here a vine-yard is spoken of
* Vide Monasticon Anglicanum.
f Stow speaks of Todwell, which may be the same, for if he took his authority
from MSS. the T and G would be easily confounded. On the other hand there
is " Goswell," which might easily be corrupted of" Godewell," or God's-well.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 115
as being at Holeburn (ad Holeburn). Vine Street, on the western
bank, seems to preserve a memory of it. No place could possibly be
more favourable : for this street was almost a precipitous slope until
recent changes, and its aspect towards the south-east is that of some
of the best vineyards.
But we cannot pass from the eastern bank without speaking of the
well, or spring, that gave name to the locality from very early times,
I mean the Clerks' Well. Of many mentioned by Stowe, in this
neighbourhood, the Skinners' Well and the Clerks' Well have a special
importance, being connected with the early history of our drama. They
have sometimes been confounded with each other, and it is only the
latter whose site can be well identified. The religious plays known
under the names of " Mysteries," and " Miracles," grew out of an at-
tempt to supersede secular performances in the early ages of the Church.
At one time, they were performed in the church itself, and almost
constituted a religious service : but this led to abuses, and it was for-
bidden to the clergy. It was then sought to be popularised in open
spaces. The custom of assembling by a well may possibly have arisen
from the occasional performance of religious rites at some holy spring,
or these wells being places of resort in the open spaces xmtside the
city ; * and Clerkenwell Green was a piece of common land between the
two monastic houses. Now, although the Company of Parish Clerks
had a speciality for the performance of these plays, yet we know that
sometimes the whole of the guilds or trading Companies of a town
took part, and had special subjects ascribed to them. So the " Skin-
ners " in London, like those of Chester, may have acted plays, and by
the well which bore their name. In London the parish clerks, being
more literate, naturally became more efficient actors ; and their per-
formances may have obscured, or altogether have rendered obsolete, the
acting by the Trade Companies. There was much in this ecclesiastical
drama that resembled the religious art of the Church. It dealt in
elements of great simplicity, that were calculated to impress an igno-
rant multitude. It was full of humour, but the dialogue was certainly
secondary to the forcible portraying of certain characters and the
dramatic situation. Pilate was always given as having a loud au-
thoritative voice: so, to speak in "Pilate's voice" passed into a
proverb. Again, Herod (for the " Massacre of the Innocents " was
made a sensational piece) was represented as a half-madman, full of
extravagance, to the extreme of ridicule ; and the role was to strike
* Clement's Well is spoken of by Fitzstephen as a place of resort.
I 2
116 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
him down in the midst of his blaspheming vaunt. Sometimes Death
appears to cany him off, prefacing his dialogue with a howl ; at other,
the demons make sport with his soul. In the Chester Mysteries, the
author has shown that the dramatic art had in his person made a step
in advance ; for he makes Herod to have had his only son sacrificed in
the general slaughter. The moral could not have been given more
forcibly by the greatest master of the craft. In the comedy, strange
to say, the demons had a large share. They were often gross, sometimes
obscene, but they must have brought down " the house " with storms of
applause, when they carried off the alewife who sold bad ale, and had
given bad measure ; * especially if, as in the Fairford windows, she
resented their want of gallantry in a free use of her nails. The ladies,
indeed, come in for satire in many places. For instance, Noah's wife
in the Chester Mysteries is very difficult to get into the ark ; she wants
her gossips to go with her, and at length is forcibly carried in by her
son Shem. Then Noah, doubtless bowing low, says, " Welekome
wiffe into this bote," at which the irate lady replies, striking him :
" Have thou that for thy note." But the " Massacre of the Innocents "
may be taken as a fair sample of the characteristic treatment of these
subjects. And, in the various examples extant, we trace a traditional
resemblance to each other, and also to the arts of the Church. For
instance, in the Coventry and Chester plays, both, two knights are
appointed by Herod to slay the children of Bethlehem. The former
names them " Sir Grymbald" and " Sir Lanscler." So, in the sculptures
which adorn the west front of the cathedral church of St. Trophime,
at Aries, in the south of France, (date early in the twelfth century,) the
,two knights, habited in long hawberks of chain-mail reaching to
their feet, holding their huge swords, already drawn, upon their
shoulders, with visages of most truculent ferocity, are proceeding to
the work of slaughter. In a very brief and early Latin mystery, the
knights do not appear, but we get some stage directions, if one may
so call them, which are interesting. This Latin mystery ,f however,
was of course not for the popular out-door performances, but was rather
a service held in the church of some large monastic establishment, as
it, indeed, tells us. The opening begins by a procession of the " In-
nocents clothed in white," and praying to the Lord, saying :
Quam gloriosum est regnum,
Emitte Agnum Domine,
Chester Mysteries. f Published by T. Wright, M.A. F.S.A.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 117
Then the Lamb appears, bearing a cross, and goes before them ; they
follow, singing as before. Here we have the symbolism of the Church,
prefiguring, by the slaughter, the sacrifice of the Lamb of God. But
this has marked peculiarities from the popular plays. "We have the
children crying out after they are slain, calling upon heaven for
vengeance, and an angel comforting them. The simplicity of the whole
conception may be tested from the fact of " Rachel mourning for her
children " being literally interpreted as the act of an individual ; and
the directions tell us, "Then Rachel is led in, and two consolers, and,
standing amongst the children, weeps, sometimes falling down," &c.
In fact, in this mystery, there is very little that is in any way dramatic ;
it is rather, as I have said, a religious service dramatically treated.
But we must how turn our attention to the site where these popular
plays were performed in London. The Clerks' Well is the only one
whose position can be now identified, and is on the north-west edge of
Clerkenwell Green. Let us take our stand a little above it, and look
westwards, and, even now, when the valley in which the stream
ran is almost filled up, we can yet see why this situation was chosen
for the performance. The steep and high banks of the brook formed
a natural theatre. The stage or scaffold would be erected in the
hollow below, with covered seats for distinguished personages, but the
large and miscellaneous assemblage of citizens, with their wives and
families, would stand or sit upon the grassy slopes, one above the
other, and a vast number of spectators could thus see, if they could not
hear. The performances of most importance are related to have taken
place at the " Skinners' Well : " for instance, one in 1391, before
Richard II., his Queen, and many of the. nobility, which lasted three
days. But in 1409 we have recoi'ded a performance of the whole
scheme of the Old and New Testament, as in the Chester and Coventry
plays ; and, as it lasted eight days, we can imagine the arrangement
to have been similar to that of the Chester Plays, and to have consisted
of twenty-four pageants or acts, three being performed on each day.
The " Skinners' Well " is mentioned in an ancient deed * specially as
being in the valley (in voile in qua est Skinners Well), and, having care-
fully examined the description, I should place its site north of the
Clerks' Well, down in the hollow. If I am right, I can see a reason
why this was preferred. The banks here bent round in a half circle,
which would not only accommodate a larger number of spectators, but
* Vide Monasticon Anidicamiin.
1 18 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
enable them to witness the performances at greater convenience. I
must not here arrest you longer, but to express my regret that the
record of the site of the Clerks' Well has been removed. I trust that
means may be made to remedy this at an early date.
Looking across the brook to the western bank, we have the site of
the palace and gardens of the Bishop of Ely, of which but the chapel,
dedicated to St. Etheldreda, now remains in Ely Place. Aggas' map
gives us the whole plan of house and gardens, which were on the slope
towards the brook, admirably situated for the cultivation of straw-
berries, and we can well realize Richard III. being moved to ask for
some of the Bishop when at the Council in the Tower, as related by
the chronicler and Shakespeare. The whole situation must, in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, have been extremely beautiful,
looking down upon the green valley, with the brook in the midst,
crossed by a rustic bridge, at Cowbridge Street, now Cow Lane, a
little higher up the water mills of the two monasteries, and all along,
on the- opposite bank, gardens, orchards, and meadows belonging to the
same. Add to this the churches and other buildings of these religious
houses rising above all, and no place on the outskirts of London could
have presented a scene so charming, and so full of picturesque beauty.
Ely House was ceded to Sir Christopher Hatton through a notable
mandate from Elizabeth, that need not be here repeated. Subsequently
the whole estate was made over to the Hatton family, whose name in
Hatton Garden and Hatton Wall, &c. gives us a rough boundary to the
property. Its hall was much used for public entertainments. Gon-
demar, the Spanish ambassador to the court of James I. was here
feasted, and on that occasion, it is said, was performed the last
mystery in this country, entitled " Christ's Passion." But we ought to
remember that the modern oratorio is essentially on the same general
principles as the old mystery.
Leaving the sixteenth century, a great change comes over the scene
just described, and not one for the better. London was increasing fast in
spite of Acts of Parliament and Royal Edicts. Notwithstanding fines
inflicted, of which many records are preserved, it went on ; but by
these records we can trace its progress in this very valley. In returns,
made in obedience to a precept from the Lord Mayor in July 1597,
several names occur of persons who had erected houses in Chick Lane,
Cow Lane, and the neighbourhood. Four new tenements are spoken
of as having been built at Sempririgham House, where Stowe tells
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 119
us that the prior of Sempringham had formerly his London lodging,
and there appears to have been a gradual absorption going on. It
was later before the Hatton property underwent this change ; but in
the reign of Charles II. the proprietor paid fines, and received pardons
for his violation of the statutes. Many houses of this date may still be
seen on that side of Field Lane now remaining.
We cannot pursue this subject in detail, but must now bring
ourselves down nearer to our own times, when the valley con-
stituted a densely-packed assemblage of buildings, in narrow con--
fined ways. They crowded closely upon the stream ; many of their
foundations rising, as it were out of it, though now a noisome
sewer, black with filth, and pregnant with disease. The villainy
of London made it a favourite haunt ; and the records of the
Newgate Calendar tell us what this once pretty vale had become. A
house in Chick Lane (West Sti-eet) had a terrible notoriety, and it
must serve as an illustration. The house was once known as the Red
Lion Inn ; and it must have been one of those erected at the end of
the sixteenth century. It was a rendezvous of highwaymen in the
last century, and had extensive ranges of stabling, attached to some
buildings in the rear, which went under the name of Chalk Farm. Its
later history connects it with the burglars, footpads, and receivers of
stolen goods ; indeed, all those who preyed upon society made it an
occasional hiding-place. It stood alongside the brook, whose rapid
torrent was well adapted to convey away everything that might be
evidence of crime. Dark closets, trap-doors, sliding-panels, and in-
tricate passages, rendered it a secure place of concealment. On one
occasion, the police had surrounded the house to apprehend a burglar,
who was known to be there, but he actually escaped in their presence.
Once, a sailor was decoyed there, robbed, and thrown naked out of a
window into the stream, and was taken out at Blackfriars Bridge a
corpse. Field Lane, which ran out from Holborn, was also a notorious
place, chiefly from the reception of stolen goods. It was curious to peep
down it, and see pocket-handkerchiefs hanging out from the door, all of
which, perhaps, claimed another and more lawful owner. But let us
thank ourselves that it has now gone, and proceed upon our way.
We are now at Holborn Bridge (not the viaduct), but that which
was made across the brook. Here we are again upon one of London's
historical boundaries, for the Great Fire of 1666 did not advance further
northwards at this spot.
120 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
The bridge itself, reconstructed after the Great Fire, was of red brick,
with stone dressings, and, being uncovered some years ago, the date
1669 was found upon it.
Here we, perhaps, must now give up the name of Holebourn for
that of " Fleet," for it is possible that it may in early times have been
influenced by the tide nearly as far as this spot. Indeed, we have this
asserted in an early record, which Stowe alludes to, and in which his
great error of etymology in the name of the brook is so prominently
set forth.
In 1307 Henry Lacy Earl of Lincoln presented a petition setting
forth " that the water course under Holbourne and Fleete bridges
used to be wide enough to carry ten or twelve ships up to Fleet
bridge, laden with various articles and merchandise, and some of them
passed under that bridge to Holbourn bridge, to cleanse and carry off
the filth of the said water course, .which now, by the influx of tan
yards* and sundry other matters, troubling the said water, and par-
ticularly by the raising of the key and turning off the water, which
the inhabitants of the Middle Temple had made to their mills without
Castle Baynard, that the said ships cannot get in as they used and
ought to do, &c." In consequence, Roger le Brabazon, Constable of
the Tower, together with the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, were enjoined to
make inquiry by means of honest and discreet men, &c. The mills were
then removed and the nuisance was abated. This process of cleansing
the Fleet was frequently renewed from time to time, at great cost and
trouble. In 1502 it was thoroughly scoured out down to the Thames.
In 1606, in order to be able to control the waters to the same effect,
floodgates were erected upon it, and, after the Great Fire of 1666,
great improvements took place : it was widened, and made sufficiently
deep for barges of considerable burden to go up as far as Holborn
bridge, where, at the lowest tides, it had five feet of water. But all
to little purpose; the silting up continued, and, what was worse, it
became an easy receptacle for filth of all kinds, every day an increasing
nuisance. An ancient nuisance indeed; since in the Rolls of Parlia-
ment, 1290, the prior and brethren of the White Friars complained
that the fetid odour arising therefrom had occasioned the deaths of
many brethren, and had interrupted divine offices. In this complaint
the Black Friars and the Bishop of Salisbury also concurred.
* There were still tan-pits by Holborn Bridge when the continuation of
Farringdon Street was first made.
THE "HOLE-BOURNE." 121
In 1736, by an Act of Parliament, it was arched over as far as
Fleet bridge, and a market opened above it in 1737 (Sept. 30), and in
1764 the rest was treated in the same way as far as the Thames.
But I must not pass a spot on the east bank which possessed some
most remarkable physical characters, almost indeed of the nature of a
precipice. Before the London Dover and Chatham Eailway had
made such a sweep of the local peculiarities, a person, passing from
the Old Bailey through Green Arbour Court, where Goldsmith is said
to have once resided, came to a flight of stairs, which appropriately
received the name of " Break -neck Stairs," being excessively steep,
leading down to the level of the Fleet bank. It was obviously arti-
ficial, for there was nothing in the character of the soil that differed
from its surroundings which would account for a natural cliff. Many
years ago Mr. Roach Smith wrote to me, requesting I would give it a
close inspection, he believing it to have been the site of the Roman
theatre. I did so, and became convinced of the extreme plausibility
of this theory. London, in Roman times, was of such importance
that it would be a very singular exception if it were without a theatre.
Granting that such existed, where in its vicinity could there be such a
convenient spot? There is literally no other place outside, but near
the walls, which fulfils the conditions required so completely as this.
Taking advantage, as they always did, of the side of a hill, if possible,
in which to excavate the seat, such as is observed at Orange, at Aries,
and at Autun, this site had precisely the convenience required. In
fact, it is remarkably similar in local peculiarities to that last named.
Why should London be without those accompaniments of the
Roman city so continually found in even smaller towns ? Why not
suppose that the amphitheatre also may have been close at hand, as
is usual ? There is a large cleared site adjoining, once occupied by
the Fleet Prison, of ample dimensions for it. It certainly is an inte-
resting question, incapable indeed now of proof, but so probable that
I place it before you, not as my own idea, but as that of our friend,
whose acuteness and power of observation led him first to this con-
clusion.
Some few words before we leave the Fleet Prison. It had a pain-
ful history, none more so. If ever there was a place that, had it
power, could yield us a story of human misery, it was here. For
here, we may say, the law itself was attaint. It had a long history,
going back to the twelfth century, and was burnt by the rebels under
122 THE " HOLE-BOURNE."
Wat Tyler, in 1381. Here sighed many a victim of the cruel Star
Chamber, and down to our own times even many an unhappy wretch
passed away his life for a contempt of the Court of Chancery, from
which he had no power to purge himself. As a debtors' prison it
became notorious for the exactions, and even the cruel practices, of
the wardens, until public indignation vindicated the honour of the
law, and the malpractices of the officers came under a Committee of
the House of Commons in 1728. Concurrent with this were the
clandestine marriages, performed by reprobate parsons, in itself form-
ing a marvellously curious history. Before the Act of Parliament of
1754, scarcely more than a century ago, which made these marriages
illegal, touters stood about the prison tempting the passers by thus —
" Will you please to be married ? " Wives and husbands were occa-
sionally provided when there were particular ends to serve. But this
was a small affair compared to forcing marriages upon the unwilling.
The papers of the day duly advertised the rascally clergy who profited
by this traffic, but I have already shown you that they were not, when
performing, fairly, the rite of marriage, acting in despite of the law.
Their records have been well digested by Mr. Burn, in his excellent
work on the Fleet Registers, to which I refer those who wish further
to examine this question.
The ancient bridge over the Fleet between Fleet Street and Lud-
gate, must have been, in Stowe's time, a pretty object. He thus
describes it : —
" Fleet bridge, a bridge of stone faire coaped on either side with
iron pikes, on ye which towards the south be also certain lanthornes
of stone for lights to be placed in winter evenings for commodity of
travellers. On the coping was a device ' Wels embraced by Angels,'
it being repaired at the charges of John Wels in 1431. A foot-bridge
also crossed the stream between Blackfriars and Bridewell."
The site of the former, after the dissolution, became a favorite resi-
dence for some of the nobility, and it was in the precinct of the
Blackfriars that a theatre was erected, in which Shakespeare had a
share, and where many of his immortal plays were produced.
Bridewell Palace took its name from the well dedicated to St.
Bridget, on the east end of the church of the same name. Edward
the Sixth ceded the property to the Mayor and Citizens, and it finally
became a House of Correction for disorderly people, and has given its
name to all places of like character.
THE " HOLE-BOURNE." 123
As the great brook, now with accumulated waters poured into the
Thames, it must in early ages have passed through a small marshy
delta on its western side. This, now known as Whitefriars, from the
Carmelite Monastery that once occupied it, became in later times a
notorious haunt. Also, it was another locality for the performance of
the drama, a theatre being erected in Dorset Gardens, called the Duke's
Theatre in 1671.
So, you perceive, by a singular coincidence of circumstances, one
could really write the history of our drama, of our popular sports and
amusements, and much that has influenced our thought and habits, by
illustrations taken along the course of this stream. And, although
I fear I have occupied too much of your time, I feel that, so wide is
the subject, I have been compelled to leave out many details of inte-
rest which would have rendered my account more complete.
124 NOTES ON A ROMAN QUERN
NOTES ON A ROMAN QUERN DISCOVERED IN
ST. MARTIN'S-LE-GRAND.
By JOHN EDWARD PRICE, Hon. Sec.
A Collection of Roman and Medieval Antiquities discovered in the
excavations for the new Post Office in St. Martin's-le- Grand, was
exhibited at a meeting of the Society by the kind permission of the
First Commissioner of Works. It comprised a large quantity of
Samian and Early-English Pottery, together with coins, glass, and
other objects, recovered from depths varying from 10 to 20 feet from
the surface level. A section of the excavations is shewn by the an-
nexed woodcut. It has been copied from a diagram prepared by Mr.
John Gould, clerk of the works, and exhibited before the Society of
Antiquaries of London, to whom I am indebted for the loan of the
illustration.* The line marked by black earth and ashes indicates
what may be considered as the ground level at the time of the Great
Fire.
Amongst the objects found was an example of the ancient Quern
or hand-mill, in unusually good preservation. It calls for especial
notice, being one of the most perfect specimens yet met with in
London excavations, only isolated stones or fragments being generally
found. Both stones are perfect, and are formed from lava plentiful in
the neighbourhood of the Rhine, where the material is quarried for the
fabrication of mill-stones to the present time. In the annexed plate,
carefully prepared by Mr. J. P. Emslie, it will be observed that the
lower stone, which is about 16 inches in diameter, has a slightly
convex surface, and has been hollowed to receive the upper one. The
surface shows the usual arrangement of channels found in mill-stones.
These also appear on the concave portion of the upper stone. In this
there is a central aperture or hopper for the reception of the corn or
other farinaceous substance, and in the lower is an outlet in the rim.
The thickness of the lower stone, inclusive of the rim, is about
4 inches. In the centre is a square hole, which, from the quantity of
rust contained within, marks the remains of an iron pivot which was
fitted into a bridge let in the under surface of the upper stone. The
* See Proc. Soc. Antiquaries of London, Series iv. No. 8, p. 4H7.
I P.EMSUE.DCL.
ROMAN QUERN
DISCOVERED IN ST MAKTrNS -LE-GRAND
DISCOVERED IN ST. MARTIN S-LE-GRAND.
125
mode of working was evidently by the hand, two apertures which held
the handles existing in the upper stone; in one of these remained a
quantity of the lead by which the handles had been fastened in posi-
tion. It was usual for two persons to work such mills They faced
each other ; both grasped the handles, while the one with the disen-
gaged right hand threw the corn into the hole in the upper stone.
From the position in which this quern was discovered, and its associa-
tion with quantities of the red pottery, glass, coins, &c. it must be
viewed as a relic of the Roman household. In discoveries made on
Roman sites and stations in this country such hand mills are among
the most frequent of the objects found. At the Northern stations
Dr. Bruce describes them as most plentiful. At Isurium ( Aldborough
in Yorkshire), in one of the houses excavated, they were found in the
126 NOTES ON A ROMAN QUERN
situation in which they had been used, and in London, at Tower Hill,
Bishopsgate Street,* Prince's Street, Watling Street, and numerous
other places, examples have been found. Varying in form, size, and
the quality of stone, they are mostly of the same character as those
so frequently referred to by the authors of antiquity. In Holy Scrip-
ture references to their use abound.")" Severe as must have been the
labour, it appears to have been usually conducted by women or by
slaves. Samson was put to grind corn in the prison-house —
To grind in brazen fetters under task
Eyeless at Gaza at the mill with slaves. — MILTON.
So, too, did the Hebrews during their captivity in Egypt and Babylon.
The grinders are said to have performed their labour in the morning,
grinding a supply for the day, and sitting behind their mills. It was
the same in Greece in the time of Homer, who employs fifty females
in the house of Alcinous in this service.} In Arabia and the Holy
Land they are still in use, and travellers tell us that in Philistia it is
customary to hear the hum of the hand-mill at every village and
Arab camp morning and evening, and often deep into the night. The
Romans possessed in addition corn mills turned by mules, and asses.
Some of these, discovered among the remains at Pompeii, are not less
than 6 feet high.§ Mr. Roach Smith figures one found at Orleans,||
and such may be seen on bas-reliefs and other monuments. That
however in ordinary use was the mola manuaria. Plautus is said to
have obtained a livelihood by working for a baker at a hand-mill,
and to have composed three of his comedies while so employed. The
custom of parching the grain before grinding, which has extended
into later times, is mentioned by Virgil in the Georgics, book i. 267.
Nunc torrete igni fruges, nunc frangite saxo.
Querns are often met with in this country formed from conglomerate
* There are specimens from this locality preserved in the Museum of An-
tiquities at Guildhall. They are of volcanic stone, flat, very thin in substance,
and resemble two stones in the British Museum, which were found together near
the river Breamish, and adjacent to an ancient hill-fort at Prendwick among
the Cheviot hills; of this type there is a small one about 8 inches in diameter
which was found at Colchester, and the top stone of a quern discovered at
Dumno, near St. Andrews, Scotland. This is flat, of schistose stone, and a good
deal worn away at the edge.
f Matthew, xxiv. 41 ; Judges, xvi. 21 ; Lamentations, v. 13 ; Exodus, xi. 5 ;
Isaiah, xlvii. 2 ; Revelations, xviii. 22. % Dyer's Pompeii, p. 357.
§ Dyer's Pompeii, p. 356. || Collectanea Antiqua, vol. iv. p. 26.
ANCIENT QUERNS
TN" THE MUSEUM OF JOHN "WALKER BA1LT , ESQ .
DISCOVERED IN ST. MARTIN 's-LE-GRAND. 127
and other native stones. Mr. A. W. Franks, F.S.A., has kindly di-
rected my attention to examples which may be seen in the British
Museum; among them are some of the conical or sugar-loaf type,
formed from the conglomerate known as the Hertfordshire " pudding-
stone." There is a specimen found while ploughing in a field in
the neighbourhood of Ipswich, and others from Cambridgeshire,
in which county they may be sometimes seen built into old walls.
Mr. Roach Smith, F.S.A., records the discovery of similar mill-
stones at Springhead, Kent, and formed from the same conglomerate.
Sometimes the upper and lower stone were of different material, but
in the specimen we have illustrated they are similar. The lower
stone was often of a harder and more compact material than the
upper one, which was porous, lighter, and consequently easy to
turn. This was observed by Dr. Thomson in his travels in the
Holy Land,* and he cites the fact as illustrative of the passage in
Job — " Hard as the nether millstone." In his Mediterranean Sketches,
1834, the Earl of Ellesmere quotes the passage in Judges ix. 53,
which records the death of Abimelech by a portion of a millstone
thrown upon his head. And he remarks that some commentators
render this as the upper stone of a handmill, observing that no better
missile could be devised than the entire stone. Such a stone also
would not only serve as a sufficient weight to drown the swimmer,
but might be easily attached to his neck for that purpose. In a
Dutch illustrated Bible, continues his Lordship, the woman is repre-
sented as heaving a millstone of some ten feet diameter at the head
of Abimelech. -j-
A curious quern was discovered some years since on a conical hill called
the Biggin near the Watling Street, some three miles from Rugby. An
engraving and description is given in the fifth volume of the Journal of
the Archaeological Institute. The aperture for working the handle was at
the side, and, though the surface of the lower stone was slightly convex
and raised at the margin, it differed from our London specimen in the
aperture for the spindle in the lower stone being but an inch in
diameter, in this was a wooden plug, with which the stones were kept
in place. And, writes Mr. Moultrie, " the spindle only partially filling
the cavity in the upper stone, the grain fell gradually through the
* The Land and the Book, p. 528.
f See Willis's Current Notes, x. 3, January 1852, p. 60.
128 NOTES ON A ROMAN QUERN
passage from the small bason above, and was thrown out in flour at
the sides." A quern of this form is also preserved in Mr. Bateman's
museum, and illustrated in his Vestiges of the Antiquities of Derby-
shire, p. 127.
Among the Saxon laws of Ethelbert there is one relating to the
grinding of corn by female domestics ; and in later times various
expedients for turning the mills appear to have been in use. In the
fourteenth century one of a novel character was adopted. To the
ceiling of the room immediately over the quern was affixed a piece of
iron having a hole in it. Near the edge of the upper mill-stone was
another hole. In these holes was placed a staff, by which a female
seated beside the apparatus revolved the mill, the iron ring in the
ceiling retaining the staff in a vertical position.* Wycliffe renders
the old version reference in St. Matthew's Gospel as " Two wymmen
schulen be grinding in one querne ;" and Harison the historian speaks
of his wife grinding her malt upon a quern.]' Until quite recently
they were in use among the peasantry in the outlying districts of
Scotland and Northumberland. In his Tour to the Hebrides, Boswell
records— "We stopped at a little hut where we saw an old woman
grinding corn with the quern, an ancient Highland instrument which
it is said was used by the Komans, but which being very slow in its
operation is almost entirely gone into disuse." He also mentions water-
mills in Skye and Raasay, but says, " when they are too far distant the
housewives grind their oats with a quern or handmill, which consists of
two stones, about a foot and a-half in diameter, the lower is a little con-
vex, to which the concavity of the upper must be fitted." In France
they are said to be still in use. Mr. Smith figures one in his Collectanea
Antiqua, which he observed at Abbeville. It was fixed in a stand,
and turned by means of an iron handle, as previously described.
Among the Irish peasantry they are still employed. In the Catalogue
* See Die Burg Tannenburg und Jhre Ausgrabungen, Bearbites von Dr. J.
Von Hefner and Dr. J. W. Wolf. Frankfort an Main, 1850. Arch. Institute
Journal, vol. vii. p. 404.
f In the appraisement of the goods and chattels of Stephen le Northerne,
among the articles mentioned are two " quernestones," 18d. and one pair of
" musterd quernes," 6d. 30 Edw. III. A.D. 1356. Eiley's Memorials of London
Life in the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries, p. 283. Mr. A. W.
Franks, F.S.A., informs me that in Denmark querns are used for grinding
mustard to the present day.
DISCOVERED IN ST. MARTIN's-LE-GRAND. 129
of Antiquities belonging to the Koyal Irish Academy, by Mr. Wilde,
several curious specimens are figured, and the author remarks that
the museum possesses no less than 35 specimens (more or less perfect)
of these primitive objects. He observes also that their antiquity is very
great, and that amongst the causes of their discontinuance are certain
prohibitions against them in some localities in Ireland as well as
Scotland, in which latter country laws have been long in force which
make the peasantry grind the corn at the proprietor's water-mill.
During the famine in Ireland many of the hand-mills were employed,
particularly in hilly districts, or where the water-mills were inac-
cessible. Mr. Wilde mentions that in the summer of 1853 he pur-
chased a quern at work in the neighbourhood of Clifden, Connemara.
In a paper on the subject of Irish querns, the Rev. J. Graves, Secretary
to the Kilkenny Archseological Society, remarks that the diameter
of those in use varies from 3 feet 6 inches to 2 feet, and some few
are even smaller, 'and that the principle of working is the same as
that adopted in ancient times. One handle only seems to be employed,
and that worked by two women, who, seated on the ground, seize the
handle and dexterously push round the runner stone from one to the
other ; the stone thus acquires considerable velocity, receiving a fresh
momentum as the handle passes each grinder, and as the work pro-
ceeds the mill is continually fed by handfuls of corn, the meal passing
out by a notch cut in the rim of the nether stone.* " One quern
(says Mr. Graves,) serves for several families; and, although the
owner may chance to be in the poorest circumstances, yet no charge
is ever made for the use of the machine, such a procedure being
counted unlucky." It is difficult to determine the age of many querns
now in actual use, inasmuch as they have been handed down for many
generations from mother to daughter. Ill fortune is believed to ensue
when the quern is sold ; the -Secm-tighe, or " woman of the house, is
extremely reluctant to part with this heir-loom, even though offered
for it much more than the intrinsic value." May not these customs
be relics of the old Jewish law, which says " No man shall take the
nether or upper millstone to pledge"? f
For the purpose of comparison we have illustrated on the second
plate four interesting specimens of ancient querns, also exhibited ; they
* See Arch. Institute Journal, vol. viii. p. 394. Also the modern Irish Quern
presented by the Archaeological Institute to the British Museum,
f Deut. xxiv. v. 6.
VOL. IV. K
130 NOTES ON A ROMAN QUERN.
are preserved in the valuable collection of John Walker Baily, esq. and
are typical of the other forms usually found. Fig. 1 is from the
Island of Rathlin off the Irish coast ; it is of a hard conglomerate,
the upper side appearing to be somewhat softer than the under, which
resembles what is termed "plum-pudding" stone. It measures 18
inches in diameter, is 4 inches thick in the centre, slanting off to a
width of 3 inches at the side, and has an aperture or grain-hole in the
centre of 3| inches. There are two handle-holes, and on either side of
these are rude decorated carvings of the cross and interlacing knots.
It bears some resemblance to an example in the museum of the Royal
Irish Academy, which is of the same diameter, but less in thickness,
and is ornamented with the old Irish cross contained within a circle,
the hole for the handle being placed in one of the arms of the cross.
It is composed of sandstone ; the ornamentation is in high relief; and
it is considered to have been a church quern. " It was found in a
crannoge in Roughan Lake near Dungannon, county of Tyrone."
Fig. 2 is of the conical or sugar-loaf form, also from the north of
Ireland, formed from a hard sharp-cutting stone. It is 7J inches
high, 6 inches in diameter at the top, and 12 inches across at the
base, and much resembles in form and size an example, 33 pounds in
weight, which was found in position on the nether stone some years
since upon a bed of gravel at Garthorpe in Leicestershire.* It is also
similar to a perfect specimen in the British Museum which was found
at Iwerne Courtenay, Dorset, and presented to the Collection by the
Rev. Frederick Bliss.
Fig. 4 is likewise from Ireland. It is the top stone of a quern
measuring 12 inches in diameter, with a projection from its circum-
ference of 2 1 inches where the handle-hole is placed. It is 6 inches
high. The grain-hole is deeply excavated.
Fig. 5 is of late date, but an interesting specimen of a " nether
stone." It was found in the course of excavations in Whitecross
Street, London ; it is of Purbeck stone. Its form is best described
by the illustration, which well indicates the side-lip or outlet and
the central orifice for the spindle. It measures 16£ inches diameter,
and has a thickness of 1^ inch.
* See Gentleman's Magazine, 1815, p. 209.
REMAKES ON THE MERCERS
AND OTHER TRADING COMPANIES OF LONDON,
FOLLOWED BY SOME ACCOUNT OP
THE RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY.
BY JOHK GOUGH NICHOLS, ESQ. F.S.A., V.P.
[Read at Mercere' Hall, April 21, 1869.]
WE are now assembled under the roof of one of the oldest of the
City companies — indeed of that one which has always taken the pre-
cedence of the rest, and may with probability be regarded as the most
ancient of all. In the history of these associations it is commonly
found that there are three stages ; the first that of voluntary member-
ship, the next that regulated by the general authority of the City, and
the last that of self-government sanctioned by royal charters of incor-
poration ; and such were certainly the successive gradations in the
present instance.
These commercial fraternities were not necessarily confined to one
trade. In the smaller towns they more frequently consisted of several
associated trades : which is shown by Chaucer telling \is that among
his companions as pilgrims to Canterbury
An Haburdassher and a Carpenter,
A Webbe, a Dyer, and a Tapiser
Were with us eke, clothed in oo (i.e. one) livery
Of a solempne and great Fraternity;
and this continued to be the practice until a comparatively recent date.*
In London, on the other hand, probably from the multitude of their
members, the trade companies were, like teeming hives, continually
throwing off swarms, which set up for themselves. In this way the
* At Gateshead several heterogeneous trades were incorporated together as
late as the several years 1557, 1594, 1602, 1671, and 1676. See a paper by W.
H. Dyer Longstaffe, esq. F.S.A. in the Gentleman's Magazine for August 1862 ;
also The Herald and Genealogist, i. 128.
K2
132 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY.
Apothecaries originated from the Grocers, and the Haberdashers from
the Mercers ; and the Haberdashers themselves became divided into
two bodies, the fraternity of St. Katharine the Virgin, and that of
St. Nicholas, the one being haberdashers of Hats (otherwise called
Hurrers and Cappers) and the other the Haberdashers of small wares.
In like manner we find there were distinct companies of the artificers
in crafts which would seem to be so akin as to be almost one. There
were both Carpenters and Joiners, both Masons and Marblers, both
Blacksmiths and Farriers, both Bowyers and Fletchers (the latter the
makers of arrows), both Tallow Chandlers and Wax Chandlers : at
one time two companies of Fishmongers, the dealers in fresh or in salt
fish ; and two of Bakers, the Brown Bakers and the White Bakers.
By the designation Mercer has been usually understood in modern
times a dealer in silk, but that is really an abbreviation of the more
distinctive description of silk-mercer.* A mercer in the earlier sense
of the word was a general trader or dealer. The term is derived from
merces, the plural of mercc, a word in classical Latin signifying any
kind of ware or merchandize, anything in short that was brought to
market. We are here in the midst of that part of London which was
the heart of its ancient traffic. Here was the Chepe, the old English
name for market, but the market-men of each class had their peculiar
localities. Many of the neighbouring streets still bear record of their
special occupation in ancient times. Near at hand is the Poultry. At
the other end of the Cheap was Old Fish Street, and adjoining to it
the Friday market, particularly devoted to the food for fast-days, the
name of which is preserved in Friday Street. The butchers were
principally also at the west end of the Cheap, not very far from the
spot which they have only just now quitted (I mean Newgate Market);
* From the control with which the Mercers were entrusted especially over
silk (which will be described hereafter), their business came to be chiefly directed
to that commodity. In the middle of the last century the Mercer is humorously
described as " the twin-brother of the Draper ; only the woollen-draper deals
chiefly with the men, and is the graver animal of the two, and the Mercer
traffics most with the ladies ; the latter dealing in silks, velvets, brocades, and
an innumerable train of expensive articles for the ornament of the fair sex.
Their business requires a great capital to make a figure." Campbell's London
Tradesman, 1757. But, as with many other companies, that of the Mercers
during the last century ceased to have any connection with the trade from which
it derived its name.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY. 133
for a church at the west end of Cheap was called St. Nicholas by the
Shambles. Bread Street and Milk Street are still remaining, marking
the places at which those necessary articles of provision were vended ;
so is Honey Lane, and honey, it will be remembered, was almost as
necessary as milk, whilst sugar was as yet only a luxury. On the
north side of the Cheap — Cheapside as the name at length became,
the Goldsmiths had their line of shops called Goldsmiths' Row, and
made their splendid and attractive display in view of the worshippers
proceeding to the cathedral church, just as such a row has existed
down to our own day near Notre Dame at Paris and in the approaches
to other great continental churches. Then, in the immediate neigh-
bourhood of this hall was the Mercery, a locality occupied by the
general dealers in small wares, residing for the most part in the
parishes of St. Katharine Coleman and St. Mary le Bow.
Stowe, in his Survay, gives this very remarkable description of the
south side of Cheap ward, that from the Great Conduit westward
were many fair and large houses, for the most part possessed by
Mercers, up to the corner of Cordwainer Street, corruptly called Bow
Lane; "which houses (he adds) in former times were but sheds or
shops with solars over them,* as of late one of them remained at
Sopers Lane end,f wherein a woman sold seeds, roots, and herbs ; but
those sheds or shops, by encroachments on the high street, are now
largely builded on both sides outward, and also upward, some three,
four, or five stories high."
The Mercery, then, was the mart for miscellaneous articles, chiefly
it may be presumed of dress, and the Mercers were those who retailed
them. Some of my hearers will perhaps be ready to tell me that they
have read that the Mercers were the same as we now understand by
merchants, and I am prepared to agree that many of the most enter-
prising of them were so. But the same may be said of the leading
members of the other great Companies. Just so, the Haberdashers
were certainly foreign merchants, as their shield of arms still testifies,
for it is the only one belonging to the great companies that resembles
* A solar is merely an upper chamber. In Herbert's City Companies the word
in this passage is very mistakenly altered to terraces. Even until our own days
two such shallow and low houses have remained, on the north side of Cheapside,
being in the front of the churchyard of St. Peter, which stood at the corner of
Wood Street.
f Soper Lane is now Queen Street, and the approach to Southwark Bridge.
Here would reside the traders in soap.
134 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY.
in its devices those which were borne by the Merchant Adventurers
and other companies engaged in foreign traffic; and yet, in an inverse
direction, we have come to regard the Haberdasher as a dealer in small
wares. But in ancient days an ordinary Mercer was the retail dealer
in merchandise — merchandise brought, of course, in part from foreign
countries ; for that such was the original and proper sense of the term
we may gather from passages of Pliny, who uses the phrase invehere
merces peregrinas, and writes of importing Arabics et India merces, the
merchandise of Arabia and India.
But that the great body of tradesmen in the Mercery of London
were retailers we gather further from the name of another fraternity,
the Grocers, who, after having been at first called Pepperers, acquired
the name of Grocers from dealing in the gross, or by wholesale as we
now term it. They are designated as the community of the mysterie
(i.e. mestiere, or trade) of the Grocerie in the charter granted to them
by King Henry VI. ; and it was in character with their function that
the management of the King's beam and the general superintendence
of the public weighing of merchandise was entrusted to them. The
Grocers must for a time have eclipsed the Mercers, as in the reign of
Richard II. in the year 1383 there were no fewer than sixteen alder-
men at once on their muster-roll, and only three years later we read of
the jealousy of the Mercers when Sir Nicholas Brembre, an eminent
Grocer, was elected mayor for the second time.
To return to the earlier days of the Mercers. The commercial
guilds are known to have existed before the Norman Conquest, and
many towns had then one general guild, termed in Latin the gilda
mercatoria. It appears by no means improbable that the Mercers, who
have always been regarded as the foremost Company in London, are
actually the successors of this merchants' gild of the days of London's
earliest commerce.
The Statute of Merchants enacted in 1285 speaks of the community
of the Merchants of London : but whether that implied a distinct
fraternity or no may be doubtful. Supposing it to have been so, it
might be identical with the Mercers' Company.
At a much later date the Company of Merchant Adventurers, which
was incorporated in 1505, undoubtedly originated from the Mercers,
as is shown by the acts of court of the Mercers, especially from 1561
to 1563, and the statement of the Merchant Adventurers themselves
to the House of Commons' Committee in 1638, when the connection
had ceased.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY. 135
It may confidently be asserted that, in order to develop the progress
of English commerce, and that of the City of London in particular,
with all its busy doings and inner life, no better course could be pur-
sued than to trace the annals of this important Company. I have re-
cently seen enough of its archives and records to be convinced that
the materials are abundant ; and, indeed, the ground has been already
opened to a considerable extent by the industry of a late learned
member,* who has left the result in manuscript in the hands of the
Company. Mr. William Palmer appears to have died without pre-
paring his work for the press, and possibly before he had completed
it to his satisfaction ; but it is much to be desired that it should be
resumed and published by some competent successor, who would thus
perform the same service for the Mercers which Mr. Heath has so well
performed for the Grocers, and Mr. Nicholl for the Ironmongers ; and
the more so because the account of the Mercers given by Herbert, in
his History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies, is especially bad
and confused, and full of glaring errors and misconceptions. I cannot
in the space that is now afforded me attempt at all to remedy this
defect. The history of the Mercers must be left to other hands ; but
I shall confine myself to offering some account of the charters of the
Company and its other most important records.
The Mercers did not seek for a charter from the Crown until late
in the fourteenth century. Their first royal charter is dated on the
17th Jan. 17 Richard II. (1394). Its substance is very brief. The
preamble favours the idea that they were then engaged in foreign
merchandise, for it states that the King's attention was directed to
the circumstance that many men of the mystery of the Mercery of the
City of London were frequently by mischance at sea, or by other
casual misfortunes, brought to such poverty and destitution that they
had little or nothing to live upon but the alms of other Christians
pitying and assisting them in the way of charity ; wherefore they were
desirous to establish some certain provision for the maintenance of
such poor, and of one chaplain who should celebrate divine offices for
ever for the good estate of the King and the men of the aforesaid
mystery: whereupon the King granted them to be a perpetual commu-
nity of themselves, to elect four " masters " for their government, and
* William Palmer, esq. of the Inner Temple, barrister-at-law, and Professor of
Civil Law in Gresham College, a cousin-german of the present Sir Roundell
Palmer. He died in 1858, aged 56.
136 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY.
to purchase (or acquire) lands and tenements to the value of 20Z. per
annum. The expenses of procuring this charter are upon record : a
fine of one hundred marks (or 66/. 13s. 4d.) was paid into the Hana-
per ; a fee for affixing the great seal, 8/. 10s. ; legal consultations,
51. 12s. O^d. ; and the Queen's dues, ten marks (61. 13s. 4rf.) : total,
871. 8s. 8|e?. — a great sum when the common stock of the Company
was under 400/.
This charter was confirmed in 3 Hen. VI. (1425) at the humble
supplication of John Coventry, John Carpenter, and William Grove,
the executors of the celebrated Richard Whityngton, citizen and
mercer of London : with the additional concessions that the said
mystery should have a common seal, and should be persons able in
law to implead and be impleaded in any courts whatsoever.
There are other letters patent granted to the mystery of the
Mercers, bearing date 20 Rich. II. and 12 Hen. IV. (mentioned by
Herbert, in his table of charters to the Twelve Companies, vol. i.
p. 225). They relate, as I believe, to the acquisition of estates in
mortmain, and are not referred to in the subsequent charters of incor-
poration,* which I now proceed to describe.
The confirmation charters were passed, not so much for the benefit
of the Company, as for the purpose of augmenting the revenues of the
Crown.
Towards the end of the reign of Philip and Mary, writs of Quo
Warranto were issued to all the London Companies to compel them to
apply for confirmation of their privileges. The charter which was
consequently granted to the Mercers is dated on the 1 5th July, 4 and
6 Phil, and Mar. (1558). It has an unfinished initial, inclosing
seated figures of the King and Queen, and bears the autograph sig-
nature of Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York, then Lord Chancellor,
Nico. ebor. Cane. The fine paid on this occasion was 51.
Four months only elapsed, and there was a new reign. Again the
same measure was adopted, and another charter of confirmation was
necessary. It was dated on the 20th June, 2 Eliz. (1559), and its
cost was SI. This Inspeximus is printed at length by Herbert in his
vol. i. p. 294, and it includes (as of course) the substance of the three
previous royal charters.
* Another granted by Edward IV., of which the original is No. 643 a of the
Company's charters, relates to the importation of merchandise.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY. 137
Again, in the following reign, but not until its tenth year, another
confirmation was granted by Inspeximus. This charter of the 10
Jarnes I. is the last valid charter, upon which the Company now
relies. The fine paid for it was 14:1.
The troubles which the City companies encountered in the reigns of
Charles II. and and James II. are familiar in history. In 1683, when
the City of London had accepted a new charter, whereby the election
of its principal officers was made subject to the King's approval, a simi-
lar proceeding was adopted towards the Companies. A Quo Warranto
having been served on the Master of the Mercers, the matter was con-
sidered at two general courts, held on the 26th March and 3rd April,
1684, when it was agreed to petition in order to ascertain the King's
pleasure. The answer was that he would grant them a new charter
on their surrendering into his hands the governing part of their corpo-
ration, so that whenever he thought fit he might dismiss the Master,
Wardens, Assistants, or Clerk. In another general court, held on
the 10th April, after a warm debate, it was determined, by 68 votes to
51, that these terms should be accepted ; and on the 3d October fol-
lowing the common seal of the Company was affixed to the instrument
which I now exhibit to my hearers. In terms dictated by the Attorney-
General (Sir Eobert Sayer) the Company surrendered their power to
choose their officers ; and an entirely new Charter was granted on the
22nd December following. This cost the Company 2001.
King Charles died in less than six weeks after, on the 2d Feb.
1684-5 ; but his brother and successor very extensively exercised the
powers which the Crown had assumed. During the year 1687 James
the Second made repeated changes in all the great livery companies.
In the Mercers, by an order of Privy Council dated 27 Sept. 1687,
two of the Wardens and twenty-eight of the Assistants were removed ;
on the 6th of the ensuing month sixty-eight of the livery were dis-
placed. In the following February the Prime Warden and seven Assist-
ants were removed, twenty-four liverymen removed and two others
restored.
But the threatening storm of the year 1688 at length alarmed the
King ; and then, when it was too late, he sought to regain the
alienated affections of the citizens. In the autumn of that year he
restored the City charter, and on the 19th Nov. he issued letters
138 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY.
patent * impowering the Lord Mayor and Aldermen to reinstate the
Companies. From that date the charter of Charles II. to the Mercers
became a dead letter, and that of James I. was restored to its validity.
Another important class of documents in the City Companies is
that of their Statutes and Ordinances, some examples of which were
seen when we visited Vintners' Hall last year.f In the 19th Henry VII.
an act was passed " for making of statutes by bodies corporate." It
provided that no Master, Wardens, or Companies should make or exe-
cute any ordinance in diminution of the King's prerogative, nor
against the common profit of the people, nor unless examined by the
Lord Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, and two Chief Justices, or any three
of them, or before the judges of assize or circuit, under a penalty of
40/. for every such offence. Whereupon the Mercers' ordinances were
revised and approved on the 20th Nov. 1505 by the Archbishop of
Canterbury (Warham) who was then Lord Chancellor and the two
Chief Justices : wherewith it is mentioned in the acts of court that the
fellowship was right well contented and pleased. The exemplification
of these ordinances, which is illuminated with the arms of the Com-
pany and City of London, and roses, bears the autograph signatures
of the chancellor and chief justices thus —
Wiihn9 Cantuarienf Cancellari9
Joftcs ffyneux. Thomas ffrowyk.
Their seals are lost.
The Mercers' Company possess other archives which go back much
further in date than their royal charters. Besides various other charters
and deeds (which, as may be supposed from a reference already quoted,
are well arranged and calendared,) they have large records of their
proceedings and transactions.
Their first great Court Book is a ponderous and magnificent volume
of vellum, consisting of cciij leaves (besides others not numbered at
either end), rebound in the year 1777. Its earliest entries appear to
belong to 1344, and the sequel extends from 1347 to 1464. The
first five leaves are filled chiefly with oaths taken on admission to
various offices. Then follows a kalendar, one month in each page,
very beautifully rubricated.
* Printed in Nicholl's History of the Ironmongers' Company, 8vo. edit. 1851,
p. 364, 4to. edit. 1866, p. 332.
t See our Transactions, vol. iii. p. 438.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY. 139
On fol. 1 are certain Ordinances in Norman French, made in une
assemblee de touts les bones gentz de la Mercerye de Londres on the
20th June 1347, for the cherishing of unity and good love among
them, and for the common profit of the Mystere. It was then agreed
that there should be chosen four persons of the said mystery once a
year for its rule and governance, and that all of the said mystery
should be obedient to them and to their good governance.
It was agreed that every one of the said company should pay
twenty shillings, that is to say, 6s. 8d. on entry in the first year,
6s. 8d. in the second year, and 6s. 8d. in the third year ; and if any
one were pleased to give more the Mystery will be the more beholden
to him.
Then follow a variety of ordinances for taking apprentices, and
various other matters. That regarding the livery may be translated
as follows : —
That all those of the said Mystery shall be clothed of one suit once a year at
the feast of Easter, and that no gown be given out of the said mystery within
the two years next ensuing,* and that no charge be put upon the said clothing
beyond the first cost, except only for the priest and the common servant.
Another is to this effect : —
That all the good people of the Mercery shall eat together once a year at the
appointment of the four Masters, namely, the Sunday next before the feast of
St. John the Baptist, every one of the livery to pay on that occasion, whether
present or absent, two shillings for themselves, and for his servant, if present,
twelve pence.
Another ordinance is remarkable, as referring to foreign merchan-
dise, and as contemplating the same provision which was afterwards
sanctioned by the first royal charter, already described : —
Item, if any one of the said Mystery shall be grievously reduced either by
adventure of the sea, or by debtors or feebleness of body, so as to be unable to
sustain himself, that he shall be aided by the alms of the said Mystery by the
common assent of the said Mercery.
The four " Masters " (afterwards designated Wardens) who were
chosen on this occasion were William de Tudenham, Symondde Worsted,
William de la Panetrie, and Adam Fraunceys.f And the names of
* This apparently means that there should be no new members admitted until
after the expiration of two years.
t Afterwards Sir Adam Fraunceys, Lord Mayor in 1353 and 1354 ; whose
only daughter and heiress was married to John Montacute, Earl of Salis-
140 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY.
105 Mercers follow who paid half a mark each; one only, William
Cornwayllis, paying x s.
A copy of the charter of Richard II. is made on the dorse of fol.
xv. At the end of the Book are these curious entries, showing the
peculiar control which the Company acquired over the silk trade.
Md. That Thomas Tikhill', mercier, was chosen be ye hole ffelaship' in a
Courte hold ye xxviijte day of Juyn, A° xxxvjto H. vjfl, to have and ocupie
y>office of Weyng of Sylke after ye deth' and in ye place of Will"m Towland,
whom God assoile, and aftir admytted by Geoffrey Boleyn' J>an beyng Meir of
London and his Bretheren Aldermen, and toke his ooth' perteyning to J>office.
Wher up on John' Middelton', Thorn's Steell, Hie' Nedam, and John Warde,
|>an beyng "Ward(ens), delivered to ye said Thomas Tikhill divers Jnnges per-
teyneng to J>e said ffelaship and necessarie to )>e same office as hit shewith aftir.
First, ij skoles (i.e. scales) of laton with ropes and hokes. [And ye beme
closed in lether.]
Item, viijte divers weightes of laton covered in lether for to wey rawe silke
aftir xxj unces for ye Ib. That is to say, viij Ib. iiij Ib. ij Ib. j Ib. di.lb.
qHeron di.qateron and j unce.
Item, viijte divers weightes of Iced covered in lethir for to wey Paris sylke
aftir xvj unces for ye Ib. That is to say, viij Ib. iiij Ib. ij Ib. j Ib. di.lb. qateron
di.qateron and j unce.
[Item a bag of lether for ye skoles and weightes.] (Side-note) the length of
these ij strykes must be the height of the hengyng the scoles from the table
when the silk shall be weied.
And xvj Ib. with a draught, &c.
Md. yl the (date left blank). For as moche as John Dereham, meter of
lynnencloth', is and grete tyme hath' be absente, and of long tyme hath' ocupied
by a strange man of by yond ye See (contrarie to Jwdenances of ye Felaship),
hit is considered, and by ye hok Felaship graunted in a Courte holden ye said
day, That Thom»s Pery, mercier, shall have, reioyce, and ocupye ye said office of
metyng w' all J>availes and dutes J>'to be longeng.
On account of the absence of Thomas Tykhill, late Weyer of Sylke,
Nicholas Hatton, mercer, was chosen in his place, 19 August, 11
Edw. IV. Other successors to the office were :
Thomas Lymnour, 15 Oct. 1479, on the death of Hatton.
Robert Collet, 7 April, 1492, on the death of Lymnour. (He was
not improbably one of the family of the memorable Dean )
Richard Haynes, 20 Feb. 1494, on death of Collet.
Thomas Fisher, 8 April, 1501, on death of Haynes; he died 21
June, 1518.
bury. In 1338, on the City lending 10,000 marks to the King, Adam Franceys
contributed 200Z., but Simon Fraunceys, mercer, who was (perhaps his elder
brother, and) mayor in 1343 and 1356, on the same occasion contributed 800Z.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY. 141
Avery Rawson, 26 Sept. 1518, on death of Fisher.
John Hewster, 5 July, 15 .. on the absence of Rawson.
ARMS OP LORD MAYORS, SHERIFFS, AND WARDENS.
This is a beautifully illuminated folio, measuring 13£ inches by 10 :
having on its first leaf the Company's arms, superscribed
The Armes of the Worship/nil
Companey of the Mercers.
and below the autograph signature of
Hen: S*1 George Richmond.
It commences with the arms of Henry FitzAilwin the first Mayor
of London (for twenty-four years, from 1189 until his death in 1213),
followed by those of fifty-four other Lord Mayors,* of whom the last is
Sir Henry Rowe 1607 ; followed by the shields of Mr. John Haidon
alderman (Sheriff 1582), Mr. William Elkin alderman (Sheriff 1586),
Mr. William Walthall alderman (Sheriff 1606), Sir Baptist Hickes,
Mr. Richard Barnes, Mr. Bartholome Barnes, and Mr. Edward
Barkley.
Then a page of
The 4 Wardeins of the Mercers
Anno 1611.
Mr. Thomas Cordall. Mr. Thomas Bennett junior.
Mr. John Crowche. Mr. Thomas Elkin.
The arms of Mr. John Crowche have two quarterings, and, besides
his crest, there is another on either side of the shield.^ It appears
probable that the book may have been made at this gentleman's
expense.
On another page : —
The foure Wardeins of the Mercers Ann0 1635.
Mr. Ralfe Stinte. Mr. Thomas Sarocolle.
Mr. Francis Flyer. Mr. Robert Gardener.
* Their names will be found in Herbert, i. 246. Several of them are claimed
by other companies besides the Mercers.
t Argent, on a pale sable three crosses patee or within a bordure engrailed of
the second; 2. Argent, on a chevron sable three helmets or; 3. Gyronny argent
and azure, on a chief gules three annulets or : 1st crest, on a mount vert, a lamb
sejant argent; 2. on a mount vert, a bear passant argent before a tree of the first;
3. on a cross patee gu. a cock or, combed and wattled of the first. Motto, Patere
et vince.
142 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY.
There are no more, until after nearly seventy years —
The four Wardens of the Mercers Anno 1701.
Sr Samu11 Moyer Bart. Mr Tho. Raymond.
Mr Tho. Serocold. Mr Francis Levett.
— where, again, we may attribute to the third Warden a wish to enroll
his name where that of his grandfather or another ancestor (Sarocolle)
had been previously placed.
Twenty-four leaves of the finest vellum are still left unfilled in this
book, and it is to be regretted that the Wardens of no subsequent
year have as yet followed the examples of the years 1635 and 1701.
STATUTES OF WHITTINQTON'S ALMSHOUSES.
This is a small quarto book of twenty-four leaves of vellum, mea-
suring 8| inches by 6 The statutes are in English. The initial
letter T incloses the arms of Whittington in a tilting shield, a fess
cheeky and an annulet in chief. They commence, To alle the trewe
people of Cryste, &c. (as in Brewer's Life of Carpenter, p. 27). Above
is a drawing in pen and ink measuring 3| inches by 3 inches. Sir
Richard Whittington is represented lying on his death-bed, — his body
naked, a cloth tied round his head. At his right hand stand his two
executors Cobentre and Carpenter (each designated by name); at his
left a priest and the third executor ffirobe. Behind the last a physi-
cian is holding up a urinal for examination. At the foot of the bed
is the Tutor of the Almshouses holding a hooked staff and a large
rosary, and behind him are the twelve Almsmen.
There is a copy of this curious picture in Malcolm's Londinium
Bedivivum, vol. iv. p. 515, and another in Brewer's Life of Carpenter,
1856. The former is reversed in the operation of etching ; and the
latter, though apparently a fac-simile, will be found on comparison
with the original to do it very inadequate justice.* Malcolm has
rightly described the drawing as executed with a finely-pointed
pen, after the manner of making such drawings in preparation
to be covered with colour by the illuminators : but, instead of .that
expensive process being incurred in this instance, the drawing is only
partially heightened in effect by lights in white paint, flesh-tints to the
faces, and brown colour to the hair — the head of the Tutor of the
* The Introduction to the Statutes, printed by Mr. Brewer, p. 27, has also
seyeral inaccuracies, which any future Editor would do well to correct.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY. 143
Almsmen only excepted, which (as Malcolm says,) is grey, though
coloured brown in Mr. Brewer's book. The countenances are much
better finished than the fac-simile shows, though the copyer has not
entirely lost their expression. But his outlines throughout are less
decisive than in the original drawing, and some of its details have
been overlooked : see particularly the poor men's boots, which open in
front, and the curious hooked stick of the Tutor, which in the fac-
simile is merely a straight staff.
In Lysons's Model Merchant 1860 is unfortunately a still worse
copy, — taken at second hand from Brewer's without consulting the
original.
At the end of the book are these verses : —
Expliciut Statuta
Dom9 Elcmosine.
Go litel boke go litcl tregedie
The lowly submitting to al correccion
Of theym beyng maistres now of the M eery
Olney . Feldyng . Boleyne and of Burton
Hertily theym beseking w* humble salutacon
The to accepte and thus to take in gre
For ever to be a servaunt w* In feire coialtie.
The four " maistres " named in these lines were the head officers of
the Company, so designated in the charter of incorporation (as already
shown in p. 135). Subsequently, the title Masters was exchanged for
Wardens, and the Company still has no " Master," but a Prime
Warden and three junior Wardens.
A second copy of the same Statutes is in a vellum book of the same
size, written on forty-six pages. The initial T in the first page incloses
the arms of Whittington impaling Quarterly by fess indented ermine
and gules.
A third copy of the Statutes, larger quarto, sixteen leaves of vellum,
measuring 10J inches by 7. The initial T. inclosing the arms of
Whittington, ends — Expliciunt Statuta.
THE CARTULARY OF DEAN COLET'S LANDS
is a beautiful folio volume of vellum, measuring 13 inches by 9, of
238 folios, in its table of contents misnumbered 1038. It was rebound
144 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY.
in 1777, when the edges were injudiciously cut. The preface was com-
posed by Colet himself, but copied by a professional scribe. Herbert *
(i. 239, note) absurdly says of the whole book, that it is " supposed
(to be) in his own handwriting." St. Paul's School, for the main-
tenance of which these estates were given, was commenced in 1508
and finished in every point in 1512.
THE STATUTES OF SAINT PAUL'S SCHOOL.
This is a quarto volume bound in vellum, measuring 10£ inches in
height by 8 inches in width, tied now with common tape, but originally
no doubt by strings of more costly material. The edges are gilt. The
whole front surface is covered with a painting in body colours and gold,
of which the principal feature is a portrait of Colet. This resembles
his other well-known portraits, but is greatly superior in expression to
Vertue's engraving prefixed to the Life by Dr. Knight. f It is of half-
* Some of the other documents of the Company (which I have not found time
to examine) will he found enumerated by Herbert in the same note, but his
account must be taken only as suggestive.
f The portrait of Colet engraved by Vertue as the frontispiece to Dr. Knight's
work was from a painting in the possession of Mr. John Worthington, and for a
time of Bishop Stilliugfleet. Knight (p. x. of his Introduction) mentions another
picture in the possession of Thomas Slater Bacon of Lynton in Cambridgeshire,
esq. regarding which I am able to give the following copy of a memorandum by
the Rev. William Cole : " This picture I bought at an auction of the goods of
Robert King, esq. heir to Mr. Bacon, at Catley near Lynton, July 21, 1749. He
is in a scarlet cap and gown, with his neck quite naked, and is like that in
Holland's Heroologia, and Lupton's Lives of the Protestant Divines. W.
COLE." There are therefore two originals, or at least variations, of Colet's por-
trait, one in his scarlet gown as a Doctor, the other in black, which colour Eras-
mus tells us that he generally preferred Engravings of Colet's portraiture are
very numerous, as will be seen on reference to Granger's Biographical History
of England, edit. 1824, vol. p. 125; but the account there given of the two prints
in Knight's Life of Colet is imperfect and inaccurate. The print described occurs
in that work at p. 435, and represents the bronze bust then placed over the High
Master's seat at St. Paul's School, and now in his private rooms : it was preserved
from the ruins at the fire of 1666. It is added : — " There is another octavo print
of him by the same hand; both are without the engraver's name." The latter is
really the frontispiece to Knight's book above mentioned, and is signed by the
engraver G Vertue, Sculp. The head of Colet, which is among Holbein's draw-
ings at Windsor Castle, was probably made from the bust; and the latter has
been attributed to Torregiano, the sculptor of the tomb of King Henry VII. On
Colet's monument in Old St. Paul's was also a bust, of terra cotta.
RECORDS OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY. 145
length, in his usual black cap and gown, and tixrning towards the left,
his hands folded in front, the right hand holding a pen, the left a gilt-
edged book. This portrait is within an oval frame of scroll-work.
Immediately below his hands is a scroll inscribed
IO COLET DECA 8 PAVLI
Below that is a shield of the arms of Colet ; and in the upper corners
are shields of the Church of St. Paul and the Mercers. The lower
portion of the page is occupied by a tomb, upon which a human ske-
leton is extended : — this addition, and probably the portrait itself,
derived from the Dean's monument in St. Paul's. In front of the
tomb is this inscription in gold letters upon a black ground
ISTUC RECIDIT GLO-
RIA CARNIS.
The whole painting is beautifully executed, including the swags of
fruit and flowers, and the portrait is evidently the work of a very
superior artist. Its production is doubtless to be assigned to the year
1602, at the close of the reign of Elizabeth, when the second portion
was added to the contents of the volume.
The contents are of three periods.
I. A paper book of fourteen leaves, of which eleven are occupied
with writing : viz. the Statutes of St. Paul's School as edited by Dr.
Knight in his Life of Colet, 1724, 8vo. Appendix Num. V. pp. 356-
369. In three places there are interesting inscriptions in the Dean's
own hand. On the fly-leaf opposite the first page this
hue libellum ego Joannes Colet tradidi manib) magistri lilii xviij0
die Junij an0 x1 M.cccccxviij vt eum in scola fuet & obftiet.
(Very imperfectly copied by Knight at the foot of his page 357.)
At the head of the Prologus the founder has written
Joannes Colet fundator scole manu sua ppria.
Again at the foot of the last page
Joannes Colett} fundator
noue scole manu mea
ppria.
The statutes themselves are written in a sort of black-letter legal
hand, but not at all an obscure one. In the margin are some side-
VOL. IV. L
146 RECORDS OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY.
notes in the scholarly hand of the time, which I believe may be as-
signed to master Lilly the schoolmaster. The first is
De admission[e] pueroi*
In the chapter directing [fflSiliat eljalbe taugfjt] is this marginal list
of subjects and authors, repeating them as named in the statute itself :
Cathechization. Accidetia. Institutum x^ni] hois. Copia
uerboi Lactatius. Prudentius. Proba. Sedulius. Juuecus.
Baptist. Matua.
Two errors of names in p. 368 of Dr. Knight's book are Sole for
Rote and Atfeux for at Fenix (i.e. a person named from living at the
sign of a Phoenix).
The second document in the book consists of certain new ordinances
made on the 24th June 1603, and attested by Mr. Thomas Bennett
aid", Mr. William Higgs, Mr. Anthonie Culverwell, Mr. Thomas
Horton wardens, Mr. Henry Rowe aldn, Mr. Edmond Hogan, Mr.
William Lucas, Mr. John Castelin, Mr. Wm. Walthall, Mr. John
Gardner, Mr. John Newton, Mr. James Elwick, Mr. William Ferrers,
Mr. Henry Peyton, and Mr. Roger Howe.
These alterations of the statutes occupy four pages and a half, and
have the autograph signatures of the Queen's Solicitor-general, Thomas
Flemynge esquire sergeant at law, and of Thomas Foster esquire coun-
cellor at law.
The third record in the book is an ordinance to authorize the letting
of the lands of St. Paul's School for building leases not exceeding
eighty years. It is dated 6 Feb. 1841, and bears the autograph sig-
natures of the three " good-lettered and learned men," Sir Frederick
Pollock, M.A. and M.P., Sir William Webb Follett, M.A. and M.P.
two of her Majesty the Queen's Counsel learned in the law, and
William Palmer esq. M.A. barrister at law : attested also by the sig-
natures of Ar. Coleman, J. T. Pooley, Robert Sutton junr, Dan1
Watney, Archdale Palmer, R. Sutton, George Palmer, E. F. Green,
W. Newnham, J. Horsley Palmer, C. F. Johnson, Thomas Watney,
G. W. Bicknell, Jn° Robts Delafosse, John Day, L. P. Wilson, A. P.
Johnson, Robert Bicknell, and Nath1 Clark.
This precious book is kept in a wooden case covered with leather,
* The final [e] of admissions is cut off by the binder.
Vol. IV.paije 147.
PLATE OP THE MERCERS5 COMPANY. 147
and lined with yellow flannel ; and in the same case is a second copy
of the Statutes, written on quarto post paper, and stitched in a piece
of an old vellum inventory. This copy was made apparently early in
the seventeenth century. On its last leaf is preserved the following
inscription * formerly in the vestibule of the School :
In the vestible the table on the wall hath
this covered w* lyme.
Hoc vestibule pueri catechizenf fide
moribusq, Christianis neq, non primus gra-
matices rudimentisf instituanf ! priusquam
ad proximam hujus scholse classem ad-
mittantur ! limae tres sunt.
After this follows a list of the Highmasters and Submasters down
to the year 1637, and on the last fly-leaf are the names of four subse-
quent High Masters to the year 1697.
PLATE OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY.
BY GEORGE RUSSELL FRENCH, ESQ.
The MERCERS' COMPANY possess some interesting articles of plate,
of which the " LEIGH CUP " is a good specimen of elaborate workman-
ship.! It is a grace-cup with cover, 16 inches high, and 6£ inches in
diameter, silver-gilt. The foot is supported on three wine flasks, and
is surrounded by a band of finely-pierced Gothic tracery, surmounted
by a cresting of trefoils ; the same enrichment is continued round the
lower part of the. cover. The body of the cup and cover has a complete
network of lozenge panels in raised corded patterns, within which are
maiden busts and flagons, with roses at the points of intersection.
The busts resemble nuns hooded, wearing crosses on their breasts. On
the top of the cover is an hexagonal boss with buttresses, on the dome
of which is seated a maid with a unicorn reposing in her lap ; the
word Desyr is written on the animal's side, illustrating the legend that
a unicorn could only be captured by a pure virgin. On the six panels
of the boss are coats of arms in enamel : — 1. The City arms : 2.
* This will be found also in Knight's Colet, p. 435.
f See p. 577 of the Catalogue of Works of Art and Antiquities exhibited at
Ironmongers' Hall, edited by G. R. French, Esq. to whom we are indebted for
the loan of the illustration.
L 2
148 PLATE OF THE MERCERS' COMPANY.
Gules, on a cross engrailed between four unicorn's heads erased argent
fire bezants, for Sir Thomas Leigh: 3. The arms of the Merchant
Adventurers: 4. The arms of the Merchants of the Staple: 5. Argent
the cross of St. George gules : 6. The arms of the Mercers' Company,
Gules, a demi-virgin, hair dishevelled, crowned, issuing out of clouds
and within an orle of the same. On two bands around the cover and
body of the cup the following couplet is inscribed, in small gold ca-
pitals, on blue enamel: —
To ELECT THE MASTER OF THE MERCERIE HITHER AM I SENT,
AND BY SIR THOMAS LEIGH FOR THE SAME INTENT.
On the inside of the cover is engraved a double-rose with a large
seeded centre. The plate-mark is a small black-letter t answering to
1499-1500. Sir Thomas Leigh, descended from a family seated at
High Leigh, co. Chester, before the Conquest, was Lord Mayor in
1558. His lineal descendant, the late Chandos Leigh, was created
Lord Leigh, of Stoneleigh, co. Warwick, in 1839, a revived title,
which had become extinct in the family in 1786.
A SILVER-GILT CARRIAGE, on four wheels, intended to hold spices
or condiments ; which moves along the table by means of internal me-
chanism. At each end over the wheels is a raised platform or stage
ornamented with scrolls and circular medallions enamelled with the
arms of the City and the Mercers' Company ; and in one is a hare
seated, with a leaf in its mouth. These stages have flat covers, sur-
mounted by female figures, on enamelled pedestals, of birds and
flowers. Between the two stages is a sunk medallion of Judith and
Holofernes. In front of the car stands the " Master of the Mercerie,"
in furred robe and low broad-brimmed hat ; and on the first stage is
an eagle before a pedestal. This piece of plate is elaborately chased
and engraved over its entire surface.
A SILVER-GILT WINE-BARREL (which is sometimes placed on the
above-described carriage), resting on a foliated knob upon a lozenge
pedestal, with large oval foot, on which are four bosses of blue and
green enamel on silver. On the top of the barrel is a raised funnel of
silver designs on blue enamel ; and above is a square ornament with
four projecting dolphins, on which are four female busts and dolphin -
head gargoyles; at the summit is an eagle on a globe. This barrel
and the carriage may each be ascribed to the time of the sixteenth
century.
A round SALT, silver-gilt, 6£ inches high, 7£ inches diameter ; the
PLATE OF THE MERCEES* COMPANY. 149
gift of Mr. John Dethick, with his arms, and those of the Company ;
the plate mark is the letter A, which answers to the year 1638.
A SALT, similar in pattern to the above, the gift of Mr. Alexander
Wright, 1666.
On the Salt presented by John Dethick is a coat belonging to the
family of the name, of whom were some famous heralds. Gwillim in his
quaint fashion thus gives the coat — " He beareth, Argent, a fesse barry
or and argent, between three water bowgets sable, by the name of
Dethick, of which family is Sir John Dethick, Knight, late Lord Mayor,
as also those two ingenious gentlemen, Thomas Dethick, who hath long
resided at Ligorne, and Henry Dethick of Paylers near London, sons of
Henry Dethick, son of Sir William Dethick, Knight, son of Sir Gilbert
Dethick, both principall Kings of Annes, by the title of Garter."
Two SILVER SALTS ; each is octagonal in plan, of hour-glass shape
in centre, 8*- inches high. Engraved with the arms of the Company,
and inscribed, — " Ex dono Henrici Sumner, Ar" On the top are four
volute guards, intended to sustain a napkin to keep the salt clean. The
plate mark is a Gothic small text b for the year 1679.
The position which the " Saler," or Salt, formerly occupied at the
tables of the great, has been explained in the Catalogue of Antiquities
exhibited at Ironmongers' Hall.
A plain round SILVER TANKARD, 18 inches high and 6 inches in
diameter, on large round foot, 11 inches diameter. The front is
engraved with the arms of the Company and with two other shields of
arms, emblematical of the donors, with this inscription ; " The Gift of
ye Corporation of y* Mines Eoyall ye Minerall and Battery works
Anno Domini 1718." Plate marks, figures of Britannia, lion's head
erased, and the Roman capital C, for the year 1718.
THREE BEAKERS, silver-gilt, tapering ; 8 inches high, 4-£ inches
in diameter at top, and 3 inches at bottom, with the Company's arms
and crest on each. Their -Books describe them as the " Gift of Mr.
John Bancks."
Two SILVER MONTEITHS, with lion handles, scalloped edges; the
centres fluted, standing on gadrooned feet. On one side of each bowl
the Company's arms, on the other a coat, three rams .... height 9
inches, diameter 13 inches, weight, 72 oz. and 71 oz. 15 dwts. In the
Company's Records they are described as " the gift of William Syden-
ham," who was probably of the distinguished family of that name, ex-
tinct baronets, whose arms were, Argent, three rams sable. The mon-
150 PLATE OF THE MERCERS* COMPANY.
teiths are inscribed underneath, «' Sir Edmd Harrison, Kri. Mas*.
1700."
A circular SILVER SALVER, 15 inches diameter, with gadrooned
edges, on foot ornamented in like manner. In the centre are the arms
of the Company; and on a ribbon is inscribed — " The Gift of the
English East India Company. Sir Edmd Harrison, Kn4. Mastr. 1700.
Two large LOVING CUPS, silver- gilt, each 15 inches high, 7| inches
diameter at brim, on baluster stem, centre of bowl frosted. On each
cup is a shield with the figure of Britannia seated, surrounded by heaps
of guineas, which was the stamp on Abraham Newland's Bank Notes.
On the foot is inscribed — " The Gift of ye Governor and Company of
the Bank of England to the Worshipfull Company of Mercers. A third
cup to match was made by order of the Mercers' Company.
A LOVING CUP, silver, 12 inches high, centre frosted, baluster stem ;
weight, 27 oz. 15 dwts., inscribed — " The Gift of William Hurt"
There are two coats of arms, one of the Company, and another, Sable,
a fesse between three cinquefoils or, which Glover ascribes to Hurt of
co. Staff and Derby.
A SILVER PLATEAU, oblong, 18 inches wide, 2 feet 7 inches long,
standing on four feet ; all round is a pierced border of scroll-work. An
Epergne stands on it in form of an open temple, of which the dome
rests on six slender shafts; on the apex is a figure of Commerce,
surrounded by her attributes. The Epergne rests on six legs, which
are designed to hold lights or flowers, connected by festoons; and
there are small epergnes at the four angles; entire height, 26 inches.
This very handsome ornament for the table is inscribed : — " To the
Worshipful Master Warden, the Wardens, and Commonalty of the
Company of Mercers, London, from the Commissioners appointed by
Act of Parliament for the issue of Exchequer Bills for the Assistance
of Commercial Credit, as a testimony of the sense the Commissioners
entertain of the liberality and readiness with which the use of Mercers'
Hall was granted for the purposes of carrying on the business of the
Commissioners. July 2, 1794."
7 Feb. 1871. G. K. F.
I
-S"
js
5
151
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
BY ALFRED HEALES, ESQ. F. S. A.
HE origin of the name
Greenford rests on conjec-
ture ; but such was the
name of the place in Saxon
times, and there appears a
presumption that it was
named from a Green Ford.
The river Brent runs
through this fertile parish. There are two adjoining parishes which
bear the name of Greenford ; that, only, which is the subject of the
present paper, is now usually so called, but is properly Great Greenford,
and the other is Little Greenford, though for the last two or three
centuries it has been called Perivale, but for what reason is perfectly
uncertain. Norden's entry runs thus :* — " Gernford. A very fertile
place of corne standing in the pure vale" — Upon this it may be
remarked that the locality is now almost entirely devoted to pasture
and grass land, to the exclusion of corn crops.
The church is dedicated in honour of the Exaltation of the Holy
Cross. The festival occurs on the 14th September. In accordance
with the theory of orientation, the east end of the church should point
aboiit 6 degrees north of east ; the actual orientation is 3 degrees north
of east.
In order to ascertain the date and history of any particular building
we have recourse to two independent sources of information, — first the
testimony of historical records, and next what I may term the induc-
tive method, or that information which can be extracted from the
structure itself. Where we find these two separate currents of history
running side by side, like the blue Rhone and the white Arve, but ulti-
mately blending, we feel assured that their evidence is conclusive ;
where we find them, like separate streams, tending in different directions
* Norden's Speculum Britannise, p. 21, (publ. in 1723.)
152 GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
we must rather, of the two, trust to the inductive method, — the historic,
taken alone, and without a sufficient knowledge'of architecture to test its
conclusions, led many antiquaries of former days to an unquestionably
and widely erroneous end.
The evidence obtainable by the inductive method is therefore to be
preferred, though the historic method is most gladly accepted when
obtainable ; but we cannot expect to find an adequate, if any, historic
record of the original erection of an ordinary ancient village church, or
of its successive extensions or alterations.
For a mention of Greenford (though not of the church) we are
enabled to go back rather farther than Domesday Book, which usually
furnishes the initial of parochial history. The • muniments of West-
minster Abbey contained (and probably still contain) those charters
purporting to have been granted by St. Edward the Confessor in con-
firmation of grants previously made by himself and his predecessors to
the Abbey of Westminster. Of these three, one, and perhaps two, are
of doubtful authenticity, but the other is admitted to be genuine. It
dated the 5th kalend of January, being Holy Innocents Day, 1066.
Amongst other property so confirmed, the Charter mentions, in
" Greneford XII. et unam virgam." — 12 hides and 1 rod of land.*
The charter does not mention any church here, nor indeed, in any of
the other places to which it refers ; but it seems probable that the
church (if one then existed) was included in the confirmation of those
lands, or else that it was built afterwards by the Abbot and Convent,
for they were the patrons of the living from the earliest recorded date
until the suppression of Monasteries.1!1
The next mention of Greenford occurs in Domesday Book, which
ander the head of Helctorne (Elthorne) Hundred records as follows.^
" The Abbot of St. Peter holds Greneford for eleven hides and a
half. There is land to seven ploughs ; 5 hides belong to the demesne,-
and there is 1 plough therein, and another may be made. The villanes
have 5 ploughs. There is 1 villane has 1 hide and 1 virgate ; and
four villanes of half a hide each ; and 4 villanes of 1 hide; and 7
bordars of 1 hide; a certain freeman (franc) 1 hide and 1 virgate; and
3 cottagers and 6 bondmen. Pannage for 300 hogs. Pasture for the
cattle of the village. Its whole value is £7 ; the same when received
* Dugdale's Monasticon, vol. i. p. 294.
t Kemble's Codex Diplomatics, iv. p. 177; Dugdale's Monasticon, i. p. 294.
J Domesday, Bawdwin's Translation, p. 10, 4to. 1812.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 153
in King Edward's time, £10. This manor laid and lies in the demesne
of the Church of St. Peter."
This account of the estate is succeeded by the " Taxatio Ecclesias-
tica" of England and Wales, made by order of Pope Nicholas the
Fourth, about the year 1291. This mentions amongst the " Tempo-
ralia" of the Archdeaconry of London, and goods of the Convent
of Westminster:*
" In Greneford Magna de terr' redd' cons.' et fet. £20 18 7f," no
doubt referring to the Manor ; and in the " Taxatio Spiritualitatis
Archid' London' et Midd " (no doubt referring to the Rectory :)f
" Eccl'ia de Greneford Magna . . . . £600"
The List of Rectors, so far as preserved in the archives of the
Bishop of London, commences with the year 1326.
Later on we come to the Valuations made under authority of a
Commission dated the 30th January in the twenty sixth year of the
reign of King Henry the Eighth, wherein the Rectory is valued at
201. per annum.J
It is not proposed in this paper to trace the history of the manor,
nor of the patronage of the living, and as regards the latter it may
suffice to say that a grant of the advowson appears to have been made
to Sir Thomas Wroth, from whom it passed through various hands,
till it finally vested, previously to the year 1731, in King's College,
Cambridge ; while the former was granted by King Edward the 6th
to the Bishoprick of London. §
In the Certificates of Colleges and Chantries prepared in the reigns
of Kings Henry VIII. and Edward VI. occur the following entries :|| —
" Greneford the more (Sciz.) — Henry Collyn gave unto the said
Churche for the fyndyng of v. lightes before the Image of the trinite
and or lady in the sed Churche (xvj d. interlined) ij. acres of errable
lande nowe in the tenure of John Lancton, and halff an acre of medowe
(xx d. interlined) nowe in the tenure of Rob'rt Collye by yere. iij s.
" John Willes paithe yerely to the p'son and Churchewardens of
the seid churche one quitrent of ..... xviij d.
" Owte of the landes of W'll'm Herne ther owght to be paid the said
p'ischurche yerely as quitrent . . . . . . vj s.
* Taxatio Ecclesiastica ; Eecord Office ed., 21 b. f Ibid. 26 b.
J Liber Regis, p. 573. § Newcoort's Repertorium.
|| Originals in Record Office ; Augmentation Rolls, Colleges and
Chantries, No. 179.
154 GREAT GKEENFORD CHURCH.
" Sir Thomas "Wedg sumtyme p'son ther gave unto the seid churche
owte of Thomas Hilles landes now in the tenure of Symond Baranger,
(amount blank.)
" Memor'. — Ther is of howselyng people wt'in the seid p'ische the
nomber of ... . . . . C.
" The p'sones benefyces by yere xx li. whose name is Sir Henry
Thornton."
This Record was followed shortly afterwards by " Particulars of
Sales," which in this case are nmch obliterated :*
" P'och. de Greneford in Com. Midd. — Parcell' teir' et possessionu'
fund' . . in Eccl'ia de Greneford in Com. Midd'. Vail, in ffirm Duar'
acr' terr, arab. . . . Lancton .... p. annu' . . xvj d.
firm'de Rob'ti Collyn . . ^.
annu' p' annu' xd.
ij s. ij d. at xxij. yeares p'chas is xlvij s. viij d.
thes p'cell of Lande and medowes aforesaid were
given by Henry Coole to find v. lights before the Image of the Tri-
nitye and our Ladie ther."
At first sight the transaction appears a very fair one, and the sale-
able value estimated at twenty-two years purchase of the rental was in
fact, in those days, rather high. But when we compare the two esti-
mates of annual value we see that the estimate in the sale returns is
38.8 per cent, or more than one third less than the previously esti-
mated value. This is a tolerable example of the reckless jobbing and
robbery which pervaded the disendowment and sale of church property
in the time of King Henry the Eighth.
We now turn to the BUILDING itself to see what information it fur-
nishes as to its own date.
It's plan is one of a type very usual in this part of the county, a
mere nave and chancel, with some kind of belfry at the west end
of the nave (usually of timber), and a porch at the side (also fre-
quently of wood), and as simple in architecture as in plan. Many
of these are no doubt of early date as indicated by some, perhaps a
single, feature such as the Norman door at Harlington; yet even this
is not conclusive, for we find that in mediaeval times it not unfre-
quently happened that, where a church was rebuilt, a Norman door was
* Originals in Record Office, Particulars of Sales, fol. 121.
GREA.T GREENFORD CHURCH 155
preserved and incorporated in the new structure. On the other hand,
we may with good reason believe that a vast number of existing build-
ings have only been altered, and the detail (such as windows and
doors) modernized in mediaeval or later times, while the walls or shell
of the original building still stand.
The construction of the nave of Greenford Church is of faced flint,
but the eastern gable is more modern, of brick; the chancel is all
rough-cast.
The internal dimensions are as follows: —
Ft. in.
Western timber work - 10 3
Nave - 42 3
Chancel-arch - 2 3
Chancel - - - - - 20 4
Total length 75 1
Width of nave - - - 23 11
Width of chancel - - 14 8
The earliest observable feature is the chancel-arch, a plain, pointed
arch, flat soffited, and springing from a simple abacus, with the lower
edge chamfered; a form of arch which may have been built at any
time in the prevalence of the Early-English style, say from 1190 to
1290, but probably in the early part of the period.
Besides the chancel-arch, there is nothing perceptible to indicate an
earlier date than perhaps the second quarter of the fifteenth century;
the roof of both nave and chancel can scarcely be later, while the door-
way on the south is probably about 1480 or 1490. The windows are all
perfectly gutted, and dormers have been introduced into the roof.
Lysous* says the windows were all gothic; and in a collection of
views published in 1811,| some windows with geometric tracery are
shown, but these views are not altogether reliable ; still it would
appear as if a barbarous destruction of tracery had taken place at no
very distant date. The base of the east window remains unaltered,
and we find it to be small and narrow, and of two lights (a rather
unusual circumstance in that position); and it is quite possible that
the upper part exists beneath the plaster, which appears to have been
* Lysons' Environs of London, vol. ii. p. 439.
f Ecclesiastical topography. Views of Churches in the Environs of London,
4to. 1811.
156
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
KING-POST OP CHANCEL-KOOF.
applied in the present century. The south door of the nave is a
pointed arch under a square head with a kind of rose sculptured in the
spandril, not unlike that at Heston, or indeed many others of the period.
The porch, dating about the middle of the sixteenth century, comes
next ; it is of open woodwork now blocked up. The western termination
of the church, including the belfry, was probably erected in the seven-
teenth century, but there is nothing about it to indicate a specific date.
This part of the building claims our attention for a very singular feature,
viz., that the church has no west wall, nor is there anything to lead
to the idea that any heretofore existed. The side walls are slightly
returned at the west end,* and the rest of the space is filled up with
timber framing, (not of a very substantial character,) and its intervals
with lath and plaster. Beyond this is a chamber built of timber, not
quite so wide as the nave, but of the same height, and from the centre
of it rises a timber belfry, with a pyramidal capping.
The jambs of the chancel-arch were cut away in a very dangerous
* This is seen on the ground plan.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 157
manner, and for no very perceptible object, evidently in 1656, as that
date is painted with the motto " THIS DOE AND liue " on a huge beam
put across, below the impost; and the space above is nearly filled up
with boarding, on which the Ten Commandnents are inscribed. The
east wall above the chancel is painted (rather later) with the Royal
arms and lion and unicorn supporters, and rose and oak trees; the
arms are, quarterly, I. and IV. quart., 1 and 4 France, 2 and 3 Eng-
land; II. Scotland; III. Ireland.
A very unusual feature is the level of the chancel floor being lower
than that of the nave; perhaps the congregation may have found the
original level damp, and therefore raised their part of the building, not
caring much about the rest; but the walls and roof also of the
chancel are lower in proportion than usual.
There is no piscina visible, though the wall sounds hollow;
probably it may have been stopped up in obedience to some injunc-
tions such as that of Bishop Bentham, of Coventry and Lichfield, in
1565,* " that you dam up all manner of hollow places in your chancel,
or church walls."
There is a small priest's door on the south side of the chancel.
A good deal of stained glass exists in the chancel windows, where it
was collected and set in a kind of kaleidoscope arrangement by Mr.
Betham a former rector. It is of various dates from the middle or latter
part of the fifteenth century. In the north window are heads of two
angels by no means badly drawn; in the east window parts of a
canopy of tabernacle work; and some heads and ornamental work in
the southern windows ; but chiefly are the Royal arms of various
dates and sizes. There are also a good number of quarries, the most
frequent pattern being a hart, agreeing (except that it is reversed)
with one engraved in Franks' valuable work on the subject from a
specimen in his own possession ;t also a formal rose identical with one
at Milton, Cambridgeshire ; J several of a peculiar kind of leaf much
conventionalized, bearing a considerable resemblance to one at King's
College Chapel Cambridge ;§ one of later or Elizabethan date, bearing
a hunting horn and the initials H B., and a buck's head caboshed
sable.|| There are also two (perhaps foreign) examples, each repre-
* Printed in " Church Review," 15th Aug. 1868.
f Franks' Ornamental Glazing Quarries, pi. 82.
J Ibid. pi. 74. § Ibid. pi. 61.
|| Ibid. pi. 82; it is there, in error, stated to be at Little Greenford.
158 GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
159
160
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
senting a windmill and the miller coming out of the door with a sack
of flour.
The font can scarcely be said to be of any particular style ; it bears
the inscription: — "Ex dono dominae Franciscae Coston, viduae, nuper
defunctze, 1638;" probably she may have been the mother of Simon
Coston, subsequently referred to in the description of the monuments.
The belfry contains three bells. The largest dates from the fifteenth
century, and bears this inscription:—
ffl Sancta anna ©ra
also two coins, unfortunately both the reverse, or " cross " side, and
consequently not easy to assign to any particular date ; and a curious
shield-shaped stamp, bearing a bell, with the motto running across it,
" In de solu cofido," and the rebus " W. de Cock," or some other
bird ; and beneath the clapper is the letter P. I have not been able to
ascertain the name of the founder to whom this can be attributed ; but
there is another example of his work at Brentford ;* it may possibly
be a foreign casting. Amongst the limited number of dedication names
to be found on English mediasval bells,that of St. Anna is a favourite ;
* Ex rel. J. R. Daniel-Tyssen, Esq. F. S. A.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 161
several examples occur in the counties of Somerset, Wilts, and Cam-
bridge ;* several in Sussex,f and one in Devon. J
The next bell merely bears this inscription in Roman letters: —
W-E- FECIT, 1699.
This I think may be fairly ascribed to William Eldridge, one of a
family which was settled at Chertsey in Surrey, and supplied bells to a
large number of churches in that and the neighbouring counties.
There were probably two Williams, the last of whom died in 1731 at
West Drayton, very near Greenford.§
No inscription is borne on the third bell, which is evidently of later
date.
Lysons mentions that there were, in his time, some ancient seats
preserved in the gallery ; there are none there, or in the church, now.
THE RECTORS have no doubt been contented to do their duty in the
quiet retirement of their parish, for scarcely any (at all events, within
the period of archaeology) have won a name of distinction.
The earliest to whom it is necessary to refer is Siinon Hert, appa-
rently the successor to John Chandler, who was instituted on the 24th
June, 1418; Thomas Wegge who was instituted on the 1st Novem-
ber, 1452, upon the death of Hert, held the preferment till about the
end of the year 1473.
I have had the good fortune to find the will of Simon Hert, or
Herts, as there written. S It commences thus : —
•
" In dei nomine, Amen. Primo mens' marcij Anno d'ni M°.CCCC*,
quinquagesimo primo, ego D'ne Simon Hert', Rector Eccl'ie exal-
tacon' Sante Cruc' de Greneford Magna in Com' Midd', languens in
extremis, compos c^ ment' existens, condo test'm meu' in hunc modu' :
In primis, lego a'i'am mea' Deo Om'ipo11., B'te marie et o'ib' sc'is eius.
Corpus q, meu' ad sepeliend' in choro eccl'ie p'd'ce. It' lego d'c'e
eccl'ie xl s."
He bequeaths to Thomas and Christiana, children of Richard
Hillys, to each a cow; and the residue of his property to George
* Lukis' Church Bells, pp. 64, 96, 102, 121, 129, 130.
f Tyssen's Church Bells of Sussex, pp. 72 and 79.
J Ellacombe. Trans, of Exeter Dioc., Arch. Soc., 2d series, vol. 1. part 3.
§ Some interesting notes of the family are given in Tyssen's Church Bells of
Sussex, pp. 32 and 33.
|| Commissary Ct. of Lond., fol. lxxv°.
VOL. IV. M
162 GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
Haynesworth and the said Richard Hill, to pay debts and legacies,
and dispose of the remainder for the testator's benefit as they may
think fit. It was proved on the 21st November 1452.
Next is John de Feckenham. Being the only distinguished Rector
of Great Greenford, as well as a person of considerable eminence, he
deserves more than a mere passing notice.* He was born of poor
parents named Howsman, but from their residence in a cottage
adjoining the forest of Feckenham in Worcestershire he was after-
wards known as John de Feckenham. While young, his great talents
were perceived by the priest of his parish, who obtained for him
admission to the Benedictine monastery of Evesham. At the age of
18 they sent him to Gloucester College, Oxford; subsequently he
returned to the monastery, which was soon after dissolved, and on the
17th November 1535, he received the grant of a pension of 100 florins
per annum. Upon this event he returned to college, and a little later
became chaplain to John Bell, Bishop of Worcester, and next to
Bonner, Bishop of London, till the year 1549 when the bishop was
deprived and imprisoned in the Marshalsea, and Feckenham was
committed to the Tower. Thence he was temporarily released and
pitted in disputation against the Protestants, at various localities,
during which he maintained his positions with great vigour and
dexterity ; when he had served this end he was remanded to the Tower
and there confined until Queen Mary came to the throne, when he
was treated with merited honour; on the 2oth June 1554, he was ad-
mitted to the Church of Finchley, and on the 24th September following
to Greenford ; afterwards appointed Prebendary of Kentish Town, and
next made Dean of St. Paul's ; followed soon afterwards (in November
1556) by the appointment to be Abbat of Westminster and Chaplain
to the Queen. He openly disputed at Oxford with Cranmer, Ridley,
and Latimer.
All the time of Queen Mary's reign he employed himself in doing
good offices for the afflicted Protestants, from the highest to the
lowest, and ventured to intercede with the Queen for the Lady Eliza-
beth (afterwards Queen), whereby he incurred her Majesty's tempo-
rary displeasure.
When Queen Elizabeth came to the throne and "religion was
about to be altered," he spoke in Parliament against her supremacy
* Anthony a Wood's A then® Oxonienses, (3rd ed., 1820,) vol. i. p. 506.
GREAT GREENFOKD CHURCH. 163
over the Church of England. She was, naturally, very greatly dis-
pleased, but remembering his former good services on her own behalf
and having respect for his learning and reputation, she sent for him,
and, it is said, offered him the Archbishoprick of Canterbury as a
bribe ; but the facts of the interview are not known. In the end he
was again committed to the Tower; but in the winter of 1563 was let
out, apparently on parole, and with the Bishop of Winchester's gua-
rantee, for the purpose of some public disputations ; which being ended
he was sent back to the Tower till 1568, and then transferred to
Wisbech Castle, where he remained " in great devotion and sanctity
of life " until he died. What property he had he left to the Abbey
Church at Westminster; but he also left a sum of 401. to the poor of
St. Margaret's parish to buy wood, as appears from the Church-
wardens' accounts in 1589.*
He published accounts of conferences between Lady Jane Dudley
and himself, and Lady Jane Grey and himself; also a Commentary
on the Psalms, besides other works of minor importance.
It may be further observed that he was the last Mitred Abbot who
sat in Parliament.
Eobert Cosen, Cowsen, or Cowsinne (as the name is variously
spelt) f was instituted as Rector of St. Lawrence, Jewry, on 31st
March 1545, and made Prebendary of Holborn on 14th September fol-
lowing; the living he resigned in 1549, and the prebend in 1554 upon
his appointment to the prebend of Mora, also in St. Paul's Cathedral.
On the 16th October 1558 he became Treasurer of St. Paul's, and on
the 30th December in the same year, Rector of Great Greenford.
Queen Elizabeth's accession changed his prospects, and in 1559 he
was deprived of his prebend, and in all likelihood his treasurership
and rectory in the same manner. He evidently held the rectory a
very short time, for his successor Thomas Thornton died and another
was instituted on the second of July 15604
We may pass over the intervening incumbents till we come to Mi-
chael Gardiner. He became Rector of Littlebury in Essex on the 4th
March 1582, and so continued till the autumn of 1618, when he
* Nichols' Illustrations of Manners and Expences of Ancient Times, p. 22.
f Newcourt's Repertoriura, vol. i. p. 107.
J Newcourt's Repertorium, vol. i., p. 615.
M 2
164 GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
resigned.* Soon after his appointment to Littlebury he was, on the
15th April 1584, instituted Kector of Greenford.f Of his personal
history nothing important is recorded. In his Will dated the sixth of
December 1629 (in which he describes himself as Rector of Grinford,
although it appears by Newcourt that his successor was instituted
on the 26th August previously, he recites that he was then " of
good health and perfect memory (I praise God for it) and therein
myndfull of my mortallitie," and bequeathes his soul into the hands of
his Saviour, and leaves his body to the place of burial at his executors'
discretion, " without any feastinge or banquettinge after it." He
speaks of his lands called Botlymeade and Northamleas near Oxford ;
and leaves ten shillings each to several poor people ; and also legacies
to his children, grandchildren, and servants ; to his curate his black
cloth gowne faced with shankes; and the residue of his goods, cattells,
chattells, and houshold stuffe to his son Henry, who proved the will on
the 21st September 1630. J His burial took placeon the 24th August;§
his monument is against the north wall of the chancel at the east
end, and represents him and his family kneeling at a prayer desk and
sheltered beneath a pediment. A Mrs. Margaret Gardner buried on
the 19th March 1622 || may probably have been his wife.
Next we come to Edward Terry ,^[ who was educated at the Free
School Rochester, entered at Christ Church College, Oxford, in 1607;
became a student, and finally took his degrees in Arts in 1614. In
the following year he went out to the East Indies and became chap-
lain to Sir Thomas Roe, the Ambassador to the Great Mogul, for two
years, and then returned to his college, and soon afterwards (on the
26th August 1629) received his appointment to the Rectory of Great
Greenford, of which he held possession for thirty years. He submitted
with good grace to the authorities during the great Rebellion, and
became, if he was not already so, a steady Nonconformist. He died
on the 8th October 1660, at the age of seventy years, and was buried
on the 10th** in the chancel.
He published several sermons and an account of his abode in the
" rich and spacious Empire of the Great Mogul," a work which he had
previously (in 1622), presented in manuscript to Prince Charles. His
* Ibid. vol. ii. p. 394. f Ibid. vol. i. p. 615.
t Prerogative Registry, 75 Scrope. § Parish Register. || Ibid.
«f Athente Oxon. vol. iii. p. 505. ** Parish Register.
Vol. IV. page 105.
BRASS OF SIMON HEKT, IN GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 165
" Relick" Elizabeth, was buried on the 2nd August, 1661.* Upon his
decease his son, also named Edward, was on the 27th February, 1660-1,
presented to the living by William Christmas, citizen of London and
merchant: he was a Nonconformist, a Master of Arts, and Fellow of
University College.f He soon found it necessary to resign the living,
and a successor was appointed on the 24th December in the same
year.J
A trace of the puritan feeling inculcated by the Terrys may be seen
in the appearance and arrangement of the pews, and the absence of
what most people consider reverential care of the building and its
fittings.
John Castell, D.D. his successor, died in 1686, and the entry of his
burial on the 3rd April, adds " Affid. brought Aprill y« 3d." § This
was in obedience to the Act 18th Charles II. cap. 4, for the burying
in woollen only.||
Next we turn to the MONUMENTS. The earliest is the brass to the
memory of Simon Hert, of whom mention has been already made. It
consists of a moderately small demi figure of a priest in eucharistic
vestments, of which the amice and maniple are embroidered throughout.
It is well designed, especially the face, and in good preservation.
From the mouth proceeds a scroll bearing these words : —
(ttrrtro bf&er' fcona Vni in terra btbenctu'.
It lies at the extreme east end of the nave floor. The inscription
has been long wanting, but the date of design and execution of the
brass is clear : he was the only rector who died about that period,
and his will directs his burial in the choir of the church; we may
therefore fairly conclude that it is his memorial.
Succeeding this in point of date is a small brass effigy of a lady
with a butterfly head-dress, which, taken with the general costume,
indicates the date of circa 1475. Her husband has long since disap-
peared, nor does any inscription remain to indicate who was the person
represented. This memorial lies near the centre of the nave floor.
Then we come to another Rector, Thomas Symons. His is a rather
* Parish Register. f Athenae Oxon. vol. iii. p. 505.
J Newcourt, vol. i. p. 615. § Parish Register.
|| See Note on the Acts of Parliament for this purpose and their final repeal
in Paperon Heston Church, in Proceedings of this Society, vol. ii. p. 221 n.
166 GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
small effigy incised in brass, habited in eucharistic vestments, having
the amice and maniple embroidered throughout, and an orphrey round
the chasuble ; and beneath is the following inscription : —
jftftteetere mtsetatoi, quta bero sum peeeator :
precor, licet reus, miserere mei fceus.
t djomas ^Btnons, Sector eeel'ie toe ©rgnfortf).
The date of execution is circa 1500. There is a little true shading. It
does not appear at what date Thomas Symons or Symond was insti-
tuted to the living, but on the 12th August 1518 Thomas Cotton
succeeded to it upon his resignation;* and there can be little doubt
that he had the monument prepared in his lifetime, as was then fre-
quently done. In 1783 it was discovered beneath some pews, a fact
which accounts for its remarkably perfect preservation. Mr. Betham,
then rector, had it set in a marble slab, and fixed in its present posi-
tion against the north wall of the chancel (for which brass collectors
will not thank him, as it renders the making of a rubbing an inconve-
nient and fatiguing process), and has his own monumental inscription
below it. Some stupid person has cut the letters M.D. in a diamond
in a blank space of the brass inscription. Since the visit of the So-
ciety an organ has been placed in that part of the chancel, and unfor-
tunately conceals the monument.
A fourth brass exists, bearing the following inscription : —
" <£>f go* (ftfjarite prap fov tfje soules of $tgcf)artr Cfjorneton
antj aigs fjj)8 togfe tlje toijgclje Kpefjarto fceressefc tlje btj toag of
JBemnfc. tlje pete of out lort JH bc.iliiij. €>n toijos 0oules $f)'u
fjabe mcrcj), amen."
The effigy of Richard is immediately above this, a clumsy figure, as
usual at the period, habited in civil costume, and having round-toed
shoes with a strap over the instep. His burial the day after decease,
is recorded in the Register)1 thus — " Richard Thorneton, — 8 Decem-
bris An'o Do'i 1544." Alys was on his left, but her effigy has
evidently been long lost, as also two groups of children, apparently
three sons and three daughters. This memorial lies in the floor of the
nave, far up westwards.
In 1559 is recorded the burial of Henry Thorneton, parson of Grin-
ford, on 20th of February.^ Newcourt § inserts the name of a Thomas
* Newcourt, vol.. i p. 615. f Parish Register. J Ibid.
§ Rcpertorium, i. 615
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 167
(no doubt this Henry) Thorneton between Robert Cosen, who was
instituted 30th December 1558, and William Whitlock, who succeeded
on the 2nd July 1560, upon the death of Thornton ; but gives no other
date.
Next we notice the monument to the memory of Bridget Coston
and her family beneath a pediment, all carved in stone, and set up
against the east wall of the nave, on the south of the chancel-arch.
The lady is represented as kneeling at a prayer desk, while behind her
kneel her children, Frances, Mary, James, Annie, and Philadelphia ;
over their heads, in less perfect relief, is her husband, Simon, leaning on
his elbow, apparently out of an open window, and looking very senti-
mental. An inscription beneath is in full accordance, and describes
her as " foemina superlative bona et optimis quibuscunq' sui seculi mu-
lieribus in omni laude comparanda." Beneath is this sentiment:
" Uxorem vivam amare, voluptas est : defunctam religio." Her death
at the age of thirty-four is recorded to have happened on the 2nd July
1637; and she was buried on the following day.* Simon seems to
have been afflicted with classicalism, for besides this inscription is a
long string of Latin verses, engraved on a gilt brass plate and set high
up, (far above legibility) on the south wall near the monument.
There is also the matrix of another brass later in the same century.
One other monument remains to be noticed, which is that of Michael
Gardner, who has been mentioned previously in the list of Rectors ;
he and his wife, are represented kneeling on either side of a prayer
desk, and beneath a classic pediment ; the monument is set against the
north wall of the chancel at the east end.
We now advert to the REGISTER BOOKS, which, commencing in 1539,
hold out a promise of much interesting matter which they do not
supply. The date is one of the earliest known, and, although entries
dating in 1536 may be found, there is no known authority for keeping
a register of this kind prior to an Order of Cromwell as Vicegerent,
in 1538 (30th Hen. VIII.) | It seems strange that the incalculable
value of such records was not earlier perceived, but when once the
idea had been suggested, a series of ordinances enforced the system.
In the first year of King Edward the Sixth's reign (1547) were
Injunctions, amongst other things directing the Parson, Vicar, or
* Parish Register.
f Rogers' Ecclesiastical Law, p. 770; Burn's Parish Registers, pp. 6 and 17.
168 GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
Curate to keep a book or register, and therein to enter the day and
year of every wedding and christening* and the parish was to
provide, for the safe keeping of the book, a sure, coffer and two
locks and keys, one to remain with the parson and the other
with the wardens; and every Sunday the parson was to make the
week's entries in the presence of one of the wardens, under a penalty
of three shillings and four pence to the poor men's box for each omis-
sion ; then in Cranmer's Visitation Articles in the following year was
an enquiry whether the Register Book was safely kept ; f in the Arti-
cles issued in the first year of Queen Elizabeth's reign, 1559, there is
a similar enquiry ;| they are also enquired about in various Visitation
Articles, as in those of Bishop Bentham of Lichfield and Coventry in
1565 ;§ and in the 39th year of Queen Elizabeth's reign (1597) occurs
a Constitution concerning Registers " ( quorum permagnus usus est);"||
and then the 70th Canon of 1603 required that it should be written on
parchment and carefully kept in a box with three locks, the key of one
of which to be kept by the Incumbent and each Churchwarden, seve-
rally, and that the entries for the week were to be made every Sunday
and to be signed by all three.
The earlier part of the Register Book at Great Greenford, down to
the year 1602, is evidently a transcript and no doubt was made in
obedience to the last mentioned Canon, which directs that they should
be copied on parchment so far as practicable, especially since the begin-
ning of the late Queen Elizabeth's reign. ^f
The entries are of the most meagre description, and not very nume-
rous, and they shew that the parishioners comprised scarcely any even
of the middle class. The earliest entry in each of the three categories
runs thus : —
" Elizabethe Martin Christened thexvijth of Jauuarye in ye yere 1539.
Richard Arendell & alee Lampe were maryed the xxij° November
an0. 1539.
Buryalls.
" Jhon Deacon j° Marlii An'o Do'ni 1539."
As usual in early registers, the entries are few and probably incom-
* Sparrow's Collection, p. 5. f Ibid. 27. J Ibid 236.
§ Printed in the Church Beview, 1st August, 1868.
|| Printed in the same year.
J Sparrow's Collection, p. 339.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 169
plete. Thus in the year 1608 there is but one entry of marriage, and
later (when the troubles were commencing in 1640, 1641, and 1642,
there are recorded but one burial in each year, and between 1644 ami
1650, there are scarcely any ; while the years 1651,1652, and 1653
are quite blank. There is no entry of a baptism in 1652 ; but one of
marriage in 1659, and none in 1660. Thus, in the utter absence of
any reason to suppose that births, marriages, and deaths almost
ceased in the parish, we may fairly presume that baptism was much
dispensed with, that marriages became merely a civil contract, and
burials if accompanied by a religious service were performed by a lay
minister. Considering the fact that the rector though a clergyman
duly ordained, and duly instituted to the living, conformed to the
puritan regime, it might reasonably have been expected that such
matters would have been left in his hands : or at least that due entries
would have been made under his sanction and supervision in the parish
books. But there can be little doubt that in the case of marriages they
were performed as a civil rite before a magistrate, and the record kept
by a civil registrar appointed under the authority of an Act of Par-
liament (of the Commonwealth) dated 24th August, 1653, in a sepa-
rate book since lost.
Even in those entries which are duly made, there is no very great
amount of precision : for example
Old wydowe Osmond (buried) 30 Decembris An'o do' . 1600
Goodman Butler & goodwyf lano were marryed the third of April 1616
Olde Mother ffreeman was buryed the twenty of April, An'o 1617
Old Mother Hixe, cujus nomen erat Margaret, was buried y* 4
of May, . . >4, 1624
Mr. Terry, however, sometimes departs from the practice, and makes
a slight addition, such as " a very aged man," " a young and newly
married wife;" so an example in 1672, " Jane Smith, an ancient mayd."
There is mention of the plague in 1603, but it seems to have even
then been limited to two houses; one comprising five of the Barnard
family between the fifth and twenty- eighth of October; and the other,
the house of Mr. Bowyer, amongst the residents in which were two
children of • Smith " verbi predicatoris;" amounting in all to
eight persons. Again in 1643, between the 21st October and 17th
January, are the burials of ten persons of whom a marginal note says
" supposed, the plague."
170 GREAT GKEENFORD CHURCH.
Mr. Christopher Bowyer just mentioned was "one of y8 Kinges
Majesties yeomen of his great chamber in ordinarie," and is men-
tioned in the register as " yeoman of the gard." He made his will on
the 2nd July 1604 ;* it is in the form termed nuncupative; that is to
say, delivered verbally, and afterwards taken down in writing, and
proved by the witnesses present at the time.f It describes him as
"beinge sicke in bodie but of perfect mynde & memorie," and
speaks of Joane his wife, and Isabell Smyth, widow, his daughter;
and that " whereas he hath a brother which hath byne unto hym a
very unkynde brother, yett we would that his saide brother should
have some thinge for a remembrance. And these words (so the will
ends) were uttered by him in the p'nce & hearinge of the said
Joane his wief," & others. His death speedily followed; this will is
dated the 2nd, he was buried on the 3rd, J and the will was proved
on the 5th July 1604.
His wife only survived about two months. She made a will § on the
5th September 1604, "being sicke in bodie." She bequeathes her soul
to the three persons of the Holy Trinity, severally; "most faythfully
trusting to be saved in & by the meritts of my saide Savior, and
by his death, passion, & glorious resurrection, confidentlye, assuredly
trustinge in & by my saide Savior after this my frayle lief ended,
to have ev'lastinge felycite & the heavenly Joyes ; the Joyes whereas
noe tonge canne expresse nor harte thincke." Times have changed,
and no expressions of other than worldly matters are now permitted
to appear in that solemn document which can only take effect when
its author has passed from this to another world.
She leaves xls. to the poor of Greenford to be divided at her
burial. To her late husband's brother William, xli., and as much of
his wearing apparel as may be worth a like sum, or else the same
value in money, on condition of not interfering with the executors,
heirs, or legatees. She mentions her daughters, Ann, Bestonthe,
Dorothye, Allen, and Isabell Smithe,|| and their children, and Kobert
* Commissary Court of London, fol. 58.
t This method was put an end to only as recently as the Wills Act, 1 Victoria,
cap. 26.
I Parish Register. § Commissary Court of London, fol. 69.
|| Prohably Smith, yerbi predicator, mentioned in the Register, was the
husband of this Isabell Smithe.
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH. 171
Bryan of the Chauncerye, and John Hayell of the King's Majesty's
wyneseller, her late husband's friends; Mr. Michael Gardiner (the
rector), and her son in law Francis Awsyter, to whom she leaves
her black mare, " Cole," with a black face.
She was buried on the following day,* and the will was proved on
the 21st of the same month.
It is noteworthy that in a retired parish such as this, all the old
names have dropped out and disappeared, so that out of about fifty of
those most frequently mentioned in the earlier entries in the register,
not one now remains, f
Besides the usual records of the Register Bock, there is an account
of the Collections, commencing in 1689, under the authority of briefs.
One in that year towards the relief of the poor Irish Protestants
produced 21. 8s; another the next year; one for the French Protes-
tants in 1694; in 1699, a brief for the poor distressed Vaudois, and
other Protestants beyond the seas, produced 4Z. 5s 6d ; these clearly
testify to the influence of Mr. Terry's teaching. In 1690, 1692-3,
and 1700, were collections for the redemption of captives, the last
of which produced as much as 131. 6s ±d.
The same book contains a note of two early parochial charities ; ih^
first being under the will, dated the 8th April 1663, of William
Millett J of Sudbury in the parish of Harrow on the Hill, of a rent-
charge of 51. per annum to be laid out in the buying and making of
two frise gownes for two poore widdowes, or other poore woman, of the
price of twenty-eight shillings a piece, and two frise coats of twenty-
two shillings a piece ; and the other a devise, dated 5th October 1 649,
of the South Field, by George Smith; to be employed in buying two
dozen of bread on each first Lord's Day after Easter Day, Whitsun-
day, and Midsummer Day ; and if the rent be improved to more than
six shillings, then more bread to be bought.
In connexion with the Church of Great Greenford, it may be worth
while just to mention the hitherto unpublished incident that, in
August 1595, there occurred a fight in the church between the two
churchwardens, in which George Frankline by force turned out
' * Parish Eegister.
f Ex rel. Mr. Phillips, Master of tlic Endowed School, and Parish Clerk for
many years.
\ He was buried here in December 1663. Parish Register.
172
GREAT GREENFORD CHURCH.
Thomas Lamplowe his co-warden ; for this he was excommunicated by
the bishop, but upon his submission and performance of penance in
the church, he was absolved and the sentence of excommunication was
on the yth Oct. following formally relaxed by the bishop, who
directed the publication of the proceedings by being read on Sunday
in time of divine service.*
This completes a general account of the church, and its rectors
and registers; and, though few ancient buildings at first sight present
less of archaeological interest than Great Greenford Church, yet it is
hoped that the account here given is not altogether devoid of interest,
or unworthy of being placed on record.
* Vicar General's Books, 6, fol. 228.
173
ON THE PILGKIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
BY JOHN GREEN WALLER, ESQ.
In the church of Willesden, which we have just visited, was
formerly an image of the Virgin Mary, to which miraculous powers
were ascribed, and which thence became a place of pilgrimage. It was
one of some note, as it is mentioned, together with " Our Lady of
Walsingham " and " Our Lady of Ipswich," in the third part of the
homily " Against Peril of Idolatry," which was issued in the reign of
Edward VI. It is also one of the shrines named in the interlude of
the four P's, i. e. A satirical Dialogue between a Palmer, a Pardoner,
a Poticary, and a Pedler, by Thomas Hey wood, published in 1549.
The palmer is enumerating his visits to various sacred places, and
among them says he was :
At Crome, at Wilsdon, and at Muswell,
At Seynt Rycharde and Saint Roke,
And at Our Lady that standeth in the Oke.
Here are mentioned four places in the neighbourhood of the metro-
polls noted for images of the Virgin Mary of wonder-working power.
Crome is Crome's Hill at Greenwich; Wilsdon our present resort;
Muswell is near Highgate ; and " Our Lady of the Oke " is mentioned
in a proclamation of Henry VIII. touching the preservation of game,*
and must have been between Islington and Highgate. So that, you
see, we had three places of this description in the North of London. In
point of fact, England had a very large number of these shrines ; they
were quite as numerous here as now upon the continent. Unfortu-
nately, our records of them are exceedingly scanty. Even of Wal-
singham, the most renowned of all, which had a reputation beyond the
seas, we have no complete history, though frequently mentioned in
records, and often honoured by the presence of our sovereigns. But
the witty colloquy of Erasmus, " The Pilgrimage for Religion's Sake, "I
has made up for deficiencies, and has given us a vivid picture of the
two most celebrated of our English shrines.
* Vide Prickett's History of Highgate.
f " Peregrinatio Keligionis ergo," Erasmi Collcquia.
174 PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
It is easy to account for the loss of all historical records of these
places. When, in 1538, the images were burnt at Chelsea, such docu-
ments as they possessed, which would be vouchers of miracles per-
formed at the shrine, with lists of offerings made by different pilgrims,
&c. were doubtless destroyed, at the same time, as monuments of
idolatry.
As regards those on the continent, it is a curious fact that there is
no published account earlier than the beginning of the Eeformation.
Indeed, we must regard these histories as a counter-demonstration, for
the earliest in date is only 1523, whilst Loretto itself had none until
1575. By far the greater number were written in the seventeenth
century, and by members of the Society of Jesus ; and now they con-
stitute a literature, of a very curious, but perhaps not of a very -valu-
able description. Nevertheless, they afford us the means of compre-
hending the nature of the worship of these shrines, as set forth by
authority . We can understand their pretensions, and by a comparison
of a number of these stories, and seeing how much one is repeated in
another, we have no difficulty in imagining what our own might have
been in times past. I think, therefore, I cannot do better, in illus-
trating this subject, than to give you some general information respect-
ing the nature of these places of pilgrimage, as gathered from the
works to which I have alluded, and also from my own observations
made at some of the shrines themselves.
The most noted shrines of " Our Lady '' in Europe, besides that of
Walsingham were— Loretto, Italy; Boulogne, France; Montserrat,
Spain; Hal, in Belgium; Einsiedlen, Switzerland; Altoting, Bavaria;
Maria Eck, Austria ; and Czenstochow, Poland. There were many
others quite as well known, which makes it difficult to select ; but
those I have named have an historical importance. Now, some of
these places are for their physical characters among the most remark-
able spots in Eiirope ; and this leads me to point out to you two
features, which have in all time marked places of pilgrimage. The first
is, mountains or hill tops, or " high places;" the second, the interior of
woods, i.e. "groves." The two types present us with two conditions,
one of grave solemnity, the other of grandeur or beauty. It is unne-
cessary for me to say any thing of "groves" and " high places" for reli-
gious worship ; as profane and sacred writers both allude to them, and
many present must be familiar to pages in classical authors which illus-
trate the question. The most remarkable places of pilgrimage in the
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OP WILSDON. 175
world, are Adam's Peak in Ceylon, devoted to the Buddhist creed, and
that of Montserrat in Spain, in connection with Christianity. The
ascent of the former often costs a life; and of the latter, Thicknesse,
the early patron of Gainsborough, said, that it was not " without some
apprehensions that, if there was no better road down, we felt we must
have become hermits."* Now the three shrines, Wilsdon, Muswell, and
Our Lady of the Oke present us with three of the common features.
Willesden must originally have been encircled by the dense forest of
Middlesex, a secluded spot apart from the highways of traffic. On the
other hand, " Our Lady of Muswell" was on the eastern ridge of the
chain of hills north of London, abutting on the ancient highway to the
north, overlooking the valley of the river Lea, and commanding an
extensive view of almost unrivalled beauty in the neighbourhood of the
metropolis. Although I cannot locate with exactness " Our Lady of
the Oke," its character is determined by its name, as there is a noted
shrine so called in Italy, one in Belgium, one in France, and many
others in different parts of Europe. In the histories of this species the
figure is always said to have been discovered in an ' oak,' and classic
readers will at once remember how this type also is to be paralleled in
heathen antiquity.
The next point to which I shall direct your attention is one of the
greatest importance and interest in this enquiry, and demands- from us
more than usual care and deliberation. It is that all the ancient
miraculous images of the Virgin Mary are black. Now, travellers and
tourists have sometimes endeavoured to account for this by telling us
that the colour was produced by the smoke of the numerous tapers,
and of the lamps ever burning before the image. They do not tell us,
however, whether the chapels have the same hue, or indeed why they
have not. It is a curious fact, that precisely the same thing was said
by the early Christian writers of the images of the goddess Isis. Ar-
nobius, who lived in the fourth century, and was a convert from hea-
thenism, wrote a treatise against the religion he had forsaken, ridi-
culing the worship, whose image, he asserts, was blackened by the smoke
of burning lamps. f We must reject these hypotheses because facts do
not bear them out. The miraculous images of the Virgin are painted
black ; there are also a number of pictures to which the same hue is
given ; the colour therefore is intentional, and not the result of any
* Thicknesse's Year's Journey through France and part of Spain.
f Arnobius, 1. 6.
176 PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
accidental circumstances. It is in fact a piece of symbolism, without
doubt of the very greatest antiquity, carrying us back into yery remote
ages, and into oriental forms of religious worship. In the religion of
India, Maya, a female divinity, is represented nursing Bouddha. In
the ancient religion of Egypt, Isis is nursing Horns ; both are repre-
sented black. This colour also distinguishes other members of their
mythology. Now black is a natural symbol of profundity, that which
is mentally as well as physically obscure. It is the colour of mourning,
and we use it constantly as a metaphor when we speak of strong and
hidden passion. The religious systems to which I have alluded are
full of mysticism, in which ideas were veiled under various symbolic
forms, and this colour must without doubt be considered in that light.
I am confirmed in this view by the Very Rev. Canon Rock, who re-
cently expressed very nearly the same thoughts, and whose knowledge
of ecclesiastical symbolism is very extensive.
I now come to another part of this subject, which is in close connec-
tion with what I have just stated, viz. that numbers of these images
were ascribed to St. Luke. Now this tradition is of extreme antiquity
in the history of Christianity, and its examination helps our inquiry
into the origin of the black colour, and its introduction into the Chris-
tian church.
Some Italian writers have endeavoured to find a solution of this
question in a manner which at first sight commends itself to us as
being extremely plausible ; and Lanzi, in his History of Italian
Painting, has accepted their reasoning. In the twelfth century there
was a Florentine artist named Luca, who is known to have painted
several pictures of the Virgin Mary, and among them one or two, at
least, which are now referred to the Evangelist, as that at Santa
Maria Maggiore in Rome. And this man, from the holiness of his
life, received the popular title of santo or holy. There is also a
vague tradition of a hermit of the name of Luca, who is also said to
have painted pictures of this kind.* This conclusion is one that we
would naturally accept as final ; but, unfortunately, it must give way to
the hard logic of facts, as the tradition can be carried many centuries
backward into the earlier ages of the Church. Simeon Metaphrastes,
a Greek legendary writer of the tenth century, in his Life of St. Luke,
has a remarkable passage f in which he expresses his gratitude to the
* Lanzi, Storia Pittorica d'ltalia, ii. c. 9-10.
j- The passage is too interesting not to be given entire, as translated into Latin
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON. 177
Evangelist in having transmitted to us the portraits of Jesus and of
Mary his mother. And the passage is yet further curious, as he even
speaks of the mode of painting employed, that is with wax, and conse-
quently it is an allusion to the ancient encaustic process at that time
generally used. It therefore proves, that in the tenth century there
were pictures assigned to St. Luke. But we do not even rest here, for
Theodoras, a Greek writer of the sixth century, a reader of Constanti-
nople, says that " Eudocia sent to Pulcheria, from Jerusalem, the
picture of the mother of Christ which St. Luke the Evangelist had
painted." *
Eudocia was empress of Theodosius II., and Pulcheria, her sister-in-
law, had been regent in the minority of the emperor, and was virtually
the rnler of the empire. I cannot here dwell upon the character of
these remarkable ladies, but their zeal for relics at least brings us to a
fair presumption of the origin of this tradition. The Nestorian con-
troversy had just been determined in the condemnation of the Bishop
of Constantinople, in the Council of Ephesus, 431 ; and in the triumph
of Cyril of Alexandria ; and an immediate consequence was, that a
picture of the Virgin nursing the infant Jesus, not an historical repre-
sentation, but a symbolic or hieratic type, was, for the first time,
elevated above the altar for the veneration of the Christian world.
Pulcheria erected a magnificent church in the suburbs of Constanti-
nople, dedicated it to the mother of Christ, and here placed the picture
sent to her by Eudocia, the history of which was afterwards very
remarkable. Thus we get evidence of this tradition arising in the
fifth century, exactly where we might have expected to have found it,
taking the circumstances of ecclesiastical history into consideration.
Then, considering the character of Cyril, the ruling spirit of that time,
an Egyptian bishop ; and of Eudocia, a convert from heathenism ; she
and Pulcheria diligent hunters after sacred relics ; the practice acknow-
ledged in the Church of adopting types from the heathen, but altering
in Lippomano Sanctorum Historia, Vita S. Lucae. "Hoc autem inter caetera
gratissimum est, quod ipsum quoque typum assumptas humanitatis Christi mei,
ac signum eius quce ilium pepererat, et assumptam humanitatem dederat,
primus hie cerd ac lineamentis tingens, ut ad hasc usque tempora in imagine
honorarentur, tradidit, tanquam non satis esse existimans, nisi etiam per imagi-
nem ac typum versaretur cum his quos desiderabat, quod ferventissimi amoris
signum est."
* Molanus, De Historia, S. S. Imaginum, &c. lib. ii. cap. ix. p. 47. Lovanii,
1771.
VOL. IV. N
178 PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
the application ; the fact of pictures and images ascribed to St.
Luke being black, — and can we doubt of the origin ? The colour might
be justified by an appeal to Solomon's Song, " I am black but comely,"
and weaker minds might yield to the innovation, when told that St.
Luke had been the painter. Thus then, as the nimbus became adopted
from heathen art, so might an ancient hieratic type, long honoured in
the religion of Egypt, be accepted for popular veneration.
Let us now see how far this hypothesis is favoured by the historical
narratives of some of the most celebrated images, to many of which an
Eastern origin is ascribed. " Our Lady of Loretto " is said to have
been brought with the holy house itself from Nazareth, by the ministry
of angels. " Our Lady of Atocha," near Madrid, of which we have
often heard in connexion with the Ex-Queen of Spain, is said to have
been brought from Antioch; Atocha is indeed a corruption of the
name. " Our Lady of Liesse," a noted example, in France, was
brought from Egypt itself, so also was that of " Our Lady of Puy."
This latter is so remarkable that it is worth describing, as it strongly
corroborates the fact I am here adducing. It is considered to be the
most ancient of these images in France, and is a seated figure carved
out of cedar, covered all over from the head to the feet with bands of
very fine linen, very carefully and closely wound upon the wood after
the manner of Egyptian mummies. It is also of a deep black, polished,
the face and features extremely long, the eyes small and formed of
glass, giving the whole a haggard wild look. I will not weary you by
further instances, as these are sufficient to show an existing tradition
ascribing many of them to an oriental source.
I have thus endeavoured to give you a brief account of the character
and origin of these images, which became so universally adopted in the
Christian world; to which "pilgrimages for religion's sake" were
made by all ranks of society, accompanied by gifts of such value, that
an enumeration of the riches of Mouserrat or Loretto, reads like a
page from the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. Kings and princes
vied with each other ; and it was no uncommon thing for a hero fresh
from the field of his glory to come and prostrate himself before one of
these shrines,* and to dedicate to it banners torn from the enemy,
with a good tithe of the spoils of battle. And, amongst them, even his
name is found, who was the first to proclaim them relics of idolatry, his
* Don John of Austria, victor of Lepanto, visited Montserrat.
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON. 179
appetite, doubtless, not a little whetted by the riches which awaited
his treasury.
The images themselves are always carved out of wood, and are
generally about 3 ft. 6 in. in height, sometimes smaller, but rarely
larger. Some are said to have been sent down from heaven ; some
made by angels ; some made by St Luke, as before stated ; some dug
out of the earth, and some found in oaks, &c. However, there are
others which make no such pretension of miraculous origin. That of
" Our Lady of Hal," by Brussels, was presented to the town by
Sophia, daughter of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, in 1267, and the style
of its execution warrants the date assigned to it. But it is not often
easy to give these figures a close examination, as they are always
covered up with some rich clothing, which obscures all but the face.
But it is time I told you something of the image and shrine of
" Our Lady of Wilsdon." No researches, however, have availed to
discover at what time it first became a place of pilgrimage, and but for
a few notices of it by our Reformers, and the abjurations some indivi-
duals were obliged to make for a disrespectful allusion to it, we should
know nothing about it. It was evidently a popular one with the Lon-
doners, as one Father Donald, a Scotch friar, preaching, said, " Ye men
of London, gang on yourself with your wives to Wyllesdon, in the devil's
name, or else keep them at home with you in with sorrow." Such
hints of the evils of such resorts are however common. In England,
as early as the fifteenth century, the followers of Wickliffe appear as
calling in question the efficacy of pilgrimages,* and examinations
before Archbishop Arundel show us the spirit then alive amongst these
sectaries on this subject. From that time, they were pointed out as the
weak place in the economy of the Church of Rome, and consequently
were first assaulted. Fitzjames, Bishop of London, a man of narrow
mind and of virulent disposition, was extremely active in repressing all
indications of revolt. Even Dean Colet, the friend of Erasmus, and
the companion alluded to in his Colloquy under the name of Gratian,
the illustrious founder of St. Paul's School, was in danger from his
zeal, and was saved only by the prudence of Warham, Archbishop of
Canterbury. But smaller fry felt the burden of his wrath. One Eliza-
beth Sampson, the wife of John Sampson, of the parish of Alderman-
bury, in the City of London, a few months before the decease of Henry
* "Lolardi sequaces Johannis Wiclif prasdicaverunt peregrinationes
non debere fieri, et prsecipne apnd Walsingham." Thomas Walsingham, p. 340.
N 2
180 PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
VII. was brought under ecclesiastical correction in the Bishop's court,
and out of 21 Articles objected against her, on the charge of " heretical
pravity," was one of disrespect of pilgrimage in the person of " Our
Lady of Wilsdon." The lady certainly used strong language ; indeed
made use of words to express her thoughts that might have been
merely forcible when they were uttered, but now-a-days are not con-
sidered fitted for ears polite ; I must therefore be excused in leaving
out one little word used as an expletive.
" Art. III. Tu dixisti that our Lady of Willesdon was a brent a —
elfe, and a brent a — stocke, and yf she myght have holpen men e
women which goe to hyr of pylgrymage, she wolde not have suffered
her tayle to have ben brent &c."
We find by this, that a fire must have taken place in the church,
possibly from lamps or tapers, and the image had been partly injured.
The lady had to abjure in the following terms.
" In the name of God, Amen, Before Almighty God, the Fader, the
Son, and the Holy Ghoste, the Blessed Virgyn our Ladye, &c., I
Elizabeth Sampson doe voluntarily, and hereto not constreyned,
knowledge, graunt, recognise, and openly confesse, &c.*
The date of this abjuration is March 31, 1509, two years before
Erasmus is supposed to have visited Canterbury and Walsingham, and
is interesting as showing that opposition to the practice of going on
pilgrimages to so-called miraculous images must have been working
amongst the mass of the people.
Some years later, when the days of these shrines were fast drawing
to a close, we find " Our Lady of Wilsdon " again alluded to. In
1530, one Dr. Crome, being questioned by the bishops of heretical
opinions, said, " I wyll saye ageyne, doo your dewtye, and then your
devocion. First, I saye, doe those thynges the whyche God hath
commaundyd to be doon, the whyche are the dedys of pytye: for those
shalbe requyred of thy hande agayne. When thou comyst at the days
of judgement, He wyll not say unto thee, ' Why wentest thou not to
Wilsdon a pylgrymage ? ' but he wyl saye unto thee, ' I was an hungred
and thou gavest me no meat, I was nakyd and thou gavyst me no
clothys,' and soche lyke."
In the following year, 1531, one John Hervis, a draper of London,
was made to abjure for saying that he heard the Vicar of Croydon
thus preach openly : " There is as much bawdry kept by going in
* Begist. Fitz James, Epi. Lond.
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON. 181
pilgrimage to Wilsdon or Muswell, as in the Stew-side." But indeed
the morality of pilgrims had always been a theme for the satirist.
Piers Ploughman, who bitterly upbraids those that went to Wal-
singham,* only repeats an often told tale of the evil of indiscriminate
assemblages even " for religion's sake."
Seven years later the end had come, and is thus related by Holm-
shed. " In September, by the speciall motion of the Lord Cromwell,
all the notable images unto the which were made anie especiall pil-
grimage and offerings were utterlie taken awaie, as the images of Wal-
singham, Ipswich, Worcester, the Ladie of Wilsdon, with many other,
and likewise the shrines of counterfeit saints as that of Thomas a
Becket, and others, &c. The images of our Lady of Walsingham
and Ipswich were brought up to London with all the jewels that hung
about them, and divers other images both in England and Wales,
whereunto anie common pilgrimage was used, for avoiding of idolatry ;
all which were burnt at Chelsea by the Lord Privie Seal."
The position of this image in the church is indicated in the will of
Master William Lychefeld, whose brass yet remains in the chancel, for
he directs his body to be buried in the chancel of the parish church of
Willesdon before the image of the most Blessed Virgin Mary.f It
must then have been above the altar, probably resting upon a beam
made for the purpose, which likewise would be used for the suspension
of rich offerings.
Of pilgrims it may be as well to say a few words, as they have been
classed by different terms, which have remained in different languages,
but whose origin is forgotten in the daily use of them. We cannot
quote a better authority than that of Dante in his " Vita Nuova,"
where, having seen a procession of pilgrims passing through the streets
of Florence, whilst his beloved Beatrice was lying dead, says " They
call those ' Palmers ' inasmuch as they go beyond the sea, whence they
have many times obtained the palm. They call those ' Pilgrims,'
" Heremytes on an heep,
With hoked staves,
Wenten to Walsingham,
And hire wenches after."
• Vision of Piers Ploughman.
There is also a French proverb, " Je connais le pelerin," spoken of a crafty
fellow.
f " In cancello ecclesise parochise de Willesdon, coram imagine beatissimze
Virginis Mariae." Test. Mag'ri Will'i Lychefeld cle'ci Novemb. 2, 1517.
182 PILGEIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF W1LSDON.
inasmuch as they go to the house of Galicia, because the sepulchre of
S. James was further off from his country than that of any other
apostle. Those are called ' Eomers ' * in so much as they go to Rome,
where these that I have called ' pilgrims ' were going."
A pilgrim was one to whom considerable reverence was attached.
Before setting out upon his journey, he made his will,f confessed himself,
and his bourdon or staff, and his scrip received a solemn benediction
from the priest. J His person was held sacred and had many immuni-
ties. If, in passing through an enemy's country, he was taken prisoner,
he was liberated if his true character was proved. Thus it was, that
Richard Cceur de Lion, making an attempt to pass through the terri-
tories of the Duke of Austria, assumed the guise of a pilgrim. Some
shrines especially were efficacious in affording protection to one who
could show, by his sign, that he had worshipped there. Such was that
of " Our Lady of Roc-Amadour," and there were strict ordinances made
as to the manufacture of the " signs," in order to preserve the mono-
poly to the authorities of the shrine. § So that, they had not only the
use of a pious remembrance, but tended to identify the pilgrim, and he
* Chiamansi Palmieri, in quanto vanno oltramare, laonde, molte volte recano
la palma. Chiamansi Pellegrini in quanto vanno alia casa di Galizia, pero che
la sepoltura di San Jacopo fu pin lontana dalla sua patria che di alcuno altro
Apostolo. Chiamansi Romei in quanto vanno a Roma la ove questi che io
chiamo pellegrini andavano." Vita Nuova. Fir. 1576. p. 69.
Romeo therefore signifies a pilgrim to Rome, and in Shakespeare's play he
appears at the masque as a pilgrim, Act i. Sc. v. Hence the verb " Romeare," to
go to Rome, or wander about, in English " to roam." One who visited Mont St.
Michel, in Normandy, a celebrated place of pilgrimage, was called "a Michelot;"
and " Saunterer," corrupted from " Sainte Terre," is said to have been another
term.
f " He made his testament als did other Pilgrimes." Langtoft's Chronicle.
t Vide Le Grand Fabliaux, &c. 12mo. Paris, 1781, Vol. i. p. 310. " Les
Croises et les Pelerins ne manquait pas, avant leur depart, d'aller faire benir a
1'Eglise leur escarcelle avec leur bourdon, et Saint Louis fit cette ceremonie a S.
Denis."
§ Vide Collectanea Antiqua, C. R. Smith, vol. iv. p. 167, who gives in full an
ordinance of Louis or Joan of Provence, 1354, to restrain the making or vending
of the signs of the shrine of St. Mary Magdalene to other than ecclesiastical
authorities. At p. 170 are also some similar facts relating to Roc-Amadour and
its privileges. For much curious matter relating to " signs," see also vol. i. 81,
vol. ii. 43, of the work above referred to. Also an article in the Journal of
the British Archaeological Association, vol. i. by the same author, who was the
first to enter fully into this interesting subject.
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
183
who could show the greatest number would be held naturally in the
greatest reverence. No one would deny him hospitality ; a seat in the
chimney corner or a place at board would be well repaid by his tales
of other lands, or of other scenes ; for he was the great traveller of the
middle ages.
A large number of these " signs " have been discovered in London,
and now form part of C. R. Smith's collection in the British Museum.
Some are also preserved in the Guildhall Museum. They belong to
various shrines; those of Becket are perhaps the most numerous. Many
are engraved in the " Collectanea Antiqua." They are made mostly
of lead, and usually as brooches to be attached to clothes or hat as
convenience dictated. Some are in form of rings, and others are
ampulles, or little bags, for the purpose of holding some sacred dust,
oil, or other like substances received at the shrine. At continental
shrines some such memorials are still sold. A silver pendent orna-
ment from " Our Lady of Loretto " is in my possession. Annexed
(fig. 1) is a medal of the last-named place of the seventeenth century,
having on its reverse the head of Christ, the " Veron-icon :" the letters
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
184
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
N. D. L. beneath signify " Nostra Donna Loreto." Fig. 2 is a later
example, with heads of St. Peter and St. Paul on the reverse. Fig. 3
is an ampulla of Our Lady of Boulogne. The Virgin is represented
crowned, holding a sceptre, seated in a chair, with the infant Jesus in
her arms. The inscription is ^ SIGNV : SCE : MARIE : DE
BOLONIA. It may be as early as the fourteenth century. Many
signs of this shrine have been found in London, which may be ac-
counted for, as it is the nearest to England of those beyond sea, and
moreover was of great celebrity, and held in the greatest reverence by
the maritime neighbours. Fig. 4 is one of copper, of " Our Lady of
Hal, " belonging to the fifteenth century : it has holes for the purpose
Fig. 4.
of securing it to the dress. The Virgin crowned with the infant
Jesus is seated beneath a canopy, on each side of which is an angel
kneeling and holding a scroll. Beneath the figure -fc'fjal. Of Eng-
lish shrines of the Virgin Mary there are but few signs that can be
identified. Walsingham, naturally, being the most celebrated among
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
185
them, furnishes the largest number. One is here given (fig. 5.) It
represents the "Annunciation" and beneath is inscribed " 5H2ial8i>nf)a«t."
We may infer from this that this subject indicated this special shrine.
It is of the fifteenth century. Figure 6 belongs probably to the
same place, on account of having the same subject. It is early in the
fourteenth century, and of more elegant design. The inscription on
the margin above the figure of the Virgin is " abe /-Bar (a gratia plena fc'ns
This has a reverse, which is unusual at this date, having the figure
of a bishop or abbot ; on the verge are remains of an inscription " 8 — an
mus titonafiteio. . . . co- • Nothing satisfactory can be made out of it.
It is very possible that this given in the annexed cut (fig. 7), consisting
Fig. 7.
only of the letter M crowned, apparently intended as a monogram, may
be referred to Muswell, as the letter is the initial of both Mary and the
name of the place. It is a type of which others have been found in Lon-
don, as there is one in the Guildhall Museum. None have been found
that can be identified as belonging to Wilsdon, and unless we had the
name inscribed, we should not know them, because we have lost the
distinguishing type which without doubt all signs possessed. Fig. 8
is a remarkable one, inasmuch as it shows the Virgin and Child within
a tabernacle borne upon a bird ; whether a dove or an eagle is intended
cannot be inferred. This, certainly, is a special distinction belonging
186
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON.
to a particular shrine, but which, we have no means of telling. Fig. 9
represents the Virgin and Child within a crescent (moon.) This also
Fig. 8
Fig. 9.
without doubt indicates a particular type, but which is not certain. It
has been given to " Our Lady of Boulogne," but with the interpretation
of the "crescent as a boat." The annexed
cut (fig. 10) represents a crouch or pilgrim's
staff of rock crystal, mounted with silver,
from Loretto. It was doubtless the memorial
of pilgrimage to that shrine made by a person
of high rank. The form is very similar to
one a pilgrim to Montserrat is using, whose
figure forms the frontispiece to Thicknesse's
Tour.
I may perhaps, in conclusion, be permitted to
give you some idea of what the scene might
have been at Wilsdon on a great festival, by
offering you a picture drawn from one yet to be
seen within twelve hours' journey hence.* Let
us suppose, then, the accessories of a country
fair, with booths of all kinds ; and, leading to
the church, many vendors of memorials of
the shrine in tokens of various descriptions.
Crowds, moving towards the church, are pay-
Fig 9_ ing their devotions at the several appointed
* Hal near Brussels, on the first Sunday of September; vide Gent. Mag. 1852
for an account by the author.
PILGRIMAGE TO OUR LADY OF WILSDON. 187
stations. You enter it by the western door, and high over the altar
is the miraculous image with its black face, richly attired in silk
and lace. Upon its head is a crown of fine gold, further enriched by
jewels of price, and chains of gold hang about the figure, suspending
medallions of various sizes. Near to it are the votive offerings of gold
and silver, or of wax, according to the wealth of the donor, evidences
of miracles performed. But the service of the altar is done, and now,
issuing from the church, is a procession of clergy and acolytes with
crosses and banners, preceding a dignitary under a canopy, bearing the
consecrated Host. Then follow a long train of men and women,
members of guilds and confraternities, in honour of " Our Lady of
Wilsdon ; " and, lastly, the sacred image borne upon a highly enriched
bier, and all about it a furious struggle of men and women for the
honour of having, for one moment, a participation in its support. And
thus, with minstrelsy attending, it goes through the parish until again
replaced above its altar. Let the day end in gambling with dice and
roulette ; some drunkenness and noisy mirth ; and you have a picture,
of what is common enough now, and must have been common enough
in times past, of a " pilgrimage for religion's sake."
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
LONDON AND MIDDLESEX
VOL. IV. NOVEMBER, 1872. Part II.
THE PAEISH OF WILLESDON.
BY FREDERICK A. WOOD, ESQ.
The parish of Willesdon is bounded on the west and north by the
river Brent ; on the east by the old Eoman road to Edgeware; on the
south-east by the stream formerly called Kilbourn, . now a sewer ;
on the south by a lane once called Flowerhills, now Kilbourn Lane,
thence by the Harrow Road ; while the south-western portion stretches
out into a tongue of land abutting on the parishes of Hammersmith, •
Acton, Baling, and Twyford.
It contains, according to the Ordnance Survey of 1865, 4,382
acres.
The earliest historical notice of this parish is found in the charter
by which Athelstane granted to the Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's,
or rather " ad monasteriurn statutum n Londonia civitate ubi diu
Sanctus Erkenwaldus episcopatum tenuit," 10 mansas at Neosdune
cum Willesdune.
Two ridges, spurs from the high ground of Hampstead, run east
and west; the northern ridge forms the southern bank of the Brent,
VOL. IV. O
190 THE PARISH OF WILLESDON.
and on this was the manor of Neasdon ; the southern ridge is
parallel to it, and on this was situated the manor of Willesdon ;
between them ran a small brook called the Slade, rising on the eastern
boundary of the parish at Cricklewood, and joining the Brent on the
western boundary near Stone Bridge, where it spreads out into a large
marsh.
Though these charters of Athelstane bear a very doubtful reputation,
and Kemble has shown that many of them are forgeries, this par-
ticular one is not marked by him as one of the forged charters. These
manors, fai-ms, or tons, (the termination " ton," as in Kenton, Acton,
and others, points to a Saxon origin,) would not be found in the soli-
tary glades of the forest, but as near as possible to the roads through
the district ; and, as the great Roman road ran along the eastern side of
the parish, it is there that we naturally look for the earliest traces of
occupancy ; and we find that the manor of Willesdon was situated in
the south-east corner of the parish, and constitutes what is now its
urban portion, called Kilburn, continuing by the side of the Edgeware
Road along the southern base of the southern ridge, while the manor-
hoiise was situated almost opposite the Priory of St. John the Baptist
at Kilburn. The manor of Neasdon, at that time apparently the most
important, stretched along the banks of the Brent, and abutted on the
Roman road at Brent Bridge.
The next notice of the parish is found in the great survey of the
Conqueror. In this survey Neasdon is not mentioned at all. The
manor of Willesdon is set down as containing 15 hydes, that of Harles-
don five hydes, and East Twyford two, equal to about 2,640 acres of
cultivatable land, of which nine carucates and three virgates and six
acres, equal to about 1,131 acres, were cultivated, while there was in
the parish woodland sufficient for pannage for 650 hogs, of which 500
were set down to Willesdon. Both Harlesdon and East Twyford are
ituated at the western end of the southern ridge, one on each side of
the road to Harrow, and had been taken out of the old manor of
Willesdon since the time of the first charter, and this points to the
probable date of the origin of the highway to Harrow ; while Neasdon
was undoubtedly then included with Willesdon, and formed the forest
which afforded so large a supply of acorns for the swine of the manor.
Many documents of the reigns of John, Henry III. and the Edwards
show that as early as A.D. 1200 a church existed in the parish. No
mention is made of a church in Domesday, and though this omission
THE PARISH OP WILLESDON. 191
does not positively prove that there was no church, it strengthens the
inference that the church was of later erection.
In 1200 John the son of Gorman is called parson of Willesdon, and
various leases refer to the land now called the Eectory Farm, which is
set out at length in a terrier of the 33rd Henry III. (A.D. 1249) as
containing one virgate, 12 acres, and one messuage at the gate of the
churchyard ; this with the great tithes constituted the rectory, always
held by the Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's as chapter property. The
parish was served by a vicar, and in a deed dated 2 Edward I.
the dean and chapter grant to Alan de Mortham, a minor canon,
the great tythes belonging to the church of the Blessed Mary of
Willesdon, saving to themselves the right of presentation to the
vicarage.
During this period the prebendal manors of the parish must have
been created, for in the Valor Ecclesiasticus of Nicholas IV, (A.D.
1291)—
£ s. d.
The parsonage is valued at . . 12 0 0
The prebend of Willesdon . .400
The prebend of Brundesbur' . .200
The prebend of Mappesbur' . . 36-8
The prebend of Chambleynswod . . 2 10 0
The prebend of Harlesdon . .368
The prebend of Twyford . . 2 19 0
The prebend of Neesdon . .320
The prebend of Oxgate . . .280
— the first six having been carved out of the old manor of Willesdon,
the two last out of the old manor of Neasdon, and there is a regular
succession of Prebendaries in the lists published by Newcourt from the
beginning of the twelfth century.
These manors must have increased in value during the next two
reigns, for in the Inquisitiones Nonarum, in the reign of Edward III.
the ninths are estimated for the prebend of Willesdon at 14s. Od.
equal to an annual value of 6/. 6s. Qd.; those of Brounes at 12s. 4d.
equal to an annual value of 71. 5s. lid.; of Mapes at 2 Is. equal to an
annual value of 9Z. 9s. Qd. ; and those of Chambers at four shillings,
equal to an annual value of II. \ 6s. Od. In these inquisitions no mention
is made of Harlesdon or Twyford, nor of Neasdon or Oxgate.
o 2
192 THE PARISH OF WILLESDON.
The next notice we have is in the Valor Ecclesiasticus of Henry VIII.
where the prebends are valued as follows :
£ s. d.
Wylesdon, annual value . . . 12 0 0
Brundesbury, „ „ . . 14 6 8
Mapysbury „ „ . . . 12 0 0
Chamb'leynswode „ „ .
Harleston „ „ . . 10 2 3
Twyforde „ „ . .568
Neesdon ,, „ . . 7 13 4
Oxgate „ „ • • .711
During the various Ecclesiastical revolutions many of these posses-
sions have been lost to the church, and the commissioners now hold
lands only in the manors of Willesdon, Brondesbury, Mapesbury, and
Chamberlaneswood.
An Inquisition in the Court of Wards dated 38 Henry VIII. shows
how largely this process of conveying has affected church property.
In this inquisition is set out the property of Michael Eoberts of
Neasdon, who died in 1545 ; he left all he possessed to an expected
son, who either was never born or died in infancy, with reversion to
his brother Edmund Koberts. The property in Willesdon held of the
various prebendaries was 443 acres, of the value of 44/. 6s. Sd. and
at a rental of 11. 17s. 3d. The grandson of this Edmund left every
acre of this property as a freehold.
When the land first came into the possession of the church the area
of cultivation must have been very small. In Domesday only half of
the land of the parish is said to have been capable of cultivation, and
only half of that was under the plough ; but when the numerous and
needy followers of the Norman were thrust into the Church, not
necessarily excluding the Saxon clergy, but sharing with them, their
better knowledge of agriculture and their greater energy would enable
them to make the lands which had only sufficed for the maintenance
of the Saxon clergy serve for their own as well. It was the Normans
who divided the parish into prebends.
Early in the reign of Henry II. the priory of S. John the Baptist
was founded, and the conventual buildings rose among the trees on
the banks of the Keeleburn. It was built by the Benedictine abbots
* If a forgery, not fabricated until long after Domesday.
THE PARISH OF WILLESDON. 19<i
of Westminster for three of the maids attendant on the then dead
Queen Maud, herself almost a Benedictine nun. Though without
doubt the foundation of this priory exercised great influence in the
neighbourhood, yet as it is not situated in the parish it scarcely comes
within the range of the subject in hand ; but one of the duties under-
taken by the nuns was the relief of travellers on the Great Koman
Road, and, as the priory from the first was a sort of hospice, it must
have drawn a population round its walls. Here travellers towards
S. Alban's would stop to form parties for the purpose of mutual pi'O-
tection in passing through the dense forest through which ran the
road, immediately they had ascended the steep hill in front; here they
would stop to ask at the shrine of the Baptist for the saint's protection ;
here also they would halt, after having passed the dangers, to recruit
and to thank the saint for their deliverance. The church of the priory
would no doubt be also a place of worship for the neighbours, though
it was not in the parish ; for though the priory was not founded
much, if at all, before the church in the centre of the parish, yet long
before the priory was founded an oratory existed in the woods on the
banks of the stream, and this would serve the purposes of worship quite
as well as the church built in its place.
This period was the golden age of church-building, but this out-of-
the-way parish does not appear to have had any church till the middle
of the twelfth century. The two round pillars of the nave of the pre-
sent edifice are all that remain of the church then built, which was
most probably a lancet-windowed church with a belfry, and if the font
originally belonged to Willesdon, of which there is some doubt, it
would I think strengthen this supposition, for the disengaged columns
of the central shaft and what is left of the capitals appear to be
Early English, but of a rather late period. The situation of the church,
close to an extensive marsh, and in the midst of what in those days
must have been a dense forest, and at the end of a long lane which even
in the last century led nowhere except into the common lands which
extended to the Brent, is a riddle that I have not been able to solve.
Will the fact that it was the shrine of a miraculous image throw
any light upon its loneliness ? or would the fact that the rectorial
lands (the demesne of the dean and chapter) were situated in this part
of the parish help to explain the selection of the site,* on the supposition
* See the article On the Pilgrimage to our Lady of Wilsdon, by John Green
Waller, Esq., at p. 173 of the present volume.
194 THE PARISH OP WILLESDON.
that they would build the church as near as they could to their own
property, or rather on it, for the rectory-house stood and now stands
at the gate of the churchyard.
The changes that have passed over the parish have been very
gradual. The church held the land, and was of course an absentee
landlord. The tenants reclaimed the woodland and the marsh, which
they held at very small quit rents. I find that the predecessor of the
Eoberts's in the reign of Henry II. held the land at Neasdon for the
annual rent of a hen, redeemable for three halfpence. The successful
yeoman would try to compound for these rents, and become a free-
holder, and though the landlord would not part with the surveyed
lands, he could sell the waste that had been reclaimed ; or the tenant
might gain a freehold by squatting till lapse of time gave him a
holding, but these freeholds were very few. The greater part of the
land was held on lease of the different prebendaries, who granted their
leases as private freeholders; the documents therefore relating to them
are not found among the archives of the Dean and Chapter of S. Paul's.
After the Keformation the prebendal lands of Oxgate, Neasdon,
East Twyford, and Harlesdon, were almost, if not altogether, lost to
the church. Those of East Twyford appear to have been dealt with
even before that age of spoliation. The other three were absorbed
by the Roberts's, who, as bailiffs to the Dean and Chapter of S.
Paul's, had chances of which they availed themselves lai'gely. This
family, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, were the
largest private landowners in Willesdon. The last male heir died in
1700, leaving the property to five sisters, coheiresses ; these ladies
gradually parted with their shares, and towards the middle of the
eighteenth century the greater part of this estate came into the pos-
session of the Nicolls of Colney Hatch, and the Nicolls of Burton Hall,
Hen don. The property of the former passed by marriage to the Duke of
Chandos, and, again by marriage, to the Dukes of Buckingham. The
other branch of the Nicolls retained their share, and, bit by bit,
bought up all the rest, and they now hold the bulk of the Neasdon
property, in the person of Katharine Nicoll Prout, the cousin of the
last of the Nicolls, who died about sixteen years ago.
Another manor, that of Malourees, which embraces a large area along
the Slade Brook, and in the central basin, and crosses the parish from
Cricklewood to Kcnsal Green, was bought by Archbishop Chichele for
the College of All Souls, and is still held by that corporation.
THE PARISH OF WILLESDON. 195
In 1815 an act was passed for inclosing the common lands : these
were all re-arranged, and 500 acres of the waste were sold, thus
creating a number of small freeholds. This process of creating free-
holds had been going on for some time before. The parish authorities
compelled the squatters to pay rates, and the land they occupied
became freehold by lapse of time.
A short note on the population of the parish, at various times, may
prove interesting, as an introduction to the register.
In Domesday the population of the various manors is reckoned to
be 49 villeins, six bordarii, and three cottagers, which, with the reeves,
and leaving out any free inhabitants, might give a population of
about 200 souls.
The nature of the offences punished at the courts does not give a
bad indication of the character of the population, and in a court roll
of Henry II., A.D. 1154, I find that Thomas White was fined 3s. 4d.
for destroying the lord's wood with his cattle, but the fine was after-
wards forgiven.
Agnes the wife of Richard Everard is a common huckster, and sells
beer in cups and dishes not sealed with a measure : she was fined 2d.
John Bruen of Neasdon " est communis pandoxator," a Common
ale-brewer, and breaks assize, and was fined 4d.
In a roll at the Augmentation Office in the reign of Edward VI.
it is stated that there are in the parish of houselyng people 240,
which would give a population of 400 to 500.
In the 26th Charles II. the number of houses reckoned to the
hearth tax was 93, with 277 hearths.
In 1795 the parish contained 130 houses and 715 inhabitants.
This short account of the parish will, I trust, serve as an intro-
duction to the notes that I have made on the old register.
The Act for enforcing the keeping of these parish registers was
made in 1530, but for nearly forty years it seems to have been a
dead letter in this parish, or the sheets have been lost. The first
date in the early register is 1569, and this date is not an original
entry ; in fact the entire register up to 1614 has been copied at one
time from some more ancient volume, and there is no certificate at-
tached to the copy showing that it was a true one.
The register commences in 1569 and ends in 1740, thus extending
196 THE PARISH OF WILLESDON.
orer a period of 171 years, or rather 167 years, for, though the first
entry is dated 1569, there are but two in that year, two more in
1572, and in 1573 the register seems to have been kept regularly.
In the first complete decade from 1590 to 1599 there are entries of 108
births ; in the last complete decade, from 1721 to 1730, there are 205
births, showing that the children born in the parish had nearly doubled.
The death register exhibits a remarkable difference ; in the first
decade there are 57 deaths, in the last 427, but of these 72 are mirse
children belonging to other parishes, so that the number really due to
the parish ought to be only 355. Thus, while the births were only
doubled, the deaths had doubled twice and were bidding fair to double
a third time, being six times the number of the first decade, or in
other words, in the fresh period, the births are the double of the deaths;
in the last the deaths are twice as many as the births. The ratio
between the two kept decreasing from 1569 to the middle of the
seventeenth century, when the numbers of births and deaths were
about equal ; the deaths then increased in a greater proportion than
the births, till in 1740 they were double the number, which shows
that in the sixteenth century the parish could not afford a living for
those born in it, and a large number had to emigrate into the outer
world, while there was not influx to make up for such emigration ; but
that in the eighteenth century the state of things which exists now
had commenced, the parish had ceased to be exclusively rural, and the
movement was being initiated, which will eventually turn our beautiful
green fields into streets of houses.
In taking the death rate of the parish at the beginning of the last
century, I had to make a large deduction from the number registered :
in the ten years between 1721 and 1730 there were 72 nurse children
buried ; the parish was in reality one huge baby-farm for the pauper
children of the urban parishes of Westminster, S. Martin's-in-the
Fields, S. Giles', and S. Anne's, Soho ; as they had no workhouses,
they fanned out the paupers in the neighbouring country districts, and
the deaths of the poor children form a seventh of the whole number
registered, and this practice could not but have had an injurious effect
upon the morals of the parish.
In the register I have found many curious omissions : there were
but two entries in 1569, none in 1570 or 1571, two in 1572. From
1573 to 1585 the entries appear to have been made pretty regularly ;
in this last year there is a break, and a leaf or two has been torn out,
THE PARISH OF WILLESDO3ST. 197
and in 1586, 1587, and 1588 there are no entries at all. I think these
omissions have been owing to a change of vicars : perhaps no one was
appointed for some time. After 1588 the register is kept regularly
till 1590, but in 1593 there is not a death registered, though 28,000
people died of the plague in London. In 1604 there is but one entry,
a birth.
The great plague of 1625, which in London carried off 35,000 people,
seems to have had little influence in Willesdon, for in that year the
deaths registered were only 12, against 14 in the previous year, but in
1626 there was an increase of seven over the average.
In 1637 three deaths are entered as from "the sickness," showing
that the plague which had been raging in London in 1636 was ex-
tending itself into the country.
After 1644, when the vicar, R. Clark, died or was promoted, the
entries become most irregular. The Dean and Chapter were in diffi-
culties with the House of Commons, and probably no vicar was ap-
pointed. In 1648 a man called Parkins was vicar; his brother was
chaplain to Sir John Franklyn, a large leaseholder in the parish, and
Puritan Member for Middlesex. The register was greatly neglected,
for from 1644 to 1652 there are only entries of 16 births and four
deaths.
In 1653 Sir William Roberts, the chief lay landlord in the parish,
one of Cromwell's lords, performed the marriages himself as a justice
of the peace, and kept the register by deputy.
In the year 1665, the year of the great plague, the entries of deaths
were 35, while in 1664 and 1666 there were only 16 in each year.
The register unfortunately contains no continuous list of vicars,
but it shows us that those mentioned were quiet, pedantic gentlemen,
who lived to a good old age, and made themselves comfortable. The
first of whom I find any notice is Robert Griffiths : there is an
entry of his burial in 1614. He was succeeded by Thomas Gryffard,
who signs his name at the bottom of each page of the register as
Vicarius de Willesdon ; he was therefore a resident, in fact he kept
the register himself for seventeen years. He calls a strange pauper
woman a "peregrina." There is no entry of his burial.
He was succeeded in 1631 by Richard Clarke, who died in 1644,
just before the troubles of the Rebellion; he also kept the register
himself, and his fine small hand is a great contrast to the sprawling
writing of his predecessor.
198 THE PARISH OF WILLESDON.
For ten years after Clarke's death the register seems to have been
kept exclusively for the family of the Roberts, for they and their
friends and dependents are the only people of whom it takes any notice.
But in 1653, Sir William Roberts started the register afresh as a
secular, not an ecclesiastical record. He recites the Act by which
Parliament abolished all religious ceremonies connected with marriage,
appoints a tailor as registrar, and commences to marry the parishioners
most vigorously (I am afraid that as a ratepayer he found that it was
necessary). In 1G55 he married eight couples, a larger number
than had been married in any year for twenty-two years previously.
In 1658 he married six couples; but the effort seems to have exhausted
the parish. For 1659 and 1660 there are no entries of marriages.
At the Restoration, Sir William's registrar, the tailor, was evidently
deposed, for a fresh hand commences to note the christening of the
children; during the reign of Sir William children are born only, they
are not christened, and though after 1660 the rule is to enter
children as being christened, yet in a few cases they are registered only
as born; some sturdy Puritan has kept up his hatred of the baptis-
mal cross, and there was really no strict church feeling in the parish to
make him ashamed of himself, for Willesdon was a nest of Puritans.
Once its church contained a shrine, as well known, and almost as
sacred, as that of Walsingham : How came it that the devotees, of
Mary had become such bitter enemies ?
E. Parkins, the vicar during the Rebellion, was spoken of by the
Parliamentary Commissioners as a singularly godly preacher of the
Gospel, and in 1652 they voted an increase to his salary of 50/. per
annum, but I do not find that they ever paid it. I have no notice
of his death or promotion, nor of the appointment of his successor ;
but in 1670 there is an entry of the burial of Francis Chamberlain,
vicar. He was immediately succeeded by William Hawkins, who was
vicar for fifty-nine years, dying in 1730. The mottoes which he
wrote in the register in 1694 —
" Nisi quietus enim nihil beatus est." Epicur. Mor.
Kal ^iXorijutlo-.S'ai r}avxa^tiv. 1 Thess. iv. 11.
show perhaps the secret of his longevity. He was quiet, therefore he
was happy ; and he strove to avoid strife. He married Mary Roberts,
a sister of the last Roberts of Neasdon, who was buried under a blue
slab close to the altar. His curate Thomas Knight married Eleanor,
another sister, so that the chief proprietor of the parish, the vicar, and
THE PARISH OP WILLESDON. 199
the curate were brothers-in-law. Hawkins died in 1730, and was
succeeded by Thomas Hillman, who was vicar at the close of the
register.
In the register there is but one centenarian noticed : William
Franklyn, who died in 1627, is said to have been 107 years old.
An interesting subject connected with registers is the scale of fees ;
there are, however, very few details in this register.
In 1599 James Forth paid 15s. to be buried in the church; a large
fee, which we shall see was not allowed to be a precedent.
In 1724 there are receipts of Dr. Hawkins for 5s. and 7s. 6d. for
marriage fees.
In 1694 I find a memorandum that three people had left their fees
unpaid ; one of them was a cobbler.
Among other curious items are the notices of collections. In the
seventeenth century, before the invention of fire insurance, it seems to
have been the custom whenever a farm or house was burnt to send a
begging petition, to friendly or neighbouring parishes, for the relief
of the sufferers.
In 1659, 11. 3s. 3d. was collected towards a brief granted to 8.
Bride's, London, for relief of their losses by fire. In the same year
11. 7s. Id. was collected for loss by a fire in Suffolk.
And in 1660, 13s. was collected for the relief of a fire at Loude-
water, I presume in Hertfordshire.
The French Protestants appear to have been favourites in Willes-
don, for in 1688, 21. 2s. Id. was collected, and in 1694 21. Is. lid. for
the relief of the French Protestants then in England. I think
there must have been some local cause for this sympathy, for I find
a great many French names in the register, such as Eambouillet,
Lefabre, Lemayre, Tamberlek, and there are allusions also to some
refuge in the parish for poor Frenchmen.
Though the register appears to have been generally kept with con-
siderable care, yet its guardians have permitted great liberties to be
taken with its contents; some of its pages have been cut out;
between 1587 and 1588 two pages have disappeared; alterations are
numerous ; there are insertions of names long after the proper date of
entry. One of the most flagrant cases of erasure is to be found towards
the end of the volume. In 1611 certain parishionei-s undertook the
trusts of the charities, agreeing to render regular accounts, and signing
their names to the document, which is a formal authorisation and
200 THE PARISH OF AV1LLESDON.
undertaking. Whatever they did they were ashamed of, for the
objects of the trusts, and the name of the auditor, and the signatures
of the more responsible of the trustees, have been carefully erased.
The register also contains the history of another case of gross
neglect of public trusts. In 1629 Francis Roberts gave to the parish
the rental of a piece of land, in trust to certain parishioners ; these
trusts were absolutely neglected, and the bequest lapsed. In 1660 his
grandson, Sir "William Roberts, resettled the trust, but he altered
the conditions and made it of very much less use to the parish. From
other sources I know that the trust was allowed to lapse again and
again, and at the end of the last century the parish had to bring an
action against the then owner of the land to regain it, and they were
enabled to do so by the existence in the register of the first bequest
and the first resettlement, signed by the original giver and his grand-
son.
One of the most curious comments which has been erased is to be
found in the handwriting of Thomas Gyffard, the vicar in 1628.
On the burial of a child of Sir William Roberts, Gyffard remarks
that " Sir William paid nothing for the child's christening or burying,
that he offered but a Id. for his lady's churching, and but 2d. for
burying in the church." In face of the sum of 15s. paid in 1611 for
the same privilege, we can understand the indignation of the parson
at the meanness of the Lord of Neasdon, who, however, seems to have
had the grace to feel the vicar's satire, though his mode of showing it
was on a par with the act itself ; for, when Sir William had the register
in his own hands, he kept it for nearly five years, and the line has
been carefully blotted. But the vicar used good ink, while the knight's
blotting was made with ink that has almost totally faded, and the
original satire shows black through the lines by which the attempt was
made to obliterate it.
The register contains also a copy _of the judgment in Chancery
against the Governors of the Free School of John Lyon at Harrow,
" for attempting to divert to purposes connected with the school the
money that Lyon left to repair the Harrow and Edgeware Roads,"
and it also contains a copy of the will of Mr. Edward Harvist, Brewer,
bequeathing land for the same purpose.
This paper is, I am afraid, already too long, or I had purposed
to give some notices of the principal families found in the register.
I cannot, however, conclude without a remark on the necessity of this
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH. 201
work of arranging, collating, and analysing all the documents connected
with a parish. I am endeavouring to do this for Willesdon, and
have succeeded in getting together a mass of details respecting it : the
labour grows under my hands, but I hope, with time, to get it into
order. Whatever may be the value of such work, it would be in-
calculably increased if it could be systematically undertaken in all
parishes of the county. The work done in one parish is, by itself,
comparatively useless, but as part of a larger scheme it would
afford valuable materials for a history of Middlesex. It is just
suited to an amateur ; it gives occupation, while it is not necessarily
all-engrossing; and, could such a work be inaugurated under the
auspices of our Society, the result would, I believe, be most valuable,
and would assuredly greatly redound to its credit.
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
BY WILLIAM DURRANT COOPER, P.S.A., V.P.
This is one of the few parishes and churches in England which take
their name from the Areopagite, one of the earliest converts made by
St. Paul at Athens, and the first Bishop there. France has taken
him for her patron saint : and the miracle of his walking two miles
after his decapitation, though well refuted, still obtains credence.
In this country, however, he has not been equally popular ; only
five parishes and one hamlet * have had him as their saint, viz., one
near St. Austin, in Cornwall, one in Lincolnshire,! a hamlet near
Waltham, Hants, one, the parish of St. Dennis, Walmgate, in the
City of York, and two parishes in the City of London ; St. Dionis,
Gracechurch Street, now destroyed, and this parish, which contains
about three acres.
When the first church was here founded (for there have been three)
is not known. It certainly existed temp. Edw. I., since we have the
name of the rector, Reginald de Standeu, in 1288. That church, or
a portion of it, lasted till the reign of Henry VI., when it was wholly
* There was the Priory of Denny in Cambridgeshire and there is the
Manor of that name,
j Alias Kirkeby la Thorpe. Possessions of the Hospitalers. Camden Society.
202 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
or partially rebuilt, John Bugge being a great benefactor. His arms
were cut in stone upon it in the choir. * It received some additions.
A book of benefactors is kept, and in that it is stated that Alderman
John Darby added to the church " a fair Isle or Chappell, and was
there buried about 1466." He was sheriff of London, 24 Hen. VI. f
(1445-6). This chapel was on the south side. It is not clear that he
died so soon as 1466, for in 1478 John Darby, an alderman, having
founded a chapel in the church, left property for the maintenance of
two chaplains, who continued till the suppression of chantries. Of this
church the only existing part is the arch of the vault, let in 1625 as a
warehouse, but afterwards used for burials.
The account books preserved begin in 1625, and are perfect, except
from 1762 to 1801. In 1628 there is an assessment "towards the
repairing both of the middle aisle of the church and chancel, as also of
other defects," in the church. In 1632 the steeple was repaired; in
1639 a new turret built, and the whole "beautified." The great fire,
however, entirely destroyed the church. In 1666 there is an entry in
the registry of the burial of Francis Tryon, merchant, in the ruins of
the chancel, and other subsequent similar entries.
PRESENT CHURCH. The parishioners soon set to work to rebuild
their place of worship. In 1671 we find that Dr Wrenn was con-
sulted. A subscription was entered into ; seven principal parishioners J
lent gratis £100 each, and in 1674 the church was finished. It con-
sists of a nave and two aisles, sixty-six feet long and about seventy
feet wide. The aisles are formed by Ionic columns supporting an ugly
entablature, and an arched ceiling, § in which latter, under groined
openings, small circular lights are introduced on either side. At the
west end is a gallery, built by Thomas Turgis, occupied by the organ.
Another subscription in 1675 was made for opening the church. || On
* Arms. Azure, three water bougets or : Crest, a morion's head.
f Strype's Stow, B. 2, 152, and B. 5, 120, and Newcourt's Eepertorium, p. 329.
J Sir Edmund Turner ; Sir Robert Jeffreys, ob. 1703; Pbilip Jackson, ob. 1634 ;
Peter Hoet ; Jeffry Rowland ; Nathaniel Latten, ob. 1682 ; and John Archer.
§ George Godwin's London Churches.
II Other gifts were made by Sir Thomas Cullum ; Sir Anthony Ingram, ob.
1681 ; Sir Henry Tulse, ob. 1689 ; Sir Robert Jeffreys ; Dame Elizabeth Clerk,
as the gift of her late husband ; Dr. Nathaniel Hardy, rector ; Phil. Jackson
and Elizabeth his wife ; Dr. John Castellan, sometime Parson ; and James
Church.
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH. ' 203
the 12th October, 1683, Sir Christopher Wren was to be consulted,
and a lanthorn was to be put on the tower, then completed. This
tower is ninety feet high; it is unadorned and divided into three storeys
by moulded strings or bands of stone. The lanthorn has, however,
been removed. There are two brass chandeliers, one of which, con-
taining sixteen sockets, was given by Daniel Richardson. On the
31st May, 1694, the sum of £200 was borrowed on mortgage of the
property in Lime Street, noticed hereafter, to enable the churchwardens
the better to pay moneys owing for repairs, and in 1758 the parish
raised £1,000 by the grant of £80 a-year annuities to six ladies for a
similar purpose.
In the Public Record Office, Exchequer, Queen's Remembrancer,
4 — 70, London, is a neatly written return of the CHURCH GOODS,
made 6 Edw. VI., giving us the full particulars not only of the
ornaments then preserved and in use, but of those which had
been sold.
The yere of owre lorde God 1552.
Saynte Denys Backe chyrch, John Cossen and Thomas Francke Chyrch
wardens.
The andswar of John Cosen and Thomas francke chyrchwardens of the parrysh
of Saynte Denys Backchyrch unto the artykylls delyverd unto us by my lorde the
mayer and other of the kyngs maiestyes comyssyoners the 10th day of September
in the vjth yere of the rayne of owre sofferayne lorde kynge Edwarde the vjth
(1552).
#*#****
To the second artykyll we andswar nowe beyng chyrch wardens John Cossen
and Thomas francke at thys presente theyre remaynyth in owre possesyon and
costody these parsells under wryten, and bysydes these we knowe of none in any
other mans possesyon.
ffyrst as foloyth.
Item ij coppes of Sylvcr and gylte ffor the comunyon tabyll weynge 61 ownesys.
Item j sylver pot cleane gylt ffor the comunyon tabyll weynge 43 ownesys and
halfe.
Item j challys of silver and gylte wayng 16 ownsys.
Item ij pattens of sylver and gylte wayng 13 ounses.
Item j lytyll box of sylver parsell gylt wayng 4 ounsys.
Item j greate bybyll and ij bybylls of the leaste volumes.
Item j parrafracys apon the gospells.
Item j parrafracys apon the epystylls.
Item ij bocks ffor the sarvys.
Item xij sauters.
Item i payer of pewter candyll stycks.
204 ST. DION IS BACKCHOBCH.
Item ij basons of pewter to take the offeryng in.
Item j pottell pot and a quart pot of pewter.
Item j cope of greane badkyn* being owlde for ye parson.
Item j beryall cloth of goulde.
Item j beryall cloth of crymson velvet.
Item j beryall cloth of gold ffor chyldren.
Item j beryall cloth of sylke for ye power (poor) and for sarvants.
Item ij tabyll clothes of ryche badkyn f rengyd with sylk beyng ffor the cOmunyon
tabyll.
Item v dyaper towelles f ffor the comunyon tabyll.
Item iiij auter clouthes of lynnen.
Item xxij owlde sorppelessys.
Item xiij rochetes J ffor lades.
Item ij crowes of yeron.
Item j owlde bell clapper.
Item all the payntyd cloth y« was wrytyn the whych honge before the rode lofte.
Item serten owled tymber, whych was left of ye rode lofte.
Item v bells in ye stepyll and j saunce § bell.
Item j payer of greate organs.
Item sarten oulde chestes and j owld presse in ye vestre.
Item in redy mony in owre handes at thys day remaynyng in the box in the
chyrch ffor to pay owre clarke and condocks and ffor the reparacyons of owre
chyrche ........ xxvj li.
To the thyrd we andswar that we know not nor canot fynde that any such
inventory of the sayde chyrchys goodes was made and sertefyed to the offysers of
the late bysshop of London or to any other, nether can we fynde or heare of any
counterpayne of any suche inventory, nether any kynd of boks or rej esters makyng
mencyon of any the sayde chyrch goods to be there sertenly mencyoned or exprest.
To the fourth we the sayde chyrch wardens do andswer that in ye yere of owre
lord God 1549 then beyng chyrch (wardens) ffor the sayde yere Wyllyam
francklyn and renould bloke sould these parsells heare after foloynge, for to
repayer the chyrch that was neadefull and to ffornysh necessarys for the new
servys.
Item soulde to Jaspar fyssher j crose of sylver and parsell gylt, j pax sylver and
gylt, j lytyll crosse of wodc coverd wyth sylver, ij chalysys of sylver parsell
gylt wyth the pattens, wayn all 225 owncys and halfe at 5s. 5d. the ownce.
Ixj li. xvj d.
Item sould more to John Waterstone iiij ownesys and di. and iiij d. wayght of
base goulde and for serten buttons of base goulde in pearle and crosse stones.
xj li. vij s. viij d.
* Cloth of gold brocade ; two green baudkyns are in the Fabric Koll of York,
f To lay on the altar with the corporal, and for wiping of hands.
J Surplices without sleeves for the clerk who assisted the priest at mass, or for
the priest at baptisms, that two arms might be free.
§ Bell rung at the Sanctus (Holy, holy, holy).
ST. DIONIS BACKCHUKCH. 205
Item sould to John Waterstone halfe ownce 3 qtrs of sylver . . iij s^
Item soulde to John Clarke and Syr Medcalfe * ij oulde broken (sic') vj s. iiij d.
Item sould to Master Heton carvyd crestes gylt and ongylt, and ffor the crosse
tres . ... . . . . XT s. iiij d.
Item sould ij chrystall stones in the monster f and ffor a lestowe of an auter
tabyll and ffor goulde that wasted of a nemyges. . : . } xij s. iiij d.
Item to Thomas hale for chest of a aulter and for stone that was the fote of the
crosse in ye chyrch yarde . . . . ' . . viij s. iiij d.
The som of ye mony of the sayde parsell sould by Wm. francklyn and Renoulde
Bloke ys . . . . . . Ixxiiij li. xiiij s. iiij d.
Heare begynnyth the charge payde forth by the sayde Wyllyam francklyn and
Renowld Bloke then beyng chyrch wardens as foloyth.
There are several entries of no great importance and then * * *
Item payde for nayles to mend ye pues and other thyngs . . . xij d.
Item payde for a payer greate henges for ye chyrch yard gate wayng 20" and for
nayls and setyng on the lock and ffor ij stapylles for the bybyll parrafracys
vj s. vj d.
Item payde to the organ keper for hys wages kepyng the orgaynes and ffor
takyng owte of the pypes and for settyng them in agayne . vs. v d.
Item payde for ye changyng of vj salters and for j od salter £ and for iiij boks of
sternall § salmes ........ iiij s.
Item payde ffor paper ryall to make songe bokes and ffor gym gaules and coperas
for to make yncke and for mendyng the albes and sorppelessys . . iij s.
Item payde for vij quyers of paper ryall and for bynding of the same in a boke
for the rejester ........ viij s.
Item payde for ij bokes of the sarvys in the chyrch and ffor ij pynte pots for
the chyrch ... ... xiiij s. ij d.
Item payde for paper ffor owre bokes and ffor owre fees and for mony spente at
the vycytacyon and upon the synger that helpyth in the quyer . . xiij s.
Item payde to Jasper fyssher ffor ij coppes of sylver and gylt wayng 61 owncys
at 7s. 4d. the ownce ffor the comunyon tabyll . . xxij li. vij s. iiij d.
Item payde to John Waterstone gouldsmyth ffor j pot of sylver and cleane gylte
wayng 43 owncys di. at 7s. Id. the ownce . . . xv li. viij s.
Summa xl li. x s. v d.
Summa totalis of all the payments payde forth by William franklyn and
Reyiiowld bloke ys . . . . . xlv li. iiij s. xj d.
To the foverth we the sayde chyrch wardens do andswar that in ye yeare of
owre lord God 1550 then beying chyrch wardens Renowld Bloke and John
Bowie y' yeare foloyng and they sould these parsells foloynge : —
Item soulde to Master Maunsell at byllyngs gate a hole sute of vesments || of
checkered velvat ....... Iiij g. iiij d.
* Sir Nicholas Metcalfe. He was incumbent of the Wrotham Chantry,
f Monstrance. t The Psalms. § Sternhold's.
|| This seems to include the cope, the chasuble, or chief sacrificial vestment of
the Church, the dalmatic, and the tunic.
VOL. IV. P
206 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
Item sould to John Heath paynter j owlde vestment of whyght chamlet ij s. and
for j vestment of brygds* satten wl a blew crosse xxd. and for j owlde
vestment of blew and yelow wl a red crosse xvj d. all beyng [old] and lytyll
worth .... .vs.
Item soulde to John Heath paynter vj oulde banar staves f . xij d.
Item soulde to John Heath j cope of blak velvat . x s.
Item sould to "Wyllyam Peterson j banar staffe . . . . iij d.
Item soulde to George Daton j banar staf e and j sauns bell . iij s. iiij d.
Item soulde to George Mason j oulde vesment of blak stamell J and ij banner
staves ... • ij s. j d.
Item soulde to George Mason xv brokyn lynen clothes that wer in the corporas §
casys ... . . . ijs. viijd.
Item soulde to Eafe Clarvys groser iij vestements of blak velvat . . xxx s.
Summa v li. vij s. viij d.
More soulde.
Item soulde to Symond Torner purse maker xviij corporas casys of dyvers sorts
and j vesment of greane badkyn wyth a crosse of collyn goulde . ix s. vj d.
Item soulde to Wyllyam Lam groser ij vestements of blak cloth of goulde and
velvat damask worke ...... xliij s. iiij d.
Item soulde j lyttyl vestement of bustyam || . . . . . xvj d.
Item soulde to Wyllyam Laud j hole sute of vestements of red badkyn wyth
egylls and harts of goulde ..... iiij li. v s. iiij d.
Item soulde to Robard ye purse maker j hole sute off vesments of crymson velvet
wl braunchyd woven gold ....... xii li.
Item soulde more to Robard j vestment of tynsyn ^[ y' was of ye gyfe of Mtrs
Gayll wyth the apurtynancys . . . . . . iij li.
Item soulde to Davyd Vogan bedmaker and hys ij felows j hole sute of blak o
sylver badkyn damaske of blak and of sylver wyth the apurtynancys . ix li.
Item soulde to ye sayd Davyd j cope ffor a chylde callyd Saynte Nycolas cope.
xiiij s.
Item soulde to the sane (slo') Vagam j vestement inbrodred callyd the players
cote ... ...... iiij s.
Item soulde more to Vagam ij alter clothes and ye curtens of counterf et cloth of
goulde wyth ij ryche payncs of Nary and John in them xxxiij s. iiij d.
Item soulde more to hym ij aulter clothes of brydges satten ij curtaynens j ves-
ment of yelow and red sarsenet wl stars and halfe mones in the crosse . ix s.
Item soulde to Vagan j lyttyll vestment of greane satten ffor v s. iiij d. j vesment
* Made at Bruges in Flanders.
f Banners were in general use in all processions, and in all weddings and
funerals however humble, and especially on Rogation days.
J A kind of fine worsted.
§ A linen cloth used in the Mass.
|| A kind of tissue, most probably fustian.
^f A kind of satin.
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH. 207
of red badkyn damask wl a blake rosse and stackers in yt iiij s. j lyttyl ves-
ment of blu badkyn and red crosse with lylys in yt at . . xxj d.
Item soulde more to hym ij lytyll auter clothes of black badkyn wl grayhoundes
of goulde and j corteii of the same sute ij copes of red badkyn wl blacke affray es
and flower of goulde ...... xlvij s. iiij d.
Item sould to Gresythen ye taylor in bowe lane j cope of red badkyn with greate
brohyn tyons in the border and the flowers goulde . . . xxiiij s.
Item soulde more to Vagan j cope of oulde crymson velvat and flowers of goulde
and greane sylke and ye of arys of greane sylk iij vestments of red badkyn wyth
sm&lljlouers of goulde and the appurtenancys . . iij li. vj s. viij d.
Item sonlde more to Vagam iij vestements of greane badkyn bysshyps myters
made in them and j cope of greane badkyu cut in ye skyrts iij vestementes of
greane badkyn wl harts and dragons hedes . . . xxxviij s. viij d.
Item soulde to John Waterskot goldsmyth iiij ouncys iij qre sylver yl cam of a
vesmet y4 was burnte . . . . . . xx s. viij d.
Item soulde to Mtr Donkyns in Cornehell * the ij best sutes of vestements ye one
cloth of goulde and red velvat the other ryche whyght badkyn havyng iiij
copes and iij vesments in every sute . . . . . xlli.
Item soulde to Vagan j peace of cloth of goulde that was cut of ye tabyll cloth
yl servys for the comunyo tabyll . . . . vj s. viij d.
Item soulde to Mrs Loueles j cosshen of oulde greane velvat and ij owlde whyghte
cosshens inbroderyd that was of the gyfte of Mysterys Dygbe . xv s.
Item soulde to Rojer Tyndale j vestement of whyght damaske wl rych sters and
w' flouers of goulde and wl seyntveyon theyre on and iiij curtayns of whyght
sarsenet fyne and newe yl perteynyd unto the alters, ij autor clothes of
whyghte sarsenet wl red demy crossys .... xlviij s. iiij d.
Item soulde to Davyd Vaghan iiij auter clothes of whyght badkyn wl ij rychet
paynes of cloth of golde iiij of them and for ij payer of oulde brokyn curtens
of sarsnet . . . . . . . iij li. ij s. iiij d.
Item sonlde to M™ Eaton j cope of greane badkyn w' blew floers of goulde and
the flowers of goulde j vestement of crymsyn velvat wl a blew crosse yn yt and
greate flouers of goulde and j vestement of blew damaske at v s. and j vesment
of greane badkyn wyth popy n jayes and dog es in the crosse . xxxiij s.
Item soulde to Thomas Sharpe bed maker ij of the beste auter clothes of goulde
conteynyng x yardes and halfe at xv s. viij d. the yarde. Summa viij li. iiij s.
vj d.
Item sould to Mtr Donkyns in Cornhell the cloth of badkyn callyd a care-
cloth f • xls.
Item soulde rotten banners ffor . . . . .vs. iiij d.
Item soulde to John Heath payntyd cloths as the vale cloth of Saynt John
avangelyste and ye cortens of payntyd cloth and auter clothes and peacys of
* Robert Donkin bought Waterbearers' Hall and gave it to St. Michael's,
Cornhill.
f Held over the bride and bridegroom's heads at marriage.
p 2
208 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
oulde staynyd clothes yl coverd images conteynyng Ixxxvj yardes at ij d. the
yarde .... • • xiiiJ s- iUJ d-
Item soulde to John Heath j tabyll of wayneskot that imagys wer payntyd
in . . . . • • • • • . xxd.
Item soulde to Thomas Unkyll j oulde lynen tabyll cloth . . ix d.
Item soulde to Thomas Staynyngs j tabell cloth of lynen . . vij d.
Item soulde to Harry the paynter xx yardes of payntyd clothes at ij d. the
yarde . • • • • • • . iij s. iiij d.
Item soulde staynd peacys of lynnen cloth as brokyn napkyns and other lynen
clothes .... . xij d.
Item soulde to Davyd Waghan serten apparylles yl wer appon ye aubes and ffor ye
stole and f anylls * and allso if or serten peacys that was cut off the cannype
cloth in convertyng yt to a beryall cloth . . . x s. iiij d.
Summa j c vli. xijd.
More soulde.
Item soulde to Davyd Waghan j vestment of raged damask xij d. j chyldes cope
of broken sarsenet xij d. j vestment of rotten red velvat w' rosys in ye
crosse xij d. . . . . . . . iij s.
Item soulde more to Davyd Waghan j vestement of owlde red velvat w1 a crosse
of greane sarsenet sore brokyn ij alter clothes of whyght damask wl thasomsyoti
(assumption) imbrothred and ij payer oulde cortens of sarsnet . xliiij s. viij d.
Item soulde mor to Waghan j short polpct cloth of blew badkyu beyng callyd
era rd cloth, j cloth of greane badkyn w' letters theyrein wroughte, iij veste-
ments of corse greane badkyn with sytyng lyons in yt . . xviij s. iiij d.
Item soulde to Thomas Sharpe j peace of ryghte cloth of golde yt wente abowte
ye sepoulter f conteynyng ij yardes qtr and halfe at xj s. iiij d. yarde sore
dropyd w1 wex . . . . . . xxvj s. viij d.
Item soulde to a sadler in bysshope gate streate ij copes off blak velvat . xx s.
Item soulde ij c qr and halfe of marbelers mettall that was upon the graves and
upon ye tombs J sould in lad lane at xxvj s. viij d. the c. iij li. iij s. iiij d.
Item soulde j payer of small orgaynes wyth thappurtynancys to a portyn-
gale §......... xxix s.
Item soulde to John Dymock ye beame of ye rode lofte ye rode beme xiij s. iiij d.
Item soulde to Rychard Kele stasyoner ye owld latten boks . . xl s.
Item soulde ij steps of stone marbeler at Powles . . .iij s. vj d.
Item sould to George Smyth j stone wyth a mortys . . . xvj d.
Item soulde to Thomas Unckyll j cheaste that dyd longe to the morowinas
alter
11] S.
Item soulde to George Eaton xlvj fote of owlde glasse || at j d. the fote iij s. x d.
* The fanon or maniple,
f The Easter sepulchre.
£ The brasses thus destroyed must have been numerous.
§ A Portuguese.
|| Most probably the painted glass of the windows. The whole sold measured
162 feet.
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH. 209
Item soulde to John Reade paynter xlij fote ould glass . . iij s. iiij d.
Item soulde to John Hale Smyth xx fote owld glasse . . . xx d.
Item sonlde to John Stanton xx fote of oulde glasse . . iij s. iiij d.
Item sould to Reynould Bloke xxxiiij fote ould glasse . . ij s. x d.
Item soulde to Wyllyam Hetherley j owlde streme and j oulde banor ij s. j oulde
stole for to syt in iiij d. . . . . . ij s. iiij d.
Item soulde ij sanctus bell * . . . . . . . iiij s.
Item sold to John Methryngam j torche ..... xvj d.
Item soulde to George Mason j torch ..... xvij d.
Item soulde to M1'8 George Eaton j torche . . . . . xx d.
Item soulde to Master Asshely ij torches . . . ij s. viij d.
Item soulde to Thomas Smyth j torch ..... xvij d.
Item soulde to John Heath j torche ..... xvij d.
Item soulde to Water Browne j torche . . . . . xv d.
Item soulde to Wyllyam Hayles j torche . . . . ix d.
Item soulde to Reynould Bloke j torche . . . . . vj d.
Item soulde to Pattryke Cewe j tortche ..... n1.
Item soulde to Harry May j tortche . . . . ixd.
Item soulde to John Me thryngham j tortche . . . xd.
Item soulde to John Cossen j tortche . . . . vj d.
Item soulde to the Parson j tortche ...... n1.
Item soulde to John Bowie j tortche f . . . . ix d.
Summa xv li. v s. ix d.
The totall summa of the money that the parsells soulde by Reynoulde Blowke
and John Bowell then beyng chyrchwardens ys 1 c. xxv li. xiiij s. v d.
Hereafter foloyth the payments payde forth as by Reynould Bloke and John
Bowell beynge then chyrch wardens in ye yeare of oure lord God 1550. Among
them are these.
*******
Nessary reparacyons.
Item payde ffor xij hassocks and ffor mates ffor the communyon tabyll iiij s. ij d.
Item payde to Hennyngton for seuying ye fryngs apon the tabyll cloth that
servyth for the communyon table ..... viij d.
Item payde ffor j greate testament and for j boke of the omyleys (Homi-
lies) ........ iiij s. viij d.
Item payde for ij bybylls of the smaler sorte and for the parafracys apon the
epystylls J . . . . . . . . . xx s.
Item payde ffor wrytyng the inventory of the chyrch goodes in to the greate
boke . . . . . . . ij s. iiij d.
Making the summa xj li. xv s. xj d.
*******
Heare foloyth the raparacyons and charge upon the chyrch the xvth day of
March in alteryng of the same. Among the payments are these.
* The bells rung at the elevation of the Host, They were outside the church,
f Making together 16 torches. J Most probably Erasmus'.
210 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
Item payde j to Wyllyam Chease for garnyssyng of the breall cloth that was made
of the canypy cloth xviij s. iiij d. and to John Sharp ffor the lynyng of the
beryall cloth that was made of ye canype cloth and ffor (fur) on the
frenge . . . . • . . iij s. iiij d.
Summa of bothe ys xxj s. viij d.
Item payde for makyng of xiij sorplessys of ould allbes yt longegyd to the
chyrch xviij s. and ffor makyng of viij rochets of the same albes . viij s.
Summa of bothe xxvj s.
Item payde ffor bokes of Tedeum of v partes and for ye mayers offyser for
warnyng of George Smyth before ye mayer . . . xvij d.
Item payde to Kettyll goldsmyth for myltyng of sylver yf cam of a vestment that
was burnt ......... xij d.
» * * « * * *
Summa totalis of the paymentes layde oute by us John Bowlle and Renould
Blowke jc li. xj s. vj d. ob.
To the fouerth we the sayde chyrch wardens do andswer in the yeare of owre
lord God 1551 then beyng chyrchwardens Thomas Unkull and John Cossen for
ye yeare folounge they soulde these parsells foloyng.
Item sould to Wyllyam Harrys and Thomas Taylor ij oulde copes of sarsenet
red and greane wl garters on ym ; iij oulde vestments of sarsenet red and
greane w* garters on ym ; j oulde vestement of greane badkyn wl orate pro
aniina ; j oulde vestement of greane badkyn w' dogs in the crosse ; j oulde
vestement of greane badkyn wl lyons and popynges ; j ould vestement of
wyth rosys and salutacyons, ij ould satten auter clothes and ij curtens of
sarsenet . ....... xxvs.
* * * * * * * '
Summa of the mony of these parsells soulde by Thomas Unkell and John
Cozen then beyng Churchwardens . . . Ij s. viij d.
Paymentes of the sayde Thomas Unckyll and John Cosen beyng then Chyrch-
wardens in ye yere of owre lorde God 1551.
*»***#«
Item payde ffor a bell rope ffor the saunce bell . . . . xij d.
Item payde to Master Hewe for tewnyng of ye orgaynes . . . xx d.
Item payde to John Phylep carpenter ffor a borde ffor workmanshyp and for
mendyng ye pulpit . . . . . . viij d.
Item pd for ij bell ropes for ij of y« greate bells xlij yards . . iiij s.
* * * * # » *
Ffor alteryng and mendyng of serten new pues to make them for women that
wer fformes ye x of June two sums amountyng to 51s. 2d.
By another paper * it appears that there were 63 oz. of plate, of
which 59£oz. were gilt and 4oz. in silver, and that there were no
ornaments delivered, but were sold for 6s. 8d. and the ready money
found was £17 16s.
* Land revenue. Church goods. Bundle 445, No. 13.
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH. 211
In the 1st Elizabeth the zeal of the people in the destruction of
images ran to excess. Not only images, but rood-lofts, relics, sepul-
chres, books, banners, copes, vestments, and altar-cloths not already
disposed of were committed to the fire, and that with such shouting and
applause of the vulgar sort as if it had been the sacking of some hos-
tile city.* "Not many dayes after this fyring of images and church
ornaments in London (5th September, 1559), a mightie tempest did
rise, which continued about three houres ; in the end whereof a thunder
clapp and flash of lightening brake foorth more feareful than any that
wer before; and at the very same instant one of the south doors
and alsoe the vestrie doore of Saint Dionyse Church, in Fanchurch
Streete, wer beaten thorough and broken. Likewise the spire of All-
hallow Church, in Breed Streete, being then of stone, was smitten
aboute ten foote beneath the topp, from which place a stone was strucke
that slew a dogg, and overthrew a man, with whom the dogg played.
The accident was at that time esteemed prodigious by some whose
affections rann with a bias, onely because it ensued soe greate actiones
of change."f
The following is a list of the PLATE as it now exists : —
1. A flagon (39 oz.) inscribed " The gift of Edward Cooke, apothecarie, to
S. Dionis Backchurch, A.D. 1632."
2. A flagon (37 oz.) inscribed " the gift of ye Revd. father in God John Warner,J
1. Bp. of Rochester, late parson of the parish of S. Dionis Backchurch." 1642.
3. A large chalice (17 oz.), paten, and spoon (4 oz.) the chalice inscribed
" This chalice, with a paten and spoon, is dedicated to be used for the service
of the Lord's Supper, in S. Dionis Backchurch. 1671."
The register of benefactors states that Mr. Philip Jackson, on the behalf of a
friend (1671) of his, whose name was not to be made known, gave this.
4. A large chalice (16 oz. 15 dwt.) and paten,§ the chalice inscribed " The
gift of Mr. Petar Hoet ye elder to the parish of S. Dionys Backchurch London
the 6th day of June 1674."
5. An offertory bason (35 oz.) with a like inscription.
6. Two chalices (26 oz.) with patens (9 oz.), the chalices inscribed " The gift
of Mrs, Frances Gay to the parish of S. Dionis Backchurch, daughter of Miles
Whistler, late parish clerk to this parish. 1767."
* Machyris Diary. Camd. Soc. 1847, p. 209.
f Hayward's Annals of Queen Elizabeth, Camden Society's Publications,
1840, p. 29.
J He was Rector from 26th September, 1625, till he was made Bishop 14th
January, 1637.
§ The two weigh 12 oz. 12 dwts.
212 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
7. A large paten (11 oz.), a bread plate without inscription, but with the hall
mark 45, in old English, which is 1762.
The register of benefactors records that, in 1635, John Clarke,
Doctor in Physick, gave one silver cup only marked with the touch,
but this is not now in the possession of the parish.
THE ORGAN. — The first steps for erecting this after the Reformation
or Fire seem to have been taken in the year 1722, when a subscrip-
tion was set on foot and a committee appointed by the vestry for that
purpose, the Rev. John Smith. D.D., being rector. In the same year
the committee were empowered to enter into a contract with Mr.
Renatus Harris,* an organ builder, and to obtain a faculty from the
ecclesiastical authorities.
The sum raised by voluntary stibscription for the erection of the
organ, and for every expense connected with it, amounted to £741 9s.,
Mr. Deputy Hankey (afterwards Sir Henry Hankey, Knight and
Alderman,) taking charge of the several contribiitions, a detailed list
of which is preserved in the parish ledger.
During the year 1723 the only entries relative to the organ are
three payments in advance to Mr. Renatus Harris, who, when in the
following year he was paid the balance due to him, appears to have
received from beginning to end the sum of £525 for the instrument, f
In 1724 the organ was ordered to be opened on the second Sunday
in June, and Mr. Philip Hart was chosen the first organist. There is
an entry in the parish ledger, June 15th, that £10 10s. was paid for
singing two anthems. The organ continued nearly in its original
state till 1867, when Messrs. Gray and Davison were instructed to
•rebuild it at a cost not exceeding £200. It was reopened on 7th
February, 1868, by Mr. George Cooper, the organist of H.M. Chapel
Royal, St. James's.
BELLS. — In 1727 a sum of £479 10s. was raised by subscription
for bells, Robert Williams, mercer, having given £25 for one. They
have inscriptions. The bell is rung at 8 o'clock A.M. from Lady-day
* Dr. Rimbault, in his History of the Organ (pp. 100-1), is, therefore, in
error in ascribing the building of this organ to the firm of Messrs. Byfield, Jordan,
and Bridge.
f The parish ledger mentions that on September 18th, 1724, the sum of
£52 10s. was paid to " Jno. Harris for some additions and to take care of it for
five years."
ST. DION1S BACKCHUECH. 213
to Michaelmas, and at 9 A.M. the rest of the year, except on Wednes-
days and Fridays, when 11 o'clock is the time. *
Four small SYRINGES, to put out fires, are kept in the vestry.
They are of the form used before the hand-engines now in use. They
are 20 feet in length.
CHARITIES, &c. — On 28th April, 1349, John Wrotham, fishmonger
and citizen, gave by will tenements in Balle Alley, in St. Stephen's
Coleman Street and St. Margaret's Lothbury for the finding of two
priests in this church ; and Maude Bromeholme, in 1461, gave lands
and tenements in St. Botolph's Bishopsgate Street, to find a priest
and keep an obit. The will of John Derby, alderman and citizen and
clothworker of London, and a freeman,^ dated 17th February, 1478
(18th Edward IV.) gives a house, garden, and premises, which form
the boundaries and abuttals, as described in the will, and appear
to have been on the west side of St. Andrew Hubbard, otherwise
Philpot Lane, and other tenements, after the death of his wife, to the
rector and churchwardens for the time being, to provide two chaplains
for the chapel which he had founded in the parish church, to say
masses for the soul of himself and other uses, viz., to keep the obit or
anniversary of his death and of the deaths of his late wife and his
then present wife, and to distribute 13s. 4c/. on such obits between
the rector, chaplains, clerk, and poor attending such services as are
particularly mentioned. Thomas Bonauntie, Thomas Hodson, and
John Hudson gave rents for an obit, and Giles de Kelseye, in 1477,
also a tenement for a lamp.
This property came within the statutes of 37 Henry VIII. cap. 4,
and 1st Edward VI. cap. 14, vesting all existing foundations and
endowments for the maintenance of chaplains to say masses for the
souls of the dead and for lights or lamps absolutely in the Crown.
We thus find it returned in the Certificates of Colleges, Chantries, &c.|
made 9th January, 1 Edward VI. (1548) :—
The paroche of St. Dennes Backchurche.
John Darby sumtymes Alderman of London by his laste will gave unto the
* Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, vol. vi. p. 182.
There used to be chimes within memory, but the machinery and all have
disappeared.
f Inrolled Eoll 210, m. 3. Notes and Queries, 3 Series, vol. vi. p. 114.
J Exchequer Augmentation Office. Certificate 34. No. 114.
214 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
parson and wardens ther to fynde two priests and to kepe an obite for his soule
for ever landes and tents (tenements) amountyng to xiij li.
Whereof to James Sewcaunt Prieste * . vij li. vj s. viij d.
„ Spent upon thobite . . . xxx s. iiij d.
„ to the wardens at the same obite . xvj s. viij d.
„ to the Lady Ferres for quitrent . xxvj s. viij d.
xl li. iiij d.
And there remaynethe clere . . . xxxix s. viij d.
Maude Uromeholme gave to the same parson and wardens to fynde a priest and
kepe an obite for ever landes and teiits amountyng to cvij s. iiij d.
Whereof spent upon thobite ... xij d.
And there remaynethe clere . . . cvj s. iiij d.
John Wrothain gave for the ffyndyng of two priestes to the parson and
wardens before mencyoned landes and tents amountyng to . xv li. vij s. iiij d.
Whereof to Nicholas Metcalffe priest . . viij li. xiiij s. iiij d.
„ spent upon thobite . . . xxiij d.
„ to the kyng for quitrent . x s.
ix li. vj s. iij d.
And there remaynethe clere . . vj li. xiij d.
Thomas JBonawitie gave unto the parson and wardens to kepe an obite for ever
one annuall rent goyng oute of a tent in the same parische called Starve over
the hope by yere ....... x s.
Thomas Hodson and John Hudson gave to the parson and wardens before
named to kepe an obite for ther soules for ever one annuall rent by yere
xvj s. viij d.
To the kyngs Majestey for quitrent . ij s.
And there remaynethe clere . . . xiiij s. viij d.
Giles Kelsey gave unto the parson and wardens to fynde a lampe for ever one
tent by yere ........ xl s.
Memor.
Ther is of howselying people f wthin the seid parische the nomber of ccccv
persones.J
Thomas Barfore prieste § is parson of the seid Churche and therly value of
the same parsonage is xxv li. and the same parson attendyng the cure hymselff
f yndethe no other priest hym but in tyme of necessite.
* He had a yearly pension of 100s., and was alive at Cardinal Pole's Pension-
list Keturn 24th February, 1555-6.
f Capable of taking the Sacrament.
{ In 1732 there were 120 houses. In 1800 there were 138 wfth 418 males and
449 females. In 1831 there were 124 houses inhabited by 173 families, of whom
400 were males and 410 females. In 1861 they had fallen to 109 houses, occupied
by 534 persons, of whom 217 were males and 317 females.
§ He was L. B. and rector from 22 December, 1530, but died in the year 1548.
ST. DTONIS BACKCHURCH. 215
"We find the following entries of the sales of these lands : —
Parcel of the lands and possessions * founded in the parish of St. Dionis
Backechurche in ffanchurche strete in the city of London.
In the parish of St. Stephen in Colman Strete in the city of London of the
gyft of John Wrotham fishmonger and citizen of London.
The rent and farm of one Augiport called Balle Alley in the parish of St. Stephen
in Colman Strete London, and nine cotages or tenements with their appurtenances
in the said Augiport called Balle Alley videlt. one tenement or cottage with the
shop and other the appurtenances in the tenure of John Wright xxx s. j cottage
in the tenure of Richard Hochonson viij s. another cottage in the tenure of the
same Eichard Hochonson vj s. viij d. another cottage in the tenure of the same
Richard Hochonson vj s. viij d. one cottage lately in the tenure of the widow
Herring v s. one cottage in the tenure of Walter Tupp viij s. one cottage in the
tenure of Richard Lichefelde viij s. one cottage in the tenure of the aforesaid
Richard Hochonson viij s. and one cottage in the tenure of John Pilton viij s.
\rhich said several tenements and cottages were given and bequeathed to the said
church of St. Dionis Backechurche among others to the rector there and the
churchwardens of the same parish hy a certain John Wrotham under the name of a
Brewhouse and with all utensils and all its appurtenances with the land in the said
parish of St. Stephen Colmanstreet London, situate between the tenement of John
King on the south now or lately in the tenure or occupation of Sir Long and
the tenements of Thomas Grapfigg on the north in the tenure of Richard Hockon-
son : To hold the said tenements and rent with the utensils and all the appurten-
ances to the aforesaid Rector and churchwardens of the said church of St. Dionis
and their successors freely fully quietly and peacefully to sustain for ever suffi-
ciently all the houses and the aforesaid tenements or cottages and to find two fit
chaplains to celebrate divine service in the said church of St. Dionis for the said
John Wrotham and for the souls of his father and mother brothers and sisters
and all the faithful dead for ever according to the last testament or will of the
said John made on Wednesday after the feast of St. Mark the Evangilist (20th
April) and in the year of our Lord 1349 to be held at the will of the King, and
paying yearly at the four usual principal days of payment £4 8s. 4d.
Memorandum " there is a former particular of the premysses made to Sr
Wymounde Carewe emongest other possessions perteyning to the saide churche
of Saynte Dennes, and the saide londes and tenements were gyve and graunted
for the fynding of twooe chapellaynes emongst other to praye for the soules of
the founder his father and mother brytherne and sesterne and for all Christian
soules as above is declared and as may alsoo appeare in the foundation of the
saide churche."
On 6th June, 1548, these were valued for Richard Hochonson, of London,
gentleman : —
The cler yearly value of the premisses iiij li. viij s. iiij d. which rated at xvj
years purchas amountethe to .... Ixx li. xiij s. iiij d.
* Particulars for Grants, 2 Edw. VI., Sir Thomas Bell and Richard Duke
grantees.
216 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
To be paid all in hand.
The King's Majestic to discharge the purchaser of all incumbraunces excepte
leses and the covennts in the same.
The teanure in socage or fre burgage.
The purchaser to have thissues from Easter last.
In the parish of St. Margarete, Lothebury, London.*
The rent of one tenement there with all its appurtenances in the tenure of
William Vryne from year to year . Ixvj s. viij d.
The rent of one other tenement there with all its appurtenances in the tenure of
Christopher Stubbes from year to year . . . xxxix s.
Total cv s. viij d.
Memord thes tenements emongest other were geven by John Wrotham to finde
two prests to singe for ever.
On 20th July, 1548, the tenements were thus valued to Henry Coddenham, of
London, gentleman, and William Pendred, of London, haberdassher and Founder,
who applied for a grant of them.
The clere yerelie value of the premisses .... cvs. viijd.
which rated at xv yeres purchase amountethe . . . Ixxix li. v s.
To be paide all in hande.
The Kings Majestic to dischardge the purchaser of all ineumbraunces excepte
leases and the covenants in the same.
The tenure in socage or free burgage.
The purchaser to have thissues from Easter laste.
Parish of St. Botolph without Bishop's Gate, London.f
The farm of one tenement with the appurtenances situate and being in the said
parish in the tenure of Peter Crowch from year to year yielding for same per
annum ........ liij s. iiij d.
Md this tenement amongst other was gyven by Maude Bromhole towards the
fynding of a prest and for an yerely anj-madversary for ever, whiche said tene-
ment is verey muche in decaye.
On 13th April, 1549, it was valued for Edward Walshe,J but was granted, on
application made 26th June, 1549, by John Hulson of London, scrivener, and the
before named William Pendred.
The clere yerlye value of the premiss is . . . liij s. iiij d.
which rated at xiiij yeres purchase amounteth to . . xxxvij li. vj s. viij d.
To be paide all in hand.
The Kings Majestic to discharge the pnrchasser of all incumberaunces except
leases and the covenants in the same.
The tenure in socage or freburgage.
The purchasser to have tbissues from our Laidy day last.
The rent of one tenement there with all its appurtenances in the parish of St.
* Particulars for Grants, 2 Edw. VI. Henry Coddenham, William Pendred,
grantees.
f Ibid. 3 Edw. VI. John Hulson, William Pendred, grantees (section 2).
J He was, I believe, a servant of Sir Edward (then Mr.) Osborne,
ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH. 217
Botolph without Bishopsgate in the tenure of the widow Rycrofte from year
to year paying for same * . . . . . . . xiiij s.
xij yeres purchase viij li. viij s.
Memorandum thys tenement amongest other was geven by Mawde Bromholm
to fynd a prest and to kepe an obit for her soul for ever.
Valued 23rd July, 1549, for Robert Bull.
The Kings Majestic to discharge the purchaser of all incombraunces except
leasses and the covenantes in the same, and except the rents above allowed.
The tenure in socage.
The purchaser to have thissues from the feast of Thannunciacon of our Lady
1 ast paste.
In the parish of St. Dionis Backechurch.f The farm of all that messuage or
tenement, with all cellars and houses called warehouses, gardens, with the backe-
yarde and backegate, and all their appurtenances lying in the parish aforesaid,
in which tenement George Heton then dwelt, and let to Benjamin Digby, in as
ample form and manner as John Darby gave the same tenement with the ap-
purtenances to the church of St. Dionis Backechurche.
Let by Indenture, dated 10th Febuary, 20 Henry VII., 1505, for 90 years,
from the feast of the Nativity then last past, fully to be complete and ended,
the sum payable quarterly being £8.
The value of the stock.
Memorandum.— This tenement was geven emongest other by John Darby,
sumtymes alderman of London, to sing for his sole for ever.
Item I have made a partyculer of the premisses to Sir Wymond Carewe by
vertue of a former letter to me directed.
Item ther is belonging to the same tenement a stocke which in parcelles
followeithe —
ffurste in the hall a fyre panne of yron of vj quarters and iiij wheles preased at
iii s. iiij d.
Item in the chamber called Jerusalem Chamber a standying bedde and a sen-
nyng bedde J preased at . . . . . . . xij d.
Item in the kytchyn entery a standyng lavor of pewter w' iij spowtes
preased at . . . . . . . . . iiij s.
Item a sesterne of leadde wl a cocke of latten into the kytchyn, preased
at . . . . . . . . iij s. iiij d.
Item two dressers preased at . . . . . . ij d.
Item the sheffes in the larder howse and a bredde bynne in the buttery with iij
romes in the same preased at ...... iiij d.
Item in the seller a candell chest and two ale git'tes preased at ij d.
Item in the fore cowrte a sesterne of leadde preased . . .vs.
Item in thest yarde a latten cocke standyng in the wall preased at . viij d.
* Particulars for Grants, 4 Edw. VI. sec. 2, Thomas Eeve and Henry Herdson
grantees.
f Ibid. 2 Edw. VI. George Heton, grantee.
J A folding bed ?
218 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
Item in the meynyes chamber over the gate a standyng presse and iij powles
standyng in the drying lofte clasped with yron into peces of tymber preased
at .......... viij d.
Making a total of xviij s. viij d.
Memorandum that the tenaunte haithe by vertue of his lease all the ymple-
ments aforesaid duryng the tyme in the seid lease mencyoned, and in thende of
the seid time to redelyvcr the same (alweys resonable were and wast of the same
to be allowed).
On 9th May, 1548, the premises were valued and granted to George Heton, of
London, merchaimt tayllor.
The clere yerlie value of the premisses viij li. which rated at xxi yeres purchas
amounteth to . . . . . . clxviij li.
Add ther unto the said stocke being .... xviij s. viij d.
And there is the somme to be paid . . . clxviij li. xviij s. viij d.
To be paid all in hand.
The Kings Majestic to discharge the purchaser of all incumbraunces except
leasses and the covenants in the same.
The tenure in socage or ffrce burgagc.
The purchaser to have thessues from Easter last.
Parish of St. Dionis Barckchurch.*
The rent of one tenement there let to Edward Scysson, by indenture, per
annum . . . . . . . . . xls.
The rent of another tenement there let to William Brown, by indenture, per
annum . . . . . . . . .xls.
Total iiij li.
Memorandum, these tenements were gyven for the fynding of obitts, lights,
and lampes, and there is a former particler delyvered of the tenement in the
tenure of William Browne to Thomas Chamberleyn.
There are five sums or entries for other churches, and at the foot the following
is appended — 29th January, 1549, valued for Charles Belfeld: —
The clere yerely valewe of the premysses is . . xxiij li. vj s. viij d.
which rated at xiiij yeres purchas amonnteth to . cccxxv li. xiij s. iij d.
To be paide all in hande.
The Kings Majestic to discharge the purchaser of all incombraunces except
leases and the covenants in the same. The tenure in socage or fre burgage.
The purchaser to have thissues from Mighelmas last.
There were also in this parish one tenement given for an obit at St.
Margaret Moyses, and four tenements in Lime Street — partly in St.
Andrew's Undershaft — belonging to Walden Chantry in St. Paul's, and
one tenement to Dean Moore's chantry there.-j1
* Particulars for Grants, 3 Edw. VI. (section 2). Richard Were, Bartholomew
Gibbs, grantees.
t These were sold 14th January, 1615, to Edmund Duffield and John Bab-
ington, Esquires, and a fee farm rent of 80s. was sold by the Commis-
ST. DIONIS BACKCHUECH. 219
The following is the property still belonging to the parish : —
By the will of Giles de Kelseye, dated 18th February, 1377,* (1st
Eichard II.), he bequeaths to the rector of St. Dionis, for tithes and
oblations forgotten, 13s. Ad., and he goes onto say : — " I devise to my
executors all my tenements with the appurtenances situate in Lime
Street, in London, between the tenement of Eichard Preston on the
one part and the tenement late of John de Stodey on the other part,
and the said street of Lime Street on the east part, and the place
called Leadenhall on the west part, to have and to hold to my
said executors, from the time of my decease unto the end of ten years
then next following fully to be complete, to find thereout and sustain
a lamp burning every day and night before the high altar in the afore-
said church of St. Dionis, which said tenement with the appurtenances,
after the said ten years fully completed, I devise to remain to the
rector and parishioners of the aforesaid church of St. Dionis and their
successors, rectors, and parishioners for the time being, to find there-
out and sustain the lamp aforesaid burning every day and night before
the aforesaid high altar for ever, and the whole of the profits arising
from the aforesaid tenement^beyond the sustentation of the lamp afore-
said, and the reparation and sustentation of the tenement aforesaid, I
leave for the amending and sustentation of the books, vestments, and
ornaments of the aforesaid church."
The use of this property (except so far as it found a lamp) did not
come within the statutes for preventing superstitious uses, f and it is
still enjoyed by the parish ; it is Nos. 9, 10, and 11, Lime Street, and
warehouse and stable in Leadenhall Place, and is let to Mr. Charles
White for £540 a-year, and a small part of Leadenhall Place, sold
January 15th, 1857, to the Corporation for £540, and the Eectory
House behind the Church, now used as an infant school.
The citizens of London by their custom, confirmed by the Charter of
Edward III., had liberty to devise their lands in mortmain or other-
wise as they were wont in former times, and by special custom the
sioners, 24th March, 1650, to Bryan Bromeley, of Barnard's Inn, Gentleman. —
Augmentation office ; counterparts of deeds of sale of fee farm rents, B. 2,
No. 11, Bromeley.
* Court of Hustings. The abstract of these wills is printed in Notes and
Queries, 3 Ser. vol. vi. p. 104.
t Report of Edward B. Hook, Esq., Vestry Clerk, 19th March, 1857.
220 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
parson and churchwardens are a corporation to purchase and demise
their lands.*
It was stated in an old Table of benefactors that in 1490 William
Bacon, Alderman, gave the houses in Lime Street to the use of the
poor for ever ; but no will can be found.
There is however a house, No. 25, Philpot Lane (formerly two
houses), devised by the will of John Haddocke, glazier, dated 27th
May, 1500.
And, in 1703, when there was a great revival of religion in London,
Sir Robert Geffery, Knt., left £400 to the Ironmongers' Company to
purchase land and pay a sum to the rector or curate for performing
service twice daily, and £2 10s. to the clerk.f The premises were in
the Strand, and pulled down in 1838.
REGISTERS. — These commence in October, 1538, immediately on
the order, and are perfect ; for during the Commonwealth, on 25th
September, 1653, the parish clerk, John Bedford, was chosen registrar,
and he kept all the entries in the original books. During the whole
of the Commonwealth also the church was largely resorted to by
persons from a distance for MARRIAGES. Thus we find, 12 Feb.
165^, the marriage of Charles Lord St. John and Lady Mary Lep-
pington ; on 8th April, 1657, Sir Thomas Chamberleyn of Oxfordshire
and Mrs. Margaret Prideaux, daughter of the Attorney-General ;| on
18th February, 165-|, Francis Warner of St. Giles, and Anne Pettas
of Covent Garden, baronetess; on 16th May, 1660, Sir George Blun-
doll, of Cardington Manor, Beds, and Mrs. Elizabeth Yardley, daughter
of Christopher Yardley of Greenwich, Kent; on 6th April, 1665,
Charles Pelham of Brocklesby and Elizabeth Pelham of Covent Gar-
* Bohun's Privilegia Londini, pp. 12-90.
f Notes and Queries, 3 Series, vol. vi. p. 182. There had been a lecturer
chosen under the authority of George Hume, rector, dated 25th August, 1642, to
lecture in the afternoons of Sundays and Fast days for one year from Michaelmas,
but they were renewable, provided that he read divine service according to the
rubric of the Common Prayer Book on the first Sunday of his teaching, and the
first Sunday of every quarter, but he was not without consent to depute any one
to preach in his stead nor perform any other ministerial act within the parish.
Addl. MSS. No. 5489, fol. 69.
J Edmond Prideaux was Attorney-General from the death of the King till his
own death in 1659.
ST. DIONIS BACKCHUKCH. 221
den ;* and also a marriage of Mr. Molyneuxf of Surrey to Miss More;
whilst, in 1690, we find that John Louden of St. Martin-in-the-fields
followed most strictly the rubric by having his banns published " on
three several Sundays or holydays," viz., Whit-Sunday, 12th, Whit-
Monday the 13th, and Whit-Tuesday the 14th May, and was quickly
married by the Rector on the Thursday following, the 16th.
The first book ends in 1736. The register of BAPTISMS contains
nothing of importance. There are several entries of foundlings called
after the parish Dionis, and, about 1690, is a notice of the ceremony
having taken place at the font.
The BURIALS contain notices of the large number of deaths in the
years of plague. In 1563 there are recorded 33 burials in August, 64
in September, 41 in October, and some up to 8th November. In 1593
they occur from July to November; in 1625, in the months of July,
August, September, and October, and in 1665, from 8th September
till the end of October. The last burial was of the well-known surgeon,
Astley Cooper Key, in the large vault, in 1851.
The living did belong to the prior and canons of Canterbury, but at
the Reformation, 1540, it came to the Dean and Chapter of Canter-
bury, the present patrons. It is one of the thirteen peculiars of the
Archbishop in London.
A list is given in Newcourt of twenty-seven Rectors between 1288
and 1680, and the following are those subsequent: —
22nd May, 1680 to 1715, Lionel Gatford, D.D., when he died.
1715 to 1717, John Grandoge, D.D.
1717 to 1756, John Smith, D.D,; President of Queen's
College, Oxon, Prebendary of St. Paul's.
24t Dec. 1756 to 1775, Thomas Curteis, when he died.
September, 1775 to 1782, William Tatton, D.D., when he died.
23rd July, 1782 to 1803, John Lynch, D.C.L., Archdeacon and
Prebendary of Canterbury. He died in
1803.
May 1803 to 1804, William Girningham, M.A.
1804 to 1815, E. Walsby.
* Fourth daughter of Sir Thomas Pelham of Laughton, Sussex, by his first
wife.
f Of the family long settled at Loseley.
VOL. IV. Q
222 ST. DIONIS BACKCHURCH.
1815 to 1828, The Hon. Henry Lewis Hobart, D.D., Dean of
Windsor. He died 1846.
1828 to 1852, The Hon. George Pellew, D.D., Dean of Nor-
wich and Prebendary of York, who
died 1866. .
1853 William Harle Lyall, M.A.,*
to whom I am indebted for several of the particulars relating to the
registers, organ, church-plate, property, &c. of the parish.
FAMILIES. — In early times Fenchurch Street had several good
houses. At Denmark House the Kussian ambassador was lodged
and magnificently entertained in the reign of Mary. In the old
church were monuments to John Paget, Merchant Taylor and Sheriff
in 1536; to Sir James Harvey, Lord Mayor, whose wife left a sum
still distributed on Maundy Thursday ; and Sir Edward Osborne,
who had been Lord Mayor in 1596, and was the ancestor of the Earls
of Dauby, subsequently created Dukes of Leeds. On the 6th Decem-
ber, in 1559, Henry Machyn in his Diary j" says, "there was bered in
Saut Dennys parryche in Fanchurche Stret, the chyrche and the quire
hangyd with blake and armes, and the plasse and the strett, Ser
Thomas Cortes (Curteis) Knyght, and latt Mare of London, and Fys-
monger and Puterer. There was iij. haroldes of armes, and ther had
my lord mare, and the sword-bayrer, and dyvers althermen had blake,
and the residew in vyolett ; and there was a c. in blake gownes and
cottes ; and he had a standard and a v. penon of armes, and a x. dozen
skochyons ; and ther dyd pryche Master Recherdson the skott:J and
after to the plasse and the mare and the althermen to dener, for ther
was a grett dener, and pore men in gownes and the clarkes of London
syngyng ; a grett denner for all men that wold come."
In the church are monuments on the west side to Thomas Rawlinson
and his family, some of whom were distinguished bibliopoles and anti-
quaries, and to Dr. Oyley Michel and his wife Ann; on the north
wall an elaborate monument with bust to Dr. Edward Tyson the
Carus of Garth's Dispensary, who died 1st August, 1708, and whose
* The foregoing are from Malcolm's Land. Redivivum, vol. iii. p. 439, with
some corrections.
f Camdcn Soc. 1817, p. 217, quoted by Strype in his edition of State.
t He was of St. Peter's in Cornhill, and Reader of Whittington College, after
wards Parson of St. Matthew's and a frequent and popular preacher.
a
ra o
7
Enlarged fac-simile of an onginaJ impression,
in the possession of John E.Pnce, F.S.A.
NOTES ON AN ANCIENT CRYPT WITHIN ALDGATE. 223
portrait is at the College of Physicians ;* and near it one to Sir Robert
Gc/ery, Knt. Alderman, and sometime Lord Mayor, who died senior
Alderman in 1703, set. 91 years, which is kept in repair by the Iron-
mongers' Company. On the north side of the Communion-table is a
panel monument to Sir Arthur Ingram, an eminent Spanish merchant,
who resided in New Ingram Court, in this parish, and died 1681 ;
and on the south one to Lionel Gatford, rector, who died in 1715, and
his two wives ; and on two pillars are monuments to members of the
family of Hankey, one on the west of the nave being to Thomas
Hankey, who died in 1733.
The INNS in the parish (besides the Star over the Hoop) have been,
The Barn's Head, The Ipswich Arms, once a good hostelry in Cullum
Street, named after Sir Thomas ; and the Mitre, where the parish
feastings were wont to be held.
The PEWTEEERS' COMPANY, who received their first charter 26th
January, 13 Edward IV. (1474), had their Hall in Lime Street in this
parish.
NOTES ON AN ANCIENT CRYPT WITHIN
ALDGATE.
BY ALFRED WHITE, ESQ., F.L.S., F.S.A.
Recent improvements have rendered necessary the destruction of an
interesting crypt, situate at the junction of Leadenhall Street and
Fenchurch Street, a little west of the well where afterwards was
erected Aldgate Pump.
This crypt does not appear to have been known to the historian
John Stowe, although there is reason to suppose that he occupied the
ho\ise immediately above it. He says that, Daring some commotions
of the commons in Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and other shires, in the
reign of Edwd VI. divers persons were apprehended and executed by
the martial laws, amongst the which the Baylif of Romford, in Essex,
* Hunk's Boll of the Royal College of Physicians, vol. i. p. 399.
Q2
224 NOTES ON AN
was one. He was brought by the Sheriffs of London and the Knight
Marshall to the well within Aldgate, there to be executed on a gibet
set up that morning. He was executed upon the pavement of my
door, where I then kept house." The existence of this crypt is noticed
in Maitland's " London," and in " London and its Environs," printed
for R. and J. Dodsley, 1761, vol. iv. p. 325, as, " St. Michael's, an
ancient parochial chapel which stood at the end of Leadenhall Street,
and the remains of this chapel are still to be seen under the corner
house. They extend 36 feet from north to south, and 16 from east to
west, There is still standing the Gothic arched roof, which is sup-
ported by handsome pillars, the whole built with square brick, chalk,
and stone." Much the same notice appears in " History of London,"
&c., by Rev. John Entick, 1766, vol. i. p. 94, and in Maitland's
" London," 1772, vol. ii. p. 780, where the crypt is said to be under
the house of Mr. Gilpin, chemist. In " The Gentleman's Magazine "
for April, 1789, page 293, is a communication on " The Chapel of St.
Michael, near Aldgate." It is described as beneath the house of Mr.
Eelph, and is said to prove that the level of this part of the city has
been greatly raised " since the foundation of this structure, the floor
of which was evidently on a level with the common way." The writer
has considered this to be the chapel instead of a crypt, the floor of which
was always about ten feet below the street. At this time the building
was filled with earth, " within two feet of the capitals of the pillars,"
and a view of the crypt is given in this condition. The length is said
to be 48 feet, which shows that the south bay had been cleared since
1761. Its direction, north and south, is likewise noticed as "contrary
to our mode of building sacred edifices." The writer (Investigator)
has fallen into a great error in supposing 16 feet of the shafts to
be buried. Another paper appears on this structure in the June
number of " The Gentleman's Magazine " for 1789, page 495, in
which " Palrcophilus Londinensis " gives a good digest of what had
been written on this building and the monastery of the Trinity, but
supposes it was part of the buildings erected by Prior Norman in the
12th century. In this year (1789) a description was published by
John Carter, with a very good view of the crypt, and this, enlarged, is
given in Plate I., and shows the condition to be the same, so far as
the partial filling with earth is concerned, as it was a few years since.
In " The History and Survey of London," &c. by B. Lambert, 1806,
vol. ii p. 393," is the plate from " The Gentleman's Magazine" re-
ANCIENT CRYPT WITHIN ALDGATE. 225
peated, but no new matter is introduced. In " London and Middlesex,
by Brayley, Nightingale, and Brewer, 1815, vol. iii. p. 248," the
crypt is mentioned as a discovery of 1789, and the house above it is
said to be occupied by Tipper and Fry, No. 71. In "The History
and Antiquities of London," &c., by Thomas Allen, 1828, vol. iii. pp.
88-90, a view of the crypt is given, and we read that "the engraving
shows the building in a I'estored state," but as this view has been
drawn supposing that ten feet of earth (instead of two feet six inches)
covered the floor of the building, it has given it too lofty a character.
There is likewise a very correct plan, and a representation of one of
the bosses at the intersection of the vaulting ribs. In the description
of the building the position of the sills of the windows, with regard to
the vault, is mentioned as a proof that it was always considerably
underground, and the steps which formed the approach are likewise
described. From the " absence of any religious or sacerdotal emblem
appearing in the carvings, as well as the circumstance of the structure
standing, in its longest proportions, north and south, it is not at all
probable that it ever was a church, or the crypt of one," and the ar-
chitectural knowledge of our author leads him to suggest that " it is
probable that these remains are the workmanship of the latter part of
the thirteenth century." " Londinia Illustrata," Robt. Wilkinson,
1822, vol. ii. contains a well executed engraving of this crypt, from a
drawing by Mr. Shepherd, now in the possession of J. E. Gardner,
Esq. This would lead us to suppose that the entire height of the
structure was more than 20 feet, and this even is strengthened, so far
as the drawing is concerned, by the introduction of the figures of two
men, and in the description of the plate is, " but as the capitals of the
pillars are at present only 4 feet above the floor, the altitude of the
arches at first might have amounted to 18 feet."
In these several accounts of the crypt it is generally described as
the remains of St. Michael's Church, and the only circumstances which
are suggested against this view are, that the longest dimensions of the
building is north and south, unlike ecclesiastical buildings, and that it
is without any Christian emblem or device. These would be good
reasons for doubt, but it will be more conclusive to show that St.
Michael's Church stood at a considerable distance from this crypt at
the western extremity of Aldgate Ward. There is in " Liber Dun-
thorn," which is a collection of copies of ancient deeds and other
writings preserved in the Guildhall of London, an account in Latin of
226 NOTES ON AN
the boundaries of the soke of the monastery of the Trinity, of which
the following translation will be found in Strype's Stowe and other
histories of London, and is a very fair rendering of the original:
" We must know therefore how great the soke is, which hath such
bounds. From the gate of Aldgate, as far as the gate of the Bailey
of the Tower, called Cungate, and all Cheken Lane, towards Barking
Church, as far as the churchyard, except one house nearer than the
churchyard, and the journey is returned the same way, as far as the
church of St. Clave ; and then we come back by the street which goes
to Coleman Church ; then it goes forth towards Fenchurch, and so
there is on this side our houses a lane, through which we went unto
the house of Theobald Fitzlvo, Alderman, which lane now is stopped
because it had been suspected for thieves in the night : therefore,
because a way was not open there, we come back again by a lane
towards the church of St Michael, and as far as Lime Street to the
house of Richard Cavcl. This, therefore, is our Inward Soke, and
these are the bounds of it. This the Queen-Mother gave to us, with
the gate of Aldgate. From Lime Street we go through the street by
the church of St. Andrew's, as far as the chapel of St. Augustine upon
the Wall ; then as far as the gate of the churchyard. This is the
circuit of our Inner Soke."
It will be seen that the bounds of this soke are nearly those of the
ward of Aldgate at the present time. To clearly understand the
position of the church of St. Michael, it will be well to follow the
boundary, and give, where necessary, the present names of the places
mentioned. It commences at Aldgate, and goes south along the course
of London Wall (the wall now destroyed) until we come to one of
the towers thereon, called then Cungate, and here it appears to go
within one house of the great cemetery which was once attached to
Allhallows, Barking. It then proceeds in a north-westerly course to
the north end of Seething Lane by St. Olave's Church, and passes
somewhat east to the church of St. Katherine-Coleman, and then
along Fenchurch Street towards the church of St. Gabriel, which stood
before the fire of 1666 in the middle of the street between Mark Lane
and Mincing Lane just in the adjoining ward of Langbourne. From
this point the route goes north by a lane towards Theobald Fitzlvo's
house, which lane must therefore have been situate on the west side of
Ironmongers' Hall, and so towards that part of Lime Street which
runs northward near the north end of Cullum Street : but, as this way
ANCIENT CRYPT WITHIN ALDGATE. 227
had been stopped, they return by a lane towards the church of St.
Michael, and as far as Lime Street to the house of Richard Cavel.
Thus the site of St. Michael's Church is brought within a very limited
space, viz. : to the north of Fenchurch Street, to the east of Lime
Sti-eet, and to the west of the present Ironmongers' Hall, or between
Billiter Square and Lime Street Square. In Aggas's map of 1560,
just at this point, an inclosure is shown with a cross in its centre; this
is probably the yard of the church. It is of course quite useless to
search in any existing history of London for mention of this church,
as the churches of the parishes of St. Michael and the Holy Trinity
were probably destroyed when Norman erected the priory of the
Trinity in 1107, or by the Great Fire of 1135, which burned the
priory. The date of the perambulation which we have used must be
about the middle of the thirteenth century, as Theobald Fitzlvo was
alderman of the ward in 1264, or more than 300 years before the date
of Stowe's history. These old churches may have existed as ruins in
the thirteenth century. The church of St. Michael being thus placed
in the west part of Aldgate Ward, instead of at the junction of Fen-
church Street and Leadenhall Street, over this crypt, we will proceed
with the boundary of the soke, which is described as going along the
northern portion of Lime Street, through the street (St. Mary Axe),
by the church of St. Andrew (Undershaft), to St. Augustine's (Papey)
which stood near London Wall at the end of St. Mary Axe, and then
by the course of London Wall to the churchyard (of the Priory), which
stood just west of Aldgate, from which point we started.
If this crypt is not any part of St. Michael's Church, for what
purpose was it built ? This is not readily determined. Such crypts
have not frequently occurred in London, and it is unlike the usual
basement of a private house of the middle ages. These are generally
semi-cylindrical in form and were strengthened by broad ribs with bold
chamfers. Such vaults of all periods are often found in London.
In Cannon Street and Garlick Hill they existed of very large dimen-
sions. It is not unlikely that some public building, either of the ward
or the city, existed at this spot. The junction of these two important
streets must at all times have been a place of great traffic, and one
therefore well suited for the carrying out public acts. Such a view
is supported by the execution mentioned by Stowe. Whatever was
the superstructure it must have been irregular in form and not very
large. The south part of the crypt consisted of two vaults separated
228 NOTES ON AN
by columns, and in each vault were three bays with the diagonal and
transverse vaulting-ribs, supported by two central columns with well-
executed caps, and against the walls on corbels with grotesque carved
heads. These three bays together were 36 feet 6 inches in length,
with a breadth of 16 feet 6 inches (the part described previous to 1789),
but the western wall was prolonged 12 feet, making the total length
of this wall 48 feet 6 inches. Two irregular bays were thus formed at
the north end, which were divided by a wall terminated by a semi-
shaft and cap, which received the vaulting-ribs. At the meeting of
the upper parts of the vaulting-ribs were six well-carved bosses, con-
sisting of heads and foliage arranged about them in an uncommon
manner. Two of these are illustrated in Plate II. The ribs were
boldly moulded, as shown in the longitudinal and transverse sections.
The central columns were formed of a cluster of four shafts, which
together measured 2 feet 5 inches in diameter, and were 4 feet 2 inches
long. The total height of the cap, column, and base was 5 feet
4 inches. The height from the level of the base of the columns to the
bosses at the junction of the vaulting-ribs was 12 feet. The light
appears to have been supplied by three windows, two being placed at
the north end, and one in the east bay at the south end. They were
about 2 feet across ; the internal sill was about 8 feet 6 inches from the
floor, and the external sill would be about level with the top of the
inner part of the vaulting. The entrance was by a flight of steps on
the west side in the most northern of the regular bays, and it
entered the crypt under a pointed arch. Openings also existed in the
next bays towards the south, but their character is uncertain.
The diameter of the central columns appears to have been the cause
of much error formerly as to their height, for we see they were estimated
at 10 feet and even more than that elevation. If we compare them
with columns in similar positions it will not appear an extraordinary
conclusion. The columns of Gerard's Hall crypt were but 1 foot
in diameter, and the shaft alone was nearly six feet in height. It
would, therefore, not be unreasonable to suppose that these columns
of 2 feet 5 inches in diameter were much more than 5 feet 4
inches in height, including the caps and bases. It will now be
necessary to compare this crypt with similar structures. Independent
of its greatest length running from north to south, unlike most eccle-
siastical structures, we have the division into two vaults. This is
especially cecular or domestic ; indeed such an arrangement does not
u
tc
cu
Q
O
a
to
CO
O
CQ
UI
I
CO
ANCIENT CRYPT WITHIN ALDGATE. 229
usually occur in churches for more than four combined bays, but for
other buildings this is the rule. Such was the plan of Gerard's Hall
crypt, and Mr. 0. Baily told you that two such crypts existed in
Guildford, seven in Chester, and several at York, Bristol, and other
places. Such was the plan at the Strangers' Hall at Canterbury, and
of halls at Norwich, also of the crypt of South Wing-field Manor-house
in Derbyshire, and in numerous other cases of domestic buildings.
There are exceptions to this rule, and the most easy of access is the
crypt imder the east end of the Guildhall of London. Here are three
vaults similar so far to the undercrofts of churches, but differing in
having the vaults of equal span. This departure from the usual civil
arrangement may have been determined by extent of span of the arch,
for we find in South Wingfield Manor-house that an undercroft of
about 36 feet is divided into two vaults of 18 feet span, but the 50 feet
of Guildhall may have required three vaults. Mr. C. Baily has placed
the period of the building of this crypt to the time of Richard the
Second, and also remarked that the direction of the north and south
walls proves that both Fenchurch Street and Leadenhall Street have
since that time retained their present course.
It may be well to offer a few remarks on the parishes which existed
at the erection of the priory of Christ Church or Trinity. This priory
is said to have been built in the same place where Siredus sometime
began to erect a church in honour of the Cross and of St. Mary
Magdalen. This ancient church contributed 30 shillings to the dean
and chapter of Waltham. The abbey church here is also dedicated to
the Holy Cross, and when Matilda founded Christ Church or Trinity
she gave to the church of Waltham a mill ins£ead of this payment.
But little is known of the building of Siredus, but Matilda's Priory is
said to have occupied parts of the parishes of St. Mary Magdalen, St.
Michael, St. Katherine, and the Blessed Trinity, which now was made but
one parish of the Holy Trinity, and was in old time of the Holy Cross or
Holy Rood parish. At this time, therefore, (1108,) the old parish of
the Holy Rood had disappeared, and four parishes appear on its site.
In the perambulation of the old soke of the priory we find the parishes
of Coleman Church (St. Katherine), St. Michael, St. Andrew (Under-
shaft), and of The Trinity (now St. James's, Duke's Place), but St.
Mary Magdalen and Holy Rood are not mentioned. This loss of St.
Mary Magdalen is not easily explained. Could the church of St.
Andrew have been dedicated formerly to St. Mary Magdalen ? Such
230 NOTES ON AN ANCIENT CRYPT WITHIN ALDGATE.
changes in dedication are known, and, even in this ward or soke,
Stowe tells us that St. Katherine Coleman was called St. Katherine
and All Saints.
This would make up all the parishes which are given at the several
periods in this locality. The existence of St. Katherine Coleman and
St. Katherine Cree as two distinct parishes adjoining is remarkable. The
parish of St. Katherine Coleman belonged to the ancient establishment
of St. Martin-le-Grand, and so remained until the Dissolution. Was it
a part of this parish which was taken into the precinct of the Trinity ?
The inhabitants of the inclosed parish of St. Katherine at first used the
priory church, but it was agreed afterwards that they should have a
church erected, and use the priory church only at certain times. This
would be what we might expect of a part of a parish detached at the
establishment of the priory, but which desired to be released from the
control of the prior, and to be a parish of itself, with its own church.
We must not confound the parish of St. Mary Magdalen with a small
parish of St. Mary the Virgin, St. Ursula, and the 11.000 Virgins.
This was on the west side of St. Mary Axe, and belonged to the
priory of St. Helen. The church was destroyed, and the parish united,
by Edmund Grindal, Bishop of London, to St. Andrew Undershaft in
the year 15G1.
V
STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR
CANONS IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON.
BY THE REV. W. SPARROW SIMPSON, M.A., F.S.A.,V.P.
Minor Canon and Librarian in S. Paul's Cathedral, &c. &c.
The College of the twelve Minor Canons in S. Paul's Cathedral
owes its foundation to the pious care of Richard II. The original
charter, richly emblazoned, is still preserved amongst the archives of
the body, and has been printed in extenso in a recent volume of the
Archceologia of the Society of Antiquaries.* The effect of the charter
was to incorporate and form into a college a body of men already in
existence — a body, indeed, so old, that the researches in which I have
been for some time engaged fail to throw any light upon the exact
period of its origin. One of the Harleian manuscripts f speaks of the
two cardinals in S. Paul's Cathedral, officers chosen by the Dean and
Chapter out of the number of the Minor Canons, as having existed
" before the time of the Conqueror." There can, I think, be little
doubt that, although the Minor Canons were not incorporated into a
college until 18 Richard II., the body itself has existed from the
very earliest times, probably from the period of the foundation of the
Cathedral.
The charter, after the usual formal words of salutation, refers to the
fact that there was in the Cathedral a body of twelve men commonly
called Minor Canons, whose dress was a surplice, with an almuce of fur,
and with black capes,| and proceeds to state that two of their number
were called cardinals, § that they had not suitable residences within
the close, nor at first a common hall. || It then incorporates them into
* Arcliceologia, xliii. pp. 183-185.
f Harleian MSS. No. 980, fo. 179A.
J " Superpellicia cum almuciis de calabre et capis nigris."
§ The name is still retained.
|| Dugdale prints (Appendix, art. xxxv. edit. Sir H. Ellis), " Carta Decani et
Capituli concessa pro nova aula Minorum Canonicorum," dated 2nd August,
1353.
232 STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
a college, under the style and title of " Collegium Duodecim Minorum
Canonicorum Ecclesie Sancti Pauli Londinensis ;" ordains that one
of their number shall be the warden of the said college ; and grants to
them a common seal and other privileges. The King further gives
them certain properties in the City of London, " videlicet, unum nies-
suagium cum pertinenciis in parochia Sancte Fidis in criptis Sancti
Pauli Londinensis ; " " quatuor shopas cum. solariis superedificatis,"
in the parish of S. Nicholas *'• de Flesshamelis," that is, S. Nicholas
in the Flesh Shambles ; " decem solidatas " from tenements in the same
parish ; and another messuage in the parish of S. Faith. The college
is especially enjoined to pray for the good estate of the founder so
long as he lived, and for his soul's health after his decease ; for the soul
of Anne his Queen, who died at her favourite palace of Sheen on the
seventh of June, 1394 (the charter is dated on the first of August in
the same year), and for the souls of his parents and predecessors, as
well as of all the faithful departed. John de Lyntone, one of the
Minor Canons, is named by the King himself as the first warden of
the body. The charter, it will be seen, supplies additional evidence of
the loving affection of the King for his late consort, Anne of Bohemia
— an affection so strong, that he is said to have ordered the palace of
Sheen, in which she died, to be levelled to the ground — an affection
still indicated upon the tomb beneath which the royal pair repose, for
it is surmounted by their effigies, that of the King still holding in his
grasp the hand of the beloved Queen.
The initial illuminated letter of the charter, which forms an illus-
tration to this paper, represents the King between the Archbishop of
York (Thomas Arundel, translated from Ely to York in 1388), and
the Bishop of London (Robert Braybrook, consecrated 1381), present-
ing the document itself to the twelve Minor Canons. Over the head
of each of the three dignitaries is his coat of arms.* The letters T. A.
Ebor., and R. B. Lond., indicate with sufficient clearness the prelates
* The arms are these :
I. France and England, quarterly. For the King.
Orer the head of the Archbishop —
II. Quarterly, 1st and 4th, Gules, a lion rampant or, Arnndfl.
2nd and 3rd, Cheeky, or and azure, Warren.
III. Argent, 7 mascles gules, for Braybrook — over Bishop Braybrook.
The King is vested in a purple robe with an ermine cape ; the Archbishop
and Bishop in crimson chasubles.
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDEAL, LONDON. 233
over whose heads they stand. The Charter itself, beautifully written
upon one skin in thirty-eight lines, is preserved as one of the greatest
treasures in the archives of the College. The head line of the Charter
is surmounted by richly' illuminated devices, ensigned with ostrich
feathers, and contains seven large monograms (if such they may be
called) based upon the letters L, D, C, R, R, H, and H, each letter
being the initial of the surname of one of the following persons men-
tioned in the body of the document, and containing within itself the
remaining letters of the name curiously interwoven. The persons
thus commemorated are Johannes de Lynton (the first Warden),
Robertus Dokesworth, Ricardus Cotell, Willielmus Ryffyn, Willielmus
Rode, Thomas Hunte, and Henricus Hasshe (or Asshe, as the name
is spelt in the Charter). The illumination is very delicately wrought
out, and although the silver sparingly employed in the decoration
has turned black, the gold and colour retain much of their original
splendour.
The Latin original of the Statutes has been lately printed in the
Archceologia,* from a copy in the possession of the Minor Canons,
written about the year 1521. I present in this paper an English
version of those statutes,! written at about the same period, and now
for the first time published. As I have given a somewhat full
account of the original Latin, and of this English translation, in the
paper in the Archgeologia, and as the version now printed is in the
vulgar tongue, it seems hardly necessary to introduce it by any
lengthened comments. I will rather say a few words as to the con-
stitution of the College itself.
' The College consists of twelve members. Every year, on S. Bar-
nabas' Day, the brethren are to meet in common hall, then and there
to elect one of their number to be warden for the year ensuing. Lest
the duties of his office should prove too heavy and laborious, a pitan-
ciary was to be appointed, who should assist the warden in making
the payments to the common servants, in the procuring of fuel for the
common use, and in other matters. He should also distribute funeral
fees, " stagiaries," and " other parseles " due unto the body.
The second and third Minor Canons were " Cardinales chori," or,
* Archfcologia, xliii. pp. 185-199.
f A MS. on paper, in small quarto (11 inches high, 8g inches wide), consisting
of twenty leaves, preserved amongst the archives of the Minor Canons.
234 STATUTES OP THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
as they are often called, Cardinals. All misdeeds in choir came under
their cognizance. Did any come too late, or leave too soon, the
Cardinals were to correct such lack of service. Were the singing
men idle or negligent, the Cardinals were to bid them amend their
evil ways, and in default to summon them before the Chapter. They
should minister the Sacraments of the Church to the whole and to the
sick ; should hear confessions, and enjoin suitable penances ; they
should perform the last sad rites, and bury the dead.
The Sub-dean, chosen by the Dean, with the consent of the Chapter,
out of the College of the Minor Canons, held a yet more responsible
office. In the Dean's absence he should admonish, commend, and
correct, according to his discretion, at the weekly chapters ; none, save
the greater Canons, being exempt from his authority. As an outward
symbol of his dignity he was allowed to wear an almuce of grey fur
like that worn by the greater Canons ; * and, at the high altar itself,
should be thrice incensed as the Canons were ; to which honours were
added certain increments to his victuals,! or a money payment in lieu
thereof.
A word more must be said as to the general character of the statutes
themselves. They were drawn up by the members of the College
assembled in common hall, on the 18th of March, 1396, within two
years of their incorporation. The brethren were, as is clear from the
internal evidence of this document, godly, peace-loving men,
" amongst whom there ys, as there ought to be, but oon hart and oon
mynde in God." Knowing that it is impossible that any society can
exist without law, they met together, not compelled by any external
power, but of their own free will, to frame such simple rules as might
suffice to hold together brethren already dwelling in unity. They re-
call the promise of their Lord, " Whear there are ij or three gathered
together in my name, saythe the Lorde, there am I in the middest of
them;" and in the full consciouness of the presence of Him whom
they had invoked, they commence their self-appointed task. They
obviously desire that the Divine service shall be duly and regularly
celebrated ; and that they, for their parts, shall be examples of godly
* " Amictum ex grisio, more majoris Canonici." Why a/mictus is here used
for almutlum is uncertain.
f " Incrementum ad victum suum in pane et cervisia." Dugdale's.>S'. Paul's,
edit. Sir H. Ellis, 1818, p. 345.
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 235
living to all the priests of their day. They will keep good hours :
from Easter to Michaelmas they will be within the college gates by
nine of the clock, and during the rest of the year by eight, lest any of
the brethren be " hindered of there naturall reste or become vnapt to
serue God." " Oon lesson of the Holy Byble " should be read daily
at dinner time, that " whylest the externall bodie ys filled the internall
sowle might be refreshed." Special consideration should be had for
those of their body who were " molested with sicknes and oppressed
with age," the better seats at meals being given to these. Should
any transgress these rules a small fine must be imposed. The con-
versation must be kindly and considerate, for " this word, f rater, for a
brother, hath his beginninge of sufferinge or bearinge with an other."
In short, when we remember at how early a period this code of laws
was composed, we cannot but say that the statutes are such as to
indicate that the men who composed them were Christian gentlemen,
to say which is to bestow the highest praise.
These men were not like chantry priests, confined to very humble
ministrations ; they took their turns of duty at the high altar ;*
they wore a dress which indicated their rank;f each should have,
above all things, " bonam vitam et mores, bonam vocem, sanam et
placentem, bonam artem canendi, qua vocem dirigat suum in honorem
Dei ;" nor was this all. " Sit memor se, supra sacerdotem, Canoni-
cum esse in ecclesia S. Pauli ; et supra habitum sacerdotis, Canoni-
calem habitum portare, qui revera est habitas sanctitatis et religionis ;
ac propterea studeat vivere meliori modo quana communes alii sacer-
dotes, agnoscens se in ecclesia S. Pauli esse, ut exemplum sanctions
vitae aliis in civitate sacerdotibus ostendat."J Which, for the benefit
of lady readers, may be rendered : " Let each Minor Canon remember,
that besides being a Priest, he is also a Canon in the Church of
S. Paul ; and that, in addition to the habit of a Priest, he wears the
dress of a Canon, which is in truth the habit of sanctity and religion ;
and furthermore, let him take care that he do lead a better life than
* " Loco Majorum Canonicorum vicissim et sunt \_eunt has been suggested,
but it is sunt in Dugdale] successive ad Magnum Altare." Dugdale, p. 353.
t " Superpellicia alba, almitia de variis minutis [I.e. miniver] internis et de
calabro nigro externis, ac capas nigras apertas cum capuciis nigris magnis f urratis
de sindone vel taffata." Confirmatio a Papa Urbano VI. Wilkins, Concilia,
134, 135.
J Dugdale, p. 353. Ex Cod. MSS. penes Will. Fierpont, Arm.
236 STATUTES OF THK COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
other ordinary Priests, knowing that he is in the Cathedral of S. Paul,
that so he may exhibit a pattern of more holy life to all the Priests
that are in the city."
May the Minor Oanons in S. Paul's Cathedral ever be mindful of
this injunction, and so be worthy successors of those who have left
them counsels so wise and good !
The Statutes of the petie canons colledye of the churche of St. Paul in
london.
1. Whearc there are ij or three gathered together in my name, sayth the lorde,
there am I in the middest of them.
Therfore all we the twelve petie cannons and prehendaries in the Cathedrall
churche of St. Faulc in london, beiuge perpetually established and gathered
together into oon societie and felowshipe, yea eve by the kyngs auctoritie, and
others, who as towchingc this matter apearc most sertaynly to be lycensed. We,
I say, being thus gathered together in or com 'on haule the eyghtenth day of
1396. marche in the yeare of owr lorde a thowsandc three hundred nyntie and syx,
amongt whome there ys, as there ought to be, but oon hart and oon mynde in
god, haue w'h oon vniforme consent and agremcnt ordayned to be kepte and
obserued of vs all, for eur, and that willingly, because dutie so byndeth us, thes
holsome rules, and invyolable decres, to the honor of the most highe trinitie, and
the Vndevyded Vnitie of the father, the sonn, and the holy goast. By the
means of wch statutes that inordinate desyre of offendinge or hurtinge oon an
other amonge us and o' successors might of ryght be restrayned, the devyne
servis to almightie god devowtly rendred, and brotherly charitie as reasen wolde
sholdc be obserued. This protestacion beinge had before o1' eyes, wch we wolde
sholde be accownted of in the makinge of all owr statutes, that we meane not by
any statute of lyke condicion to owrs, before mentioned, ether by the othes heare
by vs geven, or by thes wch heareafter shalbe geuen by or successors, to resist or
hinder the deane and chapter by any means or any way of there obedience due
vnto them, but to serve god and the churche aforsaide as men ought and are
wonte to doo, at due owrs, accordinge to the man'er and forme of the statutes of
the aforesaide churche, made for a long tyme past to this effecte, vnto wch we
are bounde by solemne othe.
Of the manner of electinge or chusinge the lesser prebendaries.
2. Seinge that it ys recevede by a laudable custome tyme owte of mynde, we
ordayne and decree that when any lesser prebende amonge the peticannons ys
voyde, ether by death, resignacion, or any other way, by an by the rest of the
lesser prebendaries havinge had before deliberate consultation amonge them-
selves as towchinge this matter, shall chuse ij sufficient and fitt men to serve in
that peticannonship or prebende, and thes shall nominate and p'sent vnto the
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDliAL, LONDON. 237
deane and chapter. And then the aforsaide deane and chapter shall admitt oon
of thos ij persons so presented, and shall institute and inducte hy' into that peti-
cannonship or prebende then voyde. But lest that suche a nominacion or pre-
sentacion sholde at any tyme be made ether for favor, carnall affection, or for
luker and gayne, (\vch god forbid) we will and ordayue that at the death or
departure of any petican'on, the rest of the peticannons shall take there othes
before the master or warden of the saide colledge that they shall not nominate
or present to the deane and chapter any other persons then suche as are worthy,
sufficient, and mete men ; not only in readinge, and singinge, but also and espe-
cially in honesty of lyfe, and godlynes of conversacion. And morover it ys _ ^^
required that they be sownde of body, and of power and abilitie to serve god noted well,
and the church aforsaide both day and night accordinge to the statutes and
ordinances of the said churche, and as also there office and dutie requireth, the
conscience of every oon of the said peticannons calinge for at there handes the
p'formans of thes thinges, when they shall consider there saide consciences to be
burdened wlh an oth as ys aforsaide.
Of the oth iv"h ys geven to the petie cannons in there colledge.
3. And because that the most excellent prince Richarde the Seconde somtyme
Kinge of England by a godly aspecte of charitie consideringe and beholdinge vs
heartofore to be devyded, and as it were scattered abroade every man to his
severall howse at the howrs of refection : he hath graunted vnto vs libertie,
and power, at the instante and earneste suplication of the reverende fathers and
lordes, Thomas Arundell sumtyme Archbishope of Canterbury and- Robert
Bray brook bishope of london, to erecte a haule and dwellinge places for a societie
or company of equale power and auctoritie, wch haule and edifices we tearme a
colledge, to the wch, as also vnto vs, the said prince hath geven many revenues,
and willingly hath bestowed sundry privileges : to the ende that we takinge owr
repast together might thus by a more often and honest cSmunicatio, or impar-
tinge of or selves oon to an other, be burned as it were w'h a more fervent flame
of love and charitie emonge owr selves. Heare hence ys it therfore that we for
vs and all owr successors doo for ever determyn and decree w'h oon vniforme «®^
consent and agrement that all and every of vs and owr successors will sweare
and so shall that we wilbe obedient to the master or warden of the said colledge
whosoeu' he be for his tyme, in all lawfullniss and honest causes. And that we
will obserue and kepe invyolably for eu', all and every of the statutes, ordinances,
and customes of the said colledge, beinge lawfull and honest, by vs don or to be
don, allowed of vs or to be allowed, upon ye payne and forfayt limited or to be
limited in thos statutes and ordinances. In lyke maner we ordayne and decree
that of thos profites and comodities wherw'h we have byn indowed in com5 they
only are made partakers wch have byn lawfully admitted into the degree of a -®9
peticanonship by owr election, nomination, and p'sentation to the deane and
chapter as ys aforsaide. And they wch have dwelt heare w'h us quietly, takinge
there repast in or co'mon haule, and havinge also tasted of the holy woord of
god, they I say have corporally geven this same oth, and have byn admitted into
VOL. IV. E
238 STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
owr colledge aforsaid accordinge to the manner and forme heare vnder written,
Which forme of admission we doo will and ordayne to be kept and observed of
vs for eu' hearafter, that ys to say, that the petycanon now nuly to be receaved
into or colledge takiuge vnto hym selfe ether the clerke of the chapter or els
some other notary, doo appeare before the master or warden, and his felowes, in
the porche belonginge to the hauleof the forsaide colledge, wheare the selfe same
peticanon now nuly to be admitted shall hymselfe in his owne person playnly
reade this forme of wordes folowinge, and shall layinge his hande vpon the holy
evangelistes take his oth that he will faythfully obserue and kepe all and eu'y
particuler thinge contayned in that forme, as longe as he contynueth peticanon.
Then shall he, at his owne proper costes and charges, cause an instrument or note
to be made for a perpetuall memory of the thinge, to remayne vpou recorde in
the colledge aforsaide, lest that pcraduenture in tyme to come som' oon or other
might falsly and maliciosly accuse ether vs or owr successors of periurie or of
neglectinge the aforsaid oth.
The forme or maner of the tvordes.
4. In the name of god amen. Before you discreete men N. N. master or warden
of the colledge of the petie can'ons in the cathedrall churche of Sainct Paule in
london, and you the petica'nons of the same colledge, morover I, beinge a cre-
dible p'son also, and we all heare witnesses to thes presentes. I, I say by name
K. B. now elected to the aforsaid colledge, howbeit not as yet admitted to the
participation or com'union of the profites and commodities of the said colledge,
layinge myn handc vpon the holy evangelistes doo w*h a pure and not compelled
will, sweare, that I wilbe obedient to the master or warden whosoeu' he be for
the tyme, in all honest, lawfull, and canounicall causis.
In lyke maner I doo protest that I will faythfully obserue and kepe all and
singuler statutes, ordinances, and customes of this colledge beinge lawfull and
honest, and will dutifully obey the same.
Also I doo take myn oth that I will kepe and mayntayne as farr forth as I am
able the rightes and comodityes of the said colledge, and will procure, and so
earnestly p'ferr the same, as I may possibly any way.
Moreovere I doo sweare that as muche as lyeth in me, ye w'h all possible dili-
gence, I will cause and effectually procure that whatsoeu' petican'on ys to be
admitted into the said colledg in my tyme, shall performe this same oth in his
own person before he be receved into the societie and com'union of the profittes
and emolumentes of the said colledge, and also that he shall cause whatsoeu'
petican'on ys so to be receved or admitted in his tyme to doo the lyke in all
respectes, and to geue this same oth, and so from thensforth for en' as god
shall helpe me and this holy testament. This protestation beinge presupposed,
and adioyned alwayes vnto all the premissis, that I will and entende in all
thinges and by all means to be ruled by or masters the deane and chapter of the
aforesaid churche, and them obey, accordinge to the obseruances, statutes, and
customes of the said churche, touchinge, or concerninge the petic cannons any
way.
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 239
The admission of a nue felowe to be donn by the warden.
5. We doo admitt thee to be a fellowe of this bowse, and make thee a partaker of
all the profittes and com'odities of the same howse with the wich we in com 'on
haue byn enriched.
Of the payment wch a pelican1 on ys charged w*h at his entrance,
and of thears that are benefited.
6. In lyke man'er it ys set downe to be obserued that eury oon admitted aright
into the degree of a petie can'on, at his first entrace shall pay to the said
colledge towarde the mayntenance of the napry, and other thinges of necessary
vse in the howse, xj s. viij d. And yf any man shall leave his peticanonship and xj s. viij d.
afterwards retorne, he shall pay agayne for his entrance, and be accounted as a
nue comer, yea, even as he was at the tyme of his first admission. In lyke sorte «®$
also ys it decreed that every peticanon being beneficed ether with parsonage, ^°|£ thls
vicarige, free chappell, or prebende, or any other benefice, of whatsoeu' value it
be, ether more or lesse, shall pay to the aforenamed colledge xxvj s. viij d., XXVJ S-V»J d-
whether he be beneficed ether afore the tyme of his admission or after, wiche
payment beinge oonce dischargede, althoughe he goo away and afterwarde come
agayne beneficed, he shall no more be charged with the obseruacion of this
statute. And we will that the payment of suche sum'es as are above-named,
especially that for the ingresse or entra'ce of a peticanon, be made within the Within the
yeare, accordinge to the discression of the warden, yt thereof he may' make a yere>
reckninge in his accounte. ^furthermore it ys ordayned that euery peticanon
oonce in his lyfe tyme by hymselfe, when it shall please hym, or else after his
death by his executors, shall geue to this colledge oon silver spoone to the value A silver
of fyve shillinges, or more, for to increase the treasure and publicke vtilitic of sP°one<
the said college for eu'.
Of the devyne seruise due vnto god, and vnto hym to be rendred.
7. Moreouer we do ordayne and decree that all and every of the petie canons do
wlh greate indeuor and a most vigilant care, studie to kepe the devyne seruyse of
almightie god, and heare in to render vnto hym his deuyne prayses, even as the
proper office and dutie of every oon of vs requireth and that wlh humilitie and
deuocion : for as sone as there ys a signe geuen, all the peticanons ought to
come together vnto the church, beinge more decently arayed or adorned, and with
a more modeste or convenient gate or pase then other ; into the wiche they shall
not come statly,* vnhonestly, or with a disioyned pace, but with greate reuerence
and in the feare of god. And because that, accordinge to the inf alible iudgement
of god, his howse ys an house of prayer, we will that hauinge entred into the
quyer, wlh all feare and reuerence, standinge before god religiosly, they doo
* statly, in the original Latin it is pompatice.
K2
240 STATUTES OP THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
chasten or refrayne there tonges and ears, from ether spekinge ydlely, or hearinge
ydle and v'profitable talke, that w'howt any kynde of withdrawinge or aliena-
tion of the inynde, they might ether pray, singe, reade, or heare, even as euery
mansdutiein the quiyer heinge done of hym as his cowrse cometh rcquircth,
whether it be in prayinge, singingc, rcadinge or hearinge. And this they
shall not only doo with voyce hut also in there mynde and from the harte,
accordinge to the mynd of the apostle, when he saith, I will pray in spirit and
will pray in mynde, I will singe in spirit and will singe also in mynde. Nether
shall they bringe forth or once haue in there mouthes ether filthy or vnsemly
wordes tendinge to sedition or contention in so holy a place, nether yet shall
suffer others to vse the lyke, as farr forth as they be able, but rather to render
vnto god in comon his prayses, w'h deuoute prayers, most earnestly intreatinge
him as well for there owne offences as the peoples.
Of the apparell and gesture of the pelican1 ons.
8. In lyke sorte it ys ordayned that yf the said petican'ons entringe into the
quyer be found in there apparell vnsemly and in there gesture not comly, and
that of custome, except they beinge once warned do within short space after
declare them selves to be reformed as men tractable, they shall in no wise escape
vnpunished, but be sharply restrayned, of what degree, office, or dignitie soeu'
they be.
How the peticanons ought to behaue themselves at the table.
9. Also it ys set downe as a statute to be kept that the said peticanons do
come together every day in the yeare to diner in the comon haule, but to supper
at fyve of the clokc, there como bell beinge before ronge, who com'ynge to the
table shall sitt honestly downc together, not preferringe oon seate aboue an
other, except it be that whiche ys only appoy'ted for the warden, but accordinge
as every man cometh first or last to the table so shall he take to hym selfe the
first or last place, having alwayes a godly and brotherly compassion of thos w°h
are molested with sicknes, and oppressed with age. Then the stuarde for his
weke or some other at the table at his request, shall say grace and geue thankes
as well afore diner and supper, as after. And no of them that sitt at the table
shall departe thence untill thankes be dutifully rendred vnto god, without a
ob. resonable cause, vpon payne of losinge a halpeny. Nether shall any man despyse
or esteme of lesse value thos meates and drinkes which are sett vpon the table,
ether withowt a notoriouse cause why, or in respecte of any hatred or displeasure
conseued agaynst the stuarde, wherby the rest may abhorre thes meates and
drinkes as noysom vnto them, vnder the payne of forfaytinge a halpeny. And
because that this word frater, for a brother, hath his begininge of sufferinge
or bearinge with an other, we will and ordayne that owr bretherne eatinge,
drinkinge, or talkinge together shall behaue them selves honestly oon towardes
an other, and shall gently and patiently beare oon with another, supporting oon
an other in love, beinge carfull to kepe the vnitie of the spirit in the bonde of
IN s. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 241
peace, goinge oon before an other in geninge honor, as saith the apostle. And
they shall refreshe them selues w'h suche meates as are seruecl to the table,
cherf ally, soberly, and as it becometh men of modestie, so takinge of the best and
fynest of the meate as that eu'y oon at the table may haue parte. Nether shall
any man at the table speake any thinge maliciosly at any tyme ether vnder the
p'tense of mirth or any other colore, that may be offencive to an other any way.
Howbeit yf it shall happen at any tyme that any contencion or stryfe shalbe
stirred vp amonge the bretherne ether at the table or els wncare (which god
forbid) straight way the warden shall com'aunde silence, vnto whome whosoeu' Silence com
will not be obedient shall for the first tyme be punished in ij pence, for the the warden.
seconde in three pence, and so as the fait doth encrease, so shall the punishment. 'Jdi and "J '"
Of the readinge of the byble.
10. Furthermore it ys decreed that the afore namede peticannons shall have
dayly at dinner tyme as often as they may co'ueniently, oon lesson of the holy
byble redd distinctly and playnly amonge them, vnto the whiche all and euery
of them shall geue hede and harken diligently, that whylest the externall bodie
ys filled, the internall sowle might be refreshed, for because that man liveth not
by breade only, but by euery worde that proccdeth out of the mouth of god,
whosoeu' therfore shall maliciosly ether w'h sediciose wordes or vayne brablinges
distorbe or hinder the readinge of the holy scripture, or the geuinge of thankes
before mencioned, shalbe punished in ij pence as often as he ys taken offcndinge ij d.
in this poynt.
Of the stuarde and his office.
11. In lyke man'cr we ordayne and decree that euery peticanon be stuard as
his course com'eth, begininge at the seniors and so by degrees descendinge to the
iunior, and that in his owne p'son, except he can fynd owt oon of his fellowes
to supply his rowme for his weke, vnder the payne of forfetinge xijd. And this x^d<
stuarde duringe the tyme of his weke shall so diligently and profitably ordayne
and dispose the victualles for the whole comos, and w'h suche discression, that
they nether fare so sparingly nor yet feade over dayntely, but accordinge to the
ordinary and accostomed rate of the comons he shall honestly provyde to his
power. But nowe yf it doo happen at any tyme that the stuard ether by his
negligence or by his owne sensualitie or volnptnosnes withowt a resonable
cause doo so farr excede the accustomed rate in expcnces that the reste of the
bretherne by means therof be greued : then shall he hym selfe pay for any such
excesse, accordinge to the discression of the warden and the greater part of the
comons of the said colledge what semeth good vnto them. And the said stuard
for his weke shall carfully and diligently prouyde and foresee, that of thos
meates wch he hath preuyded there be as equale distribution made at the table
as ys possible, the election or choyse of euery messe alway reserued for the
warden, or in his absence for hym that ys senior, and there present. In lyke
maner we will that eu'y man be contented w'h his provision that ys made by the
stuard for the tyme, wch whosoeu' ys not, but ether desyreth to eate els wheare
242 STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
or to mende his fare, let hym cause thos tliinges wch shall please hyme to be
sought for and prepared at his owne proper costes and charges, lest that by hym
the^reste of the petie canons might be greued, and the comon vtilitie impayred.
But yf any man shall before ether warne the stuard or comon scrnant that he
can'ot eate of suche and suche meates, then let there be bought for hym som
other meat more convenient and agreable for his appetite, so that it exceede not
the said dyet of his.
Of the combiners and lialfe com'yners.
12. It ys allso ordayned that every peticanon shall still be whole com'iner,
except he be sicke, or gon farre owt of towne, then yf he will he may be oute of
com'ons, but he shall paye for this his absence by occasion of sickncs and busines
abrodc-vvikly iiij d. toward the rcpaste of there comon seruantes and the curate of
St. Gregories. And yet notw'hstandinge in thes three feastes, that ys to say,
Christmas, Easter, and Whitson weke, and also as often as he ys stuard in his
ownc course, euery peticanon shall alwayes be whole cominer no cause to the
lij s. iiij a. contrary admitted as lawfull, vnder the payne of three shillinges fower pence to
be applyed to the vse of the comons : and althoughe any of the said lesser pre-
bendaries (cauled thervnto of god) shalbe admitted to any office, that ys to say
ether to be Amner, keper of holy thinges, or chaberlayne of the back house, or
any other office whatsoeu', by the means whereof he may eate els wheare, yet all
thes thinges notw'hstandinge he shalbe still whole cominer in this owr colledge,
except that thoroughe some lawfull cause allowed of by the warden and the
greater parte of the company he be other wise dispensed w'hall. And farther
yf that any man be disposed to goo abroade, let hym warne the stuard or comon
seruant of his departure ouernight yf he Avilbe oute of comons. And whosoeu'
shall continue at the table in or comon haule by the space of fyve dayes in any
oon weke shall in so doinge be alwayes whole cominer. And he that shall
lalfe remayne fower daycs shalbe halfe cominer for three of them, and shall pay
:ominer. jor ^e fo^th as ^G maner and custome ys.
Of strangers that are brought vnto or table.
13. Morouer it ys enacted that no stranger of what degree state or order soeu'
he be, shalbe at comons w'h vs in the aforesaid haule as owr equale, but shall
pay more then we doo, eucn as muche as shalbe agreed vpon, betwene the warden
and his fellowes. Nether may any foriner heare of the some of or comons, or be
made privie to the account thereof, but shall geue place untill it be ended, and
let hym that brought in this stranger discharge the comons for hym. In lyke
sorte yf any of the forsaid comoners shall bringe in any stranger into owr comon
haule, ether by the weke or by the day, or for to dine and supe with vs, let hym pay
for his repaste even as shalbe thought expedient by the warden and his fellowes,
the consideration of the tyme causinge them to take ether more or lesse, as the
darth or plentie of victualles then requireth. And yf by this or the lyke invitinge
or biddinge the expenses shall increase or growe greater then the accostomed
rate of the comons, he of the company that so inviteth or biddeth shall hym seelf
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 243
pay the overplus, so that the profit and comoditie of the comons shall alwayes
increase rather than decrease. In lyke sort it ys decreed for or seruates, even
them of or speciall howseholde and others of that inferior degre sittinge with
them at the seconde table, that they shall paye accord inge to there degree, a
consideration beinge hadd of the tyme, as ys aforesaid : And whosoeu' of the
said societie shall bringe in or cause to be brought in upon the soden any stranger
to the table ether at diner or supper tyme not forewarninge the stuarde therof
shalbe punished in ij pence. Nether shall any man bringe in, or cause to be y a.
brought in, any stranger into owr comon kitchin or buttree w'howt a resonable jb
cause and the same manifesto, vndcr payne of losinge a halfe peny, yf he be a
fellowe, but yf he be a seruant, a peny. In lyke sort it ys agreed vpon that no
of the aforesaid peticanons haue a comon supper w'hin the tyme of lent except
it be vpon the sondayes only,* or upon any
other dayes in the yeare in whiche we are bound ether by lawe or custome to
faste.
Of loctcinge the forsaid colledge gates, and of silence to be kept after a
certayne hoivre.
14. Furthermore we ordayne that euery day thorouought the yeare, when we
dyne or suppe in or comon haule, oon of owr comon seruantes shall shutt faste
both the gates of or colledge. And whosoeu' of vs cominge in shutteth not
shurly after hym thos gates, especially in the winter tyme at supper, shalbe The gates are
punished by the losse of a peny. In lyke maner it ys decreed that no man ether *° }*: shut at
by hym selfe or by any other shall raise any braule, tumult, or noyse within the jd.
gates of the said colledge at any tyme frome the f easte of Easter vntill the feaste
of St. Michaell, but eu'y man to be come in by nyne of the cloke at night, and
from the feaste of St. Michael vntill the feaste of Easter also, no to offende as
ys aboue said, but to be come in by eyght of the clocke, wherby the said petie
canons might be hindred of there naturall reste, or become vnapt to serue god,
vnder the payne of the losse of ij pence. ij d.
Of honestie and dentines to be Jcept w(hin the gates of the said colledge.
15. Morouer it ys ordayned that n5 of the said peticanons ether by hymselfc
or by any other, do caste filth or any vyle and vnhonest thinge, nether may make
water w'hin the gates of the said colledge, except it be in the place appoy'ted
for that purpose, vnder the payne of losinge a halfe peny as often as he shalbe ob.
taken doinge the contrary. And yf it do happen any of the said co'mons to
haue there ether stones, morter, sand, tyles, or timber, for rep'acions to be done,
imediatly vpon the finishinge of any suche woorke, he that hath made suche rep'a-
cion shall remoue out the said comon place that wch remayneth of the morter, tyles,
and the reste, as ys aforesaid. And yf a tyme be limited vnto hym by the war-
* Here is a blank left in the English translation. In the Latin original the
clause runs "nisi in dominicis tantnm, nee cciaminsoxtis fcriis, aut aliis diebus
per annum."
241 STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
ijd.
liij d.
iijs.iiijd.
vj s. viij d.
vjd.
xijd.
Odious
woordes.
This is to be
noted well.
den, within the whiche he shall neglecte this to doo, let hym be punished for the
breeche of his firste limit aforsaid, ijd, and so as the fait increseth, in lyke sorte
let the punishmente.
Of suspecte women, and of vnhonest playes and sigJites to be shunnede.
16. In lyke maner it ys decreed that no of the aforesaid peticanons shall haue
any talke or comunication in the churche or churche yarde in his habit or w'hout it
w'h any suspecte woman, whereby any offence or suspicion of evell may aryse
to the churche, to hymselfe, or to his company, vnder the payne of fower pence
losse. In lyke maner it ys ordayned that non of the afornamed colledge shall
wittingly bringe in, or cause to be brought in, or suffer to come in, ether by day
or by night, any wemen vehemently suspected, or notorios for euell lyfe, into or
howses, or wlhin thecumpasc of the colledge aforsaide, or into any other howse in
W-'h he shall make his abode, as longe as he shalbe pctie canon, vpon payne of
losing three shillinges fower pence as often as it shalbe proved agaynst hym for the
first tyme ; yf he shalbe taken in the same fait the seconde tyme, he shalbe
punished in six shillinges eight pence, yf the third tyme let hym be expelled owt
of the comone haule and excluded from all profittes and comodities of the said
colledge vntill he may be reconsiled. In lyke sorte it jrs also concluded, that as
often as any of the said petie canons doo frequent or haunt the stues ortauerns
publickly with harlottes, or any other vnhoneste playes and spectacles prohibited
to clerkes, whereby an offence may growe of the state of the peticanons, and of
or said colledge, except they, beinge oonce warned, do shewc them selues to be
reclaymed, they shall incurr the lyke punishment as hath byn before declared.
That no mem backbi/te or speake euell of another, nether yet reuele
ivordes unadnysedly spoken to any man.
17. furthermore it ys ordayned that no' of the forsaid peticanons shall backbyte
his f ellowe in any howse of his masters or in any other place, nether shall speake
any sinister thinge of hym maliciosly, wherby the same felowe sholde be hin-
dered or disaduantagcd any way, w°h thinge yf any shall doo notwithstandinge,
and therof shalbe convicte (wiche god forbid) let hym be punished the first
tyme in six pence, the seconde tyme in twelue pence, and even as the fait
doth encrease, so let the punishement. Euen after the same maner ys it or-
dayned, that yf any sinister or odious wordes shall at any tyme passe any mans
mouth vndescretly in or brotherly societie, or vnwysly escape from hym ether at
the table or els wheare, no of vs, to the sowinge of further discorde, shall pre-
sume to reueale the same to any man vpon payne of the same punishment men-
tioned before in this chapter.
Of concelinge or kepinge to o'selues the councelles and secretes of the
colledge.
18. furthermore it ys decreed that non of the said peticanons shall presume
to detecte or disclose the aforsaid secretes of the colledge in the howses of there
masters the greater canons or of any other ether priuily, or openly, wherby any
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 245
offence may arrise, or wherby ether oon or other of the peticanons or all of them
may incurrc the displeasure of there masters aforsaide or any of them. But yf
any so doo (w°h god forbide) and that it be manifesto thoroughe sufficient profe
made therof , he shalbe punishede for the first tyme in six shillinges viijd. for vjs. viijd.
the seconde tyme so offendinge in xiij8 iiijd, for the thirde tyme in xx», and then ™Jgs<
let hy' be prohibited from cominge into the haule, or beinge a partaker of the jW
goodes and profittes of the said colledge or of thos thinges therunto appertayn-
inge, vntill he be reconsiled to his said bretherne of the aforenamed colledge.
Of anger, braulinge, and contention, and liowe to shonne euery of them,
and there occation.
19. In lyke maner it ys ordayned and appoynted that non of the said felow-
shipe do speake vntowardly or maliciosly of any of his bretherne, the partie
beinge present or absent, nether shall stir vp or vse ether braules, contentions, or
discordes amonge his fellowes, nether p'voke any of them ether to anger or
discorde, nor yet by any means to geue occation of displeasure to any man, vpon
payne of losinge iiijd for the first tyme, and euer as the fait incresith so let the Forfaytes.
punishment. And further yf any dissention do arise amonge the bretherne, &.
(which god forbid) owt of hande ether by the warden, or in his absense by the
senior then prsent, wlh the rest of his company shall pease be procured, and to
thos then at discorde, sylence commaunded, vnto whom imediatly yf any obay Silence corn-
not, but shall obstinatly persist and continue in his malice and contentio, he
shalbe punished the first tyme in ijd the second tyme in iiijd and so dublinge the ..V.d-
punishment vntill he humbly submit hymself, and obediently desiste.or leave of t,
from farther contention, and especially from comparisons wch are odiose, and
oftentymes the causes and occasions of many incomodities : nether that any arV^dlousf8
man at any tyme be fownde to be an enimy to the comon vtilitie of owr colledge Note this,
to the detriment or impoverishing^ therof vpon the payne aboue specified in the
chapter. And yf any man at any tyme ether by the warden, the senior, or
fellowes shalbe condemned and punished in any some by the reason and occation
of any offence, and shall say that he ys falsely adiudged and uniustly punished,
or affirme that they are uniuste in dealinge, he shalbe punishede in ij8 as often y s. as oft.
as he shalbe taken offendinge in this poynte.
Of violent layinge on of handes.
20. After the same sorte it ys decreed and ordayned that yf any of the said
peticanons shall maliciosly threten to beate or to stryke his fellowe, he shall for
so doinge be punished in xiid. But yf any man by the instigation of Satan shall Forfaytes.
lay violent haude vpon his felowe, althonghe he doo not stryke hym, yet he
shalbe punished in iij8 iiijd, and whosoeu' but with his hand only shall stryke an iij s. iiij d.
other, shalbe punished in vjg viijd, and whosoeu' shall drawe owt ether sword or VJ s> *^ d'
knyfe, or shall take into his hand any other wepon to invade wth althoughe he
stryke not, he shall be punished in vj8 viijd. But yf he shall wounde or stryke vjs. viijd.
any man wlh ether of thos wepons, he shalbe punished in xx8, and for that facte •«*&*•••
be excluded and expelled the haule and all comodities thereof, and yet notw'h- H
246 STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
3T!> standinge shall make sufficient recompence to the partie by hym hurte, eve
accordinge .to the discression of the warden and his fellowes. Morouer yf any
do Lringe in, or cause to be brought in his seruant or any other stranger to
threten, beate, or stryke, or els to threten to be beaten any of his fellowes,
althoughe he doo not stryke that ys brought in, yet he that brought hym shalbe
viijd. punished in vj" viijd and yf any suche seruant, or stranger, or euen the fellowe
|g hymselfe shall happen to stryke any other, or drawe wepon vpon any of the
said colledge tp stryke, althoughe he bringe not to passe this his wicked enter-
xx B~, prise, yet he shalbe punished in xx" and neu' the lesse be expelled the haule and
^ the entranse therinto foreu'.
Of brotherly reconsiliacion and mutuall amitie and peace to be had
amonge vs.
21. And for as muche as it ys apparant, that
By concorde and peace
Smale thinges doo en crease ;
as also by dissention and discorde greate thinges come to ruin, we will and
ordayne that aboue all things (as it ys written) we haue continually amonge
oWselues mutuall love and amitie, not in woord and in tonge only, but
indede and in veritie, lovinge oon an other, and as muche as lycth in vs (as
saith the apostle) hauinge peace with all men ; by the meanes wherof anger or
wrath might not engender hate, but that concorde mighte norishe peace and
mutuall loue emonge vs, we ordayne and decree ioyntly, that whensoeu' any
malice or envye of mynde, proccdinge of any cause, ys declared to be sprungo vp
amonge any of or bretheren, straight way the master or warden of or colledge w'h
ij or iij of the seniors or wyser sorte of the whole company vnto hy' associat
shall labor as muche as lyeth in them to rcconsyle thos bretherne at variance
emonge them selues, to the concorde and vnitie of peace, accordinge to that
sayinge of the apostle, let not the sonn goo downe vpon yor wrath. And straight-
way they whch are to be reconsyled, w'hout any tedious disputation, shall
mrcyfully forgeue that mutuall offence comittcd amonge th' forgeuinge oon an
nota other even as Christ hath forgenen vs. And yf nether of them both wilbe
brought to agrement, but will proudly stand against it, or yf oon of them doo
stobbornly and insolently resiste, then that parte in whch the cause, and occasion
iorfaytcs of the discorde ys fownde, shalbe punished for the firste tyme in ijd, for the
vi/cV1. ' seconde in iiijd, for the third in viijd, and so to duble the punishment vntill
the parties be pacified.
Off the master or wardens election, and of his office.
22. In lyke sorte it ys ordayned and decreed that euery yeare vpon S Bar-
nabes day in the moth of June, yf it may be conueniently, and also as often as
the office of the warden of the said colledge shall happen to bo voyde, whether
it be by his departure, or by the reson that he ys discharged vpon occation, or by
death, the reste of the peticanons beinge admonished by the pitensary or some
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 247
other appoyntcd by the warden or senior, for this purpose, shall come together The Warden
into there comon haule, at a certayne day and howre assigned vuto them theare, or Semor-
and they shall precede to the eleccion of a nue master or warden of the said
colledge. And by vertue of there oth shall choose a fitte man for them seines
to he warden, and suche an oon as shalhe meete, bothe in respecte of spiritnall
and temporall thinges. And the choyce of procedinge to this eleccio, to be by
any of thes wayes, as namly, ether by the way of scrutini, or by the way of Scrutini.
compromissary, or by the way of the holy goaste, shall belonge to the greater The greater
and wyser sort of the company. And yf they will precede accordinge to a g",!|ewyser
scrutini, then shall there be ij. or iij. of the fellowes appoynted, wch first o.f all y to jy of ti,0
shall searche and take there owne voices, then orderly and separatly the others fellowes
voyces, the whiche beinge published, he whiche hath both the wiser and greater
number shall forthwith be made master or warden of the said colledge w'hout wiser and
havinge any other solemnitie in the matter, and the the said master or warden ^a ei
shall effectually be vnited or knit to the said office, and shall beare the burthen ^
therof, any excuse of his to the contrary beinge obiected, excepte it be suche
an oon as shall apeare to the fellowes to be both lawfull and manifesto. The
wch warden beinge so elected, and hauinge God before his eyes, shall diligently
endeuer to ordayne, provyde, and performe all and eu'y of thos thinges that
pertayne to the co'mo vtilitite and co'modite of the sayd colledge. Yet notw'h-
standinge imediatly after his election he shall geue his faith to his said bre- hlsfayth.
theme being then and theare present, that he will for his tyme thoroughly kepe fe
and cause to be kept the approved statutes and laudable customes of the said
colledge, and he shall take an accounte publicly and playnly of all and eu'ry
thinge receued and to be receued, founde, geuen, and bequethed to the said
colledge, and shall faythfnlly and withoute gyle make his accounte to the afor-
saide colledge of thos thinges so receued, begininge the same accounte the next
day after S' John the Baptistes day, or with three dayes next and imediatly
folowinge, and so w'hout any delayinge of his account to cotinue it euen vnto «g§
the ende : accordinge to the comon consent of his brethren, or the greater and
discreter parte of them. And he shall receue yearly for his labor of the said
colledge vj9 viijd.
Of the election of the pitansary, and of his office.
23. Morouer it ys ordayned that oon of the said colledge beinge a peticanon
shalbe elected by the warden and the wiser sorte of his bretherne to be pitan-
siary, wch shall geue a corporall othe to the said colledge of his faythf nil dis-
tribution to be made of his thinges to be distributed, and in other thinges
belonginge to his office, that ys to say, funerals, stagiaries, and in other
parseles due vnto vs, as farr forth as he may possibly. And also that he shall
iustly distribute thos portions to eu'y man accordinge to equitie and right. He
shall also be a helpe vnto or warden in lokinge to the paymentes to owr comon
seruantes made by the said warden, for the procuringe of fuell to the comon vse
of or howse, and for the discharginge of all other paymentes to the workmen
brought in and hyred for the reparinge of owr tenementes. And he shall fayth-
248 STATUTES OF THK COLLEGE OF THE MINOR CANONS
fully kepc in his owne custodie oon of the greate registers of all or goodes in
com'on, w'h a ccrtaync litle indenture of the parte, and name, and in the
behalf e of the whole company, receuinge of vs yearly for his labor iijs iiijd, and
of the chamber of the churche as muche.
Of the punishment ofhym that refuseth an office ivhen it ys geuen hy*
ly eleccio1.
24. It ys decreed in lyke sorte, that yf any of the said peticanons after he shalbe
admitted or elected to the office of Mr. or warden, or to be collector of the rentes,
or pitansiary, he doo w'hout resonable cause refuse the same office, and will not
vjs.viijd. £ake Vp0n him tfoe charge therof, he shalbe punished in vj« viijd.
Of the levyinge offorfettes to be payed.
25. ffurthermore it ys agreed vpon, that the warden and pitansiarie with the
stuarde, or oon of them, shall levye or may, shall raise or may, thos aforsaid
forfaytes. forfaites of whosoeu' offendeth, and thos forfaites we will shalbe imployed to
the comons of that wekc, in wch the offence ys comitted, yf the some of that
forfaite excede not iijs iiijd, but yf it doo excede that some, we will and ordayne
forfaytures. then, that the warden receue that forfeture, and make therof a iuste rekninge
in his account. Wch forfeturs aforesaid we will shalbe raised by the hands of
the pitansiary, of the obetts and other distributions payed by hym whatsoeu'
they be : And yf tlies distributions to be reccued by the pitansiary be not
sufficient to answer the forfayts, then we will that recourse be had by the forsaide
warden to his owne benefit. Morouer we ordayne that whosoeu' so offendinge
83P doo shewe hymselfe rebellious, vnwillinge. or obstinate in the payment of this
weif for it is forfeite, shall for the firste weke (after that it apeareth playnly that he ys
worth, froward what tyme payment ys to be made) be punished in vjd, for the seconde
and xx d.' in xijd, and for the thirde in xxd.
Of the calinge together of the peticanons and of the forfaictures for
not coining.
26. Also it ys sett downe to be obserued, that all and euery of the petiecanons
shall come together at a certayne houre into the comon haule, or into sum other
comon and honest place appoyntcd vnto them by the warden, or by the pitanciary
in his name, to a gcneralc councell, as touchinge certayn businesses coccrninge
the forsaid colledge, as often as nede shall rcquyre, vnder the payne of losinge
jiy^and.3 i"Jd ^or t*10 ^rst tyme> f°r tne second disobedience viijd, for the thirde xijd, and
vijj d. and as the falte increaseth, so let the punishment, vntill a laufull and probable
impediment do make a stay therof.
Of the readinge of the statutes.
27. Also it ys ordayned that all and singuler the peticanons aforsaide shall come
together fower tyms, or els twyce, or at the leaste oonce, in eu'y yeare at suche
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 249
tym as the warden shall appojnt to heare the statutes and ordinances redd in
the comon hanle of there said colledge, lest that they excuse them selues hy the
ignorance of the statutes aforsaide : and there they shall be redd distinctly and
playnly hy som' oon of the said colledge appoynted ther unto by the warden,
vnto the wch statutes eu'ry ma shall geue diligent heedc, abstayninge them
selues from dissolutnes in behaviour, as shoflinge with there f eete, vpon payne of
the losse of ijd. ^gj
Of the lendinge of bookes to the said brethren.
28. In lyke maner it ys agreed vpon that yf any of the saide peticanous will NotReade.
borowe any oon booke owt of the com'on librarie, the said borower shall come
vnto the master or warden of the said peticanons, and deliu' unto hym a bill
sealed w'h his owne scale, contayninge both the proper name of the booke, and
his name also that boroweth it, with the tyme therin of the lone therof limited
by the warden, for a testimony of the recept of this booke or bookes in such sorte.
And yf he neglecte this to doo, and will refuse the obseruation of this statute in
this forme, he shalbe punished for the firste bretche of tyme in iiijd, and as the
falte increseth euen so let the punishment.
That no man do take any necessary implemente of owr howse to his
vse, w*h owt leaue.
29. Morouer it ys ordayned that no of the aforenamed peticanons of his owne
auctoritie, and wlhout leaue of the warden or of hym that occupieth. his place,
may take into his chamber, or into any other place, for what cause soeu' it be,
any siluer cuppe, maser, spone, napkins, towelles, nor any other of the mouables,
or may alienate and take them to his owne vse, vnder payne of losinge a peny.
In lyke sorte it ys appoynted, that the said warden shall assigne vnto the bo-
rower a tyme to bringe againe the thinge or thinges borowed, whiche tym yf
he shall not obserue, let hym be punished in iiijd. ft'urthermore it ys also "i'jd.
prouided, that no vessel of necessary use be deliu'ed by the warden to any of
the said societie, or receued of any of them, but vnder a certayne signe or pledge
had betwene the warden or comune seruant and hym that hath borowed the
thinge, because of forgettinge or losinge the same, vnder the payne of forfetinge
the value of them euen in that case as yf they were lost.
Of the restoringe of priuat mens fuell to the comon kitchin.
30. Also it ys agreed vpon that yf any of the aforenamed colledge will haue
ether fleshe, fishe, or any other meates to be sodd, rosted, or baked, in or comon
kitchen for hyin selfe or his frendes besydes the comon course or vsuall seruice
into our haule, whether the same be brought into his house, or elswheare : he
shall fynd fuell of his owne coste, or els pay the same weke to the said warden
for suche fuell after this sorte imployed, accordinge to the good and discrete
estimation of the warden and colledge seruante aforsaid.
250 STATUTES OF THE COLLEGE OF THE MINOB CANONS
Of or comon seruantes.
31. ffurther it ys sett doune to be obserued, that n5 of the said peticanons do
prsumo ether to stryke or to beate the comon seruantes, nether to raise vp
agaynst them often aud vniust thretninges, or iniurious wordes tendinge to stryfe
and contention whereby they or any of them might be caused to leaue his office
of s'vinge, and so by this meanes or commons to be lefte destitut of srvitors,
xii a. vnder payne of losinge xijd: but let hym complayne of them to the warden of the
said colledge, yf they shall happen to displease hym any way.
Of the faithf nines and charge of our owr comon seruantes.
32. In lyke sorte it ys decreed that or comon seruantes in ther first admisisou
by the warden of owr colledge, be straightly bownde and charged, and do promise
vpon there fidelitie that before all other seruice to be rendered to any other man,
they will faithfully serue owr societie, and shall profitably and faithfully kepe
and p'serue or goods that are in there custodie to owr comon profitt and vlitillie,*
they shall also at no tyme reuele owr secrettes to any man, they shall procure as
muche as lyeth in them the profit and commoditie of vs all in com'on, and of
eu'y man pryvatly ; and whatsoeu' euell or pen-ill they shall knowe to drawe
neare vs all, or any oon, they shall owt of hande forwarne vs thereof : nether
shall they violently ryse agayust any of or fellowes, nor lay hande on weapon to
any such end. No, they shall not shute forth any vncumly or vnsemly word
forfaytes ser- agaynst any of vs, vnder the payne of losinge there service, and there wagis
then due vnto them, as often as they shalbe fownde culpable hearin.
wages.
note this.
Of the tresure howse, the chest, and the box for ye two seales, and the
keyes ther of and to ivhome they are to be deliuered.
33. Morou' it ys determined that that chamber next adioyninge to the west
ende of or comon haule be taken and accounted for the tresure house of the said
colledge, the kay of wch the master of the said colledge (whosoeu' he be for the
tyme) shall kepc ; and in the same chamber there shalbe oon chest, locked with
three kayes, wherein the tresure of the said colledge whatsoeu' shalbe layed vpe,
and oon box in whiche the comon scale of the said colledge shalbe kepte ; and
of this chest the pitansiarie shall haue oon kay, and ij other of greater credit
and longer continuance in this fellowship beinge hearunto apoynted by the
warden, shall kepe ij other kayes ; and also to this boxe there shall be three
kayes of the w°h the warden shall kepe oon, and ij other peticanons of trust,
chosen hearvnto by the warden, shall kepe the other ij, nether shall any man of
them geue or deliu' his kay to an other without greate cause, but shall faith-
fully kepe the same hym selfe, nether shall the chest or box be opened at any
tyme but in the p'sence of all the said company.
* Sic, i.e. vtilitie.
IN S. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, LONDON. 251
Of doutes nuly ary singe.
34. ^furthermore it ys to be obserued that Avhen any sinister or doubtfull
thinge shall arise, whereof no mention ys made in the statutes, then shall that be
determined and ended alway by the warden, and by the greater and wiser sorte
of the company, as often as it shalbe nedfull in this matter.
Of the iunior cardinale.
35. Note that it ys and hath byn a custome alway, yea, euen tyme oute of
mynde, that the iunior cardinale in the cathedrale churche of St. Paufe in
london for that tyme beinge doo continually visit the sicke as the rnaner ys, and
minister the sacramentes vnto them, as often as shalbe nedfull, whether it be in
his weke or no.
Of the dispensation w*h the Amner.
36. In lyke maner it ys to be noted that in the yeare of or lorde 1521 John'
Palmer mr or warden, and all the reste of the fellowes of this colledge then
beinge, w'h oon consente for them selues and there successors haue dispensed
w'h Thomas Hikeman peticanon and amner,* that he beinge heare whole cominer,
shall haue oon honest prest althoughe a stranger (beinge alowed, or approued
of the warden, and greater part of the company) heare emonge the peticanons
dayly at ther table as a cominer, in his absence, and that for eu', euen as longe
as he shalbe Amner, and to his comoditie as muche as may be agreed vpon
emonge them. And it ys graunted and concluded in the same councell, that all
and euery peticanon wch shalbe Amneur hearafter, shall haue and enioy the
same privilege and dispensacion, no statutes and ordinances of this colledge,
whatsoeu' they be, made to the contrary hinderinge.
Of rentes, or reuenues gene1 vnto vs by Mr. GotK'm.
37. Also it ys to be remembred, and noted, that in the yeare of our lord 1519
John' Gotham somtyme peticanon and senior cardinale gaue to this colledge
ij yearly rentes, to be quietly enioyed for eu', the oon of xxvj8 viijd to be payed
yearly by the master and wardens of the craf te of pewterrers in london at iiij
tearmes of the yeare ; and an other of xxsf payed yearly by the master and
wardens of the crafte of habberdasshers at ij feastes of the yeare, as apereth
more largly in ij rowles made for the same purpose, and sealed with the comon
scales of thos craftes or artes, and morouer layed vp and kept in the tresury of
this colledge ; and many other good giftes hath he godlyly bestowed vpon this
colledge as apereth in a certayne table hanginge in the buttery made therfore.
* Amner, i.e. Almoner.
f Originally, xxj s. viij d. had been inserted here, as in the Latin, but this is
altered in the English translation to xx s.
252 STATUTES OF MINOR CANONS IN S. PAUI/S CATHEDRAL.
Of nue furniture for the haule.
38. In lyke sort it ys to be noted that in the yeare of owr lord 1520 Roberte
Aslyn peticanon and subdeane, at his owne proper costes and charges, hath
bought and geuen to this colledge that nue furniture whiche hange and shold
hange for the somer tyme in or comon haule, beingc wouen and made of tapistry
workc distinguished w'h spaces of redd and whyte,* w'h flowers, beastes, and
birdes.
* The Latin is," " intexta ct facta de opere tapstrio intersticiis et spaciis
rubris et albis distincta cum floribus ct bestiis et avibus."
FINIS.
NOTES ON THE CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN
HADLEY.*
" BY THE REV. FREDERICK CHARLES CASS, M.A. RECTOR.
Hadley, or Monken Hadley, says Lysons, derives its name from the
Saxon Head leagh, or high place, and its title to this designation must
be apparent at first sight. It formed originally a narrow strip of
land on the confines of the Royal Chace of Enfield, running nearly
east and west, and converging almost into a point at Cockfosters, with
its greatest breadth at the opposite, or western, extremity. Prior
to the inclosure of the Chace in 1777, it contained, according to the
same authority, about 340 acres, to which were added 240 acres of
Chace land, at the period of that inclosure, making together 580.
The recent Ordnance Survey, however, gives rather over 641 acres
for the area of the parish.
Geoffrey de Mandeville, or Magnaville, a companion in arms of the
Conqueror, was enriched with divers fair lordships in several counties,
having seven in Middlesex, whereof Enfield was one. In the grant
made by his grandson Geoffrey, first Earl of Essex, in 1136, to the
Abbey of Walden, Hadley is included under the name of the Her-
mitage of Hadley. In the charter of foundation to the Benedictine
monks of that house, it runs :
" Gaufridus de Magnavilla comes Egsexise. ..... Ad universitatis vestre
noticiam volo pervenire me fundasse quoddam monasterium in usus monachorum
apud Waldenam ; in honore Dei, et sanctse Marias, et beati Jacobi apostoli,
quibus devote contuli scilicet ecclesiam de Enefelda, ecclesiam de Edel-
inetona, ecclesiam de MYMMES, ecclesiam de Senleya Concede autem
eis et confirmo heremitagium de Hadleya cum omnibus ad eundem locum per-
tinentibus, introitum, et exitum, et communem pasturam pecoribus eorum in
parco meo, in quo heremitagium illud situm est, &c."f
It would appear, therefore, that, at this early date, the hermitage
was within the limits of the park or chace of Enfield. Newcourt
(Repertorium, i. p. 621) thus remarks upon the passage:
" So that probably this Church of Hadley was at first but a Chappel to that
Hermitage ; or, if it was in those times a Parish Church, yet it was in the Donation
of the Abbot and Monks of Walden."
* In arranging these notes, I have endeavoured to confine them, as much as
possible, to matter not contained in Lysons' Environs of London. This will
explain their imperfect and fragmentary character. In Lysons will be found a
connected account of Hadley.— F.C.C. f Mon. Angl. vol. iv. p. 133.
VOL. IV. S
254 NOTES ON THE
A house near the church, known as the Priory, possesses tra-
ditionally an ecclesiastical origin, but there is nothing in the shape of
direct evidence to support the tradition.
The founder's grant was confirmed by King Stephen, and sub-
sequently by Henry II. In the latter document Hadley is not
specified by name, but the churches of Edmonton, Enfield, Mimmes,
Shenley and others are mentioned, " cum capellis et decimis et om-
nibus pertinentiis earum." * In an ancient Chartulary in the British
Museum, written under the direction of Abbot Pentelowe, A.D. 1387,
the church of Hadley is named among the possessions of Walden
Abbey. This Chartulary contains a charter from Eoger, Bishop of
London, circ. 1235, (Roger Niger was consecrated Bishop of London
June 10, 1229, f and died 1241,) wherein the church of Hadley is ex-
pressly enumerated with those bestowed on the monks by their
founder. Lysons, it is true, states that the earliest notice of Hadley
as a parish is in the year 1327, when the church \ was rated at four
marks : " Eccl'ia de Hadle app'ata Abb' de Waleden iiij mrc'; " but
the Ecclesiastical Topography objects that " the MS. which Mr.
Lysons quotes is little more than a transcript of Pope Nicholas's
Taxation A.D. 1291:"
Taxatio Ecclesiastica P. Nicholai IV. A.D. 1291. §
Abb. de Walden. £ *. d.
Midd. — Bona Abbatis de Waleden in Hadle de terr. redd, silva cadua
etfcetu . . . . . . 3 10 7
Notwithstanding, shortly afterwards, we find the following record
in regard to the relations subsisting between the abbey of Walden and
the village of Hadley :
Plac. dom. Regis de Quo Waranto coram Justiciariis itinerantibus apud Crucem
lapideam in com. Middlesex anno r. r. Edwardi filii Kegis Henrici vicesimo
secundo.||
Abbas de Waldene sum. fuit ad respondend. domino regi de placito quo
waranto clam, habere visum franci plegii et ea quse ad visum pertinent, emend.
assisse panis et cervisiai fractas, in Enefeld, Edelme'ton, Mymmes, et Hadleye,
de hominibus suis in prtedictis villis, &c.
* Mon. Angl. vol. iv. p. 133.
f Le Neve, Fast. Eccl. Angl. p. 177.
% Harl. MSS. No. 60, f. 28 ; Woodburn's Eccl. Top.
§ Mon. Angl. vol. iv. p. 133.
|| Mon. Angl. vol. iv. p. 153 ; ex orig. in Domo Capituli Westm. asservato.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 255
Et abbas per attorn, suum venit et dicit quod ipse et omnes prsedecessores sui
a tempore quo non extat memoria habuerunt predictas libertates in praedictis
villis et eis usi sunt sine interruptione. Et de hoc pon. se super patriam. Ideo
inquiratur. Postea venit attorn, przedicti Abbatis et dicit quod ipse nullas clamat
libertates in praedictis villis de Edelme'ton, Mymmes, et Hadleye, nisi in praedicta
villa de Enefeld tantum. Ideo rem regi. Et idem abbas in misericordia quia
prius illas clamat. Et quo ad prasdictam villam de Enefeld prasdictus abbas
clam, omnes prasdictas libertates in forma praedicta, &c.
Juratores ad hoc electi dicunt super sacramentum suum quod praedictus
abbas, &c.
The next occasion on which Hadley appears in history has to do
with the affairs of the neighbouring parish of Ridge in Hertfordshire.
In 1462, on July 3, the vicarage of Rugge (Ridge) was conferred on
Mr. James Waleys, chaplain, at the instance of Henry Frowyk, esq.
and this reason is given : " Because the late vicar, John Bernard, had
been indicted by the parishioners of Hadley, in the county of
Middlesex, for certain deep treasons and felonies, on which account
he had taken flight and absented himself from the place " * At a
subsequent date, temp. Henry VIII. Hadley is said to have been a
hamlet of Edmonton, f In the abstract of Valuation of Walden
Monastery taken in this reign, we find : J
Temporalia in com. Midd.
£ s. d.
Midd. Hadley . . . Manerium . . 2 10 4
London . . . Domus et ten. . .934
Spiritualia.
Edelmeton . . Eectoria . . . 20 3 0
Enfeld . , . Rectoria . . . 28 0 0
Southmymmys . . Rectoria . . .700
The living has always been a Donative, — in the gift, that is, or
donation of the patron, without institution and induction; and,
until the dissolution of the monasteries, the cure was supplied from
time to time by such as were authorised thereunto by the abbots and
monks of Walden. For a long period after the dissolution the
patronage appears to have belonged to the lords of the manor.
Owing to this circumstance the succession of incumbents is very
* Woodbnrn's Eccl. Top. Ridge. Newcome's Hist, of St. Alban's, p. 385.
Clutterbuck, vol. i. art. Ridge. MSS. Rawlinson 332, f. 3, 6, Bodleian Library,
f Pat. 30 Hen. VIII. pt. 5, May 14.
J Mon. Angl. ex orig. in Domo Capituli Westm. asservato.
256 NOTES ON THE
imperfect. In the absence of institution and induction their appoint-
ments find no place in episcopal records, whilst, owing perhaps to the
vicinity of London, property so frequently changed owners, that the
lay, no less than the ecclesiastical, history of the parish is somewhat
meagre.*
At the Dissolution, the manor was granted in 1540 to Thomas,
Lord Audley, who four years later surrendered it to the King. In
1557 Queen Mary granted it to Sir Thomas Pope. In 1574 it was
alienated by Eobert Staunford or Stamford to William Kympton.
This Robert Stamford was son and heir of Sir William Stamford,
knt. and Alice his wife, who in 1553 and 1558 were f successively
patrons of South Myms. On Aug. 5, 1580, William Kympton
(described, in a grant of arms made J to him April 3, 1574, as " Lorde
of Monken Hadley, and now alderman of the Citie of London,")
" gave this Church, by the name of a Free Chappel, and pleno jure of
his Donation, to Bernard Carrier, clerk, during the life of him the said
William, if he the said Bernard should live so long, upon these Con-
ditions, viz. that he should bear Fealty to him the said William ; that
he should demean himself well in his Life and Conversation ; that he
should perform Divine Offices and administer the Sacraments as he
ought; that he should keep the Chancel in Repair and pay xxvj s. viij d.
to the said William and his Heirs according to Custom, out of which
the said William was to pay back vj s. viij d. for his Tyths according
to like Custom." f In 1582 we find the above William Kympton dis-
posing of the manor to Ralph Woodcock and Simon Hayes, in the
family of which latter it is said to have continued down to 1684.§
Perhaps the oldest site of a residence in this parish is the house
now called Ludgrove, formerly the manor or manor-farm of Ludgraves.
* The patronage of the living was annexed to the manor till the year 1786
(Lysons), when the advowson was purchased (September 14) by William Baker,
Esq. of Bayfordbury, Herts, of John Pinney, Esq. of Blackdown, in the parish
of Broadwindsor, Dorsetshire. It passed in the year 1827 to the Kev. J. R.
Thackeray, then rector, and afterwards in 1846 to the Rev. G. Proctor, D.D. by
whom it was sold Nov. 26, 1857 to Frederick Cass, Esq. of Little Grove, East
Barnet, Hertfordshire, from whom it descended, at his death in 1861 to the Rev.
Frederick Charles Cass, the present rector.
f Newcourt.
t By Robert Cooke, Clarencenx. Azure, a pelican between three fleurs-de-lis
or. Crest: A demi-goat ermine, horned and hoofed or, collared and chained
sable. § Lysons.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 257
It stands upon the rise of the hill, on the further side of the valley, in
ascending to Cockfosters, and probably derived its name from William
Lyghtgrave — according to a very usual process of Hertfordshire
nomenclature — who, in 1423, conveyed to William Somercotes, Thomas
Frowyke, and others a messuage, 120 acres of land, 80 of meadow,
and 80 of wood in Hadley.* Norden, writing in 1598, describes
Ludgraves as " a very faire house scytuate in a valley neere Enfelyde
Chace, belonging unto ." On a small brass, upon the
south transept wall — the oldest memorial in the church — is inscribed,
Hie jacet Philippus Grene filius Walter! Grene armigeri et Elizabeth' ux'is
ei' et Margarita soror eiusdm Philippi ac Margarita Somercotes q' obierut xvi°
die mens' Septembris A° d'ni M°,CCCC°,xlii° quor' anima's ppiciet' de' ami.
In a list of the gentry of Middlesex nine years f previously,
12 Hen. VI. occur the names of Thomas Frowyk and Walter Grene. J
It is likely that very few of the brasses inserted in the pavement of the
church occupy their original positions. When the church was restored
in 1848, under Mr. Street's superintendence, several of them, which
had been preserved in a closet at the rectory, were replaced in the
church as they appear now.
The Church, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, was formerly on
the extreme verge of the parish, the Chace fence having skirted the
present rectory garden, even if it did not come up to the churchyard
itself. It is built in the form of a Latin cross, and consists of a square
embattled tower, with a turret at the south-west angle, of a nave with
two side aisles, north and south transepts, and a chancel. The area
of the building was extended laterally in 1848 by throwing back
the north and south walls of the aisles about eighteen inches in
either direction. A vestry was added at the same time. The south
porch was rebuilt in 1855 by the Rev. George Proctor, D.D., then
rector, in memory of his only son, the Rev. George Henry Proctor,
M.A , of Balliol College, Oxford, one of the chaplains in the Crimea,
who died at Scutari, March 10 of that year.
* Cl. 1 Hen. VI. m. 15, 16.
f Robinson's Hist, of Enfield, pp. 174-5.
J At the east end of the north aisle, against the north wall, is a table-tomb to
the memory of Walter Grene, esq. who died anno 14 — . On the top is a figure
of the deceased in armour, with a griffin at his feet. I suppose the east end of
this aisle to have been a chapel founded by Walter Grene, whose family were
proprietors of Hayes Park, to which estate this part of the aisle still belongs.
Arms: A chevron between three bucks. Lysons, ii. p. 594, art. Hayes.
258 NOTES ON THE
Concerning the cresset or beacon upon the tower-turret, which is
regarded by the parishioners much as the crane on their cathedral
by the good people of Cologne, Lord Lytton remarked at the British
Archaeological Association's Congress held in 1869 at St. Alban's,
when he was President :
" On the summit of St. Mary's tower at Hadley was still to be seen the lantern
which, according to tradition, lighted the forces of Edward IV. through the
dense fog, which the superstition of the time believed to have been raised by
the incantation of Friar Bungay, and through the veil of that fog was fought
the battle of Barnet, where the power of the great feudal barons expired with
Warwick."
The battle of Barnet was fought on April 14, 1471, being Easter-
day, whereas, on the western face of the tower, we have the date
1494,* with the device of a rose and a wing. The same device is met
with over the arches of the nave at Enfield church, and is conjectured
to have been a rebus upon the name of one of the abbots of Walden,
to whom that church, as well as Hadley, belonged. Camden f
assumes that Hadley Church was the chapel erected, where the
hermitage stood, by Edward IV., to pray for the souls of the slain,
and builds his supposition upon the aforesaid date. This, however,
is manifestly erroneous, both on account of the evidences of a church
existing here previously, and also because we have the testimony of
John Stowe,:}: towards the close of the following century, that the slain
" were buried on the same plaine, halfe a mile from Barnet, where
after a chappell was builded in memory of them, but it is now a
dwelling house, the top quarters remain yet." Stowe, moreover, refers,
as to an authority, to John Kastall, whose ' Pastime of People '
was published in 1529, that is to say, within sixty years after the
great battle. The tower may accordingly have been either rebuilt
or repaired at that period. The beacon was blown down by a high
wind on Jan. 1, 1779, § and on Monday the llth of the same month
a Vestry meeting was convened to consider about the repairs of the
roof of the church ; but there is no special mention of the beacon.
From the Life of Crabbe, the poet, it seems that on this same 1st of
Jan. 1779 there was a violent spring tide at Aldeburgh in Suffolk,
* See woodcut at the end.
f Gough's Camden, I. p. 350.
j The Annals of John Stowe, p. 423, ed. 1615. Weever, Fun. Mon. p. 704.
§ Lysons,
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONREN HADLEY. 259
THE OLD BEACON ON THE TOWER OF MONKEN HADLEY CHURCH.*
(South face of Tower.)
* This woodcut with the other illustrations to the paper has been prepared from
drawings recently made by Miss Vignette Howe.
260
NOTES ON THE
when eleven houses were at once demolished by the waves.* The
beacon was last lighted on the night of the Prince of Wales' marriage,
March 10, 1863, when it was picturesquely illuminated with coloured
lights.
The family of Goodere or Goodyerf appears to have occupied a
position of great importance in Hadley and its neighbourhood for
several generations. Their crest, a partridge, holding in the beak an
ear of wheat, is still visible at the top of the piers supporting the
chancel arch. The same cognizance is observed in the stained glass
of the north transept window, which is likewise remarkable for the
interlaced ears of wheat, interspersed with the name of Goodere. It
is most likely that this family took a prominent share in some
restoration of the church during their connection with the parish,—
even if the existing structure, of which the sculpture on the tower
records the date, does not owe its origin to their munificence. An
* Crabbe's Life, by his son, ed. 1855, p. 9.
t See PEDIGREE, p. 262.
PEDIGREE OF FROWYKE OR FROW
(Compiled from Chauncy's Hertfordshire, ii. 312, 438, &c. ; Clutterbuck's
Lysons' Environs of London, p. 225 ; Fuller's Worthies, Middlesex ; "V
f. 130 ; Harl. MS. 1154, f. 176, 177 ; Harl. MS. 6072, f. 12.)
Thomas Frowicke of Old Fold
Henry Frowicke of Old Fold
Reginald Frowicke
Henry Frowicke of Old Fold
Thomas Frowicke
Henry Frowicke.=^Alice, dau. and heir of Richard Cornwall o£
Willesden, co. Middlesex, by Jane, dau.
I and heir of Henry Glocester, of Finchley.
r
Thomas Frowicke of Old Fold=
temp. 9 Hen. IV. A.D. 1408,
d. Feb. 17, 1448, and buried
at South Myms.
=Elizabeth, dau. and
heir of William Ashe
of Newberries,temp.
Hen. V.
Sir Henry Frowicke,=plsabella.
knt. Lord Mayor of
London A.D. 1444.
Henry, An
of Can
Founder
Souls.
Henry =pEleanor, dau. of Sir
Frowicke. | Thomas Lewknor,
knt.
•T
Thomas Frowicke, Alderman of London ,=r=Joan, dau. and Wil
of Gunnersbury and Finchley, died | heir of John of
1485, and buried at Ealing.
ion,-!-,
lied
Sturgeon.
14
Thomas Frowieke=pJane, dau. Alice.^ John Elii
of Old Fold,
3
of Thomas
Goodere
Edw. IV. A
D.
Throg-
of Had-
1461.
m or ton.
1 ley.
.1
Elizabeth.^Sir Thomas
Hawlt or
Hawte.
Henry Frowicke,^=Anne, dau. and
5 Hen. VII. A.D. I heir of Robert
1490. Knolles of
I North Myms.
Thomas ^Maryjdau. Isabella, m
Frowicke, of Sir
died s.p. William
Sands.
Sir Henry Frowicke',=p.
inherited Gunners-
bury ; died 1505,
and bur. at Ealing.
Thomas Goodere^Jane
died 1518, bur. | Hawte.
at Hadley.
Elizabeth,=Sir John Spilm;
dau. and man, of Narl
coheir. Norfolk, Jud
King's Bench.
Thomas beth,
Bedlowe dau.
of Lon- and
don. coheir.
son of Sir
Humphry
Coningsby,
knt. c
esq. of North Goodere,
Myms, 2nd esq. died
husband. 1 Edw.
VI.
dau. 1 5
and his
coheir. 15
1 I
Sir Henry Coningsby of North
Myms, Sheriff of Herts 1569,
died 1593.
i r '" ~
Sir Henry Goodere, knt. Ralph May
setat. 13 at death of hia 1613, aet.
father. Abbey.
a According to Chauncy and Clutterbuck Thomas Knolles married Margery, widow of Jot
Chichele, Chamberlain of London.
KE, AND OTHER ALLIED FAMILIES.
story of Herts, i. 133, 217, 476; ii. 368, &c.; Norden's Spec. Brit. p. 20;
over's Fun. Mon. ; B. Buckler's Stemmata Chicheleana ; Harl. MS. UK)',
dau. of John Adrian, son and heir of John Adrian, of Brockham, co. Surrey.
sabel
Margaret, dau. and heir of William Pountz.
rlargaret, dau. and heir of Roger Derham.
lomas Charl-
second
usband.
Thomas Chichele of Higham===Agnes, dau.
Ferrers, co. Northampton,
d. Feb. 25, 1400.
of William
Pyncheon.
shop
Sir Robert
1 — '
William, alderman=pBeatrix,
>ury,
Chiehele,
and grocer, sheriff
dau. of
All
knt. Lord
1410, died 1425.
William
Mayor.
Barret.
Chichele, Archdeacon
terbury, died at Rome
John Chichele, Cham-===Margery.a
berlain of London. ^
24 children.
Thomas Knolles, grocer=pjoan. They lived
and alderman, twice I together 60 years,
Lord Mayor, 1 Hen. and had 19child-
IV. and 12 Hen. IV. ren.
Thomas Knolles, died Feb. 8,===Isabel.
1445, and buried at St. An-
tholin's, London.
, dau.
lomas
ivers
xford.
or Spel-
igh, co.
of the
Sir Thomas Frowicke, knt 2nd son born aepJoan Robert =f Elizabeth, dau. and heir
5S VT? /H ustlce of Common Pleas 18 Bard- Knolles, of William Troutbeck,
?* T! i'™« 7T ™A d F™ch1,^' died ville- of North of Cheshire, d. Nov. 28
Oct. 17, 1506, and buried at Fmchley. Myms. 1458
Frideswide, Sir Ralph Rowlat, knt. Master=
married of the Mint to Hen. VIII.
Thomas Sheriff of Herts 1542; died
Cheyney. March 4, 34 Hen. VIII.
I 1
~l
-Elizabeth, dau. Anne Knolles,
and heir of mar. Henry
Knight, Frowicke of
of Shropshire. Weley.
knt.
Etat. 30 at death of
Sheriff of Herts
Knight of the Shire,
VI.
and coheir,
1st wife, d.
1547.
' dau'=rj°h
of St. Alban's and
Essex, died Oct.
20, 1556, and bur.
at St. Michael's.
> esq.=j=Dorothy, dau. Joan,=Ralph Jennings,
* '
of Robert
Perrott, esq.
and widow of
John Bridge.
dau.
and
co-
heir.
from whom de-
scended Sarah,
Duchess of
Marlborough.
, esq. died Jan. 14,=
juried in St.Alban's
=Margery Scale, died
1619.
Sir Henry Maynard, knt,
father of William 1st
Lord Maynard.
Sir John Spelman was grandfather of Sir Henry, the antiquary
Humphry Coningsby, who died 1551, was one of the Judges of the King's Bench.
< s
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CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HAULEY. 261
inscription upon a brass on the floor of the north transept runs
thus :
Hie jacet Johes Goodeyere, gentilman, et Johanna uxor eius, qui quidem
Johes obiit v° die August', A° Dni M°. CCCCC°IIII. quor aiabs ppiciet' deu'.
Amen.
Over the inscription are two escutcheons, one of which, Gu. a fesse
between two chev. vaire", is that of the Goodyers. The other is, ....
a fesse , . . . between three lions passant .... Weever says that in
his time* there was an inscription, partially erased, " Of yowr
pray .... soul of John Goodyere, esquyer and Jone his wyflf, which
died 1504, whos sowls ....;" but these are the same
names and date as the preceding. A John Goodere of Hadley mai-ried,
probably about the middle of the fifteenth century, Alice, daughter
of Henry Frowick. The Frowicks were a family of great repute, and
lived at the Old Fold, on the edge of Hadley Green, — a moated manor-
house in the parish of South Myms. The Frowick chantry and some
brasses of that family are among the most interesting memorials in
the church of South Myms. When Nicholas Charles, Lancaster f
herald, visited Hadley church in 1610, he found the armorial bearings
of John Goodyer, died 1507, John Goodyer, died 1513, and Thomas J
Goody er died 1518. A brass on the wall of the north transept is
likewise in memory of a member of the Goodyer family. The in-
scription is to Anne Walkeden, whose maiden name apparently was
Goodyer, and who died in 1575, but the escutcheons have dis-
* Weever Fun. Mon. p. 533, published 1631.
t In Lansdowne MS. 874, f. 100, he gives the arms of " Goodere of St.
Alban's," a shield of nine quarterings : 1. Goodere, Gules, a fesse betw. two
chev. vaire ; 2. (?) Thornbury, Per fesse or and arg. a lion ramp, az.; 3. JBrent,
Gu. a wyvern displ. arg.; 4. Rotvlat, Gu. on a chev. betw. two chevronels arg.
three lions ramp, of the field ; 5. Knight, Or, three pales gu. within a bordure
engr. az. on a canton of the second a spur of the first ; 6. Forster, Quarterly per
fesse indented or and gu. in first and fourth quarters a bugle-horn stringed of the
last ; 7. (?) Peacock, Az. three peacock's heads eras. arg. beaked or; 8. Gould-
smith, Gu. on a fesse betw. three goldfinches or as many fleurs-de-lis az. ; 9. Jaye,
Az. a lion ramp, and a canton or, within a bordure engr. gu. Nich. Charles was
appointed Lancaster Herald in 1608, and died in 1613.
% The armorial bearings of Thomas Goodyer were two shields, the first
having the arms of Goodyer and the second those of Hawlt or Hawte, in virtue
of his wife Jane, daughter of Sir Thomas Hawlt, Or, a cross engr. gu. Lans-
downe MS. 874.
262
NOTES ON THE
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S. 1196, f. 225 ; Harl. MS. Ill
=Ann, eldest dau. and coheir of
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CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY.
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264 NOTES ON THE
appeared.* One Geffrey Walkeden held lands in Tottenham between
1581—94:
Loo here the sexe of wemenkynd,
A perfitt patterne you may vewe,
Of one that was (whilst that she was)
A matrone mild, a mirrour trewe :
ANNE WALKEDEN, a faythful wife,
discend of GOODERE'S auncyent race,
Who hath so ronne her earthlye course,
That she hath wonne her goole of grace.
One lovde of all, but loved best
Of God, wth whom her soule doth rest.
Buried the x of december, M.CCCCC.LXXV.
There are two pedigrees of the Goodere family in the British
Museum, the more f complete of which fully justifies the foregoing
allusion to the antiquity of the race. The shorter J — and it is very
short — only differs from the other in supplying the name of Frances,
daughter of Hugh Lowther, as the wife of Sir Henry Goodere. They
together establish the close connection of the Gooderes with Hadley,
during at least six descents ; that is to say, from Richard (living
presumably temp. Rich. II. and Henry IV.), who married Joan Thorn-
bury, to Francis, whose wife was one of the sisters and coheiresses of
the younger Sir Ralph Rowlat of St. Alban's.
About the close of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth
century there is evidence that the family had become separated into
two or three distinct branches. Letters written by some of its
members are preserved in the British Museum ; § and one of these,|
addressed by Sir H. Goodere to Mr. Serjeant Puckering, (afterwards
Lord Keeper, who died suddenly ^[ in 1596,) contains such excellent
advice that it seems worthy of being recorded :
Mr. Seriante:
I am gladd of yor good agreemente wth poore Richarde Brooke ; and I
will willinglye attende you to my Lo: Thresorer, whensoever hys Lo: helthe
* Since the visit of the Archaeological Society to Hadley, I have recovered
one of these escutcheons, bearing the Goodyer arms. The other, which doubtless
bore the Walkeden coat, is, I fear, hopelessly lost. This coat I find to have been
(Harl. MSS. 6072) Arg. a chev. engr. between three griffin's heads erased az.
on a chief of the last an anchor or, between two bezants.
t Harl. MS. 1196, f. 225. J Harl. MS. 1110, f. 130.
§ Harl. MS. 6995. Harl. MS. 7002. Cotton MS. Cal. C. I. f. 387. Cotton
MS. Galba, C. viii. f. 43. Cotton MS. Jul. C. III. f. 178, f. 179.
|| Harl. MS. 6995.
T Lodge's Portraits, vol. ii. art. Thomas Egerton, Viscount Brackley.
CHUECH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADlTEY. 265
and yor Leysure may beste serve. I wolde willinglye also; that you and Mr.
Dabridgecourte weare good frendes; as you are neighboures and Coontrymen:
Tbe worste peace; almoste, y* might be amongeste gentyllmen of yor condicon:
woolde be better for you bothe; then the beste warre; yo° can make : (in my
poore iudgmente :) If thear be any6 matter of offence eyther gy ven ; or taken
betwene you referr it to some of yor good frendes; and so stoppe the beginninges
of ill neighbourhed. I thancke you for my self e ; I am gladd to heare, y* yor
eldeste daughter shall coom into my kynred, younge Mr. Poole is my nere
kynseman, by his mother. God sende you all good coomforte of ye matche;
and so save you hartelye well; wth my frendlyest comendacons (good Mr.
Seriante) .
From my lodginge; in ye Strande this iith of Februarye 1590.
Yor lovinge and assured frende,
To the righte woorshipfull and my verye good
frende; Mr. Seriante Puckeringe.
It would likewise appear that there were three members of the
family at this period who bore the Christian name of Hemy. Not
only does the pedigree show this, but an undated letter * is likewise
extant from Henry Goodere to Sir Henry Goodere, in a postscript to
which mention is made of another Sir Henry Goodere. The last-
named is described as of Newgate Street ; and it may be a question
whether this refers to the thoroughfare so designated in the City of
London, or to Newgate Street in Hertfordshire, between Northaw and
Hatfield. Independently of its family allusions, the letter is an
interesting one :
Sir,
I intreated Sr Henry Ransf owrth f to intreate you to desire doctor Goodere
for yor sake (whome I knowe hee much esteemes) to doe mee the kyndnes to setle
mee in sum place neere unto him, because the place wheere hee doth reside by
reason of the far remotenes fro London is very cheape, and to bring upp won
* Cotton MS. Cal. C. I. f. 387. Transacta inter Angliam et Scotiam, A.D.
1567—1569. f See Goodere Pedigree.
266 NOTES ON THE
of my suns (for the lord hath blessed mee wth three, wch I hope will all prove
learned) and theyre godly and virtuose educatio is my greatest earthlye care.
I meane I woulde have my sun wayt uppo him in his chamber that hee may
reade unto him, for I knowe him to bee a great scholler, and I harde him doe
sum of his exercises at his comencement wth a generall and great applause (Sr)
I assure myself that for God's cause and for or name and bloodsake you will
never be unwilling to furder the p'ferment of my poore boyes wch, by God's
gratiose assistance, may live to emulate, if not equall, those three worthy and
learned gentlemen, theyre granfather and great-uncles, whose excellent worth
and desert hath justly obtayned a perpetuall memorye to or poore house and
name, thus beseeching the giver of all goodnes to blesse you both in yr present
sute, and all other yr indevors wth my service to yorself and devot respecks to
all yo1'8 1 ever remayne yor poore kinsman but most assured frynd,
I was boolde to wryte unto yo beccause I have been often at yor lodging and
never founde you w'hin but wonce, when I had noe opportunetye to speake wth
you I beseech you wryte ye letter to Dr. Goodere wth all possible speede, and leave
it at yor lodging that I may have it theere allthough I misse of you, for (God
willing) I meane to goe unto him very shortelye. I met Sir Henry Goodere
of Newgate Streete on Wednesday last wch desired mee to remember his kyndest
love to yon and yo™, for hee had noe tyme to cum and see you, wch hee was
very desirose to have dun.
To the Eyght wor" and his worthy kinsman Sr Henry
Goodere deliver this wth speede.
The signatures to the foregoing letters are apparently in the same
handwriting, as also the subscription to another,* dated Feb. 25, 1585,
(about money for the payment of troops,) and written " To his
excellencie the Earle of Leycester, Generall of her Mat8 army and
govrnor of all the United Provinces. At his courte." Sir Henry
Goodere, the elder, of Polesworth, was knighted before Zutphen 5 Oct.
1586. He is mentioned in 1587 as " Capteyn in command of 150
men forming one of the companies of extraordinary footbandes sent for
* Cotton MS. Galba, C. viii. f. 43. Acta inter Angliam et Belgium 1585.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 267
the reliefe of Sluce." He had previously undergone imprisonment on
account of Mary Queen of Scots.
Besides these are three short letters,* in a different hand, and
addressed all of them to Sir Robert Cotton, f Two of them have
the day of the month, but not the year. The writer is the younger
Sir Henry Goodere of Polesworth, who was Gentleman of the Privy
Chamber to James I. He was the friend and correspondent of Dr.
Donne, whom he predeceased. (Dr. Donne died in 1631.) From him
the Polesworth estate descended to the Nethersoles, and from them
passed to the Biddulphs. There is extant a letter from him to King
Charles I. dated May 13, 1626. J
There was formerly an inscription in the church at Hatfield, Hertford-
shire, to a Sir Henry Goodere, but it is difficult, on account of his mar-
riage, to identify him with either of those mentioned in the pedigree. §
Here lyeth the body of Sir Henry Goodere, descended of an antient and worthy
family in the County of Middlesex, with Dame Mary his wife, daughter and heir
of John Rumhall, Gent, who lived together in chaste wedlock 53 yeares, by
whom he had issue 7 sonns and 7 daughters, whereof 2 sons, Francis and
Thomas, and 4 daughters, Ann, Judith, Ursula, and Lucy, survived him. He
deceased the 12th day of June, anno D'ni 1629, in the 78th year of his age.
Shee deceased the 9th of Aprill, anno D'ni 1628, in the year of her age.
Weever,|| under the head of Hadley, and following immediately
upon John Goodyere's epitaph already given (p. 10), quotes a
Tetrastich made in honour of Sir Henry Goodyer, of Polesworth, by
* Cotton MS. Jul. C. in. f. 178, 179. Harl. MS. 7002, f. 117.
t The letters are addressed " To my very noble frend Sir Ro: Cotton, kt. and
barronet." Sir K. Cotton was made a baronet June 29, 1611, and died May 6,
1631, in his 62nd year, thus fixing the date of the letters within this interval.
J State Papers, Domestic, vol. xxxiii. No. 100.
§ Clutterbuck, ii. p. 368, Chauncy, ii. 18. No trace of this memorial remains.
|| Fun. Mon. p. 533.
268 NOTES ON THE
" an affectionate friend," but inserts no date, and leaves the place of
burial uncertain :
" An ill yeare of a Goodyer vs bereft
Who gon to God, much lacke of him here left,
Full of good gifts, of body and of minde,
Wise, comely, learned, eloquent, and kinde."
Edward Goodere, Esq. of Burhope in Herefordshire (son of John
Goodere of Burhope, and grandson of Francis Goodere of Hereford,
whose father was Thomas Goodere of Leyntall Stocks, co. Hereford)
was created a Baronet in 1707. The history of this baronetcy is a
tragical one. It expired in 1776 with Sir John Dinely Goodere, the
fifth baronet. I have been unable to learn whether any, or what,
connection existed between this family and the Gooderes of Hadley.
An ancient brass in the south transept bears the inscription:
Hie jacet Walterus Tornor et Agnes uxor eius qui quidm Walterus obiit xiii.
die mensis Januarii anno domini millio CCCCLXXXim quorum animabus ppici-
etur deus. Ame.
And beneath the effigies :
Hie jacent Willms Turnour et Johna uxor eius qui quidam Willms obiit iii°
die mensis Novembris a° dni M°v° et praedicta Johna obiit die a°
dni M° quoin aiabs ppiciet' de'.
The spaces left in blank have never been filled up with the dates,
and the hiatus reminds one of the comment made by Horace Walpole *
upon a memorial to a lady of the Frowick family :
I do not wish to have an opportunity of expressing myself like
a tender husband, of whom I have just been reading in Lysons,f who set up a
tomb for his wife with this epitaph: 'Joan le Feme Thomas de Frowicke gist
icy, et le dit Thomas pense de giser avecque luy.'
The two remaining brasses in the church, on either side of the
Communion-table, relate to a family of the name of Gale:
1. Here lyeth the bodye of William Gale, Citizen and Barber Chyrurgion of
London, who dyed the xix. daye of November, 1610, then being ye second tyme
Master of his Company. He had two wives, Elizabeth and Suzan, and had issue
by Elizabeth, v. sones and 8 daughters, and was Ix. and x. yeares of age or
thereabout at the time of his death.
Blessed are they yl conce-
dereth the poore and needie.
* Horace Walpole to Miss Berry, Sept. 21, 1794.
t In Finchley church. Lysons quotes Norden, Spec. Brit. Lysons, iii. p. 220.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 269
2. Here lyeth the bodye of William Gale, gent., somtime Mr of Arts in
Oxford, who had to wife Anne Gale, the daughter of Roger Bragge, gent., and
had issue by her 2 sonnes, William and Nicholas; ye said Nicholas deceased
before his father; the above sayd William Gale dyed the xxx. daye of March
An0 D'ni 1614, beinge about the age of fortye yeares.
AEMS: Azure, on a fesse between three saltires argent, as many lion's heads
erased of the field, langued gules. Impaling Bragge, a chevron
between three bulls passant
Before proceeding to the other monuments, it may be as well to
observe that the Gothic font is octangular, with its side panels orna-
mented with quatrefoils, probably of the Perpendicular period. Squints,
sometimes called hagioscopes, are pierced through the buttresses
between the eastern extremity of the church and the transepts, in
which the piscinse still remain. Previous to the late restoration these
squints were completely bricked up and their existence scarcely con-
jectured. Galleries likewise disfigured the church in every direction,
one being built across the east window. They seem, for the most part,
to have been erected at the cost of individuals for their own accommo-
dation, and that of their dependents. The old vestry books contain
a record of several permissions given to this effect.
The two most interesting monuments in the church are a tablet to
the memory of Dame Alice Stamford and her son Henry Carew, on
the east wall of the chancel, and the monument of Sir Roger Wil-
braham at the extremity of the south aisle.
The former is surmounted by the Carew arms and crest :
ARMS : Or, three lioncels pass, in pale sa. armed and langued gu.
CREST : A mainmast, the round top set off with palisadoes or, a lion issuing
thereout sa.
Above the portrait of Henry Carew are the lines :
In this parish I was borne,
And a single race did run,
Neare to the age of 66,
And then I did returne.
Let all men learn by me
The thinge they are sure to knowe ;
As I in to my Mother's grave,
So all to earth shall goe.
Beneath is the inscription :
Heer vnder within the bricks lyeth buryed
The bodye of Dame Alice Stamford whoes
YOL. IV. T
270 NOTES ON THE
Fyrste husband was Sir Wm. Stamford, knight,
One of the justices of the Comon Pleas,
And her second husband was Eoger Carew of
This parish, esquire. She was buryed the 3d
November 1573. And upon her lyeth buryed
Henrye Carew,* gent, her onely son by the
Said Roger Carew, esquire, whb said Henrye,
Beinge neare 66 yeares of age, directed by
His will a remembraunce to be heare set upp,
Declaringe his mother and himself e buryed heare,
And gave by his will x1 to the poore of this parish,
T1 to Barnet, v1 to Shenlye, and v1 to Sowth Myme*.
He departed this mortal lyfe ye xiith Decembr
1626, and was buried heere the xxith of the same.
Dame Alice Stamford, who was the daughter of John Palmer,
esq. of Middlesex, and widow of Sir William Stamford, knt. married,
secondly, Koger Carew, jesq. perhaps the same who was one of the
burgesses of St. Alban's f from the 5 to the 13 of Queen Elizabeth.
A Koger Carew was one of the original governors of the Grammar
School founded at Highgate in 1562 by Sir Eoger Cholmeley, Chief
Justice of the Queen's Bench. There are several pedigrees of the
Carew family in the British Museum, but the Christian name of Roger
is met with only in one of them (Harl. MS, 1154, f. 178), which is
undoubtedly erroneous in some particulars. It may be concluded, not-
withstanding, that, if Roger Carew of Hadley belonged to either branch
of the great West of England family (and his armorial bearings in
Hadley Church are identical with theirs), he must have been a younger
son of Sir Wymond Carew by Martha, daughter of Edmund Denny, of
Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, and sister of Sir Anthony Denny. Sir
Wymond's eldest son and heir, Thomas, of East Anthony, married
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Richard Edgecombe, knt. and was father
of Richard Carew, the historian of Cornwall (born in 1555, served as
Sheriff of Cornwall 1586, and died in 1620), whose wife was Julia or
Julian, daughter of John Arundel of Trerice by his wife Catherine
Cosewarth.
Richard, of East Anthony, the historian, whose Survey of Cornwall
was first published in 1602 and dedicated to Sir Walter Raleigh, in
describing his ancestry, makes no allusion to any uncle named Roger,
* The entry in the Hadley register is that on Dec. 21, 1626, Mr. Henery Carey
was buried,
t Clutterbuck, Hist, of Herts, I. p. 53.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 271
but then he only traces the descent from eldest son to eldest son. He
does not even mention his relationship to Sir George Carew, whom he
accompanied to Poland when the latter was sent thither as ambassador
in 1598. This Sir George Carew is said by the author of the preface
to a later edition of the Survey to have been the uncle of Eichard, but
the Biographic Universelle distinctly declares him to have been his
brother (which agrees with the pedigree above referred to), and gives
the year of his death, 1613. The pedigree in question states that
Roger married the daughter of Askewe, who might have been his
first wife, and likewise records two other sons and five daughters, of
whom Elizabeth married George Dacres,* esq. of Cheshunt, son of
Robert Dacres by his wife Elizabeth, whose first husband was Thomas
Denny, most probably the brother of Sir Anthony and Martha. The
period at which Roger of Hadley must have been living is entirely
consistent with the inferences to be drawn from this connection. f
Her first husband, by whom she had a numerous family, J was of
Staffordshire origin, his grandfather, Robert, having resided at Rowley
in that county. His father, William Stamford or Staunford, of London,
mercer, § purchased lands at Hadley, where the future judge was born
Aug. 22, 1509. || The son became eminent in his profession, and
wrote several law treatises held in considerable estimation. . On the
17 of Oct. 1552, he was advanced to the dignity of a " Serjeant of
the coyffe,"T[ and " upon Sunday the xxvijth of January in an. 1554,"
was among "the knyghtes mayde by king Philip in his chambre."**
Sir William was a zealous Roman Catholic, and perhaps owed his
promotion in Mary's reign to this circumstance. He had issue six
sons and four daughters, and died on the 28 of Aug. 1558, having
just completed his forty-ninth year. Directions had been given in
his will, a copy of which had been seen f f by Anthony a Wood, that
* George Dacres was buried at Cheshunt Oct. 13, 1580, and Elizabeth his
wife March 11, 1578-9.
f Clutterbuck's History of Hertfordshire, ii. 101, 107, 113. Survey of Corn-
wall, by Eichard Carew, esq. with a Life of the Author. London : 17G9,
pp. 101, 102, 103. Biographic Universelle, tome vii. art. Sir Richard Carew,
Sir George Carew.
J Fuller's Worthies, Middlesex. § Wood's Ath. Oxon. i. p. 262.
|| Lyson's. Fuller's Worthies.
^T Machyn's Diary, Camd. Soc. 1848, p. 27.
** MS Harl. 6064, f. 806. Machyn, p. 342.
ft Wood's Ath. Oxon. i. p. 262.
T2
272 NOTES ON THE
his body should be interred in the parish church of Islington, Hadley,
or Houndsworth. He was buried at Hadley on the 1st of Sept. and
the funeral solemnities are thus described by Henry Machyn, citizen
and merchant taylor of London, in his Diary from 1550 to 1563 :
"The same day was bered beyond Barnet [ju]ge Stamford, knyght,
with standard, cotte armonr, penon of arms, elmett, targett, sword, and the
mantylles ; and iiij dozen of skachyons, and ij dosen of torchys, and tapurs ;
and Master Somerset the harold of armes." *
His insignia were remaining in Hadley church when visited by
Nicholas Charles, and will be found drawn in the Lansd. MS. 874,
f. 56. Arms : Arg. three bars az. on a canton or a fesse sa. in chief
three mascles of the last ; impaling, 1st and 4th, Sa. a trefoil slipped in
chief arg. above two mullets or,., a bordure engr. of the last ; 2nd, Arg.
two bars ; 3rd, Gules, a bend voided or, between
three The armorial bearings of Stamford of Hadley appear
to have been granted May 2, 1542. f Sir William had purchased
lands in Staffordshire, where his eldest son and heir Robert settled
again. We find, however, that in 1575 the manor of Williotts in
South Myms was conveyed by William Dodde and Katherine his
wife to Robert Stamford of Pury Hall, co. Stafford, who again con-
veyed it to Robert Taylor and Elizabeth his wife in 1594.
On Monday, Feb. 12, 1553-4, the day appointed for the execution
of Lady Jane Grey, the Princess Elizabeth, then at Ashridge, set out
for London in a litter sent for her by Queen Mary. She reached
Redburn the first night, Sir Ralph Rowlat's } house at St. Alban's
the second, Mr. Dod's § at Mimmes the third, Mr. Cholmeley's at
Highgate the fourth. For some cause or other she deviated from
" The order of my Lady Elizabeth's grace's voyage to the Court,"
which had been prescribed :
* There was likewise existing in the church at the same time the escutcheon
of Anne, a daughter of Sir William Stamford, who died young, with the in-
scription : " Here lyeth Anne Stamford, daughter of William Stamford and of
Alice his wife, which deceased int he moneth of February, 1551." Lansd. MS.
874, f. 56. Harl. MS. 6072.
f Burke' s General Armoury.
J Sir Kalph Rowlat, who died s. p. in his father's lifetime, was the son of
Ralph Rowlat, who received a large grant of St. Alban's Abbey Estate May 12,
1541. His sister and coheiress Mary married John Maynard, esq. of St. Alban's.
Another sister Ursula married Francis Goodyer, see Pedigree supra.
§ William Dodde of North Myms married Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress
CHURCH AXD PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 273
/
Monday. Imprimis, to Mr. Cooke's, vj miles.
Tuesday. Item, to Mr. Pope's, viij miles.
Wednesday. Item, to Mr. Stamford's, vij miles.
Thursday. Item, to Highgate, Mr. Cholmeley's house, vij miles.
Friday. Item, to Westminster, v miles.*
It is conceivable that the names found in connection with the pre-
scribed halting-places would be those of persons in the interest of, or
well affected towards, the Court. " Mr. Pope's " was Tyttenhanger,
the residence of Sir Thomas Pope,f under whose charge Elizabeth was
placed at Hatfield in 1555, when removed thither at the time of
Wyat's rebellion. " Mr. Stamford's " we may conclude to have been
that of Mr., afterwards Sir William, Stamford, at Hadley. Here
again it is not improbable that she may have rested on a later, and not
less memorable, occasion. Her sister died on. Thursday 17th Nov.
1558, and Henry Machyn, already quoted, writes in his diary :
" The xxiij day of November the Quen Elsabeth('s) grace toke here gorney
from Hadley beyond Barnett toward London, unto my Lord North(s') plase
(the Charterhouse), with a M and mor of lordes, knyghtes, and gentyllmens
lades and gentyllwomen ; and ther lay v days."
Queen Mary dying on the 17th, on the 18th Sir Thomas Gresham
and Cecil proceeded to Hatfield :
" By Saturday night the Privy Council with every statesman of any side or
party of name or note had collected at Hatfield. On Sunday, the 20th, Elizabeth
gave her first reception in the Hall. Two days later the Court removed to
London." J
This must have been on Tuesday the 22nd, on which night we may
assume that the Queen slept at Hadley, perhaps at the residence of
Sir W. Stamford's widow or son :
" The last time that Elizabeth had travelled that road she was carried in a
titter as a prisoner, could her sister's lawyers so compass it, to die upon the
of Henry Frowick of Old Fold, and widow of John, third son of Sir Humphry
Coningsby. The name of William Dodde, esq. occurs in the charter of foundation
of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School at Chipping Barnet as one of the original
Governors, March 24, 1573. He was Sheriff of Herts in 1570. John Coningsby,
esq. of North Myms was Sheriff in 1547, and Sir Henry Coningsby, knt. his eldest
son, Sheriff in 1569* died 1593.
* Strickland's Lives, iv. 74, 75.
f Sir Thomas Pope was Sheriff of Herts in 1552 and 1557.
Fronde's Hist.
274 NOTES ON THE
scaffold. Times had changed. Her sister's bishops came to meet her at High-
gate. They were admitted to kiss hands — all except one : but from Bonner's
lips she shrank."*
In speaking of Sir K. "Wilbraham's monument we must return once
more to Ludgraves. In 1543 John Marsh f gave Ludgrave Farm to
the King in exchange for other lands, and Edward VI. granted it to
William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. Norden,J in 1598, mentions no
owner ; on which Lysons remarks, " I suppose it to have been at this
time the property of Koger Townsend, who appears to have had lands
of greater value than his contemporary William Kympton, who was
lord of the manor. In 1609 Cornelius Fyshe and others alienated
Ludgraves and 20 acres of land, 40 of meadow, 90 of pasture, and 10
of wood in Hadley and Edmonton to Sir Koger Wilbraham and his
heirs; whilst in a survey of Enfield Chace in 1636, temp. Charles I.
he is spoken of as having lately owned Ludgraves, subsequently better
known as Blue-house Farm. Sir Roger's monument was by Nicholas
Stone (d. 1647). The history of his works is fully recorded by him-
self in a pocket-book which fell into the hands of Vertue, from which
it appears that this of Sir Roger cost 801. § Spenser the poet's
monument in Westminster Abbey was by this sculptor. The monument
stood formerly against the south wall in the chancel, and helped to
block up the hagioscope and south window. Sir Roger was for 14
years Solicitor-General for Ireland in Elizabeth's reign, and in the
year 1600 was sworn Master of Requests in Ordinary. He died
July 29, 1616, having on Dec. 3, 1611 (9 James I.) founded the
almshouses which still bear his name at the corner of Hadley Green,
" for a perpetuall maintenance for a poorc almeshouse for six poore
women." He is described in the indenture as a parishioner of
Hadley, " by reason of his capitall messuage of Ludgraves within the
said parish." Above the busts of Sir R. and Lady Wilbraham is the
inscription :
* Fronde's Hist.
f In 4 and 5 Philip and Mary, among lands sold in Herts belonging to the
Abbey of St. Alban's, there was an orchard and a pool in Wood Street, Barnet.
in the occupation of John Marsh. John Marsh was one of the original governors
of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School at Chipping Barnet.— "Newcome's Hist, of
St. Alban's, p. 449.
$ Spec. Brit. p. 499.
§ Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, i. p. 238, &c.
PEDIGREE OF THE WILBRAHAM
(Compiled chiefly fron
Thomas de Wilburgham. ^Margaret, dat
Thomas Ravenscroft of Bretton, co. Flint.=F
. , 1
Randolph Wilbraham ;
George Ravenscroft of Bretton.-p
Catherine Ravenscroft,=pRobert Davies,
first wife. I living 1581.
Elizabeth, married Thomas Egerton.
Randolph, merchant of Bristol ;
died s.p. 1581.
!
Robert
bur. J
1633.
I —
Robert
baptiz
22,
buriec
4,166
r
Mutton
Gwys
Flint,
24, 1
1657,
29, If
Daviesj-j-
an. 29,
Davies,^
ed Dec.
L616,
I Oct.
6.
Anne Haynes, Richard, Co
bur. August Serjeant o
31.1636. don; died
13, 1601.
I
\nne, daughter Thomas.=
and coheiress
of Sir Peter
Mutton ; bur.
October 14,
1690.
mmon^^....
Si
r Roger Wilbraham, knt. second son,
Jridgemere, co. Chester, Sol.-Genere
ind Master of Requests, of Ludgrave
ladley ; bur. at Hadley 1616.
F Lon- I
Sept.
J
t
]
i
=Rachel Mary.=
Clive.
fSir Thomas Eliza
Pelhara of
Lough ton,
co. Sussex ;
died 1654.
i
beth.=r
U
=Sir Tho
Wilbrah
ofWood
co. Che
bart.
1
Roge
bori
162
Davies o
iney, co
born Feb
634, mar
died Oct
84.
f=j=Elizabeth, only daugh-
ter and heiress of Sir
Thomas Wilbraham
of Woodhey, bart.,
buried at Hadley.
1
Cathe- =j
rine ;
mar.
1656.
died
1723.
-Pyers Pen-
nant of
Bychton.
Ellinor, mar-
ried George
Wynne of
Leeswood,
co. Flint.
r
Robert
ofGw
high s
Flint
Da
Peni
1
I
Davies= Letitia, sister of=Peter Pennant of Bychton=p
ysaney, John Vaughan, and Downing, co. Flint :
leriffof first Viscount second husband.
1704. Lisburne.
i
i
Catherine, Sir Thomas Pelham
2nd dau. created Lord Pel-
of Owen ham 1706 ; died
Wynne, Esq. Feb. 23, 1711-12.
vid J
lant.
rolm Pennant, Tho
M.A., Rector, ere
of Hadley. 17
mas, 2nd Lord Pelham, Henr
ated Duke of Newcastle
L5.
I
y. Hen
ry.
' 1
John.=p..
Thomas Pennant, author of the Itinerary, whose great-grand-daughter and heiress Louisa
Pennant married in 1846 Viscount Fielding, and died s.p. 1853.
a Lodge says he died unmarried.
b Purchased manor of Monken Hadley in 1684 from the family of H:
c Lysons, Hadley, and see note on the patronage of the living, p. 4.
, OF LUDGRAVES, HADLEY.
irke's Landed Gentry.)
1 heir of John Golborne, lord of Woodhey.
March 5, 1548.=f Alice
— I
Thomas Wilbraham of Woodhey, eldest son.
Wilbraham, temp. Hen. VIII.-j-Elizabeth Sandford.
iichard Wil-=^
bruli am.
Thomas, Recorder of
London ; died 1573.
William Wilbraham of Woodhey.
Richard Wilbraham of Woodhey,
M.P. for Chester.
I
1
Mary Ralph Sir
Baber. of o:
Dor- a
fold. 11
Catherine. Roger=,
of
Dor-
fold.
1
Richard Wilbraham Thomas Egerton, created Lord Elles- =
Woodhey ; created mere 1603, and Lord High Chan-
Baronet 1621; died cellor ; created Viscount Brackley
543. I 1616 ; died March 15, 1617, set. 76.
=Elizabeth, dau. of
Thomas Ravens-
croft of Bretton :
first wife.
John Eger-
of Thomas Wilbraham dau. and Egerton .a
Ravens- of Woodhey, coheir of
croft of bart., a dis- Sir Roger
Bretton. tinguished Wilbra-
Cavalier. ham,knt.
ton, cre-
ated Earl
of Bridge-
water.
: 1
Mice Wilbra- Sir John =pLady Mary Elizabeth, Alice. William Booth, =^=Vere.
ham, dau. Pelham ;
Sidney, 2nd dau. and
son of Sir
2nd
of Roger died Jan.
daughter of heir, mar.
George Booth,
dau.
Wilbraham 1702-3 ;
Robert 2nd Mutton
bart., married
and
of Dorfold. married
Earl of Davies.
May, 1619.
co-
1647.
Leicester.
heir.
T r~
ady Grace Henry=p Sir George Booth,=pCatherine, dau. and co-=pLady Elizabeth Grey,
Holies, dau. Pel-
bart., created 1661
heir of Theophilus Earl
eldest daughter
of
)f Gilbert ham.
Lord Delamere, d.
of Lincoln, died 1643 :
Henry Earl of Stam-
Earl of Clare.
Aug. 8, 1684.
1st wife.
ford : second wife.
_
Hon. Vere Booth, only
dau. died unmarried
1717, set. 74."
Henry, 2nd George, died 1726, having de-=pLucy, daughter of
Lord Dela- mised all his estates to Hester I Robert Robartes,
mere. Pinney.c | Viscount Bodmin.
Thomas Pelham, succeeded his kinsman the Duke of Newcastle
as Lord Pelham, and created Earl of Chichester.
Henry, only son, died
unmarried.
and bequeathed it to her brother George. Lysons, Environs of London, Hadley.
CHURCH AND PARISH OP MONKEN HADLEY. 275
This is ye monument of Sir Eoger Wilbraham, knt. descended of je auncient
familie of ye Wilbrahams of Woodhey in ye countye of Chester, who after he
had served Queene Elizabeth as her Sollicitor Generall in Irelande ye space of
xiiij yeares was in ye yeare 1600 sworne Mr of Requestes to her Majestye in
Ordinarie, and afterwardes Surveyor of ye Liveryes to Kinge James in his
Majesties Courte of Wardes and Liveries, and Chauncellor unto Queene Ann.
He had to wife Marye ye daughter of Edward Baber, esquier, Serjeant at lawe.
He slept in Christ Jesus ye xxixth of Julie, in ye yeare of our Lord 1C16,
attendinge y6 joyfull day of his resurrection.
Below the kneeling effigies of his three daughters it is recorded
that " his welbeloved wife, by whom he had three daughters, Marye,
Elizabeth, and Katherine, in memory of his vertues and testimonye
of her love erected this monument."
There are three shields of arms.
At top :
Wilbraham. Arg. two bars az. on a canton sa. a wolf's head erased of the
field.
CREST : A wolf's head eras. arg.
MOTTO : Comminus quo minus,
On each side of busts :
1. Baber. Arg. on a fesse gu. three hawk's heads erased of the first.
2. Wilbraham impaling Baber.
Mary the eldest daughter and coheiress of Sir Roger Wilbraham,
married Sir Thomas Pelham of Laughton (in com. Sussex) bart. and
had issue.*
The second daughter Elizabeth married her kinsman Sir Thomas
Wilbraham of Woodhey in Cheshire, bart. distinguished as a cavalier,
who died soon after the Restoration. Their only daughter, Elizabeth,
who was buried here at her particular request, and whose memorial
tablet hangs beside the east window, married Mutton Davies, a Flint-
shire gentleman, whose great-grandmother was Catherine Ravenscroft,
daughter of George Ravenscroft of Bretton in that county, and of a
family, who, during the 17th century, were large benefactors to Barnet
church and town. The aforesaid Mutton Davies was also great-uncle
to the Rev. John Pennant, for may years Rector of this parish, and
chaplain to the Princess Dowager of Wales, mother of George III.
* Harl. MSS. 6164, p. 45. From this marriage descended Thomas second
Lord Pelham, created Duke of Newcastle 1715, and Thomas third Lord Pelham,
created Earl of Chichester.
276 NOTES ON THE
The succession of incumbents, as has been observed already, is
somewhat difficult to trace, owing to the peculiar circumstances of the
living. The list, as given in Newcourt's Repertorium, pub. in 1710,
is as follows :
Bernard Carrier, cl. licentiat. 25 Aug. 1580.
Ely Turner, A.B., 2 April, 1619.
Will. Sclater, cl. 5 Jul. 1662.
Thompson, cl.
Will. Dillingham, cl. 1669.
Robert Tayler, A.M. licentiat. 29, Sep. 1697.
Of Bernard Carrier's appointment by Alderman Kympton, mention
has been already made. In Ely Turner's own handwriting we find
" Incipit Ely Tournor (Deo auspicante) decimo tertio die mensis Martii
Anno Dni 1618." The Commissioners who took the survey in 1650
presented that Hadley was a donative in the patronage of Aston,
Esq., that the tithes were worth about 30/. per annum, a fifth of which
was allowed to the two daughters of Elye Turner, from whom the
benefice had been sequestered, and that, at that time, there was no
incumbent. His name, however, occurs in the South Myms' Register
as performing a baptism on June 16, 1653, and in the Hadley
Register is the entry :
June ye 18 day was buried Mr. Elie Tumour, late minister and vicar of
Hadley, in ye yeare 1654.
Of William Sclater's * incumbency there seems to be no trace : but
William Tompson's name occurs between 1663 and 1666. On
July 2, 1672, was buried Mr. Samuel (not William) Dillingham,
"rector and minister of God's word," having died June 30. He had
been, probably, rector of St. Pancras, Soper Lane (appointed 10
June, 1662),j" a church destroyed in the Great Fire of London and
never rebuilt. Mr. Dillingham was succeeded by Robert Tayler,
who was rector in 1673. There appear, however, to have been sundry
* A Mr. William Sclater, M.A. of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, was ap-
pointed master of Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School at Barnet, March 19, 1654,
in succession to Mr. Thomas Broughton, deceased. He resigned the office
March 25, 1663. 17 Sept. 1666, Will. Sclater, A.M., was licensed to the curacy
of St. James', Clerkenwell. His successor was licensed Dec. 5, 1691. New-
court's Repertorium.
f Newcourt's Repertorium.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 277
disagreements between him and his parishioners, and he would seem *
to have resigned the living in 1693, when Mr. Eichard Lee was
appointed. As Mr. Tayler was unquestionably rector at the beginning
of the next century it is possible that the date in Newcourt has
reference to his re -appointment. He was a prebendary of Lincoln
and rector of East and Chipping Barnet.f He died Feb. 18, 1718, and
was buried in the churchyard of East Barnet, behind the east window.
Since his decease the rectors of Hadley have been :
Walter Morgan, M.A., Jesus College, Oxford, 1719.
John Pennant,} M.A., Jesus College, Oxford, 1732, died Oct. 28,
1770, and was 'buried at Hadley.
John Burrows,§ LL.B. Trinity College, Cambridge, Nov. 29, 1770,
died July 1, 1786, and was buried at Hadley:
Charles Jeffryes Cottrell,|| M.A., Sept. 1, 1786, died Jan. 25, 1819,
and was buried at Hadley
Robert George Baker,^[ M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge, Jan. 29,
1819, resigned the same year.
John Eichard Thackeray,** M.A., Pembroke College, Cambridge,
June 29, 1819, died Aug. 19, 1846, and was buried at Hadley.
* 111 an old minute book of the Hadley Vestry under date Feb. 6, 1693-4,
occurs the following :
" Memorand. that at a full vestry this day held the Lady Mary Turner did
declare her consent that Mr. Richard Lee should be inducted in the room of Mr.
Robert Tayler, who before had resigned the same, and, accordingly, the said
Lady Turnor sent her servant for the key of the said parish church, which he
tooke in the presence of the parishioners then present and caryed it to the
Mansion House of the said Lady, and she gave it to the said Mr. Lee, who
immediately tooke possession thereupon.
t Mr. Tayler was appointed Rector of East and Chipping Barnet July 13, 1681.
J Mr. Pennant was also Rector of Compton Martin, Somersetshire, and
Chaplain to Princess Dowager of Wales. He was uncle of Thomas Pennant of
Downing, the naturalist. " At a small distance stands Hadley Church, and
pleasant village, on the edge of Eufield Chace, where, in my boyish age, I passed
many happy days with my uncle the Rev. John Pennant; who, during forty
years, was the worthy minister of the place." — Journey from Chester to London*
1782, pp. 283-4-5.
§ Mr. Burrows was Rector of St. Clement Danes, and Christ Church, South wark.
|| Mr. Cottrell was appointed Vicar of Harmondsworth 1772, and relinquished
the same 1786. Woodburn Eccl. Top. Harmondsworth. He became Vicar of
Sarret, Herts, 6 March, 1807.
^[ Mr. Baker was appointed Vicar of Fulharn 1834, and resigned the same 1871.
** Mr. Thackeray was likewise Rector of Dowiiham Market, Norfolk.
278 NOTES ON THE
George Proctor, D.D., Worcester College, Oxford, 1846, resigned
June 7, 1860.
Frederick Charles Cass, M.A., Balliol College, Oxford, June 29,
1860.
In the year of the Great Plague of London, 1665, when the South
Myms Register, after an entry of seven burials in the usual form, adds,
" besides above 100 more which died of the Plague in the same year,"
there is no marked increase of interments at Hadley. 26 burials are
recorded, 13 of which occurred in the three months of September,
October, and November. In 1664 and 1665, the years preceding and
following, there are respectively 22 and 32 entries, the year of course
terminating with March. Under date October the 2nd, 1666, we
find " gathered for the poore inhabyttants of London, who had great
losses by fyer, the sume of 02/. 05s. \.ld. by Joseph Sharwood, church-
warden."
The population of Monken Hadley, according to the Census of
1871, amounted to 978. Males 433, females 545, being a decrease
upon that of 1861, when the number were, males 441, females 612;
making a total of 1,053. The number of houses at the earlier date
was 204.
The date of the earliest register is 1619, when a book was given for
the purpose by Thomas Emerson, or Emersom, esq., then lord of the
manor, who became a great benefactor to the church in this same
year. He died June 18, 1624.
The book contains the following entry in the handwriting of Mr.
Ely Turner then rector :
Incipit Ely Tournor (Deo auspicante) decimo tertio die mensis Martii Anno
dol 1618.
In the same handwriting there is likewise a list of the benefactions
of Thomas Emersom, Esq.
This booke was the free gift of Thomas Emersom, Esq. sometimes Ld of the
Mannor of this parish of Hadly, and this booke was given in the yeare of or Ld
1619.
Ite in the same yeare he gave to the use of the poore of this parish of Hadly the
some of thirty pounds of lawfull english mony, the pfitts thereof yearly to
be given to the poore.
Ite in the same yeare at his owne pp coste he beawtified the Chancell and both
the Isles, and the whole body of the Church with wanescott pews, and sieled
the church with wanescott.
CHURCH AND PARISH Or MONKEN HADLEY. 279
Ite in the same yeare he sieled the Chancell.
Ite in the same yeare he built the screene betwixt the Chancell and the Church.
Ite he built the pulpitt, and the cover for the font the same yeare, and all this at
his owne pp coste.
Ite in the same yeare he gave the Clock and Clockhouse and sett it up at his own
pp coste.
Ite in the same yeare the said Thomas Emersom gave three pieces of plate, that
is to say one faire guilt spout pott, one Comunion Cupp with a Cover all
guilt, one guilt plate for the bread at the Comunion, with a Cover to putt
the said plate into.
Ite at the same time the said Thomas Emersom gave a faire greene Carpett with
silke frindg for the Comunion table.
Ite he gave a faire damaske table Cloth for the Comunion table and also a
damaske napkin.
Ite a faire greene velvet Coishon for the pulpitt, with a greene Cover.
Ite he gave a faire trunck to put these ornaments into.
Ite he gave the Comunion table.
The said Thomas Emersom, Esq. departed this mortall life the 18th day of
June 1623, and lieth buried in the north Isle of this parish church of Hadly
under the north window of the said Isle.
By the Kegister itself, however, it would appear that Mr. Emersom's
death did not occur until the following year, 1624.
1624, June 20. Thomas Emersom armig. dominus huius manerii et donator
huius libri, est sepultus.
All the other entries are in English, but to the lord of the manor
Mr. Ely Turner concedes the distinction of Latin.
The three pieces of plate given by Mr. Emersom still bear the
family arms upon them. Az. on a bend argent three torteaux.
It was the custom subsequently to deliver the church plate annually
into the custody of the churchwardens for the time being, who took a
receipt for the same from those who succeeded them in the office.
Amongst the notices of this the following may be recorded.
Under date the 29th May 1667.
It is ordered and agreed by us whose names are underwriten parish " of Monken
Hadly that the parish plate, being one silver Ewer single guilt, one silver
Challice with a Cover single guilt, one other silver Challice with a Cover, one
Plate or Dish of silver single guilt, be deld to John Howland and Mr. Elston
Wallis now Churchwardens of this parish.
There consequently belonged to the church at this period, besides
the Emersom gifts, " one other silver challicc with a cover," and this
280 NOTES ON THE
was doubtless the oldest piece of plate in our possession, which had
probably been the property of Hadley Church for long previously.
On 24th of May, 1670 we have it recorded :
Keceived of the said John Howkins one of the late Churchwardens of the pish
of Muncken Hadley in the county of Midds, the pish plate, beinge one silver
Ewer single guilte, one silver Challice single guilte, with a Cover to it, one
other silver Challice with a Cover, one plate or silver Dish silver gnilte, one
table Cloath for the Communion Table, one Napkin diaper, one Cushion for the
pulpit, and a greene Carpett for the Communion table and one blacke whood. By
me Will Dry now Church Warden.
On May the 5th, 1712, a receipt is given by John Deane, the
incoming churchwarden, for precisely the same articles of plate, but a
little later we find an addition :
I do hereby acknowledge to have received this 3rd day of May 1715 of Mr.
Edward Chandler late Churchwarden one spout Pot, three Cups with covers, and
one little Plate, being all that belongs to ye Church of Monken Hadley.
Witness my hand,
Sam1 Hickes.
Between May 1712 and May 1715 the church received, therefore,
a fresh gift of a cup and cover, and these, it would appear, were
the donation of Mrs. Cecil Walker, widow of John Walker, Esq.
daughter and eventual heiress of Sir Michael Heneage, knt.
This lady was the ancestress of the family of Walker-Heneage, now,
according to Burke' s Landed Gentry, of Compton Basset, Wilts. The
cup given by her would seem by the weights to have been the lesser of
the two long-stemmed cups.
An inventory of the Communion Plate taken the 15th day of May,
1733, gives the following result :
oz. dwt.
A Guilt Cup and Cover Mrs. Walker wte 15 06
A Guilt Flaggon . . . wte 32 12
Another Guilt Cup and Cover . wte 20 13
Another Cup and Cover, Silver . w* 15 09
Mr. Chandler's Plate . . w4* 14 00
Another Plate wte 10 15
The weight of all the Plate .108 15
A similar inventory, taken April 12th, 1737, has, in addition to the
above :
A gilt Cup and Cover the gift of James Quilter, Esq. or Mrs. Quilter.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 281
Mr. Edward Chandler, who was mentioned as churchwarden in
1714-5, consequently gave a silver alms plate between that year and
1733, whilst between 1733 and 1737, Mrs. Quilter gave a fourth cup
and cover. These with a plain silver alms plate, exactly matching
Mr. Chandler's, given by Mrs. Godley, mother of Dr. Proctor, the late
rector, constitute the whole of the plate belonging to the church of
Monken Hadley.
The Bells are four in number, and are thus inscribed :
1. (3 ft. 4 in. diameter.) ED. CHANDLER . RICH. HILL . c. w. WAYLETT MADE
ME, 1714.
2. (2ft. 10 in. diameter.) GOD BLESS QVEEN ANN. 1711.
CHVRCHWARDENS.
3. (2 ft. 7 in. diameter.) SCIANT OMNES ME FASAM AD OPVS ET VSVM VILLE
DE HADLEY 1702.
4. (2 ft. 4 in. in diameter.) IAMES BARTLET MADE ME, 1681.
There is a fifth and much smaller bell without any inscription,
which in size corresponds with the Saunce bell mentioned below.
According to the following inventory it would seem that the bells in
the time of Edward VI. were the same in number and nearly agree in
dimensions with those we have now :
Public Records, Augmentation Office, Church Goods: Middx. 1 vol. Miscell.
Book, No. 498.
Hundred de Ossulstone.
The certificate and presentment of the jury of all the goodes, playte, ornamentes,
juelles, and belles belonging and app'teyning to the church of Hadley wlhin the
countie of Midd. as -were conteyned wthin the inventory taken of the Kinges
Mates comyssyon™, as also other goodes belonginge to the same churche at this
present third day of August, in the sixth yere of the reigne of our soveraigne
lord King Edward the VIth, by the grace of God Kinge of England, Fraunce,
and Ireland, Defendo1" of the faithe, and in earth of the churche of Englaund
and also of Irelande the supreme heade.
Hadley.
Imprimis a gilt crosse weying '^* . . . xxx ounces q°
It'm, one gilt challys weying .... xiii ounces
It'm, iiij belles whereof the greate bell in foote wydnes in
the mouth from the owtsyde of the skeartes . . iii foote iiij ynches
It'm, the next bell unto the sayd greate bell broken in wydnes
as is af oresayd . . , ., , • . . • ^ . . . ij foote xi ynches
And in depth . ...... ij foote ij ynces
It'm, the greteste bell unto the sayd ij belles in widnes as is
af oresayd . • ..: . „ • . ij foote vij ynces
And in depth . . . . . ..• i <••*,'» . ij foote
282 NOTES ON THE
It'm, the least of the sayd belles in wydnes . . ij foote iiij ynces
And in depth .... • i foote ix T11668
It'ra, one saunce bell in wydnes .-. • i foote iij ynces
And in depth ... • x ynces
It'm, ii lytle hand bells.
It'm, one lytle sackering bell.
It'm one crosse of lattyn.*
It'm, one pixe of lattyn.
It'm, coopes the one of whyte brannched damaske a lytle imbroderyd wl golde, the
other of dornixe f old and sore worne.
It'm, one vestyment of sylke dornixe blew and white wth a crosse of blewe velvet
inbrodered wlh golde and an albe p'teyniug to the same.
It'm, ij other vestyment of satten of Bridges J color blewe wth a redde crosse of the
same satten embrodered wth flower de luces wth golde, and two aubes ij
amyses one stole and ij phannelles app'teyning to the same.
It'm one other vestyment color blacke of old saye crossed wth fnstian an aps
color blewe w an albe an amis stole phannell§ app'teyning to the same.
It'm, one other vestyme't of olde whyte f ustyan crossed wth blewe and embrodered
an albe an amis and one stole wth a phannell app'teyning to the same.
It'm, one other vestyment of olde whyte fusty an crossed wlh blewe and imbrodered,
and an aube an amis one stole a phannell app'teyning to the same.
It'm, ij other olde vestimentes the one color redde of saye crossed wth grene saye
thother color grene of dornixe crossed wth the same.
It'm, iiij olde vestimentes worne and tome of dornixe crossed with the same.
It'm, one croseclothe of sarcenet.
It'm, one dyshe of lattyn.
It'm, one basen and an ewer of latten.
It'm, ij cruettes of tynne.
It'm, one christmatorye of lattyn.
It'm, ij clothes hanging before thalter of satten of Bridges color white.
It'm, iiij alter clothes, whereof iij is of lynen and thother of curse diep'.
It'm, ij diep' towells.
It'm, vj towells of lynen.
* Lattyn (Latten, Fr. Leton), a finer kind of brass, of which a large proportion
of the candlesticks, &c. used in parochial churches were made. These were
mostly sold in the reign of Edw. VI. Pugin's Glossary, p. 152.
f Dornixe (Dornick), from Doornick, Fr. Tournay, in Flanders, a species of
linen cloth, so called from the place where first made, as Diaper from Yperen
(Ypres).
J Bridges. " Dukes' daughters then (temp. Edw. VI.) wore gownes of satten of
Bridges (Bruges) upon solemn dayes." Stowe, as quoted by Disraeli, Curiosities
of Literature, i. p. 416.
§ Phannell (Fannel or Fanon), a maniple, a sort of scarf worn about the left
arm of a mass priest. Fanon, when occurring in the English inventories, sig-
nifies a maniple. Pugin's Glossary, p. 120.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 283
It'm, one olde clothe that hangith before the high alter.
It'm, v olde paynted clothes that hangeth about the high alter and other alters
that were in the sayd church.
It'm, iij old stremers of sarcenet.
It'm, ij surplyses for the prest and one for the clerke.
It'm, one hearse cloth of blacke say crossed with whyte.
COATS OF ARMS NOW EXISTING IN MONKEN HADLEY CHURCH AND NOT
MENTIONED ELSEWHERE IN THE PAPER.
South Transept Window.
Proctor. Or, three nails sa. impaling Collier, Sa. a cross pattee fitchee
arg.
Green. Az. three stags trippant or.
Barnes. Az. two lions pass, guard, arg.
Quilter. Arg. a bend sa. betw. three Cornish choughs ppr.
Cotton. Az. a chev. betw. three cotton hanks arg. in chief an annulet
of the last.
Cottrell. Arg. a bend betw. three escallops sa.
Dart. Gu. a fesse and canton erm.
Hopcgood. Az. a chev. erm. between three anchors arg.
Dickens. Erm. on a cross flory a leopard's face or.
South Transept.
On a mural tablet :
JOSEPH HENRY GREEN, Esq. d. Dec. 13, 1863.
Az. three stags trippant or, impaling Hammond, Az. a lion ramp. arg. Crest :
A stag's head.
On a mural tablet :
SIR CULLING SMITH, d. Oct. 19, 1812.
Quarterly. 1st and 4th, Vert, three acorns slipped or; 2nd and 3rd, Arg. on a
chev. gu. betw. three bugles stringed sa. as many mullets of the field. Crest: a
falcon, wings endorsed ppr. belled or, in the beak an acorn slipped and leaved,
also ppr.
South Aisle.
On a brass :
FRANCES BURROWS, daughter of Rev. John Burrows, formerly Eector, who
d. May 11, 1860, aged 87.
Az. three fleurs-de-lis erm.
On a mural tablet:
SARAH, daughter of David PENNANT, Esq. of Downing.
Arg. on a fesse betw. two barrulets wavy az. three martlets of the field.
This coat, which seems to have existed in Ly sons' time, is now
wholly obliterated.
284 NOTES ON THE
On West Wall of Nave.
On a mural tablet :
ANN, wife of Richard WYNNE, Serjeant-at-law, and daughter of Henry
Hitch, of Leathley, Yorks. d. Feb. 6, 1727-8, aged 51.
Or, three eagles displayed in fesse sa. for Wynne, impaling Or, a bend vaire
betw. two cotises indented sa. for Hitch.
On Floor of Nave.
JOHN WALKER, Esq. Hereditary Usher of the Exchequer, d. March 1, 1703,
aged 63.
Az. a chev. engr. erm. betw. three bezants, on each a trefoil slipped vert ; im-
paling Hcncage, Or, a greyhound courant sa. betw. three leopard's heads az.
and a bordure engr. gu. (in right of his wife Cecil, daughter of Sir Michael
Heneage, Knt.) Crest : A demi-tiger per pale indented arg. and sa. holding a
branch of roses or, slipped vert.
In the Chancel.*
On a mural tablet :
Rev. CHARLES JEFFRYES COTTRELL, Rector, d. Jan. 25, 1819.
Arg. a bend betw. three escallops sa. impaling Smith, Vert, three acorns
slipped or. Crest : A talbot's head sa. collared and lined or, the collar charged
with three escallops.
On a brass :
FREDERICK CASS, Esq. of Little Grove, East Barnet, Patron of Monken
Hadley, d. May 17, 1861, aged 73. High Sheriff of Hertfordshire in 1844-5.
Per chev. or. and erm. on a chev. sa. betw. two eagle's heads erased gu. in
chief and a garb of the first in base, a harrow of the first betw. two fountains ;
impaling Potter, Sa. a chev. erm. betw. three cinquefoils arg. Crest : An eagle's
head erased gu. charged on the neck with a fountain, in the beak three ears of
wheat or.
On a mural tablet :
ELIZABETH, wife of Mutton DA VIES, Esq. and daughter of Thomas Wil-
braham, Esq.
Gu. on a bend arg. a lion pass. sa. impaling Wilbraham, Arg. three bends
wavy az.
In the North Transept.
On a mural tablet :
JOHN BONUS CHILD, Esq. d. July 10, 1832. Lord of the Manor of Hadley.
Az. a fesse embattled erm. betw. three eagles close or. Crest : An eagle with
wings expanded erm. holding in the beak a trefoil slipped vert.
* Before the restoration of the church there was a brass in the chancel to the
memory of Mr. Richard Tufnell, with his arms. He was buried April 16, 1636.
It is now concealed.
CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY. 285
On a mural tablet :
THOMAS WINDUS, Esq. nephew of Peter Moore, Esq.
Quarterly: 1st and 4th a f esse dancettee gu. in chief three crescents
; 2nd and 3rd, Moore, a chev. engr. betw. three moor-cocks sa.
Crest : A winged griffin statant.
On a mural tablet:
KICHMOND WEBB MOORE, d. Oct. 14, 1796, aged 20, eldest son of Peter Moore,
Esq. Lord of the Manor.
a chev. eiigr. betw. three moor-cocks sa. Crest: A moor's head.
In the window :
GEORGIANA COTTBELL, d. April 27, 1855, widow of Eev. Clement Cottrell,
third son of Kev. Charles Jeffreyes Cottrell, and Hector of North Waltham,
Hants. He died July 26, 1814, leaving issue.
Arg. a bend betw. three escallops sa. impaling Adams. Quarterly: 1st, Arg.
a martlet sa. ; 2nd, Arg. a chev. ga. betw. three cross-crosslets sa. ; 3rd, Arg.
a chev. betw. three martlets sa. ; 4th, Arg. a chev. gu. betw. three towers sa.
Crest : A talbot's head sa. collared and lined or, the collar charged with three
escallops.
In the North Aisle.
On a mural tablet :
PIGGOT INGE, Esq. d. Nov. 5, 1765, aged 44.
Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Arg. three torteaux in bend betw. two cotises sa.
.2nd and 3rd, three bows unbent. On an escutcheon of pretence Quarterly
for Johnson of Bedford, 1st, Arg. on a pile three ounce's heads erased of the
first. 2nd, Minshull, Az. a mullet issuant out of a crescent in base ; 3rd,
a leopard's face jessant-de-lis; 4th, Barry of six Crest: A rabbit
sejant.
On a mural tablet:
JAMES BERKELEY, Esq. d. Jan. 6. 1767, aged 60.
A fesse betw. ten crosses pattee, six in chief and four in base, impaling
Ince, Arg. three torteaux in bend betw. two cotises sa. Crest : A bear's head
couped muzzled
On a mural tablet:
JAMES PIGGOTT INGE, Esq. d. Oct. 19, 1829, aged 79.
Arms of Ince impaling AB. a chev. erm. betw. three garbs.
MEMORIAL WINDOWS.
East Window.
ELIZABETH FRANCES, wife of Joseph DART, Esq. d. Dec. 22, 1845, aged 58.
Arms beneath, on a brass :
Gu. a fesse and canton erm. impaling Fenton, Arg a cross betw. four fleurs-de-
lis sa. Crest : On a wreath a fire ppr.
VOL. IV. U
286 NOTES ON CHURCH AND PARISH OF MONKEN HADLEY.
In North Aisle.
MARTHA, widow of Frederick CASS, Esq. of Little Grove, East Barnet, d.
June 29, 1870, aged 75.
ELIZABETH, widow of Francis BARONNEAU, Esq. of New Lodge, d April 3,
1846, aged 78.
NOTES ON TWO MONUMENTAL BRASSES IN THE
CHURCH OF SAINT ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT,
LEADENHALL STREET.
BY W. H. OVERALL, ESQ., LIBRARIAN TO THE CORPO-
RATION OF LOXDOX.
NICHOLAS LEVESON.
The family of Leveson settled at Stafford in the thirteenth century,
and we find Richard Leveson possessing an estate at Willenhall in the
year 1298.* William Leveson succeeded to this property in 1377,
and it subsequently passed to Roger f who held it in 1397. From
him it descended to Richard Leveson, esq. who married the heiress of
Prestwood and Wolverhampton Underbill, and had three sons, John,
who died without issue, Nicholas, the subject of this inquiry, and James. J
James Leveson became a Merchant of the Staple at Wolverhampton
and Lilleshall. By his first wife he had a daughter, Mary, who became
his heir and married Sir George Curzon of Croxhall ; from this union
descended the Duke of Dorset and the Earl of Thanet. By a second
wife he had issue two daughters: Elizabeth, married to Sir Walter
Aston, and Joyce, to Sir John Giffard, knt., of Chillington.
John possessed the manor of Norton, Staffordshire; he sold it, and
it was subsequently purchased in 1552 by his kinsman John Leveson,
who married Elizabeth, the daughter of Fowke of Brewood,
and their son sold it to Roger Fowke of the same place.
In the church of St. Mary, Wolverhampton, there is a monument
erected to the memory of John Leveson, who died in 1575. The figure
is in armour. In the chancel is a statue of brass placed there in honour
of Admiral Richard Leveson, who served under Sir Francis Drake at
the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588. In the same parish
one Clement Lusun founded a hospital in 1394. Several members of the
* Inquisit. post Mortem, vol. ii. p. 361. f Vol. iii. p. 111.
J Erdeswicke's Staffordshire, p. 26.
u2
288 TWO MONUMENTAL BRASSES IN ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT.
family had the honour of serving their sovereign in the office of High
Sheriff of the county : Sir Kichard Leveson in 1556, John Leveson
1560-1, Thomas Leveson 1590-1, and Sir Edward in 1598.
Nicholas, the subject of this notice, came to London in early life to
seek his fortune. He was bound apprentice to one William Browne,*
a member of the Mercers' Company, to which guild he was afterwards
admitted by servitude. From his connection with this body it is pro-
bable that he traded abroad, for he became a merchant of the staple
at Calais, and through his possessions a wealthy citizen. He married
Dionysia Bodley, daughter of Thomas and Joan Bodley of Black
Notley, Essex ; her mother married a second time Thomas Bradbury,
who became Lord Mayor of London in 1509.J" The estates of Black
Notley came to Dionysia on the death of her brother James. The
issue of her marriage with Nicholas Leveson were eight sons and ten
daughters, many of whom died young.
Their town residence was situate in Lime Street in the parish of
St. Andrew Undershaft, then a fashionable part of the city. The
mansion was, according to the description in Mr. Leveson's will, large,
and had a garden attached. Their principal country house was
situated at Home Place, J Hailing, in Kent. They also possessed pro-
perty in Middlesex, Essex, Kent, and Trentham Hall,§ Staffordshire,
&c. He was chosen Sheriff of London on the 2nd September, 1534. |
His three sons ^[ Thomas, Nicholas, and William, became members of the
Mercers' Company by patrimony. His son John married the daughter
and heir of Baron, but died without issue, and before his
father. His daughter Dorothy married William Streete ; Elizabeth,
Sir Willliam Hewet, knt. ; ** and Mary, Edmund Calthorpe, esq. He
* Records of the Mercers' Company.
t He was chosen Sheriff in 1498, Alderman of Aldersgate Ward 13 Dec. 1502,
and Lord Mayor on 13 Oct. 1509. He died during his mayoralty.
J Home Place, the ancient residence of Sir William Horn, Lord Mayor of
London in 1447, who was knighted for his bravery on the field by Edward IV.
his name being then Littlesbury; but, from his proficiency as a performer on the
horn, the King called him Horn.
§ See Hasted's " Kent," 1797, vol. iii. p. 383.
|| Corporation Records.
1J His on William was admitted into the Mercers' Company by patrimony
1583 ; Thomas, the son of William, in 1614 ; James, his younger brother, in
1633. Record of Mercers' Company.
** Sir William Hewet, knt. clothworker, Master of the Company 1543-4,
elected Alderman of the ward of Vintry 16th Sept. 1550. He was committed to
13KASS OF NYCOLAS LEVESON, IN THE CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT,
LEADENHALL STREET.
TWO MONUMENTAL BRASSES IN ST. ANDRE W-TJKDER-SHAFT. 291
died on the 20th August 1539, and was buried according to the
directions contained in his will made the 7th day of November, 1536,
viz. : " In the tomb made before the upper pillar of the north side of
the church between the high altar and the altar of the north aisle."
By this instrument, proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury
13 October 1539, he bequeaths to the high altar of St. Andrew's for
tithes forgotten vj s. viij d. To the brotherhood of our Lady and St.
Anne, within the church of St. Andrew, vj s. viij d. He leaves for his
funeral expenses 1001. " or more as shall be thought convenient by the
discrecion of myn executors ; " to his wife Denys her full parte and
porcion to her belonging by the lawe and custome of the citie of London
of all my said goods, catalles, and debts, and the thirde parte of the
same he leaves equally to his children living and unmarried at the time
of his decease ; to his wife for a remembrance to pray for his soul " a
hundred pounds sterling ;" to his brother James Leveson 100Z. and a
ring of gold ; in remembrance to his sister the wife of the said James
" a lyke ring of gold of the value of xl s." To the making and
repairing the highways of the City of London he leaves 100 marks.
For exhibitions at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge the sum
of twenty pounds respectively. To the parish church of Hailing to
pray for his soul xl s. To the parish church of " Cokston " to bu yany
ornament needed by the church xls. and to the parson Sir John
Buttill a black gown, and in money xx s.; to Sir Thomas Snydoll vicar
of Hailing, ten shillings : to his wife Denys two standing potts and six
bowls with covers of parcel gilt " and six bowls with a cover cleane
gilt which ware sometyme her mother's; " to his daughter Gresell a
gilt cup of the price of vj 1. xiij s. iiij d. with his arms to be " sett
upon the same cup for a token of remembrance, and the same cup to
be bought by his executors." To his daughter Jane Davenell he also
Newgate for refusing to take the office, but subsequently accepted it. He was
chosen Sheriff in 1552, translated to the ward of Candlewick in July 1555,
elected Lord Mayor 29th Sept. 1559, and then honoured by knighthood. He was
a wealthy and prosperous merchant, and dwelt on the east side of old London
Bridge. See " Chronicles of Old London Bridge," by Rich. Thompson, 1827,
pp. 303-4, with the interesting story of the saving of Anne, only daughter of Sir
William Hewet, who fell into the river and was rescued by his apprentice,
Edward Osborn, afterwards Alderman for Baynard's Castle Ward 1573, Sheriff
1575, removed to Candlewick Ward, July 10, 1576, Lord Mayor 1583-4, knighted
and Member of Parliament for the City of London in 1586 ; ancestor of the
Duke of Leeds in a direct line.
292 NOTES ON TWO MONUMENTAL BKASSES
bequeaths a like silver cup. He next proceeds to the disposal of his
lands and tenements, leaving to his son John Leveson the property in
Stafford, inherited from his father Richard, possessions in the parishes
of Eastham and Westham in Essex, also in Middlesex, Huntingdon,
and Hartford, "and one parcell lying in the pishe of Chetehm
(Chatham) in the countie of Kent," all to be held in trust by his
executors until coming of age of his son John.
To his wife the dwelling house and garden in Lime Street, in the
parish of St. Andrew Undershaft, his property in Hailing, Coxton,
Byrling, Snodland, Luddesdonne, Gillingham, in the countie of Kent,
and Westthorok, Essex, for her use until such time as his sons
Thomas * and Nicholas arrive at full age; then, each to receive
a moiety of the said possessions for their own benefit and that of
their heirs lawfully begotten ; in default of issue, the daughters Grysell,
Johane, Alice, Mary, and Denys to receive the same, their heirs and
assigns for ever. The will then concludes with a provision that at
the decease of his wife Denys the house in Lime Street should descend
to their son John Leveson.
His wife Denys or Dionysia survived him for some years, and con-
tinued to take great interest in the poor of the parish of St. Andrew.
In the account of the sale of the church vestments and furniture in the
reign of King Edward VI. she is mentioned as a purchaser :
Item, solde to Mysteris Leveson two aulter fruntes of Dornyke, and
res. (received) therefore .... vs. viijd.
Item, solde to the saide Mysteris Leveson an aulter clothe frunte of
white Brydges satten, and res. therefore . . . ix s.
Item, solde to the foresaid Mysteris Leveson a suder to bere the
crysmatory, and res. therefore . . . . ij s. viij d.
Item, solde to the saide Mysteris Leveson a clothe to hang at the
high aulter, and res. therefore . . . . vj s. viij d.
Item, solde to the saide Mysteris Leveson one other clothe for the
same purpose, and res. therefore . . . . vj s. viij d.
Item, solde to the forsaide Mysteris Leveson ij ffruntes of Dornix,
and res. therefore . . . . . v s. viij d.
She was possessed of the manor of Black Notley and of 10 mes-
suages,f 400 acres of arable land, 100 acres of meadow, and 500 acres
of pasture land, 200 acres of wood, and a rental of 10/. in the parish ;
* From whom has descended the present Duke of Sutherland.
•(• Morant's History of Essex, vol. ii. p. 124.
IN ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT, LEADENHALL STREET. 293
also White Notley and other messuages comprising large possessions
in land : Great and Little Leighs, Fayested, holden from the Queen ;
also the manor of Pleshil, parcel of the Duchy of Lancaster, in free
socage, value 14:01. per annum. Thomas her second son became her
heir, and died possessed of this manor 21 April, 1576. She died the
2nd December, 1560, and in accordance with her will, proved in the
Prerogative Court of Canterbury on the 20th of the same month, was
buried in the church of St. Andrew Undershaft, in the middle aisle,
and at the end of the pew which she had been accustomed to use. She
directed that her body should not be " seared," " but inclosed after a
convenient manner within a coffin of boordes," and that she should be
borne to the church by four of her tenants. The funeral is thus
graphically described in Machyu's Diary, page 245:
The ix day of Desember was bered in Sant Andrews Undershaft Mistores
Lusun, wedow, the wyff of Master Lusun, merser and stapoler, and late Shreyff
of London, with a Ix men in blake gownes, and her plase and the chyrche
hangyd with blake and armes, and a xxiiij clarkes syngyng ; and she gayff xl
gownes to men and women of brodcloth, and every woman had new raylles, and
ther was a sermon and a iiij dosen of skochyons of armes, and after a gret dole,
and after a grett dener.
Sir William Hewitt, knight, Edward Leveson, and John Southcote,*
were the executors to her will, which bears date 1 August, 1560. It
is of great length and contains some curious particulars. Her executors
were, within two days after her burial, to invite all the parishioners of
St. Andrew Undershaft to the dwelling-house in Lime Street, and
* The eldest son of William, a younger son of Nicholas Southcote of Chud-
leigh, Devonshire. He was born in the year 1511, and, being designed for the
Bar, was sent to the Middle Temple, of which Society he rose to be Reader in
1556, and was again complimented with the same duty in 1559, on the occasion
of his being called upon to take the degree of the coif, which he assumed on
April 19 in that year. Previously to this, however, he is mentioned in Plowden
as under-sheriff, and one of the judges in the Sheriffs' Court in London in 1553,
and his arguments, after he became serjeant, are reported both by that author
and Dyer. On the resignation of William Rastall, Southcote was nominated to
fill his place as a judge of the Queen's Bench on Feb. 10, 1563. He performed
his judicial duties with high reputation for the space of twenty-one years, when
he retired, and his place was supplied by Baron Clench on May 29, 1584.
Within a year afterwards, on 18 April, 1585, he died, at the age of seventy-four,
and was buried under a stately monument in the parish church of Witham in
Essex, in which county he had purchased the manors of Bacrus or Abbotts and
Petworths. See Toss's " Judges of England," vol. v. p. 541.
294 NOTES ON TWO MONUMENTAL BRASSES
" there make to them a convenient dynner." This is probably the
banquet referred to by Machyn. To " poor scholars " in the University
of Cambridge, where her sons received their education, she bequeathed
vj11 xiij8 iiijd, and a similar sum to the students at Oxford, both
amounts to be distributed within a year after her decease, according
to the discretion of her executors. To the reparation and amending
of " the highe wayes at Islington and here aboute London " the sum
of xx11 ; to the discharging of poore prysoners whiche shall then
remaine in Newgate and in the two counters in London only for
their fees vj11 xiij8 iiijd ; to the poor people of St. Bartholomew's
Spittle a similar amount, to be paid over " to the Governors of the
same house ; " to the poor in the parishes of Hailing and Coxton in
Kent, twenty shillings for each parish; to certain " wyves dwellinge
in Cokeston," whose names are given, " each an ell of lynnen clothe
price iiij8 iijd the ell to make everie of them a kerchief;" next a
provision that all her servants shall be retained in London for one
month after her decease, at her cost and charge, or until they arc
enabled to provide for themselves ; to her executors and their wives
and numerous members of her own family she leaves a black goune
of cloth, the price of which to be " xviij8 the yearde or there about,"
and to her household servants a similar gown but of ix8 price the
yard ; " and two cote clothes of the same clothe, the one to Thomas
Shepparde and the other to John Alday," and a small sum of money
to pray for her soul ; to John Fallowfelde her apprentice xx11 to be
employed for his benefit, and to her cousin Anne Butler the sum
of xli to be paid on her marriage day ; to Thomas Hewet, clothworker,
Edward Osburne, and Lewes the taylor dwelling within Aldersgate,
" each a gowne clothe ; *' she bequeaths to " Dionys the girle of my
kitchin xls to be paid to her the daye of her marriage yf she keepe
herself honeste and true;" to a number "of lovinge frends hereafter
written " she leaves a ring of gold to each, which are to be made
" lyke flate hoopes," and in each is to be engraved " See ye forget
not me ; " similar rings are left to all her sons and daughters ; to
her god-daughter Ann Hewet a legacy of " one hundred marks "
on her marriage day ; to one of her servants, Walter Dawnks, xls
and a cloth cote with a release of " five pounds that he oweth me
by byll."
All her household stuff and brewing vessels at Hailing in Kent, &c.
with some exception, she leaves to Thomas Leveson her son ; the
IN ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT, LEADENHALL STREET. 295
silver plate given her by her mother Dame Joan Bradbury is bequeathed
to Alice Hewet, also a silver cup gilt, with " xiij perles and wrought
with flowers uppon hit, and my chaine of golde with wreathes." She
leaves to her daughter Mary Calthorpp all the furniture in the " tower
chamber " of the howse in Lime Street, with that of her own room in
the same mansion, and to her son Thomas the hanging curtains,
" seelinge and portalls " in the parlour and hall, also four tables, and
the fittings of the " greate chamber where the chappell ys," and those
" in the chamber called Mrs. Roper's Chamber." To the Company of
Mercers is a bequest to give them a breakfast or other banquet, and
to each of her executors for their trouble twenty pounds of " currante
monney," followed by a warning to her children that should they at-
tempt to break through the provisions of either their father's will or
her own testament, the saide "same child so offending shall take
no legacie, benefit, or proffit,"
The testatrix then proceeds to the disposition of her property in lands
and tenements : that situate at Stampfeeld (Stamford) Hill in the
parish of Tottenham is ordered to be sold and the proceeds devoted to
the carrying out of the provisions in her will. The property at West
Court, Gillingham, Chatham, and " Hoi'senden in the countie of Kent,"
she leaves to her son William Leveson and his heirs ; also the house in
Lime Street, occupied by one Henry Edys, with all its appurtenances,
provided that the said William suffer her daughter Mary Calthropp
either to reside there if inclined, free of all rent or charge, or to receive
such yearly revenue as the premises may produce for her life-time only.
With kind consideration for Henry Edys she directs that " he shall
not be put oute of ye saide tenemente under one yeres warninge." To
her grandson Thomas Leveson she bequeaths household property at
Limehouse in Middlesex, and concludes by leaving to her own son
Thomas " all the cite of the late Chappell of Saint Lawrence in
Hallinge in the countie of Kent," and a large quantity of other
property in Hailing and Snodland adjoining.
The brass, which represents Nicholas and Dionysia Leveson sur-
rounded by a numerous family, was repaired in 1764. It is stated
that there was a figure above symbolical of the Almighty. The shield
on the left illustrates the arms of Leveson, viz. A canting coat — Gules,
a fess nebule argent between three leaves slipped or. It is quartered
with those of Prestwood : Argent, a chevron gules between three
cinquefoils vert. On the left of his wife are her family arms, viz.
296 TWO MONUMENTAL BRASSES IN ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT.
those of Bodley : Argent, five martlets * in saltire sable, on a chief
azure three ducal crowns or.f Over the figures are both arms
impaled.
SIMON BURTON.
Simon Burton, Citizen and Waxchandler. He resided in Leadenhall
Street, where he carried on his business. His melting houses were situated
in Woolsack Alley, Houndsditch, and the inscription on his monu-
ment indicates the importance of the position which he enjoyed
among his fellow-citizens. He was three times Master of the Company
of Waxchandlers, served as member of the Court of Common Council
for the Ward of Lime Street for the term of twenty-nine years, and
was one of the Governors of St. Thomas's Hospital. In the earliest
record of the Company which has been preserved, viz. A Book of
Accounts extending from 1529 to 1601, he is first mentioned as paying
quarterage in 1531, and was at this time evidently following his trade
as waxchandler, for in the same record (to which access has been kindly
granted by Mr. Gregory, clerk to the Company,) there appears the
following entries in connection with two of his apprentices :
1531, 1533. Res. of Symon Burton for dressing of a torche with
parchment ..... xij d.
Res. of hym for amytting of his prentis, Thomas
Rokely . . . . . ij s. vj d.
Res. of hym for amytting of his prentis . . ij s. vj d.
Under date 1554, we read :
Mr. Kendall, Master ; Mr. Foorde and Simon Burton, Wardens.
1 558. Walter Meers, Master Symon Burton, and Harry Blower, Wardens.
And in 1564 there occurs the entry of another receipt from him of
ij s. vj d. for binding an apprentice. The record from which these
extracts are made is in a very dilapidated condition, but two entries
are preserved which mention him as serving the office of Master of
* Martlets in Heraldry should be represented without beaks or feet. In the
illustration they are erroneously seen with both. They are, however, thus en-
graved on the original brass.
t The arms represented in the illustration are those used by Sir Thomas Bodley,
Founder of the New Library, Oxford. Branches of the family of Bodley also
bear Argent, five martlets, 2, 2, and 1, sable, a chief azure. Another, Gules
five martlets argent, on a chief indented or three crowns azure. The arms of
Underbill are, A chevron sable between three trefoils slipped vert, and do not
appear on the brass.
NEERE, TO TIIS PLACE LYETH BVRIED THE B00y
OF SlMON BVRTON,GTIZEN AND^V6AXCHiS>LER
OF LONDON, A GOOD BENIFACTOR Tcry POORE
OF THIS FARISIE;^PHO ^^ jTywEs MASTER OF
HIS COMB^Ny; AND ONE OFTHE GOVERNORS
OF S* THOMAS HOSPITALL , AND OF THE COMON
COYNSELL OF THIS ^KD XXIXyERES, HE HAD
a \ey VES,ELIZABETH J\ND ANN^AND HADISSVE
By ELIZABETO, 1 SONN AND III DAUGHTERS: HE
DECEASEDy Oj OF MM If £5. BEING OFJ^AGE
OF 8OFRES-.IN WHOSEREMEBRANCE HIS LOVEING
TOS MONYMENT
BRASS OF SIMON BURTON IN THE CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT,
LEADENHALL STREET.
TWO MONUMENLAL BRASSES IN ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT. 299
the Company, viz. 1572 : " Simon Burton, Master; John Cressey and
Jeram Burton, Wardens." Also 1585: " Symon Burton, Master;
Richard Sharpe and James Skelton, Wardens."
At the sale of the vestments, &c. for the reparation of the church,
6 Edw. VI. he appears as a purchaser :
Item, solde to Symonde Burton the olde wax iiijxx xij" at v d. li.
and res. therefore . . . ..«' . xxxviij s. iiij d.
He had two wives, Elizabeth and Ann, both of whom are represented
in the brass, as are also his children, viz. one son and three daughters
by his wife Elizabeth; two daughters alone survived him. He died
the 23rd May, 1593, at the good old age of 85 years, and was buried
in the church of St. Andrew Undershaft. His will, dated the 17
May in the same year, was proved in the following March by Francis
Caldocke, executor, and contains some curious particulars. After the
usual formula and provision for his lawful debts, he directs that all his
goods, chattels, plate, money, and household stuff should be divided into
two equal parts, one to be given to his daughters, Alice, wife of Francis
Caldocke, citizen and stationer, and Dennis Thompson, widow, in
equal shares ; the other part he reserves for various bequests. To a
preacher for a sermon at his burial, ten shillings ; to twelve poor men
to attend his corpse, a like number of black gowns ; to the Company
of Waxchandlers, forty shillings ; to both the Livery and Yeomanry
of the Company of Tallowchandlers, ten shillings each ; to the poor in
St. Thomas's Hospital, three pounds ; "to the poore children harbored
in Christes Hospital in London, fowertye shillings ;" to his brother,
Jerom Burton, a goblet of silver parcel guilte to match one he had pre-
viously given him, and to the said Jerom all the melting houses and
tenements in Woolsack Alley, Hound sditch, held from the Company of
Cutlers ; to the poor of St. Andrew's Eastcheap, St. Andrew Under-
shaft, and St. Leonard's Shoreditch, he leaves various sums ; to Joane
Ponsenbye, daughter of Alice Caldocke, six pounds and his " hoop-ring
of gold;" to Mr. Johnson,* Parson of St. Andrew Undershaft, ten
* John Johnson matriculated as a pensioner of Queen's College, Cambridge
2 May, 1544, obtained his degree of B.A. 1552-3, elected Fellow of Jesus College
1554, became Master of Arts 1556, and Bachelor of Divinity 1562. His name
appears among the subscribers against the new statutes of the University May
1575. He vacated his fellowship in 1586, was collated to the rectory of St. Andrew
Undershaft 8 Sept. 1565, and was there buried 13 March, 1596-7. — Cooper's
Athenae Cantabrigienses, vol. ii. p. 241.
300 TWO MONUMENTAL BRASSES IN ST. ANDREW-UNDER-SHAFT.
shillings ; to his daughter Dennis the lease of the house in which she
lived, and the residue of this portion of his property to his cousin Simon
Waterson, out of which the said Simon is to bestow on the poor of St.
Katharine Cree Church and St. Katharine Coleman the sum of twenty
shillings each for the space of five years. His property at Haggerston,
viz. three acres and a half, he bequeathed to the Governors of the
Royal Hospitals for the support of St. Thomas's Hospital, after
certain deductions as bequests to the poor parishioners before men-
tioned. To his sole executor and son-in-law, Francis Caldock, he
leaves ten pounds for his trouble, and concludes by appointing Simon
Waterson and one Thomas Newman, scrivener, overseers to the said will
The illustrations to this paper have been kindly presented to the
Society by Mr. Charles Golding.
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
BY THE REV. RICHARD WHITTINGTON, M.A. RECTOR.
The foundation of this church is attributed to Lucius, the first
Christian king of Britain, who is said to have lived in the latter half
of the second century of the Christian era. It claimed even a higher
rank than a parochial church, and to have been not only the first
Christian church founded in London, but the metropolitan church
when London was the seat of an archbishop. This great antiquity is
supported principally by an inscription on a brass plate, of which we
read in Holinshed's Chronicles of Great Britain, 1574.
Howbeit by the Tables hanging in the revestrie of Saint Paules at London,
and also a table sometime hanging in St. Peter's church in Cornehill, it should
seem that the said church of Saint Peter in Cornehill was the same that Lucius
builded.
Weaver, in "Funeral Monuments," 1631, p. 413, sets out the
original (destroyed in the Fire of 1666) in the old style of spelling :
Be hit known to all Men, that the Yeerys of our Lord God, An. clxxix,. Lucius,
the fyrst Christen King of this Lond, then callyd Brytayne, foundyd the fyrst
Chyrch in London, that is to sey, the Chyrch of Sent Peter apon Cornhyl ; and he
foundyd then an Archbishop's See, and made that Chirch the Metropolitant and
cheef Chirch of this Kindom, and so enduryd the space of cccc yeerys and more,
unto the Commyng of Sent Austen, an Apostyl of Englond, the whych was sent into
the Lond by Sent Gregory, the Doctor of the Chirch, in the tyme of King Ethel-
bert, and then was the Archbyshoppys See and Pol removyd from the aforeseyd
Chirch of Sent Peter's apon Cornhyl unto Derebernaum, that now ys callyd
Canterbury, and ther yt remeynyth to this Dey.
And Millet Monk, whych came into this Lond wyth Sent Austen, was made the
fyrst Bishop of London, and hys See was made in Powllys Chyrch. And this
Lucius, Kyng, was the fyrst Foundyr of Peter's Chyrch apon Cornhyl ; and he
regnyd King in thys Ilond after Brut MCCxlv yeerys. And the yeerys of our Lord
God a cxxiy Lucius was crownyd Kyng, and the yeerys of hys Reygne Ixxvii
yeerys, and he was beryd aftyr sum Cronekil at London, and aftyr sum Cronekil
he was beryd at Glowcester, at that Place wher the Ordyrs of Sent Francys
standyth.
The exact year in which the original was set up is unknown.
Strype says it is supposed to be of the date of Edward IV., and that
the plate which is now preserved in the vestry of the church over the
mantel-piece is " the old one revived."
VOL. IV. X
302 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
Usher, who died 1655, personally inspected the plate in St. Paul's.
Another proof of the important if not cathedral character of this
church may be inferred from the school which anciently belonged to
it. By a decree of the eleventh General Council of Lateran, dated
1179, it was ordained that a school should be attached to every
cathedral church, and in the 25th Henry VI. 1447, the school of
St. Peter's appears as one of the four parochial schools directed by
Parliament to be maintained in London. Stowe cites authorities for
the great antiquity of the library belonging to this school. He says
it was established by Elvanus, second Archbishop of London. There
are frequent allusions in the vestry books to this school from 1576
to 1717.
From an occurrence related in Liber Albus, 10 Hen. III., we find
that as early as 1226 this church was of sufficient importance to have
three chaplains :
On the morrow of Saint Luke the Evangelist (18 Oct.) it happened that Amise,
deacon of the chnrch of Saint Peter on Cornhulle, was found slain at the door of
Martin the priest, in the soke of Cornhnlle. Walkelin, a vicar of St. Paul's in
London, slew him with an anelace (dagger), and took to flight. Thereupon Martin,
John, and William, chaplains of the chnrch of St. Peter, and Kohert, clerk of the
same church, who were in the house hefore the door of which he was found slain,
were arrested on suspicion of such death ; and were afterwards delivered to Master
John de Ponte, official of the Archdeacon of London, by the aforesaid Chamber-
lain and Sheriffs. Judgement was given against them, but they were afterwards
acquitted.*
There is good reason to believe that St. Peter, Cornhill, is the
church to which Geoffrey Eussel fled for sanctuary in 1220. — Liber
Albus, 15 Hen. III.
In that year (15 Henry III.), the same person (Gervaise le Cordewaner ?) being
chamberlain, and Walter de Buflete and Michael de Saint Helen's sheriffs, it
happened that on the night of Thursday next after the feast of Saint Lucia
(13 Dec.), a certain Man, Ralph Wayvefuntaincs by name, was stabbed with a
knife by a certain stranger in the churchyard of St. Paul's in London ; of which
wound on the morrow he died. One Geoffrey Russel, a clerk, was with him when
he was so stabbed ; who fled to the church of Saint Peter in London, and refused
to appear unto the peace of his Lordship the King, or to leave the church, but
afterwards he escaped thence ; and (although) the said Sheriffs caused the church-
yard to be watched, still, while so watched, he made his escape.f
In 1403 the fraternity or guild of St. Peter was formed in the
* Liber Albus, p. 75. f Ibid. p. 82.
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL. 303
church. It was chiefly composed of members of the Fishmongers'
Company.
Very little is known of the style of the church which preceded the
Fire. That considerable repairs were executed during the early part of
the seventeenth century appears from the parish books. The early
entries relate to whitewashing, and show the custom to have been then
in use.
1576, August 3rd. Item condysended and agreed, that the churche shoulde be
whited and collared thorowte in all placys immedyately and owte of hand.
1595, Sunday, February. Agreed because our church of St. Peter upon
Cornhill was very foule, and had not been whited afore in many yeares, as also for
that the churcheyarde walles and fence was very low, so that thereby much
damage happened to the windows glazed, and walls being so very unhandsome to
see to ; that the forsayd church should forwith bee whited, and the walles raised
up in as decent manner as might be.
March 14. Agreed that the church and chancel be immediately whited and
trymmed. The expense amounted to £9 3s.
1600, Sunday, June 8th. The building of the churchyard wall referred to
another vestry.
Sunday, September 21. The steeple and turret next Master Doctor's house to
be viewed, and presently repaired if required.
Sunday, October 12. The same sentenced by the Master and Wardens of the
Masons to be taken down in March, and in the mean space to be pointed and
stopped against the weather.
1622, January 31. The steeple again viewed.
1623, July 27. The steeple ordered to be covered and the bells hung up.
1627, March 27. Agreed that some of the parish go to Sir Henry Martine
(the Judge of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury) with a petition, to acquaint
him with the ruinous state of the church and steeple, to procure some of the
money in his hands for charitable uses.
1628, March 10. The repair of the steeple considered ; then much in decay ;
as to whether the fabric should stand as it now is, and be covered and have battle-
ments set up, according to the advice of workmen, or else whether the old work
shall be taken down to aboute the next lofte, little more or lesse, and a new lofte
of timber set up, and then to be erected in stone work 25 foote high, in a frame,
with battlements, according to the advice of workmen.
The latter agreed to by the vestry.
1631, March 11. The Mason's particulars of repairs required were presented,
and are as follows : The upper and lower battlements of the church to be re-
moved and replaced (except the lower range on the north side), according to the
old proportions of height and thickness, with new water-tables and crest and
vent of Portland stone : to point and mend the lower north battlements, water-
tables, and buttresses, and the south buttresses ; the staircase battlements to be
renewed and pointed all down. The 14 windows in the middle roof to be taken
down, &c. Total, £345.
x 2
304 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
To assist in carrying out these repairs, an appeal was made to the
principal Companies, as appears by the following entry :
1633, September 3. The parish having already petitioned the Mercers, Grocers,
and Merchant Taylors for assistance towards the repairs, petitions are ordered
to the remainder of the 12 Companies.
The information derived from these parochial books respecting the
Church before 1666 is but slight, and from other sources we gain
little in addition. All that Stowe writes about the Church is evidently
taken from these books. A view of the church is given by Cornelius
Visscher in his plan of London, 1618, and a more accurate repre-
sentation appears by Hollar, in his view of London, published in 1647.
The tower is shown square and of two stories, surmounted by battle-
ments, within which was a pointed dome or cupola raised upon clus-
tered columns and crowned by a vane. At the south-west corner of
the church, in St. Peter's Alley, Hollar places a round tower em-
battled. The chancel of the old church extended 10 feet further
eastward than at present, and occupied a portion of what is now
Gracechurch Street.
Many of the features of the old church are illustrated by the pro-
ceedings in vestry after the Great Fire of 1666. In 1667, October
21st, it is " ordered that the grounde where upon the round tower
" of the late church of this parish lately stood, adjoining or lying
" near to the ground of Mr. Richard Blackburn, shall be granted to
" the said Richard Blackburn to build upon according to the Act."
And 1671, January 31st, it was agreed that " A lease of 999 years,
" at the yearly rent of £4, shall be granted to Mr. Blackburn and
" his assigns of the round tower or staircase."
Also in the vestry minutes, 2nd March, 1674, is the following
entry. " The Rector and Churchwardens having received £150 of
" the Chamber of London for melioration money, due from the City,
" for ground taken away from the east end of St. Peter's church
" and laid into Gracious Street,'1 &c. This alteration will be seen by
reference to Ogilby's plan of London taken in 1677.
The Great Fire of September 1666 consumed all that was inflammable
in this church. The walls of the church, and all the upper part of
the tower, were afterwards taken down. The foundations may have
been used for the present building, but the only part now above
ground of the old church is the lower story of the tower.
An interesting record of the steps taken by the parish for rebuild-
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL. 305
ing the church is preserved in the vestry minutes ; indeed, they are
so full that comment is scarcely needed.
27th December, 1667. At a meeting of the vestry, held at the Nagg's Head
tavern, Leadenhall Street, the following resolution was passed — " Ordered, that
the foundations of the parish church of this parish shall be forthwith clered of the
rubbish in reference to the preparing of the said church for new building, and
that a surveyor may be inquired after and procured to survey the same, and give
a modell for the building thereof, together with an estimate of what the charge
thereof will amount unto."
7th April, 1668. " Ordered, that if any person having leave to erect their build-
ings against the church or steeple walls do desire to erect their chimneys against
said walls, that the chimneys and shafts shalbe set not exceeding nine inches in
sd wall, provided they shall contract the shafts thereof into the bntterice or peere,
after such manner as shalbe directed by Mr. Jermyn the surveyor, &c., and so as
same shall not deface the frontispiece of the church."
" Ordered, that Mr. Jermyn have £4 given him for drawing several drafts and
platts (plans) for rebuilding of the parish church. Also, that all the rag stones
arising out of the church and steeple shalbe forthwith sold, and the money gotten
for the same applied towards providing of brick and other materialls for the re-
building of the said church."
9th April, 1668. " Resolved, that Mr. Jermyn continue to be surveyor for rebuild-
ing the church, but subject to the directions of the churchwardens. Mr. Fowler to
have allowance for the annoyance he receives by rebuilding the church, as also
Mr. Ingoll. Resolved, that the churchwardens have power to take downe the east
wall of the church, and to erect a new one, and that such new wall be 30"e feet
in height at least, or as high as the surveyor judge necessary."
19th April, 1668. " Resolved, that Mr. Jermyn be continued the church sur-
veyor as before determined."
2nd February, 1669. " Agreed, that Mr. John Oliver be appointed surveyor
instead of Mr. Jermyn deceased."
15th April, 1669. " Resolved, that Mr. John Oliver be continued Purveyor, and
that he have for his care and pains, and to encourage him therein," &c.
7th April, 1670. " Ordered, that the churchwardens consult with workmen for
the coping or otherwise securing the east wall of the church lately new built, that
it may sustain no further prejudice, and likewise the north wall of the church
lately built by Messrs. Price, Blackburn, Ricraft, and Purchas."
20th September, 1670. " That information be given to Dr. Wren of an en-
croachment upon the church yard," &c.
31st of December, 1672. At a vestry held in the chappel in Leadenhall —
" Ordered, that the churchwardens do present Dr. Wren with 5 guineas as a
gratuite for his paines and furtherance of a tabernacle for this parish." And in
1673, we find by another minute £10 more voted to Dr. Wren.
April 8th, 1675. " Ordered, that Mr. Beveridge* and the churchwardens, &c.,
* Afterwards the eminent and pious Bishop of St. Asaph. He was appointed
Rector of this parish by the Corporation of London in 1672, before the church was
306 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
do treat and discourse with Sir Christopher Wren, and his surveyor, as to the
receiving his proposals in order to the rebuilding of our parish church."
1680, September 7th. In the vestry minutes we find the contract for all the wood-
work in the church. It includes the screen which divides the chancel from the
body of the church, and the pulpit with its canopy, stairs, and rail, which were to
be completed for £30. Special mention is made of the royal arms — " and they
the contractors shall make and set up the King's arms above the screen, raised
fair and to appear on both sides, according to the best art and skill of the trade or
mystery of a carver, which shall be done according to model for £8."
From these entries in the vestry books we learn, that, although two
surveyors were employed at an early period of the preparations for
rebuilding the church, and a model was ordered of the same, still but
little if any progress was made in the works before the employment
of Sir Christopher Wren as surveyor or architect of the new church
in 1670. We may therefore consider that the present church is
mainly his work. The fine oak screen was designed by Sir Chris-
topher Wren's daughter and carved by Thomas Poultney and
Thomas Athew. " It was to be 13 feet high from the pavement, and
made according to model." The vestry minutes inform us that the
church was completed in 1682 and opened November 27th, when
Bishop Beveridge, then Rector of this parish, delivered his famous
sermon on the excellence and usefulness of the Common Prayer.
The church, he said, had lain waste for above five times three years,
but is now rebuilt and fitted again for service. He also alludes to
the great screen ; and, speaking of the chancel, he says that it " was
always made and represented the highest place in the church," and
therefore, he adds, " it was wont to be separated from the rest of the
church by a screen or partition of network, in Latin cancelli, and that
so generally that from thence the place itself is called the chancel."
After having said that this was generally to be found in all consider-
able churches of old, he adds, " I mention it only because some perhaps
may wonder why this screen should be observed in our church rather
than in all the other churches which have lately been built in this
city, whereas they should rather wonder why it was not observed in
all other as well as this." He further proceeds to say that the
chancel in all Christian churches was always looked upon as answer-
rebuilt. He died 5th March, 1708, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. His
arms (date 1704), with those of his immediate successor in the rectory, Dr.
Waugh, Bishop of Chichester (who was buried in the chancel), are in the east
window.
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL. 307
able to the Holy of Holies in the Temple, and that all the seats
should look towards the chancel.
The interior of the church is divided into a chancel, nave, and two
aisles. The spacious vestibule is entered either from Cornhill or St.
Peter's Alley. The entrances to the tower, organ gallery, and vestry
are in this vestibule. The roof of the church is arched and springs
from an attic story above the cornice, which is supported on eight
square piers fronted with pilasters of the Corinthian order. The
length of the church within the walls is 80 feet, the breadth 47 feet,
and the height 40 feet, being nearly a double cube. The height of
the steeple is 140 feet, and is terminated by a key, the emblem of
St. Peter.
The south side of the church and the tower are built with red brick,
but in some portions of the body stone saved from the old church or
neighbouring buildings is used. The building cost £5,647 8s. 2t?.,
which was paid out of the coal-duties and subscriptions.
The communion plate is not particularly handsome, but undoubtedly
old and massive. The two cups and patens are of silver-gilt, the
gift of one Thomas Symonds whose arms are engraved upon them,
bearing the date 1625, therefore before the Fire. The flagons of
silver were the gift of one Thomas Webster, grocer and alderman of
London. These also bear the date of 1625 and the arms of the donor.
The alms-dish, with the royal arms of Charles II. dated 1682, seems
to have been provided by the parish at the opening of the church
after the Fire.
The very fine organ was built by Bernard Schmidt, better known as
Father Smith, a German, in 1681. He was appointed organ-builder
to Charles II. in 1671, and apartments were allotted to him at White-
hall. In 1644 organs were banished from churches, but at the
Kestoration organ-builders were invited from abroad to furnish
churches with new instruments. Amongst them was Father Smith.
He erected an organ in Westminster Abbey and a pair for St. Mar-
garet's, Westminster, where he was elected organist in 1672.
From the Vestry Minute Book it appears that this organ cost £210.
The organ was remodelled by Messrs. Hill under the inspection of
Dr. Gauntlett, at a cost to the parish of about £1,000. It has forty-
five stops and a particularly full and fine swell. Several of the old
and most beautiful stops that were in the former organ have been
retained. Mendelssohn, only a short time before his death, played
308 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
upon it, and on one occasion extemporised, to the great delight of the
congregation, upon the melody of Haydn's Hymn to the Emperor.
He had a very high opinion of this instrument, and of all the organs
which had come under his notice he considered it second only to the
large one erected by Messrs. Hill at Birmingham. He presented his
autograph to our talented organist, Miss Mounsey (who has to-day
displayed her perfect mastery over this grand instrument), which is
preserved in the vestry.
The font does not require any particular notice, but its cover is
interesting as being perhaps the only portion of the furniture preserved
from the Great Fire ; and even this has not escaped unmarked by the
destroying element.
The earliest chantry established in the church was that of Roger
Fitz-Roger in 1284.
From the " Valor Ecclesiasticus," compiled by order of Parliament
in 1534-35, 26th of Henry VIII., we learn the following values : —
£ *. d.
The Emolument of the Rectory 39 58
A Chantry founded by William Kingston - - - - 7 0 0
Tenths therefrom - - - 0 14 0
Another Chantry 700
Tenths therefrom - - - -0140
A Chantry founded by John Hoxton - - - - -6134
Tenths therefrom - - - 0 13 4
A Chantry founded by Thomas White - - - 7 10 0
Tenths therefrom - - - 0 15 0
A Chantry founded by Alice Brudenel - - - 7 10 0
Tenths therefrom - - - - 0 15 0
Another Chantry founded by Richard Morley - - - 7 10 0
Tenths therefrom - - - -0150
From the above and other sources it would appear that there were
not less than seven chapels or altars belonging to the church.
The minutes of vestry proceedings commence in 1574, and have
already afforded us much information relating to the old church, the
tabernacle or temporary biiilding used by the parish for worship
during the time the church was rebuilding after the great fire, and of
the progress of the present church. In addition we will add a few
extracts :
1577. Sunday, March 10th. Only claret wine of the best to be used at the com-
munion.
1579-80, Sunday, Feb. 14. Eight Women's pews ordered on the south side of the
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL. 309
church and so many on the north, and " but one Maydes on eyther syde." TJiis
perhaps has reference to an old practice of Protestants abroad, namely, the sepa-
rating the male and female parts of the congregation, and was probably introduced
into England on the increase of the Puritans in the reign of Elizabeth, and a
custom now revived (strange to say) in several churches, where at least the services
are not conducted in a Puritanical style.
1580, Sunday, June 12. A door ordered for Master Parson to come in at, at the
west end of the church, as at the great door by the clock-house through the belfry,
at all times when it pleaseth him.
1598, March 14. Agreed, that the parishes of St. Peter and St. Andrew should
at their joint costs set up a cage for Cornhill Ward for the reclaiming and shut-
ting up of vagrant persons.
1782. An entry of this year has lately been very erroneously put before the
public in some of the newspapers. It was said there is an entry for money to be
paid for the destruction of noxious insects in the parish. The fact is, there is an
entry in the vestry minutes, That Is. 6d. was to be paid per bushel to persons
collecting lady-birds off the hedges and elsewhere in the Metropolitan suburbs, it
would seem, for the double purpose of staying an anticipated famine through this
plague of insects, and for providing employment for the large number of distressed
poor at that time. This order was rescinded at the next vestry meeting.
In 1679, April 24, the following kind privilege was granted, and
occurs in the minutes of vestry of St. Michael, Cornhill :
Resolved, " That leave be given to the Parson of St. Peter's to walk in the
churchyard."
The register of the parish is what is known as a Queen Elizabeth's
copy. An injunction was issued by Thomas Cromwell, as Vicar-
General of Henry VIII., dated September 8th, 1538, directing that
every parson, vicar, and curate throughout the realm should keep a
register of all weddings, christenings, and burials. Many such records
were immediately commenced, although few such now remain. In-
structions were issued under the Great Seal, October 25, 1597, for
their better preservation.
The register-book of this parish is of the latter date, and the old
register is copied into it in a very beautiful style by Wm. Averill, the
schoolmaster.
The following entry shows when the book was purchased :
This Booke was bought at the charge of the Parish of Saint Peter's upon
Cornhill, Maister Ashbooled, Doctor, beeing then Parson, and Maister David
Powell and Maister William Partridge beeing the Church Wardens ; the two
and twentieth day of September in the year of our Lord one Thousand five
hundred and nynety and eight.
The first name among the christenings is that of Hugh Kellsall,
Sunday, 15th December, 1538.
310 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
On Sunday, the 13th March, 1602-3 (folio 30), a few verses are
written deploring the death of Queen Elizabeth.
The first entry of burials is that of John Johnsonne, the 17th of
January, 1539.
The number interred during the pestilence of 1665 appears to have
been very considerable.
The entries of weddings commence January 19, 1538, with that
of Richard Holland and Anne Boro.
A singular case of forgery exists in the register of marriages, and
occurred under the following circumstances, in 1829, when Sir John
Page Wood was Rector of the parish. A chancery suit was pending,
the issue of which turned upon an entry in the register, and two
persons came to see the books in company with the parish clerk.
They afterwards induced him to retire to spend the evening at one of
the taverns in the parish, and then after making him drunk, as the
evidence sworn before the Lord Mayor would seem to show, he delivered
up the keys of the church and registers that they might search them
(as they said) early on the following morning. They paid an early
visit it would seem to the church, erased the original entry, and in a
very clumsy manner inserted another and then decamped.
The importance of the position held by the Rector of this parish is
proved by a decision giving him the right of priority not only over
the Rectors of St. Magnus and St Nicholas Cole Abbey, but over
all other the Rectors of the City, in the procession to St. Paul's in
the week of Pentecost. In the Records of the Corporation of London,
" Letter Book I. fol. ccii. 5 Henry V. A.D. 1417," we read:
All events that take place are the more firmly established, and the less likely to
be disturbed by any future questioning thereof, if they derive their force from
written testimony. Therefore, be it known unto all persons now living, and let
those learn who shall come hereafter, that on past occasions of the Procession,
which in the week of Pentecost was wont yearly to take place, an apostolic con-
tention oftentimes arose between the Rectors of the churches of St. Peter Cornhill,
St. Magnus the Martyr, and St. Nicholas Cold Abbey, in London, which of them
would seem to be the greater, and by reason of such dignity should occupy the last
place in the procession. And although the contention that ensued upon this discus-
sion was not [inflamed] by the Rectors themselves, but rather by their parishioners,
who would light the torch of discord on the one side and the other, more for the
sake of worldly pride than through any title to probity on their part, who so did
their best to break the peace of the city, and satisfy a lurking malevolence : still,
this accumulating fuel for strife was only added to with the revolution of every
succeeding year ; and this notwithstanding that the rectors of that Basilica of
the chief of the Apostles, which was formerly the metropolitan see, by reason of
the everlasting reverence due to such a dignity, were wont to go in the last place in
ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL. 311
the procession as being Priors, or rather Abbots, over all the Rectors in the said city,
and of right ought to go in that place, by reason of such priority ; in accordance
with a certain sentence that had been pronounced thereon, on the 6th day of
February, in the year of our Lord, according to the course and computation of
the English Church, 1399, by Thomas Stowe, of blessed memory, Doctor of Laws,
and Official of London, and many others learned in the law, then assessors with
him, in behalf of William Aghtone, the then Hector of the church of St. Peter
aforesaid, and solemnly decided upon ; and which, before Henry Bartone, the
present Mayor, and the Aldermen, in full court read and shown, most manifestly
has appeared, and does appear.
Therefore, the said Mayor and Aldermen, on their part, not presuming themselves
to define aught that had been settled by ecclesiastical judgment, but desiring more
promptly to cariy out, with filial obedience, that which such authority had rightly
laid down, and wishing to promote that peace and tranquillity which, by the bond
of their oath, they are especially bound to watch over in the city aforesaid, and
with especial zeal to ensure ; having first taken into diligent consideration the
ancient ritual, and the solemn proofs, decrees, and sentences that had transpired
and had been passed in the case, on the one hand, as well as having deliberately
thought upon the damages and perils, which, through such dissensions and com-
motions, every year manifestly and probably might happen and arise, on the
other, unless some aid should be speedily brought thereunto ; on the 27th day of
May, in the 5th year of the reign of King Henry after the Conquest the Fifth,
did decree, ordain, and, so far as unto them, for the nurturing of peace, did per-
tain, did award and enact, as a thing for all time to be observed, that Sir John
Whitby, the then Rector of the church of St. Peter aforesaid, and all his successors,
Rectors of the same church, successively, of right, and for the honour of that
most sacred Basilica of St. Peter (which was the first church founded in London,
namely, in the year of Our Lord 199, by King Lucius, and in which was the
metropolitan see for four hundred years and more), shall go alone after all other
the Rectors of the same City in all and singular Processions within the City
aforesaid, on the Monday in the week of Pentecost in each year, as being priors
or abbots over them, and occupying the last and most dignified place ; and that
without impediment, molestation, disquiet, or disturbance on part of the Rectors
of the churches of St. Magnus and St. Nicholas aforesaid, now being, their suc-
cessors and their parishioners, or of any other persons whatsoever, on pain of
imprisonment of their bodies, and of making fine, at the discretion of the Mayor
and Aldermen, as to those who shall cause breach of the peace or disquiet of the
people in this behalf. — Memorials of London, $c. pp. 651 — 653.
The advowson of the rectory of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill was ori-
ginally united with that of St. Margaret Pattens, Rood Lane, and be-
longed to the family of Neville of Essex ; and in 1362 they appear with
the manor of Leadenhall to have been conveyed by the Lady Alice,
widow of Sir Hugh Neville, to Richard Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel
and Surrey. Thence they passed into other hands. Sir Richard
Whittington was by marriage connected with one of these families,
312 ST. PETER'S CHURCH, CORNHILL.
and it has been supposed by some, that, having become possessed of
the advowsons of the two livings of St. Peter-upon-Cornhill and St.
Margaret Pattens, he, having no children, made them over with the
manor of Leadenhall to the Corporation of London. Certain it is
that in 1408 these two advowsons with the Leadenhall manor were
conveyed by charter to Richard Whittington and other citizens of
London (some have supposed only as agents) for the Mayor and Cor-
poration, to whom the property was transferred in 1411. The Cor-
poration of London thus became the patrons of this church. Their
first presentation was made to Thomas Marchant in 1429, and they
have exercised the right ever since up to the time of the present
Rector, Richard Whittington, who was appointed in 1867. He is by
birth a citizen, and a Merchant Taylor, and has reason to believe
that he might claim collateral descent from the family of the great Sir
Richard Whittington.
The monuments in the church are not of any great interest. A
beautiful mural monument on the south side of the church commemo-
rates the terrific destruction by fire of the seven children of James
Woodmanson of Leadenhall Street. This fire caused no little stir,
as several other persons perished at the same time. Mr. Woodmanson
was present at a ball at St. James's palace on the Queen's birth-day,
and was called out only to find his seven children consumed in the
flames. This sad occurrence was deeply felt by the Royal Family,
some of whom visited the scene of the fire.
In the vestry of the church is preserved a copy of Jerome's Vulgate,
very beautifully written throughout in a bold hand on fine white
vellum. It consists of 586 leaves. The miniature paintings, which
are 150 in number, are very curious, comprising historical scenes,
portraits of the patriarchs, evangelists, and others, and afford interest-
ing examples of English costume at that early period. The painted
borders which decorate some of the pages are beautiful specimens
of mediaeval art, and proximately fix the date. But what renders
this volume the most interesting and valuable to us is, that by the
colophon at the end we learn that it was written for this church.
It runs thus —
Iste liber pertinet perpetue Cantarie duorum capellanorum celebrantium ad
altare Sancte Trinitatis in Ecolesia Sancti Petri super Cornhill.
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
LONDON AND MIDDLESEX
VOL. IV. AUGUST, 1873. Part III.
THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
AT THE DISSOLUTION.
COMMUNICATED AND ANNOTATED BY MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, B.P.,
F.S.A., PRECENTOR AND PREBENDARY OP CHICHESTER.
THE following Inventories are extracted from a folio volume, bound
in purple morocco, now preserved in the Land Revenue Record Office.
Westm.
OENAMENTS OF THE CHURCHE.
Copes Vestments Tunycles Albes. — v copys of nedyll worke one of them callede
Seynte Peter's Cope lynede with crymson satten. The other calledde the
Cope with the aungelles of perle and the iij other callede the Jessys a with
ij tunycles. A chezabulle of the same worke with vij [xvi in a subsequent
entry] buttonnes of sylver and gilte b and iij albes ij stolles and iij phanams
of the same suyte and to the same belongynge.
Item a Copec a chezabulle and ij tunycles one albe a stolle and a phanam of
fyne blewe tyssue branched of the gifte of Kynge Henry the vth.
a Archaeol. xliii. 247.
h A cope with orphreys and cross buttons of gold occurs at York. ^Mon. vi. 1288.)
e Noa- of cloth of gold reised w1 flowres of blew and velvett. (Marg. note.)
The Establishment of the Church of Westminster, 32 Henry VIII. comprised
the following members receiving quarterly payments : —
The deane Iviiili. ij. vj d. 12 prebendaryes vij li. xv d. 11 petticanons 1 s. at
6 d. the day. A pysteller and gospeller 1 s. Scole master C s. and usher 1 s. of
the grammer scole. A scole master of the songe scole Is. 11 vicars xls. at 5d.
the day. 5 queresters xvis. viij d. 2 sextens 2 porters 2 butlers, 2 coks, a
caterer, almsfolk (including a priest) 4 lay brothern 3 belryngers and wayters
and 35 grammer childern at xvj s. viij d.
The original scheme of the Episcopal See of Westminster is in the Augmenta-
tion Office, Book xxiv.
VOL. IV. Y
314 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
xiiii godlye Copes of clothe of golde with redde roses of velveth and crownyde
portecullyses of golde wrought in the same copes of the gifte of Kynge
Henrye the vijth. [See Red Coopes.]
A Cope of ffyne clothe of golde with a riche orphare embroderyde with
Islippes a with the salutac'on of or Ladye and the ffyve woundes and with
Seynte Petre Seynt Edwarde Seynte Gyles Seynte Bennette Seynte
Katherin and Seynte Margarette of the gifte of Abbotte Islippe. [See
Red Coopes.]
A Fr antes for Altar es. — A riche ffronteb for beneth of cloth of golde pouderyde
with lyonnes of golde and fflower de lyce of golde and a scouchynne of the
armes of Abbotte Islippe and the armes of the place [well ff rynged] of the
gifte of Abbotte Islippe.
A riche ffronte for above of cloth [of] golde powderyd with lyonnes and flower
de lucys of golde with a riche image of or Lady of Pitye c garnysshed with
perle and stone, whiche ymage dan John Cornyssh dyd geve and the saide
Abbotte Islippe dyd geve the ffrontell.
Sepulchre Clothes. — A greate cover of bedde d called a sepulcher clothe of nedle
worke.6
Canaries. — A Canapie of blacke clothe of golde.
Baivdekyns* — Two bawdekynnes of blacke clothe of golde oone of them
conteynynge in length one yerde and a hallf , the other conteynynge in length
allmoste ij yerdes.
ij other bawdekynnes of blewe clothe of golde every of them conteynynge in
length iij yerds.
iij other bawdekynnes of violette cloth of golde, ij of them conteynynge in
length iij yerdes, and the iijde conteynyth in length iij yerdes lackynge ij
inches.
MITRES,
ij mytres garnysshede with counterfette stone and perle.
* The Abbot's rebus.
b Archasol. xliii. 246. Powdered means thickly set.
c The altar of our Lady of the Pewe occurred both on the north side of the
Abbey (Harl. MS. 1498) and in St. Stephen's collegiate church : one was called
that of " Our Lady of Lamentation," at Peterborough. A cope hood at Lincoln
had "Our Lady of Pitty" on it. (Monast. vi. 1283.) An image of or Lady of
Pytte for the Sacrament. (Ludlow MS. Inv.) There was an altar of our Lady of
Pity at Durham (Rites, p. 33). The Blessed Virgin was represented as sup-
porting the dead Christ on her knees as He was taken from the cross. (See
Sacred Archaeol. s. v.)
d So called from resembling a counterpoint or a tester of a bed, opertorium
lecti. (Litleton.) (Archasol. xxi. 257, 259.)
e A sepulchre cloth of clothe of gold, with red fygury and blewe tynsyn (Ix s.
MS. Inv. S. Steph. Westm.) A shete to laye in the sepulture. (MS. Inv. S.
Dunstan's in the East.) A sharyne for the sepulture, covered with cloth of
tyssue. (MS. Inv. S. Mary Woolnoth.)
f Bawdekin or tinsel sericum auro intertextum. (Litleton.) See Sacred
Archaeol. s. v. Bawdkin work, picturatae vestes— tissue cloth of gold.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 315
BASONNES.
One basonne of agathe a [fo. 54, garnysshed with golde and xi greate stones
with their colletts of golde and with v other colletts of golde garnysshed with
smalle stones and perles and iiij greate perles and uppon the bakesyde v
faces of golde xxxviij oz.]
iij endes of a broken crosse of birralle [fo. 54, beralle with holies b of yorne
garnysshed with sylver and gilte Ixx oz.]
PLATE.
Gilte. — A payre of great Sensers of sylver gilte one of them havinge a botomme
of yron within it weynge all together cclxvj [fo. 53, cclxxiv.J oz.
One Pecturalle c of sylver and gilt garnysshed complete with course d flowers
and perles wantinge ij stones havinge one aungell at the side and thre pictures
in the middeste of sylver and gilte xij oz.e
A Crowne of sylver and gilt with iiij crosses and iiij fflower-de-luces with
doble wrethes aboute and betwene the wrethes fflowers enamelyd complete
rounde aboute standinge of viij Jemouues f [al. fo. 54 Jemous] all weying
together xliiij oz.
A Salte withoute a cover of sylver parcell gilte viij square printed " with roses
portecullyses and cross keyes weyinge xiij oz.
ij Cuppes withoute covers of sylver and gilte of chekar worke weyinge
xiij oz. di.
A Salte of sylver and gilte with a cover full of droppes h [in the Misericorde]
xxxj oz. [al. havyng droppys all all aboute hyt — or ronde aboute the Cover.]
A Salte of sylver and gilt with a cover with rosys portecullyses and petrekeys'
[in the Misericorde] xxij oz.
A Salte with a cover gilte, viij oz.
a See Rites of Durhamv p. 8, " A cuppe called an Aggatt." (Monast. i. 63.)
A cup made of an agate called St. Peter's bolle weighing 35 oz. (Inv. of Jo.
Duke of Northumberland, temp. Mary. Add. MS. 24,522, fo. 18.)
b Bullonibus — knobs.
c See Archaeol. xliii. 247.
d Probably thick or raised, coarse or gross. (Litleton.) There was a distinct
material called "coorse silk." (Planche, Brit. Cost. 210.) " A vestment of Cowers
silke blewe and whyt." (MS. Inv. Ludlow.) " Course cloth of sylver." (MS. Inv.
The Pwe in S. Stephyn's Chapel.) " j vestment of red course satten of Cyprus."
(Gun ton's Peterb. 63.)
e A morse or clasp for a cope.
f Gems, jewels in pairs, jemoux. Gemells were hinges. (Inv. of Lincoln
Monast. vi. 1279.) Gemewes, jemeuys, gimmews — metal fastenings or double
rings.
K Pounsonnez, pricked with sharp-pointed instruments into patterns. (Archajol.
xxix. 55.)
h Pendant ornaments. "Dropped with silver dropps." (Hall 508, 614.) Drop,
a pendant. (Litleton.)
1 Three tunicles with Peter keys. (Gunton's Peterb. 60.)
Y 2
316 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
A Peyre of candlesticks gilte,* xxiiij oz.
A Crucifixe standings upon a foote of sylver and gilte, xxxj oz.
ij Basonnes of sylver and gilt, iiij**xviij oz.
Summa oz. Oxlix oz. di.
Parcel Gilte. — ij basonnes and iij ewers of sylver parcell gilte either of the
basonnes havynge a man in a tree slepinge,b and every of the ewers havinge
j slippe in the printe of the cover. And allso a lesser basonne of sylver
parcell gilte with Seynte Edwardes armes in the printe of the bossiiijxxij oz.
(given to the dean).
A Salte withoute a cover of sylver parcell gilte viij square printed with roses
portcullyses and crossekeys c xiij oz.
iiij Saltes of sylver parcell gilte with rosys and portecullyses li oz.
A Salte with a cover parcell gilte vij oz. di.
Summa oz. cliij oz. di.
White.— A lytle drinkinge cuppe of sylver white with one ere voz.
vij sylver spones vij oz.
ij sylver pecys one bigger then the other and iiij other sylver peces of a byggnes
together Ixixoz. (in the Misericorde).
ij sylver potts one with a handle and thother withoute xij oz. ( in the
Misericorde).
vij sylver sponys vij oz. di.
iiij saltes of sylver xli oz.
xxij sylver spones belonging to the MYSEEICOEDE d xxiij oz.
vj spones of sylver v oz.
One flatte pece of sylver viij oz.
xij spones of sylver xiiij oz. vj other sylver spones vij oz.
A pece of sylver white ix oz.
iij white pecys of sylver pouncede e in the botome xlvj oz.
Masours* garnysslied with sylver gilte. — iiij masours late in the Priours office.
A masour bolle called Seynte Edwardes masour garnysshed with sylver.
iij masors withoute bosses xiij masors with bosses (in the Misericorde).
xix masors one of them without a bosse 8 (in the Misericord) one masour late
in the Fermorye.h
Nuttes^ garnysshedmith sylver gilte. — A staudinge Nutte with a fote garnysshed
all of sylver and gilte havynge a man in a tree holdinge a slippe in the
toppe of the corner and written about the nutte Da gloriam Deo.
"• ij candelabra deaurata et operata portabilia ad processiones solemnes. (Dart.
Canterb. App. xiv.)
b i.e. slipping, — the rebus of Abbot Islip.
c Called in other places of the Inventory Peter Keys, the arms of the monastery.
See also Gunton, 59.
d " The Frayter, Misericorde, and the Greate Convent kitchen on the east part
of the Calbege," etc. Gleanings from Westminster Abbey 224. The hall for
eating flesh meat. See Sacred Archseol. s. v. and hereafter, p. 46.
* Punctatus, stippled.
f Murra. See Prompt. Parvul. 328, and York Vol. Arch. Instit.
f Objects thus marked recur in the Inventory of Misericorde.
h Infirmary. j A cocoa-nut fashioned into a cup.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 317
A greate standinge nutte with a fote garnysshed and a cover all of sylver and
gilte havyng an Acorne in the toppe.
A blacke Nutte with a cover the ffote garnysshed with sylver xxij oz.
PLATE IN THE VESTRYE the xx* day of November anno Regni
Regis Henrici VIII{ xxx°.
j payre of candelstycks of sylver parcell gylte a C unces.
j payre of candylstycks of sylver gylte Ixxij unces.
j payre of candelstickks of sylver parcell gylte iiijxxxij unces.
j payre of candy Istyckks sylver and gylt iiijx"xvij unces.
A payr of gret sensers of sylver gylt j of them haveyng a bothyn of yron
within it CClx[xiiij] unces.
A payre of Sensers of sylver gylte on of them haveyng a bothyn of yron in
yt Cxlxviij unces.
A payre of sylver sensers parcell gylte eyther of them haveyng a bothn b of
yron wythin it iiijxxiiij unces.
A Noosterc for the Sacrament of curios d work of sylver and gylt haveyng a
berall in it cxliiij unces.
A Salt e plat of sylver parcell gilt xxvj unces.
ij Augells of sylver and gylte holdyng ij candelstyckks CCv unces. ; the best crosse
of sylver and gylte garnyshed with plait of gold f stones and perlys the figure
of Criste thereon of gold arid Mary and John of sylver and gylt cij unces.
The second Crosse of sylver and gylte with iij gret stonys and divers small
stonys withe the Crucifix Mary and John of sylver and gylte ciij unces.
The best payre of Pasturall Gloves " with parells of brodered work and small
perells haveyng on them ij monyals h of gold garnyshed with vj stones and
xxiiij gret perles eyther of them lackyng a stone and the colet iiij unces.
a With the gold only appearing in places, partly gilt.
b ? Bottom as above, a tray, " turibulum cum patella ferri." (MS. Inv. Ely,
Trin. Coll. Cant. MS. O 2, fo. 130 b.)
0 An ostensorium or monstrance. " j stondyng pyx of silver and gylt to bere
the Sacrament in sett with stone and perle besides the cristall. (MS. Inv. S
Steph. Westm.) " Delivered unto his majistie a fair mounstrance gilt parcell
of the stuff that came from Westmester weinge iiixxjx oz." (Monast. i. 65.)
d Curiously wrought, " affabre factus." (Litleton.)
e Used in making holy water ; and in hallowing the font for baptisms. See
Hall, 805.
f " Cum platis auri perulis et gemmis." (Dart, Cant. App. viii.) " For ij
platts of iron wher they pryst doth stand when he reads the lectar." (MS. Inv.
All Hallows Bread Street.) " Riche greate crosses ready to he borne at
festivall times " (Hall, 607.) s Pontifical gloves.
h A setting of gems on the back, " monile aureum " in the Ely Inventory,
" cum gemmis in plata quadrata." (Dart, Canterb. App. xiii.) " Laminis argen-
teis deauratis et lapidibus insertis." (Dugd. St. Paul's, 205.) "Monilia argen*
tea.'' (Monast. ii. 203.)
318 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
The Second Payrc of pasturall gloves with lyk pereles haveyng on them ij
monyals of gold enamyld white and blak garnyshed with iiij perlys in the
on and xxiiij in the other and ij precious stony s j unce.
The best Myter of gold garnysshed with perleys and precious stonys lackyng
a flowre and a stone therein and a lytle leaf of gold on the rybe a thereof
and haveyng ij labels perteynyng to the same garnysshyd with viij gi'et
stonys and perles and viij pendant bells of gold iiij*xvj unces.
The second Myter of sylver and gylt gamyssheil with white roses haveyng in
them precyous stonys and garnysshyd with perles and levys, on of the said
leves in the border and a stone with the garnet lackyng and haveyng ij
labells garnysshed lykwyse with flowres and levys stonys perleys and ix
bells of sylver and gylt lackynge on leyf iiijxxix unces.b
The third Myter of sylver and gylte with iiij pyctures of brodered work gar-
nysshed with perles and white roses of sylver and gylte enamyled and with
other flowres of sylver and gylt not enamyld, on of the said flowres lackyng
in the border and lackyng vj leaves of sylver and gylt in the edge haveyng
thereto belongyng ij labels garnysshed lyk wyse as the myters haveyug
only ij bells of sylver and gylt xxviij unces.
The iiijth myter of clothe of white sylver and iiij pellycans garnysshed theron
in perles, the edges and sydes therof of sylver and gylt, wantyng vij leaves
and bothe the toppys and haveyng ij labelles c of the same clothe weying
all together xviij unces.
The vth myter of white clothe garnysshyd complete with flowres of sylver
and gylt, of dyvers sorts, with stonys complete in them, with labelles of the
same work and garnysshed xvj unces.
The vj myter for Seynt Nycholas bysshoppe d the grounde therof of whyte
sylk garnysshed complete with fflowres gret and small of sylver and gylte
and stones complete in them with the scripture Ora pro nobis Sancte Nicholai
[fo. 53 Nicholaee] embrodered theron in peril the sydes sylver and gylt and
the toppys of sylver and gylt and enamelyd with ij labelles of the same and
garnysshed in lyk maner and with viij long bells6 of sylver and gylt weying
all together xxiij nnces.f
The best Crosse Staffs of sylver gylt withe the Salutacon h thereon lackynge an
ymage and a pelycan Cxlviii unces.
3 Itiband, limbns, the fillet or circlet round the base of a mitre.
b See Monastic Treasures, 33. " A myter with ij labells with v bells at eche
lable silver and gilte." (MS. Inv. S. Paul's Cathedral.)
c The pendants of the mitre.
A The boy bishop, a bishop Nycolas maytar, xviij d. (MS. Inv. S. Benet Fink.)
There is a good list of the ornaments used by the child in the notes to the
Northumberland House Book ; see also Dngdale, S. Paul's, 206.
* For the use of bells on vestments and ornaments see Sacred Archaeology.
f The 5th and 6th mitres had been " delyvered to the Treasorer to the Kynges
use." {Marg. note.)
s Crux defertur in principalibus ante diaconum lecturum Evangelium. (Inv. of
St. Alban's, Claud. E. iv. 351, and Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, p. 6.)
h i.e. of [the Virgin.]
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 319
The Second Crosse of sylver parcell gylt with the xii Appostils the staf
thereof vj paneda of sylver parcell gylt, cxli unces.
The thyrd Grose for Seynt Nycholas bysshoppe the hed thereof of sylver and
gylt garnysshed with great perles and stonys haveyng therof an ymage
of Seynt Peter and an other of Seynt Edward of sylver and gylt lackyng
vij stonys and perlys the staff therof round of coper and tymber weying all
together Ix tmces.
ij Paxesb of sylver and gylte, one of them belongyng to the lady Margarett's
Awlter, haveying theron the fygure of the Trinitie and portculles enamyled,
the other haveynge theron graved the fygure of Cryste appon the Crose with
Mary and John xi unces.
[Ad us. Reg.] One pecturallc of sylver and gylt garnysshed complete with
course stonys and perlys wantyng ij stonys haveyng one Angell at the syd
and thre pyctures in the myddest of sylver and of gylt xvi unces.
An other Pecturall of plaited sylver gyltid apon wood with iiij great stonys
ix unces.
An other Pecturall of coper and of gylte garnysshed with xiiij stonys haveyng
theron the ymage of the Father and the iiij Evangelystsd xviij unces.
An other Pecturall of coper and gylt with the ymage of or Lady in the myddst
of sylver and gylt with xij stonys all aboute the same ix unces.
A Basyn6 of crystall erased f and garnyshed wyth gold precious stonys arcd
orient perles' complet wantyng iij perles and ij stonys with ther sokketta
xxv j unces.
[Ad us. Reg.] An other Basynh of Agatha garnysshed with gold and xi gret
stonys with ther collets ' of gold and with v other collets of gold garnyshed
with small stonys and perles and iiij gret perles and apon the baksyde v
faces of gold xxxviij unces.
a Panelled ; meaning of six sides and not round. An alter clothe of velvet
payned [in lines of] redd and blewe. (MS. Inv. Barking.)
b See Sacred Archaeology, 436.
c Caparum pectoralia sive morsus. (Amundesham, Ann. S. Albani, ii. 344.) See
(Sacred Arch. s. v. Morse.) This not common name occurs also in the Inven-
tories of Winchester (Dugd. Monast. i. 202) and St. Paul's (Dugd. St. Paul's
207, 317) and Olney. d Generally called a Majesty.
e Four basons with tapers were suspended in the Feretory, two given by Henry
III. in the centre, and one on the north over Q. Edgitha's tomb, and one on the
south over that of Q. Matilda. (Ecclesiastic. 1866, p. 574.) In the quire seven
basons hanging. (Gunton, 61.)
f Probably crassus, chased in high relief.
e See Planche, Brit. Costume, 239. Hall's Chron. 793, 804. Lib. Albus,
206. Dart, Canterb. App. Iv.) Ragged perles were pearls of irregular shape and
untrimmed by the jeweller.
h A paire of gilte basons for lavatories having a roose engraven in the myddst.
(Monast. i. 65.) Such were used by the celebrant for ablution of his hands.
' " A beasel of a ring, the upper part of the collet of a ring which contains
the stone." (Coles, Diet. 1713.) Cabochon (Cotgrave) the place where the stone is
set. (Litleton.) Sexe colletts of golde wherein is sett sexe counterfeit stones.
(Monast. i. 64.) (Archseol. xliii. 247.)
320
One Pontiticall* of golcle with a gret gray stone in the myddyst garnysshyd
about with vj rubyes and v perlys. An other pontificallb of gold with a
gret redstone in the myddyst garnysshed about with iiij saphures. An
other pontifical! of gold with a gret red stone in the myddyst garnysshed
at the syds with ij small sparks0 of emredsrt ij unces qrta.
A Pystyll Boke the for parte therof coveryd with plait of sylver whyt
garnysshod with an edge of sylver and gylt above the same plait and with
the ymages of Cryst, Mary and John of sylver and gylt in the myddyst
(with the boke) Ixviij unces.
A Gospell Boke the for6 parte therof coveryd over the plait of sylver white
with a crose of sylver above over the same plait and an ymage of Criste of
sylver and gylt apon the same crosse (with the boke) Ixxviij unces.
A Basynf of sylver and gylt with the ymage of the Trinitie in the myddyst
enamyled with vj scochons of sylver and gylt enamyled apon the edge. An
other Basyn of sylver and gylt with or Lady syttyng in the myddyste
enamelyd with iiij scoucheons of sylver and gylt enamelyd apon the edge
Ixxvj unces.
A Sacreyng Bell* of sylver and gylte with the clapper of sylver whyte iij
unces iij quarters.
iiij canapye bells of sylver and gylt haveynge iij clappers of yron and wantyng
the iiijthc viij unces.
ij Payr of Cruetts of sylver white xxiij unces.
A Shypp for incense of sylver gilte haveyng thereon ij scoucheons of sylver
and gylt, the one of them enamelyd with the armys of the monastery the
other wyth the abbots armes with a lytle dog of sylver and gylt for the hand
and a spone of sylver and gylt perteynyng to the same xxxiiij unces.
A Haly water Pott with a bayle'1 and a spryngcle all of sylver parcell gylt
the spryngcle fylled with burstyls' complete iiijxxxvj unces.
ij crose stayffs of wood round coveryd over complet with plait of sylver whit
haveyng viij gret bosys of sylver and gylt CCxlvij unces.
ij other Crose staiffes of wood within and coveryd over complet with plait of
sylver parcell gylt haveyng x gret boses of sylver and gylt with ij gret hedds
of sylver and gylt garnysshed with pinacles and ymages complet the bygger
hed lackyng one gret ymage and the lesser hed wantyng v gret ymages and
one small ymage Dxxi unces.
R The ring of a prelate.
b A pontificall of golde wherein is sett a greate saphire. (Monast. i. 63.)
c Glittering pieces, scintillas. (Com. Monastic Treasures, p. 50.)
d Emeralds, lapide vocato emered. (Inv. of York, Monast. vi. 1203.)
e Front.
' A bason and ewer of pewter hamerd to be usyd at Crystnyng of Chyldern in
Chyrch. (Bury Wills, 116.)
8 Tintinnabulum ad elevationem Corporis Christi personandum. (Inv. S. Paul's,
Dugd App. 232. See Proc. Soc. Ant. N. S. v.)
11 Bail. Fr. bailler, a handle : a word used in the Eastern Counties now.
(Arch. Soc. xviii. 145 ; caneta cum ansa. MS. Inv. Ely, fo. 130 b.)
1 Bristles to form the brush.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 321
The best Chales with a Patent of sylver and gylt the Patent haveying the
ymage of the Father in the myddyst enamyled and over the ffoot of the same
chales the ymages of yc Crucifix Marye and John with thes ij letters " N "
and " L "a crownyd and enamyld Ixxij unces.
The second chales with a patent of sylver and gylt with the fygure of Cryst
syttyng in the Dowmeb in the myddyst of the patent with thys scripture
about the same Ego solus ab eterno creo cuncta liij unces.
The thyrd chales with the patent of sylver and gylt the ffoot and all benethe the
boll of the same chales set with stockworkc and garnysshed with perles and
stonys lackyng xj stonys with a pycture of the Father gravyd in the myddyst
of the patent with thys scripture Fit caro per verbum de pane manens caro
verbum xxxix unces.
The iiijth chales with the patent of sylver and gylt perteynyng to Seynt Blase
altar d the foote of the same chales beyng round and haveyng the ymage of
Chryst enamylyd on the same with the ymage of the Dowme in the myddyst
of the patent enamyled with N and L crownyd at the foot of the same dowme •
xxiiij nnces.
[In the Churche as ys sayd.] The vth chales with the patent of sylver and
gylte with the Vernacle in the myddyst of the patent and the Crucifix one
the ffoote belongyng to Seynt Andrew Chappell, ix unces.
The vith chales with patent of sylver and gylt with the Trinitie enamyled
in the myddyst of the patent and Jhus gravyn one the baksyde of the
patent with thys scripture gravyn aboute the boll of ye chales Calicem
Salutaris \_sic~\ accipiam et nomen D'ni invocabo, and on the ffoote Jhus
Xpus gravyn and the crucifix enamyled belongyng to Seynt MygJiells
Chappell and in the custody of dan George Spryngwell," xxxiij unces di.
[In the churche.] The viith chales with patent of sylver and gylt with the
Dowme enamyled in the myddyst of the patent and the Crucifixe enamyled
one the fotte of the chales belongyng to Seynt Nycholas Alter, xvii
unces di.
The viijth chales with patent of sylver parcell gylt with an ymage of the cru-
cefix gravyn on the ffoot and a vernacles bed f in the mydds of the patent
a Abbot Nicholas Litlington's initials, which occur on the stained glass in the
Westminster Scholars' Hall.
b Doom, or Last Judgment, as in the arms of the See of Chichester.
c Open or perforated work. Litleton gives sticked or thrust through.
d Abbot Litlington was buried " before the door of the vestibulum and against
the altar of St. Blaise." (Widmore, 107.) Dart, i. 64, calls the revestry the
chapel of St. Blaise, but an entry, p. 31, shows it to have held the altar of St.
Faith. The altar of St. Thomas was also in this transept, Capella B. Thomas,
quse dicitur locus anticapitularis juxta chorum. [1341. Launton Pap. I. n. 7.]
e " Md. Doctor Gorton [sa]yeth that this chalice was stollen when [Sjpryngewell
was [comm]ytted to prison. [Ne] verthelesse enquyre[th]e names of the men of the
Garde, and know [b]y what color they kepe the said chalice." On the opposite
margin, " in custodia of the men of the garde."
f The Veronica ; see Sacred Archaeology; " the picture of Christ's face upon
a handkercher." (Litleton.)
322 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
with a pece of lead in the soket belongyng to the chapell of Seynt John the-
vaungelist in the custody of Sr John Smyth, ix unces.
ij Patentesfor oblacyonsa of sylver and gylt with Jhus crowned in the myddes
of eyther of the patentes xii unces.
An Oblacion Sponeb flat of sylver parcell gylt with Jhus gravyn in the myddes
wanting the knop at the end, j unce qrt.
A Box for Syngyng Bredc of sylver whyte ij unces di.
A Shyp for incense of sylver parcell gylt withe the armes of the monasterye
and Eslyp graven on the lydds and with a lytell dog of sylver for the haspe
of the same, xj unces.
ij Vergers Roddes of sylver white, the knops at boith endes gylt, the one of
them haveyng the Crosse Keys at the one end and the armes of Seynt Edward
at the other end and the other Verge wantyng the armes at boith ends with
ij lytle bolts of yron in them, xv uncs di.
A Crosse for the Holy Candyll d with a pryk for a taper in the mydds all of
sylver and gylt with the armes the Crosse Keys and the arms of the monas-
terye enamyled at the iiij ends of the same crosse, xxij unces.
A foot for the Crosse to stand appon herses" of sylver and gylt with iiij ymages
a The King (Henry VII.) shall offre (at the high mass) an obley of bred laid
uppon the patteiit of Seynt Edward his chalice. (Rutland Papers, Camd. Soc. 21.)
In the Inventory of St. Paul's are a pyxis ad oblationes, pyxis ad oblatos (Dugd.
St. Paul's 230-1), and in that of York pyxis pro pane portando (Monast. vi. 1205).
Pyxis ad hostias at Canterbury (Dart, App. xiv.). Pyxide ligneo pro vino aqua
et oblatis panibus imponendis. (Harl. MS. 3775, fo. 137.)
b Cochlear tractatorium, the spoon with which the hosts or oblatse were placed
upon the paten ; different from the spoon for the mixed chalice. (Monast. viii.
1365. Test. Eborac. Pt. i. p. 172.) Coclear de calcedon pro aqua in calicem in-
funclenda. (Malcolm i. 28.)
c MS. Invt. St. Stephen's Westminster j lytell boxe for syngyng bred (un-
consecrated hosts) or obleys garnysshed with sylver and gilt 1 oz. di. An almery
wherein singing bread and wine were usually placed. (Rites of Durham, 2.) Pro
5000 panes voc' singing brede et hoseling brede 16 Hen. VIII. 2s. lid. In the
accounts of Westminster Abbey, 31 Henry VIII. 5000 syngyng bred at 8d. the
thousand ; 5000 syngyng bred for messys. (Add. MS. 24,528, fo. 135.) See also
Arch. xxv. 452, xxi. 243.
d Cereus Paschalis. See Paschal in Sacred Archaeology, j stykke of sylver
parcell gilt for the Holy Candell viii onz. (MS. Inv. S. Steph. Westm.) The
prick was a pointed projection on which the candle was fixed, ij candellsticks with
pikes. (MS. Inv. Penne.)
6 Crosse of sylver and gilte with Marye and John to stond on the herse. (MS.
Inv. S. Steph. Westm.) The hearse of Abbot Islip may be seen in the Vetusta
Monumenta ; one at St. Alban's is thus described: super feretrum, sub Herse
perpulchro, sub libitina paunis aureis undique decorata, et v. magnis cereis et iiij
mortariis cereis. (Gesta, iii. 422.) Islip's was a goodly herse with many lights and
majesty and valunce set with pencils and double banners. (Widmore, App. 208.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 323
of either syd enamyled and on the nether parte of the same .foote of eyther
of the said sydes a picture of Seynt George enamyled and at eyther end of
the nether parte of the same foote oon scoucheon wyth iij crownys enamyld
and iiij lyons of sylver and gylt beryng the same foote, iiijx* xvuncs.
[Ad us. Reg.] A Crowne of sylver and gylt. [See before under Plate, p. 3.]
The best Text a close coveryd one the one syde wyth plait of sylver gyltyd
garnyshed with an ymage of sylver and gylt in the mydds and with vij
ymages enamyled vj counterfett turkes b and iij other gret counterfett stonys
and with iiij plates of latyn at the iiij corners of the same text at the bak-
syde, Cxlvij unces.
An other Texte Book to open and spar c covered on the forsyd with plait of
sylver and gylt garnyshed at ij corners of the same syd with brances d of
sylver and gylt lackyng the same at the other ij corners with a crosse and
the ymages of Mary arid John gravyd on the same plait with a crucifix of
sylver and gylt naled on the same crosse with iij yron nayles and v. small
perles aboute the nek of the same crucifix the claspys therof beyng of latyn,
cxx unces.
A Crosse of berall with a slot e of yron thoro hym every way with a large Cru-
cifixe of sylver and gylt with iiij bands of sylver and gylt and a plat of
sylver and gylt at the upper end of the same crosse, Ixxvij unces.
A Crosse of Calcydon f with a bolte of yron thoro it every way with a rondell *
of coper and gylt garnyshed about with viij bands and ij lytle roundels of
sylver and gylt haveyng in them ij gret stones iij perles and xliiij small
stones the reste wantyng, lix unces.
iij ends of a broken crosse of berall with bolts of yron thoro them [garnyshed
with vij bonds h of sylver and gylt] (Ixx unces cancelled) xliiij oz.
A Crosse of berall ' with a bolt of yron thoro yt every way garnysshed with viij
plaits of sylver and gylt and a Table of wood in the mydds parte garuyshcd
with sylver and gylt, cxlij nnces.
A Crosse of tymber with a slot of yron at the foot covered with thyn plait of
a Liber rubeus qui vocatur Textus in casso de corio, super quern magnates
solebant jurare (Inv. 33 Edw. I. Add. MS. 24,699, fo. 56). Textus ornatus
quodam torsello cum lapidibus et innumerabilibus perles. (MS. Inv. Ely, 12th
cent. The Book of the Four Gospels entire. MS. Trin. Coll. Cant. 0. 2. fo. 129 b.)
At Salisbury we find a text after Matthew, a text after Mark, etc. (Dodsw. 232).
b Turquoise ; uno lapide vocato Turkas. (Inv. of York Monast. vi. 1203.)
0 With a closure or hasp, as in spar (shut) the door. See the binding of Harl.
MS. 1498, temp. Hen. VII.
d Corner pieces, like a gag or brank.
e A bolt, as in the provincial phrase, Slot the door. (Coles, Diet. 713.) 3 slottes
and 4 stapill ferri. 1 Hen. V. (Add. MS. 24,528, fo. 160.)
f Chalcedony.
f Circular bands.
h Bands.
1 A cross of beryll or crystall was carried from Easter to the Ascension in pro-
cession. (Rites of Durham, p. 11 ; comp. Monast. viii. 1280, 1204.)
324 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
sylver and gylt garnyshed with borders beyng set with cliiij stones over and
besyds other stones that begona cix unces.
A Crosse for Good Fryday.
An other Crosse of coper and gylt lyk a ragged staf b with a crucifix on the
same.
ij Potts of sylver c parcell gylt with ther covers.
An other pott with hys cover of sylver and gylt haveyng in them Holy Oyle and
Creme d with ther stekes in them, weying all together, oyle and all, Ixxj unces .
SEPTEKS.
Oon Septer of tymber coveryd with thyn plate of gold beyng garnyshyd with
stonys in ij places therof and with perle in oon other place therof haveyng at
oon end a byrd of gold e and at the other end a pyke of sylver and gylte
servyng for the Kyngs grace when he ys crownyd and resseyvyd into the
monastery.
Oon other Septer of whyte and black checkeryd yvory haveyng at oon end
therof a byrd of gold and at the other end a pyke of sylver and gylte servyng
for the quene.f
Oon other Septer of sylver and gylte haveyng at oon end therof a byrd and
levys all of sylver and gylte and at the other end no garnysshyng nor pyke
but playne.
Graye Amyses.f — Oon good graye Amyes not moche worne.
An other greye Amyse whiche is well worne and lately repaired.
Surplesys and Jtochettes.h — iij Surplesys of ffyne clothe ij of them well worn
and have nede to be repayred.
a Are gone, i.e. lost.
b At St. Alban's on one of the pillars a crucifix is thus represented, as if
budding, a cross raguly. j suit of red velvet with ragged staves. (Gunton's Peter-
borough, 59.)
c Chrismatories. iij. chrismatories curiously enamelled, having each two pots
for oyl and cream. (Inv. Sarum, 1538, Dodsw. 231.)
d Chrism for Confirmation, the Holy oil, and oil of the sick. (Inv. of York,
Monast. vi. 1203.) In vase ligneo ad modum naviculae sunt diverse ampullae
vitrese cum oleo. (Inv. 25 and 35 Edw. 1. Add. MS. 24,522, fo. 61.)
e The dove. (See Gent. Mag. xxxi. 347.)
1 Anna Boleyne wore the crown of St. Edward, and held a gold sceptre in her
right and an ivory rod with the dove in her left hand. (Hall, 803.) An ivory
rod with a dove was also used by Queen Mary in 1685. A pyke, a pointed
end.
g Graium almutium, Amess grey. (Hall, 513.) An ornament of grey fur,
worn by dignitaries (Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, 120), as in the well-
known portraits of Warham and Cranmer, and the Inventories of St. Alban's.
iij almicia quorum ij° de griseo et tercium de serico. (Claud. E. iv. fo. 351.)
Almutias cum furruris aliquibus nigras. (Gesta, ii. 453 ; comp. Annales, ii. 759 ;
and Med. Kalend. of Chich. Proc. R. S. L. ix. N.S. 17.)
h Rochet, a habit resembling a surplice, but without sleeves. (Lynd. lib. iii.
tit.,27, jx JJ52J
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 325
iij Rochetts of ffyne lynneyn clothe whiche be all well worne but namely of
them.
Dalmatyckes. — Oon payr of Dalmatycksa of red bawdkyn garnyshyd aboute the
borders with strypys of gold.
Oon other peyr of dalinatycks of black sarcynet garnyshed aboute the borders
with strypis of gold.
Oon other payr of dalmatycks of whyte bawdkyn garnyshyd aboute the borders
with strypys of gold.
Oon other peyr of dalmatycks of murrey b bawdekyn haveyng wrought in them
trees and byrdds of golde.
A payre of grene dalmatycks oon of them of bawdekyn and garnyshyd aboute
the borders with strypys of golde and the other of them of sarcynet gar-
nyshed abonte the borders with strypys of sylver.
FRONTELLES WITH THE CLOTHES FOR BENETH AND ABOVE
THE AWLTER.
A frontell of clothe of gold with florsc and rossys wroughte in the same
servyng for beneth the awlter of the gyfte of Kynge Rychard the Second.
A ryche fronte for beynethe of clothe of gold. [As in the first inventory,
p. 2.]
[Pro rege.] A ryche ffronte for above. [See p. 2.]
A goodly fronte ffor beneth of grene satten garnysshyd with gold of dyvers
Kyngs and bysshops with scouchyns d with lyons at both the ends.
An Awlter clothe for benethe of gold nedyll work with the Birth of or Lord
and Seynt Edwards story e with ij addycons at the end of. nedyll work
garnyshed with perlys.
A goodly blewe fronte for above and benethe garnyshed with fflerorys of gold
and a ymage of or Lady in the upper parte in the nether parte with the armys
of my lord Hungerford and thys scripture Remembrauncc suffysitli me of
the gyfte of my lady Hungerford. f
Another awlter clothe for benethe of black clothe of gold embrotherd with
angells with Requiem eternam dona els D'ne and the dome 8 in the mydds of
the said clothe.
A goodly fronte of nedyll work with Cryste crucified and of every syd a thef
* But namely, i.e. without exception.
b Color ferrugineus, pullus, etc. (Litleton), sad-coloured.
e Fleurs-de-lis.
d Scutcheons.
e His interview with St. John as the Palmer. S. Edward offering the ring to
the Pilgrim was on a corporal case (loculus) at St. Alban's. (Claud. E. iv.
fo. 586.
f Probably the munificent Margaret, foundress of the Hungerford Chantry at
Salisbury. See the Inventory of her similar gifts, Dugdale's Baronage, iv.
207-9.
K The Doom— the Last Judgment.
326 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
with scripture of ffrenche in the neyther parte therof of the gyfte of
Xpofer Goodhapps.*
Another for beneth of crymsyn velvett enbrothered with Angells and flowrys
and thes ij letters I and B sett on them enbroderd work.
Another for benethe of whyte damask with egylls and v swannys in the
myddys.
Another for benethe for the day of ye Epiphanye of whyte wyth starrys.
A nother of blewe velvett with ffloure de lyces and lybards b A frontell belong-
yng to the same. Sold.
Another of russett velvett in bothe ends and in the mydds with olyvaunts c
withe a upper fronte of the same. Sold.
Another of white damask bawdekyn of Wycombes gyfte with a nan-owe fronte
with the ymage of Ihu in the myddys standing in a chalys. Sold.
Another for seynt Edward's Vigyll d wyth rossys and byrds. Sold.
Another for beneth with flor de lyces and lybardes ° of nedyll work fashenyd
like losengys.
Another of blewe with angells for Mygelmas day.
An awter clothe and a fronte of white satten of bryges in iiij peces complete
for the hole awlter above and beneth garnyshed with flors of brotherd work
of tha gyfte of dan Wyllyam Evesham.
Another of black velvett and satten of brydges paned with a doume in the
myddes and certen other brotherd work of the gyfte of the sayd dan
Wyllyam Evesham.
A narowe fronte of black satten of bryges with byrds for Requiem masses of
the gyfte of the said Wyllyam Evesham.
Another by the fronte for above of blewe and red sarsynett with crucifix Mary
and John with flowres de lyces and other of the gyfte of the sayd Wyllyam
Evesham.
Another of blak satten with scoutchyns for Abbottes Dyryges.f Sold.
Another of bawdekyn with greke letters for Relyk Sonday.e Sold.
The Vigyll ffrontal of grene cadas.11
Another of white horsses standyng upon ryvers. Sold.
Sepulchre clothes and other.1 — the ffyrste of gold with scouchynsk enbrothered
with the Batelle' of Rowncyvalle.1
11 Christopher was one of the 25 monks at the time of the Dissolution.
b Leopards and lilies, the arms of England and France.
c Elephants. d Jan. 4. ° Leopards. f Diriges.
£ Sunday after July 7. h Garde, a silken stuff.
' ij Clothes that hanged befor pillers. (MS. Inv. Benington.) iiij shettis yl
dyd hange before ye tabernacles. (Ib. Lecheworth.) Pro apparatu in die Para-
sceves Panni quorum superior habet angelum de auro et serico loquentem iijbus
Maries, inferior iij milites custodientes sepulcrnm, tertius vero Chrestum appar-
entem beate Marie Magdalene et B. Thome Apostolo. Inv. S. Albani, Claud.
E. IV. 358 b.
k Scutcheon shields ; they have since become dilated into the hideous large
lozenges set up by undertakers.
1 The famous battle of the Paladins of Charlemagne, where the great Roland
wound his horn in vain.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 327
the ijde of yellowe collor enbrothcryd wyth old and newe armys of Yngland.
the iijde of red satten enbrotheryd with iij gret lyons. (Sold.)
the iiijth of red satten enbrotherd with the ymageof or Lady with a tabulle* in
her hand and saynt John wyth a Tone.b (Sold.)
[Pro rege.] The vth a gret cover of a bed of nedyll work (see Ornaments of the
Church, p. 2.)'
A clothe of crymsyn velvett garnysshyd with bollyons d of sylver and gylte with
armes of sylver and gylte and perle of dyvers colers.
A Croche c of yvory.
A lynnyn bagge with yellowe awmberf bedys with owche? lyke a bokle of
sylver and gylte and a Crucifix with Mary and John sylver and gylte.
A pece of a nett of Venysh gold beryng the brede' of a yerd every way.
Clothes for the Sacrament. — A Sacrament clothe k of ffyne white sarcynet
ffrynged with gold with this scripture " Xpo gloriam canamus " with iiij
knoppys of sylver and gylte.
a nether sacrament clothe of red sarcenet for every day of Xpofer Goodhappys
gyfte.
a Canopy of clothe of gold garnysshed with sylver and gylt of ye gyfte of or
reverent father J. Islyppe.
Lent Stuff. — A Travers of grene sylk.1
A yellowe awter clothe with the iiij Evaungelysts.
a steynyd clothe to cover the sepulcre™ with the Trinite and ij clothes for Peter
and Paule.
a gret clothe paynted for the crucifix over the highe awlter.
a Probably a scroll with some design upon it. A table means a delineation in
carving or painting, or even embroidery. A table of brothery with the Passion.
(MS. Inv. S. Stephen's, Westm.) Tabula de velvetto nigro broudato cum perlis
de Annunciatione B. Marie. (Inv. Q. Isabel, temp. Edw. III. Add. MS. 24,529,
fo. 3.)
b The tun [dolium] of burning oil into which he was plunged ad Portam
Latinam. (Legende Sanctorum, ed. 1516, fo. 29, 91, by John de Voragine,
Archbishop of Genoa.
c Rounds of metal like bullets.
d Archasol. xliii. 247.
e A pastoral staff or crook. Crocese eburneae. (MS. Inv. Ely, fo. 1306.)
f Amber beads.
e Brooch. (Litleton gives monile.)
h Venice, in distinction to that of Lewks or Lucca. See Hall's Chron. 791.
(MS. Inv. S. Michel at the Quern,) ij knytt canape clothes. (S. Peter West
Chepe,) A Pyxe cloth with a cawlle garnysshed with damaske gold. (MS. Inv.
Wore. Cath.) A girdyll knytted after nett wyse.
1 Breadth.
k A canopy cloth over the reserved Sacrament. See that of Hesset in
Ecclesiol. xxix. 86, with a corporas Case or burse.
1 A curtain to form a screen transversum chori. (See Hall, Chron. 793.) A
traverse of cloth of gold and within that the Kyng's place and chairs. (Ib. 607.)
m Easter Sepulchre. See Sacred Archaeology, s. v.
328 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
ij drawyng perpull curteyns for the vayle" afore the highe awlter.
a staynyd clothe ffor the Crokyd Rood.b
Kanapys* — the ffyrste of white bawdekyn.
the ijde of red bawdkynwith sterrys of gold of chaungeabled collor.
the iijde of blewe bawdekyn wyth byrds of gold and a frynge of gold un-
lynyd.6 (Sold.)
the iiijth of grene bawdekyn with byrds of gold and doggs.f (Sold.)
[Pro rege.] the vth of black clothe of gold,
a gret blewe clothe with Kyngs on horsse bakes for Saynt Nicholas cheyre.
(Delivered to Mr. Treasorer ut supra et postea d'no Regi deliberat'.)
Copy* and Chezabulls agreable.— [Pro rege.] V Copys of nedyll work one of
them called Seynt Peters Copeh lynyd etc. (See p. 1.)
iiij Copys a Chezabull ij tunycles with vj albys and iij phanaras of clothe of
gold haveyng fleurys and braunchys of gold with whyte and grene flores in
ther toppys of the gyf te of Kyng Eychard the second.
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys with stolls and iij phanams of tyssewe
endentyd as chewerne' work haveyng in the cheverns crymsyn and golden
fflowrys of Kyng Richard the ijde8 gyfte. (Sold.)
A chezabull ij tunycles ij stollys iij phanams iij albys with rosys portcullys
of ffyne clothe of tyssewe of the gyfte of Kyng Henry the VIIth.
A cope chezabull and ij tunycles of blewe velvett embrothered with vynys of
gold with whyte rosys wyth lybard hedds of gold.
a The Lent Veil. See notes to Lent Stuff below. (MS. Inv. Newport,) j certen
clothe of white canvas to be drawen before the Commnnyon tyme. (Arreton,) a
corten of linnen usede to be drawen before the awter.
b There was a Crux declinatoria at St. Alban's. In the Custumal of Ware
which I abbreviated in the Ecclesiastic, vol. xxviii., there are mentioned
lamps burning before the altars of Old St. Mary [at the north door], the Holy
Trinity, S. Benedict, Holy Cross, S. Paul, and the Crucifix, the feet of which are
kissed by the people coming up on one side and descending by the other side, p. 574.
A watcher's chamber is also mentioned, and a choir altar besides the high altar.
c MS. Inv. ot S. Michael at the Quern, ij knytt canape clothes ; a canapy over
the pyx. (Wynterborne Stapleton,) Usus observatus in Anglia, ut Sacramentum
Eucharistias in conopeo pendeat super altare. (Lyndw. p. 248.) 1 canapie clothe
gilte, of lynen clothe with iiij canapie staves. (MS. Inv. S. Swithin's, London.)
d Shot with various colours.
e iij hangings of red saye with Swannys, oon of thaim unlyned. MS. Publ.
Rec. Off. A$ [66] fo. 15. (Inv. Sir W. Stanley.)
f iij peces of olde rede saye, iij lyned and oon unlyned. [fo. 11.]
s Unus pannus cum regibus equitantibus Inv. S. Pauli. (Dugdale, 224.)
Canopies were used, not only for the pyx, but over tabernacles, ij canapes of red
clothe of gold fygury for Saynt Stephyn and SayntJjGeorge. (MS. Inv. S.
Stephen's Westm.) The chair was that of the boy bishop.
h Archaeol. xliii. 246. Agreeable, i.e. of one suit. See Can. xxiv. 1603.
' Chevron. At St. Paul's there was aT-apa iudentata (Dugd. 208), and another
cum avibus inter virgulas cheverouatas in alternis spaciis. (Ib. 209.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 329
[Pro rege.] A Cope • a chezabull and ij tunycles one albe a stolle and a phanam
of ffyne blewe tyssewe branchyd of the gyfte of Kyng Henry the Vth.
A chezabull ij tunycles with iij albys ij stollyesand iij phanams all garrnysshed
with perlys which serve for the ij ffeasts of Saynte Peter,
iij Copys a chezabull ij tunycles with iij albys with stolls and phanams of fyne
bawdkyn and the orpherys beyng of blewe velvett with swanys and thys
letter "A" of perle of the gyfte of Sir Thomas of Woodstock b for Corpus
Xpi Day.
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys with ij stollys and iij phanams of red
crymsyn clothe of gold of the gyfte of Sir Thomas Vaughan Knyghte.'
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles with iij albys without stolles and phanams of red
cloth of gold of the gyfte of Pryor Flete.d
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles without stolles and phanams of blewe velvett
enbrotheryd with anteloppes6 and mylles of gold the orpherys of grene velvett
of the gyfte of Kyng Henry the IVth.
Another cope and chezabull ij tunycles of grcne velvett with the orpherys of
blewe velvett wyth anteloppys and mylls and with a stoll and a phanam of
grene velvett with rossis and slyppys f and an albe to the same belongyng of
the gyfte of Kynge Henry the Vth.
A cope of blewe velvett rychely enbrotheryd with angells and crosskeys with a
sword in the myddys of the keys and the Holly Lambe before.
[Sold.] A cope a chezabull ij tunycles withoute stolles and phanams em-
brotheryd with crownys of gold,
xiij Copys with a chezabull and ij tunycles iij albys withoute stolles and
phanams of whyte damask enbrotheryd with Egylls and Angells of gold of
the gyft of Pryor Flett.
[Sold.] iij copes of white bawdekyn with ffleures of gold and dases the orpheus
of blewe velvett enbrotherd with Yslypps rychely wroughte with gold and
thys letter I in the morses K and a slyppe standyng therbye with a chezabull and
ij tunycles of lyk stuf lykewyse garnyshed with enbrotheryd work with iij
albys ij stolles and iij phanams of the same cloth of bawdkyn and velvett of
the gyfte of John Islyppe abbott.
[Sold.] A Cope a chezabull ij tunycles with iij albys withoute stolles and
phanams of crymsyn bawdekyn stavyd lyke to enbrothered with small byrds
a Archaeol. xliii. 246.
b Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, murdered 1397, buried in the Abbey. (Dart,
ii. 47.)
c Thomas Vaughan, Thesaur. Gamer. Edwardi IV., buried in St. John Baptist's
Chapel. (Dart, i. 189.)
d John Flete, who died Prior 1464, wrote a history at the request of some of
the monks. (Widmore, 4.)
e The badge of Henry V.
f Small branches or leaves.
8 Clasps.
VOL. IV. Z
330 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
of gold in the stavys servyng for Palme Sonday and Sherthnrsdaye a and
Seynt Andrew's Day.
A Cope and chezabull ij tunycles iij albys oon stoll ij phanams of crymsyn
satten enbrotheryd with castelles and lyonsb with a goodly albe garnysshed
with ymageiy and whyte harttesc with stoll and phanam and v long bells of
sylver and gylt servyng for Holly Rood Day.d
iij copys of purpille bawdekyn with grene and whyte cheynysd and flowryd
brawnchys in the cheynys the orpheus of blewe velvett haveynjr in it certeyn
fflors of gold with ij tunycles and a chezabull to the same belongyng servyng
for Seynt Laurence day. f
[Sold.] A cope and a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys of fyne grene bawdekyn
with beasts of gold and white ostrygs f ethers in the same servyng for Mary
Maudeleyn's day.h
A cope of whyte garnysshyd with Columbyns1 and a chezabull ij tunycles iij
albys with ther stolls and phanams of white bawdekyn with sterrys of gold
servyng for the XIIVC day.k
iiij copys a chezabull ij tunycles with v albys with oon stoll and iij phanams of
bawdekyn haveyng in hit strypes of gold with Greke letters ' for Relyque
Sonday.™
[Sold.] v copys a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys with ij stolls and iij phanams
of purpull velvett with the orpheus of blewe and crymsyn velvett garnysshed
with enbrotheryd gartters.
[Sold.] A cope a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys ij stolls iij phanams of
crymsyn velvett oppen velvet rychely orpheuzed with ymagery and the arrays
of Kyng Rychard the Second and Anne hys wyf and also of ther gyfte.
[Sold.) A chezabull ij tunycles ix copys iiij albys with stolls and phanams n of
bawdkyn losengyd with fflors betwene servyng for Cathedra S" Petri.0
iij copys of blewe Sarsenett a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys ij stolls and iij
phanams all with Angells servyng for Myghelmas Day and one peyre of
curteyns of blewe Sarcynett longyng to ye same.
a Thursday in Holy Week. (Sacr. Arch. s. v.)
b The arms of Castile and Leon.
« The badge of Richard II. (See Dart, i. 64.)
d Sept. 14. e Chains. t Aug. 10.
f Ostrich. h July 22.
1 A cope of blacke clothe bordered with collumbyns (MS. Inv. St. Nicholas
Kold Abbey), the flower so called. 1 vestment of collumbyne worsted. (Ib
Horsham, S. Faith.) 1 cope of colubyn satten of brydges. (Ib. Denver.) A
cope of collubyne sarcenet. (Ib. Tacolneston.)
k One of the earliest instances of the use of the term applied to the Epiphany
' Qy. I.H.S.
m The third Sunday after the translation of S. Thomas, July 7, for worship of
all relics on earth, and the third Sunday after Midsummer Day. (Sacr. Archseol
496.)
• Maniples.
0 Feb. 22.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 331
A chezabull ij tunycles iiij albys ij stolls iij phanams and a cope of course
crymsyn satten enbrotheryd with lyons of gold servyng for Sondays.
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles oon stoll ij phanams of whyte bawdkyn with
goldyn swannys orpheuzed with broderd work.
[Sold.] iiij copys a chezabull ij tunycles v albys of yellowe servyng for the
feaste of Seynt John Porte Latyn* one of the copys beyng garnysshyd with
byrdes of nedyll work,
ij copys a chezabull ij tunycles on albe ij stolls iij phanams of blewe bawdekyn
with blew byrdes haveyng hedds and feet of gold whiche serve ffor som con-
fessors in three copys.1'
A chezabull ij tunycles iij albys wythoute stoll and phanam of blew satten with
half monysc and starys servyng for the Utasd of Seynt Edward.
[Sold.] iij copys a chezabull ij tunycles of red bawdekyn w'oute albys stolls or
phanams with a pelycan on the bak syd of the chezabull enbrotherd with
gold of the gyft of Kobert Colchester.
A chezabull ij tunycles wythout albys stolls or phanams of red bawdekyn with
pecocks6 haveyng scripture in ther mouthes and a cope to the same belong-
yng-
[Sold.] A cope a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys ij stolls iij phanams of red
and blewe bawdekyn haveyng in hit flowre delyces and lyons, of therle of
Penbrooksf gyf te, servyng for Seynt A Ibonys day.s
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys endentyd with stolles and phanams
for the consuettes of or Lady.
A cope of red taffata a chezabelle ij tunycles with stolles and phanams
garnyshed with castells and lyonsh of brodery work ffor the Apostelles
consuetts.'
A cope a chezabull ij tunycles strakyd with yellowe and red with iij albys of
bawdekyn and with stolles and phanams to the same servyng for seynt
Edwards consuets.
On cope a chezabull ij tunycles on albe ij stolls iij phanams of darke chaunge-
able grene bawdkyn with blewe orpheus servyng for saynt Benetsk consuets.
a May 6.
b Days when only three copes were used at the form in choir, probably by the
chanter and two rectors of choir. (See Ecclesiastic, 1866, p. 574.)
e Moons — lunulis.
d Octave.
e So in St. Aldhelm's red chasuble at Malmesbury habent nigrae rotulaa intra se
effigiatas species pavonum. (Ang. Sac. ii. 17.)
' John Hastings, poisoned in Spain 1375, who married Mary younger daughter
of Edward HI.
e June 17. The feast of his translation was kept on Aug. 2.
h The arms of Queen Eleanor, Castile and Leon.
1 Verbum consuetudinis simpliciter prolatum intelligitur de praescripta.
(Lyndw. lib. 1, tit. 3, p. 25.
k March 21. Every one of these days is commemorated in the English
Kalendar.
z2
332 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
A cope and iij chezabulls of purpull satten servying for Good Fryday ffor
Palme Sonday with iij albys servyng to the same.
[Sold.] A tunycle of red satten for the Skons8 berar on Easter Evyn.
[Sold.] ij other tunycles of dyvers collors oon to hallowe the Pascall and the
other for hym that beryth the Dragon on Easter Evyn.b
[Sold.] A chezabull of grene dyapur bawdkyn with a crosse of gold and with
oon albe on stoll and oon pbanam servyng at the Highe Awlter when the
Quire dothe fery c of the gyfte of dan Wyllyam Ebesham.
BED COOPES.
[To the King's use.] A principall cope of ryche clothe of tyssewe with xxvij
other goodly copes . . .(In Ornaments of the church xiiij godlye copes etc. See
above, p. 2.)
[Delib. regi.] A cope of ffyne cloth (as in Ornaments of the church. See
above.)
A cope of red clothe of gold with a grene border benethe of the gyfte of master
Jamys Goldewen, bysshoppe of Norwyche.d
xxviij copes of nedyll work for Lammas Day" of the whiche xxviij" the grownd
of v of them be all gold.
iij copes of old purpull satten servyng for Good Frydaye.
[Sold.] iij other copes of bawdkyn with bestes and byrdes of gold with the
orpheus of purpull velvett with whyte swannys therein.
[Sold.] xxxvj other copes of red bawdekyn of dyvers sortts have.yng dyvers
orpheusys of sondry collors.
WHYTE COPES.
A cope of whyte damask with great lyons of brotheryeworke.
Another of whyte satten garnysshed with byrds of gold ffor the Chaunter.
* Absconsa, a lantern carried in processions, accendetur candela in Laterna.
Office for Easter Eve in Litlington's Service Book. A lantern of horn for Palm
Sondaye. (MS. Inv. S. Peter's Cornhill.)
b When the priest had hallowed the new fire, according to the Rule, accendatur
Cereus quern portare in hasta debet Secretarius, accendatur et candela in laterna —
hanc portare debet unus de magistris puerorum. (Constit. Lanfranci. Wilkins,
Concil. i. p. 339.) This sometimes had a serpent or dragon wreathed about it.
At Canterbury it is described as hasta ad portandum cereum ad novum ignem.
(Dart, App. xii.) j styke of sylver parcell gilt for the Holy Candle. (MS. Inv.
S. Stephen's Westm.) For the Paschall and Crosse Candell weying v li. (MS.
Inv. S. Leonard Foster Lane.) Henry III. ordered the Standard of the Dragon
to be placed in the Abbey 1244. (Excerpta Hist. 404.)
e Feriare to keep ordinary days not festivals, green being the common colour,
4 albes called ferial white, 7 albes called ferial black. (Gunton's Peterborough,
59.) Capa ferialis. (Dart, Cantab. App. viii.)
d James Goldwell consecrated in 1473, died Feb. 1499. (Ang. Sac. ii. 418.)
e Aug. i. St. Peter ad Vincula.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 333
A cope of whyte damask garnysshed with an ymage of assumpcyon of or Lady
and with other dyvers fflowers of brotherye work of ye gyfft of dana Wyllyam
Ebesham.
[Sold.] xxxix Copes of whyte bawdkyn whereof xviij of them be of swannes
work ix other of the Dayses iij other with blewe orpheus of byrds of gold iij
mo with orpheuses of the kyngs armeshaveying in the bawdekyn red rolls and
Greke letters b and vj other of them haveyng orpheuses of brotherye worke.
BLEWE AND GRENE COOPES.
A Cope of blewe velvett rychely enbrotherd with a Jesse6 the ymages of the
Jesse beyng garnysshed with perle.
A Cope of blewe satten with the Salutac'on of or Lady a lowed behynd in the
mydds enbrotheryd with ymagery and angells full all aboute.
A Cope of blewe velvett enbrotheryd with angells and Crosse Keys with a
swerd in the mydds of the keys and the Holly Lambe before.
[Sold.] ij Copes of blewe velvett oon of them beynge garnysshed with brothered
sterrys of gold the other with thys letter M e crownyd of gold the orpheus of
crymsyn velvett with bells of gold.
A Cope of grene clothe of tyssew with ye orpheus of crymsyn tyssewe of my
lady of Bedford's f gyft.
iiij Copes of Turkey satten Castells with ymagery of nedyle work being wrought
on iij of them and on the iiijth angelles of nedyll work servyng for seynt
Edwards translac'on. e
iij other copes on of them yellow caddas'1 with red lyons crownyd in skouchyns
ij other of russett satten with gryppes ' and lyons of nedyll work whiche iij
coopes serve at Highe Masse for the f yrst iij dayes within the utas k of seynt
Edwards translac'on.
a The title of a Benedictine. (See Sacred Archseol. s. v. Dominus).
b Greek letters, probably \yiae » Qtei sung in the Mass on Good Friday
(Const. Lanfr. Wilkins, 338.) Or the sacred monagram AGO or IHS or AMGO
meaning beginning, middle, and end. At St. Paul's, a reliquary had images of
the cross and S. Mary, literis Grascis gravatis (Dugd. 201.) At S. Nicholas
Kold Abbey, there were " ij aulter clothes of blacke with a scripture — Que quod
natura." (MS. Inv.) Dugdale in his Baronage has given similar instances in the
donations of the Hungerfords to Salisbury. " A clothe of goldw* romayn letters
of blacke welvet." (Bury Wills, 116.) Hall mentions "letters of Greke" on
ladies' dresses (p. 595), and other similar ornamentation (617).
c The Radix Jesse. A cope called " the Root of Jesse." (Inv. of Lincoln
Monast. vi. 1281.) " Una secta de historia Jesse." (Inv. of York, Ibid. 1209.)
" Capa brudata cum Jesse." (Dart, Canterb. App. vi.)
d At the bottom of the cope.
e For S. Mary. At St. Paul's an amice was embroidered " De parvulis nodis
cum cathenulis argenteis et bullonibus in limbo." (Dugd. 212.)
f Probably Isabel Countess of Bedford, eldest daughter of Edward III. Her
arms are on Q. Philippa's tomb. (Neale, Westm. Abbey, 98.)
* October 13, still retained in the English Kalendar.
h Or carde, a silken stuff also used for stuffing. (Plauche, Brit. Costume, 202.)
' Griffins. k Octaves.
334 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
[Sold.] xxix copes of blewe bawdkyn wythe dyvers beasts byrds and small
knotts of gold ix of them beyng orpheusyd with brothery worke and the other
xx" with dyvers other collered bawdekyn.
[Sold.] ij greue copes of bawdkyn servyng for the Vigyll of Easter and
Pentecost.
COPES AND CHEZABULLES OF BLACK.
oon Cope of black clothe of gold with the orpheus of cloth of tyssewe with a
chezabull ij tunycles iij albes ij stolls iij phanams to the same belongyng
of the gyfte of Kyng Henry the VIIth".*
a nether Coope of black clothe of gold with the orpheus of velvet brotheryd
with Jhus and Angells with the Scripture Omnis spiritus laudet Dominum b
with a chezabull ij tunacles iij albes ij stolls iij phanams j other oone
belongyng.
iij Copys of black velvett fygures powdred with rosses and leves of gold the
orpheus beyng of blew clothe of gold with a chezabull ij tunycles iij albys
ij stoles and iij phanams of the same sute and clothe of the gyffte of Thomas
Rowthall bysshopp of Durham.0
[Sold.] a chezable ij tunycles of black clothe lyke satten wrought with
shrympesd of golde and whyte swannes with golden cheynes with ij stolles
and ij phanams to the same belongyng.
A Cope of black damask with the orpheus of clothe of gold and in the hed of
the cope a crownyd rosse brotheryd with a chezable two tunacles iij albes ij
stolls and iij phanams to ye same belongyng servyng for Kyng Henry the
VIIth wekely e obytte.f
a chezable ij tunacles of black ryght satten s with ij stolles and iij phanams to
the same to serve for ye cotidyanh masse of Requiem at the High Aulter.
[Sold.] iiij copes of ryght' black satten and the orpheus of nedyll work.
* " Cancellatur quia intratur in libro Inventorii Capell. fundac' H. vijml."
{Margin.')
b Last verse of Ps. cl.
1 Died in 1524. He is buried in S. John Baptist's Chapel. (Dart, i. 189-191.)
d Atsea bore shrimps on his arms (Berry's Cycl. of Heraldry i. 70.) There
was a family of Shrimpton (Dug. 210) ; a cope at St. Paul's was broidered cum
pluribus piscibus (209) ; casula cum pisculis (216). See also Prompt.
Parv. i. 102. Parpillottes are spangles or oes. (Cotgrave.) The ornamentation
of vestments bordered sometimes on the grotesque, as at St. John's, Colchester —
" xvi. copes blewe with orfres of grene velvet embroydered with gardevyans."
" Last of all come on your fool's coat, which is called a vestment, lacking nothing
but the cock's comb. This is diversly daubed. Some have angels, some the
blasphemous image of the Trinity, some flowers, some peacocks, some owls, some
cats, some dogs, some hares, some one thing, some another, and some nothing at
all, but a cross upon the back to fray away spirits." (The displaying of the
Popish Mass. Becon's Works, fo. xxxvi. Pt. II. fo. 1560.)
c Weekly. f Erased for the same reason as the first.
B Pure, whole. h Daily.
1 Right, true, genuine. (Litleton.) " Diapered with right crimosyn satten."
(Hall, 619.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 335
[Sold.] ij of taffata whiche were yellow copes and newe-dyed unto black with
the orpheus of Seynt John Baptiste.
[Sold.] xij other of black satteu of bryges beyng orpheusyd with the ymage
of Seynt John Baptiste.
[Sold.] of the same black sute be xij of baudkyn sore worne with orpheuses
of bawdkyn.
SYLK ALBYS.
oone albe of sylk the ground of the parells beyng of grene nedyll work with
the ymage of or lady and iiij of the appostells of gold on the oon syde and
on the other syd the ymages of Cryst and or Lady with iiij other of the
Appostelles on the brest of the albe thes words followyng Ex dono fratris
Johannis de Suttunia monachi Westm' wrought with the nedyll : with stoll
and phanam of the same work and to the same belongyng.
an other albe of sylk with parells of red nedyll work with divers skouchyns
and plates of sylver and gyke lyke knotts and lyons beyng garnysshed with
blew white and red perle aboute the skouchyns servyng for the Chaunter at
ye feasts of Seynt Peter.
a nother albe of dyaper sylk the ground of parells of red taffata haveyng
the Expulsyon of Adam owte of Paradyse8 the Ymmolacon of Ysaac with
dyvers other hystoryes of the Byble curiously wroztb with the nedyll on the
same parells.
a nother of sylk the ground of the parells grene and red nedyll work with iij
dyvers arrays on every syde of the same albe.
a nother of sylk the ground of the parells red taffata and on the oon syd the
Nativite of or Lorde and on the other syd Jhus Chryste and viij of Hys
apostells of needyll work.
an other of sylk the ground of oon of ye parells red nedlework with a ymage of
0* Lady and certeyn hystoryes of the newe testament all of gold and the
ground of the other parell blew and red nedyllwork with the hystorye of the
coronacyon of owre Lady and the xii apostells all of gold.
ij other of sylk the ground of the parells grene taffeta with iij armes of nedyll
work on every syd of every albe all of oon sorte withoute dyft'erence.
ALBYS OF CLOTHE AND PAEELL OF NEDYLL WORKE.
xij albes of clothe the parells of them beyng rychely wrought with ymagery
of nedyll work of dyvers sorts servyng at principall feasts ffor the elder
men.c
on other albe of clothe the ground of ye parells grene taffeta haveying iij red
skouchyns on every syd and in every skouchyn iij lyons of gold of nedell
worke.
a At St. Paul's it was delineated by " Ymagines Majestatis alloquentis Adam
et Eve et angeli evenientis cum iiij arboribus cum serpente cujus capud
virgineum." (Dug. p. 201.)
b Wrought.
e Elder monks, here called " Senpectae," i.e.senessapientes or Synpaiktai mates.
See my Interior of a Bened. Monast. drawn up from Ware's Custumal, 1266, now
in the British Museum, and printed in the Ecclesiastic, 1866, p. 533.
336 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
[Sold.] a parell for an albe haveyng on the oon syde of nedle worke the
ymages of John Seynt Peter Seynt Paule Seint Andrew and Seynt Bartyl-
mew and on the other syde the ymage of or Lady with iiij of ye appostells.
ALBES WITH PAKELLSa OF CLOTHE OF GOLD.
[Sold.] oon albe haveynge the parell of darkyshe red or murrey clothe of
gold and in the mydds of the parells ij ymages oon of a kyng and the other of
a bysshoppe of nedyll work.
[Sold.] iiij other albes haveying parells of red clothe of gold of dyvers sorttes.
oon other albe haveyng the parells of fyne crymsyn clothe of gold of the gyf te
of John Islyppe abbott.
a nother albe haveynge parells of blew clothe of gold with circles and rosses
in the circles of the gyfte of dan Thomas Essex.
a nother albe the parells therof beyng Venys gold with small strykes of black
runnyng thoroughe the gold lyke braunches of the gyffte of dan Thomas
Essex,
a nother Albe with parells of Venys golde with small streyks fasshenyng the
gold lyke shellys of the gyffte of dan Wyllyam Essex.
[Sold.] iij parells for albes of violette clothe of gold with yrnagery of nedyll
worke in the myddys of every parell.
BLACK ALBES.
iiij principall albes of nedyll work for the Seniors11.
ij other of black damask oon of them being garnysshed on bothe the sydeswith
a ymage of the Trinite brotherd and thys scrypture Illuminator mens Deus
and the other beynge garnysshed with an archaungell and fflowrs brotherd
and with thys scripture Da gloriam Deo.c
v other of velvett haveyng flowres of gold and levys of grene and red lyk
vynes wrought upon the blacke velvett.
vj other albys be of black velvett very old and sore worne.
viij other black albys of needyll worke very old and sore worne which serve d
for yong men.
jij other albys of old black satten of bryges.
BLACK PARELLS EEMAYNYNG WYTHOUTE ALBYS."
iij payre of parells for albys of black velvett sore worne.
ij payre of parells of ryght black satyn.
j payre of parells of old black taffeta.
» Parurse, apparels.
b The elder monks — the younger had their special vestments.
c The same legend occurred at Lincoln. (Monast. vi. 1283.)
4 The younger monks. Comp. at St. Paul's " capa debilis assignata ad pueros.
Capa fracta assignatur ad tunicas puerorum ; xxiv. capae puerorum fractze et
parvi prccii." (Dugd. 208-209.)
8 An albe having apparels was called parata. (Dart, Canterb. App. ix.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 337
j payre of velvett with golden fflowres and red grene levys lyke vynes.
iiij payre of nedyll worke apon a black darkyshe ground which be old and
sore worne.
ALBYS OF BLEWE AND OTHER COLLORS SERVYNG FOR
CONFESSORS.
oon albe with parells of blew velvett the ymages of or Lady Saynt Anne
Saynt Katheryu Seynt Margarett with a vyne and lybards hedds on the
oon syde and Seynt Peter Seynt Paule and Seynt Xpofer on the other syd
with stoll and phanam to the same,
a nother albe with parells of blewe velvet haveyng the coronacion of or Lady
Seynt Peter and Paule in tabernacles on the oon syd and ye salutacion of or
Lady Seynt John the Ewangelist and Seynt Edward in lyk wyse on the
other syde with stoll and phanam.
an other albe with parells of blew velvet garuysshed with enbrothered crownys
and flores de lyces of gold with stoll and phanam to the same,
a nother albe with parells of blew haveyng Saynt John the Ewangelist and
Seynt Jamys on every syde.
iij albys haveyng parells of tawny velvett with brothered fflowres and droppes *
of golde.
oon albe of grene velvett enbrothered with sterrys for the Prior in Principall
Vigills. (Erased.}
a goodly albe with parells of blewe satten for the Prior enbrothered with
fflowrys and this scripture Tolle crimen D'ne.
a nother albe with parells of grene velvet haveyng oon ymage of Seynt
Edward and a nother of Seynt Nicholas with iiij skouchyns all of brothered
worke of ye gyfte of John Corny she monke.
a nother albe with parells of grene velvet wyth sonnys and rolles (sic) and thys
word Emanuell enbrothered.
a nother albe with parells of blew damaske garnysshed with angelles of gold
and thes ij letters R and C of Dan Robert Callowys gyffte.
another albe with parells of bryght grene with lyberds heddes of gold within
circullys of gold.
an other albe with parells haveyng on the oon syd the armys of England and
Seynt Edmond and Seynt Edward and on the other syde the arrays of
Warwyke and Spencer and of the Erie of Oxfford.
another albe with parells of blew bawdkyn lyke damaske with grene braunchys
and flowres of sylver.
a nother albe with perles of greue nedleworke haveyng on the oon syd the
ymages of or Lord, Seynt Peter and Seynt Edward and on the other syde or
Lady, Seynt Katheryn and Seynt Margarett.
a nother albe with grene perles haveyng theron a preests bed with dyvers
pleynsonge nottes.b
a nother albe haveyng wrought on the perles c a egle a gryffen a holly lambe
and a lyon with dyvers other beasts.
a nother albe with parells haveynge dyvers armes of nedle worke.
a Pendants. b Plain-song notes. c Apparels.
338 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
a nother albe with parells haveynge wroughte theron the armes of England
Warwyck and Spencer,
iiij other albes with old perles of nedle worke of dyvers collors and sorts
servyng for yong men. (Erased.)
ij other albes with parells of grene satten a bruges oon of them haveyng
thereon the ymage of Seynt Xpofer * and the other fflowre de lyces and other
fflowres of brothery worke. (Sold.,)
ij other albes with parells of grene lyke damaske oon of them haveynge on
preests hedd and the other a skouchyn full of small crosses of the gyffte of
dan Robert Cheseman. (Sold.)
a nother albe with parells of crane collord satten of bryges with the ymage of
. Seynt Edmond on the oon syde and a bysshop of the other syd of the gyffte
of dan Wyllyam Ebesham.
iij other albes with parells of blewe satten of bryges with swannys in the
mydds and thys scripture Je ffoy of the gyffte of dan Thomas Gardyner.
viij other albys with parells of bawdekyn and nedyll worke together of dyvers
collors serveynge only for Saynte Dunstans daye.b
ij payre of parells for albys of grene baudkyn serveyng for yong men.
WHYTE ALBYS.*
oon albe with white parells of nedle worke haveynge the armys of Jherusalem
of Seynt Peter and Paule and Seynt Edwarde on both sydes of lyke work
with stoll and phanam.
a nother albe with parells of whyte enbrothered on the oon syd with the
ymages of or Lady and ij of the Apostells and on the other syd the ymages
of Seynt Thomas thappostell with ij other apostells.
a nother albe with parells of white enbrothered on every syd with iiij ymages
of gold in golden tabernacles,
a nother albe with parells of white damaske garnysshed with thes letters X
and C of golde and with thys scripture Xpo canamus gloriam of ye gyffte of
dan Xpofer Chamber.11
a nother albe with parelles of white damaske haveynge wrought on every
syde a greate white roose with golden angells standing on wheles.6
a nother albe with parells of ryght satten and crymsyn velvett garnyshed with
this scripture in golden letters Rectos decet collaudacio of dan Robertt
D avers f gyffte.
a nother albe with parells of whyte satten goodly garnyshed with nedle worke
and with the ymages of or Lady on the oon syde and Seynt Xpofer on the
other syd and with thes letters X and C of dan Xpofer Goodhappys gyffte.
a May 19. b Christopher.
e Ad patenam portandam Capae albae. (Dart, Canterb. App. viii.) Albes with
apparells were called albae parata? in the Ely Inventory.
d Christopher Chamber was one of the monks at Abbot Islip's election.
(Widmore, App. 235.)
e See such figures over the reredos in the view of Islip's burial.
f Robert Davers was Succentor at the time of Abbot Islip's election. (Wid-
more, App. 235.) See Ps, xxxiii. 1.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 339
A nother albe with parells of white damaske enbrothered on bothe syds with
the ymage of or Lady and flowrys of dan William Ebeshams gyffte.
A nother albe with parells of white damask enbrothered with angells and thes
ij letters R and C of dan Robert Callows gyffte.
A nother albe with parells of white damask garnyshed with flowrys of brotherd
worke and thes ij letters J and B of dan John Bedfords gyffte.
A nother albe with parells of white damask enbrothered with thassumpcyon of
or Lady and thes ij letters J and C of dan John Cornyshe gyfft.
A nother albe with parells of white damask enbrothered with angells and
fflowres of dan James Denys gyffte.
A nother albe with parells of whyte baudkyn lyke damask haveynge a T of
swannys apon crymsyn velvett of dan Thomas Gardyners gyffte.
A nother albe with parells of white haveynge dyvers armys and flowrys de lyces
of sylver and golde of nedle worke. (Erased.)
A nother albe with parells of white beyng garnyshed with garters.
V other albes with parells of white haveyng in them sterrys of gold,
iij other albes with parells of white satten of bryges beyng garnyshed with
fflowre de lyces and other fflowres.
iij other albes with parells of white satten of bryges haveynge on them a T
and thys scripture Je ffoy enbrothered.
Oon albe with the parells of old white bawdekyn whiche ys sore worne.
vij payr of white parells lackyng albes the ffyrste of them haveyng starys of
golde wrought in the parells the second be of white satten of bryges with
thys letter T and this scripture Je ffoy and the v other be of white bawdkyn
very sore worne.
REDD ALBES. *
Oon albe with parells of murrey velvett garnyshed on every syd with fflowres
of brothery serveyng ffor the Prior.
Oon other albe the ground of the parells of darke purple velvett beynge gar-
nyshed on bothe sydes of the albe and the hood with brotherd guitars and
bulyons b of sylver and of gylte.
ij albes with parells of crymson velvet haveyng on one of them thes iiij ymages
Seynt Lawrence Seynt Katheryn Seynt Edward and Seynt Dorothe with
braunches of nedlework with tabernacles and nedleworke also.
A nother albe with parells of redd velvett garnysshed on bothe syds with the
dome and iiij angells of brothery in tabernacles.
ij other albes with parells of murrey velvett enbrothered on every syde with
iij white swannys c with cheynys of gold aboute their necks.
A nother albe with parells of murrey velvett enbrothered on bothe sydes with
a roose and ij crosse keys with crownys and certeyn letters.
a Red albes for Passion Week. (Gunton's Peterborough, 59).
b Litleton gives as synonyms, Crusta, bulla. The word frequently occurs in
Hall.
e The badge of Henry V.
340 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
a nother albe with parells of dark purple velvett enbrothered on both syds
with crosse keys Katheryn whelys and fflowres.
ij other albes with parells of ryght redd satten oon of them haveyng on both
syds a ymage and ij fflowres of brothery with certen scripture and the other
of them a arch aungell and ij fflowres of brothery and thes ij letters W and
G in the hoode.
a nother albe with parells of ryght redd satten enbrothered on bothe syds
with a roose and ij peyre of crosse keys with a crowne and certoyn letters.
ij other albes with parells of redd oon of them beynge garnyshed on bothe
syds with iiij ymages and crownes of redd worke and the other of them
beynge garnyshed with sterrys and fflowres of nedleworke also.
a nother albe with parells of nedleworke lyke chewerns • haveyng in them
serpenttys fflowrys and lyons of dyvers collors.
oon other albe the ground of the parells beenge redd satten haveynge the
ymage of or Lady on the oon syd and Seynt Xpofr on the other syd gar-
nysshed with knotts and fflowres of nedyll worke of the gyffte of dan
Xpof er Goodhapps. b
a nother albe with parells of red damask enbrothered with angells and thes
ij letters R and C of dan Robert Callews gyffte.
a nother albe with parells of red velvett enbrothered with fflowres and a T of
swannys with theys scripture Je ffoy of the gyffte of dan Thomas Gardyner.c
a nother albe of red bawdekyn with fflowrys of golde and other wrought
therein of the gyffte of dan George Abyndon.
another albe with parells of red satten of brygs garnyshed with brotherd
gartters.
a nother albe with parcells of redd and grene bawdekyn with dayses wrought
therein.
a nother albe with parells of red satten of brygess with a T of swannys and
this scripture Je ffoy brothered theron.
GYRDYLLES OF SYLKE.
oon gyrdyll of golde and red sylke with lyke buttons and tassells.
a nother gyrdyll of redd with red buttons and tassels of golde and red sylk.
xij other gyrdylls of grene and white sylke with buttons d and tassells of the
same on to every oon of them lackyng but oon tassell and button,
oon other gyrdyll of white sylke with lyke buttons and tassells.
« Chevrons.
b Christopher. This signature is affixed to the Inventory.
c Thomas Gardyner was one of the monks present at Abbot Islip's election.
(Widmore, App. 234.)
d They bound the albe as a cincture. (Several are mentioned in MS. Inv. of
Worcester, Harl. MS. 604, fo. 102.) " Zonae ad deserviendum diio abbati
in principalibus." (Inv. S. Albani, Claud. E. IV. fo. 358.) "A girdle of sylke
with a list of blew and yellow." (Inv. S. Dunstan's in the East.) " A gyrdell with
xxv lytle barres of silver- with a shelde of sylver hangyng at yet, wayes all
together j oz. di. (Inv. Ware.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. , 341
ij other gyrdylls of redd grene and whyte sylke with lyke buttons and
tassells.
oon other of red blew and white sylke with lyke buttons and tassells.
ij other that be olde of redd sylke with buttons and tassels.
STOLLES" AND PHANAMS."
xvj stolls of nedle worke of dyvers sorts.
xv phanams of nedle worke longyng to the same stolls.
iij other stolles of bawdkyn of dyvers collers with oon phanam to the same.
CORPOEAS CASYS' AND CORPORA S CLOTHES,
ix Corporas casys of dyvers sortts with vij corporas clothes to the same.
The ffyrste corporas Case with iij lyons garnysshed with perles and buttons of
sylver and gylte.
The second clothe of gold a lytle oon with ymagery and a Castell on the oon
syd garnyshed with stonys and perle with ix small buttons of perle.
The iijde of the ymage of our Lady and saynte John Baptiste and saynte John
evangeliste on the oon syde and the crucifix on the other syde of clothe of
gold garnyshed with perles.
the iiijthe clothe of tynsyn gold. (Erased).
the vjth of redd and blewe velvett garnyshed with Angells armys and
molletts.d
the vijth of nedyll worke with the resurrecc'on and the assumptyon of our
Ladye.
the viijth is an olde oon with the picture of or Lord on the oon syd and bawdkyn
on the other syde.
the ixth of grene velvett garnysshed with the iii Evaungelists and the
Pellycan.
a nother corporas case of brodered worke haveyng the V wounds brodered
on ye oon syd and tynsell satten on the other syde of the gyffte of dan
Wyllyam Ebesham.
a nother Corporax Case of olde blacke velvett with braunchys of red and
grene levys.
Lynnyn Awter Clothes and Torvells* — Oon awter clothe of whyte sylk
raynyd.f
1 Stoles. b Fanon or maniple. See Sacr. Arch. s. v.
e See Sacred Archaeology s. v. ; called pokkettis in Archgeol. xxi. 255.
d The heraldic charge of a mullet.
e Panni pro oblacionibus f aciendis et aliisnecessariis in processionibus. (Inv. S.
Alban's, Claud. E. IV. fo. 352 b.) Panni de serico pro patena et reliquiis portanda,
pannus pro missali. (Dart, Canterb. App. viii.) ij tuelli ponendi super altare
subtus corporale ; tertius vero erit ad usum lavatorii, pro manibus tergendis.
Lynd. lib. iii. tit. 27, p. 252. (MS. Inv. Gillingham.) ij towels for the lavatory.
A fyne towell wrought with needle worke for the taper on Easter Evyn. (MS.
Inv. St. Dunstan's in the East.) Panniculi pro manibus celebrantis detergendis.
(Harl. MS. 3775, fo. 137.) ij towels used at the time that people were houselled,
f Radiatus— cloth of ray (Hall, 509} in stripes, distinct work from " raised,"
342 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
a pleyne fyne awter cloth with v crossys of gold in the mydds of the same
clothe of the gyffte of Sir John Stanley1 Knyghte.
oon awter clothe of dyaper and ij other of playne clothe.
a pleyn towell with saumpeler6 work for the High aulter on Principall Feasts,
iij other playn towells cotidyans for every day.
ij lynnyn clothes for the stole at the awlter end.'
oon Cote d of clothe of golde for or Lady at ye Northe Dore.
Towells for Crosses and Crosses.11 — oon towell or lytle clothe of whyte sylke with
bottons and ffrynges servyng for the Grose at Pryncypall ffeasts.
ij other of playn clothe for hothe the Crosses.
iiij other towells of pleyn clothe for the Crosse stavys.
Curtteyns.* — oon payr of blewe long doble tartarne & of my Lady Hungerford's
gyfte.
another payre of red sarcynette frynged of dan Xpofer Goodhappys gyffte.
another large payr of whyte doble tartarne.
a nother payr of grene sarsenet for-Seynt Edwards dayes.
a nother payr of black for dyryges.
a nother payr of blewe sarcynett for Myghelmas daye. ( Caret.)
a nother payr of crymsyn tartarne for cotidyans.
a nother payr of whyte tartarne servyng ffor the inferior ffeasts.
being diaper. (MS. Inv. of Much Houghton, 6 Edw. VI.) ij towells of dyaper
called howsellyng clothes. (MS. Inv. Haddenham.) ij old dornyx clothes to
cover the awters. (MS. Inv. S. Peter West Chepe.) A towell to beare the taper
to the founte. (MS. Inv. St. Mary Abchurch.) ij towels of sendall to beare
the crysmatory yn. (MS. Inv. S. Michael at the Quern.) Tuallia una ad
lectricum Aquile. (Rock, Church of our Fathers, iv. App. 102.) Mantilia linea ad
altare. Mantilia serica ad oblationes faciendas. (MS. Inv. Ely Cath. fo. 128.)
tissue reised with silver, paned with cloth of silver. (Hall, 508, 793.) j cope of
cloth of gold raysid with red fygurye. (MS. Inv. S. Stephen's Westm.) Aherse
cloth of tysshu rasid with rede velvet. (S. Olave's Jewry.)
a Probably Sir John, K.G., lord lieutenant of Ireland, who died 1414. There
is another of the name buried at Lichfield, who lived in the time of Henry VIII.
h Needlework in patterns of coloured thread, opus mappale, in the Inventory
of St. Paul's. (See Cook's First Voyage, B. 2, c. ix.)
c The " sedilia" — a bench still stands in this position. So at St. Alban's. A proper
sete seyled at ye auter's end for pryst, decon, and subdeacon. (Inv. of Austin
Friars, Southampton.) (MS. Augm. Off. 466, fo. 131.) New selid setis at Jhus
alter. (Melcombe. Augm. Books, 466, fo. 39.) Tapetium pro sede sacerdotis ad
magnum altari. (Claud. E. iv. 353.)
A So in the MS. Inventory of Flixton. S. Kateryn's cote of cloth of golde.
e A Crosse cloth with a stremer of silke. (MS. Inv. Shephold.)
f Costers at the side of the altar, iiij curteyns hangynge on bans of yeorn to
save ye same allter of saye. (Southampton, Ibid. 131.)
e Tartaryn— tartan, an Oriental stuff of scarlet colour. (Planche, Brit. Cost.
118, 336.) (See also Sacr. Archaeol.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 343
Sudaryes* — iij Sudaryes of whyte sylke strayked and fryngyd at every end.
ij other Sudaryes of red sarcynett with frynges at the ends,
iij other sudaryes of grene sylke fryngyd at the ends ij of them beyng strayked
and the iijd on strayked.b
oon blewe sudary with stray ks onfryngyd.
a nother sudary of dyaper chaungeabte collors.0
ij red sudaryes for the cotidyans.d
oon other sudarye of grene work satten.
Bawdekyns. — [Pro Rege.] ij bawdekyns of black clothe of golde and of them
conteynyng in length oon yerd and a half the other conteynyng in length
almoste ij yerds.
[Pro Rege.] ij other bawdkyns of blewe clothe of golde every oon of them
conteynyng in length iij yerds.
[Pro Rege.] iij other bawdkyns of violett clothe of gold ij of them conteynyng
in length iij yerds and the iijde conteyneth in length iij yerds lackyng
ij inches.
xviij other bawdkyns of dyvers sortts and collors whereof iij be occupyed
aboute and apon Seynte Feythes awter in the Revestry.6
oon other apon the pulpytf every sonday whiche ys in the Sergeaunts
custody e.
MYSSALLES AND OTHER BOOKES.
a Masse Booke of Abbott Nicholas Lytlyngtons gyffte, ij° folio ad " Te
levari " • with claspys of copper and the booke ys covered with clothe of
gold,
a nother longyng to the Prior ij° folio " cant in via " with oon claspe of sylver
and gylte.
a nother Cotidian masse booke for the Highe Awlter ij° folio " eius Ego
bapt."
a nother booke with lessons to be redd by the Abbott ij° folio " tueris et
adjuvas" lackyng clasps,
a Gospell Booke cotidyan for the high awlter ij° folio "in via alii autem."
a (MS. Inv. of S. Olave's Jewry,) ij Sodaryes for the Pix of rede sarcenet
with viij knoppes of copper gilt. (S. Mary Woolnoth,) A sudary cloth of
Turkey silke to beare the crismatory at Ester.
b Canele — fluted, chanelled (Cotgrave), palliata.
c Couleur changeant — shot.
d A daylie vestment of greene damask. (Augm. Off. Books 495, 120.) Coti-
dian vestment. (Ib. 86.) (MS. Inv. S. Paul's, 1552.)
e This gives the correct dedication of this altar, which was not that of S. Blaise.
(See Gleanings 47-9.) Her picture carrying her emblem — a gridiron — remains
on the east wall of this chapel, xxxv baudkins for to garnyshe the quyer at
everye triumphe or at the Kings Mafie> comyng. (MS. Inv. S. Paul's.) Course
cloth of sylver called a bawdkyn. (Inv. Pwe in S. Stephen's, Westminster.)
f A cloth for the pulpett of whyte sylke. (MS. Inv. S. Martin's Outwich.)
< Prepared in the year 1373. (Gleanings, 272.)
11 Missale incipiens rubrica ad Te levavi. (Inv. S. Paul's, Dugd. 228.)
344 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
a Pystle Booke cotidian ij° folio "mansuetus emisit."
a Collector for Collects and chapters servyng for or father Abbott of Abbott
Lytlyngtons gyffte a for Principall ffeasts withoute claspys covered with olde
bawdekyn.
a Collector for the Prior when he dothe servys ij° folio " Exita dne,"b with ij
claspes of sylver and gylt.
a Sauterc for the Kynge somtyme callyd Kynge Henry the iijde with the
Apocalyppes in the end ij° folio, " Super Sion," haveyng clasps of sylver.
a nother Santerwithdyvers ymages affter the Calender ij° folio "tune loquetur."
a nother Boke* for Holy Water for Sondays ij° folio "benedicere et
sanctificare."
a nother to blesse the pascall folio secundo " Judas Scaryott " with Lessons for
Ester and Whitsontyd and a nother Quere e for the same feasts ij° folio
" ilium est qui."
a nother booke of Pystles with ymages in the begynnyng ij° folio " Sibi
Populum."
oon other booke of Gospells for the Highe Awlter ij° folio "musf Re-
spondens."
a breviat masse boke 6 for the Rogacyondayesij0 folio, "rantf A Pastoribus."
A Pontificall with a coveryng of clothe of goldeh and a claspe of sylver ij°
folio " Dominum carnem."
A nother Boke of Coronacyons of Kyngs' ij° folio " quia non erat " cum
lectionibus Sancte Marie Magdalene in eodem libro.
A new Gospell Booke ij° " cedebant ramos " of the wryting of dan John
Langham.
A nother boke for Ester tyme also f°. ij° " bistum." f
BELLYS.
[Sold.] ij bellys callyd Saynt Dunstanys bells. k
a In his will he says : Vestimenta omnia ad Divina Officia deputata, libros
omnes et singulos, pannos aureos et deauratos, et aurifrizata quaecunque, mitram
quoqne, et signacula crucis deaurata, et alia jocalia omnia lego fabricae monas-
terii Westmonasterii. (Widmore, App. 188.)
b Capitularium et Collectarium incipit Exita Domine. (Inv. S. Paul's, Dug-
dale, 221.)
c Psalter. (See Gleanings, 273.)
d A Benedictional.
e Quire, or division of the volume.
f These are the last syllables of the preceding words.
* Missalia abbreviata. (Dart. Canterb. App.xv.)
h Missale cum coopertoriis de serico consuto. (Dart. Canterb. App. xv.)
1 See Gleanings, 266 ; Malcolm, i. 244, 266, says it was burnt.
k Possibly for marking the beginning of the canonical hours or masses in choir.
A little bell is stiil used in the Abbey before service. Chimes for ringing at the
elevation are mentioned in Bury Wills, and in the MS. Inv. of St. Mary Wool-
noth. A broken chyme which stode in S. George's Chappell, (S. Matthew, Friday
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 345
A glasse called Marlyons glasse.'
A Combe of yvory servyng for prestes when yei fyrst say masse.b
LENT STUFFS.6
A frontell with an awter clothe benethe reyd,d lackeyng ij curteyns.
A white clothe of sylk with a red crosse servyng for Lent.
ij albys of oon sute and the parells for Pisteller [and] Gospeller.
Oon albe garnysshed with xxxij sterrys and ij halfe sterrys of sylver and gylte
for the Highe Masse with stolle and phanam without sterrys.
iij chezabulls of whyte one sute and a cope.
Oon corporas case with corporaces.
ij white sydaryes.6
QUYSSHYONS FOE TEXTES.'
Oon quysshion of crymsyn clothe of gold on the oon syde and grene caddas* on
the other side.
Street.) A saunce bell at the qnyer door; 3 bells to ring in the chapel. (Gunton,
Peterb. 63.)
a Probably a globe for warming the celebrant's fingers. The pome at St. Paul's,
the Calepugnus at Canterbury, or Calefactory as at Salisbury, or in Ware's
Custumal the fucea. (Ecclesiastic, xxviii. 537.) They were then of iron filled
with charcoal. A chafyng ball. (Cranmer's Inv. Add. MS. 24,520, fo. 166Z>.)
The glass warmers would hold hot water. A fyre ball to warme harides (MS.
Inv. Wore. Cath. MS. Harl. 1004, fo. 121.) At Wylnashe, however, I find a
pax glas and led, and at St. Helen's Bishopsgate a ring of sylver with ij glasses
for Corpus Christi. A tabull of glasse with an ymage of or Lady and hersonne.
(Warham's Inv. Public Record Off. c. T'8, fo. 86.)
b This important entry shows the use of the comb so often mentioned in in-
ventories and occasionally found in tombs.
c Dominica I. Quadragesimse, post completorium snspendatur cortina inter
chorum et altare. (Cons. Lanfr. Wilkins, Cone. i. 332). Si festivitatem celebrari in
quadragesima contigerit pr&cedenti die dum canitur Agnus Dei ad majorem
missam colligatur cortina. (Ibid. 333.) See also Lyndw. lib. v. tit. 16, p. 342.
d Keyd, rayed, radiatus.
e Old cloaths to cover saints in Lent. (Gunton's Peterborough, 63.)
f At Canterbury there were pulvinaria pro ministris altaris. (Dart. Append, xv.)
We also find cushions pro sede sacerdotis ad magnum altare ... ad deponendum
in presbyterio . . . super scamna . . . (Annales S. Albani, ii. 339, 341.) Ad por-
tandum textus in choro. (Ib. 336.) Pulvinaria ad reliquias. (Rock, Ch. of our
Fathers, iv. App. 105.) Auriculare ad missale imponendum. (Pulten. Inv. 25
Edw. III.) Auriculare pro altari. (Ward. Book 34 Edw. I. Add. MS. 24,522
fo. 134.) ij litell pillowes of whit clothe for the auter. (MS. Publ. Rec. Off. 66
fo. 12.) Text, the Book of the Gospels.
B Or carde, silken stuff used for linings.
VOL. IV. 2 A
346 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
A nother quysshion for principall feasts of crymsyn velvett with great lyons of
nedyll worke and with iiij tassells at the iiij ends of the gyfte of quene
Elizabeth wyf unto Kyng Edward the iiijth.
A nother quysshion of blewe clothe of gold on the oon syd and red clothe of
golde on the other syde.
QUYSSHYNS FOR ESTATES.'
ij quysshyns of the meane syse of blewe bawdekyn haveyng byrds and doggs of
gold,
ij quysshyns of crymsyn bawdkyn with peacocks of golde haveyng grene
necks.
A nother quysshyon of crymsyn bawdkyn with white herons and byrds of
gold.
A large coveryng for a quysshion and iij quysshyons stuffed of blewe bawdekyn
with grene braunchys lyke vynes haveyng red fflores in the vynes lyke rosses
and a gret grene fflowre with white and blewe smalle fflowrys ij of them
be sore worn and be in ye sergeaunts custodye.
ij large quysshions of red damaske braunchyd with golde.
ij lesse of the same sute.
A more and a lesse quysshion of crymsyn velvet.
A more and a lesse qusshion of black tyssewe.
ij other quyssions of blewe cloth of golde of dan John Amersham gyffte.
ij quysshions of grene velvet figured,
ij quysshions of grene bawdekyn with rossys of golde.
iij quysshyns of red clothe of golde of the smaller sorte.
ij gretter quysshions of white damaske with the flores of golde.
ij smaller quysshyons of the same sute.
ij quysshions of grene bawdkyn with fflowrys and braunchys of sylver very sore
worn.
A nother lytle quysshion of olde bawdkyn with hounds and fawcons seasonyng
apon conys.b
ij coveryngs of bawdkyn for quysshions oon of them of the collors of red and
the other of blewe collowre.
a Cloth of Estate is still a term in use. (Comp. Hall, 1018, 1793.) Comp.
" Chief Estates of Galilee," and Hutchinson, p. 3, where Estate is a title of
courtesy addressed to persons of high rank. Thrones and seats of estate are
mentioned by Hall, 618, and in Gleanings, 267, 269. " A stole and quishions to
pray at " were placed in St. Edmund's Chapel at a coronation. Pulvinaria con-
venientia ad cathedras ministrantium in choro; ij pulvinaria magna ad cathedras.
(Dugd. S. Paul's, 207.) The presence of tbe King's estate with ij chayers and
rich cussyns therein. (Hall, 603.) Eche estate syngulerly in halle shalle sit
adowne. (Ib. 189.) See also Ordin. for Roy. Housh. 373. When Queen
Elizabeth visited the Abbey the pavement was covered with carpets, and she
kneeled on cushions. (Malcolm, i. 261. Comp. Excerp. Hist. 232, 306, 310.)
b Fastening upon — seizing rabbits.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 347
BANNERS AND STREAMERS."
banners of whyte sarcynet two of them large and the ijde lesser serveyng
for the crosse stavys.
ij other banners of red and blewe sarcynet with the armys of England serveyng
for the crosse stares at principall ffeasts.
ij other banners all of red sarcynet with lyons serveynge for the crosse stavys.
vj streamers of dyvers sortts and goodnes.
c banners newe and olde of dyvers sortts to hange aboute the churche.
iiij gret banners to stand afore the Revestryeb in the Rogacyon Weke.
FRYNGES AND PENDENTS6.
A fronte fryngyd with black sylke and golde for the Quere end.c
Cvj pensells"1 of dyvers sorts.
A frynge with black sylk and golde ffor the Sepnlcre.
ij goodly borders of grene and redd bawdekyn to hange aboute the Quere
called Corssers.'
On lytell border for owre Father.*
A ffrynge of black sylke and golde for my lady the Kyngs moders h herse.
A dome' of taffeta for the same hers.
SUPERALTARYES."
Oon superaltare garnysshed with sylver plate and perles and conterfete stonys.
Oon other snperaltare garnysshd with plate of sylver pounsed.
Oon other great Superaltare sett in payntyd tymber ' and open in bothe the
sydes of the same tymber the stone therof of the collour of blak jasper.
• Banners of silke above the quire. (Gunton's Peterb. 61.) Vexilla pro
Rogationibus. (Dart, Canterb. App. xvi.)
b At the south end of the transept.
c A dossal probably to fill up the space between the doors of the reredos. (See
Gleanings, pi. xx.)
d Penoncelles, little banners (Hall, 797) used to adorn the walls. (Machyn's
Diary, 96, 111, 173.)
e ij hangyng clothes for the alter. (MS. Inv. S. Mary Axe.) iiij alter hang-
ings ij upper and ij nether for the ij alters in the Body of the Church. (Inv. S.
Steph. Westm.) A lestowe [list] of an autertabyll. (Inv. S. Dionis Backchurch.)
ij (a-) vante clothes j of hollond with a yelowfrenge. (Inv. S. Maurice Winton.)
(See also Dugd. St. Paul's, 223.) A valance for an alter. (Allhallows' London.)
j antepende of fugery saten at ye hye alter. (Edlysborow.) j prependent of saten
gryne and redd with a front. (Lychelade.)
f Costers.
e The Abbot, as in the list of " clothes for the sacrament."
h Elizabeth of York.
' A canopy.
k An ornamental altar slab used on great festivals. (Sacr. Arch. s. v.)
(Gesta Abb. i. 233.) Coelatum superaltare.
1 A superaltare garnished with silver and gilte and parte golde called the
2 A2
348 THE INVENTOKIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
CARPPETTES.
ij large Carppetts to serve at the Hyghe Awlter" at Principall ff easts whiche
were leffte to the use of the monastery at the Coronacyon of Kyng Kychard
the iij'le.
Oon smalle Carppett of checker worke.
TAPPETTES" AND OTHER THYNGES.
xv tappetts of white and blewe contexid with white and red rossys servyng for
the Quere for Juncke0 and for a fote clothe for the se. (s?c).
ij newe tappetts of red with Islypps and thys scripture Inquere pacem et
prosequere earn of the gyffte of John Islyppe late abbott.
iij other tappetts for the Highe Aulter d with Peterkeys and with thys word
Emanuell contexid in them.
ij other tappetts of red continually lyinge afore the Highe Awlter.
ij smalle tapetts oon of them red and the other blewe servynge for the Abbotts
stolle."
ij other tapetts of white full of red rossys servyng for they syd fformys in the
quyre at Principall ffeasts.
ij deskef clothes of white and blewe full of braunchys and rossys together
contexid and ffryngyd round aboute with fryngs of threde.
ij other deske clothes of dyvers collers and sortts of bawdekyn serveying at
principall anniversaryes.
The Rollyd Palye otherwyse called the Passe « servyng for the Abbott to go to
the aulter apon.
Greate Saphire of Glastonberye. (Monast. i. 65.) Superaltaria sint firmiter
fixa in circumdante ligno ut non moveantur ab ipso. (Const. R. Grostete, Brown
Fasc. Rer. ii. 410.) Superaltare rotundum de lapide iaspidis subtus et in cir-
cuitu argento inclusum. (Trokelowe, 452.)
a Panni ad deponendum in presbyterio. (Cotton MS. Claud. E. IV. fo. 353.)
b Tapetia — carpets.
c i. e. instead of rushes. See Traditions and Customs of Cathedrals, p. 89 ;
and my article in Ecclesiastic, xxviii. 574. Quinque dies Dominici sunt
per chorum juncus sparsus. (Const. Lanfr. Wilkins, i. 345.) Four Pede (foot)
cloths called Tapets. (Gunton, 61.) Rushes and ivy leaves were strewn in the
choir in the Vigils of the Ascension, Pentecost, and Trinity Sunday. (Eccle-
siastic, 1866, p. 538.) Rushes were used from Piaster to All Saints, and at
other times hay, p. 574.)
d The " matin altar," as at St. Alban's, was " under the Lantern place," at the
east end of the choir : under the eastern arch of the crossing. The high altar
was in its present position.
e The Abbot's chair, or faldstool, at the same side of the altar, is shown in
the view given in Gunton 's Peterborough.
{ A lectern for the gospel, or lectionaries, or the antiphonar.
f Pas, marcher, alure (Cotgrave), being a footcloth striped or paly, which
could be unrolled when the abbot went up to the altar. Tapetia were used to
carpet the choir, (Lanfr. Const. Wilkins, i. 342-4.) 10 cloaths, called Pedecloaths,
to lye before the high altar, (Gunton's Peterborough, 61.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 349
CHEYKYS.tt
Oon cheyre whiche ys coveryd with crymsyn clothe of golde of dan John
Amershams gyffte.
Oon other cheyre whiche ys coveryd with blewe velvett fyguryd haveyng iiij
poemells b of copper and gylte theron of the gyffte of the said John Amer-
sham monke.
A cheyre cloth of blacke clothe of golde cont' in length by estiinacon ij ells
with the border aboute it whiche ys grene sarcynett.
HERSE CLOTHES.0
A goodly large herse clothe of tyssewe the ground therof black with a white
crosse of tyssew whiche came in at Kyng Henry the vij111 buryall.
A nother gret herse cloth of black clothe of golde with a white crosse of
fyguryd d golde.
A nother herse clothe of black clothe of golde with a crosse of gold of my
lady Margarett's gyffte Countesse of Rychmond and Derby.
A large herse clothe of black velvet with a crosse of ffyguryd golde.
A nother herse clothe of blacke velvett vulynyd6 withoute frynges and withoute
a crosse of Qnene KatherynV gyffte.
xxvij newe morsyss for copys with the arrays of my lorde Thomas Wolsey
cardynall.
a For rectors of choir, panni pro cathedra in medio chori. (Inv.' S. Albani,
Claud. E. IV. f o. 3526.) Cathedra ferrea cum pomellis deauratis quae est Cantoris.
(Inv. S. Paul's, Dugd. App )
b Balls like an apple, a knop, or button.
c Hall distinctly mentions the herse " garnished with banners, pensells, and
cushions," and the mourners offering " rich paules of gold and baudkin " (p. 507).
There is a view of the herse of Sir H. Stanley in Harl. MS. 6064. On a single
leaf in a Cottonian MS. I find these entries : — Pro le herces reg. Annas CO marcaB,
cum omnibus vexillis pensellis et valenciis et cum toto nigro panno et CL torchiis.
Pro hercia Regis Ricardi per regem Henricum Vum (Comp. Walsingham, ii. 297).
iiiixx marcaa cum vexillis etc. et Ix torchiis. Pro hercia praefati regis H. Vu
c marcae cum vexillis pensellis, etc. (Faust. A. in. 356.) A herse cloth of white
tynsen satten for children. (MS. Inv. S. Michael at the Quern.) A red cloth, with
crosse keyes, to cover graves. (Ib. St. Peter West Chepe.) Coffin clothes. (Ib.
S. Lawrence Pountney.) j bere cloth of munke say. (Ib. South Bilingham.)
A parell clothe for them that depart. (Ib. Harbridge.) A beryinge cloth of blewe
velvet and cloth of gold. (S. Swithin's, London.)
d " Velours figure " is branched velvet : fygury means here with patterns
probably of leaves— feuillage (Cotgrave, s.v. ; Planche, Brit. Cost. 202), bawdkyn,
otherwise called velvitt fygnry. (MS. Inv. S. Peter West Chepe, London.)
6 A blunder of the transcriber for " unlined."
( Katharine of Arragon. f Brooches or clasps.
350 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
CANOPE STAVYS.
iiij canape stavys of tymber newly gylt over.8
Signed by the prior and five others : —
Per me dompnum dionisium Dalyons priorem .
Per me Hufridum charite d.
Per me Ricardum Gorton d.
Per me Dane Christofer Goodhays.
Per me thomam Essex.
Per me WilPm Russell.
In the same volume the next Inventory follows in a different hand.
ij payre of organes in the quyre.
A fayre lectnrne of latten be the high alter.b
IN SEYNT EDWARDES CHAPPELL.
ij smalle cusshens of olde blewe velvett.
ij other cusshenes of grene velvett ij of olde bawdekyn.
xj cusshenes of redde bawdekyn wherof one longe cusshene.
ij carpetts of Turky worke to ley apon stoles.'
iij blewe tappetts and vj redde of tapestry.
iiij olde tapetts of white cloth with grene flowres.
ij frounts of redde taffeta d for the Shryne with garters and one of white for
the same Shryne of satten of brydges and one other of blewe with esteryche"
ffethers and f rentes of blewe of the same sorte for the alter/
iij ffronts for the underparte of the aulter.
iij nether? partes of sarsenett and satten of brydges for the alter.
[Sold.] ij nether frountes for the same alter of black sylke.
[Sold.] A nether-frounte of white sarsenett with a redde crosse for the same
alter for Lent.
" For carrying over the Sacrament. (Rites of Durham, p. 11 ; MS. Inv. S.
Swithin's, London.) Canapie clothe gylte of linen clothe with iiij canapie
staves. (MS. Inv. S. Peter's Cornhill.) A pall for the Sacrament on Corpus
Christi day of redd damaske frenged about with Venice gold and rede silke, and
iiij painted staves.
b For the Gospel. (MS. Inven. Holy Trinity, Ipswich.) A deske of latten to
rede the gospell. (S. Alban's.) A deske maid with an egle of lattyne. (South-
ampton.) The quere dobyll stallyd well and substantyally graveyn, with ij
lecturnys, tymber on eche syde. The Custumal mentions the lectern for the anti-
phonar at the west end of the choir. See below, also notes to Conventual buildings.
e Stools. d Taffata rubrum pannum pretiosum. (Gesta abbatum, ii. 363.)
e Ostrich. One front of green silk with ostrich feathers. (Gunton's Peterb. 62.)
f It stood on the west side of the shrine, as at St. Alban's.
B Lower. A reredosse with a forfront and frontal, a curtain drawn before the
upper front of the hie alter. (MS. Inv. S. Olave's Jewry.) An aulter cloth with
the cloth to hange below. (SS. Anne and Agnes, London.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 351
[Sold.] Upper fronts wherof one of redd sarsenett and one other of redd
bawdekyn.
[Sold.] A blake frounte of old black bawdekyn for the same alter.
ij nether frounts for the same alter of redd sylke.
[Sold.] ij nether frounts of grene and blewe baudekyne flowres with a
frounte of white damaske and redde velvett paned for the Shryne.
An alter cloth of olde blewe sarsenett or taffyta.
A frounte of the nether parte of an alter cloth of white damaske and redd
velvett paned.
A mydle frounte of grene and redd velvett with the Crucifix in the myddes.
[Caret.] A border of olde blewe velvet for the alter.
ij curteynes of redd sarsenet and white ij of white sarsenett ij of crymsen or
murrey* ij of blakk sarsenett and ij of blewe.
iiij lynen alter clothes pleyne.
A Vestment of redd saten fygure with albes.
A Vestment complete of blacke velvett the orphares of redd velvett with albes.
[Caret.] A Vestment of redd damaske with orphares of blewe velvett.
A Vestment of white sattene of brydges the orphares redd.
[Sold.] A Vestment of blew sylke with orphares of redd complete.
A Vestment of blewe satten the orphares redd.
A Vestment of white damaske with the orphares of murrey.
A Vestment of blacke worsted with the orphares redd satten of brydges complete.
[Sold.] An olde chesible with oute albe of white and yellowe baudekyn.
[Sold.] An albe with a hed pece of redd counterfett tyssue.
iiij corperasse cases of sundry sortes ij masse bookes one of them of Sarum Use.
A fayre godly Shrine of Seynt Edward in marble in the myddes of the
chappell with a case to the same.
vij Tombes in the same Chappell wherof one of Richard the Seconde of
coper gilte, one of Edward the iijde of coper gilte, one other of Queue Philippe
of alabaster, one other of Henry the Vth of sylverb, one other of Quene
Elynor of coper gilte, one other of Henry the iijd of coper gilte, and one
other pleyne tombe of marble of Edward the fyrst; with ij lytell tombes, one
of them of Elizabeth daughter to Henry the viith c, and thother of Margarett
daughter to Edward the iiijth.d
ij Standerds of latten and one standerd to sett one cruetts of latten.6
viij ymages of coper gilt remayninge in a chest the parcell of the garnys-
shynge with ij crownes of copar gilte iij ymages of brasse of the garnysshinge
» Dusky, or dun colour.
b The silver plates were certainly in existence at this time, and confirm Mr.
Burges' suggestion in Gleanings, p. 177. The funeral ceremonies for Rich. II.
Q. Anne, and Henry V. are in Cotton. MS. Faust. A. in. fo. 356.
c The little child, only three years old, was buried at the feet of Henry III.
(Stowe's Survey, ii. 600.)
d Born April 19, and died Dec. 11, 1472, his fifth child. (Dart, iii. 79.)
e Comp. ij latten deskys wtth a stonderd for the pascall of latten. (MS. Inv.
S. Steph. Westm.) S. Mary Abchurch, ij standards standing on either side of
the altar. Standards, stantaria, were large candlesticks.
352 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
of the Shryne of Kynge Henry the VIIth. [Over these words, which are
struck through, Richard IInd.].
IN THE CHAPPELL OF KYNGE HENRY THE Vth.»
A chalice of sylver parcell gilte with the picture of Seynt Edward garnysshed
in the fote.
An alter cloth complete of grene and redde satten of Brydges.
A Vestment of white damaske with orphares of redd velvett.
A Vestment of grene damaske with orphares of redd damaske.
A frounte and alter cloth of white damaske.
[Sold.] An alter cloth of old blewe and grene bawdekyne and a vestment of the
same.
T lynen alter clothes and ij hande towellsb iij corperasse casys v white tapetts
and one redd tapett a lytell table c of lether.
SAYNT EDMONDES CHAPELL.d
A ffront for auter of blew with crownys and starris of gold for the nether part
and one outer cloth of lynen cloth.
A front for the auter of the upper part and nethar of whit and rede saten of
bruges.
A nether part of blew bawdkyn with swanys and tres and the uper part for
the same.
A Vestment of blake and grene bawdkyn complete.
A payer of cortens of white and redd sarsnett.
One other lynen auter cloth.
A payer of candlestyks of pewter a laten candelstyke with ij nosses. A Vest-
ment of blew velvyt with crownes and staris complete. A Vestment of
whit bawdkyn with crosse of red bawdkyn complet (sold). A Vestment
of blew chamlet powdered with fflowers and a rede crosse powdered with
starris complete. A Vestment of tawney bawdkyn witL a crosse of blew
bawdkyn complet. A Vestment of red velvet and doggs6 of gold with
Crucyffyx of nedyll worke complet. A Vestment of blew bawdkyn with
whit swannys and tres of gold and a crosse of red velvyt with doggs of gold
complet. An albe without stole or phanell of blew bawdkyn. Another albe
with owt stole or phanell of red velvyt with doggs of gold (sold), ij olde
whit albys with owt apparells. ij red corporaces casses of red tishew and one
corporas casse of blew bawdkyn with clothis in them.
SAYNT NYCHOLAS CHAPELL.'
ij hangyngs for the anter for the upper part and the nether of steynyd worke.
* Dart, ii. 37, at the east end of the apse.
b Abstersoria, for the priest to wipe his fingers upon, ad extergcndum digitos
post perfnsionem. (Inv. S. Paul's, Dugd. App. 217, juxta lavatorium habetur
manutergium. (Lyndw. lib. iii. tit. 25, p. 235 ;) j tersorium ad sacrarium. (Dart.
Cantab. App. xvii).
c A frontal with some delineation upon it.
d The middle chapel on the south side of the choir.
• One suit of the Dogges. (Gunton, Peterb. 60.)
f The easternmost of the radiating chapels on the south side of the choir aisle.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 353
j payer of cortcns of rede and grene sarsnet. iiij anter clothes of lynen
cloth, ij auter clothes for the upper part and nether of redd clothe of
golde with a yinage in brored of or Lady (sold.) ij auter clothes of whit
damaske panyd with blewe ffygure velvyt for the upper part and nether,
one auter cloth of whit bawdkyn for the nether part, ij anter clothis for
Lent of whit sarsenett with a rede crosse. v copys of whit bawdkyn one
of them beyng orfysed with nedyll worke and the other iij orfysed with
bawdkyn (sold), a chessybyll. ij tynakylls of red cloth of gold complett.
a chessybyll. ij tunhakylls of whit bawdkyn complet. j albe in brothered
with thassumpcion of or lady, j other albe of whit damaske panyd with
blew fygury velvet, a lynyn cloth to cover or Lady in Lent, iij corporas
casis garnisid with mbrodery worke with clothes, a nother corporas casse
of whit damaske. a whit vestment of damask inbrodered with Egylls
complet. v laten candlestycks and other candelstycks. a chalys sylver
and gilt with paten, ij corporas casses and ij clothis in them, j other
autercloth playne. a Vestment complet of grene saten of Bryges with a
rede crosse (sold), j other vestment complet of whit saten bryges with a
rede Crosse. ij gret standyng candylstyks of laten (sold).
MY LADY MAEGAEETTES CHAPELL.*
j auter cloth for the upper part and nether part of redd and grene saten of
bryges with portcolis.b iiij auterclothes of lynnyn. ij auter clothis for the
upper part and nether of dune velvet garnissid with flowers, ij auter
clothes for the upper part and nether panyd with cloth of gold and grene
velvet with portcolis. j auter cloth of dune velvet for the nether part gar-
nissid with flowers, ij vestments complet of cloth of gold with ij grene
crosses of grene velvit with Jhus and portcolis. j vestment complet of blacke
saten brygss garnisid with Soulls.0 a blewe vestment complet of saten of
briges powderid with Archaungells. ij whit vestments of saten of bryges
garnisid with portcollis. a red westment of saten of bryges complet with a
blew crosse of saten of brygis (sold), an albe perelyd d with red saten of
briges. iij corporace cassis of red velvit. iij other cassis with j cloth of
diverse collors.6
SAYNT ANDEOWES CHAPELL.f
A lytyll chalys with a paten sylver and gilt, ij Corperace cassis with j cloth
ij vestments complet j of whit damask with a crosse of blew velvit and the
a The south chapel of St. Mary's or Henry VIIth'8 Chapel. The high altar of
our Lady occupied the site of the present tomb. The first tomb and an altar of St.
Saviour stood about the middle of the chapel, with the altar of Henry VIth'§
chantry in the eastern bay.
b Portcullisses.
c Souls in purgatory, represented as little children carried upward in large
cloths.
d Pearled, perulatus.
e ij Copes j of sylke of diverse coloures. (MS. Inv. West Eotham.)
f The north chapel of the east aisle of the transept.
354 THE INVENTOEIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
other of old russet thaffata hayyng flowers and starys wrought theron with
nedyll. ij auter clothes for the nether part j of them of red and gene saten
of briges panyd and the other panid with why* saten of bryges and rede
bawdkyn. Auter clothis of playne cloth. A writen Masse bok. iiij
payntyd clothis for Lent.
SAYNT MYGHELLES CHAPELL.*
A payer of laten candelstyks with pyks. ij cortens of sendall old. iij auter
clothes ij of dyaper and j of playn cloth, ij Corporace cassis with j cloth,
iij nether ffrontis for the auter j of them of red sarsnet garnisid with garters
the ijnd of blew bawdkyn in iij parts therof with ymages of brodery worke
and the iiide of rede and blew bawdkyn panyd. j chessibyll of red velvit
havyng a crosse of crymsyn cloth of gold with stole and phanon. A nother
chessibyll of whit bawdkyn with a crosse of red bawdkyn with stole and
phanan. Another chessibyll of red saten with a crosse of blew saten gar-
nisyd with garters with stole and phanam (sold). Another chessibyll of
blew bawdkyn with a crosse of red sarsenet garnisid with ymagery with stole
and phanam (sold), j albe with redd parells of nedyll worke. A cloth of
blew bokeram for Lent, ij whit clothes of staynid cloth for Lent for the
auter above and beneth.
SANT JOHN EVANGELIST CHAPELL.b
A ffront of whit and grene bawdkyn for the nether part of the auter. An olde
bawdkyn c for to cover the auter. iij lynyn auter clothes. A ffront of rede
and grene bawdkyn panid with the arrays of Yenglond in brodered for the
nether part of the auter (sold), ij curtens of red and blew sarsenet, ij
cortens of rede sarsenet and whit lynen cloth. A chales of parcell gylt with
paten with a C and S in the botome which is charged in the Vestry, ij
Masse Boks j of secular use d and the other of the Place use.6 ij corporace
cassis with clothis of dyverse worke. A Vestment of sarsnet rede complet
with lyonis and a crosse of nedill worke. A Vestment of whit bawdkyn
complet with a grene crosse. A nold westment of red velvit complet in
brodered with garters (sold), ij Cortens of blew bokeram for Lent, j whit
cloth for the auter for Lent, ij Laten candelstyks for the auter.
SAYNT JOHN BAPTIST CHAPELL.
iij lynen auter clothes, ij auter ffronts j for above the other for benethe of
rede grene and yellow say panyd with ij corperas of the same worke. ij
laten candelstyks for the auter. A Crosse of wood stondyng on the auter
gilded, iij Corperace cassis of dyverse sorts with iij C lynyne («ic) clothis
* The middle chapel in the east aisle of the transept.
b The south chapel in the east aisle of the transept.
c " A vestment of course cloth of sylver called a bawdekyn." (MS. Inv. S.
Stephen's, Westminster.)
d Probably that of Sarum.
e The Benedictine use.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 355
in them. A Vestment with j albe with out stole and phanam of red velvit.
A vestment of whit bawdkyn complet (sold). A Vestment of red velvit
complet with a Crosse of blew tyssew (sold). A chessibyll with out albe
and parell of whit damaske with a rede crosse. A Vestment of grene
velvet and grene bawdkyn and a crosse red say. A chessybyll off red
bawdkyn with a grene Crosse of bawdkyn of grene (sold). A nold chessi-
bill of rede. An auter cloth of grene sylke garnisid with Egylls for the
nether ffront of the auter. An auter ffront of grene silke with djrverse
arrays for the nether part. An other auter ffront for the nether part of
strakys a sylke (sold), ix peces of staynyd clothis for auter.
JHESUS CHAPELL" BEANETH.
A ffront for the nether (sic) of the auter of rede and whit damaske with
Abbot Islyp's armys, an auter cloth dobyll c of dyaper, a Superaltare, a
Vestment complet of whit damaske wilh a crosse of red cloth of gold. A
bawdkyn to cover the auter. A payer of candelstyks for the auter.
JHESUS CHAPELL ABOVE.
Another ffront for the auter of rede and whit damaske with armys of abot
Yslip. ij playne auter clothis of lynen. iiij Corperace casses with ij
clothes of dyverse sorts. A corperace casse with armys and a cloth thereon.
A payer of Organys with a corten of lynen cloth to cover them. An upper
front of whit and rede damaske with a Crucyffix Mary and John with Jhus
and Abbott Yslips Armys all in brothered. A Vesttment complet of whit
damaske with a crosse of rede cloth of gold, ij Candelstyks of latten. A
bawdkyn for the same Auter.
SAYNT P GULL'S CHAPELL.d
ij ffronts for the auter of black velvit and tawny e damaske panyd havyng on the
upper ffront a Crucifix and my lord Dawbiney's Arms f in broderyd and
both garnisid with garters (sold), ij other ffronts of whit and rede saten of
bryges panyd. iij auter clothis j of dyaper the other ij playne cloth, j
vestment complet of blew velvit with a crosse of brodery worke garnisid
with fflowers in brodered. A nother vestment complet of whit ffustyan
with a crosse of rede say. Another vestment of grene bawdkyn lakyng stole
phanam and hode.? Another vestment of blacke damaske broken with a
"• The same as rowed or paled, in stripes.
b This is clearly Abbot Islip's chantry, and we recover for the first time the
dedication (see Gleanings, 185. Dart, i. 64, 40.) " He was buried in the
chappell of his buyldynge." (Vet. Monum. t. iv. p. 3.)
c Duplicatus — lined.
d The eastern chapel on the north side of the choir.
e MS. Inv. S. Julyan's, Salop, " ij Chaunters Coppes of taune selke."
f Sir Giles Daubeny, K.G., who died in 1507, buried in this chapel. (Neale, ii.
180.)
K Hood. The amice, often called " a kerchief, couvre-chef " (Monast. viii. 290)
356 THE INVENTORIES OP WESTMINSTER ABBEY
crosse of rede saten with out albe stole and phanam (sold). Another Vest-
ment of blew bawdkyn with a crosse of whit satten of bryges garnisid with
broderyd fflowers. An Albe without a hode stoll and phanam. Another
vestment of dyverse collors bawdkyn with a blew crosse of saten of bryges.
vi Corperace casys of dyverse sorts with iiij clothis in them, ij candelstyks
of laten.
THE CONVENTUAL BUILDINGS.
3. Then follows, in a third hand,
An INVENTORY of the BUTTERYE remaynynge in the Custodye of
GABRELL PALLEY to thuse of the late ABBOTTE.
(The following are a few selected extracts only.)
The Buttery. — iij sylver sponys every on of them havynge a Woodwarde of
sylver and gylte at thende. A breking knyffe a sortable havynge halftys of
everye b and barred wyth sylver and gylte. ij meate knyf es for my lord hys
trencher.
Naperye warre. — Necktowells every of them cont' in lengenth 1 yarde iij qru
and in bredeth di. yarde. Cubborde cloths, xiii. lethern Gyspyns.0 A
greate bell candelstykke d with a nose to put on. A greate candelstykke
bell ffashyon with a flowre. On candelstykke of lumbard ffashyon.6
and " headcloth." (Fuller's Waltham, 273.) " ij amysis Kerchers." (MS. Inv. of
S. Stephen's, Westni.) " iij awbes with j hed cloth of red and grene." (MS.
Inv. All Hallows, Honey Lane.)
a Carving : to break was to cut up a deer. (Hall speaks of carving and
breaking meat. Chipping knyffe. (North. Hd Book, 387.) WoodM'ard, a keeper
who looks after woods. Wodewose, a wild man.
b Ivory.
c The linen store. We still retain the words nap and napkin and Napier.
Napery included table clothes and longe towells, hande towells ; a coverpane ;
napkins of dyaper ; playne clothes, and towells, cubborde clothes, napkyns and a
case of fyne trenchers. Babees Book, 208 : take a towel about thy nekke, for
that is courtesy, 129.
d One of the said watch to fetch a pott and a gespin att the Pitcherhouse for
ale and wyne. (Ordin. for the Household, 374.)
e One with a hemispherical base. A latyn candylstek with ij nosys. (MS.
Inv. Aldermary, London.) A snotter for candells. (MS. Inv. Wore. Cath.)
(MS. Harl. 604, fo. 121.) j tabula depicta ad modum Lumbard, 22 Edw. III.
iij tabule de opere Lumbardorum. (Inv. Edw. III.) j imago de cupro voc'
Lumbard pertere. 25 Edw. III. (MS. Add. 24,525, fo. 261.)
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 357
PLATE AND IMPLEMENTS OF HOUSEHOLD REMAYNYNGE IN
THE MYSEKICORDE."
Imprimis a salte of sylver and gylte with a cover fall of droppes, poz xxxj.oz.
iiij salts of sylver with rosys and perculysysb li. oz. A standinge pecec with a
cover gylt to drink wyne in xxiij . oz.
The Naperye. — A iron peele (long-handled baker's shovel). An olde fryinge
pan wyth a broken start, (handle.)
A goodlye grete chafer having iij feete and vj handells.
A standinge chafer to set in the fryer with on handell.
A Saint Johnes bed of wood.d
A lesser rownde byrde broche (spit.) A strypinge knife. The kychyn collette
(pail) of lether. A po\vderinge e tubbe wyth a cover.
The Kechyn wythin Cheynegate* a stone morter wyth iij wood pestells.
a 15 Dec. 1545. Item agreed that Mr. Dean and his successors shal have the
Misericorde, the greate Kitchin, and all edifices betwixt his own house and the
scoole, and the greate garden with ye ponde and trees which he hath now in
possession, and y* Mr. Haynes shall have pertaynyng to his house to hym and
his successors all the garden enclosed in the stone wall wh the old Dovehouse
and the house called Cannterburie (Comp. fo. 86 b.) wh the garden grounde
from his house to Mr. Deanes garden. " The Great house within the Close
which was the dean's," is mentioned in 1596. (Chapter Book, fo. 28.) And a
greate brycke house over and agaynst Mr. Deane's house allotted to two Pre-
bendaries in 1555. (Ib.) The Misericord was the hall of indulgence in which flesh
was eaten (Wilkins, iii. 789, West's Furness, 150 ; Sacr. Arch. s. v.) on certain
days. It adjoined the Refectory, on the site of Ashburnham House, and is
mentioned in connection with the Frayter and Kitchen in the grant of the
abbot's lodge to the bishop. It was probably the long Camera juxta refectorium
sita into which guests were taken before the 14th century, although the Custumal
suggests the alternative, nisi nunc est Camera Prioris (fo. 199). It also appears
as " domus refectorio contigua quse Misericordia vocatur (fo. 255, 415)."
b Portcullisses.
c Ciphus cum pede. (Dart, Canterb. App. xix.)
d A representation of the Decollated Head of the Baptist. A Seynt Johns
hede of Alabaster. (Bury Wills, 115, 116.) There is one at St. John's Hospital,
Winchester.
e Salting.
1 Cheyney Gates was the name of the Abbot's House. The Patent to the
Bishop mentions — " domus mansionis vocata Cheynygates in qua W. nuper abbas
habitavit, cum gardino et hortis illi adjacentibus [pomariis horreis stabulariis
columbariis. Orig. Roll.] in quo ambitu sunt quedam Turris ad introitum dicte
habitacionis que continet in longitudine a capite orientali abbuttans super Claus-
trum [clausum O. R.J usque ad caput occidentale abbuttans super le Elmes per
estimacionem Ixvij pedes et in latitudine capitis occidentalis a parte boreali
usque ad partem australem per estimacionem xxiiij pedes et ij polices, et alia
edificia et domus cum gardinis et solo adjacente continente per estimacionem a
Turre usque ad Ecclesiam in latitudine capitis orientalis abbuttans super
Claustrum Cxxiiij pedes et in latitudine capitis occidentalis abuttantis versus
358 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
HOUSEHOLD STUFF.
Mr. Thyxtyl's Chamber, a pyllowe wyth a here [case] of bokeram [cheap
linen], a grete spuse [spruce wood*] cheste bounde wyth yron, and going
of vj iron whelys.
Mr. Melton's Chamber [William Melton monk at the Dissolution], Sulyard's
Chamber, Mr. Morres Chamber [these were all bedrooms]. An irishe
mantell and olde table wyth folden leavys and other bordys. A hanginge
of redde and grene saye.
Domum Pauperum, vocatam The Kynges Almshouse CLxx pedes ac in longi-
tndine partis borealis abbuttans super Eeclcsiam et super Stratam Regiam
vocatam the Brode Sentuarye cclviij pedes et in parte austral! abbuttans super
lez Elmes .CCxxxix pedes . . . . ac quartam partem tocius Magni Claustri ....
Ac omnia ilia edificia et domos vocatas le Calbege etle Blacke Stole ibidem que
continet in longitudine a capite boreali abbuttans super predictam Turrim usque
ad capnt australe abbuttans super Turrim vocatam le Blacke Stole Tomre per
estimacionem Ixxxviij pedes, ac omnia edificia existentia inter edificia vocata le
Calbege et le Blacke Stole ex parte occidentali et edificia et domos vocatas Le
Fraiter Misericorde, et [ac totam illam 0. R.] magnam Coquinam conventualem
vocatam The Greate Covent Ketchen ex parte orientali . . . . et illam aliam
Turrim lapideam in loco vulgariter vocato the Oxehall et magnum Horreum
et domos et edificia inter magnam fossam vocatem the Milldam ex parte
australi et predictum horreum ex parte boreali, ac alia edificia domos ortos etc.
inter dictum horreum et inter dictos domos et edificia ex parte occidentali
et predictam magnam Turrim vocatam The Longe Granerye ex parte
orientali ac inter edificia et domus vocatas the Brue hoivse and the Backehouse
ex parte boreali et predictam magnam fossam vocatam The Milldam ex parte
australi." (Pat. Rot. 31 Hen. VIII. p. vii. m. 39, al. 10, compared with
Originalia Roll, 4 Edw. VI. p. ii. n. 86, being the grant to Lord Wentworth).
Lord Wentworth in 1554 agreed to give up to the dean his "parte of the
Cloyster " in exchange for " one parcell of the Longe House adioynyng to my
Towre there." (Ib. 91 b.)
The Calbege or buildings on the east side of Dean's Yard comprised the
cellarage or store chambers with the Exchequers of the obedientaries — chambers
bearing their names, as appears in the next and a subsequent entry in full. The
site of the Tailory, Monk's Hostel, and Writers' room [Custumal, 173, 174, 217]
was probably in Little Dean's Yard. The entrance tower to it bore the name of
" le Blacke Stole," probably from being the wardrobe of black stuff for robes in
bulk. Calbege probably meant the big keel or tub or vessel for ale or beer to
cool in. December 16, 4 Edw. VI. That Mr. Pekins shall have annexed to his
house the " Hall wherein the Tube ys withe the yarde, the kechyng, stables,
with all other edifices that sometyme apperteyned to the Monk Ballyes office."
(Ch. Book, fo. 67 b.) The Gatehouse of Westminster was the " prison-house of
the conventual liberty."
a Comp. Add. MS. 24, 529, fo. 156.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 359
THE GALLORYE.* astaynyd clotheb of Saynt George, ij carpettes inthewyn-
dows of tapestrye. A lyttel table of quene Johanis armesc (dantur decano).
JERUSALEM PARLOUR.d vii pecys of hangings of arres worke wyth ij lyttle
pecys of arras wyth the story of Planetts6 rem. cum episcopo. a wyndowe
carpett wrought upon pakethrede full of redd roses, sold to the deane xij d.
And olde carpet ffor a wyndowe belonging to the same parlours of turkeye
worke, sold to the deane for xij d. an olde bawdekynf for the baye
wyndowe towardys the brode sanctuary rem. cum episcopo. A table carpet
of tapestery sold to the deane v s. ij quysshyns coveryd wyth grene
braunchyd velvet rem. cum episcopo, v carpet quisshons solde to the deane
for vs. a table wyth a payer of trestells. a grete longe foldinge table sold
to the deane for ij s. An oestre e table foldinge. a skryne wyth wykars.h a
standinge cubberd with ij amberyes,' a fyre fork of iron, a payre of
andyrons, xviij boffet stolysk of the whiche vj doth rem. wh the bysshoppe
and xij geven to the deane.
THE ENTRY™ betwene the Hall and the Parlor, iij cabbordys and on playn
forme sold to the deane for xx d.
JERICO PARLOR" a payer of trestells viij d. A maunders cheyre" xvd. ij
* A gallery to go from chamber to chamber (Litleton) probably on the east
side of the court. There is a fine example at Wenlock.
b Stained or dyed. (Litleton).
c Possibly Jane Seymour or more probably Joan of Brittany, wife of Henry IV.
" Nicholaus Lytlyngton dedit capelle abbatum et domui infirmorum," etc. in his
time" edificata sunt a fundamentis de novo Placea Abbatis juxta ecclesiam,
dimidium autem Claustri ex partibus occidentis et australis, domus quorundam
officiariorum, ut puta ballivi infirmarii sacriste et celerarii, magnum Malthous
cum turri ibidem, molendinnm aquaticum, et le Dam cum muris lapideis, cum
clausura lapidea gardini infirmarie. (Fleta. MS. in Chapter Library and
Sporley in Claud. A. vill. 63.) Widmore has paraphrased and amplified this
statement. He is not to be read untested.)
d The Jerusalem Parlour probably took its name from the subject of some
hangings, as in a MS. Inventory of the period I find " ij good peces of counter-
fait arras of the Seege of Jerusalem. (Ch. Ho. Books Publ. Kec. Off. 66, fo. 11.)
In 1555 it was agreed that " the howse in the whiche mother Jone doth dwell
in shall be a Chapter howse," (Ch. Book 199b) so that chapters then were not
held in this room).
e Probably the signs of the Zodiac; compare, however, Hall, 639.
f A piece of cloth of gold.
8 A lytell oyster tabull. (Wareham's Inv. C. T's P. E. O. fo. 23.)
h Made of wicker-work.
1 Aumbries, cupboards, safes.
k Abacus. (Litleton.) A little portable seat without back or arms. (Bailey).
1 Made of wainscot.
m An entry or passage between rooms in a house. (Litleton.)
n That ordinarily called now the Organ-room.
0 One carved in Flanders, famous for its woodwork often called Flanders
coffers. Flanders work was carving. (Add. MS. 24,520, fo. 155.)
360 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
joyned formes ij s. vj quisshons of carpet worke wyth Islyppes viiij s. a
payre of andyrons* vs. a standing cupberde carvyd xiij s. iiij d. a carpett
of brode grene cloth vj s. viiij d. a newe joyned cheyre wyth a stole in hyt
geven to the deane.
My Lordys Newe Chapell.b ij pecys of tappestrye of the Plannettes. ij
wyudowe carpettes of tente worke havinge the grounde whyte and full of
redd hartys.
a quysshyn of tapstrye a pece of redde saye lynyd wyth canvas.
The Lytle Chamber nexte [it was a bedroom].
The Hall a greate olde arres at the hye dease.c ij bankers'1 of tapestrye.
ij hangings for the syde of the hall of grene saye. A gret joyned chayre"
for the Quenys coronacyon. An olde grene banker. The arrasys in the
hall and in the parlour, and a Festival f in printe.
The Skolyons s Chamber [a bed room, the furniture given to a pore mane.]
The Portors Lodge.11 A blanket of Irysshe ffrees.h The furniture given to
Mr. deane.
Syr Eadulph Chamber a woollen blanket hanginge for the chamber of fullerye *
worke [given to Mr. deane] .
The Lytel Chamber over the Comon Jakys. Tytley's Chamber. Gabriel's
Chamber. [These three were bed rooms.]
The Warderobe in Cheyney Gatce [containing bed furniture] .
a Bars to hold up wood in a grate — " brandeurs, brandirons. (Addit. MS.
24,520, fo, 200).
b Probably now the large room in the deanery which abuts on the S.W. angle
of the Cloister.
c Dais. (Archseol. xxi. 258.)
d Fr. "banquier," coverings for benches or seats.
e Of joiner's work, not turned, "for the newe pues of joyned work." (MS. Inv.
S. Swithin's, London.) Litleton gives " joiner's work or wainscot.''
fMS. Inv. S. Oswald's, Durham, "A festivall, iiij d." The Rev. J. Fuller
Russell, F.S.A. possesses a copy printed by Julian the notary, dwelling in King
Street, Westminster, 1519. It is a compilation from the Golden Legend ; a copy
also occurs in a MS. in the Brit. Mus. King's Lib. B. iv. It is a book not
mentioned by Mr. Maskell.
e Scullions, (Custumal, 146.)
h Between the Porter's lodge and the south alley of the cloister is the Forensic
Parlour, where merchants vended their wares, friends waited to see a monk, or
guests were received. In the south wall a staircase lighted with loops, and by a
window opening into the Refectory, communicates with the leads, and probably
was used by the officer who rang the cymbal or cloister-bell. (Ware's Custumal,
fo. 92.)
' Irish cloths were regularly imported. (Liber Albus, 632.) ij yeryshe carpettes
lyned with canvas. (Warham's Inv. Publ. Rec. Off. C T'8, fo. 9.)
k A dressed cloth (MS. Inv. Wedyall), a vestment of ffullam worke.
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 361
The Stable. The Kynges servaunte Portenary a hath the stuff. Fullers Cham-
ber. Nuttings Chamber. Busbyes Chamber [this name occurs in the
Chapter Book]. Patchy's Chamber [afterwards Koo's dwelling]. [These
four were bedrooms ; the furniture of the last was given to a poor widow.]
No. IV. — AN INVENTORY OF THE PLATE, BEDDING, AND STUFF, IN
THE PRIOR'S OWN HANDWRITING.
The Priors.b at the Entry into my [Dionise Dalyon's] house iij formys and
ij lathers, in the Garden ij styllatoryes, the Kechyn, Botterye, hall, parler,
Chappell [iij vestments, a wrytten mape, a superaltare and a lytle crucifixe] .
fyrst Chamber [a bed room] . Seconde Chamber, ij stameles [shirts of fine
worsted] . ij doblettes a cloke a longe gown and a hose clothe, ij cotts of
clothe on of them furryd and a cote of say wythowte slevys. viij hand
a John Portonari. (See Suppr. of Monasteries, 180 ; comp. Dom. Pap.
Henry VIII. iii. p. 11, fo. 1535.)
b The Prior's house probably was on the north-east side of the Little Cloister,
where we find several fireplaces, and also traces of a chapel in a window jamb of
the time of Henry VI. with a squint on one side of it, apparently of earlier date.
Jan. 2, 4 Edw. VI. and Jan. 26, 35 Hen. VIII. It is agreed y* a new waye
shallbe made owte of the Darke Entry [Dark Cloisters] into the Courte, and y*
the pece of the Pryvey Dorter shalbe pullyd downe so moche as shalbe necessary
for y* purpose, and lykewise all the howse callyd Patches house (afterwards
occupied by the usher of the School Ch. Book, 59, 74), and so moche of the
deanes house as shalbe harmyd, etc., that the College Gate, by Mr. Pekyns howse,
shalbe enlarged so as a carte may cum in to the Courte [Little Dean's Yard]
before the Deanes dore [in the Misericord], and to the newe waye in to the
Cloyster. (Chapter Book, 15 b, 63, 74.)
Nov. 8, 1550. Certeyne plate remaynyng in the Vcstrie shalbe solde for to
beare the charges of the alterac'ons and removing the queer, and for the alterac'on
of the Dark Entre and the College Great Gate. The sewer of the Reredorter
(Latina Custumal, 241) still remains between the S.W. angle of the Little Cloister,
and the entrance into Little Dean's Yard from the Dark Cloisters. (Chapter
Book, fo. 65 b.) to which the dean most kindly gave me access.
On the south side of the Dark Passage is Litlington's Tower, serving as the
belfry in 1719, and on the north a room called incorrectly St. Anne's Chapel
retains a circular projection like a stoup.
1547, July 9. That the plummerye and the waxchanderye, with other howses
of offiyce there, shall be removyd from whense they now are unto the ferder ende
of the vawtys undernethe Mr. deanes graner [the granary having been divided
between the dean and prebendaries] , and y* the dore nowe openyng into y° said
plummerye, on the east side of the prior's parlour, owte of the Churche, shalbe
mnryd uppe. (Chapter Book, 38 b, 39.)
In 1554 the King's Confessor occupied one of the vaultes. (Ih. 94.)
VOL. IV. 2 B
362 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY
kerches and iij course wypeyng towells. ij cappes. A cover of wood peyntyd
servyng for a maser haveyng at the end therof a kuppe of sylver and gylte.
The Masshyng [Mixing] House, ij rudds a tappehose and a tapstaf a med-
dlyng shovell a penyall batche a lyker batche v tynes to bere ale a wort
collender and a hovell a gyest to set ale apon.
Thomelis Chamber, old myll stones.
Saynt Johns house, iij bynnes to put malt yn.
The Mylhouse.
The Godds Blessing house a samon barell, Ixvij Kymnells [tubs.]
Baling house a clensing stole a tabret of lede iij metyng stands one of x
galons.
The Bake House. ••
The Covent Kychyn b a cupborde at the Frater-hole.c
6 The Granaries, afterwards the scholars' dormitory, were at the east, and the
aleing or brewhouse and bakehouses, on the north side of the present green in
Dean's Yard : a tower stood at the N.E. angle.
b This entry shows that the kitchen closely adjoined the Refectory. Olim spacium
erat et circus .... [claust]ralis cum quadam volta inter Refectorium et Coqui-
nam. (Custum. fo. 232.) The hutch, consisting, of two square-headed apertures,
remains in the south wall of the Fratry : there is another example at Tintern ;
fenestra coquince. (Ib. fo. 185, 194, 204.) For the description of a cupboard, see
Hall, 793. The butteries stood westward of the hall. The lavatory, with five
niches for towels (Custumal, fo. 185), remains in the south alley of the Cloister.
The present Library made part of the Dormitory ; it had been formed before
the year 27 Henry VI., as appears in a MS. Charter, and the door to its staircase
remains southward of the Vestibule of the Chapter-house. Under it, southward
of the chapel of the Pyx, which had formed the Treasury, two bays of the sub-
structure composed the Regular Parlour (Custum. 147, 270, 444), opening on the
chapel of St. Dunstan, which retains the niche for an image, of the period of
Henry V., and a water-drain with a ledge. Into it guests were taken, as well as
into the Misericord. Moderno tempore quando in Hostellaria snnt aliqui pran-
dentes in Capellam S. Dunstani eos rite ducere solent. (Custumal, fo. 199.)
The Library, after the Reformation, was furnished by means of coarse spo-
liation :
Yt is lykwyse determined that the two lecternes of latten and candelstycks of
latten wythe angelles of copper and gylte, and all other brasse latten belle metell
and brasse shall be solde by Mr. Heynes, trcasaurer, by cause they be monyments
of idolatre and supersticyon, and the monye therof cummyng to be reccyvyd by
the sayd treasaurer for makyng of the lybrary [in the northe parte of the Cloyster]
and bying of books. (Chapter Book, fo. 47.)
In the same spirit it was agreed, in 1»52, to sell certain plate to pay the
ministers [fo. 72], and on March 2, 1570, that " a canapie shalbe made of the best
copes that are remaining in the Vestrie if the stuff will serve," for the Queen at
the opening of Parliament visiting the Abbey. (Chapter Book, fo. 141 b.)
c v. Nove'ber A° R. R. H. VIII. xxxvj. It is agreyd bi master deane and the
Chapiter that guy Gasken, servaunt unto the said deane and Chapter, shall forth
AT THE DISSOLUTION. 363
The Salt house.
Black Parlour, iij stands for ale.
Wet Larder, a greate tube standyng in the entry to hang meate.
Offyce of tlie Infyrmari. — The Parlor. Chamber over the Parlor. Chamber
over the Botire. The Great Parlour with S. Kateryn's Garden.* Chamber
next the parlor (a bedroom). The Study within the same Garden. The
Sykman's Chambers11 the ffyrste hangyd w* peynted clothes a bedstede
w* a sparver a table ij trestylls a coveryd cheyer a forme ij benches ij
holffs ; the Second Chamber hangyd w* payntyd clothes a bedsted with a
blewe sparver an old chayer an old table with sets. The Hall.c the hangyng
of grene saye ij old torn bankers a broken cupbord ij tabulls standyng uppo
trestells on forme a round table for oysters a turnyd cheyer.
S eynt Kateryn's Cliappell in tJie Farmarye.A — A canape for the Sacrament
A litle box of sylver without a cover. A chalesse with a patyn. vj cor-
porax casies. v corporaces. A westment of russet satten wh a crosse of
red damask and bordered wh crymissyn wellvet wh and albe and all thyng
belongyng. A Westment of red damask the crosse whyte damask w*
albe and all thyng belongyng. iiij old westments w* one albe and other
hyngs for one westment. iij corse awter clothes w* iij fronts. An awter
cloth with a front of whyte and redd damaske with an ymage of Saynt
Erasmus and Saynt Lawrence sett with perles and stone, ij short hand
towells and old carpett upon the auter. A crucifyx of wod. A table of the
dome, iij latene candelstyks. an holy water stock of laten wh the sprynkyll
of wod. ij cruettes of peuter. one candelstyk of yron and iiij candelstykks in
wth in all hast for the awoiding of farther iuconveniens take downe the frater
howse, and also that mr deane of peterborow [Gerarde Carleton] shall have the
vacant grownd betwixt mr readmans and mr turpins howse w1 the stable apon the
walle of the said mr deane of peterborows howse. (Chapter Book, fo. 20.)
2 Edw. VI. Jan. 14. It is agreed that it shalle be lefull for mr deane to take
downe the tymber and tylles of two broken chambres standyng besydes the Scole
howse, and also that he shall have the grounde of the Freyter with the stone walles
to the augmentacon of his gardeyn, and also his garden in the Farmery [Infir-
mary], and also the chambers adjoynyng to his howse of the Dorter [Dormitory]
syd unto the Abbotts lodgyng, and that mr Heines shall have immediatly the
howse with the gardyn and douffe howse heretofore grauntid hym. (Chapter
Book, fo. 47 b.)
a St. Katherine's Garden was probably the garth of the Little Cloisters, which
formed its clausura lapidea according to Fleta ; there is one resembling it at
Gloucester ; and in the Norman monastery of Canterbury and also at Sherborne
there were others in connection with the Infirmary. There was a Crassetum
inter claustrum et hostium Infirmitoriaj (Custumal, 159).
b They probably opened out through the doors remaining in the alleys of the
Little Cloister. Camera; infimiorum. (Custumal, 299, 217.) There were more
than one in a chamber, fo. 468.
c The Sala of the Custumal, fo. 477, which had a huge fire burning in it, when
there were evening processions, and opened into the south aisle of the Chapel by
a Norman door still existing, and once extended over it. See fo. 136.
d A complete plan of the Abbey buildings illustrating this paper was contri*
2 B2
364 THE INVENTORIES OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
the wall, j missale with one deske. ij bokes for Seynt Kateryn. a joyned
stole wh an old lyttell forme, ij cleskes wh ij olde books to saye service apon.
A sacring bell, a . . . . tt bell. A lampe hangyng with a cord. A paxe.
ij blew curtyns before the ymages. ij curtyns for the auter of whyte and
red sarcenet, ij gret chests with a payer of organs without pypes. A here
with a cofyn for ded men.a ij tabulls b in the Syde Chappells apon the
auters an old chest in the chappells (one vestment geven to the Churche of
Staines iiij appoynted to the churche).
The Chappell Chamber, the hangyng of paynted clothes a bedsted with a
sparver a close cheyr with a old forme. The Botry. The Kechyn.
The Hostei-yS—A masor boll called Saynt Edward's masor garnysshed with
sylver.
buted by me to the " Building News," May 31, 1872. The ruins now include four
pillars of the nave, and a respond or half -pilaster on the south side, with three
arches enriched with chevron, billet, and battlemented mouldings under an indented
string-course, and bases of the pillars on the north side. Two pointed arches of
the south side of the chancel remain. Two side chapels, possibly those of St.
Erasmus and Lawrence, were at the east end of the nave. The wretched story of
the demolition is thus told : "July 13, 38 H. VIII. Wheras mr dean of peter-
borough hath takin down the leade of Saint Katryn's chapell ..... and agreeth
to make uppe buylding and lodgyng throughout the Bodie of the chapell
(Chapter Book, fo. 32), "March 2, 1570, It is decreed that the olde Kitchyn
hertofore called Covent Kytchen and a howse called in times past the Misericorde
now divised among other things to the ladye Anne Parrye widow (who had
occupied the dean's former house) and also the old Chapell somtyme called St.
Katheryn's Chapell in the Lesse Cloistre shalbe taken down." (Ibid. fo. 042.)
On great occasions when the procession visited it, after vespers, the nave was
lighted with long lines of cereoli. (Custumal, fo. 479.) The steps to the Bathing-
place remained within memory at the N.E. angle of the Hall.
*• It was carried by four men. (Custumal, 514.)
b Probably reredosses or ornamental frontals of altars.
c The Hostry Garden extended over the ground which lay between the
Bowling Green and the river bank, partly on the site of College Street (Mem.
of Westm. 318-320). " Dec. 6, 1596. A lease graunted of the Hostry (Guest
House ; Hospitum Domus, fo. 146-7) and the bowses and cotages therupon
buildetl (Chapter Book, fo. 245). The outer Hostry adjoined the Almonry or
Dolhouse (Custumal, 157, 173, 292, 303). The bowl of charity and great flagon,
sometimes carried down the Refectory, are mentioned by Ware. (fo. 600-603.)
" The Abbey Gate towards the town " fronted Tothill Street, and its southern
arch, the Court Gate, opened into the precinct. (Ibid. 39, 529.) Besides these
there was a Cemetery Gate. (fo. 13, 12.) The Master of the Choristers lodged
" over the Gate going to the Almery." (Chapter House Book, fo. 15.)
On the south-east side of the Little Cloister is a slype to the College Garden,
formerly divided by walls into gardens, and occupied by the domestic accessories,
stables and cowsheds. On the east side is the Tower, known as the Jewel-house.
INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL,
WESTMINSTER.
[From the Land Revenue Record, Church Inventories —.]
CONTRIBUTED BY J. R. DANIEL TYSSEN, F.S.A., AND ANNOTATED BY
MACKENZIE E. C. WALCOTT, B.D., F.S. A., PBJECENTOR OF CHICHESTER.
John Rowke
mere'
Henry Vaghan
p'sed at xxx li.
p'sed at C s.
p'sed at vj li.
p'sed at C s.
p'sed at iiij s.
p'sed at xl li.
p'sid at x li.
> preysers.
The Inventory of all the Coopis Vesti-
mentes Albes & Aulter hangynges p'teynyng
& belongyng vnto Saynt Stephyus Chapell
in Westm'.
ffirst iij riche copis of nedelworke sett w1 perle.
Itm iij garmentesa w* albes vestment deacon and
subdeacon w* all thynges belongyng vnto them
of the same worke.
Itm hangynges for the alter and vpper & an nether
of the same worke w* curtens of old stayned
sersenet.
Itm ij copis of riche clothe of tyssue.
Itm iij copis of riche clothe of gold raysid w1 red
fygury.
Itm one cope of clothe of gold raysid w* red
fygurye of the gyft of Mr Deane.
Itm iij garmentes w* albes vestment deacon and
subdeacon of the same suet lakyng an amys
& a fanell.
Itm iiij albes w* parrcrsb of cloth of gold for
childerne.
Itm xv copis of red bawdekyn orf esid w1 grene c
fygury cloth of gold.
Itm iij garmentes w' albes vestment deacon and
subdeacon w* all thynges belongyng unto them
of the same suet.
Itm hangynges for the alter an vpp[er] & anether
of the same w* curtens of red s'cenet.
Itm hangynges for the alter and upper and
anether w4 a frunte d of crimesyn velvit ffygnry
" A novel expression to designate a complete suit of chasuble [the vestment]
tunicle, and dalmatic, with stole, albe, maniple, etc., for deacon and subdeacon.
b Apparels, ornamental cuffs, and collars. Children, i.e. choristers.
c Fygury, branched work.
d j prependent of saten grene and redd, with a frunte to the same. (MS Inv.
Lychelade.)
p'sid at Ixx li.
p'sid at xiij li. vj s. viij d.
p'sid at C s.
p'sid at xiij li. vj s. viij d.
366 INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER.
w1 curtens of red s'cenetof the gyfte of Mr Peter
Cannelyan.
Itm xxvij copis of red clothe of gold fygury
wherof vij of them ys orfesid w4 brodery [em-
broidery].
Itm ij suettes of garmentes vestimentes deacons
& subdeacons w4 all thynges belongyng unto
them of the same suetts.a
Itm hangynges for the alter an upper & another of
grene and red clothe of gold fygnry w4 curtens
of grenc and red s'cenet.
Total of first page of MS. clxvili. iiij s.
Itm one cope of clothe of sylverof doctorWolmans
Itm iij garmentes w1 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w4 all thynges belongyng unto them
of the same suet.
Itm one cope of clothe of gold w4 blewe velvit
fygury of the gyfte of Mr Algar.
Itm iij copis of blewe velvitt.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w4 all thynges belongyng unto them
of the same suett.
Itm one cope of blewe velvit for a childe.b
Itm an albe for a child of the same.
Itm hangynges for the alter an upper an another
of the same.
Itm iiij pesis of hangynges for the quyer abought
the hie alter of red and blewe clothe of gold
p'sid at xl li.
p'sid at xiij s.
p'sid at xij li.
Itm ij canapes of red clothe of gold fyguiy for
Saynt Stephyn & Saynt George.0
Itm a tunycle of red clothe of gold fygury for a
child.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon Sc
subdeacon of cloth of gold w1 whit velvit fygury.
Itm ij copis of clothe of gold raysid w' whit velvit
fygury.
a Vestymentts, with the furnytures belonging to the same. (MS. Inv.
East Clay don.)
b vi copes for children of dornix. (Inv. Greenwich.)
c At the high altar a crucifixe, and iij saynts, ij gret candilstyckes of latten.
(MS. Inv. Chatteris.) iiij shettis, j y4 dyd hange before ye tabernacles. (MS. Inv,
Lechworth.)
INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER. 367
p'sid at viij li.
p'sid at Ix s.
p'sid at vj li. xiij s. iiij d.
p'sid at 1 s.
p'sid at xx s.
p'sid at x li.
p'sid at 1 s.
Itm hangynges for the alter an upper & anether
of clothe of gold w' a frunte of crimesyn velvit
set w1 fflower de luces of the gyf t of Mr higgons.
Itm ij copis of purpill velvit.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w1 all thyngcs belongyng unto them
of the same suett.
Itm viij copis of crimesyn velvit powderid w*
trayfilles.
Itm iij garmentes w* albes vestiment deacon and
subdeacon w* all thynges belongyng unto them
of the same suett.
Itm hangynges for the alter an upper & anether
of the same suet w* curtens of branchid sar-
senet w* trayfilles.8
Total of second page cij li.
Itm iij copis of white and blewe bawdekyn.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
deacon w* all thynges belongyng unto them of
the same suett.
Itm ij copis of lewkes gold w4 birdes.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w4 all thynges belongyng unto them
of the same suet.
Itm iij copis of whit velvit fygury.
Itm one cope of whit satten.
Itm xvj copis of whit damaske.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon of whit damaske.
Itm hangynges for the alter an vpp [er] & anether
[a lower] of whit damaske.
Itm one cope of red satten fygury of grene.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w4 all thynges belongyng unto them
of the same suett [suit].
Itm ij copis of lukysb gold fygury w4 grene.
Itm vij new albes w* perares c [parures] of grene
satten fygury for children.
a A vestment with trafles [trefoils] and flower de lusis. (MS. Inv. S. Nicholas
Cold Abbey.)
b Lncchese. Gold of Venice and Lucca are frequently mentioned in medieval
inventories. A sute of rede clothe of Lukis golde. (Inv. S. Mary at Hill.) A
pall for the Sacrament on C. C. day of red damaske fringed about with Venice
gold and red silke, and iiij painted staves. (Inv. S. Olave Jewry.)
c Parures, apparels, ornamental borders.
368 INVENTORY OP ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER.
p'sid at x li.
p'sid at ij s.
p'sid at vj li. xiij s. iiij d.
p'sid at xl s.
p'sid at xx s.
p'sid at vj s.
p'sid at Ix s. .
Itm one cope of blake velvit.
Itm iij garmentes w1 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w* all thynges belongyng vnto them
of the same suett.
Itm hangynges for the alter an vpper & another a
of blake velvit.
Itm a herse clothe of blake velvit.
Itm a cope of blak velvit the orfese powderid w1
flower de luces.
Itm one cope of white bawdekyn of lewkys gold.
Itm xj copis of red bawdekyn w' lyons.
Itm iij garmentes wl albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon wl all thynges belongyng vnto them
of the same suet.
Itm hangynges for the alter an vpper & another of
the same.
Itm iiij copis of red & yelowe bawdekyn w* birdes.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w4 all thynges belongyng vnto them
of the same suet.
Total of third page xxxiij li. xv s. iiij d.
Itm iij copis of course blewe bawdkyn for the
trinetie.b
Itm iij gai-mentes w* albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w* all thynges belongyng vnto them
of the same suete.
Itm hangynges for the alter an vpper & anether
of the same.
Itm iij copis of old bawdekyn w* birdes for Saynt
Stephyn.c
Itm iij garmentes w' albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon w* all thynges belongyng vnto them.
Itm a sepulkerd clothe of cloth of gold w* red
fygurye & blewe tynsyn.6
a The frontal and super-frontal.
b Used on Trinity Sunday.
c Used on the Feast of S. Stephen.
d A sepulchre chest that stode in the quere. (MS. Inv. S. Maiy Woolnoth.)
j sepulchre with paynted clothes to cover the same. (Inv. Eltham.) The Easter
sepulchre, in which the Cross and reserved Host were laid with great ceremony
from Good Friday to Easter morning. (See Sacred Archaeology, s. v.)
0 A cope of bawdkyn, otherwyse called velvitt fygury. (MS. Inv. SS. Anne
and Agnes. An alter cloth of tynsyn satten. (MS. Inv. Flixton.)
INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER. 369
p'sid at vj s. viij d. Itm a table of brodeiy w* the passion.*
Itm a hate of sylke for the p'fytte.b
Itm v pawles clothes.0
p'sid at xx s.
Itm x corporas casis.d
Itm xiiij corporas clothes,
p'sid at vj s. viij d. Itm a vayle of red and whit srcenet for lent.6
p'sid at xx s. Itm a canapy clothe of blewe satten w* starris.f
Itm iiij alter hangynges ij vpper & ij nether for
the ij alters in the body of the churche of whit
p'sid at vj s. viij d.
p'sid at vj s. viij d.
& red satten briggiss payned.
Itm iiij alter hangynges ij vpper & ij nether of
red satten briges.
Itm iij garmentes w4 albes vestiment deacon &
subdeacon of whit bustian for lent.
Itm one alter hangyng an vpper & anether of whit
lynyn clothe stayned for lent.11
Itm iiij alter hangynges ij vpper & anether for the
ij alters in the body of the churche of whit
lynyn clothe stayned for lent w4 iij curtens of
the same.1
" At ye hey auter a fayer tabull allebaster of the Pascyon, above y* a fayr
tabull peynted and gylt with a pagent of ye Pascyon. (MS. Inv. Southampton.)
b Probably the priest who on the Rogation days, in a tunicle and carrying a
chanter's staff, went in the middle of a procession composed of secular and con-
ventual clergy, thus sundering the two bodies. The hat is a hood —
Set on this hat upon his head,
This is ane haly hude.
(Lyndsay's Ane Satyre, 4527-9.)
c A paull clothe for them that departe. (MS. Inv. Harbridge.) Pall for the
Sacrament on C. C. day of rede damaske fringed about with Venice gold and red
sylke. (MS. Inv. S. Peter Cornhill.)
(l A purse to bere the Commyon in. (MS. Inv. Marchington.) j corporas of twylly.
(MS. Inv. Barow, Salop.) The towel laid under the chalice and paten ; it was
kept in a purse or pocket.
e A corten of linnen clothe to be drawen before the alter. (MS. Inv. Arreton.)
j vaile cloth of lynnen that was wont to hange before thalter in Lent. (Inv.
Eltham.)
f The pyxe cloth of grene sylke. (MS. Inv. Marchington.) j canopy over the
pyxe. (MS. Inv. Wynterbourn Stapleton.") ij sodaryes for the pyx of rede
sarcenet with vii knoppes of copper gilt. (Inv. S. Olave Jewry.) A pyxe that
was wont to hang over the aultar. (MS. Inv. S. Peter Cornhill.) A pyxe cloth
with a cawlle garnyshed with damaske gold. (MS. Inv. S. Peter West Chepe.
See Sacred Archeology, s. v.) A pyxe clothe of lawne with iij buttons of sylver.
B Of Bruges.
h A vestment for Lent of whyte sylke, with hangyngs for the same. (MS. Inv
S. Maiy Chantry, Sarum.) Stayned means painted.
* iij curtens hangynge on barrs of yeorn to save ye same auter of saye redd
370 INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER.
p'sid at xxxiij s. iiij d.
p'sid at vj s. viij d.
p'sid at xxvj s. viij d.
p'sid at vj d.
p'sid at vj s. viij d.
p'sid at vj s. viij d.
p'sid by est' at v C. at xiij s. i
le C. Ixx s. 1
p'sid at xiij s. iiij d.
Itm ij cnsshyns of clothe of gold fygury.
Item ij cusshyns of nedell worke of whit & blewe
sylke lyned w* grene satten.
Total of fourth page ix li. vj s.
Itm ij cusshyns of damaske.
Itm ij old cusshyns cou'ed w* [with] sylke.
Itm a cusshyn of red woollen clothe in hrodered
w* [with] nedel worke.
Itm iiij cusshyns of tap[es]stre wl antelopes.
Itm a newe carpytt arrevse [arras] worke.
Itm ij carpettes more.
Itm a count [er]payne.
Itm ij old carpettes for the herse wl the ffounders
armes."
Itm ij lytell carpettes w* the ffounders armes.
Itm ij litell hand towelles.
Itm ij old hand towelles.
Itm ij amysis kerchers [amices, couvre-chefs],
Itm iiij auter clothes of dyap[er] for the nether
chapell.
Itm a vestiment w* an albe of old red satten
brygges.
Itm a vestimeut w* an albe of old whit satten
brygges.
Itm a vestiment w* an albe of old blake worstid.
Item a vestiment wl an albe of whit ffustean for
lent.
Itm ij latten dcskys w* a stonderd for the pascall
of latten.b
Itm iiij latten canstykes for the herse.
Itm ij smale canstykes of copper.
Itm a hangyng basyn of latten.c
and yelowe. (MS. Inv. Southampton.) vj cortens of dornyx, wherof ys made
iiij playing cooth [players' coats]. (MS. Inv. Eversoult.) The altars in the
nave were those of S. George and S. Barbara.
* A vestment deacon and subdeacon of blewe velvet embroydered with gould
with the arms of lord Dokkres. (MS. Inv. S. John's [Colchester ?].) Carpet
was a general name for coverings, whether of the altar, floor, or seats.
b iiij pillers of latten for the paskall. (MS. Inv. S. Magnus. London.) A
doble deske in the vestrey, with iij ambreys in yt. iiij deskys apon the qnere
stalls. (MS. Inv. St. Mary Woolnoth). A deske maid with an cgle of lattyne.
(MS. Inv. S. Alban's, Herts.) A deske of latten to rede the Gospell (MS. Inv.
Holy Trinity, Ipswich.)
c For the lamp before the Sacrament.
INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER. 371
p'sid at xiij li. xiij s. iiij d.
p'syd at v li. x s. iiij d.
Itrn iij payer of organs in the vpper chapell.
Itm one old payer of organs in the nether
chapell.a
Itm on bothe sydes of the quyer xvij antiphoners.
Itm on bothe sydes the quyer x graylles [grails or
book of the graduals].
Itm on bothe sydes the quyer iij salters [psalters] .
Itm ij gret legens [lectionaries containing legends
or lections].
Itm a boke of the respondes [a responsorium].
Itm a dirige boke [used at funerals] .
Itm iij gret pryke song bokes [with musical nota-
tion].
Itm iiij banners [for procession].
Itm iiij masse bokes for the hie aulter.
THE PLATE AND JUELLES BELONGYNG VNTO SAYNT STEPHYNS
CHAPELL IN WESTM'.
Itm one chalis of gold of xiiij onz.
Itm a paten of syln' & gylt to the same of iiij onz dd.
Itm vij chalysis of sylver & gylte of clxvii onz dd.
Itm one crose of gold set w* stone & perle of xxvij onz.
Itm a fote of sylver & gylte to the same of [on which
it could stand on the altar, as it was also portable
when used in processions] xxxvij onz.
Itm one crosse of sylver and gylte w* May & John to
stond on the herse Ixviij onz.
Itm one crosse of sylver & gylte w* a staf to bere on
p'cession [procession] by estimacion of iiijxxij onz.
Itm one stondyng pix [a tabernacle for the Reserved
Sacrament on the altar] of sylver & gylt to bere
the Sacrement in sett w1 stone & perle by est'
besides of the cristall vijxxxj onz.
Itm one pix of ivery [for the host] garnyshed w*
sylver & gilte by estimacion of [this could be
carried in processions, being not a " standing
pyx")b iij onz dd.
Itm iij sensars of sylver and gylte of ijo onz.
a These were sold at a sacrifice, for I find this entry at Folsham :
Payd for on paire of organs xii li.
Berkhampstead possessed a pair of orgainnes and a pair of portatives [portable
regals] .
b A box of every with in the pyxe havyng smayle glasses of sylver apon hit.
(MS. Inv. Bullingtou.)
372 INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER.
Itm one sensar of sylver & gylte w* a fote of copp'
p'oz besides the cop' xxxv onz.
Itm ij sensars of sylver p'sell gylt of iiijxxij onz.
Itm one sensar of sylver gilte w1 the fote of copp' of xviij onz.
Itm iiij canstykes" of sylver & gylt of ixxxij onz.
Itm iiij canstykes gret &. smale of sylver p'se [parcel
or partly] gilt of jc xi onz.
Itm ij gret basyns of sylverb and gylte of ijc xij onz.
Itm v smale basyus of sylver p'sell gylt of vjxxviij onz.
Itm one image of Saynt Stephen of sylver & gylte
set w* stone & perle p' oz. besydes the Berall [beryl] xiijxxxiij onz.
Itm one image of or lady of sylver & gylte of xxxij onz.
Itm one image of Saynt Barbara of sylver & gilte of xxi onz.
Itm vj cruettes of sylver & gylt, one lakyng a kover, of xliij onz.
Itm one cresemetory [chrismatory] of sylver &
gylte of xxxix onz.
Itm one other juell lyke a cresemetory of sylv' & gilt
sett w4 stone of p' oz. besydes the berall c xviij onz.
Itm one styke of sylv' p'sell gilt for the holy candelld viij onz.
Itm ij Rector stavis c of sylver p'sell gylte by est' xxiiij onz.
Itm ij Recto1" stavis gamyshed w1 sylver & gilt by est' iiij onz.
Itm iij bokes of Gospellf & pystelles plated w' silver
& gylte by estimacion of xxx onz.
Itm one payer of tables platid in the same man* w1
sylver & gylte by estimacion of xxxv onz.
Itm one holy water stoke % w' a sprynkyll of sylver &
p'sell gylte of iij" onz.
Itm one shipe of silver & gylt w1 a spone of silv"1 xxj onz dd.
• ij canstyks to sett over the anlter of a fote long. (MS. Inv. Aston Clynton.)
iiij candlesteks on ye alter. (MS. Inv. Hyldersham.)
b A vessel for holy water with the Asperge. (Inv. S. Jo. Coll. Camb. 1510.)
c j monstrans silvar and gilte withe a round birrall to put relyques in, poz.
xl oz. iii g. (Collect. Cur. ii. 337.)
d Reservetur ignis de via Feria ut illuminetur Cereus ; cum benedictus est ab
eo illuminetur secundus cereus etc. Amalar. De extinctione luminum circa
sepulturam Domini, cap. 44. Baculus deargenteus pro cruce portabili. (Collect.
Cur. ii. 259.) For the paschalland crosse candell weyng vli. (MS. Inv. S.Leonard
Foster Lane,)
c Rectors of the choir.
f j booke called the Gospillar garnyshed withe silvar and gilte and counter-
feyte stonyes, withe an image of the crucifixe and Mary and John with the Booke
and all iiijw xii oz. (Coll. Cur. ii. 338.)
B peyre of aultar basons of silver and parcell gilt poz. Ixij oz iiij qrs.
(Collect Cur. ii. 339.) Used at the offertory, and in the ablutions as a laver.
h An incense-boat with a spoon. (Inv. S. Jo. Coll. Camb. 1510.)
INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER. 373
Itm one sconse" of silver p'sell gylt of xxiij onz.
Itm iij belles" of sylver & gylt of xxiij onz.
Itm one spone of sylver & gylt of ij onz.
Itm one litellc box for syngyng bred garnyshed wl
sylv' & gylt, by estimacion of j onz. d.
Itm a scalope shell d of sylver & gylt of xiij. onz.
Itm a rode of sylver for the verger by est' 1 ouz.
Itm a trinitie of sylver & gylt iiij Angelles of sylv'
& gylt and an image of or ladye & the holy-gost
beryng the sacrame't of S3rlver & gylt hangyng ou'
the hie aulter of iijcxvj onz di.
Itm iij chalices in the pue & one in the chapell of
lynwood of sylver & gylt of iiijx*xiij onz. di.
The Inventory of the Pwef in Saynt Stephyns in Westm'.
VESTIMENTES AND HANGYNGES F()R THE ALTERS.
In prmis a vestment of clothe of tyssue w* all thynges
p'teynyng to the same
Itm ij hangyngs for the alter of the same
p'sid at iiij li.
3 Sconsse deputatoe in choro de nocte coram eis qni vellent in libris servitium
suum decantare. (Gesta Abbatum S. Albani, ii. 106.)
b Sanctus-bells, one for each of the three altars, j little bell hanging in the
church called the Saunts bell. (MS. Inv. Calborne and Motstone.) A corse bell
poz. ii li. (MS. Inv. Herefordshire [for ringing before the bier] ; a bedesman's
bell. (MS. Inv. Wymering.) (See Sacred Archeology, s. v.)
c j boxe for bred (MS. Inv. Chappell Church in Lichfield.) Singing or
Houselling bread designated unconsecrated wafers. (See Sacr. Archaeol. s. v.)
d Two Seynt James' shells (Invent, of C. C. Guild at York), they were used in
the ministration of Holy Baptism. Hi qui baptizantur, ut fieri solebat, nummos
in concham non mittant. [Cone. Eliberit. can. xlviii. Summ. Cone. 176.]
40s. were paid for this shell. (Smith's Antiq. of "Westminster, 122.) The entry
greatly puzzled Smith.
0 An image of or Lady of Pytte for ye Sacrament. (MS. Inv. Ludlow.) The
design here was the Conception of the Blessed Virgin by the descent of the
Holy Ghost, addressing her ear. It formed a pendant pyx.
f S. Mary of Pity. Bishop Lyndwood founded a perpetual chantry in the
Under Chapel [Bassa Capella] of S. Stephen, with a chaplain to celebrate mass
therein, and a chaplain to say mass in the chapel of S. Mary de Pewa, near
S. Stephen's Chapel. (Pa. Ro. 32 Hen. VI. m. 4, July 19.) A Canon, Prestwick,
founded a mass of S. Mary in le Pewe at one of the two altars in the nave of the
chapel. (Pa. Ro. 16 Nov. 21, Hen. VI. m. 1411). There was an image of
374 INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER.
Itm a vestment of clothe of gold w* all thynges to
the same
Itm ij hangynges of purple velvid set w* spangles of
sylver & gylte
Itm a vestment of clothe of gold w1 a norphase" of
grene velvit w* all thynges p'teynyng to the same
Itm ij hangynges for the aulter of the same
Itm a vestment of white clothe of gold w* all thynges
p'teynyng to the same
Itm ij hangynges for the alter of clothe of gold
Itm a vestment of blewe clothe of gold w* all thynges
p'teynyng to the same
Itm a vestment of course cloth of sylver called a
bawdekyn w* an orphase of ncdelworke
Itm ij hangynges for the alter of the same
Itm ij old vestmentes in brodered vfi mowers w1 one
albe and ij hangynges for the same
Itm a vestment of blake velvit w1 ij hangynges for
the alter of the same
Itm a vestment of blake satten powderd w* letters and
a albe w' parrars of blake worsted & ij hangynges
for the alter of the same
Itm a vestment of blake worsted w* all thynges to
the same w1 hangynges for the alter of blake satten
Itm a vestment of white scndall.'1
Itm a vestment of blak velvit
Itm iiij vestmentes of whit bustian1' w'all thynges to
them
Itm iiij old hangynges for the alter of the same
Itm iiij hangynges for the alter of lynyn clothe
p'sid at vj li.
p'sid at Iiij s. iiij d.
p'sid at xl s.
p'sid at xxiiij s.
p'sid at xl s.
p'sid at viij s.
p'sid at xvj s. viij d.
p'sid at x s.
p'sid at vj s.
p'sid at iiij s.
p'sid at vj s. viij d.
S. Mary in Puwa. There was on the north side of Westminster Abbey Our
Lady's Chapel, called the Olde Lady of Pewe. (Lansd. MS. 444, fo. 10.)
Lyndwood was buried in Bassa Capclla S. Stephani. Within the precinct there
were four chapels, (1) Capella S. Stephani, (2) et Capella Beate Marie sub volta
inferius sub dicta capella S. Stephani, (3) et parva Capella contigua dicte
Capelle S. Stephani ex parte australi, (4) et Capella de la pewe. The arrange-
ment for his anniversary on the day of the 11,000 Virgins is in Cotton. MS.
Faustina B. viii. fo. 33. The little south chapel in 1394 was used as the chapter-
house. (Faust, A. viii. fo. 294.)
a A chasuble with an orphrey or rich ornamental border.
b Sindon, Prompt. Parv. ; Fr. Sendal, a fine silk stuff. " Whether he were
saten, sendell, vellewet, scarlet, or greyn." (Russell's Boke of Nurture, 914.)
c Pannus gossipinus. — Littleton.
INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER. 375
Itm a vestment of red damask w* all thynges to them
Itm ij hangynges of clothe of gold bordered w1
crimesyn velvyt
Itm ij vestmentes of whit damaske w* all thinges to
them
Itm TJ hangynges for the alter of whit damaske
Itm ij vestmentes of ba\vdkyna w* all thynges to them
Itm ij hangynges of grene bawdekyn
Itm ij hangynges of white bawdkyn
Itm ij vestmentes of blewe satten of brigges w* all
thynges to them
Itm ij hangynges of grene damaske
Itm ij hangynges of red velvit
Itm iiij old vestmentes hav'g [having] no albes
p'sid at xiij s. iiij d.
p'sid at xl s.
p'sid at xiij s. iiij d.
p'sid at iiij s.
p'sid at iij s. iiij d.
p'sid at xij s.
p'sid at xx d.
LYNYN.
In p'mis iiij alter clothes of dyap [er]
Itm iiij alter clothes of playne clothe
Itm v Towellesb
Itm iiij masse bokes & iij deskcs
Itm ix corporas casis
Itm vij c cruettes & the pewter pott
Itm iij brasse bollesd
Itm ij candelstykes e
xx d.
vj s.
xvj d.
iij s. iiij d.
xs.
xijd.
iijd.
iiij d.
a Cloth of gold or brocade. — Sacr. Archa?ol.
b A fyne towell wrought with nedle worke for the taper on Easter Evyn.
(MS. Inv. S. Dunstan's in the East.) ' ij towells of diaper called houslinge
clothes. (MS. Inv. Haddenham.) A towell to beare the taper to the founte.
(MS. Inv. S. Mary Abchurch.) ij towells tor the lavetory. (MS. Inv. Gilling-
ham.) ij towells of sendall to bere the cresmatory yn. (MS. Inv. S. Michael at
Querne.)
c vj vialls. (MS. Inv. Bagenderby.) A box with oyle and crem. (M.S. Inv.
Ashely.) j pleyne potte withe a lydde silvar and parcell gilt poz. xiij. oz.
j peyre of cruetts square silvar parcell gilte, poz. viij. oz. (Collect. Cur. ii.
337.)
d Bowls for carrying candles affixed to walls or screens.
c ij candelsticks of latten for women's purifying. (MS. Inv. S. Peter Corn-
hill.) ij candlesticks, j y* stode on ye high alter. (MS. Inv. Datchet.)
376 INVENTORY OF ST. STEPHEN'S CHAPEL, WESTMINSTER.
Itm a gret chest & ... coffers* xs.
Itm iij qnysshyns b vj d. & ij carpettes xij d. xviij d.
Joh'es Chamby'r decanus.c
Joh'es Vagban canonicus.d
Thomas Tanner canonic*.
The bundle is indorsed " Inventories of Goods &c. of some of the Dissolved
Monasteries in London, Westminster, and co. Middx. temp. H. 8."
• ij scobbes [boxes] and one coffer. (Inv. S. Mary Chantry, founded by
Walter Hnngerford.) A large cheste with vij torches in yt. (MS. Inv. S. Michael
Cornhill.)
b In cornu Epistolse Cussinus snpponendus Missali, 6 pulvinaria de panno
aureo pro presbyteris et rectoribus. (Collect. Cur. ii. 265.)
c M.D. 1531, founder of the College of Physicians, Canon of Windsor and
Saruin, Treasurer of Wells, Archdeacon of Bedford, Warden of Merton College,
Oxford, 152545. He built the beautiful cloister here. He died in 1549. (Hist,
of Univ. of Oxford, iii. 8.)
d Possibly the same as the Principal of Garret and S. William's Hostels, Cam-
bridge, LL.B. 1507, Fellow of Queen's College, which he vacated in 1519, R. of
Rettenden, 1541-1557, being presented by the Crown : the frieud of Erasmus.
(Fasti Cantab, i. 549.)
ON THE
PAINTINGS IN THE CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.
BY J. G. WALLER, ESQ.
Whenever we have to consider a work of mediaeval art, it is import-
ant that we comprehend the conditions under which it was executed.
If we look upon it with the same feeling that animates us when
viewing a work of modern times, we are at once in error, and must,
therefore, arrive at erroneous conclusions. The modern artist accepts
no control but the rules and practice of his art. His work depends
entirely upon his own independent conception of the event he intends
to record ; and the praise of originality is considered to be a testimony
to his genius. The art, that is, the ecclesiastical art, of the middle
ages was conducted on principles the reverse of this The very canon
on which it was founded emphatically stated, " The art only was the
painter's," all else, the mode of treatment, the order, and even the
distribution of the subjects, belonged to ecclesiastical authority. The
reason for this was simply stated : Art was for instruction, and
pictures in churches " the book of the ignorant." From the seventh to
the twelfth century, it thus became reduced to a convention accepted
alike both by the Eastern and Western Churches — an universal language
throughout Christendom. Nevertheless, it was not without develop-
ment or life On the contrary, it had both ; although in the Eastern
Church this seemed to have ceased in the twelfth century ; and works
executed in the Greek Church at the present time might easily be
mistaken for the art of that era.
But in Western Europe it was not so. The more energetic, freer,
and ever-moving forces, both political and religious, of the States in
communion with the Latin Church, continued this development down
to tjie period of the Reformation, after which it ceased, and old tradi-
tions became neglected or forgotten. Its last effort, which originated
at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth centuries,
VOL. IV. 2 C
378 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
was a bitter and caustic satire, The Dance of Death, which seemed
almost prophetical of those changes in the religious and political
world then appearing on the horizon. I have thought it necessary to
preface my description with these remarks, because most of the works,
imder consideration, differ as much from the art of our time, as that of
Egyptian and Assyrian mythology. Indeed many of the symbols are
as recondite, and would be as obscure, as those of the mythologies to
which I have referred, did we not find a key by which to interpret
them.
The paintings before us, though in a very fragmentary condition, are
of unusual interest. There are three periods of execution distinctly
visible ; the date of one portion, difficult to assign on account of some
obvious retouching, may yet be approximately fixed by some unmis-
takeable characters. There are evidences that, in the first instance, one
large and comprehensive subject was resolved upon for the decoration of
the walls. These are to be found upon the eastern wall, and in the few
demifigures of angels which occupy, when preserved, the upper
portion of the recesses of the arcade on the north and south walls.
All these are of one style and consequently of one date, and they are
among the most valuable relics of early art in this country. This sub-
ject was the " Second Coming of Our Lord," which the Greek church still
gives as distinct from the Last Judgment, although it is obvious that
it is merely a point of time of the same event. I shall be able to
refer you to an example, in close analogy, from one of our country
churches. Now, the date of this early work can be fixed to within a
definite period by the characters used in some inscribed phrases,
which I shall presently point out. By this evidence I should not fix
it later than 1370. From some causes or other, the continuation
must then have been arrested, but resumed, either at the end of the
•
century, or at farthest, during the first ten years of the succeeding one.
This takes us into the reign of Henry IV., and we may assume,
perhaps, that the three bays of the arcade on the south side had a
corresponding portion on the north wall also filled, making a sort of
conclusion to the original subject, or a further progress in that
direction. We cannot imagine, however, that any more was done, for,
if so, it would never have been effaced to make room for the later work.
A long interval now took place, during which the greater part of
the walls must have remained bare. All intention of following up the
original subject was abandoned, and when at length the decoration was
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 379
recommenced in the latter half of the fifteenth century, the story of
St. John the Evangelist, with the Apocalypse, was executed by John
of Northampton, a monk of the Abbey.
Having thus given a general glance at the whole, I will now
proceed to give a more precise description. Each side of the octagon,
except that of the west, by which we enter the Chapter House, has a
recessed arcade of five bays, on the walls of which are the remains of
the paintings. The eastern side commences the subject, and the
central division contains the figure of Our Lord seated upon a rainbow,
a globe — the earth — at his feet Both hands are uplifted, displaying his
wounds : the body is nude, and the mantle parting, shows his pierced
side, from which drops of blood are issuing, and there are also
indications of the "bloody sweat." This crimson mantle with a
richly-worked border fastened by a jewelled morse upon his breast,
is cast across his knees, and is, apparently, represented as lined
with ermine. The raised work of the morse is of gesso, executed by a
process described in the work of Cennino Cennini,* and much used
by the early Italian painters. The head, unhappily, purposely defaced,
has the crossed nimbus, gilded in this, as in all the other instances,
and enriched by a radiated pattern. The gilded bordure of the
mantle is delicately worked in a fashion which everyone acquainted
with early Italian painting must be familiar with. Above this figure
four angels sustain drapery of a blue colour, " diapered," according to
Eastlake, but no traces of this are now visible f and all has grown
very dark. No doubt this represents the vesture about which the
soldiers cast lots, as the attendant angels in this compartment have
the rest of the emblems of the Passion. Two stand on each side below
the figure of Christ ; one on the left holds the nails and the reed
with sponge; on the other side the angel holding the lance is more
defaced. The head of that holding the reed, &c. on the left of the
Saviour particularly deserves our attention ; for though the lower
half of the face is gone, that which remains is remarkably suggestive
of beauty. The treatment of this part of the subject is fully explained
by mediseval writers, who refer to Isaiah, ch. Ixiii : " Who is he that
* Trattato della Pittura. Roma: 1821, cap. cxxiv.
t Vide Materials for the History of Oil Painting, p. 179. The process of
varnishing which has been adopted for the preservation of these paintings has
darkened them, and by rendering the surface more brittle will probably accelerate
their decay.
2 c 2
380 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
cometh in dyed garments from Bozrah ; " and, " Wherefore art thou
red in thine apparel and thy garments like him that treadeth in the
wine -fat." *
The remaining figures of the heavenly host, thus attendant upon our
Lord, are given in the other compartments. On each side the central
one is a representation of Cherubim ; that on the left holds a crown in
each hand, one of which is scarcely visible. This figure is six-winged,
a convention of ancient use, formed upon the texts of Isaiah, ch. v. ver.
1, 2; Ezekiel, ch. x.; as also upon that at chap. iv. of the Apocalypse.
It has two wings covering the body, two displayed on each side, and
two above the head tipped with bright red. The body and arms are
covered with golden plumage filled with eyes like those in peacocks'
tails: and it stands upon a wheel, of which but a few traces remain. Upon
the wings are the remains of inscriptions. A figure precisely similar
to this in its conventional treatment may be seen in that magnificent
MS. No. 83, in the Arundel Collection, British Museum, and which is
dated 1339 ; f so that it really belongs to the same era as the works
under our notice. But I am indebted to the kindness of our friend
Mr. J. E. Gardner in selecting for me, and producing from his
unrivalled collection, a drawing by John Carter, which, from its pre-
serving more of these inscriptions than now remains, has enabled me
to identify these designs as being one and the same convention ;
varying only in some small matters of detail, which do not alter the
general sense. It will be best, if I first describe the perfect figures in
* The whole is described, as one of the regular subjects in which Christ is
represented, by Dnrandas : Rationale Divinorum Officiornm, lib. i. fol. vii.
Argent. 1484. " (Imago salvatoris) depicta ut residens in throno sen in solio
excelso presentem indicat potentiam et potestatem quasi diceret, data est ei omnis
potestas in ecelo et in terra, juxta illud: Vidi dominum sedentem super solium,
etc. Id est: Dei filium super angelos regnantem, juxta illud: Qui sedes super
Cherubin." But the continuation perhaps more properly belongs to the special
mode of treatment here observed : " Quoque vero depingit sicut viderunt eum
Moyses et Aaron, Nadab et Abim, scilicet super inontem et sub pedibus ejus
quasi opus saphiricum et quasi ccelnm serenum. Et quoniam sicut ait Lucas
tune videbunt filium hominis venientem in nube cumpotentia magna et majestate
ideo quoque ei circumcirca pingunt angeli qui ei semper serviunt et assistunt
et depingunt cum sex alls, secnndum Esaiah dicit : Seraphim stabunt juxta
illnd, sex alae nni et sex alse alteri duabus velabant faciem ejus duabus pedes, et
dnabus volabant."
f This, however, is the record of gift, not execution, which seems to belong to
the beginning of the fourteenth century.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 381
the MS. and afterwards compare the remains in the Chapter House
and show wherein they differ.
The MS. thus describes the figures : " This cherubin, depicted in
human form, has six wings, which represent six acts of manners, by
which the faithful soul may be redeemed, if he would reach unto God
through the increasing of virtue. The wheel under the feet of the
cherubin having seven radii designates the works of mercy which the
Lord threatened that he would reproach the negligent and remiss
on the Day of Judgment." Upon the radii of the wheel is written the
different order of the works of mercy, according to the Latin Church.*
The wings which cover the body are called respectively " Cleanliness
of the mind" (Munditia mentis), " Cleanliness of the flesh" (Mun-
ditia carnis). This is explained by legends on the plumes. Under
the first it is —
Humiliation of oneself (Sni humiliacio).
Renunciation of sin (Peccati abrenunciacio).
Confirmation in hope (In spe confirmacio).
Perfection of integrity (Integritatis perfectio).
Love of virtues (Virtutum dilectio).
Under the latter, on the left wing, i.e. " Cleanliness of the
Flesh," is—
Bounteousness of almsgiving (Elemosinarum largicio).
Keeping of vigils (Vigilarum actio).
Use of discipline (Disciplinarum nsus).
Devout in prayer (Orationum devocio).
Fasting (Jejunium).
The right wing, which is extended, is labelled " Confession " (Con-
fessio). On the plumes are written, as explanatory of its meaning —
The effusion of tears (Lacrimarum effusio).f
Holy premeditation (Sancta premeditacio).
Simplicity of speech (Simplex locucio).
Modest judgment (Verecunda cognicio).
Promptitude of obedience (Obedientiae promptitude).
* "Cherubin iste in humana effigie depictns sex habet alas quse sex actus
morum representant. Quibus debet fidelis anima redimi si ad deum per incre-
menta virtutnm voluerit pervenire."
" Rota sub pedibus chernbin habens radios septem opera misericordise designant.
Quas dominus comminatus se inproperaturum in die judicii necligentibus
remissis." On the axle, " Opera misericordiae." On the spokes, " Cibo, Poto,
Vestio, Condo, Viato, Voco, Solas." — Arundel MS. 83, Brit. Mus.
f This expression is of frequent occurrence in monastic writers when speaking
of contrition in confession.
382 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
The left wing is labelled "Satisfaction " (Satisfactio), which is thus
explained on the plumes :
A constraining of hearing (Cohibicio auditus).
A modesty of sight (Modestia visas).
An abatement of smell (Subtractio oderatus).
A temperance of taste (Temperancia gustus).
A refraining of touch (Refrenacio tactus).*
The right of the wings upraised above the head is labelled " Love
of God (Dilectio dei). On the plumes this is interpreted to consist
in these things :
To relinquish all things on account of God (Omnia propter deum relin-
qnere )
To renounce your own will f (Propriae voluntati rennnciare).
Not to desire another's goods (Aliena non concupiscere).
To distribute your own (Sua distribnere).
And it ends —
In these things to persevere (In hiis perseverare).
The left corresponding wing is labelled " Love of neighbour "
(Dilectio proximi), explained on the plumes —
To hurt no one (Nullinocere).
To do good to all (Omnibus prodesse).
To lay down your life for your brother (Pro fratre animam ponere).
To sustain loss for your brother (Pro fratre dampnum sustinere).
And it ends, as before —
In these things to persevere (In hiis perseverare).
By means of the drawing already referred to, and some notes given
by Sir C. Eastlake in " Materials for the History of Oil Painting,"
p. 179, of other details, one is able partially to restore the legends on
* The sermon for the second Sunday of Advent, among the Collection
" Sermones Dormi Secure," refers to the five senses, as five Kings with their
armies fighting against us: " Sed quinqne reges cum snis exercitibus impugnant
nos in qninque sensus corporis, scilicet, visus, auditus, gustus, tactus et
odoratus."
f This renunciation of the will is always spoken of as a great monastic virtue.
In Herolt's Sermo XXIII. quoting St. Gregory, he says, " religiosus offert deo
propriam voluntatem et hoc per votum obedientiae. Et hoc est maximum
sacrificinm quis propter deum resignat propriam, voluntatem et subjicit volnn-
tatem suam voluntati prelati sui."
';Vw%!y '^h-
Pig. 1.
REMAINS OF PAINTING ON THE EAST WALL,
OF THE CHAPTER HOUSE ; ^WESTMINSTER.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 383
the figures in the Chapter House, and thus to make a comparison
with those in the Arundel MS. The principle is the same in both, the
differences merely verbal. " Munditia mentis " of the MS. is here
" Puritas mentis ;" and under " Confessio " it is " Simplicitas, Humi-
litas, Fidelitas." Of the two last words now remain only u Hu
and F ." Possibly this was completed by " Veritas and
Obedientia." Under " Satisfactio " Eastlake mentions " Oronis
devocio, Eleemosina," and perhaps " Jejunium." He evidently saw
part of what is better preserved in Carter's drawing, viz. " Peccati
abrenunciatio, Lacrimaru effusio, Ca(stigationes'),* Elemosinaru largicio,
Oronis devocio." We see here the same expressions as in the Arundel
MS., though not arranged quite in the .same way. He also mentions
having seen the word " lateria " (latreia) above the figure, and indeed
there are still remains of it, and, besides, what appears to make the
whole as standing originally thus : " Lateria in aula formosa." «' Aula
formosa " may be considered synonymous with " The Incomparable
Hall," by which this structure was distinguished. On the left wing,
under " Puritas mentis," by aid of the same drawing, we can restore the
now nearly obliterated inscription. The Italics show what I believe was
intended, where the letters were obscure in Carter's time. " Att(enta)
funeri plenitudo (In preceptis) domini dilectatio. Ora, et ordinata
cogitatio. V'oluntatis discrecio. Simplex et pura intentio." So that
although we can trace the same feeling, both in the painting and in
the MS., yet there are differences in the former, indicating, perhaps,
a somewhat more ascetic character, suitable to the atmosphere of
monastic seclusion (fig. 1).
We must never attempt to guess at that which moved the mind of
a mediaeval artist, but seek our explanation in the ecclesiastical litera-
ture of the time, and the modes of thought which we find therein. f On
the office of the Angel volumes have been written, and many passages
occur which illustrate art. In Herolt's " Sermo de Tempore," CLVIII.
is the following, which directly bears upon our subject, and show us why
* See Herolt's Sermo de Tempore, CLVIII. for the authority for this
restoration. It is equivalent to " Disciplinarum usus " of the Arundel MS.
f Sir C. L. Eastlake, whose researches into the history of painting are
extremely valuable, calls this subject, " Christ surrounded by the Christian
Virtues," but there was no such subject in ancient ecclesiastical art. It is fair,
however, to state that he seems to have been in doubt of his accuracy. — Materials
for the History of Oil Painting, p. 179.
384 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
these legends are associated with the Angel. Angels serve in perfect-
ing us, so that they teach them (men) good works, as prayers, fastings,
and alms, vigils, and castigations, and even bodily labours they offer
principally to God.* The office of the Angel, then, is to show men
their duties and obligations which lead to a final reward. This illus-
trates the spirit under which the painting was executed. So, further,
the crown which the figure is holding is a heavenly crown of reward,
according to the principles of mediaeval art, to make everything palpa-
ble to the senses. It is the crown of victory over vice. Thus St.
Bernard : " as often as you withstand so often will you be crowned ";
and St. Ambrose: "a crown is proposed, contests are undergone ; no
one can be crowned unless he conquer. f In that wonderful volume
the Benedictional of St. Ethelwold, in the possession of the Duke
of Devonshire, date the tenth century, the figures of the Con-
fessors, and also of the Choir of Virgins, are given with crowns ;
and in the subject of the " Death of the Virgin," the hand of
God extends from heaven holding a crown over the head of the
departing figure.^ In fact, one of the best-known subject in mediaeval
art is the Coronation of the Virgin, which is simply symbolic of
the heavenly reward to a holy life. A crown of glory is a very
familiar metaphor and it is here merely embodied. In St. Edmund's
Chapel in the Abbey, in one of the spandrils of the arcade, is a
sculptured demi-figure of an angel holding a crown in each hand. § It
* In mediaeval sermons when treating of confession and satisfaction, these
words, " Orationes, jejunia, elemosynas, vigilias, castigationes" are of constant
occurrence. ITerolt, in Sermo XLIII. De Contritione et Confessione, says, " Satis-
factio sperandum fieri per contrarium, ut superbo injungenda est humiliatio et
prostratio et vestium ornatus depositio. Item avaro injustarum rerum restitntio,
et de justis rebus elemosynarum distrlbutio. Item gulosis et ebriosis abstinentia
etjejuniitm .... Item accidiosis et pigris injungendae sunt viffilia."
f Herolt's Sermo CLV. Quo modo servire tenemur deo. "Bern. Quoties
restiteris toties coronaberis. Ambro. Corona proposita, est subeunda sunt
certamina, nemo poterit coronari nisi vicerit." Surely these metaphors originated
in the crowning of victors in the games, or in the military crowns of the Romans,
on which Tertullian is so bitter (See De Corona). In Revelations, ch. xi. v. 10,
is, " Be faithful unto death and I will give you a crown of life." In the legends
of several saints the dove brings down a crown to the martyr. (Vide Petrus de
Natalibus, Art. St. Margaret and St. Regina.)
J Archaeologia, vol. xxiv.
§ See also a painting in St. John's Church, Winchester. — Journal of the
British Archaeological Association, vol. ix.
FIG. 2.
HEAD OF ANGEL ON EASTEBN WALL OF CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 385
belongs to the thirteenth century, but is obviously a similar convention
to that of which we are treating. But it would be easy to extend the
illustration of this subject indefinitely.
There is a corresponding figure in the compartment on the right of the
centre, differing in a few details, but preserving more of the outline
of the general form. The head is one of the finest in the series. The
wings bear no legends, the left hand holds a crown,* but in the right is
a rosary, according to Eastlake, who probably saw it more perfect or
distinct. At present, so little remains that it is impossible to speak
with confidence, though the conjecture seems very plausible ; its
signification must be prayer, for in this sense it is occasionally found
in mediaeval conventions.f Both figures are associated with other
angelic forms arranged above and below, having the faces red, the
distinguishing colour of the seraph, not, as Eastlake would infer, a con-
vention of the Italian artists only, but one quite universal in eccle-
siastical art, as may be proved from the frequency with which it occurs
in manuscript illuminations. This arrangement of the cherubim, on
each side the figure of our Lord, is of great antiquity, and occurs in the
Bible of St. Paul, a MS. of the eighth or ninth century, preserved in
the Vatican, and seems specially to belong to this subject. (Vide
Agincourt, Histoire de 1'Art, &c.) In the last compartments, right
and left, there are remains of groups of angels, which radiate towards
the centre, a mode of composition much in favour with the early
Italian painters. In that on the right side they are best preserved,
and contain some heads remarkably characteristic of the school
and full of expression ; the many coloured wings also remind us of
the same. The finest of these is here engraved (Fig. 2).
• On the south wall of the adjoining side of the octagon, three bays of
the arcade preserve remains of groups belonging to this subject. In
the first, that nearest to the eastern side, they are entirely obliterated,
only traces of colour are to be seen here and there : in the second much
* This crown is raised in gesso work.
t Most likely we have here symbolised the institution of the Rosary and
Crown, established in the tenth or eleventh century. " The Rosary consists in
fifteen repetitions of the Lord's Prayer and a hundred and fifty salutations of the
Blessed Virgin ; while the Crown consists in six or seven repetitions of the Lord's
Prayer and six or seven times ten salutations or Ave Marias." — Mosheim,
Ecclesiast. Hist. vol. ii. p. 429. Some attribute this institution to St. Dominic ;
perhaps he may have revived it.
386 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
defaced ; in the third, however, they are better preserved They consist
of several figures apparently kneeling, all, or nearly so, turning their
faces towards the centre, and some with hands in attitude of prayer.
Many of the heads, especially on the upper part of the composition, are
expressive and boldly painted ; but there is much inequality in the
execution, and the hands are very ill drawn. There appears to have
been retouching in many parts, which makes it difficult to understand
the relation which some details have to date of execution. But from
the mode in which the flowing locks of an aged figure on the lower
part of the composition are treated, I should not place the date of the
original work much later than 1410. It is a continuation of the first
grand scheme, and represents the Patriarchs and Prophets of the Old
Law. To appropriate the different figures is now not an easy task :
but amongst them are two in ermined robes, evidently to indicate
royal personages. One of these is distinguished by a harp on the
morse of his mantle, and is therefore, without any doubt, intended to
point out King David. Then, it follows that, the aged figure in
white flowing hair, behind him is his son Solomon. Another above
with a curly forked beard might possibly be intended for Abraham.
Our first parents would have been in the compartment nearest to the
eastern side, now utterly effaced. We may be confident that no more
of this subject was continued, except perhaps a corresponding portion
on the opposite or north side, which would have had the Apostles,
iSaints, and Martyrs of the New Law or Testament.
The same subject was discovered in 1848, on the wall above the
chancel arch in Great Waltham Church, Essex. It was described by my
late friend F. W. Fairholt, thus : " The painting occupies a space of
about nine feet in height by fifteen feet in width. The figures are the
size of life, and the principal one, the Redeemer, is of colossal pro-
portions, and occupies the centre. He is seated on a rainbow and is
clothed in a red garment having white under-clothing. He is exhi-
biting the wounds by which he has gained our redemption ; and the
angels above are hymning praises to the trumpet and lute. The sun
and moon are above his head. On the right of the Saviour is a group
of six crowned female figures ; the foremost of which is regally attired,
and has a nimbus round the head. This group is in a fair state of
preservation, but that on the other side is not ; it consists of the same
number of male figures in attitudes of adoration ; and their costume
and the general style of the drawing appear to fix the date of the
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 387
picture to the latter end the fourteenth century." (Vide Journal of
the British Archaeological Association, vol. iii 1848.) So, it was a
contemporary work.
There yet remains undescribed one portion of this first plan or
scheme of decoration, viz. the remains of the demi-figures of angels at
the apex of each arched recess, upon the north and south walls. Of
these only a few are sufficiently perfect to show the design com-
pletely, but it will be observed, that they originally filled up all these
spaces, and are not confined to those over the Apocalyptic visions.
On the south wall they consist of figures playing upon a trombone,
bagpipe, pipe, and flageolet. The two latter are tolerably well pre-
served— simply, yet well designed and gracefully executed. On the
north wall, the best is in the first compartment over the com-
mencement of St. John's history. It is playing upon a species of
lute, and is a sweet and elegant design. Now, the fact that these
originally filled all these spaces on the north and south sides, and not
only over the Apocalyptic visions, would show that they belonged to
the earlier scheme. But the style of execution and general character
is not only vastly superior to the later work, but is of the same con-
ventional manner as the earlier part on the eastern wall, and therefore
evidently belongs to the same time and school. This leads us at
once to a conclusion respecting the whole, and points unmis-
takeably to a large and comprehensive idea of decorating the
whole building with the subject of the " Second Coming of Christ."
It is one of the grandest of the ancient ecclesiastical conventions, and
is still in use in the Greek Church. The " Guide " * gives nine
divisions in which the several personages are arranged on each side
the figure of Our Lord. 1. The Choir of the Apostles. 2. The
Choir of our First Parents. 3. The Choir of the Patriarchs. 4. The
Choir of the Prophets. 5. The Choir of the Bishops. 6. The
Choir of the Martyrs. 7. The Choir of Saints. 8. The Choir of
Pious Kings. 9. The Choir of Women, Martyrs, or Solitaries.
This was obviously capable of any amount of amplification, in which the
monastic orders would assuredly have had a large part assigned to
them. It is not at all probable that any other accompaniments of
the " Last Judgment " were intended to be introduced, as the site
* The Greek " Guide of Painting " was discovered by M. Didron at Esphig-
menon, Mount Athos, and he published a translation with notes in 1845.
388 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
would be unfavourable. What we should have had, in the complete
work, would have been an embodied " Te Deum," in which Our Lord
would be associated with all the attributes of glory and power,
attended by the whole Church Militant, with the sound of sacred
ministrelsy, as at Great Waltham. There is a beautiful example of
this subject in the National Gallery, by Fra Angelico, entitled, " Christ
surrouaded by Angels, Prophets, Martyrs, and Saints," and it is just
such an arrangement which would doubtless have been followed in the
Chapter House, had it been completed. On the right of the Saviour
the Virgin Mary leads, as it were, the Saints of the New Law, and
St. John the Baptist those on the left. The central figure of
Christ is the only departure from ancient conventions, and is given
as standing with a banner and cross in the left hand, whilst the right
is in the act of benediction. It is one of the most exquisite examples
of this master, and is well calculated to show the nature of the subject
as a means of decoration.
We may, I think, then fairly assume, from the evidence presented
before us, that the eastern wall was first begun as a matter of course.
Naturally then the work would proceed with the small demi-figures of
angels. I have already stated its further progress was then suspended,
and as I put the date of this first portion between the years 1350 and
1370, as the character of the inscriptions on the cherub best accords
with that time, it would follow that the period of this suspension of
the work would be about the end of the reign of Edward III. Now
the resumption of it, of which the groups on the south wall are the
result, could not easily be given at a date earlier than the commence-
ment of the fifteenth century, and not much after 1410, according
to data already stated. If, in endeavouring to find a cause for the
abrupt termination of this great scheme, we look to passing events
after the decease of Edward III. we might find it, perhaps, in the
troubled reign of Richard II., and, if I am correct in the time in
which the work was again taken in hand, it would be in the short
reign of his successor Henry Bolingbroke. Perhaps also the sittings
of Parliament in the Chapter House may have had something to do
with it. But, after the additions of which I have just spoken, the
original subject seems to have been altogether abandoned. A long
time elapsed before anything further was done towards the completion
of the decoration, and, on its being taken up again, at the latter part
of the fifteenth century, the Life of St. John the Evangelist, embracing
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 389
the episode of his exile at Patmos, and the visions of the Apocalypse,
was painted by John of Northampton to fill up the remaining spaces.
But, before I proceed to describe this series, it is necessary to say a
few words on the character of the earlier design and the time in
which it was executed. In the first place the painting on the eastern
wall is unmistakeably by an Italian hand : of this there can be no
dispute whatever, when we compare it with contemporary work done
in the palace of Westminster in the usual conventional style. The
whole plan must also be due to one individual mind, even that of the
later executed groups on the south wall. The two heads,* which I have
alluded to, in the compartment abutting on the north side, seem to
point out the school, and have all the characters of that which
followed Giotto. But, in the numerous records which we have of the
works of St. Stephen's Chapel and other decorations of the palace of
Westminster, at the very same time, viz. between the years 1350 and
1369, we search in vain for a name which would carry us to the other
side of the Alps. It is a most interesting fact that all are English,
even John Barneby, who gets paid twice as much as any other
" Magister," viz. 2s. per day, at least worth £l 4s. of our time, so he
must have been a man of mark. As Mr. Smith, the author of " The
Antiquities of Westminster,"! considers that some angels in St.
Stephen's Chapel, sustaining drapery, are by the same hand as these
which we are considering, the same master must have been employed
supposing he is right. The chief name therefore is wanting, and the
special services which he rendered, must have been recognised in a
distinct form. Italians had been employed in England in the previous
century, and as Lionel, Duke of Clarence, married Violante, the
daughter of Galeazzo II. Duke of Milan, it is easy to see how the
superior art of Italy might have been attracted to England. The style
of the work shows that it belongs to the northern schools of that
country, and one of the numerous pupils of Giotto may have been the
chief " Magister " whose name we so much desire, but which eludes
our inquiry.
If we endeavour to realize from these poor defaced remains the
effect of this eastern side, when its paintings were recent and com-
* See engraving of one of these, p. 385.
f Engraved in his Antiquities of Westminster, p. 153; but I think his opinion
is very questionable, though he had the advantage of seeing the originals : the
details differ materially.
390 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
plete, the task must be a species of calculation. In many cases, only
indications of a gilded nimbus point out the position of an angelic
form. In the central compartment, besides the angel on eaeh side,
there are the heads of the four above sustaining the drapery previoiisly
described, in itself a common Italian convention. In the compart-
ments on each side, the cherub was surrounded by seraphs, that on the
left having five above and six below, so in this division alone were
twelve figures or parts of them. On the right side there is one less.
The other panels have remains of fourteen altogether, making in
the whole forty-four heads of figures yet to be traced, all of them
irradiated by a golden nimbus. When we add to this the brilliant
colours introduced, and an excellence in the execution of the work,
comparing well with any art of the time, and assuredly done under the
supervision of an accomplished master, the splendour of the effect
must have been most striking ; and we had, perhaps, no other instance
which altogether could compare with it. For the evidences we have of
the work done in the palace of Westminster, undoubtedly fine of its
kind, and saying much for the English art in practice among us,
prove to us that it must cede altogether to the mental superiority
shown in the few heads which here remain.
The series, which now come under our consideration, belongs to a very
different school indeed to those just described. Its subjects are strictly
Conventional, following rules throughout, and symbolic hieratic signs ;
in every respect, indeed, a piece of art writing. Their merit, even
considering the time in which they were executed, is very small, falling
very much below the average of such work, as judged by contemporary
standards. Nevertheless, there is much interest attached to them.
The subjects are rarely met with, and we have the name of the artist.
By a cartulary formerly in the possession of Sir Charles Young,
late Garter King at Arms, we learn that the painter was brother
John of Northampton, a monk of the abbey, that he received 4Z. 10s.
for his labours,* which are, however, mentioned as not yet completed
* " Prater Johannes Northampton fieri fecit picturam de Judicio in fronte
domus capitularis pro xi marcis. Item fieri fecit picturam Apocalypsis pro
iiijli.tes.in capltulo nondum complete. Et similiter Kalendare (xxxs.)in
claustro, cum aliis picturis (xx s.) ibidem ad portam ecclesie pro vij li." See
Dean Stanley's Memorials of Westminster Abbey.
" Nondum complete " may refer strictly to the Chapter House being left in-
complete, the walls being left bare before John of Northampton began his work.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 391
(jiondum completo). No precise date is given to this document, but, as
it mentions Abbot Kirton's tomb, it must have been after 1440, the
date of his death. Many of the details point closely to the middle of
the fifteenth century, and perhaps 1460 would be as near to the time
of execution or completion as could be fixed by the character of the
work itself. The plan, as it begins with some incident of St. John's
life, doubtless ended with the same. In fact, by calculating the spaces
all round, and examining the general selection of subjects in other
medieval series of the Apocalypse, especially one among the manuscripts
in the Royal Library, British Museum, marked 2 D. xiii., I consider
ninety-two subjects as the probable number for the visions of the
Apocalypse, which is but one more than the manuscript ; nor would it
be easy to extend this number. So that, the twelve spaces, which are
left to make up the one hundred and four subjects which the sub-
division requires, were doubtless filled with incidents of the saint's
life. In point of fact, it is the history of the saint which is given upon
the walls, embracing as an episode his exile at Patmos with the
Apocalyptic visions. This theory is established by the four scenes
from his life, though we miss four others, which commenced the
series, but which are now obliterated.
The subjects are arranged in four compartments in each recess of
the arcade, and are divided from each other by a red band, stencilled
with roses, except in one instance, when these are superseded by a talbot
dog. This is certainly significant, and has a special meaning, and must
surely be in remembrance of the great Sir John Talbot, Earl of
Shrewsbury, — a whim possibly of the artist, whose name was John,
for an affectionate record of a hero who bore his own Christian name,
as well as that of the saint whose life he was depicting. Each
subject has beneath its distinctive legend or text written upon paper,
and pasted, or rather as it appears, glued upon the wall, each end
painted scroll- wise. Some few upon the south side have been painted
directly on a prepared ground upon the wall itself ; but whether this
was a renewal or not it is impossible now to say, as it is not a modern
restoration. Most of the texts have also a rubricated gloss, in many
instances of which the initial letter is omitted. Possibly this may be
from one of the numerous mediaeval commentaries on the Apocalypse,
the text of which may have followed one then extant in the library of
the monastery. The character of these glosses consists of rather
whimsical applications or similitudes, such as are the moralizations of
392 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
the tales in the Gesta Romanorum, but their mutilated condition
forbids any attempt at a complete collation with any existing
authority. The text of the Apocalypse is of course that of the Latin
Vulgate, but there are several verbal variations, and some accidental
repetitions of the transcriber.
The story began in the single recess of the west wall, close to the
entrance on the left hand as you enter the Chapter House. But this
is entirely defaced, only having here and there some patches of colour
to prove that it was formerly painted over. Here, however, would
have been four subjects from the early history of St. John's life,
including his preaching at Ephesus, and its results, which brought him
under the notice of the proconsul of the Ephesians.
In the next compartment the subjects are well preserved. The
first of these is the fifth of the series, and represents St. John being
brought before the Emperor Domitian. The latter is seated in royal
robes, wearing a highly pointed tiara, find he is holding a sceptre in
his left hand. Behind him is one in the costume of a judge or man
of law — the proconsul — whilst a rabble are goading the saint
forward towards the tribunal with kicks and blows ; one is threatening
him with a mace held above him. The saint is in a red tuuic and
blue mantle, and is holding a book, and he is thus distinguished
throughout. The legend beneath, though defaced and faded, yet
preserves sufficient to enable one to comprehend the whole meaning,
and it takes the form of a letter from the proconsul of the Ephesians
to the Emperor Domitian.
In the Times of May 6, 1867, is a letter from Dr. Wordsworth,
now Bishop of Lincoln, giving a translation of this and the succeeding
legend, in which he states, that he had been assisted by the Rev.
H. 0. Coxe, the librarian of the Bodleian library, to an early printed
book containing the legend of St. John and which seems to follow
closely to the text of that used here, whereby he was enabled to give
substantially a correct version of the whole. I am indebted to the
courtesy of both in kindly answering my communications on the
subject, and to Mr. Coxe for having supplied me with the text and
references for the lapses which occur.* It is clear, however, that,
although closely following that in the Chapter House, it does not
literally do so, but as I give the legend beneath — line for line — as it can
* De la Bigne, Maxima Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum. Lugduni, 1677, vol. ii.
p. 52.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 393
now be deciphered, and place the supplied text in Italics, the com-
parison will be easy for those who desire to make it. I shall use
freely the translation of Dr. Wordsworth.
To the most pious Caesar, and always Augustus, Domitian, the Proconsul of
the Ephesians sends greeting : We notify to your glory that a certain man
named John, of the nation of the Hebrews, has come into Asia, and, preaching
Jesus crucified, affirms him to be the true God and the son of God, and is abolish-
ing the worship of our invincible deities, and is hastening to destroy the
venerable temples constructed and founded by your ancestors. This man, being
contrarient — as a magician and a sacrilegious person — to your Imperial edict, is
converting almost all the people of the Ephesian city by his magical arts and by
his preaching to the worship of a man crucified and dead. But we, having a
zeal for the worship of the immortal gods, endeavoured to prevail upon him, by
fair words and blandishments, and also by threats, according to your Imperial
edict, to deny his Christ and to make offerings to the immortal gods. And
since we have not been able to induce him by any methods to do this, we address
this letter to your Majesty, in order that you may signify to us what is your royal
pleasure to be done with him. As soon as Domitian had read this letter, being
enraged, he sent a rescript to the proconsul that he should put the holy John
in chains and bring him with him from Ephesus to Home, and there assume to
himself the judgment according to the Imperial command.*
* (5) P(iissimo ces)ari et semper augusto domiciano proconsul ephesiorum salu-
teni. Notificamus glorie vestre quoniam quidam vir no- | mine Johannes gente
hebreorum in asiam uentus est et predicans ihesum crucifixum affirmat eum
verum deum et dei filium | esse (et culturam ) inuinctissimo-
rum deorum nostrorum euacuat et templa ueneranda ab antecessoribus nestris
construe- | ta fundita (evertit ) iat contrarius
itaq' hie existens magus et sacrilegus uestro imperiale dicto snis magicis | artibus
et petit ephesine ad culturam hominis
crucifix! et mortui conuersus. Nos | deornm tribunalibus
uestris presentatum ad preveniendum blanditiis et | atque
diis omnipotentibus | grata libamina nul- | t
direximus ut quicquid magistatis uestre de eo fieri notofi- | cetis statim ut legit
epistola proconsuli ut sanctum johannem ab epheso ad- | ventum
que assumeret judicium.
The fifth line cannot be verbally restored by the authority given, which
follows thus after the word " artibus " : et prcedieationibus repente omnem
Ephesinum populum ad. And the rest, after " Nos," runs thus : erga deorum
immortalium culturam zelum habentes jussimus eum pro tribunalibus vestris
prtesentari et juxta benigmissimum clementiee tuce rescript um blanditiis et
terroribus studimus ammonere ut Christum suumnegaret et a prcedicationibug
desisteret atque diis nmnipotentibus grata libamina offeret. Qua cum illi nulla
ratione suadere potuimiis has apices imperial} tu& majestati direximus in
VOL. IV. 2 D
394 ON THE PAINTINGS IN TIIK
(6)* The next subject is the carrying out the sentence of the
Emperor, and all the same persons appear in it. The Emperor is
holding a drawn sword in his right hand, and a sceptre in his left,
standing by the cauldron seeing the execution of his sentence. Some
officials are stirring up the fire beneath it, and one is blowing it
with a bellows. Here we find a very common mediaeval licence, for
the very legend beneath the painting shows us that the Emperor
was not present at the execution of the sentence,^ else he would not
have required to have been informed of the result ; but the artist
places him there bodily to give emphasis to the act, and to show un-
mistakeably it was Domitian who persecuted the saint : the painter,
in fact, followed his convention, and cared nothing for unities. It is
the best known of all subjects in connection with St. John's history.
The legend is here nearly complete, and is —
Then, the Proconsul, according to the Imperial command, led with him to
Rome the most blessed John the Apostle bound with chains, and announced his
arrival to the Caesar Domitian. But the most cruel Domitian, being very
indignant, commanded the Proconsul that he should put the holy John into a
boiling cauldron in the presence of the senate, before the gate which is called
" Latin," first having scourged him, which was done : whence, the grace of God
protecting him, he issued unhurt, not having received the least corruption. But
the Proconsul, astonished at seeing him to have come forth from the cauldron
anointed, not scorched, wished to restore him to his liberty ; and he would have
quicquid suprema celsitudina; tuce de prasdicto rebelli visttm fuerit cognitum.
diligentcr exequamur. It has the same substantive matter as the legend beneath
the painting.
* (6) Tune proconsul secundum imperiale preceptum beatissimum johannem
apostolum c&t(7ienis ?<m)ctum romam se addnxit et ce- | sari domiciano eius
adventum nunciavit. Indignatus autem crudelissimus domicianus proconsuli
jussit ut ante portam | que latina dicitur in conspectn senatns in ferventi doleo
sanctus Johannes deponeret pri(wms nee) non flagellis cederetur quod et | factum
est unde protegente eum gracia dei tarn illesus exiit quam minimus a corruptione
GJLt\{terat Firf)ens vero proconsul eum de do- | leo exisse unctum non adustum
obstupef actus voluit eum libertati sue restituere. Et f ecisset j ussioni
regie contradire. | Hoc autem cum domiciano relatnm fuisset precepit sanctum
johannem apostolum in exilinm (iw)sula que pathmos dicitur in qua | et apoca-
lypsim que et nomine eius legitur et vidit et scripsit.
f In the narrative of the Golden Legend the Emperor is present, and also it
says " a cauldron of boiling oil " (dolium fervent is olei). The latter word being
omitted renders the story incomplete, and the " unctum non adustum " un-
intelligible.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 395
done so, if he had not feared to contraverse the royal command. But when this
was related to Domitian, he commanded the holy John the Apostle into exile to
the island which is called Patmos, in which the Apocalypse, which is read in his
name, he both saw and wrote.
It is singular that, the two succeeding legends, though continuing
St. John's history, do not refer to the subjects. (7)* This compart-
ment shows the saint being deported by the orders of the Emperor.
He is in a boat, which is being pushed off from the strand. (8)f In
the next we have the boat again, in which he is arriving at Patmos,
and his figure appears twice ; once in the boat as arriving, again on
the shore as having landed, and the boat is being pushed off, This
mode of treatment is common in medieval art. The legends are both
very illegible and indistinct, but what remains shows their character.
The first tells us that the same year that Domitian sent the holy John
into exile he was slain by the senate, and all his acts revoked ; and
that then St. John returned to and continued his ministrations at
Ephesus, and-refuted the " heresy of those who said that Christ before
Mary was not." And there he remained, and in a sermon discoursed
of the Trinity, as he afterwards set forth in the exordium of his Gospel,
" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and
the Word was God."
The next division of the arcade commences the series of subjects
from the Apocalypse or Book of Revelation, and are generally well
preserved.
(9) The first is the ninth in succession, and is from the first three
verses of the first chapter, beginning, " The Revelation of Jesus Christ,
* (7) Domicianus uero eodem anno quo jussit sanctum johannemexilium a senatu
romano interfectus est. Johannes autem a senatu domiciano exilio resolutus
recessit ephesum ibique ob heriticorum refutandas (uersutias ?-)ogatus dicitur
ab om- | nibus asiee episcopis et presbyter is quia jam in tribus evangeliorum
filium ....nis habebant dam illorum heresim qui dicebunt xpistum ante
mariam non fuisse.
f (8) Dictus apostolus ...ntibus et in prece perseverantibus non
co- | mune precat quod cum fecissent. Die tercia tanta
gracia spiritus sancti sermone inter- | pretationem
esse repletus ut usque ad contemplandam tocius trinitatis Christi et de
eter- | ne uite purissimo ret quod nob is f acientibus pro(c&zm)aret
unde et eyangelium dictum est exordium. In | principle erat verbum et yerbum
erat apud deum et deum erat verbum.
2 D 2
396 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
which God gave unto him, and sent and signified by his angel unto
his servant John."*
It consists only of St John seated on a rock with water around it
to represent the island. He is asleep, his head resting upon his hand,
and his book in his lap. By his side stands an angel with his right
hand upon his shoulder, his left pointing as if towards the next
subject. He is receiving the Revelation from the angel.
(10)f Equally simple is the treatment of the next compartment,
where St. John is seated with the book before him, and is writing in
it, and the seven churches of Asia arerepresented. They are all alike,
cruciform, and with a central spire, each having the figure of an angel
standing at the door. The legend beneath is extremely full and long,
beginning at the fourth verse, " John to the seven churches, which are
in Asia," &c. and terminating in the middle of the twelfth, " And I
turned to the voice that spake with me." In the next subject (11) J
* I have thought it desirable to give the texts in full from the Vulgate, as
written beneath each picture. (In red letters. Incipit textus visionis apocalypsis
sancti Johannis apostoli.) Chap. i. ver. 1. Apocalypsis lesu Christi, qnam dedit illi
Deus palam facere servis suis, quae oportet fieri cito : et significavit, mittens per
angelum suutn servo suo Johauni. 2. Qui testimonium perhibuit verbo dei et
testimonium lesu Christi, quaecumque vidit 3. Beatus, qui legit, et audit verba
prophetise hujus : et servat ea, quae in ea scripta sunt : tempus enim prope est.
f (10) Chap. i. ver. 4. Joannes septem Ecclesiis, quae sunt in Asia. Gratia vobis,
et pax ab eo, qui est, et qui erat, et qui venturus est: et a septem spiritibns qui in
conspectu throni ejus sunt. 5. Et a Jesu Christo, qui est testis fidelis, primo-
genitus mortuorum, et princeps regum terras, qui dilexit nos, et lavit nos a
peccatis nostris in sanguine suo. 6. Et fecit nos regnum. et sacerdotes Deo et
Patri suo: ipsi gloria, et imperium in saecula saeculorum : Amen. 7. Ecce venit
cum nubibus et videbit eum omnis oculus, et qui eum pupugerunt. Et plangent
se super eum omnes tribus terrae: Etiam: Amen. 8. Ego sum a. et u, principium
et finis, dicit dominus Dens, qui est, et qui erat, et qui venturus est omnipotens.
9. Ego Johannes frater vester, et particeps in tribulatione, et regno et patientia
in Christo Jesu: fui in insula quae appellatur Patmos propter verbum Dei et
testimonium Jesu. 10. Fni in spiritu in Dominica die, et audivi post me vocem
magnam tanquam tnbae. 11. Quod vides, scribe in libro, et mitte septem Eccle-
siis quae sunt in Asia, Epheso, et Smyrnae, et Pergamo, et Thyatirae, et Sardis,
et Philadelphiae, et Laodiceae. 12. Et conversus sum ut viderem vocem quae
loquebatur mecum. The gloss to this is too effaced to be legible.
J (11) Chap. i. ver. 13. Et in medio septem candelabrorum aureorum similem
filio hominis, vestitum podere et praecinctum ad mamillas zona aurea. 14. Caput
autem ejus et capilli erant candidi tamquam lana alba et tamquam nix et oculi
ejus tamquam fiamma ignis. 15. Et pedes ej us simile aurichalco sicut in camino
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 397
the text is a continuation at the thirteenth verse, " And being turned
I saw seven golden candlesticks, and in the midst of the seven candle-
sticks one like to the Son of man, clothed with a garment down to
the foot, and girt about the paps with a golden girdle," — " and he had
in his right hand seven stars, and out of his mouth went a sharp two-
edged sword," — " and when I saw him, I fell at his feet as dead.
And he laid his right hand upon me, saying unto me, I am the first
and the last."
The subject is again very simple in its design : A figure in a white
dress, having a cowl thrown back on the shoulders, holding the seven
stars in his right hand, and a sword in his mouth, seated upon a
throne, in front of an altar on which are seven candlesticks arranged
on each side. The face of this figure resembles that of a lion, and is
gilded, as also the hands and feet, following the text, " his counten-
ance was as the sun shineth in his strength ; " the beard is, however,
white, and the nimbus red with gold cross. Perhaps the lion-like
aspect may refer to the " Lion of the tribe of Judah "
The prostrate figure of St. John is in front with the attending
angel, which we shall find frequently introduced when the saint is
said to be influenced by the spirit. Here it must represent that part
of the text which says " he laid his right hand upon me ;" notwith-
standing this refers to him upon the throne. No subjects are given
from the second and third chapters, but are resumed in the fourth,
where the legend begins with the first two words (I now speak of the
Latin) " Post haec," and continues with the second word of the second
verse, " statim."*
ardenti et vox illius tamquam vox aquarum multarum. 16. Et habebat in
dextera sua Stellas septem, et de ore ejus glaclius utraque parte acutus exhibat :
et facies ejus sicut sol in virtute sua. 17. Et cum vidissem eum, cecidi ad pedes
ejns tamquam mortuus. Et posuit dexteram buam super me, dicens, Noli tiinere :
ego sum primus et novissimns.
The rubricated gloss to this is more legible than any other, but not so as to
give it completely. The initial is not put in, and " cupud " is put for " caput."
(P)er capud. lex per capillos vero qui ex capite nascuntur. Multitndines desig-
nantur eorum qui per legem salvi f acti sunt. (P)er ocnlos igitur p'phete designan-
tur qui ea que ventura sunt vel erant longe ante previdere meruerunt. (P)er
gladium electi qui in tempore mundi nascituri sunt atq
* Chap. iv. ver. 2. Post hsec et statim f ui in spiritu : et ecce sedes posita erat in
ccelo, et supra sedem sedens. 3. Et qui sedebat similis erat aspectui lapidis jaspidis
et sardinis: et iris erat in circuitu sedis similis vision! smaragdinte. 4. Et in cir-
98 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
After this immediately I was in the spirit and behold a throne was set in
heaven and one sat on the throne. 3. And there was a rainbow round about
the throne like unto an emerald, and round about the throne there were four-
and-twentj seats, and upon the seats I saw four-and-twenty elders sitting, clothed
in white raiment, and they had on their heads crowns of gold. And round about
the throne were four beasts full of eyes before and behind. And the first beast
was like a lion, and the second like a calf, and the third beast had the face as a
man, and the fourth was like a flying eagle. And the four beasts had each of
them six wings about him.
(12) This, and three other subjects succeeding, are treated in the
Fame conventional manner, intended to show merely several different
periods of time in which the same person is represented, though under
a symbolic form. Much has grown out of this text, and is embodied
in mediaeval art. I will endeavour to point out, in as brief a manner
as possible, those details which are so constantly recurring in the art
of the middle ages.
First, then, there is the figure of Our Lord seated upon a rainbow,
his right hand in the act of benediction, in his left the book, under
his feet a globe, according to the text the '* earth is his footstool."
Around his head is the crossed nimbus, and the figure is inclosed
within an aureole, i. e. an oval form, representing glory or the rainbow
of the text, which is to the figure what the nimbus is to the head, and
which is never applied except to the most sacred personages. At
each corner of this you find the four beasts, not exactly as described
in the text, but as accepted in mediaeval art, as they have but two
cuitu sedis sedilia viginti quatuor seniores sedentes, circumamicti vestimentis albis,
et in capitibus eorum coronae aurese. 5. Et de throno procedebant fulgura et voces
et tonitrua: et septem lampades ardentes ante throntun, qui sunt septem spiritus
dei. 6. Et in couspectu sedis tanquam mare vitreum simile crystallo : et in
medio sedis et in circuitn sedis quattuor animalia plena oculis ante et retro.
7. Et animal primum simile leoni, et secundum animal simile vitulo, et tertium
animal habens faciem quasi hominis, et quartum simile aquilse volanti. 8. Et
quattuor animalia singula eorum habebant alas senas : et in circuitn et intns
plena sunt oculis: et requiem non habebant die ac nocte, dicentia, Sanctus, Sanctus,
Sanctus, Dominus deus omnipotens, qui erat, et qui est, et qni venturus est.
9. Et cum darent ilia animalia gloriam et honorem, et benedictionem sedenti
super thronum, viventi in ssecula saeculorum, 10. Procidebant viginti quattuor
seniores ante sedentem in throno, et adorabant viventem in ssecula saeculornm et
mittebant coronas suas ante thronum dicentes, 11. Dignus es domine deus
noster accipere gloriam, et honorem, et virtutem: quia tu creasti omnia, et prop-
ter voluntatem tuam erant, et creata sunt.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 399
wings, not six. No subject involves more research, nor leads further
into remote antiquity, than these Evangelistic symbols, as we call
them, as it carries us far into oriental symbolism. At present I shall
merely quote from an early ecclesiastical writer, which gives a fanciful
explanation that has been much enlarged upon in later times. The
man or angel is appropriated to St. Matthew on account of the
genealogy of Jesus Christ, writing of him as man. To St. Luke
is given the calf or bull, because he derives him from the priesthood of
Zacharias. St. Mark has the face of the lion, because of the voice of
one crying in the wilderness " Prepare ye the way of the Lord," &c.
but to St. John the eagle, as flying to heaven and to the Father himself,
saying, " In the beginning was the Word, &c." The arrangement of
the four-and twenty elders is in four compartments on each side the
chief figure, and they are remarkable for the many forms of ancient
musical instruments which they hold.
(13) In this we see the figure of an angel holding an open book,
St. John is weeping, and being led by a venerable bearded figure to a
door, at which stands another, which figures represent the elders,
according to the text, from chap. v. ver. 2 : —
And I saw a strong angel proclaiming with a loud voice, Who is worthy to
open the book, and loose the seals thereof ? And no man in heaven, nor in earth,
neither under the earth, was ahle to open the book, neither to look thereon. And
I wept much, &c. &c. And one of the elders said unto me, Weep not : behold
the Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, hath prevailed to open the
book, and to loose the seven seals thereof.
(14)* The treatment of the next subject is so very similar to one
(12) previously described, that is only needful to point out, that the
figure within the aureole sits upon a red throne holding the book with
seven seals in the right hand, and in the palm of the left is what appears
to be the consecrated host, possibly to signify " the living bread that
came down from heaven." There are no animals at the corners, and
the figures of the elders are casting down their crowns and musical
instruments.
* (14) Chap. v. ver. 1. Et vidi in dextera sedentis supra thronum, librum
scriptum intus et foris, signatim sigillis septem. 2. Et vidi angelum fortem,
prajdicantem voce magna: Quis est dignus aperire librum, et solvere signacula
ejus? 3. Et nemo poterat neque in ccelo, neque in terra, neque snbtus 'terrain
aperire librum, neque respicere ilium.
400 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
(15)* In that succeeding, also, are similar conventions, but in the
centre of the aureole is the symbol of the Holy Lamb with seven eyes
and seven horns, holding the cross, and raised upon a table or altar.
The texts for these run as follows : —
Chap. v. ver. 1. — And I saw in the right hand of him that sat on the throne a
book written within and on the backside, sealed with seven seals.
Again at the sixth verse : —
And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne and of the four beasts, and in
the midst of the elders, stood a Lamb as it had been slain, having seven horns
and seven eyes.
(16)f The succeeding verse is the text for the next picture, in
which we still get the same arrangement of parts, but now within the
aureole is a seated figure holding the book with the seven seals, and
the lamb standing up as if to open it. The elders are grouped on
each side in the lower compartments casting aside their crowns and
instruments ; in the upper part angels appear from heaven. The text
is —
And he came and took the book out of the right hand of him that sat upon
the throne. And when he had taken the book, the four beasts and four and
twenty elders fell down before the Lamb, having every one of them harps and
golden vials full of odours, which are the prayers of saints. * * * And I
beheld, and heard the voice of many angels round about the throne.
* (15) Chap. v. ver. 6. Et vidi: et ecce in medio throni et quattuor animalinm,
et in medio seniorum, agnum stantem tamquam occisum, habentem cornua
septem, et ocnlos septem: qui sunt septem spiritus dei, missi in omnem terrain.
This has a long gloss.
f (16) Chap. v. ver. 7. Et venit, et accepit librum de dextera sedentis super
throno. 8. Et cum aperuisset librum, quatuor animalia, et viginti quattuor
seniores, ceciderunt coram agno, habentes singuli citharas, et phialas aureas
plenas odoramentorum, quse sunt orationes sanctorum. 9. Et cantabant canti-
cum novum, dicentes : Dignus es domine accipere librum et aperire signacula
ejus : qnoniam occisus es et redimisti nos deo in sanguine tuo ex omni tribu, et
lingua, et populo, et natione. 10. Et fecisti nos deo nostro regnum et sacerdotes:
et regnabimus super terrain. 11. Et vidi, et audivi vocem angelorum multorum
in circuitu throni et animalium, et seniorum, et erat numerus eorum millia
niillium ; 12. Dicentium voce magna: Dignus est agnus qui occisus est accipere
virtutem, et divinitatem, et sapientiam, et fortitudinem, et honorem. et gloriam,
et benedictionem.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 401
The next three paintings which are preserved on this, the north side,
are all more or less imperfect. In the treatment, the mode adopted to
express a revelation to the saint is especially worth notice. The
symbols of the Evangelist are represented as coming down from
heaven, and are by the ear of St. John, who is standing and looking
towards the vision.
( 17)* In the first it is the symbol of St. Matthew. The figure of
the vision is on a white horse, and attired in a close-fitting jupon with
a wide cape, and is bending a bow. The text is from Chap. vi.
ver. 1 : —
And I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals, and I heard, as it were,
the noise of thunder, one of the fonr beasts saying, Come and see. And I saw,
and behold a white horse : and he that sat on him had a bow ; and a crown was
given unto him : and he went forth conquering and to conquer.
(18)f The next subject is but a fragment. Here the beast is the
lion or symbol of St. Mark, which is placed by the head of St. John,
and the figure is he upon the red horse, and bears a sword. Thus
the text : —
And when he had opened the second seal, I heard the second beast say, Come
and see. And there went out another horse that was red : and power was given
to him that sat thereon to take peace from the earth, and that they should kill
one another: and there was given unto him a great sword.
(19)| In the next subject the bull or calf, the symbol of St. Luke,
is by the ear of the saint, but only a part of the figure on a black
horse and holding scales remains. The text is —
And when he had opened the third seal, I heard the third beast say, Come and
see. And I beheld, and lo a black horse ; and he that sat on him had a pair of
balances in his hand.
* (17) Chap. vi. ver. 1. Et vidi quod aperuisset agnus unum de septem sigillis,
et audivi unum de quatuor animalibus, dicens, tanquam vocein tonitrui, veni et
vide. 2. Et vidi, et ecce equus albus, et qni sedebat super ilium habebat arcum,
et data est ei corona, et exivit vincens ut vinceret.
f (18) Chap. vi. ver. 3. Et cum aperuisset sigillum secundum, audivi secundum
animal dicens, veni et vide. 4. Et exivit alius equus rufus: et qui sedebat super
ilium datum est ei ut sumeret pacem de terra, et ut invicem se interficiant, et
datus est ei gladins magnus.
J (19) Chap. vi. ver 5. Et cum aperuisset sigillum tertium audivi tertium
animal dicens, veni et vide. Et ecce equus niger : et qui sedebat super ilium
habebat stateram in manu ejus.
402 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
From this, a very large gap is made in the continuity of our
subject through the utter destruction of the paintings, and amongst
these would have been some of the most curious of the conventions
observed in the mediaeval treatment of the Apocalypse. Death on the
pale horse, which would have immediately succeeded it, is never given,
as by some modern painters, like a fleshless skeleton, but is a figure
with ruthless aspect upon a horse of that pale green which marks
decomposition, and followed by grotesquely contorted figures with
demoniac visages, denoting " Death and Hell."
The series, just described, breaks off at the fourth division of the
arcade, on the first side of the octagon on the north, having one
subject utterly gone. All the rest of the northern wall is bare, but
when complete, the continuation of the Apocalypse would have
embraced the whole of the next side of the octagon and two bays of
that succeeding, thus corresponding with the arrangement on the
southern side.
It is not difficult to decide what the subjects were, 33 in number
which occupied the rest of this northern wall. By the aid of the
manuscript of the Apocalypse in the Eoyal Library (2 D. XIII.)
very fully illustrated, and belonging to the fourteenth century, one is
able to understand the conventional subjects chosen; and they so
closely agree with this series, that there is but the variation of one in
the number required to fill the gap. I therefore have no doubt, what-
ever, but that they were taken from the following texts : (20) chap. vi.
ver. 9-11, (21) ver. 12-17 : (22) chap. vii. ver. 1-4, (23) ver. 9-12,
(24) ver. 13-17; (25) chap. viii. ver. 1,2, (26) ver 3-6, (27) ver. 7,
(28) ver. 8, 9, (29) ver. 10, 11, (30) ver. 12 (81; ver. 13; (32)
chap. ix. ver. 1-6, (33) ver. 7-12, (34) ver. 13-16; (35) ver. 17-21;
(36) chap. x. ver. 1-3, (37) ver. 4-7, (38) ver. 8-11 ; (39) chap. xi.
ver. 1, 2, (40) ver. 36, (41) ver. 7-10, (42) ver. 11-14, (43) ver. 15,
(44) ver. 16-18, (45) ver. 19 ; (46) chap. xii. ver. 1, 2, (47) ver 3-6,
(48) ver. 7-9, (49) ver. 10-12, (50) ver 13-14, (51) ver. 15, 16, (52)
ver. 17, thus ending the chapter.
(53)* The subject which is resumed on the southern wall is taken
from the following, chap. 13, ver. 1 :
* (53) Chap. xiii. ver. 1. Et vidi do mari bestiam ascendentem habentem
capita septem, et cornua decem, et super cornua ejus decem diademata, et super
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 403
And I saw a beast rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns,
and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his head the name of blasphemy. And
the beast which I saw was like unto a leopard, and his feet were as the feet of
a bear, and his mouth as the mouth of a lion, and the dragon gaye him his
power and his seat and great authority. And it was given unto him to make war
with the saints and to overcome them.
The literal manner in which this is treated is almost whimsical ;
but it is not the fault of the artist, he simply follows his rule, for the
subject in always carried out in this manner. The painting shows us
the beast, as described in the text, round his neck in knightly fashion
hangs a heater shield, and he is charging with lance in rest upon a
number of fugitives, who, prostrate before him, turn back their heads
in terror.
(54)| The next subject is taken from the eleventh verse : —
And I beheld another beast coming out of the earth, and he had two horns
like a lamb, and he spake as a dragon, and he exerciseth all the power of the
first beast before him, and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to
worship the first beast, &c.
Here St. John, who has not appeared in the latter subject, is again
introduced, figures are kneeling in worship of the beast before them,
and the beast with horns is behind them, reared up with his paws,
against their backs, as if compelling them to worship.
(55)f In the following compartment the beast with the horns again
appears, holding a drawn sword in his right hand in a threatening
attitude towards one about to kneel, his left being upon the heads of
figures kneeling and worshipping the beast represented above. The
text for this would appear to be that of the fifteenth verse where it
continues the account of the second beast :
capita ejus nomina blasphemiae. Et bestia quam vidi similis erat pardo, et
pedes ejus sicnt pedes ursi, et os ejus sicut os leonis * * * * 7. Et datum est
illi helium facere cum sanctis et vincere eos.
* (54) Chap. xiii. ver. 11. Et vidi aliam bestiam ascendentem de terra, et habebat
cornua duo similia agni et loquebatur sicut draco. 12. Et potestatem prioris
bestias omnem faciebat in conspectu ejus : et fecit terram, et habitantes in ea,
adorare bestiam primam, cujus curata est plaga mortis.
f (55) Chap. xiii. ver. 15. Et datum est illi ut daret spiritum imagini bestise
et ut loquatur imago bestiae: et faciat ut quicunque non adoraverunt imaginem
bestiae, occidantur.
404 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
And he had power to give life unto the image of the beast, that the image of
the beast should both speak, and cause that as many as would not worship the
image of the beast should be killed.
The next verse, 16, gives us the text for the succeeding painting
(56),* where you see a number of figures kneeling before the beast,
who is seated, and who is placing his hand upon them to give the
mark of the beast according to the text. Behind them a group of
others with hands uplifted as in acclamation. It is as follows :
And he canseth all, both small and great, both rich and poor, free and bond,
to receive a mark in their right hand or in their forehead.
In that following (57) t we see the figure of the saint with a book
open before him, and in front of him two groups of figures kneeling
face to face, a portion of the upper left hand corner being obliterated.
This must be from the first verse of chap, xiv.: " And I looked and,
lo, a Lamb stood in the Mount Sion, and with him an hundred forty
and four thousand," &c. &c. This is rendered somewhat obscure by the
part which is wanting, but there can be no doubt it is taken from the
text given.
The next (58) J is defaced. There are some slight remains of a
figure, and above of an aureole. It must be from verses 2, 3 : " And
I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the
voice of a great thunder," &c.
The succeeding painting (59) § is also obscure, and I cannot give a
parallel to the mode of treatment. It must, however, be a continua-
tion of the previous subject. There is the Lamb npon the Mount
Sion, and in the foreground what at first sight would look like the
* (56) Chap. xiii. ver. 16. Et faciet omnes, pusillos et magnos, et divites et
pauperes, et liberos et servos, habere characterein in dextera manu sua, aut in
frontibus suis.
f (57) Chap. xiv. ver. 1. Et vidi, et ecce agnus stabat supra montem Sion et
cum eo centum quadraginta quattuor millia habentes nomen ejus, et nomen patris
ejus scriptum in frontibus suis.
J (58) Chap. xiv. ver. 2. Et andivi vocem de cselo, iamquam vocem aquarum
nmltarnm, et tamquam vocem tonitrui magni ; et vocem quam audivi sicut
citharaedornm citharizantium in citharis ejus.
§ (59) Chap. xiv. ver. 4. Hi sunt qui cum mulieribus non sunt coinquinati:
virgines enim sunt. Hi sequuntur agnum quocunque ierit. Hi empti sunt ex
hominibus primitive deo et agno.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 405
rite of marriage. An aged man is between a female with long flowing
hair, whose left hand is uplifted as if in surprise, and another male
figure opposite to her, their hands meeting together in the centre. It
is possible the female may represent one whose temptations have been
refused, and therefore it has reference to verse 4 : " These are they
which were not defiled with women." The special character of the
treatment reminds us that the artist was a monk, and that the work was
executed in a monastery. There has been tampering with this picture,
apparently done a long time back, in which a beard has been put to the
female. From this a large part of the wall is defaced, showing in some
cases portions of inscribed texts or some isolated fragments of painting
here and there. The several subjects, however, can be referred to their
texts without difficulty.
(60)* That succeeding is from chap. xiv. ver. 6: "And I saw
another angel fly in the midst of heaven, having the everlasting
gospel to preach," &c. The next (61) f is equally obliterated, but is
from the 8th verse : " And there followed another angel, saying
Babylon is fallen," &c. Of the next (62) J some fragments of the
inscribed text remain, which show it to be from verses 9, 10, 11; the
words remaining are from the latter, viz. : " And the smoke of their
torment ascendeth up for ever and ever," &c. (63)§ This is quite
* (60) Chap. xiv. ver. 6. Et vidi alterum angelum volantem per medium coeli,
habentem evangelium jeternum, ut evangelizaret sedentibus super terrain, et
super omnem gentem, et tribum, et linguam, et populum. 7. Dicens magna
voce timete dominum et date illi honorem, quia venit hora judicii ejus: et adorate
eum qui fecit ccelum, et terrain, mare et fontes aquarum.
f (61) Chap. xiv. ver. 7. Et alius angelus secntus est dicens : Cecidit, cecidit,
Babylon ilia magna, quae a vino irse fornicationis suae potavit omnes gentes.
J (62) Chap. xiv. ver. 9. Et tertius angelus secutus est illos, dicens voce
magna: si quis adoravit bestiam, et imaginem ejus, et acceperit characterem in
fronte sua, aut in manu sua. 10. Et hie bibet de vino iraa dei, quod mistum est
mero in calice irae ipsius. et cruciabitur igne, et sulphure in conspectu angelorum
sanctorum, et ante conspectu agni. 11. Et fumns tormentorum eorum ascendet in
saeculum saeculorum: nee habent requiem die ac nocte, qui adoraverunt bestiam,
et imaginem ejus, et siquis accepit characterem hominis ejus. This has a
gloss.
§ (63) Chap. xiv. ver. 13. Et audivi vocem de coalo, dicentem mihi, Scribe:
Beati mortni qui in domino moriuntur. Amodo jamdicit spiritus, nt reqniescunt
a laboribus suis; opera enim illorum sequuntur illos.
406 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
defaced, but is from verses 12, 13. Of the succeeding (64) * a frag-
ment of a crowned head surrounded with a nimbus is sufficient to
specialize and identify the subject as from the 14th verse : " And I
looked, and behold a white cloud, and upon the clound one sat like
unto the Son of man, having on his head a golden crown, and in his
hand a sharp sickle." A portion of the text inscribed remains in the
next (65),f and shews the painting to have been from verses 17, 18,
19: " And another angel came out of the temple which is in Heaven,
he also having a sharp sickle," &c.
Fragments of text also remain in the next (66) J but none of the
painting. It is from chap. xv. ver. 1 : " And I saw another sign in
heaven, great and marvellous, seven angels having the seven last
plagues, for in them is filled up the wrath of God." Both the two
following are defaced. One (67) § is from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
verses succeeding, beginning " And I saw as it were a sea of glass
mingled with fire," &c. That following (68)|| contains some fragments
of the painting, which consists chiefly in some small figures of angels
in white albs issuing from a door. This is from the 5th and 6th
* (64) Chap. xiv. ver. 14. Et vidi et ecce nubem candidam: et super nubem
sedentem similem filio hominis, habentem in capite suo coronam auream, et in
inami sua falcem acutam. 15. Et alius angelus exivit de templo clamans voce
magna ad sedentem super nubem; mitte faleem tuam et mete quia venit bora ut
metatar, quoniam aruit messis terra. 16. Et misit qui sedebat super nubem
falcem snam in terram et demessa est terra.
f (65) Chap. xiv. ver. 17. Et alius angelns exivit de templo, quod est in
ccelo, habens et ipse falcem acutam. 18. Et alius angelus exivit de altari, qui
habebat potestatem supra ignem; et clamavit voce magna ad eum qui habebat
falcem acutam, dicens; Mitte falcem tuam acutam, et vindemia botros vineae terras:
qnoniam maturae sunt uvae ejus. 19. Et misit angelus falcem suam acutam in
terram, vindemiavit vineam terrae, et misit in lacum irae dei magnum. 20. Et
calcatus est lacns extra civitatem, et exivit sanguis de lacu usque ad frenos
equorum per stadia mille sexcenta.
J (66) Chap. xv. ver. 1. Et vidi aliud signum in coelo, magnum et mirabile,
angelos septem, habentes plagas septem novissimas: quoniam in illis consummata
est ira dei. There is a gloss.
§ (67) Chap. xv. ver. 2. Et vidi tamquem mare vitreum mistum igne, et eos
qui vicernnt bestiam, et imaginem ejus, et numerum nominis ejus, stantes super
mare vitreum, habentes citharas dei.
|| (68) Chap. xv. ver. 5. Et post haec vidi, et ecce apertum est templum
tabernacnli testimonii in coelo. 6. Et exierunt septem angeli habentem septem
plagas de templo, vestiti lino mundo et candido, et prsecincti circa pectora zoniis
aureis.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 407
verses, which finish the chapter : " And after that I looked, and
behold, the temple of the tabernacle of thj testimony in heaven was
opened, and the seven angels came out of the temple," &c. Of those
following some traces of the text are visible; they are taken from
chap. xvi. and relate to the pouring out of the seven vials, of which
the first four are contained in this arcade. Of the two uppermost ones
few traces remain but of the inscriptions, and these are very imperfect.
(69)* But the first subject would embrace the two first verses of the
chapter, in which the first angel pours out his vial. The second (70)f
is from verse 3 : " And the second angel poured out his vial upon the
sea," &c. Of the succeeding subject (71)| there are a few traces
showing part of the figure of the saint seated in a grotto, and an
angel descending pouring out his vial. It is from the 4th verse:
"And the third angel poured out his vial upon the rivers," &c.
There is just sufficient left of the next to pronounce upon it, and
to associate it with its text. (72)§ It shows part of the figure of the
saint, and an altar, from behind which issues an angel holding a
scroll. It is from verse 7, "And I heard another out of the altar
say, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are thy
judgments." Here the scroll represents this declaration, and it is a
very common convention. Those succeeding in the next division of
the arcade continue the subjects of the angels pouring out their vials ;
portions of the inscriptions to the upper subjects remain, but the
paintings are obliterated. (73) || This is from the 8th and 9th
* (69) Chap. xvi. ver. 1. Et audivi vocem magnam de templo dicentem
septem angelis: ite et effundite septem phialas ira del in terrain. 2. Et abiit
primus, et effudit phialam suara in terrain, et factus est vulnus ssevum et
pessimum, in homines qui habebant characterem bestiae, et in eos qui adorave-
runt imaginem ejus. »
f (70) Chap. xvi. ver. 3. Et secundus angelus effudit phialum suam in mare
et factus est sanguis tamquam mortui, et omnis anima vivens mortua est in
mare.
J (71) Chap. xvi. ver. 4. Et tertius effudit phialam suam super flumina, et
super fontes aquarum, et factus est sauguis.
§ (72) Chap. xvi. ver. 7. Et audivi alterum ab altari dicentem, Etiam domine
deus omnipotentem, vera et justa judicia tua.
|| (73) Chap. xvi. ver. 8. Et quartus angelus effudit phialam suam in solem,
et datum est illi sestu affligere homines et igni. 9. Et aestuaverunt homines aestu
magno et blasphemaverunt nomen dei habentis potestatem super has plagas;
neque egerunt pcenitentiam ut darent illi gloriam. A long gloss.
408 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
verses, and is the fourth angel pouring out his vial upon the sun.
(74)* From verses 10, 11: "And the fifth angel poured his vial
upon the seat of the beast," &c. (75) f Of this some portions are
preserved. There is the figure of the saint seated by a rock, and an
angel descending holding a golden vial in both hands, which he is
pouring out. It is taken from the 12th verse : " And the sixth angel
poured out his vial upon the great river Euphrates," &c The
succeeding subjects are better preserved, though much mutilated. It
is well to observe, that whenever the text makes use of the words " I
saw," the figure of the saint is shown looking on, but whenever he is
said to be led in the spirit, there is an attendant angel. The text for
the next painting (76)J is as follows : •' And I saw three unclean
spirits like frogs come put of the mouth of the dragon, and out of the
mouth of the beast, and out of the mouth of the false prophets, for
they are the spirits of devils working miracles." In mediaeval art the
frog, toad, lizard, and other allied reptiles, are always emblems of the
spirit of evil. Satan as the tempter appears in the story of the wise
and foolish virgins, so admirably rendered in the sculptures at the
west front of Strasburgh cathedral, attired in the foppish costume of
the fourteenth century, but behind on his naked back crawl these
reptiles, to indicate the moral deformity concealed under his gay
clothing.
The next subject (77)§ is from the 17th verse, and represents the
seventh angel pouring out his vial, and below a falling city, and
* (74) Chap. xvi. ver. 10. Et quintus angelus effudit phialam suam super
sedem bestise: et factus est regnum ejus tenebrosum, et commanducaverunt
linguas snas prse dolore. A gloss.
f (75) Chap. xvi. ver. 12. Et sextus angelus effudit phialam suam in flumen
illnd magnum Enphraten: et siccavit aquam ejus, ut prsepararetur via regibus ab
ortn sol is.
{ (76) Chap. xvi. ver. 13. Et vidi de ore draconis et de ore bestise et de ore
psendoprophetae spiritus tres immundos in modnm ranarnm. 14. Sunt enim
spiritus daemoniorum facientes signa, et procedunt ad reges totius terrse congre-
gare illos in praelium ad diem magnum omnipotentis del.
§ (77) Chap. xvi. ver. 17. Et Septimus angelus effndit phialam suam in
ae'rem, et exivit vox magna de templo a throno, dicens: Factum est. 18. Et
facta sunt fulgura, et voces, et tonitrua, et terraemotus factus est magnus, qualis
nunquam fuit ex quo homines fnerunt super terrain: talis terrsemotus sit
magnus. 19. Et facta est civitas magna in tres partes.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.
409
portions of bodies buried beneath the ruins. The text is, " And the
seventh angel poured out his vial into the air, and there came a great
voice out of the temple of heaven, saying, It is done. And there were
voices and thunder and lightnings ; and there was a great earthquake,
such as was not since men were upon the earth, so mighty an earth-
quake, and so great. And the great city was divided into three
parts."
That following (78)* is from chap. xvii. beginning at verse 1 :
" And there came one of the seven angels and talked with me, saying
unto me, Come hither ! I will show unto thee the judgment of the
great whore that sitteth upon many waters." In this the angel is
conducting the saint towards the figure of a woman in royal attire,
holding a golden cup in her hand, but it is very much defaced.
In the next (79),f which continues the story, you will perceive that
(FiG. 3.)
* (78) Chap. xvii. ver. 1. Et venit unus de septem angelis qui habebant
septem phialas, et locutus est mecum, dicens; Veni ostendam tibi damnationem
meretricis magnas, quae sedet super aquas multas. 2. Cum qua fornicati sunt
reges terrse et inebriati sunt qui inhabitant terram de vino prostitutionis ejus.
f (79) Chap. xvii. ver. 3. Et abstulit me in spiritu in desertum. Et vidi
mulierem sedentem super bestiam coccineam, plenam nominibus blasphemies,
VOL. IV. 2 E
410 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
the angel is descending from heaven towards the saint ; this is to show
that he is being conveyed in the spirit, as the text sets forth. The
figure of the woman with light hair sits upon the many-headed beast.
She is royally attired in a green dress trimmed with ermine, but
wearing a crimson mantle ; and she holds in her left hand a golden
cup as before, in her right a great ring, and perhaps jewels, represent-
ing gifts. Some traces of gilding about the forehead may have been
the word "Babylon."
The text is at the 3rd verse : " So he carried me away in the spirit
into the wilderness, and I saw a woman sit upon a scarlet-coloured
beast, full of the names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten
horns. And the woman was arrayed in purple and scarlet colour, and
decked with gold, and precious stones, and pearls, having a golden
cup in her hand,"-&c.
I must not pass away from this figure without some remarks, for it
is exceedingly rare that examples of it are preserved either at home
or abroad on the walls of our churches. The artist has not kept
to his text, nor does he ever do so, for the attire of the woman is
always given as a rich costume of the time of the painting ; and it
shows clearly that he worked to a convention, in fact a receipt,
without troubling himself at all about the text. The general treat-
ment of the figure here observed is a typical one, and can easily be
paralelled.
The story is continued in the succeeding compartment (80),* but
the figure of an angel conducting the saint is all that is now preserved.
The text is that at verse 6: " And I saw the woman drunken with the
blood of the saints," and is usually treated by a representation of
the figure of the woman staggering, or lying down upon the ground
drunk. The painting which follows (#l)f is better preserved. St. John
habentem capita septem et cornna decem. 4. Et mulier erat circumdata
purpura, et coccino, et inaurata auro, et lapide pretioso, et margaritis, habens
poculum aureum in manu sua plenum abominatione, et immunditia fornicationis
ejus. 5. Et in fronte ejus nomen scriptum: Mysterium, Babylon magna, mater
fornicationmn, et, abominatiomim terras.
* (80) Chap. xvii. ver. 6. Et vidi mulierem ebriam de sanguine sanctorum et
de sanguine martyrum Jesu. Et miratus sum cum vidissem ilium admiratione
magna.
f (81) Chap, xviii. ver. 1. Et post haec vidi alium angelum descendeutem de
ccelo, habentem postestatem magnam, et terra illuminata est a gloria ejus. 2. Et
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 411
is seated, looking down upon the fallen city; above, an angel descend-
ing from heaven. The text is at the first verse of the 18th chapter:
" And after these things I saw another angel come down from
heaven having great power, and the earth was lightened with his
glory. And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon
the great is fallen, is fallen."
The next (82)* must be taken from the fourth verse, " And I heard
another voice from heaven saying, Come out of her, my people", that ye
be not partakers of her sins."
In this the saint is seated resting upon his crouch or staff. The
voice from heaven is given as an angel descending, who holds in his
hand what appears to be a consecrated wafer, which a figure seated
in a chair is receiving. Standing aside is one holding a scroll.
This carries out the text at the fifth verse : " For her sins have
reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities." The
text of the Vulgate is more apt to our subject, wherein it says, " et
recordatus est Dominus iniquitatum ejus." The term " recordatus "
explains the scroll better, it is the record of judgment. But there are
some obscurities here also which I will not venture at present to explain.
Following this is one from the twenty-first verse (83)f " And a
mighty angel took up a stone, like a great millstone, and cast it into
the sea, saying, Thus with violence shall that great city Babylon be
thrown down." Of this no more remains but the figure of the angel
with the millstone.
The story of the judgment upon Babylon still continues in the next
exclamavit in fortitudine dicens ; Cecidit, cecedit, Babylon magna, et facta est
habitatio doemoniorum et custodia omnis spiritus immundi et custodia omuis
volucris immundae et odibilis. 3. Quia de vino iroe fornicationis ejus biberunt
omnes gentes: et reges terras cum ilia fornicati sunt: et mercatores terra; de
virtute deliciarum ejus divites facti sunt. Gloss.
* (82) Chap, xviii. ver. 4. Et audivi alium vocem de co3lo, dicentem, Exite
de ilia populus meus, ut ne participes sitis delictorum ejus, et de plagis ejus non
accipiatis. 5. Quoniam pervenerunt peccata ejus usque ad ccelum, et recorda-
tus est dominus iniquitatum ejus. 6. Reddite illi sicut et ipsa reddidit vobis, et
duplicate duplicia secundum opera ejus; in poculo quo miscuit miscete illi
duplum.
f (83) Chap, xviii. ver. 21. Et sustulit unus angelus fortis lapidem quasi
molarem magnum, et misit in mare, dicens : Hoc impetu mittetur Babylon
civitas ilia magna, et ultra jam non invenietur.
2 E2
412
ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
(84),* the text being from chapter xix. beginning at the first verse,
" And after these things I heard a great voice of much people in
heaven, saying Alleluia, &c. for true and righteous are his judgments:
for he hath judged the great whore which did corrupt the earth with
her fornication."
The treatment of this subject is very remarkable. St. John is
seated with his book, by his feet is the woman, wrapped in a shroud,
and burning. A multitude are looking on. Above is heaven ; within
an aureole a figure of the deity, now quite defaced; four angels are
blowing horns, a mode of proclaiming the judgment, whilst another
angel descends holding a scroll to represent the record.
(Fm. 4).
We continue now at the sixth verse. In this, what remains of the
legend is very distinct, being painted upon the wall and not upon
paper, like most of the others, and it comprises all from the sixth
to the ninth verse, but I will first only give that required by this
picture (85) : f
* (84) Post haec audivi quasi vocem turbarum multarum in caelo dicentium :
Alleluia: salus et gloria et virtus deo nostro est. 2. Quia vera et justa judicia
sunt ejus, qui judicavit de meretrice magna, quae corrupit terrain in prostitutione
sua et vindicavit sanguinem servorum suorum de manibus ejus.
f (85) Chap. xix. ver. 6. Et audivi quasi vocem turbaj magnse, et sicut vocem
aquarum multarum, et sicut vocem tonitruorum magnorum, dicentium : Alleluia,
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.
413
And I heard as it were the voice of a great multitude, and as the voice of
many waters, &c. saying Alleluia, for the Lord omnipotent reigneth. Let us be
glad and rejoice and give honour to him, for the marriage of the Lamb is come,
and his wife has made herself ready. And to her it was granted that she should
be arrayed in fine linen, clean and white; for the fine linen is the righteousness
of the saints, &c.
This picture is a curious instance of the literal manner in which
medieval convention deals with its subjects. There is an altar, upon
which stands the symbol of the Holy Lamb, holding out a ring towards
a female figure kneeling, representing the bride, and attendants with
musical instruments about her ; whilst coming down from heaven is an
angel bearing the fine linen mentioned in the text. St. John stands
on one side, an angel communicating with him. Behind the altar a
crowd of worshippers represent the multitude ; an aged bearded figure
is seated by the bride.
(86)* The text continues : —
And I fell at his feet to worship him, and he said unto me see thou do it not.
I am thy fellow servant, and of thy brethren that bear the testimony of Jesus, &c.
In this the angel is raising St. John, who has fallen at his feet,
with one hand, whilst with the other he is pointing to heaven, where
within an aureole is the figure of deity, thus following up the text
" Worship God, for the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy."
In another part of the same picture the angel is talking to the saint,
in fact is reasoning with him, according to the text, " Worship God,"
&c.
The next picture (87)f continues the subject at the following
verse, the llth : —
quoniam regnavit dominis deus noster omnipotens. 7. Gaudeamus et exultemus
et demus gloriam ei: quia venernnt nnptiae agni et uxor ejus praeparavit se.
8. Et datum illi ut cooperiat se byssino splendenti et candido. Byssinum enim
jnstificationes sunt sa,nctornm.
* (86) Chap. xix. ver. 9. Et dixit mihi : Scribe, Beati qui ad coenam nuptiarum
agni vocati sunt. Et dixit mihi, Hsec verba dei vera sunt. 10. Et cecidi ante
pedes ejus, ut adorarem eum. Et dicit mihi: vide ne feceris: conservns tuns
sum, et f ratrum tuorum habentinm testimonium Jesu. Deum adora ; testimonium
enim Jesu est spiritus prophetic.
f (87) Chap. xix. ver. 11. Et vidi ccelum apertum, et ecce equus albus, et qui
sedebat super eum vocabitur Fidelis et Verax, et cum justicia jndicat et pugnat.
12. Oculi ejus sicut flamma ignis, et in capite ejus diademata multa, habens
nomen scriptum quod nemo novit nisi ipse. 13. Et vestitus erat veste aspersa
sanguine : et vocatur nomen ejus verbnm dei. 14. Et exercitus qni sunt in coelo
sequebantur eum in equis albis, vestiti byssino albo et mundo. 15. Et de ore
414 ON THE PAINTINGS IN THE
And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse, and he that sat upon him
was called Faithful and True, &c. His eyes were as a flame of fire, and on his
head were many crowns, &c. And he was clothed in a vesture dipped in blood :
and his name is called The Word of God. And the armies which were in heaven
followed him upon white horses, &c. And out of his mouth goeth a sharp
sword. And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KING OF
KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS.
St. John is here seated and looking up towards the figure in white
upon a white horse with a sword in his mouth, accompanied by other
figures, now very obscure, also on horses, all being within a nebulous
inclosure to signify heaven.
The next compartment (88)* comprises a subject from the 17th
verse :
And I saw an angel standing in the sun ; and he cried with a loud voice, say-
ing to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather yourselves
together unto the supper of the great God.
The figure of the saint is here standing, above is an angel within
a conventional irradiation representing the sun, upon the ground are
heads and the remains of bodies, towards which carrion fowls are
descending.
A mere fragment, comprising the figure upon the white horse, and
some portion of the beast, with shield and lance, within a nebulous
aureole, is all we have left of the succeeding picture (89), f and we
can decipher no more. This is from the nineteenth verse —
And I saw the beast, and the Kings of the earth, and their armies gathered
together to make war against him that sat on the horse, and against his army.
We now lose the rest of the illustrations of the concluding chapters.
But the series is generally concluded by the subject of the " New
ejus procedit gladius ex utraqne parte acutns : ut in ipso percutiat gentes. Et
ipse reget eas in virga ferrea: et ipse calcat torcular vini furoris irse dei omnipo-
tentis. 16. Et habet in vestimento et in foemore suo scriptum: Rex regum,
Dominus dominantium.
* (88) Chap. xix. ver. 17. Et vidi unum angelum stantem in sole, et clamavit
voce inagna, dicens omnibus avibus quae volabant per medium casli ; Venite, et
congregamini ad coenam magnam dei. 18. Ut manducetis carnes regum, et
carnes tribunorum, et carnes fortium, et carnes eqnorum, et sedentium in ipsis,
et carnes omnium liberorum et servorum, et pusillorum et magnorum.
•f (89) Chap. xix. ver. 19. Et vidi bestiam, et reges terras, et exercitus eorum
congregatos ad faciendum praelium cum illo qui sedebat in equo et cum exercitu
ejus.
CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER. 415
Jerusalem." It was one that exercised a great deal of skill, and so
late as 1606 a thoroughly mediaeval example was painted upon glass,
and is in the church of St. Martin- es-Vignes at Troyes in France.
The rest of the wall, now blank, has space for fifteen subjects, all of
which were certainly once filled. Considering that we begin with
the life of the saint, the paintings leaving him at Patmos, and his
legendary history telling us that he returned and continued his minis-
tration at Ephesus, we may infer that when the paintings were
complete his life was continued upon the walls, the Visions of the
Apocalypse being an episode only. My opinion is, then, that
number of compartments may have been devoted to the events in the
conclusion of his career, embracing the legend of the poisoned chalice,
which always constitutes the distinguishing attribute of the saint, as
may be seen in his figure in the chapel of Henry VII.
Eleven subjects are required to finish the panels of the south wall,
but leaving that of the west wall by the doorway. These would be
thus arranged, according to the following chapters and verses : (90)
chap. xix. ver. 20, 21 ; (91) chap. xx. ver. 1-3; (92) ver. 4; (93)
ver. 7 to part of ver. 9, ending at " devoured them ; " (94) This
begins at ver. 9, " And the devil," &c. ending at ver. 10; (95) ver.
11-15; (96) chap. xxi. ver. 1, 2; (97) Probably from ver. 9, 10,
&c.; (98) chap. xxii. ver. 1-5; (99) ver. 6-9, &c.; (100) ver. 16.
This coincides, with the exception of one, which I have added, exactly
with the arrangement in the MS. to which I have referred, and it is not
possible to amplify by additional subjects, reqiured to fill the space on
the west wall, out of the Apocalypse. The rest of the space, therefore,
was devoted to the conclusion of the legendary history of the saint.
There are four subjects required; and the most noted facts in the
legend after the joyful return of the saint to Ephesus would be shown,
as also the circumstances of his death. There is yet one small
portion, on which I must offer a few words, and this belongs to that
executed by John of Northampton. It forms a completing border to
the base of the designs and upon the face of the upper step, where
however, a very small fragment remains. This represents what was
anciently called " a Bestiary," what we should now perhaps call
" zoological illustrations." A series of animals are depicted, against
which the artist has judiciously placed the names in English. We see
the •" Reynder" with a very impossible extent of horns ; then the
" Ho," the " Wild ass," and the " Tarn ass," the " Dromedary " and
416 PAINTINGS IN THE CHAPTER HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.
the " Kameyl." From hence it is defaced, but seemingly shows part
of a hedgehog. The name " Lyon " occurs in another, and other
fragments are seen here and there upon the riser of the step ; they
are creatures of the sea, but are not very visible.
It may be asked why these subjects are introduced. It was not a
mere fancy of the artist, because you frequently see them associated,
as here, with religious subjects, and very often in books of prayer,
as in a very fine example called " Queen Mary's Psalter," Brit. Mus.
The old "Bestiaries," which are not at all uncommon in our
national collection, were scientific treatises built up a good deal upon
the works of Pliny. But this science was mixed with religious sym-
bolism of a very fanciful character, and every animal is supposed to
signify something in connection with Christian teaching. To enter
fully into this now would weary you, so I will confine myself to one or
two passages from the Bestiary of Philip de Thaun, who lived in the
reign of Henry I. and dedicated his book to the Queen.
" Onos in Greek is the name given to an ass: hear what signifies a
beast of such quality. Man when he says truth is rightly named
man, and ass signifies when he does villany ; wherefore David says
that man did not attend to himself, little he valued himself, when he
left honour : who denies verity let him be called an ass.
" Onager by right is named the wild ass. When March in its course
has completed twenty-five days, then that day of the month he brays
twelve times, and also in the night, for this reason, that that season
is the Equinox, that is, that day and night are of equal length. By
the twelve times that it makes of its braying and its crying it shows
that day and night have twelve hours in its circuit. The ass is
grieved when he makes his cry that the night and day have equal
length ; he likes better the length of the night than the day."
The writer then proceeds to moralise. " Onager," he says, "signifies
the devil in this life : And when the devil perceives that his people
decrease, as do the hours which are in the night, after the vernal
equinox, then he begins to cry, to deplore greatly, as the ass does
which brays and cries."* With this specimen of the zoological science
of the middle ages you will perhaps be inclined to rest content.
* See edition edited by Thomas Wright, M.A. F.S.A.
BARN AT HARMON DSWORTH,
INTERIOR VIEW.
417
THE GREAT BARN, HARMONDSWORTH.
BY ALBERT HARTSHORNE, ESQ.
It appears from Tanner's Notitia Monastica that there was a priory
at Harmondesworth, of the Benedictine order, which was a cell to the
abbey of the Holy Trinity at Rouen. In the extent of manors
belonging to the alien priories seized by the Crown from 17 Edw. I.
(1288) to 10 Richard II. (1386), Harmondesworth is included. The
entries which appear to relate to the barn now under notice are these :
It' in guar' ij q'r de f 'ri xij s. p'r q'rt vj s.
It' vj qr. ij buss' mint xxxj s. iij d. p'r. q'r v s.
It' xxxij q'r bras' iiij li. viij s. p'r q'r iiij s.
The size of this barn is so vast, its condition so excellent, and its
features of so striking a character, architecturally, that I am inclined
to believe there are few if any buildings of the kind equal to it in
the kingdom ; its careful study is therefore well worthy of the
attention of antiquaries.
As to the date of this interesting building, judging from the general
style of its architecture, I am disposed to put it at not later than
1375. In giving it this somewhat vague date the entire absence
throughout the building of any marked decorative features, namely,
mouldings, by which the age of buildings- such as this may be pretty
accurately estimated, must be borne in mind. There is consequently
nothing but the style of construction, the general appearance and
condition of the woodwork, and the size and shape of the timbers
to guide us. The construction is of that kind which was in use at
the latter end of the fourteenth century, the whole of the timbers
being morticed and pinned together with oak pins. As regards the
general appearance of the building it is striking in the extreme, and
has the solidity and grandeur inseparable from the works of those
masters of building the Benedictines. The excellent condition of
Harmondsworth Barn, with its massive forest of sound oak timber, is
also very remarkable ; its construction is admirably arranged, and,
in spite of a somewhat exposed position with a great extent of roof,
in a flat country, subject to the full force of violent winds, no part
of the timbering appears to have been dislodged from its position.
As an example of medieval carpentry of the best period it is perhaps
unequalled ; and one is almost afraid to think of it in connection
with fire, to which, however, it will doubtless some day succumb.
418 THE GREAT BARN, HARMONDSWORTH.
Having made careful measurements a few years ago, I am enabled
to give a few of the general dimensions :
Ft. In. Ft. In.
Extreme length inside 192 0
„ width „ 36 9
„ height „ 39 0
Width of bays inside 15 0
Principal uprights 12x12
Tie-beams 17x12
Collars 11x08
Plates 0 6i x 0 6
Struts 10x06
Outer uprights 09x09
Foot-pieces 12 x 09
The building is divided into twelve bays, with threshing-floors at
the 3rd, 7th, and 10th bays. Whether all of these floors formed part of
the original design may possibly be a question ; at any rate they are
old enough at the present day to be considered ancient. The blocks
under the principal uprights are of Tottenhoe stone, while the low
side walls are formed partly of " plum-pudding " stone and partly of
longer and flatter bricks than are used at the present day, with certain
modern and judicious repairs. The sides were originally filled in with
plain matched boarding ; some of which may still be observed.
Other large barns may be seen at the following places : —
In Kent : —
Boxley, Maidstone, and Cuxton.
In Somersetshire : —
Woodspring Abbey, Doultiug, Glastonbury, and Wells.
In Gloucestershire : —
Postlip, Frocester, and Boxwell.
In Wiltshire : —
Cherhill.
In Oxfordshire : —
Adderbury.
In Dorsetshire : —
Cerne Abbas and Abbotsbury.
In Devonshire : —
Torquay.
In Sussex : —
Hurstmonceaux.
In Middlesex : —
Headstone near Harrow.
419
NOTES ON GRAY'S INN.
BY MR. W. R. DOUTHWAITE, LIBRARIAN.
[Read at a General Meeting of the Society, in Gray's Inn Hall, 15 May, 1873.]
According to the most authentic records, the ancient manor of
Portpole, or Purpoole as it was originally called, became the
property of the De Grays of Wilton about the year 1294 ; and
both Stowe and Dugdale agree that in the reign of Edward III.
a grant of the manor was made by this family to a society
of students of the law, which thereupon took the name of the
Society of Gray's Inn. It is not clear by what title the Society then
held the property; but of the fact of its having been in their
possession in the time of Edward III. there seems to be no doubt ;
for Stowe, quoting from a MS. of a Mr. St. Lo Kniveton — whom
he describes as a learned gentleman, a rare antiquary, and an ancient
fellow of this college — says, " An estate of this House was taken in
the reign of Edward the Third by the gentlemen and professors of
the common law, as Master Saintlow Kniveton affirm eth, out of his
owne search and readings of antiquities concerning the house."
Pearce in his " Guide to the Inns of Court," p. 315, quotes a MS. in
the Lausdown collection to the same effect; and in a copy of a MS.
in the Harleian collection, which copy is now in the possession of the
Society, the name of William Skipwith is given as the first reader,
who in the reign of Edward the Third was a Justice of the Common
Pleas; and in the same MS. Sir Robert Asheton or Ashton, Lord
Treasurer of England 49 Edw. III., appears among the list of
members of Gray's Inn.
After this time there is, for very many years, a blank in the history
of the Inn, owing to a fire which happened in the reign of James II.,
and by which the ancient records of the Society up to the llth of
Elizabeth were destroyed. But we learn from other sources that at
the dissolution of the monasteries the Society held their property in
VOL. IV. 2 F
420 NOTES ON GRAY'S INN.
some way under the Monastery of Shene ; and, the lands of that
monastery having been seized by the Crown, the Society then began
to pay a fee-farm rent to the Crown in respect of the property held
by them ; and there is distinct evidence that this fee-farm rent
continued to be paid until the year 1733, when the Society redeemed
it by purchase from the parties in whom it was then vested; by which
purchase the Society became the absolute Downers in fee of the
property now known as Gray's Inn.
The destruction of the records of the Society, as above mentioned,
also prevents us from being able to fix the date or extent of the
ancient buildings of the Inn. But that they were by no means
commodious appears from the fact that even the ancients of the
House were "necessitated" to lodge double ; as an illustration of
this, Dugdale gives an account of a pension held on the 9 July, 21
Henry VIII. when John Hales, then one of the Barons of the
Exchequer, produced a letter directed to him from Sir Thomas
Neville, which was to acquaint the Society that he would accept of
Mr. Attorney-General (Sir Christopher Hales) to be his bedfellow in
his chamber here, and that entry might be made thereof in the book
of their rules ; and, among the curious orders of the Society relating
to this practice, we find that in the 21st of Elizabeth it was ordered
that " henceforth no fellow of this house shall make choice of his bed-
fellow, but only the readers; the admission of all others shall be
referred to the discretion of the Treasurer.''
There is no evidence when the Hall was first built ; but Dugdale,
quoting from records of the Society which are not now in existence,
says the "Old Hall" was "seiled," in the year 1551, with fifty-four
yards of wainscot, at 2s. per yard ; and that four years afterwards the
Society began the " re-edifying it," every fellow of the House having
a chamber therein being assessed towards the charge thereof, upon
penalty of losing his chamber in cnse he did not pay what he was then
"taxt" at. The work was completed in the 2nd of Elizabeth, the
charge amounting to 8GBL 10s. 8d.
The windows of the hall contain the arms of distinguished members
of the Society, but many of the escutcheons shown in Dugdale's
" Origines Juridicales " have entirely disappeared, and the places of
others have been so changed that it is now very difficult to trace them.
Among the older escutcheons still in a good state of preservation we
may mention those of Sir William Gascoyne and Sir J. Markham,
NOTES ON GRAY'S INN. 421
Chief Justices of the King's Bench in the years 1401 and 1462
respectively; that of Lord Burghley ; those of Nicholas and Francis
Bacon; Thomas Moyle, Reader of the Society in 1534, and Speaker
of the House of Commons in 1542 ; Anthony Fitzherbert, Chief
Justice of the Common Pleas in the reign of Henry VIII. ; and several
others dated before the year 1600.
In this Hall were performed those masques and " revels " which in
ancient times were celebrated with so much magnificence by the four
Inns of Court. Hall in his Chronicle gives an account of one of these
performances in the year 1526, " A Plaie at Gray's Inn." The
" Plaie," which it seems was compiled by John Roo, a member of the
Inn and serjeant-at-law, so displeased Cardinal Wolsey, who thought
it alluded to him, that he sent for Roo, took from him his coif, and
sent him to the " Fleet."
The Inns of Court that seem to have distinguished themselves most
in these " Revels " were the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn, between
which houses there seems anciently to have existed some kind of union,
as is shown by the fact that on the great gate of the gardens of the
Inner Temple appears at this day the " griffin " of Gray's Inn, whilst
on the great gate in Gray's Inn Square is carved in bold relief the
" winged horse " of the Inner Temple.
This union is also celebrated by Beatimont and Fletcher in a
masque entitled " The Masque of the Inner Temple and Gray's Inn,"
and " Gray's Inn and the Inner Temple," which was performed at
Whitehall in 1612 ; and " the strict alliance which ever was betwixt
the two " houses is also mentioned in the " Epistle Dedicatory " to
that somewhat rare and curious book the " Gesta Grayorum," which
gives a detailed account of a masque performed at Greenwich Palace
by the members of both houses in the year 1594. In the same book
it is related that Queen Elizabeth, after the performance of the masque
above mentioned, spoke of Gray's Inn " as an house she was much
beholden unto, for that it did always study for some sports to present
unto her." And the tradition of the house is that the screen under the
gallery in the Hall, a most elaborate piece of carved work in oak, as
well as some of the dining-tables now used in the Hall, were given to
the Society by that Queen as tokens of her regard. It may also be
mentioned that at dinner on the Grand Day in each term " the
glorious, pious, and immortal memory of good Queen Bess " is still
solemnly given in Hall.
2 F 2
422 NOTES ON GRAY'S INN.
That the rules of " deportment " were not altogether overlooked in
dealing with the members of the Inn in former times, appears from
the following orders. In the 16th of Elizabeth it was ordered that
none of this Society should wear any gown or outward garment of
any light colour upon penalty of expulsion. In the 27th year it was
ordered that whosoever, being a Fellow of this House, did thenceforth
wear any hat in the Hall at dinner or supper time, he should forfeit,
for every time of such his offending, 3s. 4cZ. ; and in the 42nd year of
the same reign an order was made that no gentlemen of this Society
do come into the Hall to any meal with their hats, boots, or spurs,
but with their caps, decently and orderly, upon pain for every offence
to forfeit 3s. kd. ; and that no gentleman of this Society do go into
the city or suburbs, or to walk into the fields, otherwise than in his
gown, upon penalty of 3s. 4d. Also " That no Fellow of the Society
stand with his back to the fire."
" That no Fellow of the Society make any rude noise in the hall at
exercises or at meal times."
Nothing is known of the origin or early history of the library. It
is mentioned at the commencement of the existing records of the
Society, viz. in the year 1568, and it is believed that at that time,
and for many years afterwards, the library was merely a chamber in
Coney Court, which, according to Stowe, formed the western side of
what is now Gray's Inn Square.
In the year 1737 au Order of Pension was passed for building a
library in Holborn Court, now South Square, which occupied part of
the site now covered by the present library, which was built in 1841.
As with the libraries of other Societies, the early and principal
source of this library was probably from donations, and the names of
Finch, Banks, Hutton, Moseley, and the relatives of Lord Bacon,
appear among the earliest donors.
It is believed on very good grounds that the gardens were originally
laid out in the year 1597 under the direction of Lord Bacon, the then
treasurer of the Society ; and there is still preserved on the north-west
side of the garden a " catalpa tree," which, tradition says, was planted
by him. He evidently took great delight in these gardens, and there
is an Order of Pension extant in the following terms: —
4 July, 1597. Ordered that the summe of £7 15s. 4(7. due to Mr. Bacon, for
planting of elm trees in the walkes, be paid next term.
And in the following year there was an order made for the supply
NOTES ON GRAY?S INN. 423
of more young elms, &c. the cost of which, as appeared by Mr. Bacon's
account, was 601. 6s. 8d.
In Pepys's time, as appears from his " Diary," " Gray's Inn
Walkes " were much resorted to as a fashionable promenade.
In a letter from Venice, dated 1621, and addressed to a resident in
Gray's Inn, the writer says, " I hold your walks to be the pleasantest
place about London, and that you have the choicest society;" * and,
coming down to a later day, most of the readers of this paper will
probably remember the interview between Sir Roger de Coverley and
his friend in " Gray's Inn Walks," which is so charmingly told in
No. 269 of " The Spectator."
The existing records of the Society do not contain any reference to
admissions before the year 1581. It is, however, certain that there
were many of a much earlier date than this, for among the names of
the many distinguished lawyers admitted in ancient times is that of
Sir William Gascoyne. It is true we have no register of his admission,
and it has been said that we rely most on having his arms in the
window,f but in the Harleian MS. it is there stated he was a Header
of the Society, and therefore we think we may fairly claim the honour
of his having been a member of this Inn.
To some of the earliest admissions the signature of Lord Burghley
is attached, and closely following is that of Lord Bacon. Lord
Burghley, according to his own MS. diary, still preserved in the
British Museum, was admitted in 1541. Nicholas Bacon, Lord
Keeper, was admitted in 1532, and his son Francis Bacon in 1576 ;
and between the years 1592 and 1663, Bancroft, Juxon, Laud,
Sheldon, and Whitgift, all of them afterwards Archbishops of Canter-
bury, were admitted members of the Society.
The names of many other eminent legal dignitaries and distinguished
men who were members of this Inn might be added to this list. Of
the former may be mentioned Sir Christopher Yelverton, Justice of the
Queen's Bench in 1602, and Lord Chief Justices Holt and Eaymond ;
and of the latter Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex ; Thomas Wriothesley,
first Earl of Southampton ; John Dudley, first Duke of Northumber-
land; Henry Stanley, Earl of Derby; Thomas Howard, Duke of
Norfolk; Edward Vere, Earl of Oxford; General Monk, Duke of
Albemarle; Sir Thomas Gresharn, founder of the Royal Exchange;
* Howell's Familiar Letters.
f Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices, vol. i. p. 121.
424 NOTES ON GRAY'S INN.
and that " prince of antiquaries " William Camden. And it has been
well observed that the roll of admissions of the four Inns of Court
form a record of names as distinguished as can be found in any
university of Europe.
On looking through the roll of admissions it is remarkable how
much Gray's Inn used to be frequented by men of the same families.
Of the family of Bacon there were Nicolas, Nathaniel, Edward,
Anthony, and Francis. Of the family of Yelverton fourteen, of the
family of Mosley seven, and so in many other instances.
425
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
BY EDWARD W. BKABROOK, F.S.A., M.R.S.L.,
BAERISTEK-AT-LAW.
[Read at a General Meeting of the Society, in Lincoln's Inn Hall, 15 May, 1873.]
As distinguished from the Inns of Chancery, such as Barnard's Inn
and Staple Inn, Lincoln's Inn is an Inn of Court ; that is, as
Edward Waterhouse, esq. the learned commentator on Fortescue,
defines it, " one of the Hospitia majora, such as received, not the
gudgeons and smelts, but the polypuses and leviathans, the behemoths
and the giants of the law." *
Fortescue (himself a member of Lincoln's Inn) speaks in glowing
terms of the state of the Inns of Court in his time; and, though
the quotation may be familiar to most here, as it is our earliest
and best authority on the question, I give it at length. He says,
" Of the Inns of Court there are four in number. In that which is
the least frequented there are about two hundred students. In these
greater inns a student cannot well be maintained under £28 a year f
[equivalent to at least 500/. now] ; and if he have a servant to wait
on him (as for the most part they have) the expense is proportionally
more ; for this reason, the students are sons to persons of quality, those
of an inferior rank not being able to bear the expenses of maintaining
and educating their children in this way. As to the merchants, they
seldom care to lessen their stock in trade by being at such large
yearly expenses. So that there is scarce to be found, throughout the
kingdom, an eminent lawyer who is not a gentleman by birth and
fortune; consequently, they have a greater regard for their character
and honour than those who are bred in another way. There is both
in the Inns of Court and in the Inns of Chancery a sort of an Academy
or Gymnasium fit for persons of their station, where they learn singing
* Waterhouse, Commentaries on Fortescue (p. 526).
f " Octoq'inta scutorum," mistranslated in Selden's edition, 161G, " twenty
marks."
426 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
and all kinds of music, dancing, and such other accomplishments and
diversions (which are called revels) as are suitable to their quality,
and such as are usually practised at Court. At other times, out of
term, the greater part apply themselves to the study of the law. Upon
festival days, and after the offices of the church are over, they employ
themselves in the study of sacred and profane history ; here everything
which is good and virtuous is to be learned, all vice is discouraged and
banished. So that knights, barons, and the greatest nobility of the
kingdom, often place their children in the inns of Court, not so much
to make the laws their study, much less to live by the profession
(having large patrimonies of their own), but to form their manners,
and to preserve them from the contagion of vice. The'discipline is so
excellent, that there is scarce ever known to be any piques or
differences, any bickerings or disturbances, amongst them. The only
way they have of punishing delinquents is by expelling them the
Society, which punishment they dread more than criminals do
impi-isonment and irons ; for he who is expelled out of one Society is
never taken in by any of the other. Whence it happens that there is
a constant harmony amongst them, the greatest friendship, and a
general freedom of conversation. The manner and method how the
laws are studied is pleasant, and excellently well adapted for
proficiency. Neither at Orleans, where both the canon and civil laws
are professed and studied, and whither students resort from all parts,
nor at Angiers, Caen, nor any other university in France (Paris
excepted), are there so many students who have passed their minority
as in our Inns of Court, where the natives only are admitted."
I fear that old Fortescue, in his Treatise, so aptly called De
Laudibus Legum Anglia?, has dipped his pencil into the rose-colour
a little too freely. No subsequent writer has felt warranted in being
quite so enthusiastic.
Waterhouse, writing in 1663 of the Inns of Court,* says, " Though
most men now repair thither for fashion, and to spend money, yet of
old they thither went, and there resided, to acquire parts of virtue and
action, and to compleat themselves as good Christians and stout
gentlemen; and this to do, nothing contributes more, next God's
blessing, than frugality of living and keeping close to study."
One subject, touched upon in the extract from Fortescue, is very
captivating to every writer on the Inns of Court, viz. : The " Revels "
* Op. cit.
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN. 427
which were formerly practised in their halls. There is something
which appears so delightfully incongruous in the grave students of
the law disporting themselves, with a gaiety that must have been
somewhat elephantine, in the presence of their still graver seniors.
It is to be feared we get our common notion of them from the
mendacious lines of the poet Gray, where he libels Sir Christopher
Hatton by saying,
The grave Lord Keeper led the brawls,
And seals and maces danced before him.
I shall resist however the temptation to enlarge upon them, for
that has been' so well and so often done by other and abler hands,
that on this occasion a passing allusion is all that is necessary.
Those who wish to go further into the matter will find all they want
in the great work of Sir William Dugdale, whose " Origines Juri-
dicales" are a fountain of knowledge with regard to the Inns of
Court, and all our judicial antiquities; in Brand's Popular Customs,
edited by Sir W. Ellis; and in "The Lives of the Judges," by the
lamented Mr. Foss, who spared no pains to illuminate every obscure
point of our legal history.
The records of these revels however are interesting, as being
confirmatory to a great extent of the statements of Fortescue as to
the aristocratic, or at least the extravagant, character of the occupants
of the Inns. It will be seen that the revels were in vogue in
Fortescue's time, and they continued so until that of Charles II.,
200 years later. They may be said to have passed out of use, with
much else that was characteristic of our ancient manners, at the time
of the Commonwealth; for in many respects the revivals of old
customs under Charles II. were spasmodic and temporary. While
they lasted they were sources of reckless profusion and extravagant
expenditure. A sham king or lord of misrule was appointed, usually
a young and high-born member of the Society, and around him were
grouped a large retinue of youths as officers of his sham court.
It will not be overlooked however that these revels were merely
incidents in the ordinary life of persons of rank; for (as Stow tells us)
such entertainments took place not only at the King's Court, but in
the dwelling of every nobleman of honour or good worship, were he
spiritual or temporal.*
* Strype's Stow, i. 246.
428 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
On the masques performed by this Society vast sums were spent ;
one presented to James I. cost the Society 1,016/.; and one performed
before Charles I. 2,400Z. ; besides the amount which the members
individually had to expend.
With the same object, hinted at by Fortescue and Waterhouse, of
preserving the high character of the Inns as schools of manners,
careful provision was made by the Council of the Inn with regard to
the apparel of its members. Thus in 23 Hen. VIII. it was " ordered
" for a continual rule that no fellow of the House should wear any cut
" or ' pansid ' hose or briches, or any pansid doblet, iipon pain of
" putting out of the House." In 30 Eliz. that if any Fellow of the
House should wear long hair or great ruffs he should be put out of
commons. So in 38 Eliz. if within the precinct of the House he
should wear any cloak, boot, or spur.
On the matter of beards they were equally strict. In 33 Hen. VII.
he who wore a beard had to pay twice as much as usual for his
dinner. In 1 Mary they would be put out of commons if they did
not shave. In 1 Eliz. heavy penalties were to be inflicted upon him
who should wear a beard of above a fortnight's growth. Fashion
was too strong, however, for these enactments, and in 2 Eliz. they
were all repealed.
Up to 32 Eliz. the members were in the habit of resorting once a
year to Kentish Town, dining there and indulging in sports, late
watchings, and exercises.
The principal social custom now observed in this Inn is that of
the members dining together, which takes place every day of term in
this hall. The masters of the Bench occupy seats on the raised dais
behind a screen of waggons ; the barristers sit at tables parallel to
that of the Benchers ; and the students' tables are placed at right
angles with them. Each table is divided into messes of four ; at the
bench the strictest order of precedence is observed ; at the bar tables
it is supposed to be followed, and, until the signal to sit down has
been given, may be actually enforced ; at the students' table, of
course, no precedence exists.
The Commissioners for Inquiry into the Inns of Court in 1855
found that the number of persons dining in Lincoln's Inn Hall largely
exceeded in the year 1854 that in the three other Inns put together.
Nor did they fail to acknowledge the great advantage which is to be
derived in a profession such as that of the law from its members
THE HONOUKABLE SOCIETY OP LINCOLN'S INN. 429
habitually dining together. In this respect, therefore, Lincoln's Inn
does its duty more efficiently than any other of the honourable societies
of the Inns of Court. For myself, I must acknowledge that to this
practice of dining I owe many most agreeable personal associations
with my brother barristers, and that many pleasant hours have been
spent by me in this Hall.
This custom of dining arose, no doubt, when the collegiate system
more fully prevailed in the Inns of Court, when men resided in their
chambers, and spent their whole lives in their Inn. It was also part
of the educational system of the Society, for at each mess there was
a "moot;" the junior member of the mess propounded to the rest
some knotty question of law, and profited by their discussion of it
over dinner. I need hardly say that this is a custom which has quite
fallen into disuse, and that, though we sometimes talk a good deal
of " shop," we do it with no educational purpose. The same object
was served by the formal introduction to the Bar which each student
had to pass through during his noviciate, and which was called his
" exercises ;" originally a practical test of knowledge, this also
gradually degenerated into a mere formality, and is now commuted
into a signature and a bow.
In 6 Edw. VI. it was ordered that every puisne at every mess at
dinner should put a short case of one point, argumentable, and to be
argued thoroughly, by all that should sit at the same mess, and no
man to depart from the same under the penalty of 1 2d. In Eoger
North's Life of Lord Keeper Guilford, where he describes the studious
early life of that distinguished man, he says, " he used constantly the
commons in the Hall at noons and nights, and fell into the way of
putting cases, as they call it, which much improved him ; and he used
to say that no man could be a good lawyer that was not a put-case."
* On this branch of my subject, I will only add, that, aristocratic as
may have been the Inns in early ages, there has never been a time,
as we shall presently see, when the student who had nothing but his
own industry and intellect to rely upon has not had a chance of
success there. While I hope I may not be thought presumptuous in
claiming for the members of my profession that every idea instilled
into their minds as such tends to imbue them with the highest sense
of personal honour and integrity, I think I may also be permitted to
point with pride to the number of illustrious names connected with it
who have owed their distinction to nothing but personal exertion, and
430 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
that gift of which genius has been said to consist, an unlimited
capacity for taking pains.
The title deeds of the Inn commence with one dated 6 December,
1535, an Indenture between Robert Bishop of Chichester and William
Sulyard, granting Lincoln's Inn, with a way through the gate called
Field gate, opposite the Rolls, as far as the field called Fykett's
Field, on a lease for 99 years. On the 1 July, 1536, a deed-poll was
executed by the Bishop and Dean and Chapter, granting Lincoln's
Inn and the garden called Conygarth, formerly called Cotterell
Garden, &c. to William and Eustace Sulyard in fee. Eustace survived
William, and left a son Edward. On the 8-12 November, 1580,
Edward Sulyard granted it to the then Benchers in consideration
of £520. In Hilary Term, 1581, a fine was levied. And on 10
May, 1584, the Inn bought for 20 marks a piece of ground in Fykett's
Field extending, from the turnpike gate of Lincoln's Inn to the yard
wall next the garden, 112 feet.
It will be seen, therefore, that in the case of Lincoln's Inn (as was
reported by Her Majesty's Commissioners on the Inns of Court in
1855) there is no trace of any grant from the Crown ; but the property
of the Inn has been acquired by purchase from private individuals,
and is maintained by the voluntary contributions of the members.
The Commissioners found the gross income of the Inn to be 18,242Z. a
year, of which 8,279Z. was derived from the members, and the remainder
from rent of Chambers. This income they found however to be subject*
to very large deductions, and to be burdened with a debt for the
building of Lincoln's Inn Hall and Library. The Courts for the
Lord Chancellor and Vice-Chancellors are gratuitously provided by
the Inn.
This leads to the remark, that, in one respect, Lincoln's Inn has an
advantage over the Societies of the other Inns of Court. It is the home •
of the Courts of Chancery, and the Inn most conveniently situated for
the Equity Draftsmen and Conveyancers whose practice lies in that
branch of our jurisprudence ; hence Chancery lawyers, as a rule,
belong to it. Now the judges of the Common Law Courts* are
required, if not already Serjeants, to take upon themselves that state
* This paper was read before the passing of the Judicature Act, 1873, which
enacts that from the date of its coming into force it shall not be necessary that
the Common Law Judges should be of the degree of the coif. The Act has not
yet come into force.
THE HONOUKABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN. 431
and degree before they can occupy their seats on the bench ; but not
so the judges of the Courts of Equity. He who is made a Serjeant
ceases to be a member of his Inn of Court; but an Equity judge does
not discontinue his membership of his Inn; hence Lincoln's Inn is
found to number among the masters of its bench several who fill or
have filled the highest places open to an English barrister.
It may be proper to explain, however, that this connection of the
Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn with the Courts of Chancery is
merely accidental and local ; there is no rule which requires an Equity
barrister to be a member of this Inn, and the Courts are here merely
as tenants of the Benchers. Those of the Chancery Courts actually
within the precincts of the Inn ai-e the Court of the Lord Chancellor
and Lords Justices, which occupies the old hall, and the Courts
of the three Vice-Chancellors, two of whom sit in a temporary
building opposite the Gate House. Many Equity barristers belong
to the other Inns, and many Common Law barristers to Lincoln's
Inn ; and no privilege in relation to practising in either of the
Courts is enjoyed by members of any particular Inn. It is very
possible that, when the new Law Courts are finished, and occupy
the space between Lincoln's Inn and the Temples, the ascendancy of
Lincoln's Inn in the Courts of Chancery may cease: * in the mean-
time we cannot fail to be proud of the circumstance which enables us
to retain Lord St. Leonard's, Lord Hatherley, Lord Selborne, and
Lord Cairns, as well as Vice-Chancellors Kindersley, Stuart, Bacon,
and Malins, and Lord Justice James, on our Bench.
Nor is this association of Lincoln's Inn with the Courts of Chancery
a matter of any antiquity. Anciently the Lord Chancellor sat in
Westminster Hall, as he and all the Chancery Judges still do on the
first day of term; or he might hold his Court and exercise jurisdiction
in his own private house, or wherever it pleased him. With him would
sit the Master of the Eolls and the other Masters in Chancery, who
were usually either priests or doctors of the Civil Law, and Serjeants
and barristers pleaded before them. But it is only since 1592 that
the Great Seal has been habitually committed to the custody of
lawyers only, and the Vice-Chancellorships date only from the years
1813 and 1841 respectively. The Lords Justices of Appeal were
* The Judicature Act, 1873, provides for the abolition of the distinction
between law and equity, but retains the existing courts under slightly altered
names.
432 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
created in 1851. Thus the enormous increase of the business in Equity
has given rise during the present century to the creation of four new
Courts in aid of the two ancient jurisdictions vested in the Lord
Chancellor and the Master of the Eolls, and the reduction of its
doctrines to precision can hardly be said to have commenced earlier
than the time of Lord Bacon; if indeed (as my friend Mr. Griffith, of
this Inn, suggests in his " Institutes of Equity ") it ought not rather
to date from the time of Finch, Earl of Nottingham, called by some
" the father of Equity," A.D. 1673.
Our view of the history and antiquities of Lincoln's Inn and of the
points of archreological interest in connection with its present customs
and practices would not be complete without some account of the
great men who have been connected with it. This must be prefaced
by the remark that the early history of the Inn is involved in very
deep obscurity, for the tradition of its establishment in the reign of
Edward III. though it presents great probability of truth, is not sup-
ported by any evidence of a documentary kind. The first mention of
the four Inns of Court, one of which Lincoln's Inn undoubtedly was,
is by Fortescue, who wrote after the year 1460; and the first deed
relative to the property which has been preserved in the archives
of the Inn is dated in the year 1535. During 150 years before
Fortescue wrote, if the usual accounts be accepted, Lincoln's Inn was
flourishing; but we meet with no record of the name of any dis-
tinguished member of it in those early times, though it must have
furnished many of the judges from among the students, exceeding 200
at a time, whom, Fortescue tells us, it gathered.
We do find, however, from a record coeval with Fortescue, the
" Black Book " of Lincoln's Inn, that, whether its claim to be the
oldest of the four Inns of Court is well founded or not,, it was the
first to institute settled order and government and make provision for
legal education. That book commences in 1423, and it gives the
names of the governors for the year 1424. These are Eye, John
Symonds (afterwards Recorder of London), Gilbard, Crakenthorp,
Robert Scheffeld, and Fortescue himself,* who continued to hold
the office until 1429, when he became a serjeant-at-law. With his
illustrious name we may be content to commence our notice of the
Worthies of Lincoln's Inn, inheriting from him the pride he -felt in
the Society of which he was so distinguished an ornament. He
* Dugdale, Orig. 257.
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OP LINCOLN'S INN. 433
was also one of the Worthies of Devon, and belonged to the family
of the knight who bore the shield "forte scutum, salus ducum," before
William the Conqueror. He was made Chief Justice of the King's
Bench in 1442; was banished the country on the accession of Edward
IV. when he used his enforced leisure in writing the treatise " De
Laudibus," returned in 1471; and (dying soon after) was buried at
Ebrington in Gloucestershire.
In the year 1440 the governors began to be sworn, and the students
on admission to the Inn were required to take an oath of obedience to
them. The governors then sworn were Eobert Danvers (afterwards
Justice of the Common Pleas), John Stafford, Richard Wood, and
William Boeff (afterwards a serjeant). Danvers, however, had been
first appointed governor in 1428. He was successively common
serjeant, recorder, and representative in Parliament of the city of
London. He left this Inn to become a serjeant in 1443, and from
1450 till his death in 1467 was a Justice of the Common Pleas. He
and his wife Agnes were buried in the church of St. Bartholomew in
Smithfield.
From 1446 to 1461 William Jenney was one of the governors.
His name occurs prominently in the Paston Correspondence, he having
prosecuted Sir John Paston to outlawry. He became serjeant in
1463, Judge of the King's Bench in 1481, and died in 1483.
In 1464 the Society of Lincoln's Inn made another step of progress
in their organisation for legal education — the important one of
appointing Headers to give readings in law to the members during the
vacation of the Courts ; one was appointed in each Michaelmas Term
for the ensuing Lent Vacation, and another in each Easter Term for
the Summer.
The first reader recorded is William Huddesfeld, who had the
honour of being twice re-appointed, or becoming triplex reader,
as it was called, viz. in 1464, in 1469, and 1475.
That the persons chosen as readers were the most eminent lawyers
of their day under the degree of serjeant is shown by the distinction
many of them afterwards gained in the profession. Thus the next
reader after Huddesfeld was John Sulyard, whose family name I have
mentioned in connection with the purchase of the estates of the Inn from
his descendants. He became serjeant in 1477, Judge of the King's
Bench in 1484, and died in 1488. He was also triplex reader, for he
served the office of reader again in 1470 and 1477. One of the readers
434 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
for 1468 was Roger Townshend, who again served in 1474. He also
became Serjeant in 1477, a Judge of the Common Pleas in 1484, and
died in 1500. One of the readers for 1469 was John Hangh, who
again served in 1473. He became Justice of the Common Pleas in
1487, and is displayed in his judicial robes in the beautiful window
of Long Melford church, which has been so admirably illustrated by
our member, Mr. Charles Baily.
Another Judge of the Common Pleas who was raised to the Bench
in 1488, Sir William Danvers (half-brother of the Robert Danvers
already mentioned), was a member of this Inn, which he left for
Serjeant's Inn in 1485, but without having served as a reader or as a
governor here.
A reader in 1471 was Nicholas Statham, to whom is attributed the
earliest abridgment of the cases in the Year Books.
A reader in 1475 and again in 1481 was Sir Thomas Lovel, who
built our Gate House. He was Chamberlain to Henry VII and a
Knight of the Garter, and the discovery of his coffin with that of his
wife on the site of Halliwell Priory, Shoreditch, is the subject of an
excellent paper in the " Proceedings of the Evening Meetings of the
London and Middlesex Archaeological Society," 4th Feb. 1863, by my
esteemed colleague, Mr. J. E. Price, F.S.A.
One of the readers in 1480 was Robert Read, who was again reader
in 1486, when he became Serjeant ; he was made King's Serjeant in
1494, a Judge of the King's Bench in 1495, and Chief Justice of
the Common Pleas in 1506. He was founder of a chantry at the
Charterhouse, and a benefactor to the University of Cambridge and to
Jesus' College therein.
The career of one of the readers for 1482 is particularly interesting.
He was admitted a member of the Society in 1468 because he had
behaved himself well and faithfully in the office of its butler, and as
John Boteler alone is he known. He showed himself worthy of the
honour the Society had done him, left it to become a serjeant in
1494, and was made a Judge of the Common Pleas in 1508. On his
leaving Lincoln's Inn, with Richard Higham and Robert Constable,
made Serjeants at the same time, 130 members of the Inn subscribed
3s. 4c/. each as a parting gift, amounting to 211. 13s. £d. which was
divided into three parts, put into gloves, and presented to them.*
The name of the autumn reader for 1489 introduces to us another
* Dugdale, 137, 250, 281. Foss, sub nom.
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN. 435
similar episode in the history of Lincoln's Inn, one which is deeply
interesting as connected with the name of one of its brightest orna-
ments and one of the purest and noblest characters in English annals.
We owe to Mr. Foss (as indeed I and all future chroniclers must owe
everything relating to the career of English judges) the patient and
acute investigation of the facts I am about to narrate.* In 1464 John
More was raised from the office of butler to that of steward; in 1470
his long and faithful services in these two capacities were rewarded by
his admission to membership of the Society ; and in 1489, and again in
1495, he held the high and honourable office of reader. His son John
More, junior, succeeded the father in the office of butler, and enjoyed
the like promotion, till in 1503 he left this Inn to be made Serjeant,
and became oiie of the Judges of the Common Pleas in 1518; was
thence transferred to the^King's Bench in 1520 ; and died in 1530.
The son of John More, the butler and the judge, and grandson of
John More, the butler, the steward, and the reader, was the illustrious
Sir Thomas More, the chancellor and the martyr. Well might he
describe himself in his epitaph as " familia non celebri, sed honesta
natus." I am not aware of any similar instance in any other Inn of
Court, and I may therefore claim for this Inn that their generous
appreciation of humble merit and freedom from unworthy aristocratic
prejudice laid the foundation of this great man's eminence. The whole
history is a curious commentary upon Fortescue's remarks as to the
high birth of the members of the Inns of Court in his day. One may
picture to oneself the eager attention with which the aspiring butler
would listen to the reading of the law in the Inn, till, in the course
of years, he had mastered all the law's intricacies and qualified himself
to become reader in his turn.
Sir Thomas More, as he never became a Serjeant, continued all his
life a member of Lincoln's Inn, and his biography by his son-in-law
Roper relates two or three incidents which show the attachment he
felt to this Society. His great-grandson More says of him while at
Lincoln's Inn that " his whole mind was set on his book. For his
allowance his father kept him very short, suffering him scarcely to
have so mnch money in his own custody as would pay for the mending
* I am of course indebted to Mr. Foss's work for many of the dates and facts
relating to readers given in this paper ; indeed, the references to it at the foot of
each nage would be so numerous that I here make this general acknowledgement
in lieu of a separate one for each case.
VOL. IV. 2 G
436 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
of his apparel ; which course he would often speak of with praise in
his riper years." He was appointed by the Society reader in FurnivaTs
Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery belonging to Lincoln's Inn, and
remained so for three years and more. In due time he married, but
he never the more discontinued his study of the law at Lincoln's Inn,
but applied himself still to the same till he was called to the Bench,
an^ had read there twice. In his " Debellacyon of Salem and Byzance,"
written in 1533, after his removal from the chancellorship, is the
following curious allusion to his readings here : " If I were again to read
in Lincoln's Inn, and there were in hand with a statute that touched
treason and all other felonies, I woulde not let to looke, seke out, and
rehearse whether any heynous wordes spoken against the prince were
for the onely speaking to be taken for treason or not."*
Before the date of his readership he had been made a burgess of the
Parliament, and was afterwards successively Under-Sheriff of London,
Master of the Requests, Treasurer of the Exchequer, Speaker of the
House of Commons, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Ambassador
to Flanders and to France, and Lord Chancellor. " "Whensoever he
passed through Westminster Hall to his place in the Chancery, by the
Court of King's Bench, if his father (one of the judges thereof) had
been seated or he came, he would go into the same Court, and there
reverently kneeling down, in the sight of them all, duly ask his father's
blessing. And if it fortuned that his father and he at readings at
Lincoln's- Inn met together (as they sometimes did), notwithstanding
his high office he would offer in argument the pre-eminence to his
father, though he, for his office sake, would refuse to take it." So says
Roper, but the incident requires explanation, for the father would have
ceased to be a member of Lincoln's Inn in 1503 before he became a
Judge, and Sir Thomas was not Chancellor till 1529.
Of his conduct as Chancellor it was said, in the punning style of
the day : —
When More some years had Chancellor been,
No more suits did remain;
The same shall never more be seen,
Till more be there again.
When he delivered up the great seal he called his children to him,
to consult them as to their future mode of life. " I have been brought
up (quoth he) at Oxford, at an Inn of the Chancery, at Lincoln's Inn,
* More, English Works, p. 963, col. 2. *
THE HONOUEABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN. 437
and also in the King's Court, and so forth from the lowest degree to
the highest ; and yet have I in yearly revenues at this present left
me little above a hundred pounds by the year. So that now we must
hereafter, if we like to live together, be contented to become con-
tributories together. But by my counsel it shall not be best for us to
fall to the lowest fare first ; we will not, therefore, descend to Oxford
fare, nor to the fare of New Inn, but we will begin with Lincoln's , Inn
diet, where many right-worshipful and of good years do live full well.
Which, if we find not ourselves the first year able to maintain, then
will we the next year go one step down to New Inn fare, wherewith
many an honest man is well contented. If that exceed our ability
too, then will we, the next year after, descend to Oxford fare, where
many grave, learned, and ancient fathers are continually conversant."*
My excuse for saying so much about Sir Thomas More in this
paper is, that we of the London and Middlesex Archgeological Society
must always feel deep interest in him, as one of the worthies of our
county. He was born at his father's house in Milk Street ; educated
at St. Anthony's School in Threadneedle Street ; belonged (as we have
seen) to New Inn and to Lincoln's Inn ; became a public lecturer at
the church of St. Lawrence Jewry ; then reader of Furnival's Inn ;
secluded himself in the Charterhouse (then, of course, a monastery)
for four years ; married and went to reside at Bucklersbury ; became
Under-Sheriff of London ; then fixed his permanent home at Chelsea,
till at last he was placed in the custody of the Abbot of "Westminster,
committed to the Tower, tried in Westminster Hall, thence returned
to his prison, and there beheaded. The headless trunk was buried
first at St. Peter's ad Vincula, and then at Chelsea; but the good
wise head was rescued from exposure on London Bridge by his faithful
daughter, and lies with her in her grave at Canterbury.
She bears in her last sleep her martyr'd father's head.
As it is not my intention on the present occasion to write the
Athence Lincolnienses, a work well worthy of a much abler hand,
I shall pass over the names of other distinguished members of the
Inn with a very cursory notice. One of the readers of 1491, and
again in 1496, was John Alleyn, afterwards Baron of the Exchequer,
but, not being a Baron of the Coif, he continued a member of Lincoln's
Inn. So also William Ellis, reader ia 1502, became a Baron of the
.•- •
* Eoper, 51.
2 G2
438 THE HONOUKABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN
same Court in 1523, but continued in this Inn. And again William
Wotton, reader in 1508-9, was made Baron of the Exchequer in
1521, but is one of the Governors of Lincoln's Inn in 1527. One of
the readers in 1517 was Thomas Willoughby, who became Serjeant in
1521, King's Serjeant in 1530, Knight in 1534 (being the first
Serjeant who had ever accepted knighthood), and Judge of the Court
of Common Pleas in 1537. Robert Norwich was reader in 1518, again
in 1521, Serjeant 1521, King's Serjeant 1523, Judge 1530, and Chief
Justice 1531, of the same court. Christopher Jenney, grandson of
the Sir William Jenney already named, was reader 1521 and 1522,
Serjeant 1531, King's Serjeant 1535, Judge 1538.
One of the readers for 1524 enjoyed the rare distinction of being
thrice reader, being re-elected in 1529 and 153). He was Roger
Cholmley, who became Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1547, and
Lord Chief Justice of England in 1552. This is the judge of whom
Roger Ascham relates, that, when some students of Lincoln's Inn
thought fit to remind him of early follies, in order to disarm him of
the rebuke he was about to administer, said, " Indeed in youth I was
as you are now, and I had twelve fellows like unto myself, but not
one of them came to a good end. And therefore follow not my
example in youth, but follow my counsel in age." * The other
reader for 1529 (who again served in 1537) was Robert Curzon ; he,
and likewise John Danaster (reader in 1530 and 1535) and John
Pilborough (reader in 1533 and 1543), became Barons of the
Exchequer without leaving this Inn. Baron Pilborough delivered
an ornate oration here to Serjeants Meynell and Morgan on their
creation (with five others) in 1547, when their feast was held here,
and 51. were presented to each of them as a parting gift.
Serjeant Morgan had been reader in 1542 and 1546, and was
made Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in 1553, as a reward for his
early allegiance to Queen Mary. His is the melancholy distinction of
having been the judge who sentenced Queen Jane Grey to death.
One of the readers in 1538, and again in 1547, was Clement
Heigham, who became Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1558, without
leaving this house.
One of the readers in 1547 was William Rastall, originally a
printer, nephew of Sir Thomas More, and editor of his works. He
became Justice of the Queen's Bench in 1558, and it is to him we owe
* Seward's Anecdotes, iv. 275.
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OP LINCOLN'S INN. 439
two great works, the value of which is still apparent, viz. the
Collection of the Statutes and Les Termes de la Ley. He left
this Inn to be Serjeant in 1555 at the same call with William
Bendlowes, also of this Inn, who enjoys the remarkable distinction of
having been for four months, in 1558-9, the only serjeant-at-law not
on the Bench. So said the window of Serjeant's Inn Chapel in Fleet
Street, "annis Keginarum Marias ultimo et Elizabeth* primo superfuit
et claruit solus."
The reader in Lent 1554, Sir William Cordell, was the very converse
of John Boteler and John More, for, whereas they were made members
of the Inn in consequence of their good conduct as its butlers, he was
appointed butler, and fined for not exercising the office, at a time
when he had been 16 years a member, and held the office of Solicitor-
General to Queen Mary. He became Master of the Rolls and Speaker
of the House of Commons, and is one of the worthies of Long
Melford. Sir Christopher Wray was reader in 1562, and again in
1567, and became Justice, and ultimately Chief Justice, of the Queen's
Bench. Sir Robert Monson was reader in 1565, and again in 1572,
in which year he was made a Justice of the Common Pleas, being
the first person upon whom was practised the legal fiction of being
created a Serjeant and made a judge at the same time. Sir William
Ayloft, reader in 1571, and Sir Francis Wyndham, reader in 1572,
were made Serjeants in 1577, and gave rings with the motto " Lex
Regis Presidium ; " both became judges.
A reader in 1574 became Qneen Elizabeth's good judge, Sir John
Clench ; one of 1577, John Puckering, was afterwards Lord Keeper
of the Great Seal; both those of 1578 became Judges of the Court
of Common Pleas, Thomas Walmesly and George Kingsmill ; Robert
Clarke, reader in 1582, became Baron of the Exchequer; one of 1583,
Thomas Owen, Judge of the Common Pleas, has found a resting-place
in Westminster Abbey ; and the names of other readers — Peter
Warburton, promoted to be Judge of the Common Pleas ; Edward
Heron, Baron of the Exchequer; Thomas Fleming, Chief Justice, and
Robert Houghton, Judge, of the King's Bench; Huuifrey Winch,
Judge of the Common Pleas — follow in quick succession.
I suspend this rather wearisome list of readers who developed into
legal dignitaries, to allude to the Society of Antiquaries of Queen
Elizabeth's' day, which was forced to close a brilliant career of about
thirty years through the strange jealousy of her successor James I., and
440 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
which as the precursor of the present venerable Society of Antiquaries,
and of all such societies as our own, may fitly be called " the mother of
us all." Four at least of its members, and those not the least dis-
tinguished, were members of this Inn. They were William Lambarde,
the Kentish antiquary ; Francis Thynne, Lancaster Herald, the con-
tinuator of Holinshed ; William Hakewill, registrar of the Society,
and one of the executors of Sir Thomas Bodley, also described as
Solicitor to the Queen, which honour does not mean that he held the
office of Solicitor-General ; and lastly James Ley, Earl of Marlborough,
Lord Chief Justice and Lord High Treasurer.
Of William Lambarde Lincoln's Inn was proud, and so may we
be also, for his father was an Alderman and Sheriff of London.* He
was one of the Masters in Chancery, and had the rare distinction
accorded to him of being made a Bencher and allotted chambers
without payment, the proviso being made that this was not to be
drawn into a precedent, as it was an acknowledgment of his having
"deserved universally well of this commonwealth and country, and
likewise of the Fellowship and Society of this House." The only one
of his works I need mention here is the "Archeion," a most valuable
and learned dissertation on the origin of the various courts of the
realm. He concludes it with the following remarks: —
It had been fit to have added hereunto the beginning of the Houses of Law,
commonly termed, for that they did flow out of the Courts, the Houses or Inns of
Court, and to have annexed a Catalogue or Table of the names of all the
Chancellors, Justices, and Judges. But because there is not (so far as I can yet
learn) any certain monument of the one, and for that it requireth a great search
of records, whereunto I have no access, to perform the other, I must leave them
both to such as can and will better travail in that behalf.f
Thynne was a thorough antiquary — " an excellent antiquary,"
Camden calls him — a member of an antiquarian family. Several of
his collections are among the Cottonian MSS. and others are preserved
in Heralds' College.J
Of Hakewill, Anthony a Wood says, that, " out of his grave
and long conversation with antiqviity, he extracted several curious
observations concerning the liberty of the subject, and the manner of
holding Parliaments."§
Sir James Ley, afterwards Earl of Marlborough, was reader in this
* Archa;ologia, i. x. f Ed. 1635, p. 280.
J Archaeologia, i. xii. § Ath. Oxon. ii. 112; Archseologia, i. ix.
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN. 441
Inn in 1602, and left it to be serjeant in 1603, but abandoned that
state and degree to rejoin us in 1609, and continued a Governor of
Lincoln's Inn till 1621, -when he once again left us to become Lord
Chief Justice of England. He afterwards attained the high dignity
of Lord Treasurer, and- died in Lincoln's Inn in 1629, leaving a
reputation so unblemished that some of his great contemporaries
might well have envied it. Eight valuable papers, contributed by
him to the old Society of Antiquaries, are preserved in Hearne's
collection.*
The other reader of the year 1602 also became Lord Chief Justice
of England. This was Eanulphe Crewe, son of a tanner at Nantwich,
and ancestor of the Lords Crewe of Crewe ; he furnished one of the
many instances of noble integrity which have adorned the English
Bench, for he was discharged from his office of Chief Justice for
refusing to subscribe to the legality of a forced loan to the King.
I pass over the names of Sir John Denham, reader in 1607, after-
wards Baron of the Exchequer; Sir Henry Hobart, reader in 1608,
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas ; his successor in that office, Sir
Thomas Richardson, reader in 1614, afterwards Chief Justice of the
King's Bench; and Sir William Jones, reader in 1616, afterwards a
Judge of the King's Bench, all of them men of remarkable careers
and unstained integrity, — to mention the reading in 1632 by Mr.
Atkyns, afterwards Baron of the Exchequer,! because we have in
Harl. MS. 980 a note of a curious discussion which took place at that
reading, taken by one Thomas Gibbon, who was probably a student at
the time.
Noy, att.-gen. (at Mr. Atkin's reading in Aug. 1632, at Lincoln's Inn upon the
Stat. de Foresta), held opinion that our law readings were of great antiquity, and
for that purpose he vouched a record, which was 19 Hen. III. cl. m. 23, brief fuit
direct al Vicont de London commandant a luy q. si fuerunt ascun schooles in ceo
city en que le loy fuit lye q. doit ceo suppress. The like was directed to the Abp-
Cant. And the reason was because the king by the counsel of Hubert C. J. had
disclaimed his grant and confirmation of the liberties granted by Mag. Charta
* Archseologia, i. xi.
f The family of Atkyns has produced many distinguished judges. Richard
Atkyns, ob. 1610, was Chief Justice of South Wales. His son, Sir Edward, a
Justice of the Common Pleas. His son, Sir Robert, Knight of the Bath and
Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. His brother, Sir Edward, the reader
mentioned in the text, Baron of the Exchequer. (Le Neve's Knights, ii.)
442 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY Or LINCOLN'S INN.
and that of the Forest as being made during his nonage,* and in those schools those
laws were maintained and publicly read. Afterwards the King (as the record
speaks) saniore mente reversus est. This appeareth also by the chart-roll, 21
Hen. III.
Then also Mr. Attorney affirmed that every Inn of the Court was an university
of itself,f and highly extolled the modesty of the ancient professors of our laws,
that whereas in or Universities a short abidance there will give them the name of
sophisters, 4 years continuance the title of bachelors, 7 years masters of arts, and
some 14 or 19 years at the most the name of doctors, all being specious and
swelling titles, in our Law Univ's at 5 years we deserved the titles o| Mootmen
(that is, of that c* then like children begin to word it), at 7 years, or somewhat
more, the title of Barrister (a word of contempt), at 27, having been single readers
in an Inn of Court, the name of apprentices to the law, and afterwards, some
3 or 4 years double reading, the name of servients to the law, never arrogating
higher titles, and yet every argument in a demurrer by any lawyer at any of Wmr
Courts was of greater labour, if not learning, and a more public demonstration
of it, than of any of their doctors' acts in their schools.
Among the prominent men of the Commonwealth who were
members of Lincoln's Inn were Richard Cresheld (reader in 1637),
who was appointed by the Parliament a Justice of the Common Pleas,
but refused to serve them after the King's death ; William Lenthall
(reader in 1638), Speaker of the House of Commons, Master of the
Rolls, and one of the Commissioners of the Great Seal ; Oliver St.
John, not a reader, also one of the Commissioners of the Seal and
Chief Justice of the Common Pleas ; John Glynne, Chief Justice
of their Upper Bench ; John Fountaine, another of their Commissioners
of the Great Seal.
Glynne and Fountaine, together with Hugh Wyndham,| Samuel
Browne, Erasmus Erie, and Matthew Hale, were amongst the Serjeants
created during the Commonwealth whose writs were declared invalid,
and who were re-created upon the Restoration. I have elsewhere §
described the imposing ceremonies with which the calls of Serjeants
were attended at this revival of monarchy.
The practice of reading was shortly afterwards discontinued, and I
shall only mention, among other members || to whom Lincoln's Inn
* Lord Coke, proeme to 2d Inst.
f See the note by Selden on Fortescue, ed. 1616, p. 54.
J The family of Windham has contributed many ornaments to the legal
profession, and to this Inn. See the pedigree in Le Neve's Knights, 236.
§ Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries, iii. 417.
|| A few may be enumerated in a foot-note. Sir Thomas Estcourt, Master in
Chancery, knighted 1660, and buried under the chapel. His son, Sir Thomas,
THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
may refer with pride, William Prynne, Sir Matthew Hale * (who left
us his priceless manuscripts, coupled, however, with the unfortunate
condition that they should never be printed), and Sir Anthony Ashley
Cooper, the first Earl of Shaftesbury. Since their time Lincoln's Inn
has had many distinguished sons, but it is not needful that on an
occasion like this I should name them. I may, however, be permitted
to mention the Eight Honourable William Pitt, whose escutcheon is
on my left, who served his year as treasurer, and whose initials as such
are inscribed on one of our sundials. And I am sure I may add—-
At genus immortale manet, multosque per annos
StRt fortuna domus, et avi numerantur avorum.
One word, before I conclude, as to the officers of the Inn. We have
three clergymen associated with us, the preacher, the chaplain, and the
reader. Our preachers have always been men of great distinction j in
the windows and on the walls are the arms of many who have become
bishops ; but Mr. Spilsbttry will give you a fuller account of them.
The chaplain has his fixed place at mess, and is, I need not say, a
most welcome member of it.
And I should be ungrateful if I passed over the office of steward, to
which, as now held by Mr. Doyle (as it was by his father before him,)
Estcourt, also Master in Chancery, died 1702. Sir Thomas Beverley, Master of the
Eequest, knighted 1662. Sir Edwin Kich, Master in Chancery (son of Lord
Bich), and Sir Edwin Rich, his son, oh. 1676. Sir Thomas Gery, kuighted 1666.
Sir John Halsey, Master in Chancery, died 1670. Sir John Mynne, knighted
1671. Sir Nicholas Pedley, serjeant-at-law, knighted at Lincoln's Inn 1671. Sir
Richard Stote, 1671. Sir James Butler, Master of St. Katherine's Hospital near
the Tower, illegitimate son of the Duke of Ormond and Lady Thynne, 1671.
Nicholas Franklyn, a bencher, and his nephew, Sir John Franklin, Master in
Chancery, knighted 1696. Sir George Strode, and his brother Thomas Strode,
serjeants-at-law, who died 1696. Sir Richard Stephens, knighted 1679. Thomas
Powys, serjeant-at-law, and his two sons, Sir Littleton Powys, Justice of the
King's Bench, and Sir Thomas Powys, Attorney-General. Sir Robert Eyre,
Judge of the King's Bench. Sir Isaac Preston, died 1708. Sir John Haules,
Solicitor-General, whose " arms are on the inside of the Gate House at Line.
Inne : Two coats, quarterly, Sable, three greyhound's heads erased argent; 2nd.
Or, a fess between three cressents gules; 3rd as 2nd; 4th as 1st. Crest: A grey-
hound's head coupt argent, in mouth an o . . . . branch azure." See Le Neve's
MS. published by the Harleian Society for pedigrees of these knights.
* Sir Matthew Hale was the son of Robert Hale of Aldersley, co. Gloucester,
a member of Lincoln's Inn. Sir Matthew's third son Thomas was also of
Lincoln's Inn. (Le Neve's Knights, 152.)
444 THE HONOURABLE SOCIETY OF LINCOLN'S INN.
we are all much indebted, and to whom you owe no little of the comfort
you enjoy in this hall to-day.
Our arms, which you see represented in various places, are described
by an old herald (MS. Harl. 1104, A.D. 1598) as, " Sapphire, fifteen
fere moulins or, on a canton of the second, a lion rampant purpure."
How we came by them, or to what they are allusive, I am wholly
unable to say.
My apology for having trespassed upon you so long with the asso-
ciations of my Inn lies in the sentiment which the youngest student
or the most briefless barrister must feel when he looks on those shields
of coat armour: —
Forsan et nostrum nomen miscebitur istis.
At least, I hope you will, when you think of all that Lincoln's Inn
has done for the law, and all that the law has done for England, join
in our chaplain's prayer in the daily grace : " God preserve the Queen,
the Church, and this honourable Society, and grant us His peace
evermore."
445
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
BY WILLIAM HOLDEN SPILSBURY, LIBRARIAN.
[Read at a General Meeting of the Society in Lincoln's Inn Hall,
15th May, 1873.]
THE Inns of Court, fraught with a thousand reminiscences of the
glory of his profession — the old chambers, with their strange angular
projections; the ancient halls, wherein at one time was heard the
grave and learned argument, and at another was held the solemn
revel, where princes, nobles, and high officers of state were entertained
as guests; those sacred edifices, where so many generations of his
illustrious predecessors had knelt and prayed — all these memorials of
the past must possess peculiar interest for the lawyer. But it is not
only to the members of the legal profession that these edifices present
themselves as objects of interest; among the antiquities of London the
Inns of Court are pre-eminent ; and by a glance at the earlier maps of
the metropolis it may be seen that the space of ground between
Temple Bar and Westminster was not, as in our own day, crowded
with rows of houses, but presented a few mansions of the nobility,
with fields and gardens interspersed; and, if the imagination be carried
back to the thirteenth century, in the neighbourhood of Chancery
Lane, at that time named the " New Street," leading from the Temple
to Old-bourne, may be observed the palace of the Bishops of
Chichester, three of whom had held the Great Seal of England ; the
mansion of Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, the friend of King Edward I.
whom, while Prince of Wales, he probably accompanied as a crusader
to Palestine; and the beautiful church of the Knights Templars, then
in all its pristine glory.
At this early period of English history, the ground now occupied by
the buildings of Lincoln's Inn was the site of the mansions of persons
of the highest eminence in the State, namely, that of Ralph Neville,
Bishop of Chichester, Lord High Chancellor of England in the reign of
446 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
Henry III., and Henry Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, Constable of Chester, &c.
The palace built by the Bishop on this spot is described as magnificent,
and in this place he lived in a degree of splendour equal to any of
his contemporary prelates. He is much eulogised by historians for his
admirable qualities as a judge, and he is said to have been " a person
of that integrity and fortitude that neither favour, money, or greatness
could make any impression upon him." From the Earl of Lincoln,
distinguished by his regard for the professors of the law, and the friend
of a monarch who, on account of his improvement of the law, has been
named the English Justinian, the possessions of Lincoln's Inn have
derived their name. To this nobleman were granted the house and
grounds which had belonged to the ancient monastery of Black Friars
by Holborn, upon the removal of that community to the quarter which
now bears their name, and here the Earl built his mansion, where he
generally resided, and where he died in 1312. There is still preserved
in the office of the Duchy of Lancaster an account rendered by the Earl's
bailiff of the profits arising from, and the expenditure upon, his garden
in Hplborn; from which curious document we learn that apples, pears,
large nuts, and cherries, were produced in sufficient quantities, not
only to supply the Earl's table, but also to yield a profit by their sale.
The tradition that the Earl assigned his residence to the professors of
the law does not seem in accordance with the statement of Dugdale
that he died in his mansion in 1312. It is, however, the opinion of
the learned antiquary Francis Thynne, that Lincoln's Inn became an
Inn of Court soon after that nobleman's death.
The precincts of Lincoln's Inn comprise the Old Buildings (so called),
with the courts in which are situated the old hall and chapel, New
Square or Serle Court, the Stone Building, the New Hall and Library,
and the Gardens.
THE OLD BUILDINGS, erected at various periods between the reigns of
Henry VII. and James I., have their chief frontage on the east, about
500 feet in extent, in Chancery Lane. The suites of chambers, which
at present occupy the courts, were built chiefly about the time of
James I., and are now giving place to structures more in accordance
with the ancient architecture. These will be built in divisions, so as
to avoid the displacement of tenants before the new rooms are ready
for occupation, and the first division is now in the course of erection
on the vacant ground in one of the courts.
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 447
THE GATE-HOUSE, forming the principal external feature of the Old
Buildings in Chancery Lane, has always been admired, and is now
almost the only specimen remaining in London of so early a date.
The magnificent gate-house of Lambeth Palace, built by Cardinal
Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, of somewhat earlier date; one of
the gateways of the ancient priory of the Knights of St. John in
Clerkenwell; and that of St. James's Palace, built for King Henry
VIII., with this of Lincoln's Inn, are all that remain in the metropolis.
It cannot, therefore, but be a subject of regret to all admirers of
ancient architecture that the removal of this structure should be
rendered necessary by the plan now in progress for rebuilding the
suites of chambers of Lincoln's Inn. Liberal contribution was made
towards the erection of this building by Sir Thomas Lovell, K.G. one
of the Benchers of the Society, and Treasurer of the Household to
King Henry VII., the merits of which eminent person have already
been set forth by Mr. Brabrook, and it may be added here that his
name is rendered familiar to us by Shakspeare's drama of " Henry
VIII." where, advanced in age, as he must have been at that time,
he is seen in the gay assemblage of lords and ladies in the mansion of
Wolsey, and in the saloons of the bluff and arbitrary monarch.
THE OLD HALL. The ancient hall of the Society, situated in the
first court, opposite the gate of entrance from Chancery Lane, is the
oldest edifice of the Inn now remaining, having been built in 22 Henry
VII. A.D. 1506. Respecting the earlier structure, which had become
ruinous, and was pulled down in 8 Henry VII. to make room for the
present edifice, there is no record as to its dimensions or character.
Alterations were made in this hall in the years 1625, 1652, and 1706,
and in 1819 the room was lengthened about ten feet, at which time the
coved ceiling of plaster was substituted for the open oak roof, quite out
of character with the original building, and other alterations were made
not in accordance with the period of erection. The exterior was
extensively repaired and stuccoed by Bernasconi in 1800, and the
arcade, which affords a connecting corridor to the then Vice-Chancellor
of England's Court, was built in 1819. The hall is about 71 feet in
length, and 32 feet in breadth, the height about equal to the breadth,
but it has lately been curtailed of its fair proportions, having been
divided in lire year 1853 into two parts,* by permission of the Benchers,
* Since the paper was read the partition has been removed.
448 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
for the sittings of the Lord Chancellor and the Lords Justices, until
such time as suitable accommodation may be provided by the country
for the administration of justice; and it maybe added, that the intended
New Courts of Justice, of which we have heard so much, and which
have afforded such .scope for pleasant or for acrimonious controversy
in our journals, are now really in the course of erection, and it is
hoped may be completed during the lives of the present judges.
On the dais, over the seat of the Lord Chancellor, is the picture of
Paul before Felix, painted for the Society in 1750 by Hogarth; and at
the opposite end of the room is a statue of Lord Erskine by West-
macott, regarded by some as one of the sculptor's finest works. The
heraldic achievements in stained glass, with which the windows were
formerly enriched, as well as those on the panels of the room, have
been removed to the New Hall.
In this ancient hall were held all the revels of the Society, customary
in early times, in which the Benchers themselves, laying aside their
dignity, also indulged at particular seasons. The exercise of dancing
was especially enjoined for the students, and was thought to conduce
to the making of gentlemen more fit for their books at other times.
One of the latest revels, at which King Charles II. was present, is
noticed both by Evelyn and Pepys in their Diaries. On a second visit
of that monarch, on the 27th of February, 1671, he was accompanied
by his brother the Duke of York, Prince Eupert, the Duke of
Monmouth, and others of the nobility, and those illustrious and
distinguished personages were admitted as members of the Hon.
Society, having entered their names in the Admittance Book, where
their signatures are preserved.
THE CHAPEL. This edifice, independently of the sacred purposes
to which it is dedicated, possesses features of peculiar interest to the
architect and antiquary. Erected at a period when architecture of
a mixed character prevailed in most of our ecclesiastical structures,
it has been the subject of much criticism, and has called forth various
opinions both as regards its merits and its antiquity.
It had been the opinion of some antiquaries that the present
building was a restoration or re-construction of a much earlier
edifice, but an examination of the records of the Society, together
with the testimony of an inscription in the handwriting of Dr. Donne,
in which he states that the first stone was laid by his hand, proves
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 449
conclusively that the building was erected in the reign of James I.,
and that the old chapel was standing at the time of the consecration
of the new building. The Chapel was built from the designs of
Inigo Jones, and finished and consecrated in 1623; it is sixty-one
feet in length, forty-one in breadth, and the height is about forty-four
feet. The windows on the north and south sides are filled with a
series of figures of prophets and apostles in brilliant stained glass,
executed by Bernard and Abraham Yan Linge, Flemish artists, whose
works are among the most celebrated of their period. The great
eastern and western windows, viewed in comparison with those on the
sides, are very inferior in point of decoration. The eastern window
contains a finely-executed heraldic embellishment, the arms of King
William III. occupying the three central lights below the transom,
above which are the arms of the Society of Lincoln's Inn ; both of these
were put up in 1703 : the remainder of the window is filled with the
arms of the Benchers who have been Treasurers from the year 1680.
The western window contains the arms of eminent members of the
Society who have been Readers.
In the porch is placed a cenotaph to the memory of the Right Hon.
Spencer Perceval, with a mural tablet and inscription, and on the
ascent to the chapel is a marble tablet to the memory of Eleanor
Louisa, daughter of Lord Brougham, with an inscription in Latin
verse, written by the late Marquis Wellesley in his 81st year.
With respect to the elevation of the chapel on a crypt, of which it
is said there are very few examples remaining in this country, it may
be observed that this mode of arrangement, connected with certain
ritual observances, is sometimes found in towns, or wherever space was
to be economised. Whatever may have been the original object in the
case of Lincoln's Inn Chapel, whether the design, was copied or not
from the earlier edifice, or from that of St. Stephen's, it is evident that
about the period of its erection it was used as an ambulatory, or place
for lawyers u to walk in, to talk and confer their learning," from the
allusions to this custom by Butler and Pepys cited by Mr. Cunningham
in his Hand-book for London. The crypt is inclosed with iron railings,
and is sometimes used, under certain restrictions, as a place of inter-
ment for the Benchers.
Within the walls of this sacred edifice many of the most distinguished
and eloquent divines of the Church of England have exercised their
ministry in the office of preacher to the Society, a^mongst whom shine
450 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
conspicuously the names of Donne, Usher, Gataker, Tillotson, Hurd,
Warburton, the brothers Cyril and William Jackson, Reginald Heber,
and in our own days those of Lonsdale Bishop of Lichfield, and the
present Archbishop of York, Dr. Thomson. The earliest recorded
appointment to this office is that of Dr. Charke in the year 1581.
There have also been instituted for the exercise of the sacred
ministry in this Society the offices of assistant preacher and chaplain,
the latter being the oldest ecclesiastical office in the Society, having
existed certainly in the time of Henry VI., and probably from a much
earlier period.
NEW SQUARE. The houses in this square were built in the reign
of Charles II. upon an open space of ground generally said to have
been known as Fickett's Fields (or more properly Fickett's Croft)
or Little Lincoln's Inn Fields, by way of distinction from the larger
area of Lincoln's Inn Fields; but a reference to some ancient maps
shows rather that the ground formed part of the Coneygarth or
Cotterell Garden. Henry Serle, Esq., a member of Lincoln's Inn,
having laid claim to this ground, or to a portion of it, certain agree-
ments were entered into between this gentleman and the Society,
under which the houses were erected about the year 1682, and the
area was originally named Serle Court, now more commonly called
New Square. The open space, in the centre of which was formerly
a Corinthian column on which was raised a vertical sun-dial, with
four jets d'eau from infant Tritons holding shells at the base of the
shaft, was inclosed and planted with trees and shrubs in the year 1845.
THE STONE BUILDING, so called from the material of which it is con-
structed, situated at the north-eastern extremity of the Gardens, was
part of a vast design, in 1780, by Sir Robert Taylor, for rebuilding
the whole Inn, which fortunately was abandoned. By keeping out of
view all consideration of the impropriety of placing Corinthian
architecture, in stone, in such immediate connection with the early
picturesque gables of the adjacent houses, which were only of brick,
this building has been highly praised for its elegance and simplicity.
Having been left for above sixty years in an unfinished state, it was
completed in 1845 by Mr. Hardwick, who in the southern wing
followed the original design ; and the two wings, the only attempt at
relief to the length of the fa9ade, conform to each other.
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 451
The Library of the Society was in the northernmost wing, occupy-
ing several rooms on the ground floor, previously to its removal in 1845.
THE GARDENS of Lincoln's Inn were famous of old time, but have
been greatly curtailed by the erection of the New Hall and Library,
before which the venerable trees have fallen, and " the walks under the
elms," celebrated by Ben Jonson, to which Isaac Bickerstaff delighted
to resort, and indulge in quiet meditation, have disappeared. Enough
however even now remains to give a very cheerful aspect to the
surrounding buildings, and some compensation has been made by the
planting of the area of New Square with trees and shrubs.
The walk under the trees in the Coneygarth, or Cotterell Garden, as
it was then called, was made in the first year of Philip and Mary, and
in the reign of Charles II. the garden was enlarged, and a terrace-walk
made on the west side. The name of Coneygarth was derived from
the quantity of rabbits found here, and by various ordinances of the
Society in the reigns of Edward IV. Henry VII. and Henry VIII.
penalties were imposed on the students hunting them with bows and
arrows or darts; the name of Cotterell is from William Cotterell, by
whom this garden is said to have been given to the Knights of St. John
of Jerusalem in the year 1186.
In the erection of the garden-wall it is said Ben Jonson was
employed in the early part of his life, assisting his father-in-law in his
business, and working, as Fuller imagines, with a trowel in his hand,
and a book in his pocket. The play of " Every Man out of his
Humour" is dedicated by Ben Jonson to "the noblest nurseries of
humanity and liberty, the Inns of Court."
Having taken this brief survey of the older edifices of this Inn,' I
have next to invite your attention to the principal features of the
building in which you are now assembled.
In the year 1843, further accommodation being required for the
increasing number of the members of the Society and the continued
accumulation of books in the Library, the Benchers determined on the
erection of a new Hall and Library, commensurate with the require-
ments of the age, and adopted the masterly designs submitted to them
by Mr. Hardwick, who had before, in the erection of several public
edifices, given evidence of talents of a superior order; and here the
visitor will not have occasion to regret the failure of Sir Robert
VOL. IV. 2 H
452 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
Taylor's grand project for the reconstruction of the whole Inn, since
in this instance the decided advantage of recurring to ancient models
is abundantly manifest in the result. The four Inns of Court were
once pleasantly characterised in the following distich:
Gray's Inn for walks, Lincoln's Inn for wall,
The Inner Temple for a garden, and the Middle for a hall.
It will now doubtless be admitted that the architecture of Lincoln's
Inn is deserving of notice for something beyond its wall, and in the
splendour of its noble hall is enabled not only to vie with, but to
surpass, the Middle Temple.
The foundation-stone of the new building was laid on the 20th of
April, 1843, by Sir James Lewis Knight-Bruce, then Vice-Chancellor,
and Treasurer of the Society, afterwards one of the Lords Justices on
the first creation of that office, and on this stone is the following
inscription :
Stet lapis, arboribus nudo defixus in horto,
Fundamen pulchraj tempus in omne domus.
Aula vetus lites et legum amigmata servet,
Ipsa nova exorior nobilitanda coquo.
xij cal. Maij MDCCCxliij.
This inscription (Mr. Foss tells us) has been humorously translated
by Sir George Eose:
The trees of yore
Are seen no more,
Unshaded now the garden lies;
May the red bricks,
Which here we fix,
Be lasting as our equities.
The olden dome
With musty tome
Of law and litigation suits;
In this we look
For a better Cook
Than he who wrote the " Institutes."
The building was completed within the short space of two years and
a half from the foundation. Standing on an elevated terrace, which
affords a spacious promenade of nearly fifty feet in width, the edifice is
so happily situated as to form one of the most conspicuously-placed
architectural objects in the metropolis, whilst the accessories of foliage
and vegetation, by which it is surrounded, harmonise and contrast
admirably with the building.
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY, 453
On the completion of the building, the ceremony of inauguration
took place on the 30th of October, 1845, being honoured by the
presence of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, with H.R.H. Prince Albert.
On this occasion the Queen received in the Library an address from
the Benchers and Barristers of the Society, and, after a banquet in the
hall, Prince Albert assented to their invitation to become a member of
the Society.
Instead of attempting any elaborate description of the noble apart-
ment in which I have the honour to address you, I feel that I cannot
do better than invite the assembly to cast their eyes around them, and
observe its spacious dimensions ; the grandly proportioned bays con-
taining the large windows, with their stained glass enriched with
armorial bearings; the oak panelling of the sides with its coloured
and gilt cornice ; the carved screen with its arches and tracery, and its
open arcade — the front of the gallery — where are presented six figures
in high canopied niches, representing eminent members of the Society,
(Sir Matthew Hale; Archbishop Tillotson; W. Murray, Earl of
Mansfield; Philip Yorke, Earl of Hardwicke; and W. Warburton,
Bishop of Gloucester ;) and the beautiful timber-framed roof, its pendants
enriched with gilding and colour, in which lightness, strength, and
ornament are combined, and which is, in fact, designed with so much
artistic feeling that it may vie with any of the examples of ancient
open timber roofs now remaining.
The upper lights of the windows on either side contain the arms,
crests, and mottoes of distinguished members of the Society, chrono-
logically arranged from 1450 to 1843; and the lower divisions of
each window are diapered with the letters L. I., the latter formed by
the milrine, part of the arms of the Society. On the panelling of the
dais are the full heraldic achievements, removed from the old hall, of
Charles II., and the other royal and distinguished visitors of 1671
before-mentioned ; and beneath these, and continued along the panels
on either side of the hall, are the armorial bearings of legal dignitaries
who have been members of the Society, and those of bishops who have
held the office of preacher.
In the great southern window of this room is now placed the
beautiful heraldic composition, designed by Mr. Willement, represent-
ing the arms of Queen Victoria; the brilliant colours and the broad
treatment of the design of which make it one of the finest examples of
this splendid mode of embellishment. This ornament has lately been
2 H 2
454 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
brought here from the library, where it occupied originally the whole
of the lower division of the window immediately facing the doors. By
Mr. Willement the other armorial insignia in this room and in the
Library were also designed.
The oriel window on the eastern side contains all the stained glass
removed from the old hall, consisting of the armorial insignia of
noblemen, legal dignitaries, &c. The western oriel contains in the
upper lights the arms of Ralph Neville, Bishop of Chichester ; Henry
Lacy, Earl of Lincoln; William de Haverhyll, Treasurer to King
Henry III.; Edward Sulyard, esq. by whom the inheritance of the
premises of Lincoln's Inn was transferred to the Society, and those of
Lincoln's Inn. The arms of King Charles II., James Duke of York,
and Prince Rupert, are in the middle of the window ; and beneath these
are the arms of Prince Albert.
The noble fresco painting on the wall above the dais was executed
in 1859 by Mr. George Frederick Watts, who obtained one of the
highest class prizes at the first Westminster Hall competition. The
work represents an imaginary assemblage of the great early law-givers
of various nations, from Moses down to Edward L, and has been
entitled " The School of Legislation," as bearing some analogy to
Raphael's fresco of the " School of Athens " in the Vatican. It has
been said that " this fresco is conspicuously distinguished from all the
mural decorations hitherto executed in this country by its architectural
character, seeming to fit into and form part of the hall it adorns."
The busts ranged along the dais, on either side of the folding doors,
are those of Lord Brougham, Lord Denman, and Lord Lyndhurst.
Beneath this hall is an apartment forming an essential appendage
to all collegiate establishments, namely, the kitchen. This lofty and
spacious room is 45 feet square and 20 feet high; the ceiling is
vaulted, and supported on massive pillars and bold arches. Besides
the vast fire-place, one of the largest in England, the kitchen is well
furnished with stoves and all necessary appliances for the exercise of
the culinary art.
COUNCIL CHAMBER AND DRAWING ROOM. The folding doors from the
dais of the hall open into a spacious vestibule, 58 feet in length by 22
in width, on the eastern side of which is the Council Chamber, and on
the western side the Drawing Room. The walls of these rooms are
adorned with portraits of legal dignitaries and eminent members of the
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 455
Society, and also with a valuable and extensive collection of engravings
from portraits of legal dignitaries, eminent prelates, t^c. from an early
period, a great number of whom have been connected with the Society,
There is also a large painting of the athlete, Milo of Crotona, by
Giorgione, and a drawing in water colours, by Joseph Nash, of the
interior of the hall, as seen at the ceremony of inauguration.
THE LIBRARY. The oaken folding doors directly opposite to those
of the Hall open into the Library. This noble apartment was originally
80 feet in length, but so rapid has been the accumulation of books,
that, at the end of a quarter of a century after its erection, it has been
found necessary that it should be enlarged, and it has accordingly just
received an addition to its length of fifty-one feet. In the extension of
the building the original plan was adhered to; the execution of the
work was entrusted to Sir Gilbert Scott; the great oriel at the eastern
extremity was taken down stone by stone, and re-erected in the same
form. The dimensions are now 130 feet in length from east to west
(exclusive of the depth of the great oriels at the extremities, which
are each about six feet more), the breadth 40 feet, and the height 44
feet. The admiration excited by the lofty proportions of this room is
heightened by the excellence of the plan of its arrangement, and by
the whole of its internal decoration. The roof, of open oak, differs in
composition from that of the Hall, but is equally remarkable for skill
and elegance in its design. The oriel windows, as well as the windows
on the southern side, are enriched with heraldic insignia, displaying
arms of the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn. Convenient access is afforded
to all the book-cases by light iron galleries carried round the projecting
piers, or by the upper galleries, which extend through the whole length
of the room ; and these galleries are easily reached by stone staircases
at the end of the room, or by iron spiral staircases, one at each
corner.
In the extension, a handsome turret has been built at the south-
eastern angle, containing a spiral staircase leading from the garden up
to the Library, by which means the main building is relieved from
much of the traffic incidental to the use of the Library.
The original foundation of the Library of Lincoln's Inn is of earlier
date than that of any now existing in the metropolis — I say now
existing — fo£ the libraries which were of earlier foundation have for
the most part perished. The Library of the City of London, founded
456 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
by Richard Whifctington in 1421, underwent much spoliation, a certain
nobleman, for instance, having at one time borrowed about three cart-
loads of books which were not returned ; and the remainder perished
in the great fire of London. Of the old library of St. Paul's, built by
Walter Shiryngton, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the reign
of Henry VL, there now remain only two or three manuscripts ; the
present library owes its existence chiefly to Bishop Coinpton. Lambeth
Library was founded by Archbishop Bancroft, 1604-10; and Sion
College in the reign of Charles I.
In the 13th year of the reign of Henry VII. A.D. 1497, John
Nethersale, " late one of this Society, bequeathed forty marks, partly
towards the building of a Library here for the benefit of the students
of the laws of England, and partly that every priest of this house, in
the celebration of divine service every Friday, should sing a mass of
requiem, &c., for the soul of the said John."
The building, the site of which is not now known, was finished in
the 24th Henry VII. Previously to their removal to the present
edifice, the books occupied a suite of rooms in the Stone Building,
to which they had been transferred in the year 1787 from the Old
Square.
There are various entries in the records of the Society relating to
the Library in the reign of Elizabeth. It seems, however, that little
progress was made in the accumulation of books; for, at a Council
held in 6 James I., A.D. 1608, " because the Library was not well
furnished with books, it was ordered that, for the more speedy doing
thereof, every one that should thenceforth be called to the bench in
this Society should give twenty shillings towards the buying of books
for the same Library; and every one thenceforth called to the bar
thirteen shillings and four pence ; all which sums to be paid to Mr.
Matthew Hadde, who for the better ordering of the said Library was
then made Master thereof." Three years afterwards it was ordered
that Mr. Hadde, thus constituted the first Master of the Library, an
office now held in annual rotation by each Bencher, " should buy and
provide for the Library ' Fleta,' and such other old books and manu-
scripts of the law, and to cause those that be ill bound to be new
bound." At a subsequent meeting it was ordered " that ten pounds
should be paid by Mr. Hadde out of the money received from Sir
William Sedley for copies of l Corpus Juris Civilis,' in six volumes,
and ' Corpus Juris Canonici, ' in three volumes, and that he should
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 457
cause them to be bound with bosses without chains,* and pay the
charges of binding out of that money."
The Library has been enriched at various periods by donations from
members of the Society, as well as from the directors and curators of
libraries and institutions, the public authorities, and the liberality of
private individuals.
One of the earliest of these benefactors was Eanulph Cholmeley,
Serjeant-at-Law, Recorder of the City of London, and three times
Reader at Lincoln's Inn in the reigns of Edward VI., Philip and Mary,
and Elizabeth. To him the Library is indebted for several rare
volumes of the early Year-Books, four of which had belonged to
William Rastell, nephew of Sir Thomas More, and one of the Judges
of Common Pleas, and contain his autograph ; a very beautiful copy of
the first edition of Fitzherbert's Abridgment; a manuscript of Bracton
of the fourteenth century; and several other books. The Year-books,
as well as some other volumes presented by him, chiefly in the original
oak binding, had a small paper label, on which was written the title
of the work, with the name of the donor, curiously fastened on the side
of the covers under a piece of transparent horn; but, in consequence
of the decay of the oak covers, which were crumbling to powder, these
volumes have been re-bound.
Among other benefactors are to be mentioned the names of the
celebrated William Prynne, who, besides copies of his own multifarious
writings, presented the invaluable work known as his " Records," and
several other books, many of which contain inscriptions in his own
handwriting; Sir Matthew Hale, who bequeathed a large and valuable
* It was formerly the custom in public libraries to fasten books with chains
to the shelves or book-cases ; and many of the volumes in Lincoln's Inn Library
still retain, attached to their covers, the iron rings by which they were secured.
In these cases an iron rod was passed through the rings of the books, as they
were ranged on the shelves, and fastened by a padlock at the end ; a usage
practised till the last century in most collegiate and public libraries.
A curious instance of what certainly has some appearance of laxity in the
custody of libraries in former times is thus naively related by Dugdale in his
account of the Middle Temple : " They now have no Library, so that they
cannot attaine to the knowledge of divers learnings, but to their great charges,
by the buying of such bookes as they lust to study. They had a simple Library,
in which were not many bookes besides the law ; and that Library, by meanes
that it stood allwayes open, and that the learners had not each of them a key
unto it, it was at the last robbed and spoiled of all the bookes in it." — Orig.
Jurid. p. 197, ed. 1608.
458 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
collection of manuscripts; John Brydall, esq. author of many legal
works, who in 1706 gave a collection of pamphlets, chiefly theological
and political, some of them very curious; John Coxe, esq. a Bencher of
Lincoln's Inn, who in 1785 bequeathed his library, consisting of many
manuscripts in his own handwriting, together with about 5000 volumes
of printed books; and the late Charles Purton Cooper, esq. also a
Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, who presented nearly 2000 volumes of books
on the civil law and the laws of foreign nations, in various languages.
At the time of the removal of the books to the new building in
1845 the number of volumes was about 18,000, but the number is now
increased to nearly 40,000. In addition to a collection of law books,
admitted to be the most complete in this country, the shelves of the
Library are well furnished with books in historical and various other
classes of literature ; and, if the audience will have patience to listen,
we will take a survey of these classes in somewhat systematic order,
beginning with that of English law.
ENGLISH LAW. How vast has been the increase of books on the
study and practice of the law since the days of Lord Chief Justice
Coke may be seen by reference to the preface of one of the volumes of
his Lordship's reports, where, after observing that " right profitable are
the ancient books of the common law yet extant, as Granville, Bracton,
Britton," &c., and mentioning several of them with commendation
(about twenty or thirty in number), he continues: "then have you
fifteen books or treatises, and as many volumes of the Reports, besides
the Abridgments of the Common Law, for I speak not of the Statutes
and Acts of Parliament, whereof there be divers great volumes." In
addition to the fifteen treatises here mentioned by Lord Coke, tho
Library now contains about 1,200 volumes of treatises on the Law;
about as many volumes of reports; of abridgments of the law about 50
volumes; and the statute law is extended to nearly 50 volumes in
quarto.
Law-books were among the earliest works that issued from the press
in England on the invention of the art of printing. It does not appear,
however, that any of these were given to the public by the Father of
the English press, with the exception of the statutes of Hemy VII.
printed by William Caxton shortly before his decease.
The first of the Abridgments of the Law, written by Nicholas
• LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 459
Statham, who was Baron of the Exchequer in the reign of Edward IV.,
is comprised in 380 pages; the Abridgment of Mr. Charles Viner,
published about the middle of the last century, is in 24 vols. folio, of
which a second edition was published in 24 vols. 8vo. 1791-94, and a
Supplement in 6 vols. 8vo. 1799-1806.
It was observed by an eminent lawyer that " a mind anxious for
information and the discovery of truth will be amply gratified for the
toil in investigating the origin and progress of a jurisprudence which
has the good of the people for its basis, and the accumulated wisdom
of ages for its improvement." " There is not, in my opinion," says Sir
James Mackintosh, " in the whole compass of human affairs, so noble
a spectacle as that which is displayed in the progress of jurisprudence;
where we may contemplate the unwearied exertions of a succession of
wise men, through a long course of ages, withdrawing every case, as it
arrives, from the dangerous power of discretion, and subjecting it to
inflexible rules."
But I hasten to relieve the dismay of this audience, if they imagine
I am about to enter into a dissertation on the various merits of the
treatises on English law that are arranged on the shelves of this
Library, pausing only to mention one of the writers, who, notwith-
standing the changes that of late years have taken place in the law,
has been still able to hold his ground, though of course often obliged
to change his front — -I mean Sir William Blackstone.
" It has been well observed that the cannonade which for the last half-
century has been playing on the Commentaries, exposing as they do so
wide a front, has rendered them, as they were left by their author, a
mere wreck. Edition after edition has been called for, and given by
editors more or less eminent. But, in spite of all the alterations, much
still remains, not only unaltered, but unequalled for correctness and
beautiful statement." In Colonel Fremont's account of his disastrous
exploring expedition across the Rocky Mountains there is an interesting
note relative to his perusal of these volumes. He states that while
encamped on the side of the wintry mountain, 12,000 feet above the
level of the sea, with the thermometer at zero, and the country buried
in snow, the volumes of Blackstone's Commentaries, which he had taken
from the library of his wife's father, formed his Christmas amusements.
He read them to pass the time and kill the consciousness of his
situation. " You may well suppose," he adds, " that my first law
lessons will be well remembered."
460 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
REPORTS. I will now offer a few observations on the collections of
reports. " The practice of collecting judicial decisions," says M. Dupin,
" is of great antiquity. Craterus, the favourite of Alexander the Great,
was the author of a work, the loss of which is much regretted by the
learned; it was a collection of Athenian laws, amongst which were the
decisions of the Areopagus and the Council of Amphictyons. The
Roman lawyers often quote the judgments of the Praetors, and the
ordinances of other magistrates." That this practice prevailed at an
early period in England is shown by a passage in Chaucer . —
In termes hadde he cas and domes alle,
That from the time of King Will, weren falle.
The reports of cases in England are extant in a regular series from
the reign of Edward II. inclusive ; from whose time to that of
Henry VIII. they were taken by the prothonotaries or chief scribes
of the court at the expense of the crown, and published annually,
whence they are known under the denomination of the Year-Books.
Many volumes of these Year-books, as first printed in separate
years and terms by Pynson, Redman, Berthelet, &c. are in the
Library of Lincoln's Inn. When the ten volumes of the Year-
Books were printed by subscription in 1679, they were recom-
mended by the judges to all students and professors of the law, as an
essential part of their study ; and Serjeant Maynard is said by Roger
North to have had such a relish of the old Year-Books that he carried
one in his coach to divert his time in travel, and chose it before any
comedy. When the compilation of the Year-Books was discontinued,
the Reports were published at various times by men eminent in the
legal profession, such as Edmund Plowden, Sir James Dyer, Sir
Edward Coke, &c.; but the regular periodical publication of reports
did not take place till the latter part of the last century ; and since
that time the multiplication of reports had become so inconvenient
that in the year 1866 a new system of reporting was established under
the direction of a body named the Council of Law Reporting, the object
of which was the preparation of one complete set of reports, by
barristers of known ability, to be published with promptitude and
regularity.
STATUTES. The importance of these enactments in the study of
history as well as in the attainment of a scientific knowledge of the
law is very evident. " Our Acts of Parliament," says Bishop
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 461
Nicholson, " give often such fair hints of the humours most pre-
vailing at the time of their being enacted, that many parts of our
history may be recovered from them, especially if compared with
the writers, either in divinity or morality, about the same date."
The Library of Lincoln's Inn possesses copies of all the principal
editions of the Statutes, from the volumes printed by Berth elet, the
King's printer in the time of Henry VIII., to those of the present day.
TRIALS. Collections of trials are valuable not only to the lawyer,
but afford rich materials for the study of history, indicating in some
degree the character of the times in which they occur, the manners
and habits of the people, as well as their moral and intellectual
condition. The trials of former times give life and reality, and what
may be termed dramatic effect, to history; and exhibit a great variety
of character under circumstances of difficulty and danger. Besides
the various editions of the State Trials, the Library possesses a large
collection of criminal and civil trials ; a set of the trials at the Sessions
of the Old Bailey, now the Central Criminal Court, from 1730 to the
present time, a portion of which set was formerly in the magnificent
library of the Duke of Roxburghe ; and a collection of papers, printed
and manuscript, bound in 58 volumes, folio, relative to the memorable
trial of Warren Hastings. This trial called forth some of the most
brilliant speeches of Burke, Fox, and Sheridan ; and an unpublished
speech of the latter is found in the collection. The collection belonged
formerly to Mr. Adolphus.
CIVIL AND FOREIGN LAW. The importance of the study of the Civil
or Roman Law, and the great influence which that law has exercised
over the judicial institutions of England", as well as of other European
nations, are now generally admitted. It was observed by Sir Matthew
Hale, " that the true grounds and reasons of law were so well delivered
in the Digest, that a man could never understand law as a science so
well as by seeking it there."
The Library is very rich in works on the civil law, containing,
besides the best editions of the " Corpus Juris Civilis," some fine early
printed editions of the Code and Digest, and the edition of the
Pandects, printed by Torrentini at Florence in 1553, a large collection
of the works of all the principal commentators, as Cujas, Doneau, Du
Moulin, Alciati, Pothier, &c.
462 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
With respect to the " Codex Legum Antiquarum," a collection con-
taining the Codes of the Visigoths, Lombards, Franks, Burgundians,
and other " barbarous " nations, it has been mentioned as a curious
fact that law should be " attached not to place but to persons — a sort
of moveable chattel, or piece of household furniture, which each
individual shall be at liberty to transport with himself from place to
place, in every capricious change of his abode. Such, however, was
the law of the dark ages. The Lombard, the Goth, the Frank, the
Burgundian, the Saxon, the Roman, residing in the same district,
all enjoyed their separate laws." It constantly happens, says Agobard,
Archbishop of Lyons, in a letter to Louis le Debonaire, that, of five
persons who are walking or sitting together, not one is subject to the
same law as the other.
FOREIGN LAW. On the laws of France, Spain, Germany, and the
other nations of Europe, the Library possesses a rich and extensive
collection of authors. Among those on the law of Germany are some
curious specimens of early printing, as Der Sachsenspiegel, printed at
Augsburg in 1484, and the Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV.,
also printed in 3484, at Ulm. Among those on Danish law are two
volumes beautifully printed in large Gothic characters at Copenhagen
in 1683; both of these had been used by King Frederick IV. when
presiding in the College of the Chief Tribunal.
In the class of THEOLOGY the Library possesses the two celebrated
Polyglot Bibles, viz., the Antwerp Polyglot and the London Polyglot;
the Hebrew Bible of Dr. Kennicott; the Septuagint by Holmes and
Parsons; the Greek Testaments of Robert Stephens, Mill, Wetstein, &c. ;
Latin and other versions of the sacred text ; most of the Greek and
Latin Fathers; Collections and Histories of Councils; the principal
ecclesiastical historians; and a large collection of the works of the
most eminent divines of the Church of England. Among the Latin
versions of the Bible is that with the Commentary of Nicholas de Lyra,
in six vols. folio, given to the Society by Dr. Donne, with an inscription
in his handwriting on the fly-leaf of the first volume, in which he
alludes to his change of life, and transition from the study of the law,
and various other pursuits, to the sacred office of the ministry.
In the class of ENGLISH HISTORY are found the most valuable
historians, from the early period of Gildas and Nennius to those of our
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY. 463
own era, as Sharon Turner, Lingard, Mackintosh, Macaulay, Froudc,
&c. Here are also the pulications of Thomas Hearne ; the Chronicles
of Monstrelet, Holinshed, &c. ; of the latter the original editions of
1577 and 1586-7. Time does not suffice to do more than mention
the collections of State Papers, and the very valuable publications still
in progress of the Master of the Kolls. But I must steal a minute
(with your permission) to speak of an acquisition of great value and
interest in this class made in the year 1849, that of a volume, the
very existence of which was unknown to bibliographers until a recent
period.
This is the volume, forming the INTKODUCTION to Prynne's Records,
purchased at the sale of the Duke of Buckingham's library at Stowe,
and supposed to be the only copy extant.
Three volumes of this remarkable work, entitled "An exact Chrono-
logical Vindication and Historical Demonstration of our British, Roman,
Saxon, Danish, Norman, English King's Supreme Ecclesiastical Juris-
diction in and over all Spiritual Affairs, Causes, Persons, as well as
Temporal, within their realms of England, Scotland, Ireland, and other
Dominions, from the original planting of Christian Religion therein,"
&c., had been given to the Society by the author, William Prynne, who
was one of the Benchers of this Inn.
The first volume of the work commences with Book the Second ;
and this Introduction is called Book the First; the pages are partly
occupied with arguments maintaining that the supreme ecclesiastical
power or jurisdiction over all persons and causes resides in the civil
magistrate ; and contain a history of the gradual encroachments of
the papal power. The volume terminates, unfinished, at page 400,
with the words, " coepiscopi tui et coma," and is without title-page.
It is supposed that not more than twenty-five sets of the three volumes
exist, most of the copies of the first volume, and a great number of the
second, together with this introduction, having perished at the house
of the printer in the Great Fire of London, and it is worthy of remark
that this loss occurred to the author, whilst he himself was occupied
in endeavoui'ing to rescue the public records of the kingdom from
destruction. It is probable that the introductory volume had been
reserved in the author's hands for his own use during the progress of
the work through the press; and that, if any other copies were rescued
from the flames, they have since perished, from the circumstance of
their being unfinished, and without title-page, and having consequently
464 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
been disregarded by persons into -whose hands they may have
fallen.
In the department of TOPOGRAPHY the Library is especially rich,
possessing descriptions of every county in England which can boast
of its historian, beside numerous histories of particular towns and
parishes, from the Perambulation of Kent by William Lambarde in
1570, the first separate county history that was published, to the
History of Buckinghamshire by Dr. George Lipscomb, and the recent
work (unfinished) on the county of Suffolk by the Rev. James Suckling.
I will only pause to mention the names of the author of the " Monasticon
Anglicanum," Sir William Dugdale; of the historian of Leicestershire,
John Nichols ; of Cheshire, George Ormerod ; of Surrey, Manning and
Bray; of Wiltshire, Sir Richard Colt Hoare; the History of Richmond-
shire, by Thomas Dunham Whitaker, remarkable for the elegance of
its descriptions, as well as for the beauty of its illustrations by
engravings from the pencil of Turner; and the History of Durham.
by Richard Surtees of Mainsforth, the friend and correspondent of Sir
Walter Scott, distinguished by the fidelity of the engravings of ancient
seals and other excellences.
Among the engravings in Strype's edition of Stow's Survey of
London is a " Prospect of Lincoln's Inn," as it appeared in 1720. In
this view is seen the Corinthian column, with the fountain, in the area
of Serle Court, and various figures exhibiting the costumes and
equipages of the period. In the gardens, here laid out with straight
walks, according to the taste of the time, with rows of trees and a
fountain, may be observed some of the statues described by Hatton
in his View of London, " whether finely done in metal, or lively
represented carved in fine white marble." These are Julius Caesar;
Augustus ; Pompey the Great, described as " sprightly carved in stone ; "
aud Mark Antony, " with a dagger wherewith he slew himself."
FOREIGN HISTORY. In a cursory glance at the class of Foreign
History in the Library, the visitor will notice the collections of
Graevius and Gronovius in illustration of Greek and Roman Antiquities;
the "Monumens de la Monarchic Franpoise," by Montfaucon; the
" Rerum Italicarum Scriptores " of Muratori; and those splendid
publications, the " Recueil des Historiens des Gaules et de la France,"
begun by Dom Bouquet in 1738, and continued by Dom Brial and
LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRAEY. 465
other Benedictines of St. Maur ; and the " Monumenta Rerum Ger-
manicarum," by George Henry Pertz. With these will be found also
the principal works on the history of each nation of Europe, as well
as many on American and on Oriental History.
GREEK AND LATIN CLASSICS. The works of nearly all the Greek
and Eoman authors, to whom as poets, philosophers, orators, or
historians the name of the CLASSICS has been given by the common
consent of the world of letters, are to be found in the Library ; but
the editions in general are not those which are remarkable for their
rarity or typographical splendour, but rather for their critical merits,
as those of Bockh, Wesseling, Schweighauser, Becker, Bentley,
Gaisford, &c.
DICTIONARIES. The word does not sound inviting, but how infinitely
the world is indebted to the erudition and patient industry of the
authors of dictionaries and grammars, must be evident upon a few
moments' reflection. By the aid of these silent guides the boundless
fields of literature and science are opened to the view of the student,
and he is enabled to hold converse with the mightiest spirits of all
lands. With these keys to the languages of ancient and modern nations,
I think it may be said that the Library is fairly, if not richly, stored.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. In the class of Bibliography, and the History of
Literature, and the Catalogues of Public Libraries, most of the
principal works are to be found here ; and this may be a fitting place
to mention many eminent members of the legal profession who have been
distinguished as collectors of books. One of the first of these was Arthur
Annesley, Earl of Anglesey, whose name appears at the head of the
Headers of Lincoln's Inn, to whom Prynne dedicated the third volume of
his Records. Another eminent collector was Philip Carteret Webb, of
Lincoln's Inn, the sale of whose library in 1771 occupied seventeen
days. Then follows the name of Matthew Duane, also of Lincoln's Inn,
a collector of books and coins. Among those of the present century it
may suffice to mention the names of Serjeant Heywood, Baron Bolland,
Justice Littledale, John Miller, B. H. Bright, Sutton Sharpe, Louis
Hayes Petit, C. P. Cooper, and Clement Tudway Swanston.
In the class of POETRY AND THE DRAMA I will only mention that the
illustrious writers of the Elizabethan and later eras, with some of
460 LINCOLN'S INN AND ITS LIBRARY.
earlier date, find their place here, but not many as yet of modern
times have been admitted; and in other branches of polite literature
may be observed the works of Swift, Addison, Johnson, Fielding, with
other chieftains of mighty name in those noble ranks. In the depart-
ment of mental and natural philosophy we can only glance at the
names of Bacon, Boyle, Locke, Newton, Leibnitz, &c. Of the writers
on modern science there is yet but a scanty array; but so rapid and
important have been the discoveries of late years in its various
branches, that of necessity, ere long, an entrance must be accorded to
the volumes which contain its wondrous records.
And now, having thus long occupied your attention with subjects
that could hardly fail to interest if worthily treated, viz. buildings arid
books — I have to thank you for the patience with which you have
listened to these remarks, and to solicit your indulgence for all the
shortcomings; and, if you should desire further information on the
subject of " Lincoln's Inn and its Library," I may perhaps be permitted
to mention that the details are already before the public in a little
work written some years ago by the author of this paper.
467
at
(Continued from Vol. III. p. 559.)
FORTY-SECOND GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the VESTRY HALL, WILLESDEN, on Tuesday, Uth July, 1869,
The Rev. THOMAS HUGO, M.A. F.S.A. Vice-President, in the
Chair.
The following papers were read :—
" Notes on the Parish Church of St. Mary, Willesden," by the
Rev. J. CRANE WHARTON, M.A. F.G.S.
" Notes on the Parish and Registers of St. Mary, Willesden," by
F. A. WOOD, Esq.
" Remarks on the Miraculous Image of Our Lady at Willesden," by
J. G. WALLER, Esq.
The Members and their friends then proceeded to the Parish Church
of Willesden, and from thence to Perivale Church, where J. G.
WALLER, Esq. contributed a paper on the " Brasses and Painted
Glass."
Great Greenford Church was next visited, and a paper read " On
the Church and Registers " by Major ALFRED HEALES, F.S.A.
The Company next proceeded to Northolt Church, where a paper
was read " On the Church Registers and objects of Archaeological
interest in Northolt," by GEORGE HARRIS, Esq. F.S.A.
Votes of thanks having been unanimously accorded to the Clergy
and the Readers of the several Papers, the Members and their friends
adjourned to the grounds of Mr. Gurney (kindly lent for the
occasion), where a marquee had been erected and a collation provided.
This terminated the day's proceedings.
VOL. IV. 2 I
468 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
FORTY-THIRD GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the HALL of the WORSHIPFUL COMPANY of CLOTHWORKERS,
MINCING LANE (by permission of the Master and Wardens), on
Thursday, 26th May, 1870,
Mr. Alderman T. Q. F1NNIS, V.P. in the Chair.
Papers were read as follows : —
" A Brief History of the Company of Clothworkers," by CHARLES
FREDERICK ANGELL, Esq. F.S.A. (a Member of the Court of
Assistants).
" A Descriptive Account of the Records and Documents of the
Company of Clothworkers," by WILLIAM HENRY BLACK, Esq. F.S.A.
A description of the plate of the Company having been given by
GEORGE LAMBERT, Esq. the thanks of the Society were unanimously
voted to the Master and Wardens of the Company for the use of their
Hall; to Mr. Roberts, the Clerk of the Company, for his kind co-
operation; and to the Readers of Papers.
The Members and their friends then proceeded to the Church of
Allhallows Staining, Mark Lane, where the early books of the parish
were exhibited by permission of the Churchwardens, and a paper read
upon the history of the Church by the Honorary Secretary.
The Company next visited the Church of St. Mary-at-Hill, St.
Mary's Hill, Billingsgate, where the plate and parish records were
exhibited by permission of the Rector.
After which they proceeded to the Church of St. Dionis Backchuroh,
Fenchurch Street, were the early books of the parish were exhibited
by the Rector and Churchwardens, and a paper was read by WILLIAM
DURRANT COOPER, Esq. F.S.A. V.P. " Upon the History of the
Church."
This terminated the day's proceedings.
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 469
FORTY-FOURTH GENERAL AND FIFTEENTH ANNUAL
MEETING,
Held at the SOCIETY'S ROOMS, No. 22, HART STREET, BLOOMSBURY
SQUARE, on Monday, llth July, 1870.
J. W. BUTTERWORTH, ESQ. F.S.A. in the Chair.
The Notice convening the Meeting was read.
The Report of the Council and the Balance Sheet, examined and
found correct by the Auditors, having been read as follows :—
FIFTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL.
Your Council have to congratulate the Society on another year of
success. The new Members number 57, while those removed by
death and other causes are but few.
Since the last Annual Meeting the following General Meetings have
been held: viz. —
July 13th, 1869. To Willesden, Perivale, Great Greenford, and
Northolt; also
May 26th, 1870. To the Hall of the Worshipful Company of
Clothworkers, and the churches of Allhallows Staining, St. Mary-at-
Hill, and St. Dionis Backchurch.
Part X. of the Society's Transactions, completing vol. iii. with
index, &c. has been issued to the Members for the subscription of
1869. By an arrangement mutually advantageous, a quarto pub-
lication comprising a description of the Roman pavement recently
discovered in Bucklersbury, and other remains of Roman London, has
been produced by the Corporation of London jointly with this Society,
and has been issued to the Members for the subscription of 1870.
Your Council trust that this will prove to be the first of many instances
in which that great Corporation will unite with this Society in labours
tending to the preservation and record of monuments of antiquity in
London.
Your Council regret to announce that a vacancy has arisen in the
office of Honorary Secretary by the retirement of Mr. Thomas
Milbourn, who had discharged the duties of that office with zeal and
fidelity during the last three years.
2 I 2
470
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
Your Council have placed since the last Annual Meeting the
following early and valued members of the Society on the list of
Vice-Presidents, viz.: Charles Eoach Smith, Esq. F. S. A. and
William Durrant Cooper, Esq. F.S.A.
The Council in conclusion desire to impress upon the members
how much they may contribute to the success and usefulness of the
Society, not only by introducing their friends to the Society, but also
by contributing objects of antiquity or notices of discoveries for
exhibition or discussion at the Evening Meetings of the Society.
These meetings have been attended with great success during the
present year, especially since they have been held at University
College, by the kind permission of the authorities of that body.
The CASH ACCOUNT of the LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY from the 5th JULY, 1869, to the llth JULY, 1870.
Cr. 1869-70. £ s. d.
To Balance at Bankers at last Audit 59 2 3
„ Subscriptions and Entrance Fees
1869-70 . ' . . . 212 11 0
Received by Sale of Transactions . 16 6 6
Donation of Vintners' Company
towards Illustration of Ancient
Hearse Cloth . . . . 10 10 0
£298 9 9
Dr. 1869-70.
To Rent of Society's Rooms to Lady
Day 1870
„ Sachs, Engraver ....
„ Messrs. Nichols, balance of Ac-
count for Part IX.
„ „ on Account of
PartX
., Mr. Emslie, Lithographer .
„ Mr. Collingridge, Printer .
,, Mr. Ivatts, one year's Salary to
Christmas 1869 .
„ „ Account for Delivery
of Transactions
„ „ Commission on Col-
lection
„ Mr. Scott.Printing and Stationery
„ Mr. Mitchener, Printer
„ Mr. Farmer, Gas, Firing, and
Refreshments for Evening
Meetings
„ Mr. Franklin, for Drawing of
Hearse Cloth ....
,, Honorary Secretary, for Petty
Cash
„ Director of Evening Meetings,
for Petty Cash .
„ Balance at Bankers at present
Audit
Overpaid in error, Ivatts .
£ *. d.
20 0 0
19 11 0
36 7 6
80 0 0
5 If, 0
266
10 0 0
11 15 2
647
27 13 0
1 7 6
6 1 0
550
10 0 0
10 0 0
46 1 10
008
£298 9 9
It was Resolved : " That the said Report and Balance Sheet be
received, adopted, and printed."
The Honorary Secretary presented a Report of the Assets and
Liabilities of the Society.
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 471
Resolved : " That the thanks of this Meeting are due and are hereby
given to the Patrons, President, and Vice-Presidents for their services
during the past year."
Resolved : " That the thanks of this Meeting be given to the
Treasurer for his able services during the past year."
Resolved : " That the best thanks of this Meeting be given to the
Council for their Report, and for their services during the past year."
Resolved : " That the thanks of this Meeting be given to the
Honorary Secretary for his services during the past year."
Resolved: " That the thanks of this Meeting be given to Mr. Price,
Director of Evening Meetings, for his able services during the past
year."
Resolved: "That the thanks of the Meeting be given to the
Auditors for their services in auditing the accounts of the Society for
the past year."
The Meeting then proceeded to the election of Officers and Council
for the ensuing year, and the following were unanimously chosen: —
Patrons as before.
President as before.
Vice-Presidents as before, with the addition of Charles Reed, Esq.
M.P. F.S.A.
Treasurer as before.
Trustees as before, with the addition of John Orde Hall, Esq.
Council : —
C. Baily, Esq.
J. W. Baily, Esq.
E. J. Barron, Esq. F.S.A.
W. H. Black, Esq. F.S.A.
J. W. Butterworth, Esq. F.S.A.
H. Campkin, Esq F.S.A.
G. A. Cape, Esq.
H. C. Coote, Esq. F.S.A.
J. Franklin, Esq.
G. R. French, Esq.
J. E. Gardner, Esq. F.S.A.
T. Milbourn, Esq.
B. B. Orridge, Esq. F.G.S.
Rev. W. S. Simpson, F.S.A.
E. Smith, M.D. F.R.S.
J. G. Waller, Esq.
R. Westwood, Esq.
J. Whichcord, Esq. F.S.A.
A. White, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S.
Honorary Secretaries : Mr. E. W. Brabrook, Mr. J. E. Price.
Director of Evening Meetings as before.
Auditors: Mr. G. Lambert, Mr. T. F. Peacock.
472 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
Bankers as before.
Collector as before.
The following Resolutions were subsequently proposed and carried: —
Resolved : " That the thanks of this Meeting be given to the
Authorities of the University College for the use of the Rooms of the
College during the past year for the purposes of the Evening Meetings
of the Society."
Resolved: "That the thanks of this Meeting be given to Mr.
Brabrook for the kind offer of his Chambers as a place of deposit for
the Library of the Society and as a place of Meeting for the Council."
Resolved : " That the thanks of this Meeting be given to J. W. Baily,
Esq. and other gentlemen who have kindly contributed antiquities for
exhibition at the several Evening Meetings."
Resolved : " That the thanks of this Meeting be given to those
gentlemen who have materially aided in the success of the Evening
Meetings during the past Session by preparing and reading papers at
the same."
Resolved: " That the sincere thanks of this Society are due and are
given (through the Library Committee) to the Corporation of the City
of London for the opportunity afforded to this Society to assist them
in the illustration of the valuable antiquities lately discovered in the
City; and the Society desire to express the hope that many oppor-
tunies may arise to continue this alliance."
Resolved : " That thanks be given to the London Stone Com-
mittee for the aid they have rendered in placing an appropriate
inscription over that interesting relic of antiquity."
Resolved: " That it be referred to the Council to consider the
question of the loan of books to Members of the Society."
A vote of thanks having been unanimously given to the Chairman,
the proceedings terminated.
FORTY-FIFTH GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the SCHOOL-ROOM, MONKEN HADLEY, by permission of the
Rev. F. C. CASS, Rector, on Tuesday, September 13th, 1870,
J. R. DANIEL-TYSSEN, ESQ. F.S.A. Vice-President in the
Chair.
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 473
The following papers were read :—
By Mr. W. H. BLACK, F.S.A. " On the Ancient Topography of
Barnet."
By Mr. T. F. PEACOCK, " On Barnet and its neighbourhood."
Thanks were voted unanimously —
To the Rector of Hadley for the use of the school-room ;
To the Readers of Papers ;
To the Earl of Strafford for permission to pass through Wrotham
Park;
To the Chairman.
The Society then proceeded to Monken Hadley Church, where a
paper was read by the Rev. F. C. CASS, the Rector.
To South Minis Church, where a paper by Mr. E. Wright was read
by the Rev. C. THOMPSON, the Rector.
To Hadley, where a collation was provided ; and
To Barnet Church, where explanations were given by the Rev.
R. H. HUTTON, the Vicar; and a short communication was made by
Mr. E. W. BRABROOK, F.S.A. one of the Honorary Secretaries.
Thanks were voted unanimously —
To the Clergy and the other Authors of Papers ;
To Mr. Duckworth for the use of his grounds for the collation ; and
To the Honorary Secretaries.
FORTY-SIXTH GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the HALL of the WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF LEATHERSELLERS,
by permission of the Master, Wardens, and Court of Assistants, on
Thursday, 4th May, 1871,
J. H. JANSON, ESQ. Master of the Company, in the Chair.
The following papers were read : —
By Mr. W. H. BLACK, F.S.A. " On the Charters, Records, and
History of the Leathersellers' Company."
By the Rev. T. HUGO, F.S.A. " On the Hospital of Le Papey,
Bishopsgate."
474 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
Thanks were voted unanimously —
To the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers for the use of their
Hall;
To the .Readers of Papers ;
To Mr. J. E. Gardner for his exhibition of a portion of his collection
of prints and drawings relating to the neighbourhood ;
To the Chairman.
The Society then proceeded
To the Church of St. Andrew Undershaft, where papers were read
by Mr. W. H. BLACK, F.S.A. and Mr. W. H. OVERALL, F.S.A.
To the Church of St. Peter, Cornhill, where a paper was read by
the Rev. R. WHITTINGTON, M.A. the Rector.
Thanks were voted unanimously to the Clergy and the Readers of
Papers.
FORTY-SEVENTH GENERAL AND SIXTEENTH ANNUAL
MEETING,
Held at University College, by permission of the Council of the
College, on Monday, 24th July, 1871,
J. G. NICHOLS, ESQ. F.S.A. V.P. in the Chair.
The Notice convening the Meeting was read.
The Report of the Council was read, as follows : —
SIXTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL.
1. Your Council have the satisfaction to report the continued
progress and prosperity of the Society during the year 1870-1.
2. The number of new Members elected has been 33, while the
losses by deaths and resignation have been 21 only.
3. Among the losses by death your Council regret to find the names
of several who have served on their own body, or whose services to
the Society as individual Members must long be cherished in grateful
remembrance.
4. Mr. B. B. Orridge, F.G.S. had been one of the Society's most
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 475
zealous supporters. He contributed several papers of historical
interest to our Transactions ; and the active part taken by him as a
Member of the Corporation of London in the improvement of its
library and museum, the publication of its records, and indeed in all
movements having for their object the promotion of literary and
archaeological pursuits, must endear his memory to a much wider circle
than that of this Society.
5. Mr. T. Brewer served the Society for several years first as an
Auditor and afterwards as a Member of Council, and communicated to
this Society a memoir of Sir Wolstan Dixie, and a note relating to
that Richard Carpenter whose proudest monument, the City of London
School, Mr. Brewer contributed in no slight degree to raise.
6. Mr. B. Westwood was also an early and constant supporter of
the Society, and served as Auditor and Member of the Council. In
both capacities his sound business talents were of the highest value,
and his genial temper .made him esteemed as a friend by all his
colleagues.
7. Mr. Henry F. Holt, though not a Member of the Council, was
a constant contributor to the Society's Evening Meetings of papers
which, while possessing every attraction of style in composition, were
richly stored with the results of his long research and deep learning,
and his place in that respect will not readily be filled.
8. Mr. Josiah Cato, an early and constant supporter of the Society,
and Colonel J. E. Western, have also been lost to the Society by
death during the past year.
9. The two General Meetings of the year have been very successful.
That at Monken Hadley, South Mims, and Barnet was well attended,
and most interesting papers were communicated by the Clergy and
others. That at Leathersellers' Hall was most numerously attended,
and the papers read were of a very valuable character. Mr. J. E.
Gardner favoured the Society by an exhibition of a portion of his
unrivalled collection of prints and drawings.
10. The Evening Meetings at University College have also been
more numerously attended than in any previous year, and have met
with uniform success.
11. The financial condition of the Society is satisfactory, and the
Balance Sheet will show that a marked improvement in that respect
has taken place during the year.
476
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
12. Part XL of the Society's Transactions is now complete, and will
in a few days be ready for delivery to the members.
13. The Members of Council retiring by rotation this yeav are
Messrs. C. Baily, J, W Baily, Barron, Butterworth, Coote, Waller,
Whichcord, and White, all of whom are eligible for re-election.
And it was Resolved : " That the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and the thanks of the Society be given to the Council for their
services."
The Balance Sheet, examined and found correct by the Auditors,
was read, as follows : —
CASH ACCOUNT for the year ending 30iH JUNE,
1871.
Dr. 1870, July 7. £ *. d. £ s. d.
Or.
£
t.
d. &
t. d.
To Balance at Bankers . . 46 1 10
By Charges on Income : —
To Subscriptions received : —
Poundage onCollection
39 Entrance Fees . 19 10 0
ofSubscriptions
13
0
\
2 Life Subscriptions 10 0 0
Subscription overpaid
8 Arrears . .400
returned .
1
0
0
287 Subscriptions for
Price of Publication
current year . 143 10 0
177 0 0
returned .
0
IS
0
To Sale of Publications . . 12 9 9
tions
1
1
4
To Cost of Wood Blocks returned to
- 15
1C 5
Society 5 18 3
By Expenses of Managemei
t:-
Two quarters' Rent,
Hart St. to 29 Sept.
1870
12
10
0
Printing, Stationery,
and Postages (Mr.
Scott)
27
18
0
Collector's Salary (half
year)
0
0
0
Collector's Expenses .
1
11
0
House Charges, Hart
Street
0
13
9
Fire Insurance .
0
5
0
Cheque Book
0
5
0
48
2 9
By Expenses of Meetings: —
Hadley Meeting .
8
I
C
Leathersellers" Hall
•
Meeting .
4
1
G
Evening Meetings
13
1!)
9
Petty Cash .
6
•
3
31
G 0
By Cost of Publications : —
Printing ( Messrs.
Nichols), Balance of
PartX. .
GO
t
G
Engraving (Mr. Can-
ton,), to complete
Part VI. .
9
10
0
,, (Messrs.
Emslie), Roman
Pavement .
15
10
0
Wood Blocks
0
1
6
Binding CMr. Rich-
mond)
S
9
3
94
15 3
By Balance at Bankers .
.
. 51
9 5
£241 9 10
£241
9 10
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 477
And it was Resolved : " That the same be adopted and printed, with
thanks to the Auditors."
Resolved : " That the thanks of the Society be given to the Patrons,
President, and Vice-Presidents, for their services during the past
year."
" That the cordial thanks of the Society be given to the Treasurer
for his services during the year."
" That thanks be given to the Honorary Secretaries for their
services during the year."
The following were elected Officers and Council of the Society for
the ensuing year.
The Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, Trustees, Treasurer,
Honorary Secretaries, Director of Evening Meetings, Auditors,
Bankers, and Collector, were all re-elected.
Council : —
W. H. Black, F.S.A.
H. Campkin, F.S.A.
J. Franklin.
G. E. French.
J. E. Gardner.
C. J. Shoppee, A.R.I.B.A.
G. A. Cape.
T. Milbourn.
Rev. W. S. Simpson, F.S.A.
E. Smith, M.D., F.R.S.
J. Livock.
Major A. Heales, F.S.A.
C. Baily.
J. W. Baily.
E. J. Barren, F.S.A.
J. W. Butterworth, F.S.A.
H. C. Coote, F.S.A.
J. G. Waller.
J. Whichcord, F.S.A.
.A. White, F.L.S., F.S.A.
H. W. King, Esq. was elected an Honorary Member of the Society.
Thanks were voted to the Council of University College for the
service they had rendered this Society, and through it the interests of
science and sound learning, by allowing the use of their premises for
the meetings of the Society ; and to the Chairman for his conduct in
the chair.
478 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
FORTY-EIGHTH GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the CHAPTER HOUSE of WESTMINSTER ABBEY (by per-
mission of H. M's. First Commissioner of Works) on Thursday, 16th
May, 1872,
The Very Rev. the DEAN OF WESTMINSTER in the Chair.
After an address from the Chair the following papers were read : —
" On the Wall Paintings in the Chapter House," by J. G.
WALLER, Esq.
" On the Monuments in Westminster Abbey, as evidence of the
existence of an English School of Art," by J. FRANKLIN, Esq.
" On the Records and Muniments of Westminster Abbey," by
JOSEPH BURTT, Esq.
During the progress of the meeting the Society visited Poets'
Corner, Henry the Seventh's Chapel, the Jerusalem Chamber, the
College Hall, and the Chapel of St. Catherine, under the guidance of
the Dean of Westminster, G. Gilbert Scott, Esq. R.A. F.S.A. and
Alfred White, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S.
, Thanks were voted unanimously —
To the Readers of Papers ;
To Mr. Scott and Mr. White ;
To Mr. J. E. Gardner for his exhibition in the library of West-
minster Abbey of a collection of prints and drawings of great value
and interest, relating to the Abbey and Palace of Westminster and
their immediate neigbourhood :
To the Dean of Westminster for his kindness in presiding, and
for the marked kindness he had shown the Society in arranging and
carrying out the proceedings of the meeting.
The Members then visited the crypt under the Chapter House,
the library of the Abbey, Westminster School, and Saint Margaret's
Church.
The meeting was attended by nearly 400 persons.
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 479
FORTY-NINTH GENERAL AND SEVENTEENTH
ANNUAL MEETING,
Held at UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, by permission of the Council of the
College, on Tuesday, 23rd July, 1872,
J. ORDE HALL, Esq. Treasurer, in the Chair.
The Report of the Council was read as follows : —
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL.
1. Your Council have the satisfaction of reporting continued
progress, 33 new Members having been elected, while the losses by
death have been 6, and by resignation 14.
2. Foremost among these losses by death must be recorded the
name of Mr. "W. H Black, F.S.A. for a short time one of the
Honorary Secretaries of the Society, and for many years one of the
most valued Members of the Council. A glance at the records of our
General and Evening Meetings would suffice to show how deeply we
have been indebted to his profound and various learning on many
occasions ; but to those who have been in the habit of attending our
meetings, no such reminder is necessary. His quaint but dignified
bearing, his ready felicity of illustration, and his faculty for discover-
ing everywhere traces of the Roman occupation of Britain, made his
presence a marked feature at all our gatherings. Those who differed
from his views on abstract antiquarian questions were the readiest to
acknowledge his great learning; and many who at first thought those
views wholly untenable have since begun to recognise that there was
more in them than his jealous care of his secret would allow to meet
the eye. He has left numerous manuscript and printed collections,
which, it is hoped, will ere long be available for inspection by compe-
tent Members of your Council, and will yield much valuable informa-
tion.
3. Other losses by death have been those of Mr. Metcalf Hop-
good, Lieut.-Col. Robinson, Mr. Joseph Taylor, Mr. Alexander
Thompson, and Capt. H. Ward.
480 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
4. The names of the Dean of Westminster and Sir Sills J. Gibbons,
Lord Mayor of London, have been added to the list of Vice-Presidents.
5. A General Meeting of the Society was held on the 16th May in
the restored Chapter House of Westminster Abbey, when the paint-
ings in that apartment were described by Mr. WALLKR and the
muniments of the Abbey by Mr. BURTT. A paper was also read on
the Monuments in Westminster Abbey, as evidence of the existence of
an English School of Art, by Mr. FRANKLIN. Westminster School
and St. Margaret's Church were visited. The meeting was attended
by about 400 persons, and was presided over by the Dean of West-
minster, whose kind attention to the wishes of your Council contributed
greatly to the success of the gathering.
6. The Evening Meetings of the year have been unusually success-
ful, thanks to the untiring energy and skilful management of Mr.
Price, the Director.
7. The Auditor's Report will show that the financial progress of the
Society has been exceedingly satisfactory. Not the least gratifying
financial event of the year is the munificent gift of 261. from your
Vice-President, Mr. J. R. Daniel-Tyssen, being the whole cost of
printing the valuable documents relating to ancient London guilds
discovered by him in the records of the Court of the Commissary of
London.
8. Upon the suggestion of their esteemed colleague Mr. Shoppee,
your Council offered their services to the Building Committee of the
New Guildhall Library and Museum in arranging for the representa-
tion in stained glass windows of the armorial bearings of the minor
Companies of the City of London. The proposition was warmly
taken up by the several Companies, and one window is very near
completion, arrangements for filling another being in progress. By
the kindness of Mr. De Havilland, York Herald, every coat has been
carefully collated with the official records in the Heralds' College, and
the windows will thus form the first authentic memorial ever produced
of these important Companies.
And it was Resolved : " That the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and the thanks of the Society be given to the Council for
their services."
The Balance Sheet, examined and found correct by the Auditors,
was read, as follows: —
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
481
CASH ACCOUNT for the year ending 30TH JUNE, 1872.
Dr. 1871, June 30.
£ s. d.
To Balance at Bankers . . .5195
„ Donation from Mr. Daniel-Tyssen 26 0 0
„ Four years' dividend on
£66 13*. 4d New Three per Cent.
Stock 800
By Poundage .
„ Delivery of Publica-
tions ....
„ Printing, Stationery,
and Postages (Mr.
Scott)
„ Collector's Salary
„ Petty Cash (including
Expensesof Meetings,)
„ Printing (Messrs.
Nichols) .
,, „ (Mr. Mitchener)
„ Engraving (Mr. Sachs)
' „ Coloring (Miss Gravell)
„ Lithography (Messrs.
Emslie)
„ Binding (Mr. Rich-
mond)
£
10
5
a
0
2
d.
10
6
Or.
£ s.
15 3
28 1
15 0
HO 6
40 0
58 12
267 3
d.
4
0
0
a
0
10
8
18
10
1
0
0
0
„ Subscriptions received . . 181 14 0
75
10
10
2
9
1
11
19
13
3
19
0
0
0
1
9
0
0
„ Purchase of New Three oer Cent.
Stock ...,--
„ Balance at Bankers
j.
^267 3 5
And it was Eesolved that the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and that the thanks of the Society be given to the Auditors.
Resolved : —
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the Patrons, President,
and Vice-Presidents for their services during the past year.
" That the cordial thanks of the Society be given to the Treasurer
for his services during the year.
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the Honorary Secretaries
for their services during the year."
The following were elected Officers and Council of the Society for
the ensuing year: —
The Patrons, President, Vice-Presidents, Trustees, Treasurer,
Honorary Secretaries, Director of Evening Meetings, and Bankers,
were all re-elected, with the addition of the Rev. W. Sparrow
Simpson, M.A. F.S.A. to the list of Vice-Presidents.
George Lambert, Esq. F.S.A. and George Augustus Cape, Esq.
were elected Auditors.
482 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
Council :—
E. Smith, M.D. F.R.S.
J. Livock, Esq.
Major A. Heales, F.S.A.
C. Baily, Esq.
J. W. Baily, Esq.
E. J. Barron, Esq. F.S.A.
J. W. Butterworth, Esq. F.S.A.
H. C. Coote, Esq. F.S.A.
J. G. Waller, Esq.
A. White, Esq. F.L.S. F.S.A
H. Campkin, Esq. F S.A.
J. Franklin, Esq.
G. E. French, Esq.
J. E. Gardner, Esq.
C. J. Shoppee, Esq.
Sir H. L. Anderson, K.C.S.I.
B. Ferrey, Esq. F.S.A.
G. Harris, F.S.A. Y.P.A.I.
T. F. Peacock, Esq.
W. H. Overall, Esq. F.S.A.
Thanks were voted to the Council of University College for their
kindness in allowing the use of their premises for the meetings of
the Society, and to the Chairman for his conduct in the Chair.
FIFTIETH GENERAL MEETING,
Held at the School-Room, West Drayton, by permission of the
Local Authorities, on 4th September, 1872,
J. R. DANIEL-TYSSEN, Esq. Vice-President, in the Chair.
Papers were read —
By Mr. A. D. WHITE : " On West Drayton Church and Parish."
By the same : " On Uxbridge House, the ancient residence of
the Pagets."
The Society proceeded to Harmonds worth Church, where a paper
was read by Mr. A. WHITE, F.L.S. F.S.A. and to Harmondsworth
Great Barn, where a paper by Mr. A. HARTSHORNE was read.
Thanks were voted to the Authors of Papers and to the Chairman.
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 483
FIFTY-FIRST GENERAL MEETING,
Held at LINCOLN'S INN HALL, by permission of the Benchers, on
Thursday, the 15th May, 1873,
LORD TALBOT DE MALAHIDE, President, in the Chair.
Papers were read —
By Mr. E. W. BRABROOK, F.S-.A. Hon. Sec. « On the Hon. Society
of Lincoln's Inn."
By Mr. W. H. SPILSBUKY, Librarian to the Hon. Society, " On
Lincoln's Inn and its Library."
The Society proceeded to Rolls Chapel, when a communication
from the Rev. J. S. BREWER, Preacher at the Rolls, was read ; and
to Gray's Inn, where the Rev. J. Taylor, Chaplain, read a paper by
Mr. W. DOUTHWAITE, Librarian.
At the Rolls Chapel Mr. M. H. BLOXAM, F.S.A., described the
monuments.
Thanks were voted to the Benchers of Lincoln's Inn ; to the Authors
of Papers ; and to the Chairman.
FIFTY-SECOND-GENERAL MEETING AND EIGHTEENTH
ANNUAL MEETING,
Held at UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, by permission of the Council of the
College, on Monday, 21st July, 1873,
J. ORDE HALL, ESQ. Treasurer, in the Chair.
The Report of the Council was read, as follows : —
REPORT OF COUNCIL of the LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY to the ANNUAL MEETING on 21st July, 1873.
1. Since the last Annual General Meeting twenty-five new Members
have been added to the Society, while the losses have been four by
death and eleven by retirement.
2. Among the losses by death are Sir William Tite, one of the
Vice-Preflidents ; and Mr. J. Walker Baily, a Member of the Council.
VOL. IV. 2 K
484 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
3. Though neither of those gentlemen had of late years been enabled
to assist in their deliberations, the Council are sure that the Members
will recognise with them the great loss the Society has sustained.
4. Sir William Tite's large professional knowledge and experience
had been exercised mainly in London and Middlesex, and had enabled
him to make valuable contributions to the illustration of the antiquities
of the city and county.
5. Mr. J. Walker Baily was an accomplished archseologist, an
excellent artist, and the possessor of an unrivalled collection of London
antiquities. The records of the Evening Meetings of the Society show
how ready he was at all times to lend objects for exhibition, which
either were of recent discovery or illustrated any subject under dis-
cussion; and the Members will have in their memory the many
interesting communications he has made in respect to such exhibitions.
6. His place on the Council has been filled by the election of his
son, Mr. Walker Baily, and it will be a satisfaction to the Members
that in the able hands of that gentleman the museum collected by our
lamented friend is secure of safe and intelligent preservation.
7. Other members who have died during the year are Mr. George
Lambert, jimior, an archaeologist of great promise, and Mr. J.
Pollard, clerk to the Metropolitan Board of Works.
8. On the nomination of the Rev. T. Hugo and Mr. Roach Smith,
the Council felt gratification in electing as an Honorary Member of
the Society, that distinguished antiquary, M. de Caumont, of Caen ;
and they anticipated through his means to have been able to convey
to the proper authorities under the French government a strong
representation of the wishes of the Society as to the preservation of
the ancient walls of Dax. That hope was frustrated, however, by the
lamented death of M. de Caumont before he had had time to acknow-
ledge, or perhaps to become aware of, the compliment which this
Society had tendered to him.
9. The Council cannot refrain from adding a word of deep regret
at the sudden death of another distinguished antiquary, though not
a Member of this Society, Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Winchester.
The Society, they are sure, will share the grief of the whole country
at the calamity which has so unexpectedly terminated the brilliant
career of that distinguished prelate.
10. Upon the recommendation of the Members present at one of
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 485
the Evening Meetings, the Council directed the Honorary Secretaries
to present a petition on behalf of the Society to the House of
Commons in favour of the Bill for the Preservation of Ancient
Monuments, the failure of which they regret.
11. The Lord Mayor, Sir Sydney H. Waterlow, having signified a
wish to join the Society, became a Vice-President, and Sir John
Lubbock, Bart. M.P. has also been elected a Vice-President.
12. A meeting was held in the autumn of 1872 at West Drayton
and Harmondsworth, at which several papers of great interest and
value were communicated.
13. Another General Meeting was held on the 15th May at
Lincoln's Inn Hall, on which occasion the Society also visited the
Kolls Chapel and Gray's Inn.
14. The country excursion for the present year will be held at
Hampton Court Palace on Wednesday next, when the Council hope
to have the pleasure of the company .of as many of the Members of
the Society and their friends as can make it convenient to attend.
15. The Evening Meetings of the past Session have been more
largely attended than those of any previous year, and (thanks to
the untiring energy and skilful management of Mr. J. E. Price,
F.S.A. the Director) have been more than ever interesting and
successful.
16. Part XIII. of the Society's Transactions, completing vol. iv.
is in active progress and will shortly be ready for delivery. It
contains several communications of great interest and value.
17. The Council have made arrangements to supply for a small
separate additional subscription a copy of the papers read at the
Evening Meetings, not published in the Society's Transactions, to
such Members as desire it.
18. The financial statement is submitted to you with the Auditor's
certificate, and is considered by the Council to be satisfactory.
19. The eight Members of Council retiring by rotation, pursuant to
Kule III. paragraph 3, are Dr. Edward Smith, Mr. Livock, Major
Heales, Mr. C. Baily, Mr. Barren, Mr. Butterworth, Mr. Coote, and
Mr. Waller, who are all eligible for re-election.
And it was Eesolved : ' ' That the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and the thanks of the Society given to the Council for their
services."
2 K2
486
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
The Balance Sheet, examined and found correct by the Auditors,
was read, as follows : —
CASH ACCOUNT.
Dr.
£ s. d.
58 12 10
To Balance at Bankers . . .
„ Dividend on £109 13s. Zd. New
Three per Cent. Stock . .35
„ Subscriptions received . . . 182 5
£244 4 0
By Printing, Stationary, and Post-
ages (Mr. ScottJ .
Collector's Salary and Expenses
Petty Cash (including Expenses
of Meetings)
Printing (Messrs. Nichols,)
Engraving ("Mr. Sachs)
„ (Messrs. Emslie,)
Drawings ("Mr. Franklin)
Binding (Mr. Richmond )
Balance at Bankers
O.
£ s. d.
18 7
12 15
15 15
2 13
84 17
0 0
0 0
8 0
0
0
0
6
£244 4 0
And it was Resolved : " That the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and that the thanks of the Society be given to the Auditors."
Resolved: " That the thanks of the Society be given to the Patrons,
President, and Vice-Presidents, for their services during the past
year."
" That the cordial thanks of the Society be given to the Treasurer
for his services during the year."
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the Honorary
Secretaries for their services during tin year; and that special thanks
be given to Mr. Price for his distinguished services as Director of the
Evening Meetings, to which the Society attributes the marked success
of those meetings."
The Officers and Council were re-elected without alteration ; the
List of Council now standing as follows : —
A. White, Esq. F.L.S. F.S.A.
H. Campkin, Esq. F.S.A.
J. Franklin, Esq.
G. R. French, Esq.
J. E Gardner, Esq.
C. J. Shoppee, Esq.
Lir H. L. Anderson, K.C.S I.
B. Ferrey, Esq. F.S.A.
G. Harris, Esq. F.S.A.
T F. Peacock, Esq.
W. H. Overall, Esq. F.S.A.
Walker Baily, Esq.
E. Smith, Esq. M.D. F.R.S.
J. Livock, Esq.
Major A. Heales, F.S.A.
C. Baily, Esq.
E. J. Ban-on, Esq. F.S.A.
J. W. Butterworth, Esq. F.S.A.
H. C. Coote, Esq. F.S.A.
J. G. Waller, Esq.
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 487
Thanks were voted to the Council of University College for their
kindness in allowing the use of their premises for the Meetings of the
Society, and to the Chairman for his conduct in the chair.
FIFTY-THIRD GENERAL MEETING OF THE SOCIETY,
Held (by permission of H. M's. First Commissioner of Works), in
the GREAT HALL OF HAMPTON COURT PALACE, on Wednesday, the
23rd day of July, 1873, at three o'clock,
The REV. THOMAS HUGO, Vice-President, in the Chair.
Papers were read and communications made by the Rev. THOMAS
HUGO, M.A. F.S.A. Vice-President, W. G. ROGERS, Esq. and J. G.
WALLER, Esq.
The Society also (by permission of the Lord Chamberlain) visited
the Chapel of the Palace.
Thanks were voted to the First Commissioner of Works, tho Lord
Chamberlain, and the Authors of Papers.
FIFTY-FOURTH GENERAL MEETING,
Held (by permission of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's), at
ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, on Tuesday, 28th April, 1874, at one o'clock,
ALFRED WHITE, ESQ., F.L.S., F.S.A., in the Chair.
Papers were read and Communications made by F. C. PENROSE,
Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Surveyor to the Cathedral, E. B. FERREY, Esq.,
and the Rev. Dr. SPARROW SIMPSON, F.S.A.
The Society then proceeded to the Hall of the Worshipful Company
of Skinners, Dowgate Hill, when a paper was read by J. F. WADMORE,
Esq., F.R.I.B.A., one of the Court of Assistants of that Company.
Thanks were voted to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's ; the
Master and Wardens of the Skinners' Company; the Authors of
Papers; and the Chairman.
488 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
FIFTY-FIFTH GENERAL AND NINETEENTH ANNUAL
MEETING,
Held at 4, St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square, on Tuesday,
21st June, 1874, at eight o'clock,
J. W. BUTTERWOETH, ESQ., F.S.A., in the Chair.
The Report of the Council was read, as follows: —
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL of the LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHAE-
OLOGICAL SOCIETY to the NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.
Your Council have to report a continued increase in the number of
the Society's Members, who now amount to 402.
The only loss by death during the past year has been a very heavy
one, that of Mr. John Gough Nichols, one of the Vice-Presidents.
An account of his life which has recently been published informs us
that he was born in the year 1806. He inherited from his father and
his grandfather, the historian of Leicestershire, not merely the business
of printing, which the Bowyers and the Nicholses have carried on ever
since 1688, and the ample fortune they had gained by it, but also their
literary and antiquarian tastes. He was educated at Lewisham and
at Merchant Taylors' School. He became one of the Editors of the
Gentleman's Magazine in 1826, and remained its Editor until 1856.
His first separate work was " Autographs of Royal, Noble, Learned,
and Remarkable Personages," published in 1829 ; and that has been
followed by not less than thirty-eight other separate publications from
his pen, besides an equal number of communications to learned societies.
His services to our own Society were numerous- and valuable.
Four papers by him appear in the first volume of our Transactions,
viz. : on the Park at Haworth, a Brass at Harrow, a Biography
of Richard Gough (after whom John Gough Nichols was named),
and on the Jewelled Sceptre of the City of London. Four also
in the second volume, viz. : An Account of the Stationers' Com-
pany, the Pictures in the Deanery at Westminster, Henry de Yeveley,
architect, and the Pictures in the Temple and at Bridewell. Two
in the third volume, viz.: Notices of John Lovekyn, and the Muni-
ments of the Vintners' Company. Two also in the fourth volume,
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 489
viz.: Life of Sir William Harper and Account of the Mercers'
Company ; and (in the Proceedings of our Evening Meetings) an
Account of a Triple Civic Marriage. In addition to these interest-
ing and valuable communications, Mr. Nichols voluntarily undertook
and most ably performed the duty of reading every line in the proof-
sheets of all our publications. In the forthcoming part of the Pro-
ceedings will be found an instance of the great service thus rendered
by him. It contains a valuable series of Inventories of Westminster
Abbey, communicated by the Eev. Prebendary Mackenzie Walcott,
from the records in the Land Eevenue Record Office. At the request
of the Honorary Secretaries, Mr. Nichols most kindly undertook the
laborious task of collating every line of this inventory with the original
documents ; and the communication from our esteemed friend, Mr.
Walcott, has had in consequence added to its value the testimony to
its perfect and literal correctness from one of the most painstaking and
accurate antiquaries who ever lived ; — for Mr. Nichols possessed in the
highest degree that indispensable quality of the true antiquary, the
love of absolute truth and accuracy for its own sake. Every line he
wrote may be depended upon as a correct transcript of the authority
upon which it is declared to be founded, and he brought to the con-
sideration of every subject to which he directed himself a mind well
trained in discriminating the value of historical evidence, and imbued
with the desire of discovering the truth. The Society will recollect
also on how many occasions, and with what dignity, courteous kindness,
.and ability, he presided as Vice -President at our Meetings, and will
not be surprised therefore to learn that the Council hastened to tender
to his widow an assurance of their respectful sympathy and deep
condolence, of which they received from Mrs. Nichols a cordial
acknowledgment.
The Members will be glad to learn that Part XIII. of the Pro-
ceedings, which has been somewhat delayed by several important papers
going rather slowly through the press, is now very nearly ready, and
will shortly be delivered to them.
By the liberality of Mr. J. H. Puleston, M.P., and Mr. J. E. Price,
our Director, the Council have been enabled to place in the hands of
the Members, for a very small sum, an admirable work by Mr. Price on
the recent discoveries near the Mansion House, which is in fact a
monograph on Roman remains in London ; and, while it reflects credit
on this Society, will establish the reputation of our accomplished
490
PKOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
Director as an authority on that subject. His labours upon it have in
no degree, however, relaxed his zeal and energy in the conduct of our
Evening Meetings, which have been, as usual, through his exertions,
an unqualified success.
General Meetings have been held at Hampton Court, and at St.
Paul's Cathedral and the Hall of the Skinners' Company. On both
occasions it is believed the numerous Members and friends who
were assembled spent a pleasant and instructive day.
Another undertaking of some importance has been completed under
the supervision of the Society during the past year, that of the
insertion in a window on the staircase of the new Guildhall Library
of the arms of fifteen of the minor civic guilds, in addition to those of
the twenty-one companies which were inserted in the large south
window of the Great Hall, at the suggestion and by the intervention
of this Society. The Council have to thank Mr. de Havilland, F.S.A.,
York Herald, one of our Hon. Members, for his kindness in verifying
the arms from original records in his Department.
The Members retiring from the Council by rotation are Mr. White,
Mr. Campkin, Mr. Franklin, Mr. French, Mr. Gardner and Mr.
Shoppee, all of whom are eligible and are recommended for re-election ;
Sir Henry L. Anderson and Mr. Walker Baily also retire, but, as
other duties prevent their attendance at the Council Meetings, it will
be proposed to you to elect Mr. G. Lambert, F.S.A., and Mr. E.
Baddeley in their places. Mr. B. Clarke will be proposed as Auditor.
And it was Resolved : " That the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and that the thanks of the Society be given to the Council for
their services."
The Balance Sheet, examined and found correct by the Auditors,
was read, as follows :•—
CASH ACCOUNT.
Dr.
To Balance at Bankers
„ Dividend on Stock
„ Subscriptions received .
£ s. d.
. 84 17 6
. 358
. 171 15 0
18 2
Or. £ s. d.
By Printing (Messrs. Nichols) . . 41 16 6
„ (Mr. Kitchener) . .370
Printing, Stationery, and Postages
(Mr. Scott) ..... 23 4 0
Binding (Mr. Richmond) . . 1 8 (i
Engraving ( Messrs. Emslie) . .10190
Collector's Salary and Expenses 30 18 6
Refreshments at Evening Meetings 11 19 6
Petty Cash ..... 10 0 0
Balance at Bankers . . . 126 5 2
£259 18 2
PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
491
And it was Resolved : " That the same be received, adopted, and
printed, and that the thanks of the Society be given to the Auditors."
Besolved : "That the thanks of the Society be given to the
Patrons, President, and Vice-President for their services during the
past year."
" That the cordial thanks of the Society be given to the Treasurer
for his services during the past year."
" That the thanks of the Society be given to the Honorary Secre-
taries, with special thanks to the Director of Evening Meetings."
The Officers of the Society were re-elected without alteration, and
the Council for the year was elected, as follows : —
B. Kerrey, Esq. F.S.A.
G. Harris, Esq. F.S.A.
Thomas Francis Peacock, Esq.
W. H. Overall, Esq. F.S.A.
E. Smith, Esq. M.D. F.R.S.
John Livock, Esq.
Major A. Heales, F.S.A.
Charles Baily, Esq.
E. J. BaiTon, Esq. F.S.A.
J. W. Butterworth, Esq. F.S.A.
H. C. Coote, Esq. F.S.A.
John G. Waller, Esq.
A. White, Esq. F.S.A. F.L.S.
Henry Carnpkin, Esq. F.S.A.
John Franklin, Esq.
George R. French, Esq.
John E. Gardner, Esq.
C. J. Shoppee, Esq.
George Lambert, Esq. F.S.A.
E. Baddeley, Esq.
Thanks were voted to the Chairman for his conduct in the Chair.
492 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.
FIFTY-SIXTH GENERAL MEETING,
Held (by permission of the Lord Bishop of London, Patron of the
Society) at FULHAM PALACE, on Tuesday, the llth day of August,
1874, at one o'clock.
The LORD BISHOP OF LONDON in the Chair.
The Meeting was addressed by his Lordship ; and papers were read
by the Rev. E. H. FISHER, M.A., Vicar of Fulham ; the Rev.
LAWFORD W. T. DALE, Vicar of Chiswick; and the Rev. F. G.
BLOMFIELD, Prebendary of St. Paul's.
The Society then visited Fulham Church.
Thanks vere voted to the Bishop and the Readers of Papers.
CORRIGENDA.
Page 425, note f, for " octoq'inta " read " octoginta."
Page 444, line 12, for " Forsan " read " Forsitan."
INDEX,
Adam and Eve, public houses : at the
Hampstead Road, 99 ; at St. Pancras
Old Church, 105
Albs, in Inventories of Church Vestments :
St. Dionis Backchurch, 205, 208;
Westminster Abbey, 313, 335; St.
Stephen's Chapel, 365
Aldermen of London : Alexander Avenon,
77, 79 ; Humphrey Baskerville, 77, 79 ;
Sir Martin Bowes, 79 ; — Chamberlain,
81; William Chichele,260; Sir Thomas
Cooke, 70; John Darby, 202; Theodore
Fitzlvo, 226, 227; Thomas Frowicke,
260; Sir William Harper, 70; Sir Wil-
liam Hewett, 79, 288 ; Sir Rowland
Hill, 77; Sir Harry Hubblethorne,
74; William Kympton, 256 ; William
Lambarde, 440; Philip Malpas, 70
Aldermen of London, Schools founded
by them, 71; Woodcock's Lives of, 93
Aldgate, Ancient Crypt, Paper by Alfred
White, F.L.S., F.S.A., 223-230
Allhallows Staining Church, meeting at,
468
Almshouses, Whittington's, Statutes of,
142
Altar Cloths, Altar Frontals; in Inven-
tories of Westminster Abbey, 314, 325;
St. Stephen's Chapel, 365
Amice ; in Inventories of Westminster
Abbey, 324; St. Stephen's Chapel,
365
Angels represented in Paintings in the
Chapter House, Westminster, 379,
383, 384, 396-416
Anne of Bohemia, Queen of Richard II.,
232
Apocalypse, Paintings from the, in the
Chapter House, Westminster, 379,
391-416
Apothecaries' Company, its origin, 132
Archbishops of Canterbury, members of
Gray's Inn, 423
Aries Cathedral, Sculptures of the ''Mas-
sacre of the Innocents," 116
Arms:
Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of York,
232
Audley, Lord Chancellor, 87
Bodley, Sir Thomas, 296
Braybrooke, Robert, Bishop of Lon-
don, 232
Bugge, John, 202
Carew, Henry, 269
Cass, Frederick, 284
Dethick, John, 149
Gale, William, 269
Goodere or Goodyere family, 261
Grene, Water, 257
Harper, Sir William, 86, 92 ; Alice,
his first wife, 92 ; Margaret, his
second wife, 83
Kympton, William, 256
Leveson, Nicholas, 295
Lord Mayors, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and
Wardens (Members of the Mercers'
Company), 141
Mercers' Company, 149
Merchant Adventurers, Merchants of
the Staple, Mercers' Company, Sir
Thomas Leigh (on the Leigh Cup),
148
Richard II., 232
Smith, Sir Culling, 283
Stamford, Judge, 261
In the windows of Gray's Inn Hall,
420; of Lincoln's Inn Hall, 454; of
Hadley Church, 283
Art, Ecclesiastical, of the Middle Ages,
377
Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of York,
232, 237
Athelstane, Grant of Neesdon, in Willes-
don, to Dean and Chapter of St.
Paul's, 189
Atocha, Our Lady of, her Shrine, near
Madrid, 178
Auditors, Report of, 1870, 470; 1871,
476 ; 1872, 481 ; 1873, 486 ; 1874, 490
Audley, Lord Chancellor, Arms of, 87
Avenon, Alexander, Alderman, 77, 79
Bacon, Lord, Gray's Inn Gardens laid
out under his directions, 422
Bagnigge Wash, 107
Bagnigge Wells, 107, 108
Baily, John Walker, ancient Querns from
his museum, 126, 130
Bakers' Companies, White and Brown,
132
494
INDEX.
Banners and Streamers in Westminster
Abbey, 347
Banns, publication of, 1690, 221
Barn, Great, at Harmondsworth, and
other large barns, 417
Barnet, Battle of, 258
Barnet Church, Meeting at, 473
Baskerville, Humphrey, Alderman, 77, 79
Battle Bridge, King's Cross formerly so
called, 106
Baynes, Walter, Conduit at Bagnigge
Wells enclosed by him, 109 ; manager
of the Cold Bath, Cold Bath Fields, 11 1
Beacon on Hadley Church Tower, 258
Beakers belonging to the Mercers' Com-
pany, 149
Bear-baiting and Bear-garden at Hock-
ley-in-the-Hole, 111
Beards, Regulation of, for the Members of
Lincoln's Inn, 428
" Beastiary" of Philip de Thaun (temp.
Hen. I.), 416
Becon, Thomas, Protestant preacher,
1562, 80
Bedesman's Bell, 373
Bedford School Charities founded by Sir
William Harper, 70, 72, 88; Sir Wm.
Harper's Endowment Deeds, 89; Rental
of Property settled by him, 90; Seal, 92;
Hankin's " Account of the," 85
Bells: Great Greenford Church, 160;
St. Dionis Backchurch, 212; Monken
Hadley, 281, 282; St. Dunstan's,
Westminster Abbey, 344
Bells on Mitres, 318
Bells ; " Saunce," or Sanctus Bell, 204,
209, 210, 373; Sacring Bell, 320;
Canopy Bells, 320 ; Cloister Bell, 360 ;
Bedesman's Bell, 373
Beryl used in Church Ornaments, 315,
323
" Beryall Cloths," 204, 210
" Bestiary;" pictorial zoological illustra-
tions in paintings in the Chapter House,
Westminster, 415
Beveridge, Bishop of St. Asaph, Rector
of St. Peter's, Cornhill, Sermon in
the church, 306
Black, William Henry, F.S.A., Paper on
a Roman Sepulchre discovered at
Westminster Abbey, 61 ; obituary
notice of, 479
Black Images of the Virgin, 176, 178, 187
Black Mary's Hole, Bagnigge Wells, 107
Blacksmiths' Guild, Ordinances of, 7, 32
Blackstone's Commentaries, 459
Bodley, Sir Thomas, arms of, 296
Books fastened to shelves with chains, 457
Books of Church Music, 205, 210
Books in library of Minor Canons of St.
Paul's, rules for lending, 249
Books (see Church Goods, Inventories,
Libraries)
Boteler, John, butler of Lincoln's Inn,
admitted and appointed reader, 434
Boulogne, Shrine of Our Lady at ;
pilgrimages to ; ampulla used as pil-
grim's "sign," 183, 184, 186
Boundaries indicated by Roman Sepul-
chres, 61
" Bourdon," or Pilgrim's Staff, 182, 186
Bowyer, Christopher, nuncupative will of,
170
Joan, will of, 170
Boy bishop, 318, 328
Brabrook, E. W. Hon. Sec., Paper on
the Honourable Society of Lincoln's
Inn, 425-444
Bradbury, Thomas, Lord Mayor, 288
Brasses: Sir Wm. Harper and Margaret
his wife, 86 ; Simon Hert and Thomas
Symons, rectors of Great Greenford,
165; Richard Thornton and Alys his
wife, 166; William Lychefeld, in
Willesdon Church, 181; Philip and
Elizabeth Grene, Hadley Church, 257;
John Goodeyere, Hadlev Church,
261 ; Ann Walkeden, 264 ; William
Tumour, 268; William Gale, 268;
Frederick Cass, 284 ; in Church of St.
Andrew Undershaft, 287 ; Nicholas
and Dionysia Leveson, St. Andrew Un-
dershaft, 287, 295; Simon Burton, 296
Braybrook, Robert, Bishop of London,
232, 237
Bread, " Syngyng bred for messes,"
" houseling bred," 322, 373
" Break-neck Stairs," Old Bailey, 121
Brentano, Dr., his theory of the origin of
guilds, 20
Brewer, Thomas, memoir of Sir Wolstan
Dixie, 72
Bridge house, London Bridge; residence
of John Nicholls, controller of the
works, 80
Bridges across the "Hole-Bourne;" at
Kentish Town1, 101 ; at King's Cross,
106; at Cowbridge Street, 118; at
Holborn Valley, 119; at Fleet Street,
121, 122
Bridewell Palace, 122
British Museum, ancient Querns in, 126,
127, 129, 130; "signs" worn by pil-
grims, 182
Brown Bread Bakers' Company, 132
Burghley, Lord, a member of Gray's Inn,
423
Burial cloths, 204, 210
Burials; Register of St. Dionis Back-
church, 221
Burton, Simon, Brass in St. Andrew
Undershaft, 296 ; his will, 299
INDEX.
495
Buttery of Westminster Abbey, Inventory
at the Dissolution, 356
Cage for Cornhill Ward, 309
Cambridge Guild in tenth century, Ordi-
nances of, 12
Candlesticks (see Inventories, St. Dionis
Backcburch, Westminster Abbey, St.
Stephen's Chapel)
Canon Law, Fines of Guilds enforced by, 5
Canopies, 328
Canopy Bells, 320
" Cantlers," old name of Kentish Town,
its etymology, 100
" Cardinals " of the College of Minor
Canons, St. Paul's Cathedral, 231, 234
Care Cloth, 207
Carew, Henry, Monument of, 269
Carew, Roger, Governor of Higbgate
Grammar School, 270
Carew, Sir George, Ambassador to Po-
land, 271
Carpenter, John, founder of the City of
London Schools and executor of Sir
Richard Whittington, 70, 142
Carpets in Westminster Abbey, 347, 348,
350; St. Stephen's Chapel, 370
Carriage, Silver-gilt, belonging to the
Mercers' Company, 148
Carter, John, his sketch of the Crypt at
Aldgate, 223 ; drawing of Paintings in
Chapter House, Westminster, 380
Cass, Rev. F. C., M.A., Notes on the
* Church and Parish of Monken Hadley,
253-286
Cass, Frederick, Brass and Arms, 284
Castle Baynard, Mills at, 120
Catalpa-tree in Gray's Inn Gardens,
planted by Lord Bacon, 422
Centenarian buried at Willesdon, 199
Chains, Books fastened with, 457
Chairs in Westminster Abbey, 349
Chalcedony used in Church Ornaments,
323 (see Inventories of Church Goods)
Chalice (see Inventories of Church Plate)
Chamber, John, Dean of St. Stephen's
Chapel, Westminster, 376
Chamberlain, — , Alderman, 81
Chamberlain of London; John Chichele,
260
Chancery Lane, named the "New Street"
in the thirteenth century, 445
Chapter House, Westminster, Paintings
in the, 377, 416
Charities, Parochial, at Great Greenford,
171
Charters and other Records of the Mer-
cers' Company, 135
Charter of the College of Minor Canons
of St. Paul's Cathedral, 231
Chasubles; in Inventories of Westminster
Abbey, 338, 329, 334 ; St. Stephen's
Chapel, 365
Cheap (Cheapside), 133
Chester Plays, 116
Cheyney Gates, the Abbot's house at
Westminster, 357
Chichele, John, Chamberlain of London,
260
Chichele, Henry, Archbishop of Canter-
bury, his pedigree, 260
Chichele, Sir Robert, Lord Mayor, 260
Chichele, Wm., Alderman and Sheriff,
260
Chick Lane, also called West Street,
Smithfield, 118
Chopping Sticks in the Court of Ex-
chequer, 77
Christ's Oak, 100
Church Books, Plate, Vestments, &c.,
Inventories of : St. Dionis Backchurch ,
203; Westminster Abbey, 313; St.
Stephen's Chapel, 365
City of London Schools founded by John
Carpenter, 70
Clandestine Marriages : at Old St. Pan-
eras Church, Tottenham Court, and
Sion Chapel, Hampstead, 104 ; at the
Fleet Prison, 122
Clerkenwell, The Clerk's Well, Com-
pany of Parish Clerks, their religious
plays, 115, 117
Clerks' Guilds, in Anglo-Saxon period, 18
Cloister Bell, Westminster Abbey, 360
Clothworkers' Hall, Meeting at, 468
" Cnicht," meaning of the word, 14, 16;
Cnihts' Guilds in the ninth century, 18
Cobham Row, and Lord Cobham's Head,
Clerkenwell, 110
Cocoa-nut Cups, 316
Coins, Silver, discovered at Harmonds-
worth 94
Coldbath Fields, and the Cold Bath,
Clerkenwell, 111
Colet, Dean ; Cartulary of Lands given by
him to St. Paul's School, 143; Por-
traits, Bust, and Arms of, 144, 145 ;
Statutes of St. Paul's School, signed
by him, 145 ; his opposition to Pil-
grimages, 179
Collections, Charitable, in Great Green-
ford Church, 171
College of the Minor Canons, St. Paul's
Cathedral, its Charter and Statutes ;
Paper by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simp,
son, M A., F.S.A., V.P., 231-252
Collegia Privata of the Romans the origin
of English guilds, 22
Comb of ivory, for priests, 345
Commissary of London, his Confirmation
of the Ordinances of Trades' Guilds
4, 37, 47, 52, 57
496
INDEX.
Common Hunt, his office, 82
Conduits; Black Mary's Hole, Bag-
nigge Wells, 109 ; Lamb's Conduit,
109; Chimney Conduit, 110
Conduit-heads, Stow's description of
them, 81 ; Visitation by Lord Mayor
and civic authorites, 81
Cooke, Edmund, Festivities at his Wed-
ding (1562), 80
Cooke, Sir Thomas, Alderman of Lon-
don, 70
Cooper, Charles Purton, his Gift of Books
to Lincoln's Inn Library, 458
Coote, Henry Charles, F.S.A., Paper on
the Ordinances of London Guilds
(1354—1496), 1-59
Copes (see Inventories of Church Vest-
ments, St. Dionis Backchurch, West-
minster Abbey, and St. Stephen's
Chapel)
Coronation Sceptres in Westminster Ab-
bey, 324
Corporas Cases, Corporas Cloths : St.
Dionis Backchurch, 206 ; Westmin-
ster Abbey, 327, 341 ; St. Stephen's
Chapel, 369
Corse-bell, 373
Cosen, Robert, Rector of Great Green-
ford, 163
Coston, Bridget, Monument in Great
Greenford Church, 167
Costume of the Members of Gray's Inn
and Lincoln's Inn, 422, 428
Coventry, John, executor of Sir Richard
Whittington, 142
Coventry Plays, 116
Cow Lane, Smithfield, 118
Coxe, John, his Gift of Books and MSS.
to Lincoln's Inn Library, 458
Cresset on Hadley Church Tower, 258
Crome, Dr., on Pilgrimages to Willesdon,
180
Crome's Hill, Greenwich, Pilgrimages to,
173
Cromwell, Destruction of Images ordered
by, 181
Crooked-rood (crux derlinatoria) , 328
Crosby, Sir John, his Effigy, 87
Crosiers, 318, 32&
Crosses, Processional, 371
Crosses (see Inventories of Church Goods)
Crowche, John, Warden of the Mercers'
Company, Arms of, 141
Crowns, in Westminster Abbey Inven-
tory, 315, 323
Crowns, Metaphorical, in mediaeval paint-
ings, 384
Crouch, or Pilgrim's Staff, 186
Crypt, Ancient, at Aldgate; Paper by
Alfred White, F.L.S., F.S.A., 223-
230
Crypts at Gerard's Hall and Guildhall,
229
" Cungate," a tower of London Wall, 226
Curteis, Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor, 222
Cushions in Westminster Abbey and St.
Stephen's Chapel, 345, 370
Dalmatics in Westminster Abbey at the
Dissolution, 325
Dalyon, Dionis, Prior of Westminster at
the Dissolution, 350 ; Inventory in his
handwriting, 361
Darby, John, Alderman, 202; his will,
213,217
Dante, a member of the Physicians and
Apothecaries Company at Florence, 19
Dean's Yard and Little Dean's Yard,
Westminster, 358, 361, 362
Death in Religious Plays, 115
Demons in Religious Plays, 115
Denmark House, Fenchurch Street,
222
Dennis, St. (see St. Dionis Backchurch)
Dethick, John, his Arms on salt-cellar
given by him to the Mercers' Com-
pany, 149
Diet of Lincoln's Inn, Oxford, and New
Inn ; Sir Thomas More on, 437
Dixie, Sir Wolstan, School at Market
Bosworth founded by him, 72
Dome (Doom), "a table of the," 321,
325, 363
Domesday; notices of the "Hole Bourne,"
115 ; Great Greenford, 152 ; Willes-
don, 190, 192
Donkin, Robert, his Bequests to Merchant
Taylors' Company and to the parish of
St. Michael Cornhill, 58; vestments,
&c. of St. Dionis Backchurch sold to
him, 207
Dornix, linen cloth made at Doornick,
Flanders, 282, 292
Dorset Gardens, Theatre at, 123
Douthwaite, W. R., notes on Gray's Inn,
419
" Dowme," Doom, Last Judgment, em-
broidered, engraved, and painted repre-
sentations 321, 325, 363
Dragon, Standard of the, borne in West-
minster Abbey on Easter Eve, 332
Drama, The; Plays performed by Parish
Clerks at Clerkenwell, 115; " Christ's
Passion," performed at Sir Christopher
Hatton's Hall, 118; "Massacre of the
Innocents," 115, 116
Dray ton, Shropshire; School founded by
Sir Rowland Hill, Lord Mayor, 72
Drinking; the Lord Mayor appoints the
Sheriff by drinking to him, 76, 79
Duck-hunting, "Ducking-pond," Clerk-
enwell, 110
INDEX.
497
Easter Sepulchre, 314, 368 (see Sepulchre
Cloths)
Edward the Confessor, his Shrine at West-
minster, 351
Edward I., his Tomb, 351
Edward III., his Tomb, 351
Eleanor, Queen, her Tomb, 351
Elephants, " Oly vaunts," in embroidery,
326
Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV., em-
broidered Cushion given by her to
Westminster Abbey, 346
Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VII., her
Tomb, 351
Elizabeth, Princess, her visit to Hadley,
273
Elizabeth, Queen, her Patronage of Gray 's
Inn, 421
Elkin, William, Alderman and Sheriff,
141
Ely Place; Bishop of Ely's palace and
garden; Ely chapel, 118
Embroidery (see Inventories of Church
Vestments: St. Dionis Backchurch,
206; Westminster Abbey, 313; St.
Stephen's Chapel, 365)
Emeralds, a pontifical at Westminster
Abbey garnished with, 320
Emerson, Thomas, vicar of Hadley, his
Gifts to the Church, 278
Emslie, J. P., Illustrations of ancient
Querns, 124, 126
Enfield, Royal Chace of, 253, 274
Erasmus, "The Pilgrimage for Religion's
Sake," 173
Exchequer, Court of, ceremony of chop-
ping sticks, 77
Execution ; Bailiff of Romford executed
at Aldgate, 224
Exeter Guild in the tenth century, Ordi-
nances of, 16
" Farmarye;" the Infirmary, Westminster
Abbey, 363
Feckenham, John de, rector of Great
Greenford, 162
Fees for Marriages and Burials at Willes-
don, 199, 200
Females at Dinners of City Companies,
7,31
Fenchurch Street; Denmark House, 222
Field Lane, Holborn, 119
Fight in Great Greenford church, 171
Fire of London, Great: St. Dionis Back-
church, 202 ; St. Peter's Cornhill, 304
Fishmongers' Company dining at the
King's Head, Fish Street, 78
Fish Ponds on the " Hole-Bourne," 114
FitzAilwyn, Henry, first Lord Mayor of
London, 93 ; Arms of, 141
Fitzlvo, Theodore, Alderman, 226, 227
" Fleet," application of the term to rivers,
97
Fleet Bridge, 121
Fleet Prison and Market, 121; clandes-
tine marriages, 122
" Fleet, River " (see " Hole-Bourne ")
Follett, Sir Wm. Webb, Signature to
Ordinances of St. Paul's School, 146
Fonts: Great Greenford, 160; Hadley,
269; St. Peter's Cornhill, 308; Willes-
don, 193
Fortescue, " De Laudibus Legum An-
glise," on Lincoln's Inn, 425 ; a go-
vernor of the inn, 432
Fortifications of London made in 1643;
fort at Laystall Street, Clerkenwell, 113
Fox-hunting, by the Lord Mayor, Alder-
men, and Citizens (1562), 81
Foxe, his account of the burning of Pro-
testants at Stratford-le-Bow, 75
Fra Angelico, Picture by him in tbe
National Gallery, 388
Frankline, George, Churchwarden of
Great Greenford, excommunicated for
fighting in the church, 172
Fraunceys, Sir Adam, Lord Mayor, 139
Freemasons' Guilds, Ordinances of, 2
French, George Russell. Plate of the
Mercers' Company, 147
French Protestants, Collections at Willes-
don for their relief, 199
Frontals, Altar (see Altar Frontals)
Frowyke, or Frowicke, Pedigree of,
Monuments and Letters of, 260-268
Frowicke, Sir Henry, Lord Mayor, 260
Thomas, Alderman, 260
Fulham Church and Palace, Meetings at,
492
Funerals, in the Roman Collegia Privata,
and Old English Guilds, 26 ; in the
Glovers' Guild, 6, 28 ; of Dionysia
Leveson, 293
Furniture, Church (see Inventories)
Gale, William, Brass and Arms, 269
Gardens; on the " Hole-Bourne," Pear
Tree Court, Clerkenwell, 114; Vine-
yards, 115; Bishop of Ely's Palace,
118 ; Earl of Lincoln's, Holborn,
temp. Edw. I., 446; Gray's Inn, 422 ;
Lincoln's Inn, 451
Gardiner, Michael, Rector of Great
Greenford. 163 ; his Will and Monu-
ment, 164, 167
Gate House of Lincoln's Inn built by
Sir Thomas Lovel, 434
Gennings, Stephen, Wolverhampton
School founded by him, 1509, 72
German Guilds in London, Ordinances
of, 3, 44, 47, 52
Gerard's Hall Crypt, 229
498
INDEX.
Girdles of Silk, in Inventory of West-
minster Abbey, 340
Glovers' Company, Ordinances of, 6, 28
Gloves, Pastoral, 317, 318
Gold of Venice and Lucca, 367
Goldsmiths' Row, Cheapside, 133
Goklwell, James, Bishop of Norwich,
Cope given by him to Westminster
Abbey, 332
Goodere, Goodyer, Family of, Bene-
factors to Hadley Church, 260 ; Pedi-
gree of, 262, 264
» Sir Henry and Henry, letter of,
265, 266, 267
Arms of, 261
Gospel Oak, at the boundary of Hamp-
stead and St. Pancras, 100
Gotham, John, rents given by him to
Minor Canons of St. Paul's, 251
Granaries at Westminster Abbey, 361,
362
Gray's Inn, Meeting at, 483; Notes on,
by W. R. Douthwaite, Librarian :
early history, records, buildings,
windows in the hall, masques and
revels, costume and deportment of
members, library, gardens, distin-
guished members, 419, 424
Great Greenford Church, Middlesex,
Paper by Alfred Heales, F.S.A.:
ground plan, 151; historical notices
of the manor and living, 152 ; king-
post of chancel roof, 156; stained
glass, 158, 172; font, 160; bells, 160;
rectors, 161 ; monuments, 165 ; regis-
ters, 167; parochial charities, 171;
fight in the church, 171 ; meeting at,
467
Great Waltham Church, Essex, mediaeval
Painting in, 386
Greek Letters (sacred monogram?) on
church vestments, 330, 333
Green Arbour Court, 121
Greenford Church (see Great Green-
ford)
Greenwich Palace, Masque by the Mem-
bers of the Inner Temple and Gray's
Inn, 421
Gresham, Sir John, School at Holt,
Norfolk, founded by him, 72
Sir Thomas, a member of
Gray's Inn, 423 •
Grindal, Bishop of London, Sermon at
St. Paul's, 78
Grocers' Company, its origin, 134;
venison at their feasts, 80
Grove, William, executor of Sir Richard
Whittington, 142
Guilds, Theories of their Origin, 20 ;
before the Norman Conquest, 134 ;
in the seventh century, 18
Guilds of London, Ordinances of, 1354 —
1496,1
Guild of St. Peter, at St. Peter's Church,
Cornhill, 302
Guildhall Museum, ancient Querns in,
126; " signs " worn by pilgrims, 182,
185
" Guildhall," Dover, mentioned in Domes-
day, 26
Guilford, Lord Keeper; his "moots " or
discussions at Lincoln's Inn Hall din-
ners, 429
Haberdashers' Company, its origin, 132
Hadley, Notes on the Church and Parish,
by the Rev. F. C. Cass, M.A. Rector;
given to Walden Abbey, 253 ; the
Church, its early history, 254; Incum-
bents, 255,276; Descent of the Manor,
256 ; Ludgrove Manorhouse, 256 ;
present Church, 257 ; Cresset or Beacon,
258; Brass and Arms of John Good-
yer; Pedigree of the Family; Pedigree
of Frowicke, 261 ; Epitaph on Anne
Walkeden, 264 ; Letters of Sir Henry
and Henry Goodere, 265, 266, 267;
Brasses of Tumour and Gale, 268 ;
Font, Hagioscopes, Monuments, 269,
275, 283; Princess Elizabeth, 273;
Almshouses, 274 ; Burials -during the
Plague, Population, Registers, 278;
Church Plate, 279; Bells, 281 ; Vest-
ments, 282
Hagioscopes in Hadley Church, 269
Haidon, John, Alderman and Sheriff, 141
Hal, near Brussels, Shrine of the Virgin
at, 179 ; pilgrim's " sign," 184
Hampstead, irregular marriages at Sion
Chapel, 104
Hampstead Ponds, Sources of the "Hole-
Bourne," 98
Hampton Court Palace, Meeting at, 487
Hand-mills (see Querns)
Hankin, R. B., his "Account of the
Public Charities of Bedford," 85
Hardwick, Philip; Stone Building, Lin-
coln's Inn, completed by him, 450 ;
his New Hall and Library, Lincoln's
Inn, 451
Hare-hunting by the Lord Mayor, Alder-
men, and Citizens (1562), 81
Harlesdon, early History of. 190, 194
Harmondsworth, Meeting at, 482; the
Great Barn, 417 ; silver Coins dis-
covered at, 94
Harper, Sir William, Alderman of Lon-
don, founder of the Bedford School
Charities; Biography of, by John Gough
Nichols, F.S.A., 70-91 ; Memoir of,
by James Wyatt, 73 ; his inauguration
as Lord Mayor, 77 ; at a wedding
INDEX.
499
feast, 80; at Merchant Taylors' feast,
79 ; visits to St. Paul's, 78 ; at the
funeral of Sir Rowland Hill, 78 ; at
the Fishmongers' dinner, 78; at a riot
in Smithfield, 78; at election of sheriff,
81 ; at visitation of conduit-heads, hare
and fox-hunting, 81 ; his first wife,
Alice Tomlinson, 82 ; his second wife,
Margaret Lethers, 83 ; his death, 83 ;
portrait, 84; death, burial, and tomb,
85, 88 ; statue at Bedford Grammar
School, 90; his will, 91
Harper, Alice, first wife of Sir William,
88, 89; register of her burial, 93
Harper, Margaret, second wife of Sir
William, her negotiation for his house
in Lombard Street, 84 ; her tomb,
86,88
Harpur Street', Bloomsbury, on the Bed-
ford Charities estate, 88
Harrow School, Judgment in Chancery
against, 200
Hartshorne, Albert, Description of the
Great Barn, Harmondsworth, 417
Harvey, Sir James, Lord Mayor, 222
Hatton, Sir Christopher Hatton Garden,
Hatton Wall, 118
Hawking represented in embroidery, 346
Hawkins, William, Vicar of Willesdon,
his love of quiet, 198
Heales, Major, F.S.A. contributes rub-
bings of brasses of Sir William Harper
and his wife, 86; Paper on Great
Greenford Church, 151-172.
Henry III., his Tomb, 351
Henry IV., Vestments given by him to
Westminster Abbey, 329
Henry V., Vestments given by him to
Westminster Abbey, 329 ; Inventory of
his Chapel, Westminster Abbey, 352;
his Tomb, 351
Henry VII., Vestments given by him to
Westminster Abbej, 328, 334 ; In-
ventory of his Chapel, Westminster
Abbey, 353
Heraldic Bearings of the Roman "Milites
Superventores," supposed, 68
Herod in Religious Plays, 115, 116
Herses; Abbot Islip's herse, 322
Herse Cloths; Westminster Abbey, 349;
St.Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, 368
Hert, Simon, rector of Great Greenford,
161; his will, 161; monumental brass,
165
Hervey, William, Clarenceux, a member
of the Skinners' Company, 79
Hewet, Sir Win., Alderman, 288, 293
Hey wood, Thomas, " Satirical Dialogue
between a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Poti-
cary, and a Pedler," 1549, 173
Hicks, Sir Baptist, mercer, 141
Highgate Ponds, sources of the " Hole-
Bourne," 98
Hill, Sir Rowland, Lord Mayor, School
at Drayton, Shropshire, founded by
him, 72; his funeral, 78
t; Hockley-in-the-Hole," Popular Sports
at, 111
" Holborn, " erroneously derived by
Stowe from "Oldbourne," 114
Holborn Bridge, 119
"Hole-Bourne, The," paper by J. G.
Waller on :
St. Pancras Wells, 105
St. Chad's Well, 106
Bagnigge Wells, 107, 108
Black Mary's Hole, 107
Lambs Conduit, 109, 110
Hockley in the Hole, 111
Coldbath and Coldbath Fields, 111
Fortifications at Laystall Street, 113
Fish-ponds and Water-mills, 114
Skinners' Well, Gode Well, 114;
117
The Clerks' Well, Performance of
Religious Plays, 115, 117
Ely Place and Chapel, Bishop of
Ely's Palace and Garden, 118
Hatton Garden, Chick Lane or West
Street, Cow Lane, Sempringham
House, 118
Field Lane, Holborn Bridge, 119
Tan Pits, 120
Cleansing of the Fleet, 120
Fleet Bridge, Prison, and Market,
121, 122
Bridewell, Whitefriars, 122, 123
Holinshed, Destruction of Images at
Chelsea, 181
Holt, Norfolk, School founded by Sir John
Gresham at, 72
Holy Wells in and near London, 106 ;
Religious Plays performed at, 115
Homilies, Books of the, 209
Honey, Honey Lane, 133
Horn, Sir Win., Lord Mayor, 288
" Houseling bred," for the sacrament,
322
Hunting by the Lord Mayor of London,
82
Images of the Virgin, miraculous; pil-
grimages to, 175, 179, 187; cestroyed
by order of Cromwell, 181, 211
Infirmary, Westminster Abbey, Inventory
at the Dissolution, 363
Ingram, Sir Arthur, 223
Ingram Court, Fenchurch Street, 223
Inner Temple, Masques and Revels at the,
421
Inns in parish of St. Dionis Backchureh,
223
2 L
500
INDEX.
Inns of Court and Universities, Attorney-
General Noy on, 442
Inns of Court (see Gray's Inn, Lincoln's
Inn)
Inscriptions on Church Bells, 160
Inventories of Church Goods : St. Dionis
Backchurch, 203, 205; Hadley, 281;
Westminster Abbey at the Dissolution,
communicated and annotated by the
Rev. Mackenzie E. C. Walcott, B.D.,
F.S.A., 313-364; St. Stephen's Chapel,
Westminster, temp. Hen. VIII., 365
Ireland; Querns in Guildhall Museum,
126; in Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy, 129 ; specimens from the
Museum of John Walker Daily, Esq.,
126, 130
Irish Frieze, 360
Islip, Abbot; Cope, Altar Frontals, &c.
given by him to Westminster Abbey,
327, 329, 336, 348
Islip's Chapel, Westminster Abbey, In-
ventory of, 355
" Islippes," the Rebus of Abbot Islip, 314,
322, 329, 348
Ivory Fix, St. Stephen's Chapel, West
minster, 371
Ivory Sceptre for the Queen, in West-
minster Abbey, 324 ; Ivory Croche or
Staff, 327
James II., Officers of Mercers' Company
appointed by him, 137
Jericho Parlour, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory at the Dissolution, 359
Jerusalem Chamber at St. Dionis Back-
church, 217
Jerusalem Parlour, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory at the Dissolution, 359
Jesse, Root of, embroidered on Copes, at
Westminster Abbey, 333
Jesus' (Abbot Islip's) Chapel, West-
minster Abbey, Inventory of, 355
John of Northampton, Paintings by him
in the Chapter Honse, Westminster,
389, 415
Jones, Inigo, Chapel of Lincoln's Inn
designed by him, 449
Judd, Sir Andrew, Lord Mayor, Ton-
bridge School founded by him, 72
" Kantloes," old name of Kentish Town,
its etymology, 100
Katharine of Arragon, Hearse-cloth given
by her to Westminster Abbey, 349
Keeleburn (see Kilburn)
Kelseye, Giles de, his Will, 213, 214, 219
Kentish Town, course of the " Hole-
Bourne," 99; Annual Dinners of the
Members of Lincoln's Inn, 428
Ken Wood, Highgate, 98
Kilburn, early history of, 190 ; priory of
St. John the Baptist, 192
Knolles, Thomas, Lord Mayor, 260
Kympton, William, Alderman. 256
Lady- birds, destruction of, 309
Lambarde, William, a member of Lin-
coln's Inn, 440
Lambe, William, Conduit erected by him,
109
Lamb's Conduit and Lamb's Conduit
Fields, 109, 110
Language, English, illustrations of its
progress, 3
Laxton , Sir William , Lord Mayor, Oundle
School founded by him, 72
Laystalls, Fort at Laystall Street, Clerk-
en well, 113
Leadenhall Street, fatal Fire in, 312
Leathersellers" Hall, meeting at, 473
Leigh, Sir Thomas, Lord Mayor, 1558,
the Leigh Cup, 147, 148
Lent-stuff, Lent-veil, 327, 328, 345
Lethers, Margaret, second wife of Sir
William Harper, 83
Leveson Family, Notices of the, 287
Leveson, ^Nicholas, Sheriff and Merchant
of the Staple, monumental brass of,
288; his will, 291
Leveson, Dionysia, 292; her will and
funeral, 293; monumental brass, 288
Libraries : Gray's Inn, 422 ; City of
London, St. Paul's, Lambeth Palace,
Sion College, Lincoln's Inn, 456 ;
Middle Temple, 457
Lilly, Master of St. Paul's School, 145
Lime Street; Pewterers' Hall, 223; re-
sidence of Nicholas Leveson, 288, 292,
293, 295
Lincoln, Henry Lacy, Earl of (temp.
Edw. I.), his Mansion and Garden at
Lincoln's Inn, 446
Lincoln's Inn, the Honourable Society
of, by Edward \V. Brabrook, F.S.A.,
M.R.S.L ; Notes by Fortescue and
Waterhouse; revels and masques; cos-
tume of the members ; regulation of
beards ; dining in hall ; " moots," or
discussions at mess ; property of the
Society ; arrangement of the Equity
Courts ; its association with those
Courts ; distinguished members ; go-
vernors ; readers ; Gate House built
by Sir Thomas Lovel ; John Boteler,
Sir Thomas More, his father, and his
grandfather, members of the Society;
attachment of Sir Thomas More to the
Inn; Lincoln's Inn diet; members of
the first Society of Antiquaries (temp.
INDEX.
501
Eliz.) ; other officers of the Society,
425-444
Lincoln's Inn and its Library, by William
Holden Spilsbury, Librarian ; early
history of the site ; the Earl of Lin-
coln's gardens, Holborn; old buildings
of the inn ; Gate House ; old Hall ;
revels ; Chapel ; distinguished preach-
ers ; chaplain ; New Square ; Stone
Building ; gardens ; new Hall and
library ; books ; benefactors to the
library, 445, 446
Lincoln's Inn Hall, meeting at, 483
" Linen Cloth, Meter of," appointed by
the Mercers' Company, 140
Lombard Street, House of Sir William
Harper, Lord Mayor, 81, 83
London, New Charter of the City, 1683,
137
London; Ordinances of Secular Guilds
in the tenth century, 8 ; from 1354-
1496, 1 ; power of the Trade Guilds, 19
London Guilds, theories of their origin,
20
London, City of, Woodcock's History of,
93
London Wall, " Cungate," one of the
towers of, 2'26
Lord Mayors of London :
Bradbury, Thomas, 288
Chichele, Sir Robert, 260
Curteis, Sir Thomas, 222
Fitz-Ailwin, Henry, arms of, 141
Fraunceys, Sir Adam, 139
Frowicke, Sir Henry, 260
Geffery, Sir Robert, 220, 223
Harper, Sir William, biography of,
70
Harvey, Sir James, 222
Horn, Sir William, 288
Knolles, Thomas, 260
Leigh, Sir Thomas, 75, 148
Offley, Sir Thomas, 74
Oaborn, Sir Edward, 222, 289
Rowe, Sir Henry, 141
Portraits of, temp. Elizabeth, 85, 92
Woodcock's Lives of, 93
Lord of Misrule, 78
Loretto, Pilgrimages to, 174, 178; signs
worn by pilgrims, 182 ; crouch, or
pilgrim's staff from, 186
Lovel, Sir Thomas, his burial at Halli-
wcll Priory, 434
Loving Cups given to the Mercers' Com-
pany by the Governor and Company of
the Bank of Englaad, 150.
Luca, his Pictures of the Virgin Mary,
176
Lucca, gold of, 367
Ludgraves, Hadley, Pedigree of the Wil-
braham family, 274
Lychefeld, William, his Will ; monumental
Brass at Willesdon, 181
Lyntone, John de, first warden of the
College of Minor Canons, St. Paul's
Cathedral, 232
Lysons, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., his Memoir
of Sir Thomas Whittington, 70, 143
Macclesfield, School founded by Sir John
Percival. Lord Mayor, 72
Machyn's Diary, notices of Sir William
Harper, Merchant Taylors' feast, &c.,
74, 77-80, 222, 293; visitation of the
conduit-heads, 81
Malourees, Manor of, at Willesdon, 194
Malpas, Philip, Alderman, 70
Mandeville, Geoffrey de, owner of Enfield
Manor, 253
Manuscript of Jerome's Vulgate, at St.
Peter's, Cornhill, 312
Margaret, daughter of Edward III., her
Tomb, 351
Margaret, Countess of Richmond, Herse-
cloth given by her to Westminster
Abbey, 349
Market Bosworth, School founded by Sir
Wolstan Dixie, Lord Mayor, 71
Markets of Old London, 132
Marriage Ceremonies, 207
Marriage Masques, 80
Marriages, clandestine; history of mar-
riage law and custom, 104; at Fleet
Prison, 122
Marriages, frequent disuse of the religious
service, 169
Marriages, at St. Dionis Backchurch,
221
Marylebone Park, 103
Masques; at a Wedding, 1562, 80; at
the Inns of Court, 421, 427
" Massacre of the Innocents, "in religious
plays, 116
Measures of the Roman Surveyors, 61
Meetings of the Society :
42nd General, at Vestry Hall,
Willesdon, 1869, 467
43rd General, at Clothworkers'
Ha!l, &c., 1870, 468
44th General (15th Annual), at
the Society's Rooms, 1870, 469
45th General, at Monken Had-
ley, &c.. 1870, 472
46th General, at Leathersellers'
Hall, &c., 1871, 473
47th General (16th Annual), at
University College, 1871, 474
48th General, at the Chapter
House of Westminster Abbey, 1872,
478
502
INDEX.
Meetings, 49th General (17th Annual),
at University College, 1872, 479
1 50th General, at West Drayton
and Harmondsworth, 1872, 482
• 51st General, at Lincoln's Inn
Hall, &c., 1873, 483
• 52nd General (18th Annual), at
University College, 1873, 483
— ^— 53rd General, at Hampton Court
Palace, 1873, 487
54th General, at St. Paul's Ca-
thedral and Skinners' Hall, 1874, 487
55th General (19th Annual), at
4, St. Martin's Place, Trafalgar Square,
1874,488
• 56th General, at Fulham Palace
and Church, 1874, 492
Mendelssohn, his Performance on the
Organ at St. Peter's, Cornhill, 308
" Mercer," etymology and application of
the term, 132
Mercers' Company : the Trading Com-
panies of London, and the Records of
this Company, by John Gough Nichols,
Esq. F.S.A. V.P. 131 ; Charters of
Richard II., 135; Henry VI., 136;
Edward IV. Philip and Mary, Eliz.,
136 ; James I. Charles I. 137 ;
officers appointed by James II. 137 ;
Statutes and Ordinances, 138 ; Court
Books, 138; Annual Feast, Masters,
139 ; Control over the silk trade, 140;
Meterage of linen cloth, 140; Sta-
tutes of Whittington's Almshouses,
142 ; Cartulary of Dean Colet's Lands,
143; Statutes of St. Paul's School,
144; Plate described by Geo. Russell
French, the Leigh Cup, 147
Mercers' Supper, or annual Feast, 76
Mercery, the Cheapside, 133
Merchant Adventurers, Company of, 134
Merchant Taylors' Company; Eminent
Members ; Sir William Harper, 72,
76; Thomas Tomlinson, 83; Sir John
Percival, 83 ; Sir Thomas Offley, 83 ;
John Paget, 222
Merchant Taylors' Feast, 79
Merchant Taylors' Procession on St.
John's day to church of the Knights
Hospitallers, Clerkenwell, 74
"Meter of lynnenclothe,'' appointed by
the Mercers' Company, 140
Middle Temple Library, books stolen
from, 457
Milbourne, Sir John, founder of the
Milbourne Almshouses, 70
Mills at Castle Baynard, 120
Mills, Millstones, Handmills (see Querns)
Mineral Springs near London resorted to
in the eighteenth century, 105
Minor Canons of St. Paul'a Cathedral,
Charter and Statutes of the College;
Paper by the Rev. W. Sparrow Simp-
son, M.A., F.S.A , V.P., 231—252
Mint Marks on Silver Coins discovered
at Harmondsworth, 94
Miracle Plays performed by parish
clerks at Clerkenwell, 115
Miraculous Images of the Virgin, 175, 179
Misericord, or Hall of Indulgence, West-
minster Abbey, Inventory at the Dis-
solution, 357
Missals in Westminster Abbey at the Dis-
solution, 343
Mitre of the Boy Bishop, 318
Mitres of the Abbot of Westminster at
the Dissolution, 314, 318
Monken Hadley Church, Meeting at, 472
Monken Hadley, Notes on the Church
and Parish, by the Rev. F. C. Cass,
M.A., Rector, 253—286
Monoux, Sir George, Lord Mayor, Wal-
thamstow School founded by him, 72
Monteiths, Silver, belonging to the
Mercers' Company, 149
Montserrat, Pilgrimages to the Shrine of
Our Lady at, 175,178,186
" Moots" or discussions at Lincoln's Inn
Hall dinners, 429
More, John, butler, steward, and reader
of Lincoln's Inn, 435
More, John, his son, butler of Lincoln's
Inn and judge, 435
More, Sir Thomas, his son, Chancellor
and martyr, his attachment to Lin-
coln's Inn, 495; notice of his career,
437
Morowmas Altar, 208
Mourning Rings, 294
Musical Instruments in Paintings in
Chapter House, Westminster, 387
Music Books and Musicians, 205, 210
" Musterd quernes," 128
Muswell, pilgrimages to, 173, 175, 181 ;
pilgrim's sign, 185
"Mysteries" performed by parish clerks
at Clerkenwell, 115 ; at Sir Christopher
Hatton's, 118
Mystery, " mestiere ' ' or trade, the Mystery
of the Mercers, 139
Nabbe, Thomas, his Play of " Totenham
Court," 103
Neasdon, manor and prebend, granted
by Athelstan to St. Paul's, 189, 194
New Jerusalem, mediaeval treatment of
its representation, 415 '
Newland, Abraham, his Stamp on Bank
Notes, 150
Nicholls, Elizabeth, Festivities at her
Wedding (1562), 80
INDEX.
503
Nicholls, John, controller of the works at
London Bridge (1562), 80
Nichols, John Gough, F.S.A., Biography
of Sir William Harper, Alderman of
London, 70-93 ; Mercers' and other
Trading Companies of London; Re-
cords of the Mercers' Company, 131;
obituary notice of, 488
Nicoll family, landowners at Willesdon,
194
Niger, Roger, Bishop of London, 254
Noah and his Wife in Religious Plays, 116
Northampton, John of, his Paintings in
the Chapter House, Westminster, 415
Northolt Church, Meeting at, 467
Noy, Attorney-General, on Universities
and Inns of Court, 442
Nuncupative Will of Christopher Bowyer,
170
Oak, "Our Lady of the Oke," Pil-
grimages to. 173, 175
Oak Trees, Gospel Oak, Christ's Oak,
100
Offlcy, Sir Thomes, his house in Lombard
Street, 79, 83, 84
" Oldbourne," erroneously given by Stowe
as the etymplogy of " Holborn," 114
Oldcastle, Sir John, his supposed Resi-
dence, Clerkenwell, 110
Organs: St. Dionis Backcburch, 204,
205, 208, 210, 212; St. Peter's, Corn-
hill, Mendelssohn's opinion of it, 307;
Westminster Abbey, 350, 355; St.
Stephen's Chapel, 371
Orientation of Churches, Great Green-
ford Church, 151
Orridge, Benj. Brogden, F.G.S., his Bio-
graphical Notices of London Citizens,
70,71
Osborne, Sir Edward, Lord Mayor, 222,
289
Ossulstone, a Roman uninscribed monu-
ment, 62
Oundle School, founded by Sir William
Laxton, Lord Mayor, 72
Overall, W. H., F.S.A., the Water-
bearers' Company and its Hall, 58 ;
Notes on Two Monumental Brasses, St.
Andrew Undershaft, 287
Oxford Street, early state of, 102
Oyster-tables at Westminster Abbey at
the Dissolution, 359, 363
Pageants at the feast of Sir William
Harper, Lord Mayor, 77
Paget, John, Sheriff, 222
Painted Cloths, 207, 208, 283, 327, 363
Painted Glass in the windows of Gray's
Inn Hall, 420
Paintings, Church, 208
Paintings in the Chapter House, West-
minster, Paper by J. G. Waller, Esq.,
377-416
Pall-cloths, 369
Palmer, William, his collections for a
history of the Mercers' Company, 135
Palmers, origin of the term, 1 81
" Pancrace, the Parson of," referred to in
Nabbe's play of Totenham Court, 103
Panyer Alley, memorial Stone in, 63
" Parafracys," 203, 205, 209
Parish Clerks, Company of, their Religious
Plays at Clerkenwell, 115
Parish Registers, early history of, 167;
Hadley, 278; St. Peter's, Cornhill,
309
Paten (see Inventories of Church Goods)
Pennant, Rev. John, M.A., Vicar of Had-
ley, 277
Perceval, Rt. Hon. Spencer, cenotaph in
Lincoln's Inn Chapel, 449
Percival, Sir John, Lord Mayor, his House
in Lombard Street, 83 ; Macclesfield
School founded by him, 72
Perivale Church, Meeting at, 467
" Petrekeys," St. Peter's Keys em-
broidered on vestments, 315, 348
Pewe Chapel and Altar of our Lady of the
Pewe, Westminster Abbey, 314, 373
Pewterers' Company, 223
Pewterers' Hall, Lime Street, 223
Phillippa, Queen, her tomb, 351
"Pickled Egg," public-house, "Hockley-
in-the-Hole," 112
Pilate, in Religious Plays, 115
"Pilgrims," "Palmer's," "Romers," 182
Pilgrimages to Our Lady of Wilsdon
(Willesdon), and other Shrines, paper
by John Green Waller, 173-187
Piscinas in Churches obliterated, 157
Pitt, The Rt. Hon. Wm., Treasurer of
Lincoln's Inn, 443
Plague, references to in parish registers,
169,197,221,278,310
Plate, Church; Inventories of, 203, 210,
211, 279, 307, 315, 317, 357, 363, 371
Plate of the Mercers' Company, 147
Plateau and Epergne belonging to the
Mercers' Company, 150
Plate Marks, 148, 149, 212
" Plummerye," Westminster Abbey, 361
Pollock, Sir Frederick, Signature to
Ordinances of St. Paul's School, 146
Pompeii, corn mills at, 126
Pontifical Rings, 320
Population; Hadley, 278; St. Dionis,
Backchurch, 214; Willesdon, 195,
196
Portraits ascribed to St. Luke, 177
Portraits : Dr. Edward Tyson, 222; Eliza-
bethan Lord Mayors, 92 ; Henry Fitz-
504
INDEX.
Alwine, Kt, first Lord Mayor of
London, 93 ; Richard II., Thomas
Arundel, Archbishop of York, Robert
Braybrook, Bishop of London, 231 ;
Dean Colet, 144
Portpole (or Purpoole), manor of, given
to Gray's Inn by the Grays de
Wilton, 419
Pottery, early English, found in St.
Martin's-le-Grand, 124
Preachers of Lincoln's Inn, 449
Prebendal Manors of the parish of Willes-
don, 191, 192,194
Price, John Edward, Hon. Sec., Notes on
a Roman Quern discovered in St.
Martin's-le-Grand, 124
Procession to St. Paul's at Pentecost,
310
Prynne, William, Introduction to his
Records; unique copy in Lincoln's Inn
Library, 463
Quern, Roman, discovered in St. Martin's-
le-Grand, 124
Querns, ancient, 124-130
" Quernestones," 128
Readings at Lincoln's Inn; distinguished
readers, 433-443
Refugees, French, at Willesdon, 199
Registers, parish, early history of, 167 ;
register book at Great Green ford, 168;
St. Dionis, Backchurch, 220 ; St.
Peter's, Cornhill, 309 ; erasure and
forgery in, 310; Willesdon, 195, 199;
erasures in, 200
Religious Persecution under Queen Mary,
74
Religious Plays at Sir Christopher Hat-
ton's Hall, 118
Revels at the Inns of Court, 421, 427
Richard II., College of Minor Canons,
St. Paul's Cathedral, founded by, 231 ;
altar frontal given to Westminster
Abbey, 327, 330; his tomb, 351
Ridge, Hertfordshire, vicarage of, 255
Rings, Pontifical, 320
Rings, Funeral and Mourning, 294
Riot in Smithfield (1572), 78
" River Fleet " (see " Hole Bourne ")
" River of Wells " (see " Hole Bourne ")
Roberts, family of, Lords of Neasdon,
parish of Willesdon, 192, 194, 197,
198, 200
Rochet (see Inventories of Church Goods)
Roils Chapel, Meeting at, 483
Roman Origin of Trade Guilds, 22
Roman Camp (supposed) at Old St.
Pancras Church, 102
Roman Camp at the Brill, 106
Roman Quern discovered in St. Martin's-
le-Grand, 124
Roman Querns, 125
Roman Roads, 102, 189, 193
Roman Sepulchre discovered at West-
minster Abbey, 61 ; inscription, 66
Roman Theatre, supposed site of, 121
Romers ; pilgrims to Rome, 1 82
Rosary, Institution of the, 385
Roses hung on Tombs, 24
Rowe, Miss Victoria, drawings of Hadley
Church, 259, 260, 286
Rowe, Sir Henry, Lord Mayor, 141, 146
Rowthall, Thomas, Bishop of Durham,
Vestments given hy him to Westminster
Abbey, 334
Rushes for covering floors, 348
Sacring Bells ; Hadley, 282; Westminster
Abbey, 320
St. Alban's, pilgrimages to, 193
St. Andrew Holborn, Land settled on the
Bedford Charities, 90
St. Andrew Undershaft Church, meeting
at, 474 ; early history of, 229 ; sale of
Church vestments, 287, 292
St. Andrew's Chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory of, 353
St. Anna, Bells dedicated to, 160
St. Chad's Well, King's Cross, 106
Si. Dennis (see St. Dionis Backchurch)
St. Dionis Backchurch, Paper by William
Durrant Cooper, F.S.A., V.P. ; former
and present churches, 201 ; return of
church goods (1552), 203; destruction
of images, 211 ; church plate, 211 ;
organ bells, 212; charities, 213; re-
gisters, 220; rectors, 221; meeting at,
468
St. Edmond's Chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory of, 352
St. Edward's Chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory of, 350
St- Faith, parish of, 232
St. Giles's, civic fox-hunting at, 81
St. John the Baptist, Pictnres from his Life
in Chapter House, Westminster, 388
St. John Baptist's Chapel, Westminster
Abbey, Inventory of, 354
St. John Evangelist's Chapel, Westminster
Abbey, Inventory of, 354
St. John's College, Oxford, founded by
Sir Thomas White, 1554, 72
St. John's Church of the Knights Hos-
pitallers, Clerkenwell ; Procession of
Merchant Taylors on St. John's day
to, 74
St. Katharine Coleman and St. Kathe-
rine Cree, parishes of, 229
INDEX.
505
St. Katherine, Dutch Brotherhood of, in
London, their Ordinances, 52
St. Katherine's Chapel in the " Farmarye "
(Infirmary), Westminster Abbey 363
St. Luke, his Portraits of Jesus and the
Virgin Mary, 176
St. Martin's-Ie-Graud, Roman Quern
discovered in, 124
St. Mary at Hill Church, Meeting at,
468
St. Marylehone, early State of the Parish,
102
St. Mary's Woolnoth, Lady Alice Harper
buried in, 93
St. Michael's Chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory of, 354
St. Michael's Church, Aldgate, 224, 226,
227
St. Michael's, Cornhill, bequests to by
Robert Donkin, 58; extracts from
Vestry Minutes, 59
St. Nicholas by the Shambles, Church of,
133
St. Nicholas Chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory of, 352
St. Nicholas in the Flesh Shambles,
parish of, 232
St. Nicholas, the boy bishop, 318, 328
St. Pancras, early state of the parish ;
the old church, 101-103, 105
St. Pancras Wash, flood in 1809, 106
St. Pancras Wells, 105
St. Paul's Cathedral, College of the
Minor Canons ; its Charter and Sta-
tutes ; Paper by the Rev. W. Sparrow
Simpson, M.A., F.S A., V.P. 231, 252;
Lord Mayor's attendance at, 77, 78 ;
meeting at, 487
St. Paul's Chapel, Westminster Abbey,
Inventory of, 355
St. Paul's School, Cartulary of Dean
Colet's Lands, 143 ; Statutes of the
School, 144
St. Paul's, Willesdon, held by the Dean
and Chapter, 191
St. Peter's Cope, Westminster Abbey, 328
St. Peter's, Cornhill, Paper by the Rev.
Richard Whittington, M.A. Rector ;
founded in the second century, 301;
used for sanctuary, 302; old church,
303 ; present church, 305 ; screen de-
signed by Sir C. Wren's daughter,
306; Church plate, organ, 307 ; font,
chantries, valuation, vestry minutes,
308; register, 309; advowson given
by Sir Richard Whittington to the
Corporation, 312 ; monuments 312;
MS. "of Jerome's Vulgate, 312; meet-
ing at, 474
St. Stephen's Chapel, Westminster : In-
ventory of, temp. Hen. VIII., 365-376
St. Stephen's, Walbrook, Funeral of Sir
Rowland Hill, 78
Salt Cellars, silver and silver gilt, belong-
ing to the Mercers' Company, 148; in
Westminster Abbey, 315, 316, 357
Salver belonging to the Mercers' Com-
pany, 150
Sampson, Elizabeth, her abuse of the
shrine of " Our Lady of Wilsdon ;" her
abjuration, 180
Sanctuary, St. Peter's Church, Cornhill,
302
Sanctus Bells, Saunce Bells, 204, 209,
210, 281, 373
" Saumpeler work," Towel with, in
Westminster Abbey, 342
Sceptres in Westminster Abbey, 324
Schools founded by London citizens, 71
Scott, Sir G. R. A., his Additions to Lin-
coln's Inn Library, 455
Seal of the Bedford Charity, 92
Sempringham House, 118
Sepulchres, Roman, used to mark bounda-
ries, 61
Sepulchre Cloths, 314, 326, 368
Shad well, a corruption of St. Chads'
Well, 107
Shambles, at the west end of Cheap, Lon-
don, 133
Shearmen, Guild of, their Ordinances,
(1452), 8, 35
Sheriffs :
Avenon, Alexander, 77
Baskerville, Humphrey, 77
Chamberlain, Alderman, 1562, 81
Chichele, William, 260
Darby, John, 202
Harper, Sir William, 75
Lambaide, William, 440
Leveson, Nicholas, 288
Machell, John, 75
Osborne. Sir Edward, 76
Paget, John, 222
Sheriffs, Woodcock's List of, 93
Sheriffs appointed by the Lord Mayor
drinking to them, 76
Sheriffs; Arms of Members of the Mercers'
Company, 141
Sheriff, Lawrence, Rug by School founded
by him, 1567, 72
Ships for Incense, 320, 322, 372
Shrines, English, Pilgrimages to, 173 —
187 ; "Signs" worn by pilgrims, 183
Shrine at Willesdon, 193
" Signs" of Shrines visited by Pilgrims,
182—186
Silk Trade and the Mercers' Company,
140
Silver Coins discovered at Harmonds-
worth, 94
Simpson, Rev. W. Sparrow, M.A.,
506
INDEX.
F.S.A., V.P., paper on the Charter
and Statutes of the College of Minor
Canons in St. Paul's Cathedral, 231
—252
Sion Chapel, Hampstead, clandestine
Marriages at, 104
Siredus, Church at Aldgate erected by,229
Skinners' Company, venison at their
feats, 80
Hall, meeting at, 487
Well, Gode Well, 114, 117
Slavery in the tenth century, 11
Smith, Toulmin, on old English guilds,
21,26
SraitWfield, riot in 1562, 78
Soames, Dr., on mineral waters, 105
Soap, Soper Lane, 133
Society of Antiquaries, temp. Q. Eliza-
beth, 439
Southcote, Judge John, 293
South Mims Church, Meeting at, 473 ;
Frowick Chantry, 261
Spas near London in the eighteenth cen-
tury, 105
Spilsbury, T. H., on Lincoln's Inn and
its library
Sports at " Hockley-in-the-Hole," 111
Springs, Mineral, near London, resorted
to in the eighteenth century, 105
Springs tributary to the " Hole Bourne,"
106
Springs, Chalybeate (see Wells)
Squints in Hadley Church, 269
Stained Glass Windows in Lincoln's Inn
Hall and Chapel, 448, 449, 454
Stamford, Dame Alice, Monument of, 269
Stamford, Sir William, Judge, Arms of,
261, 271, 272
Sternhold/'Bokeof SternallSalmes,"205
Stone, Nicholas, Monument by, 274
Stones marking Roman Boundaries in
London, 62
Stowe ; his Notices of Sir William Harper,
73; nomination of Sheriffs by the Lord
Mayor, 76 ; the Bridge House, 80 ;
officers of the Lord Mayor's house, 82 ;
erroneous derivation of " Holborn "
from "Old Bourne," 114; Fleet Bridge,
122 ; " Gode-well " in the " Hole-
Bourne, 114; Cheap ward, 133; exe-
cution of the Bailiff of Romford, 224 ;
Battle of Barnet, 258
Stratford-le-Bow, Protestants burnt at, 74
Superventor, a Roman military term,
found on a sepulchre discovered at
Westminster Abbey, 67
Surplice (see Inventories of Church Fur-
niture)
" Sylke, Weyer of," appointed by the
Mercers' Company; weights and scales,
140
Symons, Thomas, Rector of Great Green-
ford, monumental brass of, 166
" Syngyng-bred," unconsecrated hosts,
322, 373
Tailory, Westminster Abbey, 358
Tankards belonging to the Mercers' Com-
pany, 149
" Te Deum, bokes of," 210
Terry, Edward, Rector of Great Green-
ford, 164
Teutonic origin of Guilds, Dr. Brentano's
theory, 20
Theatre, Roman, supposed site of, 121
Theatres at Blackfriars and Dorset Gar- •
dens, 123
Thorneton, Richard, monumental Brass,
Great Greenford Church, 166
Three Cranes in the Vintry, embarkation
of Sir William Harper, Lord Mayor, 77
Tomlinson, Alice, first wife of Sir W ill lain
Harper, 82
Tonbridge School, founded by Sir Andrew
Judd, Lord Mayor, 72
Torregiano, bust of Dean Colet ascribed
to, 144
" Totenham Court," a Play of Thomas
Nabbe, 103
" Tot-hill," etymology of the word, 113
Tottenham Court, the manor-house of
Totenhall, its early state, 103
Trade Guilds, Ordinances of, 3
Trading Companies of London, by J.
Gough Nichols, F.S.A., V.P., 131-
150
Trinity, Priory of the, Leadenhall Street,
224, 226, 227, 229, 230
Turnmill Brook, a name for the " Hole
Bourne," 97
Tumour, Eli, vicar of Hadley, 276
" Twelfth Day," Epiphany, early use of
the term, 330
Twyford. East, early history of, 190, 194
" Ty-bourne " brook, 97
Tyson, Dr Edward, his monument, 222
Tyssen, J. R. Daniel, F.S. A., his discovery
of Ordinances of London Guilds in the
Consistory Court, 2 ; Inventory of St.
Stephen's Chapel, Westminster, con-
tributed by him, 365
Universities and Inns of Court, Attorney-
General Noy on, 442
Valerius Amandinus, sepulchre of, dis-
covered in Westminster Abbey, 67
Van Linge, Bernard and Abraham,
stained glass windows by them in
Lincoln's Inn Chapel, 449
Vaughan, John, Canon of St. Stephen's
Chapel, Westminster, 376
INDEX.
507
Venice, gold of, 367
Venison at Merchant Taylors' Feasts, 79
Veronica; " Vernacle," "Vernacles hed,"
321
Vestments, Church : Inventories of St.
Dionis Backchurch, 203; Hadley, 282;
St. Andrew Undershaft, 292; West-
minster Abbey, 313 ; St. Stephen's
Chapel, 365
Vicars of Willesdon, 197
Vineyards, at the "Hole Bourne," 115;
Vine Street and Vineyard Gardens,
Clerkenwell, 115
Violets hung on Tombs, 24
Walcott, Rev. Mackenzie, E.C., B.D.,
F.S.A., Inventories of Westminster
Abbey, at the Dissolution, communi-
cated and annotated by, 313-364 ;
notes on Inventory of St. Stephen's
Chapel, Westminster, 365
Walden Abbey, hermitage of Hadley
given to, 253, 254; valuation of, 255
Walkeden, Anne, epitaph of, 264
Waller, John Green, Paper on the
" Hole Bourne," with map, 97-123 ;
Pilgrimage to Our Lady of Wilsdon,
173-187 ; Paintings in the Chapter
House, Westminster, 377
Walsingham, Pilgrimages to, 173, 181 ;
Pilgrim's " signs," 184
Walthall, William, Alderman and Sheriff,
141, 146
Walthamstow, School founded by Sir
George Monoux, Lord Mayor, 72
Wardens of the Mercers Company, 141,
142
Wards, Court of, 192
Warner, John, Bishop of Rochester,
flagon given to St. Dionis, Backchurch,
211
Water-bearers, guild of, their Ordinances,
8, 55 ; notices of the Company and its
hall, 58
Waterhouse, Edward, on Lincoln's Inn,
425
Water-mills on the " Hole Bourne ;"
Turnmill Street, Clerkenwell, 114
Watts, G. P., fresco, "The School of
Legislation," in Lincoln's Inn Hall,
454
" Waxchanderye," Westminster Abbey,
361
Wedding festivities in 1562, 80
Weighing of Silk controlled by the Mer-
cers' Company, 140
Weights and Measures, false, 195
Wells, Medicinal : St. Pancras Wells,
105; St. Chad's Well, 106; Bagnigge
Wells, 107; Black Mary's Hole, 107,
109 ; the Cold Bath, Cold Bath Fields,
111 ; Skinners' Well, Gode Well, 114;
the Clerks* Well, Clerkenwell, per-
formance of religious plays, 115, 117
Wells, Holy, Pilgrimages to Muswell, 173
" Wells, River of" (see " Hole Bourne")
Wels, John, Fleet Bridge repaired by
him, 122
" West-bourne " Brook, 97
West Dray ton, Meeting at, 482
Westminster Abbey; Roman Sepulchre
discovered at, 61 ; charters granting
land at Great Greenford to, 152;
establishment of the Church (32 Hen.
VIII.), 313 ; inventories, ornaments
of the Church, 313-356
Inventories of the
Conventual Buildings : Buttery, 356 ;
Misericord, 357 ; Jerusalem Parlour,
Jericho Parlour, 359; Hall, 360;
Brewery, Millhouse, Bakehouse, Gra-
naries, Kitchen, Library, 362 ; In-
firmary, Dormitory, 363 ; St. Kathe-
rine's Chapel, Bathing-place, Hostery,
364
Paintings in the
Chapter House, 377-416
Meeting in the
Chapter House, 478
" Weyer of Sylke" appointed by the
Mercers' Company ; weights and
scales, 140
White, Alfred, F.L.S., F.S.A., Notes on
an Ancient Crypt within Aldgate, 223
-230; Coins discovered at Harmonds-
worth, 94-96
Sir Thomas, St. John's College,
Oxford, founded by him, 1554, 72, 74
White Bread Bakers' Company, 132
Whitecross Street, Quernstone found in,
130
Whitefriars, the delta of the " Hole
Bourne," or Fleet River, 114, 120, 123
Whitewashing Churches, seventeenth
century, 303
Whittington, Sir Richard, Arms of, 142;
Statutes of his Almshouses, 142 ;
Owner of Advowsons in London and
manor of Leadenhall, 312 ; his exe-
cutors, 136
Whittington, Rev. Richard, M.A.; paper
on St. Peter's, Cornhill, 301—312
Whittington, Sir Thomas, Memoirs of, 70
Whittington's Almshouses, Statutes of, 142
Wilbraham, Pedigree and Arms of, 274;
Monument of Sir Roger, 275
Willesden Church, Meeting at, 467
Willesden ; Pilgrimages to " Our Lady
of Wilsdon," 173—187
Willesdon, the Parish of, by Frederick A.
Wood ; historical notices, 189 ; pre-
2 M
508
INDEX.
bendal manors of the parish, 191;
priory, 192; church, 193; Inclosure
Act, 195; progress of population; 195;
parish register, 195 ; Vicars, 197 ;
marriages and burial fees ; collections ;
French refugees, 199 ; Erasures in
register, 200
Wills; nuncupative will of Christopher
Bowyer, 170 ; will of his wife Joan,
170; John Derby, 213, 217; John
Wrotham, 213, 215; Maude Brome-
hole, 213 ; Michael Gardiner, 164 ;
Sir W. Harper, 91 ; Simon Hert. 161 ;
Nicholas Leveson, 291 ; Simon Burton,
299 ; William Lychefeld (1517), 181 ;
Thomas Tomlinson, 83
Wilsnak, Saxony, Ordinances of the
Brotherhood of the Holy Blood of
(1459), 44
Windmill on stained glass, Great Green-
ford Church, 172
Wine Barrel, silver-gilt, belonging to the
Mercers' Company, 148
Wood, Frederick A., Paper on the parish
of Willesdon, 189-201
Woodcock's " Lives of the Lord Mayors
and Aldermen of London, &c.," 93
Wolsey, Cardinal, "morses" for copes
with his arms, in Westminster Abbey,
349
Wolverhampton, School founded by Ste-
phen Gennings, Lord Mayor, 72
Women satirised in Religious Plays, 116
Woollen, burying in, 165
Wren, Sir Christopher, his work on St.
Dionis Backchurch, 202, 203 ; St.
Peter's Church, Cornhill, 305; screen
designed by his daughter, 306
Writers' Room, Westminster Abbey, 358
Wrotham, John, his will (1349), 213,
215
Wyatt, James, Errors in his Memoir of
Sir William Harper, 73-84
Zoological Pictures in Chapter House,
Westminster, 415
WESTMINSTEB : Printed t>y J. B. NICHOLS AND SONS, 25, Parliament Street.
LIST OF THE MEMBERS
AND
THE RULES
f 0ttb0tt
OF THE
ESTABLISHED IN 1855.
LONDON:
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.O.
1871.
THIS SOCIETY has been formed with the following OBJECTS —
" To collect, record, and publish the best information on the
Ancient Arts and Monuments of the Cities of London and West-
minster, and of the County of Middlesex; including Primeval
Antiquities ; Architecture — Ecclesiastical, Civil and Military ;
Sculpture; Works of Art on Metal and Wood; Paintings on Walls,
Wood or Glass; Heraldry and Genealogy; Costume; Numismatics;
Ecclesiastical History and Endowments, and Charitable Founda-
tions; Records; Civil History and Antiquities, comprising Manors,
Manorial "Rights, Privileges and Customs, and all other matters
usually comprised under the head of Archaeology.
" To procure careful observation and preservation of Antiquities
discovered in the progress of works, such as excavations for rail-
ways, foundations of buildings, &c.
" To make, and to encourage individuals and public bodies in
making researches and excavations; and to afford to them sugges-
tions and co-operation.
" To oppose and prevent, as far as may be practicable, any in-
juries with which Monuments and Ancient Remains of every
description may, from time to time, be threatened ; and to collect
accurate drawings, plans and descriptions thereof.
" To found a Museum and Library for the reception, by way of
gift, loan or purchase, of works and objects of archseological in-
terest, connected with London and Middlesex."
To fulfil these designs, periodical meetings are holden in the
Cities of London and Westminster; excursions are made to various
localities in the Country; and evening meetings are holdeu monthly
during the first six months of the year, at the University College,
Gower Street, when communications are read, and antiquities
are exhibited, by the members and their friends.
It is earnestly requested that the discovery of any antiquities
within the limits of this Society, may be immediately brought to
the notice of the Hon Secretaries, or of the Director of the evening
meetings, either at the Society's Rooms above mentioned, or at
their private residences.
yearly Subscription, to be paid in advance, 10/- Entrance Fee, 10/-
Life Subscription, £5.
EDWARD WILLIAM BRABROOK, F.S.A.,
1, Elm Court, Temple,
JOHN EDWARD PRICE, F.S.A.,
63, Beresford Road, Highbury New Park,
Stonorarg
MMtitt Strrjiiralngtral iw
UNIVEESITY COLLEGE, GOWEE STEEET, LONDON.
ESTABLISHED IS 1855.
ftatnraf*
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, K.G., LOED LIEUTENANT OP MIDDLESEX.
THE AECHBISHOP OP CANTEEBUEY.
THE BISHOP OP LONDON.
LOED TALBOT DB MALAHIDE.
THE AECHBISHOP OF DUBLIN.
LOED EBUEY.
LOED HATHEELEY (LOED CHAKOELLOB).
Sir DAVID SALOMANS, Bart., Alderman, M.P.
Sir WILLIAM ANDEESON EOSE, Alderman, M.P
Sir WILLIAM TITE, C.B., M.P.
A. J. B. BEEESFOED HOPE, ESQ., M.P.
CHAELES EEED, ESQ., M.P.
Colonel SAMUEL WILSON, Alderman.
T. Q. FINNIS, ESQ., Alderman.
DAVID HENEY STONE, ESQ., Alderman.
THOMAS SCAMBLEE OWDEN, ESQ., Alderman.
JOHN EUSKIN, ESQ., P.G.S.
THOMAS SOMEES COCKS, ESQ.
BENJAMIN BOND CABBELL, ESQ., F.B.S.
Professor GEOEGE GILBEET SCOTT, E.A., P.S.A.
SYDNEY SMIEKE, ESQ., F.S.A.
The Eey. THOMAS HUGO, F.S.A.
JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, ESQ , F.S.A.
JOHN EGBERT DANIEL-TYSSEN, ESQ., F.S.A.
CHAELES EOACH SMITH, ESQ., F.S.A.
• WILLIAM DUEEANT COOPEE, ESQ., F.S.A.
Btanoteitr.
JOHN OEDE HALL, ESQ.
JOSEPH ARDEN, ESQ., F.S.A.
The Bey. THOMAS HUGO, F.S.A.
JOHN ORDE HALL, ESQ.
Council.
CHARLES BAILY, ESQ.
JOHN WALKER BAILY, ESQ.
EDWARD JACKSON BARRON, ESQ., F.S.A.
WILLIAM HENRY BLACK, ESQ., F.S.A.
JOSHUA W. BUTTERWORTH, ESQ., F.S.A.
HENRY CAMPKIN, ESQ., F.S.A.
GEORGE A. CAPE, ESQ.
HENRY CHARLES COOTE, ESQ., F.S.A.
JOHN FRANKLIN, ESQ.
GEORGE RUSSELL FRENCH, ESQ.
JOHN EDMUND GARDNER, ESQ.
ALFRED HE ALES, ESQ., F.S.A.
J. E. LIVOCK, ESQ.
THOMAS MILBOURN, ESQ.
CHARLES J. SHOP PEE. ESQ.
Rev. W. SPARROW SIMPSON, F.S.A.
EDWARD SMITH, ESQ., M.D., F.R.S.
JOHN GREEN WALLER, ESQ.
JOHN WHICHCORD, ESQ., F.S.A,
ALFRED WHITE, ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S.
E. W. BRABROOK, ESQ., F.S A., 1, Elm Court, Temple.
JOHN E. PRICE, ESQ., F.S.A., 53, Beresford Road, Highbury New Park.
ffltmtor flf (Pbrmng
JOHN E. PRICE, ESQ., F.S.A.
Hmtrrtf.
Messrs. COCKS, BIDDULPH & Co., 43, Charing Crofs, S.W.
Mr. WILLIAM PAGE IVATTS, 21, Wiltv* Sguare, hHngton, N.
ist 0f IHmfors.
* This sign indicates a Life Member.
t This sign indicates an Honorary Member,
Acworth, George Brindley, Esq., Star-hill, Rochester.
* Adams, George Edward, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., College of Arms, B.C.
Adams, W. J., Esq., 32, Pudding-lane, E.G.
* Amhurst, William Amhurst Tyssen, Esq., F.S.A., Didlington Park,
Brandon, Norfolk.
Anderson, Eustace, Esq.. 12, Ironmonger-lane, B.C.
Anderson, Sir Henry Lacon, K.C.S.T., F.R.G.S , India Office, s.w.
Angell, Charles Frederick, Esq., F.S.A., Grove-lane, Camberwell, s.w.
Arden, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., (Trustee) 1, Clifford 't-inn, B.C.
Arding, C. B.. Esq , 23, Bedford-row, w.c.
Arnold, Rev. J. Percy, B.D., Harmondsworth.
Atkinson, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Petersfield, Hants.
* Atkinson, William, Esq., F.L.S., 47, Gordon-square, w.o.
Ash, William H., Esq., 2, Hamilton-place, St. John's- wood-road, N.W.
Baddeley, Edward, Esq., 26, Bishopsgate-street-within, B.C.
Baily, Charles, Esq., Guildhall, E.G.
Baily, H., Esq., 71, Gracechurch-street, EC.
Baily, John Walker, Esq., 71, Gracechurch-street, B.C.
Baker, Edward, Esq., 36, Great Ormond-street, w.c.
Baker, The Rev. Henry Martyn, Ironmonger's Alms-houses, Kingsland rd.
Baker, William Windsor, Esq., 17, King-street, Cheapside, E.G.
Banister, Albert, Esq., King-street, Cheapside, E.G.
Barren, E. Jackson, Esq., F S.A., 27, Guild ford-si., Russell-square, w.C.
Barton, Kobert, Esq., 99, Bishopsgate-street, E.G.
Baxter. E., Esq., Cockspur-street, s.w.
Bean, Edward, Esq., 81, New Korth-road, N.
Beet on, Edmund Martin, Esq., 82, Adelaide-road, Haverslock-hill, N.
Bedford, Edwin, Esq., 5, Royal- crescent, Notling-hill, w.
Bell, James, Esq., F.E.I.B.A., 1, Devonshire-place, Portland place, w.
Benetfink, S. A., Esq., Cheapside, B.C.
Bengough, G. K., Esq., 5, Cheapside, E.G.
5 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Benham, Edward, Esq., Syon Lodge, hleworth, w.
Berger, Lewis C., Esq., Lower Clapton, ».B.
Bidgood, Henry, Esq., Surbiton-hill.
Bingham, Thomas, Esq., 9, Northampton Park, Canonbury, 8.E.
Birch, George H., Esq., 77, Chancery -lane, w.c.
Bird, Peter Hinckes, Esq., M.D., F.K.C.S., 1, Norfolk-square.
Black, William Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Mill-yard, Goodman' s-fields, E.
Blades, William, Esq., 11, Abchurch-lane, E.G.
Blanchard, Valentine, Esq., Camden Cottages, Camden-road, x.
t Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche, Esq., F.S.A., Rugby.
Bohn, H. 0-., Esq., Twickenham, S.W.
Boord, Joseph, Esq., Bartholomew -close, E.G.
Bothamley, Henry Harper, Esq., 39, Coleman-street, B.C.
Bousfield, T., Esq., St. Mary Axe, B.C.
Brabrook, Edward W., Esq.,F.S.A.,M.K.S.L., Hon. Sec., 28, Abingdon-st.
Britten, Capt. John, London-wall, B.C.
Brogden, John, Esq., Henrietta-street, Covent-garden, w.c.
Brook, W. P., Esq., 1, Poultry, B.C.
Buckland, Virgoe, Esq., 72, Cannon-street, B.C.
Burgess, Charles John, Esq., Naval and Military Club, Cambridge House,
Piccadilly, w.
Burgess, Edward James, Esq., 29, Palmerston-buildgs., Old Broad-st., B.C.
Burgess, Hartley W., Esq., 16, Walbrook, B.C.
Burleigh, Lawrence, Esq., Brewery, Brick-lane, Spitalfields, tf.B.
Burt, F. A., Esq., Millbank, Westminster, S.W.
Burt, George, Esq., Millbank, Westminster, S.W.
t Burtt, Joseph, Esq., Public Record Office, Chancery-lane, W.O.
Burton, W., Esq., South Villa, Regent' s-par k, N.W.
Butler, James, Esq., Garrick-street, W.O.
Butterworth, Joshua W., Esq., F.S.A., 7, Fleet-street, B.C.
* Cabbell, B. B., Esq. F.R.S , F.S.A., F.R.G.8., (V.P.) 52, Portland-
place, W.
Campkin, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Reform Club, Pall-mall, S.W.
f Canterbury, His Grace the Lord Archbishop of, (Patron) Lambeth Palace.
Cape, George A., Esq., F.S.S., 8, Old Jewry, B.C.
Carter, Thomas Dicks, Esq., 81, Horseferry-road, Westminster, S.W.
Carter, Thomas, Jun., Esq., 6a, Vincent -square, Westminster, S.w.
Carter, A. J., Esq., 6a, Vincent-square, Westminster, S.W.
Cass, Eev. Frederick Charles, Rector of Monken Hadley, K.
•Cater, W. C., Esq., 56, Pall-mall, S.w.
LIST OP MEMBERS. 7
Chandler, J., Esq., 2, Buckler sbury, E.C.
Chantler, Alfred, Esq., Sipson, Harmondsworth.
Chapman, George, Esq., F.S.A., 41, Marlborough-hill, St. John's-wood.
Charnock, Dr. R. S., F S.A., F.R.G.S., &c., 8, Gray's-inn-square, w.c.
Chester, Joseph Lemuel, Col., Linden Villa, Blue Anchor-rd, Bermondsey.
Christian, Ewan, Esq., F.E.I. B.A., Great Scotland-yard, s.w.
Clarke, Benjamin, Esq., F.R.C.S., Upper Clapton, N.E.
Clarke, Frederick, Esq., St. Michael's, Cornhill, E.G.
Clarke, Hyde, Esq , LL.D., F.S.S., 32, St. George's -square, s.w.
Clifton, N. H., Esq , 20, Cross-street, Islington, N.
Cocks, Reginald T., Esq., 43, Charing Cross, s.w.
* Cocks, T. S., Esq., (V.P.) Hertford-street, May fair, w.
Coleman, E. H., Esq., F.R.A.S., F.R.G-.S., 6, Adelaide-place, London
bridge, B.C.
Collingridge, W. H., Esq., City Press Office, 117-120, Aldersgate-st., B.C.
Comerford, Jas., Esq., 7, St. Andrew' s-place, Regent' s-parlc, N.W.
Connell, William G., Esq., 83, Cheapside, E.C.
Cooper, Robert, Esq., 152, Fleet-street, B.C.
Cooper, W. Durraut, Esq., F.S.A., (Y.P.) 81, Guildford-street, Russell-
square, w.c.
Coote, H. C., Esq. F.S.A., 2, Gt. Knight Rider-st., Doctor's Commons, B.C.
* Cornthwaite, The Rev. Tullie, M.A., Forest, Walthamstow, K.B.
Cowburn, Geo., Esq , 43, Lincoln' s-inn- fields, w.c.
Cox, Henry, Esq., 45, Glasshouse-street, w.
Crosland, Newton, Esq., 42, Crutched-friars, B.C.
Cull, Richard, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., 13, Tavistock-st., Bedford. sq., w.c.
Gumming, James Cameron, Esq., M.D., Cadogan-place, s.w.
Cunlifie, E. C., Esq., Princes-street, B.C.
Cussans, J. E., Esq. 18, Leverton-street, N.w.
Dalton, Abraham, Esq., 44, Poultry, B.C.
Dalziel, George, Esq., 9, St. George' s-terrace, Primrose -park, N.w.
* Daniel Tyssen, Amherst, Esq., 9, Lower Rock-gardens, Brighton.
* Daniel- Tyssen, J. R., Esq.,F.S.A., (V.P.)9, Lower Rock-gardens, Brighton.
* Daniel-Tyssen, The Rev. Ridley, 9, Lower Rock-gardens, Brighton.
Darby, Stephen, Esq., 140, Leadenhall-street, B.C.
Dawson, E., Esq., Crouch Hill, Horns ey, N.
Drifield, Rev, G. T., Bow, N.E.
Driver, Charles H., Esq., M.R.I.B.A., 5, Orclosen-st., Westminster, s.w.
Dodd, Hy., Esq., Eagle-wharf-road, New North-road, ».
t Dublin, Hia Grace the Lord Archbishop of, (V.P.) Dublin.
Dunkin, Alfred J., Esq., Dartford, Kent.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Dunn, Archibald J., Esq., 57, Clarendon-terrace, Bellsize-road, St.John't-
wood, N.W.
Eburj, The Right Hon. Lord, (V.P.) Moor Par A, Rickmansworth, and
Iu7, Park-street, w.
Edwards, Samuel, Esq., Lewisham.
Elt, Charles H., Esq., 1, Noel-street, Islington, N.
Elliott, Rowland, Esq., Afton House, Turnham Green.
Emslie, J. Phillips, Esq., 47, Gray's. inn-road, w.o.
Esquilant, F. C., Esq., 4, Effra-road, Brixton, s.w.
Evans, Albert, Esq., 7, Boundary -road, St. John's wood, N.W.
Eves, George, Esq., Uxbridge.
Falkner, The Rev. T. Felton, B.A., Appleby Magna, Leicestershire.
Fassnidge, William, Esq., Uxbridge.
Ferrey, Benjamin, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., 1, Trinity-place, Charing,
cross, 8.W., and 42, Inverness-terrace, Bayswater, w.
Figge, Gustavus L., Esq , Sydenham-park-end, s.B.
Finnis, T. Q,, Esq , Alderman, (V.P ) Great Tower-street, E.o.
* Fisher, Samuel, Esq., Merchant -Taylors' -hall, B.C.
* Fletcher, John, Esq., Hamilton-terrace, St. John' s-wood, N.W.
Forbes, C. C., Esq., Bucklersbury, B.C.
Forster, W. E., Esq., Esplanade, Low Harrogate, Yorkshire.
Foster, Edward, Esq., 54, Pall-mall, s.w.
Fowler, F. H., Esq., 32, Fleet -street, B.C.
Franklin, John, Esq., Eton Lodge, Haverstock-hill, N.
French, George Russell, Esq., 7, Powis-place, w.o.
Fricker, T., Esq., Leadenhall Market, E.o.
Frost, J.N., Esq., Dartmouth Park, N.
Fryer, Henry, Esq., Hillingdon, Middlesex.
Gale, John, Esq., 85, Chenpside, B.C.
Gardner, John E., Esq., Park House, St. John's-wood-park, N.w.
Garle, John, Esq., Bickley, Kent, S.E.
Garrard, Sebastian, Esq., 31, Panton-street, Haymarket, s.w.
George, Benjamin, Esq., Hatton-garden, w.c.
Gibson, Henry, Esq., 113, Loicer Thames-street, B.C.
Gibb, Sir Geo. Duncan, Bart., LL.D., &c., 1, Bryans ton-si., w.
Gibbons, Sills John, Esq., Alderman, Southward street, s.E.
Giddens, George Henry, Esq., Baline's-road, Southgate-road.
Good, Joseph H., F.R.T.B.A., 75, Hatton-garden, B.C.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 9
Gooden, Chisholm, Esq , 33, Tavistock-square, w.c.
Golding, W., Esq., 16, Temple-street, Whitefriars.
Golding, C., Esq., 16, Blomfield-terrace, Upper Westbourne- terrace.
Gough, Henry, Esq., 20, Lorn-road, Brixlon, s.w.
Graham, Edgar, Esq., Palace-gardens, w.
Graham, Foster, Esq., 38, Oxford-street, w.
Greatorex, R. C., Esq., 11, Westbourne-st.-mews, Hyde -pic. -gardens, w.
Green, Charles Horace, Esq., 65, Great Portland-street, W.
Green, Joseph, Esq., 12a, Myddleton-square, N.
Greenish, Thomas, Esq., 20, New-street, Dorset-square, ».w.
Gregory, T. J., Esq., Barnard' s-inn, B.C.
Guildhall Library, The, Guildhall, B.C.
Habershon, Matthew Henry, Esq., 7, Alexandra-grove, Finchley, jr.
Hackett, Miss, 2, Manor-terrace, Amherst-road, N.E.
Hakewill, J. H., Esq., P.R.I.B.A., 5, South Moulton-street, w.
Hall, Mrs. Elizabeth, 7, North-crescent, Bedford-square, w.c.
Hall, John Orde, Esq. (Treasurer J, Brunswick-place, Queen-square, w c.
Hambridge, C. Esq., 47, Guildford-street, Russell-square, W.C.
Hammack, H. L., Esq., 16, Belsize Park, Hampstead, N.w.
Hannah, R., Esq., Craven House, Fulham-road, s.w.
Harris, George, Esq., F.S.A., F.A.S.L., Barrister ut-Law, Islip's Manor
House, Nortfiott.
Hart, Charles, Esq., 54, Wych-street, w.c.
Hart, W. H., Esq , F.S.A., Record Office, Chancery-lane, B.C.
Hartland, T.P., Esq., 22, Fish-street-hill, E.G.
Hartshorne, Albert, Esq., Pinner.
* Hatherley, Lord, (V.P.) Lord High Chancellor, Gt. George -street, a.\r.
Hawes, Alfred, Esq., 40, Poultry, E.O.
Hawes, The Rev. James, 40, Poultry, B.C.
Hawkins, George, Esq , 88, Bishopsgate-street -without, B.C.
Hay, G. J., Esq., 33, Guild ford-street, Russell-square, w.c.
Hawks, Robert Shafto, Esq., 1, High-street, Southward, s.E.
Heal, John Harris, Esq., Tottenham-court-road, w.c.
Heales, AHred, Esq., F.S.A., 45, Carter-lane, Doctors' -commons, B.C.
* Heath, The Rev. J. M., M.A., Enfield, N.B.
Herring, Esq., Whitehall-place, s.w.
Hervey, The Rev. George, Rectory, York-street, Hackney-road, N.E.
Hesketh, Robert,Esq.,F.R.I.B. A., London Assurance, Royal Exchange, K r.
Heywood, Samuel, Esq., 39, Stanhope street, Hampstead-road, N.w.
Higgins, Charles, Esq., 81, Canonbury-road, N.
10 LIST OP MEMBERS.
Hile, D. J., Esq., Cordwainers" Hall, E.G.
Hill, Miss, 3, Campion -terrace, High-street, Islington, N.
Milliard, The Rev. John Crozier, M.A., Rectory, Cowley, Uxlridge.
Hills, Robert H., Esq., 28, Chancery-lane, B.C.
Hingeston, Charles H., Esq., 30, Wood-street, Cheapside, E.G.
Hiscocks, Alfred James, Esq., 7, Middleton-terrace, Wandsworth.
Hobson, A. S., Esq., F.C.S., Turnham Green, w.
Hodgkinson, William, Esq., 4, Brondesbury Villas, Kilburn, N.w.
Hodson, Francis, Esq., 42, Old Broad-street, B.C.
Hogg, Colonel, Chairman Met. Board of Works, Spring. gardens, S.W.
Holt, W. Lockhart, Esq., 6, King's road, Clapham Park, s.w.
Homan, E., Esq., Friern Park, Finchley, N.
* Hope, A. J. B Beresford, Esq., M.P., LLJX, D.C.L., F.S.A., Pres.
R.I.B.A., (V.P.) Arklow Souse, Connaught place, w.
Hopgood, Metcalf, Esq., Heine hill, Dulwich. s.
Hose, The Rev. J. C., M.A., 1, Primrnse-hill-rd., South Hampstead, N.w.
Hotten, J. C., Esq., Piccadilly, w.
Houghton, Mrs., 22, Russell-road, Kensington, w.
Houghton, Miss, 22, Russell-road, Kensington, W.
Hugo, The Rev. Thomas, M.A., F.S.A., M.R.S.L., F.L S., (V.P. and
Trustee) The Rectory, West Hackney, N.
Hummell, Francis H., Esq., Melbourne Lodge, North Brixton, s.
Hunt, Richard, Esq., Stanstead, Herts.
Hutton, Rev. R. H., Rector of Barnet, N.
Ingledew, J. E., Esq., Bishopsgate-street-without, B C.
Isaac, F., Esq., 6, Burton street, Burton-crescent, N.w.
Jackson, The Rev. James, Charterhouse square, B.C.
James, Joseph, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., Circus-place, Moorfields, B.C.
Janson, F. H., Esq., Finsbury- circus, B.C.
* Jennings, Joseph. Esq , F.R.I.B.A., 3, Foley-place, w.
Jones, J. T. P., Esq., 26, Bishopsgate-street within, B.C.
Jones, Robert, Esq., Manor House, St. John's-wood-park, N.w.
Jones, William, Esq., Crosby -square, B.C.
Kerapshead, Miss, 6, Eton Villas, Chalk Farm, N.
Kerr, Mrs. Alexander, 56, York terrace, Regent's -park. N.w.
Kevan, John James, Esq., 16, Water -lane-chambers, Thames street, B.C.
t King, H. W., Esq., Hon. Sec. Essex Archaeological Society, 28, Tredegar-
square, Bow, N.E.
King, William W., Esq., 4, Suffolk-lane, B.C.
Knightley, J. E., Esq., Cannon-street, B.C.
LIST OP MEMBERS. 11
Land, John, Esq., 93, Cannon afreet, E.G.
Lambert, George, Esq., F.S.A., 10, Coventry -street, w.
Lambert, George, jun., 10, Coventry-street, w.
Lambert, Thomas, Esq., Bishopsgate -street, B.C.
Lambert, Thomas H., Esq , NorthwicJc, Harrow, N.
Lammin, William Henry, Esq., Shorrolds, Fulham, 8.W.
Latreille, Frederick, Esq., 5, Bloomsbury -place, w.c.
* Lawrence, Sir J. Clarke, Bart., M.P. (V.P.) 94, Westbourne-terrace,vr.
Leighton, John, Esq., F.S.A.,F.Z.S., 15, Ormond-trrce., Regent's JB*.,N.W.
Lewis, Professor Thomas Hayter, F.S.A., 9, John street, Adelphi, w.c.
Livock, J. E., Esq., 103, Southampton.row, Russell square, w.c.
t London, The Eight Rev. Lord Bishop of, (Patron) London House, St.
James's-square, S.W.
Longmore, W.H., Esq., 40, Leman-street, B.
Mason, Charles, Esq., F.E.S.L., India-office, Whitehall, s.w.
Marchant, W. T., Esq., 106, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
Maritt, Charles, Esq., M.A., 56, Chancery -lane, B.C.
Masters, John E., Esq., 78, New Bond-street, w.
Matthew, James, Esq., York-terrace, Regent' s-parkt N.w.
Mathews, Esq., 24, Canmbury-parJc, s.
Maybank, J. T., Esq., Dorking, Surrey.
Mayer, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., F.E.A.S., Liverpool.
Mayhew, C., Esq., F.B.I.B.A., 6, Chester -terrace, Reyent' s-parJc, K.w.
Me Gillibray, Donald, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.S., H, Park-rd., Haverstock-hill.
M'Donell, Arthur W., Esq., 2, Lingfield road, Wimbledon, S.W.
Mercer, D., Esq., West Drayton.
* Metcalfe, Charles, Esq., Solicitor, Epping, N.E.
* Middlemist, The Kev. E., M.A., Harrow, N.w.
Milbourn, Thomas, Esq., 11, Poultry, B.C.
Miller, Joseph, Esq., 23, Gower-street, w.C.
Mills, George, Esq., 3, Old Jewry, B.C.
Mitchell, H. S., Esq., 5, Great Prescott -street, Whitechapel, B.C.
Mitchener, Edward A., Esq., 116, Gt. Russell-street, Bedford-sq., w.c.
Montgomery, Archibald Sim, Esq., Brentford.
Moody, Henry, Esq., Royal College of Physicians, Pall-mall, w.
Morey, Samuel Dance, Esq., 11, Northampton-park, Canonbury, N.
Moring, T., Esq., 44, Sigh Holborn, w.c.
Nash, Joseph, Esq., Kent Villa, Surbiton, Surrey.
Nelson, Charles C., Esq.. F.E.I.B.A., 30, Hyde-park gardens, w.
Newman, Matthew, Esq., The Hlms, Harlington.
12 LIST OP MEMBERS.
Nichols, D. Cubitt, Esq., 33, Mechlenburgh square, w.c.
Nichols, John Gough, Esq., F.S.A. (V.P.), Holmwovd Park, Dorking.
Nichols, Robert Cradock, Esq., F.S.A., 25, Parliament-street, 8.W.
Norton, W. H., Esq., 113, Mildmay-road, Stoke Newing ton -green, N.
* Oakes, Capt. O. W., 13, Durham-terrace, Westbourne-park, w.
Oakley, Christopher, Esq., 10, Waterloo- place, S.w.
Ottley, Henry, Esq., 72, Comhill, E.O.
t Overall, William H.,Esq.,F.S.A., Librarian to the Corporation of London,
Guildhall Library, B.C.
Owden, Thomas Scambler, Esq , Alderman, (V.P.) Mount. pleasant,
Tottenham, X.
Owen, John, Esq., Fern Lodge, Oakfield-road, Clapton, 8.
* Paine, W. D., Esq., Reiaate, Surrey.
Paine, Cornelius, Esq., Surbiton, Kingston on-Thames, S.W.
Parfitt, The Rev. Canon, Cottles House, Melksham, Wilts.
Parker, Charles Guest, Esq., Albion-road, Stoke Newington, ».
Passmore, Willian Barnes, Esq., Capet Lodge, Whetstone, N.
Paterson, J., Esq., Staining -lane, B.C.
Peacock, Thomas Francis, Esq., Friern Park, Whetstone, K.
Perkins, W., Esq., 34, Baker street, Oxford-street, w.
Phillips, R. N., Esq., LL.B., F.S.A., Mitre-court, Temple, E.O.
Philp, Benjamin Batten, Esq., Harimgton.
Pitman, W., 30, Newgate-street, E.G.
* Plowes, J. H., Esq., York-terrace, Regent's park, N.w.
Pollard, George, Esq., Bell Wharf-lane, ThameS'Street, E.O.
Pollard, John, Esq., Board of Works, Spring gardens, s.w.
Porter, R. F., Esq., Sherborne lane, B.C.
Pound, Henry, Esq., 64, Leadenhall street, B.C.
Powell, Nathaniel, Esq., Whitefriars, E.O.
* Price, John Edward, Esq., F.S.A., (Director of Evening Meetings)
53, Bererford road, Highbury New Park, N.
Prickett, George, Esq., Maple House, Fmchley, N.
Pritchard, L. G., Esq , 40, Rochester road, Kentish-town, K.
Prothero, Thomas, Esq., 6, Cleveland gardens, w.
Purdue, Thomas, Esq., Treasurer's Office, Middle Temple, E.O.
Ray, R., Esq., Atlas Office, Cheapside, E.c.
Read, The Rev. G. Preston, St. James's College, Clapton, N.E.
Redwood, Professor Theophilus, Russell s/^are, w.c.
Reed, Charles, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., Fann street, Aldertgate street, E.O.
LIST OP MEMBERS. 13
Reynell, F. W , Esq., South Norwood, S.E.
Ridgway, F. G., Esq., 2, Waterloo -place, s.w.
Rigby, Edward Robert, Esq., 80, Gracechurch-street, E.G.
Roberts, Edward, Esq., 25, Parliament -street, s.w.
Robins, Edward C., Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Southampton-street, Strand, w.o.
Robinson, Charles Frederick, Esq., 65, Basinghall street, E.G.
Robinson, The Ven. Archdeacon, D.D. ^Rochester, Kent.
Robinson, William T., Esq., Lieut.-Colonel, H.A.C., Southtaood House,
Came/en Town, N.w.
Roche, Alfred R., Esq., Longcroft, Willesden.
Rock, W. F., Esq., 11, Walbrook, B.C.
Rogers, Thomas Williams, Esq., 70, Fenchurch-street, B.C.
Roots, George, Esq., B.A., F.S.A., Ashley -place, Victoria-street, s.w.
Rose, James Anderson, Esq., 11, Salisbury street, Strand, w.o.
* Rose, Sir William A., Knt., Alderman (V.P.; Queenhithe, B c.
Routh, Oswald Foster, Esq., Willow House, Hawes, Yorkshire.
Rowsell, S. John, Esq., 81, Cheapside. B.C.
Runtz, John, Esq., Lordship road, Stoke Newington, "S.
Ruskin, John, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. (V.P.) Denmark.hill, Camberwell, S.
St. Aubyn, J. Pearse, Esq., F.R.T.B.A., Temple, B.C.
Sachs, John, Esq., Palsgrave-place, Strand, w.c.
Sachs, Christian P., Esq., 53, St. PauVs-road, N.
* Salomans, Sir David, Bart., Alderman, M.P. (V.P.) 26, Gt. Cumberland-
place, W.
Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq., 9, Finsbury circus, B.C.
Saunders, H. W. B., Esq., Honylands, Waltham, Holy Cross, Essex.
Scott, Pro. G. Gilbert, F.S.A., R.A.,F.R.I.B. A. (V.P.)31, Spring -gar dens.
Scott, James Renat, Esq , Coal Exchange, Thames-street, B.C.
Scott, Thomas, Esq., 1, Warwick-court, Gray's-inn, w.o.
Sewell, Capt. Thomas, Guildhall, B.C.
Sharp, James, Esq., Denmark-hill, Camberwell, a.
Sharp, John Naezeli, Esq , 27, Bedford square, w.o.
Shoppee, Charles John, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., 61, Doughty street, Mecklen-
burgh-square, W.O.
Shoppee, Herbert, Esq., 61, Doughty-street, Mecklenburgh square, w c.
Simpson, Frederick, Esq., 228, (Montpelier-mlla) South Lambeth rd., a.
* Simpson, The Rev. Wm. Sparrow, F.S.A., 119, Kenning ton pk. rd., S.E.,
and Friday 'Street, B.C.
Simms, Dr. Frederick, 46, Wimpole-street, w.
Skeet, C. J., Esq., 11, King William- street, Strand, w.o.
Slater, William, Esq , F.R.I.B.A., 4, Carlton- chambers, Regent-st,, s.w.
imart, T., Esq., 122, Gfawmfef-road, Regent' '• park, y.w, "
14 LIST ov MEMBERS.
Smirke, Sydney, Esq., F.S.A., A.R.A., F.R.I.B.A. (V.P.) 79, Grosvenor.
street, w.
t Smith, Charles Roach, Esq., F.S.A. (V.P.) Strood, Kent.
Smith, Edward, Esq , M.D., F.R.S., Harley street, Cavendish-square, w.
Smith, Thomas Mosdell, Esq., Vimiera House, Hammersmith.
Snooke, William, Esq., Duke street, Southward, 8.
Staples, John, Esq., Campbell Home, Belsize Park, N.W.
Statham, T. N., Esq., 60, Wimpole-street, w.
Stewart, George, Esq., Brcemar Lodge, Qween's-road, Kilburn, N.W.
Stillwell, James, Esq., Uxbridge.
Stone, David Henry, Esq., Alderman (V.P.). 13, Poultry, B.C.
Stock, Henry, Esq., East Cottage, Bedford -place, Kensington, w.
Surr, Joseph, Esq., King-street, Chtapside, B.C.
* Talbot de Malahide, The Rt. Hon. Lord, F.R.S., F.S.A., (President)
Malahide Castle, Dublin, and 12, Portman street, S.W.
Tandy, Thomas, Esq., 33, Ely-place, Holborn, E.G.
Tayler, William, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.S., 44, Carey-street, Lincoln' s-inn,
w.c., and Barnes Common, S.W.
Taylor, Joseph, Esq., Fish street-hill, E,c.
Tennant, Professor, F.G.S., 141, Strand, w.c.
Thompson, Alexander, Esq., 15, Avenue, Blackheath, S.E.
Thorp, William, Esq., F.C.S., 111, Victoria- street, Westminster, s.w.
Thrupp, Joseph William, Esq., 50, Upper Brook-street, W.
Tilleard, John, Esq., Upper Tooting, s.
Timmins, Samuel, Esq., Elvetham Lodge, Birmingham.
Tippetts, J. Berriman, Esq., 5, Great St. Thomas Apostle, E.
* Tite, Sir William, M.P., F.R.S., V.P.S.A., V.P.R.I.B.A., F.G.S., (V.P.)
42, Lowndes-square, S.W.
Tuckett, John, Esq., 66, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, w.c.
Turner, Jesse, Esq., 1, White-street, MoorfieUs, B.C.
Unwin, George, Esq., 31, Bucklersbury, B.C.
TJtting, R. B., Esq., 47, Camden-road, N.W.
Van Voorst, John, Esq., F.L.S., Paternoster-row, B.C.
• Vardon, Hugh J., Esq., 3, Gracechurch-street, B.C.
Vines, Charles R., Esq., Leatherseller1 s Sail, St. Helen's place, B.C.
Wainright, J. H , Esq., 29, Stratford-place, Camden-square, N.
Walford, Cornelius, Esq., F.S.S., The Little Park, Enfield, K.
Walker, The Rev. Henry Aston, Chase House, Enfield, N.
Walker, J. E., Esq., Odcley House, Alpha-road, St. John's-wood, H.w.
Walker, Robert, Esq., King's arms y-urd, i.e.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 15
Wallen, Frederick, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Furnival' 's-inn, w.C.
Waller, J. O., Esq., 68, Bolsover street, W.
Walmesley, Wm. Elyard, Esq., 11, Cavendish-rd., St. John's-icood, N.w.
Ward, Capt. H., 158, Cambridge-street, Pimlico, w.
Warne, James, Esq., 29, Clement's-lane, B.C.
Watson, Eobert, Esq., Fallcutt house, North hill, Highgate, N.
t Wellington, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., Apsley House, Piccadilly, w.
Wharton, The Rev. Joseph Crane, M.A., F.G.S., Stratfield-pce. Wtllesdtn
Wheeler, James, Esq., C.C., 16, Poultry, E.G.
Whetham, Charles, Esq., 63, Gordon-square, W.C.
Whichcord, John, Esq., F.S.A., F.B.I.B.A.. 78, Kensington-gdns. sq., w.
Whiffin, William Harding, Esq., 20, Nottingham-pice,, Marylebone-rd , w.
White, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A., F.L.S., West Drayton.
White, A. D., Esq., West Drayton.
Whitford, Samuel, Esq., Porter street, Soho-square, W.C.
Wickens, S., Esq., St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell, B.C.
Wild, Charles Kemp, Esq., 113, Cheapside, B.C.
Wild, H. B., Esq., 113, Cheapside, B.C.
Wilkinson, Joseph, Esq., 186, Shoreditch, B.C.
Williams, Esq., 10, Queen-square, W.O.
Williams, John, Esq., F.S.A., Astronomical Society, Somerset House, W.C.
Williams, Richard, Esq., Woodleigh Cottage, Cold-harbour-lane, S.
Williams, Thomas, Esq., Northumberland House, W.C.
* Wilson, Cornelius Lea, Esq., BecJcenham, S.B.
Wilson, James H., Esq., 19, Onslow square, Brompton, s.w.
* Wilson, Col. Samuel, (V.P.) Beckenham, S.E., and Head-Quarters, Fins-
bury, E 0.
Wingrove, Drummond B., Esq., 30, Wood-street, Cheapside, B.C.
Winkley, William, Esq., F.S.A., Flambard's, Harrow, K.w.
Wood, Benjamin P., Esq., 13, Poultry, B.C.
Wood, Frederick, Esq., Brierly Villa, (Villesden, Middlesex.
Woodthorpe, Edmund, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., 46, Moorgate-street, B.C., and
Hornsey, N.
Woodthorpe, Fred., Esq., Town Clerk, Guildhall E.G.
Woodward, Francis Edgar, Esq., 37, Cursitor-street, B.C.
Wright, G. H., Esq., 7, Poultry, E.G.
t Wright, Thomas, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., 14, Sidney-street, Brompton, s.w.
Wyld, James, Esq., M.P., Charing-crost, W.C.
Young, John, Esq., 80, Guildford street, Russell square, w.C.
Young, John, jun., Esq., 35, King -street, Cheapside, B.C.
anil Institution^ in JSnfon.
THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ABCHITEOTS, 9, Conduit. ttreet,
Hanover square, W.O.
THE ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM, Westminster, s w.
THE AKCHITECTCTBAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF NOBTHAMPT ON.
THE BUCKINGHAMSHIRE ARCHITECTURAL AKD ARCIIEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Mylesbury.
THE CAMBRIAN INSTITUTE.
THE CHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE CHRONOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF LONDON, 22, tfart-street, w.c.
THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF COBNWALL, Truro.
THE ECCLESIOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE ESSEX AHCH.EOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 28, Tredegar-square, E.
THE EXETER DIOCESAN ABCHITECTUBAL SOCIETY.
THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY, Kildare-street , Dublin.
THE HISTOBIC SOCIETY OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE, Liverpool.
THE INSTITUTION OF SUBVEYOBS.
THE IBISH AECH.EOLOGICAL AND CELTIC SOCIETY.
THE KENT ABC BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Maidslone.
THE KILKENNY AHCHJEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. '
THE LIVERPOOL ARCHITECTURAL AND ABCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE OSSIANIC SOCIETY, Anglesea-street, Dublin.
THE ST. A LEAN'S ARCHITECTURAL AND ABCH.EOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, N.A,
THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUABIEB OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUABIES OF PICABDY.
THE SOMBBSETSHIBE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Taunton. •
THE SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCHEOLOGY, Lowestoft.
THE SURBEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 8, Dunes inn, Strand, w.o.
THE SUSSEX ABCH.EOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Lewes.
THE WARWICKSHIRE ABOH.EOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE YORKSHIRE ABCH^OLOGICAL SOCIETY.
I.— The Title of this Society shall be—
"THE LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY/
II. — The objects of this Society shall be
1. — To collect and publish the best information on the
Ancient Arts and Monuments of the Cities of London and
Westminster, and of the County of Middlesex; including
Primeval Antiquities; Architecture — Civil, Ecclesiastical and
Military ; Sculpture ; "Works of Art in Metal and Wood ;
Paintings on Walls, Wood or Glass ; Civil History and
Antiquities, comprising Manors, Manorial Eights, Privileges
and Customs ; Heraldry and Genealogy ; Costume ; Numis-
matics ; Ecclesiastical History and Endowments, and Charitable
Foundations ; Records, and all other matters usually comprised
under the head of Archseology.
2. — To procure careful observation and preservation of
Antiquities discovered in the progress of works, such as
Excavations for Eailways, Foundations for Buildings, &c.
3. — To make, and to encourage individuals and public
bodies in making researches and excavations, and to afford
them suggestions and co-operation.
4. — To oppose and prevent, as far as may be practicable, any
injuries with which Monuments and Ancient Remains of every
description may, from time to time, be threatened ; and to
collect accurate drawings, plans, and descriptions thereof.
5. — To found a Museum and Library for the reception, by
way of gift, loan, or purchase, of works and objects of
Archseological interest.
6. — To arrange periodical meetings for the reading of
papers, and the delivery of lectures, on subjects connected
with the purposes of the Society.
18 EULES.
III. — The constitution and government of the Society shall be
as follows : —
1. — The Society shall consist of Members and Honorary
Members.
2. — Each Member shall pay an Entrance Fee of Ten
Shillings, and an Annual Subscription of not less than Ten
Shillings, to be due on the 1st of January in each year, in
advance, or £5 in lieu of such Annual Subscription, as a
Composition for Life.
3. — The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a
Council of Management, to be elected by the Society at their
Annual General Meeting, and to consist of Patrons, a
President, Yice-Presidents, a Treasurer, Trustees, an Honorary
Secretary or Secretaries, and Twenty Members — eight of whom
shall go out annually, by rotation, but be eligible for re-
election. Five Members of this Council shall form a quorum.
4. — All payments to be made to the Treasurer of the
Society, or to his account, at such Banking House in the
Metropolis as the Council may direct, and no cheque shall be
drawn except by order of the Council, and every Cheque shall
be signed by two Members thereof and the Honorary Secretary.
5. — The Property of the Society shall be vested in the
Trustees.
6. — The Subscriptions of Members shall entitle them to
admission to all General Meetings, and to the use of the
Library and Museum, subject to such regulations as the
Council may make ; and also to one copy of all publications
issued by directions of the council during their Membership.
7. — No Member, whose Subscription is in arrear, shall be
entitled to vote at any Meeting of the Society, or to receive any
of the Society's Publications, or to exercise any privilege of
Membership; and if any Member's Subscription be twelve
months in arrear, the Council may declare him to have ceased
to be a Member, and his Membership shall thenceforth cease
accordingly.
8. — The name of every person, desirous of being admitted a
Member shall, on the written nomination of a Member of the
Society, be submitted to the Council for Election.
RULES. 19
9. — Ladies desirous of becoming Members will be expected
to conform to the foregoing rule.
10. — Persons eminent for their Literary Works or Scientific
Acquirements, shall be eligible to be associated with the Society
as Honorary Members, and to be elected by the Council.
11. — The Lord Lieutenant of the County, the Lord Bishop
of the Diocese, the Eight Hon. the Lord Mayor, the High
Steward of Westminster, Members of the House of Peers
residing in or who are Landed Proprietors in the County ; also
all Members of the House of Commons representing the
County, or the Metropolitan Cities and Boroughs ; and such
other persons as the Councils may determine, shall be invited
to become Vice-Presidents, if Members of the Society.
12. — An Annual General Meeting shall be held in the
month of June or July in every year, at such time and place as
the Council shall appoint, to receive and consider the Report of
the Council on the proceedings and state of the Society, and to
elect the Officers for the ensuing twelve months.
13. — There shall be also such other General Meetings, and
Evening Meetings in each year as the Council may direct, for
the reading of Papers and other business ; these Meetings to be
held at times and places to be appointed by the Council.
14. — The Council may at any time call a Special General
Meeting, and they shall at all times be bound to do so on the
written requisition of Ten Members, specifying the nature of
the business to be transacted. Notice of the time and place of
such Meeting shall be sent to the Members at least fourteen
days previously, mentioning the subject to be brought forward,
and no other subject shall be discussed at such Meeting.
15. — The Council shall meet at least once in each month
for the transaction of business connected with the management
of the Society, and shall have power to make their own rules as
to the time for and mode of summoning such Meetings.
16. — At every Meeting of the Society, or of the Council, the
resolutions of the majority shall be binding, though all persons
entitled to vote be not present ; and at such Meetings the
Chairman shall have an independant as well as a casting vote.
17. — The whole effects and property of the Society shall be
20 EULES.
under the control and management of the Council, who shall
be at liberty to purchase books, casts, or other articles, or to
*£ exchange or dispose of duplicates thereof.
18. — The Council shall have the power of publishing such
papers and engravings as may be deemed worthy of being
printed, together with a Eeport of the proceedings of the
Society.
19. — One-half of the Composition of each Life Member, and
so much of the Surplus of the Income as the Council may
direct ( after providing for the current expenses }, shall be
invested in Government Securities, to such extent as the
Council may deem most expedient ; the interest, only, to be
available for the current disbursements, and no portion shall be
withdrawn without the sanction of a General Meeting.
20. — The Council shall be empowered to appoint Local
Secretaries in such places in the County as may appear
desirable.
21. — Honorary Members and Local Secretaries shall have all
the privileges of Members, but shall not be entitled to vote, or
to receive any of the Society's Publications, except by special
order of 'the Council in consideration of services rendered to the
Society,,
22. — Two Members shall be annually appointed to Audit
the accounts of the Society, and to Eeport thereon at the next
General Annual Meeting.
23. — No polemical or political discussions shall be permitted
at Meetings of the Society, nor topics of a similar nature
admitted in the Society's publications.
24. — No change shall be made in the Eules of the Society
except at a Special General Meeting.
LIST OF THE MEMBERS
AND
THE RULES
OF THE
ESTABLISHED IN 1855.
WESTMINSTER :
NICHOLS AND SONS, 25, PARLIAMENT STEEET.
1874.
THIS SOCIETY has been formed with the following Objects : —
" To collect, record, and publish the best information on the
Ancient Arts and Monuments of the Cities of London and
Westminster and of the County of Middlesex ; including
Primeval Antiquities ; Architecture — Ecclesiastical, Civil, and
Military ; Sculpture ; Works of Art on Metal and Wood ;
Paintings on Walls, Wood, or Glass ; Heraldry and Genealogy;
Costume ; Numismatics ; Ecclesiastical History and Endow-
ments and Charitable Foundations ; Records ; Civil History
and Antiquities, comprising Manors, Manorial Rights, Privi-
leges, and Customs, and all other matters usually comprised
under the head of Archaeology.
" To procure careful observation and preservation of Anti-
quities discovered in the progress of works, such as Excavations
for Railways, Foundations of Buildings, &c.
" To make and to encourage individuals and public bodies in
making researches and excavations, and to afford to them
suggestions and co-operation.
" To oppose and prevent, as far as may be practicable, any
injuries with which Monuments and Ancient Remains of every
description may, from time to time, be threatened ; and to
collect accurate drawings, plans, and descriptions thereof.
" To found a Museum and Library for the reception, by way
of gift, loan, or purchase, of works and objects of Archaeological
interest, connected with London and Middlesex."
To fulfil these designs periodical meetings are holden in the
Cities of London and Westminster ; excursions are made to
various localities in the Country ; and evening meetings are
holden monthly during the first six months of the year, at the
University College, Gower Street, when communications are read
and antiquities are exhibited by the members and their friends.
It is earnestly requested that the discovery of any antiquities
within the limits of this Society may be immediately brought to
the notice of the Hon. Secretaries, or of the Director of the
Evening Meetings, either at the Society's Rooms above men-
tioned, or at their private residences.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, TO BE PAID IN ADVANCE, 10s. ;
ENTRANCE FEE, 10s. ; LIFE SUBSCRIPTION, £5.
EDWARD WILLIAM BRABROOK, F.S.A.,
1, Elm Court, Temple,
JOHN EDWARD PRICE, F.S.A.,
60, Albion Road, Stoke Newington,
Honorary Secretaries.
Somton & JBiddtya**
ESTABLISHED IN 1855.
THE DUKE OF WELLINGTON, E.G., LORD LIEUTENANT OF
MIDDLESEX.
THE AKCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.
THE BISHOP OF LONDON.
LORD TALBOT DE MALAHIDE.
THE ARCHBISHOP OF DUBLIN.
LORD EBURY.
LORD HATHERLEY.
THE DEAN OF WESTMINSTER.
THE DEAN OF ST. PAUL'S.
THE RIGHT HON. DAVID HENRY STONE, LORD MAYOR.
SIR WILLIAM ANDERSON ROSE, ALDERMAN.
SIR GEORGE GILBERT SCOTT, R.A., F.S.A.
SIR S. J. GIBBONS, BART., ALDERMAN.
SIR S. H. WATERLOW, BART., ALDERMAN, M.P.
SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART., M.P., F.R.S.
A. J. B. BERESFORD HOPE, ESQ., M.P.
COLONEL SAMUEL WILSON, ALDERMAN.
T. Q. FINNIS, ESQ., ALDERMAN.
JOHN RUSKIN, ESQ., F.G.S.
THOMAS SOMERS COCKS, ESQ.
BENJAMIN BOND CABBELL, ESQ., F.R.S.
SYDNEY SMIRKE, ESQ., R.A., F.S.A.
THE REV. THOMAS HUGO, F.S.A.
JOHN ROBERT DANIEL TYSSEN, ESQ., F.S.A.
CHARLES ROACH SMITH, ESQ., F.S.A.
WILLIAM DURRANT COOPER, ESQ., F.S.A.
THE REV. W. SPARROW SIMPSON, D.D., F.S.A.
JOHN ORDE HALL, ESQ.
JOSEPH ARDEN, ESQ., F.S.A.
THE REV. THOMAS HUGO, F.S.A.
JOHN ORDE HALL, ESQ.
dfwmril
EDWARD BADDELEY, ESQ.
CHARLES BAILY, ESQ.
EDWARD JACKSON BARRON, ESQ., F.S.A.
JOSHUA W. BUTTERWORTH, ESQ., F.S.A.
HENRY CAMPKIN, ESQ., F.S.A.
HENRY CHARLES COOTE, ESQ., F.S.A.
B. FERRET, ESQ., F.S.A.
JOHN FRANKLIN, ESQ.
GEORGE RUSSELL FRENCH, ESQ.
JOHN EDMUND GARDNER, ESQ.
G. HARRIS, ESQ., F.S.A.
MAJOR ALFRED HEALES, F.S.A.
GEORGE LAMBERT, ESQ. F.S.A.
JOHN LIVOCK, ESQ.
W. H. OVERALL, ESQ., F.S.A.
THOMAS FRANCIS PEACOCK, ESQ.
CHARLES J. SHOPPEE, ESQ.
JOHN GREEN WALLER, ESQ.
ALFRED WHITE, ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S.
E. W. BRABROOK, ESQ., F.S.A., 1, Elm-court, Temple.
JOHN E. PRICE, ESQ., F.S.A., 60, Albion-road, Stoke Ncwington.
of dtnjnittjg
JOHN E. PRICE, ESQ., F.S.A.
MESSRS. COCKS, BIDDULPH & Co., 43, CTiaring-cross, S.W.
<$*Hi3to$
ME. WILLIAM PAGE IVATTS, 5, Groombridge-rd., South Hackney.
LIST OF MEMBEES.
* This sign indicates a Life Member.
f This sign indicates an\Honorary Member.
Ackworth, George Brindley, Esq., Star-hill, Rochester.
* Adams, George Edward, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., College of Arms, E.G.
Adams, W. G., Esq., 73, Addison-road, S.W.
Addams, K., Esq., 78, Addison-road, W.
F Amhurst, William Amhurst Tyssen, Esq., F.S.A., Didlington-parTt,
Brandon, Norfolk.
Anderson, Eustace, Esq., 17, Ironmonger-lane, E.G.
Anderson, Sir Henry Lacon, K.C.S.I., F.R.G.S.,F.S.S., IndiaOffice, S.W.
Angell, Charles Frederick, Esq., F.S.A., Grove-lane, Cambermell, S.W.
Arden, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A. (Trustee), 1, Clifford's -inn, E.G.
Arding, C. B., Esq., 23, Bedford-row, W.C.
Arnold, Rev. J. Percy, B.D., Harmondsworth.
Arnett, Rev. S., Turnham-green, W.
Ash, Claudius, Esq., 1, Dartmouth-park-villas.
Ash, William H., Esq., 13, St. John's Wood-road, N.W.
Atkinson, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Petersfield, Hants.
* Atkinson, William, Esq., F.L.S., 47, Gordon-square, W.C.
Baddeley, Edward, Esq., 26, Bishopsgate-street Within, E.G.
Baddeley, H. J., Esq., Meadow View, Sydenham-park, S.E.
Baily, Charles, Esq., Reigate, Surrey.
Baily, H., Esq., 71, Gracechnrch-street, E.G.
Baily, Walker, Esq., Champion-park, S.E.
Baker, Edward, Esq., 36, Great Ormond-street, W.C.
Baker, William Windsor, Esq., 17, King-street, Cheapside, E.G.
Barren, E. Jackson, Esq.,F.S.A.,27, Guildford-street, Russell-square,
W.C.
Barton, Robert, Esq., 99, Bishopsgate-street, E.G.
Bax, A. R., Esq., Kenmure House, Streatham-hill.
Baxter, E., Esq., Cockspur-street, S.W.
Bedford, Edwin, Esq., 5, Royal-crescent, Notting-hill.
Bengough, G. R., Esq., 370, Brixton-road.
Berger, Lewis C., Esq., Lower Clapton, N.W.
Bidgood, Henry, Esq., Surbiton-hill.
Birch, George H., Esq., 77, Chancery-lane, W.C.
Bird, Peter Hinckes, Esq., M.D., F.R.C.S., 1, Norfolk-square.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Blades, William, Esq., 11, Abchurch-lanc, E.G.
t Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche, Esq., F.S.A., Rugby.
Bohn, H. G., Esq., Twickenham, S.W.
Boord, Joseph, Esq., Bartholomew-close, E.G.
Bothamley, Henry Harper, Esq., 16, Queen-street, E.G.
Bower, James, Esq., 52, Glasshouse-street, W.
Brabrook, Edward W., Esq., F.S.A., M.E.S.L. (HON. SEC.), 28,
Abing don-street, S.W.
Brace, W. A., Esq., B.A., 10, Old Jewry-chambers.
Brandon, Woodthorpe, Esq., Guildhall.
Brogden, John, Esq., Henrietta-street, Covent-garden, W.C.
Browning, George, Esq., 9, Conduit-street, W.
Bridger, E. K., Esq., Berkeley House, Hampton, S.W.
Britten, Major John, ISA, Basinghall-street, E.G.
Bnckland, Virgoe, Esq., 72, Cannon-street, E.G.
Burgess, Edward James, Esq., 29, Palmerston-buildings, Old Broad-
street, E.G.
Burgess, Hartley W., Esq., 12, Queen Victoria-street, E.G.
Burleigh, Lawrence, Esq., Brewery, Brick-lane, Spitalfields, N.E.
Burton, C., Esq., Alfred-place, Hanwell, W.
Burton, W., Esq., South Villa, Regent' s-park, N.W.
Burt, F. A., Esq., Cock-lane, Snow-hill.
Burt, George, Esq., Millbanh, Westminster, S.W.
f Burtt, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., Public Record Office, Chancery -lane, W.C.
Butler, C., Esq., 3, Conncmglit-placc, W.
Butterworth, Joshua W., Esq., F.S.A., 7, Fleet-street, E.G.
* Cabbell, B. B., Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.K.G.S. (V.P.), 52, Portland-
place, W.
Campkin, Henry, Esq., F.S.A., Reform Club, Pall-mall, S.W.
f Canterbury, His Grace the Lord Archbishop of (PATRON), Lambeth
Palace. •
Cape, George A., Esq., F.S.S., 8, Old Jewry, E.G.
Carr, C., Esq., 7, Hamilton-terrace, St. John's Wood, N.W.
Cass, Rev. Frederick Charles, Rector of Monken Hadley, N.
Cater, W. C., Esq., 56, Pall-mall, S.W.
Chadwick, J. O., Esq., 46, Bolton-road, St. John's Wood.
Chandler, R., Esq., 66, Bishopsgate Within.
Chantler, Alfred, Esq., Sipson, Harmondsworth.
Chapman, Charles, Esq., 51, Bishopsgate Within.
Charnock, Dr. R. S., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., &c., 8, Gray's-inn-s<iiiare,W.C.
Chester, Joseph Lemuel, Col., Linden Villa, Blue- Anchor-road, Ber-
mondsey.
Christian, Ewan, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Great Scotland-yard, S.W.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
Christie, Henry, Esq., 21 , Davcnant-road, Hollon-ny.
Child, C., Esq., 1, Kensington-square.
Church, Very Rev. R. W., D.D., Dean of St. Paul's (V.P.), The Deanery,
St. Paul's.
Clarke, Benjamin, Esq., F.R.C.S., Upper Clapton, N.E.
Clarke, Frederick, Esq., St. Michael's, Cornhill, E.G.
Clarke, Hyde, Esq., LL.D., F.S.S., 32, St. Georges-square, S.W.
Clifton, N. H., Esq., 20, Cross-street, Islington, N.
Cocks, Reginald T., Esq., 43, Char ing-cross, S.W.
* Cocks, T. S., Esq. (V.P.), Hertford-street, Mayfair, W.
Coleman, E. H,, Esq., F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., 6, Adelaide-place, London-
bridge, E.G.
Collingridge, W. H., Esq., City Press Office, 117-120, Aldersgate-
strect, E.G.
Comerford, Jas., Esq., 7, St. Andrew 's-place, Regent' s-park, N.W.
Connell, William G., Esq., 83, Cheapside, E.G.
Cooper, Robert, Esq., 152, Fleet-street, E.G.
Cooper, W. Durrant, Esq., F.S.A. (V.P.),81, Ghiildford-street, Russell-
square, W.C.
Coote, H. C., Esq., F.S.A., Wardrobe-place, Doctor's Commons, E.G.
* Cornthwaite, Rev. Tullie, M.A., Forest, Walthamston, N.E.
Cousins, W., Esq., Acton Vale.
Cowburn, George, Esq., 43, Lincoln's-inn-fields, W.C.
Cox, Henry, Esq., 45, Glasshouse-street, W.
Cox, Rev. J. E., D.D., F.S.A., St. Helen's, Bishopsgate-strcet-within.
Grace, J. E., Esq., 9, Wig more-street, W.
Crosland, Newton, Esq., 42, Crutched-fnarx, E.G.
Cull, Richard, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., 13, Tavistoclt-street, Bedford-
square, W.C.
Cunliffe, E. C., Esq., Princes-street, E.G.
Cussans, J. E., Esq., 18, Leverton-street, N.W.
Dalton, Abraham, Esq., 44, Poultry, E.G.
Dalton, A. W., Horsef air-street, Leicester.
Dalziel, George, Esq., 9, St. George' s-terrace, Primrose-park, N.W.
Darby, Stephen, Esq., 140, Leadenhall-street, E.G.
Dawson, E., Esq., Crouch Hill, Hornsey, N.
t De Havilland, John von S., Esq., F.S.A., York Herald, College oj
Arms, E.G.
Denman, J. L., Esq., Piccadilly, W.
Dodd, Henry, Esq., Eagle-mharf-road, New North-road, N.
Driffield, Rev. G. T., Bow, E.
Driver, Charles H., Esq., M.R.I.B.A., 5, Victoria-street, Westminster,
S.W.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
f Dublin, His Grace the Lord Archbishop of (V.P.), Dublin.
Dunkin, Alfred J., Esq., Hartford, Kent.
Ebury, The Right Hon. Lord, (V.P.), Moor Park, Rickmansworth,
and 107, Park-street, W.
Edwards, Samuel, Esq., Lewisham.
Elt, Charles H., Esq., 1, Noel-street, Islington, N.
Emslie, J. Phillips, Esq., 47, Gray's-inn-road, W.C.
Falkner, Rev. T. Felton, B.A., F.S.A., St. Thomas-College, Colombo,
or Care of J. E. Price, F.S.A., 60, Albion-road, Stoke New-
ington.
Fassnidge, William, Esq., Uxbridge.
Faulkner, John, Esq., 29, Mornington-crescent.
Fellows, F., Esq., F.S.S., The Green, Hampstead.
Ferrey, Benjamin, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A., 1, Trinity -place, Charing-
cross, S.W., and 42, Inverness-terrace, Baysmater, W.
Finnis, T. Q., Esq., Alderman (V.P.), Great Tower-street, E.G.
Ford, J. O., Esq., CocTtfosters, Barnet.
Forster, W. E., Esq., Alder shot.
Fowler, F. H., Esq., 32, Fleet-street, E.G.
Franklin, John, Esq., Gloucester-road, Regent1 s-park.
French, George Russell, Esq., 7, Powis-plaoe, W.C.
Fryer, Henry, Esq., Hillingdon, Middlesex.
Gale, John, Esq., 85, Cheapside, E.G.
Gardner, John E., Esq., Park House, St. John' s-mood-2)ark, N.W.
Gibb, Sir George Duncan, Bart., LL.D., &c., 1, Bryanston-street, W.
Gibbons, Sir Sills John, Bart., Alderman, Southivark-street, S.E.
Gibson, Henry, Esq., 113, Lower Thames-street, E.G.
Golding, C. Esq., 16, Bloom field-terrace, Upper Westbonrne-terrace.
Golding, W., Esq., 16, Temple-street, Whitefriars.
Gooden, Chisholm, Esq., 33, Tavistock-square, W.C.
Good, Joseph H., F.R.I.B.A., 75, Hatton-garden, E.G.
Goodwyn, Charles, Esq., 23, Boundary-road.
Gough, Henry, Esq., 20, Lorn-road, Brixton, S.W.
Graham, Edgar, Esq., Palace-gardens, W.
Graham, Foster, Esq., 38, Oxford-street, W.
Green, Charles Horace, Esq., 65, Great Portland-street, W.
Green, Joseph, Esq., F.R.G.S., I2a, Myddleton-square, N.
Gregory, T. J., Esq., 22, Regent-street.
Grellier, Mrs., Elm House, Clapton.
Griffith, W., Esq., Barrister-at-Law, 77, Chancery-lane.
Gunn, A., Esq., 4, Park-villas, Haverstock-hill.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 9
Habershcm, W., Esq., 38, Bloomsbitry-square, W.C.
Hakewill, J. H., Esq., F.R.I.B.A., 5, South Motion-street, W.
Hall, John Orde, Esq. (TREASURER), Brunswick-place, Queen-
square, W.C.
Hammack, H. L., Esq., 16, B elsize-park, Hamp&tead, N.W.
Hammick, J. T., Esq., Barrister-at-Law, Somerset House.
Hampson, R. F.,Esq., India Office, Whitehall.
Hanbury, Cornelius, Esq., Plough-court, Lombard-street.
Hannah, R., Esq., Craven House, Fulham-road, S.W.
Harris, E., Esq., 8, Old Jewry.
Harris, George, Esq., F.S.A., Barrister-at-Law, Islip's Manor House,
Northolt.
Hart, Charles, Esq., 54, Wych-street, W.C.
Hart, W. H., Esq., F.S.A., Overcliffe, Rosherville, Kent.
* Harvey, J., Esq., Cripplegate-buildings, E.G.
* Hatherley, Lord (V.P.), Great George-street, S.W.
Hawes, Alfred, Esq., 40, Poultry, E.G.
Hawkins, George, Esq., 88, Bishopsgate-street Without, E.G.
Hawks, Robert Shafto, Esq., 1, High-street, Southward, S.E.
Hay, G. J., Esq., 33, Guildford-street, Russell-square, W.C.,
Heales, Major Alfred, F.S.A., 45, Carter-lane, Doctor's- Commons, E.G.
Heal, John Harris, Esq., Tottenham-court-road, W.C.
Heal, Harris, Esq., Tottenham-court-road, W.C.
Heal, Ambrose, Esq., Tottenham-court-road, W.C.
Heath, A. J. Esq., 10, Basinghall-street.
* Heath, Rev. J. M., M.A., Enfield, N.E.
Heldon, Capt. J. B. Cowell, 43, Elgin-road, Harrow-road.
Hervey, Rev. George, Rectory, York-street, Hackney-road, N.E.
Hesketh, 'Robert, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., London Assurance, Royal Ex-
change, E.G.
Heywood, Samuel, Esq., 39, Stanhope-street, Hampstead-road, N.W.
Higgins, Charles, Esq., Vestry Offices, Islington.
Higgins, D., Aden-terrace, Stoke Nemington.
Hile, D. J., Esq.. Cordmainers' Hall, E.C
Hill, Miss, 3, Compton-terrace, High-street, Islington, N.
Hill, T., 233, 'Caledonian-road.
Hills, Robert H., Esq., London and Westminster Bank, Lotlibury, E.C.
Hingeston, Charles H., Esq., 30, Wood, street, Cheapside, E.C.
t Hobson, A. S., Esq., F.C.S., Turnham Green, W.
Hodgkinson, William, Esq., 4, Brondesbury Villas, Kilburn, N.W.
f Hodgson, I., Esq., Braxted Villa, Brixton-hill.
Hodson, Francis, Esq., 42, Old Broad-street, E.C.
Hogg, Sir J. MacNaghten, Chairman Metropolitan Board of Works,
Spring-gardens, S.W.
10 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Hollams, W. T. Esq., King's Arms-yard.
Holt, W. Lockhart, Esq., 10, Victoria-road, Clapham, S.W.
Homan, E., Esq., Friern Park, Flnchley, N.
* Hope, A. J. B. Beresford, Esq., M.P., LL.D., D.C.L., F.S.A. (V.P.),
Arhlon House, Connaught-placc, W.
Hose, Rev. J. C., M.A., Antwerp House, Adelaide-road, N.W.
Houghton, Mrs., 22, Russell-road, Kensington, W.
Houghton, Miss, 22, Russell-road, Kensington, W.
Hovenden, E., Esq., Great Marlborough-strcet.
Howard, J. Esq., 4, Cloak-lane.
Hughes, Henry, Frith-street, Soho.
Hugo, Kev. Thomas, M.A., F.S.A. M.E.S.L., F.L.S. (V.P. and
TBUSTEE), The Rectory, West Hackney, N.
Hunt, Richard, Esq., Stanstead, Herts,
Hutton, Rev. R. H., Rector of Bat-net.
Huyshe, Wentworth, Esq., 6, Pelhawi-place, S.W.
Isaac, F., Esq., 6, Burton-street, Burton-crescent, N.W.
Isaac, F., Jun., 6, Burton-street, Burton-crescent, N.W.
Jackson-, Rev. James, Vicar of St. Sepulchre's, London and Middlesex,
Charterhouse-square, E.G.
Janson, F. H., Esq., Finslury-circus, E.G.
Jaques, J., Esq., Hatton-garden.
* Jennings, Joseph, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., 3, Folcy-place, W,
Jones, Miss, 3, Douglas-road, North Canonlury,
Jones, William, Esq., Crosby-square, E.C,
Kemshead, Miss, 8, Wr ay-crescent, Tollington-park, N.
Kerr, Mrs. Alexander, care of R. Hampson, India Office.
t King, H. W., Esq., Hon. Sec. Essex Archaeological Society, 28,
Tredegar-square, Bow, N.E.
Knightley, J. E., Esq., Cannon-street, E.C.
•
Lamhert, F. D., 20, Devomhire-plaoe, Portland-place.
Lambert, George, Esq., F.S.A., 10, Coventry -street, W.
Lambert, Herbert, 10, Coventry-street, W.
Lambert, Thomas H., Esq., 124, Adelaide-road.
Lammin, William Henry, Esq., Shorrolds, Fulham, S.W.
Latreille, Frederick, Esq., 5, Bloomsbury-place, W.C.
Lawrence, Alfred, Esq., Gloucester-gardens, Baysmater, W.
Lawrence, Sir J. Clarke, Bart., M.P. (V.P.) 94, Westbourne-terrace, W.
Lee, F. C. Esq., 2, Great Winchester-street, Bristol.
Leighton, John, Esq., F.S.A., F.Z.S., 15, Ormond-terrace, Regent's-
park, N.W.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 11
Lewis, Professor Thomas Hayter, F.S.A., 9, Jbk*~street,Adelphi) W.C.
Livock, John, Esq., 114, Gomer-street, Bedford-square, W.C.
Lloyd, E. Esq., Jackson1 s-lane, Highgate.
Loader, R. C., Esq., 18, Buckland-crcscent, N.W.
London Library, 21, St Jamcs's-square.
London, The Library of the Corporation of.
f London, The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of (PATRON), London House, St.
James' s-square.
Longmore, W. A., Esq., 40, Leman-street, E.
Low, A., Esq., Elm Villa, Upper Clapton.
Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., Lombard-street, E.C.
Mair, J. G., Esq., 41, Upper Bedford-place, Bloomsbury.
Mansfield, R., Esq., 146, King ITenry's-road, Primrose-hill.
Marett, Charles, Esq., M.A., 56, Chancery-lane, E.C.
Mason, Charles, Esq., F.R.S.L., India Office, Whitehall, S.W.
Masters, John R., Esq., 78, New Bond-street, W.
Matthew, James, Esq., York-terrace, Regents-park, N.W.
Matthews, T. D., Esq. 24, Canonbury-park, S.
Maybank, J. T., Esq., Dorking, Surrey.
Mayer, Joseph, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., Liverpool.
McGillivray, Donald, Esq., F.S.S., 7, St. John's-park-villas, Haver-
stock-hill.
M'Donnell, Arthur W., Esq., 2, Lingfield-road, Wimbledon, S.W.
Mercer, D., Esq., West Drayton.
* Metcalfe, Charles, Esq., Epjjing, Essex.
* Middlemist, The Rev. R., M.A., Harrow, N.W.
Milbourn, Thomas, Esq., 38, Bisliopsgate Within.
Mildred, F. Jun., Esq., Lalla Rookh, Hornsey.
Miller, Joseph, Esq., 23, Gorcer-street, W-C.
Mills, George, Esq., 3, Old Jewry, E.C.
Milner, W. Esq., 47, Park-road, Harerstock-hill, N.W.
Mitchell, H. S., Esq., 5, Great Prescott-street, Whiteohapel, E.C.
Mitchener, Edward A., Esq., IVavarino, Worthing/.
Mongredien, Augustus, Esq., Forest-hill.
Morey, Samuel Dance, Esq., 11, Northampton-park, Canonbury, N.
Moring, T., Esq., 44, High Holborn, W.C.
Moxon, Dr., Finsbury-circus.
Nelson, Charles C., Esq., F.R.I.B.A., 30, Hyde-park-gardens, W.
Newman, J., Esq., 24, Soho-sqitare.
Newman, Matthew, Esq., The Elms, Harlington.
Nichols, D. Cubitt, Esq., 33, Mecklenbvrgh-square, W.C.
Nichols, Robert Cradock, Esq., F.S.A., 25, Parliament-street, S.W.
12 LIST OF MEMBERS
Oakley, Christopher, Esq., 10, Waterloo-place, S.W.
Older, A., Esq., Richmond, S.W.
Ottley, Henry, Esq., Junior Garrick Club, Adelphi.
t Overall, William H., Esq., F.S.A., Librarian to the Corporation of
London, Guildhall Library, E.C.
Owen, John, Esq., Fern Lodge, Oakfield-road, Clapton, S.
Paine, Cornelius, Esq., Surbiton, Kingston-on-Thames, S.W.
* Paine, W. D., Esq., Reigate, Surrey.
Parfitt, EOT. Canon, Cottles House, Melksham, Wilts.
Parker, Charles Guest, Esq., Albion-road, Stoke Nemington, N.
Peacock, Thomas Francis, Esq., 12, South-square, Gray's-inn, W.C.
Perkins, W., Esq., 34, £ alter -street, Oxford-street, W.
Phillips, K. N., Esq., LL.B., F.S.A., Mitre-court, Temple, E.C.
Pierce, J. T., Esq., St. Alban's, Herts.
Pitman, W., Esq., 30, Newgate-street, E.C.
* Plowes, J. H., Esq., York-terrace, Regent's -park, N.W.
Pound, Henry, Esq., 64, Leadenhall-stree^ E.G.
Powell, Nathaniel, Esq., Whitefriars, E.C.
Price, F. G. H., Esq., F.G.S., Clarendon- gardens, Maida-hill.
Price, John Edward, Esq., F.S.A. (Director of Evening Meetings), 60,
Albion-road, Stoke Newington, N.
Puleston, J. H., Esq., M.P., 41, Lombard-street.
Purdue, Thomas, Esq., Treasurer's Office, Middle Temple, E.C.
Ray, R., Esq., Atlas Office, Cheapside, E.C.
Richardson, E. W., 7, Finsbury-square, E.C.
Ritchie, E., Esq., Wrentham House, Holder' s-h ill, Hendon.
Reynell, F. W., Esq., South Norwood, S.E.
Rew, C., Esq., 5, Victoria-street^ S.W.
Ridgway, F. G., Esq., 2, Waterloo-place, S.W.
Rigby, Edward Robert, Esq., 80, Gracechurch-street, E.C.
Roberts, Edward, Esq., 9, Victoria-street, Westminster, S.W.
Roberts, R., Esq., Laurence Poulteney Chambers.
Robertson, J., Esq., Sank End, Southwark.
Robins, Edward C., Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Southampton-street, Strand, W.C.
Robinson, Charles Frederick, Esq., 65, Sasinghall-street, E.C.
Roche, Alfred R., Esq., Palmerston- buildings, Old Broad-street.
Rock, W. F., Esq., 11, Walbrook, E.C.
Rogers, J. R. F., Esq., Little Knightrider-street, E.C.
Rogers, Thomas Williams, Esq., 16, Mark-lane.
Roots, George, Esq., B.A., F.S.A., Ashley-place, Victoria-street, S.W.
Rose, James Anderson, Esq., M.R.S.L., 11, Salisbury-street, Strand,W.C.
* Rose, Sir William A., Knt., Alderman (V.P.), Queenhitlie, E.C.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 13
Rose, Miss, Queen's-road, Richmond, S.W.
Routh, Oswald Foster, Esq., Willow House, Hawets, Yorkshire.
Rowsell, S. John, Esq., 31, Cheapside, E.G.
Runtz, John, Esq., Lordship-road, Stoke Newington, E.
Raskin, John, Esq., M.A.,F.G.S. (V.P.), Denmark-hill, Camberwell, S.
St. Aubyn, J. Pease, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Temple, E.G.
Sachs, Christian P., Esq., 53, St. Paulas-road, N.
Sachs, John, Esq., 53, Pasgrave-place, Strand, W.C.
Saul, George Thomas, Esq., F.R.H.S., F.L.S., Bom Lodge, Sow-road.
Saunders, James Ebenezer, Esq., 9, Finsbury -circus, E.G.
Saunders, H. C., Esq., 3, Bolton-gardens, S.W.
Saunders, H. W. B., Esq., Honylands, Waltham Holy-cross, Essex.
Schonberg, J. D., Esq., 47, Fellows-road, South Hampstead.
Scott, Sir G. Gilbert, Knt., F.S.A., R.A., F.R.I.B.A. (V.P.), 81, Spring-
gardens.
Scott, James Renat, Esq., Coal Exchange, Thames- street, E.G.
Scott, Thomas, Esq., 3, Brunswick-square, W.C.
Scott-Somers, Thomas A., Esq., Admiralty, Whitehall.
Sharp, James, Esq., 84, Cornwall-gardens,"^.
Sharp, John Naezeli, Esq., 17, Chalcot-crescent, N.W.
Shoppee, Charles John, Esq., A.R.I.B.A., 61, Doughty-street, Mecltlen-
turgh-square, W.C.
Shoppee, Charles Herbert, Esq., 61, Doughty-street, Mechlenburgh-
square, W.C.
Simms, Dr. Frederick, Belgrave Mansions, S.W.
* Simpson, Rev. Wm. Sparrow, D.D., F.S.A. (V.P.), 119, Kennington-
parlt-road, S.E., and, Friday-street, E.G.
Slater, Cyrus, Esq., 7, Russell-square.
Smallfield, J. S., Esq., 32, University -street, Gamer-street, W.C.
Smart, T., Esq., 122, Gloucester-road, Regent'' 's-park, N.W.
Smirke, Sydney, Esq., R.A., F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. (V.P.), Tunlridge
Wells, Kent.
Smith, E. M. B., Esq., 4, Elderfield-road, Clapton.
• Smith, T., Esq., Harley-place, Bow-road.
Smith, T. Sidney, Esq., Southfields, Wandsworth, Surrey.
f Smith, Charles Roach, Esq., F.S.A. (V.P.), Strood, Kent.
Smith, T. J., Esq., Tudor-house, Wandsworth.
Smith, Thomas Mosdell, Esq., Vimiera House, Hammersmith.
Snooke, William, Esq., Duke-street, Southrvark, S.
Stanley, The Very Rev. Dean, Westminster Abbey.
Staples, John, Esq., 37, Avenue-road, Regent's-parlt, N.W.
Stapleton, R., Esq., Deputy, 62, Bishopsgate-street-without.
Stenning, A. R., Esq., 157, Fenehurch-street.
14 LIST OF MEMBERS.
Stevens, George K., Esq., 12, Abing don-villas, Kensington, W.
Stevens, Henry, Esq., Gra-y's-inn Chambers, Holborn.
Stewart, George, Esq., 27, Marylebonc-road.
Stilwell, J. R., Esq., KilUnghurst, Hazlcmere, Surrey.
Stock, Henry, Esq., East Cottage, Bedford-place, Kensington, W.
Stone, David Henry, Esq., Alderman (V.P.), Buckler sbunj, E.G.
Stovin, Rev. J., 59, Warwick-square, S.W.
Surr, Joseph, Esq., King-street, Cheapsidc, E.G.
Tabberer, B., Esq., 16, Basinghall-street.
* Talbot de Malahide, The Right Hon. Lord, F.R.S., F.S.A. (PRESI-
DENT), Malahide Castle, Dublin, and 12, Portman-square, S.W.
Tandy, Thomas, Esq., 33, Ely-place, Holborn, E.G.
Tayler, William, Esq., F.S.A., F.S.S., 44, Carey-street, Lincoln' s-inn ,
w.c.
Taylor, Alfred, Esq., Fish-street -hill, E.G., and 19, Old Burlington-
street.
Taylor, Frederick, Esq., 19, Old Burlington-street, W.
Tennant, Professor, F.G.S., 141, Strand, W.C.
Thorp, William, Esq., F.C.S., 39, Sandringham-road, E.
Thrupp, Joseph C., Esq., Tanjield- court, Temple.
Tilleard, John Esq , Upper Tooting, S.
Timmins, Samuel, Esq., Elvetham Lodge, Birmingham.
Tippetts, J. Berriman, Esq., 5, Great St. Thomas Apostle, E.
Toner, John, Esq., 4, Gray's-inn-square.
Travers, Miss, Stamford-hill, N.
Tuckett, John, Esq., 66, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C.
Turner, Capt., Hosier-lane, Smithfield.
Turner, Jesse, Esq., 1, White-street, Moorfields, E.G.
* Tyssen, Amherst Daniel, Esq., 9, Loner Rock-gardens, Brighton.
* Tyssen, J. R. Daniel, Esq., F.S.A. (V.P.), 9, Lower Rock-garden,
Brighton.
* Tyssen, Rev. Ridley Daniel, South Hackney, E.G.
Unwin, George, Esq., 31, Bucklersbury, E.G.
Utting, R. B., Esq., 47, Camden-road, N.W.
Van Voorst, John, Esq., F.L.S., Paternoster-row, E.G.
Vardon, Hugh, J., Esq., 3, Graoechurch-street, E.G.
Wainright, J. H., Esq., Great Portland-street, W.
Walford, Cornelius, Esq., F.S.S., Enfield House, B elsize-park, N.W.
* Wagner, Henry, Esq. F.R.G.S., 16, King-street, St. James's, S.W.
Walker, Robert, Esq., King's-arms-yard, E.G.
Wallen, Frederick, Esq., F.R.I.B.A., Furnival's-inn, W.C.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 15
Waller, J. G., Esq., 68, Bolsov er-street, W.
Waller, J., Esq., 58, Fleet- street.
Walmesley, Wm. Elyard, Esq., 11, Cavendish-road, St. John's-n'ood,
N.W.
Warwick, F., Esq., 35, Bucldersbury.
Washington Congress Library, U.S.A. (Allen and Co., Covcnt-garden}.
Waterlow, Sir Sidney, Bart., M.P., Alderman, &c., Higligate.
Watney, John, Esq., St. Michael's Rectory House, Cornhill.
Watson, Robert, Esq., Fallcutt House, North-hill, Highgate, N.
Webster, R. Esq., 6, Queen Victoria-street, E.G.
* Wellington, His Grace the Duke oi,~K..Q.,Apsley House, Piccadilly^.
Wheeler, James, Esq., C.C., 16, Poultry, E.G.
Whetham, Charles, Esq., Alderman, 53, Gordon-square, W.C.
Whichcord, John, Esq., F.S.A , F.R.I.B.A., 12, Queen Victoria-street,
E.C.
Whiffin, William Harding, Esq., 20, Nottingham^lace, Marylebone-
road, W.
White, Alfred, Esq., F.S.A., F.L.S., West Drayton.
White, A. I}., Esq., West Drayton.
White, J. T., Esq., 35, Parliament-street, S.W.
Whitford, George, Esq., Panton-strcet, Haymarket, W.
Whitford, Samuel, Esq., Porter-street, SoJio-squarc, W.C.
Wickens, S., Esq., 3, Claremont-villas, Seven Sister^s-road.
Wild, Charles Kemp, Esq., 113, Cheapside, E.C.
Wild, H. B., Esq., 113, Cheapside, E.C.
Wilkinson, Joseph, Esq., 186, Shoreditch, E.C.
Williams, John, Esq., F.S.A., Astronomical Society, Somerset House
Williams, Richard, Esq., Woodleigh Cottage, Cold-harbour-lane, S.
Williams, Thomas, Esq., 38, John-street, Bedford-row.
* Wilson, Cornelius Lee, Esq., Beckenham, S.E.
* Wilson, Col. Samuel (V.P), Beckenham, S.E.
Wingrove, Drummond, B., Esq., 30, Wood-street, Cheapside, E.C.
Winkley, William, Esq., F.S.A.,Flambard's, Harrow, N.W.
Wiseman, T., Esq., Tressilian-road, New Cross, S.E.
Wood, Frederick, Esq., Brierly Villa, Willesden, Middlesex.
Wood, Warren, Esq., Hatfield, Herts.
Woodthorpe, Edmund, Esq ,F.R.I.B.A., 45, Moorgate-strcet, E.C.
Wright, E., Esq., Clare Hall, South Minims.
Wright, G. H., Esq., 103, High-street, Borough.
f Wright, Thomas, Esq., M. A., F.S.A., 14 ,Sidncy-street, Brompton, S.W.
Young, John, Esq., Great Winchester-street Buildings, E.C.
Young, John, jun., Esq., 35, King-street, Cheapside, E.C.
SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS IN UNION.
THE KOYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS, 9, Conduit-street,
Hanover-square, W.C.
THE ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM, Westminster, S.W.
THE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY OF THE ARCHDEACONRY OF NORTH-
AMPTON.
THE BUCKINGHAMSHIRE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY, Aylesbury.
THE CAMBRIAN INSTITUTE.
THE CHESTER ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE KOYAL INSTITUTE OF CORNWALL, Truro.
THE ESSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 28, Tredegar-square, E.
THE EXETER DIOCESAN ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY.
THE ROYAL DUBLIN SOCIETY, Kildare-street, Dublin.
THE HISTORIC SOCIETY OF LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE, Liverpool.
THE INSTITUTION OF SURVEYORS.
THE IRISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CELTIC SOCIETY.
THE KENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Maidstone.
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF IRELAND, Kilkenny.
THE LIVERPOOL ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
THE OSSIANIC SOCIETY, Anglcsea-strect, Dublin.
THE ST. ALBAN'S ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHJEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, N.A.
THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE.
THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF PICARDY.
THE SOMERSETSHIRE ARCHJEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Taunton.
THE SUFFOLK INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Lowestoft.
THE SURREY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, 8, Danes'-inn, Strand, W.C.
THE SUSSEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Lewes.
THE WARWICKSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
THE YORKSHIRE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
RULES.
I.— The Title of this Society shall be —
" THE LONDON AND MIDDLESEX ARCH^OLOGICAS SOCIETY."
II. — The objects of this Society shall be—
1. To collect and publish the best information on the
Ancient Arts and Monuments of the Cities of London and
Westminster, and of the County of Middlesex ; including
Primeval Antiquities ; Architecture — Civil, Ecclesiastical and
Military ; Sculpture ; Works of Art in Metal and Wood ;
Paintings on Walls, Wood or Glass ; Civil History and
Antiquities, comprising Manors, Manorial Rights, Privileges
and Customs; Heraldry and Genealogy; Costume; Numis-
matics ; Ecclesiastical History and Endowments, and Charitable
Foundations ; Records, and all other matters usually comprised
under the head of Archaeology.
2. To procure careful observation and preservation of Anti-
quities discovered in the progress of works, such as Excavations
for Railways, Foundations for Buildings, &c.
3. To make, and to encourage individuals and public bodies
in making, researches and excavations, and to afford them sug-
gestions and co-operation.
4. To oppose and prevent, as far as may be practicable, any
injuries with which Monuments and Ancient Remains of every
description may, from time to time, be threatened; and to
collect accurate drawings, plans, and descriptions thereof.
5. To found a Museum and Library for the reception, by
way of gift, loan, or purchase, of works and objects of
Archaeological interest.
6. To arrange periodical meetings for the reading of papers,
and the delivery of lectures, on subjects connected with the
purposes of the Society.
18 RULES.
III. The constitution and government of the Society shall be
as follows :
1. The Society shall consist of Members and Honorary
Members.
2. Each Member shall pay an Entrance Fee of Ten Shil-
lings, and an Annual Subscription of not less than Ten
Shillings, to be due on the 1st of January in each year, in
advance, or £5 in lieu of such Annual Subscription, as a
Composition for life.
3. The affairs of the Society shall be conducted by a Council
of Management, to be elected by the Society at their Annual
General Meeting, and to consist of Patrons, a President, Vice-
Presidents, a Treasurer, Trustees, an Honorary Secretary or
Secretaries, and Twenty Members, eight of whom shall go out
annually, by rotation, but be eligible for re-election. Five
Members of this Council shall form a quorum.
4. All payments to be made to the Treasurer of the Society,
or to his account, at such banking house in the metropolis as
the Council may direct, and no cheque shall be drawn except by
order of the Council, and every cheque shall be signed by two
Members thereof and the Honorary Secretary.
5. The Property of the Society shall be vested in the
Trustees.
6. The Subscriptions of Members shall entitle them to
admission to all General Meetings, and to the use of the
Library and Museum, subject to such regulations as the Council
may make ; and also to one copy of all publications issued by
directions of the Council during their Membership.
7. No Member whose Subscription is in arrear shall be
entitled to vote at any Meeting of the Society, or to receive any
of the Society's publications, or to exercise any privilege of
Membership ; and if any Member's Subscription be twelve
months in arrear, the Council may declare him to have ceased
io be a Member, and his Membership shall thenceforth cease
accordingly.
8. The name of eveiy person desirous of being admitted a
Member shall, on the written nomination of a Member of the
Society, be submitted to the Council for election.
9. Ladies desirous of becoming Members will be expected to
conform to the foregoing rule.
RULES. 19
10. Persons eminent for their literary works or scientific
acquirements shall be eligible to be associated with the Society
as Honorary Members, and to be elected by the Council.
11. The Lord Lieutenant of the County, the Lord Bishop
of the Diocese, the Eight Hon. the Lord Mayor, the High
Steward of Westminster, Members of the House of Peers
residing in or who are Landed Proprietors in the County ; also
all Members of the House of Commons representing the
County, or the Metropolitan Cities and Boroughs ; and such
other persons as the Councils may determine, shall be invited
to become Vice-Presidents, if Members of the Society.
12. An Annual General Meeting shall be held in the month
of June or July in every year, at such time and place as the
Council shall appoint, to receive and consider the Keport of the
Council on the proceedings and state of the Society and to elect
the Officers for the ensuing twelve months.
13. There shall be also such other General Meetings, and
Evening Meetings in each year as the Council may direct, for
the reading of Papers and other business ; these Meetings to be
held at times and places to be appointed by the Council.
14. The Council may at any time call a Special General
Meeting, and they shall at all times be bound to do so on the
written requisition of Ten Members, specifying the nature of
the business to be transacted. Notice of the time and place of
such Meeting shall be sent to the Members at least fourteen
days previously, mentioning the subject to be brought forward,
and no other subject shall be discussed at such Meeting.
15. The Council shall meet at least once in each month for
the transaction of business connected with the management of
the Society, and shall have power to make their own rules as to
the time for and mode of summoningsuch Meetings.
16. — At every Meeting of the Society, or of the Council, the
resolutions of the majority shall be binding, though all persons
entitled to vote be not present; aud at such Meetings the
Chairman shall have an independent as well as a casting
vote.
17. The whole effects and property of the Society shall be
under the control and management of the Council, who shall
be at liberty to purchase books, casts, or other articles, or to
exchange or dispose of duplicates thereof.
20 RULES.
18. The Council shall have the power of publishing such
papers and engravings as may be deemed worthy of being
printed, together with a Report of the proceedings of the
Society.
19. One-half of the Composition of each Life Member, and
so much of the Surplus of the Income as the Council may
direct (after providing for the current expenses), shall be
invested in Government Securities, to such extent as the
Council may deem most expedient ; the interest, only, to be
available for the current disbursements, and no portion shall be
withdrawn without the sanction of a General Meeting.
20. The Council shall be empowered to appoint Local
Secretaries in such places in the County as may appear
desirable.
21. Honorary Members and Local Secretaries shall have all
the privileges of Members, but shall not be entitled to vote, or
to receive any of the Society's Publications, except by special
order of the Council in consideration of services rendered to
the Society.
22. Two Members shall be annually appointed to audit the
accounts of the Society, and to report thereon at the next
General Annual Meeting.
'23. No polemical or political discussions shall be permitted
at Meetings of the Society, nor topics of a similar nature
admitted in the Society's Publications.
24. No change shall be made in the Rules of the Society,
except at a Special General Meeting.
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