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TRANSACTIONS 


OF  THE 


AMERICAN 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 


VOLUME  XLVIII 


%*nal  Mu**:*^" 


Hall  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia 

logan  square 

1923 


^  T/i't^'^^i^ 


LIST  OF  PAPERS 


Bell  (E.  L.) 

A  Now  Species  of  Hesperiidae   (Lei)idoptera;   Rhopal- 

oceni) 205 

(Issued  January  2,  1923.) 

Caudp:ll  (A.  N.) 

Zorotypus  swezeyi,  a  New  S])ecips  of  the  Order  Zora])- 

tera  from  Hawaii 133 

(Issued  8ci)tem})er  20,  1<)22.) 

Crampton  (G.  C.) 

The  Genitalia  of  Male  Diptera  and  Meeoptera  Com- 
pared with  those  of  Related  Insects,  from  the  Stand- 
point of  Phylogeny        207 

(Issued  January  12,  l'J2;).) 

CreSvSon  (E.  T.,  Jr.) 

The  Bassett  Types  of  Cynipidac  (Hymenoptera)     .     .  197 
(Issued  Januarj'  2,  1923.) 

Davidson  (W.  ]M.) 

Notes   on  Certain  S])ecies  of   Melanosloma   (l)ii)lera; 

Syr])hidae)        35 

(Lssuud  July  2.5,  1922.) 

P'rison  (Theodore  II.) 

New  Neotro])ieal  Species  of  I']nsiirii-fHes  or  lOvaiiiidae 

(Hymeno])tera) 1 

(Issued  July  22,  1922.) 

Notes  on  the  Life  History,  Parasites  and  Incpiihiie 
Associates  of  Antho])hora  al)ru])ta  Say,  with  Some 
C()ni])aris<)iis  with  the  Habits  of  Certain  Other  Antli- 

ophoriiiae  (Hymenoptera) 137 

(Issued  September  20,  1922.) 


Systematif  and  Biological  Notes  on  Bumblebees  (Brcm- 

idae;  Hymenoptera) 307 

(Issued  March  2,  1U23.) 

Hebard  (M(ir(;an) 

New  (ienera  and  Species  of  JNIelanopli  Found  within  the 
United  States  and  Canada  (Orthoptera;  Acrididac). 
Part  IV 49 

(Issued  July  25,  1922.) 

North  American  Acrididae  (Orthoptera).  Paper  One. 
A  Study  of  the  (iroup  Achuri,  as  Found  in  the  United 
States 8!) 

Paper  Two.     Tin*  (Iroup  Hyalopteryges  as  Found  in 

the  United  States  and  Canada 103 

(Issued  September  25,  1U22.) 

Notes  on  a  Few  Interesting  Blattidae  from  Guatemala, 
with  the  Description  of  a  New  Species  (Orthoptera)  .   129 
(Issued  September  30,  1922.) 

Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera  from  the  State  of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico.  Part  I.  Dermaptera  and  Non-Saltatorial 
Orthoptera 157 

(Issued  January  2,  1923.) 

Studies  ill   the  JMantidae  and   Phasmidae  of  Panama 

(Ortlioi)tera)  , 327 

(Issued  March  7,  1923.) 

]\IaLLO(II    (J.    II.) 

Flies  of  the  Aiithomyriid  ( iemis  Phaonia  KobiiicMu- 
Dcsvoidy  and  Related    (ienera,,  Known    to  occur  in 

North  America         227 

(Issued  January  12,  1923.) 

SkINNKJI    (lIlONJiv)    AND    W'll.MAMS    (K.    C.,    Jji.) 

On   the   Mah'  (ienitaiia  of  the  Larger  Hesi)eriid:ic  of 

North  America \()\) 

(Issued  Sepleiidjcr  20,  1922.) 


On  the  IVIale  Genitalia  of  the  Hcsperiichic  of  North 
Anieiica.     Paper  II 28:i 

(Issued  K("l)iii;iry  12,  1<»23.) 

Williams  (R.  C,  Jr.) 

(See  Skinner.) 

WOLCOTT    (A.    B.) 

New  Species  of  (\)leoptei-;i  of  th('  Tribe  Clerini,  wilh 

Notes  on  Others        ()7 

(l.ssucd  .Jiilj'  2'),  l«r22.) 

Van  Duzee  (M.  C.) 

The  Genus  Xiphandrium  Loew  in  North  America  (Dip- 

tera;  Dolichopodidae)         79 

(Issued  July  25,  1922.) 


INDEX 


The  naiiics  of  ni'W  genera  and   of  new  speeies  are  followed   by   the 
name   of  tlie   author. 


PAGE 

Al)errans  (Phaonia) 2-ir^,  272 

abortivM(Euthlastoblatta)  161,   102 

ahrupta  (Anthojjhora) 137 

abruptus  (Clerus) 75 

abruj)tu.s  (Enoclerus)  .74,  75,  7(),  77 

Acanthinevania 3 

Acanthops  (see  bidens,  erosula, 

falcata,  godmani,  griffini, 

mexicana  and  tuberculata) 
Aehalurus 110 

(see  also  alboc-iliata,  epi- 

gona  and  lycidas) 
Aehuri 89 

key    to    North    Aineriean 

ficncra  and  'species IK) 

Aeliuriun S!),  \K),  \)l 

(sec  also  acridodes,  brevi- 

penne,    minimipenne    and 

siimichrasti) 

aeolhua  (Panchlora) 173 

Aeontiothespinae 328 

Acontiothespis  (see  cordillerae 

and  vitrea) 
Acraspis  (see  gillettei,  inaero- 

earpae  and  politus) 

Acridinae 8!) 

aeridodcs  (Aehurum) 'Jl,  ',)2 

acridodes  (Truxalis) 91 

Acrydiuin  (see  ensieurnn) 

aenielia  (Cogia) 12),  121 

aetolus   (Bacteria) 193 

aetolus  (Hostra) 158,  193 

affinis  (Hrenius) 313,  324 

affinis  (C'ynips) 198 

aftinis  (Fegoniyia) 151,  152 

agrifoliae  (Cynips) 198 

Agroecotettix  (see  aristus,  crj'p- 

sidomus  and  modcstus) 
Agrostia  (see  anioena  and  virid- 

ipes) 
agunae  (Chrouiatonotus)  Ihh- 

ard 129 


IWC.E 

alana  (HelioiKites) 292 

alaskeiisis  (Brenmsj 319 

akiskensis  (Phaonia)  Mallork 

245,  272 

alLida  (Bradynotes) 58 

alboealyi)trata    (Phaonia)   243,  205 

albociliata  (Aehalurus) 121 

albociliata  (Cogia) 121,  122 

albofasciatum   (Spogostyluni) .    152 

albofasciatus  (Chioides) 117 

albofaseiatus  (Eudanuis) 117 

aleaeus  (Eudamiis) 118 

aleeae  (Careharodus) 293 

aldriehi     (Xiphandriuin)     ['(in 

DnziT   79,  86 

alexanderi  (Brenun)  Frismi.  ..   308 

alliainbra  (Alyzocallis) 4(5 

-Mlograpta 35 

(see  also  obliqua) 

alphcus  (Pholisora) 294,  295 

ali)ic()la  (Phaonia) 248 

altieola  (Phaonia)  Malloch  .  243,  260 
amazoniea  (Braehygaster) ....      17 

aniazoniea  (Hyptia) 10,  11 

anibiguus  (Brenius) 319,  320 

Amelinae 183 

americana  (Blalta) 173 

americana  (Perii)laneta) 

131,  157,  173 
anii-ricaiioruni  (Brcinus)..  .320,  325 

anioena  (.Vgrostia) 340 

.\nipliibolii)S  (see  badius,  cai-o- 
linensis,  gainesi,  longieor- 
nis,  palnieri  and  verna) 

amyntas  (Polygonus) 1 12,  1 13 

Andrieus  (see  ashnieadii,  eical- 
rieula,  clarkei,  eryst  al- 
lium, exiguus,  howertoni, 
ignolus,  ineertus,  indis- 
tinetus,  kingi,  juaxwelli, 
nu'xieanus,  obtusilobac, 
operatola,  parnnda,    pali- 


INDEX 


ens,  perditor,  pihila,  piper- 

oides,   pruinosus,   piilchel- 

lus,  pulchra,  ])usulatoides, 

reticulata,  ruginosus,  sac- 

cularius,  seminosus,  speci- 

osus  and  tul^erosa) 
Angela 332 

(see  alno  ((uinciuenuiculata 

and  sul)hyalina) 
angu-stata  (Brachvga.ster)    Fii- 

son 14,     17 

Anisomorphinae 347 

Anisopygia  (see  jocosicluna) 
anisoura    (Chorisoneura)    Heb- 

nrd 158,  180 

annulicornis    (Brizoides)    Hcb- 

ard 348 

annuli])es  (Euborellia) 157,  159 

annulipcs  (Forficelisa) 159 

annulipes  (Liturgiisa) 337 

Antemna  (see  rapax) 

antennatus  (Aulicus) 77,  78 

Anthomyia  (see  bysia,  errans, 

querceti,  serva  and  soccata) 

Anthoniyiidae 230 

Anthomyiinae 230 

Anthoniyza  (see  consobrina) 
Anthopliora 137 

(see    also    abrupt  a,    boni- 

boides,  occidentalis,  pari- 

etina,    sjjonsa,    stanfordi- 

ana  and  taurea) 

Anthophorinae 137 

Antistroplius    (see    leavcnwor- 

thi) 
Aphis    (see   bi'assicae,    coriiilul- 

iae  and  nunicis) 

ajjieata  (Eupheniia) 277 

apicata  (Phaonia) 

246,  274,  275,  277,  282 

api)endigaster  (Evania) 22 

apta  (Phaonia) 275,  282 

Apyrrollirix  (see  arizonac) 

areas  (I'lphyriades) 302,  303 

Archiinandrita  (see  iiiarniorata 

and  tessellata) 

arcticus  (lirennis) ;j5i) 

Arenaria  (see  groenlaiidi(!a) 


ariadne  (Prisopus)  Hcbnrd ....   352 

Aricia  (see  brunneinervis,  cae- 

rulescens,  deleta,  f renata, 

houghi,  orichalcea,  pvdvil- 

lata  and  striata) 

aristus  (Agroecutef fix)  Ilcbard 

49,  53 

annata  (C)nc()toi)hasina) 34G 

arsalte  (Heliopetes) 292 

arizonae  (Apyrrothrix) ....  1 10,  1 11 
arizonensis  (Bremus)  Frimit 

309,  312 

arizonensis  (Codatraetus) 118 

arizonensi«  (Hesperojisis) 295 

arizonensis  (Pholisora) 295 

arizonensis  (Pol.ygonus) .  .  .112,  113 

artifex  (Enoclerus) 76 

ascalai)hus  (Helias) 298 

asealaphus  (Pholisora).  .  .  .298,  299 

ascalaphus  (Htaphylus) 298 

Asclepias  (see  purpurascens) 

ashmeadii  (Andricus) 198 

asychis  (CJhiomara) 305 

atlanis  (Phaonia)  MaUoch 

24(3,  279,  280 
atopoganiia  (Melliera) .  .  .  .158,  185 

atrieeps  (Enoclerus) 75,  76 

atrocitrea  (Phaonia)  M(dluc)i 

243,  262 
Aula>-    (see   ]H)dagrae   and   tu- 
niidus) 

.Vulicus 77 

(sec-  also  antennatus) 
aurea  (Phaonia)  Malloch. .  .242,  256 
auriconius  (Brenuis)  .320,  321,  325 

Auroinant  is 339 

aurunce  (Cloniurus) 114 

australasiac  (Blatta) 173 

australasiae  (Periplaneta) 

131,  158,  173 

australis  (Chorista) 224 

azteca  (lloloconipsa) 132 

azteca  (Nyctibora) 171 

azteca  ('rheoclytes) 345 

azygos  (Phaonia)  Malloch  .'lA'i,  261 

Bacteria  (see  aetolus) 
Bacunculinae 354 


INDEX 


111 


badius  (Ainphiljolips) IDS 

barbata  (Evaniaj  Frison 22,  28 

basalis  (Brachygas(er) 17 

basalis  (Phaonia) 249 

basiseta  (Pliaoiiia) 240,  249 

batabano  (Phoci.lcs) Ill 

bathyllus  (Cogia) 122,  125 

bathyllus  (Thorybcs) 122 

bella  (Cynips) 19S 

bella  (Evania)  Fri.son 22 

bellus  (Myzocallis) 46 

berosus  (Prisopus) 3o2,  353 

bicolor  (Caloblatta) 178 

bioolor  (Psit.hyru.s) 322 

biconiuta  (Isclmoplcra)  Hclxinl 

157,  165 

bicuspis  (Calyiida) 34t) 

bidens  (Acant Ik )p,s)//t /«/;•(/  158,  189 

bifarius  (Bremus) 317 

bigibbuB  (Ceroys) 354 

bigibbus  (P.seudoceroys) 355 

Bigotomyia 232,  23(5 

(sec     al.s()     californiensis, 

houghi  and  trispila) 

bilobus  (EnockiruH) 76 

bimaculata  (Melissodes). . .  141,  143 

bimaoulatus  (Bremus) 325 

Bittacomorpha 225 

Bittacus 219 

(see  also  pilicornis) 

Blaberinae 131 

Blasturus  (see  cupidus) 
Blatta  (see  amcricana,  austral- 

asiae,     cincrea,     rhoinbi- 

folia  and  surinaniensi>;j 

Blattcllae 170 

Blattidae 12'.t,  157,  Kll 

Blaitinae 131,  173 

bogotensis  (Pseudoniioptcryx) .   329 
i)oinl)ifrons  (Ein])li()r) 

110,  141,  145,  147 

boniboides  (Anthophoraj 151 

borealis  (Bremus) 324 

Boreus  (see  brumalis  and  nivor- 

iundus) 
Bostra li)3,  346 

(see    also    aetolus,  dorsu- 

aria,     jaliscensis,     lobata, 


martini,  podajirica  and 
simili^) 

Brafhygasfcr 6,  13 

(see   also   amazoniea,    an- 
gustala,    basalis,    eximia, 
fraterna,  guyanensis,  ?nin 
uta,     jiarishi,     peruviana, 
reticulifer  and  rubia) 

Bradynut(>^ 58 

(see  also  albida,  caurus, 
chilcotinae,  (;ompaeta,  cx- 
celsa,  obesa  and  satur) 

brassicae  (Aphis) 45 

Bremidae 307 

Bremus 307 

(sec  also  aflinis,  alaskcnsis, 
alcxandcri,  ambijiuus,  am- 
ericanorum,  arcticus,  ari- 
zonensis,  auricomus,  bi- 
farius, bimaoulatus,  bore- 
alis, centralis,  consimilis, 
derhamellus,  dimidiatus, 
edwardsii,  fernaldi,  fer- 
vidus,  flavieoUis,  flavifrons, 
foNoini,  franklini,.  fratcr- 
nus,  frigidus,  huntii,  hy- 
perboreus,  impatiens,  jo- 
hanseni,  kinoaidii,  kirby- 
ellus,  lapponicus,  lutzi, 
melanopygus,  morrisoni, 
nearcticus,  nc^vadensis,  ni- 
valis, novae-angliae,  occi- 
denlalis,  perplexus,  pleur- 
alis,  ])olaris,  rufocin(;tu«, 
sitkensis,  sandersoni,  sylvi- 
eola,  ternarius,  terrestris, 
tcrricoia,  vagans,  virfiini- 
cus  and  vosneseiiskii) 

brenuus  (Pholisora) 2'J8 

brennus  (Staphylus) 298 

brevicornis  (Gryllu.s) 104 

brevicornis  (Pseudo\'ates) 345 

brevicornis  (Truxalis) 103,  104 

brcvipenne  (Achurum) 101 

bre^'ipemic  (Kadinotatum) 

91,  93,  94,  96,  101,  102 
brcvipenne  (Hhadinotatum)  96,  101 
brcvipenne  (Tryxalis) 91,  96 


IV 


INDEX 


brevis])iiui  (Pluioiiia)  Malloch 

244,  269 

Brizoulcs 348 

(see  also  amuiliciornis,  gra- 
minea,  lacteipeniiis  and 
nigricorni.s) 

l)ruiiKili8  (Boreus) 225 

brunnea  (Ephyriades) 302 

brunneinervis  (Aricla) 251 

brunneinervis  (Phaonia) 

24]  250,  251 
brunneipenuis  (Psalidoj)hora)  .  15!) 
l)rumu'ipennis  (Vostox). .  .  .  157,  15!) 

brunneri  (Choeradodis) 33<S 

burkhartianus  (Oxycorypbiis) .    104 

bysia  (Anthoniyia) 277 

bysia  (Phaonia) 24G,  274,  277 

Cabares  (see  potrillo) 

oaerulescens  (Aricia) 248 

caerulescens  (Phaonia) .  . .  .240,  248 

caesia  (Phaonia) 277 

Cahita //(■/;«/■(/ 167 

(see  also  nahua) 
cahita  (Panchlora)  Hulxird .  15.S,  174 

caicus  (( 'Ogia)   125,  12(5 

caicus  (Phoedinus) 12(3 

calohas  (Cogia) 125 

calidus  (Melanoplus) (il 

californica  (C'ynips) 1!)<S 

cdlifornica  (Stagniomant  is) .  .  .    1S7 
californiensis     (Bigot  omyia) 

Malloch 236 

Calo])latta 17S 

(sec  also  bicoliir  and  lain])- 

ra) 
('aliirhylis    (sec    ccroplcroidcs, 

clarkci  and  radicis) 

(lalt.heila  (I'lriocephala) 207,  224 

calUu-lia   (iMicroptcryx),  .  ,207,  224 
Calynda 34(5 

(see  also  bicuspis) 

cameroni  (lly])tia,) (i 

canalic'ulalnni  (Xcrosonia) ....   351 

canesccns  (ilolcaspis) 108 

capsula  (Cynips) IDS 

( '.■ircli:irodus 2!)3 


(see  also  alccae  and  nial- 

varum) 
Carolina  (Stagniomant is) 

185,  1.S7,  340 
(^arolinensis  (Aniphibolips). .  .  .    198 

carolinus  (Ciryllus) 33!) 

Cataboinba  (see  pyrastri) 

catullus  (Pholisora) 283,  2!)4 

Caulonia  (see  molita) 

caurus  (Bradynotes) 58,  59 

cayennensis  (Liturgusa) 337 

cayugae  (Phaonia) 25(5 

Ceanothus 14!) 

Cecropterus     (see    eellus    and 

pseudocellus) 

eellus  (Cecropterus) 11  !i,  120 

Celotes  (see  nessus  and  notab- 

ilis) 

centaureae  (Hespcria) 2S4 

centralis  (Bremus) 318,  319 

centralis  (Uromantis) 342 

ccos  (Pholisora) 297 

cephus  (Prisoi)u&) 352 

ceropteroides  (Callirhylis) .  .  .  .  198 
Ceroys 354 

(see     also     I)igi1/I)us     and 

laciniatus) 
cerviculata  (Evania)  Frison  .  .22,  30 

ccylonicus  (Zorotypus) 135 

chaeto])o<la     (Melanostonia) 

Daihhon.  .  .  .35,  3!),  41,  43,  47 
Clialciilopterella 4 

(.see   also   longistila,    inao 

gillivrayi  and  nianni) 

cli.-dcinata  (Phaonia) 248 

chanipioni  ('I'aiu'oniantis) 32<S 

chapini  (Enoclerus)  Wolcall .  .74,  77 
chichinieca  (Latiblattella) .  .  .  .  !(>3 
chilcotinae  (Bradynotes)  H<li- 

ard 58 

('hioidcs  (see  albot'asciala  an<l 

zilpa) 
Chiornara  (sec  asychis) 
chiricahuae  (M('lano|)lu'^)  llili- 

ard 61 

chiriquensis  (l)ynie) 31(1 

chlorophaea  (Mantis) 191,  344 


INDEX 


clilorophapa  (PhyllDVutos) 

158,  191,  344,  34t; 

(•lil(jroj)haea  ('riicooh'tes) 344 

Chlorophasma 348,  349 

(see  also  liyalina) 

Choeradodinae 338 

C'hoeradodis  (sec  hruimcri,  per- 
uviana, rlH)tnl)ic()llis  and 
servillcij 

Chorisoueura 181 

(see   also   anisoura,    flavi- 
pennis,  i'uscipennis,  ])aiia- 
niao,  peiiucida  and  tnms- 
lucida) 
Chorista  (see  australis) 
Chroinatonotus     (sec    agunae, 

lamjinis  and  notatus) 
Chrysopila  (see  ([uadrata) 

cicatricula  (Andricus) 198 

(•i(!atrieida  (Cynii)s) 198 

ein('tii)es  (Stratoeles) 346 

cinerea  (Blatta) 17G 

einerea  (Nauphoeta) 158,  17G 

I'inerosa  (Cynips) 198 

cingulata  (Theoely tes) 345 

eitreibasis  (Phaonia) 243,  2()2 

Citrina  (sec  venilia) 

clara  (Evaiiia)  Friwn 22,  27 

clarkei  (Andricus) 198 

clarkei  (Callirhytis) 198 

clarkei  (Dryophanta) 198 

C'lcrus  (secal)ruplus,  coccineus, 
corallinus,  inccrtus,  lacliis, 
nigripes,  opifex,  ((uadri- 
guttatus,  subcostal  us  and 
thoracicus) 
Clisodon  (see  terminalis) 
C'occeius  (see  i)ylades) 

coccineus  (Clerus) 75 

coccineus  (Enoclerus)  .  .  .75,  7(),  77 
Codatractus     (sec    arizonensis 
and  melon) 

coelus  (Coniurus) 111,115 

Cogia no,  303 

(see  also  aeinelia,  albo- 
ciliata,  balliyllus,  caicus, 
calchas,  coyote,  daunus, 
drusius,  epigona,  hippalus, 


iinniaciilata,  lycidas,  mexi- 
cana,  moschus,  mysie,  nev- 
ada,  outis  and  pylades) 

collaris  (Dolerus) 224 

colorata  (Stagniomant  is)  Hch- 

bnnl 158,  187 

communis  (Ilesjieria) 289 

compacta  (Bradynotes) 58 

conip|(>ta   (Phaonia)  Mdlloch 

242,  258 
compressus  (Phaulotett  ix) .  ...     50 
C'omps(jdes  (s(>e  schwarzi) 
Conalcaea  (,s(>(>  coj'otcrae,  hua- 
chucana  and  miguelitana) 

conciima  (Smithomyia) 233 

conHuens  (Phaonia) 251 

confusis  (Thorybes)  Bell 205 

consimilis  (Bremus) 312 

consimilis  (Neuroterus) 198 

consobrina  (Anthomyza) 250 

consobrina  (Phaonia)  240,  250,  251 

conspersa  (Musonia) 329 

consultus  (Psithynis) 321,  322 

Convolvulus  (see  .se])ium) 
cordillerae  (Acontiothes])is) .  ..   328 

corralinus  (Clerus) 75 

corallinus  (Holcaspis) 198 

cornuta  ('i'heoclytes) 344 

corrugis  (('ynips) 198 

corrugis  (Dryoi)hanta) 198 

cornifoliae  (Ai)his) 47 

Corydiinae 132 

coxii  (Cynips) 198 

coj^ote  (Cogia) 121 

coyoterae  (Conalcaea)  Hclianl .      55 

crassa  (Hyptia) ti 

crawfordi  (Psithyrus) 313 

crypsidonuis     (Agroecotet  f  ix) 

Hrbanl 53 

crystallinus  (Andricus) 198 

cubensis  (Panchlora) 158,  173 

cubensis  (Panunusonia) 330 

Culicidae 207 

cu))idus  (Blasturus) 224 

curvincrvis  (!*haoni;i)  Mdlloch 

245,  275 
cyanipennis  (Piacopterus) .  ...  07 
Cyclorrhapha 230 


VI 


INDEX 


Cynijiidae 197 

CyniiJs  (see  aflfinie,  agrifoliae, 
bella,  californica,  capsula, 
cicatricula,  cinerosa,  cor- 
rugis,  coxii,  ficula,  floo- 
cosa,  formosa,  gemula, 
hirta,  ignota,  ilicifoliae, 
majalis,  mamnmla,  min- 
uta,  noxiosa,  nubila,  osten- 
sackenii,  papula,  pattoni, 
petiolicola,  pigra,  polita, 
pomiformis,  punctata,  ri- 
leyi,  rugosa,  scitula,  sculp- 
tus,  similis,  singularis,  sut- 
tonii,  tenuicornis,  utricula, 
ventricosa  and  vesicula) 

Damasippus  (see  fuscipes,  stri- 

atus  and  westwoodi) 

Dasylirion 55 

dasy toides  (Placopterus) 68 

daunus  (Cogia) 122,  123 

daunus  (Thorybes) 205,  206 

delicata  (Evania)  Frison 22,  24 

deleta  (Aricia) 258 

deleta  (Phaonia) 242,  258 

deliciolus  (Enoclerus) 76 

Dendrophaonia  Mulloch 

232,  233,  237,  2()1 

(see  also  hiiariforniis  and 

querceti) 
denticulata  (Stagnioniant  is) .  .   340 

dentipes  (Lsagoras) 350 

derhaniellus  (Brenius) 317 

Dennaptera 157,  159,  212 

Dialyta 275 

Diaphcromora 192 

(sec  also  erytlirojjleura) 
Diastrophus  (.see  minimus,    ni- 

ger,   potentillae,   rndicum, 

similis,  turgidus  and  lurgi- 

gus) 

dilat.'ita  (Latililnl  Idla ) 163 

dimi<li;i1us  (  Urciiiiis) 31!» 

diodes  (Met  riot csj 34() 

Diptera 207,  227 

dipteroidcs  (Nannocliorista). .  .   225 
diruta  (I'liuoniaj 247,  218 


discors  (Dyme) 346 

discus  (Dryophanta) 198 

dispersa  (Evania) 25 

dissimilis  (Phaonia)  MallocJi 

243,  263,  265 

distinctus  (Enoclerus) 76 

distinctus  (Philopotamus) ....   224 

distortus  (Neuroterus) 198 

ditoma  (Evania) 24 

Dolerus  (sec  collaris) 

domicella  (H-liopetos) 283,  290 

dorantes  (Eudamus) 115,  116 

dorantes  (Goniunis) 115,  116 

dorsalis  (Hyptia) 6 

dorsuaria  (Bostra) 346 

Doru  (see  lineare) 

dorus  (Plestia) 119 

drusius  (Cogia) 122 

drusius  (Thorybes) 122 

Dryophanta  (see  clarkei,  cor- 
rugis,  discus,  eburneus, 
longicornis,  pallipes,  par- 
vida,  pedunculata,  pumi- 
liventris,  and  similis) 

dubia  (Neuroterus) 199 

dubium     (Xiphandrium)    V(m 

Dtizrc 79,  85 

dubius  (Enoclerus) 70,  71 

dulcis  (Phaonia) 253 

duricoria  (Ilolcaspis) 199 

Dyme 346 

(sec  also  chiriqucnsis,  dis- 
cors and  modesta) 

Eanti.s  (sec  thraso) 

eburneus  (Dryophanta).  .  .199,  202 

edwardsii  (Bronnis) 317 

cdwardsii  (Sirex). 224 

elect  ra  (l<]phyriades) 303 

Embiidae 209 

Emphor 140 

(see  also  bombii'rons  ;ind 
fuscojubatus) 
Enoclerus  (see  abrupt  us,  arti- 
fex,  atriceps,  biiobiis  chaj)- 
ini,  coccincus,  dcliciolus, 
distinctus,  dubius,  erro, 
flavosignatus,     gerhardi. 


INDEX 


Vll 


iclinounioneus  laetu^;,  lau- 
tus,  lecontei,  liljebladi, 
longissimus,  muttkowskii, 
mysticus,  nigrifrons,  nig- 
ripes,  nigriventris,  ocrea- 
tus,  opifex,  palmii,  pinus, 
pulchelhis,  i)usillus,  quad- 
riguttatus,  recurvatus,  ni- 
ficollis,  rutivcntris,  soeni- 
cus,  sobriiuH  and  testaoc- 
ipes) 

ensicornu  (Afrydiuni) 104 

Entechnia 137,  140,  141 

(see  also  taurea) 

Epaphroditinae 189,  328,  343 

Ei)argyreus  (see  exadeus,  tity- 
rus  and  zestos) 

Ephemerida 208 

Ephyriades 303 

(see  also  areas,  brimnea, 
electra,  flyas,  otreus,  Velas- 
quez and  zephodes) 

epigona  (Achahirui^) 120 

epigona  (Cugia) 120 

PJpiphragnia  (see  fascipennis) 

Ereiniai)liilinae 1S2,  328 

ericctoruni  (Heliopotcs) .  .  .290,  292 
Erioeephala  (sec  caltliclla  and 

sei)ella) 
Eriooera  (see  fulton(Mi^is) 
Eristalis  (see  tenax) 

erosa  (Systasea) 301 

erosula  (Acanthops) 343 

errans   (Anthoinyia). 2.57 

errans  (Ph:umia)^ 230,  235,  242, 

254,  255,  257 

erratica  (Fhaonla) 242,  254 

erratica  (Musca) 239 

crro  (Enoflerus)  Wolcutt 68 

erythroj)leura   (Diaijheroinera) 

Ildxird 15S,  192 

esineraldus  (Eudainus) 115 

csiMcraldiis  ((ioniums) 115 

Eiihorellia  (see  annulipos) 

Eudainus 110,  114 

(see  also  albofasciatus,  al- 
caeus,   dorantes,   esmeral- 


dus,  proteus,  rauterbergi, 
Santiago,  simplieius  and 
zilpa) 

Eupeodes 35 

(see  also  volucris) 

Euphaonia 232 

Kuphcmia....232,    233,    237,    27(> 
(see  also  apicata) 

curibates  (Polygonus) 113 

eurycles  (Eudamus) 1 1<> 

Euthlastoblatta  (see  abort iva, 
grata  and  orizabae) 

Eutryxalis SO.  103 

Evania 3,  6,  21 

(see  also  appendigaster, 
barbata,  bella,  eerviculata, 
elara,  delicata,  dispersa, 
ditonia,  lueulenta,  niysti- 
ca  and  pulcherriina) 

Evaniella 3 

Evaniidae 1 

exadeus  (Epargyreus) 114 

excelsa  (Bradynotes) 58 

exiguissinuis  (Neuroterus) ....    199 

exiguus  (Andricus) 199 

exiguus  (Neuroterus) 199 

exiinia  (Brachvgaster)  Frison  14,  19 

Falcata  (Acanthops) 190,  343 

faseiata  (Holcaspis) 199 

faseipennis  (Fipiphragma) . ...     224 

favosus  (Neuroterus) 199 

feinineuni  (Xiphandriuni)  Van 

Diizir 79,  84 

feniorata  (Musonia) 330 

fenioratuni      (Xiphandriuni) 

Villi  Diizee SO,  81 

fcinur-nigrum  (Melanoplus)  .01,  02 

fernaldi  (Bremus) 317,  31S 

fernaldae  (Psithyrus) 321,  325 

fervidus  (Bremus) 320 

festae  (Panchlora) 173 

festae  (Stauroniantis) 340 

ficula  (('ynii)s) 199 

fitcliii  {Proinac-nus) 225 

flava  (Phaonia) 245,  274,  275 

Havibasis  (Phaonia) 245,  275 


Vlll 


INDEX 


flavioollis  (Bromiis) 311 

flavicoxa   (Xiphandrium)    Van 

Duzee 79,  84 

flavifrons  (Bnmus) 318,  322 

flavipennis  (Chorisoneura) .  1.58,  182 
flavipennula  (Prosparatta) .  159,  160 
flavosignatus  (Eiioclorus) ....  75,  70 
flavithorax  (Poecilophaonia) .  .  234 
flavofeinorata  (Pliaoiiia)   Mal- 

loch 245,  271 

floccosa  (Cynip><) 199 

flyas  (Ephyriades) 302 

folsomi  (Brenius)  Frimn 322 

foroipat.U8  (Stratocles) 347 

Forficelisa  (see  annulipps) 
Forficula  (see  linear  in) 

Forficulidae IGl 

formosa  (Cynips) 199 

fragilis  (Neuroterus) 199 

franklini  (Bremus) 313 

fratercula  (Neoblattella) . . .  1()4,  165 

fraterna  (Braehygaster) 21 

fraterna  (Paiiclilora) 174 

fraterna  (Pliaonia)  Malloch  241,  251 

fraternus  (Bremus) 325 

fraudulenta  (Hyptia)  Fns(,ti  .  .7,  12 

frenata  (Aricia) 260 

frenata  (Phaonia) 243,  260 

frigidus  (Bremus) 317 

fulgidipennis  (Mantoida) 328 

fiiltonensis  (Eriocera) 224 

fultoni  (Melanoplus)  Hebard .  .     63 

fumosa  (Hesperia) 287 

fumosus  (Thrinaconyx) 333 

fusca  (Phaonia) .  .232,  246,  280,  281 

fus(;a  (Spilogaster) 280 

fuscesecns  (Mionyx) .  .330,  331,  332 

fuscicauda  (Phaonia) 244,  270 

fuscinervis  (Phaonia) 270 

fuscipennis  (Chorisoneura). .  .  .    182 

fusci])es  (Damasi])i)us) 346 

fuscisquama  (Phaonia) 243,  264 

i'lisfisciuama  (Phorbia) 264 

liiscojiilmtu'^     (I<;iiiplior)     110,  143, 
115,  147,  MS,  149 

Gainesi  (,.\.iiipliihoHi)sJ 199 

geniuhi  (Cynips) 199 


gerhardi    (Knoclerus)    WoIcoK 

70,  71,  72 

gesta  (Thanaos) 305 

gigantea  (Hornia) 151 

Gillenia  (see  stipulaoea) 

gillettei  (Aeraspis) 199 

gillettei  (Neuroterus) 199 

Cinopliomyia  (see  tristissima) 

godmani  (Aeanthojjs) 189,  190 

Gonatista 337 

Goniurus 114,  115 

(see  also  aurunee,  coehis, 
(lorantes,  esmeraldus,  eur- 
ycles,  proteus,  rauterbergi, 
Santiago,  simplioius  and 
talus) 

graoilipes  (Melanoplus) 63 

Grais  (see  stigmaticuH) 

graminea  (Brizoides) 346,  348 

granarium  (Maorosii)hum) ....     42 
grata    (Euthlastoblatta)    Heb- 
ard  157,  161 

griffinii  (Acaiithops) 343 

griseocaerulea  (Pseudoi)ha()nia) 

Malloch    235 

grisescens  (Perliodes) 346 

groenlandiea  (Arenaria) 24? 

Grylius    (see    brevicornis    and 

carolinus) 
guatemalae  (Temnopteryx) .  .  .    129 

guatemalensis  (Hyptia) 6 

p^uineensis  (Zorotypus) 135 

guyanensis  (Brachygaster) ....      17 

Hahneli  (Telegonvis) 119 

harroweri  (Pseudooeroys)  lid)- 

ard 354,  335 

harti  (Phaonia)  Malloch.  .  .244,  266 

hayhursti  (Staphylus) 298 

hayhurstii  (Phohsora) 297,  299 

Helias  (sec  asealaphus) 

Helina 22S 

(see  al'io  nigricans) 

ITelioi)etes 2S3,  290 

(see  also  alana,  arsalte, 
domicc'lla  (•riccldniiii,  lav- 
iana,  loculin,  ni;ic:iira, 
nivcUa  and  oceanus) 


INDEX 


IX 


Heminyotibora 171 

(see  also  truneata) 

Hemiptera 207 

Hesperia 283,  290 

(see  also  centaureae,  com- 
munis, fiimosa,  maotlmi- 
noughi,  montivagus,  occi- 
(lentalis,  philetas,  ruralis, 
scriptura,  syriditides,  sy- 
richtus,  tessellata  and  xati- 
tlms) 

Hesperiidae 109,  283 

Hesperiinae 109,  283 

Hesperopsis  (see  arizonensis) 

hesus  (Nascus) 112 

heterogamia  (Stagmomantis) 

339,  341 

Heteroneminao 192,  354 

Hibiscus  (see  moschatus) 
hilarifonnis  (Dendrophaonia) 

237,  238 
liilariformis  (Spilogaslcr).  .237,  238 

hippalus  (Cogia) 125,  126 

hirta  (Cynips) 199 

Holcaspis  (see  caneseens,  coral- 
linus,    duricoria,    fasciata, 
perniciosus  and  sileri) 
Holocompsa  (see  azteca,  nitid- 

ula  and  scotaea) 

Ilomoptera 220 

Hornia 151 

(see  also  gigantea  and 
minutipennis) 

houghi  (Aricia) 236 

lioughi  (Bigotomyia) 236 

howertoni  (Andricus) 199 

howertoni  (Neuroterus) 199 

huachucana  (C'onalraea) 

ori,  56,  57,  58 

lmbl)ardi  (Zorutypusj 133,  135 

luunilis  (Prosparatta) 159,  160 

luuiiilis  (Rosa) 148 

huntii  (Brenuis) 324 

Iiyalina  (C'Idoropliasma) 346 

hyalina  (Panchlora) 174 

Hyaloptcryges 103 

Hyalopteryx 89,  103 

}lydn)])liylluin  (sec  virtiiiiicuni) 


Ilydrotaea 264 

Hymenoptera 207 

hyperboreus  (Brennis)  309,  316,  317 

Hypnorna 178 

Hyptia 2,  6 

(see  also  amazoniea,  ram- 
eroni,  crassa,  ilorsalis, 
fraudulenta,  guatemalen- 
sis,  jucunda,  ncglecta,  nig- 
riventris,  rugosa,  siniilis 
and  si)inii"era) 

Ichneumoneus  (Enoclerus). ...     73 

idas  (Proteides) 113 

ignota  (Cynips) 199 

ignotus  (Andricus) 199 

ilicifoliae  (Cynips) 199 

imbras  (Pholisora) 298,  299 

imbras  (.Stai)hylus) 299 

imitatrix  (Phaonia) 243,  263 

immaculata  (Cogia) 122 

impaticns  (Brennis) 325 

incerta  (Pliaonia)  Mallnch  .  240,  250 

incerta  (Prosparatta) 159,  160 

incertus  (Andricus) 1 99 

incertus  (Clerus) 71 

inculta  (Phaonia) 282 

indistinctus  (Andricus) 200 

infuscata  (Pseudoniiopteryx).  .   329 

innocens  (Ormosia) 225 

insatiabilis  (Stagmatoi)tera)340,  341 
insignis  (Paranisomorplia) ....   347 

insular  is  (Psithyrus) 321,  325 

iphicles  (Metriotes) 352 

Isagoras 351 

(see  also  dcntii)es  and  vig- 

nierj) 
Ischnoptera 167 

(see  also  bicornuta.  nalnia 

and  tolteca) 

lschnoj)tera 170 

Isoniantis 339 

Jaliscensis  (Hostra) .  .  .  193,  I'M,  197 

javanicus     (Zorotypus) l.'>5 

jocosiclima   (Anisoi)ygia) 129 

jolumseni  (Brenuis) 310 

jucunda  (llyptia)  Fritton 7 


INDEX 


Kincaiflii  (Bromus) 31G 

king!  (Andriciis) 200 

kirbycllus  (Bremuss). . . . 

307.  ;ms,  Slf),  317 
ko(li:ikensis  (Psithynis) 31(3 

Lahiduridiic 159 

Labiidae 159 

laciniatus  (Ceroys) 359 

UuM'niatiifs  (Pericontrus) 359 

laciiiiatus  (TryclioiK'plus) 359 

lacteipennis  (Brizdidcs) 346 

laetus  (Clerus) 75 

laetus  (Enoclerus) 74,  75,  70,  77 

laevigatus  (Pentstemon) 14S 

lampra  (Caloblatta)  Ifcbanl  15S,  178 
lampnis  (Chromatonotus) .  ...    129 

lai^ponicus  (Bremus) 311 

Latiblattella    (see   chichimeca, 

dilatata,  lucifrons  and  pio- 

turata) 

laticornis  (Lonchaea) 207 

laticornis  (Phaonia)  Mnlinrli 

240,  279 
Latindia  (see  sohwarzi) 

laurifolia   (Phylloinantis) 32S 

lautvi.s  (Enoclerus)  Walcott .  ...      69 

laviana  (Heliopet.es) 290 

l(!aven\vorthi  (Antistrophus) .  .    200 

leoontei  (Enoelenis) OS 

lena  (Pholisora) 295 

lenticularis  (Rhodites) 200 

Leonidia  (see  neomexieana) 

Lepidoptera 207 

Lepisniatidae 20S 

Leu(H)l)lKiea  (see  inaderae) 
Libetlira     (see    i)anainae    and 

venezueliea) 

bl)ya  (Pholisora) 295 

lilea  (Phoeides) HI 

liljebladi  (l-]noclenis)  Woln.lf .  .      73 

Iirnl)a1a  (Mantis) ISO,  339 

liinhala  (,Stantiioinan(  is) 

15.S,  ISO,  ISS 

liiiil)iiici\is  (Phaonia) 215,  272 

iJrnnophiia  (see  nifibasis) 

Liinnopliora 231 

lineare  (Dorn) ir)7    101 


linearis  (Forficula) 161 

lineativentris  (Musonia) 334 

lineativentris  (Pseudomusonia)  334 
Liturgusa    (see  annulipes  and 

cayennensis) 

Litiirgusinae 337 

lobata  (Bostra) 346 

lobata  (Phantasis) 346 

locutia  (Heliopetes) 293 

Lonchaea    (see   laticornis   and 

polita) 
longicorne  (Xiphandrium)  ]'(ui 

Duzee 79,  85 

longicornis  (Amphibolips) 200 

longicornis  (Dryophanta) 200 

longissimns    (Enoclerus)    Wol- 

cott 68 

longistila  (Chalcidopterella) ...       6 
Loxaulus  (see  spicatus) 
lucifrons  (Latiblattella).  .  .157,  163 
luculenta  (P]vania)  Frisou  .  .  .22,  25 

lugubris  (Panorpa) 224 

lugubris  (Phaonia) 248 

lutzi  (Bremus)  Frmin 309 

lycidas  (Achalurus) 120 

lycidas  (Cogia) 120 


Macaira  (Hcdiopetes) .292, 

niacduinioughi  (Ilesperia) .... 
macgillivrayi  (Chalcidoi)terella) 

Frison 

macroeari)ae  (Acraspis) 

Macromantis  (see  ovalifolia) 
Macronnisonia  Hcbartl .  .  .  .329, 

(see  also  major) 
Macrosii)hum   (see  granarium, 

pisi  and  rosae) 

maculosa  (Panorpa) 

maderac  (Leucophaea) 

majalis  (Cynips) 

major  (Macromnsonia) 

major  (Musonia) 

malvarum  (Carcharodus) 

manmnda  (Cynips) 

maniii  (Clialcidopterella) 

Mnnlidae 15S,  1S2,  327, 

IManlinae 1S5,  32S, 

IMantis  (sec  chldroiiliaca,  lini- 


293 
2S0 

4 

200 

330 


225 
131 
200 
329 
329 
293 
200 
t> 
328 
339 


INDEX 


XI 


bata,    ovalifolia,    rhombi- 

collis  and  tolteca ) 
Mantoida     (see     fulgidipcnnis 

and  maya) 
tnarmorata  (Arcliimandrita) .  .    132 

martini  (Bostra) 358 

martini  (Oncotophasma) 358 

marylandica    (Phaonia)    ^[(ll- 

loch 244,  265 

maxwelli  (Andricus) 200 

maya  (iMantoida) .  .  .  .158,  182,  328 

maya  (Thcoclyte.s) 344,  345 

Mecoptera 207 

mejicanus  (Pholisora) 283,  284 

Melanoplus  (see  calidus,  chiri- 

cahuau,  femur-nigrum,  f  ul- 

toni,  gracilipc  and  sono- 

maensis) 

melanopygiis  (Bremus) 311 

Mclanostoma 35 

(see  also  chaetopoda,  mel- 

linum,  obscurum,  Ontario, 

pictipes,   rostratum,   steg- 

num  and  trichopus) 
Melissodes  (see  bimaculata) 

Melitoma 137 

Melliera  (sec  atopogamia) 

Mollierinae 185 

mellinum     (Melanostoma) ....     47 

melon  (Codatractus) 118 

mcnius  (Phasma) 350 

inenius  (Pseudoi)hasma) 350 

Mermiria 89,  103 

Merope 219 

(see  also  tuber) 
Mertensia  (see  virginira) 
Mestocharis 152 

(see  also  williamsoni) 
Metriotes    (sec   diocics   and 

iphiclcs) 

mexicana  (Cogia) 123 

mexicana  (Oligoniceila). . .  .  158,  184 

mexicana  (Theoclytes) 345 

mexicana  (Thorybes) 123 

mexicana  (Yersinia) 158,  183 

mexicanus  (,\cantlio])s) 183 

mexicamis  (.\ndricus) 200 

mexicanus  (Oligonyx) 184 


Micropteryx  (.see  calthella  and 

.sepella) 

miguolitana  (Conalcaea) 56 

minor  (Stagmatoptera) 344 

minima  (Phaonia) .  .  .  .232,  244,  2(15 

minimipenne  (Achurum) 94 

minimipenne  (Radinotatum)  .90,  94 

minimus  (Diastrojihus) 200 

minuta  (Brat-hygaster) 13 

minuta  (Cynips) 200 

minutipennis  (Hornia) 151 

Mionyx ;')34 

(sec    also    fuscescens    and 

saevus) 

modesta  (Dyme) 34(5 

modestus  (Agroecotettix) .  . .  .53,  54 

molita  (Caulonia) 350 

Monodontomerus 154 

montezuma  (Panchlora) . . .  158,  175 

monticola  (Phaonia) 241,  251 

montivagus  (Hesperia) . .  .  .287,  288 

morio  (Phaonia) 251 

morionella  (Phaonia) 249 

morrisoni  (Bremus) 325 

morrisoni  (Phaonia)  Maltoch 

244,  264 

moschatus  (Hibiscus) 149 

moschus  (Cogia) 120 

UKhvisi  (Pericentrus) 359 

muitilineatus  (Stratocles) 347 

multilobatus  (Pericentrus) ....  359 
multilo})atus  (Trychopeplus) .  .  359 
Musca 230,  231 

(see  also  errat  ica) 

Muscaridae 230 

Musci(la(> 230 

Musonia 329,  330 

(see  also  conspcrsn,  Iciiio 

rata,  lineal  iventris,  major 

and  surinamaj 
mutal)ilis  (Phamphomyia) ....   225 

muttkowskii  (Enoclerus) 73 

Mydaea  (see  nigricans  and  oc- 

cidentalis) 

mysie  (Cogia) 120 

mysie  (Phoedinus) 120 

mystica  (Kvania)  Frisoii 22,  32 

mystiiMis  (Knoclerus) 76 


xu 


INDEX 


]\Iyzo('allis  (see  alliaiiil)ra  and 

hellu) 
IMj'zus  (soc  pcrsicao  and  nT^ar- 

uni) 

Nahua  (Cahita) 157,  IGS,  169 

nahiia  (Isohnoptera) 169 

nahua  (Stagmomantis)  339,  341,  342 
Nannoohorista  (see  diptcroides) 
Nascus  (sec  hosus) 
Nau])hoi'ta  (see  cinerea) 

nearetifUH  (Brenius) 31S 

nebulosa  (Panorpa) 224 

nebulosus  (Rhodites) 200 

neglecta  (Hyptia)  Fmo/( 7,  10 

Neoblattella 16") 

(see    also    fratcrciihi    and 
sinaloae) 

neoniexicana  (Leonidia) 151 

Neostylopyga  (see  rhombifolia) 
neotropious  (Zorotypus) .  . .  133,  135 
nervatmn  (RhaT)olosiphiini)  .42,  46 

nervosa  (Phaonia) 256 

nessus  (Celotes) 293 

Neuroptera 221 

Neurotcrus  (see  consimilis,  dis- 
tort us,  dubia,  exiguissi- 
mus,  exiguus,  favosus,  fra- 
gilis,  gillettei,  howerteni, 
pallidus,  pallipes,  pernuni- 
mus,  politus,  tortus  and 
umbilicatus) 

nevada  (Cogia) 123,  124 

nevada  ('rhoryl)es) 123,  124 

nevadcnsis  (Brcirnis) 325 

niger  (I)iastrophus) 200 

nigri(!ans  (Helina) 256 

nigricans  (Mydaea) 256 

nigricans  (Phaonia).  .  .241,  243,  256 

nigricauda  (Phaonia) 245,  274 

nigricornis  (Brizoides) 346 

nigrifrons  (Enoclerus)  ()9,  70,  71,  72 

nigrijjcs  (Clerus) 71 

nigripes  (]*]ti<)ci("rus) .  .69,  70,  71,  72 

nigriventris  (Knoclcrus) 6,S 

nigriventris  (Myi)tia) 11 

nigrocincta  (Phaonia) 261 

nigro-graiiulosus  (I'crliddcsj.  .  .    ;{46 


nitcns  (SjTphus) 43 

nitidula  (Holocoinj)sa) .  .  .  .132,  176 

nivalis  (Bremus) 317 

nivella  (Heliopetes) 292 

nivoriundus  (Boreus) 225 

nodulosa  (Bacteria) 346 

Nolina 93 

notabilis  (Celotesj 293 

notatus  (Chromatonotus) 129 

novae-angliae  (Bremus) 324 

noxiosa  (('ynips) 200 

nubila  (Cynips) 200 

Nyctibora 171 

(see  also  azteca,  t{>trasticf  a 

and  truncata) 
Nyct  iborinao 171 

Obesa  (Bradynotes) 58,  59 

obli(iua  (AUograjita) 35,  47 

ol>scuruni  (Melanostoma) 

3.';,  3!),  40,  41,  47 

obtusilobac  (Andricus) 200 

oceidentalis  (Anthophora) ....    151 

occidentalis  (Bremus) 315 

oceidentalis  (Hesperia) 289 

occidentaHs  (Mydaea) 277 

oceanus  (Heliopetes) 292 

ocreatus  (I'inoclcrus) 69 

OdontomeU 89 

01cy})hides  (see  viridipes) 
Oligonicella     (see    mexicana, 

punctulata  and  tessellata) 

Oligonicinae 184,  333 

Oligonyx  (see  mexicanus,  scud- 

d(>ri,    tessellatus    anil    tul- 

tecus) 
Oncotophasma 358 

(see  also  armata,  martini 

and  striata) 
Ontario   (Melanostoma)  Ddt'id- 

xoii 35,37,41 

operatola  (Anch'icus) 200 

o])irex  (Clerus) 74 

oi)ifex  (Enoclerus) 74 

orichalcea  (Aricia) 234 

orichalcea  (Pscudophaonia)  234,235 
()rizai)ae  (I'aithlastoblatta).  ...  162 
Ormosia  (sec  imioccns) 


INDKX 


Oroniaiitis 339 

Orphula 103 

Orphulcllao 103 

Orlalidac 267 

Orthoptera loT,  1(31 

osteii-sackcnii  (Cynip.s) 200 

otreus  (I']phyriades) 302,  303 

otitis  (("ogia) 125 

ovalifolia  (Macromantis) 337 

ovalifolia  (Mantis) 337 

Oxycoryphus  (see  burkliartian- 

us} 
Oxyhaluiuae ISO 

Pachygastriiiae 207 

pailieoniis  (Phaonia) 277 

pallida  (Phaonia) 2-4o,  274,  275 

])alli(lula  (Phaonia) 241,  253 

l);illi(iiis  (Neuroterus) 200 

[jaUipcs  (Dryo[)hanta) 200 

paliipes  (Neurotonis) 201 

palUpes  (Placopterus) ()8 

pahncri  (AmphiboHps) 201 

pahnii  (Clems) 77 

palniii  (Enoelerus) 77 

pananiae  (Chorisoneura) 1.S2 

pauamae  (Libethra)  HebanI .  ,  .   356 
Panohlora  (sec  acolhua,  eahita, 
cubensis,  festae,  fraterna, 
hyaiina  and  niontczuina) 

ranchlorinae 131,  173 

Panorpa 21!) 

(see  also  .lugubris,   macu- 
losa and  nebulosa) 

Panorpodes 224 

p.-ipula  (Cynips) 201 

i'aradiapheroniera 35S 

(sec  also  struniosa) 

Pannnusonia 330 

(sec!  also  cubensis) 

Parapyghirynchus 354 

Paratruxalis 89,  103 

jjarictina  (Anlhophora) 14(5 

parishi  (Brachygaster)  Frison  14,  20 

parninla  (Andricus) 201 

parviceps  (Phaonia) 240,  277 

parvula  (Dryophanta) 201 

patiens  (Andricus) 201 


pattoni  (Cynips) 201 

pectinata  (Vates) 15S,  191 

pectinicornis  (Vates) 32<S 

pedunculata  (Dryophanta) .  .  .    201 
Pcgoniyia  (see  affinis) 
pelluoida  (Chorisoneura) 

1X0,  LSI,  1S2 
pcninsularc  (Radinotatuni) 

91,  96,  97,  98,  !)9,  101 
pennsylvanicus  (Bremus) . .  320,  321 
Pentstemon  (sec  laevigatus  and 
pubescens) 

perditor  (Andricus) 201 

perezii  (Phasma) 350 

perfida  (Phaonia) ...  .241,  242,  255 

Pericentrus 258,  259 

(see  also  laciniatus,  niowisi, 
multilobatns    and   restric- 
fus) 
Periplaneia  (see  anicricana  and 

australasiae) 
Perliodes    (see   grisescens    and 
nigro-granulosus) 

pt^nninimiis  (Neiirotcrus) 201 

perniciosus  (Holcaspis) 201 

perplcxus  (Bremus). .  .312,  313,  324 

persicae  (Myzus) 47 

peruviana  (Brachygaster)  Fri- 
son  13,  14,  16 

peruviana  (Choeradodis) 338 

])etiolicola  (Cynips) 201 

Phantasis  (see  lobata) 

Phaonia 227,232,233, 

234,  23(),  239 
(sec  also  abcrrans,  albo- 
caly|)tra(a,  alaskcnsis,  al- 
l)ic(ila,  alticola,  apicafa, 
apt  a,  atlanis,  afrocilrea, 
aurca,  azygos,  basalis,  bas- 
iseta,  brevispina,  brun- 
neinervis,  bj'sia,  eacrules- 
cens,  ca(!sia,  cayugae,  (;hal- 
cinata,  citreibasis,  com- 
plcta,  conflu(>ns,  ("onso- 
brina,  curvinervis,  deleta, 
directa,  dissimilis,  dulcis, 
errans,  crratica,  flava,  flav- 
ibasis,   llavnt'cmurala,  i'ra- 


XIV 


INDEX 


tenia,  frenata,  fusca,  fusci- 
cauda,  fuscinervis,  fusci- 
squama,  harti,  imitatrix, 
inoerta,  inculta,  laticornis, 
liiiibinervis,  lugubris,  mar- 
ylandica,  minima,  monti- 
cola,  morio,  morioncUa, 
morrisoui,  nervosa,  nigri- 
cans, nigricauda,  nigro- 
cineta,  pallieornis,  pallida, 
jiallidula,  parvieeps,  per- 
tida-,  prisea,  jirotuberans, 
pulvillata,  quieta,  rufi- 
basis,  savonoskii,  serva, 
soccata,  solitaria,  striata, 
subfusca,  texensis,  tipnli- 
vora,  trivialis,  uniseriata, 
varipes,  versicolor,  winne- 
manae) 

Phaoniinae 2o(),  2ol 

key  to  (certain  genera 231 

Phasma  (see  mcnius  and  per- 
ezii) 

Phasmidae 158,  192,  327,  34G 

Phasminae 347 

Phanlotettix  (see  compressus) 

Phibalosominae 193,  358 

philetas  (Hesperia) 286 

Philopotamus  (see  distinctus) 
Phocides  (see  batabano,  lilea, 
sanguinea,     texanus     anc  I 
urania) 

Phoedinns 110 

(see  caicns  and  mysie) 

Pholisora 283,  294 

(see  also  al[)licus,  arizon- 
cnsis,  ascalapluis,  bren- 
nus,  (H'os,  liayliurslii,  ini- 
bras,  Icna,  libya,  and  nic'j- 
icanus) 
Phorbia  (see  fns(us(inama) 

Phot  ininae 337 

PhyJIomantis  (sec  laurifolia) 

l^hyllovat-es 191 

(see  also  chloroi)liaea  and 
stolli) 
Pliysoccpliala  (sec;  sagittaria) 
pictipes  (Melanostoina) 35 


pictnrata  (Latiblattella) 

157,  lti3,  1()4 

pigra  (Cynips) 201 

pilicornis  (Bittacus) 225 

pilula  (Andrious) 201 

pinus  (Enoclerus) 69 

piperoides  (Andru-us) 201 

pisi  (Macrosiphum) 43,  45 

Placopterns 67 

key    to    North    American 

spe(!ies 67 

(see  also  cyanijiennis,  dasy- 

toides,  pallipes,  snbcosta- 

tus  and  thoracicus) 
Plestia  (see  dorus) 
pleura]  is  (Brenuis) 

312,  318,  319,  320 

[)loiaria-  (Bacteria) 360 

ploiaria  (Phibalosoma) 360 

podagrae  (Aulax) 201 

poihigrica  (Bostra) 346 

Poecilophaonia 232,  233 

(see  also  flavithora>) 

Pogonomyia 235 

polaris  (Bremus) 308,  316,  317 

Polietes 232 

l)olita  (Cynips) 201 

polita  (Lonchaea) 267 

politus  (Acraspis) 201 

])olitus  (Neuroterus) 201 

pollex  (Xiphandrium)  ['an  Da- 

zrc 80,  82 

Polygoniis    (see   amyntas,   ari- 

zonensis  and  eiiribates) 

])omif()rmis  (C'ynips) 201 

I'opulus  (see  trenuUoides) 
Porphyroi)s 79 

(see  also  xipheres) 
P(jtentilla  (see  tridenlata) 

jjotentillae  (Diastropluis) 201 

I)otrillo  (Cabares) 12(),  127 

prima  (Steinella) 233 

prisea  (Pha(mia) 247,  281 

Prisopus  (see  ariadne,  berosus 

and  cephus) 
Promachus  (see  fitchii) 
Promusonia 329 

(see  alst)  surinania) 


INDEX 


Prosparatta   (see  flavipcnnula, 

liuniili.s,  incerta  and  sina- 

loao) 
Pri)((M<l(>s 114 

(sei'  also  i(las) 

protcus  (Eudainusj 114,  118 

profcus  ((ioniums) 114,  11;") 

proluberans     (Phaonia)     M((l- 

loch 240,  247,  24S 

pntinosiis  (Andricus) 201 

Psalidophora  (see  brunnt'ipcu- 

nis) 

Pseudacandiops I'Jl 

pseudoci'llus  (Cijcropterus) 

111).  120 
Psi'udoccroys  Hdxtnl 354 

(see  also  Ijiftibbiis  and  har- 

rovvori) 

Pseudoniiopterj'ginac ;52!) 

Pscudoiiiiopteryx  (see  boKoten- 

sis  and  infuscata) 

Pscud()jnoi)inae 12'J,  101 

I'scudoniops    (see   septentrion- 

alis) 
Pseudomusonia  (see  lineativen- 

tris) 
Pseudophaonia 2;:52   234 

(see  also  griseocaerulea  and 

orichalcca) 

Pscudopomala 8!) 

Pseudovates  (see  brevicornis) 
Psithyrus 307 

(sec  also  bicolor,  consult  us, 

crawfordi,    fernaldae,    in- 

sularis,     kodiakensis,     tri- 

eolor  and  variabilis) 

IVylla 225 

I'tecficus  (see  trivittatus) 
I'terinoxylus  (see  spinulosus) 

Ijiibescens  (Pentstenion) 148 

pulcliellus  (Andrieus) 201 

l)ulehellus  (Enoclerus) 7(5 

puleherrima  (Evania) 24 

])ulchra  (Andrieus) 202 

pulvcrulcnta  (Systasea) .  .  .2<J3,  299 

pulvillata  (Phaonia) 241,  254 

l)uniiliventris  (Dryophanta). . .   202 
puMclala  (C'ynii)s) 202 


l)unc<iila(us  (Oligonieella) .  .  .  .  185 

purpurascens  (Ascle])iasJ 148 

pusillus  (]'lnoel(>rus) 7() 

pusulaloides  (Andricus) 202 

Pycnoscelus  (see  surinameiisisj 

Pyghirynchus 354 

l)yladcs  (Cocceius) 205 

pylades  (Cogia) 122,  124,  125 

py lades  (Tliorybes) ...    122 

pyrasfri  (( 'atabomba)      43 

Pyrrliopyginae  ....■..•• 109 

Quadrata  (C'lirysoi)ila) 225 

(luadrigutiatus  (Clerus) 70,  71 

(|uadrigul(a(us  (Enoclerus) 

69,  70,  72 

<|Uerce(i  (An(lioinyia) 238 

(luercefi  (Dendrophaonia) .  237,  238 
(luiela  (Phaonia). 241,  242.  254,  255 
(|uin(iueinaculala  (Angela).  .  .  .   332 

Ridicis  (Callirhytis) 202 

railicuni  (Diastrophus) 202 

Radinotatmn 89,  90,  92,  94 

(see  also  brevii)enne  and 
mininiipenne) 

rapax  (Antemna) 328 

rauterbergi  (Eudamus) 115 

rauterbergi  (Goniurus) 115 

recurvatus  (Enoclerus) 75,  76 

reichei  (Serriger) 77 

reniphan  (Bacteria) 360 

restrict  us  (Pericentrus) 3.59 

reticulata  (Andricus) 202 

reticulifer  (Brachygaster) 21 

Pliadinotatuni  (.•^eebrevipenne) 
Khainphoinyia  (see  nuilabilis) 
Rhodites  (see  lenticularis,  neb- 
ulosus,    tiunitlus,    ut alien- 
sis  and  variabilis) 

rhonibicoUis  (Choeradodis) 338 

rlionil)ic()llis  (Mantis) 338 

rhonibifolia  (Blatta) 173 

rhonibifolia  (Neostylopyga).  ..  173 
Rhopalosiphuni  (see  nervatum) 

rileyi  (Cynips) 202 

Rohrella 232,  233 

Rosa  (see  huniilis  and  setigera) 


XVI 


INDEX 


rosae  (Macrosiphiim) 42 

rosaruin  (Myzus) 42,  44,  46 

rostnitum  (Melaiiostoma) 

35,  39,  41,  45 
rubia  (Brachygaster)  Frison. .  .     14 

rufocinctus  (Bremus) 313 

rufibasis  (Liinnophila) 225 

rufibasis  (Phaonia) 242,  255 

ruficollis  (Enoclerus) 7G 

rufiventris  (Enoclerus) 69,  71 

rugiuosii.s  (Andricus) 202 

rugosa  (Cynips) 202 

rugosa  (Hj'i)tia) 6 

rumicis  (Aphis) 41,  45 

ruptifasciatus  (Timocharos) .  . .   305 
ruralis  (Hesperia) 284,  286 

Saccularius  (Andricus) 202 

saevus  (Mionyx) 334 

sagittaris  (Pliysocephala) .  .  152,  153 

sandersoni  (Brenius) 325 

sanguinoa  (Phocidew) Ill,  112 

Santiago  (Eudamus) 116 

Santiago  (Goniurus) 116 

Sarcophagidae 231 

satur  (Bradynotes) 58,    59 

savonoskii  (Phaonia)  Mallovh 

240,  248 

scenicus  (Enoclerus) 76 

schwarzi  (Conipsodes) .  .  .  .  158,  178 

schwarzi  (Latindia) 178 

Sciara  (see  scioj)hila) 

sciophila  (Sciara) 224,  225 

scitvda  ((^ynips) 202 

scriptura  (IlesixTia) 286 

scotaea  (lloloconipsa)  J/dxnd 

158,  176 

scuddcri  (( )lig()ny.\) 332 

sculpt  us  (('ynips) 202 

.Scniaeodogaslcr 13 

Semaeoniyia 13 

seininosus  (Andricus) 202 

s(!pella  (Eriocei)hala) 207,  224 

s(>pclla  (Mi(-roptcryx) 207,  224 

sepiuin  ((convolvulus) 1  18 

sei)t('ii(  rionalis  (I'scudoniops) 

157,  170 


septentrionalis        (Stagmatop- 

tera) 344 

Serriger 77 

(see  also  rcichcij 

serva  (Anthomyia) 248 

serva  (Phaonia) 232,  240,  248 

249,  251,  259 

servillei  (Choeradodis) 338 

setigera  (Rosa) 148 

sileri  (Holcaspis) 202 

similis  (Bostra) 193 

similis  (Cynips) 202 

similis  (Diastrophus) 202 

similis  (Dryophanta) 202 

similis  (Hyptia) 9 

similis  (Uromantis) 342 

simplicius  (Eudamus) 116 

simplicius  (Goniurus) 114,  115 

sinaloae  (Neoblattella)  Ihhanl  164 
sinaloac   (Prosi)aratta)   Ihlxird 

157,  159 

singularis  (Cynijjs) 202 

Si  rex  (see  edwardsii) 

Sisantum 103 

sitkensis  (Bremus) 319,  320 

Smithomyia 232,  233 

(see  also  concinna) 

snydcri  (Zorotypus) 133,  135 

sobrinus  (Enoclerus) 76 

soccata  (Anthomjna) 259 

soccata  (Phaonia) 242,  259 

solitaria  (Phaonia) 246,  276 

sonomaensis  (Mclanoplus) ....     03 

siKM'iosus  (Andricus) 202 

sjjical  us  (Loxaulus) 202 

S|)ilogaster   (see   dirula,    fusca 
and  hilariformis) 

si)init'era  (Hyptia)  Frison 7,  9 

spinoso-lobatus  (Trychojicplus)  359 

spinulosus  (Pterinoxylus) 361 

Spogostylum    (see    albofascia- 
lum) 

spoMsa  (.\iil  li()])lior;i) 137 

Stagmatoptera 341 

(see  also  insal  iahilis,  mi- 
nor, septentrionalis  and 
tolteca.) 


INDEX 


XVll 


Staginomanti'^.  .  .  ISS,  ISO,  ;]o(),  34 i 
(see  also  californiea,  Caro- 
lina, colorata,  dentipulata, 
hcterogamia,  limbata,  na- 
hua,  theoj)hila,  tolteca  and 
vieina) 
stanfordiana  (Aiithophora) 

137,  144,  14(),  149 
Staphylus      (see     asfala{)lius, 
brennus,     hayhursti     and 
imbras) 

Stauromantis 339,  241 

(see  also  festae) 
stegnuin  (Molanostoma) 

3o,  37,  41,  47 

Steinella 232,233 

(see  also  prima) 

stigmatieus  (Grais) 306 

stipulacea  (Gillenia) 148 

stolli  (Phyllovates) 345 

stolli  (Theoclytes) 345 

Stratocles  (see  cinctipes,  forci- 
patus  and  miiltilineatus) 

striata  (Aricia) 207 

striata  (Pliaonia) 244,  207,  209 

striatus  (DainasippuB) 346 

struniosa  (Paradiaphcroinora) .   358 

suboostatus  (Clerus) 07 

subcostatus  (Placopterus) 07 

subfusca  (Phaonia)  Malloch 

242,  245,  273 

subhyalina  (Angola) 332 

subhyaliTia  (Thcspis) 332 

subvolans  (Bacteria) 300 

sumichrasti  (Achurum) 90,  91 

suniichrasti  (Truxalis) 91 

surinama  (Musonia) 329,  330 

surinania  (Pronnisonia) 329 

surinama  (Thcspis) 330 

surinanicnsis  (Blatta) 173 

surinamcnsis  (Pycnosccliis) 

131,  158,  173 

suttunii  (C'ynijjs) 202 

swczcyi     (Zorotyinis)     Caudrll 

133,  135 
syKicohi  (Hrciims) 

308,  309,  310,  311 
Symploce 167,  U)8 


Syrbula 103 

syrichtidcs  (Hespcria) 288 

syrichtus  (Hcs])cria) .  .287,  288,  289 

Syri)liidao 35,  207 

Syrphus 35 

(see  also  nitons) 
Systasea 293 

(soc  also  orosa  and  pulviT- 

ulonta) 
Szopligotolla 3 

Talus  (Goniurus) 114 

taurea  (Anthophora) 137 

taurea  (Entechnia) ...  137,  140,  146 
Tauromantis  (see  championi) 

tectus  (Nourotorns) 203 

Telegonus  (see  hahneli) 
Tcmnoptoryx  (see  guatomalae) 

tenax  (Eristalis) 224,  225 

Tenerella  (see  tenerrima) 

tenerrima  (Tenerella) 346 

Tenthrodella  (see  verticalis). 

tonuicornis  (Cynips) 203 

torminalis  (Clisodon) .  140,  141,  143 

tornarius    (Bremus) 324 

terrostris  (Bremus) 315 

tcrricola  (Brcnuis) 323 

tossellata  (Archimandrita) ....  131 
tpssellata  (Hesperia) .  .280,  288,  290 
tossellata  (Oligonicclla) .  .  .  158,   185 

tessellatus  (Oligonyx) 185 

tcstacoii)os  (Enoclcrus)  Wolmll 

70,  72 
tctrasticta  (Nyctibora)  Ifchard 

157,  171 

toxana  (Phocidos) 112 

tcxonsis  (Phaonia)  Malloch 

241,  245,  271,272 
Thanaos 283,  303,  305 

(see  also  gesta) 
Theoclytes  (see  aztoca,  chloro- 

})haca,  cingulala,  cormita, 

maya  and  mcxicana) 
thoophila  (Stagmomantis)  .339,  340 

Tht'spinae 332 

Thcspis 332 

(.see   also   suhhyaiina   and 

surinania) 


INDEX 


tlioracicus  (('lonis) 07 

thoraoicii.s  (Placojjfcrus) ()7 

Thorybcs 110,  12.5,  12G 

(see  also  bathyllu.s,  confu- 
sis,  daiiiius,  druHius,  inexi- 
cana,  novada  ami  pylades) 

thraso  (Eantis) 301 

Thrinaeonyx  (sec  fumosiis) 

Thyriptilon 103 

Thyrsocera 178 

Tiiiioehares  (see  ruptit'a.sciatiis 

and  trifasciatus) 
Tipula  (see  valida) 

Tipulidae 207 

tipulivora    (Phaonia)    MaUnch 

241,  252 

tilyrus  (Epargyreus) 114 

tolteca  (Lschnoptera) 105,  166 

tolteca  (Mantis) 339 

tolteoa  (Stagmatoptera) .  . .  ISf),  339 
tol teca  (Stagmomantis) 

ir),S,  ISf),  330,  340 

t,olte(uus  (Oligonyx) 1S4 

tnui.slii<;ida  (Chorisoneura).  .  .  .    182 

tremuloides  (Populus) (iO 

triangulatiiin      (Xi])liaiidiiuni) 

]'an  DuzGc SO,  83 

'i'richoptera 207 

trichopus  (Melanostoma) 40 

tricolor  (Psithyriis) 321,  326 

tridentata  (Potentilla) 247 

trifasciatus  (Timocliares) 306 

trispila  (Bigofomyia) 236 

tristissiiiia  ((inoplioniyia) 224 

trivialiH  (Pliaoiiia)  jl/(///or/;.24(),  278 

trivittatus  (Pto(^iicus) 225 

truncata  (floMuiiyctil)ora) .  ,  ..    171 

tnincata  (Nyc.ti))ora) 171 

Truxalinac! S9 

Truxalis 103 

(see  also  acridodes,  hicvi- 
])cniie,brevicorniHand  siiiii- 
iclirasti) 

'rryclioju'plus ii.lS,  3r)9 

(sec  also  laciiiialus,  nmlli- 
lohaliis     iiiid     spiiioso-lo- 
l)atiis) 
tryxus  (Xcnopliaiu's) 301 


tuber  (Mcrope) '. 225 

tulierculata  (Acanthop.«) 343 

tuberosa  (Andricus) 203 

tumidus  (Aulax) 203 

tumidus  (Rhodites) 203 

turgidus  (Diastrophus) 203 

tiu'gigus  (Diastroi)hus) 203 

Unibilicatus  (Neuroterus) 203 

uniseriata  (Phaonia) 244,  268 

urania  (Phocidcs) 112 

Uromantis 339 

(see  also  centralis  and  sim- 

ilis) 

utahensis  (Rhodites) 203 

utricula  (Cynips) 203 

Vagans  (Bremus) ....  312,  313,  325 

valida  (Tipula) 224 

variabilis  (Psithyrus) 322,  326 

variabilis  (Rhodites) 203 

varipes  (Hyetodesia) 258 

varipes  (Phaonia) .  .  .  .242,  257,  258 
Vales  (see  pectinata  and  jx-c- 
tinicornis) 

Vatinae 328,  344 

velas(iu(>z  (Ei)liyriades) 302 

venezui^lira  (Libcthra) 356 

venilia  (Citrina) 348 

ventrieosa  (Cynii)s) 203 

verna  (Amphibolips) 203 

versicolor  (Phaonia) 240,  249 

vosicula  (C'ynips) 203 

verticalis  (Tenthrcdella) 224 

vicina  (Stagnioniant  is) 342 

vigni(>ri  (Isagoras) 351 

vignieri  (Xerosoma) 351 

virginica  (Mertensia) 148 

virginicuin  (llydropliylluiii). . .    148 

virginicus  (Hremus) 325 

viridipos  (Agrostia) 348 

viridipcs  (Olcyphides) 348 

vitrcji  (.\contiotlu'si)is) 328 

volucris  (Eupcodes) 35,  43 

vosnescnskii  (Mrciiius) 324 

Vostox  (sec  brunncii)(>nnis) 

Westwoodi  (Daniasippus) 346 


INDEX 


XIX 


w'illiamsoiii  (Mc'stDclmris) ....    152 
winiieiiuiime  (Phauiiia) 

24(),  27.3,  277 

XantliUH  (ilcsiKiria) 2S.{] 

Xenophanes  (see  try.vus) 

Xcrosoiiia .'551 

(sec  also  canaliciilatuin 
and  vi<rnieri) 

Xipliaiidriuiii 7'J 

key    to    Norili    Aiiicricaii 

species 7'.) 

(sec  also  aldriohi,  duhiuin, 
feniiiieuin,  fciuoratum,  fiav- 
icoxa, longicornc, pollex  tii- 
angiilat  urn  and  xiphcres) 


xipluMCs  (l*()ri)liyrops) 79,  <S1 

xiplieres  (Xij)liaiidriuiii).  .80,  SI,  S3 
Xylocopa 141 

Yersinia  (see  mexicaua) 

Zepliodes  (l-'.pliyriades) 302 

zestos  (Ki)argyreus) 113,  114 

zilpa  ((jhioides) 1 17 

zilpa  (Eudanius) 117 

Zorotypus 133,  135 

key  to  species 135 

(see  also  ceylonicus,  guin- 
eensis,  liubbardi,  javan- 
icus,  neotropieus,  snyderi 
and  swezeyi) 


VOLUME  XLVIII 


NUMBER  1 


MARCH,   1922 


TRANSACTION^^^*"^''^' 


// 


'*     ,_    ..11934 


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TRANSACTIONS 

OF  THE 

AMKIMCAN  ENT()3r()L()(n(  AL  S()(  IiyPY 

VOLUME  XL VIII 


NEW  NEOTROPICAL  SPECIES  OF  ENSIGN-FLIES  OR 
EVANIIDAE  (HYMENOPTERA)i 

BY  THEODOllE  II.   FRISON 

Urbana,  Illinois 

This  i)ap('i'  is  tlic  result  of  a  study  of  u  colloctioii  of  Evaniidae, 
su])fiiniily  Evaniiiiao,  collected  l)y  Mr.  Herl^ert  S.  Parish  in 
Brazil  and  Peru.  For  a  detailed  account  of  this  expedition  the 
reader  is  referred  to  an  article  recently  published  on  the  crane- 
flies  by  Dr.  Charles  P.  Alexander.-  Briefly:  Mr.  Parish  landed  on 
the  Brazilian  coast,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon,  in  the  early 
part  of  June,  1919.  From  there  he  gradually  travelled  up  that 
river,  and  several  of  its  tributari(>s,  to  Yurimaguas  in  Peru. 
Collections  were  made  at  various  places.  Twenty-six  specimens 
of  Evaniinae  were  taken  in  Brazil  at  Igarape-Assii,  Prata,  Par- 
intins,  01)idos,  Flores,  Teffe,  and  in  Peru  at  Iquitos  and  Yuri- 
maguas.  Several  of  these  places,  such  as  Teffe  (Ega  of  Bates), 
and  Obidos  (Obydos  of  Bates)  are  of  Intercast  in  that  they  were 
among  the  favorite  collecting  gi'ounds  of  the  great  naturalist 
Bates. 

'Contributions  from  the  Entomological  Laboraloiics  of  the  University  of 
Illinois,  no.  65. 

'^  New  or  Littic-Jvnown  Cranc-Flies  from  the  Amazonian  Reiaon.  I'rocecd- 
ings  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  192b  pp.  39-103,  pi.  iv. 

TKANS.    AM.    KNT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


2  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

A  brief  survey  of  the  literature  dealing  with  these  parasitie 
Hymcnoptera,  discloses  that  most  of  the  described  species  are 
known  from  but  one  or  two  specimens.  Further,  that  the 
sexes  have  noti)een  associated,  or  in  the  great  majority  of  cases 
only  a  single  sex  is  known.  There  is  always  the  probability 
that  some  species  now  regarded  as  distinct  may  eventually  be 
found  to  be  the  opposite  sex  of  some  other  described  species. 
However,  in  the  majority,  if  not  all,  of  the  known  cases  where 
males  and  females  are  associated,  both  have  many  structural 
points  of  agreement,  the  difference  being  principally  in  the 
antennal  measurements,  shape  of  the  abdomen,  etc.  In  numer- 
ous, cases,  particularly  in  the  genus  Hyptia  as  previously  point- 
ed out  by  Bradley,  the  sexes  are  so  similar  externally  that  it 
is  almost  impossible  to  distinguish  them  without  dissecting  the 
specimen.  For  this  reason  many  previous  descriptions  are 
unaccompanied  by  a  statement  relative  to  the  sex  of  the  in- 
dividual under  discussion.  Familiarity  with  the  l^iology  of 
these  archaic  insects  would  no  doul)t  throw  much  light  on 
specific  limits  and  sexual  dimorphism.  Unfortunately  the 
life-histories  of  but  very  few  of  the  most  common  species  are 
known.  While  the  species  as  a  whole  are  to  be  regarded  as 
rather  rare  insects,  there  is,  nevertheless,  quite  an  abundance 
of  species,  and  more  are  being  added  almost  every  year.  Each 
new  collection  from  the  Neotropical,  Oriental,  Australian 
and  Ethiopian  llegions  contiimes  to  produce  new  si^ecies. 
Since  the  rather  recent  appearance  of  Kieffer's  Monograph^ 
over  fifty  species  and  varieties  have  been  descril)cd. 

No  intensive  study  of  the  morphology  of  these  insects  was 
made.  The  terminology  employed,  with  few  exceptions,  is 
that  commonly  used  in  other  works  relating  to  this  group  of 
insects.  The  word  metunapleura  has  been  used  here  to  denote 
the  pleural  area  formed  by  the  fusion  of  the  metathorax  and 
the  first  abdominal  segment  or  pro])()(leum.  In  manj^  instances 
it  has  been  difficult  to  recognize  the  limils  of  these  two  segments 
on  the  lateral  aspect,  and  in  describing  the  scul])turing  of  this 
area  it  has  been  convenient  to  refei'  to  the  nvva  as  a  whole. 

^  Evaiiiidae.  J.  .1.  Kicffor.   ])as 'llt'ircich — Scliulze.   Berlin,  H)12.   4;]!  pages. 


THEODORE    II.    PRISON  3 

The  prol)lem  as  to  the  exact  numl^cr  of  genera  within  the 
sul)family  under  discussion  is  a  difficult  one.  Bradley,  in  1908,'' 
considers  ten  genera,  whereas  Kieffer,  in  1912,  recognizes  only 
nine.  The  difference  in  number  is  not  so  marked,  but  the 
different  criteria  as  to  the  validity  of  the  genera  are  noticeable 
in  many  places.  For  instance  the  Evania  of  Kieffer  comprises 
the  genera  Evania,  SzepligeteUa,  Acanthinevania  and  Evaniella 
recognized  by  Bradley.  The  generic  classification  of  Bradley 
takes  into  consideration  the  structure  of  the  mouth-parts  in 
conjunction  with  certain  other  characters.  Kieffer,  well  aware 
of  Bradley's  work,  bases  his  generic  classification  solely  on  wing 
venation.  Only  an  intensive  study,  supplemented  by  dis- 
section, of  a  large  series  of  specimens  and  species,  particularly 
type  material,  can  be  productive  of  a  workable,  natural  or 
phylogenetic  classification  in  this  group. 

Practically  all  the  types  of  the  species  of  this  group  from 
Brazil  and  Peru  are  in  Europe,  and  hence  it  has  been  necessary 
to  rely  solely  upon  the  published  descriptions.  In  many  cases 
the  descriptions  are  so  general  that  several  closely  allied  species 
may  be  easily  included  under  a  single  description.  Likewise, 
it  happens,  that  species  easily  sepai'able  if  closely  compared 
run  to  the  same  place  in  the  published  keys.  Thus,  whenever 
the  author  has  dealt  with  a  species  which  did  not  thoroughly 
agree  with  a  previous  description,  he  has  described  it  as  a  new 
species.  In  the  opinion  of  the  author  it  is  far  better  to  create 
a  synonym  where  a  description  is  unrecognizal)le  or  characters 
of  importance  are  not  considered,  than  to  list  what  is  probably 
a  new  species  under  an  old  name.  The  former  course  usually 
brings  about  a  better  understanding  of  the  type  or  species,  where- 
as the  latter  can  only  cause  confusion,  wrong  conceptions  of 
g(^ogra])hic  distribution,  (>tc. 

At  this  place  I  wish  to  acknowledge  the  many  courtc^sies  and 
suggestions  of  Dr.  AU^xander  D.  MacGillivi-ay,  under  whose 
h('l])ful  and  constant  guidance  this  study  was  conducted;  to 
Dr.  8.  A.  Forbes,  IMr.  J.  \\.  Malloch  and  Dr.  C.  P.  Alexander, 
for  access  to  the  collections  of  the  Illinois  State  Natural  History 
Survey  and  for  numerous  favors;  to  Dr.   F.  C.  Baker, for  the 

^  The  Evaniidac,  Ensign-Flics,  an  Archaic  Family  of  Ilyinenoptcra.  J,  C. 
Bradley.     Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  So-..,  xxxiv,  1908,  pp.  101-194. 

TRANS   AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


4  NEW    NEOTROPICAL   EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

loan  of  specimens  in  the  Bolter  and  Nason  Collections  belong- 
ing to  the  University  of  Illinois;  to  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson  Jr.,  and 
the  American  Entomological  Society,  for  many  courtesies. 

There  are  representatives  of  four  genera  recognized  in  this 
article,  all  based  upon  specimens  from  Brazil  and  three  from 
both  Brazil  and  Peru. 

All  types  are  in  the  collection  of  the  author.  Paratypes  are 
in  the  collection  of  the  American  Entomological  Society. 

CHALCIDOPTERELLA  Enderlein 

There  is  but  a  single  specimen  of  the  genus  ChalcidoptercUa 
Enderlein  in  the  collection,  and  that  is  from  Brazil.  This 
genus  is  numerically  very  small,  containing  but  six  described 
species,  all  from  South  America  and  the  West  Indies.  The 
genus  was  erected  by  Enderlein  in  1909,  and  contains  three 
species  listed  by  Bradley  under  the  name  Evcmicllus  Enderlein. 
The  genus  Evmiiellus  is  now  restricted  Ijy  both  Enderlein  and 
Kieffer  to  a  single  species.  The  two  genera  are  distinguished 
solely  by  the  presence  or  alisence  of  a  trace  of  the  suljmedian 
vein.  The  difference  is  so  slight  that  recently  Brues^  has  de- 
scribed a  species  from  Haiti  under  the  generic  name  Chalcid- 
optereUa,  which  he  says  could  be  placed  in  the  genus  Eimmelhis 
because  of  the  presence  of  a  chitinous  fleck  denoting  the  j^resence 
of  the  submcdian  vein.  This  he  judges  is  too  trivial  a  character 
\\\)o\\  which  to  base  a  genus. 

Chalcidopterella  macglllivrayi  new  species 

Female.     Length,  3  mm. 

Head  above  antennae,  cheeks,  antennae  distad  of  first  flagellar  segment, 
metapleura,  propodeum,  dorsal  half  of  leticle,  abdomen  and  hind  legs  distad 
of  trochanters,  black.  Base  of  mandibles,  pronotum  and  mesothorax,  dark 
ferruginous.    Anterior  legs,  posterior  coxae,  postc^rior  trochanters,  testaceous. 

Head  below  antennae,  first  flagellar  segment,  pedicel,  and  particularly  the 
scape,  dark  with  a  reddish  suffusion.  Head  below  antennae  with  punctures 
of  moderate  size,  often  confluent,  the  intervals  between  the  i)uncturcs  of 
moderate  size,  often  confluent,  the  intervals  between  the  punctures  faintly 
striate;  face  separated  fiom  the  nalar  sj  ace  by  an  elevated,  faintly  striate 
carnia;  malar  sjjace  al)out  one-third  as  long  as  eye  and  aliout  one-half  as  long 

''Tluce  New  S[)ccies  of  Evaniidae.  C'has.  T.  Brues.  Bull.  Amer.  Mus. 
Nat.  Hist.,  XXXV.  191G,  pp.  717-720. 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  O 

as  scape;  mandibles  moderately  punctate.  Head  abo\e  antennae  with  a 
slightly  concave  area,  with  numerous  pvmctures  of  moderate  size,  limited  on 
each  lateral  margin  by  a  row  of  large  punctures  and  above  by  numerous 
large  punctures;  behind  ocelli  coarsely  punctate.  Head  viewed  from  above 
transversely  subquadrate,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  long,  but  slightly  convex 
in  region  of  antcnnal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front  with  vertex  slightly  round- 
ed, eyes  oblitiuc,  the  distance  between  them  noticeably  greater  below  the 
antennae  than  above;  oceUi  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  about  twice 
as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye,  area  between  ocelH  i)unctate; 
setae  sj^arse,  pale.  Antennae  inserted  far  below  middle  of  eyes,  flagellum 
davate,  sixth  flagellar  segment  twice  as  l)road  as  first  or  pedicel,  setaceous; 
scape  over  three  times  as  long  as  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin 
of  eye,  longer  than  pedicel  and  first  two  flagellar  segments  combined;  pedicel 
as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment;  second  and  third  flagellar  segments  about 
equal  in  length. 

Alitrunk  somewhat  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  about  one-thinl  longer 
than  high;  with  numerous  pale  setae,  those  on  the  dorsum  and  extreme 
ventral  ])ortions  longest,  short,  dense  and  whitish  on  truncature.  Pronotum 
not  forming  a  collar  visililc  from  above,  humeral  angles  rounded.  Mesoscu- 
f,um  coarsely  punctate,  with  slight,  obliciuc  imi)ressions  indicating  para{)sidal 
grooves.  Mesoscutellum  impressed  along  cephalic  margin  with  adjacent 
large,  deeply  set  punctures;  remaining  portion,  except  mesal  part  of  caudal 
margin,  with  large,  more  scattered  punctures.  Metanotum  narrow,  moder- 
ately depressed,  and  coarsely  punctate.  Propodeum  cephalad  of  articulation 
of  jietiole,  except  for  a  slightly  elevated,  ])olishcd,  impunctate  area  at  base  of 
petiole,  with  numerous  large  i)unctures.  Mesoi)lcura  with  dorsal  half, 
sulcus  and  anterior  swelling,  except  for  very  faint  punctures,  smooth  and 
polished;  cephalodorsal  angle  with  a  shallow  impressed  basin;  dorsal  margin 
with  a  row  of  irregularly  shaped  punctures.  Metunapleura  with  ventral 
area  with  large  rounded  punc-tures,  sharjjly  limited  above  by  an  obli(]ue 
carina  and  a  wide  depressed  sulcus;  dorsad  of  carina  two  rows  of  elongate, 
narrow^,  somewhat  irregular  reticulations;  dorsad  of  this  latter  an  area  of 
large,  more  rounded  reticulations.  Truncature  concave,  reticulate.  The 
articulation  of  petiole  somewhat  dorsad  of  or  vertical  to  mctacoxal  fossae,  the 
mctimaplctu'a  subquadrate  in  outline.  Metastcrnal  processes  i  arallel. 
Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  tarsus  setaceous,  longitudinally  aciculate;  posterior 
coxa  i)unctate  and  setaceous  on  distal  half.  Outer  jjosterior  tibial  spur  slightly 
longer  than  inner,  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  i)osterior  metatarsus;  pos- 
teiior  tarsus  longcir  than  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw 
longer  and  stouter  than  apical  ray.  Wings  liyaliiie;  front  wing  with  but  one 
closed  cell,  submedian  vein  lacking. 

Petiole  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to  cephalic 
margin  of  propodeum;  with  distinct  longitudinal  carinae  on  lateral  and  dorsal 
aspects;  intervals  between  carinae  with  erect  pale  setae  on  dorsum,  smoother 
and  more  i)olishe(l  on  latus.  Abdomen  (compressed,  smooth,  polished  and 
impunctate. 

TRANS.    AM.    KNT.   SOC,    XLVUI. 


6  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERa) 

Differs  from  C.  manni  Brucs  in  having  petiole  lonsitudinall}^ 
carinate  and  space  behind  the  ocelli  punctate.  It  differs  from 
C.  longist'ila  Kieffer  principally  in  the  comparative  length  of 
petiole,  tibial  spurs,  and  the  prominence  of  parapsidal  grooves. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  from  Igarape-Assu,  Brazil,  col- 
lected on  July  16,   1919. 

This  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Alexander  D.  Mac- 
Gillivray. 

HYPTIA   llliger 

There  are  six  specimens  of  the  genus /////>/ /a  in  the  collection, 
representing  four  species.  Hyptia  as  here  used  is  equal  to 
Hyptia  of  Kieffer  (1912),  in  which  there  is  only  one  closed  cell 
in  the  front  wing.  It  may  be  noted  that  Kieffer  in  his  mono- 
graph has  placed  the  species  riujosa  Cameron,  cameroni 
Schletterer  (  =  dorsaUs  Cameron),  and  guatemalensis  Cameron 
in  the  genus  Brachygastcr.  All  three  were  originally  descril)ed 
by  Cameron  as  Eranio.  Bradley  (1908)  referred  these  species 
to  the  genus  Hyptia.  This  was  also  the  view  of  Kieffer  in  1903, 
where  he  says  that  these  species  belong  to  the  genus  Hyptia, 
but  does  not  give  any  reason  for  this  interpretation.  If  the 
colored  figures  illustrating  Cameron's  work  are  correct,  they 
show  that  the  fore  wings  of  rugosa  and  cameroni  each  possess 
but  a  single  closed  cell,  and  under  Kieffer's  own  generic  key 
run  to  Hyptia.  Likewise  there  is  nothing  in  the  description 
of  these  species  to  suggest  that  they  have  three  closed  cells  in 
the  fore  wing,  as  have  the  members  of  the  genus  Brachygastcr. 
These  species  should  therefore  be  placed  under  Hyptia.  Al- 
though guatemalemsis  Cameron  is  not  figur(Hl  in  the  Biologia 
Central-Americana,  according  to  the  description  it  may  be  either 
a  Brachygastcr  or  Hyptia.  However,  as  it  is  keyed  through 
the  same  alternative  by  Cameron  as  rugosa  and  cameroni,  the 
prol)a})ilities  are  that  it  likcnvise  belongs  to  the  genus  Hijptia. 
Kieffer  in  the  work  cited  above  (1912),  also  places  Cameron's 
species  crassa  under  the  genus  Evania.  Bradley,  in  1908,  con- 
sidered this  species  as  belonging  to  Hyptia,  as  did  Kieffer  in  1903. 
Crassa  is  figured  in  comuH'tion  with  Cain(>ron's  work,  and  foi- 
the  same  reason  as  stated  above  for  rugosa  and  cameroni,  this 
speeies  ran  not  belong  to  the  genus  Evania.     Crassa,  as  figured, 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  7 

lias  only  one  closed  cell  in  the  front  wing,  wliereas  the  genus 
Evania  has  seven  such  cells.  The  figure  also  shows  another 
vein,  placed  as  an  anal  vein.  This  is  very  probably  only  a 
fold  or  furrow  in  the  anal  region;  in  which  case  crassa  belongs 
to  the  genus  Hyptia.  If  not  a  fold  or  furrow,  the  illustration 
depicts  a  type  of  wing  not  noted  or  found  elsewhere  in  this 
subfamily. 

One  specinien,  a  paratypc  of  H.  spijiifera,  was  dissected  in 
order  to  determine  the  sex.  This  specimen  was  a  male.  As 
the  dissected  specimen  agreed  in  all  details  with  the  other  two, 
I  assume  they  are  also  males.  The  antennae  of  H.  jucunda  re- 
mind one  of  those  of  the  females  of  other  related  genera,  and  so  I 
have  doul)tfully  considered  tliis  species  as  a  female.  Without 
dissecting,  I  judge  two  other  species  of  Hyptia  dcscril)ed  here 
to  be  males. 

Key  to  Species  of  Hyptia  here  dcscnhed 

1.  Hind  tibia  with  distinct,  long,  prominent  si)inulae;  head  and  thorax  entire- 

ly or  partially  ferruginous  or  fulvous 2 

Hind  tibia  without  prominent  spinulae;  head  and  thorax  entirely  black. 

jucunda  new  sjiecies 

2.  Occipital  orbits  with  a  douljle  row  of  shallow  punctures  adjacent  to  the 

eye;  dorsum  of  petiole  with  rather  coarse  punctures  interrupting  the 

longitudinal  striae spinif era  new  species 

Occipital  orbits  with  but  a  single  row  of  shallow  piuicturcs  adjacent  to 
the  eye;  dorsum  of  petiole  with  distinct,  uninterrupted,  longitudinal 
carinae 3 

3.  Metunapleura  and  petiole  black;  truncature  with  a  small,  medial,  polished 

area neglecta  new  species 

Metunapleura  entirely  ferruginous,  petiole  with  a  reddish  suffusion;  trun- 
cature with  reticulations  extending  over  the  entire  surface. 

fraudulenta  new  species 

Hyptia  jucunda  new  species 

Female.     Length,  .5  mm. 

Head,  thorax,  propodeum,  pedicel,  abdomen  and  hind  legs,  i)la(k.  Fla- 
gelkir  segments  distad  of  first  segment  greyish-black.  Mandibles,  scape, 
pedicel,  proximal  half  cf  first  flagellar  segment,  tegulae,  fere  and  middle  legs, 
fulvous. 

Head  bek)w  antennae  with  a  small  cresrcntic  area  of  closely-placed,  shallow, 
irregular  punctures,  ventrad  of  this  area  the  pimcttires  are  coarser,  fewer 
and  often  confluent;  face  separated  from  malar  space  by  a  smooth,  elevated, 
inipunctate  carina;  occipital  orbits  over  twice  as  wide  below  as  above,  with 
a  single  row  of  small  punctures  al)out  mifl-way  between  row  of  pimctures 

TR.\NS.    AM.    ENT.    SUC,    .XLVUI. 


8  NEW    NEOTROPICAL   EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

adjacent  to  the  outer  margin  of  the  eye  and  row  Hmiting  lateral  aspect  of 
head;  malar  space  about  cne- third  as  long  as  eye,  about  one-half  as  long  as 
scape,  with  scattered  ccarse  punctures;  mandibles  with  a  few  faint  puQctures 
on  proximal  half,  polished.  Head  above  antennae  very  slightly  concave, 
with  scattered  punctures  of  moderate  size;  area  behind  ocelli  with  punctures 
somewhat  smaller  than  those  below.  Head  viewed  from  above  broader  than 
thorax,  transversely  subquadrate,  about  t-ftice  as  broad  as  long,  but  slightly 
convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  front  with  ocellar  area  not 
noticeably  elevated,  eyes  slightly  oblique;  oceUi  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral 
ocelli  n.early  three  times  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  cf  eye; 
with  sparse,  su])presscd  pale  setae.  Antennae  inserted  very  close  together, 
well  below  middle  cf  eyes,  finely,  densely  setaceous,  flagellum  somewhat 
clavate,  tapering  to  distal  end,  last  flagellar  segment  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
any  other  flagellar  segment;  scape  in  length  over  three  times  the  distance 
froin  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of  eye,  as  long  as  pedicel  and  first  two 
flagellar  .segments  together;  pedicel  as  long  as  first  antennal  segment;  second 
and  third  flagellar  segments  of  about  equal  length. 

Alitrunk  about  one-third  again  as  long  as  broad,  about  one-sixth  again  as 
long  as  high;  with  numerous,  suppressed  pale  setae.  Pronotum  not  forming 
a  collar  visible  from  above,  humeral  angles  slightly  angular.  Mesoscutum 
with  a  deep,  somewhat  rounded  impression  and  a  slight  indication  of  parap- 
sidal  grooves  on  cephalic  margin,  lateral  grooves  indistinct,  with  well  separated, 
moderate-sized  punctures.  Mesoscutellum  impressed  along  cephalic  margin 
adjacent  to  weak  transverse  suture  with  large  rather  deep  ])unctures;  re- 
mainder of  area  with  scattered  moderately-sized  jiunctures.  Metanotum 
narrow,  with  ])unctures  of  moderate  size,  except  upon  middle  portion.  Pro- 
podeum  ce])halad  of  articulation  of  i)etiole,  excejit  for  a  small,  elevated, 
polished,  impunetate  area  at  base  of  petiole,  with  numerous  moderatelj' 
sized  punctures,  abruptly  limited  laterally  by  reticulations  of  lateral  aspect. 
Propleura,  except  cephalad  of  tegulae,  concave,  polished,  impunetate.  Mes- 
opleura,  except  for  faintly  punctate  area  ventrad  of  anterior  swelling,  im- 
punetate, smooth,  polished;  cephalo-dorsal  angle  with  a  shallow,  impressed 
area;  caudo-dorsal  angle  impunetate.  Metunai)leura  with  a  ventral  moder- 
ately punctate  area,  sharply  limited  above  by  an  oblique  carina  and  broad 
depressed  sulcus;  sulcus  impunetate,  polished;  dorsad  of  this  latter  an  area 
of  large,  irregular  reticulations.  Truncaturc  slightly  concave,  finely,  densely 
setaceous;  with  a  large  carinately  outlined,  vertical,  oblong  reticulation 
or  (lei)ression  dorsad  of  each  metacoxal  fossa,  the  space  between  them 
somewhat  concave,  polished  and  impunetate;  area  just  ventrad  of  articula- 
tion of  petiole  reticulate.  The  articulation  of  petiole  almost  directly  dorsad 
of  or  vertical  to  metacoxal  fossae,  the  metunapleura  somewhat  subquadrate 
in  outline.  Metasternal  i)rocesses  slightly  divergent  at  distal  ends.  Posterior 
tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  setaceous;  posterior  co.xa  above  with  distal  li;iir 
punctured  and  wrinkled.  Outer  i)osterior  tibial  spur  slightly  longer  than 
imier,  outer  si)ur  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  posterior  metatarstis;  postc^rior 
metatarsus  n(!arly  a  third  again  as  long  as  remaining  (arsal  segments  together; 
(ooth  of  chiw  not  longcsr  than  .'i:|)ical  ray.  ^^'ings  hyaline;  front  wings  with 
one  closed  subcostal  cell,  ni('(ii;in  vein  well  formed. 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  V 

Petiole  somewhat  less  than  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articu- 
lation to  cephalic  margin  of  proi)odeum;  with  oblique  carinae  on  lateral  aspect 
and  longitudinal  cai'inae  on  dorsal  aspect,  interrupted  by  small  punctures 
on  dorsal  as])oc(.;  with  sparse  sui)pressed  setae.  Abdomen  c()ini)resse(l, 
polished. 

Closely  related  to  //.  si  milt  s  Szepk^geti,  from  Brazil. 
One  specimen,  the  holotype,   collected   on  October  9,    1919, 
at  Parintins,  Brazil. 

Hyptia  splnifera  new  species 

Male.     Length,  .5.5  mm. 

Head,  scape,  j)edicel,  thorax,  propodeuni,  petiole,  legs,  c\'ce])t  darker 
distal  portion  of  the  hind  pair,  light-ferruginous.  Flagellum,  dentes  of  man- 
dible, abdomen,  exclusive  of  the  petiole,  black. 

Head  below  antennae  moderately  punctate,  with  two  elevated,  impunctate, 
oblifiue  faintly  striated  carinae,  interval  between  the  carinae  with  a  row  of 
large  punctures;  face  separated  from  malar  space  by  the  outer  of  the  (wo 
carinae;  occipital  orbits  over  twice  as  broad  below  as  above,  exee])ting  the 
two  rows  of  large  ))imctures  adjacent  to  the  eyes,  but  sparsely  and  moderately 
punctured;  malar  s])ace  somewhat  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  length  of  eyes, 
about  three-fifths  the  length  of  scape;  mandibles  weakly  punctate,  polished. 
Head  above  antennae  nearly  flat,  coarsely  punctate,  the  i)unctures  much 
larger  than  those  below;  area  behind  ocelli  punctate.  Head  viewed  from 
above  broader  than  thorax,  transversely  subquadrate,  about  twice  as  jjroad 
as  long,  but  slight)}'  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  fi-ont 
with  vertex  weakly  rounded,  eyes  slightly  obli(]U(^;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle, 
lateral  ocelli  twice  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  setae 
erect,  light-colored.  Antennae  inserted  below  mitldle  of  eyes,  densely  seta- 
ceous, flagellar  segments  of  nearly  equal  thickness  throughout;  scajjc  with  setae 
longer  than  on  flagellum,  finely  punctate,  length  slightly  over  twice;  the  dis- 
tance from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin,  of  ey(;,  slightly  longer  than  pedicel 
and  first  two  flagellar  segments  combined;  i)edicel  one-half  as  long  as  first 
flagellar  segment;  sc^cond  and  third  flagellar  segments  of  equal  length. 

Alitrunk  about  one-third  again  as  long  as  broad,  somewhat  longer  than 
high;  numerous  erect,  golden  setae  on  dorsum  and  venter.  Pronotuin  not 
forming  a  collar  visible  from  above,  humeral  angles  slightly  angular.  Meso- 
scutum  without  ])arapsidal  grooves,  lat(>ral  grooves  weakly  formed,  with 
rather  numerous,  large,  rounded  punctures.  Mesoscutellum  impressed  along 
cephalic  margin  with  a  transverse  row  of  deep,  very  large  ])unctures;  remainder 
of  area,  except  for  a  small,  median,  impunctate,  jjolished  s[)()t,  with  large 
punctures.  Mctanotum  narrow,  moderately  depressed,  coarsely  punctate. 
Propodeiun  ccphalad  of  articulation  of  ])etiole,  except  at  very  base  of  petiole, 
coarsely  pimctate,  sharply  limited  on  each  side  by  reticulations  of  lateral 
asjjcct.  Pro])leura  mostly  polished  and  impunctate.  Me.sopleura  witli 
dorsal  half  jjolished,  im[)unctate;  cei)linl()-dorsal  angle  with  (wo  large,  shallow 

TUANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVlll. 


10  NEW    NEOTROPICAL   EVANlIDAE    (hYMENOPTERa) 

impressions;  caudo-dorsal  angle  with  a  single  large  puncture;  ventral  portion 
and  anterior  swelling  with  a  few,  scattered,  rather  small  punctures,  polished. 
Metunajileura  with  a  ventral  coarsely  punctate  area,  sharply  limited  above 
by  an  oblique  carina  and  depressed  sulcus;  sulcus  polished  and  imi)unctate, 
except  for  several  punctures  near  ventral  limits;  dorsad  of  this  latter  an  isos- 
cles-shaped  triangular  area  of  somewhat  parallel  reticulations,  limited  above 
by  three  rows  of  subquadrate  reticulations.  Truncature  setaceous,  nearlj' 
flat,  with  reticulations  somewhat  similar  to  those  on  uppermost  of  metuna- 
pleura.  The  articulation  of  i)etiole  almost  directly  dorsad  of  or  vertical  to 
metacoxal  fossae,  the  metunajileura  subquadrate  in  outline.  Metasternal 
processes  rather  long  and  slightly  divergent  at  distal  ends.  Posterior  tibia  and 
posterior  metatarsus  with  long,  stiff  spinulae  among  the  numerous  setae; 
posterior  coxa  above  punctate  and  setaceous  on  distal  half.  Posterior  tibial 
spurs  nearly  equal  in  length,  less  than  one-half  the  length  of  posterior  meta- 
tarsus; posterior  metatarsus  longer  than  remaining  tarsal  segments  together; 
tooth  of  claw  shorter  than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline;  front  wing  with  one 
closed  subcostal  cell,  median  vein  well  formed. 

Petiole  somewhat  less  than  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  ar- 
ticulation to  cephalic  margin  of  projjodeum;  longitudinally  and  obliquely 
striate  on  lateral  aspect,  striae  on  dorsum  interrupted  by  coarse  punctures; 
with  numerous  golden  setae  on  dorsum.  Abdomen  compressed,  polished, 
with  a  few  pale  setae  on  caudo-dorsal  margin  of  segments. 

This  species  is  apparently  related  to  H.  amazonica  Schlettcrer 
and  varieties,  from  which  it  can  be  separated  by  the  differences 
in  the  comparative  length   of   the  petiol?,  color  and  scidpture. 

Three  specimens  from  Parintins,  Brazil. 

Holotype,  October  3,  1919.  Paratopotypes,  September  27, 
1919  and  October  10,  1919. 

Hyptia  neglecta  new  species 

Male?     Length,  5  mm. 

Head  above  antennae,  flagellum,  venter  of  mesopleura,  lateral  and  ventral 
aspects  of  metapleura  and  propodeum,  jx'tiole,  alxlomen  and  hind  legs,  black. 
Head  below  antennae,  greater  i>art  of  gena,  mandibles,  scrape,  peilicel,  prono- 
tum,  upper  portion  of  mesopleura,  mesoscutum,  mesoscutellum,  metanotum, 
dorsal  portion  of  propodeum,  fore  and  middle  legs,  dark  ferruginous. 

Head  below  antennae  with  numerous  ])unctures  of  moderate  size,  somewhat 
arranged  in  arcs,  face  wi(h  a  small  (ubcrcic  on  iiiiddlc  portion;  face  sei)arated 
from  malar  sjjace  by  a  smooth,  elevated  ridge;  occipital  orbits  over  twice  as 
wide  below  as  above,  except  for  a  few,  scattered  punctures,  bare  and  iiolished; 
malar  space  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  eyes,  over  one-half  as  long 
as  scai)e;  mandibles  with  a  few  punctures  on  i)roximal  half,  polished.  Head 
above  antennae  nearly  flat,  with  jnmctures  slightly  larger  than  those  on  face, 
arranged  in  arcs;  area  behind  ocelli  willi  three  transverse  rows  of  rather 
iai'gc  punci  urcs,  between  t  lie  (icclli  niosl  ly  inipniictalc,  |Kilislicd.      1  lead  viewed 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  1 1 

from  above  broader  than  thorax,  transversely  subquadrate,  about  twice  as 
))road  MS  loiij;-,  but  sh'ghtly  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  \ie\ve(l  fioni  the 
front  with  ocellar  area  distinctly  elevated,  eyes  slightly  obli(|ue:  ocelli  large, 
arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  nearly  three  times  asfar  apai't  as  distance 
from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  scattered  golden  setae,  longest  on  face.  Anten- 
nae inserted  well  below  middle  of  eyes,  densely,  finely  setaceous,  {lagellar 
segments  of  nearly  equal  thickness  through  out;  scape  with  setae  longer  and 
more  sparse  than  on  flagellum,  length  over  twice  distance  from  its  articulation 
to  inner  margin  of  eye,  longer  than  ]iedicel  nnd  first  two  flagellar  segments  to- 
gether; pedicel  slightly  over  one-half  as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment;  second 
and  third  flagellar  segments  of  equal  length. 

Alitrunk  one-third  again  as  long  as  broad,  slightly  longer  than  high;  with 
numerous,  erect  golden  setae.  Pronotinn  not  forming  a  collar  visible  from 
above,  humeral  angles  somewhat  angulnr.  Mesoscutum  without  parapsidal 
or  lateral  grooves,  with  mmierous,  large,  rounded  punctures.  Mesoscutellum 
impressed  along  cephalic  margin  adjacent  to  transverse  suture  with  large, 
deep  jnmetures;  remainder  of  area  with  large  rounded  punctures.  Meta- 
notum  narrow,  moderately  depressed,  coarsely  punctate.  Propodeum  ce})h- 
alad  of  articulation  of  petiole,  except  for  a  small,  elevated,  polished,  imj^unctate 
area  at  base  of  petiole,  with  punctures  somewhat  smaller  than  those  on  meso- 
scutellum, limited  laterally  by  reticulations  of  lateral  aspect.  Propleura 
mostly  polished  and  impunctate.  Mesopleura  with  dorsal  half  impunctate, 
polished,  with  a  few  oblique,  rather  carinate  ridges;  cephalo-dorsal  angle 
with  several  shallow  impressions;  caudo-dorsal  angle  with  a  single,  large 
puncture;  anterior  swelling  with  a  row  of  small  punctures  parallel  to  depress- 
ed sulcus,  punctures  cephalad  and  ventrad  more  numerous  and  minute. 
Metunajjleura  with  a  ventral  coarsely  punctate  area,  sharply  limited  above 
by  an  oblicjue  carina  and  depressed  sulcus;  sulcus  impunctate,  except  for  a 
row  of  large  punctures  adjacent  to  the- ventral  limits;  dorsad  of  this  lattcn- 
an  area  of  fine,  irregular,  oblique  carinae,  limited  above  bj'  large,  irregular, 
subquadrate  reticulations.  Truncature  setaceous,  nearly  flat,  reticulat(% 
except  for  a  small,  bare,  polished  area  below  middle  on  the  centrtd  portion. 
The  articulation  of  petiole  almost  directly  dorsad  of  or  vertical  to  metacoxal 
fossae,  the  metunapleura  subquadrate  in  outline.  Metasternal  j)rocesses 
divergent  at  distal  ends.  Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  long 
stiff  spinulae  among  the  numerous  setae;  posterior  coxa  punctate  on  distal 
half,  setaceous.  Posterior  tibial  spurs  almost  e(iual  in  length,  somewhat  over 
one-third  the  length  of  posterior  metatarsus;  j)osterior  metatarsus  much  longer 
than  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw  shorter  than  apical  ray. 
Wings  hyaline;  front  wing  with  one  closed  subcostal  cell,  median  vein  well 
formed. 

Petiole  slightly  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to 
cephalic  margin  of  propodeum;  with  sharp  longitudinal  carinae  on  dorsal 
and  lateral  aspects,  with  a  few,  weak  punctures  between  the  striae;  si)arsely 
setaceous.     Abdomen  compressed,  polished,  with  a  few  jxalc  setae  on  dorsum. 

Ill  jiuuiy  respects  sirnihir  to  //.  vigriventris  Szepli',<;<'li  iu\d  II. 
amazonica  Sclilettercr,  from  liruzil,  but  differs  from  the  ih  scrij)- 

TUANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIIl. 


12  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERa) 

tions  of  those  species  in  many  ways,  such  as  the  comparative 
length  of  the  petiole,  malar  space,  tibial  spurs,  punctuation, 
etc. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  May  4,  1920,  at  Iquitos, 
Peru. 

Hyptia  fraudulenta  new  species 

Male?     liength,  5  mm. 

Head  in  region  of  onelli,  pedicel,  flagellum,  denies  of  mandibles,  hind  legs, 
and  abdomen,  black.  Remainder  of  head,  mandibles,  sca])e,  thorax,  fore 
and  middle  legs,  posterior  coxa  and  posterior  trochanter,  ferruginous.  Petiole 
mainly  ferruginous,  but  with  a  black  suffusion  above. 

Head  below  antennae  with  numerous  punctures  of  moderate  size,  intervals 
between  punctures  finely  striated,  tubercle  on  face  very  small;  face  separated 
from  malar  .space  by  a  smooth,  elevated,  impunctate  ridge;  occipital  orbits 
over  twice  as  wide  below  as  above,  excej/t  for  a  few,  scattered,  large  punctures, 
bare  and  polished;  malar  space  over  one-third  the  length  of  eye,  two-thirds 
the  length  of  scape;  mandibles  with  a  few  shallow  punctures  on  proximal  half, 
polished.  Head  above  antennae  nearly  flat,  with  punctures  of  same  size  as 
those  below,  but  somewhat  arranged  in  arcs;  area  behind  ocelli  longitudinallj' 
wrinkled  and  punctate.  Head  viewed  from  above  broader  than  thorax, 
transversely  subquadrate,  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  but  slightly  convex 
in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  front  with  ocellar  area  elevated, 
eyes  slightly  oblique;  ocelli  large,  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  nearly 
three  times  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  sparse 
golden  setae.  Antennae  inserted  below  middle  of  eyes,  densely,  finelj^  se- 
taceous, flagellar  segments  slightly  bead-like  or  moniliform,  the  fovu'th  flagel- 
lar segment  less  than  twice  as  broad  as  the  first;  scape  with  setae  somewhat 
longer  and  more  sparse  than  those  of  flagellum,  length  nearly  three  times  the 
distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of  ej^e,  as  long  as  pedicel  and 
first  two  flagellar  segments  together;  pedicel  about  one-half  as  long  as  first 
flagellar  segment;  second  and  third  flagellar  segments  of  ecjual  length. 

Alitrunk  about  one-third  again  as  long  as  broad,  little  longer  than  higli; 
with  numerous,  golden  setae.  Pronotum  not  forming  a  collar  visible  from 
above,  humeral  angles  somewhat  angular.  Mcsoscutum  without  parai)sidal 
or  lateral  grooves,  with  numerous,  large,  roundcnl  i)unctures,  those  on  the 
very  median  cephalic  margin  smaller.  Mesoscutellum  impressed  along 
cephalic  margin  adjacent  to  transverse  suture  with  large,  deep,  i)uncturcs; 
remainder  of  area,  except  for  a  small,  elevated,  polished,  imi)unctate  area  at 
base  of  petiole,  with  moderate-sized  punctures  limited  laterally  by  retic- 
ulations of  lateral  aspect.  Proi)leura  mostly  polished  and  impunctate. 
Mesopleura  with  dorsal  half  imi)unctnte,  i)olished;  ccphalo-dorsal  aniilc^ 
with  a  shallow,  impressed  area;  caudo-dorsal  angle  with  a  single,  weak, 
rounded  puncture;  ventral  portion  and  anterior  swelling  sjjarsely  and  finely 
punctate.  Metunajjleura  with  a  ventral  coarsely  i)unctate  area,  sharply 
limited  above  by  an  oblique  carina  and  a  narrow  depressed  sulcus;  suhnis 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  13 

l)<)lished,  with  a  few  large  punctures  along  cephalo-ventral  liniits;  dorsad  of 
this  latter  an  area  of  fine,  irregular,  oblique  carinae,  limited  above  by  several 
rows  of  irregular,  subquadrate  reticulations.  Truncature  nearly  flat,  setace- 
ous, entirely  covered  with  reticulations.  The  articulation  of  petiole  directly 
dorsad  of  or  vertical  to  metacoxal  fossae,  the  metunaplcura  subquadrate  in 
outline.  Metasternal  processes  slightlj^  divergent  at  distal  ends.  Posterior 
tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  long,  stiff  spinulae,  among  the  numerous 
l)ale  setae;  posterior  coxa  above  with  proximal  half  impunctate,  polished, 
distal  half  finely  punctate  and  setaceous.  Posterior  tibial  spurs  almost  equal 
length,  a  little  over  one-third  the  length  of  posterior  metatarsus;  posterior 
metatarsus  much  longer  than  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw 
shorter  than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline;  front  wing  with  one  closed  subcostal 
cell,  median  vein  well  formed. 

Petiole  slightly  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to 
cephalic  margin  of  propodeum;  with  sharp  longitudinal  carinae  on  dorsal 
and  lateral  aspects,  intervals  between  carinae  on  dorsal  and  lateral  aspects, 
intervals  between  carinae  polished,  almost  impunctate;  modei'ately  setaceous. 
Abdonuui  compressed,  polished,  with  a  few  pale  setae  on  dorsum. 

One  specimen,  the  holotypc,  collected  July  1,  1919,  iit  Prata, 
Brazil. 

BRACHYGASTER  Leach    (^Semaeomyin) 

Tlu!  <:;enus  Brachygader  is  represented  by  seven  specimens, 
six  of  which  are  from  Peru  and  one  from  Brazil.  Bradley,  in 
1908,  erected  the  genus  Semacomyia  for  the  Neotropical  sp(;cies 
of  certain  Evania  and  Brachygaster  of  authors.  Bradley  also 
proposed  Semaeodogaster  for  the  one  species  of  Brachygaster 
occurring  in  Europe,  saying  Brachygaster  was  a  nomen  nudum. 
According  to  Kieffer  the  European  B.  minuia  Olivier  is  con- 
generic with  the  South  American  species.  Viereck,  in  1914*^,  re- 
tains the  name  Brachygaster. 

One  spechnen  of  this  genus  is  not  includt'd  in  ni}^  key  or  de- 
scriptions, as  it  is  badly  mutilated.  It  is  a  female  and  was 
collected  by  Mr.  Parisli  on  ^^lay  18,  1920,  at  Iquitos,  Pjru. 
Apparently  it  is  closely  related  to  my  peruviana  and  runs  to 
that  species  in  the  following  key.  However,  it  readily  can  be 
separated  from  peruviana  in  many  ways  and  i)roba])ly  represents 
another  new  species. 

*Tyiie  Species  of  the  Genera  of  IclincuiiKin  I'lics.  Henry  L.  Viereck, 
Bull.  s;3.  United  States  National  Museum.      P.M  1.     1,S()  pages. 

TUANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


14  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANllDAE    (hYMENOPTERa) 

Key  to  Species  of  Brachygaster  here  described 

1.  Petiole  and  thorax  entirely  ferruginous  or  fulvous;  species  from  G  to  8  mm. 

in  length 2 

Petiole  dominantly  black,  thorax  entirely  or  partially  black;  species  not 
over  4.5  mm.  in  length 3 

2.  Alitrunk  nearly  twice  as  long  as  high;  head  above  antennae  with  a  concave, 

somewhat  faintly,  transversely  striate,  mesal  area ....  rubia  new  species 

Alitrunk  about  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  high;  above  antennae 

nearly  flat,  coarsely  punctate peruviana  new  species 

3.  Metunapleura  with  an  oblique  i)olislicd,   imj)unctate  area;   thorax  not 

entirely  black 4 

Metunapleura    without   an    oblique    iiolishcd,    impimctate   area;    thorax 
entirely     black angustata  new  species 

4.  Humeral  angle  rounded,  pronotum  not  forming  a  narrow  collar  visible 

from  above;  caudo-dorsal  angle  of  mesoi)lcura  with  some  large  punctures. 

exitnia  new  species 
Humeral  angle  angular,  pronotiun  forming  a  collar  visible  from  above; 
caudo-dorsal  angle  of  mesopleura  impunctate,  polished. 

parish!  new  species 

Brachygaster  rubia  new  species 

Female.     Length,  8  mm. 

Head,'  mandibles,  scape,  pedicel,  first  two  and  proximal  ])ortion  of  third 
flagellar  segments,  thorax,  propodeum,  jietiole  and  legs  ferruginous,  partic- 
ularly above  antennae  nearly  carmine.  Dentes  of  mandible,  flagellum  distad 
of  proximal  portion  of  third  segment  and  abdomen,  black. 

Head  below  antennae  with  coarse,  irregular,  often  confluent  punctures 
and  a  small,  slightly  elevated,  impunctate  tubercle  on  clypeus;  face  separated 
from  malar  space  by  a  distinct,  elevated,  impunctate  carina  which  extends 
from  ujiper  angle  of  the  base  of  the  mandible  upward  along  inner  margin  of 
eye  as  far  as  antennae;  occipital  orbits  greatly  constricted  above  and  one- 
half  as  wide  below  as  length  of  the  scape,  with  a  few  scattered  punctures  of 
moderate  size;  malar  space  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  eye,  less  than  one-third 
as  long  as  scape,  with  several  moderately-sized  punctures;  mandibles  weakly 
jjunctate.  Head  above  antennae  with  a  concave,  somewhat  faintly  trans- 
versely striate  mesal  area,  limited  laterally  and  above  by  coarse,  irregular, 
often  (ionfluent  punctures;  area  behind  the  ocelli  with  some  i)unctures,  mucli 
smaller  than  those  below.  Head  viewed  from  above  much  broader  than 
thorax,  transversely  subquadrate,  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  noticeably 
convex  in  region  of  fossae;  viewed  from  front  with  ocellar  area  not  elevated, 
eyes  almost  parallel;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  about  twice 
as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  ej'c;  with  numerous  golden 
setae,  largest  and  most  abundant  below  antennae.  Antennae  inserted  close 
together  well  below  middle  of  (^yes,  fineh',  densely  setaceous,  flagellum  clavate, 
tai)ering  to  distal  end,  ventral  surface  of  clavate  segments  flat,  scai)e  finely, 


THEODORE    II.    PRISON  15 

densely  juinctate,  in  length  six  times  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner 
margin  of  eye,  somewhat  longer  than  pedicel  and  first  flagellar  segment  to- 
gether; pedicel  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment,  longer 
than  wide;  second  flagellar  segmcuit  nearly  as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment 
and  pedicle  together,  about  one-third  again  as  long  as  third.  Antennal  fossae 
with  lateral  rims  elevated,  polished,  impunctate. 

Alitrunk  nearly  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  broad,  almost  twice  as 
long  as  high;  with  numerous  golden  setae,  most  abundant  ventrally.  Pro- 
notum  forming  a  very  narrow  collar  visible  from  above,  much  wider  laterall}% 
humeral  angles  slightly  angular.  Mesoscutum  with  distinct,  almost  parallel 
I)arapsidal  grooves,  lateral  grooves  but  weakly  impressed;  densely,  minutely 
punctate  along  cephalic  margin,  remainder  of  area,  except  for  a  few  small 
punctures  along  parapsidal  grooves,  impunctate  and  highly  polished.  IVIeso- 
scutellum  impressed  along  cephalic  margin  adjacent  to  transverse  suture  by 
a  row  of  moderately  large,  subquadrate  punctures;  remainder  of  area  finely 
and  densely  punctured  laterally,  disk  polished  and  with  scattered  small 
pimctures.  Metanotum  comparatively  long,  nearly  as  long  as  pedicel,  coarse- 
ly reticulate.  Propodeum  cephalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  reticulate, 
except  for  a  small,  elevated,  finely  longitudinally  striated  area  on  middle 
portion  near  cephalic  margin  and  a  small  elevated,  polished  impunctate  area 
at  base  of  petiole.  Propleura  punctate  about  humeral  angle,  lower  two-thirds 
concave  impunctate,  polished.  Mesopleura  with  dorsal  half,  except  for  small 
impressed  area  in  ccphalo-dorsal  angle,  impunctate;  and  highly  polished:  anter- 
ior swelling  and  ventral  portion  with  small  scattered  punctures  and  numerous 
minute  punctures;  caudo-dorsal  angle  with  an  oblique  row  of  several  punctures; 
sulcus  prominent.  Metunapleura  with  a  ventral  moderately  punctate  area, 
limited  above  by  an  oblique  carina  and  shallowly  depressed,  impunctate, 
polished  sulcus;  doisad  of  this  latter  an  area  with  rows  of  irregular,  subquad- 
rate reticulations.  Truncature  nearly  flat,  with  numerous  gol(l(>n  setae, 
coarsely  reticulate.  The  articulation  of  petiole  twc -thirds  of  length  of 
petiole  cephalad  of  metacoxal  fossae,  metunai)leura  subquadrate  and  about 
one-half  the  length  of  petiole  caudad  of  base  of  petiole,  abruptly  sloping  off 
to  metacoxal  fossae.  Metasternal  processes  long,  slender,  liistal  cndis  slightly 
divergent.  Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  prominent  aciculae 
among  numerous  setae;  posterior  coxa  above  sparsely,  moderately  i)unctate, 
polishetl.  Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  twice  as  long  as  outer,  and  one-half  as 
long  as  posterior  metatarsus,  posterior  metatarsus  longer  than  remaining 
tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw  much  longer  and  stouter  than  apical 
ray.     Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  three  closed  cells. 

Petiole  slightly  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation 
to  cephalic  margin  of  propodeum;  striate  and  reticulate  on  lateral  aspect, 
dorsum  with  scattered  coarse  punctures  more  niunerous  on  the  distal  half; 
with  sparse  golden  setae.  Abdomen  depressed,  polished,  with  ;i  few  pale 
setae  at  apex. 

The  hirgc'st  species  of  this  <2;enus  thus  fur  (lescril)e(h 
One   s])ecinieii,    thi'    holotype,    collected    Aju'il    2G,    1920,    at 
Yuriniaguas,  Peru. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


16  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

This  species  is  named  for  my  wife,  who  has  helped  me  in  the 
typing  of  this  and  many  other  manuscripts. 

Brachygaster  peruviana  new  species 

Female.     Length,  6  mm. 

Head,  mandibles,  scape,  pedicel,  first  three  flagellar  segments  and  proximal 
half  of  fourth  segment,  thorax,  propodeum,  petiole  and  legs,  fulvous  or  fer- 
ruginous. Abdomen,  exclusive  of  petiole,  dentcs  of  mandibles  and  flagellum 
distad  of  middle  of  fourth  segment,  black. 

Head  below  antennae,  except  for  a  bare  interantennal  line  extending  ventrad 
of  antennae,  with  many  i:)unctures  of  moderate  size;  face  separated  from  malar 
space  by  a  distinct,  elevated,  impunctate  carina,  which  extends  from  near 
upper  angle  of  the  base  of  mandible  upward  along  inner  margin  of  eye  as  far 
as  antennae;  occipital  orbits  greatly  constricted  above  and  about  one-half 
as  wide  below  as  length  of  scape,  polished,  almost  impunctate;  malar  space 
somewhat  less  than  one-third  as  long  as  eye,  slightly  less  than  one-third  as 
long  as  scape,  with  several  small  punctures;  mandibles  weakly  punctate. 
Head  above  antennae  nearly  flat,  coarsely  punctate,  with  punctures  gradually 
diminishing  in  size  and  number  on  vertex  and  occiput;  area  behind  ocelli  with 
small  sparse  pimctiu'es.  Head  viewed  from  above  broader  than  thorax,  trans- 
versely subquadrate,  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  noticeably  convex  in 
region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front  with  ocellar  area  but  slightly 
elevated,  eyes  slightly  divergent  below;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral 
ocelli  about  twice  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  sparse, 
golden  setae.  Antennae  inserted  rather  far  apart  and  far  below  middle  of 
eyes,  finely,  densely  setaceous,  clavatc  from  third  flagellar  segment,  tapering 
gradually  again  to  distal  end,  ventral  surface  cf  clavate  segments  rounded; 
scai)e  finely,  densely  punctate,  in  length  five  times  distance  from  its  articulation 
to  inner  margin  of  eye,  about  the  length  of  the  pedicel  longer  than  pedicel 
and  first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel  one-half  as  long  as  first  flagellar 
segment,  twice  as  long  as  wide;  second  flagellar  segment  not  as  long  as  pedicel 
and  first  flagellar  segment  together,  much  longer  than  the  thirtl.  Antennal 
fossae  with  lateral  rims  convex,  polished,  impunctate. 

Alitrunk  twice  as  long  as  broad,  about  one-half  again  as  long  as  liigli;  willi 
numerous  goklen  setae,  most  abundant  ventrally.  Pronctum  forming  a 
very  narrow  collar  visible  from  above,  humeral  angles  roundetl.  Mcsoscutum 
with  distinct  parapsidal  and  latc-ral  grooves;  sparsely  puncitate  along  cephalic 
margin,  remainder  of  area,  except  for  a  few  scattered  punctures  much  larger 
than  those  cephalad,  imi)uru;tate  and  polished.  Mesoscutellum  iini)ress('(l 
along  cephalic  margin  adjacent  to  transverse  suture  by  a  row  of  large  sul)- 
quadrate  j)unctuics;  remainder  of  an>a  polished,  with  scattered  punctures 
of  smaller  size.  iVIetanotum  narrow,  coarsely  punctured.  Propodeum 
(cephalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  with  a  few  large,  oblong  punctures  along 
cei)halic  margin,  disk  i)olished,  limited  laterally  by  reticulations  of  lateral 
asi)cct.  Propleura  concave,  finely  punctate  and  slightly  wrinkled  cephalad 
of  attachment  of  front  wing,  minutely  punctate  and  polished  below.  Mcso- 
pleura  with  dorsal  half  ijolished  and   imjjunctate,  except  for  two  elongate, 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  17 

setaceous  impressions;  anterior  swelling  and  ventral  portion  finely  punctate, 
|3olished;  cauflo-dorsal  angle  with  a  crescentic  row  of  punctures,  ventral 
l)unctures  largest;  sulcus  prominent.  Metunapleura  with  a  ventral  coarsely 
punctate  area,  limited  above  by  a  polished,  impunctate  area;  dorsad  of  this 
latter  an  area  of  large,  irregular,  somewhat  elongate  reticulations;  dorso- 
cephalic  angle,  ventrad  and  caudad  of  articulation  of  hind  wings  densely 
setaceous;  ob]ic|ue  sulcus  very  shallow.  Truncature  nearly  flat,  coarsely 
reticular,  with  ninnerous  golden  setae.  The  articulation  of  petiole  far  ceph- 
alad  of  metacoxal  fossae,  truncature  gradually  sloping  off  from  above  to  the 
metacoxal  fossae.  Metasternal  processes  long,  slender,  nearly  parallel  through- 
out. Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  prominent  longitudinal 
rows  of  aciculae  among  the  dense  setae;  posterior  coxa  above  polished,  sparsely, 
finely  punctate.  Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  much  longer  than  outer,  about 
one-half  the  length  of  posterior  metatarsus;  posterior  metatarsus  longer  than 
remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw  much  longer  and  stouter 
than  apical  raj*.      Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  three  closed  cells. 

Petiole  somewhat  less  than  three  times  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of 
articulation  to  cephahc  margin  of  propodeum;  with  a  band  of  reticulate 
punctures  on  lateral  aspect,  dorsum  with  some  small  punctures,  sparsely 
setaceous.  Abdomen  compressed,  polished,  with  a  few  pale  setae  on  caudo- 
dorsal  margins  of  segments;  ovipositor  lighter  in  color  than  abdomen,  at  apex 
with  numerous  short  seta^. 

Easily  separable  from  the  three  previously  descri])ed  species 
of  this  genus  from  Peru  because  of  the  presence  of  a  carina 
separating  the  face  from  the  malar  space.  Other  species  having 
certain  characters  in  common  are  B.  basalis  Schlettcrer  from 
Coloml)ia,  B.  amazonica  Roman  from  Brazil  and  B.  guyanensis 
Cameron  from  British  Guiana. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  April  10,  1920,  at 
Yurimaguas,  Peru. 

Brachygaster  angustata  new  species 

Male.     Length,  4.5  mm. 

Head  above  antennae,  ocicijiital  orbits,  flagellum,  pedicel,  thorax,  propodeum, 
petiole,  abdomen  and  hind  legs,  black.  Head  below  antennae,  proximal 
portion  of  mandibles,  scape,  and  anterior  legs,  fulvous. 

Head  below  antennae  densely  and  rather  finely  punctate;  face  separated 
from  malar  space  bj-  a  weakly  elevated  setaceous  carina;  occipital  orbits, 
somewhat  wider  below  than  above,  about  as  wide  below  as  length  of  scape, 
polished,  with  a  few  small  scattered  pimctures;  malar  spiicQ  about  as  long  as 
scape,  over  onc'-third  as  long  as  eye,  polished,  with  several  small  scattered 
punctures;  mandibles  polished,  weakly  punctate.  Head  above  antennae 
nearly  flat,  densely  and  finely  punctate;  area  behind  ocelli  jjolished,  with  a 
few  small,  scattered  {)unctures.  Head  viewed  from  above  broader  than 
thorax,  transversely  subquadrate,  broader  than  long,  but  slightly  convex  in 

TKANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


18  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front  with  ocellar  area  but  sUglitly 
elevated,  eyes  somewhat  divergent  below;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lat- 
eral ocelli  about  twice  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with 
numerous  golden  setae,  more  abundant  and  longer  below  antennae.  Antennae 
inserted  close  together  and  below  middle  of  eyes,  finely  setaceous,  flagellar 
segments  of  about  equal  thickness  throughout,  scape  finely  punctate,  in  length 
three  times  the  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of  eye,  as  long 
as  pedicel  and  first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel  about  one-half  as  long 
as  first  flagellar  segment,  slightly  wider  than  long;  second  flagellar  segment 
longer  than  the  first,  third  and  second  segments  of  nearly  equal  length. 

Alitrunk  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  nearly  t%vice  as  long  as  high; 
with  numerous  whitish  setae.  Pronotum  not  forming  a  collar  visible  from 
above  on  the  same  plane  as  the  mesoscutum,  but  with  neck  noticeably  length- 
ened; humeral  angles  rounded,  finely  punctate.  Mesoscutum  with  distinct 
pa rapsidal  grooves;  finely  punctate  along  cephalic  margin,  remainder  of  area, 
except  for  a  row  of  small  punctures  adjacent  to  parapsidal  grooves,  polished 
and  impunctate.  Mesoscutellum  slightly  convex,  with  scattered  punctures  of 
moderate  size.  Metanotum  narrow,  coarsely  sculptured.  Propodeum  ceph- 
alad  of  articulation  of  petiole  coarsely  reticulate.  Propleura  finely  pimctate 
and  striate.  Mesopleura  with  dorsal  half,  except  for  irregular  impressions  in 
cephalo-dorsal  angle,  somewhat  pohshed  and  impunctate;  anterior  swelling 
and  ventral  portion  finely  punctate;  caudo-dorsal  angle  with  several  large 
punctures.  Metunapleura  with  a  ventral  coafsely  punctate  area,  limited 
above  by  a  finely  transversely-striate  area  which  in  tiu'n  merges  with  a  dorsal 
irregularly  reticulate  area;  with  but  a  faint  trace  of  the  oblique  sulcus.  Trun- 
cature  reticulate,  plainly  convex,  with  numerous  whitish  setae.  The  articu- 
lation of  petiole  far  cephalad  of  metacoxafossae,  nearly  dorsad  of  or  vertical 
to  mesocoxal  fossae,  the  truncature  gradually  sloping  off  from  above  to  meta- 
coxal  fossae  and  when  viewed  from  the  lateral  aspect  somewhat  triangular  in 
outline.  Metasternal  processes  rather  long,  slender  and  parallel.  Posterior 
tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  some  rows  of  aciculae  among  the  dense 
setae;  posterior  coxa  above  rugose.  Inner  posterior  tibial  .spvu"  somewhat 
longer  than  outer,  about  one-third  the  length  of  posterior  metatarsus;  jjosterior 
metatarsus  longer  than  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  ciaw 
stouter  but  not  longer  than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with 
three  closed  cells. 

Petiole  three  times  as  long  as  distance  fr.)ni  ])oint  of  articulation  to  c(>phal](' 
margin  of  propodeum,  somewhat  reticulate  on  lateral  asi)ect,  dorsum  polished, 
with  several  fine  punctures,  very  sparsely  setaceous.  Abdomen  compressed, 
smooth  and  polished,  with  a  few  light-colored  setae  on  caudo-dorsal  margins 
of  segments. 

A    very   slciulci'    proiXJiiioiunl    sjiecics. 

One  specimen,  llie  hoh)ty])e,  collected  .\]>ril  13,  1920,  at 
Yurini.'iguas,  Peru. 


THEODORE    II.    PRISON  19 

Brachygaster  eximia  new  species 

Male.     Length,  4  mm. 

P'ace,  cheeks,  pro.ximal  portion  of  mandibles,  anterior  Ic^s,  and  proximal 
portion  of  ])ostcrior  trochanters,  fulvous.  Vertex,  occiput,  pro-and  mesothorax, 
and  i)roi)odeum  between  articulation  of  petiole  and  cephalic  margin,  dark 
ferruginous.  Antennae,  metathorax,  propodeum,  petiole,  abdomen  and 
hind  legs  black,  but  in  places  with  a  reddish  suffusion. 

Head  below  antennae  finely  punctate,  with  a  small,  elevated  carina  extend- 
ing from  antennae  ventrad  to  a  small  polished  tubercle  on  face;  face  not  dis- 
tinctly separated  from  malar  space  by  a  carina;  occipital  orbits  much  wider 
below  than  above,  a  little  less  wide  than  length  of  scape,  poUshed,  nearly 
impunctate;  malar  space  nearly  one-third  as  long  as  eye,  somewhat  shorter 
than  length  of  scape,  polished,  nearly  impunctate;  mandibles  weakly  punctate. 
Head  above  antennae  nearly  flat,  densely,  rather  finely  punctate;  area  behind 
ocelli  polished  impunctate.  Head  viewed  from  above  slightly  broader  than 
thorax,  subquadrate,  about  one-third  its  width  broader  than  long  strongly 
convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossea;  viewed  from  the  front  with  ocellar  area 
not  noticeably  elevated,  eyes  almost  parallel;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle, 
lateral  ocelli  twice  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with 
lumierous  golden  setae,  more  abundant  and  longer  below  antennae.  Antennae 
niserted  close  together  and  below  middle  of  eyes,  finely  setaceous,  flagellar 
segments  of  nearly  (Hjual  thickness  throughout;  scape  about  twice  as  long  as 
distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margm  of  eye,  as  long  as  j)edicel  and 
first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel  about  as  long  as  broad,  one-third 
the  length  of  first  flagellar  segment;  second  flagellar  segment  longer  than  first, 
third  and  second  segments  of  nearly  equal  !em.;th. 

Alitrunk  twice  as  long  as  broad,  about  one-third  its  length  longer  than 
liigh;  with  numerous  golden  setae.  Pronotum  not  forming  a  collar  visil)le 
fiom  above  on  same  plane  as  mesoscutum;  humeral  angles  rounrlcd  and 
densely  jiunctate.  iVIesoscutum  with  deep  parapsidal  and  weak  lateral 
grooves;  finely  i)unctate  along  cephalic  margin  and  between  ])arapsidal  and 
lateral  grooves,  remainder  of  area  polished  and  impunctate.  Mesoscutellum 
wit  h  some  punctures  along  cei)halic  margin  adjacent  to  deep  transverse  suture, 
disk  slightly  convex,  i)olishe<l,  almost  impunctate.  Metanotum  narrow, 
coarsely  and  deeply  reticulate.  Propoileum  cephalad  of  articulation  of 
petiole  coarsely  punctate  cxcei)t  for  a  small  elevated,  polished  area  at  base  of 
I)etiole.  Propleura  finely  and  densely  punctate.  Mesopleura  with  ventral 
jiortions  and  anterior  swelling  finely  punctate;  sulcus  prominent,  polished, 
impunctate;  cephalo-dorsal  angle  setaceous,  with  several  coarse  impressions; 
caudo-dorsal  angle  with  a  crescentic  row  of  punctures  of  moderate  size  limit- 
ing a  small  [)olishcd,  elevated  area  dorsad  of  sulcus.  Metunapleura  with  a 
v'entral  coarsely  punctate  area,  limitcnl  above  by  a  narrow,  iKjhshed  impunctate 
area;  this  latter  area  with  an  adjacent  dorsal  area  with  longitudinal  rows  of 
elongate  reticulations;  sulcus  very  weakly  developed.  Truncature  slightly 
convex,  coarsely  reticulate,  with  numerous  pale  setae.     The  articulation  of 

TUANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


20  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

petiole  far  ccphalad  of  mctacoxal  fossae,  nearly  dorsad  of  or  vertical  to  nieta- 
coxal  fossae,  the  truncature  gradually  sloi)ing  off  from  above  to  rnetacoxal 
fossae;  metunapleura  somewhat  triangular  in  outline.  Metasternal  i)rocesses 
slender,  almost  parallel  throughout.  Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus 
with  longitudinal  rows  of  aciculae  among  the  demise  setae;  posterior  coxa 
above  finely  ])unctate.  Inner  poster  or  tibial  spur  longer  than  outer,  a  little 
less  than  one-half  the  length  of  j)Osterior  metatarsus;  jiosterior  metatarsus 
much  longer  than  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw  stouter 
and  longer  than  aiiical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  three  closed 
cells. 

Petiole  three  times  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to  cephalic 
margin  of  propodeum,  somewhat  reticulate  on  lateral  aspect,  dorsum  polished, 
with  a  few  scattered  fine  punctures,  very  sparsely  setaceous.  Abdomen  com- 
pressed, polished,  with  a  few  light-colored  setae  on  dorsum. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  January  28,  1920,  at 
Teffe,  Brazil. 

Brachygaster  parish!  new  species 

Male.     Length,  4  mm. 

Head  above  antennae,  occipital  orbits,  ventral  portion  of  mcsopleura, 
metapleura,  proi)odemn  below  articulation  of  petiole,  petiole,  abdomen  and 
hind  legs,  black.  Face,  mandibles,  malar  space,  scape,  pedicel,  and  anterior 
legs,  fulvous  with  dark  discolorations.  Pronotum,  mesoscutum,  mesoscutel- 
lum,  upper  portion  of  mesopleura,  metanotum,  and  })ropodeum  above  ceph- 
alad  of  articulation  of  petiole,  ferruginous. 

Head  below  antennae  finely  punctate;  face  with  a  small  polished,  elevated 
tubercle  and  separated  from  malar  space  by  a  weak,  polished  carina;  occipital 
orbits  much  wider  below  than  above,  about  as  wide  as  length  of  scape,  pblishcd , 
with  some  minute  punctures;  lateral  brims  of  antennal  fossa  strongly  convex, 
polished  and  extending  down  on  face;  malar  space  two-fifths  as  long  as  eye, 
somewhat  shorter  than  length  of  scape,  polished,  sparsely  and  finely  punctate; 
mandibles  polished,  with  some  small  punctures.  Head  above  antennae 
almost  flat,  with  numerous  small  punctures  excei)t  on  median  line;  area  be- 
hind ocelli  polished  and  impunctate.  Head  viewed  from  above  slightly  wider 
than  thorax,  transversely  subquadrate,  twice  as  broad  as  long,  somewhat 
convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front  with  occUar  area 
slightly  elevated,  eyes  nearly  parallel;  ocelli  arranged  in  triangle,  lateral 
ocelli  twice  as  far  ajiart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  light- 
colored  setae,  most  abundant  ami  longest  l)elow  antennae.  Antennae  insert- 
ed rather  close  together  and  below  middk^  of  eyes,  finely  setaceous,  flagellar 
segments  of  nearly  e(jual  thickness  throughout;  scaj^e  over  twice  as  long  as  dis- 
tance from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of  eye,  shorter  than  pedicel  and  first 
flagellar  segnu^nt  together;  i)edicel  about  as  thick  as  long,  nearly  one-third  as 
long  as  first  flagellar  segment;  second  flagellar  segment  nuicli  longer  than 
first;  third  and  second  segments  nearly  e(|ual  in  length. 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  21 

Alitrunk  scarce!}'  longer  than  high,  about  one-third  again  as  long  as  broad; 
with  numerous  pale  setae.  Pronotum  forming  a  narrow  collar  distinc^tly 
visible  from  above;  humeral  angles  somewhat  angular  and  punctate.  Meso- 
scutum  with  deep  parapsidal  and  faint  traces  of  lateral  grooves;  highly  f)olish(>d 
and  impunctate  excejjt  for  a  very  few  small  punctures.  Mesoscutellum  with 
a  few  large  puntures  along  cephalic  margin  adjacent  to  deep  transverse  suture, 
somewhat  convex,  highly  polished,  disk  almost  impunctate.  Metanotum 
rather  long,  one-half  as  wide  as  first  flagellar  segment,  coarsely  sculptured. 
Propodeum  cephalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  convex,  divided  into  two  areas 
by  a  transverse  row  of  large  punctures;  the  anterior  area  polished  and  with 
some  small  punctures,  the  smaller  posterior  area  highly  polished  and  impunc- 
tate. Propleura  narrow,  concave,  wrinkled.  Mesopleura  with  dorsal  por- 
tion, except  for  elongate  depressed  area  in  cephalo-dorsal  angle,  highly  polished, 
impunctate;  ventral  portion  and  anterior  swelling  polished,  minutely  punc- 
tate; caudo-dorsal  angle  impunctate.  Metunajjleura  with  ventral  area, 
except  along  interpleural  suture  where  it  is  impunctate,  irregularly  retic- 
ulate, limited  above  by  a  wide,  polished,  imjiunctate  area;  this  latter  area 
sharply  limited  above  by  large,  irregular  reticulations;  sulcus  weakly  devel- 
oped. Truncature  almost  flat,  reticulate,  with  numerous  pale  setae.  The 
articulation  of  petiole  slightly  cephalad  of  metacoxal  fossae,  the  truncature 
rather  steeply  ascending  to  metacoxal  fossae;  metunapleura  somewhat  sub- 
((uadrate  in  outline.  Metasternal  processes  distinctlj'  cleft  and  slightly  diver- 
gent at  distal  ends.  Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  irreguiar 
rows  of  aciculae  among  the  numerous  setae;  posterior  coxa  above  with  distal 
portion  punctate.  Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  much  longer  than  outer,  above 
one-half  as  long  as  posterior  metatarsus;  posterior  metatarsus  and  remaining 
tarsal  segments  together  of  nearly  equal  length;  tooth  of  claw  longer  and  stouter 
than  apical  ray.     Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  three  closed  cells. 

Petiole  somewhat  less  than  three  times  as  long  as  distance  from  \vnni  of 
aiticulation  to  cephalic  margin  of  propodeum,  with  a  longitudinal  carina  on 
lateral  aspect,  polished  and  impunctate.  Abdomen  compressed,  polished, 
somewhat  triangular  in  outline. 

In  many  respects  related  to  B.  rcticulifer  and  B.  fraterna 
Enderlein,  described  from  Peru. 

Two  specimens  from  Iquitos,  Peru. 

Holotype  collected  on  May  18,  1920.  Paratopotype  collected 
on  the  same  date. 

This  species  is  named  after  Mr.  H.  S.  Parish,  who  has  collected 
so  many  new  species  of  insects  in  South  America. 

EVANIA  Fabricius 

The  genus  Evania,  in  the  sense  of  Kieffer,  is  represented  in  this 
collection  by  twelve  specimens,  separable  into  nine  species. 
There  are  specimens  from  ])oth  Brazil  and  Peru. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUl. 


22  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

Key  to  Sjjecies  of  Evania  here  considered 

1.  Malar  space  over  one-half  as  long  as  eye;  head  smooth  and  onlj^  minutely 

punctate;    thorax    entirely    black appendigaster    Linnaeus 

Malar  space  less  than  one-half  as  long  as  eye;  head  with  some  coarse  or 
conspicuous  punctures;  thorax  not  entirely  black 2 

2.  Metunapleura  with  a  conspicuous,   i«jlislied,   impunctate,   oblique-longi- 

tudinal area 3 

Metunai)leura    without    a    consi)icuous,    })olishcd,    impunctate,    oblique- 
longitudinal  area 0 

3.  Dorsum  of  petiole  with  pronounced  longitudinal  carinae  and  rows  of  large 

irregular  punctures bella  new  species 

Dorsum  of  petiole  without  pronounced  longitudinal  carinae,  polished,  at 
most  with  some  small,  scattered  punctures 4 

4.  Mesopleural  sulcus  of  average  depression,  species  5  mm.  or  over  in  length, 

head,  thorax  and  petiole  entirely  light  ferruginous 5 

Mesopleural  sulcus  noticeably  depressed,  species  3  mm.  in  lengtli,  i)etiole 
and  ventral  and  caudal  portions  of  thorax  black . .  .  delicata  new  species 

5.  Mesopleura  with  a  row  of  conspicuous  reticulate  or  subcjuadi'ate  punctures 

adjacent  to  interpleural  suture luculenta  new  species 

Mesopleura  without  a  row  of  conspicuous  reticulate  or  subquadrate  punc- 
tures adjacent  to  interpleural  suture clara  new  species 

6.  Pronotum  forming  a  collar  visible  from  above  on  same  plane  as  mesoscutum, 

and  about  one-half  as  wide  as  length  of  pedicel;  petiole  coarsely  striate 
and  piuictate;  posterior  fennu'  with  numerous  long,  slender  stiff  setae. 

barbata  new  species 
Pronotum  not  forming  a  collar  visible  from  above  on  same  plane  as  meso- 
scutum; petiole  polished  and  with  but  few  small  punctures;  posterior 
fenuu'  with  short  hair-like  setae 7 

7.  Head  with  a  sharply  outlined,  polished,  V-shaped  carina  ventrad  of  in- 

sertion of  antennae;  mesopleura  ferruginous;  petiole  with  distal  half 
yellowish-white;  flagellar  segments  one  to  three  yellowish-white. 

cerviculata  new  specues 
Head  without  a  sharply  outlined,  jjolishetl,  V-shaped  carina  ventrad  of  in- 
sertion  of   antennae;  mesoi)leura  black;  petole  and  antennae  l)lack. 

mystica  new  species 

Evania  appendigaster  Linnaeus 

IVjur  iiuilcs,  taken  at  Parintins,  Flores  and  Obidos,  Brazil, 
and  Yuiimagiias,  Peru,  on  October  3,  1919,  November  IS,  1919, 
August  14,  1919  and  April  20,  1920,  respectively.  The  six'cinien 
from  Peru  is  slightly  smaller  than  those  from  Brazil. 

Evania  bella  new  species 

Mal(!.     I^ength  5.5  nun. 

Head,  scaj)e,  pedicel,  proximal  half  of  llagellum,  tliora.x,  i)r()p()(lciiiii,  ix'liole, 
fore  and  middle  legs,  hind  coxa,  trochanter,  tarsus,  i)n)\iiii;d  end  nf  femur  and 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  23 

tibia,  fulvous.  Distal  half  of  flagellum,  distal  two-thirds  of  hind  tibia  and 
fenuir  and  dontes  of  mandibles,  brownish.  Abdomen,  exelusive  of  tlio  i)otiolo, 
black. 

Head  below  antennae  closely  and  moderately  punctate,  with  a  small  tuber- 
cle on  face;  lateral  margins  of  clyi)eus  somewhat  carinate,  but  not  distinctly 
separating  face  from  malar  space;  occij)ital  orbits  twice  as  wide  below  as  above, 
in  widtli  about  one-half  the  length  of  malar  space,  with  numerous  fine  punc- 
tures; malar  si)ace  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  eye,  about  one-half  the  length 
of  scape,  with  numerous  fine  punctures;  mandibles  weakly  punctate.  Head 
above  antennae  nearly  flat,  coarsely  punctate;  area  behind  ocelh  somewhat 
punctate.  Head  viewed  from  above  broader  than  thorax,  transversely  sub- 
(juadrate,  strongly  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front 
with  ocellar  area  not  elevated,  eyes  slightly  oblique  below;  ocelli  arranged  in 
a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  less  than  twice  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner 
margin  of  eye;  with  short  golden  setae,  most  numerous  below  antennae. 
Antennae  finely  setaceous,  inserted  close  together  and  below  middle  of  eyes, 
with  a  faint  inter-antennal  carina,  flagellar  segments  of  nearly  equal  thick- 
ness throughout;  scajje  over  twice  as  long  as  the  distance  from  its  articulation 
to  iiiiii'r  margin  of  eye,  slightly  less  than  as  long  as  pedicel  and  first  flagellar 
segment  together;  ]5edicel  about  one-third  as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment; 
first,  second  and  third  flagellar  segments  nearly  equal  in  length. 

Alitrunk  over  a  third  longer  than  broad,  one-seventh  longer  than  high; 
with  numerous  pale  setae,  most  abundant  on  ventral  portions.  Pronotum 
not  forming  a  collar  visible  from  above;  humeral  angles  slightly  angular. 
Mesoscutum  with  distinct  parajisidal  and  lateral  grooves,  the  parapsidal 
grooves  much  the  deeper  of  the  two;  between  parapsidal  grooves  with  both 
large  scattered  jjunctures  and  small  punctures;  lateral  lobes  mainly  with  small 
punctures.  Mesoscutellum  with  faint  irregular,  longituflinal  striae,  betwecTi 
which  are  many  irregular,  coarse  punctiu'es  which  often  interrupt  the  striae. 
Metanotum  narrow,  well  depressed,  with  large  subquadrate  reticulations. 
Propodeum  cejjhalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  coarsely  j)unctate,  limited 
laterally  by  deeji  reticulations  of  lateral  aspect.  Propleura  concave,  polisl.ed 
below  and  finely  punctate  above.  Mesoplcura  with  fore  part  of  sulcus  polish- 
ed, imjjunctate;  cephalo-dorsal  angle  with  narrow,  longitudinal  depressions; 
anterior  swelling  with  large  shallow'  punctures,  except  for  fine  punctures 
adjacent  to  i)ropleura;  a  row  of  large  reticulations  adjacent  to  interpleural 
sul  ure.  \'ent  ral  area  of  metunapleura  with  large,  shallow,  scattered  punctures 
between  which  are  many  fine  punctures,  with  an  adjacent  i)olished,  narrow, 
longitudinal  dorsal  area;  this  latter  area  limited  above  by  irregular  reticula- 
tions; sulcus  weakly  developed.  Truncature  nearly  flat,  finely  reticulate,  with 
numerous  golden  setae.  The  articulation  of  the  petiole  slightlj'  cei)halad  of  a 
line  drawn  vertical  to  or  dorsad  of  metacoxal  fossae;  the  metunapleura  .some- 
what subfiuadrate  in  outline.  Metasternal  processes  with  distal  ends  slightly 
divergent;  median  coxae  close  together  and  with  distal  portion  of  mesosternal 
processes  divergent.  Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  stout  setae 
and  a  very  few  scattered  aciculae  on  the  outer  surface  of  posterior  tibia: 

TU.\NS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


24  NEW    NEOTROPICAL   EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERa) 

posterior  coxa  coarsely  punctate  above.  Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  twice  as 
long  as  the  outer,  two-thirds  as  long  as  posterior  metatarsus;  posterior  meta- 
tarsus three-fourths  as  long  as  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of 
claw  much  longer  and  stouter  than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings 
with  seven  closed  cells,  subdiscoidal  vein  in  the  distal  portion  of  front 
wing  well  chitinized  and  cubital  vein  but  weakly  so. 

Petiole  robust,  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  distance  from  i)oint  of  articula- 
tion to  cephalic  margin  of  propodeum,  with  pronounced  longitudinal  carinae 
and  longitudinal  rows  of  large  irregular  punctures  on  lateral  and  dorsal  aspects. 
Abdomen  compressed,  polished,  with  some  pale  setae  on  dorsal  portion. 

Related  in  many  ways  to  E.  ditoma  Kieffer,  from  Bolivia,  but 
differs  greatly  in  size,  comparative  length  of  malar  space,  petiole, 
etc.  E.  pulcherrima  Szeplegeti,  from  Brazil  and  Peru,  likewise 
has  many  points  in  common  with  this  species. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  April  2G,  1920,  at 
Yurimaguas,  Peru. 

Evania  delicata  new  species 

Male.     Length,  3  mm. 

Head,  dentes  of  mandibles,  flagellum,  ventral  portion  of  mesopleura,  meta- 
pleura,  propodeum,  middle  and  hind  legs,  petiole  and  abdomen,  black.  Pro- 
pleura,  mesonotum,  metanotum,  tegulae  and  mesopleura  above,  ferruginous. 
Scape,  proximal  jiortion  of  mandibles  and  distal  portion  of  fore  legs,  pale 
yellowish-brown.     Tibial  spurs  yellow. 

Head  below  antennae  slightly  convex,  cephalic  margin  of  clypeus  almost 
impunctate,  face  finely  punctate  with  a  faint  tubercle  in  middle;  clypeus  not 
separated  from  malar  space  by  an  elevated  carina,  but  partially  so  separated 
by  a  short  furrow  extending  from  near  precoila  half  way  to  the  antennal 
fossae;  occipital  orbits  as  wide  above  as  below,  shiny,  finely  punctate;  malar 
space  about  one-fifth  as  long  as  eye,  longer  than  the  pedicel,  finely  punctate; 
mandibles  minutely  punctate  and  setaceous.  Head  above  antennae  feebly 
convex,  more  strongly  and  densely  punctured  than  below,  punctures  some- 
what arranged  in  arcuate  rows.  Head  viewed  from  abcjve  broader  than  thorax, 
transversely  subquadrate,  slightly  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed 
from  the  front  with  eyes  almost  parallel;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral 
ocelli  twice  as  far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  short 
whitish  setae,  most  numerous  below  antennae.  Antennae  finely  setaceous, 
inserted  close  together  and  below  middle  of  eyes,  with  a  faint  interantennal 
carina,  flagellar  segments  nearly  of  equal  thickness  throughout;  scajjc  three 
times  as  long  as  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of  (>ye,  as  long  as 
pedi(!('l  and  first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel  about  one-third  as  long 
as  first  flagellar  segment;  scconil  flagellar  segment  longer  than  either  the  first 
or  third  segments,  third  flagellar  segment  kmger  than  the  first. 

Alitrunk  one-third  longer  (lian  broad,  as  high  as  long;  with  numerous  j)ale 
setae.  Pronotmn  not  forming  a  collar  visible  from  above;  humeral  angles 
somewhat  rounded.     Mesoscutum  with  tlistinct  j)arapsidal  anil  very  weakly 


THEODORE    11.    FRISON  25 

developed  lateral  grooves;  cephalic  portion  with  punctures  of  moderate  and 
minute  size  intermixed,  caudal  portion  somewhat  polished  and  minutely 
punctate.  Mesoscutellum  on  cephalic  margin  with  a  row  of  rather  large 
punctures  adjacent  to  transverse  suture;  disk  somewhat  pohshed  with  scat- 
tered jjunctures,  lateral  margins  slightly  reticulate.  Metanotum  narrow,  well 
depressed,  coarsely  sculptured.  Propodeum  cephalad  of  articulation  of 
petiole  of  very  small  area,  roughly  punctate,  limited  laterally  by  reticulations 
of  lateral  aspect.  Propleura  concave,  punctate;  humeral  angles  small.  Meso- 
{)leura  with  sulcus  noticeably  impressed,  dorsal  portion  of  sulcus  polished  and 
impunctate;  cephalo-dorsal  angle  weakly  impressed;  anterior  swelling  with 
large,  shallow  punctures;  a  row  of  punctures  adjacent  to  interpleural  suture. 
Metunapleura  with  a  large,  shallow,  punctate  ventral  area,  hmited  dorsally 
by  a  narrow,  polished  impunctate  area;  this  latter  limited  dorsally  by  an  area 
of  fine  punctures  and  reticulations.  Truncature  concave,  finely  reticulate, 
reticulations  in  middle  portion  largest;  with  some  short  whitish  setae.  The 
articulation  of  petiole  slightly  cef)halad  of  a  line  drawn  vertical  to  or  dorsad 
of  metacoxal  fossae.  Metasternal  processes  slightly  divergent  at  distal  ends; 
median  coxae  about  the  length  of  first  flagellar  segment  apart,  mesosternal 
processes  short  and  well  separated.  Posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus 
with  numerous  stout  setae  and  a  few  irregular  rows  of  aciculae;  posterior  coxa 
above  rugose.  Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  over  twice  as  long  as  outer,  two-thirds 
as  long  as  posterior  metatarsus;  posterior  metatarsus  somewhat  over  one-half  as 
long  as  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw  stouter  but  not  longer 
than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  seven  closed  cells,  subdiscoidal 
and  cubital  veins  indicated  in  distal  portion  of  front  wing  by  faint  lines  but 
not  chitinized. 

Petiole  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to  cephalic 
margin  of  jjropodeum,  polished,  but  faintly  punctate  and  setaceous.  Ab- 
domen compressed,  polished,  with  a  few  i)ale  setae  on  dorsal  portion. 

Because  of  the  presence  of  distinct  aciculae  among  the  hair- 
Uke  setae,  this  species  will  run  closest  to  E.  dispersa  Schletterer, 
in  Kieffer's  key  of  1912.  E.  dispersa  Schletterer  is  said  to  have 
the  longer  metatibial  spur  not  one-half  the  length  of  the  ])oslerior 
metatarsus,  a  statement  which  does  not  hold  true  for  E.  dcUcata. 
Also  in  E.  delicata  the  posterior  metatarsus  is  not  as  long  as  the 
remaining  tarsal  segments  together. 

On(i  s])ecinien,  the  holotype,  collected  A])ril  13,  1920,  at 
Yurimaguas,  Peru. 

Evania  luculenta  new  species 

Male.     Length,  7. .5  mm. 

Head,  antennae,  thorax,  ])ropodeum,  legs  and  petiole,  light-ferruginous 
or  rusty-yellow.     Abdomen  black. 

Head  below  antennae  slightly  convex;  with  a  distin(;t,  elevated,  polished, 
impunctate  V-shaped  caruia  ventrully   limiting  anteiuial   basin;  except  on 

TR.^NS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    .XLVIII. 


26  NEW    NEOTROPICAL   EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

polished  cephalic  margin  of  clyjieus,  with  small  punctures;  face  with  a  small 
polished  tubercle;  with  a  small  furrow  extending  from  near  precoila  dorsad 
to  antenna!  fossae.  Malar  space  about  one-half  as  long  as  scape,  about  one- 
fourth  as  long  as  eye,  with  minute  punctures;  occipital  orbits  broad,  much 
wider  below  than  above,  polished  and  with  numerous  small  [)unctures;  mandi- 
bles minutely  jjunctured.  Head  above  antennae  nearly  flat,  with  many 
punctures  of  moderate  size,  with  interantennal  carina  extending  towards 
median  ocellus.  Head  viewed  from  above  much  broader  than  thorax,  trans- 
versely subquadrate,  conspicuously  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae; 
viewed  from  the  front  with  eyes  noticeably  divergent,  farther  a]iart  below 
antennae  than  above;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  somewhat 
farther  apart  than  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  numerous  short 
golden  setae,  more  sparse  and  longer  behind  ocelli.  Antennae  inserted  rather 
close  together,  slightly  below  middle  of  eyes;  scape  about  four  times  as  long 
as  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of  eye,  five  times  as  long  as 
pedicel,  not  as  long  as  pedicel  and  first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel 
about  one-fifth  as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment;  flagellar  segments  of  nearly 
equal  thickness  throughout,  first  and  third  segments  nearly  equal  in  length, 
second  slightly  longer  than  eith(M\ 

Alitrunk  about  one-third  longer  than  broad,  somewhat  longer  than  high; 
with  numerous  golden  setae,  particularly  on  ventral  jiortions.  Pronotum 
not  forming  a  distinct  collar  when  viewed  from  above;  humeral  angles  angular 
and  wrinkled.  Mesoscutum  with  deep  i)arapsidal  grooves,  lateral  grooves 
but  weakly  indicated;  median  lobe  with  punctures  of  moderate  and  minute 
size  intermixed,  lateral  lobes  with  minute  punctures  dominant.  Mesoscutellum 
separated  from  mesoscutum  by  a  deep  transverse  suture;  with  numerous 
punctures  of  moderate  size  somewhat  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows.  Meta- 
notum  narrow,  not  deeply  depressed,  coarsely  sculiilured.  Proijodeum 
above  cephalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  with  numerous,  irregular,  often 
confluent  ])unctures  of  moderate  size,  sharply  limited  laterally  by  large  retic- 
ulations of  lateral  aspect.  Propleura  concave,  oblifjucly  wi'inkled  below  and 
with  niiiiulc  punctures  above.  Meso])Ieura  witli  vciilrnl  portion,  anterior 
swelling  and  caudal  half  of  sulcus  with  numerous  shallow,  rounded  punctures 
of  moderate  and  minute  size  intermixed;  ce])halic  half  of  sulcus  and  area  ad- 
jacH'ut  to  propleura  highly  polished  and  impunctate,  limited  above  by  wrinkl- 
ed impressed  ceplu-do-dorsal  angle  and  a  strij)  of  large  sub(|uadrate  reticulations 
and  many  minute  punctures  adjacent  to  interpleural  suture.  Metunapleura 
with  its  ('ephalo-dorsal  angle  forming  a-  somewhat  polished  finely  punctate 
triangular  area;  sulcus  feebly  impressed,  willi  small  p(ilisli(>d  iiiipunclalc 
area  on  cei)halic  portion  extending  half  \v;iy  fidiii  iiiiely  ])iuictate  triangular 
area  to  metacoxal  fossa;  ventral  portion  and  cauilal  half  of  sulcus  with  large, 
shallow,  rounded  punctures,  donsad  of  sulcus  willi  large  irregular  reticulati.'ns. 
Truncatiu'e  nearly  flat,  reticulate  setaceous.  'Hie  articulation  of  pclinlc 
(!ei)halad  of  a  line  drawn  vertical  to  metacoxal  fossae.  Median  coxae  rather 
close  together  and  about  one-half  length  of  i)etiole  removed  from  posterior 
coxae,  mesosternaJ  ])rocesses  more  divergent  at  distal  ends  than  met  asternal 
processes,  metasternal  pi'ocesses  long  antl  divergent  at  dist;i!  ends.     Posterior 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  27 

coxa  above  irregularly  transversely  wrinkled ;  j)osterior  tibia  and  posterior  met  a- 
tarsus  with  some  aciculae  among  the  numerous  s-maller  stout  setae,  inner 
posterior  tibial  spur  over  twice  as  long  as  outer,  three-fifths  as  long  as  i)oste- 
rior  metatarsus;  posterior  metatarsus  thrce-lourths  as  long  as  remaining  tarsal 
segments  together,  tooth  of  claw  nuuih  stouter  and  slightly  longer  than  apical 
ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  seven  closed  cells,  subdiscoidal  vein 
well  chitinized  in  distal  portion  of  front  wing,  cubital  vein  but  weakly  so. 

Petiole  about  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  jxiint  of  articulation  to  cephali(! 
margin  of  propodeum;  polished,  with  some  small  ])unctures  on  dorsal  and 
lateral  aspects.  Abdomen  compressed,  polished,  with  a  few  pale  setae  on  dor- 
sum of  segments. 

The  holotj'pic  male  was  collected  at  Teffe,  Brazil,  on  January 
20,  1920.  A  second  male,  a  paraty]:);^,  is  from  Iquitos,  Peru,  and 
was  collected  March  4,  1920. 

Th(^  specimen  from  Peru  differs  sli<>;htly  from  the  holotype  in 
that  tlu^  interantennal  carina  does  not  extend  so  far  doi-sad, 
the  posterior  coxa  is  less  wrinkled,  and  the  tooth  of  the  claw 
is  much  longer  than  the  apical  ray.  As  the  differences  involved 
are  simply  differences  of  degree,  I  have  considered  the  specimens 
as  belonging  to  the  same  species. 

Evania  clara  new  species 

Male.     Length,  6.5  mm. 

Head,  jjroximal  portion  of  mandibles,  scape,  pedicel,  proximal  flagellar 
segments,  thorax,  propodeum,  anterior  legs  and  proximal  portion  of  hind 
legs,  and  petiole,  ferruginous.  Dentes  of  mandibles,  distal  jjortion  of  fia'icl- 
lum,  and  distal  portion  of  hind  legs,  fuscous.     Abdomen  black. 

Head  b(>l.)w  antennae  slightly  convex,  polished,  minutely  punctate,  with 
a  small  tul)(>rcle  on  fa(!e;  clypcus  separatcnl  from  malar  space  by  a  fuiiow 
extending  from  near  precoila  dorsad,  and  an  adjacent  slight  elevation;  occii)ifal 
orbits  bro.ad,  somewhat  wider  below  than  abov{>,  polished,  faintly  punctate; 
malar  space  nl)out  three-fifths  as  hmg  as  eye;  antennal  basin  limited  below 
by  a  V-shaped  polished  ridge;  pedicel  polished,  minutely  punctate;  mandibles 
sparsely,  finely  punctate  and  setaceous.  Head  above  antennae  slightlj^ 
convex;  with  large,  irregular,  often  confluent  punctures.  Head  viewed 
from  above  broader  than  thorax,  transversely  subciuadrate,  proj{>cting 
in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  front  with  eyes  somewhat  con- 
vergent below;  oceHi  arranged  in  a  triangle,  the  lateral  ocelli  but  slightly 
farther  apart  than  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  numerous 
golden  setae,  most  abundant  below  antennae.  Antennae  finely  .setaceous, 
inserted  closer  together  than  distant  from  inner  margin  of  eye  and  below 
middle  of  ej^es,  with  a  feeble  interantennal  carina,  fiagellar  segments  gradually- 
decreasing  in  thickness  from  proximal  to  distal  end;  scape  nearly  foui-  times 
as  long  as  distance  from  its  articul;ition  to  iiuier  margin  of  eve,  four  times  the 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLMll. 


28  NEW    NEOTROPICAL   EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

length  of  pedicel  and  nearly  equal  to  length  of  pedicel  and  first  flagellar  seg- 
ment combined;  second  flagellar  segment  slightly  longer  than  the  first. 

Alitruidc  nearly  one-third  longer  than  broad,  somewhat  longer  than  high; 
with  numerous  golden  setae,  more  dense  and  abundant  on  ventral  portions. 
Pronotum  not  forming  a  collar  visible  from  above;  humeral  angles  slightly 
angular.  Mesoscutum  with  deep  parapsidal  and  faint  lateral  grooves;  polished 
and  minutely  punctate,  except  for  a  few  large  shallow  punctures  on  cephalic 
portion  and  adjacent  to  inner  margin  of  parapsidal  grooves.  Mesoscutellum 
separated  from  mesoscutum  by  a  narrow  transverse  suture;  disk  polished, 
impunctate  excejit  for  a  few  large  scattered  punctures;  lateral  margins  with 
large  and  small  punctures  intermixed.  Metanotiun  narrow,  wrinkled, 
median  portion  not  well  depressed.  Propodeum  cephalad  of  articulation 
of  i^etiole  minutely  punctate,  limited  laterally  by  reticulations  of  lateral 
aspect.  Propleura  obliquely  concave;  wrinkled  and  setaceous  on  ventral 
portion,  dorsal  portion  finely  punctate.  Mesopleura  with  dorsal  portion  of 
sulcus  and  cephalic  margin  above  polished,  impunctate;  anterior  swelling 
densely  and  minutely  punctate;  with  a  narrow,  minutely  punctate,  setaceous 
strip  adjacent  to  interpleural  suture  extending  to  cephalo-dorsal  angle;  cephalo- 
dorsal  angle  with  several  short  longitudinal  carinae  and  small  punctures  be- 
tween carinae.  Metunapleura  with  a  ventral  area  of  fine  punctures  below 
and  large,  shallow  almost  reticulate  punctures  above;  this  area  limited  dorsally 
by  a  short  narrow  polished  impunctate  area,  in  turn  limited  on  dorsum  by 
irregular  reticulations  of  propodeum.  Truncature  almost  flat,  irregularly 
setaceous.  The  articulation  of  petiole  nearly  vertical  to  or  dorsad  of  meso- 
coxal  fossae.  Mesocoxal  fossae  and  metacoxal  fossae  placed  close  together, 
mesosternal  processes  nearly  similar  to  the  metasternal  processes,  which  are 
rather  broad,  divergent  at  distal  ends  and  somewhat  directed  ventrad.  Posteri- 
or tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  numerous  stout  setae,  and  a  few  scattered 
aciculae;  posterior  coxa  above  polished,  minutelj^  ])un('tate  and  setaceous. 
Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  over  twice  as  long  as  outer,  about  two-thirds  as 
long  as  jiosterior  metatarsus;  posterior  metatarsus  about  four-lifths  of  length 
of  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw  much  longer  and  stouter 
than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with  seven  closed  cells,  sub- 
discoidal  vein  in  distal  portion  of  front  wing  well  chitinized  and  cubital 
vein  but  weakly  so. 

Petiole  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  ])()int  of  articulation  to  cephalic 
margin  of  jjropodeum,  polished,  with  but  few  punctures  and  setae.  Abtlomen 
compressed,  i)olished,  with  munerous  i)ale  hair-like  setae  on  dorsum  of  all 
segments  and  lateral  margins  of  apical  segment  s. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  May  4,  1920,  at  hiiii- 
tos,  Peru. 

Evania  barbata  new  species 

Male.     Length,  4.5  mm. 

Head,  ventral  half  of  mesopleura,  met;ii)k'ura,  ))roi)odeuni,  |)cl  idle,  abdomen, 
|X)sterior  coxae  and  hind  legs,  black.  Prothorax,  dorsal  lialf  of  mesopleura, 
mesoscutum,  mesoscutellum  and  metanotum,  ferruginous.  Anleiuiae,  i)r()\- 
imal  portion  of  mandibles  and  .-intcrioi'  legs,  testaceous. 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  29 

Head  below  antennae  slifjlitly  convex,  cephalic  margin  of  clypeus  iin- 
jjunctate  and  polished.,  remainder  of  area  moderately  punctate,  the  punctures 
ventrad  somewhat  arranged  in  ohli(jue-lonsitu(hnal  rows;  a  small  tubercle 
on  face,  connected  with  antennal  basin  by  a  slightly  swollen  ridge;  antennal 
basin  limited  below  by  a  slightly  swollen  punctate  ridge,  area  between  antennae 
faintly  elevated  in  middle  and  polished;  malar  si)ace  not  distinctly  separated 
from  face  by  a  carina,  less  than  one-fourth  as  long  as  eye,  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  pedicel,  finely  wrinkled;  occipital  orbits  broad,  wider  below  than  above, 
finely  punctate  and  somewhat  finelj^,  longitudinally  wriid-cled;  mandibles 
with  a  few  scattered,  moderately-sized  punctures  on  proximal  half,  with 
numerous  pale  setae.  Head  above  antennae  nearly  flat,  moderately  and 
densely  punctate,  a  small  longitudinal  carina  extending  a  short  distance 
below  median  ocellus.  Head  viewed  from  above  scarcely  broader  than  thorax, 
transversely  subquadrate,  slightly  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed 
from  the  front  with  eyes  almost  parallel;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral 
ocelli  somewhat  farther  apart  than  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with 
numerous  whitish-yellow  setae  occurring  from  cephalic  margin  of  clj'peus  to 
half  way  between  articulation  of  antennae  and  median  ocellus,  those  about 
and  dorsad  of  ocelli  sparse  and  more  erect.  Antennae  inserted  somewhat 
farther  apart  than  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye,  far  below  middle  of  eyes; 
scape  about  four  times  as  long  as  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin 
of  eye,  four  times  as  long  as  pedicel,  almost  equal  to  length  of  the  pedicel  and 
first  flagellar  segments  together;  pechcel  about  one-fourth  the  length  of  first 
flagellar  segment;  flagellar  segments  of  nearly  equal  thickness  throughout, 
first  flagellar  segment  longer  than  either  the  second  or  third. 

Alitrunk  one-third  longer  than  broad,  somewhat  longer  than  high;  with 
numerous  pale  setae,  unusually  long  on  ventral  portions.  Pronotum  forming 
a  distinct  collar  when  viewed  from  above,  cephalic  margin  strongly  cariiiate; 
humeral  angles  angular.  Mesoscutum  with  deej)  parapsidal  grooves,  slightly 
intermitted  anteriorly  by  weak  transverse  ridges;  lateral  grooves  distinct, 
but  weakly  impressed;  cephalic  portion  with  a  few  large  and  numerous  minute 
punctures,  besides  some  weak  transverse  wrinkles;  caudal  portion  polished, 
minutely  punctate.  Mesoscutelkun  separated  from  mesoscutum  by  a  narrow 
transverse  suture  and  a  few  small  adjacent  punctures;  disk  polished,  with 
several  large  scattered  puruitures;  lateral  margins  with  several  longitudinal 
rows  of  coarse,  often  confluent  punctures.  IVIetanotum  narrow,  deeply  im- 
j)r(\ssed,  with  a  row  of  large  subquadrate  punctures.  Propodeuin  above 
cephalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  with  irregular  {junctures  of  moderate  size, 
shar])ly  and  abrujjtly  limitetl  by  reticulations  of  lateral  aspect.  Propleura 
concave,  oblicjuelj-  longitudinally  wrinkled,  minutely  punctate.  IMesopleura 
with  ventral  portion  of  anterior  swelling  minutely  punctate,  dorsal  i)ortion 
coarsely  punctate;  dorso-cephalic  portion  of  sulcus  and  area  adjacent  to  pro- 
pleura  pDJisluMJ,  impunctate;  polished  area  bordered  above  by  a  narrow  band 
of  small  ptmctures  adjacent  to  interpleural  suture  and  impres.sed,  wrinkled 
cephalo-dorsal  angle.  Metuiuipleura  with  its  cephalo-dorsal  angle  forming 
a  finely   punctate   triangular  area;    sulcus    shallowiy   imiiressed,   without  a 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


30  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERA) 

polished,  impunctate  oblique  area;  ventrad  of  sulcus  with  rounded  reticu- 
lations of  moderate  size,  dorsad  of  sulcus  with  reticulations  larger  and  more 
irregular  than  those  below.  Truncature  slightly  concave,  reticulate,  seta(;eous. 
The  articulation  of  petiole  somewhat  cephalad  of  a  line  drawn  vertical  to 
n.etacoxal  fossae.  Median  coxae  widely  separated  and  far  removed  from  pos- 
terior coxae,  mesosternal  processes  short,  widely  separated  and  slightly  diver- 
gent; posterior  coxae  placed  much  closer  together,  metasternal  process  broad, 
deeply  cleft,  outer  margins  slightly  divergent.  Posterior  coxa  above  moderately 
wrinkled  and  punctate,  with  numerous  conspicuous,  long,  pale  setae;  posterior 
trochanter  and  femur  with  many  short  pale  setae  and  stiff,  erect,  bristle-like 
setae  intermixed;  posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  dense  stout 
setae.  Inner  posterior  tibial  spur  twice  as  long  as  outer,  half  as  long  as  posterior 
metatarsus;  posterior  metatarsus  much  shorter  than  remaining  tarsal  segments 
together;  tooth  of  claw  weakly  developed.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with 
seven  closed  cells,  subdiscoidal  and  cubital  vein  in  distal  portion  of  front  wing 
not  chitmized  and  but  faintly  indicated. 

Petiole  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to  cephalic 
margin  of  propodeum;  coarsely,  irregularly  striate  and  punctate  on  dorsum, 
obliquely- longitudinally  striate  on  lateral  aspect;  conspicuously  setaceous  at 
proximal  end.  Abdomen  compressed,  ];)olished,  with  numerous  pale  setae 
on  dorsum. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  January  2,  1920,  at 
Teff4,  Brazil. 

Evania  cerviculata  new  species 

Female.     Length,  6.5  mm. 

Head,  scajie,  pedicel,  flagellum  beyond  second  segment,  metapleura,  pro- 
podeum, proximal  two-thirds  of  posterior  coxa,  ijroximal  half  of  petiole, 
abdomen,  black.  Prothorax,  mesothorax,  metanotum,  ferruginous.  First 
and  second  flagellar  segments,  distal  ends  of  median  and  i)osterior  coxa  and 
proximal  half  of  median  and  posterior  trochanter,  and  distal  half  of  j)etiok% 
whitish  yellow.    Fore  legs  light  brownish-yellow,  middle  and  hind  legs  darker. 

Head  below  antennae  slightly  convex;  with  a  distinct,  sharply  elevated, 
polislunl,  impunctate,  V-shaped  carina  ventrally  limiting  the  antennal  basin, 
the  i)oint  of  V  slightly  extending  ventrad  on  face;  with  numerous,  oblong 
punctures  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows;  with  a  small  furrow  extending  from 
near  precoila  dorsad  half  way  to  antciunae.  Malar  spac^e  about  one-(hird 
the  length  of  eye,  with  numerous  small  punctures;  occii)ital  orbits  very  broa<l, 
wid(!r  below  than  above,  with  sparse  i)unctures  of  moderate  size  and  numer- 
ous minute  punctures;  mandibles  finely  punctate.  Head  above  antennae 
with  a  sharp  interantennal  carina  extending  nearly  to  the  median  o(?ellus; 
lateral  brim  of  antennal  fossa  extending  as  a  carina  half  way  to  ocelli,  and 
adjacent  to  outer  edge  of  this  carina,  a  longiludiiinl  row  of  course  punctures 
extending  to  ocelli;  intervals  between  carinae  slightly  conceive,  densely, 
finely  i)unctate;  area  behind  ocelli  rather  (ioarsely  punctate.  Head  viewed 
from  above  bi'otider  than  the  thorax,  transversely  subciuadi'af c,  sliglilly  con- 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  31 

vox  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front  with  eyes  slightly 
oblique;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  less  than  twice  as  far  apart 
as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  dense,  short,  white  setae  extending  from 
cephalic  margin  of  clypeus  to  half  way  between  antennal  fossae  and  ocelli; 
setae  about  ocelli  scattered,  longer  than  those  below,  pale-brownish.  Antennae 
inserted  about  one-half  length  of  petiole  apart,  far  below  middle  of  eyes; 
scape  four  times  as  long  as  distance  from  its  articulation  to  inner  margin  of 
eye,  much  longer  than  pedicel  and  first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel 
less  than  one-half  as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment;  flagellar  segments  slightly 
enlarged  distad  of  second  segment,  second  segment  much  longer  than  first 
segment,  first  segment  longer  than  third. 

Alitrunk  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  nearly  one-third  again  longer  than 
high;  with  numerous  short,  pale  setae,  on  truncature  particularly  dense  and 
whitish.  Pronotum  not  forming  a  distinct  collar  on  same  plane  as  mesoscutum 
when  veiwed  from  above,  but  with  neck  strongly  produced  forward;  humeral 
angles  rounded.  Mesoscutum  with  deep  parapsidal  grooves,  lateial  grooves 
inflicated  by  i)olished  lines;  with  scattered  i)unctures  of  moderate  size  an'l 
numerous  minute  punctures  intermixed.  Mcsoscutellum  se]  aiated  from 
mesoscutum  by  a  transverse  suture,  punctured  about  hke  mesoscutum. 
Metanotum  narrow  in  center,  widened  somewhat  laterally,  coarsely  punctured. 
Propodcum  above  cephalad  of  articulation  of  petiole  coarsely  punctate, 
l)unctures  at  base  of  petiole  often  confluent.  Propleura  wrinkled  below, 
above  punctate.  Mesopleura  with  ventral  portion  and  anterior  swelling 
coarsely  punctate;  caudal  half  of  sulcus  wriid^led,  a  small  jjolished  spot  in  the 
middle,  cei)halic  portion  and  area  adjacent  to  pro])leura  densely  and  minutely 
liunctate.  Metunapleura  with  cephalo-dorsal  angle  finely  punctate;  ventral 
half  with  large,  coarse,  shallow  punctures,  limited  above  by  irregular  r(>ficula- 
fions.  Truncature  nearly  flat,  with  irrc^gularly  subquadrate  reticulations  and 
dense  whitish  setae.  The  articulation  of  petiole  cephalad  of  a  line  vertical  to 
metacoxal  fossae,  the  metunapleura  somewhat  triangular  in  outline.  Metaster- 
nal  processes  slightly  divergent  at  distal  ends.  Posterior  coxa  reticulate  above; 
posterior  tibia  and  posterior  metatarsus  with  some  aciculae  arranged  in  irrc-gu- 
lar  longitudinal  rows  among  the  numerous  smaller  setae.  Inner  posterior  tibial 
spur  nuich  longer  than  outer,  one-half  length  of  posterior  m(>tatarsus;  posterior 
metatarsus  nearly  as  long  as  remaining  tarsal  segments  together;  tooth  of  claw 
much  longer  and  stouter  than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings  with 
seven  closed  cells,  subdiscoidal  .-uid  cubital  vein  in  distal  portion  of  front  wing 
not  citinized  and  but  faint l\-  indicated. 

Petiole  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to  cepiialic 
margin  of  prt)podcum,  polished,  with  but  few  scattered,  minute  punctures. 
Abdomen  c()in])ressed,  polished,  triangular  in  outline;  first  four  segments 
beyond  petiole  bare,  following  two  segments  with  dorsum  and  up|)er  half  of 
lateral  asp(>ct  with  dense  whitisli  setae,  npicnl  scgnient  with  s|);irs('  gulden 
S(>tae. 

One  spcM'idicii,  i\\v  holotyix',  collcclcd  (in  S('])1('nil)('f  11,  I'.M'.), 
lit  Obidos,  Biiizil. 

TUANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


32  NEW    NEOTROPICAL    EVANIIDAE    (hYMENOPTERa) 

Evania  mystica  new  species 

Mule.     Lcnj;;th,  4.5  mm. 

Head,  mesopleura,  metathorax,  propodeum,  petiole,  abdomen,  middle  and 
hind  legs,  black.  Pronotmn  and  mesonotum,  ferruginous.  Antennae  and 
fore  legs  fuscous. 

Head  below  antennae  slightly  convex;  with  punctures  of  moderate  size, 
except  on  polished  cephalic  margin  of  cly])eus;  a  small  tubercle  on  face;  with 
a  small  furrow  extending  from  near  precoila  about  to  articulation  of  antennae. 
Malar  space  shorter  than  scape,  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  eye,  with  numerous 
pvmctures  of  moderate  size;  occipital  orbits  broad,  somewhat  wider  below 
than  above,  portion  adjacent  to  outer  margin  of  eye  with  punctures  of  moderate 
size,  remaining  portion  polished;  mandibles  with  proximal  half  finely  punctate. 
Head  above  antennae  and  behind  ocelli  with  punctures  of  moderate  size. 
Head  viewed  from  above  much  broader  than  thorax,  transversely  subquad- 
rate,  convex  in  region  of  antennal  fossae;  viewed  from  the  front  with  eyes 
nearly  parallel;  ocelli  arranged  in  a  triangle,  lateral  ocelli  less  than  twice  as 
far  apart  as  distance  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  with  numerous  golden  setae, 
most  abundant  below  antennae.  Antennae  inserted  rather  close  together, 
below  the  middle  of  the  eyes;  scape  over  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  its 
articulation  to  inner  margin  of  eye,  over  three  times  as  long  as  pedicel,  not 
as  long  as  pedicel  and  first  flagellar  segment  together;  pedicel  about  one-third 
as  long  as  first  flagellar  segment;  flagellar  segments  of  nearly  equal  thickness 
throughout,  first  and  second  segments  nearly  equal  in  length,  third  slightly 
longer  than   either. 

Alitrunk  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  about  one- third  again  longer  than 
high;  with  dense  whitish  setae  on  ventral  parts  and  i)leura,  dorsum  with 
sparse  golden  setae.  Pronotum  not  forming  a  distinct  collar  visible  from 
above;  humeral  angles  rounded,  wrinkled.  Mesoscutum  with  deep  parap- 
sidal  grooves,  lateral  grooves  weakly  developed;  area  between  parapsidal 
grooves  with  scattered  punctures  of  moderate  size  and  minute  punctures 
intermixed;  lateral  lobes  minutely  punctate.  Mesoscutellum  separated  from 
mesoscutum  by  a  transverse  suture  and  an  adjacent  row  of  small  punctures, 
with  many  punctures  of  moderate  size.  Mctanotum  narrow,  well  depressed, 
reticulate.  Proi)odeum  above  cephalad  of  articuilation  of  petiole  reticulate, 
except  for  a  small,  elevated,  polished,  impunctate  area  at  base  of  petiole. 
Propkiura  concave,  wrinkled.  Mcsoi)leura  with  ventral  portion,  anterior 
swelling  and  caudal  portion  of  sulcus  wi(h  many  shallow,  rounded  punctures 
of  moderate  size;  cephalic  portion  of  sulcus  polished  and  impunc^tate,  except 
for  a  small  strip  of  minute  punctures  adjacent  to  propleura;  cephalo-dorsid 
angle  impressed.  Metunapleura  with  cephalo-dorsal  angle  finely  punctate 
and  setaceous;  ventral  half  with  small  reticulations,  limited  above  by  a  very 
narrow  strip  of  small  punctures;  this  latter  area  limited  above  by  irregular 
reticulations.  Truncature  slightly  concave,  with  irregular  sulxiuadrate 
r('ti(;ulations  and  dense  whitish  setae.  The  articulation  of  the  petiole  far 
cc'phalad  of  a  line  vertical  to  metacoxal  fossae.  Metasternal  processes  sligliily 
divergent  at  distal  entls.  J'osterior  coxa  rugose  above;  jjosterior  tibia  with 
aciculae  arranged  in  irregular  longitudinal  rows  among  the  numerous  smaller 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  33 

setae,  posterior  metatarsus  with  a  few  aciculae  on  outer  surface.  Inner 
posterior  tibial  spur  twice  as  long  as  outer,  one-half  as  long  as  posterior  meta- 
tarsus; posterior  metatarsus  not  as  long  as  remaining  tarsal  segments  together; 
tooth  of  claw  longer  and  stouter  than  apical  ray.  Wings  hyaline,  front  wings 
with  seven  closed  cells,  subdiscoidal  and  cubital  vein  in  distal  portion  of  front 
wing  not  chitinized  and  but  faintly  indicated. 

Petiole  about  twice  as  long  as  distance  from  point  of  articulation  to  ce[)halic 
margin  of  propodeum,  polished,  with  some  minute  punctures  and  light- 
colored  setae.  Abdomen  compressed,  polished,  first  four  segments  beyond 
petiole  with  whitish  setae  on  dorsal  portion,  remaining  segments  with  short 
setae  very  abundant  both  on  lateral  and  dorsal  jiortions. 

One  specimen,  the  holotype,  collected  July  15,  1919,  at  Igarape- 
Assu,  Brazil. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT,   SOC,    XLVIII. 


W.    M.    DAVIDSON  35 

NOTES  ON  CERTAIN  SPECIES  OF  MELANOSTOMA 

(DIPTERA;  SYRPHIDAEj' 

BY   W.    M.    DAVIDSON 

U.  S.  Bureau  of  Entomology,  Vienna,  Va. 

The  following  paper  is  an  attempt  to  deal  with  the  commonei 
North  American  species  of  Melanostoma  wherein  the  facial 
ground  color  is  obscured  by  whitish  pollen,  more  or  less  in  rii)ple- 
like  formation,  and  the  abdomen  is  banded  with  metallic  fasciae. 

The  writer  has  placed  Bigot's  M.  rostratum  as  a  variety  of  the 
common  obscurum  Say  of  the  Eastern  States.  From  the  de- 
scription M.  pictipes  Bigot  is  not  with  certainty  applicable  to 
any  species  known  to  him. 

Three  of  the  species,  stegnum  Say,  obscurum  Say  var.  rodralain 
and  chaetopoda  new  species  were  bred  from  the  ovum,  the  larvae 
feeding  on  aphids  and  transforming  much  in  the  same  manner 
as  contemporaneous  larvae  of  species  known  to  Ije  normally 
aphidophagous  (Eupeodes  valuer  is  Osten  Sacken,  Allograpta 
obliqua  Say,  etc.).  Whether  or  not  Melanostotna  larvae  are  nor- 
mally aphidophagous  appears  still  in  doubt;  it  is  certain  that 
field  collections  of  larvae  associated  with  aphids  are  very  rare, 
when  the  abundance  of  the  adult  flies  is  taken  into  consideration. 

In  the  laboratory,  however,  the  larvae  are  easily  reared  on  an 
aphid  diet,  while  gravid  females,  collected  in  the  field,  deposit 
ova  in  cages  about  as  readily  as  species  of  Syrphus,  Eupeodes  or 
Allograpta. 

Acknowledgment  is  due  to  IVIr.  C.  Howard  Curran,  Vineland, 
Ontario,  for  the  type  material  of  Melanostoma  Ontario  new  species 
for  other  material  used  in  the  preparation  of  this  paper,  and  also 
for  helpful  suggestions. 

Melanostoma  chaetopoda  new  species      (Text-fig.  A.) 

Male.  Antennae  oval,  third  joint  twice  as  long  as  wide;  brownish  black, 
lighter  below;  arista  black.  Vertex  and  frontal  triang'e  shining  bluish-ljlac-k; 
pile  black,  of  moderate  length.  Face  with  whitish  punctate  pollen,  a  median 
shining  black  stripe  not  reaching  the  antennae,  facial  pile  white;  breadth 

'  Published  with  the  permission  of  the  Secretary  cf  Agriculture. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


36  NOTES    ON    MELANOSTOMA    (dIPTERA;    SYRPHIDAE) 

of  the  face  between  the  eyes  below  greater  than  the  distance  between  the 
antennae  and  the  mouth  edge.  Cheeks  shining  bhick,  gray  poHinose,  white 
pilose;  profile  of  face  almost  perpendicular  below  antennae,  receding  below 
the  obtuse  facial  knob.  Eyes  red,  bare.  Occiput  silvery  pollinose,  pile  white 
beneath,  dark  above. 

Thorax  and  scutellum  shining  bluish-black,  pile  light  gray;  at  apex  of  scutel- 
lum  a  few  longer  blackish  hairs.  Wings  exceeding  abdomen  in  length,  hyaline, 
stigma  light  amber.  Halteres  dull  grayish  white.  Tegulae  dull  white,  fringe 
fulvous.  Legs  black,  knees  yellow,  front  and  middle  tibiae  and  tarsi  testace- 
ous; front  tibiae  with  a  row  of  six  long  and  rather  stout  black  bristles,  middle 
til)iae  with  four  similar,  but  slenderer  bristles;  pile  elsewhere  on  legs  mostly 
whitish;  pile  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax  white. 

First  segment  of  the  abdomen  shining  bronze.  Second  segment  opaque 
black,  on  each  side  at  the  margin  an  elongate  shining  spot.  Third  segment 
opaque  black,  two  narrowly  interrupted  rhomboidal  shining  bronze  spots, 
extending  from  the  anterior  margins  two-thirds  of  the  length  of  the  segment. 
Fourth  segment  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  bronze  spots  do  not  extend 
beyond  the  middle  of  the  segment  and  the  posterior  border  is  narrowly  shining 
bronze.  Fifth  segment  and  venter  shining  bronze.  Hyj^opygium  shining 
black.     Aljdominal  pile  white. 

Length,  7  to  S.5  mm. 


Text-figures.  A. — Melanodoina  chactopoda  new  species;  i)roIile  of  li(>ad  of 
female  (outline).  B — Mdanostoma  ohacurum  var.  rostratuin  Bigot;  profile  of 
head  of  male  (outline).  C — Mdanodoum  onlnrio  new  species;  profile  of  head 
of  male   (outline). 

This  species  may  l)e  i-ecofijiiized  hy  Hie  hroad  face  which  re- 
cedes l)elow  and  is  almost  ])ej'])eiHhculur  in  ])r()fde,  liy  the  hhick 
facial  stripe  and  by  the  thickened  bi'istles  of  tlu;  front  tibiae. 

Described  from  six  specimens  collected  in  tlu^  vicinity  of 
Aihambra,  California,  and  from  two  individuals  reared  from  the 
egg  at  Aihambra,  1919  and  1920. 

Female.  Antennae  oval,  brownish  black,  distal  joint  at  l)ase  below  .yellow- 
ish red.  Vertex  shining  black  with  black  j)ile.  Face  with  whitish  punctate 
pollen  below  antennae,  a  shining  ]ila(;k  median  strijjc  not  reaching  the  anten- 
nae Cheeks  shining  black,  grayish  ])()]iiiiose,  while  i)ilose.    In  i)rofile  the  face 


W.    M.    DAVIDSON  37 

is  .slightly  concave  below  the  antennae,  the  facial  knob  protrudes  beyond  the 
antennaltubercle,  below  the  knob  the  face  recedes.  Eyes  bare.  Occiput  sil- 
very pollinose,  white  i)ilo.se. 

Thorax  and  scutellum  shining  bluish-black,  pik;  white.  Wings  exf-cHnhag  the 
abdomen,  hyaline,  stigma  light  amber.  Halteres  pale  }a>llow.  Tegulae  whit(!. 
Legs  testaceous,  femora  except  apices  black;  hind  libiac  with  an  obscure  dark 
brown  ring  at  apical  third;  pile  of  legs  whitish. 

First  abdominal  segment  shining  metallic  g7"cen.  Second  segment  shiin'iig 
metallic  green,  posterior  border  and  a  median  emarginated  i)roj(>ction  opatiue 
black.  'I'liird  segment  similar  to  preceding,  excejit  that  the  shining  emargi- 
natioii  is  narrower  and  reaches  deeply  into  the  opaciue  jjortion.  Fourtli 
segment  shining  metallic  green,  with  two  oblique  opaque  black  sjiots  which 
touch  the  margin  at  the  posterior  angles  of  the  segment,  and  do  not  (juitc; 
reach  llie  middle  of  the  segment  at  tlunr  anterior  ends.  Fifthsegmentshining 
metallic  green.  The  opaque  bands  of  the  second  and  third  segments  narrowly 
reach  the  lateral  margins  and  in  the  middle  reach  be3'ond  the  middle  of  the 
segment.    Pile  of  abdomen  white. 

Length,  6.5  to  S  mm. 

Descril)C(l  from  ten  specimons  collected  in  the  vicinity  of 
Alhiunbra,  California,  and  from  one  s])eci(nen  reared  from  the 
ess  iit  Alhambra,   1920. 

Holotype  (male)  and  allotype  (femakO  in  the  U.  S.  National 
Musemn. 

The  female^  may  be  recognized  from  that  of  other  species  treat- 
ed in  this  paper  l)y  the  greenish  abdominal  l)an(ls  and  pimctate 
facial  pollen;  from  M.  stegnum  1)}^  the  longer  facial  stripe. 

In  general  this  species  approaches  M.  f^fcgninti  more  nearly 
than  any  of  the  others.  Both  have  punctate  pollen  on  the  face 
and  the  black  hairs  of  the  fore  til)iac  are  thickened.  In  stegnum 
the  shining  alxlominal  spots  are  greeenish  or  greenish-gray  in 
l)oth  sexes,  in  chactopoda  those  of  i\w  male  are  distinctly  bronze. 
That  the  two  sexes  above  described  under  this  name  belong  to- 
gether has  been  proved  bj-  l)reeding  exi)eriments. 

Melanostoma  Ontario  new  species    (Text-fig.  C) 

IVLale.  Antennae  brownish  black;  third  joint  oval,  twice  as  long  as  wide, 
yellowish  at  the  base  below;  arista  bare,  black.  Vertex  black,  black  jjilose. 
Frontal  triangle  black,  obscurely  shining;  pile  black,  of  moderate  length.  Face 
whitish  jiollinose,  in  obscure  ripple-like  formation;  in  the  middle  a  bare  shin- 
jug  bluish  stripe  not  reaching  base  of  antennae.  Profile  below  antennae 
shal'owly  excavated,  the  facial  tubercle  protruding  slightly  beyond  the  anten- 
nal;  below  this  concave,  the  epistoma  protruding  eciually  witli  the  facial 
tubercle;  thus  the  face  is  perpendicular  in  profile.  Cheeks  shining  bhush  with 
scant  white  jwllen,  white  pilose.  Eyes  red,  bare.  Occiput  silver}'  pcjlinose; 
pile  bi>low  white,  above  fuscous. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVTII. 


38  NOTES    ON   MELANOSTOMA    (dIPTERA;    SYRPHIDAE) 

Thorax  and  scutcllum  shining  bhiish-gray,  pile  fulvous;  scutellum  with  a 
border  of  longer  fuscous  hairs;  pleura  white  jmIosc.  Halteres  gray.  Tegulae 
white,  fringe  fulvous.  Wings  exceeding  the  body  in  length,  hyaline,  stigma 
dilute  yellow.  Legs  testaceous,  femora  black  except  at  apices;  front  and 
middle  tibiae  with  a  narrow  fuscous  ring,  hind  tibiae  with  a  broader  black  ring; 
tarsi  except  the  basal  joint  of  four  anterior  legs  fuscous;  all  the  tibiae  with  a 
row  of  long  slender  black  hairs,  pile  on  legs  elsewhere  mostly  white. 

First  abdominal  segment  shining  bronze  black.  Second  segment  opaque 
black,  on  each  side  with  an  elongate  shining  greenish-gray  spot;  this  spot  is 
produced  along  the  anterior  borders  and  again  at  the  middle  of  the  segment, 
and  is  narrowly  separated  from  the  posterior  border.  Third  segment  opaque 
black,  with  two  triangular  shining  greenish-gray  spots  extending  along  the 
anterior  border  and  reaching  along  the  sides  two-thirtls  the  length  of  the  seg- 
ment; an  indefinite  narrow  shining  stripe  runs  down  the  middle  of  the  seg- 
ment. Fourth  segment  shining  greenish-gray;  on  the  posterior  half  two 
slightly  oblique  opaque  black  spots,  narrowly  separated  in  the  midtUe  and 
narrowly  cut  off  from  the  posterior  border  of  the  segment;  these  spots 
touch  the  lateral  margin  just  anterior  to  the  posterior  angles.  Fifth  segment 
shining  greenish-gray.  Hypopygium  shining  black,  jmIc  of  abdomen  white, 
on  opaque  portions  black  and  whit(>  intermixed. 

Length,  7.1  mm. 

Descril^ed  from  two  individuals  collected  in  Ontario,  Canada, 
(C.  H.  Curran),  in  19L3. 

Female.  Antennae  brownish-black;  third  joint  yellow  below,  oval,  twic(> 
as  long  as  wide;  ar-sta  fuscous.  Vertex  shining  black,  pile  black.  Face  witli 
obscure  ripple-like  whitish  pollen,  which  extends  "upward  on  the  side  to  the 
vertex;  in  the  middle  a  black  shining  stripe  not  reaching  the  antennae;  iiile 
of  the  face  white.  Cheeks  shining  black,  with  scant  grayish-white  pollen,  white 
pilose.  In  profile  the  face  is  shallowly  excavated  below  the  antennae,  the 
facial  tubercle  slightly  protruding  beyond  the  antennal  tubercle;  below  the 
facial  tubercle  the  face  recedes.  Eyes  bare.  Occiput  while  jiollinose,  white 
pilose. 

Thorax  and  scutellum  shining  bluish-gray,  pile  light  yellow;  on  the  bonlei- 
of  the  scutellum  two  longer  pale  hairs.  Wings  exceeding  the  abdomen  in 
length,  stigma  dilute  yellow.  Halteres  dull  yellow.  T(;gulae  white,  fringe 
fulvous.  Legs  testaceous,  basal  half  of  front  and  middle  femora,  basal  two- 
thirds  of  hind  femora,  black;  hind  tibiae  fuscous;  hind  tarsus  and  last  two 
joints  of  four  anterior  tarsi  black. 

First  abdominal  segment  shiiu'ng  black.  Second  segment  opaciue  black 
with  two  triangular  shining  bronze  spots,  broadly  sei)arate(l,  reaching  behind 
almost  to  the  posterior  angle  of  the  segment.  Tliiid  segment  ojiaque  l)lack, 
with  an  anterior  shining  bronze  fascia,  wliicli  is  |)rodiic(Ml  lit  crnlly  almost  to 
the  j)osterior  angle  of  the  segment.  Fourtli  scguiciit  shining  bluish  gray,  in 
front  with  two  triangular  bi'onze  spots;  on  the  postciinr  half  of  the  segment 
two  slightly  ()l)li(|U('  o|ia(|ue  black  spots  narrowly  scpaialcd  and  joining  the 


W.    M.    DAVIDSON  39 

margin  of  the  segment  briefly'  at  the  posterior  angles.   Fifth  segment  shining 
gray;  on  the  second  and  third  segments  there  is  a  narrow  shining  median  stri])e. 
Pile  white,  on  opaque  portions  black  and  wliite  intermixed. 
Length,  6.7.5  mm. 

One  specimen,  Canada  wliicli  apparently  lielongs  with  the 
two  males. 

Ho](jtype  (male)  and  allotype  (female)  in  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

This  species  chffers  from  M.  ubscurum  and  il/.  nhscurmn  var. 
rostratum  in  the  fact  that  the  head  is  not  produced  below  beak- 
like: from  M.  chaclopodd  in  the  abdominal  s]:)ots  of  the  female 
being  distinctly'  Ijronze,  and  not  greenish,  and  in  the  pollen  of  the 
face  of  l)oth  sexes  l)eing  non-punctate. 

Melanostoma  obscurum  Say,  varietj-  rostratum  Bigot     (Text-fig.  B.) 

Male.  Antennae  brownish-black;  joint  three  oval,  twice  as  long  as  broad, 
yellow  below  at  the  base,  sometimes  the  whole  underside  3'ellowish;  arista 
black,  bare.  Vertical  triangle  bluish-black,  black  pilose.  Frontal  triangle  bluish- 
l)lack,  obscurely  shining,  black  pilose.  Face  grajnsh  pollinose  in  indistinct 
ripple-like  formation,  a  median  rather  narrow  shining  bluish-black  stripe  not 
reaching  the  antennae;  facial  pile  black  above,  white  below.  Cheeks  shining 
black  with  scant  whitish  pollen  and  white  pile;  facial  tubercle  protruding 
considerably  beyond  antennal  tubercle,  the  epistoma  protruding  Ijcj^ond  the 
facial  tubercle;  giving  the  face  in  })rofile  a  rostrate  appearance;  below  the 
antennae  gently  concave.  Eyes  red,  bare,  contiguous,  ten  facets.  Occi])ut 
white  pollinose,  pile  white  below,  fuscous  above. 

Thorax  and  scutellum  bluish-graj',  shining;  pile  fulvous,  scutellar  pile  long, 
black  and  fulvous  mi.xed;  on  the  humeri  a  tuft  of  black  hairs.  Wings  equal  to 
or  exceeding  the  body  length,  hyaline.  Halteres  dull  graj'.  Tegulae  white, 
fringe  fulvous.  Legs  black,  apical  third  of  four  anterior  femora  testaceous; 
iiind  knees  yellow;  anterior  tibiae  except  a  broad  ring  near  the  apex,  whole 
of  midtlle  tibiae,  base  and  apex  of  hind  tibiae,  basal  joints  of  all  tarsi,  testace- 
ous; hind  metatarsi  slightly  incrassate;  pile  of  legs  mosth'  light;  all  tibiae  with 
a  row  of  about  eight  long  slender  black  hairs. 

First  abdominal  segment  shining  bluish-graj'.  Second  segment  oi)a(jue 
black  along  the  side  with  a  shining  silvery-gray  spot,  which  is  produced  along 
the  anterior  border,  again  at  the  middle  of  the  segment,  and  reaches  along  the 
sides  three-quarters  the  length  of  the  segment.  Third  segment  opaque  black, 
with  two  shining  bronze  trigonal  spots;  these  spots  reach  on  the  lateral  mar- 
gins tw^o-thirds  the  length  of  the  segment;  second  and  third  segments  also 
with  a  narrow  median  shining  strij)e.  Fourth  segment  shining  bronze,  on  its 
posterior  half  with  two  narrowlj'  separated  slightly  obliciue  opaque  t)lack  spots, 
which  reach  the  margin  of  the  segment  just  before  the  jwsterior  angle.  Fifth 
s(>gmenl  shining  bronze.  Hypojjygium  shining  black.  Venter  shining  ])urplish- 
l)lack.  Pile  of  abdomen  white,  on  the  oi)a(iue  areas  short  black  and  white 
uitermixed.  Sides  of  the  abdomen  nearlj'  parallel. 
Length,  (j.o  to  9  mm. 

TR.\X.S.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


40  NOTES    ON    MELANOSTOMA    (dIPTERA;    SYRPIIIDAE) 

Descril^ocl  from  twenty  individuals  from  Alhaml)rft  and  B(M-k- 
eley,  California,  1919  and  1920. 

Female.  Antennae  brownish-blaek;  tliird  joint  oval,  twice  a.s  long  as  broad, 
yellowish  red  below;  arista  dark  brown,  bare.  Vertex  shining  bhiish-blaek, 
pile  black,  above  the  antennae  a  band  of  gray  pollen.  Face  on  the  sides  below 
grayish  i)ollinose  in  obscure  ri]i]^le-lik5  formation,  a  median  shining  bare 
stripe  not  reaching  the  antennae.  Cheeks  shining  gray  w^th  scant  whitish 
pollen  and  white  pile;  i)ile  of  the  face  white  below,  and  black  above,  the 
antennae.  In  profile  the  face  is  rostrate,  the  epistoma  projecting  beyond 
the  facial  tubercle  and  this  in  turn  projects  beyond  the  antennal  tubercle. 

Thorax  and  scutellum  shining  bluish-gray,  pile  white,  a  few  longer  black 
hairs  on  the  margin  of  the  scutellum.  Wings  project  slightly  beyond  the  body, 
hyaline;  stigma  light  amber.  Ilalteres  gray.  Tegulae  white,  fringe  fulvous. 
Legs  black,  apical  half  of  the  four  anterior  femora  reddish-brown,  hind  knees 
fuscous,  anterior  and  middle  tibiae  reddish-brown,  basal  joints  of  the  four 
anterior  tarsi  yellowish  brown;  base  and  ai)ex  of  hind  tibiae  fuscous;  pile  of 
the  legs  mostly  white. 

First  abdominal  segment  shining  grayish-black.  Second  segment  on  tlie 
sides  and  anterior  margins  shining  grayish-black,  posterior  margins  oi)a(iue 
black;  in  the  middle  of  the  segments  two  bronze  spots.  Third  segment  opacjue 
black,  with  two  shining  orange  colored  spots  narrowly  separated  from  the 
anterior  border.  Fourth  segment  shining  grayish  with  two  similar  orange 
spots  and  with  an  interrupted  ojiaque  black  band  on  the  jjosterior  half.  Fifth 
segment  shining  greenish-gray,  the  pile  of  the  abdomen  white,  on  the  o))aque 
areas  black  and  white  intermi.xed.  Abdomen  narrowly  oval,  widest  at  the  apex 
of  the  second  segment. 

Length,  6  to  8.5  mm. 

Described  from  twelve  individuals  collected  and  Ijretl  at 
Alhaml)ra,  California,  1919  and  1920. 

This  appears  to  be  the  form  described  by  Bigot  as  ilf .  rostra- 
tum~;  it  differs  from  typical  ohscurum  in  the  facial  stripe  being 
narrower,  the  thorax  more  of  a  bluish-black  instead  of  greenish- 
black,  the  scutellar  hairs  longer  and  more  black  on  the  disc  as 
well  as  at  the  edge. 

This  species  is  very  abundant  in  Southern  California  in  Spring. 

Melanostoma  trichopus  Thomson 

In  th(>  National  Museum  collection  are  several  specimens 
from  Alaska  which  have  been  identified  as  this  sjiecics.  In  the 
facial  characters,  including  rostrate  eiiisioma,  they  closely  re- 
seml)l(>  M.  ohscurum  Say  and  the  variety /v».s7/7///////  liigol.  The 
abdomen  of  the  male  is  narrower  than  in  these  tvvo  Hies,  while 

2  Bigot,  Ann.  Hoc.  Ent.  France,  1884,  p.  NO. 


W.    M.    DAVIDSON  41 

the  shining  spots  ave  (Ustinctlj''  gruy  and  not  bronze.  In  the 
female  these  spots  are  orange,  and  the;  abdomen  is  more  oval. 
Thomson  described  his  species  from  California. 

Key  to  the  Species  of  Melanostomn  described  or  mentioned  al)ove 

I 

Pollen  ot'faco  in  obscure  ripjjlcs,  im])uiicf  ;it(> 3 

Pollen  of  face  punctate 2 

2.  Face  with  a  shining  black  stripe,  vertical   chaetopoda  new  species 

Face   with   but   the  tubercle  shininji stegnum   Say 

3.  Profile  of  face  almost  perpendicular,  not  obviously  rostrate. 

Ontario  new  species 

Profile  of  face  rostrate,  the  epistoma  i)rojectino;  considerably  bej'ond  the 

facial  tubercle 4 

4.  Thorax  shining  sreenish-})lack,  the  facial  stripe  broad obscurum  Say 

Thorax  shining  bluish-black  or  bluish-gray,  facial  stripe  narrow. 

obscurum  Say,  var.  rostratum  Bigot 
II 

Facial    tubercle    alone    shining       stegnum    Say 

Vertical  shining  stripe  on  the  face,  but  not  reaching  the  antennae 2 

2.  Facial  profile  njstrate,   tlie  epistoma  jirojecting  considerably  i)eyond  the 

facial  tubercle  of  knob 3 

Facial  j)rofile  j)crjjendicular,  the  epistoma  not  iirojecting  beyond  Ihc  facial 
knob 4 

3.  Thorax  greenish-black,  facial  stripe  broad obscurum  Sa^- 

Thorax  bluish-black  or  bluish-graj',  facial  stripe  narrow. 

obscurum  Say,  var.  rostratum  Bigot 

4.  Facial  pollen  punctate chaetopoda  new  species 

Facial  pollen  in  obscure  rip))Ie-like  formations  and  iiiii)unctatc. 

Ontario  new  species 

Biological    Notes 

Melanostoma  stegnum  Sa}-     (PI.  I,  fig.  D.) 

A  gravid  female  was  collected  in  the  field  at  Alhambra,  Calif- 
ornia, on  March  11,  1920,  and  transferred  to  a  ehinniey  cage  en- 
closing a  young  broad  })ean  plant  infested  with  Aphis  rumicis 
Linnaeus.  The  fly  was  fed  with  sugar  water  and  died  March  20, 
after  having  deposited  ninety-seven  ova  on  the  foliage.  These 
ova  in  many  cases  were  ranked  side  ])y  side  or  end  to  (muI,  but 
a  few  were  laid  singly.  The  ovum  is  cylindrical,  elongat(>,  rather 
sharply  tapei-ing  at  each,  more  so  at  the  non-microiiylar  end; 
white,  not  chalky;  clioi'ion  sculjitured  with  regular  hexagonal 
markings,  small  and  not  elevated;  size  of  ovum  .88  nnn.  x  .32  mm. 

TliANS.    AM.    ENT.    .SOC,    XI.\  ni. 


42  NOTES    ON    MELANOSTOMA    (dIPTERA;    SYRPHIDAE) 

The  majority  of  the  eggs  laid  in  captivity  were  fertile  and 
eighty-eight  larvae  issued  after  an  average  incubation  period 
of  seven  and  one-half  days. 

The  newly-hatched  larva  is  pale  yellowish-white  and  unarmed. 
Just  previous  to  the  first  molt  the  general  appearance  is  grayish, 
the  integument  being  very  transparent  and  smooth.  The  shape 
of  the  larva  is  cylindrical.  Following  the  second  molt  the  color 
is  a  yellowish-brown  with  a  darker  dorsal  line,  the  internal 
tissues  plainly  visible  through  the  integment.  Each  body  seg- 
ment bears  a  transverse  row  of  short  pale  bristles.  The  full  grown 
larva  is  8.5  mm.  in  length  and  2.3  mm.  in  maximum  width;  vis- 
cera plainly  visible  through  the  hyaline  integument  giving  a 
general  color  of  grayish-brown.  Shape  sub-cylindrical,  slightly 
flattened  dorsally,  sides  shallowly  wrinkled  and  carinate,  each 
segment  armed  with  short  pale  spines;  anterior  spiracles  light 
brown;  posterior  respiratory  tubes  brown,  fused  for  their  entire 
length,  the  combined  width  twice  the  individual  length,  each 
tube  sub-cylindrical. 

In  the  insectary  ten  larvae  were  raised  on  a  diet  of  aphids, 
the  species  consumed  being  Myzus  rosarum  Walker,  Rhopal- 
osiphum  nervatum  Gillette,  Macrosiphuni  rosae  Linnaeus,  and 
M.  granarium  Kirby. 

These  larvae  transformed  after  a  larval  instar  averaging 
thirty-three  and  one-half  days,  the  expermental  period  running 
from  March  20  to  April  28.  Nine  of  these  subsequently  issued 
as  adult  flies  (five  males,  four  females)  after  a  pupal  instar 
averaging  sixteen  days. 

The  mature  flies  were  smaller  than  nearly  all  the  specimens  of 
stegnum.  that  the  writer  has  ever  collected  in  the  field,  and  this 
fact  suggests  that  the  larvae  of  this  species  are  not  normally 
aphidophagous,  or  that  these  larvae  were  not  sup])lietl  with 
their  normal  host  aphids.  In  California  as  far  as  \\w  writer 
recollects  the  species  of  Melanostoma  have  always  been  abundant 
in  spring,  but  on  only  one  occasion  has  he  taken  a  larva  in  1lu> 
field.  Theref()i-(>  it  would  appear  that  either  the  larvae  ni'e  not 
;iphid()])h!igous  or  thnt  normally  th(>y  f(HMl  at  night.  In  the 
insectiuy  at  Alhanibi'a  the  larvae  did  most  but  not  all  of  their 
feeding  at  night,  and  were  very  sluggish  in  the  daytime,  being 


W.    M.    DAVIDSON  43 

adept  at  concealing  tlie(ns(^lves  from  the  lit»;lit.  TIkmt  1)(>liavi()ur 
in  this  respect  was  very  (Hssimikir  to  that  of  tiic  larvae  of  other 
aphidophao'ous  species,  such  as  Catahomha  ]>yraMri  Linna(>us, 
Syrphuf;  nitcns  Zettcrstedt,  and  Eupeodes  volucrtH  Osten  Sacken, 
under  sinmltaneous  ol)servations.  This  fact  suggests  that  nor- 
mally McUinostouia  larvae  feed  at  night. 

The  ])ui)ai-ium  of  M.  xlegnuw  is  light  brown  in  general  apjx'ar- 
ance.  The  integument  becomes  slightly  more  opaque  with 
age,  but  is  never  more  than  semi-transpai'ent.  Tlie  an((M-ior 
end  is  nioderately  bulbous.  In  outline  the  dorsum  descends 
posttM'iorly  in  an  even  ai'ch  and  the  center  is  hardly  coucma'c. 
Length,  li  mm.,   maximum  height  and  width,  2  nun. 

Allowing  file  female  flies  a  pre-oviposition  pei'iod  of  five  days 
Ihe  life  cycle  of  M.  stcg/nnn  was  completed  in  two  months. 

Melanostoma  chaetopoda  new  species 

Two  gi'avid  females  were  collected  in  a  field  of  peas  infested 
with  MacroKiphum  pisi  Kalt.,  on  Novembei-  5,  1919,  transported 
to  the  laboratorj^  at  Alhambra  and  placed  in  small  wire  screen 
cages  enclosing  pea  plants  infested  with  this  ajihid.  The  flies 
were  fed  diluted  honey.  Both  died  on  November  7,  each  having 
deposited  one  egg.  These  eggs  hatched  in  eight  daj^s,  and  the 
i-esul1ant  larvae  were  placed  in  glass  vials  and  offered  a])hids. 
One  pupated  on  December  2  after  a  larval  instar  of  twenty-six 
days,  and  the  other  was  full  grown  on  Novemljer  29  and  remain- 
ed alive  without  pupating  until  January  9,  1920.  Both  lai'vae 
were  fed  Alacrosiphiim  pisi,  and  after  November-  23,  when  they 
cast  the  second  molt,  food  records  were  ke])t.  These  showed 
that  each  of  the  larvae  consumed  nineteen  a])hi(ls  in  the  fourth 
instai'.     On  January  2,  1920,  a  male  fly  e:aierged. 

]^etwe(-n  February  16  and  April  4,  1920,  seven  females  were 
collected  in  th(^  field,  transported  to  th(^  insectaiy  and  i)lacetl  in 
cag(^s  enclosing  plants  infested  with  a])hids.  Three  deposited 
res])ectively  four,  six  and  three  ova,  the  other  four  failing  to 
oviposit  and  were  possibly  sterile.  These  females  were  fed  with 
sugar  water  and  livcnl  in  the  cages  from  two  to  thirty  days.  Ten 
out  of  thirteen  ova  hatched  after  an  average  inculcation  stage  of 
five  and  one-half  days.  On  March  (i  three  larvae  issued;  from 
March  (3  to  12  these  were  fed  MacrosipliKni   pisi,   fi-om   March 

TKAN'S.    A.M.    ENT.    SOC,     XI.XIII. 


44  NOTES    ON    MELANOSTOMA    (dIPTERA;    SYRPIIIDAE) 

13  to  23  aphids  on  rose,  from  March  24  until  pupation  Myzns 
rosamm  Walker.  All  three  cast  the  second  molt  March  24  and 
thereafter  the  number  of  aphids  (Myzus  rosnrum  Walker,  all 
instars)  eaten  was  recorded.  One  larva  consumed  ninety  aphids 
between  March  24  and  April  1,  the  date  of  its  pupation;  a  second 
consumed  two  hundred  and  forty-seven  between  March  24 
and  April  4,  whcni  it  pupated;  the  third  died  on  April  1  aftei- 
having  eaten  seventy  aphids.  Subsequently  two  male  flies 
emerged  after  pupal  stages  of  eighteen  and  twenty  days  respect- 
ively. 

A  female  fly  emerged  April  22  after  larval  and  pupal  stages  of 
seventeen  and  eighteen  days  respectively.  This  larva  was  rais- 
ed on  Myzus  rosarum  Walker  and  no  incubation  record  was 
secured. 

The  egg  and  larval  stages  were  shorter  and  the  pujial  stage 
longer  than  the  corresponding  stages  of  M.  stegnum  Say.  The 
life  cycle  occupied  about  seven  weeks  in  the  insectary. 

The  egg  is  .9  mm.  long  by  .24  mm.  wide,  chalk  white;  elevat- 
ions of  the  chorion  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  in  shape  ir- 
regular.    Eggs  were  deposited  singly  and  not  ranked. 

The  newly-hatched  larva  measures  1.  mm.  x  .24  mm.,  and  is 
pale  yellow  with  the  integument  unarmed.  Prior  to  the  second 
molt  the  color  changes  to  and  remains  greenish-yellow  and  the 
integument  is  smooth.  At  the  time  of  the  second  molt  the  larva 
measures  about  4.8  mm.  x  1.4  mm.  After  this  molt  the  color 
is  light  green  with  a  dorso-median  white  stripe  on  the  anterior 
two-thirds  of  the  body.  Towards  the  end  of  the  instar  the  color 
becomes  light  brown  with  a  pinkish  suffusion.  The  posterior 
respiratory  tubes  are  fused  from  the  base  almost  to  the  apex; 
there  is  a  slight  constriction  in  the  middle;  the  spiracular  plates 
at  the  apices  of  the  tubes  are  remote,  l)rown,  the  spiracles  straight 
nari'ow  slits.  The  tubes  a]-(>  concoloi-ous  with  the  l)ody  color 
of  the  larva;  each  is  slightly  shorter  than  the  combined  basal 
width.  The  full  grown  larva  is  10  mm.  long,  sub-cylindrical, 
very  little  flattened  dorsally,  transversely  \vritd<Ied  and  armed 
with  few  short  pale  hairs. 

The  puparium  is  5.2  arm.  long,  2.2  mm.  wide,  and  2.1  mm. 
in  height.  Color  is  light  brown,  the  integument  shows  a  black 
dorsal  transverse  bar  at  the  anterior  end,  two  black  wavy  lines 


W.    M.    DAVIDSON  45 

on  the  sides,  a  narrow  black  dorso-median  stripe  on  the  caudal 
half  and  many  small  black  maculations  all  over.  The  anterior 
face  of  the  puparium  is  bulbous,  the  dorsum  evenly  arched,  the 
venter  gently  and  shallowly  concave.  The  l)ody  tapers  latei-ally 
on  thf  caudal  half. 
Melanostoma  obscurum,  variety  rostratum  Hip!;ot     (PI.  I.  fiK-  E.) 

Collections  of  adult  females  in  the  field,  their  transference  to 
insectary  cages  containing  plants  infested  with  aphids,  and  ol)- 
servations  on  the  habits  of  the  forms  were  made  as  follows: 
On  April  10.  1920,  a  female  fly  was  placed  in  a  cage  containing 
a  cabbage  plant  infested  with  the  aphid  Aphis  brassicae  Linnaeus. 
The  following  day  eighteen  ova  were  deposited  on  leaves  and  stem 
of  the  plant.  Seventeen  eggs  were  infertile,  the  single  fertile 
egg  hatching  on  April  19.  On  April  10  a  second  female  was 
placed  in  a  cage  enclosing  a  horse  bean  plant  infested  with  Aphis 
nirnicis  Linnaeus.  The  following  day  eighteen  ova  were  deposit- 
ed on  the  bean  leaves.  On  April  17  fifteen  eggs  hatched.  Both 
the  flies  died  within  two  days  of  their  capture.  Between  April 
10  and  13  one  male  and  six  female  flies  were  placed  in  a  cage 
containing  a  pea  plant  lightly  infested  with  the  aphid  Macro- 
siphum  pisi  Kalt.  Thirty-three  ova  were  oljtained,  and  twenty- 
eight  larvae  hatched  after  an  incubation  period  of  four  and  five 
days.     The  last  fly  died  eight  days  after  its  capture. 

The  egg  measures  .85  mm.  in  length  by  .36  mm.  in  width; 
elliptic  oval,  chalk  white.  The  elevations  of  the  chorion  are 
irregular  in  shape  and  size,  from  six  to  two  times  as  long  as  broad, 
the  long  axis  parallel  to  that  of  the  egg;  they  are  connected  by  the 
usual  fine  I'ldges  and  occupy  in  the  aggregate  considerably  more 
of  the  surface  of  the  egg  than  the  intervening  sunken  hyaline 
spaces  do.     The  eggs  were  laid  singly  and  not  ranked. 

The  newly-hatched  larva  is  cylindrical,  smooth,  and  yellow 
in  color. 

liecords  of  three  lai'vae  I'aised  on  an  a])hi(l  diet  in  vials  in  I  he 
insectary  at  Alhambra,  during  the  months  of  A])ril  and  May  1920, 
indicated  a  larval  stage  of  nineteen,  Iweniy,  twenty-tLree  days. 
A  fourth  larva  was  full  grown  in  thirty-one  days  after  hatching 
from  tlu>  egg  l)ut  failed  to  pupate.  Food  i-ecords  of  these  four 
larvae  were  made  daily  after  the  first  molt,  which  in  each  case 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIU. 


46  NOTES    ON    MELANOSTOMA    (dIPTERA;    SYRPHIDAE) 

• 

occurred  five  days  after  hatching.  One  larva  during  its  two 
final  instars  was  supplied  with  rose  aphids  Myzus  rosarum  and 
Rhopalosiphuiii  nervatum  (instars  iii  and  iv).  It  consumed  a 
total  of  two  hundred  and  seventy-eight  aphids  in  fifteen  days.  A 
second  supplied  with  the  same  aphids  (instars  iii,  iv,  v)  con- 
sumed two  hundred  and  eighty-two  aphids  in  seventeen  days.  A 
third  supplied  with  oak  aphids  Myzocallis  bellus  Walsh  and  M. 
alhamhra  Davidson  (instars  i  to  iv)  consumed  three  hundred 
and  forty-six  aphids  in  thirteen  days.  The  fourth  larva  which 
failed  to  pupate  was  supplied  with  similar  aphids  and  consumed 
two  hundred  and  nineteen  in  twenty  -five  days.  xVlthough  the  cast- 
ing of  the  second  molt  was  not  observed,  it  ai)pearcd,  from  the 
rate  of  feeding  of  the  larvae,  that  this  skin  was  cast  three  or 
four  days  after  the  first  molt  had  taken  place.  There  is  always 
a  notalile  increase  in  the  number  of  aphids  eaten  immediately 
following  a  molt  of  the  syrphid  larva.  During  the  last  three 
days  of  the  larval  stage  few  aphids  were  eaten. 

After  the  first  molt  the  larva  is  light  green,  on  the  medio- 
dorsum  a  white  interrupted  longitudinal  stripe  occurs.  The 
Cauda  is  truncate,  the  body  inconspicuously  armed  with  short 
pale  hairs  and  wrinkled  transversely.  The  dorsal  stripe  is 
doubl}^  interrupted  so  as  to  leave  a  diamond-shaped  whitish  spot. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  second  instar  the  general  color  turns 
brown  and  the  median  stripe  fades. 

In  th(i  third  instar  the  color  is  light  blown.  The  whitish 
dorsal  stripe  is  In-oken  up  to  form  a  series  of  diamond-shaped 
spots.     The  vestiture  is  scanty  and  short. 

The  full  grown  larva  is  aljout  10  mm.  long  and  2  nnn.  wide. 
The  ground  color  is  light  brown.  On  each  side  is  a  narrow 
longitudinal  dull  wliiU;  stri])e  and  down  tlu;  medio-dorsum  is 
an  interru])tcd  whitish  stripe,  the  interruptions  ctiusing  the 
fonnatiou  of  three  diamond  sliai)ed  spots.  The  body  is  trans- 
versely wrinkled  and  laterally  ("arinate.  The  vestiture^  consists 
of  scanty  short  pale  hairs.  The  posterior  respiratory  lubes 
are  light  brown,  fused  c'xce])t  at  their  a]Hces;  each  tube  as  broad 
at  the  base  as  it  is  long.  The  spiracular  plates  are  remote, 
dark  brown,  each  bearing  three  straight  slit-like  spiracles. 

Th(;  pupariuu)  measures  5.8  mm.  x  2.7  nnn.  X  2.4  nmi.,  light 
bi'own  in  coloi-,  ])al("r  on  doi'sum  and  sides;  dorsum  arcuate,  more 


W.  M.  DAVIDSON  47 

abruptly  so  on  the  anterior  end,  behind  descending  in  an 
even  curve  to  the  cauda;  venter  gently  concave;  body  narrowing 
caudad  so  that  at  the  base  of  the  posterior  respiratory  tubes  its 
width  is  half  that  at  the  widest  part-anterior  third. 

In  Mfiy  1920  three  individuals  passed  the  pupal  stage  respect- 
ively in  sixteen,  sixteen,  seventeen  days. 

The  cycle,  egg  to  adult,  occupied  about  forty-two  days  for 
this  species.  This  cycle  is  about  as  long  as  that  of  M.  chaetopoda 
but  shorter  than  that  of  M.  stegnuin  Say. 

The  cjuestion  as  to  whether  the  larvae  of  IMelanostotnae  are 
normally  entomophagous  has  been  referred  to  above.  Prof.  C. 
L.  Metcalf  found  that  in  Maine  those  of  Melanostoma  mellinum 
Linnaeus  readily  ate  the  aphids  Mrjzus  persicae  Sulzcr  and  Aphis 
cornijoliae  Fitch,  but  refused  several  other  species"'.  ]\Ir.  C. 
Howard  Curran  in  a  letter  to  the  writer  stated  that  in  Ontario 
he  found  that  the  larvae  of  M.  obscurum  Say  consumed  both 
aphids  and  decomposing  chickweed,  and  that  they  were  more 
successful  on  the  latter  diet.  In  this  connection  it  can  be  said 
that  from  the  writer's  observation  the  young  larvae  of  the  well- 
known  aphidophagous  syrphid  Allograpta  obliqua  Say,  are  alile 
to  sustain  themselves  at  least  through  the  first  few  days  of  their 
larval  life  on  ]ilant  food.  In  the  cages  at  Alhambra  there?  was 
no  decomposing  plant  matter  and  the  female  Mclanosto)na 
flies  deposited  all  their  eggs  on  the  plants,  indicating  some  at- 
traction to  the  aphids  or  to  the  healthy  plants.  While  the  in- 
dividuals of  M.  stegnum  raised  on  a  diet  of  aphids  Ijccame  uiuKm-- 
sized  imagines,  those  of  the  other  two  species  bccime  normal 
adults.  It  is  possil:)le  that  several  of  the  species  of  Melanostoma 
are  both  ])hytophagous  and  entomophagous  in  tlie  larval  stag(% 
and  even  that  these  are  inidergoing  a  transition  in  hal)i1,  chang- 
ing from  plant-  to  insect-feeders.  The  nocturnal  hal)it  of  teed- 
ing  and  desiie  for  concealment  suggests  that  it  may  not  have  been 
so  long  ago  that  the  larvae  normallN'  lived  in  obscurity  inside 
plants,  or  in  the  open  in  darker  situations  than  growing  i)lan(s 
normally  afford. 

Explanation  of  Plate  I 

Fig.  D. — E{>;gs  of  Mdnnodnnxi  slcgnuin  Willi.ston  on  I)c;in  leaf.  Photn- 
graph  taken  at  Alhaml)ra,  California,  March  '20,  1920. 

Fig.  E. — Melanosloina  obscurum  Say,  var.  ro.slrahau  I5i!j;<)l.  I'lill  giown 
larvae.     Photograph  taken  at  Alluunhra,  California,  Ajiril  27,  l',)20. 

3JMe.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta..  Bull.  253,  "Syrphidae  of  Maine." 

TRANS.   AM.   ENT.   SOC,   XLVIH. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  49 


NEW  GENERA  AND  SPECIES   ON    MELANOPLI  FOUND 

WITHIN   THE   UNITED   STATES  AND   CANADA 

(ORTHOPTERA;    ACRIDIDAE) 

BY  MORGAN  HEBARD 

Part  IV 

Over  a.  year  ago,  the  third  part  of  the  present  series  of  papers 
appeared.'  Since  that  time  our  study  of  the  North  American 
MeUmoph  has  made  some  progress,  the  manuscript  having  })een 
l)repared  as  far  as  the  genus  Acoloplus.  Press  of  work  on  exotic 
material  has  proliibited  a  more  rapid  advance,  however,  and  for 
iliis  reason  we  beheve  it  best  to  describe,  at  the  present  time, 
the  four  additional  new  species  and  two  geographic  races  which 
have  been  encountered. 

Among  these  the  distinctive  Bradytiotes  c/u7co///;ac  is  of  partic- 
ular interest.  Added  to  the  very  large  series  of  specimens 
availaV:)le  for  study,  the  valua])le  information  on  this  insect 
furnished  by  Mr.  E.  H.  Buckell  requires  our  very  cordial  thanks 
to  that  gentleman  for  such  kind  and  thorough  cooperation. 

The  discovery,  by  Dr.  Witmer  Stone,  of  another  species  of 
Melanoplus  in  the  isolated  Canadian  Zone  of  the  Chiricahua 
Mountains  of  Arizona,  shows  again  the  necessity  for  further 
careful  work  in  such  environment  on  all  of  the  higher  ranges 
of  the  Southwest. 

A  total  of  five  hundred  and  seventy-thrcH'  specimens  are  her(> 
recorded.  In  the  present  series  of  papers  to  date,  a  total  of  two 
genera,  thirty-eight  species  and  six  geogra[)hic  races  have  been 
described. 

As  is  our  custom,  the  location  of  all  the  material  is  indicated 
excepting  that  collected  by  Rehn  and  He])ard.     This  material 
is  at  present  all  in  the  Philad('li)hia  Collections. 
Agroecotettix  modestus  aristus  new  subspecies  (Plate  II,  figs.  1,  2  and  3.) 

Comi)ared  with  the  female  type  of  A.  modeslus  modestus 
Bruner,     described     from     Lerdo,    Durango,    Mexico,    females 

1  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  8oc.,  m.vi,  j)]).  3.55  to  403,  (1020). 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


50  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERa) 

assigned  to  the  present  geographic  race  arc  distinguishal)lc  l)y 
their  more  robust  form,  with  i)ronotum  presenting  a  shghtly 
more  swollen  appearance  and  less  definition  between  the  disk 
and  lateral  loljes,  much  broader  tegmina,  which  are  attingent, 
and  caudal  tibial  coloration,  these  members  being  bright  red 
distad. 

Males  of  the  present  race  are  similar  to  the  females  except 
as  described  below,  the  deeply  forked  ccrci  being  distinctive. 
In  general  form  they  are  more  nearly  comparal)le  to  males  of 
PhauJotettix  compressus  (Scudder),  than  to  those  of  the  species 
of  other  North  American  genera  of  the  Melanopli.  From  the  latter 
they  differ  in  the  more  flattened  frontal  costa,  more  inflated 
pronotum,  with  transverse  sulci  more  decided  and  caudal  margin 
feebly  but  distinctly  convex,  much  broader  and  nearly  attingent 
tegmina,  small  blunted  and  well  separated  furcida,  much  broader 
supra-anal  plate,  furcate  cerci,  prominent  pallium,  shallower 
and  dift'erently  shaped  subgenital  i^late  and  distinctive  color- 
ation. 

Type.—  d';  Uvalde,  Uvalde  County,  Texas.  Elevation,  1000 
to  1100  feet.  August  21,  1912.  (Rehn  and  Hebard.)  [Hebard 
Collection,  Type  no.  749.] 

Size  medium  large;  form  robust,  when  compared  with  species  of  nearest 
afhnity.  Head  large,  eyes  large  and  jirominent,  the  greatest  width  across 
the  eyes  approximating  the  greatest  ])ronotal  breadth.  Vertex  much  as  in 
Phaulotettix,  slightly  produced  and  bluntly  rounded,  its  dorsal  surface  moder- 
ately concave  particularly  between  the  eyes,  where  delicate  convex  lateral 
carinae  are  distinct  and  approximate.  Frontal  costa  broad  and  flat,  showing 
weak  depression  about  the  median  ocellus,  below  that  point  gradually  dis- 
appearing into  the  face. 

Pronotum  with  dorsal  and  lateral  ))ortions  of  prozona  smooth,  l)ut  with  a 
few  impressed  punctae  laterad  and  somewhat  inflated  between  the  decided 
transverse  sulci,  which  sever  the  medio-longitudinal  carina,  this  carina  distinct 
except  between  the  transverse  sulci,  when>  it  is  very  weak.-  Pronotal  lateral 
carinae,  which  are  subobsolete  through  the  lateral  margins  of  (he  disk,  are 
apparent  on  the  prozona,  due  to  the  color  pattern;  metazona  impresso-punc- 
tulate,  the  caudal  margin  of  the  disk  weakly  but  distinctly  convc^x.  l^-gmin-i 
very  Ijroad  oval,  extending  slightly  beyond  caudal  margin  of  iiictaiiotuin, 
separated  by  a  very  slight  interval.  Minute,  very  elongate  oval,  vestigial 
wings  ])resent,  concealed  by  the  tegmina.  Large,  ojuni  tymv)ana  covered  by 
the  tegmina. 

''Apparently  variable  in  (his  portion,  as  it  is  subobsolete  to  distinct  in  (lie 
large  scries  before  us  of  i\w  Trans-Pecos  Texan  race  (A.  m.  crypsidomus)  of 
the  species. 


MORGAN    IIEBARD  51 

Distal  portion  of  abdomen  distinctly,  though  not  decidcMlly,  enlargod.  Fur- 
riila  represented  by  two  broad  and  well  sei)arated,  very  brief  eonvexities, 
which  extend  very  slightly  beyond  the  margin  of  the  tergite.  Siipra-anal 
plate  with  length  about  equal  to  width,  broadly  rotundato-triangular,  latL'ral 
portions  broadly  and  weakly  concave,  with  a  minute  node  mesad;  median 
])ortion  weakly  elevated  and  rather  broadly  and  weakly  concave.  Cercus 
over  four  times  as  long  as  its  proximal  width,  bifurcate  at  end  of  i)roximal 
three-fifths,  i)roximal  portion  narrowest  at  its  median  point  (where  it  is  alwut 
one-third  as  broad  as  long)  due  to  the  concavity  of  the  tlorsal  margin,  ventral 
margin  straight  throughout,  except  that  feeble  convexity  is  indicated  proximad; 
internal  section  of  distal  portion  produced  in  a  straight,  flattened  finger,  sub- 
(M|ual  in  width,  about  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  with  greatest  thickness 
vertical  and  apex  rounded,  this  finger  directed  meso-caudad;  external  section 
of  distal  portion  jjroduced  in  a  straight  slender  spike,  with  apex  very  narrow- 
ly rounded,  longer  than  internal  section  and  directed  caudad,  so  that  the  axes 
of  these  portions  form  an  angle  of  something  less  than  ninety  degrees. 

Subgenital  plate  with  depth  about  one-half  length  of  the  free  margin,  that 
margin  weakly  concave  laterad  and  feeblj'  angulato-convex  mesad.  Pro- 
sternal  spine  rather  sharply  conical,  showing  a  weak  flexure  cephalad.  Inter- 
space between  mesosternal  lobes  nearly  twice  as  long  as  wide.  Cephalic 
and  median  femora  heavy,  inflated  and  bowed.  Caudal  femora  rather  short 
and  very  robust,  though  proportionately  not  as  short  and  robust  as  in  Phaiil- 
nkttix  comprcssus.  Caudal  tibiae  with  eight  to  ten  sj)ines.  Caudal  tarsus 
distinctly  less  than  half  as  long  as  caudal  tibia. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type.  [Hel^ard  Collection.] 
.\grees  closely  with  male  in  coloration  and  relative  proportions;  ditT(!ring 
in  the  following  features.  Size  larger,  form  moderately  stouter.  Vertex  pro- 
lK)rtionately  slightly  broader.  Tegmina  proportionately  broader,  attingent. 
Genitalia  normal,  the  ovipositor  valves  stout,  with  denticulations  of  dorsal 
margin  of  dorsal  pair  blunt,  heavy  and  irregular  and  with  the  stout  apices  acute 
and  well  curved.  Inters[)a(;e  between  mesosternal  lobes  about  one  and  one- 
lialf  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Measurements  {in  niillinieters) 

Length  Lcngtli      Widtli      lA'iintli      Width      Length 

_7I  of  of  of  of  of  of 

l)0(ly               pro-           pro-  tefiiiK'ti  tc^nu'ii  caudal 

iiotum       notuin  fumur 

I'valde,  Texas,  <//pc 21.7             o.;^  4.9  4               .'i  12.2 

Uvalde,  Texa.s,/wrf%pes. 21. 7-23.3    r).()-r).S  5.1-5.2  3.8-4  3-3.2  12.S-13 

Laredo,    Texas 22.3             5.S  5.2  4             3.S  12.<) 

9 

Uvalde,  Texas,   allotijpe  .31.2  7.S             7  4.S  4.0  l(i 

Uvalde,  Texas, /xim/y/X!S. 30.3-30  7.3-7.3  ().7-G.S  5-4.3  4.2-4.2  15.S-15.3 

Laredo,  Te.xas 28  G.8            6  4.8  4.3  14.2 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


52  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLl    (oRTHOPTERA) 

111  the  present  series  the  width  of  the  eaudal  femur  is;  cf ,  4  to  4.  1 ;  9  ,  4.  8 
to  5  mm.  The  tegmina  slightly  overlap  in  the  Laredo  male,  in  the  others  the 
interval  between  these  organs  is  .25  to  .35  mm. 

Larger  series  are  needed  to  determine  whether  the  tegminal  differences, 
which  appear  to  aid  in  separating  the  races  of  this  sjjccies,  are  constant  in  this 
race  and  Jiiodistus  modestus. 

General  color  ochraceous-buff  (individually  tinged  with  ochraceous-tawny, 
varying  to  yellow-ocher),  with  a  conspicuous  round  spot  of  ochraceous-buff 
hit(!rad  near  base  of  tegmina.  Head  marked  with  blackish  as  follows:  medio- 
longitudinally  on  the  dorsal  surface  in  a  band  which  is  divided  by  a  pale  line 
caudtul,  with  a  postocular  streak,  flecks  on  the  genae  and  with  a  transverse 
band  on  each  side  beneath  the  antcnnal  sockets  terminating  at  the  margins 
of  the  frontal  costa.  Pronotum  with  medio-longitudinal  band  continued  on 
prozona,  there  dividing  and  then  converging  and  forming  a  very  narrow  oval, 
thence  quickly  becoming  obsolete  on  the  metazona;  medio-longitudinal  carina, 
sulci  and  prozonal  portion  of  lateral  lobes  pictured  with  blackish,  the  sutures 
of  the  pleura  and  periphery  of  the  pale  spot  also  blackish.  Tegmina  with 
tlie  multitude  of  minute  veins  ochraceous-tawny,  the  minute  interstices 
mummy-brown.  Abdomen  with  proximal  tergites  irregularly  suffused  with 
blackish  meso-laterad.  Ventral  surface  paler,  usually  tinged  with  yellow- 
ocher,  sutures  of  abdoniinal  stcrnites  black,  male  subgenital  [)late  with  a 
median  fleck  of  black.  Cephalic  and  median  limbs  inniiaculate,  of  the  gen- 
eral (;oloration.  Caudal  femora  with  two  heavy  transverse  bands  and  a 
ilorso-proxiinal  suffusion  of  blackish,  the  first  (median)  band  becoming  ob- 
li(^ue  on  the  external  joagina,  ventral  margin  of  external  pagina  with  a  few 
heavy  black  flecks,  genicular  areas  black  laterad  except  for  entire  area  of 
genicular  lobes  which  is  yellow-ocher;  internal  face  of  caudal  femora  antimcmy 
yellow,  tinged  with  coral-red  ventro-proximad  and  crossed  by  the  more  distal 
of  black  bands.  Caudal  tibiae  of  general  coloration  proximad,  with  a  black- 
ish ring  at  end  of  swollen  i)ortion,  and  with  flecks  of  blackish  or  suffused  with 
that  color  at  end  of  proximal  third,  remaining  two-thirds  bright  coral-red, 
si)ines  and  sjiurs  buffy  tipped  with  black,  except  proximo-internal  s])ines 
which  are  wholly  black. 

Sjjccniuns  Examined:  8;  4  males  and  4  females. 

Texas:  Uvalde,  Uvalde  County,  1000  to  1100  feet,  VIII,  21,  1912,  (R.  and 
IL),  3  cf,  3  9,  type,  allotype,  paratypcs.  Laredo,  Webb  County,  550  fi'et. 
VIII,  12,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  1   d^,  1    9 . 

Like  Hhabdok'ttix,  this  species  is  thaniiiopliilous  and  usually 
found  in  llioiii  bushes,  l)ul  it  is  also  frefiiunitl}^  encouiitcred  in 
other  ve}z;el  at  ion  alTording  security.  I'lu;  c();(n])ai'ative  scarcity 
of  the  ]>resent  I'ace,  in  the  small  ])()iiion  of  the  Uni((>d  States  in 
wliicji  it  occui's,  causes  us  to  Idiexc  thai,  in  adjaccMil  northern 
]\lexico,  t/iodcstus  arislus  will  l)e  found  to  have  a  very  much 
wider  distribution,  occuning  there  much  more  ubiuidantly. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  53 

Agroecotettix  tnodestus  crypsidomus  now  subspecies^  (Plate  II,  fijis.  4,  5 

and  6.) 

1917.  Agroecotettix  vwdestus  Hebard,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1D17,  p. 
263.  [  9  ;  Monclova,  Coahuila,  Mexico.] 

The  present  geographic  race  is  separated  from  A.  modestus 
aristus,  here  described,  l^y  the  average  smaller  size  and  less  swollen 
pronotum.  Males  are  further  separated  by  the  shorter  cerci, 
the  forks  of  which  are  much  shorter,  with  the  external  arm  short- 
er than  the  internal  arm.  Females  are  less  readily  distingished 
by  the  proportionately  smaller  tegmina,  which  are  separated  by 
a  moderate  interspace. 

Compared  with  the  type  of  A.  modestus  modestus  Bruner, 
a  female,  individuals  of  that  sex  of  the  present  race  are  distin- 
guished by  their  smaller  size  and  red  coloration  of  the  distal 
portions  of  the  caudal  tibiae.  The  slightly  more  swollen  pro- 
notum and  form  and  position  of  the  tegmina  show  a  development 
approximately  intermediate  between  that  of  tu.  modestus  and  m. 
aristus. 

The  discovery  of  males  of  m.  modestus  will  aid  greatly  in  de- 
fining accurately  the  relative  position  of  the  races  of  the  species. 

Type.- — cf  :  Marathon,  Brewster  County,  Texas.  Elevation, 
3940  to  4160  feet.  Septem})er  12,  1912.  (Rehn  and  He])ard.) 
[Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  750.] 

Agrees  fully  with  »i.  aristus,  described  on  i)age  50,  except  in  the  following 
characters  Size  smaller,  medium.  Vertex  distinctly  narrower.  Inflation 
of  prozonal  portion  of  pronotum  less  decided.  Cercus  about  three  times  as 
long  as  its  proximal  width,  proximal  portion  narrowest  at  its  median  jKjint 
(where  it  is  about  one-third  as  broad  as  long),  due  to  the  concavity  of  the  dorsal 
margin,  ventral  margin  straiglit  throughout,  except  that  feeble  convexity  is 
indicated  proximad;  internal  section  of  distal  ])ortion  produced  in  a  straight, 
flattened  finger,  sulx'Cjual  in  width,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  with  internal 
surface  moderatelj^  convex  and  external  siu'face  flattened  and  moderately 
oblique,  apex  rounded,  this  finger  directed  meso-caudad;  external  section  of 
dorsal  j)ortion  produced  in  a  straight,  rapidly  tapering  spike,  with  apex  very 
narrowly  rounded,  very  slightly  shorter  than  internal  section  and  directed 
caudad,  so  that  the  axes  of  these  parts  form  an  angle  of  something  less  than 
ninety  degrees. 

In  the  large  series  at  hand  the  extremities  of  the  male  cerci  show  som-; 
variation  in  length  and  form.  The  external  production  is  usually  decidciUv 
shorter  than  the  internal  production,  rarelj'  nearly  as  elongate. 

^  From   KpU']^(-0OiJ.o?  =    dwelling  in  secret  places. 

TRAN.S.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


54  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERA) 


Allotype.—  9  ;  same  data  as  type.     [Hebard  Collection.] 
The  female  sex  of  the  present  race  differs  from  males  as  described  for  the 
female  of  vl  aristus  on  page  51  except  that  the  tcpinina  are  more  similar  and 
are  always  moderately  well  separated.'*     Interval  between  the  mesosternal 
lobes  less  than  one  and  one-half  times  as  broad  as  long.^ 


Measurements  {in  millimeters) 


& 


Length 

of 
body 


Sanderson,  Texas  (6) .  .17-18.8 
Marathon,  Texas,  type,     20 
Marathon,  Texas, 

paratypes,  (42) 17.4-22.2 

Persimmon  Gap, 

Texas,  (2) 10.4-17 

Moss  Well,  Texas,  (22)  18-20 


Lengtli 

of 

pro- 

notum 

4.6-4.8 


Width 

of 

pro- 

notiim 

4.1-4.2 

4.8 


Length 

of 
tog  men 

2.8-3.2 
3.4 


Width 

of 
tegmen 

2.3-2.8 

2.8 


Length 

of 
caudal 
femur 
10.1-11. 

11.8  . 


4.2-5        4.1-4.8     3-3.G       2.7-3       10.5-12 


3.8-4 
4.1-5.1 


3.7-3.9 
4-4.9 


2.G-3 
3-3.6 


2.3-2.4 

2.6-2.9 


9.8-10.4 
10.4-12 


Sandeison,  Texas,  (7)    19.3-25       5-6 
Marathon,  Texas, 

aUolijpe, 26.3  6.2 

Maiatlioii,  Texas, 

paratypes,  (42)  ....   22.2-27.2  5-6.7 
Pine  Mountain,  Tex.,        28  6 

Persimmon  Gap, 

Texas,  (4) 19.2-24.2    4.8-5.6 

Moss  Well,  Tex.,  (19)22.3-28.6  5.1-5.9 


4.8-5.4 

5.9 

5-6.3 
6 


3-4 

4 

3.2-4.3 
4.2 


2.7-3.3 

3.3 

2.8-3.3 
3.4 


4..5-5.2    3-3.8       2.8-3.1 
5-5.9        3.9-4.2    2.8-3.3 


11.3-13.8 

14 

12.3-14.2 
14 

11.5-13.7 
12.1-13.8 


For  convenience  in  comparing  the  measurements,  we  give  the  following  for 
the  type  of  modestus  ?nodestiis  Bruner,  a  female  from  Lerdo,  Durango,  Mexico. 
Length  of  body,  31.1;  length  of  pronotum,  6.9;  width  of  iironotum,  6.5;  length 
of  tegmen,  4.9;  width  of  tegmen,  3.7;  width  between  tegnuna,  2.3;  length  of 
caudal  femur,  15.8;  width  of  caudal  femur,  4.8  mm. 

The  extremes  of  caudal  femoral  width  are;  cf ,  3  to  3.  8;  9 ,  3.  1  to  4.  4  nun, 
I'he  variation  in  width  of  th(>  interval  between  the  tegmina  is;  cf,  .1  to  .8;  9  , 
.8  to  1.7  mm. 

In  general  coloration  the  present  race  agrees  closely  with  moiiestas  aristus 
except  that  the  majority  of  specimens  have  the  general  coloration  darker, 
sayal  brown,  sometimes  as  d(;ep  as  suffused  bister.  In  consequence,  the 
markings  are  less  striking  and  the  general  appearance  not  as  brilliant.  Thi> 
dark  markings  of  the  pronotal  disk  show  decidedly  less  curvature,  in  Ih" 
great  majority  of  sj)ecimens  being  subjiarallel  and  in  a  few  of  maxinuim   in- 

■*  Varying  in  the  large  series  at  hand  fr  )m  .8  to  1.7  mm. 

''  \'arving  in  the  series  to  very  slightly  broader  tlian  long,  thus  sliowing  anew 
th;it  this  sp;ice  is  individu;illy  decidedly  variahie  in  the  M('lano])li,  and  can 
c(^rtainl\'  not  be  used  as  of  high  geiu'i'ic  or  specific  significance  as  was  supposed 
l)V   Scuddcr. 


MORGAN    HEBAED  55 

tensive  coloration  fusing,  so  that  in  this  region  there  is  a  dark  medio-longitu- 
dinal  band.  In  the  darker  specimens,  the  dark  bars  of  the  caudal  femora 
are  much  less  conspicuous  and  indeed  are  obsolete  in  a  few  of  these. 

The  markings  of  the  pronotal  disk  and  darker  general  coloration  show  clost'r 
agreement  with  the  type  of  jnodcstus  vindcstiis.     The  present  material,  like 
that  of  itwdcMiis  aristus,  however,  differs  from  that  race  in  the  red  of  the 
distal  ix)rtions  of  the  caudal  tibiae  anfl  the  vent ro-proximal  portion  of  the 
internal  faces  of  the  caudal  femora. 

Specimens  Exandncd:  192;  88  males,  102  females  and  2  immature  individ- 
uals. 

Texas:  Sanderson,  Terrell  County,  2800  to  3150  feet,  VIII,  25,  1912, 
(R.  and  H.),  6  c?,  7  9-  Marathon,  Brewster  County,  3900  to  41G0  feet, 
VHI,  26  to  IX,  13,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  43  d",  43  9,  lype,  allotype,  paratypes. 
Garden  Spring,  Brewster  County,  IX,  2,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  1  d',  3  9  ,  2  juv. 
Persimmon  Gap,  Brewster  County,  3000  feet,  IX,  10,  1912,  (R.  and  II.), 
2  cf ,  4  9  .  Avery  Canyon,  Grapevine  Hills,  Brewster  County,  3000  feet,  IX, 
4,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  1  o^.  1  9.  Neville  Spring,  Brewster  County,  3250  to 
3300  feet,  IX,  8,  1912,  (R.  and  H.)  ,1  d^,  2  9  .  Moss  Well,  ChLsos  Mountains, 
4500  to  5000  feet,  IX,  5  to  8,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  22  d',  19  9  .  Lost  Mine  Peak, 
Chisos  Mountains,  6000  feet,  IX,  6,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  1  d",  1  9.  Canyon 
behind  Pulliam  Bluff,  Chisos  Mountains,  5000  feet,  IX,  7,  1912,  (R.  and  H.), 
9  d',  17  9.  Pine  Mountain,  Davis  Mountains,  6250  feet,  VIII,  29,  1912, 
(R.  and  H.),  1  9  ■  Maguires  Ranch,  upper  Limi[)a  Canyon,  Davis  Mountains, 
5600  feet,  VIII,  29,  1912,  (R.  and  H.),  1  9.  Quitman  Mountains,  El  Paso 
County,  4800  to  5400  feet,  IX,  14,  1912,  (Hebard),  2  c^,  2  9 . 

Mexico:  Monclova,  Coahuila,   IX,  20,  (E.  Palmer),  19,  [Mus.  Comn. 
Zool.]. 

Not  only  was  this  insect  often  found  al)undant  in  the  cat- 
claw  and  other  thorny  shrubs,  in  the  semi-desert  areas  of  Trans- 
Pecos  Texas,  but  it  was  also  seen  frequently  to  seek  shelter  in 
the  sotols  (Dasylirion  sp.).  It  was  found  at  elevations  from 
2800  to  6250  feet,  but  was  never  met  with  in  any  numbers  above 
the  5000  foot  l(>vel  in  either  the  Chisos  or  Davis  Mountains. 
Conalcaea  coyoterae"  new  species  (Plate  III,  figs.  1,  2  and  3.) 

This  insect  is  related  to  C.  huachucnna  Rehn.  It  asrec.^ 
closely  in  all  features  except  that  in  inost  of  the  specimens  ])e- 
fore  us  the  caudal  femora  are  not  conspicuoui^ly  Iticolored',  the 

'The  Coj'otero  Apaches,  "Wolf-Men",  inhabited  the  region  from  which 
the  present  species  is  known. 

'•  In  a  single  male,  from  Bill  Williams  ISIountain,  the  coloration  of  the 
caudal  femora  is  exactly  as  in  hnachiicana.  It  would  ajipear  that  no  feature 
of  C()k)ration  is  of  sufficient  constancy',  over  tiie  range  of  these  species,  to 
warrant  its  use  as  an  unciualified  diagnostic  criterion. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


56  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERa) 

male  cerci  are  shorter  with  distal  portion  proportionately  much 
broader  and  distal  margin  rounding  strongly  to  the  less  produced 
ventro-caudal  angle,  while  the  male  subgenital  plate  is  shorter 
and  not  as  sharply  conical  (for  hiiachucana  see  plate  III,  figures 
4  and  5). 

In  the  coloration  of  the  caudal  femora,  coyoterae  agrees  more 
closely  with  C.  miguelitana  (Scudder),  in  all  other  respects  being, 
however,  the  opposite  extreme  of  the  forms  of  this  stock, 
huachucana  occupying  an  intermediate  position  in  the  form  of 
the  male  cerci. 

Type.—  d^ ;  Prescott,  Arizona.  Elevation,  5400  feet.  July  21, 
1917.    (J.  A.  Kusche.)    [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  751.] 

Size  rather  large  compared  with  species  of  alhed  genera;  form  robust,  sub- 
fusiform.  Head  as  iii  huachucana  ^,  small  in  proportion  to  the  body  bulk, 
distinctly  narrower  than  greatest  pronotal  width,  scutellum  of  the  fastigium 
weakly  concave  between  the  very  delicate  but  distinct  lateral  carinae,  frontal 
costa  weakly  concave  toward  the  median  ocellus,  eye  distinctly  over  one  and 
one-half  times  as  Jong  as  infra-ocular  sulcus.  Pronotum,  tegmiiia  and  abdomen 
as  in  huachucana.  Furcula  represented  by  thickenings  of  the  tergite,  caus- 
ing weak  and  well  separated  angulations  of  the  margin.  Supra-anal  plate 
triangular  with  apex  blunted,  nearly  as  long  as  wide,  msdian  sulcus  broad 
and  percurrent,  deepest  in  proximal  half,  lateral  portions  weakly  and  broadly 
concave,  with  a  minute  conical  projection  near  the  lateral  margins  at  two- 
fifths  the  distance  to  the  apex.^ 

Cercus  narrowing  in  proximal  third,  thence  widening  greatly,  due  to  ex- 
pansion dorsad,  the  ventral  margin  being  broadly  and  evenly  convex  through- 
out, the  dorsal  portion  of  the  expanded  section  (which  is  nearly  twice  as  wide 
as  the  proximal  width  and  nearly  half  as  wide  as  the  cereal  length)  convex  to 
the  acute-angulaf e,  briefly  produced  ventro-caudal  angle  (the  apex).  Sub- 
genital  {)late  coni(!al,  its  apex  blunt,  shorter  and  blunter  than  in  haaclnicaiia. 
Cephalic  and  median  femora  somewliat  inflattnl  antl  weakly  bowi'l. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  Prescott,  Arizona.  Elevation,  5400  feet.  July 
31,  1917.     (O.  C.  Pohng.)      [Ilebard  Colleclion.] 

Very  similar  to  females  of  huachucana,  exce])t  that  the  caudal  femora  are 
not  contrastingly  colored,  the  external  pagina  of  the  general  brown  coloration, 
fe(>bly  and  not  solidly  suffused  with  a  darker  shade. 

Differs  from  the  male  in  the  following  features.  Size  decidedly  larger,  form 
nuich  more  robust.  Eye  less  than  one  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  infra- 
of'ular  sulcus.  Even  widening  of  flic  |)roiio(al  disk  as  regular  but  decidedly 
stronger.  Ovipositor  valves  with  stout  ai)ices  moderately  elongate  and  weakly 
curved,  blunt  teeth  of  dorsoexlernal  margin  of  dorsal  valves  larg(>  and  irreg- 
ul;ir,  ( "ephalic  and  lucdiaii  rciiior:!  nol  iii(l;i(cd;  llic  former  nearlj-  straight. 
1  he  la(  ler  straight. 

'  Heliri's  excellent  description  is  best  referred  to;  I'roc  A(;ad.  Nat.  Sei.  Phila., 
i<)()7.   i>.  48,  (li)07). 
"  Also  fcjund  in  huiuliucanu. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  57 

Measurements  {in  millimeters)  of  extremes 

Length  Length  Width  Longtii       Width     Lcmmth 

of  of  of  of               of             of 

(j                        liody  pro  pro-  tcgmcn      tegmen      cniidal 

notum  notum  fcniur 

Prescott,  Arizona,  /,///5e,      18.5  4.2  4.2  4             1.9         11.2 
Prescott,  Arizona, 

parattrpes,  i^S) 17-19.2  4.24.4  3.9-4.2  3.2-3.S     1.9-1.7    11-11.1 

Mount  Union,  Prescott, 

Arizona 20  4.9  5  3.9             2           12.,S 

Bill  Williams  Mountain, 

Arizona 21  5  5  4.2            1.9            13 

9 

Prescott  Arizona,  allotype,   2G  ,5.9  ().3  5.5  2.3         14.8 

Prescott,  Arizona, 

paraty pes,  (42) 21-30      5.1-G.3    5.4-7.2     4.7-5.4    1.9-2.5  12.7-15.7 

Mount  Union,  Prescott, 

Arizona,  (3) 24.7-29.4  G.3-G.1  G.7-6.8     4.8-4.G    2.1-2.1     15-15.4 

The  width  of  the  caudal  femur  in  the  series  is:  a',  3  to  3.  4;  9 ,  3.  4.  4-4.  1  mm. 

Coloration  very  similar  in  the  series,  except  that  in  the  males  the  average 
is  slightly  more  contrasting  and  brilliant.  Occiput,  disk  of  pronotum  and 
dorsal  surface  of  mesonotum  and  metanotum  dull  sayal  brown  (individually 
varying  from  cinnamon  to  warm  sepia  in  the  specimens  of  maximimi  recessive 
and  intensive  coloration).  Cephalic  and  median  limbs  of  this  coloration, 
showing  vague  irregularities  of  shade.  Dorsal  surface  of  male  abdomen,  in 
proximal  half  shining  blackish  brown  laterad,  with  a  narrow  medio-longi- 
tudinal  band  of  pinkish  cinnamon,  remaining  portions  sayal  brown;  in  females 
much  more  uniform,  less  shining,  with  latero-jjroximal  portions  only  slightly 
darkened  and  medio-longitudinal  band  very  weakly  defined,  in  some  individ- 
uals unicolorous.  Remaining  portions  of  head,  lateral  lol)cs  of  i)ronotum 
and  underjiarts  clay  color,  except  for  a  weakly  defined  postocular  bar  on  each 
side  of  the  head  (heavy  in  occasional  specimens),  which  is  continued  on  the 
dorsal  portion  of  the  pronotal  lateral  lobes  as  a  broad,  solidly  colored,  shining 
black  band,  in  females  often  weak  cephalad  and  caudad.  On  the  sides,  the 
meta-epistermnn  and  the  meta-epimerum  are  shining  black.  Tegmina 
cinnamon-buff  to  clay-color  in  dorsal  half,  blackish  brown  to  black  and  usually 
shining  in  ventral  half.  Caudal  femora  of  the  general  coloration  dorsad, 
paling  to  the  ventral  coloration  vcntrad,  the  exteriud  i)agina  vaguely  and  not 
solidly  suffused  with  a  darker  shade,  which  in  some  females  shows  a  faintly 
greenish  tinge.     Caudal  tibiae  varj'ing  from  grcMiadine  to  peach  red. 

This  type  of  caudal  femoral  coloration  is  strikingly  different  from  the  n<jrmal 
for  huof-hucana,  but  a  single  male  is  before  us  agreeing  fully  in  this  respect  with 
that  species.  In  that  individual  the  t>xternal  pagina  is  strikingly  bicolored, 
the  dorsal  port  inn  .dmost  black,  the  ventral  portion  ochraceou.s-bul'f. 

We  would  note  tliat  the  usual  difference  from  hiinclmeana.  in  the  caudal 
femoral  coloration  is  also  shown  in  the  inunature  stages,  when  dark  markings 

TKANS.    AM..  ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


58  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTIIOPTERa) 

arc  there  present.  In  some  of  the  juveniles  the  caudal  femora  are  immaculate, 
the  majority  having,  however,  the  entire  external  pagina  black,  except  for 
invasions  of  the  light  general  coloration.  These  invasions,  when  decided,  break 
the  black  area  into  characteristic  Melanoploid  bands,  which  are  continued 
across  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  femora. 

Like  the  other  species  of  this  genus,  the  present  is  probalily 
strictly  geophilous,  agreeing  with  huachucana  in  being  an  in- 
habitant of  the  Encinal,  or  Ilcgion  of  Oaks,  in  Arizona.  The 
entire  series  was  taken  at  elevations  of  from  5400  to  0500  feet. 

Specimens  Examined:  115;  20  males,  76  females  and  19  immature  individuals. 

Arizona:  Bill  Williams  Mountain,  IX,  14,  1917,  (O.  C.  Pohng),  1  d^, 
[Ilebard  Cln.].  Prescott,  VII,  5  to  VIII,  24,  1917,  (Poling;  Kusche),  19  d", 
68  cf ,  19  juv.,  type,  allotype,  paratypes,  [Hebard  Cln.].  Granite  Peak,  Pres- 
cott, VIII,  17,  1917,  (J.  A.  Kusche),  4  9,  [Hebard  Cln.].  Mount  Union, 
Prescott,  VIII,  15,  1917,  (J.  A.  Kusche),  1  c?,  3  9,  [Hebard  Cln.].  Senator, 
Yavapai  County,  VIII,  12,  1917,  (J.  A.  Kusche),  1    9,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Bradynotes  chilcotinae  new  species  (Plate  III,  figs.  6,  7  and  8.) 

This  species  is  readily  separable  from  any  of  the  previously 
known  forms  by  the  large  triangular  furcula  of  the  male  and 
other  genitalic  features  in  this  sex. 

In  form  it  agrees  best  with  B.  caurus  Scudder,  the  definition 
between  the  disk  and  lateral  lobes  of  the  pronotum  being  weakest 
in  these  speci(>s.  In  coloration  it  is  dark,  showing  the  greatest 
reduction  of  the  brilliant  colors  found  on  the  caudal  limbs  in 
the  majority  of  the  species  of  Bradynotes. 

The  caudal  til^iae  are  buffy,  as  in  B.  albida  Hel)ard,  B.  excelsn 
Rehn  and  B.  satur  Scudder,  but  these  memlxn's  are  often  strongly 
suffused  in  the  present  insect. 

The  male  cerci  often  fail  to  reach  as  far  distad  as  the  apex  of 
the  supra-anal  plate  and  are  as  slender  at  their  ai)i('es  as  in 
B.  conipacta  IVIorse^".  The  male  supra-anal  i)lat(^,  though  subject 
to  considerable  variation,  is  seen  to  be  never  of  the  simple,  long- 
er type  developed  in  B.  ohcsa  (Thomas)  and  its  closer  allies,  in 
which  the  latei'al  margins  are  weakly  concave  convergent  to 
1lic  broadly  rounded  apex. 

Type. —  cf  ;  liiske  Creek,  Chilcotin,  British  Columl)ia.  July 
22,  192].  (]<].  R.  Buckell.)      [Canadian  Nalional  (\)llec1iou.l 

Size  iiicdiurn  hirge  for  I  he  genus;  form  heavy,  lliougii  not  as  licavy  as  iti 
ulie.sa  and  its  closer  allies;  surface  moderately  pilose.  Head  broad  and  full, 
vertex  gently  tumid;  fastigium  shallowly  concave,  the  lateral  margins  thick, 

"'Compare,  Trans.  Anicr.  En{.  Soc,  XLV,  pi.  xxix,  lig.  11,  (1919). 


MORGAN   IIEBARD  59 

rounded  and  very  weakly  defined,  the  width  at  the  ocelli  decidedly  ^^reatc^r 
than  between  the  eyes;  frontal  costa  comparatively  broad  and  shallowly  con- 
cave, with  lateral  margins  rounded  and  very  weakly  tlefined,  surfa(!e  rather 
decidedly  imi)resso-j)unctate;  least  width  distinctly  greater  than  that  of  piox- 
imal  antcnnal  joint,  greatest  width  between  antennal  bases.  Eyes  slightly 
longer  than  infra-ocular  sulcus. 

Pronotum  much  as  in  caurus,  the  weakly  convex  disk  curving  into  the 
lobes,  with  the  low  and  broadly  rounded  lateral  caiinac  subobsolete; 
disk  expanding  very  slightly  caudad,  medio-longitudinal  carina  obsolete, 
except  very  briefly  cephalad  on  prozona  and  on  metazona  caudad  of  the 
piiiicipul  sulcus,  continued  on  abdomen  but  very  weak  and  obsolete  on  ])rox- 
iinal  tergites.     Tegmina  and  wings  absent. 

Furcula  represented  by  a  pair  of  large,  triangular  jirojections,  which  form 
mesad  an  obtuse-angulate  emargination  and  have  their  external  margins 
straight,  longitudinal;  these  processes  are  broader  than  long,  but  in  length 
from  base  of  their  tergite  exceed  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  supra-anal  plate. ^' 
Supra-anal  plate  broad,  its  length  equal  to  (varying  in  the  series  to  slightly 
greater  than)  its  basal  width;  lateral  margins  weakly  convergent  and  very 
weakly  convex  to  distal  portion,  where  on  each  side  a  very  strongly  obtuse- 
angulate  emargination  is  indicated ;  (in  the  series  at  hand  the  apex  of  the  plate 
varies  from  sharply  triangular  to  very  strongly  rounded-triangular,  the  emargi- 
nation laterad  varying  from  obsolete  to  strongly  defined,)  suifaco  deeply  con- 
cave laterad,  with  a  broad  medio-longitudinal  concavity,  which  is  strong 
proximad,  very  weak  mesad  and  shallow  distad.^- 

Cerci  shorter  than  (varjnng  in  the  series  to  as  long  as)  the  supra-anal  plate, 
tapering  gradually  from  the  broad  base  to  the  very  slender,  roiuided  apex. 
Subgenital  plate  full,  conical,  free  lateral  margins  weakly  convex  to  the  very 
blunt  apex,  which  is  entire  and  is  produced  caudad  but  not  elevated.  Cephalic 
and  median  femora  nioderateh^  inflated,  very  feebly  bowed. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type,  ])ut  taken  June  24,  1921. 
[Canadian  National  Collection.] 

Larger  and  more  robust  than  male.  Fastigium  of  vert>x  and  front;  1  costa 
much  broader  and  with  surface  much  more  weakly  concave,  the  surface  of 
the  latter  impresso-puuctulate.  Eye  in  length  apfiroximately  that  of  infra- 
ocular  sulcus.  Pronotum  moderately  broadened  caudad,  its  convexity'  verj' 
weakly  interrupted  by  the  subobsolete  lateral  carinae,  which  scarcely  delinu't 
the  disk  from  the  lateral  lobes;  medio-longitudinal  carina  subobsolete,  ob.so- 
lete  on  the  three  succeeding  segments,  but  again  weakly  indicated  on  the  ab- 
dominal tergites.  Ovipositor  valves  much  as  in  satur,  the  dorsal  pair  showing 
weaker  cmvaturc  than  in  ohesa.  Cephalic  and  median  femora  neither  inflated 
or  bowed. 

"  Thougii  somewhat  variable  in  length  and  width,  these  i)rojections  are 
seen  to  be  constant  in  general  contour  in  the  very  lai"g(^  sei'i(>s  under  consid- 
eration. 

*' In  no  specimens  could  the  tyi)e  of  tliis  jilatc  he  confused  witii  that  of 
ohctici  and  its  closer  allies. 

TK.VNS.    A.M.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


GO 


NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERa) 


Measurements  {in  millimeters)  of  extremes 

Length       Length     Width  of   Width  of  Length 

of                of          pronotal  pronotal  of 

hody             i)ro-          disk         disk  at  caudal 

notuni     cephalad    principal  femur 
sulcus 

cT 

Type 21.4  4.2  2.8  3.4         11.7 

Paratypps,  (Sr^y 21-25  4-5  ....  ....  11-12.5 

BigBar.Biiti.sh  Columbia,  (4)  17-18.5    3.7-3.8     2.5-2.0    3.2-3.3  10.3-10.4 

9 

Allotype 24  4.8  3.8  4.8         13.4 

Pnratijpes,  (JK)^^ 24-40      4.8-6  ....  ....  12.5-15 

Big  Bar,  British  Columbia, (2)  21.5-22.2  4.2-4.3     3.3-3.3     4.1-4.2  12.3-12.2 

The  size  reduction  shown  by  the  Big  Bar  specimens  is  probably  attrilnit- 
able  to  different  local  environmental  conditions. 

General  coloration  of  dorsal  surface  of  males  chestnut-brown,  deepening  to 
shining  blackish  brown  proximad  on  sides  of  abdomen,  except  ventrad  toward 
margins  of  tergites,  where  narrow  invasions  of  the  buffy  color  of  the  ventral 
surface  occur.  Ventral  surface  light  ochiaceous-salmon,  or  antimony-yellow 
with  a  salmon  tinge.  Frontal  costa,  face,  genae  and  ventro-lateral  portions 
of  pronotum  and  thorax  buffy,  darkened  by  very  numerous  dots  and  flecks  of 
dark  brown.  Cephalic  and  median  limbs  similar,  but  not  as  much  darkened. 
Pronotal  lateral  lobes  with  dorsal  portion  slightly  darker  and  more  shining 
than  tlisk,  this  weakly  defined  band  continued  on  the  sides  of  the  thorax. 

Caudal  femora  buffy,  with  mimite  flecks  and  dots  of  dark  brown,  dorsal 
and  external  faces  with  two  broad  bands  of  chestnut-brown,  which  are  oblique 
on  the  external  pagina,  the  genicular  areas  also  darkened.  In  many  specimens 
these  portions  are  often  greatly  suffused,  in  some  so  dark  that  the  bands  have 
become  almost  obsolete.  Internal  surface  of  caudal  femora  proximad  and 
ventro-internal  stn-face  distad  vinaceous  rufous  or  dragons  blood  red.  Caudal 
tibiae  buffy,  frecjuently  strongly  washed  with  mummy  brown;  spines  and 
sj)urs  buff  jM-oximad,  black  distad. 

The  females  vary  in  general  colmatioii  from  cliest nut-brown  lo  prout's 
brown  and  are  much  more  uniform,  the  dark(>r  bands  of  the  body  and  caudal 
femora  being  subobsolete  or  ab.sent.  In  (his  sex  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
doby  appears  to  be  light  brown,  but  is  seen  to  lie  usually  niuili  discolored  and 
darkened  in  dri(>d  sjx'cimens. 

Mr.  ]')Uckcll  wrilcs  thul  this  insect  is  "extronioly  comiiioii  in 
soini-sylvun  locutions,  cspccijilly  in  nplnnd  pjisturos  l)enealh  the 
aspens  {Pojyulii.s  Ircnivloidcs).  In  so'iic  ])Uices  it  is  the  connnon- 
est  grassli()p])('i'  lo  he  lonnd."     'riic  species  was  found  hatching 

'^ These  measurements  were  taken  l)y  Mr.  i^iickcll,  Ikuii  the  material  l)efore 
drying. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  61 

as  early  as  May  1st,  while  adults  were  numerous  and  freely 
pairing  l)y  July  20th.  In  early  August  it  had  become  scarce, 
but  about  the  middk^  of  September  many  adults  were  again 
found,  pairing  freely,  and  the  species  was  still  common  in  Octoljer 

These  interesting  notes  by  the  energetic  discoverer  of  this 
new  species  indicate  that,  in  the  Chilcotin,  it  is  probably  double 
l)rooded. 

We  are  told  that  individuals  are  much  souglit  after  by  the 
Indians  for  fish  bait. 

Specimens  Examined:  245;  137  males  and  108  females. 

British  Columbia:  Riske  Creek,  Chilcotin,  VI,  20,  1920,  3  cf ,  3  9  ;  IX, 
IS,  1920,  1  cf ,  1  9  ;  IV,  18,  1921,  38  cf ,  27  9  ;  V,  30  to  VIII,  1,  1921,  91  d", 
7n  9  ,  type,  allolijpe  and  all  others  parati/pe.s,  (all  taken  by  E.  R.  Buckell).'* 
Bis  Bar,  7400  feet,  VII,  9,  1921,  (E.  R.  Buckell),  4  d^,  2   9  • 

Melanoplus  chiricahuae  new  species  (Plate  III,  fiss.  9  and  10.) 

This  handsome  insect  agrees  closely  in  size,  coloration  and 
general  appearance  with  M.  femur-nigrum  Scudder,  a  species 
known  from  the  northern  portion  of  the  Arizona  Plateau. 

In  male  cereal  development  nearest  approach  is  found  in 
M.  calidus  Scuclder,  which  species  occurs  in  the  White  and  Sac- 
ramento INIountains  of  south-central  New  Mexico.  The  cerci 
of  that  species  are,  however,  much  broader  and  shorter,  with 
l)roadened  apical  portion  more  conspicuously  truncate.  In 
other  features  wide  differentiation  between  these  two  species 
occurs,  chiricahuae  being  clearly  much  more  closely  related  to 
femur-nigrum. 

Type. —  c?" ;  Ida's  Peak,  Chiricahua  [Mountains.  Cochise  County, 
Arizona.  Elevation,  8000  feet.  June  28,  1919.  (Witmer  Stone.) 
[Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  Type  no.  5381.] 

Size  and  form  medium  for  the  group.  \'ertcx  and  frontal  costa  as  in  femur- 
nigrum.  Eye  large,  nearlj^  twice  as  long  as  infra-ocular  sulcus.  Pronotum 
as  in  femur-nigrum:  medio-longitudinal  carina  weak  on  prozona,  very  weak 
between  transverse  sulci,  moderately  decided  on  remaining  portion  of  meta- 
zona,  sulci  distinct  but  not  deep;  lateral  margins  of  pronotal  disk  subparallel 
to  principal  sulcus,  caudal  margin  of  same  broadly  obtuse-angulate  produced 
with  apex  rounded.  Prosternal  spine  longer  than  broad,  slightly  transverse, 
cylindrical  to  distal  portion  which  tapers  off  strongly  to  the  rounded  apex. 
Tegmina  very  slightly  longer  than  pronotum.  almost  attingent,  oval,  with 
apex  rounded,  though  not  broadly  so. 

"The  bulk  of  this  scries  is  in  the  Canadian  National  and  Philadelphia 
Collections.  Sets,  however,  will  be  sent  to  the  other  larger  North  American 
collections  of  Orthoptera. 

TRANS.    A^l.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


62  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MBLANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERa) 


Furcula  re])rcsent.ed  by  two  minute  projections,  with  bases  weaky  convex 
to  base  of  their  tcrgite,  the  projecting  portions  shghtly  longer  than  wide. 
Supra-anal  plate  shield-shaped,  with  lateral  margins  proximad  straight  and 
parallel  for  a  short  distance,  then  moderatc^ly  raised,  very  weakly  concave  and 
convergent  to  the  short,  thick,  weakly  elevated  disto-lateral  carinae,  the  small 
apical  portion  triangular  with  apex  bluntly  rounded.  Surface  of  sui)ra-anal 
l)late  broadly  concave  laterad,  with  a  broad  medio-longitudinal  sulcus  in 
proximal  half,  which  is  very  weak  (absent  in  paratype)  in  distal  half. 

Cerci  nearly  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  basal  width,  straight,  narrow- 
ing gradually,  then  expanding,  so  that  the  distal  third  is  slightly  enlarged  with 
dorsal  margin  slightly  more  convex  than  ventral  margin,  apical  portion  with 
external  siu'face  weakly  concave,  broadly  rounded  dorso-distad,  but  forming 
a  moderately  (sharply,  in  paratype)  rounded  rectangulate  disto-ventral  angle, 
the  distal  margin  transverse.  Subgenital  plate  j^roduced  meso-dorsad  in  a 
large,  bluntly  rounded  tubercle,  directed  caudad,  which  tubercle  is  slightly 
more  i:)roduced  and  less  heavy  than  in  fcniur-tiigriuii. 

Allotype.- — 9;  same  data  as  type.   [Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phila.] 

Agrees  with  type  except  as  follows.  Size  larger,  form  more  robust.  Sul- 
cation  of  vertex  and  frontal  costa  weaker  and  broader.  Eye  about  one  and 
two-thirds  times  as  long  as  infra-ocular  sulcus.  Pronotum  with  lateral 
margins  of  disk  weakly  divergent  to  principal  sulcus.  Prosternal  spine  heavier 
toward  its  base.  Ovipositor  valves  moderately  elongate,  with  distal  curvature 
rather  broad;  the  dorsal  valves  with  dorsal  surface  and  margins  proximad 
rather  well  sup])licd  with  serrations. 

Measurements   {in   millimeters) 

Length  Length  Caudal  Length  Width  Length 

of                of  width  of  of  of                 of 

hody             pro-             pro-  tcgmcn  togmen  caudal 

CT  iiotum  notal  femur 

disk 

Type 20.2            4.7            2.S  ^^  2.S      ■      10.8 

Paratype Vy^          4.6            2.7  4.9  2.6           10.7 

9 

Allotype 24  .5.3  3.9  ,5.9  3.4  12.7 

Dorsal  suifacie  of  male  blackish  chcstinit-brown;  the  lateral  margins  of  (lie 
pronotal  disk  outlined  in  buffy  to  the  principal  sulcus  in  the  paratype  (a 
frequent  color  feature  in  si)eci(>s  of  this  grouj)).  Oth(>r  portions  of  head, 
vi'utral  portions  of  i)ronotal  lateral  lobes,  cephalic  and  median  limbs  and  under- 
parts  clay  color,  often  with  an  oliva(aH)us  ting(>;  the  head  with  a  broad  shining 
postocular  l)Iack  bar,  which  broadens  and  is  continued  on  the  lateral  lobes  of 
the  principal  sulcus.  Lateral  portions  of  thorax  blackish,  witli  a  striking, 
obli(|ue  bar  of  light,  buff.  Sides  of  abilonuMi  heavily  ov(>rlaid  with  shining 
bhick,   (his  narrowing  sdongly  caudad. 

'■'' l';s(inia(e(l,  the  abdomen  being  ciuved  upward  in  (his  specimen. 


MORGAN    HEBAKD  63 

Dorsal  surface  of  caudal  femora  hazel,  with  all  of  genicular  areas,  two  bars 
and  a  proximal  fleck  of  chestnut-brown,  the  first  bar  extendiiig  a  bri(>f  distance 
on  the  internal  surface,  the  second  bar  crossing  the  internal  surface,  which  is 
elsewhere  buff-yellow,  becoming  paler  before  the  genicular  area.  Ext(>rnal 
surface  of  cautlal  femora  colored  as  is  chara(;teristic  of  the  group;  chestnut- 
brown,  with  the  rather  narrow  ventral  portion  buff-yellow;  ventral  surface 
faintly  tinged  with  orange.  Caudal  tibiae  rich  glaucous-blue,  spines  black, 
spurs  white  proximad  and  black  distad. 

The  female  is  very  similarly  colored,  the  dorsal  surface  being  ]:»aler,  chesdnit  - 
brown. 

In  addition  to  the  type  and  ailoty[)(',  a  single  paratypic-  male, 
lieai'lng  the  same  data,  has  been  cxa:iiine<l. 

Melanoplus  fultoni*^  new  .species  (Plate  III,  figs.   11  and  12.) 

This  divninutivc  species  is  a  member  of  the  Alarginatus  Group, 
belonging  to  that  section  which  includes  the  forms  very  closely 
allied  to  M.  (jraciliyes  Scudder. 

It  is  nearest  M.  sonomaensis  Caiidell,  differing  in  the  male 
sex  in  the  proportionately  longer  ami  more  slender  furcida, 
sniira-aiial  plate  wnh  transverse  median  carina  (sul;ob.solete 
in  soiioniacnsi;<)  raised  in  a  small  l)ut  ])rominent  rounded  la;.nella 
on  each  side  of  the  medio-longitudinal  sulcus,  and  subgenital 
plate  which  rounds  evenly  to  the  blunt  a])ex  (where,  in  sunumnen- 
sis,  there  is  a  small  but  conspicuous  suljapical  tuborcleb 

In  the  female  sex  these  species  are  almo.st  inseparable.  The 
females  oi  fulfoni  before  us  differ  from  those  of  sonoiHOctisis  only 
in  being  slightly  more  rolmst,  with  fastigium  of  vertex  a  trfiie 
less  protubei-ant.  The  females  of  the  other  closely  related 
species  of  this  grou])  are  likewise  al:most  indistinguishable.  The 
difficulty  in  the  present  case  is  aggravated  by  the  fact  that  wo 
have  sonontaensis,  not  only  from  north  and  south  of  Lagimitas, 
California,  ])ut  from  that  locality  as  well. 

Type. —  cf  ;  Lagunitas,  Marin  County,  California.  Augu.st  7, 
11)21.     (B.  B.  Fulton.)     [Hcbard  (\)llection,  Type  no.    S32.] 

Size  small,  form  slender;  agreeing  closely  with  Honoinartisis.  Head  nnicli  as 
in  that  sj)ecies.  hlye  distincth'  more  than  twice  as  long  as  infra-ocular  sulcus. 
Pronotum  as  in  Konomaensis  and  other  closely  related  species;  elongate,  disk  of 
almost  eciual  width  throughout,  median  carina  well  defined  and  percurrent: 
caudal  margin  broadly  obtuse-angulate  produced.  Prosternal  spine  conical 
xsilh  apex  moderately  blunt  (varying  from  blunt  to  a  condition  in  which  the 

"*  Named  in  honor  of  the  collector  of  this  insect,  Mr.  H.  P.  Fulton,  whose 
masterly  "Tree  Crickets  of  New  York"  is  one  of  the  finest  of  recent  entomo- 
logical contributions. 

TKANS.    AM.   ENT.    SOC,   XLVIII. 


64  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERA) 

spiiu^  is  mon;  slondtT  with  apex  much  more  sharply  roundod  in  the  paratypes). 
'IVginina  considerably  shorter  than  pronotum,  ahnost  attingent,  with  apex 
broadly  rounded. 

Fincula  represented  by  a  pair  of  minute,  slender  processes,  three  times  as 
long  as  broad,  which  do  not  taper  to  their  rounded  apices  (varying  to  more 
slender  and  weakly  tapering  in  the  paratypes),  are  faintly  divergent  (varying 
to  moderately  divergent  in  the  paratypes),  with  length  contained  in  that  of 
supra-anal  plate  nearly  four  times  (varying  to  three  and  one-half  times  in  the 
paratypes).  Supra-anal  plate  moderately  elongate,  shield-shaped;  median 
sulcus  decided,  with  lateral  margins  distinctly  carinate  to  slightly  beyond 
median  point;  transverse  carina  there,  toward  the  lateral  margins  of  this 
sulcus,  devclojied  into  a  small  but  conspicuous  lamella  on  each  side,  with  margin 
rounded;  lateral  portions  of  plate  rather  strongly  concave,  disto-lateral  carinae 
subobsolete. 

Cerci  faintly  bent  slightly  beyond  end  of  ])roximal  two-thirds,  ajiproximately 
twice  as  long  as  basal  width,  tai)ering  strongly  ijroximad;  dorsal  margin  broad- 
ly concave,  ventral  margin  straight,  becoming  weakly  convex  distad;  distal 
portion  very  slender  to  the  rather  sharply  rounded  apex,  the  external  surface 
showing  faint  subapical  concavity.  Subgenital  plate  with  median  section  of 
(Hiual  dejjth  laterad  and  mesacl,  curving  and  tapering  meso-distad  to  the  blunt 
ajiex,  which  shows  no  trace  of  tuberculation.     Limbs  as  in  sonomaensis. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type.     [Helmrd  Collection.] 

Size  larger,  form  heavier,  fastigium  of  vertex  broader  and  less  deeply  sulcato 
than   in  male.     Compared  with  females  of  soii<nnac>isiti  above. 

Mvatiurcuiciils  {in  DnlUinctcris) 

LoiiKtli            Length  Caudal  Lengtli  Widtli  Length 

of                    of               width  of  of  of 

Cr                  I)ody               i)ro-              jn-o-  teginen  tegmen  caudal 

iiotum  notum  femur 

Tijpe i;3  3.3  1.9  2.7  1.9  8 

Para</y7j(s,  (6) ....  13-14.7         3.3-3.4        1.9-2        2.1-3.2     1.3-2.2      7.9-8.5 


AUonipe IX. 8  4  3.1  4  2.7  10  1 

I 'a  nil,/ pes,  ('2)..  .    17.7-18  4-3.9         3-2.9  3.()  4      2.7-2.7      10  10.1 

Head  tawny-olive,  except  occii)iit  which  is  verona  brown  and  a  broad, 
shining,  sharply  defined,  postocular  bar  of  blackish  brown.  Eyes  cinnamon- 
brown  tinged  with  tawny.  Antennae  tawny-olive  proxhnad,  russet  in  other 
I)ortions.  Pronotum  with  disk  verona  brown,  lateral  lobes  with  a  band  of 
shining  blackish  l)rown  occujjying  <lorsal  two-fifths  of  prozomil  portion,  cor- 
responding melazonal  portion  verona  brown  deepening  to  warm  sei)ia  in 
dorsal  pcnlion,  lower  iiorlidii  of  lateral  lobes  taw^ny-olive.  Tegmina  verona 
brown,  somcwlKil  (linker  vcnirad.  Alxhmicn  cinnamon  dorsad,  cinnamon- 
bulT  vcninid,  wilh  ;i  broad  band  of  shining  blackish  brown  on  each  side,  which 


MORGAN   HEBARD  65 

narrows  and  decreases  into  small  flecks  on  the  distal  tergitcs.  Other  port- 
ions of  ventral  surface  clay  color.  Cephalic  and  median  limbs  r  laj-  color, 
tinged  with  cinnamon.  Caudal  femora  similar,  but  showing  faintly  the 
characteristic  Melanoploid  pattern  in  a  slightly  darker  brown,  ventral  surface 
orange-cinnamon.  Caudal  tibiae  weak  grayish  glaucous;  external  s[)ines 
black,  internal  spines  and  all  spurs  whitish  proximad,  black  distad. 

In  the  intensive  examples  the  markings  of  the  caudal  femora  are  more 
distinct,  the  ventral  surfaces  brick  red.  In  one  female  the  caudal  tibiae  arc 
grayish,  showing  no  trace  of  glaucous.  Another  female  is  pale  greenish  yellow, 
showing  no  darker  markings. 

In  addition  to  the  described  pair,  a  paratypic  series  of  six 
males  and  two  females  is  before  us,  belonging  to  the  Fulton  and 
Hebard  Collections. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES 

Plate  II 

Fig.  1. — Agroccnkilix  vindcdtis  ariatus  new  subspecies.  Uvalde,  Texas.  Male 
Uupc).     Lateral  view.     (X23^) 

Fig.  2.- — Afjroirotttlix  inodciilus  aritilus  new  subspecies.  Uvalde,  Texas.  Male 
iii/i'().     Lateral  view  of  cercus.     (Greatly  enlarged.) 

Fig.  3. — Ayruvcohtlii  modest  us  aristus  new  subspecies.  Uvalde,  Texas.  Fe- 
male (allolupc).     Lateral  view.     (X2J0 

Fig.  4.^ — Agroccoldtix  nmkstus  crypsidonius  new  subspecies.  Marathon,  Tex- 
as.    Male  (type).    Lateral  view.     (X2J^) 

Fig.  o. — Af/roccokUix  modcstm  a-ypsidomus  new  svibspecies.  Marathon,  Tex- 
as. Male  (^/?«).  Lateral  view  of  cercus."  (Same  scale  as  fig. 
2.) 

Fig.  6.^ — A  f/roccokUix  itindcsdis crypsidonius  new  subsiiecies.  Marat hon ,  Texas. 
Female,  {allotype).     Lateral  view.     (X2}j) 

Plate  III 

Fig.  L — ('otinledrn  coyolerde  new  species.  Prescotl,  Arizona.  Male  {lype). 
Lateral  view  of  cercus.     (Greatly  enlarged.) 

I'ig.  2. — Conalcaea  eoyolerae  new  sjjecies.  Prescott,  Arizona.  Female  (alkt- 
lypt).     Lateral  view  of  caudal  femur.     {X2]4) 

Fig.  3. — Conalcaca  eoyolerae  new  species.  Prescott,  Arizona.  Female  {(dlo- 
lype).  Lateral  view  of  dorsal  ovipositor  valve.  (Greatly  enlarg- 
ed.) 

"  Due  to  the  fact  that  the  internal  section  of  the  distal  portion  of  the  cercus 
is  of  necessity  foreshortened  in  this  aspect,  it  appears  as  long  as  the  external 
section,  but  is  in  reality  vc>ry  slightly  shorter. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XIAIII. 


66  NEW    NORTH    AMERICAN    MELANOPLI    (oRTHOPTERA) 

Fig.  4.^ — Conalcaca  huachucana  Rehn.  Carr  Canyon,  Huachiica  Moiuitains, 
Arizona.  Male  (li/pc).  Lateral  view  of  cercus.  (Same  scale 
as  fig.  1.) 

Fig.  5. — Co7ialco.ca  huaclmcntia  Rehn.  Carr  Canyon,  Huachuca  Mountains, 
Arizona.     Fcnuile   (alloti/pc).     Lateral  view  of  caudal  femur. 

(X2M) 
Fig.  6. — Bradynoks  chilcotinae  new  species.     Riske  Creek,  Chilcotin,  British 

Columbia.     Male  (type).     Porsal  view  of  furcula  and  supra- 
anal  plate.     (Greatly  enlarged.) 
Fig.  7. — Bradyrioles  chilcotinae  new  species.     Riske  Creek,  Chilcotin,  British 

Columbia.     Male  (paratypc).     Dorsal  view  of  distal  portion  of 

sujira-anal  pinto,  showing  variation  in  the  species.     (Same  scale 

as  fig.  G.) 
Fig.  8.^ — Brady  notes  cldlcotinac  new  species.     Riske  Creek,  Chilcotin,  British 

Columbia.     Male  {type).     Lateral    view    of    cercus.      (Greatly 

enlarged.) 
Fig.  9.^ — Melanoplus    chiricahuae    new     species.     Ida's     Peak,     C'hiricahua 

Mountains,  Arizona.     Male  {type).     Dorsal  view  of  furcula  and 

supra-anal  plate.     (Scale  same  as  fig.  6.) 
Fig.   10. — Melanoplus     chiricahuae    new    species.     Ida's    Peak,    Chiricahua 

Mountains,   Arizona.     Mide    {type).     Lateral   view   of  cercus. 

(Scale  same  as  fig.  8.) 
Fig.  11. — Melanoplus    fultoni    new     species.     Lagunitas,  California.     Male 

{type).     Dorsal  view  of  furcula  and  su])ra-anal  i)late.     (Same 

scale  as  fig.  6.) 
Fig.  12. — Melanoplus   fultoni    new    species.     Lagunitas,    California.     Male 

(type.)     Lateral  view  of  cercus.     (Same  scale  as  fig.  8.) 


A.    B.    WOLCOTT  67 


NEW  SPECIES  OF  COLEOPTERA  OF  THE  TRIBE 
CLERINI,  WITH  NOTES  ON  OTHERS 

BY     A.     B.     WOLCOTT 
Chicago,  Illinois 

The  ])rinuiry  intention  of  the  writer  was  to  give  in  this  paper 
merely  the  description  of  a  recently  acquired  and  very  interest- 
ing species  of  Enoclerus.  In  looking  over  the  material  in  my 
collection,  however,  a  few  other  non-descripts  came  to  my 
notice  and,  as  most  of  these  have  been  in  my  possession  for  many 
years,  it  was  thought  advisable  to  make  them  known  now. 
To  these  descriptions  I  have  added  notes  on  some  known  species. 

Placopterus  subcostatus  Schacffer 

Clems  thoritciriis  var.   subcosldlus  Scliarffer,   Jouni.    X.    Y.    Knt.   Soc,   xxv, 
p.   V.n,  1017. 

This  form  was  descriljed  as  a  variety  of  thoracicua  Olivier,  and 
placed  by  me  (in  Leng's  Catalogue  of  Coleoptera)  as  a  variety 
of  cyanipennis  Klug.  Renewed  stud}'  of  my  material  shows 
beyond  a  doubt  that  I  was  in  error  in  placing  this  as  a  variety 
of  cyanipennis,  as  subcostatus  is  entirely  distinct,  not  alone  by 
the  longer,  less  broadly  rounded  prothorax,  but  also  by  the 
color  of  the  decumbent  pubescence,  which  in  subcostatus  is  dark 
brown  (nearl}^  black  in  one  specimen  from  Marion  County, 
Florida).  In  cyanipennis  the  decumbent  pubescence  is  grayish- 
white,  although  the  erect  hairs  arc  black,  just  as  they  are  in  P. 
thoracicus. 

I  am  unwilling  to  believe  that  the  color  of  the  vestiture  and 
the  scul{)ture  of  the  elytra  arc  of  less  than  specific  importance, 
and  hence  must  regard  subcostatus  as  a  valid  and  distinct  species. 

Our  few  species  of  Placopterus  may  be  separated  by  means 
of  the  following  table: 

Decumbent  pubescence  of  elytra  l)io\vn  or  black subcostatus  Schaeffer 

Decumbent  pubescence  of  elytra  whiti.sh  or  gra\'ish. 

Prothorax  sliort,  sides  broadly  and  evenly  rounded  to  near  the  ba.><e. 
Prothorax  reddish,  the  posterior  marjiin  narrowly,  the  anterior  margin 
broadly,  blue,  elytra  dark  blue cyanipennis  Klug 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


08  COLEOrTERA  OF  THE  TRIBE  CLERINI 

Prothorax  red  with  anterior  margin  black,  varying  to  entirely  blaek, 
elytra  dark  green  with  metallic  reflections. 

cyanipennis  var.  dasytoides  Westwood 
Prothorax  longer,  sides  evitlently  constricted  near  apex. 
Elytra  dark  blue  or  black. 

Legs    black thoracicus     Olivier 

Legs  pale  yellowish thoracicus  var.  pallipes  ^^\)lcott 

Enoclerus  erro  new  species 

Form  similar  to  E.  lecontei  Wolcott  {nigrivcntris  Leconte,  preoccui)ictl),  but 
more  robust  and  more  depressed.  Black,  slightly  aeneous,  shining,  apical  and 
basal  thoracic  margins  (the  former  broadly,  the  latter  narrowly),  basal  fourth 
of  elytra  and  trochanters  rufo-castaneous.  Head  sparsely,  finely  punctate, 
more  densely  so  toward  the  eyes  and  on  occiput,  densely  clothed  with  recum- 
bent and  erect  long,  very  coarse  white  hairs,  a  few  rather  long  black  hairs  on 
occiput.  Prothorax  finely,  rugoscly  punctate,  pubescence  as  in  hcoidci. 
Elytra  finely  subgranulose,  very  finely  and  densely  punctate,  basal  region 
nearly  sinooth,  with  a  small  number  of  large,  shallow,  scattered  punctures, 
showing  no  tendency  to  become  lineal  in  arrangement  excepting  a  few  which 
form  a  feeble  subsutural  row,  basal  fourth  and  apical  third  clothed  with 
coarse  whitish  pubescence,  the  entire  surface  with  erect  and  semi-erect  sparse 
black  hairs.  Metasternum  alutaceous,  minutely,  very  sparsely  punctate, 
with  a  few  feebly  impressed  large  punctures.  Abdomen  more  densely  and 
coarsely  punctate  than  in  lecontei.     Length,  G.2  mm. 

Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona,  5,000-8,000  feet,  July.  (F.  H. 
Snow.)     Holotype,  a  female  (No.  121),  in  iny  collection. 

Allied  to  lecontei  but  differing  from  that  species  by  the  wider 
head  and  jirolhorax,  the  ])roader  and  more  depressed  form  and 
lh(>  nio]'(>  si)arsely  and  less  uniformly  punctate  head.  The  median 
anguhitcd  l;and  of  whitish  i)ul)escence  seen  in  lecontei  is  here 
entirely  wanting,  and  llie  whole  of  the  liasal  foinlli  of  the  elytra 
((>xcei)1ing  Die  two  lai'ge,  olrLuse  basal  tubercles)  is  rather  (k'lise- 
ly  cloliictl  with  whitisli  hairs,  wh(M'("as  in  lecontei  there  is  a  band 
of  these  haiis  at  about  basal  fourth  niid  (he  suture  from  this 
band  to  the  base  is  also  clothed  with  siinihu'  hairs. 

Enoclerus  longissimus  new  species 

El(ii:g:il(',  slender,  iiidderately  convex,  shining,  blacU,  mandibles,  antennae, 
front  tibiae  and  all  the  larsi  ruro-i)iceous;  sparsely  clothed  with  erect  and  semi- 
erect  black  hairs  with  a  few  gray  lecumbent  hairs  intermixed;  elytra  with 
an  antemedian  fascia  of  grayish-white  hairs.  Head,  including  the  eyes,  sub- 
equal  in  width  to  the  prothorax,  minutely,  remotely  punctate.  Prothorax  as 
long  as  wide,  minutely,  sj)arsely  punctate.  ]';iylra  one-third  wider  than  the 
I)n)thorax,  two  and  two-thirds  as  long  as  wide  at  base,  sides  subparallel,  very 
shghliy  l)roader  at  apical  third,  thence  arcuate  to  apex,  the  apices  separately 


A.    B.    WOLCOTT  69 

rounded,  surface  punctured  as  in  ocreatus  Horn,  but  with  four  subsutural 
striae  at  middle  on  each  elytron,  basal  tubercles  feebly  developed,  jjost- 
scutellar  depression  feeble.  Abdomen  finely,  remotely  punctate,  closer  and 
coarser  at  the  sides.     Length,  6.5  mm. 

New  IMcxieo.  (John  D.  Sherman,  Ji-.)  Ilnloti/pc,  a  female 
(No.   167),  in  my  collection. 

Allied  to  E.  ocreatus  Horn,  l)ut  the  form  is  much  more  slender, 
the  s('ul])ture  of  the  elytra  and  alxlomen  finer  and  the  elytral 
apices  with  the  conspicuous  jrray  liaii-s  of  that  species  wanting. 

Enoclerus  lautus  new  species 

]*]longate,  shining,  head,  prothorax,  basal  fifth  of  elytra,  trochanters,  tibiae 
and  tarsi  rufous;  the  head  with  a  broad  black  maculation  starting  on  middle 
of  front  and  furcate  upon  occiput;  thorax  with  two  large  rounded  black  dis- 
cal  maculations,  a  smaller  one  each  side  on  the  flanks,  these  all  narrowly  con- 
nected; elytra  with  a  transverse  median  fascia,  arcuate  upon  each  elytron, 
comijosed  of  white  pubescence,  the  rufous  basal  portion  bordered  ])osteriorly 
and  the  apical  fifth  clothed  with  white  pubescence,  vestiture  elsewhere  com- 
j)()sed  i)rincipally  of  long  erect  black  hairs.  Head,  including  the  eyes,  slightly 
narrower  than  prothorax  at  widest  part,  rather  evenly  and  closely  punctate, 
front  with  two  well  developed  longitudinal  impressions;  antennae  red,  man- 
dibles black.  Prothorax  very  slightly  longer  than  wide,  more  finely  and 
sparsely  punctate  than  the  head.  Elytra  one-fourth  wider  than  prothorax, 
sides  feebly  divergent  from  basal  sixth  to  apical  fifth,  apices  separately  round- 
ed, post-scutellar  region  feebly  depressed,  surface  rugulose,  finely  punctate, 
coarsely,  sparsely  so  at  base.  Posterior  margin  of  abdominal  segments  pale 
yellow.     Length,  .ify  mm. 

Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona,  5,000-8,000  feet,  June.  (F.  H . 
Snow.)    Holotype,  a  female  (No.  882),  in  my  collection. 

The  relationship  of  this  species  to  the  other  members  of  the 
genus  is  difficult  to  indicate;  it  is  perhaps  best  placed  in  prox- 
imity to  E.  pinus  Schaeffer. 

The  species  of  Erioclerus  allied  to  nigrifrons  Say  and  nigripes 
Say  appear  to  be  about  the  most  misunderstood,  and  in  collect- 
ions the  most  confused,  species  of  this  ratluM-  extensive  genus. 
The  following  table  is  offered  as  an  aid  lo  Iheii'  recognition: 

A.   Elyta  black  with  one  or  two,  usually  interrupted,  whitish  fasciae;  moder- 
ately robust, 
a.   Head  ;md  jjrothorax  red,  abdomen  black,  legs  brown. 

quadriguttatus  Olivier 
an.    1  lead  and  pro!  horax  black,  abdomen  n'(|,  legs  l)l;i('k. 

nigripes  var.  ruflventrls  S|)inola 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC.,    XLVUI. 


70  COLEOPTERA  OF  THE  TRIBE  CLERINI 

B.  Elytra  black,  the  humeri  red,  fasciate  as  in  secton  A,  very  robust.    Head, 
prothorax,  venter,  abdomen  and  legs  black gerhardi  new  species 

C.  Elytra  black,  the  basal  thiril  or  more  red,  fasciate  as  in  section  A. 

b.  Shining;  head  and  prothorax  red,  the  occiput  and  front  of  the  former 
usually  black,  the  prothorax  usually  with  a  large  discal  black  maculation, 
but  varying  from  head  and  prothorax  entirely  red  to  tlie  same  j^arts 
entirely  black. 

c.  Rather  slender,  legs  and  ventral  surface  entirely  black,  nigrifrons  Say 

CO.  More  robust,  sutural    margin  of  elytra  from  base  to  apical  third, 

coxae  and  legs  pale  testaceous .  nigrifrons  var.  testaceipes  new  variety 

bb.  Feebly  shining;  head  and  prothorax  usually  red,  sometimes  in  part 

or  entirely  black,  the  legs  black,  abdomen  red. 

c.  Elytra  red  in  nearly  basal  half,  front  of  head  immaculate. 

nigripes  Say 

cc.  Elytra  red  in  basal  third  only,  front  of  head  with  a  more  or  Ic^s  devcl- 

oj)ed  black  maculation nigripes  var.  dubius   Siiinola 

Enoclerus  quadriguttatus  Olivier 

Citrus  quadriguttatus  Olivier,  Entomologie,    iv,    genus   7G,    no.   23,    j).    18, 
pi.  2,  figs.,  23,  a,  b,  1795. 

No  species  of  Enoclerus  found  in  the  United  States,  so  far  as 
known  to  the  writer,  can  be  referred  to  the  jii-esent  species,  the 
original  description  of  which  follows: 

"23.  ('lairon   (luatre-taches. 

CUrus  quadriguttatus.  PI.  2.  fig.  23.  a.  b. 

C.  noir;  tete  et  corcelet  fauves;  elytres  avec  quatre  taches  blanches. 

C.  Niger,  capite  thoraceque  rufis,  elytris  maculis  quatuor  albis. 

Parvus.  Antennae  fuscae.  Caput  rufum  oculis  nigris.  Thorax  rufus 
Iiubcsccns.  Elytra  punctata  nigra,  fasciis  duabus  interrupt  is  albis.  Corpi 
nigrum.     Pedes  fusci. 

11  est  petit,  les  antenncs  sont  brunes.  La  lete  est  fauve,  avec  les  j'exu 
noirs.  Le  corcelet  est  fauve,  jjubescent.  L(\s  elytres  sont  ponctuees,  noir(>ss 
avec  tleux  bandes  blanches,  interrompu(>s,  (jui  i)aroissent  fonnci-  (juatre 
taches,  deux  sur  chnque  elytre.  Le  dessous  du  corps  (>st  noir,  avec  les  jjattes 
brunes. 

11  se  trouve  dans  la  Caroline. 

Du  Cal)inet  du  cit.  Bosc. " 

The  figures  cited  by  1h(>  nuliior  of  lliis  s])('ci(>s  ai'e  colored  and 
agree  ix-i-fcctly  with  the  description,  as  far  as  it  goes,  both  as 
regards  color  and  markings.  One  of  the  figures  represents  the 
insect  imich  cnlaiged,  1lie  oilier  intended  lo  indicate  1h(>  natural 
size  is  exactly  five  niilliineters  in  length,  thus  agi'ceiiig  in  size 
and  in  geneial  form  wil  h  it'njripcs  Say.  TIk^  ])roth()rax  is,  however, 
represented  a,s  being  nuicli  more  eloiig;itc  I  hail  in  titgripes  and 


A.    B.    WOLCOTT  71 

its  allies.  Quadriguttatus,  as  shown,  has  the  elytral  maculations 
of  a  different  type  from  its  supposed  allies:  in  nigripes,  and  its 
varieties,  nifiventris  and  duhius,  as  well  as  in  nigrifrons  and  al- 
most imperceptibly  in  gerhardi,  the  basal  maculations  trend  ob- 
liquely forward  from  near  the  lateral  margins  of  the  elytra  to 
near  the  middle  of  each  elytron,  they  are  also  more  remote  from 
base  of  elytra  being  at  or  but  slightly  before  the  middle  of  their 
length,  while  in  quadriguttatus  the  basal  maculations  are  confined 
entirely  within  the  limits  of  the  basal  third  of  the  elytra,  and  the 
trend  of  these  is  obliquely  l)ackward  from  near  the  side  margin 
to  near  the  suture;  the  subapical  spots  are  somewhat  triangular 
in  form. 

The  writer  has  examined  many  hundred  specimens  of  nigripes 
and  allied  forms  without  finding  anything  that  could  be  con- 
sidered as  being  Olivier's  species.  Special  appeals  to  quite  a  few 
of  our  most  enthusiastic  and  diligent  collectors  have  utterly 
failed  to  bring  to  light  this  coveted  species. 

It  is  inexplicable  that  this  species,  so  distinctively  colored  and 
strikingly  marked,  should  have  ])een  allowed  for  such  a  long 
period  of  time  to  stand  unchallenged  as  a  member  of  our  fauna, 
and  especially  so  in  view  of  the  fact  that  Dr.  John  L.  Leconte 
as  long  ago  as  1849^  placed  this  species  under  the  caption  "Species 
dubiae,  an  hujus  patriae",  both  nigripes  and  nigrifrons  having 
been  rather  fully  described  in  the  preceding  pages.  Nearly  all 
subsequent  writers  seem  to  have  l)een  reluctant  to  take  this 
view  and  as  a  result  imposed  the  name  upon  an  entirely  distinct 
species.  The  occurrence  of  E.  quadriguttatus  within  our  faunal 
limits  is  so  extremely  doul)tful  that,  in  the  writer's  opinion,  it 
would  be  better  removed  from  our  lists. 

Enoclerus  nigripes  Say 

Clenit;  niyripes  Say,  Journ.  Aoad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  ni,  p.  191,  1823. 
Clerus  incertus  Lee,  Smiths.  Miso.  Coll.,  vi,  p.  55,  1863. 
Clej-us  qnadrlguttatm  Auctt.,  nee  ()livi(>r,  Loronlo,  Schenklin<i. 

This  is  the  species  that  has  been  wrongly  identified  by  nearly 
all  writ(M-s  as  E.  quadrigattatus  Olivier.  It  is,  however,  very 
distinct  from  that  species,  as  it  also  is  from  nigrifrons  Say.  In 
the  last  mentioned  species  the  abdomen  is  always  ])lack,  i-ed  in 
nigripes.  E.  nigrifrons  is  a  more  slender  species  in  which  llie 
upper  surface  is  more  finely  sculptured  and  decidedly    shining 

>  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  v,  p.  25  (p.  17  of  separates). 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    Xt.VllI. 


72  COLEOPTERA  OF  THE  TRIBE  CLERINI 

Dr.  Geo.  H.  Horn-  in  the  space  of  a  single  sentence  sinks  both 
nigrifrons  and  nigripes  as  synonyms  of  quadrigiittatus  OUvier, 
l)iit  Signiund  Schenkhng^  with  whom  the  wi'iter  agrees,  regards 
quadriguitatus  OHvier  as  an  unknown  species. 

Enoclerus  nigrifrons  variety  testaceipes  new  vailety 

Differs  from  the  typical  form  as  follows:  Less  robust;  elytral  surface  more 
roughly  sculj^tured,  basal  tubercles  much  less  developed,  surface  more  de- 
pi-essed;  the  median  fascia  broader,  its  margins  straight  and  parallel,  not  at 
all  oblique,  broadly  interrupted  at  the  suture;  sutural  margin  from  base  to 
apical  third  pale  testaceous.  Legs  pale  testaceous.  Color  otherwise  as  in 
typical  form.     Length,  5.5  mm. 

Miller,  Indiana,  June  27,  1915.  (Wm.  J.  Gerhard.)  Holo- 
type,  a  male  (No.  88G),  in  my  collection. 

Enoclerus  gerhardi  new  species 

Similar  in  general  form  to  nigripes  Say.  Black;  two  basal  joints  of  antennae, 
mandibles  (except  apices),  and  the  elytral  humeri  rufous;  shining;  moderately 
pubescent  throughout.  Head  finely  punctate,  front  with  the  nearly  smooth 
and  somewhat  elevated  area  (evident  in  nigripes)  wanting.  Prothorax 
minutely  and  very  sparsely  punctate,  more  coarsely  and  densely  so  at  sides  and 
apex;  sides  feebly  rounded,  moderately  constricted  subapically,  nearly  straight 
and  convergent  toward  base,  the  latter  narrow.  Elj'tra  flistinctly  granulate- 
l)unctate,  ante-median  fascia  and  sub-apical  maculations  white,  densely 
clothed  with  white  j)ubcscence,  the  fascia  trending  but  slightly  obliquely  for- 
ward from  extreme  elyti'al  margin  to  about  one-third  from  suture,  thence 
turning  abrufjtly  and  obiitjuely  backward  to  near  the  suture.  Metasternum 
nearly  smooth  at  middle,  very  minutely  punctate  at  sides.  Abdomen  rather 
finely  punctate.     Length,  5.2  mm. 

Miller,  Indiana,  July  18,  1915.  Holotype,  a  male  (No.  880), 
in  my  collection.  Collected  and  presented  to  me  bj'-  mj^  friend 
Mr.  Wm.  J.  Gerhard,  to  whom  I  dedicate  this  charming  little 
species,  as  a  slight  token  of  appreciation  of  the  numberless  favors 
he  has  shown  me. 

Nearest  allied  to  nigripes  ^ay,  but  differing  fi-om  that  species 
in  having  the  head  more  finely  punctate,  the  sides  of  prothorax 
less  rounded  and  more  nearly  straight  and  oblique  toward  base, 
the  base  narrower,  the  elytra  less  roughly  sculptured  and  the  ab- 
domen a  little  more  (inely  ))un('tate. 

■-Trans.  Amer.  t^iit.  Soc,  xu,  p.   154,   1SS5. 
^  Deutsche  Entoniol.  Zeitsclirift,  j).  27:3,   1«)00. 


A.    B.    WOLCOTT  73 

Enoclerus  liljebladi  new  species 

Similar  in  form  and  general  appearanrc  to  E.  iclnirinnoneu^  Fabriciiis, 
from  which  it  differs  as  follows:  Head  entirely  red  (the  manflibles,  jjaipi 
and  antennae  excepted),  more  finely  and  sparsely  punctate.  Prothorax  with 
disc  more  finely  punctate,  the  sides  less  strongly  rounded,  the  subajjical  con- 
striction stronger,  the  transverse  impression  much  less  sinuate.  Scutellum 
subtransverso,  obtusely  rounded  at  apex  (elongate  triangular  in  ichneuinoyieas). 
Elytra  black  at  base,  basal  fourth  transversely  rugulose  and  very  finely  punc- 
tate (coarsely  and  deeply  punctate  in  icliiiciimoneiis).  Abdomen  more  punc- 
tate, intercoxal  jjortion  of  first  abdominal  segment  non-carinute,  somewhat 
tumid  near  apex.     Length,  7.5  to  12  mm. 

With  l-lio  form  and  color  nearly  as  in  ichneumoneiis,  this  insect 
is  upon  examination  found  to  possess  but  few  characters  in 
connnon  with  that  species.  Fifteen  specimens  have  been  seen 
and  all  agree  among  themselves  in  possessing  the  characters 
given  above.  This  species  also  bears  some  resemblance  to 
muttkowsldi,  Init  that  species  is  l)roader,  more  depressed  and 
1he  scutellum  is  orbicular.  In  lUjchladi  the  anterior  mai-gin  of 
the  mesosternum  is  prominently lo1)ed  at  middle, its  anterior  face 
nearly  vertical  and  almost  smooth,  the  submarginal  carinae  oli- 
solescent  at  middle  (this  condition  pi'oduccd  by  the  coarse 
strigose  sculpture) :  in  mntikowskii  the  lobe  is  feeble,  ])road,  its 
anterior  face  arcuatelj^  descending,  the  outer  margin  finely 
cai'inate:  in  ichneumonens  the  loho  is  broad  but  rather  pro- 
minent, its  anterior  face  vertical,  the  lobe  with  a  large,  deep, 
irregularly  hexagonal,  depressed  area,  the  margin  of  whicli  is 
strongly  carinate;  the  sulimarginal  carinae  are  strongly  devel- 
oped and  confluent  with  the  carinate  margin  of  depressed  area 
near  the  middle  of  the  sides.  Many  other  differences  are  ob- 
serva])le,  but  the  above  are  amply  sufficient  to  differentiate  this 
particularly  interesting  species,  the  discovery  of  which  is  due  to 
the  assiduous  collecting  of  my  life-long  friend,  Mr.  Emil  Liljel)lad, 
by  whom  it  was  taken  on  dead  jMue  tnn^s. 

Pentwater,  Michigan,  July  11  to  22,  1920.  Holotype,  a  male 
(No.  1203);  allotype,  a  female  (No.  1204);  parntype,  a  male; 
paratype,  a  female,  in  the  collection  of  the  American  Entomolog- 
ical Society.  Paratypes  are  also  in  the  collection  of  Air.  Lilje- 
blad  and  that  of  Dr.  Edward  A.  Chapin,  of  Washington,  D.  ('. 

The  males  average  nmch  smaller  than  the  females,  one  veiy 
large  niale  attains  a  length  of  10.5  mm.      In  the  mal(»  the  l.isf 

THANS.    AM.    KNT.    .SOC,    XLVIU. 


74  COLEOPTERA  OF  THE  TRIBE  CLERINI 

ventral  segment  is  broadly  arcuate -emarginate,  red:  in  the  female 
the  same  segment  is  bi'oadly  and  obtusely  rounded,  nearly 
truncate  at  apex,  and  more  or  less  piceous  or  l)lack. 

Enoclerus  opifex  Gorham 

Chriis  (ipijcx  Gorham,  Biol.  Ccntr.-Amer.,  Col.,  iii,   p.   loG,  pi.  vni,  f.  3, 

1SX2. 

This  Central  American  species  has  been  recorded  as  occurring 
in  our  fauna  but  once;  in  191 P  the  writer  recorded  this  species 
as  taken  at  Alpine,  Texas.  No  further  representatives  have  been 
seen  by  me,  but  Mr.  Chas.  Liebeck  has  informed  me  that  a 
specimen  of  this  species  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  which  was  taken  bj'-  Messrs. 
Hebard  and  Rehn  at  Alamogordo,  New  Mexico,  July  1907. 

Enoclerus  chapini  new  .species 

Moderately  robust;  feebly  shining;  red,  occiput  of  head  ])iceous,  mctaster- 
num  and  elytra  black,  the  latter  with  the  lateral  margin  from  base  to  apex, 
the  elevated  sutural  margin,  apical  fourth,  base  somewhat  narrowly  at  the 
humeri  but  more  broadly  in  scutellar  region,  red,  a  curved  median  fascia  and 
a  small  maculation  at  base,  pale  yellow;  ventral  abdominal  segments  red, 
their  i)osterior  margins  (except  fifth  and  sixth),  black;  pubescence  moderately 
dense,  the  long  pale  hairs  most  evident  at  prothoracic  flanks,  base  and  apical 
fourth  of  elytra.  Head  (including  the  eyes)  distinctl}'  narrower  than  j)rothorax 
at  wiliest  part,  finely  but  not  very  closely  i)unctate.  Prothorax  as  long  as 
wide,  apex  one-third  wider  than  base,  subapical  constriction  and  tran.sverse 
impressed  line  very  nearly  obsolete,  ante-basal  constriction  and  the  sub-basal 
transverse  impressed  line  distinct;  sides  very  feebly  rounded,  widest  neai 
base,  strongly  narrowing  to  about  basal  fourth,  thence  parallel  to  base;  fine'y 
and  very  sparsely  punctate,  morts  densely  so  at  the  sides.  Elytra  moderately 
depressed;  sides  straight,  nearly  parallel  to  apical  third,  thence  broadly  and 
evenly  rounded  to  the  suture,  the  apices  being  conjointly  rounded;  very 
coarsely,  closely  jjunctate,  es])ecially  in  basal  half  of  the  elytra,  at  apex  less 
c()ars(!ly  and  more  sliallowly  punctate,  in  about  the  anterior  two-thirds  the 
punctures  are  somewhat  distinclly  seriate,  three  ratlu>r  f(M>bk^  costae  being 
l)resent  ui)on  each  ("lytroii.      I^eiiglh,  4.S  nnu. 

Ai'izonn,  (Moi'rison).  Ilololnpc,  a  male  (No.  009)  in  my 
collection. 

Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Ivlward  A.  ('ha])in,  who  has  contribu- 
ted greatly  to  our  knowledge  of  tiiis  family. 

The  specimen  upon  which  this  species  is  fonndctl  bears  a 
slight  reseni1)lan('e  to  h\  huliix  va,i'.  (ihriii)his  l.cconte,  and  has 
for  many  years  Ix'cn   placed    witii   tlial    species  in   my  cabinet, 

'  ImiI.   News,   xxii,   p.    120, 


A.    B.    WOLCOTT  iO 

but  never  in  a  satisfactory  way.  The  coarse  sculpture  of  the 
basal  portion  of  elytra  will  immediately  separate  it  from  the 
allied  hietus  and  its  variety  n1)rupt>(s.  It  is,  however,  more 
closely  related  to  atriceps  Gorliam,  of  Chiatemala.  In  atnce])>< 
the  head  may  be  either  l)lack  or  red,  it  is  also  a  larger  species 
(7.3  mm.)  than  chapini,  the  color  pattern  is,  however,  quite 
similar,  the  principal  difference  being  that  in  chapini  the  median 
fascia  forms  a  distinct  curve  upon  each  elytron,  the  convexity 
toward  the  base,  in  atn'cepft  the  fascia  is  straight,  the  pale  yellow- 
ish basal  maculation  wanting,  and  the  apical  margin  of  the 
prothorax  narrowly  Ijlack,  the  head  is  somewhat  more  coarsely 
and  deeply  punctate  than  in  chapini  Init  the  elytral  sculpt  are  is 
({uite  simihu"  in  the  two  species. 
Enoclerus  laetus  Klug  and  Enoclerus  coccineus  .Sfhenkling 

Clerus  ladu.-<  Klus,  Abh.  Berl.,  Akad.,  p.  301,   18-12. 

Clerus  abruptu.s  Leconte,  Proe.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  p.  72,  1S58. 
Clerus  coccineus  Schenkling.,  Deutsch.  Ent.  Zeit.,  p.  272,  190G. 

Clerus  corallinus  Fall,  Trans.  Anier.  Ent.  Soc,  xxxm,  p.  240,  1<)07. 

Under  the  name  Clerus  corallinus  Fall,  Mr.  Chas.  Schaeffer'' 
has  published  a  note  in  which  he  places  coraUimis  as  a  variety 
of  ahrupius  Leconte,  failing  to  appreciate  the  fact  that  abniptus 
is  but  a  variety  of  laetus,  the  latter  name  having  priority;  also 
that  Prof.  Fall's  species  is  a  synonym  of  coccineus  Schenkling. 
Schaeffer  also  alludes  to  the  prol)ability  of  flavosignatus  Spinola, 
recnrvatus  Gorham,  and  laetus  Klug  being  merely  variations  of 
abrnptus. 

The  writer  feels  compelled  to  tlissent  fro^n  the  expressed  oi)in- 
ion  of  Mr.  Schaeffer  so  far  at  least  as  it  relates  to  the  identity 
of  laetus  and  coccineus.  It  is  the  author's  firm  conviction  that 
we  have  here  two  distinct  species,  and  while  it  may  l)e  true  that 
we  have  little  more  than  type  of  color  pattern  to  enable  sei)ara- 
tion  of  these  species,  this  appears  to  me  to  ])C,  in  this  gemis,  of 
e([ual  value  to  other  specific  characters.  There  is,  in  my  opinion, 
always  a  distinct  line  of  demarcation  existent  in  the  tyiie  of 
pattern   in   tliese  two  species.     In  all  the  specimens  having  a 

^Journ.  N.  Y.  ImiI.  Sue    x\i,  j).   Ill,   I'.IO^. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XL\H1. 


76  COLEOPTERA  OF  THE  TRIBE  CLERINI 

rather  narrow,  more  or  less  lunate  median  fascia  which  it  has 
been  my  privilege  to  examine,  the  fascia  is  distinctly  interrupted 
at  the  suture,  and  these  are  referal^le  to  laetns  and  its  variety  (ih- 
ru'ptus.  In  coccineus  the  medium  fascia  is  very  broad,  occupjang 
one-third  or  more  of  the  length  of  the  elytra  and  is  distinctly 
wider  at  the  elytral  margin  and  at  the  suture,  where  instead  of 
being  interrupted  it  extends  along  the  sutural  bead  for  a  short 
distance  toward  the  apex,  and  also  extends  along  the  suture  from 
the  fascia  usually  (piite  to  the  scutellum;  the  form  is  a  trifle  more 
slender  and  the  elytral  sculpture  finer  than  in  laetus  or  abmptus. 

Mr.  Schaeffer  seems  to  have  been  influenced  primarily  l)y  the 
f:)ct  that  the  two  species  in  question,  and  also  those  mentioned 
by  him  as  veiy  likely  varieties,  have  at  base  an  identical  mac- 
ulation.  It  would  l^e  entirely  unsafe  to  assume  that  the  presence 
of  these  maculations  tlenoted  specific  identity;  as  an  illustration, 
there  are  numerous  species,  mostly  South  and  Central  American, 
possessing  this  basal  fleck  or  spot,  in  which  the  type  of  elytral 
pattern  is  so  distinctive  that  even  the  most  conservative  of 
students  must  regard  them  as  specifically  distinguishable. 

The  writer  believes  that  the  species  possessing  this  basal  mac- 
ulation,  which  is  almost  invariably  a  paler  color  than  the  surround- 
ing color  and  usually  more  shining  and  smoother  than  the  rest 
of  the  surface,  situated  at  the  base  of  each  elytron,  and  a  little 
closer  to  the  scutellum  than  the  humeri,  form  a  natural  group. 
The  origin  of  this  maculation  may  l)e  perhaps  ti'aced  to  those 
species  having  a  ])asal  striga,  that  is,  a  slightly  elevated  elongate 
narrow  whitish  spot  or  line  at  liase,  such  as  is  seen  in  the  Brazil- 
ian scenicus  Klug,  from  which  we  may  pass  to  such  types  as 
mysticus  Klug,  in  which  the  basal  half  of  elytra  is  yellow  with 
<lark  mai'kings,  leaving  the  location  of  the  maculation  (and  more) 
l)a,le.  Thence  we  pass  on  to  ruficoUis  Castelnau,  n  which  the 
elytra  ai-e  dark  at  base  with  a  pale  marking  stai-ting  frt)m  iho 
position  of  1lie  usual  maculation,  running  obliquely  to  near  the 
suture  which  it  pai'allels  to  just  in  front  of  the  middle,  thence 
tui-ning  forward  to  the  marginal  flanks  at  a  point  just  behind  1  he 
humeri.  By  successive  stei)s  we  then  pi'occed  through  such 
species  as  ariifcx  Spinola,  pulcheUus  Klug,  sohn'tius  Castcltiau, 
deUciolns  CJoi-ham,  jnisillus  Klug,  dislwcins  Sinnola,  bilohus 
S])iiioIa.,  rcciinuiliis  ( ioi'li.-ini,  Jl<ir<).si(jn<itiis  Sjjiiiola,   and  <itric('j)s 


A.    B.    WOLCOTT  77 

Gorham,  to  those  of  our  own  limited  fauna,  that  is  chapini, 
lactus  and  its  variety  abruptus  and  finally  reach  coccineu.s. 

Enoclerus  palmii  Schaeffcr 

Clerus  palinii  tSchaei'fcr,  Journ.  X.  Y.  Eiit.  Soc,  xn,  p.  218,  1904. 

This  species,  described  from  one  specimen,  was  known  from 
Arizona  (Senator),  only.  It  is  known  to  me  from  Las  Vegas 
and  Gallup,  New  Mexico,  and  just  recently  Mr.  Warren  Knaus 
sent  me  for  determination  a  series  of  four  specimens  Ijearing 
labels  reading  as  follows: — "Coal  Creek  Canon,  Cedar  City, 
Utah,  6500  ft.  July  25,  '21.  Knaus,  Nininger,  Hoover."  This 
series  is  remarkaljly  uniform  in  size,  form,  color  and  pattern  of 
elytral  fascia. 

Serriger  reichei  .Spinola 

Scrrigvr  reichei  Spinola,  Mon.  Clcritcs,  p.  171,  pi.  xii,  fifz;.  3,  1844. 
Aulicus  antennatus  Schaeffer,  Proc.  V.  S.  Xat.  Mu.^.,  lix,  p.  158,  1921. 

If  the  writer  has  correctly  identified  Mr.  Schaeffer's  species, 
it  is  the  same  as  Serriger  reichei,  a  genus  and  species  which  from 
the  time  of  the  appearance  of  the  original  description  seem  to 
have  remained  unknown  to  all  writers,  including  the  great  savant 
Lacordaire,  Although  it  was  described  from  Reiche's  collection 
as  from  "Le  ]\Iexique, "  it  was  entirely  unknown  to  the  Rev.  H. 
S.  Gorliam,  author  of  that  portion  of  the  Biologia  Centrali- 
Americana  which  deals  with  the  family  Cleridae,  but  he  re- 
marks that  Serriger  is  a  genus  about  which  there  is  room  for 
a  good  deal  of  doubt.  In  1917,  in  rearranging  a  portion  of  my 
Clcrid  material,  this  species  was  recognized  by  me,  mixed  amongst 
some  Aulicus  species,  where  it  had  been  placed  without  i)ro])er 
study  being  given  to  it.  The  specimen  at  hand  is  a  male  from 
"So.  Cal."  The  form,  color  and  color  i)att(n-n,  sculpture  and 
size  agree  so  well  with  Si)inola's  description  and  figure  that  the 
present  specijnen  might  be  said  to  fit  i)(M-f(H'tly  in  every  detail. 
There  is,  however,  a  slight  difference  in  tlie  stiucture  of  tiic 
antennae;  the  fifth  joint,  in  the  d(>tail  drawing  accompanying  th(> 
figure,  is  represented  as  rather  strongly  dihiled,  in  my  s])ecimen 
it  is  scarcely  discernibly  dilated.  It  is  a  well  eslablisluMl  fact 
that  quite  a  few  of  the  detail  figures  given  in  llic  "  AIon()graphi(>" 
are  more  or  less  inaccurate,  sometimes  even  as  to  the  number 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIU. 


78  COLEOPTERA    OF    THE    TRIBE    CLERINI 

of  joints  shown.  My  specimen  agrees  so  well  with  the  descrip- 
tion of  Aulicus  antennatus  thai  I  feel  sure  that  we  have  the  same 
species  in  hand.  It  was  upon  the  record  afforded  l)y  the  spec- 
imen in  my  collection  that  the  writer  entered  this  as  a  member 
of  our  fauna  in  Leng's  Catalogue  of  Coleoptera. 


M.    C.    VAN    DUZEE  79 


THE  GENUvS  XIPHANDRIUM  LOEW  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 
(DIPTERA;  DOLICHOPODIDAE) 

BY   M.    C.    VAN   DUZEE 
Buffalo,  New  York 

111  1S99,  Dr.  Wheeler  descrilied  as  Porphi/rops  xipherea,  a 
tyjiical  species  of  the  genus  Xiphnndiiuiii,  although  hitherto  it 
has  never  been  placed  therein.  This  is  the  only  described  s])ecies 
of  the  genus  from  North  America.  Having  five  new  species  and 
a  variety  in  my  collection,  I  am  descril)ing  these;  no  doul)t  others 
have  unrecognized  material  in  this  interesting  little  genus. 

I  have  taken  them  only  by  sweeping  in  rather  swampy,  sunny 
]ilaces  where  there  was  short  grass. 

They  reseml)le  small  PorphyropH,  being  from  2.5  to  3.5  nnn. 
in  length,  with  long  strap-lik(^  third  antennal  joints,  usually 
from  six  to  ten  times  as  long  as  wide;  tlu;  arista  is  terminal,  rather 
thick  and  short,  usually  about  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  front; 
the  middle  coxae  usually  have  a  spine  or  thorn  at  tip  as  in  many 
of  the  Porphyrops,  these  spines  are  often  pale  in  color.  The 
wings  are  much  like  those  of  Porphyrops,  except  that  they  are 
narrower,  especially  at  base.  When  once  recognized  the  genus 
is  easily  cHstinguished  from  the  related  genera. 

Table  of  North  American  Species,  Males 

1.  All  coxae  yellow 2 

At  least  middle  and  hind  coxae  blackened  at  base  for  half  t  heir  leiifil  h } 

2.  Hind   femora  wholly  yellow;  hind  tibiae  brownisli  yellow,  darker  apically. 

(Georgia) flavicoxa   new  species 

Tips  of  hirul  femora  and  the  whok;  of  their  tibiae  and  tarsi  black 3 

3.  Outer    lamellae    short;  hypopygium  as  in  figure  5.  (New  York.) 

femineum  new  species 
Outer  lamellae  rather  long  as  in  figure  7.  (Xew  "^'ork.i 

femineum  var.  dubium  new  variety 

4.  Third  antennal  joint  nearly,  or  even  more  than,  twice  as  long  as  tiie  height 

of  the  head 5 

Third  antennal  joint  about  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  head 6 

5.  Outer  hypopj-gial  appendages  filiform,  as  in  figure  2.  (Colorado.) 

longicorne  new  sjiecies 
Outer  hy])()pygial  appendages  lamellae-like,  as  in  figure  9.  (.\laska.) 

aldrichi   new   species 

TKANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


80 


GENUS    XIPHANDRIUM    IN    NORTH    AMERICA 


6.  Hind    femoru  and  their    tibiae    almost  wholly  yellow;  outer    hypopygial 

lamellae    as    in    figure    6.   (Arizona.) trlangulatum  new  species 

Hind  femora  blaek  at  tip;  hind  tibiae  wholly  deep  black 7 

7.  Inner    hypopygial  appendages  club-shaped.    (Pennsylvania.) 

xipheres    Wheeler 
Inner  appendages  more  shovcl-shapcd  (about  as  in  figures  3  and  <Sj S 

8.  Inner    hypopygial   appendages  (figure  3)  with    a    horn-like   protuberance 

near  the  middle  of  their  length.   (Nevada,  Oregon.  Alaska.) 

f emoratum  var.   pollex  new  variety 

Inner  ap])endages  without  such  a  protuberance;  hypo])vgium  as  in  figure  1, 

(Nevada,    Alaska.) femoratum  new  species 


Explanatiou  of  Jiguren  of  Xiphandrium 
V\g.  1,  fcinordluni  new  species,  hypopygium  of  male.  ]''ig.  2,  htngicornc 
new  species,  hypoi)ygium  of  male.  Fig.  3,  fotionituin  variety  pollex  new 
variety,  inner  apjiendages  of  the  hypopygium  of  male.  Fig.  I,  /<  iHoralnDi 
new  species,  outer  lamella  cf  the  hypopygium  of  male.  Fig.  5,  fcniuK  uin  new 
species,  hypopygium  of  male.  Fig.  G,  triatu/ulatiini  new  species,  outer  hypoj)yg- 
ial  lamella  of  male.  Fig.  7,  fonincuni  variety  diibium  new  variet.y,  outer 
hyi)0[)ygial  lamella  of  male.  Fig.  8,  Jciaiii'-tun.  variety  dubiuin  new  variety, 
inner  appendages  of  the  hypopygium  of  male.  Figs.  9  and  10,  aldricki  new 
species,  a|>pendage;  of  the  male  liypopygium. 


M.    C.    VAX    DUZEE  81 

Xiphandrium  xlpheres  Wheeler 

!'(,)■  Iihjiroj.s  xi iilii  n.s  Whvch'v,  Proc.  ("al.  Acad.  Sci.,  ii,  |).  '.',A,  pi.   ii,   fij;;.   53. 

The  followiiif^  is  a  copy  ol  Prof.  Wheeler's  de.si'ript.ioii;  I  have 
not  seen  any  specinien  of  this  fonu. 

cf :     Length,  3.5  mm.;  of  wmg,  3  mm.     Palpi  small,  du.stcd  with  white. 

Face  broad  for  a  male,  covered  with  silvery  white;  dust.  Antennae  black; 
first  and  second  joints  short,  third  joint  flattened,  as  long  as  the  thorax,  slowly 
tapering  to  the  tip  and  covered  with  sliort  and  almost  imjierceptible  pile; 
arista  terminal,  very  short  pubescent,  its  basal  segment  somewhat  thickened. 
Front  black,  rather  ojiaquc.  Postocular  cilia  abundant,  snow  white.  Thorax 
and  scutellum  blackish  metallic  green,  the  latter  with  bluish  reflections.  Ab- 
domen dark  metallic  cupreous  green;  edges  of  the  segments  black;  basal  seg- 
ments bearing  long  pale  hairs  on  their  sides.  Hypoi)yginm  shining  black, 
with  the  i)r()truding  app(>ndages;  lamellae  triangular,  taj)ering,  covered  with 
erect  hairs,  black,  each  with  a  small  wliite  spot  at  its  base;  internal  appendages 
club-shajx'd.  Pleura  thickly  (covered  with  gray  dust,  except  above  the  base 
of  the  middle  coxae  where  the  metallit;  gnM'n  ground-color  is  exposed.  Coxae 
concolorous  with  the  pleiu'a,  only  their  extreme  tips  yellow;  anterior  surfaces 
of  fore  coxae  clothed  with  conspicuous  silvery  white  hairs.  Middle  coxae 
each  with  a  tuft  of  similar  hairs  and  a  couple  of  stout  curved,  black  bristles. 
Legs  plain,  yellow,  anterior  tarsi  from  the  tij)  of  the  first  joint,  the  hind  tibiae, 
which  are  somewhat  incrassated,  hind  tarsi  and  the  hind  femora  on  their 
ui)per  sm-faces  near  the  tip,  black.  Wings  grayish  hyaline,  not  narrowed 
towards  their  base;  veins  brown;  third  and  fourth  veins  nearly  parallel.  Hal- 
teres  and  tegulae  yellow,  the  latter  with  long  white  cilia. 

Dehaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 
Xiphandrium  femoratum  new  species  (Text-figs.  1  and  4.) 

cf:  Length,  2.8  to  3  nnn.  Face  narrow,  of  nearly  parallel  width,  silv(>ry 
white.  Palpi  black,  their  tips  with  white  pollen  like  the  iace.  Front  violet. 
All! eiinae  black;  third  joint  fully  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  head,  rather 
bi-oad  at  base,  gradully  tapering;  arista  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  front  at 
vertex.     Upper  orbital  cilia  black,  the  white  beard  long  and  abundant. 

Thorax  and  scutellum  dark  shining  green  with  just  the  suggestion  of  a 
broad  median  vitta  of  blackish  or  violet;  pleura  with  thin  grayish  white  pollen. 

Abdomen  metallic  green,  more  blue  on  the  sides,  sometimes  almost  wholly 
coppery,  wuth  conspicuous  white  hairs  on  the  sides  and  venter.  Ilj'popygium 
(fig.  1)  black  with  stiff  black  hairs;  the  outer  lamellae  (fig.  4)  lanceolate,  black, 
more  or  less  yellow  at  base,  fringed  with  rather  long  pale  hairs,  some  of  which 
appear  nearly  black;  inner  appendages  small,  black,  somewhat  shovel-shaped, 
rather  obliciuely  truncate  at  tip,  with  a  pale  stout  bristle  at  the  acute  apical 
(H)rner  and  a  few  stiff  hairs  back  of  this  spine. 

Fore  coxae  black  with  about  apical  half  j'ellow,  their  anterior  surfa('e  cover- 
ed with  long  white  hairs;  middle  and  hind  coxae  black  with  narrow  yellow 
tips,  the  former  with  two  long  black  bristles  on  outer  surface  and  with  a  few 

TRAXS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


82  GENUS    XIPHANDEIUM    IN    NORTH    AMERICA 

long  yellowisli  hristlos  at  tip,  which  do  not  seem  to  form  a  spine  as  they  usually 
do  in  this  genus;  hind  coxae  with  one  large  black  bristle  and  a  few  minute 
white  hairs  on  outer  surface.  Fore  femora  black  with  extreme  base  and  tip 
yellow;  middle  femora  wholly  yellow,  with  three  preapical  bristles,  one  in 
front  and  two  on  posterior  side;  hind  femora  yellow  with  apical  half  or  two- 
fifths  black,  this  black  extends  nearly  to  basal  third  on  upper  edge;  they  have 
one  preapical  bristle;  all  femora  with  short  black  hairs,  no  longer  ones  below. 
Fore  and  middle  tibiae  wholly  yellow,  each  with  several  bristles  above;  hind 
tibiae  wholly  black.  Fore  and  middle  tarsi  about  as  long  as  their  tibiae,  in- 
fuscated  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint,  which  is  nearly  as  long  as  the  remain- 
ing four  taken  together;  hind  tarsi  scarcely  as  long  as  their  tibiae,  wholly 
black,  slightly  comj^ressed,  with  the  first  and  second  joints  of  nearly  equal 
length.     Calypters  and  halteres  pale  yellow,  the  former  with  whitish  cilia. 

Wings  grayish;  third  and  fourth  veins  approaching  each  other  a  little  and 
then  parallel  for  a  short  distance  at  tip,  the  fourth  ending  in  the  apex  of  the 
wing;  last  section  of  fifth  vein  three  times  as  long  as  the  cross-vein  and  reach- 
ing the  wing  margin;  sixth  vein  very  close  to  the  wing  margin  and  nearly 
parallel  with  it,  the  wing  being  much  narrowed  at  base. 

9  :  Face  wide,  green,  thicklj'  covered  with  gray  pollen,  divided  near  its 
middle  by  a  suture,  below  which  the  ground  color  shows  through  a  little;  palpi 
large,  black  with  gray  pollen  and  black  hairs;  proboscis  black;  front  violet 
edged  with  blue;  antennae  black,  third  joint  elongate  triangular,  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  wide,  arista  thick,  apical;  a  little  longer  than  the  antennae,  its  first 
joint  short;  the  white  beard  very  thin.  Body  color  about  as  in  the  male; 
coxae,  fore  and  middle  femora,  their  tibiae  and  tarsi  about  as  in  the  male, 
except  that  the  fore  coxae  are  mostly  blackish  and  all  coxae  have  shorter  white 
hair.  Hind  femora  yellow  with  apical  fifth  black ;  hind  tibiae  yellow  with  about 
apical  third  black;  otherwise  about  as  in  the  male. 

Described  from  nine  males  and  six  females  which  I  took  at 
Wells,  Nevada,  June  6,  1915;  several  males  and  females  taken  by 
J.  S.  Hine,  at  Kodiak,  Alaska,  in  June,  1917,  and  fifteen  males 
and  seven  females  taken  by  J.  M.  Aldrich,  in  Alaska  in  1921; 
cisht  taken  at  Skagway,  June  4;  ten  at  Anchorage,  June  10  to 
18;  three  at  Fairbanks,  July  1,  and  one  at  Healy,  June  21. 

The  hololypc  and  allotype  were  taken  at  Wells,  Nevada,  and 
are  in  the  author's  collection. 

Xiphandrium  fcmoratum  vaiicly  pollcx  new  vari(!ly  (Te\(-fig.  li.) 

This  foim  differs  from  the  above  (k'scribed  male  in  the  inner  ai)pciidages  of 
t  he  hypopygium  having  a  thumb-like  projection  on  their  lower  edge  near  th(> 
middle  (fignre  [{);  the  fore  coxae  also  seem  to  be  less  yellow  at  tip.  The  third 
antennal  joint  of  what  seems  to  be  the  female  is  slightly  shorter  than  <hat  of 
the  femak's  desci-il^cd  above. 

Described  fro)n  two  males  and  five  females  which  I  took  at 
Wells,  N(!vada,  June  0,   1915;  one  male  taken  by  Mr.  Cole  at 


M.    C.    VAN   DUZEE  83 

Hood  River,  Oregon,  June  21,  1917;  several  specimens  taken  l)y 
Prof.  James  S.  Hine,  at  Kodiak,  Alaska,  in  June,  1917,  and  one 
male  taken  by  J.  M.  Aldrich,  at  Skagway,  Alaska,  June  4,  1921. 

Holotijpe  and  allotype  in  the  autlior's  collection  and  taken  at 
Wells,  Nevada. 

The  ?nale  of  Jemoraium  differs  that  of  xipheres  Wheeler  in 
having  the  inner  appendages  of  the  hypopygium  more  shovel- 
shaped,  not  at  all  club-shaped,  and  in  having  the  hind  femora 
much  more  blackened  at  tip.  Wheeler's  species  is  from  the 
First,  these  forms  from  the  West. 

Xiphandrium  triangulatum  new  species     (Toxt-fis;.  6.) 

o^:  Length,  2  mm.  Faec  very  narrow,  in  the  type  the  ej'es  seem  to  touch 
in  the  middle  of  the  face;  below,  it  has  silvery  white  pollen.  Front  blackish. 
Antennae  black;  third  joint  as  long  as  the  heafl-height,  about  as  wide  at  base 
as  the  width  of  the  front  and  tapering  a  little  towards  the  top;  arista  thick, 
not  much  longer  than  the  width  of  the  third  joint  at  base.  Lateral  aud  in- 
ferior orbital  cilia  white. 

Thorax  shining  green;  plevu'a  dulled  with  white  pollen. 

Abdomen  green  with  bronze  reflections.  Ilyjiopj'gium  black  with  rather 
long  black  hair;  the  outer  lamellae  (fig.  G)  yellowish,  with  upper  edge  black 
and  fringed  with  pale  hairs;  thej^  are  triangular  with  a  stem  at  base;  inner 
aj)pendages  very  small. 

Fore  coxae  pale  yellow,  a  little  l)lackened  at  base,  their  anterior  surface 
covered  with  long  white  hair;  I  cannot  see  any  black  bristles  or  hairs  at  tip. 
Middle  and  hind  coxae  black,  narrowly  yellow  at  tip,  the  former  with  three 
black  bristles  near  the  tip  on  outer  surface,  the  latter  with  one  lilack 
bristle,  middle  pair  with  minute  yellow  hairs  on  the  front  surface  and  a  yellow 
spine  at  tip.  Femora  yellow,  the  hind  ones  a  very  little  blackened  above  at 
tip  and  with  one  preapical  bristle.  Middle  femora  with  two  preai)ical  bristles, 
one  on  each  side,  and  ciliate  below  with  long  yellow  hairs  on  lower  posterior 
etlge,  which  are  longer  than  femoial  width.  Fore  and  middle  tibiae  yellow,  eac^h 
with  several  bristles  on  upper  surface;  hind  tibiae  brownish  yellow.  Fore 
tarsi  about  as  long  as  their  tibiae,  black  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint,  which 
is  not  quite  as  long  as  the  remaining  four  joints  taken  together.  Middle 
tarsi  a  little  longer  than  their  tibiae,  infuscated  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint, 
the  base  of  the  joints  still  paler,  their  tips  blackish.  Hind  tarsi  brown,  their 
first  joint  a  little  shorter  than  the  second.  Calypters,  their  cilia  and  the 
halteres,  yellow. 

\\'ings  graj'ish;  beyond  the  cross-vein  the  third  and  fourth  veins  are  a 
little  arched  so  as  to  separate  and  then  aj)proach  each  other,  still  they  are 
nearly  parallel  towards  the  tips,  the  fourth  ending  in  the  apex  of  the  wing; 
last  section  of  the  fifth  vein  more  than  four  times  as  long  as  the  cross-vein; 
sixth  vein  nearly  parallel  with  the  margin  of  the  wing,  the  wing  being  nar- 
rowinl  at  base. 

TU.\NS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


84  GENUS    XIPHANDRIUM    IN    NORTH    AMERICA 

Described  from  one  male  taken  at  Oak  Creek  Canyon,  Arizona, 
in  August,  at  G,000  ft.  elevation,  by  F.  H.  Snow.  Type  in  the 
author's  collection. 

Xiphandrium  flavicoxa  new  species 

d^:  Length,  2  nun.  Face  very  narrow  below,  wider  above,  silvery-  wliite. 
Front  shining  violet.  Antennae  black;  third  joint  scarcely  as  long  as  the 
height  of  the  head  and  not  much  wider  at  base  than  the  width  of  the  front; 
arista  about  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  front.  The  orbital  cilia  seem  to  be 
wholly  black  (I  can  only  see  two  or  three  of  the  lower  ones). 

Thorax  greenish.  Abdomen  green  with  bronze  reflections.  Hj-popygium 
black  with  four  black  hairs  above,  its  lamellae  small,  triangular  with  a  stem, 
yellowish  at  base,  apical  half  black,  fringed  with  minute  jiale  hairs;  I  cannot 
see  any  inner  a]jpendages. 

Coxae  yellow;  anterior  and  middle  ones  with  yellow  hairs  on  the  front  sur- 
fac(>,  the  latter  with  a  short  yellow  spine  at  tip  and  two  or  three  black  bristles 
on  outer  surface  near  the  tip;  hind  coxae  with  one  black  bristle.  Femora 
yellow,  nearly  bare  below;  middle  ones  with  one  small  black  bristle  on  each 
side  near  tip :  hind  pair  With  one  preapical  bristle ;  fore  and  middle  tibiae  yellow, 
the  former  with  minute  bristles  and  the  latter  with  large  ones.  Hind  tibiae 
brownish.  Fore  and  middle  tarsi  a  little  longer  than  their  tibiae,  first  joint  as 
long  as  the  following  three  joints  taken  together,  yellow,  becoming  darker 
from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint.  Hind  tarsi  black,  with  the  second  joint  a  littl(» 
longer  than  the  first.     Calypters,  their  cilia  and  the  halteres,  yellow. 

Wings  tinged  with  yellowish  brown;  fourth  vein  nearly  paiallel  with  third 
from  near  the  cross-vein,  ending  in  the  apex  of  the  wing;  last  section  of  fifth 
vein  about  three  times  as  long  as  the  cross-vein;  sixth  vein  short,  i)ar;illel 
v\ith  the  margin  of  the  wing. 

Described  from  one  male;  taken  at  Lavender,  Floyd  County, 
Georgia,  August,  1910,  by  J.  C.  Bradley.  Type  in  the  author's 
collection. 

Xiphandrium  femineum  new  species     (Text-fig.  T).) 

(f :  Length,  2.0  mm.  face  wide,  nearly  as  wide  as  usual  in  the  female  sex,  a 
little  narrowed  below,  silvery  white.  Palpi  largely  yellow.  Front  bright 
blue-green.  Antennae  black;  th'rd  joint  .•il>iiiit  as  long  as  the  height  of  the 
head,  rather  narrow  and  of  about  ('(|ii;il  width  to  nc;ir  its  tip;  arista  about  as 
long  as  the  width  of  the  face.  Lateral  and  inferior  orbital  cilia  and  beard 
wliite. 

Tlioiax  greenish,  dorsum  dulled  with  l)ro\vnish  pnlien;  scutcliuni  blue-green; 
posterior  edge  of  the  i)leura  yellow.  Abdomen  bronze  gi'een.  llypopygiuni 
(figure  /j)  black,  with  short  black  hairs  .and  two  spines  at  tip;  outer  lamellae 
sorn(!what  triangular,  small,  apical  half  black,  b;is;il  half  yellowisli;  inner 
appendages  nilher  large,  black,  pointed  at  tij)  with  tlire(>  stout  yelliw  liaiis. 

('oxae  wholly  yellow;  fnie  coxjie  with  long  white  hairs;  middle  ines  with  ;i 
short  yellow  spine  at  tip  and  tw.)  small  bristles  on  (uiter  surface;  i)osteiior  i);iir 
with  one  black  bristle.     I'emora  yellow,  nearlj-  bare  below;  posteiior   pair 


M.    C.    VAN"   DUZEE  85 

ronsi(l(M-ahIy  infuscated  above  at  t'.p.  Fore  and  middle  tibiae  yellow;  hind 
tibiae  wholly  black,  with  thiee  bristles  above.  Fore  tarsi  as  long  as  their 
tibiae,  black  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint,  which  is  slightly  widened  at  ti]) 
and  as  long  as  the  remaining  four  joints  taken  together;  middle  tarsi  as  long 
as  their  tibiae,  yellow,  darker  at  tip;  hind  tarsi  wholly  black,  with  the  first 
joint  a  httle  shorter  and  thicker  than  the  second.  Calypters  their  cilia  and 
.the  halteres,  yellow. 

Wings  dark  grayish;  third  and  fourth  nearly  parallel  beyond  the  cross-vein, 
then  slightly  convergent  and  again  nearly  parallel  at  their  tip,  last  section  of 
fifth  vein  about  two  and  one-half  times  as  long  as  the  cross-vein;  wing  nar- 
rowed at  its  base. 

Described  from  one  male,  which  I  took  at  Rochester,  New  York, 
AFay  2*),   IUKj.     Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

Xiphandrium    femmeum    variety    dubium  new  variety        (Text-figs.   7 

and  8.) 

This  form  is  like  femirjeum,  except  that  the  outer  lamellae  are  longer  (figure  7) 
and  appaiently  with  longer  stem;  it  is  possible,  but  not  probable,  that  they 
appear  so  on  account  of  being  more  extended;  the  inner  appendages  (figure  S) 
are  about  the  same  in  both  forms.  The  first  joint  of  the  fore  tarsus  is  a  little 
shoiter,  being  as  long  as  the  two  following  joints  taken  together,  not  as  long 
as  the  following  three  joints,  as  is  the  case  in  femineuni.  The  last  section 
of  fourth  vein  is  very  nearly  straight  in  this  form,  being  only  shghtly  bent 
near  its  middle,  while  m  feviineum  its  bend  is  very  distinct,  although  not 
great. 

These  are  all  structual  characters  and,  although  slight,  would 
if  constant  give  specific  rank  to  this  form,  but  until  more  material 
is  secured  I  think  it  better  to  i)lace  it  as  a  variety  oi  fcinineiun. 

Described  from  one  male,  which  I  took  at  (iasport,  N(!\v  York, 
August  28,  1021.     Ti/pe  in  the  author's  collection. 
Xiphandrium  longicorne  new  species     (Text-fig.  2.) 

a'  :  Length,  3  mm.  Head  rather  small.  Face  very  narrow,  silver}-  white, 
in  the  ty|)e  the  eyes  touch  in  the  middle  of  the  face,  probably  because  the  head 
is  shrunken.  Palpi  and  proboscis  black.  Antennae  l)lack,  its  white  pubescence 
consjjicuous;  third  joint  very  long,  nearly  as  long  as  the  abdomen;  in  the 
t3-l)e  it  is  wa\'y,  like  a  ribbon,  of  nearly  equal  width  for  nearly  its  entire  ieiigl  h; 
arista  short  and  thick,  but  as  long  as  the  width  of  the  front.  Front  gieenish, 
very  short,  not  much  more  than  a  line  and  without  bristles.  Orbital  cilia 
and  beardwhite;  I  cannot  see  any  black  cilia  above. 

Dorsum  of  thorax  and  the  scutellum  shining  green;  i)leura  slightly  dulled 
with  whitish  j)ollen.  Abdomen  green  with  coppery  reflections,  the  lower 
portion  of  its  sides  with  pale  hairs.  H}'poi)ygiuiu  (fig.  2)  black,  without  hair, 
but  with  scales  of  jiollcn;  its  lamellae  develojxd  into  long  ribbon-like  black 
filaments,  which  are  fringed  with  long  bristly  liaiis:  tiie  inner  ai)pendages  are 
also  long  filaments  with  long  bristles  at  tip,  enlarged  a  little  at  base. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XKVIH. 


86  GENUS    XIPHANDRIUM    IN    NORTH    AMERICA 

Foie  coxae  wholly  yellow;  middle  and  hind  ones  black  with  yellow  tips; 
fore  and  middle  pairs  with  yellow  hairs  on  their  anterior  surface,  hind  pair 
with  yellow  bristle  on  the  outside;  middle  ones  with  a  yellow  spine  at  tip. 
Femora  yellow,  nearly  bare  below;  posterior  pair  a  little  infuscate  near  the  tip 
above.  Tibiae  yellow  with  only  very  small  bristles;  posterior  tibiae  slightly 
infus(;ated  at  tij).  Fore  and  middle  tarsi  slightly  longer  than  their  tibiae, 
infuscated  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint;  fore  metatarsi  as  long  as  the  following 
four  joints  taken  together  and  with  a  row  of  minute  bristles  below.  Hind 
tarsi  scarcely  as  long  as  theii  tibiae,  black  from  the  tip  of  the  first  joint,  which 
is  dark  j^ellowish  and  about  as  long  as  second  joint.  Calyjiters,  their  cilia 
and  the  halteres,  yellow. 

Wings  grayish;  last  section  of  fourth  \^ein  bent  near  its  middle,  where  it  is 
quite  widely  separated  from  third  vein,  the  third  vein  running  rather  close  to 
second  as  far  as  this  point,  from  this  point  the  third  and  fourth  veins  approach 
each  other  a  little,  then  run  nearly  parallel  to  their  tips,  the  fourth  ending  in 
the  apex  of  the  wing;  last  section  of  fifth  vein  about  two  and  one-half  times 
as  long  as  the  cross-vein;  sixth  vein  quite  widely  separated  from  the  wing 
margin,  the  anal  angle  of  tlK>  wing  being  somewhat  ])rominent. 

Descriljed  from  one  male,  taken  by  L.  0.  Jackson,  at  Geneva 
Park,  Grant  Goiinty,  Colorado,  July  23,  1910,  at  an  elevation 
of  aljout  9,000  feet.     Type  in  the  author's  collection. 

Perhaps  a  new  genus  should  be  formed  to  receive  this  species, 
l)ased  on  the  small  front  and  its  lack  of  bristles,  but  as  it  is 
possible  that  the  bi'istles  may  have  been  broken  off  in  the  single 
speciinen  we  have,  it  see:<ns  best  to  wait  until  more  material  is 
found.     Otherwise  it  fits  well  in  this  genus. 

Xiphandrium  aldrlchi  ninv  species     (Text-figs.  9  and  10.) 

cf:  Length,  2.7.5  to  'A  nun.  I'ace  white,  not  very  narrow.  Front  green, 
dull.  Palpi  blackish  er  yellowish  brown,  small.  Antennae  black,  nearly 
twic(>  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  head;  third  joint  of  about  equal  width, 
ril)bon-like,  somewhat  folded  up,  inibescent;  arista  very  short,  scarcelj'  as 
long  as  tlu!  width  of  the  third  joint.     Lateral  and  inferior  orbital  cilia  white. 

Thorax  gieen,  dulled  with  gray  i)o]lon.  Abdomen  green  with  black  hair, 
those  on  the  lower  edge  of  the  si<lcs  yellow,  llypopjgium  and  its  appendages 
black;  there  arc  Iwo  pair  of  l;\nicll;ic-lik(' appendages  (figs.  10  and  9),  these 
do  not  .seem  to  be  united  at  base,  but  I  do  not  see  that  either  can  be  called 
an  outer  or  inner  ajjpendage  as  in  other  species;  one  is  long  and  furnished  wit h 
long  pale  hairs,  the  other  pair  have  an  oval  tip  tapering  into  a  slender  stem, 
these  also  have  long  pale  hairs. 

Fore  coxae  yelicjw,  slightly  darker  on  outer  side  at  base;  middle  and  hind 
coxae  black  on  })asal,  yellow  on  apical  half;  the  hairs  and  bristles  of  all  coxae 
yellow.  Femora  and  til)iae  yellow,  only  the  tii)s  (,f  posterior  tibiae  brown, 
their  bristles  very  .small.  .All  tarsi  blackened  from  the  tip  (  f  the  first  joint: 
fore  tarsi  ;il)()iit  .-is  long  as  llieii- I  ibiac,  the  lirsl  joint  but  lill  e  lungci' tiiini  the 


M.    C.    VAN   DUZEE  87 

second:  middle  pair  one  and  one-fourth  times  as  long  as  their  tibiae,  hind 
tarsi  slightly  thickened,  about  equal  to  their  tibiae  in  length,  first  and  second 
joints  of  about  equal  length.     Cah'pters,  their  cilia  and  the  halteres,  yellow. 

Wings  gray;  third  and  fourth  veins  ai)i)roaching  each  other  from  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  section  of  the  fourth  vein,  but  nearly  jmrallcl  at  tips,  fourth 
ending  in  the  apex  of  the  wing;  last  section  of  fifth  vein  fully  twice  as  long 
as  the  cross-vein;  anal  angle  rounded,  the  wing  being  rather  abruptly  nar- 
rowed at  its  root. 

9  :  Color,  venation  and  form  of  the  tarsi  about  as  in  the  male.  Face  wide, 
whitish;  palpi  black,  large;  antennae  with  the  thiid  joint  somewhat  triangular, 
but  little  longer  than  wide;  arista  about  as  long  as  the  height  of  the  head, 
slender. 

Descril)e(]  from  two  males  and  one  female,  taken  at  Healy, 
Alaska,  June  24,  1921,  Ijy  J.  M.  Aldrich,  for  whom  I  am  naming 
this  interesting  species.  Holuiij}K'  and  allotype  in  the  United 
States  National  IVluseum. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


I 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIII. 


PI.  I. 


Fie.  D. 


Fig.     E. 
DAVIDSON     NOTES  ON  MELANOSTOMA 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIII, 


ri.  11. 


W 


to  'M  W 


f-r 


HEBARD— NEW  NORTH  AMERICAN  MELANOPLI 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.   Vol.  XLVllI. 


PI.  III. 


HEBARD— NEW  NORTH  AMERICAN  MELANOPLI 


CONTENTS 


New    Neotropical    Species    of    Ensign-flies    or    Evaniidae 

(Hymenoptera) .     By  Theodore  H.  Frison 1 

(Issued  July  22,  1922.) 

Notes    on    Certain    Species    of    Melanostoma    (Diptera; 

Syrphidae).     By  W.  M.  Davidson 35 

(Issued  July  25,  1922.) 

New  Genera  and  Species  of  Melanopli  found  within  the 
United  States  and  Canada  (Orthoptera;  Arcididae) 

By  Morgan  Hebard 49 

(Issued  July  2.5,  1922.) 

New  Species  of  Coleoptera  of  the  Tribe  Clerini,  with  Notes 

on  Others.     By  A.  B.  Wolcott 67 

(Issued  July  25,  1922.) 

The  Genus  Xiphandrium  Loew  in  North  America  (Diptera; 

DoUchopodidae).     By  M.  C.  Van  Duzee 79 

(Issued  July  25,  1922.) 


VOLUME  XLVIII 


NUMBER  2 


JUNE,  1922 


TRANSACTION^pi^ra^i: 

.'f^    SEP  2 11934 


OF  THE 


AMERICAN  ENTOMOLOGICAL 


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Vice-President 
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Corresponding   Secretary  Recording    Secretary 

Morgan   Hebard  R.   C.    Williams,   Jr. 

Treasurer 
Ezra  T.  Cresson 

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MORGAN    HEBARD  89 

NORTH  AMERICAN  ACRIDIDAE  (ORTHOPTERA) 

PAPERS  1  AND  2 
BY  MORGAN  HEBARD 

PAPER  ONE 

A  Study  of  the  Group  Achuri,  as  Found  in  the 
United   States 

The  Achuri,  here  separated  for  the  first  time,  come  first  among 
the  North  American  groups  in  the  Subfamily  AcricHnae  (  = 
Truxahnae  of  authors).  As  our  field  work  has  resulted  in  the 
assembling  of  material  of  all  the  forms  found  in  the  United 
States,  we  have  decided  to  present  the  results  of  the  study  of  the 
series  now  available. 

No  affinity  with  the  Group  Hyalopteryges  exists,  the  nearest 
relationship  apparently  being  with  the  Old  World  Group  Odon- 
tomeli.  In  the  linear  arrangement  of  the  North  American 
Acridinae,  Achurum  and  Radinotatum  come  first,  then  Pscudo- 
yomala  and  Mermiria  of  the  Group  Mermiriae,  followed  by 
Truxalis,  a  true  Hyalopterygine  genus. 

Comparison  has  been  made  with  material  of  the  other  Hyal- 
opterygine genera  Hyolopteryx,  Eutnjxalis  and  Paratruxalis,  as 
well  as  several  genera  of  the  Group  Odontomeli  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Collections. 

The  Achuri  are  distinguished  by  the  very  slender,  elongate 
form;  the  produced,  horizontal  head,  with  vertex  laterally  and 
medio-longitudinally  carinate;  the  weakly  defined  lateral  or 
ventro-lateral  foveolae;  the  ensiform  antennae;  the  long  pro- 
notum  with  disk  flattened,  lateral  and  medio-longitudinal 
carinae  parallel  and  straight  and  the  very  shallow  lateral  lobes; 
.  die  slender,  acuminate  tegmina  and  wings  (when  fully  devel- 
oped), the  latter  with  no  fenestrate  area  in  either  sex;  the  pro- 
sternum  with  cephalic  portion  slightly  convex;  the  very  slender 
caudal  femora  with  dorsal  and  ventral  genicular  angles  produced, 
and  the  conical  (strongly  to  greatly)  i)rodu('('(l  male  subgenital 
plate. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


90  NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERa) 

Two  genera,  three  species  and  one  geographic  race  are  included, 
all  occurring  in  the  territory  under  consideration,  though  two  of 
the  species  find  their  northernmost  hmit  of  distribution  just  over 
the  Mexican  line  in  the  United  States. 

In  the  present  study  nine  hundred  and  nine  specimens  have 
been  examined,  four  hundred  and  fifty  of  these  having  been 
previously  reported  by  Rehn  and  Hebard,  individually  or 
jointly.  We  feel  that  the  limits  of  distribution  of  each  form 
are  now  roughly  definable  for  the  regions  being  studied.  Unless 
otherwise  stated  the  material  collected  by  Rehn  and  Hebard, 
individually  or  jointly,  is  in  the  collection  of  the  author  or  that 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

The  following  key  includes  the  features  by  which  the  forms 
here  discussed  may  be  readily  distinguished. 

(Form  very  slender,  linear.  Antennae  ensiform.  Head  horizontal,  dorsal 
length  greater  than  that  of  pronotum.  Pronotum  with  metazona  one-half  as 
long  as  prozona  or  shorter;  disk  deplanate,  with  lateral  and  medio-longi- 
tudinal  carinae  distinct  and  parallel.  Tegmina  and  wings  vestigial  or  fully 
developed;  the  former,  when  fully  developed,  with  apices  sharply  rounded, 
nearly  acute  and  without  a  fenestrate  area  in  either  sex.  Caudal  femora 
with  dorsal  and  ventral  genicular  angles  well  produced.) 

A.  Head  with  lateral  carinae  of  vertex  overhanging  the  very  weak  lateral 
foveolae;  the  latter  with  ventral  delimiting  carina  very  weak,  but  best  indi- 
cated mesad.  (Pronotum  with  caudal  margin  convex,  showing  weak  obtuse- 
angulation.)  Tegmina  and  wings  fully  developed.  Male  subgenital  plate 
with  length  nearly  equal  to  length  of  preceding  sternite.  Dorso-external 
genicular  angles  of  caudal  femora  slightly  the  longer.  Mountains  of  extreme 
southern  Arizona,  southward.  Achurum  Saussure 

Genotype. — sumichrasti     Saussure 

AA.  Head  with  lateral  carinae  of  vertex  not  overhanging  the  very  weak 
lateral  foveolae;  the  latter  with  ventral  delimiting  carina  very  weak,  but 
best  indicated  distad.  Tegmina  and  wings  greatly  reduced  or  vestigial. 
Male  subgenital  plate  with  ventral  length  decidedly  greater  than  that  of 
preceding  sternite.  Dorso-intcrnal  genicular  angles  of  caudal  femora  the 
longer. 

B.  Pronotum  with  caudal  margin  broadly  convex.     Tegmina  and  wings 

greatly  reduced,  overlapping;  tin;  former  with  apices  well  rounded  in  males, 

sharply  rounded  to  different  degrees  in  females.      (Male  subgenital  {)late 

with  length  nearly  twice  that  of  preceding  sternite.)    Dorsal  genicular  angles 

of   caudal   femora   distinctly   more   produced    than   ventral.     Brownsville 

region  of  Texas,  southwaid  into  eastern  Mexico. 

Radinotatum  minimipenne  (Caudell) 


MORGAN    HEBARD  91 

BB.  Pronotum  with  caudal  margin  weakly  concave.  Tegmina  and 
wings  vestigial,  linear,  lateral;  the  former  with  apices  sharply  rounded, 
nearly  acute.  Dorsal  genicular  angles  of  caudal  femora  much  more  strongly 
produced  than  the  ventral. 

C.  Head  shorter,  vertex  less  produced  and  face  less  concave.  An- 
tennae shorter.  Pronotum  with  lateral  lobes  deeper.  Male  subgenital 
plate  shorter  and  heavier.  Caudal  femora  shorter  and  heavier.  South- 
eastern states,  in  Florida  south  to  central  peninsular  portion. 

Radinotatum  brevipenne  brevipenne  (Thomas) 

Genotype  of  Radinotatum 

CC.  Head  longer,  with  vertex  much  more  produced  and  face  more 

concave.     Antennae   longer.     Pronotum   with   lateral   lobes   shallower. 

Male  subgenital  plate  longer  and  more  slender.     Caudal  femora  longer 

and  more  slender.     Southern  peninsular  Florida. 

Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  R.  &  H. 
Tuberculation  of  the  prosternum  and  number  of  caudal  tibial 
spines  are  of  hardlj'  any  value  as  generic  criteria  in  this  group. 
The  prosternum  does  not  bear  a  small  tubercle,  as  has  l)een 
stated  in  past  literature.  The  numl)er  of  spines  on  the  dorso- 
external  margin  of  the  caudal  tibiae  is  individually  variable  and 
unsafe  as  a  generic  character.  The  extremes  and  average  for 
the  species  before  us  show  the  difference  between  Achurum  and 
Radinotatum  to  be  much  less  in  this  respect  than  has  been  sup- 
po.sed. 

Achurum  sumichrasti  (Saussure)     (Plate  IV,  figures  1,  2,  3  and  4.) 

1861.     Tr[uxalis   {Achurum)]  sumichrasti  Saussure,    Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool., 

xm,  p.  313.     [  9 ,  Temperate  Mexico.] 
1873.     T[ruxalis]  acridodes  StB,  Ofv.  K.  Vetensk.-Akad.  Forh.,  1873,  no.   4, 

p.  52.     [cf,  Mexico.] 
1897.     Achurum  sumichrasti  McNeill,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  vi, 

p.  202,  pi.  I,  figs.  2,  2a,  2b,  2c.     [Fort  Grant,  Arizona.^] 
1904.     Rhadinotatum  brevipenne  Bruner  (not  Tryxalis    brevipenne    Thomas, 

1873),   Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,   Orth.,   ii,   p.   34.     ["  cT",  juv.;  Orizaba,   [Vera 

Cruz],  Mexico.^] 

'  This  is  the  first  record  of  the  species  from  the  United  States.  Scudder 
(Index,  N.  A.  Orth.,  p.  5,  (1901))  is  in  error  in  crediting  to  Thomas  a  record 
of  A.  acridodes  from  the  western  United  States.  Thomas  stated,  "The 
following  new  species  is  described  from  Mexico  by  StS.1,"  after  having  re- 
marked on  page  851  that  no  adult  Truxalids  were  in  the  collection  there 
reported.  (Rept.  Geol.  Geogr.  Expl.  Surv.  \\'est  of  100th  Merid.,  Wheeler, 
v,  p.  805,   (1875).) 

^  The  specimens  upon  which  this  record,  from  memory,  was  based  are  in 
the  Hebard  Collection  ex  Bruner.  The  reason  that  author  was  unable  to 
find  them  when  preparing  the  manuscript  for  the  Biologia  appears  to  be  that, 
in  the  interim,  he  had  recognized  them  as  immature  examples  of  Achurum 
sumichrasti  and  had  so  labelled  them,  afterwards  forgetting  that  assignment. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


92  NORTH    AMERICAN   ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERA) 

1907.  Achurum  acridodes  Rehn,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1907,  pp.  31 
and  69.  [cf,  9;  Carr  Canyon,  Huachuca  Mountains;  Palmerlee,  and 
Baboquivari  Mountains,  Arizona.] 

1907.  Achurum.  acridodes  Snow,  Trans.  Kansas  Acad.  Sci.,  xx,  part  ii, 
p.  36.     [Baboquivari  Mountains,  Arizona.] 

The  type  of  this  species  is  probably  in  the  Geneva  Museum. 

The  sides  of  the  vertex  normally  show  weak  convergence.  In 
rare  examples,  however,  they  are  parallel  to  the  rounded  apex, 
as  is  normal  in  Radinotatum.  The  disk  of  the  pronofum  toward 
the  cephalic  margin  and  the  entire  metazonal  portion  is  minutely 
impresso-punctate,  individually  varying  through  all  stages  to 
minutely  and  longitudinally  rugulose.  This  variation  and  the 
sexual  difference  (the  male  being  smaller  and  distinctly  more 
slender)  led  Stal  to  describe,  as  acridodes,  a  male  showing  the 
impresso-punctulate  type.  The  validity  of  that  name  has 
constantly  been  questioned  and  the  material  now  l^efore  us 
satisfactorily  proves  the  synonymy  indicated  above.''  Those 
individuals  having  the  pronotal  disk  brown  appear  to  be  more 
liable  to  have  it  more  generally  roughened  with  rugae  more 
decided.  The  genicular  lobes  of  the  caudal  femora  vary  slightly 
in  length  and  slenderness,  but  this  does  not  ap])ear  to  be  suf- 
ficiently decided  or  stable  to  warrant  racial  or  other  nominal 
recognition.  The  number  of  dorso-external  spines  of  the  caudal 
tibiae  varies  from  thirteen  to  seventeen,  the  average  being  fif- 
teen. 

In  the  half-grown  and  larger  innnatures  of  this  species  the 
supra-anal  plate  is  short  and  truncate,  but  beyond  it  projects, 
as  a  slenderly  conical  process,  an  elongate  terminal  segment 
(plate  IV,  figure  4).  This  process  is  similar  in  the  series,  longer 
than  the  pronotum,  straight,  with  dorsal  surface  concave  between 

^  The  following  Mexican  material  i.s  before  us. 

Cluadalajara,  Jalisco,  (D.  L.  Crawford),  0  cf ,  7  9  ;  VIII,  20  and  IX,  IS, 
1903,  (J.  F.  McClendon),  2  9,  [all  A.  N.  S.  P.]. 

Vera  Cruz,  (A.  Salle),  1  cf ,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Orizaba,  Vera  Cruz,  I,  1892,  (L.  Bruner),  2  juv.  d",  1  juv.  9  ,  [Ilebard  Cln.]. 

Cuernavaca,  Morelos,  (D.  L.  Crawford),  1  cf ,  1  9  ;  I,  4,  1899,  (L.  Bruner), 
1  juv.  cf ,  [all  Hebard  Cln.]. 

Chilpancingo,  Guerrero,  4G00  feet,  VI  and  VIII,  (11.  11.  Smitli),  1  a",  1  9, 
[Hebard    Cln.] 

Toriala,  Chiapas,  VIII,  7,  1909,  (A.  Petrunkevitch;hill  about  1000  iwi  liisli), 
1    9,  [A.  M.  N.  II.]. 


I 


Length  of 

Length  of 

Caudal 

Length  of 

Length  of 

body 

pronotum 

width  of 
pronotal 
disk 

tegmen 

caudal 
femur 

26.8 

4   1 

1.7 

23.8 

12 

28.2 

24.8 

12.6 

29.8 

4.5 

1.9 

24  .2 

12.1 

MORGAN    HEBARD  93 

lateral  carinae,  its  surface  convex  elsewhere,  with  a  strong  medic- 
longitudinal  ventral  carina.  This  entire  segment  disappears  in 
the  adult,  the  supra-anal  plate  in  both  sexes  being  small,  trigono- 
shield-shaped,  with  apex  bluntly  rounded.  It  was  the  purely 
superficial,  but  quite  apparent,  resemblance  of  this  appendage  to 
the  subgenital  plate  of  males  of  Radinotatum  brevipenne  (Thomas) 
which  misled  Bruner  into  recording  immatures  of  the  present 
insect  as  that  species. 

Measurements  {in  millitncters) 


Carr   Canyon,    Hua- 
chuca  Mt.s. ,  Ariaona . 

Fort  Grant,  Ariaona .  .  . 

Fort  Grant,  Ari.aona. .  . 

Black  Dike  Prospect, 

Ariama 28.8  4.3  18  24  3  12 

Baboquivari  Moun- 
tains, Ariaona 29  4.5  1.9  25.3  12.8 

9 
Fort  Grant,  Ariaona...     .36.2  5.5  2.1  30  14.8 

Fort  Grant,  Ariaona ..  .     38.5  5.3  2.1  30.8  14.8 

The  largest  female  before  us,  from  Tonala,  Chiapas,  Mexico,  measures: 
length  of  body,  37  (shrivelled);  length  of  pronotum,  .5.9;  caudal  width  of  pro- 
notal disk,  2.2;  length  of  tegmen,  34;  length  of  caudal  femur,  16.8  mm. 

The  color  phases  are  as  follows.  A.  All  brown.  B.  Brown, 
with  dorsal  surface  of  head,  pronotum  and  tegmina  green.  C.  All 
green,  with  a  post-ocular  band  of  brown,  continued  along  the 
dorsal  margin  of  the  pronotal  lateral  lobes  and  expanding  to 
different  degrees  on  the  lateral  surfaces  of  the  tegmina.  ^'ari- 
ation  from  brown  to  yellowish-brown  is  also  shown. 

The  habits  of  this  species  have  never  been  discussed.  Rehn 
secured  a  single  specimen  in  the  Sierritas  above  Black  Dike 
Prospect,  Arizona,  while  beating  "bear  grass"  (Xolhta  sp.). 
No  further  specimens  were  found  during  three  hours'  work. 

In  addition  to  twenty-five  Mexican  individuals,  seven  from  the 
United  States  are  before  us,  all  of  the  latter  having  been  re- 
corded previously  and  belonging  to  the  Philadelphia  Collec- 
tions, except  the  following  male. 

Seven  miles  above  Black  Dike  Prospect,  Sierritas  Mountains,  Pima  County, 
Arizona,  4700  to  4825  feet,  VII,  28,  1916,  (J.  A.  G.  Rehn),  1  cf ,  [A.  M.  N.  H.l. 

TRANS.  .\M.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


94  NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERa) 

Radinotatum  minimipenne  (Caudell)     (Plate  IV,  figures  5,  6  and  7.) 
1904.     Achurum  minimipenne  Caudell,  Sci.  Bull.,  Mu.s.  Brooklyn  Inst.  Arts 
and  Sci.,  i,  p.  110,  pi.  vi,  figs.  3  and  4.     [9,  Brownsville,  Texas.''] 

The  type  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Museum  of  the  Brooklyn 
Institute  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 

As  Caudell  has  stated,  "this  species  seems  to  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  Achurum  and  Radinotatum."  Nearer 
affinity  is,  however,  with  the  latter  and,  from  study  of  the 
material  before  us,  we  feel  fully  justified  in  transferring  minimi- 
penne to  that  genus. 

The  vertex  is  much  like  that  of  R.  brevipenne  (Thomas),  the 
lateral  margins  not  overhanging  and  less  convergent  than  is 
normal  in  Achurum.  The  lateral  foveolae  are  subobsolete, 
agreeing  with  brevipenne  in  facing  laterad,  with  delimiting  ventral 
carina  indicated  only  distad;  in  Achurum  the  lateral  foveolae 
face  ventro-laterad,  with  delimiting  ventral  carina  indicated 
only  mesad.  The  caudal  margin  of  the  pronotum  is  not  concave 
as  in  brevipenne,  nor  is  it  nearly  as  strongly  angulate-produced 
as  in  Achurum.  It  is  very  possible  that  the  differences  shown 
in  this  feature  in  these  species,  is  wholly  attributable  to  modifi- 
cation resulting  from  degree  of  reduction  of  the  organs  of  flight. 
Such  difference  should,  in  consequence,  be  given  little  generic 
value.  In  the  genicular  lobes  of  the  caudal  femora  we  find 
much  closer  agreement  with  brevipenne,  the  dorsal  pairs  being 
decidedly  the  more  produced,  the  dorso-internal  the  longer. 
In  brevipeiine  the  only  difference  is  that  the  production  of  the 
dorsal  lobes  is  much  greater.  Similar  closer  affinity  is  found  in 
the  form  of  the  male  subgenital  plate.  The  dorso-external 
spines  of  the  caudal  tibiae  vary  individually  in  number  from 
fourteen  to  seventeen  in  the  material  here  recorded,  the  average 
being  sixteen.^  When  we  consider  that  brevipenne  has  from 
sixteen  to  twenty-three  such  spines,  and  Achurum  thirteen  to 
seventeen,  we  see  that  this  feature  is  of  little  value  from  a  gen- 
eric point  of  view. 

The  genera  Achuriun  and  Radinotatum  are  close,  but  the  for- 
mer, as  here  limited,  may  be  quickly  separated  by  the  structure 
of  the  fastigiuin  of  the  vertex,  of  its  lateral  foveolae  and  the 
proportions  of  the  g(nii('ular  lo])es  of  the  caudal  femora. 

^  Both  sexes  were  at  tlie  same  f  imc  recorded  from  Esperanza  Ranch,  near 
Brownsville,  Texas. 

^  In  one  specimen  from  Tampico,  Tainaulii)as,  Mexico,  one  of  the  caudal 
tibiae  has  nineteen  sucli  spines. 


MORGAN  HEBARD 


95 


Measurements  (in   millimeters)  of  extremes 

Length  of  Length  of  Caudal  Length  of        Length  of 

body  pronotum  ^vidth  of  tegmen             caudal 

cf  pronotal                                   femur 

disk- 
Brownsville,  Texas 

(8) 24.8-26  3.7-3.9  1.1-1.2  6.7-7.5          12.9-13.8 

Piper  Plantation, 

Texas  (23) 24.1-26.5  3.5-4  1.1-12  6.8-7.3          12  7-14. S 

Lyford,  Texas (2) .  .          26-26.1  3.7-3.8  1.2-1.2  7.2-7.3          12.8-13.8 

Tampico,  Mexico.. .               25                    3.8  1.3                    7                       14.2 
Pueblo  Viejo, 

Mexico 21   4-25.3  3  3-4  1.2-1   4  6.7-7.7             11.8-13.2 

9 

Lyford,  Texas 33.8  5.3  2  7.8  16.7 

Piper  Plantation, 

Texas  (17) 30.8-34.2         4.8-5.1  1.8-2  6.2-7.8  15.5-17 

Tampico,  Mexico 

(2) 32.1-31.5  5.1-5.1  2-2  6.7-7.5  15.2-16 

Pueblo  Viejo,  Mex- 
ico   30  5  1.9  6.8  14.8 

In  addition  to  a  light  l)rown  color  phase,  the  following  are 
noted.  Male:  dorsal  surface  of  head  and  pronotum,  all  of  teg- 
niina  and  caudal  femora  to  distal  portions  light  green,  other 
portions  light  brown.  Female:  face  and  genae,  lateral  lol^es  of 
pronotum,  lateral  portions  of  tegmina  and  caudal  femora  to 
distal  portions  light  green,  other  portions  light  ])rown,  the  dorsal 
surfaces  of  the  head,  pronotum  and  tegmiua  palest.  In  one 
brown  female  from  Tampico,  Mexico,  the  tegmina  alone  are 
greenish. 

Near  Brownsville,  Texas,  the  species  was  found  locally  quite 
numerous  in  the  low,  coarse  grass  growing  in  openings  of  the 
thorny  tangle,  choking  the  low-lands  near  the  Rio  Grande. 
The  species  is  not  very  active  and,  once  found,  a  series  was 
easily  secured. 

This  insect  was  previously  known  only  from  the  material 
originally  reported  by  Caudell.  Its  distri])ution  is  now  found 
to  extend  from  Mercedes  and  Lyford,  in  the  Brownsville  region 
of  Texas,  south  to  Pueblo  Viejo,  at  the  extreme  northern  ex- 
tremity of  Vera  Cruz,  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Specimetis  Examined,  in  addition  to  a  pair  i)reviously  recordcil:  68; 
37  males,  21  females  and  10  immature  individuals. 

Texas:  Lyford,  Cameron  County,  VIII,  G  and  7,  1912,  [R.  and  IL),  2  d". 
19.  Mercedes,  Cameron  County,  II,  1909,  (T.  D.  Urbahns),  1  juv.  9, 
[U.  S.  N.  M.].     Brownsville,  VII,  31  to  VIII,  5,  1912,  (Hebard),  S  d",  1  juv. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


96  NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERA) 

cf ,  2  juv.   9  .     Piper  Plantation,  near  Brownsville,  VIII,  3,  1912,  (R.  and  H.), 
23  cf,  17  9,3  juv.  cT. 

Mexico:  Tampico,  Tamaulipas,  XII,  1905,  (C.  A.  Hart),  1  d',  2  9,  [Heb- 
ard  CIn.].     Pueblo  Viejo,  Vera  Cruz,  XII,  8,  1909,  (F.  C.  Bishopp),  3  c?,  1  9  , 

[U.  8.  X.  M.]. 

Radinotatum  brevipenne  brevipenne    (Thomas)     (Plate  IV,  figure  8.) 
1873.     Tr[>jxalis]  brevipenne  Thomas,  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.  Terr.,  v,  pi. 

Synopsis  Acrid.,  fig.  12.     [  9  ;  Palatka,  Florida.] 
1897.     Radinotatum  brevipenne  McNeill,  Proc.  Davenport  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

VI,  p.  200,  pi.  I,  figs.  1,  la  and  lb.     [cf ,   9  ;  Orange,  Florida.] 
1902.     Rhadinotatum  brevipenne  Blatchley,  A  Nature  Wooing,  p.  219.     [Or- 

mond,  Florida.] 

1904.  Rhadinotatum  brevipenne  Morse,  Carnegie  Inst.  Washington,  Publ.  no. 
18,  p.  28.  [Juv.:  Savannah  and  Waycross,  Georgia;  De  Funiak  Springs, 
Live  Oak  and  Tallahassee,  Florida;  Greenville,  Alabama.] 

1905.  Radinotatum  brevipe?ine  Rehn  and  Hebard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci. 
Phila.,  1904,  p.  783.  [cf,  9,  juv.:  Thomasville,  Georgia;  Leon  County, 
Florida.] 

1907.     Radinotatum  brevipemie  Rehn  and  Hebard,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phila.,  1907,  p.  285.  [d^,  9,  juv.;  Pablo  Beach  and  Gainesville,  Florida.] 
1912.     R[adinotatum]  brevipenne  Rehn  and  Hebard,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci. 

Phila.,  1912,  p.  247,  figs.  2,  4,  6,  8  and  10.      (Comparison  with  Radinotatum 

brevipenne  peninsulare  R.  and  H.) 
1914.     Radinotatum  brevipenne  Davis,  (in  part).  Jour.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  xxii, 

p.  194.     [cf ,   9  ;  La  Grange,  Florida."] 
1916.     Radinotatum  brevipenne  brevipenne  Rehn  and  Hebard,   Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1916,  p.  153.     [cf,    9,  juv.:    Yemassee,  South  Carolina; 

Augusta,  Warm  Springs,  Macon,  Isle  of  Hope,  Sandfly,  Jesup,  Brunswick, 

Homerville,  Hebardville,  Suwannee  Creek,  Billy's  Island,  Honey  Island, 

Albany  and  Spring  Creek,  Georgia;  Jacksonville,  Atlantic  Beach,  Pablo 

Beach,  Live  Oak  and  Cedar  Keys,  Florida.] 
1920.     Rhudinotatum   brevipenne    Blatchley,    (in    part),  Orth.   N.   E.   Amer., 

p.  195,  figs.  72  and  73.     [Dunedin,  Florida;"  Agricultural  College,  Mississippi.] 

Typical  brevipemie  and  the  south  Floridian  race  b.  peninsulare 
were  thoroughly  compared  by  Rehn  and  Heljard  in  1912. 
Blatchley,  in  the  last  paper  referred  to  above,  refuses  to  recog- 
nize the  southern  race  of  this  species.  He  (piotes  our  statement 
that  "Lakeland  indivi(hials  are  absolutely  intermediate,"  and 
that  "In  central  Florida  tiie  species  (i.  e.,  l)y  inf(u-(Mice  the 
typical  race)  intergrades  with  its  geographic  race  R.  brevipenne 
peninsulare"  as  proof  of  our  error.  Appai'ently  he  do(^s  not 
realize  that  an  area  of  intergradalion  li(>s  between  the  geograi:)hic 
races  of  a  species,  uidess  the  lalter  be  insular  or  has  in  some 
other  manner  been  completely  sc^parated  from  tlie  parent  stock. 
We    reiterate    that    Lakeland    material    is    intermediate;    that 

"The  Miami  female  shoukl  have  been  referred  (o  R.  b.  peninsulare. 
"  I'robably  intermediate  between  h.  brvviptunv  and  b.  peninsulare. 


MORGAN  HEBARD 


97 


locality  in  central  Florida  being  in  the  area  of  intergradation 
between  the  races  of  hrevipenne.  Blatchley's  experience  with 
the  present  species  has  been  almost  wholly  with  material  from 
Dunedin,  another  locality  in  the  area  of  intergradation,  where 
strong  individual  variation  is  often  found.  His  statement 
that  ''All  distinctions  as  given  are  comparative  only  and  may 
be  found  in  any  large  series  of  specimens  taken  almost  any- 
where in  Florida"  is  correct  in  the  first  part,  but  erroneous  in 
the  second.  Both  races  are  individually  variable,  but  any 
series  from  southern  Florida  may  be  easily  separated  from  any 
series  from  the  northern  portions  of  the  species'  range. 

The  dorso-external  spines  of  the  caudal  tibiae  vary  in  number 
from  sixteen  to  twenty  in  the  material  before  us,  the  average 
being  eighteen. 

The  following  measurements  are  given  to  show  the  differences 
in  proportions  found  in  hrevipenne  hrevipenne,  atypical  hrevipenne 
and  hrevipenne  peninsulare. 


Length 

Length 

Length 

Length 

Ventral 

Length 

of 

of 

of 

of 

length  of 

of 

body 

vertexs 

pronotimi 

tegmen 

subgenital 
plate 

caudal 
femur 

cf 

Brevipcnnc  hrevipenne 

Macon,  Georgia. . 

26.8 

1.65 

3.8 

4.8 

3 

15 

Thomasville, 

Cieorgia  (.5). . .  . 

30-28.4 

1.65-1.75 

4-3.9 

5.8-6 

3.0-3   6 

14.3-13.8 

Hebardville, 

Georgia  (7). . .  . 

28-29.8 

1.54-1.7.5 

3.8-4 

5.3-5.2 

3  4-4 

14.2-14.9 

Ocala,  Florida  (9) 

29-30.3 

1.7-1 .84 

4-4.1 

4-4.8 

3.1-3.8 

13.2-14.1 

Atypical  brcvipi 

nnc 

Kissimmee, 

Florida  (28) . .  . 

27.8-33 

1.84-2.02 

3.7-4.3 

3.8-5 

2.8-4.3 

12.9-15.8 

Lakeland, 

Florida  (10).  .  . 

26.8-29 

1.7-1.86 

3.2-3.6 

3.8-4.3 

3-4 

12. 5-13. 7 

Arcadia,  Fla.  (12) 

29.5-34.7 

1.84-2.15 

3.8-4 

3.9-4.7 

3.3-4.9 

13.8-15.2 

Brevipennc  peninsulare 

Fort  Myers, 

Florida  (3.5) .  .  . 

32.3-.35.5 

2.04-2.16 

3.8-4.1 

3.6-4.1 

4.2-5 

13.7-15.1 

Fort  Reed, 

Florida  (2) 

33.6-34.7 

1.95-2.18 

4-4.1 

4-5  . 2 

4.4-4.8 

.  .  .   -15.4 

Miami  Beach, 

Florida  (4) 

33-35.6 

2.02-2.31 

3.9-4 

4.3-4.1 

4  . 1-5 

15-15.4 

Homestead, 

Florida  (8.5)...  . 

34.2-35 

2.06-2.18 

4.1-4 

4.7-4.8 

4.3-4.7 

15-16.3 

Big  Pine  Key, 

Florida'  (30)... 

28.8-31 

1.72-1.91 

3.3-3.7 

3.1-3.8 

3. .3-4.1 

12.7-14.2 

*  These  measurements  and  the  proportions  given  below  the  tables  were 
taken  by  micrometer. 

'  This  series  is  decidedly  depauperate,  the  proportions,  however,  being 
typical  of  h.  peninsulare. 


TRANS.   AM.  EXT.  SOC,  XLVUI. 


98 


NORTH    AMERICAN   ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERa) 


Length  of 

Length  of 

Length  of 

Length  of 

Length  of 

9 

body 

vertex* 

pronotum 

tegmen 

caudal 

femur 

Brcripcnne  brevi 

penne 

Thomasville, 

Georgia  (2) 

37-38.8 

2.15-2.31 

5.8-5.8 

7-7.1 

17.8—.  .  . 

Hebardville, 

Georgia  (5) 

35.8-39.6 

2.08-2.38 

5-5.9 

G.8-6.2 

15.9-18.6 

Jacksonville,  Fla.. 

40 

2.36 

5.9 

6.4 

17.8 

Ocala,  Florida  (4). 

36.4-39.8 

2.1-2. 16 

5-5.7 

5.4-5 

15.8-17.4 

Atypical  brevipenne 

Kissimmee, 

Florida  (19) 

39.8-45.8 

2.31-2.79 

5.3-6 

5.7-6.4 

16.8-18.8 

Lakeland,  Fla.  (7) 

37-39 

2.15-2.18 

5-6 

4.7-5.3 

15.7-16.8 

Arcadia,  Fla.  (5) . . 

38-43.5 

2.18-2.58 

5.1-5.8 

5.2-5.9 

16.5-18.3 

Brevipenne  peninsulare 

Fort  Myers,  Flor- 

ida (6) 

40-42 
49 

2.38-2.69 
3.1 

5.3-5.8 
6.6 

5.1-4.8 
6.8 

17-16.5 

Chokoloskee,  Fla.. 

21.5 

Homestead, 

Florida  (41).  .. 

42-47 

2 . 65-2  . 7 

5.2-5.8 

5.8-5.9 

17.8-19 

Big  Pine  Key, 

Florida^  (6) 

37-.39.5 

2.16-2.31 

.5-4.9 

4.6-4.8 

16.4-17.2 

The  extremes  of  the  series  show  the  width  of  the  vertex  contained,  the 
following  number  of  times  in  its  length: 

Males.  Brevipenne  brevipenne.  Macon,  1.29;  Thoma.sville,  1.2.3  to  1.24; 
Hebardville,  1.18  to  1.44;  Billy's  Island,  1.34;  Ocala,  1.3.5  to  1.37.  Atypical 
brevipenne.  De  Leon  Springs,  1.53;  Kissimmee,  1.5  to  1.74;  Lakeland,  1.47 
to  1.84;  Tampa,  1.5  and  1.5;  Arcadia,  1.46  to  1.77.  Brevipenne  peninsulare. 
Fort  Myers,  1.7  to  1.84;  Fort  Reed,  1.56  to  1.63;  Miami  Beach,  1.71  to  2.04; 
Homestead,  1.6  to  1.83;  Big  Pine  Key,  1.51  to  1.79. 

Females.  Brevipenne  brevipenne.  Thomasville,  1.21  to  1.22;  Hebard- 
ville, 1.17  to  1.23;  Jacksonville,  1.23;  Ocala,  1.25  to  1.27.  Atypical  brevipenne. 
Kissimmee,  1.36  to  1.54;  Lakeland,  1.25  to  1.39;  Arcadia,  1.31  to  1.41.  Brevi- 
penne peninstdare.  Fort  Myers,  1.45  to  1.52;  Fort  Reed,  1.31  to  1.37;  Home- 
stead, 1.43  to  1..59;  Big  Pine  Key,  1.45  to  1.49. 

These  proportions  for  brevipenne  brevipenne  are  seen  to  be:  cf,  1.18  to  1.44, 
a  mean  of  1.31;  9,  1.17  to  1.27,  a  mean  of  1.22.  For  brevipenne  peninsulare 
they  are:    cf,  1.51  to  2.04,  a  mean  of  1.77;  ?,  1.31  to  1.59,  a  mean  of    1.45. 

The  measurements  serve  better  to  separate  the  races  of  this 
species  than  any  diagnosis  we  could  give.  Though  in  general 
appearance  very  different,  careful  comparisons  of  series  show 
both  h.  brevipenne  and  b.  peninsulare  to  be  subject  to  consider- 
able individual  variability.  Only  in  the  area  of  intcrgradation, 
however,  are  individuals  encountered  in  the  same  series  referable 
to  both  types.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  this  area  of  inter- 
gradation  lies  much  more  to  the  north  on  the  East  than  on  the 
West  Coast  of  Florida,   apparently  forming  a  broad  oblique 


MORGAN    HEBARD 


99 


band  across  the  state.  It  includes  the  following  localities  as 
indicated  by  material  before  us:  De  Leon  Springs  to  Trilby  on 
the  north,  Fort  Reed/"  Kissimmee  and  Arcadia  on  the  south. 

The  following  color  phases  are  developed  in  this  species.  A. 
Both  sexes  often  with  general  coloration  light  yellowish  brown 
to  dark  brown,  sometimes  speckled  with  darker  brown,  rarely 
with  lateral  caiinae  of  pronotum  very  narrowly  buffy.  Rarely 
the  dorsal  surface  of  head,  pronotum  and  alxlomen  is  blackish 
brown  in  this  and  the  laterally  green  phase.  B.  Frequent 
males  are  brown  with  dorsal  surface  of  head,  pronotum,  prox- 
imal portion  of  abdomen  and  tegmina  green.  C.  Frequent 
females,  very  rarely  males,  are  green,  with  dorsal  surface  of  head, 
pronotum  and  all  of  abdomen  brown,  the  caudal  femora  some- 
times suffused  distad  with  brown. 


Map  1.  Showing  distribution  of  Radinolatum  brevipenne  brevipenne  by 
dots,  of  Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  by  squares,  and  of  material 
intermediate  between  these  races  by  circles. 

This  insect  is  everywhere  met  with  in  the  pine-needles  and 
slender  grasses  of  the  pine  forests  which  extend  over  the  greater 
portion  of  its  distri])ution,  where  its  remarkably  slender  form 

^'^  The  series  recorded  from  this  locaHty  by  Scuthlcr  is  before  us. 

TRAN.S.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


100  NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERA) 

and  coloration  are  unusually  protective  in  character.  As  is 
usual  with  such  forms  of  insect  life,  it  is  not  particularly  active. 
The  species  is  also  found,  however,  among  grasses  in  open  areas, 
along  the  borders  of  forests  and  in  damp  situations. 

Over  the  greater  portion  of  its  distribution  hrevipenne  brevi- 
penne  is  a  spring  form,  frequent  immatures,  but  adults  almost 
never,  being  met  with,  after  midsummer.  In  the  southern  por- 
tion of  its  distribution,  however,  like  its  more  southern  race,  it 
is  to  be  found  adult  both  in  Spring  and  Fall,  and  is  probably 
present  in  that  stage  throughout  most  of  the  year. 

The  northern  limit  of  distri])ution  of  typical  hrevipenne,  as  now 
known,  runs  through  Yemassee,  South  Carolina;  Augusta,  Macon 
and  Warm  Springs,  Georgia;  Montgomery  and  Selma,  Alabama; 
Agricultural  College  and  Jackson,  Mississippi.  It  is  probably 
limited  in  western  distribution  by  the  eastern  escarpment  and 
delta  country  of  the  Mississippi  River.  In  peninsular  Florida 
it  is  found  typical  as  far  south  as  Palatka,  Ocala  and  Dunellon. 

Specimens  Examined,  in  addition  to  123  previously  recorded:  218; 
26   males,   15  females,  177  immature  individuals. 

Georgia:  Groveland,  IX,  21,  1917,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.,  few  in  forest  under- 
growth), 3  juv.  cf ,  4  juv.  9  .  Billy's  Island,  Okeefenokee  Swamp,  VII,  16  to 
19,  1917,  (Hebard;  undergrowth  in  long-leaf  pine  forest),  1  9.  Bainbridge, 
IX,  5,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  occasional  in  pine  and  oak  woods  undergrowth), 
4  juv.  cT,  5  juv.   9  . 

Alabama:  Dothan,  IX,  6,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;juv.  occasional  in  drier  spots 
of  low  long-leaf  pine  woods),  3  juv.  cf ,  4  juv.  9  •  Montgomery,  IX,  8,  1915, 
(R.  and  H.;  juv.  occasional  in  grasses  of  short-leaf  pine  woods),  1  juv.  cf, 
3  juv.  9  .  Greenville,  VIII,  3,  1915,  (Hebard;  juv.  in  grasses  on  edge  of  forest), 
1  juv.  9  .  Flomaton,  VIII,  27,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;few  juv.  in  undergrowth  of 
pine  woods),  2  juv.  9.  Selma,  IX,  9,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  few  juv.  in  grasses 
on  edge  of  lowland  woods),  1  juv.  cf,  4  juv.  9  .  Mobile,  VIII,  26,  1915,  (R. 
and  H.;  juv.  occasional  in  undergrowth  of  long-leaf  pine  flat-woods),  3  juv. 
cT,  2  juv.  9 .  Springhill,  Mobile  County,  VIII,  25,  1915,  (R.  and  H.),  3  juv. 
cf,  2  juv.  9  .  Irvington,  VIII,  26,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  occasional  on  damp 
ground  among  bog  plants  and  grasses),  2  juv.  cf,  5  juv.  9.  St.  Elmo, 
VIII,  26,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  occasional  in  undergrowth  of  long-leaf  pine 
flatwoods),  2  juv.  d^,  5  juv.   9. 

Mississippi:  Meridian,  IX,  10,  1915.  (R.  and  II.;  juv.  scarce  about  small 
areas  of  coarse  grass  in  mixed  forest),  3  juv.  cf,  3  juv.  9.  Hattiesburg,  IX, 
11,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  moderate  numbers  in  undergrowth  of  long-leaf 
pine  forest),  3  juv.  cf,  8  juv.  9-  Jackson,  IX,  12,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;.juv. 
moderate  numbers  in  grasses  of  mixed  forest  on  hills),  6  juv.  9  .  Brook- 
haven,  IX,  1.5,  1915,  (Rehn;  juv.  in  mixed  forest),  12  juv.   o",  13  juv.    9- 


MORGAN    HEBARD  101 

Louisiana:  Breckenridge,  IX,  IG,  1915,  (Rehn;  juv.  occasional  in  virgin 
long-leaf  pine  forest),  2  juv.    9  • 

Florida:  Pomona,  IX,  7  and  8,  1917,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  not  scarce  on  edge 
of  marsh  and  in  pine  woods  undergrowth),  3  cf ,  7  juv.  6^,  3  juv.  9  .  Ocala, 
IX,  19  and  20,  1917,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  common,  adults  moderately  numerous, 
undergrowth  of  sandy  pine  flat-woods),  9  d^,  4  9,4  juv.  cf ,  10  juv.  9 . 
Dunellon,  IX,  18,  1917,  (R.  and  H. ;  few  in  area  of  short  grass  growing  on  damp 
sand),  1  juv.  9.  Tallahassee,  IX,  2,  1915,  (R.  and  H.),  6  juv.  d",  1  juv.  9. 
Woodville,  IX,  1,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.  occasional  in  long-leaf  pine  flat- 
woods),  4  juv.  cf ,  1  juv.  9 .  Carrabelle,  IX,  2  and  3,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv. 
moderate  numbers  in  grasses  of  undergrowth  of  pine  woods  and  in 
grasses  and  plants  on  edge  of  swampy  areas),  1  juv.  cf,  3  juv.  9.  River 
Junction,  VIII,  31,  1915,  (R.  and  H.),  4  juv.  d",  3  juv.  9.  Grand  Ridge, 
IX,  1,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  juv.,  undergrowth  of  pine  woods),  1  juv.  cf ,  2  juv.  9  . 
DeFuniak  Spriiags,  VIII,  30,  1915,  (R.  and  H.),  4  juv.  d',  2  juv.  9.  Pen- 
sacola,  VIII,  29,  1915,  (Hebard;  one  juv.  in  wire-grass  of  higher  long-leaf 
pine  woods),  1  juv.   cf. 

Intermediates  nearest  hrevipenne  brevipenne 

Florida:  DeLeon  Springs,  IX,  8  and  9,  1917,  (R.  and  H.),  1  d,  3  juv.  cf . 
Trilby,  IX,   16,  1917,   (R.  and  H. ;  occasional  in  pine  woods  undergrowth), 
3  cf ,  3   9,3  juv.  d,  2  juv.    9  .     Lakeland,  IX,  11,  1917,  (R.  and  H.;  moder- 
ately numerous  in  i)ine  woods  undergrowth),  10  cf ,  7   9,2  juv.   cf- 
Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  Rehn  and  Hebard     (Plate  IV,  figure 

9.) 
1877.     AchuriDti  brevipenne  Scudder,  Proc.  Bost.  .Soc.   Nat.  Hist.,  xix,  p.  88. 

[Adults  and  juv.;  Fort  Reed,  Florida.] 
1888.     Achurum    brevipenne    Comstock,    Introd.    Ent.,    p.    101.     [Florida; 

Maryland  (unquestionably  in  error).] 
1902.     Rhadinotatum  brevipenne  Rehn,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvii,  p.  331. 

[d,   9  ;  Miami,  Florida.] 
1905.     Rhadinotatum  brevipenne  Caudell,  Ent.  News,  xvi,  p.  217.     [Arcadia 

and  Miami,  Florida.] 
1905.     Radinotatum  brevipenne  Rehn  and   Hebard,   Proc.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci. 

Phila.,  1905,  p.  35.     [Tampa  and  Miami,  Florida.] 
1912.     Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  Rehn  and  Hebard,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1912,  p.  246,  figs.  1,  3,  5,  7  and  9.     [cf ,    9  ;  Homestead, 

Miami,  Fort  Reed,  Gotha,  Tampa,  Fort  Capron  and  Chokoloskee,  Florida.] 
1914.     Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  Rehn  and  Hebard,  Proc.  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1914,  p.  389.     [cf,    9,  juv.;  Homestead,  Detroit  and  Big 

Pine  Key,  Florida.] 

1914.  Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  Rehn  and  Hebard,  Jour.  X.  Y. 
Ent.  Soc,  XXII,  p.  103.  [cf,  9,  juv.;  Long  Boat  Key,  Punta  Gorda,  Fort 
Myers,  La  Belle,  INIarco  and  Allen  River  to  Deep  Lake,  Florida.] 

1915.  Radinotatum  brevipenne  peninsulare  Hebard,  Ent.  News,  xxvi,  p.  402. 
[Miami,  Florida.] 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


102  NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERa) 

1916.     Radinoiatum  hrevipenne  peninsulare  Hebard,  Ent.  News,  xxvii,  p.  17. 

[Pineland  on  Pine  Island,  Charlotte  Harbor,  Florida.] 
1920.      Radinotatum  brevipenne  Blatchley,    (in    part),    Orth.   N.   E.   Amer., 

p.  197,  fig.  74. 

This  geographic  race  is  fully  discussed  in  the  original  descrip- 
tion and  co.mpared  further  with  typical  hrevipenne  under  the 
treatment  of  that  insect  in  the  present  paper. 

The  small  size  of  the  Big  Pine  Key  series  has  already  been 
commented  upon.  The  series  before  us  shows  a  still  more  im- 
portant regional  differentiation.  The  material  from  Miami  to 
Homestead,  on  the  East  Coast,  and  from  Big  Pine  Key,  has  the 
genicular  angles  of  the  caudal  femora  less  elongate  than  is 
normal  in  typical  brevipenne.  The  material  from  Fort  Myers  to 
Chokoloskee,  on  the  West  Coast,  however,  has  these  angles 
decidedly  more  elongate  than  in  typical  brevipenne,  as  would 
be  expected  in  specimens  showing  more  decided  attenuation. 
This  feature  indicates  a  slight  divergence  of  development  in  the 
race  in  the  extreme  southern  portions  of  Florida,  separated  by 
the  Everglades  and  the  Bay  of  Florida. 

Typical  peninsulare  appears  adult  throughout  the  year.  Its 
habits  and  color  phases  are  in  every  way  similar  to  those  of  the 
more  northern  race.  The  typical  condition  has  not  been  found 
north  of  the  northern  limits  of  the  Caribbean  Pine. 

Specimens  Examined,  in  addition  to  319  previously  recorded:  147;  86  males, 
51  females  and  10  immature  individuals. 

Atypical  brevipenne  peninsulare 
Florida:  Kissiramee,  JX,  10,  1917,  (R.  and  H.;  very  abundant  on  wet 
"prairie",  very  grassy  with  an  abundance  of  water-loving  plants),  30  c?", 
19  9 ,  2  juv.  d",  1  juv.  ?  .  Arcadia,  IX,  12,  1917,  (Rehn  and  Hebard;  moder- 
ately common  in  undergrowth  of  long-leaf  pine  woods,  largely  wire-grass,  saw- 
palmetto  and  bayberry),  12  cf,  5   9,1  juv.  cf,  2  juv.    9. 

Typical  brevipenne  peninsidare 
Florida:  Fort  Myers,  IX,  13  to  15,  1917,  (Rehn  and  Hebard:  moderately 
common,  generally  distributed  through  wire-grass  of  the  Caril)bcan  Pine 
woods),  35  cf ,  21  9,2  juv.  cf,  1  juv.  9.  lona,  Lee  County,  IX,  13,  1917, 
(Rehn  and  Hebard;  generally  distributed  through  pine  woods),  2  cf ,  2  9. 
Boca  Raton,  III,  1,  1916,  (Hebard;  in  field  of  scanty  grass  in  sand  region), 
1  juv.  cf .  Ojus,  II,  29, 1916,  (Hebard;  undergrowth  of  Caribbean  Pine  forest), 
1  9  .  Miami,  II  and  III,  (J.  H.  Comstock),  1  d',  [Cornell  Univ.]:  Ill,  3,  1916. 
(Hebard;  undergrowth  of  Caribbean  Pine  forest),  6  cf,  3   9 . 


MORGAN    HEBARD  103 


PAPER  TWO 


The  Group  Hyalopteryges  as  Found  in  the  United  States 

AND  Canada 

A  single  species  of  this  group  is  found  in  the  area  under  con- 
sideration. This  is  Truxolis  hrevicornis  (Johannson),  the  only 
species  of  the  genus.  The  insect  is  a  simple  Hyalopteiygine 
type,  as  shown  by  the  general  structure  and  particularly  by  the 
strikingly  fenestrate  wings  of  the  male.  The  highest  speciali- 
zation in  the  group  occurs  in  the  South  American  genus  Hyalop- 
terijx.  There  are  no  other  North  American  genera  of  the  group, 
though  Thyriptilon  Bruneri  and  Orphula  Stal,"  species  of  both 
of  which  genera  occur  in  Mexico,  are  aljerrant  Orphulellae 
showing  convergence  toward  the  Hyalopteryges  in  having  the 
male  wings  strikingly  fenestrate. 

The  genera  of  the  Group  Hj^alopteryges  now  recognized  are: 
Hyalopteryx  Charpentier,  Eutryxalis  Bruner,  Truxalis  Fabricius 
and  Paratruxalis  Rehii.  In  linear  arrangement  of  the  North 
American  genera,  found  north  of  JNIexico,  we  place  Truxalis 
after  Mermiria  and  before  Syrbula,  which,  of  course,  represent 
other  genera  groups. 

The  following  characters  are  important  in  distinguishing  this 
genus  and  species. 

Head  weakly  ascending,  its  dorsal  length  shorter  than  that 
of  the  pronotum.  Vertex  roundly  produced,  a  little  longer 
than  wide,  showing  a  very  weak  medio-longitudinal  carina; 
lateral  foveolae  weakly  indicated,  small,  triangular,  facing 
laterad;  face  rather  strongly  oblique.  Pronotum  with  disk 
flattened,  having  distinct,  straight,  weak  medio-longitudinal 
and  lateral  carinae;  metazona  nearly  three-fourths  as  long  as 
prozona;  lateral  lobes  vertical,  distinctly,  but  not  decidedly, 
longer  than  deep.  Tegmina  and  wings  fully  developed;  the 
former  obliquely  truncate  distad;  the  latter,  in  the  male  sex, 
with  a  fenestrate  area  as  figui'cd.  Caudal  ftnnora  with  dorsal 
genicular  lobes  alone  feebh'  produced,  the  internal  very  slightly 

^  Bruner's  Sisantum  is  a  syncnjin  of  Thyriptilon,  as  comparison  of  the 
types  of  the  two  geiiotypic  species  convincingly  shows. 

"The  difficulties  surrounding  the  proper  application  of  this  generic  name 
have  been  eradicated  by  Rehn,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xlii,  p.  275,  (1916) 
and  Idem,  xlhi,  p.  344,  (1917). 

TRANS.   AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIH. 


104  NORTH    AMERICAN   ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERA) 

the  more  so.  Male  supra-anal  plate  shield-shaped.  'Male  sub- 
genital  plate  elongate  conical,  its  ventral  length  less  than  that 
of  the  preceding  sternite. 

Truxalis  brevicornis    (Johannson)      (Plate  IV,   figure   10.) 
1764.     [Gryllus]  brevicornis  Johansson,  Amoenit.  Acad.,  vi,  p.  398.     [Xorth 

America.] 
1773.     Acrydium  ensicornu  DeGeer,  Mem.  I'Hist.  Ins.,  in,  p.  499,  pi.  42, 

fig.  7.     [Pennsylvania.] 
1861.     Ox[ycoryphus]  burkhartianus  Saussure,  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  xiii, 

p.  314.     [cf,  Mexico.] 
1894.     Truxalis  brevicornis  BeutenmiiUer,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Xat.  Hist.,  vi, 

p.  291,  pi.  VIII,  figs.  1  and  2.     [New  York,  New  York.] 
1896.     Tryxalis  brevicornis  Morse,  Psyche,  vii,  p.  383,  pi.  7,  figs.  A,  Aa  and 

Ab. 
1916.     Truxalis  breincornis  Rehn  and  Hebard,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila., 

1916,  p.  155.     (Discussion  and  many  records  from  the  southeastern  United 

States.) 

Though  frequentlj^  appearing  in  the  literature,  the  other 
records  of  this  species  add  little  but  distributional  data  to  those 
given  a])ove. 

An  average  increase  in  size  southward  occurs  in  the  species. 
Individuals  from  different  localities  in  the  same  region,  how- 
ever, sometimes  show  very  marked  size  difference.  This  is 
particularly  demonstrated  by  males  before  us  from  Houston 
and  Harrisburg,  Texas. 

Comparison  of  North  American  individuals  with  material 
from  Mexico,  Costa  Rica,  British  Guiana,  Brazil,  Paraguay  and 
Argentina  shows  no  tendency  whatever  toward  racial  differen- 
tiation. 

Measurements  {in  millimeters)  of  average  specimens  and  extremes 


Length 
of 

Length 
of 

Length 
of 

Caudal 
width  of 

Length 
of 

Length 
of 

West  Creek,  N.  J 

body 
21.2 

vertex 
1.2 

pronotiini 
4.1 

pi'onotal 
di.sk 

2  .2 

teginen 
20.8 

caudal 
femur 

13.2 

Raleigh,  N.  C 

Billy's  Lsland,  Ga. .  . 

20.8 
26 

1.4 
1.4 

4.7 

5.4 

2.6 
2.8 

22  .7 
27.2 

14.8 
17.7 

J'ort  Myer.s,  Florida. 
Wolf  Lake,  Illinois.  . 

2.5 

20 . :} 

1.3 
1  .2 

5.2 
4.1 

2.9 
2.1 

26 
20.7 

17.8 
13.4 

Cireenville,  Alabama. 

24 

i.;i 

4.8 

2.7 

23.7 

15.9 

Orleans  Canal,  La. .  . 

2:i .  r, 

1.5 

5.4 

2.7 

24.2 

16.3 

Orleans  Canal,  La. .  . 

2.">  r) 

l.G 

5.5 

2.8 

26.3 

17.8 

Houston,  Texas 

22 .  :i 

1.3 

4.4 

2.3 

20.3    • 

14.3 

Harrisburg,  Texas.  . . 

2.5.9 

1.4 

5.2 

2.8 

25.8 

16.6 

San  Antonio,  Texas. 

27.2 

1.7 

5.8 

2.8 

26.4 

17.7 

MORGAN    HEBARD  105 


Length 

Length 

Length 

Caudal 

Length 

Length 

of 

of 

of 

width  of 

of 

of 

body 

vertex 

pronotiim 

pronotal 

tegmen 

caudal 

9 

Anglesea,  New  Jersey 

disk 

femur 

34 

1.7 

6.3 

3.3 

26.6 

18 

Anglesea,  New  Jersey 

36.5 

1.8 

6.8 

3.8 

31 

20.2 

Raleigh,  N.  C 

35 

1.8 

6.7 

3.7 

30.8 

20.8 

Fort  Myers,  Florida .  . 

39.3 

l.S 

7.3 

3.9 

32.8 

23.3 

Everglade,  Florida .  .  . 

39.5 

7.8 

38 

25 

Wolf  Lake,  Illinois.  .  . 

31.5 

1.4 

5.8 

3.3 

25.4 

18 

Orleans  Canal,  La. .  .  . 

45 

2 

7.8 

4.3 

37.4 

23.7 

Harahan,  Louisiana.  . 

38  .  S 

1.9 

7.3 

4.1 

33.3 

22 

Lake  Charles,  La. .  .  . 

43  5 

2 

8 

4.7 

39.3 

23.2 

San  Antonio,  Texas.  . 

43   2 

2 

8.2 

4.2 

37.7 

24.2 

San  Antonio,  Texas.  . 

43.7 

2.1 

8.8 

4.7 

37 

26 

Several  distinct  color  phases  are  developed.  Frequent  indi- 
viduals of  Ijoth  sexes  are  brown,  this  rarely  dark  in  shade,  the 
dorsal  surface  usually  slightly  paler.  The  majority  of  the 
males,  however,  are  brown,  with  face,  occiput,  disk  of  pronotum, 
dorsal  surface  of  tegmina  and  cephalic  and  median  femora  bright 
green.  Frequent  females  are  almost  entirely  green,  often  with 
a  slender  post-ocular  streak  of  brown  running  along  the  lateral 
carinae  of  the  pronotum  and  breaking  into  a  series  of  dots  on 
the  tegmina.  A  few  females  are  green,  with  dorsal  surface 
buffy  brown,  this  spreading  distad  on  the  tegmina  to  include 
all  of  their  distal  portion.  The  caudal  tibiae  are  buffy  brown, 
rarely  green  proximad  in  individuals  showing  that  color  strongly 
elsewhere. 

The  distribution  of  brevicornis  in  North  America  is  now  known 
to  extend  northward  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  to  New  York  City 
and  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  Ohio  and  Indiana  reaching 
the  Great  Lakes.  In  Canada  it  has  been  found  at  but  one 
locality,  Point  Pelee,  Ontario.  The  known  western  limits  are 
Fond  du  Lac,  Wisconsin;  Wolf  Lake,  Illinois;^  central  Arkansas, 
and  on  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Texas  a.s  far  inland  as  Houston,  Burnet 
County,  and  San  Antonio.  Its  range  southward  extends  over 
much  of  continental  America  to  Paraguay  and  Argentina. 

^  We  can  not  give  Bruner's  record  of  "eastern  Nebraska"  recognition. 
No  material  of  the  species  is  in  that  author's  collection  from  that  state  and 
his  Nebraska  list  has  been  found  to  contain  names  of  several  other  species 
which  do  not  occur  in  Nebraska. 

TRANS.  AM.  EXT.   SOC,  XLVIII. 


106 


NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERA) 


The  species  is  a  marsh  dweller,  preferring  areas  of  cat-tails, 
high  reeds  and  grasses.  In  such  situations  colonies  are  usually 
located  by  hearing  a  sharp  and  peculiar  ticking  sound,  made  by 
the  males  in  flight.  Individuals  fly  rapidly,  usually  curving 
quickly  back  into  the  vegetation  fiom  which  they  have  been 


Map  2.     Showing  distribution  of  Truxalis   brevicornis   (Johaniison)  in 
North  America. 

flushed,  where  they  often  cling  high  above  the  ground.  So 
peculiar  to  such  environment  are  they,  that  individuals  will  not 
be  seen  in  the  regions  where  the  species  is  very  abundant, 
unless  the  proper  environment  is  visited.  Like  many  semi-aquatic 
insects,  brevicornis  appears  to  have  the  habit  of  migrating  from 
one  favorable  spot  to  another  dui'ing  the  night. 

In  the  extensive  marshlands  of  southern  peninsular  Florida, 
and  in  the  lowlands  of  the  lower  Mississippi  region,  this  insect 
is,  naturally,  more  generally  encountered  than  elsewhere  in  the 
United  States. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  107 

Specimens  Examined,  in  addition  to  156'  previously  recorded:  159;  84  males, 
67  females  and  8  immature  individuals. 

New  Jersey:  May's  Landing,  VIII,  29,  1914,  (Hebard;  common  in  small 
fresh-water  marsh),  2  9.  Tuckahoe,  VIII,  26,  1914,  (Hebard;  in  fresh-water 
marsh),  1  cf,  5  9.  Cedar  Springs,  VIII,  14.  1914.  (Hebard;  small  colony  in 
rushes  of  fresh-water  marsh),  2  cf ,  1   9 .     Cape  May  Court  House,  VIII.  21, 

1914,  (Hebard;  in  cat-tails  and  rushes  bordering  salt-marsh),   1    9.     Cape 
May,  VIII,  IS  to  31,  1917,  (W.  Stone),  12  a',  13  9,1  juv.  9,  [A.  X.  S.  P.]. 

North  Carolina:  Asheville,  VIII,  1897,  2  c?,  2  9,  [Cornell  Univ.]. 

Georgia:  Dillard,  Rabun  County,  2200  feet,  IX,  4,  1917,  (R.  and  H.; 
numerous  colony  in  swampy  spot,  covered  with  low  weeds),  3  d^,  3  9,1  juv.  9  . 
Billy's  Island,  Okeefenokee  Swamp,  VII,  16  to  19,  1917,  (Hebard;  in  swamp 
vegetation  on  edge  of  lake).  Id'. 

Florida:  Fort  Mj-ers,  IX,  13  to  15,  1917,  (R.  and  H.;  one  small  colon}- in 
"hammock"  undergrowth),  3  cf,  1    9. 

Ohio:  Columbus,  (Wood),  1   9,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Indiana:  Kosciusko  County,  VIII,  11,  1902,  (W.  S.  Blatchley),  1  9,  [Heb- 
ard Cln.].  ^'igo  Countv,  IX,  IS,  1894,  (\\.  S.  Blatchley),  1  cf,  [Hebard 
Cln.]. 

Wisconsin:  Fond  du  Lac,  (Mitchell),  1  d,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Illinois:  Wolf  Lake,  near  Havana,  IX.  10,  1S9S,  1  cf ,  1  9 ,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Tennessee:   Chattanooga,  (B.  Shimek),  1  d,  2   9,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Alabama:  Opelika,  VIII,  2,  1915,  (Hebard;  moderate  numbers  everywhere 
in  marshy  areas),  19,1  juv.  cf.  Montgomery,  IX,  8,  1915,  (R.  and  H.; 
common  in  marshy  river  bottom  areas),  2  d,  2  9.  Greenville,  Butler 
County,  VIII,  3,  1915,  (Hebard),  4  cf ,  1  9.  Evergreen,  Conecuh  County 
VIII,  4,  1915,  (Hebard;  moderate  numbers  in  marshy  area),  2cf .  Flomaton, 
Escambia  County,  VIII,  27,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  moderately  large  colony  in 
grasses  of  opening  in  ''branch"),  2  cf ,  1   9  • 

Mississippi:  Meridian,  IX,  10,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  locally  common  in  marshy 
areas  in  bottom),  2  0^,3  9.  Winona,  IX,  15,  1915,  (Hebard;  in  grasses  bor- 
dering slough),  1  cf,  1    9. 

Louisiana:  Arcadia,  VIII,  20,  1915,  (R.  and  H.),  1  d.  Spanish  Fort, 
Orleans  Parish,  VIII,  5  to  7,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  common  in  high  gra.ss  marsh 
bordering  Lake  Pontchartrain),  7  cf ,  4  9 .  Orleans  Canal,  near  Spanish 
Fort,  Orleans  Parish,  VIII,  6  and  7,  1915,  (R.  and  H.;  very  common  in  high 
mar.sh  grass),  5  cf ,  4  9.  New  Orleans,  VI,  29,  1916,  (Rehn),  Icf,  [A.  M.  X. 
H.];  VIII,  6,  1915,  (R.  and  H.),  1  cf,  19.  Harahan,  Plaquemines  Parish, 
VIII,  7, 1915,  (R.  and  H. ;  one  in  short  grass  of  levee,  one  in  heavy  willow  swamp 
bordering  river),  2  9.  Rhoda,  St.  Mary  Parish,  VIll,  8,  1915,  (R.  and  H.; 
common  in  swampy  areas  about  small  pond),  1   cf-     Morgan  City,  VIII,  8, 

1915,  (R.  and  H.;  everywhere  common  in  swamp  vegetation),  5   cf,  6    9. 
Lafayette,  VIII,  9,  1915,  (R.  andH.;  swamp  grasses  near  bayou),  1  cf ,  1  juv. 

9 .     Lake  Charles,  VIII,  10, 1915,  (R.  and  H.;  common  in  marshy  areas,  two 
seen  at  light  at  night),  19,1  juv.    9. 

*  Of  these,  sixty-eight  are  from  localities  ranging  from  Mexico  south  to 
Argentina. 

TR.\NS.  am.  EXT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


108  NORTH    AMERICAN    ACRIDIDAE    (oRTHOPTERa) 

Texas:  Beaumont,  VII,  23,  1912,  (Hebard;  occasional  in  tangles  of  weeds 
m  forest),  3  d",  2  9.  Nome,  Jefferson  County,  VI,  30,  1916,  (Rehn;  at- 
tracted to  light  on  train  after  dark),  IcT.  Houston,  VIII,  12,  1915,  (R.  and 
H.),  Id",  1  juv.  o^.  Harrisburg,  Harris  County,  VIII,  13,  1915,  (R.  and  H.; 
common  in  flag-like,  saw-edged  grass  near  stream),  2  cf.  Dickinson,  Gal- 
veston County,  VII,  20, 1912,  (Hebard;  scarce  in  tall  green  plants  near  stream 
in  pine  woods),  2  d",  1  9,2  juv.  9  ■  Burnet  County,  X,  1884,  (F.  G.  Schaupp), 
1  9,  [Hebard  Cln.].  San  Antonio,  VIII,  16,  1912,  (R.  and  H.;  San  Antonio 
river  bottom,  common  in  rank,  high,  green  grasses  and  nettles),  13  o^,  3   9 . 


Explanation  of  Plate  IV 

Fig.  1. — Achurum  sumichrasti  (Saussure).  Fort  Grant,  Arizona.  Male. 
Dorsal  view  of  tegmen  and  wing.     (X  IM) 

Fig.  2. — Achurum  sumichrasti  (Saussure).  Fort  Grant,  Arizona.  Male. 
Lateral  view  of  distal  portion  of  abdomen.     (X  8) 

Fig.  3. — Achurum  sumichrasti  (Saussure).  Fort  Grant,  Arizona.  Male. 
Dorsal  view  of  distal  extremity  of  dextral  caudal  tibia.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  4. — Achurum  sumichrasti  (Saussure).  Orizaba,  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 
Immature  male.  Lateral  view  of  distal  portion  of  abdomen.  A.  Supra- 
anal  plate.  B.  Tergite  beyond  supra-anal  plate,  which  in  the  adult  dis- 
appears.    C.  Cercus.     D.  Subgenital  plate.     (X  8) 

Fig.  5. — Radinotatum  minimiyenne  (Caudell).  Piper  Plantation,  near 
Brownsville,  Texas.     Male.     Lateral  view.     (X  2H) 

Fig.  6. — Radinotatum  minimipenne  (Caudell).  Piper  Plantation,  near 
Brownsville,  Texas.  Male.  Lateral  view  of  distal  portion  of  aljdomen. 
(X8) 

Fig.  7. — Radinotatum  minimipenne  (Caudell).  Piper  Plantation,  near 
Brownsville,  Texas.  Male.  Dorsal  view  of  distal  ext remit}'  of  dextral 
caudal  tibia.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  8. — Radinotatum  brcvipenne  brevipenne  (Thomas).  Pomona,  Florida. 
Male.     Lateral  view  of  distal  portion  of  abdomen.     (X  8) 

Fig.  9.— Radinotatum  brevipe7me  peninsulare  Rehn  and  Hebard.  Home- 
stead, Florida.  Male  (type).  Lateral  view  of  distal  portion  of  abdomen. 
(X  8) 

Fig.  10. — Truxalis  brevicornis  (Johannson).  Fort  IMycrs,  Florida.  Male. 
Dorsal  view  of  tegmen  and  wing.     (X  2) 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS  109 


ON   THE    MALE   GENITALIA   OF   THE  LARGER 
HESPERIIDAE   OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

BY    HENRY    SKINNER   AND    R.    C.    WILLIAMS,    JR. 

It  is  now  generally  conceded  that  in  some  of  the  groups  of 
butterflies  the  male  genitalia  offer  characters  of  very  great 
importance  in  classification.  This  was  recognized  as  applying 
particularly  to  the  Hesperiidac  by  Godman  and  Salvin,  who,  in 
the  Biologia  Centrali-Americana,  give  many  excellent  figures  of 
the  Central  American  species,  including  many  of  those  which 
find  their  way  into  our  fauna  across  the  Mexican  border.  It  is 
our  object  in  this  paper  to  present  figures  of  all  the  larger  North 
American  species  of  which  we  have  availa])le  material. 

The  Biologia,  an  unusually  carefully  prepared  and  scientifi- 
cally correct  publication  is,  however,  not  available  to  the  average 
student  as  the  parts  were  not  sold  separately,  and  the  three 
volumes  dealing  with  the  Rhopalocera  are  now  quoted  separ- 
ately at  a  very  high  ])rice.  For  this  reason,  and  because  the 
details  of  the  aedoeagus  were  omitted,  we  are  again  figuring  the 
Biologia  species,  although  the  correctness  and  excellence  of 
these  figures  commands  our  highest  praise. 

Dyar  in  1905^  reviewed  the  Hesperiidae,  generall}'  adopting 
Scudder's  classification;  Skinner  in  1911-  contributed  to  our 
knowledge  of  our  larger  species,  and  Lindsey's  valuable  paper 
of  192P  is  the  basis  for  our  work,  which  covers  the  single  species 
in  the  sub-family  Pyrrhopyginae  and  Group  A  of  Dyar  and 
Lindsey  in  the  Hesperiinae. 

Scudder  in  his  "Butterflies  of  Eastei'ii  United  States  and  Can- 
ada" has  figured  in  volume  III,  ])late  35,  the  male  genitalia  of 
five  of  the  species  of  this  group  coming  within  the  territory 
covered  by  him. 

The  genitalia  were  prepai'ed  by  separating  the  tegumen, 
valvae  and  aedoeagus,  and  mounting  them  separately  on  slides; 

'Jour.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  xni.  p.  Ill,  1905. 
^  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Sop.,  xxxvii,  p.   159. 
'Univ.  of  Iowa,  Studies  Xat.  Hist.,  ix,  no.  4. 

TKAXS.  AM.   EXT.    SOC,   XLVIII. 


110      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

sketches  were  made  directly  from  these  as  they  lay  under  the 
cover  glass.  There  is  distortion  of  course,  but,  as  the  general 
shape  and  the  relationship  of  the  parts  in  life  is  well  known,  we 
beheve  this  to  be  the  best  method  for  this  group.  Only  the 
chitinous  parts  were  outlined  and  hairs  and  other  vestiture  are 
omitted. 

In  regard  to  the  classification  followed,  we  are  frankly  op- 
posed to  the  splitting  up  of  the  older  blanket  genera,  believing 
that  substantial  scientific  characters  only  should  be  used  in  such 
separations,  and  that  the  utilitarian  value  of  the  generic  name 
should  not  be  lost  sight  of.  We  have  followed  Lindsey  in  many 
of  his  conclusions,  but  prefer  to  retain  for  the  present  the  older 
conception  of  the  genus  Eudamus,  and  unite  Achalarus,  Thoryhes, 
Cogia  and  PhoecUnus  under  the  oldest  name,  Cogia,  for  while  in 
some  instances  the  genitalic  characters  in  the  species  tend  to 
confirm  his  conclusions,  in  other  cases  the  reverse  is  true,  and 
we  are  of  the  opinion  that  male  secondary  characters,  such  as 
the  costal  fold  and  wing  and  tibial  tufts,  have  specific  value 
only. 

We  have  thirty-seven  species  attributed  to  our  fauna,  of  which 
three  are  doubtful  and  eight  are  Central  American  species  with 
a  single  record  of  capture  over  the  border. 


Fig.  1.     Ajnjrrothrix  araxer,  arizonae.     Mount  Gnduuii,  Arizona. 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS 


111 


Pyrrhopyginae 

1.  Apyrrothrix  araxes  arizonae  Godman  and  Salvin  (Fig.  1.) 

The  genus  has  been  erected  by  Lindsey  for  this  species. 
The  male  genitaha  of  the  typical  Mexican  form  figured  in  the 
Biologia'*  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  the  Arizona  race. 
There  is  a  tooth  towards  the  extremity  of  the  aedoeagus.  The 
third  central  projection  in  the  uncus,  present  in  the  allied  gen- 
era, more  or  less  developed,  is  typical  of  this  group. 

Hesperiinae 

2.  Phocides  batabano  Lucas  (Fig.  2.) 

The  third  long  central  projection  in  the  uncus  with  its  curious 
beaked  terminus  is  tj'pical  of  this  genus,  and  the  scaphium  is 
absent  as  in  most  of  the  other  species.  The  aedoeagus  is  pro- 
vided internally  with  a  number  of  candle-shaped  teeth  and  the 
external  end  is  shagreened. 


Fig.  2.  Fig.  3. 

Fig.  2.     PhocifJcs  hatahano.     Cuba.  Fig.  3.     Phocides  lilea.     Honduras. 

3.  Phocides  lilea    Reakirt  (Fig.  3.) 

Biologia,  pi.  76,  fig.  24. 

There  is  a  specimen  in  the  Academy  collection,  agreeing  with 
the  figure  in  the  Biologia,  which  came  to  Dr.  Skinner  from  Dr. 
Scudder,  bearing  the  label  "Type  sanguinea,  Texas,  Pope  Exp." 
Scudder   had   this  insect   before   him   when   he   described   the 

'  Plate  73,  fig.  16. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  .SOC,  XLVHI. 


112      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 


species  under  the  latter  name  in  "A  systematic  review"  etc., 
published  in  the  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
Peabody  Academy  of  Science  for  the  year  1871,  printed  in  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  1872,  pages  24  to  83;  and  we  select  this  specimen, 
a  male,  as  the  type  of  sanguinea  Scudder,  falling  to  lilea  Rea- 
kirt.  We  have  the 'species  from  Alahuela,  Costa  Rica,  (Har- 
rower) . 

4.  Phocides  urania  Westwood-Hewitson. 

There  is  a  male  specimen  in  the  Academy  Collection  labelled 
by  Scudder  "  Texaiui  Type."  It  agrees  with  the  Biologia 
figure  of  urania,  but  does  not  agree  with  his  description  of  texana 
in  the  paper  referred  to  above,  which  may,  however,  have  been 
based  on  a  worn  female.  As  both  {urania  and  texana)  are 
recorded  as  obtained  froxn  the  Pope  Texas  Boundary  Expedi- 
tion, they  may  have  been  caught  in  the  same  locality  and  not 
recognized  by  Scudder  as  male  and  female  of  the  same  species, 
until  after  the  description  of  the  texana  had  been  published. 

5.  Xascus  besus  Westwood-Hewitson    (Fig.  4.) 

This  is  another  species  included  in  our  fauna  through  Scudder's 
record  "Texas,  Pope,  Mexican  Boundary  Survey"  in  the  same 
publication.  Of  course  all  of  these  records  are  doubtful,  as  the 
survej^  covered  both  sides  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  it  is  prolxible 


Fig.  4.  Fig.  5. 

Fig.  4.     Nascus  hesus.       Fig.  5.     I'olygonus  amynias  arizoiieusis.     Florence, 
Arizona. 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS 


113 


that  the  insects  collected  were  brought  in  ])y  interested  natives 
and  may  have  come  from  some  distance.  None  of  the  three 
have  been  captured  north  of  che  river  since  the  date  of  their 
description  (1871). 

The  females  in  this  group  are  remarkably  dissimilar  from  the 
males.  Euribates  Cramer  is  a  female,  and  Skinner  followed 
Godman  and  Salvin,  who  in  the  Biologia,  sunk  the  name  hesus 
under  euribates.  However,  it  is  perhaps  best  to  use  the  former 
name  until  the  two  sexes  are  definitely  proved  to  be  those  of 
the  same  species.  The  male  genitalia  show  a  single  shagreened 
scaphium,  and  the  aedoeagus  includes  numerous  floating  spines. 

0.  Polygonus  amyntas  arizonensis  Skmiier    (Fig.  .5.) 

Typical  aiinjntds,  Biologia,  pi.  77,  fig.  9. 

There  is  no  difference  in  the  male  genitalia  between  the 
typical  Florida  and  Arizona  forms. 

The  uncus  terminals  are  bifid,  two  long  arms  of  scaphium 
shagreened  at  terminus,  aedoeagus  slender  and  naked  and  this 
species  has  a  well  developed  juxta  which  may  act  as  a  support 
for  the  last. 

The  type  and  paratypes  of  arizonensis  are  in  the  Academy 
Collection,  (Florence,  Arizona;  Biederman). 

7.  Proteides  idas  Cramer     (Fig.  G.) 

Biologia,  plate  77,  fig.  .5. 

The  scaphium  is  somewhat  shagreened  above  and  the  aedoe- 
agus contains  two  short  candle-shaped  spines. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


Fig.  G.     Proteides  idas.     Yucatan.     Fig.  7.     Epargyreus   zestos.     Key    West, 
Florida. 


TRAN8.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


114      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

8.  Epargyreus  zestos  Gej'er     (Fig.  7.) 

In  addition  to  Miami  and  Key  West  examples  in  the  Academy- 
Collection,  there  are  some  from  the  Bahamas. 

In  this  and  the  following  species  of  this  genus,  the  aedoeagus 
is  ragged  and  dentate  at  its  terminus  and  slightly  shagreened. 

The  conspicuous  central  costal  projection  on  the  valves 
bearing  rather  long  stout  spines  readily  separates  the  species  of 
this  genus  from  those  of  Proteides. 

9.  Epargyreus  tityrus  Fabricius     (Fig.  8.) 

The  male  genitalia  are  very  close  to  those  of  the  preceding 
and  following  species  which,  however,  are  readily  separated  by 
their  color  and  maculation. 


Fig.  8.  Fig.  9. 

Fig.  8.     Epargyreus  tityrus.     Cloudcroft,  New  Mexico.     Fig.  9.     Epargyreus 
exadeus.     Chapada,  Brazil. 

10.  Epargyreus  exadeus  Cramer     (Fig.  9.) 
Biologia,  Plate  75,  fig.  5. 

We  have  specimens  from  San  Luis  Obispo,  California,  March. 

11.  Eudamus  (Goniurus)  proteus  Linnaeus     (Fig.  10.) 

Biologia,  plate  75,  fig.  5. 
Scudder,  fig.  37. 

The  genus  Eudamus  was  erected  l)y  Swainson  in  1832. with 
proteus  as  type.  Goniurus  was  erected  by  Hubner  in  1820  for 
simplicius,  coelus,  proteus  and  six  other  species.  Watson  in 
1893   selected   coelus  Cramer   (aurunce  Hewitson)    as  type  of 


SKINXER   AND    WILLIAMS 


115 


Goniurus,  and  is  followed  by  Godman  and  Salvin  in  the  Biologia, 
who  place  with  it  talus,  a  similar  untailed  hesperid,  but  with 
the  generic  distinction  from  Ei(damus  open  to  question.  Lind- 
sey  puts  simplicius  as  the  type  of  Goniurus,  presumably  as  the 
first  mentioned  species.  Now  if  coelus  is  declared  congeneric 
with  the  tailed  hesperids  now  usually  included  under  Eudamus, 
the  latter  name  must  fall  for  the  former,  but  if  the  contrary 
obtains,  Goniurus  should  be  confined  to  coelus  and  talus,  neither 
coming  in  our  fauna,  and  Eu(hn)ius  still  holds  for  the  considerable 
group  of  tailed  skippers  headed  by  proteus;  the  writers  are 
inchned  to  follow  this  course. 

The  male  genitaha  with  its  cleft  uncus,  conspicuous  but 
simple  scaphium  and  rather  normal  clasp,  may  be  called  typical 
of  this  entire  group  of  the  Hesperiidae.  The  aedoeagus  contains 
a  stout,  many-branched  spine. 

A  very  closeh^  related  species,  esmemldus,  veiy  difficult  to 
distinguish  from  its  color  and  maculation,  has  a  very  different 
terminus  to  its  valve. 


Fig.  10.  Fig.  11. 

Fig.  10.     Eudamus     (Goniurus)     proteus.     Miami,     Florida.     Fig.  11.     Eu- 
damus (Goniurus)  dorantcs.     Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Panama. 

12.  Eudamus  (Goniurus)  dorantes  rauterbergi  Skinner     (Fig.   11.) 

Typical  daranUs  Biologia,  plate  7'),  fig.  7. 

This  species  has  a  wide  range  to  the  south  from  our  l)order, 
and  is  subject  to  considerable  variation  in  series  from  any 
locahty.     Rauterbergi,   the  type  of  which  is  in  the  Academy 


TRANS.  .\M.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


116      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

Collection,  represents  the  small  dark  form  Santiago,  from  Cuba, 
and  a  similar  form,  though  still  darker,  from  Porto  Rico  (Wil- 
liams) are  the  insular  representatives  of  dorantes. 

The  tegumen  is  typical,  valve  with  flat  toothed  extremity 
cleft  deeply  on  costal  extremity  and  the  aedoeagus  carries  a 
long,  stout,  curved  spine. 

13.  Eudamus  simplicius  Stoll     (Fig.  12.) 

Biologia,  plate  75,  fig.  1. 

We  have  this  species  from  Guatemala  (Rhoads) ;  Canal  Zone, 
Panama  (Harrower) ;  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico  (Williams),  and  Texas 
(Aaron) . 

The  male  genitalia  of  this  and  the  following  species  are  almost 
identical.  The  aedoeagus  carries  a  long  slender  spine,  and  the 
tip  of  the  valve  is  rounded  with  a  projecting  tooth  curiously 
like  a  bird's  head  and  beak. 


Fig.  12. 


Fig.  13. 


Fig.  12.     Eudamus  siniplicius.     Puerto  Barrios,  Guatemala. 
damns  eurydcs.     Puerto  Barrios,  Guatemala. 


Fig.  13.     Eu- 


14.  Eudamus  eurycles  Latreille     (Fig.  13.) 

This  species  is  without  the  costal  fold  present  in  the  male  of 
that  al)ove,  and  the  hyaline  band  is  conspicuous.  We  have  it 
from  Guatemala  (Rhoads) ;  Bocas  del  Toro,  Panama  (Wil- 
liams) and  other  Central  American  localities,  including  Colima, 
Mexico.  Skinner's  record  is  undoubtedly  correct,  as  most  of 
the  species  recorded  in  the  list  in  1901  have  sin('(>  been  confirmed 
by  subsequent  captures. 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS 


117 


lo.  Eudamus  (Chioides)  albofasciatus  Hewitson     (Fig.  14.) 
Biologia,  phit'o  7.1,  tig.  11. 

Lindsey  places  this  and  the  following  species  in  a  genus  he 
erects  for  them,  leased  on  characters  which  may  or  may  not  be 
of  sufficient  importance  to  warrant  this  action.  We  are  inclined 
to  deplore  the  splitting  up  of  the  older  genera  in  general,  and  as 
we  do  not  find  important  characters  in  the  male  genitalia  to 
support  this  separation,  prefer  to  retain  these  species  in  the 
genus  EudamuK. 

In  this  and  the  following,  the  scaphium  is  shagreened,  aedoe- 
agus  simple  and  the  principal  differences  are  confined  to  the 
shape  of  the  valve,  especially  its  terminal  structure,  these  having 
strong  specific  l)ut  little  generic  value. 


Fig.  14.  Fig.  1.5. 

Fig.  14.     Eudunuta    {Chioides)   alhofaaciatus.     Vera   Cruz,    iMe.xico.     Fig.  15. 
EuddnniH   {Cliinides)  zilpn.     I'nkiiowii  locality. 


16.  Eudamus  (Chioides)  zilpa  Butler     (Fig.  1.5.) 

Biologia,  plate  75,  fig.  S. 

A  striking  species,   the  under  side  of   the   male   being   well 
figured  in  Lindsey's  paper. 


TR.\NS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


118      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

17.  Eudamus  alcaeus  Hewitson     (Fig.  16.) 

Biologia,  plate  75,  fig.  12. 

We  have  specimens  from  Huigra,  Ecuador  (Rhoads),  and 
Williams  has  caught  it  in  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  It  is  another 
species  entering  our  fauna  through  the  Runj''eon  capture,  which 
is  authentic. 

The  male  genitalia  show  a  highly  developed  shagreened 
scaphium,  the  cleft  uncus  terminals  show  a  tendency  only  to 
the  short  and  spatulate  condition  obtaining  in  the  following 
species  {melon),  and  the  aedoeagus  carries  a  branched  spine 
similar  to  that  of  proteus.  We  prefer  to  leave  this  species  in 
Eudainus. 


Fig.  16.  Fig.  17. 

Fig.  16.     Eudamus  alcaeus.     Huigra,  Ecuador.     Fig.  17.     Codatractus  melon 
arizone.fisis.     Baboquivari  Mountains,  Arizona. 


18.  Codatractus  melon  arizonensis  Skinner     (Fig.  17.) 

The  type  and  paratypes  of  the  Arizona  form  (Poling)  are  in 
the  Academy  Collection. 

The  male  genitalia  show,  as  indicated  above,  comparatively 
short,  widely  separated  spatulate  terminal  projections  to  the 
uncus.  The  aedoeagus  carries  a  branched  spine,  which  has  the 
forks  leaving  the  stalk  rather  lateral  than  distal. 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS 


119 


19.  Telegonus  hahneli  Staudinger 

This  is  another  species  recorded  in  our  faumi  througli  the 
Runyeon  catch.  The  identification  was  made  from  the  Godman 
and  Salvin  figure  in  the  Biologia,  wliich  differs  from  the  Staud- 
inger figure  in  the  absence  of  the  yellowish  outer  border  of  the 
wings,  and  the  shape  of  the  secondaries,  which  are  rounded  in 
the  former  and  with  a  projecting  anal  angle  in  the  latter. 

The  type  of  hahneli  is  from  Merida,  Venezuela,  but  Staudinger 
mentions,  in  the  description,  having  specimens  from  Chiriqui, 
Panama.  It  is  possible  that  two  species  are  involved,  and 
that  Godman  and  Salvin  had  before  them  a  Chiriqui  specimen 
instead  of  the  Venezuela  type,  and  so  identified  it  with  their  own 
Chiriqui  and  Costa  Rican  material. 

We  have  specimens  from  Jamaica  and  the  Island  of  St. 
Thomas. 


Fig.  18.  Fig.  19.  Fig.  20. 

Fig.  18.  Plesiin  donis.  Jemez  Hot  Springs,  New  Mexico.  Fig.  19.  Cec- 
ropterus  cellus.  Mount  Graham,  Arizona.  Fig.  20.  Cecropterus 
pseudocellus.     Ranasay  Canyon,  Huachuca  Mountains,  Arizona. 

20.  Plestia  dorus  Edwards     (Fig.  IS.) 

There  is  a  specimen  in  the  Academy  Collection  from  the  type 
catch.  Dorus  has  the  normal  cleft  uncus  projections  and  the 
aedoeagus  contains  a  stout  branciied  spine. 

TRANS.  .\M.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIU. 


120      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 


21.  Cecropterus  cellus  Boisdiival  and  Leconte    (Fig.  19.) 
Biologia,  plate  89,  fig.  8. 

This  species  has  a  normal  tegumen,  but  the  general  shape  of 
the  valvae  is  quite  different  in  plan  from  that  obtaining  in  the 
preceding  and  following  genus.  The  aedoeagus  is  long  and 
slender  and  carries  a  pair  of  slender  connected  spines. 

22.  Cecropterus  pseudoeellus  Coolidge  and  Clemence     (Fig.  20.) 
There  are  cotypes  in  the  Academy  Collection,  and  a  specimen 

from  Real  del  Monte,  Hidalgo,  Mexico,  April  13,  1908.  These 
have  the  pale  ring  at  the  base  of  the  antennal  club  mentioned 
by  Lindsey. 

23.  Cogia  (Achalarus)  lycidas  Abbott  and  Smith     (Fig.  21.) 
Scudder,  fig.  44. 


Fig.  21.  Fig.  22. 

Fig.  21.     Cogia    (Achalarus)    lycidas.     Unknown    lorality.     Fig.  22.     Cogia 
(Achalarus)  epigotia.     Arizona. 

24.  Cogia  (Achalarus)  epigona  Herrich-Schac'ffer     (Fig.  22.) 
Biologia,  j)late  SO,  fig.  11. 
The  male  genitalia  of  these  two  species  are  almost  identical. 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS 


121 


25.  Cogia  (Achalarus)  albociliata  Mabille     (Fig.  23.) 

Birlogia,  plate  SO,  fig.  14. 

We  have  specimens  of  this  from  Alta  ]\Iira,  ^Mexico,  August 
14,  and  San  Pedro  Sula,  Honduras,  January  5,  1922,  (Lienhart), 
which  agree  with  the  Godman  and  Salvin  figures.  The  male 
genitalia  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  two  species  above, 
even  in  the  shape  of  the  valve  terminus,  though  in  this  char- 
acter it  differs  remarkably  from  the  following  species,  with  which 
it  has  been  associated  since  1905.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  species 
enters  our  fauna,  as  the  records  probaljly  apply  to  the  following 
species. 


Fig.  23. 

Fig.  23.     Cogia  (Achalarus)  albociliafa 

Cogia  coyote.     Corpus  Christ i,  Texas. 


Fig.  24. 
San  Pedro  Sula,  Honduras. 


Fig.  24. 


26.  Cogia  coyote  Skinner     (Fig.  24.) 

This  species,  described  from  southern  Texas  near  Corpus 
Christi,  (Aaron),  is  represented  in  the  Academy  Collection  by 
the  types  and  a  paratype  from  which  the  genitalia  is  figured. 

In  appearance  they  differ  from  albociliata  in  slightly  smaller 
size,  much  lighter  color,  coyote  being  brown  and  albociliata  almost 
black  above,  the  fringe  is  not  so  white,  the  markings  on  the 
secondaries  below  in  coyote  are  of  a  darker  brown  than  the  ground 
color,  while  in  albociliata  they  are  somewhat  lighter  than  the 
ground  color,  but  outlinotl  in  a  darker  shade. 

TRANS.   AM.  EXT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


122      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

The  male  genitalia  differ  from  those  of  the  previous  species  in 
the  very  much  shorter  terminals  to  the  uncus,  as  well  as  the 
very  remarkable  difference  in  the  valves. 

The  records  of  albociliata  by  Dyar  from  the  Patagonia  Mts., 
Arizona,  (Oslar),  and  Kerrville,  Texas,  and  Leussler's  Bee- 
ville,  Texas,  October  16,  1916,  (Patty  Hutchinson),  probably 
apply  to  this  species. 

27.  Cogia  (Thorybes)  drusius  Edwards 

The  two  specimens  in  the  Academy  Collection  are  from  the 
type  catch.  The  Lindsey  record  "Western  Nebraska"  is  an 
error,  as  Mr.  Leussler  has  had  nothing  like  it  from  that  locality. 

28.  Cogia  (Thorybes)  pylades  Scudder     (Fig.  2.5.) 
Biologia,  plate  SO,  fig.  23. 

Scudder,  fig.  35. 

The  type  of  the  aberration  immaculata  Skinner  is  in  the  Acad- 
emy Collection. 


Fig.  25.  P'ig.  26. 

Fig.  25.     Cogia    (Thorijhes)    pijladcs.     Avon,    Connecticut.     Fig.  26.     Cogia 
{T/tori/bes)  bathyllus.     Philadelphia,  Penna. 


29.  Cogia  (Thorybes)  bathyllus  Al)bott  and  Smith     (Fig.  26.) 

Scudder,  fig.  38. 

Lindsey  in  using  the  name  daunus  Cramer  follows  Dj'ar,  who 
in  turn  perhaps  follows  a  reference   in  Godart,   Encyclopedie 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS 


123 


Methodique.^  Godart  says  bathyllus  approaches  daunus  in  ap- 
pearance. From  the  Cramer  figure  of  daunus  it  is  doubtfully 
possible  to  identify  the  species,  which  may  be  an  unidentified 
Surinam  insect.  Bathyllus  appears  to  be  confined  to  America 
north  of  Mexico,  as  it  has  not  been  recorded  in  the  Biologia. 
The  figure  of  bathyllus  in  Abbott  and  Smith's  Insects  of 
Georgia  is  excellent,  and  it  seems  unwise  to  place  it  as  a  synonym 
of  daunus  without  additional  evidence. 


Fig.  27.  Fig.  28. 

Fig.  27.    Cogia  (Thorybes)  mexicana.  Uruapan,  Michoacan,  Mexico. 
Cogia  (Thorybes)  nevada.     Mono  Lake,  California. 


Fig.  2S. 


30.  Cogia  (Thorybes)  mexicana  Herrich-Schaeffer     (Fig.  27.) 

Biologia,  plate  SO,  fig.  17. 

We  have  this  species  from  Uruapan,  Mexico,  April  15,  1919; 
Popocatepetl  Park,  Mexico,  September  17,  1906  (Calvert),  and 
Real  del  Monte,  Hidalgo,  Mexico,  August  40,  1908  (Van  Nos- 
trand).  We  beheve  that  the  male  genitalia,  however,  warrant 
its  separation  from  nevada  Scudder  (aemelia  Skinner).  The 
tegumen  and  aedoeagus  are  alike,  but  the  extremity  of  the 
valve  in  mexicana  is  somewhat  convex  and  slightly  serrate, 
while  that  of  nevada  is  concave  or  well  cut  into  with  a  rounded 
excavation,  and  the  serrations  or  teeth  are  much  stronger. 
Mexicana  probably  does  not  enter  our  territory. 

^  X,  p.  764,  1823. 


TR.\NS.  .\.M.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


124      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

31.  Cogia  (Thorybes)  nevada  Sciulder     (Fig.  28.) 

The  types  of  aemelia  are  in  the  Academy  Collection.  We  have 
typical  nevada  from  Fort  Klamath,  Oregon,  June  6  to  18; 
Lundy,  Cahfornia,  July  9  (Wickham) ;  Deer  Park,  Placer  Co., 
Cahfornia,  July  11,  1908;  Cloudcroft,  New  Mexico,  May  7  to 
26  and  July  27  (some  dark  individuals) ;  Jemez  Springs, 
New  Mexico,  July  21  (Woodgate),  and  Colorado. 

A  darker  form,  in  which  also  the  hyaline  spots  are  not  so 
large,  we  have  from  Mt.  Graham,  Arizona  (Morrison) ;  Park 
City,  Utah,  July  6,  1895,  and  Silver  Lake,  Utah,  July  13 
(Skinner).  This  is  the  form  that  has  been  considered  mexicana 
in  collections.  We  have  intermediate  forms  from  City  Creek 
Canyon,  Utah,  July  17,  1898,  and  Sierra  la  Sal  Mts.,  Utah, 
July  25,  1920  (Skinner). 


Fig.  29. 


Fig.  30. 
Summerville,  South  Carolina. 


Fig.  29.     Cogia  (Thoryhcs)  species 

Cogia  calchus.     Texola,  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico 


Fig.  30. 


32.  Cogia  (Thorybes)  species     (Fig.  29.) 

This  species  will  be  described  by  Mr.  E.  L.  Bell  on  a  subse- 
quent page  of  this  volume  of  the  Transactions. 

The  present  species  is  in  the  Academy  Collection  from  Tampa, 
Florida,  March  19,  (Bell);  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  April 
25;  Tallulah  Falls,  Georgia,  July  7;  Summerville,  South  Caro- 
lina (Jones),  and  Kound  INIountain,  Blanco  County,  Texas, 
determined  genitalically. 

While  the  general  appearance  of  this  ius(M't  has  lead  lo  its  con- 
fusion with  pyladcs  in  collections,  in  addition  to  the  absence  of 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS 


125 


the  costal  fold,  the  male  genitalia  are  quite  different  from  both 
pylades  and  bathyUus  in  the  shape  of  the  valve,  and  the  fact  that 
the  aedoeagus  is  as  in  the  subgenus  Phoediniis,  instead  of  a 
single  thoi-n  present,  as  in  the  balance  of  the  species  of  the 
Thorybes  group  which  we  have  examined. 

It  does,  however,  agree  with  the  others  of  the  Thorybes  grouji 
in  that  the  terminus  of  the  uncus  is  Ijifurcate. 

33.  Cogia  calchas  Herrich-Schaeffer     (Fig.  30.) 
Biologia,  plate  S],  fig.  6. 

This  species  has  an  extended  range  from  Texas  into  South 
America.  We  have  it  from  Brazil,  ]\Iexico,  Colombia  and 
Colon,  Panama,  February  19,  1912,  (Williams). 

The  aedoeagus  of  this  and  the  two  following  species  encloses 
numerous  short  spines. 

34.  Cogia  outis  Skinner     (Fig.  31.) 

The  types  from  Texas  are  in  the  Academy  Collection.  The 
terminus  of  the  uncus  of  this  species,  the  two  following  and 
caicus  is  not  split,  l)ut  on  the  contrary  there  is  a  similar  single 
beaked  terminus  as  though  che  double  ends  were  fused  together. 


Fig.  31.  Fig.  32. 

Fig.  31.     Cogia  outis.     Round  Mountain,  Texas.     Fig.  32.     Cogia  hippalus. 
Baboquivari  Mountains,  Arizona. 

TR.\NS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIU. 


126       MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 


35.  Cogia  hippalus  Edwards     (Fig.  32.) 
Biologia,  plate  80,  fig.  31. 

There  are  specimens  from  the  type  locality — Arizona  (Mor- 
rison, 1882) — probably  of  the  type  catch,  and  from  Colima, 
Mexico. 

The  male  genitalia  of  this  and  the  above  species  are  very 
close. 

36.  Cogia  (Phoedinus)  mysie  Dyar 

This  species  is  not  represented  in  the  Academy  Collection  and 
we  are  not  familiar  with  it. 

37.  Cogia  (Phoedinus)   caicus  Herrich-Sehaeffer     (Fig.  33.) 
Biologia,  plate  80,  fig.  20. 

There  is  a  series  in  the  Academy  Collection  from  Arizona 
(Morrison),  the  locality  from  which  Edwards  received  the 
material  upon  which  his  moschus  was  described. 

The  general  appearance  and  maculation  of  this  species  is 
very  similar  to  that  of  the  species  of  the  Thoryhes  group,  and  the 
male  genitalia  are  very  close  in  their  characters  to  those  of  the 
group  above. 


Fig.  33.  Fig.  34. 

Fig.  33.     Cogia    (Phoedinus)    caicus.     Mount    Graham,    Arizona.     Fig.  34. 
Cabares  polrillo.     Jamaica. 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  127 

38.   Cabares  potrillo  Lucas     (Fig.  34.) 

Biologia,  plate  SO,  fig.  26. 

There  are  examples  in  the  Academy  Collection  from  Mexico, 
Cuba,  Haiti,  San  Domingo,  Jamaica  and  Tortuga.  The  shape 
of  the  secondaries,  as  well  as  of  the  male  genitalia  with  its  pe- 
culiar valve  and  nude  aedoeagus,  seems  to  well  separate  it  from 
the  previous  group. 

The  terminus  of  the  uncus  is  strongly  bifurcate,  the  aedoeagus 
is  simple  without  spines  or  other  attachments,  and  the  valve 
terminates  in  a  long  spine  somewhat  serrate  externally,  and 
which  in  nature  is  bent  back  towards  the  base. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLYHI. 


MORGAN-    HEBARD  129 


NOTES  ON  A  FEW  INTERESTING  BLATTIDAE  FROM 
GUATEMALA,    WITH  THE  DESCRIPTION 
OF  A  NEW  SPECIES 
(ORTHOPTERA) 

BY  MORGAN  HEBARD 

PSEUDOMOPIXAE 

Anisopygia  jocosicluna  Saussure 

1S93.     A[nif!opygiu]  jocosicluna  SsMssure,Soc.'Ent.,  Zurich,  viii,  p.  .57.     [[&], 
Guatemala.] 

Vicinity  of  Guatemala  City,  1    9  ,  [Hel)ard  Chi.]. 

At  the  time  Sau.ssure  and  Zehntner  described  and  figured  the 
male  sex,  recording  it  from  Capetillo,  Guatemala,  those  authors 
described  Temnopterijx  guatemalae^  from  a  female  and  numerous 
immature  individuals  taken  in  Guatemala  City.  It  appears 
more  than  prol)able  that  the  opposite  sexes  of  one  species  were 
represented,  but  in  the  absence  of  a  series  representing  both 
sexes  we  are  not  able  to  establish  definitely  this  synonymy. 

We  Ijelieve  the  female  before  us  to  represent  jocosicluna, 
though  it  agrees  with  the  female  of  guatemalae  as  described. 
The  supra-anal  plate  is  minutely  incised  mesad,  but  is  sub- 
chitinous  medio-longitudinally  from  that  point  to  near  its  base. 
Length  of  body,  10.2;  length  of  pronotum,  3;  width  of  pronotum, 
4;  length  of  tegmen,  3.1  mm. 

Chromatonotus  agunae  new  species     (Text  figures  1,  2  and  3.) 

This  species  is  closely  related  to  C.  Jamprus  Hebard,  agreeing 

rather  with  C.  tiotntus  (Brunner)  only  in  the  slightly  l)roader 

pale  cephalic  margin  of  the  pronotum.     The  male  genitalia  are 

distinctive. 

Tijpe.—  (^;    Aguna,    Department    of    Escuintla,    Guatemala. 

Elevation,  650  meters.     [Heljard  Collection,  Type  no.  863.] 

This  specimen  shows  all  the  generic  features  originally  described,-  in  addi- 
tion we  note  the  following.    Size  small,  form  slender,  much  as  in  Inmprus. 

'  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i,  p.  53,  (1893). 
-  Alem.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  no.  4,  p.  4.5,  (1920). 

TRAXS.  AM.  EXT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


130 


GUATEMALAN    BLATTIDAE 


Interocular  width  slightly  over  three-quarters  that  between  antennal  sockets, 
as  in  that  species.^  Supra-anal  plate  weakly  transverse,  length  slightly 
over  half  proximal  width,  free  margins  nearly  straight,  convergent  to  weakly 
bilobate  distal  portion,  which  is  less  strongly  chitinous  and  is  supplied  with 
long  hairs.  Cerci  small,  elongate  and  slender  (having  eleven  joints),  the 
sutures  well  marked,  the  dorsal  surface  fiat;  generally  as  in  lamprus.  Con- 
cealed genitalia  as  follows.  From  the  base  of  the  sinistral  cercus  an  elongate, 
somewhat  irregular,  chitinous  finger  extends  two-thirds  the  distance  across 
the  anal  chamber,  expanding  slightly  dorsad  at  its  rounded  apex,  its  caudal 
surface  moderately  concave  throughout.^  Subgenital  plate  rather  strongly 
convex  except  in  small  meso-distal  area,  where  it  is  weakly  concave;  surface 
supplied  with  elongate  scattered  hairs;  free  margins  evenly  convergent  and 
ghowing  very  slight  convexity  to  median  fourth,  which  section  is  symmetri- 
cally trapezoidal  with  angles  rounded.     Sinistral  style  situated  at  base  of 


Chromatonotus  agunae  new  species.  Fig.  1.  Dorsal  view  of  pronotum. 
Fig.  2.  Ventral  view  of  subgenital  plate.  Fig.  3.  Caudal  view  of  con- 
cealed sinistral  genital  process.     (All  much  enlarged.) 


this  median  and  produced  portion,  minute,  simple,  cylindrical,  very  feebly 
tapering  to  the  rounded  apex,  about  three  times  as  long  as  its  basal  width. 
Dextral  style  situated  at  dextral  angle  of  produced  portion,  minute,  rounded, 
conical,  slightly  longer  than  broad,  terminating  in  a  miiuite  but  stout  spine, 
which  is  slightly  decurved,  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  style  occupied  by  a  sim- 
ilar, but  smaller,  spine,  while  the  margin  of  the  plate,  just  sinistrad  of  the 
base  of  this  style  is  armed  with  three  similar  spines.  Limb  armament,  pul- 
villi,  tarsal  claws  and  arolia  as  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

Head  blackish  carob  brown,  ocellar  si)ots  buffy.  Antennae  proximad 
buckthorn  brown,  beccmiing  darker  in  remaining  portions.  Mouthparts, 
maxillary  palpi  and  limbs  ochraceou.s-bufT  tinged  with  tawny,  the  maxillary 

"  Ocellar  spots  not  conspicuijus,  probably  becau.se  this  specimen  is  a  dried 
alcoholic. 

^  Soft  integument  unfortunately  conceals  the  dextral  si)ecializati(>n. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  131 

palpi  with  distal  joints  darkened.  Ventral  surface  of  abdomen  buckthorn 
brown.  Pronotum  much  as  in  notatus;  shining,  with  cephalic  margin  rather 
narrowly  and  lateral  margins  more  broadly  ochraceous-buff;  remaining  por- 
tions blackish  carob  brown  except  for  a  large,  transverse  area  of  ochraceous- 
buff  meso-caudad,  the  outline  of  which  is  vague,'  but  its  form  appreciably 
rounded  trapezoidal.*  Tegmina  as  in  la)nprus,  translucent  suffused  with 
prout's  brown,  this  regularly  distributed  but  deepest  at  the  humeral  trunk, 
except  the  costal  margin  which  is  broadly  buffy,  the  transition  to  the  darker 
portions  of  the  tegmina  gradual.  Wings  transparent,  very  weakly  tinged 
with  prout's  brown,  this  heaviest  in  area  of  costal  veins  to  near  their  apices. 
Dorsal  surface  of  abdomen  buckthorn  brown,  darkened  laterad  but  margined 
with  ochraceous-buff.  Cerci  ochraceous-buff  weakly  suffused  with  prout's 
brown  in  proximal  portions  dorsad,  prout's  brown  ventrad. 

Length  of  body,  9.3;  length  of  pronotum,  2.9;  width  of  pronotum,  3.7; 
length  of  tegmen,  11;  length  of  caudal  tibia,  4.G;  length  of  caudal  metatarsus, 
2  mm. 

Large  series  of  two  species  of  the  genus  before  us  show  that 
there  is  Httle  variation  in  the  distinctive  male  genitaha  de- 
veloped in  each.  In  other  respects  close  general  similarity  is 
shown  by  the  known  species  of  Chromatonotus. 

The  type  is  unique. 

Blattinae 

Periplaneta  australasiae   (Fabricius) 

Guatemala  City,  2  adults. 

Periplaneta  americana   (Linnaeus) 
Guatemala  City,  1  cf . 

Panchlorinae 

Leucophaea  maderae  (Fabricius) 
Guatemala  City,  1  cf,  2  9  . 

Pycnoseelus  surinamensis  (Linnaeus) 
Guatemala  City,  4   9,3  juv. 

Blaberinae 

Archimandrita  tessellata  Rehn 

Guatemala  City,  4  d^,  1   9  ,  [Paris  Museum  and  Hebard  Chi.]. 
All  of  these  specimens  are  heavily  tessellate.     All  show  a 

*  The  broad  base  forming  the  cephalic  margin  is  seen  to  be  invad(>d  on  each 
side  by  a  weak  suffusion  from  the  darker  area  cephalad. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVUI. 


132  GUATEMALAN    BLATTIDAE 

pronotal  marking  not  found  in  any  of  the  Costa  Rican  or  Pana- 
manian material  we  have  seen.  The  caudal  margin  of  the  pro- 
notum  between  the  shoulders  is  blackish  brown,  this  gradually 
broadening  at  the  shoulders  and  then  as  gradually  disappearing. 
In  the  female  this  marking  does  not  broaden  at  the  shoulders. 
This  feature  gives  to  the  material  a  distinctive  appearance,  but 
detailed  comparison  fails  to  show  any  other  difference  from  the 
typical  series.  It  is  of  interest  to  note  that,  between  the  region 
in  which  this  material  was  taken  and  the  previously  known 
distribution  of  the  species,  far  to  the  southward,  all  specimens 
of  the  genus  we  have  seen  from  Nicaragua  have  represented  a 
distinct  species,  marmorata  of  Stoll. 

Blaberus  trapezoideus  Burmeister 

Guatemala  City,  3   cT,  2    9,  1  juv.   d^,  [Paris  Museum  and 
Hebard  Cln.]. 

CORYDIINAE 

Holocompsa  nitidula  (Fabricius) 

Guatemala  City,  2  9  ,  [Paris  Museum  and  Hebard  Cln.]. 
Aguna,  Escuintla,  650  meters,  1   9  ,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

Holocompsa  azteca  Saussure 

Guatemala  City,  1    9  ,  [Paris  Museum]. 


A.    N.    CAUDELL  133 


ZOROTYPUS  SWEZEYI,  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  THE 
ORDER  ZORAPTERA  FROM  HAWAII 

BY    A.    N.    CAUDELL 
Bureau  of  Entomology,   U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  species  of  Zorotypus  herein  descril^ed  is  based  on  speci- 
mens received  from  Hawaii  by  Mr.  Hebard,  of  Philadelphia, 
who  kindly  submitted  them  to  the  writer  for  determination. 
Considering  the  paucity  of  indigenous  forms  of  Hawaiian  in- 
sects, it  seems  doubtful  if  this  is  a  native  species.  It  was  natur- 
ally surmised  that  this  would  prove  to  be  an  introduced  species 
and  probably  a  described  form,  more  likely  one  of  the  East 
Indian  species  erected  by  Silvestri.  It  is  still  very  probable 
that  this  may  indeed  be  an  introduction  into  Hawaii,  but  a 
careful  comparison  with  descriptions  and  figures  of  the  known 
forms  of  the  genus  shows  it  to  differ  from  them  all.  It  is  thus 
herein  described  as  new,  and  the  specific  name  swezeyi  proposed 
for  it  in  honor  of  the  collector  of  the  specimens;  this  name  is 
also  suggestive  of  the  supposed  habitat,  Mr.  Swezey  having 
been  so  intimately  associated  for  many  years  with  Hawaiian 
Entomology. 

The  subecjual  second  and  third  segments  of  the  antenna  will 
at  once  differentiate  this  new  species  from  the  Old  World  forms 
and  from  the  Nearctic  species  snyden,  while  the  more  strongly 
armed  ventral  margin  of  the  posterior  femora  will  readily  separ- 
ate if  from  huhhardi.  No  specimens  of  Z.  neotropicus  are  avail- 
able for  comparison,  l)ut  these  Hawaiian  specimens  do  not  appear 
to  agree  with  the  description  of  that  species  sufficiently  well  to 
warrant  considering  them  as  belonging  there.  The  ventral 
armature  of  the  posterior  femora  of  neotropicus  is  apparently 
less  robust  than  in  the  species  here  described  and  the  antennae 
are  also  somewhat  different.  Direct  comparison  of  specimens 
of  both  species  would  probably  show  various  features  of 
morphological  dissimilarity. 

Description. — (Unchitinized  adult  female):  General  color,  shape  and  ap- 
pearance very  like  that  of  Z.  hubbardt.^     The  hirsute  covering  of  the  entire 

1  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wash.,  xxii,  pi.  vi,  fiji.   1,  (1920). 

TH.WS.   AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


134  ZOROTYPUS  SWEZEYI  (zORAPTERA) 

body  seems  slightly  more  sparse  than  in  hubbardi,  the  front  in  some  speci- 
mens showing  one  or  two  irregular  blackish  subcutaneous  spots,  perhaps 
vestiges  of  degenerate  eyes  which  are  no  longer  present,  though  the  spaces 
the  eyes  would  occupy  if  developed  are  generally  of  a  slightly  different  ap- 
pearance, when  carefully  examined,  from  the  rest  of  the  surface  of  the  head, 
due  apparently  to  a  slightly  less  degree  of  transparency  at  those  points. 
Mouth  parts  not  noticeably  differing  from  those  of  hubbardi  as  described  in 
the  original  diagnosis  of  that  species.  Antennae  consisting  of  nine  segments 
and  essentially  as  those  of  hubbardi. 

Pronotum  about  as  in  hubbardi  but  more  narrowed  posteriorly,  due  prob- 
ably to  shrinkage  in  drying.  Meso-  and  metathorax  usually  decidedly  shorter 
than  the  pronotum  but  shrinkage  in  drying  varies  proportionate  measure- 
ments very  decidedly,  and  fresh  material  or  individuals  preserved  in  spirits 
would  very  likely  show  these  segments  to  be  about  as  in  the  illustration 
of  hubbardi  mentioned  above. 

Abdomen  apparently  broader  and  more  broadly  rounded  posteriorly  than 
in  hubbardi  and,  in  all  specimens  examined,  the  tip  has  the  terminal  one  or 
two  segments  turned  inwards,  but  here  again  shrinkage  may  be  the  cause. 
The  cerci  are  like  those  of  hubbardi  but  are  more  or  less  concealed  by  the 
turning  in  of  the  apical  segments  of  the  abdomen  as  noted  above;  the  terminal 
bristle  is  considerably  longer  than  the  cercus  itself.  Along  the  sides  of  the 
thorax  and  abdomen  are  some  thicker  and  more  bristly  hairs  than  are  most 
of  those  with  which  the  entire  insect  is  more  or  less  sparsely  covered. 

Legs  in  general  similar  to  those  of  hubbardi  but  differing  decidedly  in  the 
ventral  armature  of  the  posterior  femora;  tibiae  bearing  short  hairs,  generally 
shorter  than  the  tibial  depth,  some  of  the  ventral  ones,  especially  on  the  pos- 
terior tibiae,  somewhat  thickened  and  spur-like,  but  very  small;  anterior 
and  intermediate  femora  not  noticeably  armed  beneath  except  with  some 
slightly  thickened  hairs;  posterior  femora  armed  beneath  with  eight  or  nine 
moderately  stout  chitinized  spines,  the  apical  one  situated  very  near  the 
apex  of  the  femora  and  the  others  at  more  or  less  subequal  intervals,  the 
basal  one  or  two  generally  somewhat  longer  and  stouter  than  the  others,  and 
sometimes  separated  from  each  other  and  from  the  others  by  spaces  a  little 
greater  than  that  between  the  more  apical  spines;  the  basal  of  these  spines 
is  situated  some  distance  from  the  base  of  the  femora,  usually  a  distance 
about  equal  to  the  length  of  that  spine;  there  seems  to  be  much  variation  in 
this  ventral  armature  of  the  posterior  femora,  as  in  some  specimens  the 
spines  are  more  uniform  in  l(>ngth  than  in  others,  or  more  equally  spaced. 

Measurements. — The  total  length  is  clearly  somewhat  greater  than  in 
hubbardi,  but  the  only  specimens  seen  are  dried  and  evidently  much  shrunken. 
Certain  measurements  of  the  type  specimen  are  as  follows:  length,  antennae, 
1.75  mm.;  pronotum,  .4  mm.;  jwsterior  tibia,  .9  mm.;  posterior  femora,  .85 
mm.;  width,  pronotum  anteriorly,  .6  mm.,  posteriorly,  .3  mm. 

The  great  inequality  of  the  pronotal  width  as  shown  by  the  above  meas- 
urements is  very  surely  due  mostly  to  shrinkage  and  would  not  be  so  striking 


A.    N.    CAUDELL  135 

in  fresh  material,  though  the  prouotum  is  very  hkely  proportionately  broader 
than  in  huhbnnli. 

Holotrjpe,  female,  Kokee,  Kauai,  Hawaii,  August  19,  1921, 
collected  by  Swezey  in  decayed  log.  Paratypes  a,  b,  c  and  d, 
females,  same  data  as  tj^pe  except  the  last,  which  was  collected 
on  August  21. 

Holotype  and  paratype  a  in  collection  United  States  National 
Museum;  paratypes  b,  c,  and  d  in  collections  of  Bernice  Pauahi 
Bishop  Aluseum  and  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Phila- 
delphia.    Catalogue  No.  2.5416,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

Mr.  Swezey  writes  that  the  region  where  this  insect  occurs  is 
a  forested  plateau,  at  an  elevation  of  3500  feet.  It  was  found 
quite  common  in  decayed  logs. 

The  following  key,  based  on  that  given  by  Silvestri,-  maj-  be 
found  useful  in  distinguishing  the  seven  species  of  Zorotypus 
now  known: 

Key  to  the  Species  of  the  Genus  Zorotypus 

1.  Second  and  third  segments  of  the  antennae  noticeably  unequal  in  length. 2 
Second  and  third  segments  of  the  antenna  of  about  the  same  length .5 

2.  Second  segment  of  the  antenna  longer  than  the  third  .  .  guineensis  Silvestri 
Second  segment  of  the  antenna  shorter  than  the  third 3 

3.  Second  segment  of  the  antenna  no  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  third. 4 
Second  segment  of  the  antenna  more  than  one-half  as  long  as  the  third. 

ceylonicus  Silvestri 

4.  Cerci  with  some  lateral  setae  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  cercus;  habitat, 

Java javanicus   Silvestri 

Cerci  with  lateral  setae  noticeably  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  cercus; 
habitat,  North  America snyderi  CaudcU 

5.  Posterior  femora  armed  beneath  with  but  two  stout   chitinized  s])in(>s: 

habitat.  United  States hubbardi  C'audell 

Posterior  femora  armed  beneath  with  six  or  more  chitinized  s])ines:  habi- 
tat, Central  America  or  Hawaii tj 

6.  Spines  on    ventral   margin  of  posterior   femora  rather  robust;    habitat, 

Hawaii    (introduced?) swezeyi  Caudell 

Spines  on  ventral  margin  of  posterior  femora  scarcely  robust;  habitat, 
Costa  Rica neotropicus    Silvestri 

2  Boll.  Lab.  Zool.  Portici,  vii,  p.  20.5,  (1913). 

TRAXS.  A.M.   EXT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  137 


NOTES    ON   THE   LIFE    HISTORY,    PARASITES   AND 

INQUILINE     ASSOCIATES    OF    ANTHOPHORA 

ABRUPTA  SAY,  WITH  SOME  COMPARISONS 

WITH  THE  HABITS   OF   CERTAIN  OTHER 

ANTHOPHORINAE      (HYMENOPTERA) 

BY    THEODORE    H.    FRISON 

Urbana,  Illinois 

Not  many  years  have  elapsed  since  Ashmead  (1894),  in  his 
retiring  address  as  President  of  the  Cambridge  Entomological 
Club,  said  in  regard  to  the  genus  Anthophora  that  ''Almost 
nothing  is  known  of  the  nesting  habits  of  our  species."     When 
this  quotation  was  written  our  literature  contained  only  a  few 
short  contributions  to  the  hfe  history  of  the  American  species 
of  Anthophora.     The  first  account  is  that  given  by  Walsli  (1868) 
and  deals  with  certain  phases  of  the  biology  of  Anthophora 
sponsa  Smith,  as  he  observed  them  in  Ilhnois.     The  Anthophora 
sponsa  of  Smith  is  now  considered  by  the  authorities  on  the 
subject  as  identical  with  Anthophora  abrupta  Say,  the  latter 
name  having  priority.     Riley  (1877)  also  published  a  few  ol)ser- 
vations  on  the  habits  of  Anthophora  sponsa  in  connection  with 
the  description  of  a  new  genus  and  species  of  Meloidae  found 
infesting  the  cells  of  this  mining  bee.     In  addition  to  these  ac- 
counts. Say  (1837)  added  to  his  specific  description  oi  Anthophora 
taurea  a  few  observations  on  the  habits  of  this  species.     This 
latter  bee,  however,  is  no  longer  regarded  as  belonging  to  the 
genus   Anthophora.     It   was   first   removed   by   Patton    (1874) 
when  he  erected  the  genus  Entechnia,  making  taurea  of  Say  the 
type.     Since  then  this  generic  assignment  has  been  adhered  to 
by  the  authorities  on  the  group.     In  the  most  recent  list  of  the 
North  American  Anthophoridae,  by  Lutz  and  Cockerell  (1920), 
taurea  is  still  retained  in  the  genus  Entechnia,  but  the  authors 
state  ''It  seems  quite  probable  that  the  name  Entechnia  must 
give  way  to  Melitoma.'^     As  the  two  genera  involved  are  closely 
related,  in  fact  belong  to  the  same  subfamily,  the  original  obser- 
vations of  Say  are  doubly  interesting  from  a  ('om])arative  stand- 
point.    Since  the  time  of  Ashmead's  addn^ss  some  additional 

TRANS.  ASl.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


138  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

information  has  been  obtained  concerning  the  hal^its  of  a  few 
species  of  the  Anthophorinae  and  certain  other  insects  that 
hve  in  their  cells  and  burrows.  Reference  is  given  to  all  such 
publications  of  interest  from  the  standpoint  of  this  article  as 
they  are  mentioned  in  the  text  of  this  paper. 

A.  Nest  Situations 

My  attention  was  first  called  to  a  colony  of  Anthophora  abrupta 
Say,  when  collecting  insects  near  Oakwood,  Illinois  in  the  Spring 
of  1917.  Oakwood  is  a  small  town  about  twenty  miles  east  of 
Urbana,  Illinois.  Within  a  radius  of  two  or  three  miles  of  Oak- 
wood  are  many  small  areas,  ecologically  quite  different,  which 
offer  ideal  collecting  grounds  for  this  section  of  the  state.  One 
day  while  collecting  Hymenoptera  on  flowers  near  the  margin 
of  a  small  rocky  stream  in  this  territory,  I  chanced  upon  several 
bees  of  this  species  eagerly  lapping  up  moisture  held  by  the  fine 
sand  bordering  a  tiny  rivulet  flowing  into  the  main  channel. 
As  I  watched  I  saw  these  bees  hurriedly  leave  and  others  take 
their  places,  the  whole  performance  being  repeated  again  and 
again.  As  their  going  and  coming  seemed  to  be  over  a  definite 
course  I  decided  to  follow  them  to  their  rendezvous  if  it  were 
possible.  In  so  doing  I  soon  realized  that  the  bees  in  their 
flight  were  following  the  line  of  least  resistance,  in  this  instance 
a  passage-way,  broken  through  the  underbrush  lining  the  river 
bank,  and  used  by  fishermen  and  other  wanderers  as  myself. 
Scarcely  two  hundred  feet  from  where  I  saw  the  bees  zealously 
lapping  up  water  I  came  upon  a  small  clay  bank  which  appeared 
literally  alive  with  them.  Figure  1  is  a  photograph  of  this 
bank,  taken  on  July  11,  1919. 

For  various  reasons  I  was  una])le  to  make  further  observa- 
tions on  the  habits  of  this  species  in  1917  and  1918,  but  an 
opportunity  was  again  presented  in  1919  and  1920.  One  of  the 
outstanding  features  of  the  hal)its  of  the  adult  Anthophora 
abrupta  is  its  preference  for  the  old  colony  site,  at  least  such 
was  the  case  with  the  mem})ers  of  this  colony.  This  is  evident 
when  one  considers  that  nearly  all  my  observations  relating  to 
this  species  are  centered  about  this  one  colony,  first  found  in 
the  late  Spring  of  1917,  tenanted  in  1919  and  1920,  and  with 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  139 

every  indication  that  the  same  state  of  affairs  existed  in  1918. 
The  chiy  Imnk  in  which  the  bees  made  their  homes  was  about 
three  feet  high,  two  to  three  feet  wide  and  twelve  feet  long.  It 
was  situated  but  a  short  distance  from  the  river  beneath  a  steel 
bridge  connecting  with  the  opposite  bank  and  beside  one  of  the 
concrete  foundations  supporting  the  structure.  Here  the  bank 
was  in  a  semi-protected  situation,  but  still  at  times  exposed  to 
the  glare  of  the  sun  and  rain  blown  about  by  the  wind.  To  all 
appearances,  the  clay  bank  was  simply  a  pile  of  clay  removed 
by  workmen  when  engaged  in  excavating  for  the  concrete 
foundation  pillars  of  the  bridge.  The  clay  was  the  same  as 
that  found  anywhere  along  the  river  and  any  num])er  of  situa- 
tions possessing  about  the  same  qualifications  might  have  been 
selected  by  these  mining  bees. 

Besides  the  colony  just  mentioned  I  found  another  one  of  the 
same  species  in  the  same  year.  This  also  was  at  Oakwood, 
Illinois,  but  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  and  about  an 
eighth  of  a  mile  from  the  first  colony.  It  is  interesting  to  note 
that  again  I  located  the  colony  by  following  the  flight  of  the 
bees  returning  to  their  homes  after  collecting  water  at  the  river 
bank  for  their  mining  operations.  When  I  first  came  upon  the 
bees  going  and  coming  from  the  moist  sand  near  the  river's 
edge,  I  knew  by  reason  of  previous  experience  the  significance 
of  this  and  immediately  looked  about  for  the  site  of  the  colony. 
This  happened  to  be  the  precipitous  clay  wall  of  the  river  bank, 
not  far  from  where  the  bees  were  obtaining  their  water  supply. 
The  colony  was  situated  just  l^elow  a  large  tree  growing  on  the 
very  brink  of  the  almost  perpendicular  clay  wall.  Here,  in  the 
clay  more  compactly  held  together  by  the  major  root  system 
of  the  tree,  the  bees  had  made  their  l)urrows.  The  colony  was 
only  about  one-fifth  the  size  of  the  one  under  the  bridge  and  so 
hard  of  access  that  I  made  no  further  study  of  it. 

When  speaking  of  the  situations  selected  by  Anthophora 
ahrupta  for  their  mining  operations  it  is  interesting  to  note 
what  other  authors  have  to  say  concerning  this  species  and 
certain  other  Anthophorinae.  Walsh  found  this  species  making 
burrows  in  the  mortar  between  joints  in  brick  work  and  also  in 
"the  face  of  a  precipitous  clay  bank."     Riley  says  this  same 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,   XLVIII. 


140  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

species  "builds  mostly  in  steeply  inclined  or  perpendicular  clay 
banks."  Evidently,  judging  from  my  observations  and  those 
of  Walsh  and  Riley,  Anthophora  abrupta  has  a  preference  for  a 
perpendicular  or  steeply  inchned  surface.  Under  natural  con- 
ditions a  compact  clay  bank  is  usually  selected,  for  such  a  soil 
type  seems  better  adapted  to  the  peculiar  mining  activities  of 
this  bee  and  does  not  weather  away  so  rapidly.  A  similar  pref- 
erence is  exhibited  by  Anthophora  stanfordiana  Cockerell,  a 
western  species.  Kellogg  (1905)  found  a  colony  of  this  latter 
species  near  Stanford  University,  "in  a  roadside  cutting  exposing 
a  clayey  bank."  Nininger  (1920)  reports  finding  two  colonies  of 
this  same  species  occupying  on  one  occasion,  "the  sunny  slope 
of  a  moist  clay  bank  in  the  foot  hills  of  the  San  Gabriel  Moun- 
tains of  southern  California",  and  another  time,  "a  steep  bank, 
facing  south  at  the  shore  of  the  bay",  on  Angel  Island. 

Similar  and  different  nest  situations  are  chosen  by  allied  bee 
genera.  Say  writes  that  Entechnia  taurea  "digs  a  cylindrical 
hole  in  a  compact  clay  or  adhesive  earth  on  the  side  of  a  bank, 
or  in  earth  retained  amongst  the  roots  of  an  overturned  tree." 
Upon  one  ocdasion  I  found  a  colony  of  this  same  species  located 
in  a  perpendicular  clay  bank  beneath  a  railroad  ])ridge  crossing 
a  stream  at  White  Heath,  Illinois.  Clisodon  terminalis  Cresson, 
according  to  the  late  F.  W.  L.  Sladen  (1919),  nests  in  wood  and 
thereby  differs  biologically  from  the  genera  Anthophora,  En- 
technia and  Emphor.  Nichols  (1913)  has  given  us  an  account 
of  the  situation  selected  by  Emphor  fuscojubatus  Cockerell.  This 
species  made  numerous  nest  openings,  "by  the  side  of  a  road, 
for  a  distance  of  about  one-eighth  of  a  mile,  in  soil  consisting 
of  a  mixture  of  clay,  sand  and  pebbles."  Grossbeck  (1911) 
says  that  Emphor  bombiformis  [  =  fuscojubatus]  "seems  to  prefer 
hard,  shaly  soil  in  which  to  nest  though  small  colonies  occur  in 
sandier  soil." 

B.  Size  of  Colonies  and  Gregarious  Habits 

A  glance  at  figure  1  will  show  the  portion  of  the  l)ank  occupied 
by  the  bee  burrows  and  figure  2  shows  how  close  the  Inirrows 
are  to  one  another.  In  order  to  get  some  idea  as  to  how  many 
bees  belonged  to  this  colony  and  to  examine  the  contents  of 
the  cells,  I  dug  from  a  fairly  representative  section  of  the  1)ank 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  141 

a  piece  containing  about  eight  cubic  inclies  of  the  hard,  dry 
clay.  This  was  on  May  31,  1919.  In  a  portion  of  this  clay 
lump,  containing  two  and  one-half  cubic  inches  of  soil,  I  found 
eleven  cells  containing  pupae  of  this  bee.  If  the  entire  bank 
supported  such  a  proportion  it  would  have  a  total  of  one  hundred 
and  four  thousand,  two  hundred  and  seventy-four  cells.  Such 
was  not  the  case,  however,  for  the  burrows  were  most  abundant 
on  the  upper  part  and  on  the  most  precipitous  side.  In  1921 
the  bees  were  harder  pushed  for  desirable  locations,  for  many 
made  their  burrows  all  over  one  end  and  some  even  took  posses- 
sion of  the  fiat  top  surface.  In  many  places  the  burrows  and 
cells  went  back  into  the  clay  bank  ten  or  twelve  inches.  A  con- 
servative estimate  would  indicate  that  in  summer  this  Antho- 
phora  bank  harbored  about  five  thousand  cells.  A  marked  gre- 
gariousness  is  therefore  exhibited  by  these  so-called  solitary 
bees.  The  same  tendency  towards  a  social  type  of  existence 
characterizes  the  habits  of  Anthophora  stanfordiana.  Kellogg 
mentions  a  "great  colony"  of  these  bees  and  Nininger  says 
that  one  colony  of  this  same  species  occupied  an  area  "extend- 
ing over  several  square  rods"  and  that  it  contained  several 
thousand  bees,  while  a  second  community  was  but  "a  small 
aggregation."  Judging  by  Say's  account  of  the  habits  of  En- 
technia  taurea,  as  he  observed  them  in  Indiana,  and  by  what  I 
have  noted  in  Illinois,  these  bees  also  like  to  nest  close  together. 
The  colony  of  this  latter  species  that  I  found  at  White  Heath, 
lUinois,  was  composed  of  not  over  three  hundred  cells.  Nichols 
says  that  Emphor  fuscojubatus  made  numerous  nest  openings  in 
the  soil  by  the  side  of  the  road  for  a  distance  of  about  "one 
eighth  of  a  mile."  There  is  nothing  in  her  account  to  indicate 
that  these  bees  ever  formed  such  concentrated  colonies.  Gross- 
beck,  however,  found  several  colonies  of  this  same  species  of 
bee  scattered  short  distances  from  one  another,  the  largest  hav- 
ing in  the  neighborhood  of  seventy  bees,  and  the  smallest  eight 
to  twelve  bees  each.  The  fact  that  Clisodon  tenninalis  burrows 
in  wood  much  in  the  manner  of  Xylocopa  suggests  that  verj' 
large  colonies  are  a  rarity  if  they  ever  occur.  It  was  once  my 
fortune  to  rear  adults  of  Melissodes  bimaculata  Lepeletier  from 
cocoons  found  after  they  had  been  exposed  by  plowing.  Ap- 
parently this  species  of  Eucerine  bee  has  habits  comparable 

TRANS.   AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


142  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

with  those  of  many  of  our  common  sohtary  bees.  Ashmead 
has  seen  the  same  species  of  bee  entering  its  burrow  beneath  a 
stone  in  an  open  field. 

C.  Hibernation 

Like  many  other  Hymenoptera  this  bee  hibernates  as  a  larva 
within  its  cell.  I  have  never  examined  an  Anthophora  bank 
during  the  winter  months,  but  have  other  evidence  in  support 
of  this  statement.  A  visit  to  Oakwood  on  September  20,  1919, 
revealed  the  fact  that  the  cells  then  contained  full  grown  larvae. 
At  this  time  I  again  brought  back  to  the  laboratory  a  lump  of 
clay  containing  Anthophora  cells.  I  divided  this  in  halves, 
placing  one  portion  in  an  old  deserted  bee-hive  outdoors,  thus 
subjecting  the  cell  inmates  to  almost  natural  winter  conditions. 
The  other  portion  I  kept  in  the  laboratory  under  temperature 
conditions  averaging  about  seventy  degrees  Fahrenheit.  In 
March,  1920,  I  examined  these  two  separate  lots  of  Anthophora 
cells.  On  this  date  the  inmates  of  the  cells  kept  outdoors 
under  approximately  natural  winter  conditions  were  still  in  the 
larval  stage.  Those  kept  in  the  laboratory  were  still  in  the 
larval  stage  in  February,  but  the  influence  of  warmer  conditions 
caused  the  larvae  to  begin  to  pupate  in  March.  Thus  we  see 
that  this  bee  normally  hibernates  in  the  larval  stage  protected 
by  its  earthen  cell. 

D.  Cell  Formation 

The  adult  bees  use  some  liquid  substance  when  first  fashion- 
ing the  cell,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  larvae  when  they  attain 
their  full  growth  also  contribute  something  to  give  the  cell  its 
characteristic  dural)ility.  When  a  clod  of  clay  containing  these 
cells  is  broken  apart,  under  ordinary  conditions  of  stress  the 
cells  never  collapse  but  hold  their  shape  and  may  be  readily 
sorted  out  from  the  debris.  This  again  is  pi'oof  that  the  liees 
and  perhaps  the  larvae  use  a  cementing  substance.  When  a 
cell  is  broken  open  its  inner  lining  has  a  smooth  glazed  appear- 
ance. This  is  due  to  the  su])stance  used  in  forming  the  pro- 
tective cell  and  causing  it  to  retain  its  charactei-islic  shape. 
A  complete  cell  is  usually  slightly  recurved  at  its  anterioi'  end, 
which  is  an  indication  that  the  cells  radiate  off  from  the  main 
stem-burrow   which  leads  to   the  entrance  of  the  nest.     The 


THEODORE    H.    FRISOX  143 

interior  measurements  of  the  cells  average  sixteen  millimeters 
long  by  nine  millimeters  wide.  Cells  freed  from  all  soil  not 
actually  entering  into  the  formation  of  the  same  average  twenty- 
five  millimeters  long  and  have  a  diameter  of  ten  millimeters  at 
the  anterior  end  and  twelve  millimeters  at  the  posterior  ex- 
tremity. Several  times  I  have  opened  the  over-wintering 
cells,  removed  the  larvae  within  and  then  filled  the  cells  full  of 
water.  On  such  occasions  it  was  evident  that  the  substance 
which  held  the  cells  together  and  gave  them  a  glazed  appear- 
ance on  the  inside,  also  served  to  make  the  cells  impervious  to 
water.  Such  a  protection  against  soil  moisture  would  seem  to 
be  a  necessity  in  the  case  of  bees  like  these  which  do  not  spin  a 
silken  cocoon  within  their  surrounding  cell. 

I  am  sure  that  the  adult  bee  when  making  her  brood  cells 
waterproofs  them  with  some  secretion.  If  she  did  not  do  so 
the  semi-fluid  mass  of  pollen  and  nectar  on  which  she  lays  her 
eggs  would  be  partially  aljsorbed  by  the  cells.  Nininger  speak- 
ing of  AnthopJiora  stanfordiana  says  that  this  bee  in  making 
her  cells  used  "a  thin  layer  of  waterproofing  which  seemed  to 
be  a  salivary  secretion."  Whether  the  larvae  of  any  or  all 
instars  further  improve  the  cell  resistance  by  secretions  or 
exudates  I  do  not  know.  The  larvae  do  not  spin  cocoons  as 
do  those  of  MeUssodes  himacidata  and  many  other  bees  not  far 
removed  phylogenetically  or  morphologically.  If  the  larvae  of 
Anthophora  ahrupta  do  improve  their  cells  by  a  salivary  secre- 
tion, it  is  possible  that  the  basic  substance  of  the  cementing 
fluid  used  by  this  species,  may  be  of  a  chemical  composition 
quite  similar  to  that  of  the  silk  spun  by  the  larvae  of  MeUssodes 
himaculata.  Another  bee,  Emphor  fuscojubatus,  differs  bio- 
logically from  Anthophora  ahrupta  because  of  its  cocoon  spin- 
ning propensities,  thus  pointing  to  its  closer  biological  relation- 
ship with  MeUssodes  himaculata. 

E.  Pupal  Stage 

The  pupal  stage  of  development  is  entered  into  under  natural 
conditions  about  the  middle  of  May,  or  at  least  such  was  the 
case  in  1919  and  1920.  This  is  evidenced  by  the  fact  that  on 
May  8,  1920,  when  I  visited  the  bee-})ank  at  Oakwood  the  cells 
contained  larvae.     A  similar  visit  and  examination  on  May  31, 

TRANS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


144  NOTES    ON    ANTHOPHORA    ABRUPTA 

1919,  showed  that  the  cells  contained  pupae.  The  period  of 
pupal  formation  undoubtedly  varies  somewhat  from  year  to 
year  in  direct  correlation  with  climatal  conditions.  Under 
laboratory  conditions  the  larval  stage  may  be  shortened  and 
pupae  formed  about  the  first  of  March.  On  March  13,  1920, 
I  brought  into  the  laboratory  some  cells  containing  larvae 
which  since  the  time  of  collection  had  been  kept  out  of  doors 
under  approximately  natural  conditions.  One  of  these  cells 
contained  a  pupa  on  March  29.  Other  larvae  in  cells  placed  on 
September  20,  1919,  under  warm  laboratory  conditions,  began 
to  pupate  in  the  early  part  of  March.  Such  a  forced  expediting 
of  the  transformations  under  the  influence  of  prematurely  warm 
conditions  apparently  has  a  weakening  effect,  for  an  adult  male 
emerging  on  March  18  died  soon  after  escaping  from  his  cell. 
Cells  brought  into  the  laboratory  in  Spring  produced,  however, 
adults  of  normal  vitality. 

The  pupal  stage  is  of  short  duration.  Freshly  transformed 
pupae  collected  at  Oakwood  on  May  31,  1919,  began  to  produce 
bees  on  June  7  and  continued  to  do  so  until  June  14.  As  the 
pupal  stage  nears  completion  the  pupa  gradually  becomes 
darker  and  darker  until  the  adult  emerges.  The  emerging 
adults  dig  their  way  from  the  pupal  cells  with  the  aid  of  their 
stout  mandibles.  The  males  appear  in  advance  of  the  females, 
as  shown  by  both  laboratory  and  field  observations.  Of  the 
bees  reared  indoors  in  1919,  two  males  emerged  on  June  7,  four 
males  on  June  8  and  twenty-six  more  of  the  same  sex  on  June  9. 
On  June  11,  eleven  females  emerged  and  enough  more  males  to 
bring  the  total  for  that  sex  up  to  one  hundred  and  four  indi- 
viduals. Females  continued  to  appear  until  June  14,  a  total  of 
sixty-five  altogether.  Cases  of  proterandry  similar  to  this  one 
seem  to  be  quite  common  among  bees,  as  was  pointed  out  by 
Robertson  (1918).  Not  only  do  the  males  appear  first  but  in 
the  colony  I  studied  they  dominated  numerically  by  a  ratio  of 
about  two  to  one.  Observations  at  Oakwood  in  1919  and  1920 
confirmed  my  laboratory  observations.  On  July  3,  1919,  I 
visited  the  Anthophora  bank  and  found  a  veritable  swarm  of 
female  bees  hovering  al)out  the  })ank  and  entrances  to  the  ]:)ur- 
rows.  Apparently  I  was  just  a  little  too  late  to  see  the  males 
holding  forth  })cfore  the  bank.     On  June  26,  1920,  at  the  same 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  145 

spot  I  witnessed  the  reverse  of  this  phouomcuon,  for  I  saw  only 
one  female  bee  among  the  large  number  of  bees  flying  about 
the  entrance  burrows.  By  breaking  open  some  of  the  cells  I 
discovered  that  the  females  were  just  beginning  to  emerge 
from  their  cells,  the  males  having  preceded  them.  I  never 
found  out  what  finally  happened  to  the  males,  but  judge  that 
after  they  had  mated  with  the  females  they  spent  the  remainder 
of  their  short  existence  loitering  about  on  flowers  as  do  many 
male  bees. 

F.  Mining  Operations  and  Attendant  Activities 

The  scene  presented  on  July  3,  1919,  was  an  animated  picture 
of  industry,  for  the  females  were  busily  engaged  in  their  nest 
building  operations.  A  few  females,  either  more  industrious 
than  the  rest  or  favored  by  a  slightly  earlier  date  of  emergence, 
seemed  to  have  completed  their  residences.  The  vast  majority, 
however,  were  still  in  the  midst  of  the  construction  of  their 
subterranean  homes  or  wore  looking  for  a  favorable  site  in  which 
to  start  their  burrowing.  Everything  seemed  to  be  in  con- 
fusion, yet  rapid  progress  was  being  made  everywhere.  I  was 
not  surprised  to  find  that  in  several  instances  bees  returning  to 
the  bank  entered  the  wrong  holes.  When  this  happened  and 
the  rightful  owner  was  at  home,  the  invasion  was  hurriedly 
repelled  as  evidenced  by  a  pronounced  buzzing  and  the  hasty 
exit  of  the  invader.  On  one  occasion  I  saw  the  proprietor  of  a 
burrow  drag  her  unwelcome  guest  out  by  one  leg.  Several 
times  the  rightful  occupant  of  the  burrow  and  the  invading  bee 
were  in  such  a  close  embrace  that  both  fell  out  and  down  the 
precipitous  side  of  the  bank  together.  Strangely  enough  I 
never  saw  these  bees  while  thus  quarrelling  attempt  to  sting  one 
another.  Such  quarrelling  among  solitary  bees  living  close 
together  has  been  previously  noted  by  Grossbeck  in  the  case  of 
Emphor  homhiformis  (=fuscojubatus).  The  same  species,  ac- 
cording to  the  observations  of  Nichols,  "on  the  contrary,  so  far 
as  we  could  tell  lived  together,  mutually  harmonious,  yet  inde- 
pendent." Individual  differences  no  doubt  exist  between 
members  of  the  same  species,  but  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that 
local  conditions  and  varying  circumstances  were  responsil)le  for 
the  differences  noted  by  these  two  last  mentioned  authors. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVUI. 


146  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

G.  Entrance  Tubes 

As  already  mentioned  some  of  the  burrows  were  evidently 
completed  on  July  3,  1919.  One  strange  feature  about  the 
entrance  to  the  burrows  are  the  cylindrical  tubes  extending 
down  and  outward  from  the  entrance  holes.  Walsh  undoubtedly 
refers  to  these  tubes  when  he  writes  that  Anthophora  abrupta 
builds  an  entrance  to  its  burrows  "of  tempered  cloy  .  .  .  about 
two  inches  long  and  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  diameter." 
Say,  referi'ing  to  tne  habits  of  the  European  Anthophora  parie- 
tina  Latreille,  says  that  this  species  digs  a  hole  in  a  clay  bank 
and  that  the  "entrance  consists  of  a  cylinder  extending  down- 
wards from  the  mouth  of  the  hole  more  than  an  inch  in  length 
and  consisting  of  small  pellets  of  earth  compacted  together, 
very  rough  on  the  exterior  and  smooth  within."  Certain  other 
insects  are  known  to  construct  cylinders  at  the  entrance  to  their 
underground  burrows.  The  cylinders  about  the  orifice  of  each 
tuimel  at  Oakwood  varied  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  four 
inches  in  length.  The  inside  diameter  of  the  cylinders  was 
about  one-half  inch.  The  difference  in  length  is  probably  due 
to  the  fact  that  some  of  the  burrows  were  started  sooner  than 
others,  though  it  is  possible  that  under  certain  environmental 
conditions  erratic  individuals  may  make  them  very  short  or 
even  neglect  them  altogether.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  figure 
2  many  of  the  holes  lack  an  entrance  cylinder,  but  it  is  probable 
in  this  case  that  many  if  not  all  of  these  are  simply  old  unin- 
habited burrows.  As  in  the  case  of  Anthophora  parietina  the 
tubes  are  very  smooth  on  the  inside,  rough  on  the  outside  and 
made  of  small  pellets  of  clay  removed  from  the  inside  of  the 
burrow.  One  peculiarity  of  the  tubes  or  cylinders  is  an  open 
fissure  on  the  uppermost  portion,  more  noticeable  in  some 
examples  than  in  others.  Similar  "bent -over  chimneys  of 
clay"  were  observed  by  Nininger,  and  also  by  Kellogg,  over  the 
entrances  to  the  burrows  of  Anthophora  stanfordiana.  Entechnia 
taurea  likewise  makes  such  an  entrance  chixnney  over  the  burrows 
according  to  Say,  who  says  "many  of  the  tubes  .  .  .  .  ,  have 
a  fissure  above,  throughout  the  whole  length."  Riley  reports 
finding  these  odd-looking  chimneys  extending  from  the  entrance 
of  the  burrows  of  Anthophora  abrupta,  and  has  theorized  con- 
cerning their  purpose.     This  writer  has  suggested  that  these 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  147 

tubes  make  it  difficult  for  the  clumsy  parasitic  ^Icloid  beetles 
to  climb  about  the  cells,  and  Kellogg  says  they  prevent  the 
"flooding  of  the  open  burrows  by  water."  Walsh  says  the 
tubes  serve  to  keep  out  parasites.  If  the  tubes  served  in  any 
way  as  a  protection  to  the  real  entrance  to  the  burrows  of 
Anihophora  abrupta,  why  is  there  this  break  in  their  continuity, 
especially  upon  the  upper  portion?  Water  could  certainly  gain 
entrance  here  and  the  rift  is  large  enough  to  enable  several  of 
the  smaller  hymenopterous  parasites  to  enter  the  tube.  Fur- 
thermore, as  the  chinmeys  are  open  at  the  outer  end  I  fail  to 
see  in  them  any  effective  barrier  to  the  inroads  of  parasites. 
Emphor  fuscojubatiis,  according  to  Grossbeck,  builds  little 
turrets  one-half  inch  high  around  the  entrance  to  the  burrows 
and  then  drops  the  remainder  of  the  pellets  over  the  rim. 

Watching  the  bees  at  their  labors,  I  soon  saw  that  the  tube 
was  formed  by  pellets  of  clay  brought  out  from  the  burrows  by 
the  bees  when  engaged  in  their  mining  operations.  After 
being  in  the  l)urrows  a  short  time  the  Ijees  back  out  and  carry 
with  them,  under  the  body,  a  sinall  amount  of  wet  clay.  This 
explains  why  the  bees  were  lapping  up  moisture  when  I  first 
came  across  and  followed  them  to  their  burrows  in  1917.  The 
bees  go  to  a  place  where  water  is  to  be  had  and  when  they  have 
lapped  up  all  they  can  hold  return  to  their  burrows.  Then 
they  use  the  water  to  soften  the  hard  clay  in  which  they  dig 
their  burrows.  If  such  is  not  the  case  how  are  we  to  explain 
the  fact  that  the  bees  remove  wet  clay  fro"(n  burrows  made  in 
a  hard  dry  clay  bank?  An  interesting  manner  of  obtaining 
water  to  use  in  their  mining  operations  has  been  observed  in 
the  case  of  Emphor  fuscojubatus.  Grossbeck  reports  seeing 
adults  of  this  species  on  the  surface  of  roadside  puddles,  ])ut  was 
not  sure  they  actually  lapped  up  any  of  the  water.  Knab 
(1911)  has  observed  Emphor  bombiforniis  alighting  on  the  surface 
of  water  and  actually  saw  them  lapping  up  the  water.  Nichols 
records  the  same  curious  habit  for  Emphor  fuscojubatus,  saying, 
"numerous  bees  were  discovered  floating  on  the  surface  [of  a 
small  pond]  with  legs  outstretched,  presumably  sucking  up  into 
their  crops  a  supply  of  water  for  use  in  making  the  nest." 

Instead  of  simply  dropping  the  clay  from  the  entrance  of  the 
burrows  these  bees  instinctively  make  with  it  a  cylindrical  tube 

TRANS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


148  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

attached  to  the  entrance  of  the  burrow.  When  a  bee  reaches 
the  end  of  the  burrow  or  tube  and  has  in  its  custody  a  wet  pellet 
of  clay  it  presses  the  pellet  against  the  outer  edge  of  the  tube 
with  the  ventral  surface  of  the  abdomen  and  the  posterior  legs. 
The  head  and  mandibles  also  take  part  in  the  final  shaping  of 
the  pellet  on  the  end  of  the  tube.  As  this  operation  is  performed 
in  summer,  the  clay  quickly  dries  and  becomes  an  integral  part 
of  the  tube.  The  exterior  surface  of  the  tube  is  never  polished 
and  hence  remains  rough.  The  interior  surface,  however,  is 
smooth  as  a  result  of  the  polishing  given  it  by  the  abdomen  as 
the  pellets  are  fastened  on  at  the  end.  A  similar  instance  of  the 
abdomen  "being  used  as  a  trowel"  is  recorded  by  Nichols  for 
Etnphor  fuscojubatus.  Grossbeck  also  has  observed  similar 
actions  on  the  part  of  the  same  species.  The  fissure  on  the  top 
of  the  tube  appears  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  Anthophora  ahrupta 
has  an  aversion  to  standing  upside  down  while  joining  the 
pellets  onto  the  tube.  Not  one  of  the  bees  I  observed  at  this 
work  ever  assumed  an  absolutely  upside  down  position,  though 
all  would  work  around  on  the  edge  nearly  to  the  top.  The 
definite  course  of  each  burrow  was  very  difficult  to  trace.  It 
seems  that  each  female  makes  her  own  burrow  and  then  digs 
lateral  branches  from  the  main  stem  which  form  the  cells.  I 
never  managed  to  decide  how  many  brood  cells  each  female 
made  and  provisioned,  but  judge  they  are  not  numerous. 

H.  Anthophilous  Habits 

On  July  3,  1919,  some  of  the  bees  returning  to  the  nest  were 
loaded  with  pollen.  Bees  so  engaged  in  pollen  storing  seemed 
to  have  less  difficulty  in  finding  their  burrows  than  those  still 
in  the  midst  of  their  mining  operations.  This  is  probably  to 
be  explained  on  the  basis  of  a  longer  acquaintance  with,  and 
occupation  of,  their  burrows,  coupled  with  associative  memory. 
On  July  11,  1919,  all  the  bees  flying  to  and  from  the  bank  ap- 
peared to  be  females  and  were  busily  engaged  in  storing  their 
cells  with  pollen  and  nectar.  Robertson  (1891,  1894,  and  1896), 
in  Illinois,  records  males  and  females  as  visitors  to  Asdepias 
piirpurescens,  Hydrophyllum  virginicum,  Mertensia  virginica, 
Convolvulus  sepium,  Pentstemon  pubescens,  Pentstemon  laevigatus, 
Rosa   humilis,    Rosa    setigera    and    Gillenia    stipulacea.     Banks 


THEODOKE    H.    FRISOX  149 

(1911)  reports  this  species  from  Ceanothus.  No  doubt  this  list 
of  phints  visited  by  the  bees  of  this  species  could  be  considerably 
increased  and  thus  we  are  dealing  with  a  polytropic  bee. 

I.    NiDIFICATION   AND    FEEDING    HaBITS    OF    THE    LaRVAE 

The  females  of  Anthophora  ahrupta  in  1919  laid  their  first  eggs 
some  time  between  July  3  and  July  11.  On  July  11,  1919,  I 
found  the  eggs  to  be  deposited  on  a  very  soft,  almost  watery 
paste  of  pollen.  Judging  by  the  anthophilous  habits  of  the 
adults  and  certain  habits  of  other  bees  I  feel  sure  the  fluid  used 
to  moisten  the  pollen  was  regurgitated  nectar.  In  general  the 
egg-laying  habits  are  similar  to  those  observed  for  Anthophora 
stanfordiana  and  Emphor  fuscojubatus  by  Nininger,  Grossbeck 
and  Nichols.  When  the  cells  are  broken  open  any  of  the  watery 
paste  of  pollen  that  spills  out  and  comes  into  contact  with  the 
soil  surrounding  the  cell  is  quickly  absorbed.  This  is  further 
evidence  that  the  cell  of  this  bee  is  rendered  impervious  to  soil 
water  by  some  kind  of  treatment  by  the  adult.  Otherwise  the 
earthen  cell  would  absorb  at  least  a  portion  of  the  regurgitated 
nectar,  and  the  pollen  mixed  with  it  and  stored  in  the  cell  as 
larval  food  would  dry  out.  The  eggs  are  pearly  white  and  have 
the  same  general  appearance  as  those  of  bumblebees  (Prison, 
1917).  One  egg  that  I  measured  was  two  and  one-half  milli- 
meters long  and  somewhat  less  than  one  millimeter  wide.  A 
single  egg  is  laid  in  each  completed  and  stored  cell,  which  is 
then  tightly  closed  by  the  mother  bee.  It  is  worth  noting  that 
the  pollen-nectar  food  mass  has  a  very  pungent  and  offensive 
odor.  I  have  no  data  on  the  duration  of  the  egg  stage  but 
presume  it  is  a  matter  of  three  or  four  days.  The  emerging 
larvae  attain  their  full  development  on  the  provisions  placed  in 
their  cell  by  the  female  bee  before  the  egg  is  laid  and  the  cell 
closed.  Kellogg  states  that  in  the  case  of  Anthophora  stan- 
fordiana "the  food  is  carried  to  the  3'oung  in  the  open  cell." 
Nininger,  who  studied  the  same  species,  says  that  this  is  not 
true  and  that  the  cells  are  tightly  sealed  after  the  eggs  are  laid. 
Therefore,  Anthophora  ahrupta  and  stanfordiana  hae  very  sim- 
ilar habits  and  probably  no  larvae  of  Anthophora  are  fed  daily 
by  the  adult  bees.  According  to  both  Grossbeck  and  Nichols 
the  eggs  of  Emphor  fuscojubatus  are  deposited  upon  a  mass  of 
pollen  from  Hibiscus  moschatus,  and  the  emerging  larvae  ac- 

TR.\NS.  AM.  EXT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


150  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

cordingly  develop  without  being  fed  by  the  parent  bees.  My 
last  visit  to  Oak  wood  in  1919  was  on  September  20,  and  the 
cells  then  contained  full  grown  larvae.  No  adults  were  ob- 
served at  this  time  and  as  nidification  was  completed  the  bees 
had  probably  perished.  The  larvae  at  this  time  averaged 
about  thirteen  millimeters  in  length  and  five  millimeters  in  their 
greatest  diameter,  and  were  of  a  lemon  yellow  color.  It  may 
be  well  to  note  at  this  place  that,  on  September  20,  almost  all 
of  the  peculiar  entrance  tubes  previously  described  had  broken 
off  and  fallen  to  the  foot  of  the  bank. 

J.  Miscellaneous  Adult  Habits 

No  opportunity  was  presented  for  a  close  study  of  the  habits 
of  the  adult  bees.  Besides  those  traits  already  noted  in  connec- 
tion with  phases  of  their  home  building  a  few  others  merit 
recording.  The  bees  never  emerged  from  their  pupal  cells 
until  they  were  ready  to  take  flight.  In  the  laboratory  when 
the  bees  emerged  in  screened  cages  they  flew  towards  the  near- 
est source  of  light  and  made  desperate  attempts  to  escape  from 
their  prison.  In  so  doing  they  demonstrated  the  great  muscular 
power  correlated  with  their  large  mandibles  by  drawing  together 
a  great  many  of  the  individual  parallel  wires  forming  the  mesh 
of  the  screened  sides  of  their  cage.  With  such  strongly  devel- 
oped biting  powers  it  is  no  wonder  that  these  bees  are  so  adept 
at  mining  in  hard  clay  banks.  During  the  night  and  early 
morning  the  bees  were  not  active  and  rested  on  the  sides  and  the 
top  of  the  cage.  When  resting,  the  bees  hung  onto  the  wire 
by  their  mandibles  assisted  by  one  or  more  pairs  of  legs.  This 
position  was  also  assumed  when  the  bees  cleaned  parts  of  their 
body  and  legs.  The  disposition  of  the  female  Anthophora 
abrupta  is  very  inoffensive.  One  can  stand  within  a  foot  of  the 
entrance  holes  to  the  burrows  in  the  bank  without  danger  of 
being  stung.  Even  when  I  removed  the  cells  from  the  bank 
swarming  with  females  no  resistance  was  encountered  in  spite 
of  the  fact  that  the  females  are  armed  with  a  good-sized  sting. 
Such  would  not  be  the  case  with  many  social  Hymenoptei"a,  as 
anyone  who  has  removed  a  buniblelx'c  or  wasp  nest  can  testify. 
While  I  was  seated  on  the  ground  lu^ar  the  bank  watching  their 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  151 

movements,  the  ])oes  would  frequently  alight  on  my  hands  and 
lap  up  drops  of  perspiration.  They  would  even  settle  on  and 
explore  mj^  camera  outfit  as  if  in  search  of  a  possible  sup])ly  of 
moisture.  No  doubt  the  female  will  sting  when  picked  up  and 
roughly  treated,  but  having  had  experience  along  this  line  with 
other  bees  I  did  not  wish  to  "try  the  experiment.  In  captivity 
these  bees  fed  readily  on  a  solution  of  honey  and  water. 

K.  Observations    on"   Parasite   and    Inquiline   Associates 

Continued  occupation  of  the  same  bank  year  after  year  by 
large  numbers  of  the  same  species  of  bee  would  seem  to  offer 
favorable  opportunities  for  inquihnous  and  parasitic  species  of 
insects  to  become  abundant.  Riloy  has  described  a  coleopterous 
insect  by  the  name  of  Hornia  minutipennis  as  occurring  in  the 
cells  of  this  species.  Another  Meloe  found  in  the  cells  of  Antho- 
phora  occidentalis  Cresson,  has  been  described  as  Hornia  gigantea 
by  Wellman  (1911),  and  according  to  Cockerell  (1905)  Mr.  S. 
A.  Johnson  has  found  Leonidia  neomexicana  Cockerell  in  the 
cells  of  Anthophora  bomboides.  Though  I  have  examined  hundreds 
of  cells  of  Anthophora  abrupta  I  have  never  chanced  upon  a 
specimen  of  Horjiia,  but  have  found  several  other  parasitic 
and  inquihnous  insects  in  the  cells  and  burrows  of  these  bees. 

On  ]\Iay  31,  1919,  I  observed  maii}^  specimens  of  an  antho- 
myiid  flying  about  the  entrance  holes.  I  caught  fifteen  of  these 
flies  and  IMr.  J.  R.  Malloch  kindly  identified  them  for  me  as 
Pegomyia  affinis  Stein.  They  were  also  found  flj'ing  about 
the  bank  in  the  same  manner  on  June  20,'  1920,  when  the  males 
were  first  beginning  to  emerge.  Indoors  in  1919,  Pegomijia 
affinis  began  emerging  on  June  8  and  continued  appearing  until 
June  14.  As  in  the  case  of  Anthophora  abrupta,  the  males  of 
this  fly  appeared  first,  my  initial  record  for  the  appearance  of 
the  female  flies  being  June  11.  Hibernation  is  accomplished  in 
a  puparium  in  the  old  cells  and  l)urrows  of  the  bees.  I  have 
never  found  any  evidence  that  would  indicate  that  larvae  of 
Pegomyia  affinis  were  ever  parasitic.  It  seems  that,  after  mat- 
ing, the  adult  flies  lay  their  eggs  in  and  about  the  bee  burrows 
when  the  bees  are  storing  their  cells.  The  emerging  larvae 
then  feed  upon  any  waste  products  available  and  are  therefore 
scatophagous.     It  may  be  that  the  eggs  are  sometimes  laid  in 

TRANS.  AM.   EXT.  .SOC,  XLVHI. 


152  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

the  stored  cells  before  they  are  closed,  and  the  rapidly  developing 
fly  larvae  cause  the  female  bees  to  abandon  them  before  they  have 
finished  with  their  provisioning.  I  have  never  found  the 
puparia  in  a  properly  sealed  cell,  but  several  times  have  found 
partially  opened  cells  which  contained  a  large  number  of  them. 
Usually  ten  or  twelve  puparia  occurred  near  one  another  in  the 
infested  burrows.  As  adults  of  Pegomyia  affinis  were  ol^served 
flying  about  the  holes  in  the  bank  on  September  20,  it  is  prob- 
able this  fly  has  more  than  one  generation  a  year. 

A  true  parasite  of  Anthophora  abrupta  is  found  in  the  bomby- 
liid  fly  Spogostylum  albofasciaium  ]\Iacquart  (det.  J.  B.  Mal- 
loch).  I  first  found  the  larva  of  this  parasitic  fly  on  May  31, 
1919,  in  a  bee  cell.  This  larva  transformed  to  a  pupa  on  July 
5  and  emerged  as  an  adult  on  July  26.  On  December  30,  1919, 
and  April  9,  1920,  I  found  two  other  larvae  of  this  species  in 
cells  of  Anthophora  abrupta.  Various  other  investigators  have 
found  Spogostylum  albofasciatiim  to  be  a  parasitic  species. 
There  is  also  a  probability  that  the  larva  of  this  bombyliid, 
after  having  destroyed  the  bee  egg  or  killed  the  larva,  will  feed 
on  the  pollen  stored  in  the  cell.  I  am  certain,  however,  that 
no  bees  develop  from  cells  that  produce  these  flies,  and  therefore 
Anthophora  must  fall  a  victim  to  the  fly  larvae  in  either  the  egg 
or  larval  stages,  sometime  before  the  advent  of  fall  and  winter 
conditions.  Malloch  (1917)  describes  and  figures  the  pupa  of 
this  species  and  gives  a  good  general  account  of  the  inquilinous, 
predaceous  and  parasitic  habits  of  this  family. 

Probably  the  worst  fly  parasite  of  this  bee  is  a  conopid.  Un- 
fortunately I  have  never  been  able  to  rear  the  adult.  The 
puparium  is  quite  similar  to  that  of  Physoccphala  sagittaria 
Say,  a  parasite  of  the  bumblebees.  I  first  found  this  parasite 
in  dead  and  nearly  dead  bees  which  had  fallen  to  the  ground 
at  the  base  of  the  bee  bank  at  Oakwood  on  July  3,  1919.  Dis- 
section of  these  bees  revealed  the  presence  of  the  characteristic 
conopid  larvae  and  in  one  specimen  a  recently  formed  puparium. 
In  1919  I  tried  to  rear  the  adults  of  this  fly  ])ut  failed,  due  in 
sotne  cases  perhaps  to  poor  conditions  of  humidity,  but  in  five 
instances  to  the  effectiveness  of  a  secondary  Hymenopterous 
parasite.  Mr.  A.  B.  Gahan  very  kindly  named  this  secondary 
parasite  for  me  as  Mestocharis  williamsoni  Girault.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  note  that  this  is  the  same  species  of  Mestocharis  that 


THEODORE    H.    FKISON  153 

emerges  from  the  i)up;iria  of  Physocephala  xagiUariaHiiy,  a  cono- 
))id  attackiiio;  bumljlebecs,  and  strengthens  my  supposition  as  to 
the  identity  of  the  eonopid  enemy  of  Anthophora  ahrupta.  The 
secoiuhiry  pai'asites  were  first  iioticed  emerging  from  a  small 
hole  in  the  cephalic  end  of  the  eonopid  puparia  on  July  15.  An 
examination  of  eleven  puparia  on  August  12  showed  that  five 
were  victimized  by  this  small  parasite.  Five  of  the  remaining 
puparia  were  completely  dried  out  on  this  date  and  one  con- 
tained a  dead  adult  which  was  not  sufficiently  developed  to 
permit  of  identification  as  to  genus  or  species.  When  I  visited 
the  bee  l)ank  at  Oakwood  on  July  11,  1919,  I  picked  up  forty- 
nine  additional  Anthophora  adults  killed  or  nearly  dead  by 
reason  of  eonopid  parasitism.  Some  of  the  bees  so  killed  were 
laden  with  pollen.  In  some  cases  the  bees  found  on  the  ground 
were  still  able  to  walk  around  a  little,  and  now  and  then  would 
move  about  by  violent  jerks.  All  such  queer  acting  bees  were 
found  to  contain  eonopid  larvae.  In  such  cases  I  found  the 
l)ody  of  the  fly  larva  in  the  abdomen  of  the  bee,  with  the  long 
iieck-like  process  bearing  the  mouth  parts  inserted  through  the 
point  of  articulation  of  the  abdomen  and  the  thorax.  Evidently 
the  bee  lives  for  some  time  after  the  eonopid  larva  starts  to  de- 
velop within  the  bee  abdomen,  but  dies  when  the  larva  becomes 
almost  or  full  grown,  and  severs  some  of  the  vital  organs  and 
nerve  connections  centered  in  the  thorax  and  about  the  articu- 
lation of  the  thorax  and  aljdomen.  This  probaljly  explains  the 
contortions  and  nervous  movements  of  the  dying  parasitized 
bees.  The  eonopid  larva  forms  a  puparium  within  the  abdomen 
of  its  victim  soon  after  the  bee  dies  and  probably  in  this  stage 
hibernates  during  the  cold  season,  an^^vhere  the  bee  hai)i)ens  to 
fall  to  the  ground.  As  the  duration  of  the  life  of  the  host  bee 
is  comparatively  short,  the  eonopid  nuist  have  but  one  genei-a- 
tion  a  year. 

As  already  mentioned  I  reared  adults  of  Mestochoris  ivilliam- 
sofii  from  the  eonopid  puparia,  which  are  thus  secondary  para- 
sites and  beneficial  to  the  Anthophora.  I  first  noted  the  adults 
issuing  from  a  con()])id  puparium  on  July  15,  1919,  and  other 
emergences  continued  for  a  week  or  more.  On  August  12,  1919, 
I  isolated  five  puparia  which  seemed  to  be  i)arasitized  by  this 

TRANS.  AW.  EXT.  SOC,  XX^VIU. 


154  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPT/ 

little  chalcid,  the  adults  of  which  had  not  all  emerged  and  were 
dead  as  a  result  of  unfavorable  rearing  conditions.  On  October 
27  I  dissected  these  puparia.  In  order  to  escape,  the  chalcids 
first  emerging  make  a  tiny  hole  in  one  end  of  the  puparium. 
This  hole  either  by  chance  or  instinct  was  made  in  all  cases 
through  one  side  at  the  anterior  or  head  end  of  the  hardened 
case.  In  one  puparium  without  an  emergence  hole  I  counted 
out  one  hundred  and  fifty-two  dead  adult  chalcids.  In  three 
others  from  which  most  of  the  adults  had  emerged,  judging  by 
the  small  emergence  holes  described  above,  I  found  from  thir- 
teen to  twenty-two  dead  chalcids.  In  another  somewhat 
broken  puparium  I  found  seventy-four  adults.  On  the  basis  of 
these  figures  one  conopid  may  produce  a  surprisingly  large 
numl)er  of  its  enemies,  which  may  possibly  be  produced  through 
polyembryony.  Another  check  on  the  ravages  of  the  conopids 
appeared  to  be  a  bacterial  disease.  Of  the  forty-nine  puparia 
picked  up  at  the  base  of  the  bee  bank  on  July  11,  1919,  a  majority 
of  them  at  the  time  showed  indications  of  such  a  disease. 

Monodontomerus  species  (det.  A.  B.  Gahan)  is  very  likely  a 
true  parasite  of  Anthophora  abrupta.  The  pupae  of  this  large 
greenish  chalcid  were  first  found  in  the  bee  cells  on  May  31, 
1919.  As  fifteen  or  more  of  these  pupae,  without  surrounding 
cocoons,  were  found  in  a  single  cell  containing  no  trace  of  any 
stages  of  the  bee,  I  assume  them  to  be  parasites.  The  adults 
first  began  to  emerge  in  the  laboratory  on  June  11  and  were 
very  numerous  in  the  cage  on  June  14.  A  careful  examination 
of  the  surface  of  the  bee  bank  at  Oakwood  on  July  3,  1919,  dis- 
closed the  fact  that  these  parasitic  hymenopterans  were  then 
abundant  around  the  burrows  and  tubular  entrance  cylinders. 
I  have  no  additional  information  relative  to  the  habits  of  this 
species.  It  would  seem  that  mating  takes  place  in  July  and 
that  the  eggs  are  laid  in  or  near  the  new  bee  cells.  Another 
species  of  Hymenoptera  was  reared  about  June  1,  1919,  from 
several  brownish,  rather  loosely-spun  silken  cocoons  found  on 
May  31,  1921.  Unfortunately  the  reared  adults  were  lost  and 
I  do  not  know  the  species  involved.  These  cocoons  did  not 
seem  to  be  directly  associated  with  closed  cells  and  I  can  not 
state  'what  the  habits  of  this  species  are.  In  a  cell  opened  on 
July  11,  1919,  I  found  a  fully  developed  bee  pupa  which  I  doubt 
was  Antho'phora  abrupta.     I  tried  to  rear  the  adult  but  failed 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  155 

and  can  only  surmise  it  was  tliat  of  some  iiuiuiliuous  oi'  parasitic 
species  of  bee. 

Mention  should  also  Ijc  made  of  a  fungous  disease  of  the  bee 
larva(!.  Soine  of  the  bee  cells  opened  on  May  31,  1919,  con- 
tained shriv(dled  larvae  covered  with  a  whitish  fungous  growth. 
No  doubt  bacterial  diseases  also  take  their  toll  of  the  Anthoph.ora 
bee  population. 

BihVuxjrapliij 

A.shine;ul,  Wm.  H.     lcSy4.     Tlie  Habits  of  the  Aculuute  Hymeiioptcra. — I. 

Psyche,  7,  p.  25. 
Banks,  X.     1912.     At  the  ("caiiothus  in  ^■il•sillia.     Enf.  Xeirs,  xxni,  p.  107. 
Cockerel],  T.  D.  A.     1905.     On  a  Small  C-ollection  of  Anthophorid  bees  from 

Colorado.     Entotnologisl,  xxxvin,  p.  (iO. 
Frisoti,  T.  H.     1917.     Notes  on  Bombidac,  and  on  the  Life  History  of  Bom- 

l)iis  (luricoiniiK  Kebt.     Ann.  Enf.  Soc.  Amer.,  x,  pp.  279-280. 
f!rossl)eck,  J.  .\.     l'.)ll.     A  Contribntion  toward  the  Life  History  of  Einplior 

holniliifoniii's  Cress.     Jouni.  Xcw  York  Ent.  Soc,  xix,  i)p.  238,  pi.  vn. 
Kelojj;^,    \'.    L.     190.").     American    Insects.     Chapter   XV.     The   Saw-flies, 

Gall-flies,    Ichneumons,    Wasps,    Bees,    and   Ants    (Order   Hymenoptera). 

Henry  Holt  &  Company.     New  York.     p.  510. 
Knab,  F.     1911.     How  Emphor  Drinks.     Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Wa.sh.,  xin,  ]).  170. 
Lutz,  F.  E.  and  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell.      1920.     Notes  on  the  Distribution  and 

Bibliography  of  North  American  B(>es  of  the  Families  Apidae,  Meliponidae, 

Boml)iilae,    Euglossidae,    and    Authophoridae.     Bull.    Amer.    Mus.    Nat. 

Hut.,  XLii,  pp.  591-592. 
Malloch,  J.  R.     1917.     A  Preliminary  Classification  of  Diptera,  exclusive  of 

Pu])ipara,  based  upon  Larval  and  Pupal  Characters,  with  Keys  to  Imagines 

in  Certain  Families.     Part  I.     Bull.  III.  State  Lab.  Xat.  Hist.,  xn,  pp.  391- 

396. 
Nichols,   M.   L.     1913.     Some  Observations  on  the   Nesting  Habits  of  the 

Mining  Bee,  Eniplioi  fuscojubatus  Ckll.     ['.^ijclii-,  xx,  pp.  107-112. 
Xininger,  H.  H.      1920.      Xotes  on  the  Life-history  of  ,1  ulhoplmra  slaiifordunid. 

Psijchc,  xxvii,  p|).   135-137. 
Pation,  \\'m.   II.      1S79.     (Jeneric  .\rraiigement  of  the  Bees  allied  to  Meli.s- 

sodes  and  .\iil  liophora.      Hull.  V.  S.  (Icol.  Geof/.  Surrei/  Terr.,  v,  j).  470. 
Rilc}',   C.   \'.      1877.     On  a   Remarkable  new  (ienus  in  Meloidae  infesting 

Mason-bee  Cells  in  the   I'nifed  Slates.      Tran.s.   Arad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,   ni, 

l)p.  5()3-5()5. 
Robertson,  Chas.      1894.     Flowcu's  and  In.sects  -  lio.saccsae  and  Compositae. 

Tran.s.  Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  vi,  p.  442. 

1S9I.     Flowers  4md  Insects,  Asclepiadaceae    to    Scroi)liulariaceae.      Trans. 

Aanl.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  v,  pp.  576,  580,  581,  591. 

TRANS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVUI. 


156  NOTES  ON  ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA 

1S96.     Flowers  and  Insects — Contributions  to  an  Account  of  the  Ecological 

Relations  of  the  Entomophilous  Flora  and  the  Anthophilous  Insect  Fauna 

of  the  Neighborhood  of  C'arlinville,  Illinois.     Acad.  Sci.  St.  Louis,  vii,  p. 

161). 

191S.      Protcrandry  and  Fliu;lit  of  Hccs.  (Hyni. ).     Etit.  Nc.irs,  xxix,  pp.  iUO- 

342. 
Say,  T.     1S37.     Descriptions  of  New  Sj)ecies  of  North  American  llynien- 

optera,  and  Observations  on  Some  Already  Described.     Boston  Journ.  \at. 

Hist.,  I,  pp.  409-411. 
Sladen,  F.  W.  L.     1919.     Notes  on  the  Canadian  Representatives  of  British 

Species  of  Bees.     Can.  Ent.,  li,  pp.  125-126. 
Walsh,  B.  D'.     1868.     Mason  Bees  and  their  Habits.     Anicr.  Ent.,  i,  i)p. 

8-11. 
Wellman,    C.     1911.     A    New    American    Sitarine    Beetle    (Col.,  Lyttid.). 

Ent.  News,  xxii,  pp.  15-17. 


Explanation  of  Plate  V 

Fig.  1. — Colony  of  Anlhophora  ahrupta  Say,  at  Oakwood,  Illmois. 
Fig.  2. — Close-up  view  of  a  portion  of  same  bank  occupied  by  ANthopliora 
iibru])ln. 


\k 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  XLVIII. 


PI.  IV. 


C      ~D         4 


HEBARD— NORTH  AMERICAN  ACRIDIDAE 


Trans.  Am.  ImiI.  S.c    \(>1.  Xl.X'IIf. 


PI.  V 


I'igurc  •_'. 
PRISON— ANTHOPHORA  ABRUPTA  SAY 


CONTEXTS 


North  American  Acrididae  (Orthoptera) .     Papers  1  and  2. 

By  Morgan  Hebard 89 

(Issued  Septembsr  25,  1922.) 

On  the  jNIale  Genitaha  of  the  Larger  Hesperiidae  of  North 
America.  By  Henrj^  Skinner  and  R.  C.  Wil- 
liams, Jr 109 

(Lssued  Septembsr  20. 1922.) 

Notes  of  a  Few  Interesting  Blattidae  from  Guatemala,  with 
the  Description  of  a  New  Species  (Orthoptera).     By 

:\Iorgan  Hebard 129 

(Issued  Septembsr  20,  1922.) 

Zorotypus  swezej-i,  a  New  Species  of  the  Order  Zoraptera 

from  Hawaii.     By  A.  N.  Caudell 1.35 

(Issued  S  •ptcmbsr  20,  1922.) 

Notes  on  the  Life  Historj",  Parasites  and  Inquiline  Asso- 
ciates of  Authophora  abrupta  Say,  with  Some  Com- 
parisons with  the  Habits  of  Certain  Other  Antho- 
phorinae  (Hymenoptera).     By  Theodore  H.  Prison  1.39 
(Issued  September  20.  1922.) 


VOLUME  XLVIII 


NUMBER  3 


SEPTEMBER,   1922 


TRANSACTIONS  ""o*^ 

'*    SEP  2 11934    V 

OP  THE  .x/k.^^  ,^,^, 


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MORGAN  HEBARD  157 


DERMAPTERA  AND   ORTHOPTERA  FROM   THE   STATE 
OF  SINAI,OA,   MEXICO 

BY    MORGAN    HEBARD 

Part  I 
Dermaptera  and  Non-saltatorial  Orthoptera 

The  collections  here  recorded  were  made  in  the  State  of  Sina- 
loa,  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Kusche,  on  two  different  trips,  which  were 
undertaken  with  the  general  collecting  of  insects  in  view.  In 
1916,  his  efforts  were  confined  to  Mazatlan,  where  little  could 
be  done,  due  to  the  disorders  which  were  occurring  everywhere 
outside  that  city.  In  1918,  however,  several  localities  were 
visited,  and  during  a  stay  at  Venvidio,  from  June  16  to  September 
2,  prol)ably  one  of  the  largest  and  most  representative  series 
ever  taken  at  a  single  locality  in  Mexico  was  secured. 

In  the  present  paper  six  hundred  and  sixty  specimens  are 

recorded,    representing    twenty-nine    genei'a    and .  thirty-seven 

species,  of  which  one  genus  and  eleven  species  were  undescribed. 

The  distribution  of  these  species,  or  of  their  nearest  affinities, 

is  noted  in  the  following  table. 

Dermaptera 
Euborellia  annulipes  (Lucas)  Cosmopolitan. 

Vostox  brunneipennis  (Serville)  Northward  and  southward. 

*Prosparatta  sinaloae  new  species  Related  species  southward. 

Doru  lineare  (Eschseholtz)  Extreme  southwestern  U.  S.  to  South 

America. 

Orthoptera 

blattidae 

*Kutld(t.siohl(itt<i  (jidld  tu'.w  species  Extreme  southern  Texas  to  Panama. 

Lutihlaltdla  lunfrons  Hebard  Extreme  southwestern  U.  S.  to  Sinaloa. 

LatihlaitcUa  pidurata  Hebard  Southern  Baja  California,  Sonora  and 

Sinaloa. 
*Ischnoptera  hicnrnuta  new  species         Related  spec;ies  southward. 
*Cahita  nahua  (Saussure)  Southward,  but  only  in  Mexico. 

Psendomops  septentrionalis  Hebard      Southern  Texas  and  northern  Mexico. 
*Nyctibora  tetrasiida  new  species  Related  species  southward. 

Periplamia  americana  (Linnaeus)        Cosmopolitan. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIIJ. 


158    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

Periplaneta  australasiac  (Fabricius)     Cosmopolitan. 

Pycnosceliis  surinamensis  (Linnaeus)  Circumtropical  and  subtropical. 

Panchlora  cube7isis  Saussure  Extreme    southern    Texas     to    South 

America. 
*Panchlora  cahita  new  species  Related   species   southward. 

Panchlora  montezuma  Saussure  and  Zehntner     Related  species  southward. 

Nauphoeta  cinerea  (Olivier)  Circumtropical. 

*Holocompsa  scotaea  new  species  Related  species  tropical  North  Amer- 

ican. 

Compsodes  schivarzi  (Caudell)  Extreme  southwestern  U.  S.  to  Sinaloa. 

*Caloblatta  lampra  new  species  Related  species  southward. 

*Chorisoneura  anisoura  new  species       Related  species  southward. 
*Chorisoneura  flavipennis  Saussure  and  Zehntner.     Sinaloa  southward. 

MANTIDAE 

*Mantoida  rnaya  Saussure  and  Zehntner     Tropical  North  America  and  north- 
ern South  America. 
*Yers%nia  niexicana  (Saussure)  Southward,  but  only  in  Mexico. 

*Oligonicella    mexicana    (Saussure    and    Zehntner)     Sinaloa,    southwartl    to 

Guatemala. 
*Oligonicella  tessellata    (Saussure  and   Zehntner)     Southward,   but   only   in 

Mexico. 
*Melliera  atopogamia  Saussure  Sinaloa,  southward  to  Guatemala. 

Slagmomantis  tolteca  (Saussure)  Mexico,  southward. 

Stagmomantis  limbata  (Hahn)  Southwestern  U.  S.  to  Sinaloa. 

Stagmomantis  colorata  new  species       Related  species  northward. 
*Acanthops  bidens  new  species  Related  species  southward. 

Phyllovates  chlarophaea  (Blanchard)     Extreme  southwestern  U.  8.  to  Pan- 
ama. 
*Vates  pectinata  Saussure  Tropical  Mexico. 

PHASMIDAE 

*Di,aphcro)nera  crythropk'ura  new  species     Related  species   southward,   hut 

only  in  Mexico. 
*Bostra  aeiolus  (Westwood)  Southward,  but  only  in  Mexico. 

It  would  appear  that  Sinaloa  is  the  northernmost  area  reached 
on  the  west  coast  of  Mexico  by  many  of  the  tropical  forms. 
Collections  from  Sonora,  the  Gulf  of  California  and  Baja  Cali- 
fornia recently  examined,  did  not  include  any  of  the  nineteen 
such  forms  indicated  by  an  asterisk  in  the  above  list. 

Excluding  the  forms  carried  by  commerce  and  those  havinfj; 
a  distribution  extending  both  northward  and  southward,  we 
find  that,  in  the  present  list,  only  five  species  previously  known 
only  fiom  north  of  Sinaloa  or  related  to  species  there  found. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  159 

Of  the  thirty-one  species  recorded,  other  than  those  carried 
by  commerce,  eleven  are  at  present  known  only  from  this  region, 
while  three  or  more  are  known  elsewhere  only  from  extreme 
southern  Baja  California  and  southern  Sonora. 

The  material  here  recorded,  unless  otherwise  stated,  is  in  the 
author's  collection. 

DERMAPTERA 
Labiduridae 
Euborellia  annulipes   (Lucas) 

1847.     Furjicdisa  annulipes  Lucas,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  (2),  v,  p.  l.xxxiv. 
[Jardin  des  Plantes,  Paris,   (probably  introduced  from  North  America).] 

Las  Mochis,  II,  2,  1918,  1  cT,  2  9.  Mazatlan,  XII,  16  to 
31,  1916,  9  (^,  10   9,8  juv. 

Labiidae 

Vostox  brunneipennis    (Serville) 

1839.     Psalidophora  brunneipennis  Serville,    Hist.   Nat.   Ins.,   Orth.,   p.   30. 
[Philadelphia,  Pa.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  30  to  VIII,  3,  1918,  1    9  } 

This  specimen  differs  from  the  series  before  us,  from  the 
United  States,  in  having  the  tegminal  shoulders  very  slightly 
and  inconspicuously  paler  than  the  other  portions-,  and  the 
internal  faces  of  the  forceps  strongly  hirsute. 

Prosparatta  sinaloae  new  .species     (Plate  VI,  figures  1,  2  and  3.) 

This  insect  represents  a  simplified  type,  showing  least  special- 
ization of  the  species  of  the  genus.  In  its  slender  form  it  agrees 
with  the  genotype,  P.  iricerta  (Borelh),  the  other  species  P. 
humilis  Hol^ard  and  P.  flavipennula  (Rehn)  being  distinctly 
more  robust. 

'In  addition  we  have  examined  the  following  material: 
Cordoba,  Vera  Cruz,  II,  24,  1908,  (F.  Knab),  2  d",  [U.  S.  N.  M.].  These 
specimens  differ,  from  the  other  material  at  hand,  in  having  the  forceps  with 
the  usual  median  tooth  situated  at  end  of  proximal  third  of  the  internal 
margin  heavier,  and  in  being  furnished  with  a  much  smaller  but  distinct 
dorsal  tooth  at  base  of  distal  third.     The  specimens  are  richly  color(>d. 

2  See  discussion  of  this  feature  for  the  species.  Trans.  An.er.  Fint.  Soc, 
xun,  p.  307,  (1917). 

TR-\NS.   AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


160    DERMAPTEEA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

'  The  eyes  are  comparatively  large,  equalling  the  cheeks  in 
length.  In  the  male  the  short  pygidium  with  minute  lateral 
projections  and  truncate  apex,  and  the  forceps  unarmed  except 
of  a  minute  proximo-internal  tooth,  are  distinctive.  In  general 
form  of  pygidium  nearest  agreement  with  Mimilis  is  shown, 
that  species,  however,  having  the  pygidium  without  lateral 
projections  and  with  apex  much  narrower.  The  same  is  true 
of  the  female  forceps  also,  in  which,  however,  the  flange  of  the 
internal  margin,  conspicuous  in  incerta  and  flavipennula,  has 
become  subobsolete. 

Type. —  cf ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.     June  30  to  July  3, 

rl918.     (J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  754.] 

Size  medium  small  of  the  genus;  form  moderately  depressed,  slender. 
Head  with  occiput  flattened  but  not  impressed,  cheeks  as  long  as  eyes.  An- 
tennae with  first  segment  large,  broadening  just  before  median  point;  second 
minute;  third  slightly  shorter  than  first ;^  foiu'th  decidedly  shorter;  succeed- 
ing segments  increasing  strongly  and  regularly  in  length  distad.  Pronotum* 
distinctly  longer  than  broad,  smooth,  with  a  medio-longitudinal  linear  sulcus 
very  feebly  indicated;  rectangulate  cej)halad,  broadly  convex  truncate  caudad; 
lateral  margins  straight,  showing  an  almost  imperceptible  divergence  caudad; 
prozona  tumid,  this  becoming  very  weak  caudad;  metazona  deplanate.  Teg- 
mina  smooth,  with  distal  margin  truncate,  weakly  oblique;  wings  with  ex- 
posed area  nearly  one-haK  as  long  as  tegmen.  Abdomen  with  glands  very 
weakly  developed;  surface  of  abdomen  polished,  almost  smooth,  rugulose 
condition  subobsolete.  Ultimate  tergite  smooth,  length  slightly  less  than 
half  its  width,  showing  a  weak  triangular  depression  meso-distad,  caudal 
margin  transverse  with  a  very  feeble  concavity  about  the  pygidium.  Pj^gid- 
ium  small,  about  as  wide  as  long,  declivent  with  surface  convex,  lateral 
margins  very  weakly  convergent,  terminating  on  each  side  in  a  minute  point, 
beyond  more  strongly  convergent  and  weakly  convex  to  median  third  of  this 
portion  which  is  truncate.  Forceps  parallel  to  their  apices  which  are  incurved; 
showing  a  shght  flattened  production  of  dorso-internal  margin  at  end  of 
proximal  two-fifths,  the  shaft,  from  that  point  distad,  more  decidedly  flattened 
distad  than  i)roximad;  internal  surface  granulate  except  distad,  with  a  minute 
proximal  tooth  mesad  above  the  median  point  of  the;  pygidium  on  each  side. 
Penultimate  stcrnite  ami)le,  less  than  twice  as  broatl  as  long,  with  latero- 
caudal  angles  broadly  rounded  and  distal  margin  transverse,  fringed  with 
closely  placed,  short,  microscopic  hairs.  Caudal  metatarsus  as  long  as  last 
joint,  hairy  ventrad  with  a  fringe  of  lamellae  on  veiitro-iiiternal  margin. 

^  This  is  also  true  of  the  paratypes  of  huitdii.s  in  the  author's  collection. 
-  This  is  taken  from  the  allotype,  as  the  i)ronotum  is  deformed  in  the  type. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  l6l 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type.     [Hebard  Collection.] 

Agrees  closely  with  male,  differing  only  as  follows.  Pygidium  small,  simple, 
triangular  with  apex  rounded.  Forceps  more  nearly  approximated,  shorter 
and  ver}''  slightly  heavier,  armed  at  base  with  a  projection  twice  as  broail  as 
long,  the  distal  margin  of  which  is  straight.  Shaft  of  forceps  straight,  much 
as  in  incerta,  but  without  a  distinct  flange,  the  internal  margin  irregular, 
sublamellate  proximad,  this  disappearing  evenly  into  the  margin  of  the  distal 
curvature,  as  in  humilis,  but  even  more  weakly  indicated.  Penultimate 
sternite  with  distal  margin  evenly  convex,  fringed  with  closely  placed,  short, 
microscopic  hairs. 

Entire  insect  glabrous.  Head,  pronotiun  and  tegmina  very  dark  chestnut 
brown,  the  liead  darkest.  Mouthparts  and  antennae  proximad  buckthorn 
brown,  remaining  portions  of  antennae  becoming  darker,  dresden  brown. 
Exposed  portions  of  wings  antimony  yellow,  rather  broadly  suffused  along 
sutural  margin  with  dark  chestnut  brown.  Abdomen  dorsad  bright  tawny 
{type),  or  light  ochraceous-tawny  with  an  orange  tinge  (allotype),  shading 
to  blackish  chestnut  brown  laterad.  Forceps  russet.  Limbs  immaculate, 
rich  antimony  yellow.  Ventral  surface  the  same,  becoming  russet  on  all  but 
proximal  portion  of  abdomen. 

Length  of  body,  d^  9,  9  — ^;  length  of  pronotum,  cf  1.2,  9  1.3;  width  of 
pronotum,  cf  1,  9  1-1;  length  of  tegmen,  cf  2. .3,  9  2.3;  length  of  forceps, 
(?  2.8,    9  2.1  mm. 

The  species  is  known  from  the  described  pair. 

FORFICULIDAE 
Doru  lineare  (E.schscholtz) 

1882.     Forjiculd  linearis  Esehscholtz,  Entomogr.,   p.  81.     [9;  Santa  Cath- 
arina,  Brazil.] 

Mazatlan,  XII,  28,  191G,  2  cf,  4  9.  Villa  Union,  IX,  27, 
1918,  11  cf ,  3  9.  Rosario,  1  d^,  6  9.  Venvidio,  VI,  30  to 
IX,  2,  1918,  12  cf ,  20   9. 

The  extremes  in  size  of  the  present  series  are:  length  of  body, 
d"  10.9  to  13.8,  9  8.4  to  12.4;  length  of  forceps,  d"  3.8  to  0.3, 
9  3  to  3.3  mm.     All  have  fully  developed  wings. 

ORTHOPTERA 
Blattidae 
pseudomopinae 

Euthlastoblatta  grata  new  species     (Plate  VI,  figure  4.) 

This  beautiful  insect  closc^ly  resembles  E.  ahortiva  (Caudell), 
differing  in  the  very  much  smaller  size  and  form  of  the  male 
sul)gonital  ])late,  whicli  is  more  nearly  symmelrical,  with  meso- 

••Of  the  same  general  size  as  the  male,  this  specimen  measures  11.7  nun.  in 
length,  as  the  abdomen  has  been  i)ressed  out  greatly. 

TRAN.S.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XIAIU. 


162     DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

distal  angulate  emargination  less  decided,  and  styles  more 
slender  and  without  as  numerous  or  as  stout  hairs  as  are  found 
in  that  species. 

Type. —  cf  ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  July  28  to  August  1, 
1918.     (J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  7.56.] 

Size  very  small  for  the  genus,  smaller  than  E.  orizabae  (Saussure);  form 
moderately  slender.  Interocular  space  broad,  very  slightly  narrower  than 
that  between  the  antennal  sockets.  Maxillary  palpi  with  fourth  joint  very 
slightly  shorter  than  third,  fifth  slightly  shorter  than  fourth.  Pronoturn 
with  surface  weakly  convex,  showing  a  faint  discal  flattening  caudad;  outline 
symmetrically  rounded-trapezoidal,  greatest  width  meso-caudad.  Tegmina 
and  wings  fully  developed,  extremely  delicate  in  structure,  numerous  dis- 
coidal  sectors  of  the  former  oblique.^  Supra-anal  plate'  very  strongly  trans- 
verse, free  margin  showing  a  broad  convexity  with  median  emargination 
feebly  suggested.  Paired  plate  beneath  supra-anal  plate  nearly  symmetrical, 
lamellate  laterad,  suddenly  enlarged  mesad.  Concealed  genitalia  complex.* 
Subgenital  plate  with  surface  moderately  convex  except  before  the  styles, 
where  it  is  weakly  concave;  lateral  margins  broadly  concave  and  weakly 
oblique  to  styles,  between  these  the  distal  margin  is  truncate  in  ventral 
aspect,  but  angulate  at  sUghtly  more  than  a  rectangle  in  caudal  aspect. 
Styles  situated  on  apices  thus  formed,  very  small  rounded  processes  about 
twice  as  long  as  broad,  unarmed  but  suppUed  with  hairs.  Limb  armament 
as  described  for  the  genus,'  except  that  the  ventro-caudal  margin  of  the 
cephalic  femora  has  a  median  as  well  as  a  distal  spine. 

Pronotal  marking  as  in  abortiva,^°  with  caudal  margin  and  cephalic  portion 
of  di.sk  blackish  brown,  intervening  band  and  margin  of  discal  marking  buffy, 
lateral  portions  transparent,  faintly  tinged  with  brown.  Tegmina  very 
delicately  tinged  with  sudan  brown,  paling  laterad.  Head  brussels  brown, 
paling  on  face,  there  obscurely  mottled  with  buffy.  Palpi,  underi)arts  anil 
limbs  ochraceous-buff,  the  abdomen  weakly  suffused  with  brown  distad. 

Length  of  body,  6.8;  length  of  pronotum,  2;  width  of  pronotum,  2.6;  length 
of  tegmen,  7.3;  width  of  tegmen,  2..5  mm. 

The  type  of  this  striking  but  diminutive  species  is  unique. 

^See  generic  description  for  other  characters  of  venation.  Mem.  .Vmer. 
Ent.  Soc,  no.  2,  p.  26,  (1917). 

'The  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen  can  not  safely  be  examined  in  tliis 
unique  specimen;  it  is  probably  uns])ecialized  as  in  (ibortiva. 

*A  whorl  of  sj)iniform  hairs,  suggesting  those  found  in  ahorliva,  though 
differently  arranged,  is  visible.  The  genitalia  can  not  be  examined  thoroughly 
in  this  specimen. 

'  In  orizabae  a  very  similar  condition  is  shown,  but  in  the  Compsa  Ciroup 
of  Euthlastoblatla  a  decided  differeiuie  occurs,  the  ventro-cephalic  margin  of 
the  cephalic  femora  showing  a  strong  tendency  toward  the  condition  termed 
tyi)c  "A." 

lu  Figured,  Mem.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  no.  2,  pi.  i,  figs.  1  and  7,  (1917). 


MORGAN  HEBARD  163 

Latiblattella  luclf  rons  Hebard 

1917.  Latiblattella  lucifrons  Hebard,  Mem.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  no.  2,  p.  43, 
pi.  I,  figs.  18  to  23.  [cf,  9;  Santa  Rita,  Huachuoa  and  Baboquivari 
Mountains,  Arizona.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  24,  to  IX,  2,  1918,  31  cf,  8  9,2  juv. 

We  have  recently  recorded  other  Mexican  material  of  the 
species/^  from  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Baja  California  and  Hue- 
jotitlan,  Jalisco.  We  are  still  unable  to  locate  L.  dilatata  (Saus- 
sure)  and  L.  chichimeca  (Saussure),  the  insufficient  descriptions 
of  these  species,  as  we  already  have  stated,  leaving  us  in  no 
dou])t  as  to  their  generic  positions,  but  in  complete  ignorance 
as  far  as  the  most  important  specific  diagnostic  characters  are 
concerned.  Examination  of  the  types  and  material  from  cen- 
tral and  central  eastern  Mexico  can  alone  clear  up  the  obscurity. 
It  appears  from  the  present  material,  however,  that  lucifrons  is 
closely  related.  In  our  original  discussion  we  assigned  to  dila- 
tata a  female  from  Baja  California,  which  we  now  believe  repre- 
sents a  depauperate  specimen  of  the  species  recognized  as  luci- 
frons. We  were  in  even  more  serious  error  at  that  time  in  com- 
paring with  males  of  that  species,  specimens  of  the  same  sex  of 
L.  picturata,  a  species  which  we  have  recently  described  from 
Baja  California.  Hence  our  original  comparisons  for  lucifrons 
are  worthless. 

Measurements  {in  millimeters) 


d' 

Length  of 
l)ody 

Length  of 
pronotiun 

Width  of 
pronotuni 

Length  of 
tegmen 

Width  of 
tegmen 

Venvidio,  Smaloa 
(31) 

13-14.8 
13.7 

3.3-3.8 
3.7 

4.9-5.2 
5.1 

12.9-14.6 
15 

4^.4 

Huejotitlan,  Jali-sco. 

9 

San  Jose  del  Cabo, 
Baja  California . . 
Venvidio,  Sinaloa 

(8) 

4.5 

10.2 
12.4-14.8 

3.3 
3.9-4.2 

5.1 
5.7-5.9 

9 
10.(5-11  .2 

3.6 

4.3-4.4 

The  smallest  female  shows  close  agreement  with  the  type 
female  of  L.  dilatata  (Saussure)  in  measurements,  the  largest  male 
similarly  showing  as  close  agreement  with  the  measure: utMits 
given  for  the  male  type  of  L.  chichimeca  (Saussure  and  Zehnt- 
ner) . 

"  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Hoc,  xlvii,  j).  203,  (1921). 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


164    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

In  the  present  series  the  majority  have  the  head  pale,  many 
with  a  broad  band  of  brown  between  the  ocelh,  this  expanding 
in  intensive  examples  and  in  the  maximum  intensification 
shown  the  head  is  dark  brown,  except  for  the  pale  buffy  occi- 
put. The  pronotal  disk  is  buffy,  often  with  a  few  microscoi)ic 
dots  of  pale  brown,  these  dots  darker  and  more  numerous  in  the 
maximum  intensive  condition,  but  never  conspicuous. 

Latiblattella  picturata  Hebard 

1921.  Latiblattelln  picturata  Hebard,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Sac,  XLvn,  p.  20:5, 
pi.  XIII,  figs.  2  to  8.  [cf,  9  :  San  Jorge,  Sierra  el  Taste  and  San  Jose  del 
Cabo,  Baja  California,  Mexico;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  16,  1918,  1  cf ,  1  juv.  &. 

This  species,  apparently  nearest  in  relationship  to  L.  zapoteca 
(Saussure),  belongs  to  that  section  of  the  genus  including  species 
which  are  beautifully  and  strikingly  marked. 

Xeoblattella  sinaloae  new  species^     (Plate  VI,  figures  5  and  6.) 

This  species,  known  only  from  the  male  sex,  is  a  small  and 
inconspicuous  type,  which  we  place  after  A^.  fratercula  Hebard. 
It  does  not  appear,  however,  to  show  close  affinity  to  any  of 
the  species  known  to  us. 

The  tegmina  are  very  slightly  more  coriaceous  than  in  frater- 
cula, with  the  numerous  cross-veinlets  so  delicate  and  colorless 
that  they  can  not  be  seen  by  the  naked  eye.  The  subgenital  plate 
is  distinctive,  quadratic  emarginate  on  each  side,  with  heavy, 
armed,  similar  cerci  and  median  portion  produced  in  a  large, 
symmetrical,  unspecialized  pentagonal  patelliform  projection. 

Type.—  d';  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  July  20  to  22,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  758.] 

Size  small  for  the  genus,  form  moderately  slender.  Intcrocular  space  four- 
fifths  as  wide  as  that  between  the  antennal  sockets;  ocellar  spots  moderately 
large  and  distinct.  Maxillary  palpi  elongate,  fifth  joint  three-quarters  as 
long  as  fourth,  obliquely  truncate  in  distal  two-thirds,  fourth  joint  nearly  as 
long  as  third.  Pronotum  weakly  convex,  greatest  width  meso-caudad.  Teg- 
mina and  wings  fully  developed,  extending  well  beyond  cereal  apices.  Teg- 
mina with  (six)  longitudinal  discoidal  sectors,  cross-veinlets  subobsolet(\ 
except  in  area  of  dextral  tegmen  (-onccaled  when  at  rest.  Wings  with  (six) 
costal  veins  rather  heavily  clubbed  distad,  ulnar  vein  with  two  branches, 
intercalated  t  rianglc  moderately  well  developed.  Dorsal  surface  of  abdomen 
unspecialized.     Supra-anal    plate    strongly    transverse,    very    broadly    and 


MORGAN  HEBARD  165 

weakly  triangularly  produced  and  broadly  and  bluntly  l)i]obate.  Subg-enital 
|)latc  with  lateral  portions  moderately  ascendant,  abrui)tly  emarsinate  in 
such  a  way  that  a  large  s(]uare  euiarginatiou  is  left  on  each  side  of  the  mesal 
produced  portion,  the  angkis  of  which  are  rounded,  projecting  angles  of  lateral 
portions  thus  formed  very  bluntly  acute-angulate;  meso-distal  portion  rf 
plate  produced  an  equal  distance  caudad,  three-fifths  as  long  as  broad,  its 
lateral  margins  straight  and  very  weakly  convergent,  its  distal  margin  very 
broadly  rounded  obtuse-angulate.  Styles  situated  at  bases  of  the  square 
lateral  emarginations,  similar,  heavy,  cylindrical,  twice  as  long  as  broad 
with  apices  bluntly  rounded,  extending  as  far  caudad  as  median  and  lateral 
portions  cf  the  plate;  ventral  surfaces  of  styles  subchitinous  and  weakly 
concave,  dorsal  surfaces  well  su})plied  with  mimite  but  stout  spines  from 
base  to  apex.  Lateral  portions  of  subgenital  plate  adjacent  to  these  styles 
somewhat  thickened  and  hairy  on  both  internal  and  external  surfaces.  Sin- 
istrad,  from  the  soft  integument  within  the  anal  chamber,  projects  distad  an 
elongate,  slightly  curved,  chitinous  spike,  with  a  smaller,  similar  spine,  also 
directed  distad,  at  its  base.  Limbs  and  their  armament,  pulvilli  and  arolia 
as  normal  for  Neoblattella.  Tarsal  claws  symmetrical;  flange,  usual  in 
the  genus,  very  weakly  developed  and  marginal  teeth  very  mimite,  micro- 
scopic, subobsolete. 

General  coloration  translucent  ochraceous-buff.  Lateral  margins  of  pro- 
notum  and  all  of  tegmina  weakly  transparent,  tinged  with  ochraceous-buff 
more  strongly  than  in  fratercula.  Disk  of  prcnotum  ochraceous-buff  with  a 
picturing  of  prout's  brown,  which  is  not  complex,  but  is  distinct.  "  Whigs 
hyaline  with  a  slight  iridescence,  very  faintly  tinged  with  ochraceous-buff, 
veins  and  distal  portion  of  anterior  field  more  strongly  so,  clubs  of  costal 
veins  oi)aque  ochraceous-buff.  Head  ochraceous-buff,  with  a  broad  inter- 
ocular  band  of  dark  prout's  brown,  four  suffused  spots  of  the  same  between 
the  ocelli,  four  more  in  an  arcuate  line  between  the  antennal  sockets  and  one 
on  each  side  ventro-mesad  of  the  antennal  sock(!ts.  Antennae  ochracecu.s- 
butT  with  first  and  second  joints  marked  with  a  suffusion  of  prout's  brown. 
Pal|)i,  underparls  and  limbs  o(!hraceous-buff,  the  latter  with  flecks  of  prout's, 
brown  at  bases  of  the  heavier  si)ines.  Dorsal  surface  of  abdomen  mottled 
ochraceous-buff  and  warm  buff.  Cerci  ochraceous-buff,  all  of  the  segments 
ventrad  and  three  meso-distal  segments  dorsad,  toward  their  internal  margins, 
showing  suffusions  cf  prout's  brown. 

Length  of  body,  9.5;  length  of  pronotum,  2.S;  width  of  pr  jiiotum,  3.7; 
length  of  tegmen,  10.5;  width  of  tegmen,  3.3  mm. 

The  type  is  uni(|ii(\ 

Ischnoptera  bicornuta  new  spe(;ies     (Plate  VI,  figures  7,  S  and  0.) 

This  species  ])eloiigs  to  tlie  group  including  I.  tolteca  Saussure. 
Coinpared  with  a  pair  from  the  National  Aluseuni  b(;ionging 
1o  that  species,  from  Santa  Lucrecia,  Vera  Cruz,  bicornU  is 
foiiiul  (()  (hffer  in  liotii  sexes  in  the  i)ron()ttil  co\oy  pattern,  the 

TK.V.NS.    A.M.    EN'T.    SOC,    XLVIU. 


166    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

pale  lateral  margins  not  invading  the  move  extensive  dark  area 
latero-caudad.  In  the  male  sex  the  supra-anal  plate  is  sub- 
chitinous  mesad  instead  of  meso-distad,  roundly  and  evenly 
triangularly  produced,  with  hairs  and  stout  spines  along  the 
free  margin;  the  specialization  at  the  bases  of  the  cerci  is  dis- 
tinctive, while  the  styles  are  smaller,  more  slender  and  less 
heavily  armed.  In  the  female  the  supra-anal  plate  is  triangu- 
larly produced  with  apex  bluntly  rounded. 

Type. —  cf ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  September  2,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  759.] 

Size  small,  form  moderately  slender,  much  as  in  toltcca.  Interocular  space 
slightly  over  half  that  between  the  antennal  sockets.  Ocelli  large  and  dis- 
tinct but  with  flattened  surfaces  of  ocellar  areas  forming  a  very  blunt  angle 
with  the  interocellar  area.  Maxillary  palpi  short,  fifth  and  third  joints  of 
equal  length,  appreciably  longer  than  fourth.  Antennae,  palpi,  limbs  and 
ventral  surface  decidedly  hairy,  particularly  the  fifth  joint  of  the  maxillary 
palpi.  Latero-caudal  sulci  of  pronotal  disk  distinct  and  broad.  Tegmina 
and  wings  extending  well  beyond  cereal  apices.  Wings  with  a  moderately 
well  developed  intercalated  triangle.  Dorsal  surface  of  abdomen  specialized 
as  is  characteristic  of  the  genus.  Eighth  tergite  with  caudal  margin  rather 
strongly  concave.  Supra-anal  plate  subchitinous  in  median  section,  tri- 
angularly produced  between  cerci  with  lateral  margins  broadly  convex  and 
apex  rather  sharply  rounded,  free  margin  well  supplied  with  elongate  hairs 
but  entirely  lacking  minute  spines.  From  inside  the  base  of  each  cercus  a 
large  horn-like  chitinous  process  is  directed  meso-caudad,  the  sinistral  gently 
curved  dorsad,  the  dextral  heavier  and  longer,  gently  curved  mesad  and  then 
very  weakly  ventrad.^^  Subgenital  plate  large,  extending  caudad  bej^ond 
apex  of  supra-anal  plate,  convex  with  sides  gradually  reflexed.  but  broadly 
and  shallowly  concave  before  the  styles.  Styles  situated  slightly  sinistrad  of 
the  median  point,  separated  by  a  distance  equal  to  the  width  of  one  of  them, 
moderately  stout,  both  armed  in  distal  half  of  dorsal  surface  with  a  few 
minute,  stout  spines;  sinistral  style  very  weakly  curved,  tapering  to  its  blunt 
apex,  nearly  four  times  as  long  as  its  proximal  width;  dextral  style  slightly 
longer,  four  times  as  long  as  its  basal  width,  its  distal  portion  very  slightly 
thickened  and  bent  weakly  ventrad.  Limbs,  their  armament,  i)ulvilli,  tarsal 
claws  and  arolia  as  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type.     [Hebard  Collection.] 

Verysimilar  to  male,  but  showing  the  following  differences.  Interocular  space 
three-quarters  that  between  the  antennal  sockets.  Dorsal  surface  of  abd( men 
unsiiecialized.  Organs  of  flight  slightly  more  amj)le.  Supra-anal  plate  tri- 
angularly produced  Ix'twecn  cerci,  with  lateral  margins  s('ar('(>ly  convex  and 
apex  rather  sliarply  nninded,   though   not    as  sliari)ly  as  in   male.     Paired 

'^  These  processes  of  the  con(X!aled  genitalia  appear  lo  be  normally  visible 
from  above,  lying  outside  the  sui)ra-anal  plate. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  167 

plate  beneath  supra-anal  plate  formed  into  two  large,  lamellate,  chitinous 
and  symmetrical  valves.  Subgenital  plate  evenly  convex,  with  free  margin 
evenly  and  broadly  convex,  except  before  the  cerci,  where  a  very  weak  con- 
cavity is  indicated. 

Pronotum  shining,  cephalic  margin  narrowly  and  lateral  margins  more 
broadly  opaque,  warm  buff,  remaining  portions  very  dark  chestnut  brown, 
paling  along  caudal  margin  to  hazel.  The  pale  marginal  band  does  not  invade 
the  dark  area  latero-caudad.  Head  blackish  chestnut  brown;  ocelli  and 
palpi  warm  buff,  the  latter  with  all  but  proximal  portion  of  distal  joint  suf- 
fused with  prout's  brown;  mouthparts  and  two  proximal  joints  of  antennae 
ochraceous-buff,  remaining  portions  of  the  latter  prout's  brown.  Tegmina 
weakly  transparent,  tawiiy,  paling  to  buckthorn  brown  distad  and  along 
costal  margin,  marginal  field  transparent  light  buff,  the  mediastine  vein 
distinct  and  brown  to  slightly  beyond  its  median  point.  Wings  trans{)arent, 
very  faintly  tinged  with  cinnamon  brown,  veins  cinnamon  brown  or  paler, 
distal  portions  of  costal  veins  buffy  (this  including  the  entire  area  of  the 
costal  veins  in  the  specimen  from  Baja  Cahfornia).  Remaining  portions  of 
dorsal  surface  buffy;  mesonotum,  metanotum  and  distal  portion  of  abdomen 
washed  with  brown.  Cerci  mummy  brown.  Ventral  surface  and  limbs 
ochraceous-buff,  the  abdomen  tinged  with  tawny,'^  the  coxae  each  with  a 
suffused  spot  of  prout's  brown  proximad,  the  spines  tawny. 

Length  of  body,"  cT'  11.8  to  11,  9  11.7  to  11;  length  of  pron,jtuni,  d" 
3  to  2.9,  9  3.2.5  to  3.1;  width  of  pronotum,  cf  4  to  3.8,  9  4.15  to  4.1;  length 
of  tegmen,  o^  12.3  to  12.2,  9  12.7  to  12.6;  width  of  tegmen,  c?  3.8  to  3.8, 
9  4  to  4  mm. 

In  addition  to  the  described  pair,  a  paratypic  male  from  Villa 
Union,  Sinaloa,  taken  by  J.  A.  Kusche,  September  2,  1918,  and 
a  female  from  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Baja  California,  have  been 
examined. 

CAHITA'-^  new  genus 

This  genus,  known  to  us  only  from  the  male  sex,  in  structure 
and  coloration  suggests  the  genus  Symploce,  the  form,  however, 
being  even  broader.  Further  examination,  shows  it  to  be  a  very 
distinct  entity,  remarkable  for  the  distinctive  palpi,  ventro- 
cephalic  margin  of  the  cephalic  femora  armed  as  in  Ischnoptera 
but  with  only  two  heavy  distal  spines,  very  weak  production 

'^  In  some  specimens  deepening  to  russet  distad. 

"The  measurements  for  the  male  type  are  given  first,  a  male  paratype 
from  Villa  Union  second.  For  the  female  sex  the  allotype  is  given  first,  a 
female  from  San  Jose  del  Cabo  second. 

'*A  vigorous  Sonoran  Branch  of  the  Uto-Aztecan  Indians,  inhabiting  ihe 
region  in  which  this  species  occurs. 

TR.\NS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


168    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

caiidad  of  the  pronotum,  tegmina  with  iinbranched  discoidal  vein 
and  longitudinal  discoidal  sectors,  wings  with  unbranchcd  dis- 
coidal and  straight  ulnar  vein,  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen  with 
median  segment  specialized  mesad  and  ninth  tergite  with  pro- 
duced latero-caudal  angles,  nearly  symmetrical  male  su])gcnital 
plate  with  simple,  similar  styles  but  armed  distal  margin,  large 
pulvilli  and  arolia  and  very  strongly  asymmetrical  tarsal  claws. 

In  linear  arrangement  we  place  this  genus  after  Syinploce  in 
the  Group  Ischnopterae. 

Genotype. — Cahita  nahua  (Saussure). 

Generic  description. — Size  medium  for  the  group,  form  Inroad, 
texture  moderately  delicate,  in  this  latter  respect  as  in  Symploce. 
Interocular  space  moderately  broad,  ocellar  areas  weakly  de- 
fined. Maxillary  palpi  short  and  heavy,  fifth  joint  specialized. 
Pronotum  broad,  evenly  and  weakly  convex,  caudal  margin 
broadly  rounded  obtuse-angulate  produced,  point  of  greatest 
width  meso-caudad.  Tegmina  and  wings  fully  developed  in 
both  sexes.  Tegmina  moderately  broad,  discoidal  vein  un- 
branched,  discoidal  sectors  (nine  to  ten)  longitudinal.  Wings 
with  mediastine  vein  extending  to  beyond  median  point,  dis- 
coidal vein  unbranched,  costal  veins  slightly  thickened  distad, 
not  cluljbed,  ulnar  vein  straight  with  (four)  incomplete  and 
(five)  complete  branches,  intercalated  triangle  very  small. 
Abdomen  of  male  with  median  segment  specialized  and  ninth 
tergite  with  latero-caudal  angles  decidedly  produced.  Supra- 
anal  plate  triangularly  produced  in  both  sexes.  Sul)genital 
plate  of  male  symmetrical,  with  simple  similar  styles,  distal 
inargin  armed.  Limbs  rather  stout  for  the  Group.  C'ephalic 
femora  with  ventro-cephalic  margin  armed  with  (four  or  five) 
heavy  proximal  spines,  succeeded  by  a  scattered,  irregularly 
placed  row  of  minute,  chaetiform  spines,  terminated  by  two 
elongate,  heavy  spines,  of  which  the  more  distal  is  the  longer 
(these  latter  sometimes  absent).  Other  ventral  femoral  mar- 
gins supplied  with  elongate,  heavy  spines.  Tarsi  compara- 
tively stout  and  covered  with  minute  but  coarse  hairs,  first 
four  joints  supplied  with  lai-ge  ))ulvilH  distad.  Very  large 
ai'olia  present  between  the  slout,  unspecinJized,  strongly  asym- 
metrical tai'sal  claws. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  169 

Cahita  nahua  (Saussure)      (Plate  VI,  figures  10,  11  and  12.) 

1.S6S.     I  techno  pier  a  nahua  Saussure,  Rev.  ct  Mag.  de  Zool.,  (2),  xx,  p.  3.5(>. 
[cf,   9  ;  [Orizaba,  Vera  Cruz,]  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  IX,  2,  1918,  1  cf  .^"^ 

The  present  material  differs  only  from  the  mor(>  del  ailed 
description  given  by  Saussure  in  1870,  in  having  the  head 
immaculate,  lacking  "unc  grande  tache  brune  sur  le  front  entre 
les  antennes." 

As  the  insect  is  one  of  the  most  distinctive  forms  of  the  Group  Ischnopterae, 
we  note  the  following  additional  features  for  the  male.  Interocular  space 
slightly  less  than  half  as  broad  as  that  between  the  antennal  sockets,  showing 
subobsolete  impression.  Maxillary  palpi  with  third  joint  three-quarters  as 
long  as  fifth;  fourth  half  as  long  as  third,  expanding  strongly,  so  that  the 
oblique  distal  and  ventral  margins  are  equal  in  length;  fifth  joint  very  large, 
apex  bluntly  rounded,  entire  distal  surface  deeply  concave,  fringed  along  tlie 
dorsal  margin  with  hairs.  Median  segment  with  two  meso-cephalic  adjacent 
tufts  of  agglutinated  hairs.  Plate  at  base  of  each  cercus  produced  in  a  moder- 
ately curved  spine,  the  sinistral  reaching  to  near  the  median  point  of  the 
anal  chamber,  the  dextral  decidedly  shorter,  Subgenital  plate  with  lateral 
portions  well  supplied  with  fine  hairs  both  internally  and  externally,  margin 
of  distal  portion  armed  with  an  even  fringe  of  closely  placed,  elongate,  chaeti- 
form  spines,  directed  dorsad,  and  having  a  brush-like  appearance  as  these 
spines  are  partially  agglutinated. 

Measureineiitsi  {in  millimeters) 

Length  of      Length  of      Width  of       Length  of        Width  of 
body  pronotiun      ])ronotiun  tegmon  tegnioi! 

Motzorongo,  Vera  Cruz  .12.1  .i .  1  4.2  11.8  3.8 

Motzorongo,  Vera  Cruz  .12.5  3.1  4.3  11.8  3.7 

C.uernavaca,  Morelos.  .  .    14.7  3.8  5  14  4.0 

Ven\idio,  Sinaloa 14.3  3.8  5.2  14.8  4.8 

One  of  the  a{hilts  and  the  immature  indivi(hial  from  the 
State  of  Vera  Cruz  lack  the  heavy  distal  spiiu^s  of  the  ventro- 
cephalic  margin  of  the  cephalic  femora.  We  are  unable  to 
account  for  this,  which  though  apparently  having  neither 
generic  or  specific  significance,  constitutes  a  differentiation  of  a 
character  usually  indicating  generic  distinction. 

'"  Tlierc  are  also  before  us  two  males  from  Motzorongo,  X'cra  Cruz,  taken 
in  February  1892,  by  L.  Bruner,  in  the  author's  collection;  one  inmuiture 
mal(!  froiu  Vera  Cruz,  taken  by  the  Rev.  T.  Hej'dc  in  the  same  collection,  and 
one  male  from  Cuernavaca,  Morclos,  taken  in  November,  1905,  l)y  W'm. 
Scluuis,  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

TKANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


170     DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  Group  Ischnopterae  known  to 
us,  where  less  than  three  heavy  distal  spines  on  the  ventro- 
cephalic  margin  of  the  cephalic  femora  occur.  Such  a  condition 
is  found  in  about  half  of  the  genera  of  the  Group  Blattellae.  In 
none  of  the  other  American  species  of  the  Ischoptcrae,  with  which 
we  are  familiar,  are  the  tarsal  claws  asymmetrical.  This  occurs  in 
a  very  few  genera  of  the  Blattellae, 

Pseudomops  septentrionalis  Hebard 

1917.     Pscudo)iwps   seplentrionalis   Hebard,    Mem.  Amer.  Ent.    Soc,  no.  2, 
p.  156,  pi.  VI,  figs.  5  to  8.     [cf,  9  ;  Brownsville,  Texas."] 

Venvidio,  VI,  30  to  IX,  2,  1918,  18  cf ,  3  9  . 

The  present  series  shows  very  little  color  variation.  In  some 
the  limbs,  however,  are  much  darker  than  in  others.  The 
pronotum  shows  a  difference  from  the  usual  Texan  material  in 
having  the  lateral  and  cephalic  margins  usually  very  slightly 
and  inconspicuously  paler  than  the  adjacent  portions,  in  a  few 
specimens  only,  is  some  approach  to  the  Texan  series  shown  in 
this  feature  of  coloration. 

Very  close  agreement  is  shown  by  the  general  structure,  but 
in  one  feature  of  the  concealed  genitalia  we  find,  in  certain 
individuals  only,  an  extraordinary  variation.  In  this  species 
the  paired  plate  beneath  the  supra-anal  plate  has  the  sinistral 
portion  produced  in  a  large,  irregular,  lobate  patelliform  pro- 
jection, directed  mesad,  with  surface  armed  with  a  few  minute 
teeth  meso-distad;  the  dextral  portion  is  produced  in  a  heavier, 
irregularly  rounded  patelliform  projection,  l)earing  mcsad  on  its 
ventral  surface  a  large  cylindrical  process,  which,  directed  ventro- 
sinistrad,  curves  weakly  sinistrad,  tapering  to  its  acute  apex.^*^ 
In  the  Texan  material  examined,  as  in  individuals  of  the  present 
series,  this  is  the  only  process  developed  on  this  plate;  in  other 
specimens  from  Venvidio  the  plate,  on  the  same  margin  but 
nearer  the  l)ase  of  the  dextral  style,  is  jiroduced  in  anotlu^r,  de- 
cidedly smaller,  but  generally  similar  process.  DiffercMrliation  of 
the  concealed  genitalia  of  similar  degree,  we  believe  may  in  most 
genera  be  considered  as  a  criterion  of  full  specific  differential 
value.  In  the  present  case,  however,  it  a])])ears  almost  certain 
that  the  difference  noted  is  attributable  wiiolly  1o  individual 
variation. 

1'  Material  from  fourteen  Texan  localities  and  from  Saltillo,  Coahuila,  and 
San  Jose,  Tamaulipas,  is  also  recorded. 

**  In  our  original  diagnosis  we  called  this  a  genii al  iioolv,  slating  that  it 
curved  inward,  i.  c.  toward  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  body. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  171 

We  have  of  recent  years  ])een  giving  much  attention  to  the 
concealed  genitalia  of  the  Blattidae  and  find  that  in  these  organs 
chitinous  parts  are  developed,  which  frequently  afford  char- 
acters of  full  specific  diagnostic  value.  These  chitinous  parts 
very  often  are  as  constant  as  the  specialized  portions  of  the 
subgenital  plate,  occasionally  they  are  seen  to  develop  slight 
individual  differences  in  contour.  The  present  case,  however, 
is  the  first  we  have  encountered,  where  a  distinct  difference  is 
found  which  we  feel  obliged  to  look  upon  as  an  individual 
variation. 

NYCTIBORINAE 
Nyctibora  tetrasticta  new  species     (Plate  [VI,  figures  13,  14  and  1.5.) 

This  species  agrees  with  N.  truncata  Saussure  and  Zehntner-'^ 
in  being  flightless,  the  tegmina  decidedly  reduced,  the  wings 
represented  by  vestigial  pads.  It  differs  from  that  species  in 
being  somewhat  larger,  the  male  sex  showing  conspicuous 
a])dominal  markings. 

Type. —  cf ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  July  G  to  12,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  760.] 

Size  small  for  this  genus  of  large  species,  slightly  larger  tlian  truncntd  and 
N.  azteca  Saussure  and  Zehntner;  surface  glabrous,  but,  thickly  supjilied  with 
minute,  microscooic,  procumbent  hairs  springing  from  microscopic  impressed 
punctulae.  Head  elongate  and  flattened;  interocular  space  narrow,  less  than 
one-quarter  width  between  antennal  sockets,  interocular  area  flattened, 
ocellar  spots  moderately  large,  not  as  large  or  with  ocellar  areas  weakly 
defined  as  in  azteca.  Maxillary  palpi  with  fifth  joint  enlarged,  slightly  longer 
than  third,  fourth  half  as  long  as  fifth.  Pronotum  evenly  convex,  jioint  of 
greatest  width  at  latero-caudal  angles,  cephalic  margin  nearly  semicircular 
to  the  rounded  rectangulate  latero-caudal  angles,  between  these  the  caudal 
margin  is  nearly  transverse,  showing  very  bread,  rounded  obtuse-angulation. 
Tegmina  overlapping,  somewhat  longer  than  broad,  venation  subobsoletc, 
the  humeral  trunk  and  veins  at  caudal  margin  only  appreciable  imless  the 
tegmina  are  held  up  to  the  light,  anal  sulcus  distinct  only  at  sutural  margin, 
to  which  margin  it  is  perpendicular;  costal  margin  rounding  broadly  to  sutural 
margin,  so  that  the  median  segment  only  is  ccmjjletely  covered.  Wings 
vestigial,  repres(!nted  by  lateral  pads.  Abdominal  tergites  witli  caudal 
margins  transverse,  fourth  tergite  with  latero-caudal  angles  weakly  acute- 
angulate  produced,  fifth  and  sixth  with  these  angles  increasingly  jjroduced, 

'"  From  T£Tpa-aTtKTT]=four-spotted. 

-"  After  careful  consi<leration  of  the  descri|)t  ion  of  Xyclih(»-a  {[Icmitu/ctihnra) 
truncata,  we  feel  that  Kirby  is  unwarranted  in  elevating  IluniinyrHbora  to 
generic  rank  and  that  the  name  should  be  j)la('ed  in  synonymy  under  Nycti- 
bora. The  (!haracter  of  rechiced  organs  of  flight,  alone  given  as  a  basis  for 
that  name,  is  insufficient. 

TRANS.   AM.    ENT.    SOC,   XLVIU. 


172    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

dentate.  Supra-anal  plate  roundly  produced  between  cereal  bases,  showing 
a  weakly  triangular  tendency,  length  three-quarters  width  between  cerci. 
Cerci  more  compact  than  in  flying  species,  with  dorsal  surface  weakly  convex. 
Subgenital  plate  and  styles  of  the  general  type  characteristic  of  the  genus; 
sinistral  style  situated  proximad,  five  times  as  long  as  greatest  proximal 
width,  curving  along  margin  of  plate,  weakly  tapering  and  flattening  at  ai)ex; 
dextral  style  situated  distad,  heavier  and  shorter  than  sinistral  style,  similar 
but  enlarging  in  proximal  fifth,  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  greatest  width. 
Ventro-cephalic  margin  of  cephalic  femora  armed  with  (nine  to  thirteen) 
small  but  stout  spines,  terminating  in  three  spines,  elongate  in  increasing 
ratio  distad;  other  ventral  femoral  margins  well  supplied  with  heavy  spines, 
those  of  the  caudal  margins  much  more  elongate  than  those  of  the  cephalic 
margins.  Metatarsus  unarmed  ventrad,  four  proximal  tarsal  joints  supplied 
with  very  large  pulvilli.  Large  arolia  present  between  the  stout,  asym- 
metrical tarsal  claws. 

Allotype. —  9;  same  data  as  type,  but  taken  June  28,  1918, 
[Hebard  Collection.] 

Agrees  closely  with  male,  but  differing  in  thefcUowing  respects.  Interocular 
space  narrower,  hardly  one-fifth  as  wide  as  that  between  antennal  sockets. 
Pronotum  broader,  with  caudal  margin  even  more  decidedly  transverse, 
Tegmina  nearly  as  long  as  broad,  sharply  truncate  distad,  leaving  the  median 
segment  exposed.  Supra-anal  plate  larger,  minutely  rectangulate  emargin- 
ate  at  apex.     Subgenital  plate  large,  short,  unspecialized. 

General  coloration  shining  black,  tegmina  showing  a  faint  tinge  of  liver 
brown.  Male  with  fifth  and  sixth  alidominal  tergites  showing  a  large  sub- 
marginal  spot  proximad  on  each  side  of  vinaceous-rufous  or  ferruginous. 
Eyes  chestnut  brown.  Antennae  black  proximad,  russet  in  distal  portions. 
Limbs  showing  a  liver  brcwn  tinge  distad,  pulvilli  and  ventral  surface  of 
arolia  buffy.  In  the  female  and  immature  stages  the  dorsal  surface  of  the 
abdomen  is  unicclorous,  black.  In  immatures  the  head  and  cerci  are  deep 
bay. 

In  one  adult,  killed  before  having  become  thoroughly  hardened,  tlic  pro- 
notum is  liver  brown  darkened  caudad  and  latero-cephalad,  the  legmina 
ti'ansj)arent  hays  russet. 

Mca.s-  arc  men  Is  {i  n.  iiiilU  iiiiicr.s ) 

I0xi)<)se(l  Loiifitli  of 

LciiKth  of      l>('iiglli  of         Widtli  of  Iciifitli  of      Width  of     caudal 

hody  i)roiiotiini        pronotimi  tef?mon         tegmen        femur 

Tjipc 25  tJ.'J  its  7.4  7.1  7.3 

Par  a  types, 

(5) 21..-)-2(>  G.6-7.2^'  y.l)-10.4-'        7.4-7.8  7-7.2  7-7.2 

9 

Alluli/pc 24.. 5  7.2  10.8  7  7.0  7.2 

■•'^  liiese  measurements  are  for  t  he  specinu-n  noted  above,  wliirh  iiad  rec>'ii(  ly 
em(>rged  when  killed.  It  is  possible  that  (U)nsiderabl(i  pronotal  shrinkage 
might  still  have  occurred,  tiie  i)r()notum  being  notic<'abIy  larger  tlum  in  any 
olh^r  male  and  more  of  the  general  form  of  the  female  and  juveniles. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  173 

Specimens  Examined:    17;  6  males,  1  female,  10  immature  individuals. 
Rosario,  Sinaloa,  3  juv.   d^,  4  juv.    9- 

Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  VI,  28  to  VII,  22,  191S,  (J.  A.  Kusche),  0  d",  1  9,t!jpe, 
(lUutypc  and  paratypes,  1  large  juv.  cf ,  2  large  juv.   9  . 

BLATTINAE 

Neostylopyga  rhombifolia    (.Stoll) 

1813.  [lUiillu]  rhombifolia  Stoll,  Natuur.  Afbeeld.  Be.sehr.  Spooken  etc., 
Kakkerhikken,  p.  5,  register  p.  14,  pi.  Illd,  fig.  13.  [Apparently  an  im- 
mature female,  no  locality  given.] 

Rosario,  1  juv.  cT.  Mazatlan,  XII,  IG  to  31,  191G,  2  juv.  cf, 
4  juv.   9  .     Los  Mochis,  II,  2,  1918,  1  juv.   9  . 

We  have  previously  recorded  this  species  from  Escuiiiapa, 
Sinaloa. 

Periplaneta  americana    (Linnaeus) 

17.")8.     [Hliitta]  (imcrirana  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  X,  p.  424.     [America.] 
Rosario,  1    9.     Mazatlan,  XII,  IG  to  31,  191G,   14  d',  4   9, 
1  juv.   9  .     Los  Mochis,  I,  1  to  2,  1918,  1  cf ,  1  very  small  juv. 

Periplaneta  australasiae    (Fabricius) 

1775.  [Bldtta]  uudrahinidc  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.,  p.  271.  ["In  nave  e  mare 
Pacifico  et  regionibus  incognitis  revertente."] 

Mazatlan,  XII,  IG  to  31,  191G,  G  cf ,  1    9,1  juv.  d". 

PANCHLORINAE 

Pycnoscelus  surinamensis   (Linnaeus) 

1767.  [BUttta]  surinamttifiis  Linnaeus,  Syst.  Nat.,  Ed.  XII,  j).  687.  [Suri- 
nam.] 

Rosario,  1  9.  Mazatlan,  II,  21,  1918,  1  9  ;  XII,  IG  lo  31, 
191G,  81  9,  7  juv.  9.  Venvidio,  VI,  30  to  VIII,  1918,  119, 
Ijuv.    9.     Los  Mochis,  II,  2,  1918,  2    9. 

In  over  a  thousand  American  specimens  we  have  examined, 
no  males  have  l)een  found.  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis,  however,  has 
secured  a  single  male  from  the  colony  at  the  New  York  Zoological 
Park. 

It  would  appear  certain  that  the  species  is,  in  America,  almost 
always  parthenogenetic. 

Panchlora  cubensis   (Saussure) 

1862.  l'[anchlora\  cubensis  Saussure,  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  (2),  xiv,  p.  230. 
[  9 ,  Cuba.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  31  to  VIII,  10,  1918,  8  d^,  1   9. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


174    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

Panchlora  cahita  new  species     (Plate  VII,  figure  1.) 

This  handsome  insect  belongs  to  the  green  species  of  the 
genus,  with  antennae  showing  a  single  dark  annulus,  but  pro- 
notum  without  narrow  dark  lateral  lines. 

The  tegmina,  lacking  dots  and  lines,  and  heavier  limb  arma- 
ment, distinguish  it  from  P.  fraterna  Saussure  and  Zehntner, 
hyalina  Saussure  and  festae  Giglio-Tos.  In  this  it  agrees  only 
with  P.  acolhua  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  now  known  from  the 
States  of  Guerrero  and  Chiapas,  from  females  only.  The  present 
insect  is  separable  from  that  species  by  its  narrower  form  and 
much  narrower  tegy.ninal  marginal  field.  Males  of  acolhua  will 
probably  show  additional  features  of  difference. 

A  single  female  is  in  the  Academy  Collection  from  Guadala- 
jara, Jahsco,  taken  by  D.  L.  Crawford,  which  we  refer  to  the 
present  species  with  some  uncertainty.  It  is  readily  distin- 
guished from  the  female  of  acolhua  recorded  recently  by  us,-^  by 
the  characters  mentioned  above  and  the  more  strongly  bilobate 
supra-anal  plate. ^'^ 

Type. —  c?;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  August  18,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  761.] 

Size  medium,  form  broad  for  the  gemis.  Head  with  eyes  rather  narrow  in 
front;  considerably  narrower  than  in  P.  cubensis  Saussure;  separated  by  a 
moderately  broad  space,  slightly  over  half  the  occipital  ocular  depth. ^''  Pro- 
notum  broad  for  the  genus,  the  lateral  portions  not  clear,  transparent  but 
tinged  with  greenish,  the  marginal  field  filled  with  a  network  of  coarse,  opaque 
greenish  veinlets.^^  Supra-anal  plate  strongly  bilobate.  Cerci  small,  ex- 
tending very  slightly  beyond  the  apex  of  the  produced  supra-anal  plate, 
tapering  distad,  the  last  joint  flattened,  elongate-triangular,  witli  iipvx  sharply 
rounded.     Subgenital  plate  transverse,  asymmetrical,  the  sinistral  portion 

22  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xlvii,  p.  213,  (1921). 

-^  In  this  specimen  the  interocvdar  space  is  hazel,  the  face  mesad  and  dorsal 
margins  of  the  femora  suffused  with  chestnut  brown,  while  the  antennal 
annulus  occupies  sixteen  joints.  The  measurements  arc,  for  this  female: 
length  of  body,  23;  width  of  interocular  space,  1;  length  of  pronotum,  6.2; 
width  of  pronotum,  8.7;  length  of  tegmen,  21.8;  width  of  tegmen,  8;  width  of 
tegminal  marginal  field,  1.7  nun.  Additional  material  is  needed  to  determine 
whether  these  features  indicate  si)ecific  differentiation  or  are  due  only  to  indi- 
vidual variation. 

2'' Varying  in  the  series  from  slightly  less  to  decidedly  greater  than  half 
that  dimension. 

26  Varying  in  intensity  in  the  series  and  in  rare  examples  al)sent  from  the 
larger  port-ion  of  this  field. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  175 

roundly  produced  but  showing  a  slight  truncation,  so  that  its  free  margin  in 
large  part  coincides  with  that  of  the  sinistral  lobe  of  the  supra-anal  plate, 
this  production  with  surface  broadly  concave  and  hairy,  the  free  margin 
thence  transverse  to  the  dextral  style,  situated  at  the  dextral  base  of  the 
plate.  Styles  simple,  elongate,  cylindrical  and  similar,  situated  on  the  free 
margin  of  the  subgenital  jjlate  at  the  iimer  margin  of  the  cerci  and  equal  to 
half  the  length  of  the  exposed  portion  of  the  cercus  (or  slightly  more  elongate). 
Cephalic  femora  with  a  fringe  of  hairs  on  ventro-cephalic  margin,  other 
ventral  femoral  margins  with  a  single  heavy  and  moderately  elongate  distal 
spine,  except  caudal  margin  of  caudal  femora  which  bears  no  distal  spine. 
Large  jiulvilli  present  on  four  proximal  tarsal  joints.  Moderately  large 
arolia  present  between  the  symmetrical  tarsal  claws,  which  have  no  internal 
flange,  but  have  the  internal  margin  microscopically  serrulate. 

Dorsal  surface  rich  fiber  green,-'  fading  toward  hyaline  laterad  on  pro- 
notum,  in  tegminal  marginal  field  and  between  veins  distad  on  tegmina,  area 
between  mediastine  and  humeral  veins  often  very  slightly  yellowish.  Head 
ocher  red,  frequently  paling  to  buffy  on  face.  Eyes  blackish  brown.  An- 
tennae light  ochraceous-tawny,  with  a  blackish  brown  annulus  in  distal 
jiortion  including  five  (normal  in  series,  varying  to  nine)  joints.  Limbs  and 
abdomen  probably  green-yellow  in  life,  the  former  buffy  except  distad  in 
dried  material. 

The  measurements  of  the  type  are  given  first,  followed  by  the  extremes  in 
the  paratypic  males.  Length  of  body,  14.5,  13.2  to  lo.O;  length  of  jjronotum, 
4.9,  4.8  to  5.2;  width  of  pronotum,  6.3,  6.2  to  6.7;  length  of  tegmen,  17,  15.6 
to  17.3;  width  of  tegmen,  5.9,  5.7  to  6;  width  of  tegminal  marginal  field, 
1.1,  1  to  1.1  mm. 

In  ;i(klition  to  the  type,  a  scries  of  forty-seven  paratypic 
males  are  before  us,  bearing  the  same  data,  except  that  they 
were  taken  from  July  28  to  September  2,  1918. 

Panchlora   montezuma    Saussure  and  Zehntner 

1893.     Patichlora    viontezuma    Saussure    and    Z(>lintiicr,    Biol.    Ccnt.-.\mer., 
Orth.,  I,  I).  98.     [cf,    9  ;  Presidio  of  Mazatlan,  [Sinaloa,]  Mexico.] 

Villa  Union,  IX,  27,  1918,  7  d^,  2  9.  Venvidio,  VI,  10  to 
VIII,  12,  1918,  51  cf ,  14   9. 

The  original  description  is  apparently  carelessly  drawn  in 
some  respects.  The  interocular  space  in  males  before  us  is 
narrow,  varying  from  less  than  one-sixth  to  one-fifth  the  occipital 
ocular  depth.  The  antennae  are  blackish  brown,  becoming 
pale,  ochraceous-tawny,  mesad  and  at  the  tips,  rarely  the  meditm 
portion  is  also  dai'k,  while  occasionally  the  ])roximal  portion  is 

-'''  In  the  series  very  rarely  showing  a  very  minute,  stout  spine  mesad  on 
this  margin. 

^' A  deeper  green  than  in  cube>isiti  and  its  allies, 

TRANS.   AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


176    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

scarcely  darker  than  the  median  pale  portion.  The  pronotum 
is  immaculate  in  all  but  a  few  females,  where  a  pair  of  median 
flecks  of  brown  appear,  varying  froxn  subobsolete  to  distinctly 
indicated.  The  males  average  paler  with  pronotum  and  teg- 
mina  warm  l^uff,  the  former  often  showing  a  faint  greenish 
tinge.  The  darker  females  have  the  pronotum  largely  ochrace- 
ous-buff  tinged  with  tawny,  the  mesonotum  and  metanotum 
with  extensive  suffusions  and  all  but  narrow  periphery  of  ab- 
domen solidly  chestnut  brown,  this  showing  through,  particularly 
caudad  of  the  pronotal  disk  and  mesad  in  anal  fields  of  tegmina 
when  they  are  at  rest.  Two  flecks  of  dark  brown  are  found 
distad  on  each  tegmen,  these  are  very  greatly  reduced  but 
persist  even  in  the  males  of  maximum  recessive  coloration. 

Nauphoeta  cinerea   (Olivier) 

1789.     BItitin  cinerea  Olivier,   Encycl.   Method.,   Ins.,   iv,   p.   314.     [Adults 
and  juv.;  ''L'lle  de  France"  (=  Mauritius).] 

Rosario,  2  small  juv. 

CORYDIINAE 
Holocompsa  scotaea  new  species     (Plate  VII,  figures  2  to  5.) 

Closely  related  to  H.  nitidula  (Fabricius),  the  present  species 
differs  in  the  slightly  more  metallic  blue-black  general  colora- 
tion, solidly  darkened  transparent  portions  of  the  tegmina  and 
decidedly  less  contrast  in  coloration  between  the  sexes.  In 
scotaea  the  male  has  the  pronotum  dark,  with  small  areas  of 
tawny  latero-cephalad,  the  female  has  the  pronotum  dark, 
with  lateral  portions  ochraceous-tawny.  Recession  in  coloration 
apparently  results  in  the  pronotu.ai  of  females  being  sometimes 
ochraceous-tawny  laterad  and  cephalad,  the  dark  portion  re- 
duced to  a  roughly  triangular  area  meso-caudad,  occupying 
only  a  third  of  the  pronotal  surface. 

Tyiie. —  d^;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  June  24,  1918.  (J.  A. 
Kuschc.)     [Hcbard  Collection,  Type  no.  763.] 

Size  very  small,  slightly  larger  than  nitidula;  form  elliptical,  tegmina  and 
wings  projecting  slightly  beyond  apex  of  abdomen.  Head  fully  as  broad  as 
long,  eyes  very  widely  separated,  above  not  extending  inward  beyond  antcnnal 
V)ases;  ocelli  minute,  oval,  with  surfaces  convex;  occiput  supplied  with  minute 
hairs,  these  fewer  on  face,  which  shows  a  weak  vertical  linear  sulcus  mesad. 
Pronotum  as  in  nitidnla;  tliickly  sui)])lied  with  minute  procuinbcut  hairs  and 


MORGAN  HEBARD  177 

laterad  with  longer  erect  hairs.  Tegmina  proximad  opaque  and  thickly 
supplied  with  similar  hairs  bounded  by  a  nearly  straight,  oblique  line  from 
apex  of  anal  field  to  distal  portion  of  costal  margin;  remaining  portion  delicate, 
suffused  hyaline.  Wings  delicate,  hyalinC;  with  two  elongate,  adjacent, 
translucent  stigmata  at  costal  margin.  Cerci  with  (seven)  strongly  defined 
rounded  joints,  none  much  longer  than  broad,  tapering  to  acute  apex.  Supra- 
anal  plate  delicate,  sub-bilobate  in  caudal  outline.  Subgenital  plate  some- 
what asymmetrical,  bilobate,  with  two  very  small,  simple,  straight,  elongate, 
cylindrical  styles.  Limb  armament,  j)ulvini  and  arolia  as  characteristic  of 
the  genus. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type.     [Hebard  Collection.] 

Agrees  with  male  except  as  follows.  Size  larger,  form  broader,  with  t(>g- 
mina  and  wings  extending  to  apex  of  abdomen.  Ocelli  elliptical.  Supra-anal 
plate  more  chitinous,  half  as  long  as  width  between  cereal  bases,  produced 
between  these  and  broadly  rounding  to  the  broadly  transverse  distal  portion. 
Subgenital  plate  valvular,  as  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

The  coloration  of  this  species,  as  in  other  forms  of  the  genus,  affords  the 
specific  diagnostic  characters  of  greatest  importance.  Male.  Head  blackish 
brown,  mouthparts  paler.  Antennae  blackish  brown,  with  a  buffy  annulus 
distad,  which  occupies  three  to  four  joints.  Underparts  and  limbs  blackish 
brown,  the  latter  with  trochanters  and  joints  paler,  spines  ochraceous-tawny. 
Pronotum  black  with  a  weak  metallic  bluish  sheen,  proximo-lateral  portions 
narrowly  ochraceous-tawny  (in  a  male  paratype  this  extends  to  the  latero- 
caudal  angles).  Tegmina  in  proximal  portions  black  with  a  metallic  bluish 
sheen  (but  when  held  to  light  translucent  prout's  brown);  in  distal  portions 
transparent,  evenly  suffused  with  jirout's  brown.  Wings  with  stigmata 
translucent  prout's  brown,  remaining  portions  hyaline,  very  faintly  washed 
with  prout's  brown,  excejit  distal  portion  of  anterior  field  and  peripheral 
margin  of  radiate  field  where  they  are  suffused  with  this  color.  Dorsal 
surface  of  abdomen  and  cerci  shuiing  blackish  brown. 

Female.  Differing  from  the  male  in  color  only  as  follows.  Antennae  with  a 
l)uffy  anmdus  occupying  six  or  seven  joints.  Ochraceous-tawny  lateral  portions 
of  pronotum  extending  to  near  the  latero-raudal  angles,  in  one  recessive  speci- 
men more  orange  in  shade,  including  these  angles  and  leaving  only  the  meso- 
caudal  third  of  the  pronotum  black.  Tegmina  with  m(>tallic  bluish  sliecn  of 
proximal  portions  more  pronoimced. 

Measiu'cinctits  {in  millimctera) 

Length  of        Lengtli  of        Widtli  of  Length  of         Width  of 

-,  body  pronotum        pronotum  tognien  togmon 

O 

Type ."i.S  IS  2.2  4.9  2 

Paratype G       •  l.S  2.1  4.9  2 

9 

Allotype 7.2  2.2  2.8  5.8  2.7 

Paratypes  {Z) G-6.4  1.9-2  2.2-2.9  5.3-5.8  2.2-2.7 

In  addition  to  the  dcscril)ed  ])aii',  we  have  l)efore  us  one  male 
and  three  female  paratypes,  beariuj;'  llic  same  tlata. 

TKANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


178    DERMAPTEKA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

Coxnpsodes  schwarzi  (Caudell) 

1913.     Latindia  schwarzi  Caudell,   Proc.  Ent.  Soc.   Washington,   \,  p.   IGo. 
[c?;  Madero  Canyon,  Santa  Rita  Mountains,  Arizona.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  24  to  VIII,  10,  1918,  10  cf . 

These  specimens  are  all  decidedly  darker  than  any  others  we 
have  seen,  being  bister  to  very  dark  bister  in  general  coloration. 
This  intensification  of  coloration  may  be  ascribable  to  the  some- 
what less  arid  environment  in  which  this  series  was  probably 
secured. 

CALOBLATTA  Saussure 

1893.     Caloblatta  Saussure,  Societas  Entomol.,  p.  57. 

1893.     Caloblatta  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i,  p.  33. 

We  are  convinced  that  Saussure,  misled  by  a  certain  amount 
of  superficial  resemblance  to  Thyrsocera,  incorrectly  referred 
this  genus  to  the  Pseudomopinae. 

Through  differing  to  an  extreme  degree  in  wing  venation,  as 
well  as  in  pronotal  contour  and  in  other  less  important  features, 
nearest  relationship  is  apparently  with  that  section  of  the  Cory- 
diinae  which  includes  Hypnorna  and  its  allies. 

The  material  now  before  us,  when  compared  with  the  second, 
more  detailed,  description  of  Caloblatta,  differs  in  having  the 
caudal  margin  of  the  pronotum  very  broadly  convex,  showing 
scarcely. a  trace  of  any  "very  weak  median  production";  the 
veins  of  the  discoidal  field  of  the  tegmina  are  not  all  longitudinal, 
as  these  discoidal  sectors  become  weakly  oblique  toward  the 
sutural  margin,  while  weak  spines  are  present  on  all  the  ventral 
femoral  margins. 

We  here  select  the  Costa  Rican  C.  hicolor  Saussure  as  geno- 
type of  Caloblatta.  Examination  of  the  type  or  additional 
material,  we  believe,  will  show  the  species  described  below  to 
be  congeneric,  in  spite  of  the  apparently  important  differences 
noted  above. 

Caloblatta  lampra   new  si)ecies     (Plate  VII,  figures  6  and  7.) 

The  antennae  without  annuli  and  rich  ferruginous  i)ron()tum 
of  this  insect,  with  area  between  the  latero -caudal  sulci  of  the 
disk  suffused  with  carob  brown,  readily  distinguish  it  from  its 
nearest  relative,  C.  bicolor  Saussure,  described  fi'om  Costa  Rica. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  179 

Type. —  &;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.     July  6  to  12,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kuschc.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  764.] 

Size  large  for  this  group  of  small  insects,  form  slender.  Head  with  \\idth 
between  antennal  sockets  equal  to  three-quarters  of  the  interocular  width; 
interocular-ocellar  area  flattened,  shagreenous  and  with  irregular  shallow  im- 
pressions, this  area  forming  a  sharp  rectangle  with  the  dorsal  margins  of  the 
ocelli;  ocelli  large,  with  flat  surfaces  vertical.  Maxillary  palpi  rather  short,  en- 
larged fifth  joint  nearly  as  long  as  combined  length  of  second  and  third  joints, 
fourth  joint  two-thirds  as  long  as  third.  Antennae  setaceous,  the  setae 
slightly  longer  and  heavier  in  the  proximal,  moderately  incrassate  half.  Pro- 
notum  symmetrically  trapezoidal,  weakly  transverse,  latero-caudal  angles 
broadly  rounded,  latero-cephalic  angles  still  more  broadly  rounded,  cephalic 
and  caudal  margins  transverse,  very  broadly  convex;  latero-caudal  sulci  of 
disk  pronounced,  giving  the  intervening  area  a  greater  convexity.  Tegraina 
and  wings  fully  developed,  extending  slightly  beyond  cereal  apices.  Tegmina 
elongate,  subparallel  to  the  broadly  rounded  apex;  discoidal  sectors  weakly 
radiating,  so  that  those  toward  the  discoidal  vein  are  parallel  to  it,  those 
toward  the  sutural  margin  weakly  oblique  to  that  margin.  Wings  elongate 
and  rather  narrow,  radiate  field  folding  fan-wise;  numerous  (fourteen)  costal 
veins  thickened  to  near  bases,  unbranched  median  vein  connected  with  dis- 
coidal vein  by  a  number  of  transverse  vetnlets,  ulnar  vein  with  (two)  complete 
distal  and  several  irregular  incomplete  proximal  branches,  intercalated  tri- 
angle obsolete.  Dorsal  surface  of  abdomen^^  with  eighth  tergite  narrowly 
visible  except  laterad,  where  it  is  symmetrically  and  triangularly  produced 
and  folded  about  the  lateral  portions  of  the  base  of  the  subgenital  plate,  dorso- 
mesad  with  a  low  triangular  conical  projection,  the  preceding  (seventh) 
tergite  narrowly  visible  laterad  and  emarginate  to  the  caudal  margin  of  the 
sixth  tergite  mesad,  which  margin,  in  consequence,  is  adjacent  to  the  conical 
projection  of  the  eighth  tergite.  Supra-anal  plate  transverse,  broadly  and 
roundly  triangularly  produced  between  cereal  bases  with  distal  portion 
decurved.  Subgenital  plate  with  sinistral  margin  briefly  oblique  below  sin- 
istral cercus,  then  briefly  transverse  where  mesad  is  situated  the  sinistral 
style,  beyond  in  remaining  two-thirds  broadly  and  slightly  irregularly  angu- 
lato-convcx,  with  dextral  style  situated  at  apex.  Styles  small,  simple,  cylin- 
drical, unarmed;  the  sinistral  shghtly  tapering  and  very  weakly  decurved, 
slightly  over  twice  as  long  as  its  proximal  width;  the  dextral  scarcely  tapering, 
slightly  heavier  and  shorter,  but  otherwise  similar.  Limbs  slender.  Ventro- 
cei)halic  margin  of  cephaUc  femora  armed  with  large  but  delicate  s{)ines 
proximad,  succeeded  by  a  row  of  minute,  piliform  spines,  terminating  distad 
in  two  large  but  delicate  spines,  the  more  distal  of  which  is  the  longer  by  a 
third;  ventro-caudal  margin  unarmed  except  for  a  single  delicate  distal  spine. 
Other  femora  with  a  dehcate  genicular  spine  and  ventral  margins  armed  with 
a  similar  distal  and  one  to  three  other  smaller,  delicate  sjjines,  these  short  on 

-8  As  has  been  our  custom,  we  coimt  tlu;  ten  dorsal  alxloniinal  segments  as 
foHows;  median  segment,  first  to  eiglith  (ergites,  supra-anal  ])Iates. 

THAN.S.    .\.M.    K.NT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


180     DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

cephalic  margins,  longer  on  caudal  margins.  Small  distal  pulvilli  present  on 
the  four  proximal  tarsal  joints.  Small  arolia  present  between  the  bases  of 
the  delicate,  simple,  s>Tnmetrical  tarsal  claws. 

Head  and  palpi  blackish  brown,  ocelli  buffy.  Antennae  blackish  brown, 
shading  to  hazel  in  distal  fourth.  Pronotum  ferruginous,  suffused  with 
carob  brown  between  the  latero-caudal  sulci  of  the  disk,  this  forming  a  poorly 
defined,  short,  broad,  V-shaped  marking.  Tegmina  very  weakly  translucent, 
dull  carob  brown,  very  narrow  marginal  field  light  ochraceous-buff,  this  con- 
tinued along  costal  margin  but  narrowing  and  disappearing  toward  apex, 
sutural  margin  of  sinistral  tegmen  more  broadly  margined  with  ochraceous- 
buff  for  an  equal  distance.  In  some  specimens  these  marginal  areas  are 
weakly  suffused  with  tawny  and  are  about  equal  in  width.  Abdomen  and 
cerci  blackish  brown.  Limbs  part  pale  and  part  dark,  ochraceous-buff,  often 
tinged  with  tawny  or  blackish  brown;  ce]}halic  coxae  light  with  a  jn-oximal 
dark  fleck,  median  and  caudal  coxae  dark  in  nearly  all  of  proximal  half. 
Trochanters  and  over  proximal  half  of  cephalic  femora  pale,  remaining  por- 
tions dark;  median  and  caudal  femora  similar  but  with  less  than  proximal 
half  pale.     Tibiae  and  tarsi  dark,  spines  ochraceous-buff  tinged  with  tawny. 

The  measurements  of  the  tjp^  are  given  first.  Length  of  body, 
10.5,  9.2  to  10.9;  length  of  pronotum,  2.9,  2.7  to  2.9;  width  of  pronotum, 
3.3,  3  to  3.3;  length  of  tegmen,  10.  9  to  10.3;  width  of  tegmen,  3,  2.8  to  3.1  mm. 

In  addition  to  the  type,  a  series  of  five  male  paratypes,  Ijearing 
the  same  data  but  taken  June  24  to  July,  12,  1918,  are  before  us. 

OXYHALOINAE 
Chorisoneura  anisoura-"  new  species     (Plate  VII,  figure  8.) 

Belonging  to  the  Pellucida  Group, ^^  the  present  species  is 
smaller,  with  tegmina  less  elongate  than  the  previously  known 
forms.  In  addition,  the  asymmetrical  specialization  of  the 
male  styles  is  of  a  type  hitherto  unknown. 

Type. —  cf;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  July  28  to  August  1, 
1918.     (J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  765.] 

Size  medium  large  for  the  genus,  decidedly  smaller  than  in  C.  pellucida 
Saussure;  form  depressed,  in  outline  elliptico-ovoid.  Head  broad,  decidedly 
depressed;  from  the  dorsum  the  occii)ut  and  cephalic  half  of  the  eyes  arc  seen 
to  be  exposed,  occipital  outline  truncate,  the  eyes  not  projecting  beyond  the 
interocular  area;  interocular  space  broad,  one  and  one-third  times  occipital 
ocular  depth,  nearly  four-fifths  as  wide  as  width  between  antennal  sockets. 
Maxillary  palpi  with  fourth  joint  three-quarters  as  long  as  the  elongate  third 
joint,  fifth  joint  slightly  shorter  than  fourth.     Pronotum  transverse  elliptical, 

2^  From  avtair^  -f-  oupd,  in  allusion  to  the  remarkably  unequal  styles  of 
the  male  subgenital  plate. 

»» Erected  and  discussed,  Mem.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  no.  4,  p.  128,  (1920). 


MORGAN  HEBARD  181 

with  lateral  portions  broad,  as  is  characteristic  of  this  group  of  Chorisoneura. 
Teginina  elongate,  though  not  as  elongate  or  as  acute  at  apex  as  in  pellucida, 
extending  to  apices  of  cerci;  marginal  field  very  broad,  apex  sharph'  rounded, 
moderately  acute;  discoidal  vein  with  numerous  branches  and  false  nervures 
toward  costal  margin,  discoidal  sectors  (fourteen,  counting  the  numerous 
supplementary  branches)  oblique.  Wings  with  intercalated  triangle  acute- 
angulate  proximad,  numerous  costal  veins  heavily  and  briefly  clubbed  distad ; 
discoidal  and  median  veins  connected  by  transverse  veinlets;  ulnar  vein 
branching  distad.  Sixth  dorsal  abdominal  segment  with  a  very  large,  round, 
slightly  impressed  area  mesad,  its  surface  well  supplied  with  minute,  micro- 
scopic, procumbent  hairs.  Supra-anal  plate  nearly  one-third  as  long  as 
basal  width,  triangularly  produced  between  cerci  with  apex  truncate,  sub- 
bilobate.  Subgenital  plate  as>anmetrical  (see  plate  VII,  figure  8);  sinistral 
style  situated  slightly  sinistrad  of  median  point,  a  deeply  inset  broad  lobe 
with  apex  rounded, ^^  upon  dissection  its  internal  surface  is  seen  to  be  concave, 
its  margins  free  except  sinistrad,  these  margins  proximad  and  dextrad  fringed 
with  very  minute,  nearly  procumbent,  chaetiform  spines;  dextral  style  dex- 
trad of  and  touching  the  dextral  margin  of  the  sinistral  style,  considerably 
more  produced  caudad,  a  finger-like  process,  bent  mesad  with  distal  half 
directed  caudad,  the  apex  shghtly  thickened  with  margin  rounded,  upon 
dissection  its  internal  surface  is  seen  to  be  concave;'-  the  internal  surface  of 
the  plate  is  also  deeply  concave  toward  the  sinistral  and  dextral  margins, 
these  marginal  portions  separated  from  the  remaining  broadly  concave 
surface  by  decided,  lamellate,  somewhat  irregular  ridges.  Limb  armament, 
pulvilli,  tarsal  claws  and  arolia  as  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

Head  with  vertex  ochraceous-bufl",  shading  to  ochraceous-tawny,  this 
extending  to  just  before  narrowest  point  between  eyes,  where  it  is  in  abrupt 
contrast  with  the  light  buff  inter-ocular-ocellar  area.  In  this  intersection  are 
two  (often  obscured)  dots  of  prout's  brown.''  Antennae,  remaining  portions 
of  face  and  palpi  warm  buff.  Pronotum  with  hexagonal  disk  ochraceous- 
buff  very  faintly  tinged  with  tawny,  lateral  portions  transparent  showing  a 
very  faint  brownish  buffy  tint.  Scutellum  with  a  moderately  large  median 
dot  of  light  buff.  Tegmina  with  marginal  and  external  two-thirds  of  scapular 
fields  as  lateral  portions  of  pronotum,  remaining  portions  with  veins  and 
veinlets  buffy,  the  remaining  portions  transparent  tinged  with  ochraceous- 
tawny.     Wings   transparent  washed  weakly  with    ochraceous-tawnj',    this 

21  Giving  the  appearance  of  the  apical  portion  of  the  plate,  separated  from 
the  other  portions  by  a  suture. 

'^  In  the  series  slight  irregularities  in  the  contour  of  the  lobifonn  sinistral 
and  finger-like  dextral  style  is  shown,  their  general  tj'pe  remaining,  however, 
the  same. 

''The  whitish  area  is  immaculate  in  the  type,  but  in  the  majority  of  the 
series  two  similar,  but  much  more  widely  separated,  dots  of  prout's  brown 
are  found  just  below,  and  in  some  individuals  two  more  similar  dots  occur 
just  below  these,  still  more  widely  separated  and  touching  the  margins  of 
the  eyes. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


182    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

more  decided  in  area  of  costal  veins  and  distad  in  anterior  radiate  fields. 
Ventral  surface  and  limbs  translucent  ochraceous-buff,  the  sternites  heavily 
suffused  with  opaque  light  buff. 

In  coloration  this  species  apjiarently  closely  resembles  pdlucida.  It  is  the 
same  generally  as  in  C.  panainae  Hebard,  which  species  is,  however,  more 
richly  colored  with  pronotal  disk  not  unicolorous  and  showing  other  minor 
differences. 

The  measurements  of  the  type  are  given  first.  Length  of  body,  9.4,  9  to 
9.7;  length  of  pronotum,  2.2,  2  to  2.2;  width  of  pronotum,  3.4,  3.2  to  3.4; 
length  of  tegmen,  9,  8.7  to  9.5;  width  of  tegmen,  3,  2.9  to  3.1  mm. 

In  addition  to  the  type,  a  series  of  six  male  paratypes,  bearing 
the  same  data  but  taken  from  June  30  to  August  6,  1918,  has 
been  exa.aiined. 

Chorisoneura  flavipennis  Saussure  and  Zehntner 

1893.  Chorifioucura  flnripennis  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer., 
Orth.,  I,  p.  81,  pi.  n,  fig.  21.     [cT;  Atoyac,  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  30  to  IX,  2,  1918,  17  cT",  2   9  . 

These  specimens  appear  to  agree  in  all  important  respects 
with  material  recorded  fro;m  Guatemala  and  Costa  Rica,^^  at 
which  tixne  the  Flavipennis  Group  was  proposed  and  C.  fusci- 
pennis  Hebard  co.aipared  with  the  present  species.  Both  these 
species  have  the  median  portion  of  the  plate  between  the  bases 
of  the  styles  produced  dextrad  in  a  small,  stout  spine,  which 
curves  caudad.  The  styles  in  flavvpennis  are  broader  and  more 
lamellate. 

The  species  is  very  plainly  colored,  the  head  immaculate^^ 
and  the  general  tone  of  coloration  more  reddish  than  in  C. 
translucida  Saussure  and  its  allies. 

Mantidae 
eremiaphilinae 

Mantoida  maya  Saussure  and  Zehntner 

1894.  Mantoida  maya  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Ortli.,  i, 
p.  12,5,  1)1.  n,  figs.  26  and  27.     [  9  ;  Temax,  Yucatan,  [Mexico].] 

Venvidio,  VII,  6  to  IX,  2,  1918,  12  d^. 

This  series  averages  larger  than  the  only  other  males  we 
have  seen,  one  from  Panama,  the  other  from  ('olombia.     Careful 

^"Mem.  Anier.  Ent.  Sue,  no.  4,  p.  131,  (1920). 

'^  In  the  majority  of  the  series  th(»  intcrociilar  area  is  unicolorous.  In  a 
few  specimens,  however,  there  is  n  very  weak  indication  of  a  broad,  very 
slightly  darker,  band. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  183 

examination  fails  to  reveal  other  features  of  diagnostic  value, 
however,  and  we  believe  that  these  all  represent  the  same  species. 

In  the  material  here  recorded  the  pair  of  heavy  dark  bands 
on  the  occiput  vary  in  intensity.  In  some  these  bands  are 
obsolete  on  the  pronotum,  but  in  the  majority  of  specimens 
they  heavily  suffuse  all  of  the  lateral  portions  of  the  pronotum 
on  each  side.  In  this  series  the  cephalic  coxae  are  buffy,  the 
median  and  caudal  limbs  more  reddish.  The  cephalic  tro- 
chanters, proximo-internal  portion  of  the  cephalic  femora  and 
external  surface  of  the  same  are  conspicuously  darkened  to 
varying  degrees,  the  external  surface  of  the  cephalic  tibiae  but 
slightly  paler.  The  tarsi  are  sometimes  unicolorous,  sometimes 
darkened  at  the  apices  of  the  joints. 

Each  series,  of  the  four  from  widely  separated  localities  before 
us,  representing  may  a,  shows  certain  color  differences  and 
those  noted  here,  which  do  not  all  agree  with  the  type,  un- 
doubtedly constitute  only  local  color  adaptations  of  no  specific 
or  racial  significance. 

Length  of  body,  16  to  17.7;  length  of  antenna,  24.5  to  25.7; 
length  of  pronotum,  2.3  to  2.3;  width  of  pronotum,  2.1  to  2.2; 
length  of  tegmen,  16.2  to  16.7;  length  of  caudal  femur,  5.7  to 
6.3  nun. 

AMELINAE 

Yersinia  mexicana   (Saussure) 

1859.     A[c(t)i{h<)ij.'i]  inexicanus  Saussure,  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  (2),  xi,  p.  00. 
[cf  (nee  larva);  [Michoacan,]  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  VIII,  2  to  IX,  2,  1918,  12  d',  5  9  .  Villa  Union,  II, 
21  and  IX,  27,  1918,  1  cT",  1    9. 

This  handsome  species  was  subsequently  fully  descrilied  by 
Saussure.''^  The  specimens  before  us  are  all  brown,  some  pale 
and  immaculate,  others  variable,  darker  with  flecks  of  dark 
brown.  The  cephalic  coxae  are  sometimes  immaculate,  but 
usually  have  a  row  of  dark  flecks  on  the  dorso-internal  margin 
and  rarely  a  dark  suft'usion  distad.  The  cephalic  femora  are 
rarely  immaculate,  usually  having  on  the  internal  surface  a 
large,  shining,  roughly  sriuare,  black  mai'kitig  al  the  unguicular 

3«  Mem.  I'Hist.  Xut.  Mex.,  iv,  Mantules,  j).  «)<),  pi.  i,  li^.-^.  1  i,  14a  and  15, 
(1871). 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVUI. 


184    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

sulcus  and  a  smaller  similar  marking  in  the  area  of  the  femoral 
brush.  The  great  variation  exhibited  in  these  features  shows 
the  folly  of  attempting  to  separate  as  species,,  individuals  of  the 
Mantidae  differing  only  in  such,  or  analogous,  color  characters. 
Though  previously  known  only  from  the  originally  described 
material,  there  are,  in  addition,  in  the  author's  collection  a  male 
from  Aguascalientes,  taken  in  November,  1887,  by  L.  Bruner, 
and  two  females,  one  from  Rio  Cocula,  Guerrero,  the  other 
from  Tepic.  This  male  has  the  eyes  slightly  more  acute,  with 
their  dorsal  margins  slightly  ascending,  so  that  the  head  does 
not  appear  as  nearly  transverse  dorsad  as  in  the  Sinaloa  series. 
This  we  beheve  to  be  wholly  attributable  to  individual  variation, 
though  large  series  may  prove  geographic  racial  differentiation. 

OLIGONICINAE 
Oligonicella  mexicana  (Saussure  and  Zehntner) 

1894.  Oligonyx  mexicanus  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-.\nier.,  Orth., 
I,  p.  172,  pi.  IX,  figs.  13  to  15.  [o^:  Presidio  [of  Mazatlan,  Sinaloa],  Mexico; 
Cubulco,  Vera  Paz,  Guatemala.] 

1894.  Oligonyx  toltecus  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Ainer.,  Orth.,  i. 
p.  175.     [  9  ;  Chilpancingo,  Guerrero,  Mexico.] 

At  the  time  toltecus  was  descril)ed,  the  authors  noted  the 
possibility  of  its  representing  the  opposite  sex  of  mexicanus. ^'^ 

Venvidio,  VI,  16  to  IX,  2,  1918,  14  cf,  1  9.  Los  Mochis, 
XII,  1917  and  I,  1  to  2,  1918,  3  c^. 

A  pair  of  this  species  from  Tepic  is  also  in  the  collection  of 
the  author. 

The  measurements  of  the  extre.mes  in  the  present  series  are: 
length  of  body,  d^  37  to  42.7,  9  '**  37.2  to  44.8;  length  of  pronotum, 
cf  9  to  10.7,  9  11.3  to  14;  greatest  width  of  pronotum,  d"  1.9 
to  2,  9  2.2  to  2.4;  length  of  tegmen,  d  20  to  22;  length  of 
supra-anal  plate,  cf  1.7  to  1.7,  9  2.1  to  2.2;  length  of  cephalic 
femur,  d  6.4  to  7.8,   9  8.1  to  9.3  mm. 

^'  Saussure  and  Zehntner  give  3.2  mm.  as  the  length  of  the  supra-anal 
plate  for  toltecus.  This  is  either  in  error  or  very  deci(l(Ml  individual  variation 
occurs,  as  wo  have  found  (o  he  (rue  of  feiiKiles  of  ccrtniii  oilier  species  of  (his 
groui). 

•*•* 'I'he  largei'  female  is  fioin  \'ciividio. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  185 

Oligonicella  tessellata  (Saussure  and  Zehntner) 

1S04.     Olir/oHij.r  tisscUatus  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth., 
I,  p.  174,  pi.  IX,  figs.  26  to  31.     [cf ;  Omilteme,  Guerrero,  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  16  to  VII,  22,  1918,  4  cf . 

The  variation  shown  by  the  present  series  might  indicate 
the  synonymy  of  this  name  under  0.  punctulatus  (Saussure  and 
Zehntner),  described  from  Dos  Arroyos,  Guerrero,  Mexico.  If 
the  figures  are  correct,  however,  punctukUa  is  a  decidedly  more 
slender  insect. 

jVIeasurements  of  males:  length  of  body,  26  to  28.9;  length 
of  pronotum,  5.2  to  6;  greatest  pronotal  width,  2.2  to  2.6;  length 
of  tegmen,  18  to  19.6;  greatest  width  of  tegmen,  5.2  to  5.8; 
length  of  cephalic  femur,  5.3  to  6  mm. 

An  immature  female  from  Sierra  Laguna,  Baja  California,  is 
also  in  the  author's  collection. 

MELLIERINAE 

Melliera  atopogamia  Saussure 

lS',t2.     Melliera    alopcgamin    Saussure,    Sociotas    EntomoL,    vii,    p.    123. 
[cf,    9  ;  Sinaloa,  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  VII,  6  to  VIII,  1,  1918,  3  d^.  Los  Mochis,  XII,  29, 
1917,  2  d". 

This  remarka]:)le  species  has  su])sequcntly  been  fully  described 
and  both  sexes  figured  by  Saussure  and  Zehntner,^^  who  recorded 
additional  material  from  San  Isidro,  Guatemala  and  Chontales, 
Nicaragua. 

MANTINAE 

Stagmomantls  tolteca   (Saussure) 

1861.      Mdiifis  (Stfu/nintopte.ra)  toltira  Saussure,  Rev.  et  Majf.  de  Zool.,     (2), 
XIII,  p.  127.     [[9],  "Mexico  calida."] 

Venvido,  VII,  28  to  VIII,  10,  1918,  5  cf .  Los  Mochis,  XII, 
28,  1917,  1  large  juv.  cf. 

The  proportionately  more  slender  pronotal  shaft  is  the  most 
conspicuous  feature  to  separate  males  of  the  present  series  from 
males  of  the  very  closely  related  »S.  Carolina  (Johannson),  from 
the  eastern  United  States. 

'=  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i,  i).  14<J,  pi.  vii,  fiffures  7  and  8,  (1894). 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


186    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

Careful  comparison  of  large  series  of  these  species  will  have  to 
be  made  before  the  best  diagnostic  characters  can  be  tabulated. 
We  are  satisfied  that  distinct  species  are  represented,  but  so 
close  are  they  that  apparent  features  of  difference  between 
individual  series  may  not  be  as  useful  as  they  seem,  when  com- 
parison is  made  with  still  other  series. 

Stagmomantis  limbata  (Hahn) 

"1836.   Maidia  limhata  Hahn,"  Icones  Orth.  i,  pi.  A,  gen.  Mantis,  fig.  2."  [Mex- 
ico.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  24,  to  IX,  2,  1918,  30  cf .  Mazatlan,  XII,  28, 
1916,  1  9  .  Los  Mochis,  XII,  2  to  29,  1917,  3  d',  1  9  .  Villa 
Union,  IX,  27,  1918,  1    9  . 

This  series  shows  considerable  size  and  color  variation.  The 
majority  of  the  males  and  all  of  the  females  have  the  cephalic 
femora  immaculate.  In  the  other  males  these  members  have 
three  broad,  transverse  bands  of  darker  shade,  which  are  very 
decided  in  the  individuals  which  have  head,  pronotum  and 
limbs  brown  instead  of  green.  The  males  have  the  tegminal 
marginal  field  opaque,  usually  solid  green,  sometimes  this  is 
narrowly  bordered  proximad  at  the  mediastine  vein  with  white, 
while  in  one  brown  male  the  entire  field  is  white  tinged  with 
yellowish  green,  in  another  brown  male  it  is  entirely  white. 
In  all  the  abdomen  is  immaculate  dorsad.  The  males  have,  at 
the  stigma  of  the  tegmina,  a  small  blotch  of  translucent  sepia, 
this  reduced  to  very  small  size  in  a  few  specimens  and  obsolete 
in  one.  In  this  sex  the  transparent  wings  are  marked  with 
numerous  paired  flecks  of  translucent  sepia  in  the  caudal  portion 
of  the  radiate  field. 

The  extremes  in  size  are  shown  !)y  the  foHowing  niensuronients  (in  niilli- 
ineters). 


Width  of 

Widtli  of 

Length  of 

Lengtli  of 

pronolal 

Length  of 

marginal 

body 

pronotum 

supra-coxal 
expansion 

ti'gnien 

fiekl  of 
teg  men 

& 

Venvidio  (30)..  . 

...   46-59.8 

15-19.8 

3.2-4.1 

33.9-i2.8 

2.1-2.8 

Los  Mochis 

. ..   46-50 

14.7-16.4 

3.1-3.6 

32-36.4 

2.1-2.3 

9 

Mazatlan 

...       53. .3 

20 

5.1 

24.7 

3.7 

Los  Mochis 

. ..       43 

15.9 

4.2 

20 

2  .2 

Villa  Union 

...       53.7 

19.9 

5.2 

25.9 

3.8 

MORGAN  HEBARD  187 

In  addition  to  the  material  from  the  collection  under  con- 
sideration, we  have  examined  2  cf,  1  9  ,  from  San  Pedro  Martir, 
Baja  California;  1  cT,  Sierra  el  Taste,  Baja  California,  and  3  c^, 
11    9  ,  from  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Baja  California. 

Stagmomantis  colorata  new  species     (Plate  VII,  figure  9.) 

Nearest  relationship  is  apparently  with  S.  calif  or  nica  Rehn 
and  Hebard,^°  agreement  being  found  in  the  type  of  the  male 
stigma,  the  l)anded  abdomen, ^^  features  of  the  supra-anal  and 
subgenital  plates  and  female  head  and  tegmina.  The  much 
larger  size,  opaque,  unicolorous  and  gradually  narrowing  mar- 
ginal field  of  the  male  tegmina  and  other  less  striking  features 
serve  to  separate  these  species. 

At  first  glance  individuals  of  colorata  somewhat  resemble 
large  individuals  of  *S.  limbata  (Hahn).  Males  are  quickly 
distinguished  by  their  larger  size,  costal  margin  of  tegmina  which 
is  proportionately  narrower  proximad  and  narrows  much  more 
gradually,  proximal  al)dominal  tergites  the  blackish  brown 
caudal  portions  of  which  form  l)road  and  striking  transverse 
bands,  tegmina  which  lack  stigmal  markings  and  wings  which 
are  entirely  suffused  with  dark  brown  except  for  irregular  pale 
patches  in  the  anterior  field,  particularly  distad,  and  the  colorless 
transverse  veinlets  of  the  radiate  field. 

The  single  female  before  us  has  the  appearance  of  a  gigantic 
female  of  S.  Carolina  (Johannson),  but  the  facial  scutellum  is  as 
high  as  in  this  sex  of  limbata  and  the  pronotal  shaft  is  more 
strongly  medio-longitudinally  carinate.  This  specimen  is  very 
dark,  the  stigmal  smooth  area  even  darker  than  the  other  por- 
tions of  the  tegmina  and  the  transverse  bars  on  the  proximal 
abdominal  tergites  very  broad,  but  showing  by  no  means  as 
great  color  contrast  as  in  the  males. 

In  both  sexes  the. spines  of  the  cephalic  coxae  are  pale,  while 
the  ephalic  femora  have  a  small  fleck  of  blackish  brown  at  the 
unguicular  sulcus. 

■'"One  male  from  Sierra  el  Taste,  Baja  California  and  throe  males  from 
San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Baja  California  are  before  us.  These  represent  the  first 
records  of  califortdca  from  outside  the  United  States. 

^'  In  the  green  phase  of  californica  the  cephalic  tarsal  joints  show  distad 
on  their  internal  surfaces  only  weak  suffusions  of  brown,  though  in  the 
brown  phase  these  arc  as  strong  as  in  th(>  individuals  of  colorata  before  us, 
all  of  the  latter  representing  the  brown  phase. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.   SOC,   XLVUI. 


188    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

Type. — d^ ;  Villa  Union,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  Septeml)ei-  27, 
1918.     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  865.] 

Size  large,  form  elongate.  Head  as  in  limbata,  except  that  the  dorsal 
angle  of  the  facial  scutellum  is  evenly  rounded,  not  bilobate.  Pronotum 
with  lateral  margins  smooth,  except  on  collar  where  they  are  very  feebly 
sub-denticulate;  supra-coxal  expansion  moderate,  as  in  limbata;  shaft  with 
a  decided  medic-longitudinal  carina.  Tegmina  with  marginal  field  opaque, 
rather  narrow  and  narrowing  very  gradually  and  evenly  from  proximal  jioint 
of  greatest  width,  stigma  neither  defined  in  color  nor  with  an  adjacent  suf- 
fusion. Abdomen  with  proximal  tergites  dark  distad,  forming  broad  bands. 
Supra-anal  plate  transverse,  weakly  chitinous  toward  the  broadly  convex 
free  margin.  Concealed  genitalia  apparently  as  in  limbata,  except  that  the 
heavy  spine  of  the  ventral  lobe,  similarly  directed  dextro-proximad,  is  de- 
cidedly more  elongate.  Subgenital  plate  truncate  distad,  with  a  minute 
median  angulate  emargination,  so  that,  unlike  limbata,  each  style  surmounts 
a  small  rotundato-truncate  lobe;  these  lobes  are  symmetrical,  the  dextral 
narrower  but  projecting  further  than  the  sinistral.  Cephalic  coxae  reaching 
to  proximal  third  of  pronotal  shaft,  cephalic  margin  armed  with  (six  to  nine 
in  the  series)  small,  bluntly  rounded  spinulae,  between  which  are  irregularly 
scattered  a  few  very  minute  tuberculations.  Caudal  metatarsus  shorter 
than  combined  length  of  succeeding  joints. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  August  28,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection.] 

Size  very  large,  form  elongate  for  this  sex  of  Stag»io)nantis,  though  much 
heavier  than  male.  Head  much  as  in  this  sex  of  limbnta,  except  that  the 
occiput  is  more  elevated,  with  vertical  impressions  more  prominent  and  dorsal 
outline  between  juxta-ocular  portions  showing  even  weaker  convexity,  while 
the  facial  scutellum  is  very  slightly  higher.^-  Pronotum  with  lateral  margins 
finely  denticulate  on  collar,  this  becoming  much  weaker  on  shaft;  supra- 
coxal  expansion  slightly  greater  than  in  females  of  limbata  and  narrowing 
more  rapidly  caudad,  sulci  and  carina  stronger  than  in  male.  Organs  of 
flight  reduced,  covering  slightly  more  than  proximal  half  of  abdomen.  Teg- 
mina opaque,  stigma  indicated  by  a  smooth  oval,  longitudinal  area,  (;ostal 
margin  comparatively  narrow  and  narrowing  very  gradually  distad.  Hands 
of  proximal  abdominal  tergites  broader,  but  less  conspicuous,  than  in  ninlc 
Cephalic;  coxae  reaching  to  near  caudal  extremity  of  i)ronotal  sluift,  (;cphiilic 
margin  armed  witli  (eight  and  eleven)  spinulae,  which  are  slightly  heavier 
than  in  male  but  of  the  same  type,  between  wliicli  arc  irregularly  scattered  a 
larger  number  of  very  small  s[)inulae. 

Coloration.  Male.  Head,  pronotum  and  body  light  hrowii.  Cephalic 
femora  with  a  small  blackish  brown  fleck  at  unguicular  sulcus;  external 
surfaces  oft-eti  showing  three  very  broad  transverse  bands  of   (individually 

*2  The  difference  in  this  respect  is  so  slight  lliat  it  will  prohably  l>c  IduikI  lo 
have  little  or  no  diagnostic  value. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  189 

varying  shades  of)  brown.  Cephalic  tarsal  joints  each  marked  distad,  on 
internal  surface,  with  a  heavy  fleck  of  blackish  brown"".  Median  and  caudal 
limbs  light  green  or  brown.  Abdomen  always  with  proximal  tergites  shining 
and  each  heavily  blackish  brown  distad,  this  forming  very  conspicuous 
broad,  transverse  bands.  Tegminal  marginal  field  opaque,  light  green; 
remaining  portions  transparent,  colorless  except  for  scattered  flecks  of  brown 
l)roximad  and  much  more  numerous,  fusing,  similar  suffusions  toward  the 
marginal  field.  Wings  with  anterior  field  transparent,  colorless  with  brown 
flecks  distad,  which  fuse  proximad,  leaving  only  irregular  paler  yellowish  brown 
patches  between;  radiate  field  transparent,  metalUc  purplish-black,  with 
minute,  transverse  veinlets  pale,  and  a  paler  pinkish  area  at  base. 

In  a  very  recessive  pa^at}^^e  from  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  the  tegmina  show- 
no  brown  suffusions,  but  the  wings  and  abdomen  are  as  strikingly  colored  as 
in  the  type. 

Female.  Brown  phase.  Markings  of  cephalic  femora  and  tarsi  as  in 
males,  abdominal  bands  broader  but  much  less  contrasting,  bister.  Tegmina 
opaque,  bone-brown;  stigma  shining  and  still  darker. 

Measurements  (in  millimeters) 

Width  of 

pronotal    Length  of  Width  of 

Length  of   Length  of     supra-       pronotal     Length  of   tegminal 
body        pronotum      coxal  shaft  tegmen      marginal 

expansion  field 

cf 

Villa  Union,  ?(//JC..  ..  09. 5  22.7  4.2  17.4  44.7  2.2 

Tepic,  paratypr 58  20.3  4.2  1.5.7  46  2.2 

Tepic,  paratype 61  20.2  4.2  1.5.4  44  2.4 

San  Jose  del  Cabo, 

paratype 66  21.7  4.4  16.8  50.2  2.4 

9 

Venvidio,  c//o?!/pc.  ..   8.3.5  30.7  7.7  22.9  29  2.8 

In  addition  to  the  descril^ed  pair,  two  paratypic  males  from 
Tepic,  a  paratypic  male  from  San  Jo.se  del  Cal)0,  Baja  California, 
and  three  large  immature  individuals  (two  males  and  one  fe- 
male) from  Vcnvidio,  Sinaloa,  taken  August  18  and  28,  1918. 
by  J.  A.  Kusche,  are  in  the  author's  collection. 

EPAPHRODITINAE 
Acanthops  bidens  new  species     (Plate  VII,  figures  10  and  11.) 

This  handsome  species  is  readily  distinguished  by  the  dentate 
production  of  each  juxta-ocular  area  of  the  occiput.  It  is  appar- 
ently nearest  the  Honduran  A .  godmani  Saussure  and  Zehntner, 

*^  In  species  of  Stagmomantis  such  marking  often  disappears  in  specimens 
of  strong  recessive  coloration.  This  character  is,  therefore,  of  highly  uncertain 
specific  diagnostic  value,  and  Giglio-Tos'  recent  use  of  it  in  that  sense  has 
probably  resulted  in  the  erection  of  one  or  more  sjiion^nns. 

TRANS.    AM.   ENT.   SOC,    XLVIII. 


190    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

differing  further  in  the  proportionately  shorter  pronotum  and 
tegmina  which  are  moderately,  though  not  greatly,  produced  at 
their  apices.  Like  in  godmani,  the  apices  of  the  wings  alone 
are  darkened,  while  the  lateral  productions  of  the  abdominal 
tergites  are  very  similar.  The  female  sex  of  these  species  is 
unknown. 

Type.- — cf  ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  July  28  to  August  1, 
1918.     (J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  866.] 

Size  medium,  form  normal  for  the  genus.  Head  with  juxta-ocular  por- 
tions of  occiput  each  produced  dorsad  in  a  small  blunt  tooth;  ocelli  large 
and  approximate,  forming  a  triangle  slightly  broader  than  deep,  above  which 
there  is  a  fine  but  distinct  carina,  this  carina  forming  an  obtuse-angle  dorsad ; 
facial  scutelknn  with  depth  about  two-fifths  its  width,  dorsal  margin  finely 
carinate  and  with  a  small,  projecting  tubercle  on  each  side  of  the  median 
ocellus.  Pronotum  of  normal  form  for  genus;  surface  with  a  few  minute 
irregular,  scattered  tubercles,  particularly  cejihalad,  and  with  a  pair  of  much 
larger  tubercles  just  before  caudal  margin.  Tegmina  and  wings  fully  de- 
veloped, the  former  transparent  in  greater  portion  of  discoidal  and  anal 
fields,  elsewhere  suffused;  costal  margin  twice  strongly  convex,  mesad  strongly 
concave,  distad  weakly  concave  to  the  rounded  produced  apex,  which  portion 
is  slightly  longer  than  broad.  Wings  with  distal  portion  heavily  suffused, 
elsewhere  transparent  with  obscure  flecks;  the  apices  briefly  produced  and 
founded.  Abdomen  with  fourth  tergite  produced  on  each  side  in  a  large, 
roughly  quadrate,  lamellate  lobe,  with  its  distal  and  caudal  margins  irregu- 
larly serrate;  fifth  tergite  with  a  smaller,  but  similarly  specialized,  triangular 
lobe,  this  tergite  narrowing  strongly  caudad;  the  succeeding  tergites  much 
narrower,  with  lateral  margins  terminating  caudad  in  a  minute  tubercle  on 
each  side.  Supra-anal  plate  transverse,  rounded  sub-bilobate.  Cerci 
lamellato-lobate  distad,  as  characteristic  of  genus.  Subgenital  plate  with 
margin  transverse  between  the  small  styles.  Cephalic  femora  lamellate 
dorsad,  with  a  small  triangular  projection  at  base  of  this  margin,  which  is 
decidedly  weaker  than  that  developed  in  A.  falcata  Stal.  Median  and  caudal 
lini])s  proximad  covered  very  thickly  with  very  fine,  elongate  hairs.  IVIedinn 
tibiae  strongly  narrowed  mesad,  then  gradually  thickening  to  i\\w\. 

Coloration  that  of  a  dead  leaf,  individually  varying  from  dark  vandj-ke 
brown  to  clay  color.  Spot  at  stigma  shining,  always  slightly  darker.  Pro- 
notum with  a  pair  of  dark  brown  triangular  markings  mesad  on  shaft.  Trans- 
I)arent  portions  of  tegmina  and  wings  jxaler  than  elsewhere,  the  wings,  as  a 
result,  with  greater  portion  not  darkened  as  in  falcata. 

The  measurements  (in  millimeters)  of  the  type  are  given  first,  followed  by 
the  extremes  in  the  paratypic  males.  Length  of  body,  36,  25.4  to  39.5; 
length  of  pronotum,  10.2,  9.9  to  10.4;  length  of  tegmcn,  35.1,  32  to  35.2; 
greatest  width  of  tegininal  marginal  field,  4.3,  4  to  4  ;  length  of  c(;phalic 
fenmr,  10.9  to  10.2  mm. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  191 

It  is  interesting  to  find  this  tropical  American  genus  as  far 
north  as  the  State  of  Sinaloa.  Previously  it  was  not  known 
from  north  of  Hon(kiras,  though  Saussure  records  the  related 
genus,  Pseudacanthops,  from  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico. 

A  series  of  eight  paratypic  males  have  been  examined,  bearing 
the  same  data  as  the  type,  except  that  they  were  taken  from 
June  16  to  August  16,  1918. 

VATINAE 

Phyllovates  chlorophaea  (Blanchard) 

183.).     Mantis   chlorophaea   Blanchard,    Mag.    Zool.,   v,    Ins.,    p.    135.     [  $ ; 
Watertown,  New  York  (in  error).] 

The  synonymy  of  this  species  will  shortly  be  fully  discussed. 
Suffice  it  to  say,  at  the  present  time,  that  but  a  single  species 
of  Phyllovates  is  known  to  occur  in  Mexico. 

Vcnvidio,  VII,  6  to  VIII,  12,  1918,  9  d' ;  IX,  2,  1918,  1  small 
juv. 

Size  variation  in  the  present  series  is  very  great,  the  extremes 
measuring  as  follows.  Length  of  body,  .58  to  65.-5;  length  of 
fi-ontal  process,  3  to  3.3;  length  of  pronotum,  23.3  to  29.7; 
length  of  pronotal  shaft,  19.5  to  25.3;  length  of  tegmen,  36.3  to 
44.8;  length  of  cephalic  coxa,  11.1  to  14  mm. 

Vates  pectinata  Saussure 

1(S71.      Vates    pectinata    Saussure,    Mem.    I'Hist.    Nat.    Mex.,  iv,   Mantides, 
p.   1(53,  pi.  n,  fig.  24.     [cf,  Mexico?] 

Venvidio,  VII,  2  to  6,  1918,  2  cf . 

This  magnificent  and  distinctive  species  has,  since  the  original 
description,  been  definitely  recorded  from  Atoyac,  Vera  Cruz, 
and  Teapa,  Tabasco,  by  Saussiire  and  Zehntner  in  the  Biologia, 
where  they  have  splendidly  figured  both  sexes."  A  male  from 
Cuernavaca,  Morelos,  taken  at  light  by  W.  L.  Tower  on  June 
27,  1905,  belonging  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory, is  also  before  us. 

«  PI.  VI,  figs.  4  and  5;  pi.  x,  figs.  30,  31  and  32. 

TRANS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVHI 


192   dermaptera  and  orthoptera  from  sinaloa,  mexico 

Phasmidae 
heteroneminae^^ 

Diapheromera  erythropleura  new  species     (Plate  VII,  figures  12,  13  and 

14.) 

This  is  a  very  slender  species,  with  head,  however,  no  longer 
than  the  pronotum.  In  the  male  the  pleura  are  bright  red,  the 
seventh  tergite  is  half  again  as  long  as  the  eighth  (penultimate) 
tergite,  the  cerci  are  unarmed  proximo-internally,  while  the 
ventral  margins  of  the  median  and  caudal  femora  as  well  as  the 
moderately  prominent  medio-longitudinal  ventral  carina  of  the 
latter  are  microscopically  denticulate.  In  the  female  the  color 
is  uniform  green,  the  seventh  tergite  is  half  again  as  long  as  the 
eighth,  the  cerci  are  very  elongate,  being  almost  as  long  as  the 
ninth  (ultimate)"  tergite,  while  the  ventral  margins  of  the  median 
and  caudal  femora  are  not  serrulate  and  no  medio-longitudinal 
carina  is  developed  ventrad. 

Type. — cf ;  Venvidio,  Sinaloa,  Mexico.  September  2,  1918. 
(J.  A.  Kusche.)     [Hebard  Collection,  Type  no.  867.] 

Size  medium,  form  very  slender  for  the  genus.  Surface  smooth  and  shin- 
mg,  pronotum  and  mesonotum  with  a  subobsolete  sulcus  on  each  side  just 
before  the  lateral  margins,  formed  by  a  series  of  minute  impressions.  Seventh 
tergite  moderately  enlarged  in  distal  two-thirds,  eighth  transverse,  ninth 
(ultimate)  strongly  convex  in  dorsal  portion,  length  subequal  to  width, 
caudal  margin  nearly  rectangulate-emarginate  with  apex  rounded,  leaving 
the  apex  of  the  minute  supra-anal  plate  exposed.  Cerci  unarmed,  moderately 
elongate,  curving  moderately  inward,  with  internal  surface  flattened  and 
apex  rounded.  Subgenital  opercle  small,  formed  by  eighth  sternite,  which  is 
minute,  weakly  bilobate  distad,  and  ninth  sternite  which  is  small,  cucullatc, 
tapering  distad  to  the  nearly  acute  apex,  its  length  equal  to  that  of  the  ulti- 
mate tergite.  Cephalic  femora  slightly  longer  than  combined  length  of 
pronotum  and  mesonotum.  Median  femora  much  heavier  but  not  to  the 
degree  usual  in  males  of  the  genus.  Median  and  caudal  femora  with  distal 
spine  of  vcntro-internal  margin  heavy  and  showing  a  weak  sigmoid  tendency. 
M(!dian  and  caudal  tibiae  with  medio-longitudinal  carina  of  ventral  surface 
denticulate,  this  and  the  lateral  carinae  each  terminating  distacl  in  a  tuft  of 
spiniform  hairs. 

Allotype. —  9  ;  same  data  as  type,     [Hebard  Collection.] 
Agrees  with  male  (ixccjpt  as  follows  and  as  noted  above.     Size  larger,  form 
decidedly  heavier,  though  much  more  slender  than  is  usual  in  females  of 
Diapheromera.     Distal  tergites  not  tliickened,  seventh  sliglitly  longer  than 

"This  is  the  correct  name  for  the  subfamily  termed  tlic  tribe  Bacunculini 
by  Brunner. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  193 

ninth.  Cerci  straight  and  slender.  Operculum  with  lateral  margins  weakly 
convex-convergent  distad  to  the  acute  apex,  which  fails  to  reach  the  median 
portion  of  the  ulthnate  tergite,  leaving  the  distal  portion  of  the  ovipositor 
valves  exposed.  Median  femora  no  heavier  than  cephalic,  median  and 
caudal  femora  with  distal  spine  of  ventro-internal  margin  simple,  straight, 
smaller  than  in  male.  Median  and  caudal  tibiae  with  medio-longitudinal 
and  lateral  carinae  of  ventral  surface  smooth,  hairy  and  terminated  distad 
each  in  a  tuft  of  spinLform  hairs. 

Coloration  of  male.  General  color  prout's  brown,  becoming  sepia  on 
pronotum  and  mesonotum.  Ventro-lateral  portions  of  head,  lateral  portions 
of  pronotum  and  of  thorax  only  above  insertion  of  limbs,  pinkish  buff.  Pleura 
nopal  red,  this  faintly  tinging  the  mesonotum  latero-cephalad.  Caudal 
femora  ochraceous-buff,  median  and  caudal  tibiae  antimony  yellow,  all 
suffus(3d  with  brown  distad.     Female  uniform  and  immaculate  light  green. 

Length  of  body,  cf  78.7,  9  93.4;  length  of  mesonotum,  d"  19.2,  9  20.3; 
median  width  of  mesonotum,  cf  1.2,  9  2.8;  length  of  metanotum  (including 
median  segment),  d'  16,  9  17.2;  length  of  median  segment,  cf  1.9,  9  2.1; 
length  of  first  tergite,  cf  6.5,  9  6.8;  length  of  seventh  tergite,  cf  2.2,  9  3.2; 
length  of  eighth  tergite,  cf  1.3,  9  2.3;  length  of  nmth  tergite,  cf  1.8,  9  2.8; 
length  of  cercus,  cf  3.3,  9  2.8;  length  of  operculum,  6.7;  length  of  cephalic 
femur,  cf  23,  9  24.2;  length  of  median  femur,  cf  16.8,  9  17.7;  length  of 
caudal  femur,   cf  22.4,    9  22.8  mm. 

This  species  is  known  to  us  only  from  the  described  pair. 

PHIBALOSOMINAE 

Bostra  aetolus    (Westwood) 

18.59.     Bacteria  aetolus  Westwood,  Cat.  Orth.  Ins.  Br.  Mus.,  i,  Phasmidae, 
p.  27,  pi.  XXII,  fig.  3.     [9,  Mexico.] 

Venvidio,  VI,  16,  1918,  2  jub.  9  ;  VII,  6  to  IX,  2,  1918,  7  cT, 
14  9  ,  1  large  juv.  d^. 

The  present  series  is  of  great  interest  in  that  it  shows  tlie 
position  of  aetolus  to  be  in  Bostra  as  at  present  understood,  the 
close  affinity  of  the  species  to  B.  jaliscensis  Rehn,"*"  and  dem- 
onstrates thoroughlj^  the  fact  that  the  auricular  processes  of  the 
head,  lobes  of  the  abdomen  and  limbs  and  cristation  of  the 
metatarsus,  developed  in  the  female  sex,  are  all  features  subject 
to  enormous  individual  variation  in  this  and  probably  many 
other  species  of  the  group. 

The  following  variation  is  noted  in  females  of  the  present 
series.  Head  merely  tubcrculate;  or  with  a  transverse  ridge  of 
heavier  tubercles  on  cephalic  portion  of  occiput;  or  armed  tiuM-e 

*^  It  appears  more  than  probable  that  the  female  described  as  Bostra 
similis  by  Rcdtenbacher,  from  Mexico,  represents  that  sex  of  jaliscensis. 
Insektenfamilie  der  Phasmiden,  p.  412,  (1908). 

TRANS.    AM.   ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


194    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

with  two  pairs  of  spines,  of  which  the  outer  are  the  longer;  or 
with  outer  pair  developed  into  roughly  rounded  lobes;  or  with 
these  outer  lobes  connected  with  the  inner  spines  by  a  jagged 
ridge.  Abdominal  tergites  unspecialized;  or  with  first  and 
fourth  with  a  small,  flattened  lamellate  projection  meso-caudad; 
or  with  median  segment  and  second  and  third  tergites  with 
such  a  projection,  those  of  the  first  and  fourth  being  much 
larger;  or  with  sixth  tergite  with  latero-caudal  portion  lamellate 
and  produced  in  narrow,  horizontal  lobes,  rounded  distad. 
Median  femora  simple;  or  with  ventro-internal  margin  bearing 
a  minute  lobe  or  a  low  flange  proximad  and  with  dorso-internal 
margin  bearing  one  or  two  very  minute  lobes  which  are  usually 
triangular;  or  with  ventro-internal  margin  bearing  a  rather 
large,  foliaceous  lobe  which  is  suddenly  deeply  emarginate 
toward  its  caudal  portion.  Caudal  femora  usually  simple,  in 
a  few  specimens  showing  to  different  degrees  a  weak,  rounded 
flange  proximad  on  each  ventral  margin,  of  which  that  of  the 
caudal  margin  is  the  stronger.  Median  and  caudal  tibiae 
simple;  or  bearing  a  small,  rounded  lobe  on  the  dorso-external 
margin  proximad.  Genicular  areas  of  median  and  caudal 
femora  simple  or  la.aiellato-bilobate  produced,  due  to  a  lamella- 
tion  of  the  genicular  angle  and  the  femoral  margin  below.  Meta- 
tarsi simple,  or  with  those  of  the  cephalic  limbs  with  dorsal 
margin  sub-lamellate,  forming  an  obtuse-angulate  outline;  or 
with  all  of  that  type. 

In  all  of  the  females  the  dorsal  surface,  except  that  of  the 
abdomen,  is  heavily  tuberculate,  the  mesonotum  and  meta- 
notum  are  longitudinally  tricarinate.  These  features,  the 
genitalia,  proportions  and,  to  a  less  degree,  the  size,  are  ap- 
parently alone  dependable  to  serve  in  distinguishing  females  of 
this  species.  Westwood  (lescri])ed  a  female  w'th  an  even 
greater  complexity  of  lobes  and  lamellae,  while  Saussurc  has 
diagnosed  a  female  more  nearly  resembling  somc^  of  th(^  present 
sei'ics.^'' 

The  male  of  this  species  agrees  closely  with  that  of  B.  jolts - 
censis  Rehn,''^  differing  as  follows.  Size  larger,  form  propor- 
tionately mon;  elongate.     Heveutli  and  (Mghlli  tergites  evenly 

<'  Miss.  Sci.  Mex.,  Ucch.  Zool.,  vi,  p.  175,  (1S70). 

*•*  Comparison  is  nmde  with  the  type,  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Pliila.,  no.  .5147. 


MORGAN  HEBARD  195 

convex,  not  showing  weak  but  distinct  longitudinal  carinae  on 
each  side.  Eighth  tergite  with  lateral  (ventral)  margins  very 
faintly  convex,  almost  straight;  not  very  broadly  but  distinctly 
convex.  Ninth  (ultimate)  tergite  with  surface  weakly  convex, 
with  a  fine  niedio-longitudinal  carina,  distad  rounded  and  sub- 
bilobate;  not  truncate,  the  distal  extremity  weakly  bracket- 
shaped  emarginate  with  latero-caudal  angles  deflexed,  briefly 
produced,  with  apices  rounded  as  in  jaliscensis.  Subgenital 
opercle  deeper,  surface  more  evenly  convex,  similarly  produced 
ventro-caudad  in  an  acutc-angulate  projection  which  is  pro- 
])ortionately  smaller  but  shows  considerable  size  variation  in 
the  series. 

The  majority  of  the  females  are  grayish,  the  males  being 
darker,  often  brown  with  the  sides  of  the  head  conspicuously 
white  ventrad. 

Length  of  body,  d"  99  to  131.3,  9  142  to  187;  length  of  meso- 
notum,  cP  33  to  35.2,  9  35.7  to  48;  length  of  metanotum  (in- 
cluding median  segment),  cf  20.3  to  24.2,  9  27.7  to  29.9;  length 
of  median  segment,  cP  9.1  to  11.3,  9  10.2  to  12.8;  length  of 
cephalic  femur,  d"  33.3  to  37.3,  9  30.5  to  40.2;  length  of  caudal 
femur,  d  33.1  to  38,  9  32.8  to  40.7;  length  of  operculum,  24 
to  29.7  mm. 

Explanation  of  Plates 

Plate  VI 

All  of  the  specimens  figured  in  the  present  paper  are  from  Venvidio,  Sinaloa, 
Mexico. 

Fig.  1. — Prosparatia  sinalonc  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view  of 
pygidium  and  forceps.     (X  9) 

Fig.  2. — Prosparatta  siiialoae  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view  of 
pygidium.     (Greatly  enlarged.) 

Fig.  3. — Prospardtta  sinaloae  new  species.  Female.  Allotype.  Dorsal  view 
of  liygidium  and  forceps.     (X  9) 

Fig.  4. — Euihlastoblutta  grata  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view  of 
subgenital  jilate.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  5. — Neoblaitella  sinaloae  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view  of 
pronotum.     (X  6H) 

Fig.  6. — Neoblaitella  sinaloae  new  sjjecies.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view  of 
subgenital  plate.     (Same  scale  as  figure  4.) 

Fig.  7. — Isehnoptera  bicormda  new  sjjccies.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view 
of  pronotum.     (X  Gj^) 

TUANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


196    DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 

Fig.  8.- — Ischnoptera  bicornuta  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view  of 
distal  portion  of  abdomen.     (Same  scale  as  figure  4.) 

Fig.  9. — Ischnoptera  bicornuta  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view 
of  subgenital  plate.     (Same  scale  as  figure  4.) 

Fig.  10. — Cahita  nahua  (Saussure).  Male.  Dorsal  view  of  distal  portion 
of  abdomen.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  11.- — Cahita  nahua  (Saussure).  Male.  Ventral  view  of  subgenital 
plate.     (Same  scale  as  figure  10.) 

Fig.  12. — Cahita  nahua  (Saus.sure).  Male.  Caudal  view  of  distal  portion 
of  subgenital  plate.     (Same  scale  as  figure  10.) 

Fig.  13. — Nyctibora  tetrasticta  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view. 
(X  2) 

Fig.  14. — Nyctibora  tetrasticta  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view 
of  subgenital  plate.     (X  3) 

Fig.  15.^ — Nyctibora  tetrasticta  new  species.  Female.  Allotype.  Dorsal 
outline.     (X  2) 

Plate  VII 

Fig.  1. — Panchlora  cahita  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view  of 
distal  portion  of  abdomen.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  2. — Holocompsa  scotaea  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view  of 
pronotum.     (X  8) 

Fig.  3.- — Holocompsa  scotaea  new  species.  Female.  Paratype.  Dorsal 
view  of  pronotum.     ( X  8) 

Fig.  4. — Holocompsa  scotaea  new  species.  Female.  Allotype.  Dorsal 
view  of  pronotum.     (X  8) 

Fig.  5. — Holocompsa  scotaea  new  species.  Female.  Paratype.  Dorsal 
view  of  pronotum.     ( X  8) 

Fig.  6. — Caloblatta  lanipra  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view  of 
pronotum.     (X  8) 

Fig.  7. — Caloblatta  lampra  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view  of 
subgenital  plate.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  8. — Chorisoneura  anisoura  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventral  view 
of  subgenital  plate.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  9. — Stagrnomcmtis  colorata  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal  view 
of  wing.     (Natural  size.) 

Fig.  10. — Acanthops  bide7is  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Ventro-ccphalic! 
outhne  of  head.     (Much  enlarged.) 

Fig.  11.- — Acanthops  bidens  new  species.  Male.  Type.  External  lateral 
outline  of  cejjhalic  femur.      (X  23^) 

Fig.  12. — IHapheromera  erythropleura  new  sjjccies.  Male.  Type.  Dorsal 
outline  of  cercus.     (X7) 

Fig.  13. — Diaphefomera  erythropleura  new  species.  Male.  Type.  Lateral 
outline  of  distal  portion  of  abdomen.      (X  5) 

Fig.  14. — Diapheroinera  erythropleura  n(nv  species.  Female.  .Mlotype. 
Tiateral  oiilliiic  of  distal  portion  of  abdomen.      (X  •'J) 


E.  T.  CRESSON,  JR.  197 


THE   BASSETT   TYPES   OF   CYNIPIDAE 
(HYMENOPTERA) 

BY    E.    T.    CRESSON,    JR. 

In  1901  The  American  Entomological  Society  received  a 
letter  from  Mr.  Ezra  T.  Cresson,  dated  June  25,  stating  that, 
"Mr.  H.  F.  Bassett,  of  Waterbiiry,  Connecticut,  who  has  for 
thirty  years  made  a  special  study  of  North  American  galls  and 
gall-flies,  being  now  in  poor  health  and  unable  to  continue  the 
study,  desires  to  present  his  collection,  with  all  his  types,  to 
The  American  Entomological  Society,  in  trust,  to  be  preserved 
and  kept  separate  and  distinct  from  other  collections  and  to  be 
known  as  the  Homer  F.  Bassett  Collection:  a  memorial  of  his 
life-work  in  entomology."  The  collection  was  accepted  and  is 
now  one  of  the  valued  possessions  of  this  Society.  Mr.  Bassett's 
entire  collection,  however,  did  not  come  to  the  Society,  which 
fact  is  evident  by  the  presence  of  some  type-material  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  other  collections. 
This  situation  may  be  partially  explained  upon  examining 
some  of  the  correspondence  between  Mr.  Bassett  and  Mr. 
Cresson.  In  a  letter  dated  June  12,  1901,  Mr.  Bassett  writes 
that  he  had  divided  his  collection,  "preparing  some  of  the  types 
for  Yale  and  Cornell,  but  the  full  types  and  the  main  collection" 
for  the  American  Entomological  Society.  After  Mr.  Bassett's 
death  in  1902,  Mrs.  Bassett  evidently  disposed  of  this  duplicate 
collection. 

Mr.  Bassett  sent  his  collection  to  the  Society  in  various  sized 
card-board  boxes,  generally  with  the  insects  and  their  galls  in 
the  same  box,  the  former  in  cotton.  This  method  did  not  lend 
itself  to  proper  care  and  attention;  consequently,  upon  their 
receipt  by  the  Society,  the  insects,  or  a  representative  i)art  of 
them,  were  carefully  mounted  on  points,  and  the  galls  placed  in 
trays. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  species  described  by  ]\Ir. 
Bassett,  this  collection  contains  all  but  two,  and  these  ma}' 
later  be  found  among  the  undetcirmined  material.  In  the  fol- 
lowing list,  the  type  specimen  is  untlerstood  to  l)e  in  good  con- 
dition unless  otherwise  noted. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,   XLVUI. 


1 


198  BASSETT  TYPES  OF  CYNIPIDAE  (hYMENOPTERA) 

affinis  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  103,  1881. 

10420.     Connecticut?     Female  (tips  of  antennae  l>roken).     Gall. 
agrifoliae  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  53,  1881. 

10540.     California.     Female  and  galls. 
ashmeadii  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amcr.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  320,  1000. 

10481.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 

badius  (Amphibolips),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  323,  1900. 

10473.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 
bella  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  93,  1881. 

10442.  Tucson,  Arizona.     Female  (antennae  broken).     Galls. 
californica  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.  xiii,  51,  1881. 

10482.  Redwood  City,  California.     Female  and  galls. 
canescens  (Holcaspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  66,  1890. 

10458.  Napa  City,  California.     Female.  Galls  missing. 
capsula  (Cynips),  Can  Ent.,  xiii,  101,  1881. 

10484.  Connecticut?     Female  (antennae  broken).     Galls. 
carolinensis  (Amphibolips),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  85,  1890. 

10474.  Statesville,   North  Carolina.     Female   (antennae  broken).     Gall 
ceropteroides  (Callirhytis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  324,  1900. 

10483.  Branford,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
cicatricula  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  101,  1881.     Gall  only. 

(Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  80,  1890.     Insects. 

10485.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
cinerosa  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  110,  1881. 

Texas.     Galls  and  flies  missing. 
clarkei  (A.  (Callirhytis)),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  79,  1890. 

10486.  Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts.     Female  and  galls. 
clarkei  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  69,  1890. 

10443.  Massachusetts.     Female  and  galls. 

consimilis  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  335,  1900. 

10422.  Water  bury,  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 
corallinus  (Holcaspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  66,  1890. 

10459.  Napa,City,  California.     Female  and  galls. 
corrugis  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  109,  1881. 

10460.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 

corrugis  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  71,  1890. 

10444.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 
coxii  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  112,  1881. 

10487.  Tucson,  Arizona.     Female  and  gall. 

crystallinus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  319,  1900. 

10488.  Napa  City,  California.     Female  and  galls. 

discus  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amcr.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  326,  I'.tOO. 

10445.  Napa   City,    California.     Female    (antenna   tips   broken).     Cialls 
missing. 

distortus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Va\\.  Soc,  xxvi,  3.3()    1900. 

10423.  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 


E.  T.  CRESSON,  JR.  199 

dubia  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  335,  1900. 

10424.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 
duricoria  (Holcaspis),  Tran.s.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  G4,  1890. 

1()4()1.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
eburneus  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  70,  1890. 

1044(j.     Southern  Utah.     Female  and  ?  galls. 
exiguissimus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  332,  1900. 

10425.  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 

exiguus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  318,     1900. 

10489.  New  Haven,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
exiguus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  333,  1900. 

10426.  West  Rock,  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 
fasciata  (Holcaspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  328,  1900. 

10462.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

favosus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  87,  1890. 

10427.  Rockport,  Ohio.     Female  and  gall. 
ficula  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  75,  1881. 

10463.  Georgia.     Female  and  galls. 
floccosa  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii.  111,  1881. 

lt)428.     Northern  Ohio.     Female  and  galls. 
formosa  (Cynips),  Proc  Ent.  Soc.  Phihi.,  iii,  679,  1864. 

10490.  Connecticut.     Female.     Galls? 

fragilis  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  335,  1900, 

10429.  San  Diego,  California.     Female  and  gall. 

gainesi  (Amphibolips),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  322,  1900. 

10475.  Austin,  Texas.     Female  and  gall. 
gemula  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  104,  1881. 

10447.  Connecticut?     Female  and  galls. 

gillettei  (Acraspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  323,  1900. 

10470.     Fort  Collins,  Colorado.     Female  and  galls. 
gillettei  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  334,  1900. 

10430.  Connecticut.     Female    with    tips    of    antennae    broken.     Galls 
missing. 

hirta  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Phila.,  iii,  688,  1864. 

10469.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
howertoni  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  82,  1890. 

10491.  New  Mexico.     Female.     Gall  missing. 
howertoni  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  90,  1890. 

10431.  New  Mexico.     Female  (abdomen  missing).     Gall. 
ignota  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  106,  1881. 

10448.  Coimecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

ignotus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  317,  1900. 
10494.     New  Haven,  Connecticut.  Female.  Gall  unknown 
ilicifoliae  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  ni,  682,  1864. 

10476.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

incertus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  317,  1900. 

10492.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


200  BASSETT  TYPES  OF  CYNIPIDAE  (hYMENOPTERA) 

indistinctus  (Andricus?),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  81,  1890. 

10493.     Northern  Ohio.     Female  and  gall. 
kingi  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  316,  1900. 

10495.  Napa  City,  California.     Female  and  galls. 
leavenworthi   (Antistrophus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  310,  1900. 

10526.  Petersburg,  Virginia.     Female  and  gall. 
lenticularis  (Rhodites),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  59,  1890. 

10536.  Massachusetts.     Female  and  galls. 

longicornis  (Amphibolips),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  321,  1900. 

10477.     Palestine,  Texas.     Male  (legs  missing).     Gall. 
longicornis  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  327,   1900. 

10449.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  lost  by  Bassett. 
macrocarpae  (Acraspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  84,  1890. 

10471.     Rockport,  Ohio.     Female  and  galls. 
majalis  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc  Phila.,  in,  683,  1864. 

10432.  Connecticut.     Female  (antennae  tips  broken) .     Gall. 
mammula  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  76,  1881. 

10467.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
maxwelli  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  83,  1890. 

10496.  Palestine,  Texas.     Female  and  galls. 
mesdcanus  (Andricus?),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  78,  1890. 

Mountain  near    Guadalajara,    Mexico.      Insect    unknown.     Only 
woolly  covering  of  galls.     No  actual  galls. 
minuta  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  96,  1881. 

10433.  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 

minimus  (Diastrophus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  325,  1900. 

10527.  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 

nebulosus  (Rhodites),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  63,  1890. 

10537.  Connecticut?     Male  and  galls. 

niger  (Diastrophus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  324,  1900. 

10528.  Woods  Hole,  Massachusetts.     Female  and  galls. 
noxiosa  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  108,  1881. 

10434.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
nubila  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  56,  1881. 

10450.  Mule  Pass  Mountains,  Arizona.     Female  and  galls. 
obtusilobae  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  316,  1900. 

10497.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  luiknown. 
operatola  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  315,  1900. 

10498.  Waterbury,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
osten-sackenii  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  ii,  327,  1863. 

10199.     Connecticut?     Female  and  galls. 
pallidus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  88,  1890. 

10435.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

pallipes  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  327,   1900. 

10152.     Waterbury,   Coimecticut.      l'\Miial('   (antennae  and   tarsi   lnokeii). 
Galls. 


ii 


E.  T.  CRESSON,  JR.  201 

pallipes  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  89,  1890. 

10421.     Jamaica  Plain,  Massachusetts.     Female  (antennae  broken).    Galls. 
paltneri  (Amphibolips),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  86,  1890. 

10478.     Chihuahua,  Mexico.     Female  (tarsi  broken).     Gall. 
papula  (Cj'nips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiix,  107,  1881. 

10451.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
parmula  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  312,  1900. 

10.500.  Xapa  City,  California.     Female  and  galls. 
parvula  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc  xxvi,  326,  1900. 

104.53.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 
patiens  (Andricus).  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  312,  1900. 

10.501.  Connecticut.     Female.     Gall  unknown. 
pattoni  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  98,  1881. 

10502.  New  Haven,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
pedunculata  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  72,  1890. 

104.54.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

perditor  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  313,  1900. 

10503.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

perminimus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  332,  1900. 

1043().  Rockport,  Ohio.  Female  and  galls. 
pemiciosus  (Holcaspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  68,  1890. 

104tj4.  Southern  Utah.  Female  and  galls. 
petiolicola  (Cynips),  Proc  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  ii,  325,  1863. 

10504.  Waterbury,  Connecticut.     Female.     Galls  missing. 
pigra  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  105,  1881. 

10505.  Connecticut.    Female  and  galls. 

pilula  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  77,  1890. 

10506.  Utah.     Female  and  galls. 

piperoides  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  314,  1900. 

10507.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

podagrae  (Aulax),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  91,  1S90. 

10534.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
polita  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  99,  1881. 

10455.     Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania.     Female  and  galls. 
polltus  (Acraspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  85,  1890. 

10472.     Washington  County,  Missouri.     Female,     (iall  unknown. 
politus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  89,  1890. 

10437.     Southern  Utah.     Male  (antennae  massing).     Gall. 
pomlformis  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  74,  1881. 

1050S.     California.     Female  and  galls. 
potentillae  (Diastrophus),  Proc  Ent.  Soc  Phila.,  in,  689,  1863. 

10529.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
pruinosus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  311,  1900. 

10509.  New  Haven,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
pulchellus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  314,  1900. 

10510.  Connecticut.     Female  (antennae  broken).     Gall  unknown. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIU. 


202  BASSETT  TYPES  OF  CYNIPIDAE  (hYMENOPTERa) 

pulchra  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  73,  1890. 

10.511.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

pumiliventris  (Dryophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  69,  1890. 

104.56.     Connecticut?     Male.     Galls  missing. 
punctata  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  ii,  324,  1863. 

10.512.  Waterbury,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
pusulatoides  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  74,  1890. 

10513.  Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 
radicis  (Callirhytis),  Psyche,  v,  237,  1889. 

10.541.  Connecticut.  Female  and  galls. 
radicum  (Diastrophus),  Can.  Ent.,  ii,  98,  1870. 

10530.  Connecticut.  Female  and  galls. 
reticulata  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  74,  1890. 

10514.  New   Mexico.     Female   cut   from    gall.     Bassett's   note   on    box 
"Insects  lost."     Galls. 

rileyi  (Cynips),  Amer.  Nat.,  xv,  149,  1881. 

10438.     North  Bend,  Ohio.     Female  and  galls. 
ruginosus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  75,  1890. 

10515.  New  Mexico.     Female.     Galls  lost  by  Bassett. 
rugosa  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  100,  1881. 

10465.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

saccularius  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  76,  1890. 

10516.  Connecticut.     Male  (tips  of  antennae  broken).     Galls. 
scitula  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  in,  683,  1864. 

10517.  Connecticut.  Female  and  galls. 
sculptus  (Cynips),  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  ii,  324,  1863. 

10479.  Connecticut.  Female  and  galls. 
seminosus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  76,  1890. 

10518.  Rockport,  Ohio.     Female  and  galls. 

sileri  (Holcaspis),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  67,  1890. 

10466.  Utah.     Female   (wings  and  dorsal  portions  of  head  and  thorax 
missing).     Galls. 

similis  (Cynips),  Proc  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  in,  685,  1864. 

10519.  Connecticut.  Female  and  galls. 
similis  (Diastrophus),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  95,  1881. 

10532.  Connecticut.  Female  and  galls. 
similis  (Dr^yophanta),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  71,  1890. 

10457.     Southern  Utah.     Female.     Galls  missing  or  confused  with  tho-^^e 
of  D.  eburneus. 
singularis  (Cynips),  Proc  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  ii,  326,  1863. 

10520.  ('onnecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

speciosus  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  81,  1890. 

10521.  Napa  City,  California.     Female  and  galls. 
spicatus  (L(jxaulus),  Trans.  Amer.  L.nt.  Soc,  xxvi,  329,  1900. 

lotos.     Arizona.     Female  and  galls. 
suttonii  (C'ynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  54,  1881, 

10522.  California.     Female  and  galls. 


E.  T.  CRESSON,  JR.  203 

tectus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  .331,  1900. 

10439.  Waterbury,  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
tenuicornis  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  92,  1881. 

10.533.     Mule  Pass  Mountains,  Arizona.     Female  and  galls. 
tuberosa  (Andricus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  311,  1900. 

10523.     Waterbury,  Connecticut.     Male.     (Weld  says  female  is  not  con- 
specific  [antennae  missing  beyond  second  joint].)     Galls. 
tumidus  CAulax),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  92,  1890. 

10.)3.5.     Connecticut.     Female  and  gall. 
tumidus  (Rhodites),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  60,  1890. 

10.538.  Utah.     Male  (antennae  broken).     Gall. 

turgidus  (turgigus  lapsus  calami)    (Diastrophus),  Can.  Ent.,  ii,  99,  1S70. 

1().')31.     Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 
umbilicatus  (Neuroterus),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  330,  1900. 

10440.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

utahensis  (Rhodites),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  62,  1890. 

l^tah.     In.sects  and  galls  missing. 
utricula  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  78,  1S81. 

10.524.  ('onnecticut.  Female  (tips  of  antennae  broken).     Galls. 
variabilis  (Rhodites),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xvii,  61,  1890. 

10.539.  Utah.     Female  (hind  tarsi  broken).     Galls. 
ventricosa  (Cynips),  Proc  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.,  iii,  681,  1864. 

10.525.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

verna  (Amphibolips),  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xxvi,  321,  1900. 
10480.     Waterbury,  Connecticut,     Female.     Gall  unknown. 
vesicula  (Cynips),  Can.  Ent.,  xiii,  97,  1881. 

10441.  Connecticut.     Female  and  galls. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


E.  L.  BELL  205 

A   NEW    SPECIES    OF    HESPERIIDAE 

(LEPIDOPTERA,  RHOPALOCERA) 
BY  E.  L.  BELL 

While  collecting  in  Florida  during  ]March  1921,  a  number 
of  Hesperiid  butterflies  superficially  resembling  Cocceius  pylades 
Scudder,  were  captured.  There  are,  however,  several  points  in 
which  they  differ  from  that  species,  principally  in  that  the  males 
have  no  costal  fold,  the  palpi  are  grayish  and  not  concolorous 
with  the  body,  and  the  genitalia  are  different.  The  lack  of 
costal  fold  in  the  male  and  the  lighter  colored  palpi  more  nearly 
resemble  Thorybes  daunus  Cramer,  but  the  shape  of  the  wings 
is  quite  different  from  that  species,  the  primaries  being  not  so 
pointed  at  the  apex  and  the  secondaries  not  so  produced  anally, 
but  more  rounded;  the  maculation  of  the  upper  surface  of  the 
primaries  is  usually  much  reduced,  especially  in  the  male,  and 
genitalia  are  different.  For  this  species,  from  the  probaljility 
of  its  having  been  long  confused  with  the  two  species  mentioned, 
I  propose  the  name  of 

Thorybes  confusis  new  species 

1922.  Cogia  (Thoryhes)  species  Skinner  and  Williams,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent. 
Soc,  XLViii,  p.  124,  fig.  29  (genitalia). 

Size — male,  31  mm.  to  37  mm.;  female  31  mm.  to  40  mm. 

cf.  Upperside:  primaries,  dark  brown  with  a  hand  of  irregularly  shajjed 
white  spots  extending  in  an  oblique  line  from  aliout  the  center  of  the  costa 
toward  the  inner  an^le;  usually  composed  of  two  small  spots  between  the 
costa  apd  the  cell,  and  one  just  inside  the  cell,  a  small  spot  below,  placed  out 
of  line  toward  the  outer  margin,  then  a  longer,  narrow  spot  below  and  in  a 
line  with  the  three  small  sjjots  near  the  costa;  below  this  a  small  spot  placed  a 
little  out  of  line  toward  the  outer  margin.  There  are  four,  small,  subaj)ical, 
white  S]>ots,  the  first  three  placed  in  a  line  and  the  fourth  and  lowest  slightly 
out  of  line  toward  the  outer  margin.  The  sj)ots  composing  the  band  are 
frequently  greatly  reduced,  and  sometimes  entirely  lacking;  the  subapical 
spots  reduced  to  mere  traces.  Fringes  dark  except  at  the  inner  angle  where 
they  are  a  lighter  color;  there  is  a  narrow  line  of  darker  scales  across  the 
fringe  at  the  end  of  each  vein. 

Sccnndaru's:  dark  brown  and  immaculate;  fringes  lighter,  about  the  same 
color  as  the  light  sj)ot  at  the  inner  angle  of  the  primaries,  with  the  dark  scales 
at  the  ends  of  the  veins,  as  in  the  primaries. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


206  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  HESPERIIDAE   (lEPIDOPTERA) 

Underside:  'primaries,  brown,  sometimes  with  hoary  area  along  the  outer 
margin  especially  pronounced  at  the  apex,  and  a  light  colored  band  along  the 
inner  margin;  the  spots  of  the  upper  side  are  repeated. 

Secondaries:  brown,  sprinkled  with  white  scales;  darker  on  the  basal  area. 
Across  the  basal  third  of  the  wing  there  is  an  irregular  dark  band,  and  another 
similar  band  about  midway  between  this  band  and  the  outer  margin.  The 
lighter  colored  area  between  the  outer  band  and  the  margin  is  sometimes 
hoary. 

9  .  Same  as  the  male  except  that  the  wings  are  slightly  more  rounded,  and 
the  spots  of  the  primaries  are  a  little  larger;  the  spot  just  inside  the  cell  is 
.s(jmetimes  elongated,  extending  across  the  cell. 

Palpi  grayish  and  no  costal  fold  in  the  male. 

Described  from  55  males  and  19  females  collected  at  Tampa, 
Florida.  Male  and  female  types  and  two  paratypes  in  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York  City;  two  paratypes  in 
National  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C;  two  paratypes  in 
Brooklyn  Museum,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  remaining  paratypes 
in  collection  of  E.  L.  Bell.  I  have  tentatively  placed  this  species 
in  the  genus  Thoryhes  on  its  general  resemblance  to  the  other 
species  in  that  genus,  but  it  may  possibly  not  belong  there. 

Sometimes  females  of  this  species  are  not  readily  separated 
from  the  females  of  Thoryhes  daunus;  on  the  upper  surface, 
though,  there  is  usually  a  slight  difference  in  the  arrangement 
of  the  spots.  In  such  cases,  however,  the  color  and  general  ap- 
pearance of  the  secondaries  below  is  quite  sufficient  to  separate 
them  in  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen,  I  also  have  this  species 
from  Missouri  and  Arkansas. 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  207 


THE  GENITALIA  OF  MALE  DIPTERA  AND  MECOPTERA 

COMPARED   WITH  THOSE   OF  RELATED   INSECTS, 

FROM    THE    STANDPOINT    OF   PHYLOGENY 

BY  G.  C.  CRAMPTON 

MdSKdcliiiscUs  AgricuUurdl  CoUrge,  Amherst,  MasfiucJtusetfs 

For  identifications  and  material  of  Diptera,  I  am  deeply  in- 
deljted  to  Dr.  C.  P.  Alexander,  Dr.  J.  M.  Aldrich,  and  Dr.  C.  W. 
Johnson,  and  I  am  likewise  deeply  indebted  to  Dr.  Bethune- 
Baker  for  the  loan  of  a  specimen  of  Micropferyx  (EriocephaJa) 
caUheUa,  and  to  Dr.  P.  A.  Bnxton,  for  a  fine  series  of  Micropteryx 
(EriocephaJa)  sepella. 

There  have  been  published  a  number  of  papers  dealing  with 
the  genitalia  of  male  Diptera,  such  as  the  fine  pa])er  by  Metcah" 
on  the  Syrphidae,  Snodgrass  on  the  Tipuhdae,  Edwards  on  the 
Culicidae,  etc.,  and  several  investigators  such  as  Berlese,  Crami> 
ton,  Newell,  Wesche,  and  others  have  compared  the  parts  of 
the  genitalia  of  male  Diptera  with  those  of  lower  insects.  In 
most  cases,  however,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  trace  the 
origin  of  the  modifications  met  with  in  the  Diptera  through  a 
series  of  intermediate  forms  to  a  basic  plan  common  to  all 
insects,  and  until  this  is  done,  we  cannot  arrive  at  a  correct 
interpretation  of  the  parts  in  the  Diptera  and  related  forms. 
I  would  therefore  use  as  the  l)asis  of  th(;  following  discussion, 
the  fundamental  plan  of  the  genitalia  of  male  insects  in  general, 
described  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,^  and  I  would  trace  the 
modifications  of  this  fundamental  plan  through  the  Hymenop- 
tera  and  Mecoptera  (which  furnish  the  intermediate  types, 
connecting  the  Diptera  with  the  lower  forms)  to  the  dipteran 
types,  giving  consideration  to  the  conditions  met  with  in  certain 
Hemii)teia,  Lepidoptera,  Trichoptera,  etc.,  when  the  condition 
exhibited  l)y  these  forms  has  a  liearing  upon  the  interin-etation 
of  the  parts  in  the  Diptera. 

1    LIl,   1920,1)    180— see  also  correction  on  p.-igo  72  of  ]JII,  1921. 

TRANS.   .AM.   KXT.   SOC,  XLVUI. 


208  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

The  principal  features  of  the  genitalia  of  male  insects  are  the 
intromittent  organ  or  aedeagus,  and  the  claspers  or  genital  styles 
(gonostyli),  both  of  which  are  apparently  structures  borne  on 
the  sternal  region  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment.  In  male 
Ephemerida,  the  gonostyli  or  genital  styles,  labeled  ex  in  figures 
1  and  4,  are  borne  on  a  basal  plate  labeled  p,  while  the  intro- 
mittent organ  is  made  up  of  a  pair  of  penisvalvae,  labeled  en. 
As  was  pointed  out  in  the  article  referred  to  above,  the  basal 
plates  y  of  figure  4,  may  possibly  represent  the  protopodites  of  a 
pair  of  biramous  Crustacean  limbs,  while  the  genital  styles  ex 
may  represent  the  exopodites  of  such  a  pair  of  biramous  limbs, 
and  the  penis  valves  en  may  possibly  correspond  to  the  endo- 
podites  of  the  crustacean  limbs.  In  insects,  it  is  usually  the 
modified  limbs  and  processes  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment 
which  make  up  the  genitalia  of  the  malC;  and  unless  this  fact  is 
clearly  understood,  confusion  is  likely  to  ensue,  since  parts  of 
the  ninth  abdominal  segment  may  be  mistaken  for  the  tenth 
segment,  as  is  the  case  in  the  investigations  of  Berlese,  Metcalf, 
and  others. 

In  certain  ephemerids,  the  protopodites  (coxites)  or  basal 
segments  of  the  modified  abdominal  limbs  of  the  ninth  segment, 
are  distinct,  and  in  the  ephemerid  shown  in  figure  4,  they  are 
represented  as  partially  distinct  (i.e.  the  structures  labeled  p  in 
figure  4),  while  in  other  ephemerids  they  unite  to  form  a  single 
basal  plate  (syncoxite),  which  is  borne  in  the  posterior  region  of 
the  ninth  abdominal  sternite,  and  resembles  a  tenth  abdominal 
sternite  so  closely  that  unless  one  knows  its  developmental 
history,  he  would  mistake  it  for  the  tenth  abdominal  sternite. 
When  the  protopodites  of  the  limbs  of  the  ninth  abdominal 
segment  are  distinct,  as  in  certain  Lepismatidae  and  similar 
forms,  they  are  called  coxites.  In  male  sawflics,  as  for  example 
in  the  one  shown  in  figure  5,  the  basal  plate  labeled  sp,  which 
represents  the  united  coxites  or  protopodites  labeled  p  in  figure  4, 
(i.e.  it  is  a  "syncoxite")  is  called  the  gonocardo.  The  genital 
styles  ex  of  the  sawfly  shown  in  figure  5  represent  the  genital 
styles  (gonostyli)  or  modified  exopodites  labeled  ex  in  the  ephe- 
merid shown  in  figure  4,  while  the  penisvalvae  iw  of  figure  5 
probably  represent  the  modified  cndopodites  or  the  penis  valves 
en  of  figure  4.     Tlu^  genital  styles  ex  of  the  ephemerids  and  saw- 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  200 

flies  (figures  4  and  5)  are  sometimes  called  gonopods,  but  the 
term  gonopod  should  refer  to  the  entire  modified  abdominal 
limb  (i.e.  it  should  include  the  basal  segment  p  of  figure  4,  as 
well  as  the  genital  style  ex,  etc.). 

As  was  described  above,  the  principal  parts  of  the  gonitaha 
of  sawflies  may  be  readily  compared  with  those  of  male  ephem- 
erids,  and  since  the  sawflies  have  retained  the  primitive  con- 
dition in  many  respects,  they  serve  to  connect  the  higher  insects 
with  the  lower  ones.  Within  the  sawfly  group  the  following 
modifications  of  the  general  plan  shown  in  figure  5,  may  take 
place.  The  basal  plate  sp  of  figure  5  frequently  becomes  re- 
duced to  a  narrow  ring,  such  as  the  one  labeled  sp  in  figures  3 
and  8,  and  this  basal  plate  is  either  atrophied,  or  it  is  greatly 
reduced  and  may  unite  with  the  basal  segment  of  the  genital 
styles  in  higher  insects. 

In  the  following  comparison  of  the  parts  of  sawflies  with 
higher  insects,  I  shall  have  occasion  to  refer  to  parts  which  were 
originally  dorsal  in  certain  of  these  forms,  but  have  become 
secondarily  ventral  through  a  torsion  or  revolution  of  the  parts 
about  their  long  axis  (through  one  hundred  and  eighty  degrees). 
The  ol^ject  of  this  revolution  through  one  hundred  and  eighty 
degrees  is  to  facilitate  mating  (see  figure  24),  and  takes  place 
in  the  male  alone,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  I  have  found  such  a 
revolution  of  the  parts  in  certain  male  sawflies,  and  a  number  of 
Diptera  (and  I  strongly  suspect  that  a  similar  condition  occurs 
in  the  Embiidae,  although  I  cannot  prove  this  as  yet).  Unless 
one  realizes  what  has  happened  in  such  cases,  he  is  misled  into 
attempting  to  homologize  parts  which  were  originally  dorsal  and 
have  become  ventral  only  secondarily  (through  a  revolution  of 
the  parts  about  their  long  axis  through  one  hundred  and  eighty 
degrees),  with  parts  which  were  always  ventral  and  have  re- 
mained so — an  error  made  by  Newell,  1018,  in  the  sawflies,  and 
by  Brolemann,  1010,  in  culicid  Diptera,  etc.  I  would  therefore 
emphasize  the  fact  that  in  comparing  the  sawflies  here  discussed, 
with  certain  of  the  Diptera,  the  terms  primitive^  dorsal  and 
primitively  ventral  as  applied  to  the  sawflies,  etc.,  refer  to  the 
original  position  of  the  parts  in  question,  which  have  become 

TUANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


210  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

secondarily  ventral  by  being  twisted  around  their  long  axis 
(they  revolve  as  a  whole,  not  singly).  In  primitive  sawflies  the 
parts  remain  in  their  normal  position,  and  thus  enable  us  to 
determine  the  original  relations  of  the  parts,  and  to  homologize 
them  with  other  insects.  Bearing  these  facts  in  mind,  I  would 
call  attention  to  the  following  modifications  of  the  parts  in  male 
sawflies,  which  throw  considerable  light  upon  the  interpretation 
of  the  genital  structures  of  the  Diptera  and  other  higher  insects. 
In  some  sawflies,  median  portions  of  the  basal  segments  of 
the  genital  styles  become  detached  from  their  respective  segments 
and  approaching  one  another,  unite  to  form  a  median  interbasal 
plate  (interbasis  or  connective)  or  median  plate  primitively 
situated  above  the  penis  valves  (intromittent  organs),  although 
in  some  sawflies,  the  plate  in  question  appears  to  be  below  the 
penis  valves,  since  a  secondary  torsion  of  the  parts  causes  the 
plate  to  lie  below  the  penis  valves  when  the  genital  apparatus 
turns  over  (through  one  hundred  and  eighty  degrees).  In  the 
sawfiy  shown  in  figure  3,  the  connective  or  interbasal  plates, 
labeled  ib,  are  partially  detached  from  their  respective  basal 
segments  gs,  and  tend  to  unite  in  the  median  line  of  the  genitalia 
— a  process  which  is  completed  in  certain  sawflies.  In  the  Dip- 
teron  shown  in  figure  7,  there  occurs  immediately  above  the 
intromittent  organ  ae,  an  apron-like  plate  ih  which  is  connected 
laterally  with  the  leases  of  the  genital  styles  gs,  and  from  its 
position  above  the  intromittent  organ  and  between  the  bases  of 
the  gonostyli  it  apparently  represents  the  united  interbasal 
plates  ib  of  the  sawfiy  shown  in  figure  3  (albeit,  in  the  sawfiy  in 
question,  these  plates  have  secondarily  come  to  lie  below  the 
intromittent  organ,  as  in  the  higher  sawflies — but  not  in  the 
lower  ones).  On  the  originally  ventral  (but  secondarily  dorsal) 
surface  of  the  genitalia  of  the  sawfiy  shown  in  figure  8,  two 
slender  structures  labeled  vv  (which  may  possibly  represent  the 
so-called  volsellae  of  higher  Hymenoptera)  become  detached 
from  the  median  portions  of  the  basal  segments  of  the  genital 
styles  gs.  The  small  genital  ossicles  labeled  s  in  the  sawfiy 
shown  in  figure  8  (which  may  possibly  represent  the  so-called 
sagittae  of  higher  Hymenoptera) ,  are  also  ai)parcntly  detached 
portions  of  the  basal  segments  of  the  genital  styles  gs,  which 


G,    C.    CRAMPTON"  211 

migrate  to  a  position  on  either  side  of  the  intromittent  organ  pv 
(or  they  may  be  simply  outgrowths  on  either  side  of  the  intro- 
mittent organ),  and  the  above-mentioned  structures  may  become 
involved  in  the  formation  of  the  intromittent  organ  of  higher 
insects.  In  some  cases,  I  think  that  secondary  chitinizations 
of  the  body  wall  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  opening  of  the 
ejaculatory  duct  enter  into  the  composition  of  the  intromittent 
organ,  and  the  various  secondarily  formed  portions  of  the  intro- 
mittent organ  make  it  very  difficult  to  interpret  the  parts  cor- 
rectly in  certain  cases,  unless  all  of  the  evolutionary  stages  in 
their  formation  can  be  found.  In  some  insects,  the  terminal 
portion  of  the  ejaculatory  duct  forms  the  penis,  but  it  is  pref- 
erable to  speak  of  the  intromittent  organ  simply  as  the  aedeagus, 
regardless  of  the  homologies  of  its  various  parts. 

If  we  compare  the  claspers  of  the  sawfly  shown  in  figure  5, 
with  those  of  the  ephemerid  shown  in  figure  4,  it  would  appear 
much  more  prol^able  that  the  basal  segments  of  the  claspers  gs 
of  the  sawfly  shown  in  figure  5  represent  the  basal  segments  of 
the  genital  styles  gs  of  the  mayfly  shown  in  figure  4,  rather  than 
that  the  basal  segments  gs  of  the  claspers  of  the  sawfly  shown 
in  figure  5  should  represent  the  coxites  or  protopodites  p  of  the 
ephemerid  shown  in  figure  4  (since  the  l)asal  plate  7?  of  figure  5 
represents  the  united  coxites  p  of  figure  4),  and  the  musculature 
of  the  parts  in  ciuestion  would  permit  of  such  an  interpretation. 
The  two-segmented  genital  claspers  or  genital  styles  ex  of  the 
sawfly  shown  in  figure  8  are  apparently  homologous  with  the 
two-segmented  genital  styles  ex  of  the  mecopteron  shown  in 
figure  25,  as  I  have  pointed  out  in  several  papers  dealing  with 
these  insects;  so  that  Muir,  1921,  is  evidently  mistaken  in 
attempting  to  homologize  the  basal  segment  gs  of  the  two- 
segmented  genital  style  ex  of  figure  25,  with  the  coxites  or  pro- 
topodites p  of  figure  4,  instead  of  homologizing  the  basal  seg- 
ments gs  of  the  two-segmented  genital  styles  ex  of  figure  25  with 
the  basal  segments  gs  of  the  two-segmented  genital  styles  ex 
of  figure  4,  as  should  be  done.  This  is  a  very  important  matter, 
since  the  proper  interpretation  of  the  claspers  of  the  Diptera 
depends  upon  the  correct  intcri)retation  of  the  parts  in  the 
Mecoptera,  which  approach  the  dipteran  type  remarkable  closely. 

TRANS.   AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIH. 


212  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

Having  determined  that  the  basal  segment  of  the  two-seg- 
mented genital  style  gs  of  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure  25  is 
in  all  probability  the  basal  segment  of  the  two-segmented  gono- 
stylus  ex  of  figure  4  (rather  than  the  homologue  of  the  coxite  p 
of  figure  4),  it  naturally  follows  that  the  structure  labeled  gs 
in  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure  6  (which  is  in  every  way 
homologous  with  the  basal  segment  gs  of  the  two-segmented 
genital  style  of  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure  25),  likewise 
represents  the  basal  segment  gs  of  the  gonostyle  ex  of  the  ephem- 
erid  shown  in  figure  4,  and  it  is  a  very  simple  matter  to  compare 
the  parts  of  the  claspers  of  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure  6, 
with  those  of  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  9.  Thus,  the  eighth 
abdominal  tergite  8*  of  figure  6  is  homologous  with  the  eighth 
tergite  8*  of  figure  9,  and  the  ninth  tergite  9*  of  figure  6  is  homol- 
ogous with  the  ninth  tergite  9*  of  figure  9,  while  the  basal  seg- 
ments of  the  gonostyli  gs,  which  are  located  on  either  side  of  the 
ninth  tergite  9*  in  figure  6,  very  evidently  correspond  in  every 
way  to  the  basal  segments  gs  of  the  gonostyli,  which  are  also 
located  on  either  side  of  the  ninth  tergite  9*  in  figure  9,  and  the 
second  segments  h  of  the  gonostyli  bear  very  similar  median 
processes  in  both  insects. 

A  study  of  the  lower  insects  would  suggest  that  the  two- 
segmented  genital  styles  ex  of  figures  4,  5,  etc.,  are  modified 
exopodites  of  the  limbs  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment,  so  that 
if  this  be  correct,  it  is  easily  seen  that  the  two-segmented  genital 
styles  ex  of  figures  25  and  26  are  also  merely  modified  exopodites 
of  the  limbs  of  the  ninth  abdominal  segment,  and  consequently 
the  two-segmented  genital  styles  ex  of  figure  9  (which  correspond 
in  every  way  to  the  structures  bearing  the  same  labels  in  figure  6) 
are  possibly  merely  the  modified  exopodites  of  the  limbs  of  the 
ninth  abdominal  segment.  Berlese  confuses  the  basal  segments 
gs  of  the  gonostyles  ex  of  the  ninth  segment  with  the  tenth 
sternite  (and  even  with  the  parapodial  plates  of  Dermaptera, 
etc.),  and  Newell  has  gotten  the  interpretation  of  the  i)arts  into 
such  a  snarl  in  the  Diptera  and  Hymenoptcra  that  it  is  hopeless 
to  try  to  find  out  what  is  really  intended  in  her  drawings,  though 
I  suspect,  from  her  figures  of  the  Mecoptera,  that  she  would 
iiiterpret  the  basal  segments  of  the  genital  styles  as  the  ninth 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  213 

abdominal  sternite.  Metcalf  apparently  regards  the  basal 
segments  of  the  genital  styles  of  the  ninth  al^dominal  segment 
as  the  sternite  of  the  tenth  segment,  and  consequently  interprets 
the  second  (terminal)  segment  of  the  genital  styles  as  the  ap- 
pendages of  the  tenth  abdominal  segment.  This  very  confusing 
mix-up  will  undoubtedly  throw  anyone  not  conversant  with  the 
true  state  of  affairs  completely  off  the  track,  and  the  confusion 
is  by  no  means  lessened  by  the  fact  that  Snodgrass  (who  is 
usually  one  of  the  most  careful  and  dependable  of  investigators) 
has  promulgated  the  idea  that  the  basal  segment  of  the  genital 
styles  of  Diptera  represent  the  pleural  plates  of  the  ninth  seg- 
ment. Their  origin  in  lower  insects  very  clearh'  shows  that  the 
styli  are  originally  ventral  structures  borne  on  the  sternite  of 
the  ninth  segment,  and  a  comparison  of  the  basal  segments  gs 
of  the  genital  styles  of  the  Mecoptera  shown  in  figures  31  and 
34,  with  the  basal  segments  gs  of  the  genital  stjdes  of  the  Dip- 
teron  shown  in  figure  32,  clearly  indicates  the  process  by  which 
the  basal  segments  gs  of  the  genital  styles,  which  are  ventral  in 
lower  insects  (figure  4),  may  become  secondarih^  crowded  into 
the  lateral  region  of  the  segment  as  in  figure  32  (gs),  since  in 
figure  34,  the  basal  segment  gs  is  somewhat  lateral  in  position, 
while  in  figure  31  it  becomes  pronouncedly  so,  and  thus  anti- 
cipates the  condition  exhibited  by  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure 
32. 

It  is  a  very  difficult  problem  to  decide  what  terms  to  apply  to 
the  basal  and  distal  segments  of  the  genital  styles  of  the  ninth 
abdominal  segment.  The  basal  segment  gs  of  figure  8  has  been 
called  the  gonostipes  in  male  sawflies,  and  the  distal  segment 
has  been  variously  termed  the  cochliarium,  harpes,  parameres, 
etc.,  in  these  insects.  The  designation  harpes  and  harpagones 
has  also  been  variously  applied  by  lepidopterists  to  the  fused 
segments  of  the  entire  genital  styles  (or  to  various  other  parts 
as  well),  and  the  dipterists  have  further  complicated  the  con- 
fusion by  applying  these  terms  to  still  other  structures,  so  that 
it  is  impossible  to  apply  these  terms  in  the  orders  in  question 
without  creating  confusion.  While  I  prefer  the  designation  gono- 
stipes for  the  basal  segment  gs  of  the  genital  styles,  and  the 
designation  harpes  or  parameres  for  the  distal  segment  h  of  the 

TRANS.  AM.   EXT.  SOC,  XLVIIl. 


214  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

genital  styles,  it  is  preferable  to  designate  the  basal  and  distal 
segments  of  these  styles  simply  as  the  basistylus  and  dististylus 
respectively,  (until  the  matter  is  finally  settled)  if  we  are  to 
avoid  confusion.  The  latter  designations  are  descriptive  and 
also  indicate  the  probable  nature  of  the  structures  in  question, 
so  that  it  has  seemed  preferable  to  adopt  them  in  the  present 
discussion. 

In  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  7,  the  liasistyle  gs  (basal 
segment  of  the  genital  style)  has  remained  in  the  condition  typical 
of  the  basal  segment  of  the  style  in  the  lower  forms,  but  the 
dististyle  h  (distal  segment  of  the  genital  style)  becomes  differ- 
entiated into  an  apical  appendage  a  (the  apicappendix)  and  a 
subapical  appendage  sa  (subappendix).  In  the  dipteron  shown 
in  figure  36,  the  apical  a]:)pendix  a  has  become  detached  from 
the  subapical  appendix  .sa,  and  the  process  has  been  carried  still 
further  in  other  forms.  The  apical  appendix  a  of  figure  7 
apparently  represents  the  apical  portion  a  of  the  distal  segment 
of  the  genital  style  of  the  insects  shown  in  figures  6  and  9,  while 
the  subapical  appendage  .sa  of  figure  7  apparently  corresponds 
to  the  subapical  process  sa  of  the  distal  segment  of  the  genital 
style  of  the  insects  shown  in  figures  6  and  9,  and  it  is  onlj'  by 
comparing  the  parts  in  the  Diptera  and  related  Mecoptera, 
that  we  are  able  to  reach  an  approximately  correct  interpretation 
of  these  parts  in  the  higher  forms. 

In  the  dipteron  shown  in  figures  10  and  12,  the  basistyle  gs 
(basal  segment  of  the  genital  style)  becomes  bent  inward,  and 
the  inflexion  of  the  segment  partially  divides  it  into  two  secon- 
arily-formed  subdivisions  or  pseudosegments,  and  in  the  dip- 
teron shown  in  figure  12,  all  that  is  left  of  the  true  distal  segment 
(dististyle)  of  the  genital  style  is  represented  by  the  apical  and 
subapical  appendages.  In  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  11,  the 
basal  and  distal  segments  of  the  genital  styles  are  greatly  modi- 
fied, the  basal  segment  being  represented  by  the  i)late  labelled 
gs,  while  the  distal  segment  h  has  developed  vai-ious  outgrowths 
and  other  modifications  which  tend  to  mask  its  true  character 
as  a  distal  segment  of  the  genital  stylo.  In  the  syrphid  shown 
in  figure  22,  the  distal  segment  h  of  the  genital  style  is  flat  and 
broad,  while  the  basal  segment  gs  is  more  membranous,  and 
becomes  quite  closely  a))i)lie(l  to  the  i)leural  region  of  the  ninth 
abdominal  segment. 


G.    C,    CRAMPTON  215 

In  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure  25,  the  ninth  tergite  bearing 
the  label  9^,  bears  two  lobe-like  processes,  the  surstyli  or  sur- 
gonopods,  sg,  which  are  situated  above  the  gonopods  or  modified 
genital  limbs  (genital  styles),  and  in  the  mecopteron  shown  in 
figure  26,  the  surgonopods  or  copulatory  lobes  sg  are  modified 
to  form  accessory  claspers  in  mating.  In  the  dipteron  shown 
ill  figure  32,  the  surgonopods  sg  also  serve  as  accessory  clasping 
orgar.s,  while  in  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  37  the  surgonopods 
-■J  are  broad  backward-projecting  lobes  which  appear  as  though 
i'cy  might  also  be  used  as  secondary  claspers  in  mating.  In 
he  dipteron  shown  in  figure  35,  the  homologues  of  the  surgon- 
opods sg  are  not  very  large,  nor  are  they  well  developed  in  the 
me^v^pteron  shown  in  figure  33  (sg).  In  the  Lepidoptera  shown 
in  figures  16  and  19,  the  surgonopods  sg  are  fairlj-  large,  and,  as 
in  the  trichopteroii  shown  in  figure  15,  the  surgonopods  sg 
usually  occur  on  either  side  of  a  median  backward  prolongation 
of  the  ninth  tergite  calind  the  tegumen  in  Lepidoptera  (i.e.  im 
of  figures  19,  16,  and  15).  The  backward-projecting  portion  of 
the  ninth  tergite;  labeled  th:  in  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure 
20;  is  also  apparently  homoL  gous  with  the  tegumen  tm  of  the 
Lepidoptera  and  Triohoptera  (/gures  16  and  15),  and  since  this 
structure  occurs  in  the  Lepidoj.  ""era,  Trichoptera  and  Mecop- 
tera,  which  are  very  closely  relate  1  to  the  Diptera,  it  is  indeed 
surprising  that  few  if  any  Dijjtera  have  developed  a  tegumen. 

In  the  hemipteron  showri  in  figare  14,  the  ninth  sternite 
bears  a  pair  of  valves,  hv,  called  the  hypovalvae,  which  are  back- 
ward-projecting processes  of  the  sternite.  In  the  mecopteron 
shown  in  figure  17,  the  hypovalvae  hv  are  short,  l)ut  in  the 
mecopteron  shown  in  figure  13,  the  hypovalvae  Iw  are  long 
slender  processes,  and  the  character  of  these  valves  should  be 
of  value  in  classification,  since  they  are  typical  of  the  species  in 
question.  The  backward-projecting  processes  hv  of  the  ninth 
sternite  of  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  11,  arc  probably  homol- 
ogous with  the  hypovalvae  of  the  other  insects  referred  to  al)Ove. 
From  its  position  l)eneath  the  male  genital  apparatus,  the 
sternum  of  the  ninth  a])dominal  segment  ha  of  figures  32,  34, 
20,  17,  etc.,  has  been  called  the  hy])andrium,  or  suV)gcnital  plate 
of  the  male,  and  it  is  tliis  plat(^  wliicli  Ixvirs  the  tiuc  hypovalvae 
or  subgenital  valves,  mentioned  aV)ovc,  whvn  these  are  present. 

TRANS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


216  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

The  sternite  of  the  eighth  abdominal  segment  may  also  be 
prolonged  backward  to  form  a  pseudohypandrium,  such  as  the 
one  labeled  8^  in  figure  37.  In  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  11, 
the  eighth  sternite  8^,  which  forms  a  pseudohypandrium  or 
pseudo-subgenital  valve  of  the  male,  also  bears  a  pair  of  pseudo- 
styli,  ps,  suggestive  of  the  valves  borne  on  the  ninth  sternite 
(hypovalvae)  or  true  subgenital  plate  of  the  male.  The  epand- 
rium  or  ninth  tergite  situated  above  the  genital  apparatus  of 
the  male,  which  bears  the  label  ea  in  figures  27,  33,  9,  6,  etc.,  is 
frequently  characteristic  of  the  different  insects  in  size,  contour, 
etc.,  and  may  offer  a  character  of  value  in  classification,  since 
it  (like  the  hypandrium)  is  readily  seen  without  dissecting  out 
the  parts,  as  is  usually  necessary  in  studying  the  genitalia  them- 
selves. 

Behind  the  ninth  abdominal  segment,  there  occurs  in  many 
insects  an  anus-bearing  structure  called  the  proctiger  {pg  of 
figures  6,  7,  10,  12,  14,  18,  20,  24,  25,  26,  29,  33,  35,  37  and  38), 
which  possibly  represents  the  united  tenth  and  eleventh  ab- 
dominal segments,  since  in  the  mecopteron  shown  in  figure  20, 
and  in  the  dipteron  shown  in  figure  35,  it  bears  the  cerci  c,  which 
are  supposedly  appendages  of  the  eleventh  abdominal  segment. 
At  least,  embryologists  such  as  Heymons,  Wheeler,  and  others 
claim  that  the  cerci  are  modified  limbs  of  the  eleventh  abdominal 
segment,  and  if  the  cerci  arise  as  the  limbs  of  the  eleventh  segment 
in  the  embryo,  there  is  no  gainsaying  the  fact  that  they  belong 
to  the  eleventh  segment,  and  the  proctiger  pg  of  figures  20,  35, 
etc.,  must  therefore  contain  the  eleventh  segment  in  its  com- 
position (as  well  as  the  tenth).  I  am  not  entirely  convinced 
that  the  cerci  are  really  the  limbs  of  the  eleventh  rather  than  of 
the  tenth  abdominal  segment,  however,  since  it  appears  to  me 
that  the  basal  segment  (protopodite,  or  parapodial  plate)  of  the 
modified  limb,  whose  endopodite  forms  the  ccrcus,  has  been 
mistaken  for  the  eleventh  sternite  by  the  embryologists,  as  I 
have  pointed  out  in  a  paper  pubHshed  in  Entomological  News,^ 
and  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  cerci  are  the  modified  Hmbs  of 
the  tenth  instead  of  the  eleventh  abdominal  segment,  as  they 
appear  to  be  in  other  insects  which  I  have  examined  from  the 

2  XXII,  p.  257. 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  217 

standpoint  of  comparative  morphology.  !Metcalf  interprets  the 
plates  labeled  c,  which  are  situated  on  either  side  of  the  anus  in 
the  syrphid  shown  in  figures  23  and  22,  as  the  cerci.  I  am  more 
inclined  to  regard  these  structures  as  the  representatives  of  the 
basal  plates  pp  or  paraprocts  (parapodial plates,  or  protopodites), 
which  are  situated  on  cither  side  of  the  anus  and  bear  the  cerci 
la])eled  c  in  the  female  dipteron  shown  in  figure  21.  Such  para- 
podial  plates  bearing  the  true  cerci  are  also  present  in  the  mecop- 
teron  shown  in  figure  18,  and  in  these  insects  the  plates  in 
question  are  broad  flattened  plates,  rather  than  the  typical 
cylindrical  structures  forming  the  cerci  c  of  the  dipteron  shown 
in  figure  35,  for  example  (or  the  cerci  labeled  c  in  the  mecopteron 
shown  in  figure  17).  I  have  provisionally  adopted  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  plates  labeled  c  in  figures  9,  22,  23,  etc.,  as  the 
cerci,  however,  since  I  cannot  prove  that  they  are  the  parapodial 
plates  (paraprocts)  rather  than  the  cerci,  and  Metcalf  and 
Berlese  may  be  right  in  calling  them  cerci,  though  I  feel  that  this 
matter  should  be  investigated  from  the  embryological  standpoint 
])efore  it  is  regarded  as  definitely  settled. 

As  was  mentioned  above,  the  abdominal  segments  which  bear 
the  anus  are  called  the  proctiger  {pg  of  figures  33,  35,  38,  etc.). 
The  ninth  abdominal  segment  of  the  male,  being  the  genital 
segment  par  excellence,  might  be  referred  to  as  the  gonomere 
(the  term  andromere  has  also  been  proposed  for  it) .  Its  tergite 
is  here  referred  to  as  the  epandrium,  and  its  sternite  as  the  hy- 
pandrium.  Its  pleurite  (also  called  the  gonopleurite)  may  be 
I'eferred  to  as  the  parandrium.  These  terms  are  much  less 
cumbersome  than  such  designations  as  the  "ninth  abdominal 
tergite  of  the  male"  (epandrium),  the  "ninth  a]:)dominal  sternite 
of  the  male"  (hypandrium)  etc.,  and  are  proposed  merely  for 
the  sake  of  convenience  and  brevity.  Since  the  terms  ovipositor, 
terebra,  etc.,  are  already  in  use  for  the  external  genital  apparatus 
of  the  female,  the  term  genitalia  may  readily  be  restricted  to 
the  accessory  genital  apparatus  of  the  male,  and  is,  in  fact,  so 
used  by  a  great  number  of  investigators  in  the  different  orders 
of  insects.  It  would  be  preferable  to  apply  the  term  "genitalia" 
to  the  claspers  and  adeagus  alone,  but  there  is  no  objection  to 
including  the  accessory  claspers  (surgonopods)  formed  ])y  the 

TRANS.  AM.   EXT.  SOC,  XLVUI. 


218  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

outgrowths  of  the  ninth  tergite,  or  the  pseudo-styh  ps  of  the 
insect  shown  in  figure  11,  under  the  designation  ''genitaha/'  as 
well. 

Metcalf,  1921,  divides  the  abdomen  of  the  Syrphidae  (sensu 
lato)  into  a  pieal)domen  and  a  postabdomen;  the  preabdomen 
includes  the  segments  which  are  not  greatly  modified  (i.  c.  it 
includes  segment  four  of  figure  23),  while  the  postal)domen  in- 
cludes the  reduced  and  modified  segments  (i.e.  segments  five  to  ten 
inclusive,  in  figure  23)  which  are  usually  contorted  or  twisted 
about  in  a  peculiar  fashion  in  adaptation  to  the  method  of  mating 
of  these  Diptera.  The  designations  preabdomen  and  postal)- 
domen  are  very  convenient  ones  in  syrphid  morphology,  but 
are  not  applicable  in  most  other  insects,  althought  the  slender 
terminal  segments  of  certain  Mecoptera  might  readily  be  dis- 
tinguished as  the  "postabdomen."  The  pecuHar  twisting  of 
the  terminal  segments  of  male  syrphids  has  already  been  referred 
to.  The  condition  met  with  in  the  syrphids,  however,  is  quite 
different  from  the  torsion  of  the  terminal  segments  (usually  the 
ninth — or  eighth  also — and  the  anus-bearing  segments)  in  male 
culicids,  certain  mycetophilids,  etc.  Unlike  the  torsion  of  the 
genitalia  of  male  sawflies,  the  anus-bearing  segments  are  also 
involved  in  the  revolution  of  the  genitalia  of  the  Diptera.  As 
shown  in  figure  24,  this  revolution  of  the  parts  of  the  male 
would  facilitate  the  insertion  of  the  intromittent  organ  ae  into 
the  opening  of  ninth  segment  of  the  female.  I  have  not  been  able 
to  observe  the  copulation  of  many  Diptera  in  order  to  determine 
what  parts  of  the  female  have  become  adapted  to  the  reception 
of  the  genitalia  of  the  male  insect;  but  in  the  female  mycet- 
ophilid  shown  in  figure  21,  the  styloreceptor,  or  plate  labeled  sr, 
apparently  is  developed  to  receive  the  genital  styles  h  of  the 
male  shown  in  figure  24,  although  in  many  cases  in  these  insects, 
the  claspers  of  the  male  slip  backward  and  pinch  the  sternite 
of  the  eighth  segment  with  such  force  that  it  is  surprising  lliat 
the  female  is  not  liurt  by  the  pressure,  the  ('hTs])ers  l)oiiig  so 
tensely  pressed  together  that  even  plunging  a  coi)ulating  i)air 
into  alcohol  docs  not  cause  the  male  to  loosen  his  grasj)  in  most 
instances. 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  219 

Only  the  more  important  parts  of  the  genitaHa  have  been 
described  and  homologized  in  the  present  paper,  since  I  am 
hoping  to  make  a  more  detailed  studj^  of  the  genitalia  of  the 
Diptera  later,  and  it  has  seemed  preferal)le  to  present  the  essen- 
tial facts  in  a  preliminary  paper,  to  serve  as  the  basis  of  the  more 
detailed  study  of  the  parts,  and  to  call  attention  to  the  misin- 
terpretation of  the  parts  by  recent  investigators,  since  errors 
once  established,  are  extremely  difficult  to  eradicate.  If  such 
errors  go  unchallenged,  they  may  be  accepted  as  correct  by 
those  who  have  not  the  time  or  the  inclination  to  investigate 
the  matter  for  themselves.  It  is  a  very  hopeful  sign,  however, 
that  even  in  systematic  entomology,  those  who  describe  mor- 
phological parts  are  l^eginning  to  be  critical  as  to  the  correctness 
of  the  homologies  indicated  by  the  terms  used,  and  it  is  to  be 
hoped  that  the  modern  spirit  of  scientific  exactness  manifested 
in  verteljrate  osteology  and  kindred  subjects,  will  eventually 
assert  itself  in  entomological  terminology,  as  it  has  long  since 
done  in  the  realm  of  vertebrate  anatomy.  However,  until  the 
students  of  insect  morphology  have  worked  out  the  homologies 
of  the  various  structures  throughout  the  orders  of  insects  (as 
has  ])een  done  by  Comstock  and  his  associates  for  the  wing 
veins  of  insects)  the  systematists  can  hardly  be  blamed  for  using 
the  mostconvenient  terms  (regardless  of  their  correctness)  in 
the  particular  groups  in  which  they  are  working! 

The  parts  of  male  Mecoptera  have  not  been  discussed  in 
detail  in  the  present  paper,  since  the  labelling  of  the  figures  will 
serve  to  indicate  the  homologies  of  the  structures  in  question. 
I  would  call  attention,  however,  to  the  fact  that  the  genitalia 
of  the  Bittacus-gYoup  are  very  different  from  those  of  the  Panorpa- 
group,  and  the  genitalia  of  Merope  are  quite  different  from  either, 
although  Merope  approaches  more  closely  to  the  Panorpn-gvo\\\) 
than  to  the  Bittacus  group,  as  was  shown  in  previous  papers 
dealing  with  these  insects.  Such  of  the  parts  of  the  genitalia 
of  the  male  Diptera  (with  the  Mecoptera)  as  were  not  discussed 
in  this  paper,  ma}'  be  determined  by  referring  to  the  labels  of 
the  figures,  and  tracing  the  same  labels  through  the  series,  to 
the  fundamental  i)lan  of  the  genitalia  of  insects  in  general  given 
in  figure  4. 

TRANS.    AM.   KNT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


220  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 

Before  leaving  the  subject  of  the  genitaha  of  male  insects,  I 
would  call  attention  to  the  evidence  of  relationship  indicated 
by  the  genitalia  of  the  different  groups  of  insects,  which  serves 
to  strengthen  the  conclusions  regarding  the  inter-relationships 
of  these  groups  reached  through  a  comparison  of  other  structures 
of  the  body  than  the  genitalia.  The  character  of  the  "larval" 
head  and  mouthparts,  the  nature  of  the  cerci  and  terminal 
filament,  and  other  structures  of  the  body  indicate  that  the 
ephemerids  are  among  the  most  primitive  of  winged  insects,  and 
the  character  of  the  genitalia  would  bear  out  this  view,  since  the 
parts  of  the  male  in  certain  ephemerids  approximate  the  funda- 
mental type  extremely  closely. 

The  head  and  mouthparts  of  certain  Hymenoptera  and  Me- 
coptera  indicate  a  very  close  relationship  between  the  two  groups, 
and  their  larvae  are  similar  in  many  respects,  so  that  the  marked 
similarity  in  the  genitalia  affords  additional  evidence  of  a  close 
relationship  between  the  two  orders  indicated  by  other  structures 
of  the  body.  The  Diptera  resemble  the  Mecoptera  more  than 
any  other  insects  in  the  nature  of  their  head  and  mouthparts, 
thoracic  structures,  etc.,  and  the  remarkable  similarity  in  the 
genitalia  of  the  two  groups  leaves  no  room  for  doubt  that  the 
Mecoptera  are  among  the  nearest  living  representatives  of  the 
types  ancestral  to  the  Diptera,  although  recent  Mecoptera  are 
naturally  not  the  ancestors  of  recent  Diptera. 

The  genitalia  of  the  Lepidoptera  are  very  like  those  of  the 
Trichoptera,  thus  bearing  out  the  evidence  of  a  very  close  re- 
lationship between  these  two  groups  of  insects  indicated  by 
other  structures  of  the  body  as  well.  The  genitalia  of  certain 
Lepidoptera  not  figured  in  the  present  paper,  indicate  an  ap- 
proach to  the  Hemiptera  (Homoptera)  in  some  resi>ects,  thus 
tending  to  bear  out  the  marked  resemblance  in  the  venation  of 
the  two  groups  of  insects,  but  the  Hemiptera  are  rather  unique 
in  many  respects,  and  their  genitalia  are  not  as  similar  to  those 
of  the  Mecoptera,  as  one  might  expect  from  the  resemblance  of 
the  hemiptcrous  mouthparts  (labium,  etc.)  to  those  of  the 
Mecoptera  and  their  allies,  although  the  genitalia  of  some 
Hemiptera  are  rather  suggestive  of  those  of  certain  Diptera  and 
other  insects  derived  from  Mccoptera-like  forebears.  It  is  also 
rather  surprising  that  the  genitalia  of  the  Trichoptera  are  not 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  221 

more  like  those  of  the  ^Mecoptera  than  they  are,  since  there  is 
considerable  evidence  that  the  Mecoptera  (with  the  Neuroptera) 
are  very  like  the  ancestors  of  the  Trichoptera. 

In  most  cases,  the  evidence  afforded  by  a  study  of  the  genitalia 
directly  supports  that  drawn  from  other  sources,  which  served 
as  the  basis  for  the  grouping  of  insects  into  superorders  given 
by  us,'^  and  in  no  instance  would  the  character  of  the  genitalia  be 
incompatible  with  such  a  grouping.  On  the  other  hand,  the 
nature  of  the  genitalia  of  many  insects  offers  no  striking  evidence 
of  relationship  one  way  or  the  other,  and  one  must  depend  upon 
the  study  of  other  characters  from  as  many  different  portions 
of  the  body  as  possible,  to  determine  the  inter-relationships  of 
the  orders  of  insects.  Furthermore,  insects  are  usually  not 
uniformly  primitive  or  specialized  in  all  parts  of  their  bodies, 
and  an  insect  which  is  quite  primitive  in  most  respects  may  have 
the  genitalia  more  or  less  specialized,  while  an  insect  which  is 
otherwise  fairly  speciaHzed  may  preserve  the  genitalia  in  a  con- 
dition closely  approximating  the  ancestral  condition  of  the  group 
to  which  it  belongs.  Thus  it  is  largely  a  matter  of  luck  in  finding 
the  right  insect  to  illustrate  the  condition  of  genitalia  which 
one  feels  sure  must  be  exhibited  by  some  meml)er  of  the  group, 
from  evidences  of  relationship  to  another  group  of  insects  in- 
dicated by  the  general  make-up  of  the  body  as  a  whole.  Since 
I  have  not  as  yet  succeeded  in  finding  the  forms  (which  I  feel 
sure  exist  from  a  study  of  other  features)  connecting  the  Tri- 
choptera with  the  Mecoptera  and  both  of  these  with  the  Neurop- 
tera, in  the  character  of  their  genitalia,  it  is  preferable  to  i)ostpone 
further  discussion  of  the  evidence  of  relationship  furnished  by 
the  genitalia  until  the  series  is  complete.  I  would  make  use 
of  this  opportunity  of  requesting  the  privilege  of  examining  the 
genitalia  of  such  Trichoptera  as  anyone  may  be  willing  to  lend 
for  this  purpose. 

^  Canad.  Entomol.,  LIII,  p.  114,  1921. 

TKANS.   AM.   ENT.   SOC,   XLVHI. 


222  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 


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IX,  p.  339. 
Westhof,  1882.  .Tipulid  Genitalia. — Wien.  Ent.  Zeitschrift,  ^,  p.  317. 

See  also  i)apers  by  Boettsciher,  Parker,  Aldrich,  Johannscn,  and  others  on 
Diptera;  Felt,  Miyake,  Stitz,  and  Esben-Petersen  on  Mecoptera. 


G.    C.    CRAMPTON  223 


ABBREVIATIONS 

The  letter  "t"  written  to  the  right  and  above  an  Arabic  numeral  indicates 

the  tergite,   while  the  letter  "s"   indicates  the  sternite  of  the  segment  in 

question. 

a Apical  appendage  (apicappendix)  of  claspers. 

ae Aedeagus  or  intromittent  organ  (penis,  etc.). 

b Penis  thread  of  aedeagus  (penisfilum  or  spirofilum). 

c Cerci  (parapodial  plates  in  some  cases). 

CO Columna,  or  part  of  aedeagus. 

dv Dorsovalvae,  or  dorsal  valves,  possibly  homologous  with  the  struc- 
ture labeled  "s". 

ea Epiandrium,  or  ninth  tergite  located  above  male  genitaha. 

en Penisvalvae  or  aedeagus. 

ex Gonostyli,  or  genital  styles  (also  called  gonopods)  possibly  homol- 
ogous with  crustacean  exopodites. 

gs Basistylus  or  basal  segment  of  genital  style  (also  called  gonostipes). 

h Dististj-lus,  or  distal  segment  of  genital  style  (also  called  cochliarium 

harpes,  harpagones,  parameres,  etc.). 

lia Hypandrium,  or  ninth  sternite  beneath  male  genitalia. 

liv Hypovalvae,  or  valves  of  the  hypandrium,  located  beneath  male 

genitalia. 

il) Interbasales,  or  interbasal  plates  which  may  unite  to  form  the  inter- 
basis,  or  connective,  between  the  bases  of  the  genital  styles.  The 
label  "ib?"  indicates  the  parapenes,  or  processes  which  are  not 
strictly  homologous  with  the  other  structures  labeled  "ib." 

p Gonocoxite,  or  genital  coxite,  homologous  with  crustacean  proto- 

podite. 

pa   Parandrium  or  pleural  plate  lateral  to  male  genitalia. 

})g Proctiger,  or  anus-bearing  structure;  also  suranal  plate  or  epiproct. 

pp Paraprocts,  or  parapodial  plates,  homologous  with  Crustacean  pro- 

topodites. 

pr Same  as  pp. 

ps Pseudostyli,  or  valves  of  eighth  sternite. 

pv Penisvalvae  or  aedeagus. 

s Possible  homologue  of  the  sagittae  of  higher  Hymenoptera. 

sa Subapical  api)cndix  (subappendix)  of  claspers. 

sb .Surbasale,  or  surbasal  plate. 

sg Surstyli,  or  surgonopods  (secondary  claspers  above  genital  styles). 

sp Syncoxite,    or    united    genital   coxites    (proto{)odites),  also    called 

gonocardo. 

sr Stj'loreceptor,  or  plate  of  female  for  reception  of  male  stjde. 

ta Telaedeagus,  or  terminal  portion  of  aedeagus. 

tm Tectum,  possible  homologue  of  tegumen  of  higher  Lepidoptera. 

vv  .  . .  . .  Ventrovalvae,  possible  homologues  of  volsellae  of  higher  lI^Tnenop- 
tera. 

1R.^NS.   AJI.    EXT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


224  GENITALIA    OF    MALE    DIPTERA    AND    MECOPTERA 


Explanation  of  Plates 

Fig.  1. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of   male   ephemerid  Blasturus 

cupidus. 
Fig.  2. — Lateral   view  of  terminal  structures  of    male    tenthredinid  Sirex 

edioardsii. 
Fig.  3. — Genitalia   of  male   tenthredinid  Tenthredella  verticalis.     The  parts 

shown    were  originally  dorsal,    but   have  become    secondarily 

ventrally  located  through  a  torsion  or  revolution  of  the  parts 

through  one  hundred  and  eighty  degrees  about  the  long  axis. 
Fig.  4. — Diagram  of  parts  of  genitalia  of  male  ephemerid,  ventral  view. 
Fig.  5. — Diagram  of  parts  of  genitaha  of  male  sawfly,  ventral  view. 
Fig.  6. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male    mecopteron  Chorista 

australis. 
Fig.  7. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male   dipteron  Gnoj>homyia 

tristissima. 
Fig.  8. — Genitalia  of  male  sawfly  Dolerus  collaris.     The  parts  shown  were 

originally  ventral,  but  have  become  secondarily  dorsal  as  the 

result  of  torsion. 
Fig.  9. — Terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  Sciara  sciophila,  the  originally 

dorsal  structures  have  been  turned  over  so  as  to  lie  in  a  ventral 

position  when  in  situ. 
Fig.  10. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  the  male  dipteron  Eriocera 

fidtonensis. 
Fig.  11. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  Tipula  valida. 
Fig.  12. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  Epiphragma  sp. 

(related  to  E .  fascipennis) . 
Fig.  13. — Ventral  view  of  terminal  structures  of    male  panori)id  Panorpa 

nebulosa. 
Fig.  14. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  a  male  nymphal    jassid 

(cicadellid) . 
Fig.  15. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of   male   trichopteron  PIiUg- 

polatmis  distinctus. 
Fig.  IG. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  lepidopteron  Microp- 

teryx  Eriocephnla)  sepeUa. 
Fig.  17. — Ventral   view  of  terminal  structures  of  male    panorpid   Panorpa 

liigiibris. 
Fig.  IS. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  panorpid  Pa7wrpodcs  sp. 
Fig.  19. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  lepidopteron  Microp- 

teryx  (Eriocephala)  calthella. 
Fig.  20. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of    male  panorpid  Panorpa 

lugubris. 
Fig.  21. — Lateral   view   of   terminal   structures   of    female    dipteron   Sciara 

sciophila. 
Fig.  22. — Lateral  view  of  male  genitalia  of  dipteron  Eristalis  tenax. 


G.    C.    CRAMPTOX  225 

Fig.  23. — Ventral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  Eriskilis  tenax. 
Fig.  24. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  segments  of  male  and  female  dipteron 

Sciara  sciophila,  in  coitu. 
Fig.  2.'). — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male    mecopteron   Merope 

tuber. 
Fig.  2(). — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male   mecoi)ter()n  Bittacus 

pilicorius. 
Fig.  27. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal   structures   of   male   dipteron    Chrysopila 

qiKidraUi. 
Fig.  28. — Dorsal  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male   mecopteron  Naiino- 

chorista  dipter aides,  based  on  figure  by  Tillyard. 
Fig.  29. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  homopteron  Psylla  sp. 
Fig.  30. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  Rhampfiontyia 

mutahilis. 
Fig.  31. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  mecopteron  Boreus 

ttiroriundus. 
Fig.  32. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  BiWicomorpha 

.sp. 
Fig.  33. — Dorsal  view  of  male  mecopteron  Panorpa  maculosa. 
Fig.  34. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  mecopteron  Boreus 

bruinalis. 
Fig.  35. — Lateral   view   of  terminal   structures  of   male  dipteron  Ptecticus 

trivittatas. 
Fig.  3G. — Ventral   view   of  terminal  structure  of  male  dipteron  Limnophiln 

rujlhasls. 
Fig.  37. — Lateral   view   of  terminal  structures  of  male  tlipteron  Prnmachus 

fitchii. 
Fig.  38. — Lateral  view  of  terminal  structures  of  male  dipteron  Ormo.'<ia  in- 

itoceus. 

TR\XS.   AM.   EXT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


J.  R.   MALLOt'II  227 


FLIES  OF  THE  ANTHOMYIID  GENUS  PHAONIA 
ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY  AND  RELATED  GENERA,  KNOWN 
TO    OCCUR   IN    NORTH    AMERICA 

BY  J.  R.  MALLOCH 

The  present  paper  offers  a  revision  of  the  species  of  the  genus 
Phaonia  in  its  widest  sense,  not  with  the  idea  that  this  is  by  any 
means  a  complete  survey  of  our  species,  because  there  must  be 
a  large  number  still  unknown  to  me,  but  with  the  intention  of 
making  it  possible  for  students  of  this  imperfectly  known  family 
to  identify  those  species  which  have  already  been  described,  and 
to  place  before  those  students  data  bearing  on  characters  which 
I  have  found  valuable  in  the  differentiation  of  the  species.  To 
this  family,  more  so  than  to  most  dipterous  groups,  there  has  been 
shown  an  aversion  by  students,  because  of  the  fact  that  the  gen- 
eric limits  and  the  characters  for  the  definition  of  the  genera  have 
been  but  imperfectly  understood.  There  is  no  good  key  for 
the  identification  of  the  genera,  though  a  recent  one  by  Herr  P. 
Stein  is  a  considerable  advance  in  our  knowledge.^ 

In  several  of  my  recent  papers  on  different  genera  of  the  family 
I  have  given  partial  keys  to  the  genera  and  intend  finallj'  to 
publish  a  key  to  the  whole  of  the  genera,  but  my  material  is 
not  sufficient  to  warrant  such  a  course  at  this  time.  I  include 
in  this  paper  a  partial  key  to  the  genera  related  to  Phaonia  in 
the  restricted  sense,  in  the  hope  that  it  may  permit  of  the  more 
ready  recognition  of  the  forms  treated  in  the  paper. 

Much  of  the  material  on  which  this  paper  is  based  belongs  to 
the  United  States  National  Museum,  but  many  specimens  were 
lent  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson  from  his  collection  or  that  of 
the  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  and  by  Professor  J.  S. 
Hine  from  his  own  collection  or  from  the  material  collected  by 
him  when  on  his  trips  to  Mt.  Katmai  for  the  National  Geographic 
Society.  The  collection  of  the  lUinois  State  Natural  History 
Society  has  always  been  available  to  me,  and  most  of  that  mate- 
rial was  collected  by  the  late  Mr.  C.  A.  Hart  and  the  author. 

»  Archiv.  fiir  Xaturges.,  1917,  Abt.  A,  1  heft,  1919. 

TRAXS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


228    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Every  effort  has  been  made  to  place  types  or  paratypes  in  the 
National  collection  at  Washington,  and  the  types  of  all  new 
species  belonging  to  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Biological 
Survey  will  be  deposited  in  that  collection.  A  representative 
series  has  also  been  placed  in  the  collection  of  the  American 
Entomological  Society. 

Definition  of  the  Group 

Sixth  wing-vein  not  reaching  the  margin  of  wing;  hind  tibia 
with  one  bristle,  rarely  two  bristles,  on  posterodorsal  surface; 
cheek  without  a  slightly  raised  anteriorly  rounded  area  on  lower 
half  or  more,  the  surface  of  which  is  covered  with  more  or  less 
upwardly  curved  hairs,  lower  calyptra  always  distinctly  pro- 
truded beyond  upper;  under  surface  of  scutellum  never  with  soft 
hairs;  propleura  bare;  sternopleural  ])ristles  not  in  an  equilateral 
triangle;  thorax  with  at  least  two  strong  presutural  dorsocentral 
bristles. 

There  are  one  or  two  species  of  the  genus  Helina  R.-D.  which 
may  be  confused  with  this  group,  Ijut  the  partial  key  offered 
herewith  should  enable  students  to  place  any  questionable 
forms  in  their  proper  positions. 

Habits  of  the  Species 

The  larvae  of  the  species  are  mostly  unknown.  Those  that 
are  known  to  me  are  dealt  with  in  the  text.  One  has  been  found 
to  parasitize  the  larvae  or  pupae  of  a  tipulid  fly,  while  one  lives 
in  much  decayed  tree  stumps  and  another  under  the  bark  of 
recently  felled  trees. 

The  adults  of  many  species  occur  on  tree  trunks  or  on  leaves 
and  are  very  active.  They  feed  on  sap  exuding  from  wounds 
in  trees  and  on  nectar  of  flowers. 

Many  of  the  species  occur  in  the  far  north  and  in  mountainous 
regions,  while  very  few  arc  met  with  in  the  Plains  states.  Those 
I  have  found  in  Illinois  are  associated  with  wooded  areas  and 
are  neither  plentiful  in  numbers  nor  species. 

Some  species  arc  common  to  Europe  and  North  America,  but 
in  all  cases  where  the  recognition  of  European  species  as  American 
has  been  recorded,  I  have  had  authonlically  identifi<Hl  European 
specimens  for  comparison  with  those  from  this  country.  This 
has  been  considered  as  essential  because  of  the  great  similarity 
in  color  and  general  siructure  in  this  genus,  and  the  fact  that 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  229 

many  very  useful  characters  for  the  differentiation  of  closely 
allied  species  are  used  in  this  paper  for  the  first  time.  The  lack 
of  recognition  of  these  characters  by  European  workers  causes 
a  doubt  to  arise,  as  to  the  propriety  of  arbitrarily  deciding  whether 
or  not  a  species  should  be  placed  in  one  or  other  of  the  categories 
in  the  key,  when  the  character  which  I  use  is  not  mentioned  in 
any  availal)le  description. 

Descriptive  Tennin ology 

In  the  keys  and  descriptions  in  this  paper  I  have  utilized  the 
characters  and  terminology  used  in  my  most  recent  papers  on 
the  family.  The  names  designating  the  various  leg  surfaces 
have  been  adopted  from  the  paper  written  on  the  chaetotaxy  of 
Cyclorrhapha  by  P.  H.  Grimshaw,  which  appeared  in  the  En- 
tomologists' Monthly  Magazine  in  1901.  That  paper  was  con- 
sidered by  the  author  at  the  time  of  its  appearance  as  the  first 
on  the  subject,  but  some  years  afterwards  he  informed  me  that 
he  was  in  error  in  so  considering  it,  as  the  method  indicated  for 
the  leg  surfaces  at  least  had  been  used  or  suggested  by  a  con- 
tinental European  author  some  years  before. 

In  using  the  system  referred  to,  the  legs  are  assumed  to  be 
viewed  when  at  right  angles  to  the  body,  thus  causing  the  same 
surfaces  of  all  of  them  to  lie  in  the  same  position  and  to  receive 
the  same  names.  There  has  been  considerable  confusion  arising 
fiom  the  fact  that  it  has  not  always  been  possible  to  determine 
whether  an  author  meant  what  I  call  the  ventral,  or  the  posterior 
surface  of  the  tibia  when  he  referred  to  the  inner  side.  The 
inner  side  may  be  in  the  terminology  of  one  writer  that  side 
which  lies  next  to  the  body,  while  in  that  of  another  it  may  apply 
to  the  surface  which  is  opposed  to  the  ventral  or  under  side  of 
the  femur.  A  terminology  which  is  essentially  the  same  for  all 
legs  is  indispensible  for  correct  descriptions,  especially  in  dealing 
with  species  which  are  as  closely  allied  as  arc  those  in  this  family, 
and  in  all  my  papers  the  one  now  used  has  been  adopted.  I  do 
not  hold  that  it  is  a  perfect  system,  but  it  is  the  only  one  which 
is  thoroughly  descriptive  and  not  cumbersome  in  terminology, 
a  fact  which  leads  me  to  believe  that  it  will  come  into  more 
general  use  as  the  Muscaridae  and  Tachinidae  find  more  students. 

TRANS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


230    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Dipterists  who  have  carefully  studied  the  legs  of  the  species 
realize  that  there  are  more  than  four  surfaces  to  the  tibiae. 
Ordinarily  one  finds  but  four  in  descriptions  of  Muscaridae, 
upper,  under,  inner,  and  outer.  These  correspond,  at  least  on 
the  mid  and  hind  legs,  to  those  designated  in  my  papers  as  dorsal, 
ventral,  posterior,  and  anterior  respectively.  There  are  as  a 
matter  of  fact  very  few  strong  bristles  found  on  any  of  the  four 
surfaces  mentioned  except  at  apices  of  the  tibiae,  the  outstanding 
bristles  being  almost  invariably  situated  on  the  other  four  sur- 
faces which  are  between  those  listed  and  are  termed  the  antero- 
ventral,  anterodorsal,  posteroventral,  and  posterodorsal.  The 
names  are  self  explanatory. 

A  close  examination  of  the  hind  tibia  of  Phaonia  errans  Meigen 
shows  that  the  "calcar"  so  called  is  situated  less  than  one-third 
of  the  tibial  length  from  apex  and  on  the  posterodorsal  surface, 
there  are  two  bristles  on  the  anterodorsal  surface,  and  two  or 
more  on  the  anteroventral.  The  setulae  on  the  median  portions 
of  the  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  are  rather  strong,  but  the 
dorsal  and  ventral  surfaces  are  devoid  of  bristles  or  outstanding 
setulae.  The  names  used  in  designating  the  surfaces  of  the 
tibiae  apply  also  to  the  femora. 

The  thoracic  chaetotaxy  and  the  names  applied  to  the  bristles, 
and  the  regions  where  they  are  situated,  are  used  in  any  book 
or  paper  on  the  Cyclorrhapha,  are  familiar  to  students  the 
world  over  and  require  no  elucidation  except  in  a  few  cases. 
Recent  attempts  to  separate  the  Muscaridae  from  the  Anthomyi- 
idae  have  not  been  entirely  satisfactory,  and  in  my  opinion  there 
are  so  many  overlapping  groups,  genera,  and  species  that  it 
cannot  be  done,  at  least  for  the  world's  fauna.  The  most  recent 
characters  cited  give  to  the  Muscaridae  (Muscidae  auct.)  hairs 
on  either  the  hypopleura  or  pteropleura  or  both,  while  the  An- 
thomyiidae  have  those  sclerites  bare.  As  a  matter  of  fact  there 
are  many  species  that  are  very  obviously  anthomyiine  in  their 
affinities,  which  have  hairs  on  either  or  both  of  the  pleural 
sclerites,  referred  to  not  only  in  Phaoniinac,  which  are  in  my 
opinion  most  closely  allied  to  the  group  containing  Musca,  but 
also  in  the  Anthomyiinae.  I  have  no  hesitation  in  linking  the 
two  groups  under  the  same  family  name,  Muscaridae. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  231 

In  the  group  treated  in  this  paper  I  use  the  pleural  characters 
just  cited  as  of  specific  value,  though  in  a  few  cases  I  am  inclined 
to  believe  that  they  do  not  even  admit  of  that  interpretation. 

There  are  some  minor  characters  which  I  have  introduced  in 
the  present  paper,  such  as  the  structure  and  hairing  of  the  fore 
tarsus,  and  especially  that  of  the  basal  segment.  The  presence 
or  absence  of  fine  hairs  adjacent  to  the  bases  of  the  notopleural 
bristles  has  some  value  as  a  character  for  the  differentiation  of 
species  and  even  groups,  but  whether  it  is  possible  to  use  it 
successfully  for  species  from  a  larger  faunal  area  than  is  included 
in  this  paper  I  am  unable  to  say. 

In  ])ut  few  cases  are  there  hairs  on  the  prosternum  in  North 
American  Phaoniinae,  onty  one  or  two  such  occurring  within  the 
group  under  consideration,  but  many  African  and  other  exotic 
forms  have  hairs  on  this  part  of  the  thorax,  as  do  all  the  species 
of  the  genus  Limyioj)hora  R.-D.,  which  is  of  cosmopolitan 
occurrence. 

A  few  genera  of  Phaoniinae  have  the  declivitous  posterolateral 
portion  of  the  mesonotum,  caudad  of  wing  l:)ase  and  extending 
to  anterior  margin  of  scutellum,  with  setulose  hairs.  I  have 
found  this  character  present  in  some  Sarcophagidae  and  allied 
groups,  and  in  a  few  exotic  Phaoniinae. 

There  is  very  little  variation  in  the  wing-venation  in  Phaoni- 
inae, though  in  a  few  cases  the  fourth  vein  is  curved  more  or  less 
forward.  In  no  case  i?  it  angularly  bent  as  in  Musca  and  allied 
genera. 

The  hj'popygia  of  closely  allied  species  in  Phaoniinae  are 
usually  very  similar  and,  as  a  study  of  these  would  entail  the 
expenditure  of  too  much  time  and  the  number  of  species  available 
now  is  far  from  the  total  of  those  occurring  in  this  country,  I 
have  not  attempted  to  use  this  character  in  the  present  paper. 

Key  to  (xcnera  and  Subgenera 

1.  The  declivitous  portion  of  mcsonotum  immediately  in  front  of  scutellum 
and  above  calyptrae  with  some  hairs  in  center;  first  and  third  wing- 
veins  setulose        2 

—    The  declivitous  portion  of  mesonoturu  in  front  of  scutellum  and  above 
calyjitrae  bare;  at  least  the  first  wing- vein  bare 4 

TRAXS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


232    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

2.  Prosterniim  bare;  the  bristle  on  posterodorsal  surface  of  hind  tibia  (calcar) 

at  or  near  middle  of  tibia Steinella  Malloch 

—  Prosternum  hairy;  calcar  about  one-third  of  the  tibial  length  from  apex  of 

hind  tibia 3 

3.  Fourth  wing- vein  not  curved  forward  at  apex Smithomyia  Malloch 

—  Fourth  wing- vein  curved  forward  at  apex Poecilophaonia  Malloch 

4.  Pteropleura  with  many  fine  erect  hairs  in  center 5 

—  Pteropleura  bare  6 

5.  Pi-osternum   hairy Polietes   Rondani 

—  Prosternum  bare Pseudophaonia   ^Malloch 

6.  Fourth  wing-vein  curved  forward  at  apex;  third  vein  setulose  at  base 

both  above  and  below Bigotomyia  Malloch 

—  Fourth  wing- vein  not  or  almost  imperceptibly  curved  forward  at  apex; 

third  vein  not  setulose  on  both  sides  at  base 7 

7.  Cheek  in  male  with  one  or  two  very  strong  upwardly  curved  bristles  on 

lower  mai'gin  just  below  anterior  margin  of  eye  in  both  sexes;  frons 
in  female  with  the  anterior  supraorbital  bristle  very  strong  and  directed 
forward,  the  interfrontalia  with  or  without  a  pair  of  cruciate  bristles. 

Dendrophaonia  new  genus 

—  Cheek  in  both  sexes  without  strong  upwardly  curved  bristles  as  above, 

sometimes  with  some  upwardly  curved  fine  hairs  or  setulae;  lower 
supraorbital  bristle  weak  or  absent,  if  present  not  directed  forward.  .8 

8.  Hypopleura  with  some  fine  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle; 

prealar  bristle  very  long;  fore  tarsus  with  some  long  fine  sensory  hairs 
along  the  posterior  or  postero ventral  side  of  basal  segment;  eyes  dis- 
tinctly hairy;  presutural  acrostichals  not  strong;  third  wing- vein  bare. 

Phaonia  R.-D.  sen.  str. 

- —    Third  wing- vein  setulose  at  base  below;  thorax  with  some  well  developed 

presutural  acrostichals;  hypopleura  with  some  weak  liairs  on  upper 

margin  in  front  of  spiracle subgenus  Rohrella  R.-D. 

—  Third  wing- vein  bare  at  base  or  the  other  characters  not  as  above 9 

9.  Fore  tarsus  in  both  sexes  with  the  segments  short  and  stout,  the  basal 

one  densely  hairy,  the  hairs  erect,  no  long  sensory  hairs  along  posterior 
side;  hypopleura  hairy  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle. 

Phaonia  (group  serva) 

—  Fore  tarsus  not  as  above,   generally  slender  and   with  or  without  fine 

sensory  hairs  along  posterior  side;  hypopleura  hairy  or  bare 10 

10.  Hypopleura  usually  with  a  few  fine  hairs  below  sjjiracle;  presutural  acro- 

stichal  bristles  well  developed Subgenus  Euphemia  R.-D. 

—  Hypopleura  l)are;  presutural  acrostichals  strong;  female  with  a  strong 

pair  of  cruciate  bristles;  metallic  blue  speciies Euphaonia  Malloch 

—  Hypopleura  bare;  presutural  acrostichals  poorly  developed 11 

11.  Arista  with  very  distinct  hairs;  legs  largely  yellowish. 

Phaonia  (group  fusca) 

—  Arista  almost  bare,  the  hairs  very  seldom  as  long  as  basal  diameter  of 

arista;  legs  black Phaonia  (grouji  minima) 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  233 

It  should  be  noted  that  several  groups  in  Phaonia  have  been 
separated  from  that  genus  by  European  authors,  and  that  a  few 
of  these  are  included  in  the  above  key.  Those  so  listed  are  not 
in  all  cases  so  well  distinguished  as  to  deserve  generic  rank,  but 
there  is  no  doubt  in  my  mind  that  with  the  growth  of  our 
knowledge  of  the  genus  and  its  allies  some  further  division  is 
inevitable. 

I  have  endeavored  to  obtain  the  genotypes  of  the  segregates 
above  referred  to,  and  the  characters  for  Euphemia  and  Rohrella, 
as  well  as  the  segregates  accepted  as  of  generic  value,  have  been 
attributed  to  them  from  an  examination  of  the  genotypes  and 
allied  species. 

In  the  key  to  Phaonia,  presented  herewith,  I  have  included  all 
segregates  of  Phaonia  which  are  not  in  my  opinion  sufficiently 
well  differentiated  from  the  true  species  of  that  genus  to  warrant 
their  being  placed  in  different  genera. 

STEINELLA  Malloch 

This  genus  is  known  to  me  only  from  South  America  and  is 
represented  solely  by  the  genotype,  yrima  Malloch. 

SMITHOMYIA  Malloch 

Generic  characters. — Differs  from  Poecilophaonia  Malloch, 
which  it  most  closely  resemljlcs,  in  having  the  fourth  wing-vein 
bent  forward  at  apex. 

The  first  wing-vein  is  setulose  above  only,  the  third  is  setuloso 
from  base  to  near  apex  above  and  from  base  to  near  inner  cross- 
vein  below.  The  frons  in  female  has  the  lower  sui)ra-orbital 
bristle  strong  and  directed  forward  as  in  Dcndrophaonia,  and  the 
interfrontalia  with  a  pair  of  cruciate  bristles.  The  prosternum 
and  center  of  pteropleura  are  hairy,  and  there  are  some  black 
hairs  along  the  i)osterior  margin  of  the  metathoracic  spii'acle  and 
some  weaker  hairs  on  lower  posterior  angle  of  hypopleura. 

The  only  species  of  the  genus,  concinna  Van  der  Wulp,  occurs 
in  Mexico  and  may  yet  bc^  found  in  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

POECILOPHAONIA  Malloch 

In  my  description  of  this  genus  I  erroneously  stated  that  the 
third  vein  is  bent  forward.  It  is  the  fourth  vein  that  is  thus 
bent. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,.    XI.VUI. 


234    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

This  genus  is  known  to  me  only  from  South  America.  The 
genotype  is  flaviihorax  (Stein) ,  but  there  are  some  other  species 
from  South  America  which  are  referable  to  the  genus. 

Both  this  and  the  preceding  genus  have  a  bristle  between  the 
notopleurals,  and  the  third  vein  setulose  below  beyond  the  inner 
cross-vein.  It  may  be  necessary  to  unite  the  genera  if  the  females 
have  the  orbital  bristling  identical. 

PSEUDOPHAONIA  Malloch 

Generic  characters. — Similar  to  Phaonia  sens.  str.  in  having  the 
eyes  hairy,  prealar  bristle  long,  hind  tibial  calcar  present,  third 
wing-vein  bare  at  base,  and  fourth  vein  not  curved  forward  at 
apex.  Differs  in  having  the  pteropleura  with  numerous  long 
erect  hairs  in  center,  and  the  hypopleura  bare. 

Genotype,  Pseudophaonia  orichalcea  (Stein)  Malloch. 

Synopsis  of  Species 

Both  sexes  with  the  fourth  abdominal  tergite  golden  pollinose;  hind  femur  of 
male  bare  on  ventral  surface,  the  posteroventral  surface  with  some  fine 
erect  hairs  on  basal  half  and  a  few  bristly  hairs  at  apex;  narrowest  part  of 
frons  decidedly  wider  than  third  antennal  segment;  mid  tibia  with  ten  to 
twelve  posterodorsal  and  posteroventral  bristles orichalcea  (Stein) 

Male  with  gray  pruinosity  on  fourth  as  well  as  preceding  tergites,  female 
unknown,  but  undoubtedly  as  male  in  this  respect;  hind  femur  of  male  with 
moderateh'  long  erect  fine  hairs  on  entire  length  of  ventral  and  postero- 
ventral surfaces;  narrowest  part  of  frons  not  as  wide  as  third  antennal 
segment;  mid  tibia  with  about  eight  posterodorsal  and  three  posteroventral 
bristles griseocaerulea  new  species 

Pseudophaonia  orichalcea  (Stein) 

Aricia  orichalcea  Stein,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.  186. 

Male  and  female. — Shining  blackish  blue,  or  black  with  a  bluish  tinge, 
rather  densely  grayish  pruinescent.  Frons  opaque  black,  orbits,  parafacials, 
face,  and  anterior  third  and  the  narrow  upper  margin  of  cheeks  with  golden 
pollinosity;  antennae  and  palpi  black.  Thorax  distinctly  quadri\ittate. 
Abdomen  with  a  slender  dorsocentral  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings  black, 
the  basal  three  tergites  gray  pruinescent,  the  fourth  golden  polUnose.  Legs 
black.  Wings  sUghtly  grayish.  Calyptrae  white,  with  black  hairs  at  outer 
^ngle  of  upper  calyptra.     Haltercs  black  in  male,  brown  in  female. 

Male. — Eyes  not  densely,  but  distinctly  hairy;  frontal  orbits  narrow, 
Tiristled  on  their  entire  length,  the  two  ujjpermost  bristles  on  each  orbit  di- 
rected backward,  some  fine  hairs  along  the  inner  side  of  orbits  on  ui)per  half 
or  more;  arista  plumose;  cheek  somewhat  similar  to  tliat  of  species  of  the 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  235 

genus  Fogonomyia,  the  surface  largely  hairy  (fig.  4),  Thorax  with  four  pairs 
of  presutural  acrostichals,  and  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  sterno- 
I)leurals  1  :  2.  Abdomen  elongate  ovate;  basal  sternite  bare;  fifth  sternite 
slightly  emarginate  at  apex.  Fore  tibia  with  one  or  two  weak  median  posterior 
bristles;  fore  tarsus  stout,  not  longer  than  tibia,  with  sensory  hairs  as  in 
Phaonia  errans  Meigen;  mid  femur  with  fine  hairs  on  ventral  surfaces;  hind 
femur  with  a  series  of  long  bristles  on  anteroventral  surface;  hind  tibia  with 
a  series  of  rather  closely  placed  bristles  on  anteroventral  surface,  the  antero- 
dorsal  surface  with  some  outstanding  setulae  but  no  strong  bristles,  calcar 
long,  and  basad  of  it  some  erect  setulae,  the  apex  with  three  straight,  strong, 
blunt-tipped  spines  on  ventral  surface,  which  are  of  the  same  length  and 
longer  than  in  allied  species. 

Female. — ^Frons  over  one-third  of  the  head-width;  each  orbit  with  the 
anterior  and  sometimes  the  next  .supra-orbital  bristle  directed  forward;  cru- 
ciate bristles  present  but  weak.  Sternopleurals  1:3  or  1:4.  Genitalia 
without  thorns.  Fore  tibia  with  two  or  three  anterodorsal  bristles;  mid 
femur  with  some  bristles  on  basal  half  of  anteroventral  and  posteroventral 
•surfaces;  mid  tibia  with  but  one  posteroventral  bristle;  hind  tibia  with  two  or 
three  anterodorsal  and  four  or  five  anteroventral  bristles. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

Originally  described  from  Craig's  Mountain,  Idaho.  I  have 
the  type  male  before  me  now.  I  also  have  before  me  a  male 
from  Sherborn,  Massachusetts,  May  12,  and  a  female  from  King 
and  Bartlett  Lake,  JVIaine,  August,  1895,  sent  to  me  by  Mr.  C.  W. 
Johnson. 
Pseudophaonia  griseocaerulea  new  species 

Male. — Similar  in  color  to  orichalcea,  differing  in  having  the  fourth  ab- 
dominal tergite  colored  as  are  the  others,  and  the  cal}i)trae  and  their  fringes 
yellow. 

In  addition  to  the  characters  listed  in  the  synopsis  for  separating  it  from 
the  preceding  species  I  may  enumerate  the  following:  the  orbits  are  less 
strongly  bristled,  only  one  weak  upper  orbital  is  directed  backward  (fig.  5), 
and  the  orbital  hairs  are  in  line  with  the  bristles  instead  of  mesad  of  them; 
the  basal  abdominal  sternite  is  hairy;  the  hind  tibia  has  fewer  and  longer 
anteroventral  bristles,  the  anterodorsal  setulae  are  stronger  and  one  at  least 
assumes  the  proportions  of  a  bristle,  the  posterior  and  posteroventral  surfaces 
are  furnished  with  long  hairs,  and  the  ai)ical  ventral  bristles  are  not  of  uniform 
length  and  strength,  only  one  being  really  long. 

Length,  8.2.5  mm. 

Tj'-pe  locality  illegible  on  label,  New  Hampshire,  August  27, 
1912,  Solidago  flowers.  The  type  bears  also  a  label  with  the 
inscription  ''T.  D.  4335,"  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

TRANS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


236    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

BIGOTOMYIA  Malloch 

Generic  characters.- — Differs  from  Phaonia  in  having  the  fourth 
vein  distinctly  bent  forward  at  apex,  and  the  third  with  some 
setulose  hairs  at  base. 

Genotype,  Bigotomyia  trispila  (Bigot). 

Key  to  Species 

1.  Basal  abdominal  sternite  with  some  setulose  hairs:  abdomen  with  a  dorsal 

vitta  and  lateral  checkerings  black calif orensis  new  species 

—  Basal  abdominal  sternite  bare;  abdomen  with  only  a  blackish  dorsocentral 

vitta,  without  lateral  checkerings 2 

2.  Humeri  black;  eyes  of  male  separated  by  width  across  posterior  ocelli. 

houghi  Stein 

—  Humeri  yellowish  testaceous;  eyes  of  male  separated  by  much  less  than 

width  across  posterior  ocelli houghi  Stein  variety 

Bigotomyia  houghi  (Stein) 

Aricia  houghi  Stein,  Berl.   Ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.  177. 

Differs  from  ccdiforniensis  in  having  the  legs  entirely  yellow. 

Structurally  similar  to  that  species.  Differs  in  having  the  hypopleura 
usually  with  a  few  hairs  below  spiracle  and  some  on  margin  of  spiracle  at 
center;  four  or  five  antero ventral  bristles  on  hind  tibia;  and  the  fourth  wing- 
vein  less  noticeably  curved  forward  at  apex. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

One  of  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus,  occurring  in 
Canada,  from  Washington  to  Maine  and  as  far  south  as  middle 
California  and  Florida. 

Bigotomyia  californiensis  new  species 

Male. — Black,  very  distinctly  gray  pruinescent.  Second  antennal  joint, 
base  of  third,  and  the  palpi  ferruginous.  Scutellum  rufous,  more  or  less 
blackened  at  base.  Legs  reddish  yellow,  coxae,  almost  all  of  fore  femora, 
bases  of  mid  and  hind  femora,  and  the  entire  tarsi  black.  Calyptrae  whitish 
yellow.     Halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  long  haired,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  less  than  width 
across  posterior  ocelli;  longest  hairs  of  arista  much  longer  than  width  of  third 
antennal  joint;  parafacial  in  profile  a  little  broader  than  third  antennal  joint 
and  about  one-third  as  wide  as  height  of  cheek,  the  latter  with  numerous 
bristles  which  occupy  a  large  portion  of  its  surface,  almost  all  of  it  posteriori}'; 
bristles  ascending  facial  ridge  much  above  the  vibrissa.  Presutural  acro- 
stichal  bristles  absent;  j)ostsutural  dor-so-centrals  4;  prealar  bristle  long; 
sternopleurals  1  :  2.  Abdomen  broadly  ovate.  Fore  tibia  without  median 
bristle;  mid  femur  with  five  or  six  strong  bristles  on  ba.sal  half  of  postero- 
ventral  surface;  mid  til)ia  with  two  or  three  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  237 

with  a  complete  series  of  antero-ventral  bristles;  hind  tibia  with  two  antero- 
ventral  and  two  antero-dorsal  bristles,  the  calcar  short.  Costal  thorn  very 
small. 

Female. — Similar  in  color  to  the  male.  Only  the  fore  femora  with  the  bases 
blackened. 

Eyes  less  conspicuously  haired  than  in  male,  separated  at  frons  by  one- 
third  the  width  of  head,  at  base  of  antennae  by  about  three-fifths  the  width 
of  head;  orbits  with  numerous  short  setulose  hairs  in  addition  to  the  bristles. 
In  other  respects  as  the  male. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

Type  (male),  allotype,  and  several  paratypes,  San  Antonio 
Canyon,  California,  July  25,  1907,  (Hine),  [Ohio  University]. 
Paratypes,  one  female,  Hilton,  one  female,  Mount  Lowe,  one 
female,  Mount  Wilson,  and  one  female,  Pasadena,  California. 
The  last  specimen  is  in  the  collection  of  the  California  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  the  preceding  three  in  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum. 

DENDROPHAONIA  new  genus 

Generic  characters. — Closely  related  to  Euphemia,  having 
distinct  presutural  acrostichal  bristles,  and  the  male  orbits  with 
bristles  on  the  entire  length  from  base  of  antennae  to  anterior 
ocellus.  It  differs,  however,  in  having  the  cheek  l^elow  anterior 
margin  of  eye  with  one  or  two  long  strong  bristles  which  are 
upwardly  curved  (figs.  6,  7),  and  the  lower  supra-orbital  bristle 
in  female  very  strong  and  forwardly  directed.  The  notopleural 
bristles  are  not  surrounded  with  hairs,  and  the  anterior  intra-alar 
bristle  is  strong  and  almost  in  transverse  line  with  the  strong 
supra-alar.  The  hind  tibia  in  both  sexes  has  one  or  more  bristles 
basad  of  the  calcar  and  usually  a  series  of  long  and  short  ])ristles 
on  anterodorsal  surface. 

Genotype,  Spilogaster  hUariJorniia  Stein. 

Key  to  Species 

1.  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  hypopleura  with  some 
hairs  on  up[)er  margin  in  front  of  spiracle;  hind  femur  of  male  with  a 
stout  bristle  near  middle  on  posteroventral  surface  (fig.  20). 

querceti  Bouche 

—  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  hypopleura  bare; 
hind  femur  of  male  with  a  few  very  short  setulae  on  basal  two-thirds 
(fig.   19) hilariformis  Stein 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.   SOC,   XLVIII. 


238    NORTH   AMERICAN   ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Dendrophaonia  querceti  (Bouche) 

Anthomyia  querceti  Bouche,  Naturgesch.  d.  Ins.,  i,  p.  82,  1834. 

I  have  seen  only  one  male  of  this  species  from  America,  taken 
at  White  Heath,  Illinois. 

I  have  a  female  taken  at  Gold  Rock,  Ontario,  Canada,  which 
may  belong  to  a  different  species,  having  the  hypopleura  bare 
and  the  hind  tibia  with  only  the  calcar  on  that  surface,  but  do 
not  describe  it  as  I  have  insufficient  material  to  warrant  that 
course. 

Dendrophaonia  hilariformis  (Stein) 

Spilogaster  hilariformis  Stein,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.  196. 

This  species  is  very  common  on  tree  trunks  at  Urbana,  Ilhnois, 
but  it  is  so  alert  that  it  is  difficult  to  catch.  I  reared  a  series  of 
specimens  from  larvae  found  feeding  in  a  much  decayed  tree 
stump,  in  March  1915,  at  Urbana. 

The  adults  habitually  frequent  the  trunks  of  trees  and  sit 
normally  head  downwards,  harmonising  well  with  the  bark  and 
are  very  wary.  The  species  is  well  distributed  throughout  the 
eastern  United  States,  occurring  as  far  south  as  Plummer's 
Island,  Maryland,  to  my  knowledge,  but  is  rare  in  collections, 
possibly  because  of  its  habits. 

The  larva  has  six  or  seven  branches  to  each  prothoracic  res- 
piratory organ.  These  are  very  distinct  in  the  puparium, 
l:)eing  white,  and  are  larger  than  those  of  Phaonia  harti.  The 
cephalic  extremity  of  the  puparium  has  many  concentric  ridges 
surrounding  the  mouth-opening.  Metathoracic  spiracles  pedun- 
culate, about  four  times  as  high  as  thick.  Surface  of  puparium 
more  distinctly  striate  than  that  of  harti  and  the  elevated  points 
on  the  ventral  transverse  band  larger.  On  each  side  of  the 
anal  opening  in  puparium  there  is  a  small  circular  button-like 
mark.  Anal  spiracles  slightly  elevated,  their  vertical  length 
greater  than  their  horizontal,  the  distance  l^etwecn  them  equal 
to  their  greatest  length.  Spiracular  slits  not  radiating,  each 
directed  upward  and  outward,  the  central  button  distinct. 

The  larvae  may  ])e  ])redaceous  but  I  have  no  evidence  of  this. 
They  were  found  along  with  the  larvae  of  A^codexiopsis  basalts 
(Stein)  and  evinced  no  prcdaceous  tendencies  in  the  brooding 
dish. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  239 

PHAONIA  Robineau-Desvoidy 

This  genus  as  now  limited  contains  species  which  have  a  strong 
bristle  beyond  middle  on  posterodorsal  surface  of  hind  tibia; 
the  fourth  wing-vein  not  or  almost  imperceptibly  bent  forward 
apically;  third  vein  not  setulose  at  base,  or  rarely  so  on  under 
surface  only;  pteropleura  bare;  prosternum  bare;  cheek  with  or 
without  fine  hairs,  or  setulose  above  lower  margin,  never  with 
one  or  two  strong  bristles  below  anterior  margin  of  eye  and  near 
or  on  lower  margin  of  cheek;  female  never  with  the  lower  supra- 
orbital bristle  strong  and  forwardly  directed;  thorax  with  two 
strong  presutural  dorsocentrals. 

Genotype,  Musca  erratica  Fallen. 

As  previously  stated  and  exemplified  in  the  key  to  genera  and 
subgenera  in  this  paper,  there  are  several  groups  in  this  genus, 
most  of  which  are  segregated  in  the  following  key  to  species. 
But  there  are  many  intermediate  forms  which  cannot  be  de- 
finitely placed  in  any  of  the  larger  groups,  so  rather  than  add  to 
the  difficulty  in  identifying  these  by  creating  a  multiplicity  of 
genera  based  on  a  variable  number  of  characters,  I  have  followed 
the  course  of  leaving  them  all  in  one  composite  genus  until  such 
time  as  our  knowledge  of  the  species  and  their  habits  warrants 
a  further  segregation.  Should  it  be  deemed  necessary  at  any 
future  time  to  erect  genera  for  any  of  these  segregates,  con- 
sideration will  have  to  be  given  to  the  genera  proposed  by  the 
older  European  authors,  which  are  at  this  time  listed  as  synonyms 
of  Phaonia. 

Key  to  Species 

1.  Hypopleura  with  some  fine  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle; 

eyes  usually  with  distinct  hairs 2 

—  Hypopleura  bare  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle 30 

2.  Legs  entirely  black,  only  the  knees  more  or  less  reddish,  sometimes  the 

hind  tibiae  reddish  when  held  up  to  the  light 3 

—  Legs  with  at  least  the  tibiae  reddish  3'ellow IG 

3.  Thorax  with  one  or  more  pairs  of  strong  outstanding  presutural  acro- 

stichal  bristles 4 

—  Thorax  without  strong  outstanding  presutural  acrostichal  bri.stles,  with 

fine  hairs  only 10 

4.  Fore  tibia  without  any  strong  posterior  median  bristles 5 

—  Fore  tibia  with  one  or  more  strong  median  posterior  bristles S 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


240    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID    FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

5.  Vibrissa!  angle  very  much  produced  beyond  a  vertical  line  drawn  from 

base  of  antennae  (fig.  8);  thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorso- 
central  bristles  and  one  or  two  pairs  of  long  presutural  acrostichals. 

protuberans  new  species 

—  Vibrissal  angle  produced  but  little  beyond  a  vertical  line  drawn  from  base 

of  antennae  (fig.  9) 6 

6.  At  least  the  abdomen  bluish  black;  margins  of  calyptrae  much  darker 

than  their  discs,  dark  brown  or  fuscous caerulescens  Stein 

—  Abdomen  and  thorax  both  black;  margins  of  calyptrae  yellowish 7 

7.  Neither  sex  with  a  distinct  median  posterior  bristle  on  fore  tibia;  base 

of  wing  conspicuously  yellow;  neither  sex  with  anterodorsal  bristles 
on  mid  tibia serva  Fallen 

—  Female  with  one  or  two  bristles  on  anterodorsal  surface  of  both  fore  and 

mid  tibiae;  base  of  wing  not  conspicuously  yellow. 

savonoskii  new  species 

8.  Margins  of  calyptrae  brownish  or  blackish,  much  darker  than  their  discs; 

bluish  black  species;  both  notopleurals  surrounded  with  fine  hairs. 

caerulescens  Stein 

—  Margins  of  calyptrae  yellowish 9 

9.  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  only  the 

posterior  notopleural  bristle  surrounded  with  fine  hairs. 

protuberans  new  species,  female 

—  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles. 

versicolor  Stein^ 

10.  Hind  tibia  with  a  strong  outstanding  bristle  near  base  on  posterodorsal 

surface;  fore  t'x\)isL  without  short  dense  hairs  on  ventral  surface. 

basiseta  Malloch 

—  Hind  tibia  with  only  the  calcar  on  posterodorsal  surface,  which  is  situated 

about  one-fourth  from  apex,  or  the  fore  tibia  has  short  dense  hairs  on 
ventral  surface     11 

11.  Fore  tarsus  without  any  long  outstanding  fine  sensory  hairs  along  the 

posterior  or  posteroventral  margins  of  basal  segment,  even  the  one  at 
apex  short  and  setulose  when  present,  the  entire  surface  with  dense 
short  hairs  which  are  sometimes  curled  at  apices  as  if  singed 12 

—  Fore  tarsus  with  several  long  fine  outstanding  sensory  hairs  along  the 

posteroventral  margin  of  basal  segment,  the  length  of  which  is  usually 
greater  than  the  diameter  of  the  segment,  or  the  segment  has  the  short 
hairs  rather  sparse  and  subdecumbent  and  not  curled  at  apices.  .  .  .14 

12.  Fore  tibia  without  any  strong  bristles  or  long  outstanding  hairs  on  the 

posterior  or  posteroventral  surfaces consobrina  Zetterstedt 

—  Fore  tibia  with  one  or  more  bristles  or  outstanding  setulose  hairs  on 

posterior  or  posteroventral  surfaces 12a 

12a.  Mid  tibia  without  any  anterodorsal  bristles;  fore  tibia  with  a  very  fine 
long  setulose  hair  on  posteroventral  surface;  hind  femur  with  some  long 
bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface,  .incerta  new  species 

—  Mid  tibia  with  one  or  more  anterodorsal  liristlcs;  fore    tibia  with    one 

or  two  outstanding  hairs  or  bristles 13 

^  1  have  not  seen  this  species. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  241 

13.  Fore  tibia  with  dense  erect  setulose  hairs  on  ventral  surfaces  except  on 

basal  third,  the  length  of  which  is  about  as  great  as  the  diameter  of 
the  tibia;  hind  femur  without  long  bristles  on  basal  half  of  postero- 
ventral  surface,  usually  with  very  short  bristles  or  setulae. 

monticola  Malloch 

—  Fore  tibia  without  such  hairs;  hind  femur  with  some  long  bristles  on  basal 

half  of  posteroventral  surface brunneinervis  Stein 

14.  Thorax   with  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  fere  tibia 

without  any  posterior  median  bristles fraterna  new  species 

—  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles 15 

15.  Only  the  posterior  notopleural  bristle  surrounded  with  fine  hairs;  basal 

abdominal  sternite  bare tipulivora  new  species 

—  Both  notopleural  bristles  surrounded  with  fine  hairs;  basal  abdominal 

sternite  hairy nigricans  Johannsen 

16.  Third  wing-vein  with  a  few  fine  hairs  at  base  below;  basal  segment  of 

fore  tarsus  with  the  sensorj^  hairs  along  posteroventral  margin  short 
but  distinct;  basal  abdominal  sternite  bare 17 

—  Third  wing- vein  bare  at  base;  thorax  with  two  or  three  pairs  of  strong 

presutural  acrostichal  bristles,  and  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorso- 
centrals texensis  new  species 

—  Third  wing-vein  bare  at  base;  thorax  with  two  pairs  of  fine  presutural 

acrostichals  and  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals. 

pallidula  Coquillett 

—  Third  wing- vein  bare  at  base  below;  species  not  as  above  in  other  respects; 

thorax  without  strong  presutural  acrostichals 18 

17.  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hypopleura 

with  some  microscopic  hairs  near  lower  posterior  angle;  metathoracic 
spiracle  large,  without  small  black  hairs  on  its  lower  margin  at  middle. 

quieta  Stein 

—  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hypopleura 

without  hairs  near  lower  posterior  angle;  metathoracic  spiracle  small, 
with  two  or  three  small  black  hairs  on  its  lower  margin  at  middle. 

pulvillata  Stein 

18.  Sensory  hairs  on  posteroventral  margin  of  basal  segment  of  fore  tarsus 

conspicuous' 19 

—  Sensory  hairs  on  posteroventral  margin  of  basal  segment  of  fore  tarsus 

inconspicuous  or  absent 26 

19.  Antennae  and  palpi,  or  at  least  the  former  i>artly  yellow 20 

—  Antennae  and  palpi  l)lack 2.3 

20.  Hind  femur  with  long  hairs  (m  almost  the  entire  length  of  posteroventral 

surface quieta  Stein 

—  Hind  femur  without  long  hairs  on  posteroventral  surface,  sometimes  with 

one  or  two  bristles 21 

^  I  have  not  seen  perjida  Stein,  so  place  it  in  both  segregates  here.  1  have 
arbitrarily  accepted  the  hj-jjopleura  as  hairj-  above  in  front  of  spiracle  in  this 
species. 

TRAXS.    AM.    ENT.     SOC,    XLVIII. 


242    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

21.  Palpi  blackened  apically;  fourth  wing- vein  slightly  curved  forward   at 

apex;  basal  abdominal  sternite  bare;  tarsi  black ....  erratica  Fallen'' 

—  Paipi  fuscous;  fourth  wing-vein  not  curved  forward  at  apex;  third  an- 

tennal  segment  black;  abdomen  with  golden  pollinosity. 

aurea  new  species 

22.  Tarsi  black;  hind  femur  with  at  least  one  bristle  on  jjosteroventral  sur- 

face; humeri  black rufibasis  Malloch 

—  Tarsi  yellow;  hind  femur  bare  on  posteroventral  surface;  humeri  yellowish. 

perfida  Stein 

23.  Legs  almost  or  entirely  lilack nigricans  Johannsen 

—  Legs  with  at  least  the  tibiae  reddish  j'ellow 24 

24.  All  femora  yellowish;  mid  tarsi  with  the  short  spines  along  the  antero- 

ventral  and  posteroventral  margins  continued  to  ba.'^es  of  segments 
two  to  four  or  almost  so ...  .  errans  variety  completa  new  variety 

—  At  least  the  fore  femora  largely  or  entirely  blackish;  mid  tarsi  with  the 

short  spines  on  segments  two  to  four  confined  to  apical  halves 25 

25.  Fore  femora  largely  and  mid  femora  rarely  partly  ])lackened. 

errans  ^leigen 

—  All  femora  largely  blackened varipes  Cocjuillett 

26.  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  postsutvu'al  dorsccentral  bristles;  hind  femur 

in  male  with  long  setulose  hairs  on  basal  half  of  ventral  surfaces  and  a 
series  of  long  bristles  on  apical  half  of  anteroventral. 

subfusca  new  species 

—  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hind  femur 

not  as  above 27 

27.  Hind  femur  of  male  with  long  hairs  on  almost  the  entire  length  of  postero- 

ventral siu'face;  antennae  and  palpi  partly  black;  tarsi  black. 

quieta  Stein 

—  Hind  femur  without  long  hairs  on  po.steroventral  surface;  antennae  and 

palpi  black,  if  partly  yellow  the  tarsi  are  black  or  the  fourth  tergite  of 
abdomen  is  partly  j^ellowish  apically 27 

28.  Eyes  not  very  widely  separated,  the  frons  at  narrowest  part  not  wider  than 

third  antennal  segment;  tarsi  and  humeri  yellowish;  hind  tibia  with 
only  the  calcar  on  pester  odor  sal  surface perfida  Stein 

—  Eyes  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  much  more  than  width  of 

third  antennal  segment;  hind  tibia  with  a  bristle  basad  of  the  calcar 
on  posterodorsal  surface 29 

29.  Tarsi  and  apex  of  fourth  abdominal  tergite  yellowish;  hinil  femur  of  male 

with  an  irregular  double  series  of  short  black  bristles  on  apical  half  of 
posteroventral  surface;  hind  tibia  of  male  with  long  hairs  on  postero- 
ventral surface deleta  Stein 

—  Tarsi  and  entire  body  black;  hind  femur  of  male  without  liristles  and 

hind  tibia  without  hairs  as  above soccata  (Walker) 

*  This  species  does  not  occur  in  this  country  so  far  as  I  am  at  present  aware. 
It  is  inserted  in  the  key  because  it  is  the  genotype  of  Phannin  and  to  show  its 
relations. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  243 

30.  Entire  insect  including  legs,  antennae,  and  palpi  black 31 

—  At  least  some  part  of  legs,  antennae,  or  palpi  j-ellowish  or  reddish.  .  .  .40 

31.  Hind  femur  of  male  very  much  curved,  very  conspicuously  swollen  on 

ventral  surface  about  one-third  from  apex,  the  apex  of  swollen  part 
furnished  with  a  tuft  of  long  downwardly  directed  bristles,  that  part  of 
surface  from  tuft  to  apex  with  short  stiff  hairs;  ej-es  separated  by  less 
than  width  across  posterior  ocelli frenata  (Holmgren) 

—  Hind  femur  straight  or  but  slightly  curved  and  not  as  above 32 

32.  Prealar  bristle  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  one  behind  it 33 

—  Prealar  bristle  not  over  one-third  as  long  as  the  one  behind  it 38 

33.  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  dorsocentral  bristles 33a 

—  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  dorsocentral  bristles 34 

33a.  Arista  almost  bare;  fore  tibia  with  one  or  two  median  posterior  bristles 

in  female;  fore  tarsus  without  fine  erect  hairs  basall}'. 

alticola  new  species 

—  Arista  plumose;  fore  tibia  in  female  without  posterior  median  bristle; 

fore  tarsus  as  above azygos  new  species 

34.  Bases  of  wings  and  the  caljT^trae  bright  orange  yellow 35 

—  Bases  of  wings  and  calyptrae  not  bright  orange  j'ellow,  the  latter  some- 

times pale  j'ellowish 3G 

35.  Halteres   orange   yellow;    mid    and    hind   femora   without   conspicuous 

bristles  on  ventral  surfaces  except  on  anteroventral  surface  of  the  latter. 

citreibasis  Malloch 

—  Halteres  with  black  knobs;  anteroventral  and  posteroventral  surfaces  of 

mid  and  hind  femora  with  strong  bristles,  those  on  posteroventral 
surface  of  hind  pair  not  extending  to  apices .  .  atrocitrea  new  species 

36.  Frons  of  male  at  narrowest  part  not  wider  than  third  antennal  segment; 

calyptrae  white,  the  lower  one  with  the  margin  fuscous  and  much  darker 
than  the  disc;  longest  hairs  on  arista  distinctly  longer  than  its  basal 
diameter dissitnilis  new  species 

—  Frons  of  male  at  narrowest  part  much  wider  than  third  antennal  segment ; 

calyptrae  white  or  j'ellowish,  the  margin  of  lower  one  not  conspicuously 
darker  than  the  disc;  longest  hairs  on  arista  not  as  long  as  its  basal 
diameter  37 

37.  Calyptrae  yellowish;  basal  al)dominal  sternite  bare;  glossy  black  species; 

the  thorax  and  abdomen  without  di.'<tinct  pruinescence  or  markings. 

imitatrix  Malloch 

—  Calyptrae  white;  basal  abdominal  sternite  hairy;  thorax  and  abdomen 

with  distinct  pruinescence,  the  former  with  four  black  vittae,  the  latter 
with  a  black  dorsocentral  vitta albocalyptrata  Malloch 

38.  Hind  femur  straight,  with  long  fine  bristles  on  entire  length  of  antero- 

ventral and  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surfaces;  cah'ptrae  fuscous; 
basal  abdominal  sternite  bare fuscisquama  (Van  der  Wulp) 

—  Hind  femur  slightly  curved,   dilated  on  apical   tliird  and  with  closely 

placed  bristles  from  one-third  or  more  of  the  femoral  length  to  apex 
on  anteroventral  and  posteroventral  surfaces,  the  bristles  becoming 
longer  apically;  calyptrae  yellowish  or  whitish;  basal  abdominal  sternite 
with  one  or  two  fine  hairs 39 

TRANS.    .\M.    KXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


244    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

39.  Hind  femur  with  a  short  stout  downwardly  directed  bristle  about  one- 

fourth  of  the  femoral  length  from  apex  on  the  posteroventral  surface, 
in  addition  to  the  long  fine  bristles morrisoni  new  species 

—  Hind  femur  without  a  bristle  as  described  above ....  miniina  Malloch 

40.  Thorax  with  well  differentiated  presutural  acrostichal  bristles,  and  four 

pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  hypopleura  sometimes  with  a  few 
hairs  in  middle  below  spiracle  or  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle; 
sometimes  the  palpi  of  the  female  are  dilated  and  the  fourth  tergite 
in  same  sex  is  distinctly  longer  than  third 41 

—  Thorax   without   well    differentiated    presutural   acrostichal   bristles;    if 

these  are  moderately  well  developed  there  are  only  three  pairs  of  post- 
sutural dorsocentrals  present,  or  the  posterior  bristles  on  mid  tibia 
are  not  in  a  single  series  and  the  hypopleura  is  bare 48 

41.  Legs,  including  the  coxae  and  tarsi,  entirely  j'ellow;  cross- veins  of  wings 

not  darker  than  the  other  veins;  fore  tarsus  with  a  few  outstanding 
sensory  hairs  along  the  posteroventral  surface  of  basal  segment;  hind 
femur  without  long  bristles  en  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface; 
neither  notopleural  bristle  with  hairs  at  base .  marylandica  new  species 

—  Legs  with  at  least  the  tarsi  black;  cross-veins  sometimes  very  conspicu- 

ously inf uscated   42 

42.  Cross-veins  of  wings  not  at  all  noticeably  darker  than  the  other  veins; 

abdomen  with  a  blackish  dorsocentral  vitta  and  no  distinct  lateral 
blackish  spots  or  checkerings;  abdomen  in  female  in  known  species 
with  the  fourth  tergite  distinctly  longer  than  the  third;  hypopleura 
with  usually  a  few  hairs  on  middle  just  below  spiracle 43 

—  Cross-veins  of  wings  very  noticeably  infuscated;  fourth  tergite  of  abdomen 

in  female  not  elongated 45 

43.  Posterior    notopleural    bristle    without  fine  hairs  adjacent  to  its  base. 

harti  new  species 

—  Posterior  notopleural  bristle  with  some  fine  hairs  adjacent  to  its  base.  .44 

44.  Apex  of  scutellum  reddish  j'ellow;  presutural  acrostichal  bristles  moder- 

ately widely  separated,  in  pairs;  frons  of  female  with  a  pair  of  inter- 
frontal  cruciate  bristles striata  Stein 

—  Apex  of  scutellum  not  j'ellowish,  concolorous  with  disc;  presutural  acro- 

stichal bristles  almost  uniserial,  not  in  distinct  pairs;  frons  of  female 
without  cruciate  interfrontal  bristles uniseriata  new  species 

45.  Outer  cross- vein  of  wings  straight  or  very  slightly  curved;  abdomen  with 

a  dorsocentral  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings  black;  anteroventral 
bristles  on  hind  femur  short  and  strong.  .  .  .brevispina  new  species 

—  Outer  cross-vein  curved  but  not  conspicuously  so;  abdomen  with  a  black 

dorsocentral  vitta;  anteroventral  bristles  on  hind  femur  long  on  apical 
half,  their  length  exceeding  diameter  of  femur.  .   fuscicauda  Malloch 

—  Outer  cross-vein  of  wings  very  conspicuously  curvcnl  forward  in  middle; 

abdomen  with  a  dorsocentral  vitta  and  lateral  spots  on  each  tergite 
blackish    46 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  245 

4G.  Hypopleura  usuall.y  with  a  few  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle; 
all  femora  largelj'  infuseated  basally;  palpi  rufous  yellow. 

texensis  new  species 

—  Hypopleura  without  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle 47 

47.  Palpi  rufous  yellow;  hypopleura  bare. 

texensis  variety  flavofemorata  new  variety 

—  Palpi  largely  or  entirely  black;  hypopleura  with  some  hairs  in  middle,  just 

below  spiracle limbinervis  Stein 

48.  Tliorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hind  tibia 

with  a  strong  bristle  basad  of  the  calcar  on  the  posterodorsal  surface; 
some  fine  hairs  at  bases  of  both  the  notopleural  bristles;  prealar  bristle 
very  long aberrans  Malloch 

—  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hind  tibia 

with  only  the  calcar  on  posterodorsal  surface;  mid  tibia  with  three  or 
four  bristles  on  posterior  surface  w-hich  are  not  arranged  in  a  single 
series;  arista  pubescent;  prealar  minute  or  absent;  no  hairs  at  base  of 
notopleurals alaskensis  new  species 

—  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hind  tibia 

wuth  a  bristle  basad  of  calcar  on  posterodorsal  surface;  posterior  noto- 
pleural bristle  with  some  fine  hairs  adjacent  to  its  base;  hind  femur  of 
male  with  long  bristly  hairs  on  all  ventral  surfaces  from  base  to  beyond 
middle subfusca  new  species 

—  Thorax  usually  with  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles;  hind 

tibia  with  only  the  calcar  on  posterodorsal  surface;  usually  no  hairs  at 
bases  of  notopleural  bristles 49 

49.  Thorax  entirely,  abdomen  at  least  partly  j-ellow 50 

—  Thorax  and  abdomen  largely  or  entirely  black 52 

50.  Head  including  antennae  and  palpi  black;  abdomen  in  male  glossy  black 

on  apical  half;  eyes  of  male  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  separated  by  not 
more  than  the  width  of  third  antennal  segment,  .nigricauda  Malloch 

—  Head,  including  antennae  and  palpi,  largely  or  entirely  yellow 51 

51.  Eyes  in  male  widely  separated,  the  frons  one-fourth  of  the  head  width; 

frons  in  both  sexes  largely  fuscous flava  Stein 

—  Eyes  in  male  widely  separated,  the  frons  one-fourth  of  the  width  of  head; 

entire  head  in  both  .sexes  yellow pallida  (^Stcin) 

52.  Scutellum  partly   or  entirely  yellow,   contrasting  sliarj>ly  with   disc   of 

mesonotum      53 

—  Scutellum  black,  concolorous  with  disc  of  mesonotum 58 

53.  Ba.sal  half  of  abdomen  and  the  entire  scutellum  testaceous  yellow;  pre- 

alar bristle  very  short flavibasis  Malloch 

—  Abdomen  entirely  ])lack        54 

54.  Fourth  wing-vein  slightly  curved  forward  apically;  fore  tibia  in  female 

with  two  anterodorsal  and  two  posterior  bristles;  jirealar  Juristic  very 
long curvinervis  new  species 

—  Fourth  wing-vein  straight  or  slightly  deflected  at  apex,  not  curved  for- 

ward; fore  tibia  with  or  without  a  median  posterior  bristle 55 

TRAN.S.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


246    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

55.  Thorax  with  a  pair  of  presutural  acrostichal  bri^stles;  prealar  bristle  long. 

solitaria  Stein 

—  Thorax  without  differentiated  presutural  acrostichal  bristles 56 

56.  Humeri  not  paler  than  adjoining  portions  of  dorsum  of  thorax. 

apicata  Johannsen 

—  Humeri  yellowish  testaceous  at  least  in  part 57 

57.  Prealar  bristle  not  over  half  as  long  as  the  bristle  behind  it;  tarsi  black; 

eyes  of  male  separated  by  width  across  posterior  ocelli .  .  bysia  (Walker) 

—  Prealar  bristle  over  half  as  long  as  the  one  behind  it;  tarsi  yellow;  eyes 

of  male  separated  by  more  than  width  across  posterior  ocelli;  longest 
hairs  on  arista  longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment. 

winnemanae  Malloch 

58.  Prealar  bristle  minute  or  absent;  thorax  and  abdomen  glossy  lilack,  with 

faint  gray  pruinescence;  legs,  except  tarsi,  yellow;  hind  tibia  with  two 
anterodorsal  bristles  in  each  sex parviceps  ^lalloch 

—  Prealar  bristle  almost  or  quite  half  as  long  as  the  bristle  behind  it.  .  .  .59 

59.  Hind  tibia  with  two  equally  long  anterodorsal  bristles;  third  wing-vein 

not  setulose  at  base  below;  longest  hairs  on  arista  not  as  long  as  width 
of  third  antennal  segment;  shining  black  species  with  distinct  but  not 
very  dense  grayish  pruinescence  on  thorax  and  abdomen;  cross-veins 
of  wings  not  noticeably  inf uscated 60 

—  Hind  tibia  either  with  one  anterodorsal  bristle  or  with  one  long  and  one 

very  short  bristle  on  that  surface;  longest  hairs  on  arista  distinctly 
longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment  except  in  prisca  8tein; 
subopaque  black  species,  with  very  dense  gray  pruinescence;  third  wing- 
vein  sometimes  with  some  weak  setulae  at  base  below 61 

60.  Third  antennal  segment  in  male  normal,  not  abnormally  large  and  broad; 

fore  tibia  in  male  without  median  posterior  bristle;  mid  tibia  with  one 
posterior  bristle  basad  of  middle;  some  fine  hairs  at  base  of  posterior 
notopleural  bristle trivialis  new  species 

—  Third  antennal  segment  in  male  very  large  and  broad,  not  as  noticeably 

so  in  female;  fore  and  mid  tibiae  in  both  sexes  with  two  posterior  bristles; 
no  hairs  at  base  of  either  of  the  notopleural  bristles. 

laticornis  new  species 

61.  Hind  tibia  with  the  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  as  strong  and  large  as  the 

anterodorsal  and  nearly  as  large  as  the  dorsal  one  (fig.  22);  mid 
femur  with  one  bristle  basad  of  middle  on  posteroventral  .surface; 
third  vein  setulose  at  base  below;  cross-veins  infuscated. 

atlanis  new  species 

—  Hind  tibia  with  the  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  much  smaller  and  weaker 

than  the  anterodorsal  one;  mid  femur  with  more  than  one  postero- 
ventral bri.stle 62 

62.  Cro.ws-veins  of  wings  distinct!}',   often   conspicuously,   infuscated;  third 

vein  often  with  some  weak  setulose  hairs  at  base  below;  hind  tibia 
usually  with  one  long  and  one  very  short  bristle  on  anterodorsal  surface; 
hind  femur  without  distinct  bristles  on  posteroventral  surface. 

fusca  Stein 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  247 

—  Wing  without  distinct  infuscation  on  cross-veins;  third  vein  bare  at  ba  e; 

hind  tibia  with  one  strong  anterodorsal  bristle;  hind  femur  in  both 

sexes  with  distinct  bristles  on  posteroventral  surface 63 

63.  Tarsi  black;  hind  femur  with  some  moderately  long  strong  bristles  on 
basal  two-thirds  of  posteroventral  surface;  longest  hairs  on  arista  at 
least  as  long  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment;  interfrontalia  not 
interrujjted diruta  Stein 

—  Tarsi  yellow;  hind  femur  with  fine  bristles  on  almost  the  entire  length  of 

posteroventral  surface;  longest  hairs  on  arista  shorter  than  width  of 
third  antennal  segment;  interfrontalia  interrupted  above  middle. 

prisca  Stein 
Phaonia  protuberans  new  species 

Male  and  Female. — Black,  distinctly  shining,  with  rather  dense  whitish 
pruinescence.  Thorax  quadrivittate.  Abdomen  with  a  poorly  defined  sub- 
triangular  dorsocentral  spot  and  lateral  checkering  on  each  tergite,  black. 
Legs  black.  Wings  subhyaline,  veins  slightlj^  paler  at  bases.  Calyptrae  and 
halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Eyes  rather  densel}^  pale  haired;  narrowest  part  of  frons  about  as 
wide  as  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  with  long  setulose  hairs  below,  which 
become  much  shorter  above  and  extend  to  anterior  ocellus;  profile  as  in  figure 
8.  Thorax  with  two  pairs  of  presutural  acrostichals  and  four  pairs  of  post- 
sutural  dorsocentrals;  hypopleura  with  a  few  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front 
of  spiracle.  Abdomen  narrowly  ovate,  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  broad 
deep  excision.  Fore  tibia  unarmed  at  middle,  the  hairs  on  apical  half  of  ven- 
tral surface  suberect  but  not  very  long;  fore  tarsus  without  long  sensory  hairs 
on  posteroventral  margin  of  basal  segment,  moderately  densely  clothed  with 
short  erect  fine  hairs;  mid  femur  with  about  nine  bristles  on  basal  half  on  pos- 
teroventral surfaces  which  are  in  an  irregular  series;  mid  tibia  with  three  long 
posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  a  series  of  anteroventral,  and  a  few  short 
posteroventral  bristles  on  basal  half;  hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  two 
anteroventral  bristles,  the  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  with  the  setulae 
stronger  than  usual. 

Female. — Differs  from  the  male  in  having  the  frons  over  one-third  of  the 
head-width,  the  orbits  laterad  of  the  bristles  with  rather  long  setulose  hairs, 
the  fore  tibia  with  two  posterior  bristles,  and  the  fore  tarsus  shorter. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

Tijpe — male,  Mt.  Washington,  Now  Hampshire,  alpine, 
(G.  Dimmock),  [U.  S.  National  :Muscum].  Allotype,  female,  Mt. 
Washington,  New  Hampshire  (Coll.  Coquillett).  Paratypes, 
females,  White  ^Mountains,  New  Hampshire  (^Morrison) ;  Mt. 
Washington,  New  Hampshire,  August  16,  1916,  2500  feet  (C.  W. 
Johnson);  four  males  and  one  female,  Mt.  Marcy,  New  York, 
above  the  4800  feet  level,  July  21  and  27,  on  flowers  of  PotentiUa 
tridentata  and  Arenaria  groenlandica,  (J.  Bequaert). 

TRANS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC.    XLVIII. 


248    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

This  species  belongs  to  the  same  group  as  the  European 
alpicola  Zetterstedt,  chalQinata  Pandell,  and  luguhris  ^Meigen.  It 
differs,  however,  from  all  of  these  in  one  or  more  characters. 

Phaonia  serva  (Meigen) 

A  nthontyia  serva  Meigen,  Syst.  Beschr.,  5,  p.  86,  1826. 

This  very  common  European  species  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished from  any  of  its  allies  by  the  characters  given  in  the  key 
to  species.  In  color  and  habitus  it  resembles  protuherans. 
Normally  there  are  but  three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral 
bristles  present,  but  sometimes  there  are  four  pairs.  One  pair 
taken  in  the  White  Mountains,  by  Morrison,  which  I  have  before 
me,  have  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorso-centrals,  l)ut  differ  in  no 
other  manner  from  normal  specimens  from  Europe  and  this 
country.  The  variation  percentage  in  number  of  postsutural 
dorsocentrals  is  very  small,  but  occasional  aberrant  examples 
occur  in  most  species,  and  to  prevent  errors  in  identification, 
these  must  be  carefully  compared  with  species  they  resem):)le  in 
other  respects,  before  their  description  as  new  species. 

Length,  7.5  to  8  mm. 

I  have  seen  examples  of  this  species  from  Maine,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  New  Hampshire. 

Phaonia  savonoskii  new  species 

Female. — Similar  to  jxrotuberans  in  color  and  markings. 

Structurally  similar  to  sei-ixi,  distinguishable  from  it  by  the  bristling  of  the 
fore  and  mid  tibia,  the  former  having  one  or  two  and  the  latter  two  antero- 
dorsal  bristles  near  middle. 

Length,  9  mm. 

Type.- — Savonoski,  Naknek  Lake,  Alaska,  June  1919,  (J.  S. 
Hine). 

Type  returned  to  Professor  Hine,  who  collected  it  on  his  last 
trip  to  the"  Mt.  Katmai  region  for  the  National  (reogiaphic 
Society.  Three  female  paratypes,  Healy,  Alaska,  July  6,  1921, 
(J.  M.  Aldrich),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Phaonia  caerulescens  (Stein) 

Aricia  caerulescens  Stein,  Berl.  Knt.  Zeitschr.,  1S97,  ]).  1S7,  IMIT. 

This  species  is  readily  separated  from  its  allies  by  the  ])luish 
black  color  of  the  abdomen  and  the  characters  given  in  the  k(>y 
to  species.     The  fore  tarsi  are  similar  to  those  of    protuherans 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  249 

and  serva,  and  the  fine  hairs  surrounding  bases  of  the  notopleural 
bristles  are  present  as  in  serva.  The  fore  tibia  in  either  sex  may 
have  or  lack  the  posterior  median  bristles. 

I  have  seen  this  species  from  Moscow  (type),  Julietta,  and 
Kendrick,  Idaho;  Los  Gatos,  California;  Seattle,  Washington 
and  Cache  Junction,  Utah. 

It  occurs  in  February,  and  on  till  ^lay,  usually  frequenting 
the  flowers  of  willows. 

Phaonia  versicolor  Stein 

Phaonia  versicolor  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  abt.  A,  heft  9,  1918,  p.  16,  1920. 

This  species,  which  was  described  from  one  female,  is  unknown 
to  me.  The  type  was  obtained  by  Dr.  Aldrich,  in  JVIarshall  Pass, 
Colorado.  It  may  not  be  related  to  the  species  with  which  I 
have  associated  it  in  my  key,  but  I  accept  Stein's  comparisons  as 
indicating  that  it  is. 

Length,  similar  to  serva. 

Phaonia  basiseta  Malloch 

Pliaouiu  baaiscta  Malloch,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xlvi,  p.  133,  1920. 

I  have  seen  no  additional  material  since  describing  the  species, 
except  some  more  specimens  from  Waubay,  South  Dakota,  and 
Alaska.  The  species  may  be  separated  at  once  from  its  allies 
by  the  presence  of  the  sub-basal  bristle  on  posterodorsal  surface 
of  hind  tibia.  The  fore  tarsi  are  as  in  sei'va,  and  there  are  sparse 
hairs  adjacent  to  bases  of  both  the  notopleural  bristles. 

Length,  7  mm. 

Localities,  Bozeman,  Montana;  Waubay,  South  Dakota,  and 
Healy,  Alaska,  July  6,  1921,  (J.  M.  Aldrich). 

This  species  is  most  closely  related  to  the  European  basalts 
Zetterstedt,  having  the  same  bristling  of  the  legs  and  the  same 
habitus  as  in  that  species.  But  basalis  has  the  femora  and  tibiae 
reddish  yellow,  and  the  thorax  and  abdomen  with  j-ellowish 
gray  pruinescence,  while  the  abdomen  has  only  a  black  dorso- 
central  vitta  and  no  lateral  checkerings. 

The  European  species  morionella  Bezzi  has  the  same  color  and 
habitus  as  basiseta,  but  the  eyes  are  much  more  widely  separated, 
the  vibrissal  angle  is  very  much  produced,  and  there  are  only 
three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentral  bristles  on  thorax. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


250    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Phaonia  consobrina  (Zetterstedt) 

Anthomyza  consobrina  Zetterstedt,  Ins.  Lapp.,  p.  665,  1834. 

I  have  before  me  a  European  male  of  this  species,  obtained 
from  Mr.  R.  Frey,  which  was  named  by  Stein.  The  latter 
records  the  species  from  this  country,  basing  his  identification 
on  specimens  taken  in  Colorado.  I  have  not  seen  his  specimens, 
and  have  seen  no  examples  from  this  country  which  are  identical 
with  the  one  from  Europe.  In  his  paper  Stein  gives  a  key  to 
the  species  of  the  genus,  and  judging  from  that  I  consider  it 
probable  that  what  he  had  before  him  was  not  consobrina,  but 
brunneinervis  Stein,  as  his  type  specimens  runs  down  to  con- 
sobrina in  the  key.  The  European  specimen  I  have  is  quite 
different  from  brunneinervis,  so  we  may  retain  the  latter  in  our 
list,  though  I  fear  we  have  no  grounds  for  the  retention  of 
consobrina. 

Length,  8  mm. 

Phaonia  incerta  new  species 

Male. — Similar  in  color  to  consobrina  and  brunneinervis.  The  calyptrae 
are,  however,  white  with  the  margins  faintly  yellowish  and  not  yellowish 
throughout;  the  wings  are  but  shghtly  infuscated  at  bases,  whereas  in  the 
other  species  they  are  slightly  but  distinctly  brownish  at  base  and  along  the 
courses  of  the -veins  on  basal  half  or  more;  the  large  black  subtriangular 
black  mark  on  each  abdominal  tergite  is  more  distinct  than  in  consobrina. 

Eyes  densely  hairy,  the  hairs  about  twice  as  long  as  in  consobrina,  frons 
similar,  the  orbits  with  fine  short  hairs  on  posterior  half,  bristled  on  anterior 
half;  arista  with  the  longest  hairs  not  much  longer  than  its  basal  diameter. 
Fore  tibia  with  a  fine  long  setulose  hair  on  posterior  surface  beyond  middle; 
mid  femur  with  three  or  four  bristles  on  basal  half  of  postero ventral  surface 
and  also  numerous  long  hairs;  mid  tibia  without  any  anterodorsal  bristles, 
with  four  on  posterior  side  in  an  irregular  series,  and  two  on  posterovcntral 
surface;  hind  femur  with  a  complete  series  of  bristles  on  antero ventral  surface 
and  some  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral;  hind  tibia  with  two  or  three  antero- 
dorsal and  anteroventral  bristles,  the  anterior  and  posterior  hairs  setulose 
but  not  very  long;  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  small  but  distinct. 

Length,  7  mm. 

Type. —  Yakutat,  Alaska,  (J.  S.  Hine),  [Ohio  State  University]. 

This  species  resembles  both  consobrina  and  brunneinervis,  being 
distinguished  from  the  former  as  indicated  in  the  foregomg  de- 
scription, and  from  the  latter  by  the  lack  of  anterodorsal  bristles 
on  mid  tibia,  and  the  much  weaker  setulose  hairs  on  the  postero- 
ventral sui-face  of  the  fore  til^ia. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  251 

This  maj'  be  the  species  which  I  have  ah-eady  seen  from  the 
Southwest  and  considered  as  a  variety  of  hrunneinervis. 

Phaonia  monticola  Malloch 

Phaonia  monticola  Malloch,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Hoc,  xliv,  p.  266,  1918. 

This  species  is  readily  separated  from  its  alhes  by  the  dense 
erect  hairs  on  the  ventral  surfaces  of  the  apical  two -thirds  of 
the  fore  tibia  in  both  sexes,  and  by  the  presence  of  anterodorsal 
l)ristles  on  mid  tibia. 

I  have  seen  this  species  from  New  Mexico  {type),  Colorado, 
mid  Labrador. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  species  Stein  records  as  morio  Zet- 
terstedt  from  this  country. 

I  obtained  males  of  the  European  species  from  three  corres- 
pondents for  comparison  with  my  North  American  examples, 
and  believe  that  the  forms  are  different  though  closely  related. 
The  posteroventral  bristles  on  the  hind  femur  in  my  specimens 
of  morio,  from  Finland  and  Sweden,  are  much  longer  than  in 
those  from  America,  and  there  are  several  minor  distinctions 
present  which  prevent  me  uniting  them  at  this  time,  though  an 
examination  of  a  larger  series  of  both  may  ultimately  result  in 
that  course  being  followed.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  Italian 
specimens  sent  me  as  morio  are  not  that  species,  but  do  not 
desire  to  go  into  the  matter  of  distinctions  in  extralimital  material 
at  this  time. 

Phaonia  brunneinervis  (Stein) 

Aricia  brmmcincrvis  Stein,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.  183,  1897. 

I  have  the  tj'pe  male  of  this  species  before  me.  As  stated  in 
the  remarks  under  consobrina,  I  think  that  this  is  the  species 
Stein  records  under  that  name  from  Colorado. 

I  have  seen  the  species  from  Craig's  ^Mountains,  Idaho  {type); 
Tennessee  Pass,  Colorado,  and  Gallatin  County,  ^Montana. 

Phaonia  fraterna  jicw  species 

^lale. — Similar  to  serva  in  color,  differing  in  having  the  wings  slii>htly 
brownish,  not  yellowish  basally,  the  cross-veins  noticeably,  but  not  con- 
spicuously darkened.  Abdomen  with  a  rather  large  subtriangular  dorso- 
central  black  mark  on  (>ach  tergite,  and  some  lateral  black  checkerings. 

TRAXS.   AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


252    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Eyes  long  haired;  narrowest  part  of  frons  as  wide  as  distance  across  posterior 
ocelli;  orbits  setulose  to  above  middle;  parafacial  as  wide  as  third  antennal 
segment,  not  narrowed  below;  face  receding  below;  cheek  twice  as  high  as 
width  of  parafacial,  with  several  series  of  marginal  bristles;  third  antennal 
segment  about  1.5  as  long  as  second,  its  apex  about  one-fourth  from  mouth- 
margin;  arista  short  haired.  Presutural  acrostichals  not  differentiated; 
postsutural  dorso-centrals  three;  prealar  long  and  strong;  hypopleura  with 
some  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle.  Abdomen  short  ovate, 
basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  broad  rounded  posterior  excision,  rather 
densely  hairy  on  sides  apically,  without  strong  bristles.  Fore  tibia  without 
tong  hairs  or  bristles;  fore  tarsus  slender,  exceeding  length  of  tibia;  mid  legs 
lacking  in  type;  hind  femur  with  a  complete  series  of  bristles  on  anteroventral 
surface,  which  are  weaker  basally,  and  a  series  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral 
surface;  hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal,  and  two  anteroventral  bristles. 
Outer  cross- vein  curved;  last  section  of  fourth  vein  twice  as  long  as  preceding 
section. 

Length,  6  mm. 

Type. — Lunenburg,  Massachusetts,  May  19,  1916,  (S.  M. 
Dohanian),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Apparently  closely  related  to  confluens  Stein,  of  Europe. 
I  have  not  seen  this  species  but  the  arista  is  described  as  long 
haired  and  the  hind  tibia  more  bristly. 

Fhaonia  tipulivora  new  species 

Male. — Black,  slightly  shining,  densel}^  grayish  pruinescent.  Frons  para- 
facials,  face,  and  cheeks  almost  silvery;  antennae  and  palpi  black.  Thorax 
with  four  black  vittae.  Abdomen  with  a  series  of  poorly  defined  but  distinct 
black  subtriangular  spots  and,  when  seen  from  the  side,  with  some  lateral 
black  checkerings.  Legs  black,  tibiae  brownish.  Calyptrae  white.  Halteres 
yellow. 

Eyes  densely  hairy;  narrowest  part  of  frons  about  as  wide  as  distance 
across  posterior  ocelli;  interfrontalia  almost  obliterated  above  middle;  orljits 
setulose  nearly  to  anterior  ocellus;  parafacial  as  wide  as  third  antennal  segment, 
not  appreciably  narrowed  below;  cheek  nearly  twice  as  high  as  width  of 
parafacial,  with  several  series  of  bristles  on  lower  margin;  third  antennal 
segment  about  L75  as  long  as  second;  arista  with  its  longest  hairs  not  as  long 
as  width  of  third  antennal  segment;  palpi  normal,  setulose.  Thorax  without 
differentiated  presutural  acrostichal  bristles;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  four; 
prealar  very  long;  hypopleura  hairy  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle; 
sternoplcurals  1  :  2.  Basal  abdominal  sternite  bare,  fifth  as  in  fratcrna; 
abdomen  broadly  ovate.  Fore  tibia  with  two  cr  three  posterior  median 
bristles;  fore  tarsus  slender,  dislmctly  longer  than  tibia,  with  a  few  long 
sensory  hairs  along  the  posteroventral  margin;  mid  fcnnu"  with  about  six 
bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface;  niitl  til)ia  with  six  or  seven 
bristles  in  a  double  scries  on  ])osterior  side;  hind  femur  with  a  comi)leto  scries 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  253 

of  anteroventral  bristles  and  a  partial  series  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral 
surface;  hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  two  anteroventral  bristles,  the 
anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  with  some  short  setulose  hairs  on  middle. 
Outer  cross-vein  curved. 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male  in  color  and  bristling  of  the  legs.  Inter- 
frontalia  without  hairs  on  sides.  Fore  tibia  with  two  posterior  bristles;  hind 
femur  with  a  few  weak  posteroventral  bristles. 

Length,  9  mm. 

The  puparium  is  brownish  red,  shining,  cylindrical,  the  e.xtremities  rounded, 
surface  with  microscopic  transverse  striae  and  a  less  distinct  irregular  network 
of  short  linear  impressions.  The  metathoracic  spiracles  are  elevated,  about 
as  high  as  thick,  glossy;  each  segment  has  a  transverse  series  of  minute  wart- 
like elevations  which  does  not  extend  clear  round  the  bod}-;  being  widely 
interrupted  ventrally,  the  apical  segment  having  the  transverse  series  very 
much  shorter  than  those  on  other  segments  and  connected  with  three  longi- 
tudinal series,  one  in  center  and  one  at  each  extremity  which  extend  midway 
to  posterior  spiracles,  the  latter  small,  blackish,  but  Uttle  elevated,  separated 
by  over  twice  the  width  of  either;  anal  opening  small,  situated  some  distance 
from  apex. 

Length,  8  mm. 

Type. — Hagerstown,  Maryland,  June  24,  1916,  reared  from 
tipidid    pupa,    Ace.  no.  14022  (H.  L.  Parker),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Allotype. — Halfway  House,  Mt.  Washington,  New  Hampshire, 
July  6,  1914,  (C.  W.  Johnson). 

Paratypes,  males;  Melrose  Highlands,  Massachusetts,  May  21, 
1916;  Raynham,  Massachusetts,  April  29,  1916,  (F.  X.  Williams) ; 
Lunnenburg,  Massachusetts,  May  21,  1916,  (S.  M.  Dohanian). 

Phaonia  pallidula  Coquillett 

Phaonia  pallidula  Coquillett,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxv,  p.  122. 

Phaonia  dulci.H  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  abt.  A.  1918,  heft    9,  p.  5,  1920. 

Male. — Black,  subopaque.  Head  black,  cheeks  brownish,  orbits,  face, 
parafacials,  and  cheeks  den.sely  silver}'  white  pruinescent;  anteimae  brownish 
yellow,  third  segment  infuscated  except  at  base;  palpi  yellow.  Thorax 
densely  gray  pruinescent,  with  four  conspicuous  brown  vittae.  Abdomen 
largely  yellowish  testaceous,  bases  of  tergites  fuscous  and  with  g'ay  prui- 
nescence,  each  tergite  with  an  elongate  central  black  sp)ot.  Leg.s  yellowish 
testaceous,  fore  femora  except  apices,  and  mid  and  hind  femora  each  with  a 
broad  band  beyond  middle  fuscous;  tarsi  pale.  Wings  clear,  veins  broAvn, 
yellow  at  bases,  cross-veins  very  inconspicuously  infuscated.  (^alyptrae 
white.     Halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  spar.sely  hairy,  separated  l)y  distance  across  posterior  ocelli;  orbits 
contiguous  above  middle,  with  bristles  on  anterior  half  and  one  or  two  short 

TRANS.    A.M.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


254    NOKTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

liairs  on  upper  half;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae  wider  than  the  narrow 
third  antennal  segment,  narrowed  below;  cheek  about  twice  as  high  as  widest 
part  of  parafacial;  longest  hairs  on  arista  as  long  as  width  of  third  antennal 
segment.  Thorax  without  differentiated  presutural  acrostichals;  prealar 
long;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  three;  hypopleura  with  some  weak  hairs  on 
upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle.  Basal  sternite  bare.  Fore  tibia  with  a 
long  median  posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  slender,  longer  than  tibia,  basal 
segment  without  long  outstanding  posterior  sensory  hairs;  mid  femur  with 
some  long  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  two 
long  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  some  moderately  long  hairs  on  basal 
third  of  ventral  surface,  a  series  of  bristles  on  anteroventral  surface  which 
are  very  short  basally  and  some  long  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral 
surface;  hind  tibia  with  two  anteroventral  and  two  anterodorsal  bristles;  the 
<?alcar  long,  but  little  beyond  middle. 
Length,  7.  5  mm. 

Redescribed  from  a  male  compared  with  type  Ijy  Dr.  Aldrich, 
Lakehurst,  New  Jersey,  May  24,  (W.  T.  Davis).  Originally 
described  from  Georgia.  Stein  described  dulcis  from  Austin, 
Texas,  and  Lakehurst,  New  Jersey. 

Phaonia  quieta  Stein 

Phaonia  quieta  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  1918,  abt.  A,  heft  9,  p.  14,  1920. 

I  have  identified  as  this  species,  which  was  described  from 
three  pairs  taken  by  Dr.  Aldrich  at  Friday  Harbor,  Washington, 
a  male  and  female  from  California.  Stein  compares  it  with 
erratica  Fallen  and  errans  Meigen,  so  that  it  is  unquestionably 
correctly  placed  in  my  key,  and  unless  there  are  two  very  closely 
allied  species  here  I  am  fairly  confident  that  my  identification 
is  correct.  Stein  makes  no  mention  of  any  of  the  characters  I 
use  in  my  key  for  separating  it  from  its  allies,  and  I  have  placed 
it  in  three  categories  to  insure  its  identification  should  I  be 
incorrect  in  my  surmise. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

Phaonia  pulvillata  (Stein) 

Aricia  pulvillata  Stein,  Ann.  Mus.  Nat.  Hungar.,  ir,  p.  422,  1904. 

This  species  was  not  included  by  Stein  in  his  last  paper  on 
North  American  Anthomyiidac.  It  is  very  closely  allied  to 
quieta,  or  at  least  to  the  species  which  I  have  identified  as  that, 
having  the  same  habitus  and  the  characters  as  stated  in  the  key. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  255 

It  is  paler  in  color,  the  abdomen  in  both  sexes  being  largely  yellow- 
ish testaceous,  in  the  male  on  basal  half,  while  in  quieta  the  general 
color  is  black,  with  the  apices  or  tergites  yellowish.  Apart  from 
any  hypopygial  distinctions  which  may  exist,  the  principal 
characters  for  the  differentiation  of  the  species  are  indicated 
in  the  key. 

Stein's  description  of  pidviUafa  fits  my  interpretation  of  quieta 
better  in  some  respects  than  it  does  the  former,  but  he  specific- 
ally mentions  the  presence  of  a  median  posterior  bristle  on  fore 
tibia  in  pulviUata,  and  this  is  present  in  even  the  male,  whereas 
in  the  other  species  it  is  absent. 

Originally  described  from  Carolina.  I  have  before  me  one 
male,  Plummer's  Island,  IMaryland,  June  22,  1909,  (W.  L. 
jVIcAtee);  one  female,  same  locality,  June  14,  1908,  (A.  K. 
Fisher) ;  one  female,  same  locality,  July  24,  (N.  Banks) ;  one 
female,  Delaw\are  Water  Gap,  New  Jersey,  July  12,  1895,  (C.  W. 
Johnson?). 

Phaonia  rufibasis  Malloch 

Phaonia  rufibasis  Malloch,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc,  Wash.,  xxxii,  p.  207,  1919. 

This  species  is  verj^  similar  to  errans  Meigen  in  color,  differing 
in  having  the  basal  two  antennal  segments  and  base  of  third  as 
well  as  the  palpi  reddish  j'ellow.  The  coxae  are  largely,  and  the 
femora  and  tibia  entirely  reddish  yellow. 

Structurally  similar  to  errans  but  the  parafaeials  narrower, 
third  antennal  segment  over  twice  as  long  as  second.  Basal 
abdominal  sternite  hairy.  Hind  femur  with  a  series  of  antero- 
ventral  bristles  and  one  or  two  rather  long  bristles  at  or  near 
middle  on  poster© ventral  surface. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

Originally  descril)ed  from  Chester,  Massachusetts,  August  3, 
1911.     Type  in  collection  of  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History. 

I  have  seen  one  male  from  Plummer's  Island,  Maryland, 
!May  27,  1915,  (R.  C.  Shannon),  which  is  in  the  National  ^Museum 
Collection. 

Phaonia  perfida  Stein 

Phaotiia  perfida  .Stein,  Archiv  fiir  Naturges.,  1918,  abt.,  A,  heft  9,  p.  13,  1920. 
I  have  not  seen  this  species,  which  Stein  described  from  one 
specimen  without  data,  sent  to  him  by  Dr.  Hough. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


256    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

It  seems  extremely  probable  that  the  species  is  closely  related 
to  those  with  which  I  have  associated  it  in  the  key,  but  only  an 
examination  of  the  type  specimen  will  definitely  decide  that 
point. 

Phaonia  aurea  new  species 

Female. — Reddish  yellow,  suliopaque.  Frons,  parafacials  anteriorlj', 
third  antennal  segment,  and  palpi  fuscous;  occiput  gray  pruinescent.  Thorax 
gray  pruinescent,  the  dorsum  with  four  reddish  vittae.  Abdomen  with 
golden  pollinosity,  dorsum  checkered,  the  yellow  parts  changing  according  to 
position  from  which  the  surface  is  viewed.  Legs  rufous  yellow,  tarsi  fuscou-s. 
Wings  .slightly  yellowish,  cross-veins  narrowly  infuscated.  Calyptrae  and 
halteres  yellow. 

Frons  at  vertex  one-third  of  the  head-width,  widened  anteriorly;  orbits 
narrow,  each  with  about  six  bristles  and  a  series  of  hairs  laterad  of  them; 
eyes  hairj^;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae  wider  than  width  of  third  antennal 
segment,  not  much  narrowed  below;  cheek  about  1.5  as  high  as  widest  part 
of  parafacial;  third  antennal  .segment  twice  as  long  as  second;  arista  long 
])lumose;  palpi  normal.  Thoracic  chaetotaxy  as  in  errans.  Basal  abdominal 
sternite  hairy.  Fore  tibia  without  a  median  posterior  bristle;  mid  femur 
with  four  or  five  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface;  mid  tibia 
with  three  or  four  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  a  series  of  long  bristles 
on  anteroventral  surface,  the  posteroventral  surface  bare;  hind  tibia  with 
three  or  four  anterodorsal  and  anteroventral  bristles.  Outer  cro.ss-vein 
curved;  fourth  vein  straight  at  apex. 

Length,  11  mm. 

r?ype.— Washington  State,  (Coll.  Coquillett),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Phaonia  nigricans  Johannsen 

Phaonia  nigricans  Johannsen,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xlii,  p.  395,  1916. 

Phaonia  cayugae  Johannsen,  Ent.  News,  xxviii,  p.  327,  1917. 

Phaonia  nervosa  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  abt.  A,  191S,  heft   9,  p.  12  1920. 

Stein  redescribed  this  species  from  material  sent  to  him  from 
Ithaca,  New  York,  the  type  locality  of  Johannsen's  species. 

Johannsen  proposed  the  species  name  cayugae  to  replace  the 
name  nigricans,  which  has  been  used  in  the  genus //^eZma  (=Mydaea 
Stein),  but  such  course  is  not  necessary  as  the  name  has  not 
previously  been  used  in  the  genus  Phaonia. 

The  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  errans  but  differs  very 
much  in  color,  the  legs  being  usually  entirelj'  black,  sometimes 
with  the  hind  tibiae  reddish  brown.  This  is  the  only  means  l)y 
which  the  species  may  be  separated,  as  in  size  and  chaetotaxy 
they  are  to  all  appearances  identical.     The  frons  in  the  f(Mnales 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  257 

of  errans,  varipes,  and  nigricans  has  always  some  hairs  on  the 
sides  of  the  interfrontaUa. 

I  have  seen  this  species  from  Ohio,  ^Montana,  ^Massachusetts, 
and  Wisconsin,  and  have  no  dou]:)t  that  it  is  widely  distributed 
in  the  northeastern  States. 

Phaonia  errans  Meigen 

Anthomyia  errans  Meigon,  Syst.  Beschr.,  v,  p.  86,  1S2G. 

Male. — Black,  slightly  shining,  densely  gray  pruinescent.  InterfrontaUa 
opaque  black  except  when  seen  from  in  front;  orbits,  parafacials,  and  cheeks 
with  whitish  tomentum  or  pile;  face  yellowish  gray  pruinescent;  antennae  and 
palpi  black.  Dorsum  of  thorax  with  four  l)iack  vittae;  scutellum  largely 
reddish  yellow  apically.  Abdomen  with  an  interrupted  dorsocentral  vitta 
and  lateral  checkerings  black;  fifth  sternite  reddish  j-ellow  apically.  Legs 
rufous  j-ellow,  fore  femora  except  apices,  sometimes  the  bases  of  mid  femora, 
and  all  of  tarsi  fuscous.  Wings  sybhyaline,  cross-veins  slightly  infuscated. 
Calyptrae  jellowish  white.     Halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  hairy,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  l)y  a  distance  less  than 
width  of  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  narrow,  bristles  on  anterior  half  and 
finely  haired  on  posterior  half  almost  to  anterior  ocellus;  interfrontalia  distinct 
on  entire  length;  parafacials  a  little  wider  than  third  antennal  segment,  but 
little  narrowed  below;  cheek  twice  as  high  as  widest  part  of  parafacial,  with 
bristly  hairs  on  lower  half  and  some  setulose  hairs  above  vibrissae;  third 
antennal  segment  twice  as  long  as  second;  arista  plumose.  Thorax  without 
presutural  acrostichal  bristles;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  four;  prealar  very 
long;  many  hairs  adjacent  to  notopleurals;  hypopleura  with  some  fine  hairs 
on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle.  Basal  abdominal  sternite  hairy,  fifth 
deeply  cleft.  Fore  tibia  unarmed  at  middle;  mid  femur  with  about  half  a 
dozen  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface,  the  fine  hairs  rather 
long;  mid  tibia  with  two  or  three  posterior  bristles;  mid  tarsus  with  the  short 
spines  on  anteroventral  and  posteroventral  margins  of  segments  two  to  four 
confined  to  apical  halves;  hind  femur  with  a  series  of  anteroventral  bristles, 
and  usually  one  or  two  short  bristles  on  middle  of  posteroventral  surface; 
hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  three  or  four  anteroventral  bristles. 
Outer  cross-vein  much  curved. 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male  in  color,  but  the  fore  femora  are  less  con- 
spicuously blackened. 

Eyes  hairy,  separated  by  about  one-third  of  the  head-witlth;  interfrontalia 
with  some  erect  hairs  on  each  side  above.     In  other  re-^pects  as  male. 

Length,  8  to  9.5  mm. 

Described  from  several  males  and  one  female  received  from 
Scotland  and  Finland.  Stein  has  recorded  the  species  from 
Sandusky,  Ohio.  I  have  before  me  a  pair  taken  at  Sandusky, 
Ohio,  which  are  evidently  from  the  same  lot  as  Stein's  specimens, 

TRAXS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


258    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

as  both  were  taken  by  Professor  Hine.      A  female  with  the  label, 
"Algonquin  Park,"  evidently  belongs  here. 

Phaonia  errans  variety  completa  new  variety 

Male. — Differs  from  tiue  errans  in  having  all  the  femora  and  tibiae  rufous 
yellow,  and  the  short  spines  on  anteroventral  and  posteroventral  margins 
of  the  intermediate  segments  of  mid  tarsi  continued  to  bases  of  segments. 
There  is  also  only  one  pair  of  praescutellar  acrostichals  i^resent. 

Length,  8  mm. 

Type.—Ba,se  Station,  Mt.  Washington,  New  Hampshire^ 
August  15,  1916,  (C.  W.  Johnson),  [Boston  Society  of  Natural 
History]. 

Phaonia  errans  variety  varipes  Coquillett 

Hyetodesia  varipes  Coquillett,  Proc.  Wash.  Acad.  Sci.,  ii,  p.  441,  1902. 

This  form  differs  from  true  errans  only  in  having  the  femora 
more  extensively  darkened,  the  fore  and  mid  pairs  in  male  being 
almost  entirely  infuscated.  There  are  neither  chaetotaxic  nor 
structural  distinctions  which  warrant  its  separation  from  true 
errans,  and  it  is  in  my  opinion  merely  a  variety  of  that  species. 

I  have  examined  a  male  and  female  paratype  sent  to  me  from 
the  National  Museum  Collection  by  Dr.  Aldrich,  and  have  also 
seen  a  male  from  Kuskokwim  Valley,  Alaska. 

Phaonia  deleta  Stein 

Aricia  deleta  Stein,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.  178,  1897. 

Male  and  female. — Black,  slightly  shining,  densely  gray,  pruinescent. 
Anterior  margin  of  frons,  parafacial,  and  a  large  part  of  cheeks,  antennae, 
except  apical  two-thirds  of  third  segment,  and  palpi  reddish  yellow.  Thorax 
with  four  fuscous  vittae.  Abdomen  with  an  elongate  blackish  spot  on  middle 
of  each  tergite;  fourth  tergite  in  both  sexes  conspicuously  yellowish  testa- 
ceous at  apex;  fifth  sternite  in  male  partly  yellowish.  Legs  testaceous  yellow; 
coxae  anteriorly,  fore  femora  on  posterodorsal  surface,  and  the  tarsi  more  or 
less  conspicuously,  infuscated.  Wings  hyaline,  veins  brown,  yellowish  basally, 
cross-veins  slightly  clouded.     Calyptrae  whitish  yellow.     Halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Eyes  sparsely  hairy;  frons  at  narrowest  part  distinctly  wider  than 
width  across  posterior  ocelli;  orbits  with  setulose  hairs  from  base  of  antennae 
to  anterior  ocellus,  the  upper  setulae  weak  and  short;  intcifrontalia  entire; 
parafacials  at  base  of  antennae  a  little  wider  than  third  antennal  segment, 
not  narrowed  below;  cheek  twice  as  high  as  width  of  parafacual,  with  some 
long  biistles  along  lower  margin  and  a  single  series  above  them  which  are 
strong  and  upwardly  curved  anteriorly;  third  antennal  segment  narrow,  ending 
considerably  short  of  the  mouth-margin,  about  1.75  as  long  as  Second;  longest 
hairs  on  arista  much  longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment;  palpi  not 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  259 

dilated.  Thorax  without  strong  presutural  acrostichal  bristles;  postsutiiral 
dorsocentrals  four;  prealar  very  long;  hypopleura  hairy  on  upper  margin  in 
front  of  spiracle.  Abdomen  ovate,  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  deep, 
.^lightly  rounded  posterior  excision.  Fore  tibia  with  a  median  posterior 
bristle;  fore  tarsus  longer  than  tibia,  the  basal  segment  without  long  sensory 
hairs  along  posterior  surface;  mid  femur  with  two  or  three  bristles  on  basal 
third  of  posteroventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  four  or  five  posterior  bristles 
and  usually  one  longer  bristle  on  middle  of  posteroventral  surface;  hind  femur 
with  a  number  of  long  bristles  on  basal  third  of  posteroventral  .surface;  mid 
tibia  with  four  or  five  posterior  bristles  and  usually  one  longer  bristle  on 
middle  or  posteroventral  surface;  hind  femur  with  a  number  of  long  bristles 
on  apical  half  of  anteroventral  surface  and  some  short  stout  spines  or  bristles 
in  a  single  or  double  series  on  apical  half  of  posteroventral;  hind  tibia  with 
about  four  anterodor.sal  bristles,  the  anteroventral  surface  with  about  four 
weak  setulae,  which  are  not  much  stronger  than  the  erect  series  on  the  anterior 
and  posterior  surfaces,  basad  of  the  calcar  there  are  usually  from  one  to  three 
additional  bristles  on  the  same  surface  (fig.  24).     Outer  cross- vein  curved. 

Female. — Differs  from  the  male  in  having  the  eyes  almost  bare,  separated 
by  fully  one-third  of  the  head  width,  the  fore  tibia  usually  with  an  antero- 
dorsal  and  an  extra  posterior  bristle,  the  hind  femur  with  the  short  postero- 
vental  bristles  antl  the  hind  tibia  with  the  erect  anterior  setulae  and  posterior 
hairs  absent. 

Length,  7  to  8  mm. 

Originally  descril^ed  from  Illinois  and  Pennsylvania.  I  have 
seen  most  of  the  material  that  Stein  used  in  describing  the 
species  and  in  addition  have  examined  specimens  from  Buffalo, 
Lancaster,  Niagara  Falls,  and  Hamburg,  New  York,  and  Quebec 
and  Ontario,  Canada. 

Phaonia  soccata  (Walker) 

Anthomyia  soccata  Walker,  List.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  4,  p.  941,  1849. 

This  species  has  a  similar  coloration  to  that  of  serva  Fallen 
and  its  allies,  but  the  legs  are  reddish  yellow  except  the  tarsi. 
The  thorax  is  not  distinctly  vittate,  and  the  alidomen  is  marked 
as  in  serva. 

The  eyes  of  the  male  are  rather  long  haired  and  widely 
separated,  the  narrowest  part  of  frons  being  about  one-fifth  of 
the  head-width;  the  orl^its  are  bristled  to  a  little  above  the  level 
of  the  anterior  ocellus;  parafacial  as  wide  as  third  antennal 
segment,  not  narrowed  l)elow;  longest  hairs  on  arista  barely  as 
long  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment.  Thorax  without 
strong  presutural  acrostichals;  prealar  very  long;  postsutural 
dorsocentrals  four;  liypoplcura  hairy  on  upper  margin  in  front 

TR.\N.S.    AM      ENT     SOC,    XLVUI. 


260    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

of  spiracle.  Basal  abdominal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  very- 
broad  rounded  posterior  excision.  Fore  tibia  with  one  or  two 
median  posterior  bristles ;  fore  tarsi  slender,  without  long  sensory 
hairs  along  the  posterior  side  of  basal  segment;  mid  tibia  with 
three  or  four  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  without  exceptional 
armature,  hind  tibia  with  a  bristle  near  base  on  posterodorsal 
surface,  the  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  barely  distinguishable. 

Length,  7.5  mm. 

I  have  seen  this  species  only  from  New  York. 

Phaonia  frenata  (Holmgren) 

Aricia  frenata  Holmgren,  Ins.  Nordgroenl.,  p.  103,  1872. 

I  have  seen  this  species  only  from  Alaska.  The  summary  of 
the  characters  of  the  male  given  in  the  key  to  species  should 
enable  students  to  recognize  that  sex.  I  have  not  seen  the 
female. 

Length,  6  mm. 

Originally  described  from  Greenland. 

Phaonia  alticola  new  species 

Female. — Black,  shining,  with  distinct  but  not  very  dense  bluish  gray 
pruinescence.  Head  entirely  black.  Thorax  quadrivittate.  Abdomen  with 
a  poorly  defined  dorsocentral  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings  black.  Legs 
black.  Wings  clear,  cross-veins  not  infuscated.  Calyptrae  yellowish. 
Halter es  dark  brown. 

Eyes  with  short  hairs;  frons  about  two-fifths  of  the  head-width;  orbits 
strongly  bristled,  with  two  series  of  bristles  on  upper  half  and  many  lateral 
setulose  hairs  below;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae  wider  than  third  antennal 
segment,  not  narrowed  below;  cheek  about  twice  as  high  as  width  of  para- 
facial, with  a  series  of  bristles  on  lower  margin  and  some  hairs  above  them; 
antennae  short,  third  segment  not  twice  as  long  as  second;  arista  with  very 
short  pubescence;  palpi  slender.  Thorax  without  strong  presutural  acro- 
stichals;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  three;  prealar  long;  hypopleura  bare; 
sternopleurals  1  :  2.  Basal  abdominal  sternite  bare,  genitalia  normal.  Fore 
tibia  with  two  posterior  median  bristles;  fore  tarsus  slender,  longer  than  tibia, 
basal  segment  without  long  sensory  hairs  and  not  densely  haired;  mid  femur 
with  cne  or  two  bristles  on  basal  half  of  anteroventral  surface  and  five  or  six 
on  basal  half  of  posteroventral;  mid  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  three 
posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  a  series  of  long  bristles  on  anteroventral 
surface,  and  a  few  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral;  hind  tibia  with  tlirec  or 
four  anteroventral  and  two  anterodorsal  bristles,  the  apical  posterodorsal 
bristle  very  small.  Costal  thorn  long;  last  section  of  fourth  vein  about  as 
long  as  preceding  section. 

Length,  9  mm 


J,  R.  MALLOCH  261 

Type. — North  East  Truchas  Peak,  New  ^Mexico,  above  tim- 
ber line,  August  2,  (W.  P.  Cockerell),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

A  rather  aberrant  species.  The  orbital  1)risthng  shows  an 
approach  to  that  of  the  genus  Dendrophaonia,  but  the  cheeks, 
thorax,  and  legs  are  bristled  differently  from  those  of  the  species 
of  that  genus. 

Phaonia  azygos  new  species 

Male  and  female. — Black,  subopaque,  densely  pale  gray  pruinescent. 
Thorax  with  two  faint  fuscous  vittae  anteriorly  which  do  not  extend  beyond 
middle  of  dorsum.  Abdomen  with  one  elongate  black  spot  in  middle  of  each 
tergite,  which  form  an  almost  uninterrupted  vitta,  the  spot  on  fourth  tergite 
very  faint.  Legs  black,  the  knees  slightly  reddish  in  female.  Wings  slightly 
grayish,  the  cross-veins  faintly  browned.     Calyptrae  white.     Halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Ej-es  very  faintly  hairy;  frons  on  upper  half  very  narrow,  consisting 
of  the  whitish  contiguous  orbits,  the  setulae  confined  to  anterior  half;  para- 
facials  almost  linear;  cheek  twice  as  high  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment, 
sparsely  bristled  on  lower  margin,  two  or  three  of  the  bristles  upcurved; 
arista  plumose;  third  antennal  segment  three  times  as  long  as  wide.  Pre- 
sutural  acrostichal  bristles  absent,  the  hairs  fine,  in  al)Out  four  series;  post- 
sutural  dorsocentrals  three;  prealar  long;  sternopleurals  one  to  two;  no  hairs 
near  notoj^leurals.  Abdomen  ovate;  basal  sternite  bare.  Fore  tibia  without 
a  median  posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  slender,  longer  than  tibia,  without  erect 
sensory  hairs  along  sides  of  basal  segment;  mid  femur  with  a  complete  series 
of  fine  bristles  on  posteroventral  surface  which  become  shorter  apically;  mid 
tibia  with  two  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  a  complete  series  of  antero- 
ventral  bristles  which  become  longer  apically,  and  some  shorter  bristles  on 
apical  half  or  less  of  postei'oventral  surface;  hind  tibia  with  one  anterodorsal 
and  two  anteroventral  bristles,  the  calcar  short,  about  one-fifth  from  apex, 
apical  anterodorsal  and  anterior  bristles  subequal,  apical  posterodorsal 
absent.  Outer  cross-vein  almost  straight;  veins  three  and  four  divergent  at 
extreme  apices. 

Female. — Frons  normal;  hind  femur  with  three  or  four  anteroventral 
bristles  on  apical  third. 

Length,  5  mm. 

Type. — ]\Iale;  Black  Mountain,  Lake  George,  New  York, 
September  4,  1920:  allotype,  female;  Thatcher  Park,  Heldeberg 
Mountains,  Albany,  New  York,  May  27,  1920,  (H.  C.  Huckett), 
[Amer.  Entom.  Soc.]. 

This  species  runs  to  nigrocincfa  Stein  in  Stein's  key,  but  that 
species  does  not  occur  in  North  America. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,.    XLVIII. 


262    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Phaonia  citreibasis  Malloch 

Phaorda  citreibasis  Malloch,  Ohio  Jour.  Science,  xx,  p.  268,  1920. 

This  species  is  glossy  black  with  slight  grayish  pruinescence 
on  thorax  and  abdomen,  the  thorax  quadrivittate  and  the  ab- 
domen with  a  poorly  defined  dorsocentral  vitta.  Legs  black. 
Bases  of  wings,  calyptrae,  and  halteres  bright  orange. 

Eyes  sparsely  hairy,  separated  by  about  the  distance  across 
posterior  ocelli;  arista  pubescent.  Thorax  with  two  pairs  of 
long  fine  presutural  acrostichals  and  four  pairs  of  postsutural 
dorsocentrals;  prealar  very  long.  Fore  tibia  without  a  median 
posterior  bristle;  hind  tibia  with  two  to  four  anteroventral  and 
two  anterodorsal  bristles. 

Length,  8  mm. 

Originally  described  from  Alaska. 

Phaonia  atrocitrea  new  species 

Female. — Shining  black,  almost  glossj',  with  slight  but  distinct  grayish 
pruinescence  on  thorax  and  abdomen.  Arista  entirely  black.  Thorax  quadri- 
vittate. Abdomen  with  faint  checkerings.  Legs  black.  Wings  yellowish  at 
bases,  cross-veins  narrowly  infuscated.  Calyptrae  orange  yellow.  Halteres 
with  black  knobs. 

Eyes  with  very  short  hairs;  frons  about  one-third  of  the  head-width;  orbits 
with  strong  bristles  and  lateral  setulose  hairs;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae 
wider  than  third  antennal  segment,  narrowed  below;  cheek  a  little  higher  than 
widest  part  of  parafacials,  with  a  series  of  marginal  bristles;  third  antennal 
segment  not  twice  as  long  as  second;  arista  with  short  pubescence;  palpi 
slightly  dilated.  Thorax  without  strong  presutural  acrostichals;  postsutural 
dorsocentrals  four;  prealar  long;  hypopleura  with  some  hairs  in  middle  below 
spiracle;  sternopleurals  one  to  two.  Basal  abdominal  sternite  bare.  Fore 
tibia  with  one  or  two  median  posterior  bristles;  fore  tarsus  slender,  a  little 
longer  than  tibia,  basal  segment  without  long  sensory  hairs,  not  densely 
haired;  mid  femur  with  an  anteroventral  and  a  posteroventral  series  of  bristles 
which  are  rather  short;  mid  tibia  with  two  or  three  posterior  bristles;  hind 
femur  with  anteroventral  series  of  long  bristles  and  a  i)Osteroventral  series 
which  does  not  extend  to  apex;  hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  three 
anteroventral  bristles,  the  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  minute,  the  others  long. 

Length,  8  mm. 

Type. — Savonoski,  Naknck  Lake,  Alaska,  July,  1010,  (J.  8. 
Hine),  [Ohio  State  LTniversity]. 

This  species  bears  a  very  strong  resemblance  to  citreibasis,  but 
in  that  species  the  arista  is  yellow  at  base,  the  wings  are  nuich 
brighter  yellow  at  bases,  the  halteres  are  orange  yellow,  and  llie 
hypopleura  is  bare. 


J.  R,  MALLOCH  2(53 

Phaonia  dissimilis  new  species 

Male. — Shilling  black,  with  rather  dense  bluish  gray  pruinescence.  Head 
black,  interfrontalia  opaque,  orbits,  parafacials,  and  cheeks  with  silk}-  white 
pruinescence.  Thorax  distinctly  (juadrivittate.  Abdomen  with  a  black  dor.sc- 
central  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings.  Legs  black.  \\'ings  clear,  veins  black, 
cross-veins  faintly  darkened.  Calyptrae  white,  the  outer  margin  of  the  lower 
one  fuscous,  much  darker  than  the  field.     Halteres  bro\\-n. 

Eyes  rather  long  haired,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  about  the 
width  of  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  not  contiguous,  setulose  almost  to 
anterior  ocellus;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae  about  as  wide  as  third  antennal 
segment,  slightly  narrowed  below;  cheek  twice  as  high  as  widest  part  of  para- 
facial, with  some  fine  bristles  on  margin  and  above  them  two  series  of  fine 
hairs;  third  antennal  segment  about  twice  as  long  as  second;  arista  with  its 
longest  hairs  a  little  longer  than  its  basal  diameter.  Thorax  without  strong 
presutural  acrostichals;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  four;  prealar  long;  no  hairs 
adjacent  to  notopleural  bristles;  hypopleura  bare.  Abdomen  ovate.  Basal 
sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  broad  moderately  deep  posterior  excision.  Fore 
tibia  without  a  median  posterior  bristle,  the  hairs  on  that  surface  longer  than 
usual,  forming  a  series  of  suberect  setulae  from  base  to  apex;  fore  tarsus 
slender,  longer  than  tibia,  the  basal  segment  with  the  posterior  sensory  hairs 
of  moderate  length;  mid  femur  with  rather  long  hairs  on  ventral  surfaces, 
those  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface  stronger  than  the  others;  mid 
tibia  with  three  posterior  bristles,  the  short  hairs  longer  than  usual,  especially 
on  posteroventral  and  posterodorsal  surfaces,  those  on  latter  forming  a  series 
of  setulae  on  its  entire  length;  hind  femur  similar  to  mid  pair  but  with  a  series 
of  bristles  on  apical  half  of  anteroventral  surface;  hind  tibia  with  two  antero- 
dorsal  and  two  cr  three  anteroventral  bristles,  the  surface  hairs  on  posterior 
and  anterodorsal  surfaces  setulose. 

Length,  7.o  mm. 

Type. — Savonoski,  Naknek  Lake,  Alaska,  July,  1919,  (J.  S. 
Hine),  [Ohio  State  University]. 

Phaonia  imitatrix  Malloch 

Phaotiia  iimlidrix  Malloch,  Rep.   Can.  Arctic  Expcd.  19I.'J-1S,   iii,   Insects, 

pt.  C,  Diptera,  p.  61c,  1919. 

Male. — Glos.sy  black,  almost  without  pruinescence  except  on  orbits,  para- 
facials, face  and  cheeks.  Legs  black.  Wings  clear,  fuscous  at  bases,  veins 
black.     Calyptrae  white.     Halteres  black 

Eyes  almost  bare;  frons  at  least  twice  as  wide  as  distance  across  posterior 
ocelli;  orbits  narrow,  rather  strongly  bristled  up  to  anterior  ocellus;  parafacial 
at  base  of  antennae  as  wide  as  third  antennal  .segment,  not  narrowed  below; 
vibrissal  angle  produced;  cheek  over  one-third  as  high  as  eye;  arista  almost 
bare.  Thorax  with  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  prealar  almost  as 
long  as  the  bristle  behind  it.  Abdomen  subcylindrical,  slightly  tapered 
apically;  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  an  undulated  posterior  emargination. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


264    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Mid  tibia  with  two  posterior  bristles;  hind  tibia  with  two  or  three  antero- 
dorsal  and  four  or  five  an tero ventral  bristles.     Third  wing- vein  ending  before 
tip  of  wing,  the  wing  rounded  at  apex. 
Length,  7  mm. 

Originally  described  from  Bernard  Harbour,  North  West 
Territory,  Canada. 

Phaonia  fuscisquama  Van  der  Wulp 

Pliorhiafuscisquama  ^'an  der  Wulp,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Diptera,  i,  p.  340, 1886. 

Male. — Deep  black,  shining,  with  brownish  gray  pruinescence  which  is 
most  dense  on  dorsum  of  abdomen.  Thorax  not  vittate.  Abdomen  with  a 
series  of  elongate  black  dorsocentral  spots  forming  an  interrupted  vitta. 
Legs  black.  Wings  slightly  infuscated,  veins  black.  Calj-ptrae  fuscous. 
Knobs  of  halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  bare,  separated  by  not  more  than  width  of  anterior  ocellus;  parafacial 
at  base  of  antennae  narrower  than  third  antennal  segment;  becoming  linear 
below;  cheek  about  as  high  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment,  profile  as  in 
figure  10;  arista  with  very  short  pubescence.  Thorax  with  the  presutural 
acrostichals  long,  but  not  in  differentiated  pairs;  prealar  very  short;  postsutural 
dorsccentrals  four;  sternopleurals  1:1;  basal  pair  of  scutellars  much  shorter 
than  apical  pair.  Abdomen  narrowly  ovate,  basal  sternite  bare.  Fore  tibia 
unarmed  at  middle,  shorter  than  fore  tarsus;  mid  femur  without  strong  ventral 
bristles;  mid  tibia  with  a  posterodorsal  bristle  about  one-third  from  apex; 
hind  tibia  with  one  anterodorsal  and  one  anteroventral  bristle.  Auxiliary 
vein  approaching  costa  much  more  gradually  than  in  the  other  species,  first 
posterior  cell  narrowed  apically. 

Length,  5  mm. 

Described  from  a  paratype  supplied  by  the  British  Museum, 
from  Omilteme,  Guerrero,  Mexico,  (H.  H.  Smith). 

This  species  has  the  habitus  of  a  Hydrotaea  and  similar  wing 
venation,  but  the  fore  femora  are  not  excavated  and  armed  with 
a  spine  on  ventral  surface  before  apex  as  in  that  genus. 

Phaonia  morrisoni  new  species 

Male. — Similar  to  the  preceding  species  in  color.  Differs  from  it  in  having 
the  calyptrae  yellow,  and  the  abdomen  gray  pruinescent  and  with  an  indistintc 
dorsocentral  vitta. 

Eyes  pubescent;  profile  similar  to  that  of  preceding  species.  The  chae- 
totaxy  of  the  thorax  is  as  in  that  species,  as  is  the  bristling  of  the  legs  except 
the  hind  femora.  In  addition  to  the  distinction  mentioned  in  the  key  the 
type  has  no  bristle  on  the  anteroventral  surface  of  hind  tibia,  but  in  the 
paratype  there  is  a  bristle  on  that  surface  on  one  tibia.  The  first  posterior 
wing  cell  is  not  narrowed  at  apex. 

Length,  4  to  5  mm. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  265 

Tyjye. — White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire,  (Morrison),  [U.  S. 
N.  M.].  Paratype. — KiUington  Park,  Vermont,  August  23, 
1898,  [Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.]. 

Phaonia  minima  Malloch 

Fhaonui  inininvi  Malloch,  Rep.  Can.  Arctic  Exped.  1913-18,  iii,  pt.  C,  Insects, 

Diptera,  p.  61c,  1919. 

This  species  is  very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  differs  in 
having  no  short  stout  outstanding  bristle  on  posteriordorsal 
surface  near  apex,  as  stated  in  key. 

Length,  4  to  5  mm. 

In  addition  to  the  type  and  allotype  specimens  from  Nome, 
Alaska,  which,  I  have  before  me,  I  have  seen  one  male  from  St. 
Paul  Island,  Alaska,  August,  1910,  collected  by  H.  Heath,  which 
belongs  to  the  Leland  Stanford  University  collection. 

I  have  seen  one  female  which  was  taken  in  Montana  that  is 
referable  to  either  this  or  the  preceding  species,  but  it  is  not 
possible  to  definitely  decide  its  identity. 

Phaonia  albocalyptrata  Malloch 

Phiiotiid  (ilhticdb/ptniti  Malloch,  Ohio  Jour.  Science,  xx,  p.  267,  1920. 

This  species  has  a  coloration  similar  to  that  of  dissimilis,  but 
the  abdomen  has  no  distinct  lat(M-al  checkerings  and  the  calyp- 
trae  are  both  white. 

The  eyes  are  sparsely  hairy,  the  frons  at  narrowest  part  is 
twice  as  wide  as  third  antennal  segment,  the  orbits  have  long 
setulose  hairs  to  level  of  anterior  ocellus,  the  parafacials  are  as 
wide  as  the  third  antennal  segment  and  nearly  as  wide  as  height 
of  cheek,  the  arista  is  short  pubescent.  Thorax  with  two  or 
three  pairs  of  long  fine  pr.esutural  acrostichals;  prealar  long. 
Basal  abdominal  sternite  hairy.  A])ical  posterodorsal  bristle 
on  hind  tibia  weak  and  small;  hairs  on  tibia  not  as  long  as  in 
dissimUiH. 

Length,  7  mm. 

Originally  descri])ed  from  Savonoski,  Naknek  Lake,  Alaska. 
Type  in  collection  of  Ohio  State  University. 

Phaonia  marylandica  new  species 

Male. — Black,  shining,  gray  pruinescent.  Orbits,  parafacials,  face  and 
cheeks  silvery  white;  antennae  and  palpi  j-ellow,  third  segment  of  former 
brownish.  Thorax  with  four  black  vittae;  scutellum  black;  humeri  slighth' 
yellowish.  Abdomen  in  type  missing.  Legs  entirely  yellow.  Wings  clear, 
cross-veins  not  infuscated.     Calyptrae  and  halteres  yellowish. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


266    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Eyes  almost  nude,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  not  more  than 
width  of  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  setulose  to  above  middle,  contiguous 
for  some  distance  centrally;  parafacial  almost  linear;  longest  hairs  on  arista 
longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment.  Thorax  with  one  long  and  two 
short  pairs  of  presutural  acrostichal  bristles;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  four; 
prealar  long;  hypopleura  bare.  Fore  tibia  unarmed  at  middle;  fore  tarsus 
slender,  basal  segment  with  some  long  outstanding  sensory  hairs  on  posterc- 
ventral  margin;  mid  femur  with  some  fine  bristles  on  basal  half  of  postero- 
ventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  two  or  three  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur 
with  some  bristles  on  apical  half  of  anteroventral  surface,  the  posteroventral 
surface  without  bristles  except  at  extreme  base  and  apex;  hind  tibia  with  two 
anteroventral  and  two  anterodorsal  bristles. 

Length,  8  mm.? 

Ti/pe.— Hummer's  Island,  Maryland,  May  16,  1902,  (R.  P. 

Currie),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 
Phaonia  harti  new  species 

Male  and  female. — Black,  shining,  densely  gray  pruinescent.  Head  with 
silvery  white  on  orbits,  lunule,  and  especially  on  parafacials;  interfrontalia 
velvety  black  except  when  seen  from  in  front;  antennae  black;  second  segment 
partly  reddish  yellow;  palpi  reddish  yellowy  sometimes  infuscated  apically. 
Thorax  consi)icuously  quadrivittate.  Abdomen  with  a  black  dorsocentral 
vitta.  Legs  black,  sometimes  with  only  the  knees  conspicuously  reddish 
yellow,  but  the  tibiae  are  always  paler  than  the  femora  and  are  sometimes 
obscurely  reddish  yellow.  Wings  clear,  veins  brown,  paler  basally,  the 
cross-veins  not  noticeably  infuscated.     Calyptrae  white.     Halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Eyes  with  very  short  sparse  hairs;  narrowest  part  of  frons  usually 
distinctly  wdder  than  distance  across  posterior  ocelli;  interfrontalia  complete; 
orbits  with  rather  strong  bristles  from  base  of  antennae  to  a  short  distance 
from  anterior  ocellus;  profile  as  in  figure  11;  longest  hairs  on  arista  as  long  as 
width  of  third  antennal  segment;  palpi  dilated,  with  short  stubby  black  bristles 
except  basally.  Thorax  with  two  pairs  of  presutural  acrostichal  bristles; 
prealar  over  half  as  long  as  the  bristle  behind  it;  postsutural  dorsocentrals 
four;  hypopleura  with  a  few  hairs  on  middle  below  spiracle.  Abdomen  elon- 
gate ovate,  tapered  apically;  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  broad  shallow 
rounded  posterior  emargination.  Fore  tibia  without  a  median  posterior 
bristle;  fore  tarsus  with  the  sensory  hairs  on  posteroventral  margin  of  basal 
segment  of  moderate  length;  mid  femur  with  some  rather  irregular  and  not 
very  long  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  two 
or  three  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  eight  or  nine  bristles  on  apical 
half  of  anteroventral  surface,  and  four  or  five  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral; 
hind  tibia  with  two  or  three  anteroventral  and  anterodorsal  bristles.  Outer 
cross-vein  much  bent  in  middle. 

Female. — Frons  one-third  of  the  head-width  at  vertex,  widened  anteriorly; 
orbits  narrow,  the  bristles  strong,  some  hairs  laterad  of  them  anteriorly;  inter- 
frontalia bare.  Fourth  al)dominal  tergite  distinctly  longer  than  third,  the 
ai)ical  bristles  weak. 

Length,  7  to  8  mm. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  267 

Puparium. — Glossj'  dark  red.  Almost  C5'liiidrical,  slightly  tapered  at  each 
end,  surface  smooth  except  narrowly  at  incisions  between  segments,  where 
there  are  many  close  fine  striae,  the  ventral  surface  with  microscopic  striae 
on  the  greater  part  of  surface;  a  rather  broad  band  of  microscopic  points  on 
anterior  margin  of  each  ventral  segment  which  tapers  to  a  point  on  each  side. 
Anterior  respiratory  organs  small,  pale,  with  six  branches  which  are  visible 
only  under  a  high  jiower  lens  and  are  arranged  vertically;  metathoracic  spir- 
acles elevated,  slender,  each  about  three  times  as  long  as  its  diameter,  slightly 
curved  and  tapered  apically;  anal  respiratory  discs  sessile,  the  inner  part  with 
the  slits  elevated  slightly  above  the  disc,  the  slits  small,  radiating,  distance 
between  bases  of  discs  equal  to  1.5  times  the  diameter  of  one  disc;  apex  of 
al)domen  with  some  irregularly  arranged  sharp  ridges,  two  of  which  surround 
the  spiracular  discs  laterally,  but  at  a  consideraljle  distance  from  them,  the 
other  ridges  connected  with  this  circular  one  and  extending  from  it  longi- 
tudinalh'  or  diagonally;  area  surrounding  anal  opening  granulose,  with  some 
fine  striae  on  outer  margins. 

Length,  8  to  9  mm. 

Type,  allotype,  and  paraiypes. — Urbana,  Illinois,  !March-April, 
1916,  reared,  (J.  R.  Malloch).  Paraiypes,  ten  specimens,  same 
locality,  iMay  28,  1890,  (C.  A.  Hart);  one  specimen,  Dj-ke, 
\'irginia,  July  10,  1916;  one  specimen,  Great  Falls,  Virginia, 
May  2,  1917;  one  specimen,  Potlach,  Idaho,  September  9,  1912; 
one  specimen,  Lacombe,  Canada.  Type  in  collection  of  Illinois 
Natural  History  Survey. 

The  above  puparium  description  was  made  from  puparia  of  the 
type  series.  The  larvae  are  predaceous  and  live  under  the  bark 
of  freshly  fallen  trees  and  slightly  loosened  bark  of  trees  still 
standing.  They  can  subsist  on  the  sap  which  is  present  where 
they  occur,  but  so  readily  attack  other  larvae  that  they  may  be 
classed  as  really  predaceous. 

The  larvae  that  I  have  found  along  with  them  at  Urbana, 
Illinois  belong  to  the  following  species  or  families.  Lonchaea 
polita  Say,  L.  laticornis  Zetterstedt,  Pachygastrinae,  and  Orta- 
lidae.  With  the  exception  of  the  Pachygastrinae  the  others 
ai'e  predaceous. 

Phaonia  striata  (Stein) 

Aricin  striata  Stein,  Berl.  Ent.  Zeitschr.,  1S97,  p.  179,  1S97. 

Mule.- — Black  slightly  shining,  densely  brownish  gray  pruinescent.  An- 
tennae black,  second  segment  reddish;  palpi  fuscous,  reddish  basally.  Thor- 
acic dorsum  quadrivittate;  scutellum  yellowish  apically.  Abdomen  with  a 
})oorly  defined  but  distinct  dorsocentral  black  vitta,  and,  when  seen  from 
<'crtain  angles,  with  lateral  blackish  checkerings.     Legs  yellowish  testaceous, 

TRAXS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


268    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

coxae,  fore  femora  except  their  apices,  basal  half  of  mid  femora,  and  bases 
of  hind  femora  infiiscated,  tarsi  black.  Wings  hyaline,  cross-veins  not  in- 
fuscated.     Calyptrae  and  halteres  j^ellowish. 

Eyes  densely  long  haired ;  narrowest  part  of  f rons  as  wide  as  distance  between 
posterior  ocelli;  orbits  with  fine  bristles  and  hairs  from  base  of  antennae  to 
anterior  ocellus,  those  above  middle  short  and  weak;  parafacial  at  base  of 
antennae  much  narrower  than  third  antennal  segment,  not  narrowed  below; 
cheek  about  twice  as  high  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment,  with  about 
five  series  of  fine  bristles  on  lower  third,  the  upper  two  or  three  series  weak, 
upwardly  curved  anteriorly  (fig.  12);  third  antennal  segment  fully  twice  as 
long  as  second;  longest  hairs  on  arista  distinctly  shorter  than  width  of  third 
antennal  segment;  palpi  barely  widened  apically.  Thorax  with  two  pairs  of 
presutural  acrostichals;  prealar  at  least  half  as  long  as  the  bristle  behind  it; 
postsutural  dorsocentrals  four;  hypopleura  with  a  few  fine  hairs  below  spiracle. 
Abdomen  broadly  ovate;  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  very  broad  shallow 
posterior  emargination,  appearing  almost  transverse.  Fore  tibia  without  a 
median  posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  distinctly  longer  than  tibia,  basal  .segment 
with  the  sensory  hairs  on  post erio ventral  margin  very  short,  only  the  one  at 
apex  long;  mid  femur  with  some  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface, 
those  at  middle  longest;  mid  tibia  with  three  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur 
with  a  series  of  closely  placed,  moderately  long  bristles  on  entire  anteroventral 
surface,  and  some  much  finer  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface; 
hind  tibia  with  three  or  four  anteroventral  and  two  or  three  anterodorsal 
bristles. 

Length,  7.5  mm. 

Redescribed  from  the  specimen  in  the  Hough  collection  which 
is  assumably  the  type.     Locality,  Moscow,  Idaho. 

The  allotype  is  not  in  the  collection.  Stein  states  in  his 
original  description  that  the  female  has  the  femora  entirely 
yellow  and  the  interfrontalia  with  a  pair  of  cruciate  bristles. 

Phaonia  uniseriata  new  species 

Female. — Black,  slightly  shining,  densely  gray  pruinescent.  Interfrontalia 
opaque  brownish  black  when  seen  from  above,  the  remainder  of  head  except 
eyes  with  brownish  gray  pruinescence;  antennae  and  palpi  entirely  black. 
Thorax  indistinctly  quadrivittate.  Abdomen  with  a  poorly  defined  dorso- 
central  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings  black.  Legs  black,  extreme  apices  of 
femora  and  at  least  the  hind  tibiae  reddish.  Wings  slightly  brownish,  veins 
brown,  paler  basally,  cross  veins  slightly  infuscated.  Calyptrae  and  halteres 
obscurely  yellowish. 

Eyes  with  moderately  long  and  dense  hairs;  frons  one-third  of  the  head- 
width  of  vertex,  widened  anteriorly;  interfrontalia  bare;  orbits  narrow,  each 
with  six  or  seven  bristles  and  laterad  of  these  n>nncrous  setulose  hairs;  antennae 
stout,  third  segment  about  twice  as  long  as  second;  longest  hairs  on  arista 
not  longer  than  its  basal  diameter;  jiarafacial  at  ba.se  of  anteiuiac  a  little  wider 
than  third  antennal  segment  narrowed  below;  cheek  a  little  higher  than 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  269 

widest  part  of  parafacial,  with  three  or  four  series  of  bristles  on  lower  half; 
palpi  distinctly  broadened  apicallj',  the  bristles  fine  and  of  average  length. 
Thorax  with  two  or  three  pairs  of  long  presutural  acrostichals  which  are  set 
very  close  together,  forming  almost  a  single  irregular  series;  postsutural  dorso- 
centrals  four;  prealar  long;  hypopleura  with  some  fine  hairs  below  spiracle. 
Abdomen  with  the  basal  sternite  bare;  fourth  tergite  distinctly  longer  than 
third;  apical  paired  genital  processes  with  short  stiff  erect  hairs.  Fore  tibia 
without  a  median  posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  longer  than  fore  tibia,  basal 
segment  without  long  sensory  hairs  on  posterior  side;  mid  femur  with  a  series 
of  long  bristles  on  basal  two-thirds  of  posteroventral  surface  and  some  much 
shorter  bristles  on  basal  half  of  anteroventral;  mid  tibia  with  two  or  three 
posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  a  series  of  .stout  bristles  on  anteroventral 
surface  and  some  long  hair-like  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface; 
hind  tibia  with  two  or  three  anterodorsal  and  three  or  four  anteroventral 
bristles,  calcar  long.  Outer  cross -vein  curved. 
Length,  7.5  mm. 

r(/pe.— Pullman,  Washington,  May  19,  1921,  (A.  L.  IVIelander), 
in  collection  of  Dr.  A.  L.  Melander. 

This  specimen  resembles  striata  Stein  so  closely  that  I  at  first 
thought  it  might  be  the  female  of  that  species.  But  Stein  has 
described  the  female  of  striata  as  having  the  legs  entirely  yellow,, 
and  the  frons  with  a  pair  of  cruciate  interfrontal  bristles,  neither 
of  which  characters  apply  to  the  specimen  before  me. 

Phaonia  brevispina  new  species 

Male  and  female. — Black,  slightly  shining,  densely  gray  pruinescent.  An- 
tennae black,  basal  two  segments  brownish;  palpi  fuscous,  usually  paler  at 
bases.  Thorax  distinctly  quadrivittate;  scutellum  blackish  in  center.  Ab- 
domen with  a  more  or  less  distinct  dorsocentral  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings 
black.  Legs  black  or  dark  brown,  apices  of  femora  and  all  of  tibiae  brownish 
yellow.  Wings  clear;  cross-veins  distinctly  infuscated.  Calyptrae  white. 
Halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Eyes  almost  bare,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  a  distance 
over  twice  as  great  as  width  across  posterior  ocelli;  orbits  with  setulae  to 
anterior  ocellus;  cheek  about  one-third  of  the  ej^e  height;  longest  hairs  on 
arista  at  least  as  long  as  width  cf  third  antennal  segment;  palpi  but  little 
dilated.  Thorax  as  in  harti.  Mid  tibia  with  two  posterior  bristles;  hind 
femur  with  very  short  stout  bristles  on  anteroventral  surface,  and  in  the 
larger  specimens  with  similar  but  vvcakcM-  bristles  on  posteroventral  surface; 
hind  tibia  usually  with  two  anterodorsal  and  two  anteroventral  Ijristles. 
Outer  cross-vein  very  slightly  curved. 

Female. — Differs  from  a  male  in  having  the  palpi  noticeably  dilated,  frons 
over  one-third  of  the  head-width  and  sometimes  with  a  pair  of  weak  inter- 
frontal cruciate  bristles.  Fouth  abdominal  tergite  not  noticeably  longer  than 
third. 

Length,  6.5  to  8  mm. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


270    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Type.— Male;  Urbana,  Illinois,  August  1,  1916,  (Malloch), 
[Illinois  Natural  History  Survey].  Allotype. — ^Female;  Same 
locality,  September  5,  1915,  at  sap  exuding  from  tree  trunk, 
(Malloch).  Paratypes. — Two  males,  Glen  House,  New  Hamp- 
shire, June  11,  1916;  one  female,  Mount  Washington,  New 
Hampshire,  June  30,  1913,  (C.  W.  Johnson);  two  males,  Fall 
Church,  Virginia,  April  13  and  May  3,  (N.  Banks);  one  female, 
Wauseon,  Ohio,  August  18,  1914,  (J.  S.  Hine) ;  one  male,  Viento, 
Oregon,  July  1,  1917,  (A.  L.  Melander);  two  male,  Moscow 
Mountain,  Idaho,  July  4,  1911,  (J.  M.  Aldrich) ;  one  male, 
Hoqulam,  Washington,  June  3,  1904,  (Burke). 

Phaonia  fuscicauda  Malloch 

Phaonia  fuscicauda  Malloch,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xliv,  p.  269,  1918. 

Phaonia  fuscinervis  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  1918,  abt.  A,  heft  9,  1920. 

Male  and  female. — Head  testaceous  yellow,  upper  half  of  occiput  fuscous 
gray  pruineseent;  third  antennal  segment  largely  brown;  palpi  testaceous, 
jellow.  Thorax  testaceous  yellow,  disc  of  mesonotum,  and  scutellum,  the 
metanotum,  and  some  poorly  defined  areas  on  pleura  fuscous.  Abdomen 
testaceous  yellow,  fuscous  at  apex,  colored  with  gray  pruinescence,  and  with 
a  brownish  or  fuscous  dorsocentral  vitta  which  is  most  distinct  on  basal  three 
tergites.  Wings  clear,  both  cross-veins  narrowly  infuscated.  Cah'ptrae  and 
halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Eyes  sparsely  but  distinctly  haired,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of 
frons  by  little  more  than  width  of  anterior  ocellus;  orbits  setulose  to  a  little 
above  middle,  where  they  are  contiguous;  parafacial  narrower  than  third 
antennal  segment;  cheek  about  twice  as  high  as  width  of  third  antennal 
segment;  longest  hairs  on  arista  longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment. 
Thorax  with  two  pairs  of  fine  presutural  acrostichals;  postsutural  dorsocentrals 
three;  prealar  long;  hj-popleura  bare.  Basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  deep 
central  excision.  Fore  tibia  unarmed  at  middle;  mid  femur  with  about  six 
bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  two  or  three 
posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  long  bristles  on  anteroventral  surface  and 
short  ])ristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral;  hind  til)ia  with  two  or  three 
anteroventral  and  anterodorsal  bristles;  calcar  about  one-fourth  from  apex. 

Female. — Frons  over  one-third  of  the  head-width. 

Length,  7  to  8  mm. 

Originally  described  from  California.  I  have  before  me  two 
males  and  one  female  from  Kamiac  Butte,  Washington,  and  one 
female  from  Brooklyn,  California,  Stein  described  fuscinervis 
fiom  Friday  Harbor,  Washington. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  271 

Phaonia  texensis  new  species 

Male  and  female. — Black,  subopaque,  densely  gray  pruinescent.  Antennae 
reddish  yellow,  third  segment  brownish  apically;  palpi  reddish  yellow.  Thorax 
with  four  fuscous  vittae,  and  posteriorly  with  a  central  brown  vitta  which 
extends  over  disc  of  scutellum.  Abdomen  with  a  slightly  interrupted  dorso- 
central  fuscous  vitta,  and  a  pair  of  less  distinct  brown  spots  on  each  tergite; 
apex  of  fourth  tergite  rufous  ,yellow.  Legs  reddish  yellow;  all  femora  broadly 
infuscated  basally,  tarsi  black,  ^^'ings  clear,  both  cross-veins  conspicuously 
infuscated,  the  outer  with  its  extremities  more  conspicuously  so  than  its 
central  part.     Calyptrae  white.     Halteres  yellow. 

Male. — Eyes  hairy,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  a  distance  two 
or  three  times  as  great  as  width  across  posterior  oceUi;  orbits  narrow,  strongly 
bristled  to  anterior  ocellus;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae  at  least  as  wide  as 
third  antennal  segment;  cheek  twice  as  high  as  widest  part  of  parafacial; 
setulae  continued  .'-ome  di.stance  above  vibrissa;  third  antennal  segment  about 
three  times  as  long  as  second;  longest  hairs  on  arista  as  long  as  width  of  third 
antennal  segment;  palpi  broad.  Thorax  with  three  pairs  of  presutural  acro- 
stichals,  and  four  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  prealar  long;  hj'popleura 
with  a  few  fine  hairs  on  upper  margin  in  front  of  spiracle.  Basal  abdominal 
sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  deep  posterior  excision.  Fore  tibia  unarmed  at 
middle;  mid  femur  with  bristles  on  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface;  mid 
tibia  with  about  six  unequal  sized  bristles  in  a  double  series  on  posterior  side; 
hind  femur  with  short  bristles  on  anteroventral  surface,  which  are  weak  basally 
and  become  stOut  as  they  near  the  apex,  the  posteroventral  surface  with  similar 
bristles  on  apical  third  or  more,  which  is  contrary  to  the  general  rule  in  Phaonia, 
where  they  are  almost  alwaj's  en  the  basal  half  on  this  surface;  hind  tibia  with 
one  anteroventral  and  two  anterodorsal  bristles  and  a  series  of  stout  setulae 
on  anterior  and  posterior  surfaces  Outer  cross-vein  very  conspicuously  bent 
inward  at  middle. 

Female. — Similar  to  the  male  but  the  frons  is  over  one-third  of  the  head- 
width,  and  the  hind  femur  has  the  posteroventral  bristles  less  distinct. 

Type. — Male,  and  one  male  paratype,  Brownsville,  Texas, 
November,  23,  1910,  at  sugar,  (C.  A.  Hart).  Allotype  and  one 
male  paratype,  same  locality,  December  17,  1910,  (C.  A.  Hart). 
Paratype,  male,  Uvalde,  Texas,  April  4,  1916,  (Bishopp,  No. 
5670).     Type  in  collection  of  Illinois  Natural  History  Survey. 

Phaonia  texensis  variety  flavofemorata  new  variety 

Differs  from  the  typical  form  in  having  the  mid  and  hind  femora  or  all 
femora  reddish  yellow,  and  the  hypopleura  bare. 

It  is  possible  that  this  is  a  distinct  species,  but  my  material  is 
insufficient  to  enable  me  to  decide. 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIU. 


272    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Type. — Male,  and  one  male  paratype,  Florida  (Maynard). 
Allotype,  female,  Uvalde,  Texas,  November  1,  1915.  Paratype, 
female,  Uvalde,  Texas,  November  18,  1915,  (Bishopp).  All  in 
U.  S.  N.  M. 

Phaonia  limbinervis  Stein 

Phaonia  limhincrrii;  Stein,  Ann.  Nat.  IMus.  Hungary,  xvi,  p.  208,  1918. 

I  have  before  me  a  male  and  female,  which  agree  so  closely 
with  Stein's  description  of  this  species  that  I  can  not  doubt 
their  identity  with  it.  The  species,  which  very  closely  resembles 
texensis,  differs  only  as  indicated  in  the  key  to  species. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  Mexico,  and  after- 
wards recorded  by  Stein  (1920)  from  California. 

The  two  specimens  I  have  examined  are  from  Lava,  New 
Mexico,  April  11,  1898,  (Cockerell),  and  Tempe,  Arizona, 
March  8,  1914,  (Wildermuth). 

Phaonia  aberrans  Malloch 

Phaonia  aberrans  Malloch,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xxxii,  p.  208,  1919. 

This  species  differs  from  its  allies  in  having  an  additional 
strong  bristle  on  the  posterodorsal  surface  of  the  hind  tilna  basad 
of  the  calcar.  The  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  is  as  strong  as 
the  dorsal  one. 

Length,  9  to  10  mm. 

Originally  described  from  one  male  taken  by  W.  L.  McAtee 
at  Beltsville,  Maryland,  I  have  before  me  the  type  and  another 
male,  taken  at  Riverton,  New  Jersey,  April  17,  1905,  which 
belong  to  the  collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

Phaonia  alaskensis  new  species 

Female. — Black,  distinctly  shining,  head,  thorax  and  abdomen  with  grayish 
pruinescence.  Frons,  when  seen  from  above,  velvety  blackish  brown;  frontal 
lunule  silvery  white;  antennae  black,  basal  two  segments  yellowish;  palpi 
yellow,  broadly  infuscated  apically.  Thorax  quadrivittate.  Abdomen  with- 
out distinct  markings,  with  a  slight  violaceous  tinge.  Legs  including  coxae 
reddish  yellow,  tarsi  fuscous.  Wings  clear,  veins  brown,  yellow  basally. 
Calyptrae  and  halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  indistinctly  hairy;  frons  a  little  over  one-third  of  the  head-width; 
■orbits  narrow,  the  bristles  irregular,  usually  two  outwardly  curved  on  upper 
third,  some  setidose  hairs  laterad  of  the  bristles;  i)arafacial  at  base  of  antemiae 
not  as  wide  as  third  antenual  segment,  narrowed  below;  cheek  barely  as  high 
as  width  of  third  antennal  segment,  with  two  or  three  series  of  bristles  along 


J.  R,  MALLOCH  273 

lower  margin;  third  antennal  segment  broad,  not  twice  as  long  as  second,  its 
apex  almost  at  mouth-margin;  arista  with  very  short  pubescence,  the  longest 
hairs  not  longer  than  its  basal  diameter;  palpi  slightly  broadened  apicall.v. 
Thorax  with  two  or  three  pairs  of  short  setulose  presutural  acrostichals,  between 
which  there  are  some  hairs;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  four;  prelar  short  but 
distinct;  hypopleura  bare.  Basal  tergite  bare.  Fore  tibia  with  a  median 
posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  slender,  longer  than  tibia,  without  long  sensory 
hairs  along  posterior  side  of  basal  segment;  mid  femur  with  a  fine  bristle  at 
base  on  ventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  two  posterodorsal  and  one  posterior 
or  posteroventral  bristle;  hind  femur  with  two  or  three  preapical  bristles  on 
anteroventral  surface;  hind  tibia  with  one  anterodorsal  and  two  anteroventral 
bristles.  Last  two  sections  of  fourth  vein  subequal. 
Length,  5.5  mm. 

Type  and  three  paratypes. — Muir's  Inlet,  Alaska,  June  12, 
1899,  (T.  Kincaid,  Harriman  Alaska  Expedition).  Paratypes, 
one  female,  Anchorage,  Alaska,  July  22,  1921;  one  female, 
Hurricane,  Alaska,  July  15  1921,  and  two  females,  Camp  297  of 
Alaska  Engineers'  Commission,  12  miles  north  of  Hurricane, 
Alaska,  July  14,  1921,  (J.  M.  Aldrich).     All  in  U.  S.  N.  M. 

Phaonia  subfusca  new  species 

Male  and  female. — Black,  subopaque,  densely  gray  pruinescent.  Basal 
two  segments  of  antennae  and  base  of  third,  palpi,  and  the  lower  and  anterior 
part  of  cheeks  reddish  yellow.  Thorax  inconspicuouslj-  quadrivittate.  Ab- 
domen with  a  linear  black  dorsocentral  vitta.  Legs  fuscous,  apices  of  femora 
and  all  of  tibiae  reddish  yellow.  Wings  clear,  cross -veins  not  noticeabl.y  in- 
fuscated.     Calyptrae  yellowish  white.     Halteres  yellow. 

Male. — E3'es  almost  bare,  separated  by  a  distance  about  equal  to  twice  the 
M'idth  of  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  narrow,  setulose  nearly  to  anterior 
ocellus;  interfrontalia  not  interrupted;  profile  as  in  figure  16.  Thorax  with 
three  pairs  of  postsutural  dorsocentrals;  prealar  very  long;  hypopleura  hairy 
on  upj)er  margin  in  front  of  spiracle.  Abdomen  narrowly  ovate,  basal  sternite 
bare,  fifth  with  a  deep  posterior  excision.  Fore  til)ia  with  a  posterior  median 
bristle;  fore  tarsus  slender,  longer  than  tibia,  without  sensory  hairs  except  at 
apices  of  segments;  mid  femur  with  about  four  bristles  on  basal  half  of  postero- 
ventral surface;  mid  tibia  with  two  or  three  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with 
a  series  of  long  strong  bristles  on  apical  half  of  anteroventral  surface,  and  many 
long  setulose  hairs  on  basal  half  of  ventral  surfaces;  hind  tiljia  with  three  or 
four  anteroventral  setulac,  which  arc  weaker  than  the  series  of  anterior  setulae, 
the  anterodorsal  surface  with  from  two  to  five  unequal  I)ri.stles,  a  weak  bristle 
basad  of  calcar  and  a  series  of  fine  erect  hairs  on  middle  of  posterior  surface, 
the  apex  with  the  three  dor.sal  bristles  equal  (fig.  2.3).     Costal  thorn  long. 

Female. — Differs  from  the  male  in  having  the  frons  over  one-third  of  the 
head-width,  and  the  hind  femora  and  tibiae  with  fewer  hairs. 

Length,  7.5  to  S  nnu. 

TR.4XS.    AM.    E.VT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


274    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Type. — Male,  allotype,  female,  and  three  male  and  four  female 
paratypes,  Pulaski,  Illinois,  July  2,  1910,  taken  in  a  meadow, 
(C.  A.  Hart).  Paratypes,  one  female,  Vinton,  Ohio;  one  female, 
Columbus,  Ohio,  (J.  S.  Hine).  All  in  collection  of  Illinois 
Natural  History  Survey. 

Phaonia  nigricauda  M  alloc- h 

Phaonia  nigricauda  ]\Ialloch,  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Hoc,  xliv,  p.  26S,  191S. 

This  species  has  the  eyes  of  the  male  more  widety  separated 
than  does  any  other  of  the  apicata  group  except  pallida  Stein. 
The  orbits  are  setulose  to  anterior  ocellus,  and  the  abdomen  of 
the  male  is  narrow  and  subcylindrical,  almost  as  in  pallida. 

I  have  seen  this  species  only  from  California— Berkeley,  Santa 
Cruz,  and  Redwood  Canyon. 

Phaonia  flava  Stein 

Phaonia  flara  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  1918,  abt.  A,  heft   9,  p.  6,  1920. 

This  species  closely  resembles  the  foregoing  in  habitus,  size, 
and  color,  differing  most  noticeably  in  the  color  of  the  head. 
Profile  of  head  as  in  figure  14. 

I  have  no  males  of  flava  for  comparison  of  this  sex  with  that 
of  nigricauda. 

Length,  6  mm. 

Stein  had,  I  Ijelieve,  two  species  confused  in  his  material  when 
he  described  flava,  the  specimens  from  California  being  nigri- 
cauda and  the  others,  from  Washington,  what  we  ma}'  justi- 
fiably accept  as  flava.  I  take  this  view  because  I  do  not  believe 
that,  if  my  surmise  is  correct  and  he  really  had  two  species 
confused,  I  am  entitled  to  sink  his  species  as  a  synonym  of 
nigricauda  and  rename  the  specimens  which  arc  evidently  dif- 
ferent. It  is  evident  that  the  description  was  very  largelj' 
drawn  from  a  Californian  male,  but  the  first  locality  mentioned 
is  Friday  Harl^or,  Washington,  where  nigricauda  so  far  as  1 
know  does  not  occur. 

I  have  a  number  of  females  of  flava,  as  here  limited,  from 
Washington  state:  Tacoma,  Mount  Constitution,  Chatcolet, 
Piedemont,  and  Friday  Harbor;  and  one  from  Forest  Grove, 
Oregon. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  275 

Phaonia  pallida  (Stein) 

Diahjta  puUida  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  abt.  A,  heft   9,  p.  22,  1920. 

This  species,  though  having  the  eyes  of  the  male  widely  sepa- 
rated and  some  of  the  characters  and  general  habitus  of  a  Diahjta, 
is  really  an  aberrant  Phaonia  (fig.  15).  Stein  recognises  the 
similarity  of  the  species  and  flava  in  his  notes  on  the  former. 
The  genus  Diahjta  is  not  easily  separable  from  Phaonia,  but  the 
legs  in  the  former  are  more  strongly  bristled,  and  in  both  the 
American  species  known  to  me  there  are  bristles  on  the  antero- 
dorsal  surfaces  of  the  fore  and  mid  tibiae,  and  the  apical  tibial 
bristles  are  very  long  and  numerous. 

Stein  described  paUida  from  a  male  taken  at  Julietta,  Idaho. 
The  similarity  between  the  species  would  have  been  more  striking 
to  Stein,  had  he  considered  the  male  of  flava,  with  wide  frons, 
as  normal  instead  of  aberrant.  Evidently  the  frons  in  the  male 
of  flava  is  a])0ut  as  wide  as  in  paUida,  and  l)ut  little  darker  than 
in  the  latter  species,  judging  from  Stein's  remarks  under  ^ai'o. 

I  have  specimens  of  paUida  from  the  following  localities:  two 
males  and  one  female,  Almota,  one  female.  Union  Flat,  one 
female,  Pullman,  one  female.  North  Yakima,  all  from  Washing- 
ton; one  female.  Hood  River,  Oregon;  three  females,  Mono  Lake, 
California.     All  the  aljove  were  sent  to  me  by  Dr.  Aldrich. 

Phaonia  flavibasis  Malloc-h 

Phaoiiid  flavil)(iKi.)i  Malloch,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.,  xxxii,  p.  208,  1919. 

Since  describing  this  species  I  have  seen  another  male,  from 
Hanover,  New  Hampshire. 

Structurally  the  species  very  closely  resem])les  hysia  Walker, 
but  the  prealar  biistle  is  much  shorter  and  the  basal  half  of  the 
abdomen  is  conspicuously  subpellucid  yellow. 

There  are  several  species  belonging  to  this  same  group,  all  of 
which  are  very  closely  related,  hysia  Walker,  apicaia  Johannsen, 
apta  Stein  and  wintiemanae  ]\Ialloch. 

Phaonia  curvinervis  new  ispetae.s 

Female. — Shining  l^laek,  with  di.stinet  gray  pruinescence.  Antennae  and 
palpi  rufous  yellow,  third  segment  of  former  brown  except  at  base.  Thorax 
quadrivittate,  margins  of  humeri,  posterolateral  margins  of  mesonotum,  scu- 

TRANS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


276    NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

tellum  and  margins  of  pleural  sclerites  yellowish.  Abdomen  with  an  in- 
distinct dorsocentral  vitta  and  lateral  checkerings  black.  Legs  including 
coxae  yellow,  tarsi  slightly  infuscated.  Wings  clear,  veins  l:)asally,  and  calyp- 
trae  and  halteres  .yellow. 

Eyes  almost  bare;  frons  at  vertex  about  one-third  of  the  head-width;  slightly 
wider  anteriorly;  orbits  narrow,  the  bristles  strong,  few  hairs  adjacent  to  the 
bristles;  jiarafacials  narrow;  cheek  about  as  high  as  width  of  third  antennal 
segment;  third  antennal  segment  twice  as  long  as  second;  longest  hairs  on 
arista  distinctly  longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment.  Thorax 
without  distinct  presutural  acrostichals;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  three; 
prealar  almost  as  long  as  the  bristle  behind  it;  anterior  intra-alar  very  strong. 
Fore  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  two  posterior  bristles;  fore  tarsus  slender, 
longer  than  tibia,  basal  segment  with  some  rather  long  sensory  hairs  along 
posterior  side;  mid  tibia  with  four  or  five  bristles  of  unequal  lengths  on  pos- 
terior side  in  an  irregular  series;  hind  femur  with  a  complete  series  of  sparse 
bristles  on  anteroventral  surface,  and  some  fine  bristles  on  basal  half  of 
postero ventral;  hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  four  or  five  anteroventral 
bristles,  the  apical  posterodorsal  bristle  small  but  distinct.  Fourth  wing-vein 
slightly  but  distinctly  curved  forward  apically  (fig.  21). 

Length,  8.5  mm. 

Type.— New  London,  Connecticut,  July  10,  1916,  (R.  C. 
Osborn),  [Ohio  State  University]. 

Phaonia  solitaria  Stein 

Phaonia  solitaria  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  1918,  abt.  A,  heft,  9,  p.  15,  1920. 

This  species,  which  I  have  not  seen,  is  closely  related  to  the 
following  two.  Johannsen  in  describing  apicata  placed  it  in 
the  subgenus  Euphemia,  because  some  specimens  had  a  more  or 
less  distinct  pair  of  presutural  acrostichal  bristles.  Stein  sepa- 
rates solitaria  from  the  other  species  which  he  has  keyed  by  the 
presence  of  these  bristles,  solitaria  having  a  pair  present  and  the 
others  lacking  them.  His  specimens  of  solitaria  included  one 
from  Ithaca,  probably  sent  from  Cornell,  and  as  Johannsen 
described  apicata  from  that  locality  I  believe  I  am  right  in 
assuming  that  solitaria  is  merely  a  variant  of  the  former, 

I  have  a  male  sent  to  me  by  Dr.  Aldrich,  and  taken  at  Peter- 
sham, Massachusetts,  which  has,  besides  a  distinct  pair  of  pre- 
sutural acrostichals,  four  dorsocentrals  at  least  on  one  side;  the 
other  side  is  damaged  by  the  pin  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  say 
how  many  there  are.  1  believe  this  specimen  is  merely  a  variant 
of  apicata. 


J.  U.   MALLOCH  277 

Phaonia  apicata  Johannseii 

Fhaoiiki  apicata  Johannsen,  Trans.  Amcr.  Eiit.  Soc,  xlii,  ]).  396,  191(5. 
Phaonia  paUicornis  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  1918,  abt.  A,  heft  9,  p.  12,  1920. 

This  species  is  common  in  the  northeastern  United  States  and 
extends  into  Canada.  I  have  grave  doubts  as  to  its  being 
distinct  from  bysia  Walker. 

I  have  before  me  specimens  from  Mt.  Equinox,  \'ermont; 
Bretton  Woods,  New  Hampshire;  New  Bedford,  ^Massachusetts; 
Homestead,  Iowa,  and  Youghall,  New  Brunswick,  Canada. 

Phaonia  bysia  Walker 

Antlioimjia  bysia  Walker,  List  Dipt.  Ins.  Brit.  Mus.,  pt.  4,  p.  936,  1849. 

This  species  and  the  last  very  closely  resemble  Mydaea  occi- 
dentalis  Malloch  in  habitus  and  color,  and  are  often  confused 
with  it  in  collections.  Lack  of  sufficient  material  of  this  form 
prevents  me  from  attempting  to  decide  whether  or  not  they  are 
distinct  species. 

I  have  seen  bysia  only  from  North  Adams,  Massachusetts, 
and  Ctlen  House,  New  Hampshire,  (C.  W.  Johnson). 

Phaonia  winnemanae  Malloch 

Phaonia  winnemanae  jMalloch,  Proo.  Biol.  8o(\  Wash.,  xxxii,  p.  3,  1919. 

This  species  closely  resembles  apicata,  but  has  the  humeri, 
posterior  lateral  margins  of  mesonotum  and  tarsi  yellow.  The 
eyes  are  separated  by  more  than  the  width  acroi-s  posterior 
ocelli,  the  ])realar  bristle  is  very  long,  the  hind  femora  have 
some  weak  bristles  on  the  basal  half  of  posteroventral  surface, 
while  the  hind  ti])ia  has  two  or  three  anteroclorsal,  and  four  or 
five  anteroventral  l)ristles,  and  four  or  five  long  setulae  on  the 
anterior  surface,  as  well  as  some  shorter  setulae  on  posterior 
surface. 

Length,  7  mm. 

Originally  described  from  riunnner's  Island,  .Maryland. 

Phaonia  parviceps  Malloch 

Phaonia  parvircps  Malloch,  Trans.  Amcr.  Kiit.  Soc,  xi.iv,  p.  2()7,  1918. 

Phaonia  caesia  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Naturges.,  191S,  abt.  A,  heft  9,   p,  4,  1920. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  one  female.  I  am 
now  able  to  present  the  description  of  the  male. 

TR.\NS.    AM.    ENT.    SOC,   XLVHI. 


278  NORTH  AMEROCAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

Male. — Similar  in  color  to  the  female,  the  dorsocentral  vitta  on  abdomen 
more  distinct. 

Eyes  very  sparsely  hairy,  separated  at  narrowest  part  of  frons  by  a  distance 
equal  to  width  of  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  contiguous  above  middle,  to 
which  point  they  are  setulose  (fig.  13).  Abdomen  narrowly  ovate,  basal 
sternite  bare.  Fore  tibia  without  a  posterior  bristle;  the  anterodorsal  setulae 
small  but  distinct;  fore  tarsus  slender,  without  long  sensory  hairs  along  the 
posterior  side  of  basal  segment;  postero ventral  surface  of  hind  femur  with 
short  irregular  setulose  hairs. 

Allotype,  and  one  male  and  one  female;  San  Antonio  Canyon, 
Ontario,  California,  July  25,  1907,  (J.  S.  Hine).  One  female, 
Claremont,  California,  in  mountains,  (Baker),  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Phaonia  trivialis  new  species 

Male. — Black,  shining.  Head  conspicuously  grayish  pruinescent,  antennae 
and  palpi  black.  Thorax  quadrivittate,  with  faint  grayish  pruinescence. 
Abdomen  densely  gray  pruinescent,  with  a  poorly  defined  dorsocentral  vitta, 
which  tapers  from  base  to  apex  and  nearly  disappears  before  tip,  the  bases 
of  the  bristles  and  hairs  with  a  black  dot  surrounding  each.  Legs  black. 
Wings  clear,  infuscated  at  bases  and  with  a  faint  infuscation  on  cross-veins. 
Calyptrae  and  halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  hairy;  frons  rather  broad,  wider  than  distance  across  posterior  ocelli; 
orbits  narrow,  either  about  one-third  as  wide  as  interfrontalia,  bristled  on 
entire  length;  parafacial  at  base  of  antennae  not  as  wide  as  third  antenna) 
segment,  narrowed  below;  face  concave  in  middle;  cheek  not  twice  as  high 
as  widest  part  of  parafacial,  with  bristles  on  lower  half;  third  antennal  segment 
about  twice  as  long  as  second;  longest  hairs  on  arista  distinctly  shorter  than 
width  of  third  antennal  segment.  Thorax  with  two  or  three  pairs  of  irre- 
gularly arranged  presutural  acrostichals,  which  are  not  conspicuously  differ- 
entiated from  the  long  adjoining  hairs;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  three; 
prealar  bristle  fine  but  long.  Abdomen  short  ovate,  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth 
with  a  broad  shallow  posterior  emargination.  Fore  tibia  without  a  median 
posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  slender,  longer  than  tibia,  with  a  fine  sensory 
hair  at  base  of  basal  segment  and  at  apices  of  other  segments  on  anterior  and 
posterior  sides;  mid  femur  with  a  series  of  weak  posteroventral  bristles  which 
are  longest  at  middle;  mid  til)ia  with  one  posterior  bristle  basad  of  middle; 
hind  femur  with  the  anteroventral  bristles  almost  absent  l)asally,  long  on 
apical  half,  the  posteroventral  svu-face  with  some  short  bristles  on  basal  half; 
hind  tibia  with  two  anterodorsal  and  four  anteroventral  bristles.  Outer 
cross- vein  curved;  veins  three  and  four  distinctly  divergent  ajiically. 

Length,  5  mm. 

Type.- — Banff,  All^erta,  Canada,  [Illinois  State  Natural  History 
Survey]. 


J.  R.  MALLOCH  279 

Phaonia  laticornis  new  species 

Male  and  female.- — Black,  distinctly  shining,  with  moderatelj'  dense  gray 
pruinescence.  Head  entirely  black,  orbits,  parafacials,  and  cheeks  with 
whitish  pruinescence.  Thorax  with  four  black  vittae.  Abdomen  with  a 
series  of  poorly  defined  dorsocentral  spots  and  lateral  checkerings  black. 
I^egs  testaceous  yellow,  tarsi  black,  femora  darker  than  tibiae,  at  least  the 
fore  pair  and  sometimes  all  pairs  infuscated.  ^Vings  clear.  Calyptrae 
yellowish  white.     Halteres  3-ellow. 

Male.^ — Ej'es  almost  bare;  narrowest  part  of  frons  about  one-fifth  of  the 
head-width;  orbits  narrow,  each  with  about  seven  long  bristles,  the  upper  one 
opposite  anterior  ocellus,  and  in  addition  to  the  bristles  numerous  setulose 
hairs;  third  antennal  segment  about  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  extending 
almost  to  mouth-margin;  arista  with  its  longest  hairs  about  twice  as  long  as 
its  basal  diameter;  parafacial  over  half  as  wide  at  base  of  antennae  as  width 
of  third  antennal  segment,  becoming  almost  Unear  below;  cheek  nearly  as 
high  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment.  Thorax  with  the  presutural  acro- 
stichal  hairs  long  but  not  setulose;  prealar  long;  postsutural  dorsocentrals 
three;  hypopleura  bare.  Abdomen  ovate,  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  cleft. 
Fore  tibia  with  two  posterior  bristles;  hind  femur  with  some  erect  hairs  at 
base  ventrally  and  two  preapical  anteroventral  bristles;  hind  tibia  with  two 
anterodorsal  and  two  anteroventral  bristles. 

Length,  6.5  to  7.5  mm. 

(S.  A.  Shaw),  [Illinois  State  Natural  History  Survey].  Allotype, 
female,  Cedar  Lake,  Illinois,  August  6,  1906,  (C.  A.  Hart)- 
Paratypes,  females,  Oconto,  Wisconsin,  August  1,  1920,  (T.  H- 
Prison);  Dummerston,  Vermont,  July  14,  1908,  (C.  W.  Johnson); 
^'irginia,  no  other  data.  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Phaonia  atlanis  new  species 

Alale. — Black,  subopaque,  densely  gray  i)ruinescent.  Orbits,  parafacials, 
and  cheeks  white  pruinescent;  basal  two  antennal  segments  brownish  yellow, 
third  black;  palpi  fuscous.  Thorax  with  four  fuscous  vittae  on  anterior  half, 
the  median  pair  most  distinct.  Abdomen  with  a  dorsocentral  fuscous  vitta 
which  is  more  or  less  triangularly  dilated  on  each  segment.  Legs  yellow,  all 
femora  more  or  less  infuscated,  the  fore  f)air  most  distinctly  so,  tarsi  fuscous; 
Wings  clear,  cross-veins  narrowly  but  distinctly  infuscated.  Calyptrae 
whitish.     Halteres  yellow. 

Eyes  almost  bare,  separated  at  narrowest  jiart  of  frons  bj'  a  distance  about 
twice  as  great  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment;  orbits  with  bristles  almost 
to  level  of  anterior  ocellus;  interfrontalia  distinct  on  its  entire  length,  at  its 
narrowest  part  wider  than  one  orbit  at  that  part;  parafacial  not  as  wide  as 
third  antennal  segment;  cheek  higher  than  width  of  third  antennal  segments; 
longest  hairs  on  arista  longer  than  width  of  third  antennal  segment.  Thorax 
with  two  or  three  series  of  fine  hairs  between  the  presutural  parts  of  the 

TKAXS.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVIII. 


280      NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID   FLIES   OF  GENUS   PHAOXIA 

submedian  vittae;  prealar  long;  postsutural  dorsocentrals  three.  Abdomen 
narrow,  almost  subcylindrical,  basal  sternite  bare,  fifth  with  a  broad  deep 
posterior  excision.  Fore  tibia  with  a  median  posterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus 
slender,  longer  than  tibia,  without  long  sensory  hairs  on  posterior  surface  of 
basal  segment;  mid  femur  with  one  bristle  near  base  on  posteroventral  surface; 
mid  tibia  with  two  or  three  posterior  bri.stles;  hind  femur  with  some  weak 
bristles  on  anteroventral  surface,  only  the  apical  one  long;  hind  tibia  with 
one  anterodorsal  and  one  long  and  one  or  two  short  anteroventral  bristles  and 
a  few  short  posterior  setulae,  the  calcar  at  least  one-third  of  the  tibial  length 
from  apex,  all  three  dorsal  apical  bristles  long  (fig.  22). 
Length,  5  to  5.5  mm. 

Type. — Riverton,  New  Jersey,  April  20,  (C.  W.  Johnson), 
[Boston  Society  of  Natural  History].  Two  male  paratypes.  River- 
ton,  New  Jersey,  August  17,  (C.  W.  Johnson),  and  Falls  Church, 
Virginia,  April  23,  (N.  Banks). 

The  paratypes  have  the  femora  much  paler  than  does  the  type, 

Phaonia  fusca  (Stein) 

Spilogaster  fusca  Stein,  Berl.  ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.  189. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  commonest  and  one  of  the  most 
varialjle  of  the  genus  occurring  in  this  country.  In  most  speci- 
mens there  are  one  or  two  weak  hairs  at  base  of  third  wing-vein 
on  the  under  surface,  a  character  which  if  invariably  present 
would  readily  separate  it  from  its  allies.  There  are  but  few 
species  which  possess  this  cliaracter,  though  atlanis  does.  There 
are  also  usually  one  or  two  fine  hairs  adjacent  to  the  base  of  the 
posterior  notopleural  bristle  and  the  biistle  at  apex  of  postero- 
dorsal  surface  of  hind  tibia  is  very  much  weaker  than  the  dorsal 
and  anterodorsal  l)ristles,  facts  which  show  its  relationshi])  with 
the  errans  group,  rather  than  with  those  with  which  it  falls  in 
the  key,  though  like  them  it  has  only  three  pairs  of  postsutural 
dorsocentrals.     Profile  of  head  as  in  figure  17. 

There  are  no  species  known  to  me  from  North  America  willi 
which  this  species  can  readily  be  confused,  except  those  with 
which  it  is  comimred  in  the  key. 

I  have  taken  the  species  commonlj^  on  tree-trunks  along  the 
margins  of  woods  in  Illinois  from  May  to  August,  and  have  seen 
many  specimens  from  other  states,  inc^luding  Ohio,  Mrginia, 
New  York,  New  Jersey  and  New  Hami)sliire. 


J.  R.  MALLOCII  281 

Phaonia  diruta  (Stein) 

Sphiliga.sUr  diruta  Stein,  Berl.  ent.  Zeitschr.,  1897,  p.   ISS. 

I  have  before  me,  l^esides  the  defective  type  male,  several 
specimens  of  l)oth  sexes  of  this  species.  It  superficially  ro- 
sem])les/;7.sca,  ])ut  is  much  smaller.  The  cross- veins  of  the  wings 
are  not  noticeably  infuscated  and  the  structural  differences 
pointed  out  in  the  key  to  species  will  serve  to  distinguish  it 
from  its  closest  allies. 

Length,  5  to  6.5  mm. 

The  type  was  taken  at  Manayunk,  Pennsylvania.  Specimens 
before  me  are  from  Cumberland  Count}',  Xew  Jersey  and 
Lafayette,  Lidiana. 

Phaonia  prisca  Stein 

Phaonia  prif;ca  Stein,  Arch,  fiir  Xaturges.,  1918,  abt.  A,  heft  9,  p.  14,  1920. 

Male. — Black,  slightly  shining,  den.sely  gray  pruinescent.  Orbits,  face, 
cheeks,  and  parafacials  with  silver}-  tomentum;  antennae  yellow,  third  segment 
l)rownish  fuscous;  palpi  fuscous.  Thorax  rather  indistinctly  vittate.  Ab- 
<]omen  with  a  linear  dorsocentral  black  vitta,  fifth  sternite  largely  yellowish. 
I,egs  entirely  yellow,  tarsi  slightly  darkened.  Wings  hyaline,  veins  yellow. 
Calyptrae  and  halteres  yellow. 

E\-es  almost  bare;  narrowest  part  of  frons  a  little  wider  than  distance 
across  posterior  ocelli;  orbits  broad,  obscuring  the  interfrontaha  for  the 
greater  part  of  its  length,  bristles  only  on  the  anterior  half;  parafacial  at  base 
of  antennae  as  wide  as  third  antennal  segment,  slighth-  narrowed  below; 
cheek  a  little  less  than  twice  as  high  as  widest  part  of  parafacial  with  a  series 
of  rather  widely  spaced  long  bristles  along  the  lower  margin,  some  hairs  above 
lliem  posteriorly  and  two  bristles  anteriorh'  which  are  upwardly  curved 
<i\g.  18);  third  antennal  .segment  about  twice  as  long  as  second;  arista  with  its 
longest  hairs  about  as  long  as  width  of  third  antennal  segment;  palpi  normal. 
Thorax  without  distinct  presutural  acrostichals,  the  hairs  sparse;  postsutural 
<l()rsocentrals  three;  prealar  over  half  as  long  as  the  bristle  behind  it;  hypo- 
pleura  bare.  Abdomen  ovate;  basal  sternite  bare.  Fore  tibia  without  a 
median  po.sterior  bristle;  fore  tarsus  a  httle  longer  than  tibia,  without  long 
sensory  hairs  along  posterior  side  of  basal  segment;  mid  femur  with  four  or 
five  long  bristles  on  basal  half  of  postero ventral  surface;  mid  tibia  with  four 
or  five  posterior  bristles  which  are  not  equal  in  length;  hind  femur  with  an 
almost  complete  series  of  anteroventral  and  posteroventral  bristles,  those  of 
the  latter  series  weak  apically;  hind  tibia  with  one  anterodorsal  and  three  or 
four  anteroventral  bristles,  the  anterior  and  jxjsterior  surfaces  with  some  erect 
setulae.     Outer  cross-vein  sUghth'  curved. 

Length,  7  mm. 

Originally  described  from  one  male  from  Ithaca,  New  York. 
I  have  before  me  a  male  from  the  same  locality. 

TRAX.S.    AM.    EXT.    SOC,    XLVHI. 


282       NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  GENUS  PHAONIA 

List  of  Stein  Species  Unknown  to  Aidhor 

The  types  of  the  following  species  will  finally  be  deposited  in 
the  United  States  National  Museum,  but  they  have  not  yet  been 
delivered  to  its  care,  so  that  it  is  impossible  to  authentically 
identify  them. 

apta.  Similar  to  apicata  Johannsen,  differing  only,  to  judge 
from  the  description,  in  having  the  prealar  bristle  long  and  the 
arista  long  plumose.  Wisconsin  and  New  York.  Probably  a 
synonym  of  apicata. 

inculta.  Described  from  one  female.  Related  to  apicata . 
South  Dakota. 

Explanation  of  Figures 

Fig.  1 . — Head  of  Neomuscina  triptmctata  Van  der  Wulp. 

P^ig.  2. — Head  of  Charadrella  macrosoma  Van  der  Wulp. 

Fig.  3. — Head  of  Neomusca  obscura  Van  der  Wulp. 

Fig.  4. — Head  of  Pseudophaonia  orichalcea  Stein. 

Fig.  5. — Head  of  Pseudophaonia  griseocaerulea  new  species. 

Fig.  6. — Head  of  Dendrophaonia  querceti  Bouche. 

Fig.  7. — Head  of  Dendrophaonia  hilariforniis  Stein. 

Fig.  8. — Head  of  Phaonia  protuberans  new  species. 

Fig.  9. — Head  of  Phaonia  serva  Fallen. 

Fig.  10. — Head  of  Phaonia  fiiscisquania  Van  der  Wulp. 

Fig.  11. — Head  of  Phaonia  harti  new  species. 

Fig.  12. — Head  of  Phaonia  striata  Stein. 

Fig.  13. — Head  of  Phaonia  parviceps  Malloch. 

Fig.  14. — Head  of  Phaonia  flava  Stein. 

Fig.  15. — Head  of  Phaonia  pallida  Stein. 

Fig.  16. — Head  of  Phaonia  subfusca  new  species. 

Fig.  17. — Head  of  Phaonia  fusca  Stein. 

Fig.  18. — Head  of  Phaonia  pi'isca  Stein. 

Fig.  19. — Hind  femur  and  tibia  of  Dendrophaonia  hilariformis  Stein,  male.' 

Fig.  20. — Hind  lemur  and  tibia  of  Dendrophaonia  querceti  Bouche,  male. 

Fig.  21. — Apex  of  wing  of  Phaonia  curvinervis  new  species. 

Fig.  22. — Hind  femur  and  tibia  of  Phaonia  atlanis  new  species,  male. 

Fig.  23. — Hind  femur  and  tibia  of  Phaonia  subfusca  new  species,  male. 

Fig.  24. — Hind  femur  and  tibia  of  Phaonia  dcleta  Stein,  male. 

*  Cal  =  Calcar;  Ad  =  Apical  dorsal;  Apd  =  Apical  posterodorsal. 


Tran-.  Am.  Eiit.  Soc,  \'ol.  XLNlll. 


I'!.  VI. 


HEBARI>-DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA,  MEXICO 


Trans.  Am.  Enf.  Sac,  Vol.  XLVIII. 


PI.  VI r. 


iL..     ) 


HEBARD— DERMAPTERA  AND  ORTHOPTERA  FROM  SINALOA.  MEXICO 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIIl, 


PI.  VIII. 


CRAMPTON— GENITALIA  OF  MALE  DIPTERA  AND  MECOPTERA 


Trans.  Am.  l^nt.  Soc    Vol.  XIATII. 


PI.  IX. 


CRAMPTON— GENITALIA  OF  MALE  DIPTERA  AND  MECOPTERA 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIII. 


PLX. 


CRAMPTON— GENITALIA  OF  MALE  DIPTERA  AND  MECOPTERA 


Trans.  Am.  Knt.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIII. 


PI.  XI. 


MALLOCH- NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  THE  GENUS 

PHAONIA 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  ^'ol.  XLVIII. 


PI.  XII. 


12 


13 


14 


15 


17 


18 


MALLOCH^NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  THE  GENUS 

PHAONIA 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  XLVIII. 


PI.  XIII. 


-^^. 


19 


20 


21 


T-sf       Col 


MALLOCH— NORTH  AMERICAN  ANTHOMYIID  FLIES  OF  THE  GENUS 

PHAONIA 


CONTENTS 


Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera  from  the   State   of  Sinaloa, 
Mexico.     Part  I.     Dermaptera  and  Non -Saltatorial 

Orthoptera.     By  Morgan  Hebard 157 

(Issued  January  2,  1923.) 

The  Bassett   Types  of   Cynipidae    (Hymenoptera).     By 

E.  T.  Cresson,  Jr 197 

(Issued  January  2,  1923.) 

A  New  Species  of  Hesperiidae  (Lepidoptera,  Rhopalocera). 

By  E.  L.  Bell 205 

(Issued  January  2,   1923.) 

The  Genitalia  of  Male  Diptera  and  Mecoptera  Compared 
With  Those  of  Related  Insects,  from  the  Standpoint 

of  Phylogeny.     By  G.  C.  Crampton 207 

(Issued  January  12,  1923.) 

Flies  of  the  Anthomyiid  Genus  Phaonia  Robineau-Desvoidy 
and  Related   Genera,   Known   to   Occur  in   North 

America.     By  J.  R.  Malloch 227 

(Issued  January  12,  1923.) 


VOLUME  XLVIII 


NUMBER  4 


DECEMBER,  1922 


.^211934 


OF  THE 


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SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  283 


ON   THE  MALE  GENITALIA  OF  THE  HESPERIIDAE 
OF  NORTH   AMERICA 

PAPER  II 

BY    HENKY    SKINNER    AND    R.    C.    WILLIAMS,    JR. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  authors'  previous  paper  on  the 
larger  Hesperiidae.^ 

This  paper  will  treat  the  remaining  species  of  Hesperiinae  in 
America  north  of  jNlexico  and  the  West  Indies,  with  the  exception 
of  those  of  the  genus  Thanaos,  which  have  already  been  re- 
viewed and  most  of  the  valvae  figured  by  Scudder  and  Burgess,^ 
Scudder,''  Skinner/  and  Lindsey.^ 

We  have  in  general  followed  the  classification  adopted  by 
Lindsey.^  We  prefer,  however,  to  keep  the  genera  Hesperia 
and  Heliopetes  separate,  for  the  reason  that  they  are  readily 
differentiated  by  their  superficial  appearance,  and  while  Hesperia 
is  cosmopolitan,  Heliopetes  seems  to  l)e  strictly  neotropical.  We 
also  follow  Godman  and  Salvin  and  retain  domicella  in  Heliopetes. 
There  is  no  indication  in  the  male  genitalia  that  this  species  is  a 
connecting  link  between  the  two  genera,  and  each  of  these  might 
be  divided  into  a  number  of  groups  in  which  the  genitalia  are 
highly  specialized  along  different  lines. 

We  follow  Lindsey,  however,  in  retaining  a  rather  mixed  lot 
of  species  in  the  genus  Pholisora.  The  nuile  g(Miitalia  show  re- 
markable differences  in  species  that  in  other  characters  appear 
to  be  closely  allied,^  so  we  do  not  ])elieve  it  advisable  to  break  up 
this  genus. 

Further  deviations  from  the  usual  nomenclature  are  noted 
under  the  species  and  the  reasons  giv(ui. 

'  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  XLvni,  pp.  109-127,   (1922). 

2  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xni,  pp.  282-306,  pi.,  (1870). 

3  Butterflies  of  the  Eastern  U.  S.  and  Canada,  (1889). 
^  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xl,  pp.  195-221,  (1914). 

f-  Ikill.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.  State  Univ.  Iowa,  ix,  (no.  4),  pp.  49-55,  pi.  2,  (1921). 

6  Ibid. 

^  Note  catuUus  and  luejicanus. 

TKANS.  AM.  EXT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


284      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

The  drawings  were  made  from  the  genitahc  mounts  by  Miss 
Helen  Winchester. 

The  references  under  the  species  refer  to  previous  figures  of  the 
male  genitalia. 

The  records  given  are  of  insects  which  we  have  observed  and  in 
the  collections  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadel- 
phia, the  American  Entomological  Society,  and  of  R.  C.  Wil- 
liams, Jr. 

All  references  to  genitalia  in  this  paper  refer  to  those  of  the 
male  insect. 

1,  Hesperia  centaureae  Rambur     (Fig.  1.) 

Scudder,  Butterflies  Ea^t.  U.  S.  and  Canada,  in,  pi.  35,  fig.  45,  (1889). 
Reverdin,  in  Oberthur,  Etud.  Lep.  Comp.,  xn,  pi.  ccccn",  fig.  5202,  (1916). 

This  species  has  both  the  costal  fold  and  ti])ial  tuft.  American 
and  European  specimens  are  the  same  genitalically. 

There  is  a  single,  beaked,  terminal  projection  to  the  uncus; 
the  scaphium  is  simple  with  small  dentations  on  the  external 
portion;  the  valve  is  of  a  pattern  somewhat  similar  to  that  of 
7-iiraUs,  but  with  the  central  terminal  recurved  projection  long 
and  extended  outwardly  bayonet-shaped;  the  aedoeagus  is 
simple. 

Records:  New  Jersey,  lona,  April  (Skinner),  Great  Notch, 
Essex  County;  Virginia,  Montgomery  Count}^  April;  Color- 
ado, Wilson  Peak,  Hall  Valley,  August  (Oslar);  Alberta, 
Laggan. 

2.  Hesperia  ruralis  Boisduval     (Fig.  2.) 

This  species  has  both  costal  fold  and  til)ial  tuft. 

Ruralis  has  a  rather  large  uncus  with  two  stout,  well  separated, 
beaked  projections  above,  and  two  strong  hooks  below,  the 
latter  curving  upwards,  with  a  connecting  band  from  base  to 
base  curv(Ml  dorsally.  The  valve  is  si)lit  at  its  terminus  and  the 
ventral  lobe  carries  a  recurved  process  armed  with  a  num])er  of 
stout  teeth.     The  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

Records:  Colorado,  Chimney  Gulch,  Golden,  Bear  Creek, 
Jefferson  County  (Oslar);  Utah,  Silver  La.k(^;  California, 
Albion,  May  (Sinclair),  Santa  Cruz,  April  and  May  (Dodge), 
Ti-inity  C^ounty,  June  (Fox),  Santa  Clara  County;  Washington, 
Port  Blakeley,  Olympia;  Oregon,  Fort  Klamatli,  Ashlaiid, 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS 


285 


^i:::^ 


1.  Hesperia  centaureae,  Great  Notch,  Essex  County,  New  Jersey. 
2.  Hesperia  ruralis,  Santa  Cruz,  California.  3.  Hesperia  xanthus,  Jemez 
Mountains,  New  Mexico.  4.  Hesperia  scriptura,  Trinidad,  Colorado. 
5.  Hesperia  phileias,  Baboquivari  Mountains,  Arizona.  6.  Hesperia  syrich- 
tusy   Port  (le  Paix,  Haiti,     (all  X  17.)  ^  ,__  . 


TUAXS.  AM.  KXT.  SUC,  XLVIII. 


286      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

3.  Hesperia  xanthus  Edwards     (Fig.  3.) 

This  species  has  the  til)ial  tuft  l)ut  no  costal  fold.  It  is  v(M-y 
like  rvralis  in  general  appearance  and  maculation,  and  the 
pattern  of  the  genitalia  is  similar. 

The  uncus  is  stout,  carrying  four  hooks;  the  valve  resembles 
that  of  ruralis  except  that  the  stout  teeth  of  the  recurved  c^'uiral 
process  at  the  apex  are  lacking;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

Records:  Colorado;  New  Mexico,  Jemez  Springs,  May 
(Woodgate) . 

4.  Hesperia  macdunnoughi  Oberthlir 

This  name  was  proposed  for  a  single  male  specimen  (from 
Arizona  ?)  figured  by  Colot,  but  not  described.^  Another  male 
is  figured  by  Barnes  and  McDunnough,^  from  Redington,  Arizona, 
and  they  state  that  it  lacks  the  costal  fold  and  is  closel}^  allied  to 
xanthus,  but  smaller. 

The  markings  of  the  secondaries  below  are  unlike  those  of 
any  of  the  series  of  xanthus  and  ruralis  in  our  collections. 

5.  Hesperia  seriptura  Boisduval     (Fig.  4.) 

This  species  has  the  tibial  tuft  but  lacks  the  costal  fold. 

The  uncus  carries  two  long  stout  divergent  beaks;  the  sca- 
pliium  is  feebly  developed;  the  valve  is  rounded  at  the  apex, 
bilobed  and  carrying  a  small  recurved  process  bearing  fine  spines; 
the  aedoeagus  carries  near  the  middle  a  stout  tooth.  This 
species  has  a  well  developed,  juxta,  like  a  folded  leaf,  in  which  the 
aedoeagus  lies. 

Records:  Colorado,  Trinidad,  Chimney  Gulch,  June  (Oslar), 
Poncha  Springs;  Arizona,  Prescott;  New  Mexico,  Highrolls 
(Viereck),  Las  Cruces, 

(5.  Hesperia  pliiletas  Edwards     (Fig.  5.) 

This  species  has  both  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft. 
It  was  described  from  a  single  female  from  Western  Texas 
(Boll),  as  being  similar  in  its  markings  to  tesseJIata  above,  but 
distinguished  by  the  secondaries  below,  which  are  white  with  a 
yellow  tint,  without  the  discal  band  as  in  tessellata,  but  with  a 
few  brown  dots  and  streaks,  quite  unlike  any  other  American 
species. 

8  01)i!rt,hiir,  Ktud.  Lcp.  Comp.,  ix,  p.  8G,  pi.  cclxiv,  tig.  2205,  (1913). 
>Cout.  Nat.  Hist.  Lcp.  N.  A.,  ni,  pi.  x,  fig.  14,  (1916). 


SKINNER   AND    "WILLIAMS  287 

The  females  which  we  have  agree  with  the  description;  the 
males  associated  with  them  agree  in  the  markings  below,  but 
usually  hav'e  more  white  markings  above.  We  have  not,  how- 
ever, a  male  that  just  agrees  with  Lindsey's  figure.*" 

The  genitalia  are  more  like  those  of  syrichtus  than  those  of  any 
other  American  species.  The  tegumen  is  similar,  ending  in  two 
]irojections;  the  scaphium  with  rather  heavier  serrations;  the 
valve  has  a  recurved  hook  at  its  apex,  and  in  addition  near  and 
on  the  dorsal  part  numerous  stout  spines  directed  backward; 
the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

Records:  Texas,  San  Antonio;  Arizona,  Mt.  Graham  (IMor- 
rison),  Baboquivari  Mts.,  Pima  County,  July  (Poling). 

7.  Hesperia  syrichtus  Fabricius   (Fig.  6.) 

Godmau  and  Salvin,  Biol.  Cent.  Amer.,  Rhop.,  in,  pi.  90,  fig.  27,  (1899). 
Reverdiu,  Bull.,  Soc.  Lep.  Geneve,  iv,  pi.  5,  figs.  1    (form  a),  2    (form  b), 
o    (form  c)  and  4,  5,  G  (valvae  enlarged),  (1919). 

This  spcK'ies  has  both  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft. 

Dr.  J.  L.  ]|everdin,  in  the  paper  referred  to  above  (p.  9()  and 
1()7),  has  published  the  results  of  his  careful  study  of  this  species, 
])r(^sented  excellent  figures  of  the  insect  prepared  by  the  artist 
( 'olot,  photographic  reproductions  of  the  male  genitalia  of  three 
forms,  text  figures  showing  variation  in  the  aedoeagus,  and 
extensive  observations  on  the  forms  of  the  s])(H'ies  and  its  geo- 
grai)hic  distribution. 

The  typical  form  of  syricJitus  is  ashen,  or  black  and  white  on 
the  secondaries  below,  while  the  form  inontivagus  Reakirt 
(fumoaa  lleverdin)  is  decidedly  suffused  with  brown.  Both 
forms  occur  in  Central  America,  Mexico  and  the  Antilles.  We 
have  the  typical  form  from  Texas,  proving  its  occurrence  in  our 
fauna,  but  the  prevailing  form  above  the  Mexican  border  and 
in  Florida  is  montivagus. 

The  terminal  of  the  uncus  is  cleft;  the  scaphium  consists  of 
two  arms  shagreened  at  their  turned  up  terminals  and  con- 
nected together  with  an  arch  from  their  bases;  the  valve  has  a 
rounded  apex,  the  dorsal  edge  produced  backward  in  a  curve  the 
outer  portion  of  which  is  strongly  dentate;  the  aedoeagus  is 
provided  with  some  teeth  at  the  apex  varying  in  luimhcr  and 
shape. 

1"  Univ.  of  Iowa  Studies  in  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  pi.  i,  fig.  7,  (1921). 

TU.\NS.  AM.  KNT.  SOC,  XLVIU. 


288      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

Record:  near  Corpus  Christi,  southern  Texas  (Aaron). 

There  is  a  third  form  or  perhaps  a  distinct  species  (syrichtides 
Reverdin),  also  occurring  in  Central  America,  Mexico  and  the 
Antilles,  which  is  very  like  the  typical  form  in  color  and  macu- 
lation  l)ut  which  differs  genitalically  in  the  shape  of  the  valve, 
in  that  the  terminal  rounded  end  is  not  extended  so  far  back- 
wards, but  ends  in  a  more  substantial  projection  shaped  like  the 
toe  of  a  slipper,  and  the  aedoeagus  is  provided  with  a  single 
stout  tooth  at  its  terminal.  This  form  or  species,  however,  does 
not  seem  to  enter  the  United  States. 

a.  form  montivagus  Reakirt 

This  was  originally  described  from  "Rocky  Mountains, 
Colorado  Territory"  and  is  the  prevailing  form  above  the 
Mexican  line. 

The  genitalia  are  the  same  as  those  of  typical  syrichtus. 

Records:  Colorado;  Florida,  Key  West  (Morrison);  South- 
ern Arizona  (Poling). 

8.  Hesperia  tessellata  Scudder   (Fig.  7.) 

Scudder,  Butterflies  East.  U.  S.  and  Can.,  iii,  pi.  .35,  fig.  39  (valve),  40  (uncus) 

(as  montivagus),   (1889). 
Reverdin,  Bull.  Soc.  Lep.  Geneve,  iv,  pi.  7,  fig.  1  (typical)  and  4-8  (details 

and  aberrant  formations),  (1921). 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  but  lacks  the  tibial  tuft. 

Reverdin  in  the  paper  referred  to  above  (pp.  168-181),  has 
presented  lithographic  figures  of  the  insect  by  Colot  (Plate  6, 
figs.  9,  10,  11,  12,  15),  sketches  of  the  variation  in  the  valve 
(p.  177),  and  published  the  results  of  his  careful  study  of  its 
genitalic  variation  and  geographic  distribution,  from  the  exam- 
ination of  a  large  number  of  specimens. 

He  concludes  that  it  is  a  widely  spread  species,  subject  to 
considerable  variation  in  its  habitat  from  Surinam,  through 
Central  America,  Mexico  and  throughout  the  United  States, 
and  within  these  limits  divides  the  species  into  three  classes; 
first  those  with  a  large  toothed  protuberance  at  the  end  of  the 
valve;  second,  intermediate  forms;  and  third,  those  which  are 
without  this  protuberance  and  teeth.  The  first  class  roughlj^ 
covers  the  territory  to  the  east  and  north  of  the  United  States; 
the  second,  the  States  adjoining  the  Mexican  boundary  and  well 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  289 

up  into  California;  the  third,  Arizona,  Texas  and  to  the  South. 
He  places  occidentalis  Skinner  as  a  variety. 

Tessellata  was  described  by  Scudder  from  Missouri,  and  has 
])riority  over  Henperia  communis  Grote  (one  male,  one 
female;  C'entral  Alabama),  the  types  of  which  are  in  the  collection 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  and  are  so 
labelled  in  the  handwriting^  of  A.  R.  Clrote.  Coinniunis  is  a 
synonym  of  tessellata. 

The  uncus  is  split  at  its  apex;  the  scai)hium  is  p(H!uliar  iji  that 
from  its  middle  there  ])r()jects  inwardly  a  T-shaped  process; 
the  valve  is  roundcnl  at  its  extremity  and  carries  a  process 
turned  inwardly  and  upwardly  ending  usually  with  a  double 
tooth,  beyond  which  there  is  a  long  cylindrical  arm  extending 
inwardly  almost  the  length  of  the  valve,  and  with  its  end  strongly 
denticulate;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

a.  var.  occidentalis  Skinner   (Fig.  8.) 
Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhop.,  pi.  90,  fig.  30,  (1899)  (as  montivaga) . 

This  was  originally  described  as  a  species,"  as  '^ smaller  and 
generally  whiter — than  tessellata — ^found  in  the  Northwest  ter- 
ritory and  in  the  Southwest  generally."  The  same  year  oc- 
cidentalis, tessellata  and  syriclitus  were  figured  by  the  author  and 
comparisons  made.^^ 

AVe  now  select  from  the  type  material  a  male  from  San  An- 
tonio, Texas,  as  the  single  t3q:)e.  It  is  like  the  figured  specimens 
referred  to  above.  Some  paratypes,  from  Ysleta,  Texas,  April, 
are  still  smaller  and  whiter,  and  a  specimen  from  the  Northwest 
territory',  figured  by  Keverdin^''  has  the  ground  color  still  further 
encroached  upon  by  the  white  markings.  This  last,  however, 
cannot  be  considered  t3q)ical  of  occidentalis,  l)ut  an  aberration  of 
tessellata.  The  specimen  figured  by  Reverdin  as  occidentalis^'^  is 
darker  and  larger  than  any  in  the  type  lot. 

The  name  should  be  restricted  to  apply  only  to  the  smaller, 
paler  form  of  the  species  inhabiting  the  low  arid  regions  along 

1'  Ent.  News.,  xvn,  p.  96,  (190G). 

12  L.  c,  p.  277,  pi.  xu. 

"Bull.  Soc.  Lcp.  Geneve,  iv,  pi.  G,  fig.  9,  (1<)19). 

i^L.  c,  fig.  11. 

TRAXS.   AM.   ENT.  SOC,   XIA  III. 


290      MALE    GENITALIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

the  Rio  Grande  to  the  north  and  south,  and  thence  to  and  up 
the  Cahfornian  coast. 

The  genitaha  of  occidentalis  are  the  same  as  those  of  tessellata 
except  that  the  valve  lacks  the  toothed  projection. 

Records:  Texas,  Ysleta,  El  Paso,  Corpus  Christi,  Round 
Mountain;  Arizona,  Tucson;  New  Mexico,  Highrolls,  Alamo- 
gordo;  California,  La  Jolla,  November  (Williams),  Dobel. 

9.  Heliopetes  domicella  Erichson     (Fig.  9.) 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft. 

The  tegumen  is  provided  with  a  long  uncus,  ending  in  a  large 
truncate  projection  densely  covered  with  hairs  projecting  back- 
wards; the  scaphium  is  shagreened  at  its  apex;  the  valve  is 
split  at  its  terminus,  the  dorsal  lobe  rounded  and  the  ventral 
lobe  larger,  convolute,  and  serrate  on  the  caudal  margin;  the 
aedoeagus  is  simple. 

The  tegumen  is  quite  unlike  that  of  any  of  the  species  of 
Hesperia  or  any  other  species  of  Heliopetes  that  we  have  ex- 
amined. 

Records:  Arizona,  Tucson;  Mexico,  Cohma;  Argentine 
Republic,  La  Rioja. 

10.  Heliopetes  ericetorum  Boisdiivul     (Fig.  10.) 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft. 

The  type  has  been  admirably  figured  by  01)ertliiir^''  and 
Lindsey  has  figured  both  sexes.^® 

The  uncus  ends  in  split  slender  beaked  processes;  the  scaphi- 
um is  present  and  in  addition  the  girdle  of  the  tegumen  is  ex- 
panded outwardly  on  each  side,  bearing  below  the  scaphium 
substantial  projecting  arms  dentate  at  their  outer  ends.  The 
valve  is  split  at  the  terminus,  the  ventral  portion  hooked  and 
with  small  teeth  at  the  end;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

Records:  Oregon;  California,  Los  Angeles,  Riverside, 
Havilah,  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  County,  September  (Rehn  and 
Hebard);  Arizona,  Mt.  Graham. 

11.  Heliopetes  laviana  Hewitson     (Fig.  11.) 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  and  tibial  luft.  It  enters  our 
fauna  in  Texas,  from  whence  it  extends  south  well  into  South 
America.  ■ 

"Ftud.  Lep.  Comp.,  vi,  pi.  137,  fig.  1210,  (1012). 

'6  Univ.  Iowa  Studies  in  Nat.  Hist.,  ix,  pi.  1,  figs.  4  and  0,  (1921). 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS 


291 


7.  Ilespena  icsscllald,  Dakota.  S.  //.  iessdlala  race  occidenlalis,  Tucson, 
Arizona.  9.  Hcliopdvs  dondcdla,  La  llioja,  Argentine  Republic.  10.  Hdio- 
petes  ericetorum,  Southern  California.  11.  lldiopdes  laviatia,  Chapada, 
Brazil.  12.  lldiopdes  macaira,  Corpus  Christi,  Texas.  13.  Cdotes  nessus, 
Corpus  Christi,  Texas,     (all  X  16.) 

TUANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


292      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

The  genitalia  are  of  the  same  general  pattern  as  those  of 
ericetorum,  the  arms  projecting  from  the  sides  of  the  girdle  are, 
however,  about  twice  as  long. 

Records:  Mexico,  Colima,  Yucatan;  Brazil,  Chapada; 
Paraguay,  Villa  Rica. 

12.  Heliopetes  macaira  Reakiit     (Fig.  12.) 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft.  It  enters  our 
territory  in  Texas  and  extends  south  through  IMexico  and  Central 
America. 

Our  Texan  and  Mexican  material  shows  considerable  variation 
in  the  amount  of  lirown  encroaching  on  the  white  ground. 
Above,  some  specimens  are  immaculate  on  the  secondaries 
(oceanus  Edwards) ,  in  others  there  is  considerable  blackish  brown 
at  the  ends  of  the  veins  and  even  along  the  entire  margin. 
Below  we  have  a  condition  ranging  from  small  brown  spots  and 
broken  terminal  band,  to  brown  color  covering  almost  the  entire 
surface  of  the  secondaries.  The  pattern,  however,  is  the  same 
with  varying  insistence. 

Godman  and  Salvin  rather  suggest  that  nivella  may  be  but  a 
varietal  form  of  macaira,  and  our  observations  lead  us  to  believe 
that  such  is  the  case.  The  genitalia  of  the  two  forms  are  the 
same. 

There  is  a  great  variation  in  the  amount  of  the  brown-black 
markings  in  the  allied  species  alana,  arsalte  and  laviana,  of  which 
we  have  long  series  from  Central  America  and  Mexico,  and  an 
analogy  is  found  in  an  unidentified  species,  very  closely  allied, 
from  southern  Brazil,  which  shows  a  similar  variation  equally 
great. 

The  principal  differences  we  recognize  to  separate  the  typical 
form  from  its  variety  is  to  be  found  in  the  maculation  of  the 
secondaries.  Macaira  is  described  as  immaculate  above  and 
with  a  broad  brown  band  extending  across  the  outer  border 
below,  while  nivella  is  described  as  with  blackish  brown  on  the 
border  above  and  with  two  patches  on  the  imdcr  side  at  the 
outer  border. 

We  accept  the  synonymy  as  given  by  Godman  and  Salvin, 
who  were  in  a  position  to  haye  access  tg  types  and  authentic 
material. 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  293 

Macaira  is  figured  by  Hewitson^^  as  locutia  Hewitson  from  the 
Island  of  Taboga,  Panama. 

The  uncus  is  proportionately  smaller  than  that  of  the  two 
preceding  species,  its  projecting  beaks  are  similar,  but  this 
species  lacks  the  arms  projecting  from  the  sides  of  the  girdle. 
The  valve  carries  at  its  apex  on  the  ventral  lobe  a  stoutly 
t horned  process;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

Records:  Texas,  Corpus  Christi  (Aaron) ;  iMexico,  Mazatlan, 
Coliina,  Sonora. 

a.  van.  nivella  Mabille 

Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopal,  pi.  90,  fig.  24,  (1899). 

This  insect  is  reported  from  Brownsville,  Texas,  as  is  also 
typical  macaira.  It  is  well  figured  by  Godman  and  Salvin^^, 
who  state,  as  we  find  to  be  the  case,  that  the  genitalia  are  the 
same  as  those  of  macaira. 

Records:  Mexico,  La  Joya,  Colima,  Yucatan. 

13.  Celotes  nessus  Edwards     (Fig.  13.) 

Biol.  Ccnt.-Ainer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  91,  fig.  29,  (1899). 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft. 

Lindsey  places  it  in  the  genus  Systasea  with  pidverulenta. 
It  has,  however,  a  veiy  different  appearance,  and  the  genitalia 
also  differ  so  decidedly  that  this  association  can  hardly  hold. 
Its  near  allies  are  of  the  genus  Carcharodus,  but  a  comparison  of 
the  genitalia  with  those  of  mnlvanun  Hoffmannsegg  (=  alceae 
Esper),  with  which  it  was  associated  l)y  Strecker  when  he 
des(;ril)ed  notahilis  (=  nessus),  does  not  disclose  a  sufficient 
similarity  to  necessitate  its  transfercnice  to  Carcharodus,  and  we 
therefore  place  it  in  Celotes,  which  Godman  and  Salvin  erected 
for  it. 

The  uncus  is  short  with  split  terminals;  the  scaphium  promi- 
nent and  set  well  up  on  the  uncus;  the  saccus  is  produced  into 
the  abdomen  more  than  in  other  species  of  the  allied  groups; 
the  ventral  lobe  of  the  valve,  extended  bej^ond  the  dorsal  lobe 
is  serrate  on  its  recurved  outer  margin;  the  aedoeagus  is  rela- 
tively large  and  long  and  l)ears  a  tooth  near  its  apex. 

"Exot.  Butt.,  V,  LeiicochitoTiea  ii,  figs.  19  and  20,  (1875). 
"*  Supra,  pi.  90,  figs.  22  and  23. 

TKANS.  A^^.   KNT.  SOC,  XIAIU. 


294      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

Records:  Texas,  Corpus  Christi  (Aaron),  New  Braunfels, 
Round  Mountain,  San  Antonio,  Kerrville;  Arizona,  Babo- 
quivari  Mts.,  Pima  County  (Poling) ;  New  Mexico,  Alamogordo; 
Mexico,  Sonora. 

14.  Pholisora  catullus  Fabricius    (Fig.  14.) 

Scudder,  Butterflies,  pi.  35,  figs.  41  (valve),  42  (uncus),  43  (tip  of  uncus), 

(1889). 

None  of  the  species  of  Pholisora  in  our  fauna  has  the  tibial 
tuft.     This  species  has  the  costal  fold. 

The  uncus  ends  in  a  single  projection  with  three  terminal 
beaks,  at  the  base  of  which  the  uncus  is  divided,  showing  two 
lobes;  the  scaphium  is  strongly  chitinous  with  some  shagreena- 
tion  at  the  apical  surface;  the  lobes  of  the  valve  are  rounded  at 
the  end,  the  ventral  dentate  outwardly  and  bearing  a  stout 
incurved  spine,  set  just  before  the  apex;  the  aedoeagus  is  re- 
markable in  that  at  its  apex  there  is  a  strong  recurved  hook  on 
the  dorsal  side,  it  also  carries  some  internal  hair-like  spines. 

15.  Pholisora  mejicanus  Reakirt   (Fig.  15.) 

Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  90,  fig.  12  (as  mexicana),  (1897). 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold.  It  is  very  like  catullus 
above,  but  the  secondaries  below  have  a  purplish  tint  and  the 
veins  are  conspicuous  in  a  darker  fuscous  color.  It  is  a  Mexican 
species  occasionally  taken  across  the  border.  Mr.  William 
Schaus  kindly  sent  us  some  specimens  from  Jalapa  and  Oaxaca, 
Mexico,  for  study. 

The  uncus  is  stout  and  long,  ending  in  a  single  claw,  short,  and 
broad  at  its  base;  the  scaphium  is  hardly  present;  the  valve 
appears  truncate,  the  ventral  lobe  sharply  rounded  and  bent  up 
and  back  terminating  in  a  ])oint,  the  outer  margin  finely  den- 
ticulate, overlapping  the  rounded  costal  lobe;  the  aedoeagus  is 
simple,  doubly  bent. 

IG.  Pholisora  alpheus  Edwards     (Fig.  IG.) 

Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  90,  fig.   15,   (1897). 

This  species  lacks  the  costal  fold. 

The  uncus  is  stout,  terminating  in  a  cylindrical  projection 
with  a  }:)luiit  end;  the  scaphium  is  well  dev(4o])ed  and  with  den- 
tations on  the  central  super-apical  surface;  the  valve  is  relatively 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  295 

small,  simple,  and  terminating  in  a  long  bayonet,  turned  up- 
wardly; the  aedoeagus  is  peculiar  in  that  its  base  is  T-shaped,  in 
nature  set  in  a  horizontal  plane. 

Records:  Arizona,  Mt.  Graham  (Morrison),  Gadsden  (Schif- 
fel),  Florence  (Biederman);  New  Mexico,  Alamogordo,  April, 
May  (Viereck  and  Rehn),  Las  Cruces. 

17.  Pholisora  arizonensis  Mabille  &  Boullet 

Under  the  name  Hesperopsis  arizonensis  these  authors  have 
described  an  insect  in  a  recent  paper.^^  A  free  translation  of 
the  original  French  description  follows. 

"Four  wings  black  with  along  brown  fringe  cut  into  here  and 
there  with  yellow.  Primaries  above  with  two  apical  points  and 
two  other  points  not  so  distinct  placed  obliquely  in  three  and 
four;  a  terminal  row  of  clear  fpale)  points  on  the  external  border; 
some  appearance  of  yellowish  scales  on  the  disc.  Secondaries 
above  of  a  uniform  black  with  a  terminal  row  of  clear  points 
hardly  visible,  and  an  indistinct  dash  in  the  cellule.  Primaries 
below  uniform  black  brown  with  two  well  marked  apical  points, 
some  white  hatching  along  the  costa  above  the  apical  points, 
one  perceives  the  two  points  on  three  and  four  and  the  terminal 
row  of  clear  points.  Secondaries  below;  on  the  ])rown-black 
ground  is  easily  seen  the  terminal  row  of  clear  points  and  a 
sickle-shaped  trace  in  the  cellule.  Palpi  white;  at  the  ])ase  of 
the  antennae  a  little  tuft  of  white  hairs. 

Arizona,  U.  S.,  one  cf  :  Boullet  Collection,  Paris  INIuscum." 

We  think  this  is  alpheus. 

18.  Pholisora  libya  Scudder   (Fig.  17.) 

This  .s])e('ies  lacks  the  costal  fold.  Libyo  varies  greatl}'  in  the 
num])er  of  white  s])ots  on  the  wings,  ])oth  al)ove  and  below. 
Lend  of  Edwards  a])pears  to  be  the  same  s])ecies  as /v7>//a,  des- 
cribed from  specimens  having  few  spots  on  the  primaries  above 
and  one  spot  on  the  secondaries  below.  The  genitalia  of  libya 
and  of  the  one  spotted  form  (lena)  are  alike. 

The  type  information  of  libya  is,  one  male,  two  females, 
"Beaver  Dam,"  April  20-28,  Arizona  (25  miles  to  west  of  south 
of  St.  George,  Utah).  The  type  information  of  lena  is,  one  male, 
one  female,  Montana.  We  have  specimens  of  this  from  the 
^^'llite  Piver,  Colorado. 

i^Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  1917,  p.  100. 

TKANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


296      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 


14.  Pholiaora  catullm,  Ran  Antonio,  Texas.  (X  20.)  1.5.  Pholisora 
mejicanus,  Oaxaca,  Mexico.  (X  20.)  It).  Pholisora  alpheus,  Gadsden, 
Arizona.  (X  30.)  17.  Pholisora  lihija,  Flonuioe,  Arizona.  (X  30.) 
18.  Pholism-a  ceos,  Mount  Graham,  Arizona.  (X  20.)  ]•).  Pliolisora  haij- 
hur stii,  Qnincy,  Illinois.     (X  20.) 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  297 

The  uncus  ends  in  a  cylindrical  hlunt  i)rocess;  the  scaphium 
is  well  developed,  ending  in  a  doul^le  lobe,  well  dentated;  the 
valve  is  not  split  apically  but  carries  from  the  ventral  side  a  long 
sickle-shaped  process,  curved  upwards,  and  from  the  center 
another  stout  })rocess  shaped  like  a  spear  head;  the  aedoeagus 
is  simple  but  swollen  in  its  median  area. 

Records:  Arizona,  Florence,  Septeml^er  (Biederman) ;  Utah, 
Stockton,  July  (Spalding);  Nevada,  Beatty,  August  (Helm  and 
Hel)ard),  Huml)oldt  Lake;  California,  San  Diego  County 
(Coquillett),  Indian  Wells,  S(>pteml>er  (Coolidge),  San  Bernar- 
dino (Wright),  ( "oalinga,  Fresno  County,  August  (Kehn  and 
Hebard),  Lancaster. 

10.  Pholisora  ceos  Edwards   (Fig.  18.) 

Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopaloccra,  pi.  89,  fig.  8,  (1896). 

This  species  has  the  (costal  fold.  It  is  readily  distinguished 
from  the  other  species  of  our  fauna  by  the  orange  color  of  the 
imir  of  the  head  and  pali)i  alcove. 

There  is  a  long,  slender,  jointed  i)rojection  from  the  uncus; 
the  scaphium  is  present,  long  and  slender;  the  valve  has  the 
ventral  lo])e  projecting,  rounded  and  set  with  short  hairs,  the 
dorsal  lol)e  is  wide,  rounded;  the  aedoeagus  is  very  short,  the 
apical  portion  swollen  and  bearing  numerous  small  teeth. 

Records:  Arizona,  ]\It.  Graham  (Morrison),  Tucson;  Mexico, 
Sonora  (Morrison). 

20.  Pholisora  hayhurstll  Edwards  (Fig.  19.) 

Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  89,  fig.  16,  (1896). 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold. 

The  uncus  has  a  peculiar  terminal,  bent  downwards  in  the 
middle,  long  and  ending  in  a  well  developed  beak,  there  is  a 
tuft  of  hairs  directed  upwards,  at  the  l)asc  of  this  projection; 
t  he  sca])hium  is  long,  almost  like  a  second  girdle,  extending 
down  almost  to  the  center  of  the  tegumen;  the  valve  has  a  rounded 
ventral  lobe  but  dorsally  carries  a  long  rod  curved  inwardly; 
the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

Records:  Texas,  San  Antonio,  J^^ound  ^Vlountain;  Florida, 
Miami,  June  (Hebard). 

THANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


298      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

21.  Pholisora  ascalaphus  Staudinger     (Fig.  20.) 
Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  89,  fig.  14,  (1896). 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold. 

It  was  described  as  Helias  ascolaphun  by  Staudinger^°  from 
Chiriqui,  Panama.  It  is  figured  by  Godman  and  Salvin,^' 
who  state  that  "it  is  a  very  common  insect  all  over  Central 
America  and  southern  Mexico  up  to  an  elevation  of  4000  or 
5000  feet  above  sea  level. — In  outward  appearance  Sltajjhylus] 
ascalaphus  is  very  like  the  North  American  S.  hayhwsti,  both 
having  a  similarly  shaped  outer  margin  to  the  secondaries. 
S.  hayhursti  is  a  little  paler  in  colour,  the  faint  marking  of  the 
wings  rather  more  plainly  shown,  and  the  palpi  purer  white 
beneath." 

We  have  a  small  series  of  both  sexes  of  this  species  from  near 
Corpus  Christi,  Texas  (Aaron),  which  have  been  in  the  Academy 
Collection  over  the  hayhurstii  label  since  1884, 

The  tegumen  is  similar  to  that  of  hayhurstii;  the  uncus  carries 
a  similar  projecting  process  bent  sharply  downward  and  then 
up,  ending  in  a  hook,  and  bearing  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  its  base ;  the 
valve  is  rounded  at  its  apical  end,  in  and  on  which  it  bears 
numerous  stout  spines  directed  upwards;  the  aedoeagus  is 
simple. 

22.  Pholisora  brennus  Godman  and  Salvin^^     (Fig.  21.) 
Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  89,  fig.  23,  (1896). 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold.  Staphylus  hrennus  Godman 
and  Salvin^"*  was  described  from  two  specimens  from  Chiriqui, 
Panama,  which  were  received  from  Staudinger  with  the  manu- 
script name  hrennus  Mabille.  We  have  had  specimens  from  the 
Skinner  Collection,  in  the  Academy  Collection  for  many  years, 
marked  brennus,  Chiriqui,  Staudinger,  which  now  turn  out  to 
be  imhras,  so  the  identification  of  the  insects  of  the  Kunyon 
catch,  not  now  available,  is  doubtful,  and  the  southern  species 
whicli  crosses  the  Mexican  boundary  may  be  brennus  or  imbras. 

2»Vorh.  Z()()l.-I)()t.  OoscU.  Wicn,  xxv,  p.  116,  (1876). 

2' Biol.  Coiit.-Amcr.,  Rhopalocera,  p.  432,  pi.  89,  figs.  13,  14  d',  15  9, 
(1897). 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS 


29d 


A  free  translation  of  the  original  description  of  hrennus  follows: 

"Wings  fuscous-brown  almost  immaculate;  sparsely  scattered 
with  yellow  scales;  anteriors  with  a  hardly  paler  submarginal 
l)and,  without  hyaline  spots;  palpi  below  with  blackish  and 
yellow  scales  intermix(;d  with  the  long  vestiture." 

The  insect  was  not  figured,  but  the  name  is  fixed  by  the 
description  and  the  figure  of  the  genitalia.  We  figure  the  geni- 
talia of  both  brennus  and  imbros. 

Tiie  uncus  of  hrennus  ends  in  a  single  slender  projeittion,  and 
itself  is  incised  on  each  side;  the  scaphium  is  scarcely  developed; 
the  ventral  lobe  of  the  valve  terminates  in  a  cordate  section 
overlapping  the  ventral  portion,  rounded  apically  and  serrate 
on  its  outer  ridge;  the  aedoeagus  is  slender,  carrying  internally 
a  few  small  spines. 

Record:  Mexico,  Texola,  Vera  Cruz. 

23.  Systasea  pulverulenta  Fekler     (Fig.  23.) 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold.  A  fluted  or  incised  margin 
to  the  secondaries  is  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

22  22a.  Pholisora  imhrns  Godinan  and  Salvin  (Fig.  22.). 
Biol.  Cent.-Ainer.  Rhopalocera,  pi.  89,  fig.  28,  (189G). 
"^riu.s  .species  has  the  costal  fold. 

Staph ijlus  'i/«&ras  was  described  by  Godman  and  Salvin,  (Biol.  Cent.-Anier., 
Rhopalocera,  p.  435,  i)l.  89,  figs,  27  [o^j  29  [9],  (1897)),  from  a  considerable 
sories  from  Mexico  and  Guatemala,  the  type  presumably  from  Misantla, 
Mexico  (first  named  locality).  A  free  translation  of  the  original  Latin  des- 
crijition  follows. 

"Wings  deeply  fuscous-brown  with  an  obscure  band  hardly  noticeable; 
anteriors  without  subapical  hyaline  spots  id')',  palpi  below  ochraceous  yellow 
scales  intermixed  with  blackish. 

"  9  similar,  but  larger,  the  obscure  band  larger,  obvious  and  anteriorly 
supplied  with  three  subapical  hyaline  spots." 

They  further  state  it  is  exceedingly  like  hrennus,  but  has  rather  less  prom- 
inent joints  to  the  palpi.  Our  specimens  further  show  a  greater  expanse  for 
imbras  namely,  16  mm.,  from  thorax  to  apex  of  wing  against  14  nun.  for 
hrennus,  hayhurstii  and  ascalaphus. 

The  uncus  ends  in  a  stout  bulbous  process,  there  are  incisions  on  eatsh 
side  of  the  uncus;  the  ventral  lobe  of  the  valve,  rounded  apically,  projects 
beyond  the  discal  lobe  and  where  they  meet  the  chitin  of  both  is  convoluted; 
tlie  aedoeagus  is  simple,  somewhat  bent  in  the  middle. 

Records:  Panama,  (!atun.  Canal  Zone  (Harrowcr),  Chiriqui;  Guatemala, 
(^uirigua   (Rhoads). 

23  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Rliopalocera,  \i.  434. 

trans,  am.  ent.  .soc,  xi^vhi. 


300      MALE    GENITALIA    OF   NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 


20.  /'/(o/isora  ascoZ«p/m,s',  Corpus  Cliristi,  Texas.  (X  20.)  21.  Pholisora 
brennus,  Texola,  Mexico.  (X  20.)  22,  Pholisora  inibras,  Qwrigun,  Guate- 
mala. (X  20.)  23.  Sysiasea  ■pubcrulenta,  Corpus  Chrisli,  Texas.  (X  15.) 
24.  Xenophanes  tryxus,  Coliiria,  Mexico.  (X  IT).)  25.  Eantis  (hrnso,  Cluipada, 
Brazil.     (X   15.)- 


SKINNER   AND    WILLIAMS  301 

The  uncus  is  cleft  and  a  substantial  scaphium  is  present  at 
its  base;  the  valve  ends  in  two  somewhat  complicated  spatulate 
projections;  the  aedoeagus  in  remarkable  is  that  it  carries  inter- 
nally a  sponge-like  l^ristling  mass,  and  just  before  the  apical  end 
there  are  two  stout  projections  of  the  shape  of  a  bird's  head. 
The  congeneric  species  erosa  Hiibner  has  a  similar  aedoeagus, 
containing  the  hairy  mass  and  j^rovided  witli  a  ])air  of  stout 
hooked  spines  near  the  apex. 

Records:  Texas,  Corpus  Christi  (Aaron),  San  Antonio;  New 
Mexico,  Alamogordo,  May  (A'icrcck  and  Rehn) ;  ^Iexico, 
Sonora  (^Forrison). 

24.  Xenophanes  tryxus  Cramer     (Fig.  2-t.) 

Biol.  Ceiit.-Aiiier.,  Ilhopalocera,  pi.  85,  fig.  18,  (1895). 

This  species  has  neither  costal  fold  nor  tibial  tuft.  From 
South  America,  through  Central  America  and  Mexico,  it  enters 
our  territory  in  Texas.  Lindsey  gives  a  figure  of  the  male  in 
his  paper. -"^ 

Th(>  uncus  ])ears  a  terminal  projection  split  at  the  apex,  and 
at  the  base  l^earing  short  lobes;  the  scaphium  is  well  developed, 
carrying  two  apical  shagreened  lobes;  the  saccus  is  broad  and 
extends  well  into  the  abdomen;  the  valve  appears  to  be  truncate, 
the  apical  margin  serrate  and  bent  in  two  planes,  the  ventral 
part  carries  a  rounded,  shagreened  internal  process  near  the  base, 
and  the  dorsal  i)art  a  more  slender  denticulated  lobe  medianally; 
the  aedoeagus  contaiiis  a  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  base  and  some  near 
the  apex. 

25.  Eantis  thraso  Hiibner     (Fig.  25.) 

Biol.  Cent.-Amcr.,  Rhopaloeera,  pi.  87,  fig.  7,   (1895). 

This  species  has  neither  costal  fold  nor  tibial  tuft.  It  is  a 
soutiiern  species  entering  our  territory  in  Texas.  In  this  genus 
the  primaries  are  pointed  at  the  apex  and  just  below  there  is  a 
slight  excavation  on  the  outer  margin.  Lindsey  gives  a  figure 
of  the  male.-'' 

The  uncus  is  well  develo])f'd,  carrying  a  stout  blunt  beak,  and 
at  the  base  of  this  a  prominent  i)air  of  upright  processes  like 
rabbit-ears.     These  ears  seem  to  ])e  characteristic  of  the  genus. 

-'  ri.  I,  lig.  A. 
26 -PI.  I,  fig.  8. 

TRAN.S.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVUT. 


302       MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPBRIIDAE 

The  seaphium  is  well  developed;  the  ventral  lobe  of  the  valve 
ends  in  a  serrate,  truncate  pocket  with  some  stout  teeth;  the 
dorsal  lobe  carries  a  rod  with  fine  teeth  at  its  apex;  the  aedoeagus 
is  bent  sharply  upwards  beyond  the  middle  and  carries  a  strong 
tooth  with  several  points. 

Records:  Texas,  Corpus  Christi  (Aaron);  Mexico,  Alta 
Mira,  Tamaulipas,  October;  Brazil,  Chapada. 

26.  Ephyriades  brunnea  Herrich-Schaeffer     (Fig.  26.) 

This  species  has  the  costal  fold  but  lacks  the  tibial  tuft. 

It  is  a  West  Indian  species,  reported  from  Sugar  Loaf  Key, 
Florida.  R.  C.  Williams  caught  a  female  in  Miami,  Florida, 
February  25,  1913.  The  male  is  figured  by  Lindsey.^"  Our 
female  has  nine  hyaline  spots  on  the  primaries,  seven  of  which 
correspond  to  those  on  the  male  of  brunnea,  and  in  addition, 
one  minute  one  on  the  costa  and,  one,  a  streak,  below  the  cell. 
There  are  two  bands  and  a  basal  spot  on  the  primaries  of  a 
violet  tinge,  and  an  indistinct  band,  lighter  than  the  brown 
ground  (^olor,  on  the  secondaries. 

We  have  quite  a  series  of  hrannea  males,  and  the  females 
associated  with  them  from  lo(;alities  in  the  records  given  below. 
We  believe  the  identification  is  correct,  but  attention  is  called 
to  the  fact  that  it  is  difficult  to  separate  these  females  from  those 
which  have  been  ascribed  to  areas  Drury  (flyas  Cramer,  veJasquez 
Lucas)  i.  e.  otreus  Cramer  {zephodes  Hiibner). 

Gundhwdi-^  separates  the  females  by  the  size  of  the  hyaline 
spots,  stating  that  those  of  areas  are  larger  and  that  the  lower  or 
sub-cellular  one  in  brunnea  is  a  line,  and  in  areas  is  triangular 
or  subquadrate.  He  further  states  that  he  had  the  originals 
of  zephodes  Hiibner,  and  observed  females  of  this  form  in  coitus 
with  brunnea  in  Cuba,  and  his  friend  Klug  observed  the  same  in 
Porto  llico. 

The  Cramer  figures  of  jhjas  and  otreus  appear  on  the  same 
plate,  and  the  habitat  in  each  case  is  given  as  Surinam, — cir- 
cumstantial evidence  that  they  may  have  come  from  (he  same 
catch  and  may  be  male  and  female  of  one  specnes. 

There  are  intergradations,  however,  in  our  owji  siM'ies,  so, 
against  this  hypothesis  tliat  hriiiuica  and  (ircas^  two  very  distinct 

»«ri.  I,  fig.  10. 

"Cont.  Ent.  Cuba,  p.  142,  (18SI). 


SKINNER    AND    WILLIAMS  303 

nudes,  liavo  females  which  arc  very  simihir  and  only  se])aral)Ie 
in  their  extreme  forms  or  by  association,  is  I  lie  ])ossi])iliiy  that 
;ill  I  lie  females  menlione(l  above  belon<!;  lo  bninned.,  and  (hat 
the  female  of  (ircd.s  is  as  ye(  not  discovered  or,  if  described,  not 
])roperly  assigned. 

In  his  ])a,])ei'  on  the  r>e])id<)])t era  of  the  Isle  of  l*ines,  Holland"-^ 
calls  t he  s])(Mues  olrcn.s  with  hnuitiea  as  a  variety.  According  to 
oiir  hypothesis  bnuinea  male  is  n^presented  by  his  figure  5; 
female  l)y  figure  4,  and  tigur(^  3  might  be  the  female  of  areas. 
He  had  two  males  of  arca.s  but  associated  no  female  with  it. 

Elcctra  Lintner-^  is  also  the  female  of  hrunnen  or  areas,  ]irob- 
ably  the  former,  arriving  at  Hamilton,  Ontario,  from  the  tropics 
on  fruit,  as  Skinner  suggests.^" 

Brnnnea  and  areas  we  believe  to  be  congeneric,  and  a  com- 
parison of  the  genitalia  confirms  this  conclusion.  The  latter 
species  has,  in  addition  to  the  costal  fold,  a  tibial  tuft,  but  we 
do  not  ])elieve  that  this  difTerence  is  of  generic  importance.  We 
therefore  adopt  the  earliest  generic  name  Ephyriades  Hiibner,''^ 
of  which  otreus  is  the  first  named  species,  designated  by  Scudder'- 
as  the  type. 

The  pattern  of  the  hyaline  spots  indicat(\s  relationship  with 
Cogia,  and  the  asymmetric  valvae  conne(^ts  them  with  Thanaos. 

The  tegumen  is  peculiar  and  complicated;  it  lacks  the  hootl  or 
boniu't  of  our  previously  treated  hesperiids.  The  girdle,  yivo- 
duc(>d  lat(>rally,  extends  above  the  uncus,  which  with  its  j^ro- 
jecting  ])r()cesses  extends  downwards  almost  into  the  girdle. 
The  right  valve  is  Inroad  and  rounded  outwardly,  carrying  at  the 
ajx'x  a  spatulate  s]iined  arm;  the  left  valve  is  narrow,  long  and 
tapering  from  the  bas(>  to  the  a])ex,  ending  in  a  blunt  rod.  The 
aedoeagus  is  bent  in  the  middle  where  it  carries  a  broad  dorsal 
lobe. 

Reeards:  ("iba,  cf,  9  (Poey  Collection),  cf,  (Juantanamo, 
August,  A])ril,  9  ,  August  fliamsden);  Haiti,  (f  (Abl)ott ). 

28  Ann.  Carncfiie  AIus.,  x,  i).  oOl,  i)l.  Ml,  fifis.  ;;,   I,  and  ."),  (KtKi). 

2»Can.  Ent.,  xin,  p.  6M,  (ISSl). 

3"  Trans.  Amor.  Pint.  Soc,  xxxvii,  p.  20S,   (1911). 

3' Verz.  bek.  Schmett.,  p.  Ill,  (ISKi). 

2-  Proc.  Amer.  Acad.  Arts  and  8ci.,  x,  ]).  Ki-l,  (IS?.")]. 

TRAXS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


304      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 


2G.  Ephyriades  hrunnea,  Guantanamo,  Cuba.  27.  Chiomara  asychis, 
Corumba,  Brazil.  28.  Thanaos  gesla,  Haiti.  29.  Timocharcs  rupHfasciatus, 
Northern  Mexico?     30.  Grais  sligmaiicus,  Cliapada,  Brazil,     (all   X   H.) 


SKINXER    AND    WILLIAMS  305 

27.  Chiomara  asychis  Cramer     (Fig.  27.) 

Biol.  Ccnt.-Amer.,  lihopalocera,  pi.  91,  fig.  3,  (1899). 

This  species  lacks  the  costal  fold.  It  is  another  South  and 
Central  American  species,  crossing  the  Mexican  ])order  into 
Texas  and  Arizona. 

The  valvae  are  asymmetric  and  very  like  those  of  the  jjjenus 
Thanaos.  The  uncus  ends  in  a  short  beak;  the  scaphium  is  well 
developed,  set  with  ver,y  fine  short  hairs  outwardly;  the  girdle 
of  the  tegumen  is  not  symmetrical,  the  left  side  being  extended 
to  meet  the  shorter  valve;  the  right  valve  ends  ventrally  in  a 
spatulate  projection  extending  beyond  the  dorsal  lol^e,  the 
latter  having  a  fluted  outer  margin;  the  left  valve  ends  ventrally 
in  a  triangular  lobe  serrate  on  the  caudal  margin,  and  projecting 
beyond  the  dorsal  lobe,  the  latter  ending  in  a  projection  with  a 
round  serrate  outer  margin;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple. 

2S.  Thanaos  gesta  Herrich-Schaeffer     (Fig.  28.) 
Hiol.  Ceiit.-.Ajner.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  91,  fig.  9,  (1899). 

This  species  is  without  the  costal  fold.  It  is  from  the  West 
Indi(>s,  Central  America  and  ]\Iexico,  crossing  the  border  into 
Texas  and  Arizona.  We  believe  Lindsey  to  be  correct  in  i^lacing 
it  in  the  genus  Thanaos. 

The  uncus  ends  in  a  pair  of  hooks,  the  dorsal  ridges  of  which 
are  serrate  and  also  bear  some  small  spines,  at  the  base  of  these 
there  projects  a  second  pair  of  smooth  beaks;  the  scaphium  is 
developed  and  denticulate  outwardly;  the  right  valve  ends 
ventrally  in  a  long  slender  rod  and  dorsally  in  a  single  rounded 
projection;  the  left  valve  ends  ventrally  in  a  long  tapering  rod 
and  dorsally  in  a  double  rounded  lo])e  at  right  angles  to  the  axis; 
both  valves  have  their  dorsal  and  ajiical  areas  set  with  sharp 
spines;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple  but  sharply  curved  up  near  its 
apex. 

29.  Timochares  ruptifasciatus  Plotz     (Fig.  29.) 
Biol.   Ceiit.-Ainer.,   Rhopalocera,   pi.  88,  fig.  3,  (1890). 

This  species  has  ])oth  costal  fold  and  tibial  tuft. 

It  is  from  Mexico,  and  th(>re  is  a  pair  from  the  Ilunyon  catch, 
southwestern  Arizona  or  southeastern  California,  in  the  Academy 
Collection. 

TUAXS.   AM.   KXT.  SUC.    .\L\  UI. 


306      MALE    GENITALIA    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN    HESPERIIDAE 

The  Species  is  like  trifasciatus  Hewitson,  and  it  is  possible  that 
it  is  but  a  form  of  that  species,  though  Godman  and  Salvin 
consider  it  to  be  distinct. 

They  state  there  is  a  pale  and  a  dark  form  of  Injascialus  flying 
together  at  the  same  time  of  year  in  tolerably  equal  numbers. 
Hewitson  described  one  of  the  former  and  Godman  and  Salvin 
figure  one  of  the  latter. ^^ 

Our  limited  series  shows  the  dark  form  from  Paraguay  and 
Brazil,  and  the  pale  form  from  Mexico  and  Cuba. 

Ruptifasciotus  is  similar,  but  the  distinct  oblique  Ijands  of  the 
primaries  of  trifasciatus  are  in  this  species  or  form  replaced  by 
indistinct  and  rather  irregular  macular  bands,  and  those  of  the 
secondaries  are  broken  up  into  spots. 

The  Godman  and  Salvin  figure  of  the  genitalia  agrees  with  that 
of  our  specimens  of  trifasciatus.  We  figure  a  ruptifasciatus 
presumably  from  northern  Mexico,  and  agreeing  with  the  Runj'^on 
pair. 

The  tegumen  is  asymmetric,  the  hooded  portion  somewhat 
different  on  the  two  sides;  the  scaphium  well  developed  on  the 
left  side  is  only  a  linear  arm  on  the  right;  the  sides  of  the  girdle 
are  not  of  the  same  width;  the  saccus  is  a  mere  ring;  the  right 
valve  ends  in. a  fan-shaped  process  one  side  of  which  is  bent  at 
right  angles  to  the  other  in  nature,  and  there  is  a  conspicuous 
rod  at  the  base  (this  rod  spatulate  in  our  examples  of  trifasci- 
atus) ;  the  left  valve  ends  in  a  process  different  from  that  of  the 
right  valve  and  the  rounded  ventral  outer  margin  is  slightly 
dentate  (strongly  serrate  in  trifasciatus) ;  the  aedoeagus  is  simple, 
long  and  slender. 

30.  Grais  stigmaticus  Mabille     (Fig.  30.) 

Biol.  Ccnt.-Amer.,  Rhopalocera,  pi.  85,  fig.  26,  (lcS94). 

This  species  lacks  the  costal  fold.  It  is  a  tropical  type, 
crossing  the  border  into  Texas. 

The  uncus  ends  in  a  single  beak,  broad,  swollen  above,  lobed 
on  the  sides  below,  and  bearing  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  the  base; 
the  scaphium  is  well  developed,  smooth;  the  aedoeagus  carries 
a  sponge-like  mass  of  hairs. 

»3  PI,  88,  figs.  1  and  2. 


THEODORE    H.    FRISON  307 

SYSTEMATIC  AND  BIOLOGICAL  NOTES  ON  BUMBLEBEES 
(BREMIDAE;  HYMENOPTERAj 

BY    THEODORE    H.    FRISON 
Urbana,  Illinois 

The  present  paper  is  the  result  of  a  study  of  a  series  of  l)uml)le- 
bees  in  the  collection  of  the  author  from  Arizona,  several  speci- 
mens in  the  collections  of  the  United  States  National  JVIuseum 
and  the  Biological  Survey,  and  the  entire  collection  of  North 
American  bumblebees  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia  and  the  American  Entomological  Society.  To 
Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson,  Jr.,  Dr.  Henry  Skinner  and  Mr.  J.  A.  G. 
Rehn,  I  owe  my  sincere  thanks  for  their  many  courtesies  and  the 
privilege  of  studying  in  detail  the  types  and  collection  of  some 
twenty-eight  hundred  bumblebees  belonging  to  the  American 
Entomological  Society.  I  am  also  under  obligations  to  Mr.  S.  A. 
Rohwer  for  the  loan  of  and  notes  on  several  specimens  belonging 
to  the  United  States  National  Museum,  and  to  Mr.  Henry  L. 
Viereck  for  the  loan  of  specimens  from  the  collection  of  the 
Biological  Survey. 

For  the  sake  of  convenience  and  because  of  the  nature  of  the 
subject  matter  itself,  I  have  deemed  it  advisable  to  divide  this 
article  into  five  parts. 

A.  Descriptions  and  Notes  on  Bumblebees  from  Arizona 

Prior  to  1913  only  seven  species  of  Bremus  and  no  species  of 
Psithyrus  were  known  from  Arizona.  Recently  in  Entomological 
News,^  I  recorded  five  species  and  one  subspecies  of  Bremus.  and 
one  species  of  Psithyrus  which  were  additions  to  the  list  of  this 
state.  This  increased  the  number  of  Bremidae  known  to  occur 
in  Arizona  from  seven  to  thirteen  species.  When  this  article 
was  sent  to  press,  I  had  some  other  bumblebees  from  the  same 
state,  which  I  hesitated  to  report  upon  at  that  time  because  of 
doubt  as  to  their  specific  status.  Further  study  has  shown  these 
specimens  to  represent  two  new  varieties  of  Bremus  kirbyellus 

1  XXXII,  pp.  144-148,  (1921). 

TKANS.  A.M.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


308  NOTES   ON  BUMBLEBEES 

(Curtis),  and  one  new  variety  of  Bremus  sylvicola  (Kirby),  both 
species  being  new  records  for  Arizona. 

Bremus  kirbyellus  var.  alexanderi  new  variety 

Queen  and  worker. — Taxonomically  almost  identical  with  the  typical 
hirhyellus  (Curtis),  which  occurs  in  regions  farther  north.  Differs  slightly 
in  structure  from  the  typical  queens  of  kirbijellus  that  I  have  studied,  by 
having  a  comparatively  shortermalar  space,  a  condition  particularly  noticeable 
in  the  worker  caste.  Yellow  pile  of  mesopleura  not  extending  to  the  base  of 
the  legs,  and  with  pile  on  posterior  margin  of  this  area  entirely  black.  Meta- 
pleura  and  medium  segment  with  black  pile.  Posterior  margin  of  the  fourth 
together  with  the  entire  fifth  dorsal  abdominal  segment  ferruginous,  and  also 
the  sixth  dorsal  abdominal  segment  in  the  workers.  Legs  and  ventral  portions 
of  the  body  black,  except  that  the  tips  of  some  of  the  setae  bordering  the 
corbicula  have  a  slight  ferruginous  tinge,  particularly  pronounced  in  the  case 
of  some  workers.  Coloration  otherwise  as  in  typical  specimens  of  kirbyellus. 

Holotype. — queen,  July  11,  1917,  Patagonia  Mountains, 
Arizona.  Paratopotype  queen,  July  13,  1917.  Morphofype 
worker,  July  14,  1917,  Patagonia  Mountains,  Arizona.  Parato- 
potype workers,  one  collected  July  11,  1917,  three  on  July  13, 
1917,  and  one  on  July  14,  1917.  One  paratijpe  worker,  June  5, 
1917,  Oracle,  Arizona.  All  the  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  E.  J. 
Oslar. 

One  paratopotype  worker  deposited  in  the  collections  of  each 
of  the  following  institutions:  American  Entomological  Society, 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  United  States 
National  Museum.  Holotype  and  remaining  paratype  speci- 
mens in  the  collection  of  the  author. 

Named  in  honor  of  my  friend  Dr.  C.  P.  Alexander,  to  whom  I 
am  indebted  for  many  favors. 

The  male  of  this  variety  will  undoubtedly  be  obtained  in 
future  collections  from  this  region,  a  caste  which  may  necessitate 
the  elevation  of  this  form  from  varietal  to  specific  rank.  In 
many  respects  B.  kirbyellus  alexanderi  resembles  also  B.  polaris 
(Curtis),  another  species  of  the  same  group,  and  if  the  specimens 
were  from  Arctic  America  might  readily  pass  as  that  species. 
I  have  deemed  it  advisable  to  describe  my  specimens  as  a  variety 
of  kirbyellus  because  this  species  is  found  in  the  high  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  United  States,  whereas  polaris  is  only 
known  from  Greenland,  Labrador,  Alaska  and  other  far  northern 


THEODORE    H.    PRISON  309 

localities.  The  capture  of  the  at  present  unknown  male  of 
variety  alexanderi  will  settle  this  question  as  to  its  relationship 
with  polaris  and  kirhyelliis,  as  the  males  of  these  latter  two  species 
are  readily  separated  by  genitalic  characters. 

Bremus  kirbyellus  var.  arizonensis  new  variety 

Qvieen. — Similar  in  all  respects  to  kirbyellus  var.  alexanderi  except  that  the 
pubescence  on  the  apical  dorsal  abdominal  segments  is  entirely  black,  the 
scutellum  is  not  so  strongly  yellow,  the  yellow  pile  on  the  mesopleura  extends 
only  half  way  down  the  bases  of  the  wings  to  the  bases  of  the  legs,  and  the 
malar  space  is  slightly  shorter. 

Holotype. — queen,  July  11,  1917,  Patagonia  Mountains, 
Arizona.     Collector,  E.  J.  Oslar. 

The  holotype  queen  of  this  melanic  variety  is  in  the  collection 
of  the  author. 

The  status  of  variety  arizonensis  is  the  same  as  that  of  variet}' 
alexanderi,  and  for  the  same  reasons  as  in  the  case  of  the  latter 
variety  has  been  treated  as  most  closely  related  to  kirbyellus. 
Variety  arizonensis  will  run  to  hyperboreus  Schonherr  (  =  arc- 
ticus  Kirby)  in  Franklin's  key  to  the  buml)lebees  published  in 
1913,  a  species  restricted  to  the  northern  parts  of  Eurasia, 
Greenland  and  the  extreme  northern  jiortions  of  North  America. 
Thus  a  striking  example  of  color  homomorphism  in  different 
species  from  widely  separated  regions  is  preseiited.  These  two 
buml)l(>b(»es  are  distinctly  separated  by  the  great  difference  in 
the  length  of  the  malar  space. 

Bremus  sylvicola  var.  lutzi  new  variety 

Queen. — Taxonomically  almost  identical  with  the  typical  sylricola  (Kirby) 
found  in  Alaska  and  the  far  northern  regions.  Face  in  two  specimens  black, 
in  four  specimens  with  a  slight  amount  of  yellow  pile  on  the  very  middle 
portion.  Occiput  with  varying  amounts  of  dark  and  yellow  pile,  the  dark 
pile  dominating  in  most  specimens.  Yellow  i)ile  on  the  pleura  of  the  thorax 
not  extending  to  the  bases  of  the  legs  and  in  most  specimens  but  half  way 
down  from  the  bases  of  the  wings  to  the  bases  of  the  legs.  First  dorsal  ab- 
dominal segment  yellow,  except  basal  middle  portion  which  often  has  some 
black  pile;  second  and  third  segments  ferruginous,  with  some  black  pile  on 
their  middle  portions;  fourth  segment  yellow  with  black  pile  on  the  middle 
portion;  fifth  and  sixth  segments  almost  entirely  black. 

Holotype. — queen,  July  11,  1917,  Patagonia  ^fountains, 
Arizona.  Five  paratopotype  queens,  Jidy  11,  13  and  14,  1917, 
Patagonia  ^Mountains,  Arizona.  All  the  specimens  collected  by 
:\Ir.  E.  J.  Oslar. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC.  XLVHI. 


310  NOTES   ON   BUMBLEBEES 

One  paratopotype  queen  deposited  in  the  collections  of  each 
of  the  following  institutions:  American  Entomological  Society, 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the  United  States 
National  Museum.  Holotype  and  remaining  paratopotype 
queens  in  the  collection  of  the  author. 

I  name  this  variety  for  my  friend  Dr.  F.  E.  Lutz,  who  has  done 
a  great  deal  to  increase  our  knowledge  of  the  bumblebees. 

Variety  lutzi  differs  from  the  typical  sylvicola  from  Alaska, 
northern  Canada  and  Labrador,  as  described  by  Franklin,  as 
follows :  the  face  is  dominantly  black  as  well  as  the  lower  half  of 
the  mesopleura,  the  metapleura,  and  the  median  segment.  The 
black  pubescence  on  the  middle  dorsal  area  of  segments  two, 
three  and  four  is  often  so  pronounced  as  to  form  a  distinct  longi- 
tudinal band,  sharply  dividing  the  dominant  yellow  and  fer- 
ruginous pubescence  of  these  segments.  The  yellow  pile  is  of  a 
duller  hue  than  in  most  specimens  of  sylvicola  that  I  have  studied 
from  Alaska,  Canadian  Northwest  Territories  and  Labrador.  In 
several  specimens  of  variety  lutzi  the  pile  on  the  fourth  dorsal 
abdominal  segment  is  whitish.  Another  difference  l)etwepn  the 
typical  sylvicola  and  variety  lutzi  is  that  in  the  former  the  fifth 
dorsal  abdominal  segment  usually  has  some  yellow  pile,  whereas 
in  the  latter  this  segment  is  entirely  black  or  mainly  so.  Variety 
lutzi  also  differs  from  the  melanic  variety  johanseni  Sladen  of 
sylvicola,  described  in  1919,  in  having  a  greater  amount  of  yellow 
pile  on  the  upper  portion  of  the  pleura  of  the  thorax,  and  the  fourth 
dorsal  abdominal  segment  being  largely  yellow.  Variety  johan- 
seni is  known  only  from  the  type  localities  of  Bernard  Harbour, 
Northwest  Territories,  Coronation  Gulf  and  Herschel  Island, 
Yukon  Territory. 

I  am  considering  lutzi  to  l)e  a  variety  of  sylvicola  on  (he  basis 
of  the  color  pattern  and  structural  characters  presented  by  the 
queens.  There  is  a  possibility,  however,  that  lutzi  may  prove 
to  be  a  southern  species  of  the  sylvicola  comjilex.  Males  are 
needed  to  decide  definitely  this  problem  of  systematic-  position. 

The  presence  of  a  variety  of  sylvicola  or  a  mein])er  of  the 
sylvicola  c()in])lcx  in  Arizona  exiends  ('onsideral)ly  tli(>  soulhward 
range  of  this  speci(\s,  and  reopens  the  discussion  as  to  th(>  presence 
of  sylvicola  in  the  United  States.  The  first^  record  of  this  s])ecies 
from  the  United  States  is  that  of  Cresson  in  1S79,  wIumi  he  listed 


THEODORE   II.    PRISON  311 

this  bumblebee  from  Colorado.  Since  then  both  Cockerell  and 
Titus  have  listed  this  species  from  the  same  state.  Franklin 
omits  Cockerell's  record  of  1893,  but  Lutz  and  Cockerell  have 
assigned  this  record  to  melanopygua  Nylander.  Franklin  dis- 
posed of  the  1902  record  of  Titus  as  questionably  referring  to 
7nelanopygus,  and  says  that  sylvicotn  "does  not  appear  to  be 
present  in  the  United  States  and  is  strictly  a  Boreal  form." 
The  same  record  was  also  questioned  by  Cockerell  in  1907,  when 
he  stated  that  he  believed  the  apex  of  sylvicola  was  not  bL'u^k, 
the  alternative  through  which  it  was  keyed  l)y  Titus.  The  apex 
of  sylvicola,  however,  is  black  or  mainly  so,  which  is  an  indication 
that  the  record  of  Titus  is  correct.  Titus  states  that  all  his 
specimens  of  this  species  were  identified  for  him  by  Ashmead, 
and  that  "It  is  certainly  a  distinct  high  Alpine  species."  The 
case  in  proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  record  by  Titus  is  also 
strengthened  when  we  consider  that  Ashmead  in  the  same  year 
pul)lished  his  account  of  the  Hymenoptera  of  Alaska.  Though 
Ashmead  frequently  confused  certain  species  of  bumblebees,  he 
correctly  distinguished  some  specimens  of  melonopygus  and 
sylvicola  in  this  Alaskan  collection,  as  Franklin  indicates  in  his 
species  bibliography  and  a  personal  study  of  some  of  these  speci- 
mens shows.  Therefore,  it  seems  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
he  did  not  incorrectly  identify  the  same  species  from  Colorado 
specimens.  In  1911,  Friese  gave  the  varietal  name  flavicollis  to 
a  species  he  called  lapponicus  from  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 
Lutz  and  Cockerell  consider  flavicollis  to  be  a  variety  of  sylvicola, 
the  nearest  relative  of  lapponicus  in  North  America.  Ilecently, 
I  had  the  opportunity  to  study  two  specimens  of  sylvicola  be- 
longing to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Both  of 
these  specimens  were  obtained  by  the  Museum  from  Friese  and 
labeled  by  him  lapponicus  var.  flavicollis.  As  these  two  speci- 
mens prove  to  be  nearly  typical  sijlvicola,  the  use  oi  flavicollis  as  a 
varietal  name  is  questionable.  One  of  the  specimens  is  from 
Labrador  and  the  other  from  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  the  type 
locality  of  lapponicus  var.  flavicollis  Friese.  In  the  bumblebee 
collection  of  the  Bureau  of  Biological  Survey  there  are  many 
specimens  of  sylvicola,  collected  in  Colorado  at  high  altitudes  by 
Mr.  L.  0.  Jackson.     I  possess  three  workers  and  two  males  of 

TKANS.   AM.   ENT.   SOC,   XLVIII. 


312  NOTES  ON  BUMBLEBEES 

this  species  collected  by  Mr.  E.  J.  Oslar  at  San  Miguel  and  Clear 
Creek,  Colorado.  In  the  collection  of  the  American  Entomo- 
logical Society  are  queens  of  this  species  which  are  from  Colorado, 
and  it  is  likely  that  these  are  the  specimens  on  which  Cresson's 
record  of  1879  is  based.  In  view  of  the  records  just  given,  the 
occurrence  of  a  variety  of  sylvicola  in  Arizona  is  not  remarkable, 
and  the  species  probably  occurs  in  most  of  the  high  mountain 
ranges  of  the  western  United  States. 

Bremus  pleuralis  Nylander 

This  species  is  represented  from  Arizona  by  one  queen,  col- 
lected by  Mr.  E.  J.  Oslar,  in  the  Patagonia  Mountains,  Arizona, 
on  July  11,  1919. 

I  have  carefully  compared  this  specimen  with  queens  and 
workers  of  'pleuralis  in  the  United  States  National  Museum  and 
the  American  Entomological  Society,  collected  by  T.  Kincaid 
on  the  Harriman  Alaskan  Expedition  of  1899.  In  coloration, 
except  for  the  triangular  patch  of  black  hairs  extending  down- 
wards on  the  basal  dorsal  portion  of  abdominal  segments  one 
and  two,  and  the  more  yellow  scutellum  and  mesopleura,  it  re- 
minds one  of  kirbyeUus  var.  arizotiensis.  Structural  differences, 
such  as  the  carinate  hypopygium,  length  of  the  malar  space,  and 
strictly  tridentate  type  of  mandibles,  readily  serve  to  distinguish 
pleuralis  from  kirbyeUus  var.  arizonensis.  Cockerell's  record  of 
pleiiralis  from  the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan  in  1916  is 
certainly  wrong.  His  statement  that  the  specimen  he  question- 
ably determined  as  pleuralis  cannot  be  a  melanic  variety  of 
B.  consimilis  {=  vagans],  because  of  ''the  malar  space  being 
too  short,  "likewise  prohibits  it  from  heingpleuralis.  In  pleuralis 
the  malar  space  is  comparatively  almost  as  long  as  that  of 
vagans.  Cockerell  says  also  that  the  general  coloration  of  the 
specimen  is  like  that  of  vagans,  whereas  pleuralis  usually  has  a 
triangular  patch  of  black  pile  on  the  dorsal  middle  portion  of 
abdominal  segments  one  and  two,  a  condition  not  encountered 
in  vagans.  I  have  studied  a  large  series  of  bumblebees  from 
various  parts  of  Michigan,  and  am  inclined  to  believe  that  the 
pleuralis  listed  by  ('ockerell  from  that  state  is  a  worker  of  the 
variable  and  oftentimes  puzzling  buml)lebee  so  well  named 
perplexus  by  Cresson.  The  melanic  coiKhtion  r(»ferred  to,  the 
"general   coloration"   of   vagans   and    (he    "abdomen   entirely 


THEODORE   H.    FRISOJsT  313 

black-haired  beyond  the  second  segment,"  as  well  as  statements 
relative  to  the  length  of  the  malar  space,  all  strengthen  my 
supposition  that  Cockerell's  Michigan  record  is  to  be  referred 
to  B.  perplexus.  B.  perplexus  is  very  common  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Michigan  and,  strange  to  say,  is  not  recorded  by  Cock- 
erell  along  with  the  other  bumblebees  common  to  that  general 
region.  Varieties  of  rufocinctus  Cresson  occasionally  approach 
vagans  and  perplexus  in  coloration,  but  the  extremely  short 
malar  space,  the  tendency  of  the  hypopygium  to  be  carinate  and 
the  position  of  the  ocelli  are  all  characters  which  serve  to  dis- 
tinguish rufocinctus  under  such  conditions.  Cockerell  mentions 
that  the  malar  space  of  his  specimen  is  longer  than  that  of 
affinis  Cresson,  which  indicates  that  it  is  not  rufocinctus.  The 
hypopygium  of  pleuralis  likewise  has  a  pronounced  carina,  a 
character  not  mentioned  by  Cockerell  as  possessed  by  his 
Michigan  specimen. 

According  to  Mr.  Oslar,  the  bumblebees  labelled  "Patagonia 
Mountains,  Arizona,"  were  found  feeding  on  the  blossoms 
of  wild  blackberry  and  mesquite  at  altitudes  from  5,500  to 
6,000  feet.  The  presence  of  members  of  the  Kirhyellus  Group 
in  Arizona,  as  recorded  above,  gives  that  state  representa- 
tives of  all  the  known  American  Groups  of  Bremus  and  one  of 
the  three  American  Groups  of  Psithyrus.  This  state  has  there- 
fore a  varied  bumblebee  fauna,  which  is  correlated  with  the 
diverse  ecological  conditions  existing  in  various  parts  of  the 
state.  Because  of  the  occurrence  of  so  many  species  of  true 
bumblebees,  other  species  of  the  genus  Psithyrus  besides  craiv- 
fordi  Franklin  will  undou]>tcdly  l)e  found  there. 

B.  The  Description  of  the  Worker  and  Male  of  Bremus 

FRANKLINI  FrISON,  AND  THE  CoRRECT  SyNONYMY  OF 

Psithyrus  kodiakensis  Ashmead 

Bremus  franklini  Prison 

This  species  was  originally  described  in  the  Entomological 
News  for  1921,  from  two  specimens  of  the  (jueens,  both  collected 
at  Nogales,  Arizona.  Since  then,  I  hav'e  had  the  opportunity  of 
studying  specimens  belonging  to  the  United  States  National 
Museum  which  I  consider  to  ])e  th(>  other  castes  of  this  species. 

TRANS.  AM.   ENT.  SOC,   XLVIII. 


314  NOTES   ON   BUMBLEBEES 

Worker. — Face  with  black  and  whitish-yellow  pile  intermixed,  the  black 
pile  dominant.  Occipital  orbits  dark,  somewhat  coarsely  and  densely  punctate. 
Occiput  with  a  triangular  patch  of  nearly  pure  whitish-yellow  pile.  Labrum 
with  tubercle-like  areas  large  and  well  separated,  coarsely  punctate;  shelf -like 
projection  about  one-third  as  broad  as  labrum;  pile  on  anterior  margin 
ferruginous.  Mandible  four-toothed,  with  numerous  minute  coarse  scattered 
punctures;  setae  on  distal  portion  short,  on  lower  proximal  margin  long, 
ferruginous.  Clypeus  well  punctate,  particularly  so  in  anterior  and  posterior 
corners.  Malar  space  somewhat  shorter  than  its  width  at  articulation  of 
mandible,  about  one-half  as  long  as  greatest  width  of  and  one-fifth  length 
of  eye,  nearly  impunctate,  polished.  Ocelli  situated  just  above  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  vertex;  lateral  ocelli  as  far  distant  from  each  other  as  distant 
from  inner  margin  of  the  eye;  area  just  laterad  of  lateral  ocelli  impunctate, 
polished,  but  becoming  well  punctate  again  near  inner  margin  of  the  eye. 
Flagellum  about  one  and  three-fourths  tunes  as  long  as  the  scape;  third 
antennal  segment  longer  than  the  fifth,  the  fifth  a  trifle  longer  than  the 
fourth. 

Thorax  with  dorsal  cephalic  portion  covered  with  pure  yellow  pile,  the 
yellow  pile  extending  (except  for  a  little  black  pile  on  the  middle  of  its  posterior 
border)  caudad  to  the  cephalic  margin  of  the  scutellum.  Scutellum  with 
pure  black  pile.  Disk  of  mesonotum  bare,  impunctate  and  polished.  Meso- 
pleura,  except  for  the  yellow  pile  of  dorsum  slightly  extending  down  below  the 
level  of  the  bases  of  the  wings,  black.  Pile  on  the  metapleura  and  propodeum 
black. 

Abdomen  with  the  pile  on  the  first  four  dorsal  segments  entirely  black,  the 
fifth  and  sixth  dorsal  segments  with  a  slight  touch  of  light  pile  on  their  lat  eral 
margins.     Venter  brownish-black.     Hypopygium  without  a  median  carina. 

Legs  black,  but  with  some  light  ferruginous  short  setae  on  tarsal  segments. 
Corbicular  fringes  black.     Hind  metatarsi  distinctly  arcuate. 

Wings  very  dark,  with  a  slight  violaceous  reflection. 

Length,  14  mm.;  spread  of  wings,  31  mm.;  width  of  abdomen  at  second 
segment,  7  mm. 

Morphotype  worker,  Oregon.  (Collector,  C.  F.  Baker.)  De- 
posited in  the  collection  of  the  United  States  National  IMuseum. 

Male.  Face  with  pure  yellow  pile  below  and  with  intermixed  black  and 
whitish-yellow  pile  above  the  articulation  of  the  antermae.  Occiputal  orbits 
mostly  with  dark  pile,  but  that  on  posterior  portion  somewhat  yellowish, 
coarsely  and  densely  punctate.  Occiput  with  a  triangular  jiatch  of  pure 
light  yellow  pile.  Malar  space  slightly  longer  than  its  width  at  articulation 
of  mandible,  about  one-half  as  long  as  greatest  width  of  and  one-fourth  length 
of  the  eye.  Ocelli  situated  just  above  the  narrowest  part  of  the  vertex; 
lateral  ocelli  as  far  distant  from  each  other  as  from  the  inner  margin  of  the 
eye.  Flagellum  about  two  and  two-thirds  times  as  long  as  the  scape;  third 
and  fifth  antennal  segments  subequal  in  length,  the  fourth  nuich  shorter  than 
either. 


THEODORfc  H.    PRISON  315 

Thorax  with  dorsal  cephalic  portion  covered  with  pure  yellow  pile,  the 
yellow  pile  extending  (except  for  a  little  black  pile  on  the  middle  of  its  posterior 
border)  caudad  to  the  cephalic  margin  of  the  scutellmn.  Scutelkmi  with 
pure  black  pile.  Disk  of  the  mesonotum  bare,  impunctate  and  polished. 
Mesopleura,  except  for  the  yellow  pile  of  dorsum  slightly  extending  down 
below  the  level  of  the  bases  of  the  wings,  black.  Metapleura  and  propodeum 
with  black  pile. 

Abdomen  with  pile  on  the  first  four  dorsal  segments  entirely  black;  fifth, 
sixth  and  seventh  segments  with  anterior  portion  black  and  posterior  portion 
(particularly  the  sixth  and  seventh  segments)  a  pale  brownish-yellow.  Venter 
brownish-black,  with  light  pile  particularly  noticeable  on  the  posterior  margins 
of  the  second,  third  and  fourth  segments.  Genitalia  of  the  same  general  type 
as  in  the  other  members  of  the  Terrestris  group  (Radoszkowski)  in  the  United 
States. 

Legs  mostly  black,  but  with  a  large  number  of  short  ferruginous  setae  on 
the  tarsal  segments  and  a  slight  amount  of  long  light  pile  on  the  trochanters 
and  hind  femora.  Outer  aspect  of  hind  tibia  slightly  convex,  smooth,  polished; 
corbicular  fringes  black,  slightly  tinged  with  ferruginous  at  distal  ends. 

Wings  very  dark,  with  a  slight  violaceous  reflection. 

Length,  15  mm.;  spread  of  wings,  35  mm.;  width  of  abdomen  at  second 
segment,  7.5  mm. 

Allotype. — male,  Oregon.  (Collector,  C.  F.  Baker.)  Depos- 
ited in  the  collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum. 

The  discovery  of  the  male  and  the  worker  castes  of  Br  emus 
franklini  Prison  confirms  my  previous  supposition,  based  on  the 
characters  presented  by  the  queen,  that  this  species  is  a  member 
of  the  Teirestr is  Group  (Radoszkowski)  and  most  closely  related  to 
Bremiis  occidentalis  Greene.  It  may  readily  be  separated  from 
the  latter  species,  as  pointed  out  in  Entomological  News  of  1921,2 
by  the  marked  differences  in  the  color  pattern  of  the  thorax,  api- 
cal abdominal  segments,  whitish-yellow  pile  of  the  occiput,  vio- 
laceous wings  and  darker  corbicular  fringes.  Though  Bremus 
franklini  was  described  from  Arizona,  I  am  regarding  the  male 
and  worker  described  here  as  being  this  species  on  the  Isasis  of 
the  close  agreement  in  structural  and  colorational  characters. 
The  absence  of  specimens  of  this  species  in  the  very  large  series 
of  lniml)lel)ees  I  have  examined  in  various  collections,  indicates 
that  Bremu.-;  franklini  is  one  of  our  rarer  species  of  this  witlely 
distributed  genus. 

Bremus  kirbyellus  (Curtis). 

In  1902,  Ashmead  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Washingtcm  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences  described  two  male  1)uml)lebees  under  the  name 

2  Page  48. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


316  NOTES  ON  BUMBLEBEES 

of  Psithyrus  kodiakensis.  Since  that  time  the  true  status  of  this 
species  has  remained  in  doubt  and  has  caused  considerable 
confusion.  Franklin  in  1912  considered  P.  kodiakejisis  as  the 
male  of  Breynus  kvncaidii,  described  by  Cockerell  from  the 
Pribilof  Islands,  in  1898.  In  a  recent  paper  on  the  "Hymenop- 
terous  Insects  of  the  Family  Bremidae  from  the  Pribilof  Islands, 
Alaska,"  1921,  I  questioned  the  correctness  of  the  synonymy  as 
given  by  Franklin,  based  on  the  geographical  distribution  of 
the  two  forms  in  question,  and  the  lack  of  additional  records  for 
kincaidii  in  Alaska.  In  a  still  later  paper  in  the  Entomological 
News  for  1922, 1  reported  on  a  study  of  the  male  of  kincaidii  from 
a  specimen  collected  on  St.  Paul  Island  of  the  Pribilof  Group. 
As  there  is  every  evidence  to  believe  that  only  one  species  of 
bumblebee  occurrs  on  the  Pribilof  Islands,  this  specimen  was 
extremely  valuable  to  me  from  a  comparative  standpoint.  More 
recently  still  I  have  made  a  detailed  study  of  the  paratype  male 
of  kodiakensis  and  drawings  of  the  claspers  of  the  type  male,  and 
compared  these  with  a  male  of  kincaidii  from  the  Pribilof 
Islands.  Both  the  type  and  paratype  males  prove  to  be  kirby- 
ellus  (Curtis),  a  species  of  common  occurrence  in  Alaskan  col- 
lections, and  therefore  kincaidii  is  still  to  be  considered  as 
endemic  to  the  Pribilof  Islands.  Dr.  G.  Dallas  Hanna  even 
presents  evidence  to  show  that  the  latter  species  is  "confined 
solely  to  St.  Paul  Island  of  the  Pribilof  Group."  I  know  of  no 
other  species  of  bumblebee  with  such  a  restricted  distri])ution. 
Confusion  concerning  the  true  status  of  what  Ashmead  named 
kodiakensis  has  been  due,  no  doul)t,  to  the  fact  these  specimens 
are  somewhat  aberrant  in  color  from  the  usual  type  of  kirbyclhis. 
Structural  differences  are  available,  however,  in  this  instance 
for  a  correct  conception  of  the  species.  Lutz  and  Cockerell  in 
their  recent  check-list  also  deem  it  probable  that  kodiakensis  is 
synonymous  with  kirhyellus  and  not  kincaidii. 

C.  Changes  in  Nomenclature  and   Synonymy  based  prin- 
cipally ON  A  Study  of  Specimens  and  Types  in  the 
Collections    of    the    Academy    of    Natural 
Sciences  of  Philadelphia  and  the  Ameri- 
can   Entomological    Society 

Bretuus  polaris  (Curtis)  and  hyperboreus  (Schonherr) 

In  the  Proceedings  of  (he  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  for 
1892,  Mr.  William  J.  Fox  pul)lished  a  report  on  some  Ilymenop- 


Theodore  ii.  prison  317 

tera  collected  in  West  Greenland.  In  this  paper  B.  nivalis 
(Dahlbom),  B.  hyperboreus  (Schonherr),  B.  derhatneUu.s  (Illiger) 
and  Bremus  species  are  recorded.  A  careful  study  of  tliese  speci- 
mens establishes  the  fact  that  all  of  them  belong  to  two  species, 
hyperboreus  and  polari.s  (Curtis).  Lutz  and  Cockerell  (1921) 
wrongly  placed  under  B.  Jrigidufi  (F.  Smith)  Fox's  record  for 
derhameUus  from  Greenland.  Franklin  undoubtedly  over- 
looked this  record  as  he  makes  no  mention  of  the  same.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  specific  name  derhameUus,  which  apphes  to  a 
European  species  not  a  member  of  our  fauna,  can  be  stricken 
from  our  American  list.  The  record  of  nivalis  by  Fox  was 
doubtfully  considered  by  Franklin,  in  1912,  as  pertaining  to 
kirbyellus,  but  all  of  the  specimens  studied  by  Fox  belong  to 
polaris  with  t.he  exception  of  the  specimens  of  hyperboreus. 
The  results  of  my  study  of  these  Greenland  species  is  quite  in 
keeping  with  my  opinion  that  only  two  species  of  bumblebees 
occur  in  Greenland,  namely,  hyperboreus  and  polaris.  The 
European  references  to  kirbyellus  as  present  in  Greenland  prob- 
ably all  refer  to  polaris.  Whether  the  form  w^e  call  kirbyellus 
trom  the  northern  regions  and  high  altitudes,  and  which  has  a 
more  westerly  distribution  than  polaris,  is  identical  with  the 
species  listed  by  the  same  name  in  Siberia  and  northern  Europe 
remains  for  future  solution. 

Bremus  edwardsii  (Cresson)  and  bifarius  (Cresson) 

In  his  monograph  of  the  bumblebees,  in  1912,  Franklin  placed 
B.  bifarius  (Cresson)  in  the  synonymy  of  B.  edwardsii  (Cresson). 
A  thorough  study  of  the  lectotype  worker  of  edwardsii  from 
California,  as  well  as  several  workers  and  allotypes  from  the 
same  locality,  prove  this  to  be  the  form  Franklin  described  as 
new  under  the  name  of  B.  fernaldi.  The  name  edwardsii  should 
therefore  be  the  name  used  for  the  species  redescribed  by  Frank- 
lin, as  it  has  priority.  Likewise,  because  of  this  change,  the 
name  bifarius  must  be  adopted  for  the  species  Franklin  lists  as 
edwardsii. 

Several  characters  are  present  in  the  lectotype  worker  of 
edwardsii  which  prohibit  it  from  being  considered  the  same  as 
Cresson's  type  of  bifaiius.  The  ])()sterior  border  of  the  ])lack 
l)and  Ix'tween  the  wings  is  straight.  \\w  corbicular  fringes  are 
black,  Ihe  malar  space  is  i)ro])ortioiially  longer  than  in  bifarius, 

TKAXS.   AM.   KNT.   80C.,   XLVUI. 


318  isroTtes  on  bumblSbeSs 

and  there  is  a  slight  difference  in  the  shape  of  the  hind  meta- 
tarsus. The  points  of  difference  just  stated  are  the  points  of 
difference  existing  between  FrankHn's  fernaldi  and  what  he  calls 
edwardsii.  It  is  also  desirable  to  add  that  the  allotype  males  of 
edwardsii  have  longer  antennae  than  do  males  of  bifarius  and 
that  they  exhibit  also  a  slight  difference  in  the  form  of  the  geni- 
talia. This  difference  in  the  length  of  the  antennae  is  also  ap- 
parent in  Franklin's  description  oi  fernaldi  and  edwardsii.  There 
is  a  variety  of  bifarius  which  closely  resembles  what  must  now 
be  called  edwardsii  {  =  fernaldi  Franklin),  which  was  described 
as  nearcticus  by  Handlirsch  in  1888.  Undoubtedly  this  has  been 
the  cause  of  the  present  confusion.  It  is  very  probable  that 
Cresson  mixed  the  variety  nearcticus  of  bifarius  with  bis  own 
species  edwardsii,  as  he  gives  the  distribution  of  edwardsii  as 
California  and  Colorado.  I  have  never  seen  a  specimen  of  true 
edwardsii  from  Colorado.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  noted 
that  Fowler  listed  edwardsii  from  California,  and  that  Franklin 
later  considered  this  record  as  pertaining  to  his  species  fernaldi. 
In  the  light  of  the  present  evidence,  Fowler  determined  this 
species  correctly. 

Bremus  flavifrons  (Cresson) 

A  study  of  the  lectotype  male  and  paratype  male  of  B.  flavi- 
frons (Cresson),  both  of  which  bear  the  label "R.  A."  (Russian 
America),  shows  that  neither  specimen  is  the  same  as  the  spe- 
cies now  going  by  the  name  of  flavifrons  and  answering  the 
description  of  that  species  as  redescribed  by  Franklin  in  1912. 
Instead,  these  specimens  are  males  of  B.  pleura  Us  (Nylander). 
Both  these  last-named  species  and  B.  centralis  (Cresson)  are 
very  closely  related,  but  sufficiently  distinct  to  be  considered  as 
species.  The  presence  of  a  definite  black  band  between  the 
wings  is  a  decided  characteristic  of  pleuraUs,  as  well  as  the  ])ure 
3^ellow  character  of  the  pubescence  anterior  to  the  black  thoracic 
band.  On  specimens  which  I  consider  to  be  males  of  flavifrons, 
the  anterior  dorsal  part  of  the  thorax  bears  a  mixture  of  l)lack 
and  yellow  pubescence;  thus  agreeing  in  this  res])ect  with  the 
queens  and  workers  of  the  same  species.  The  ])araty])e  male 
also  has  a  considerable  amou^it  of  ferruginous  ])ubescen('e  on 
the  fifth  dorsal  segment,  a  condition   which  occurs  in  a   male 


Theodore  h.  frison  310 

variety  of  pleuralis  from  Alaska.  The  specimens  described 
as  alaskensis  and  dimidiatus  by  Ashmead  in  his  report  on  the 
Hymenoptera  taken  by  the  Harriman  Alaskan  Expedition  in 
1902  are,  as  stated  by  Franklin,  the  species  called  flavlfrons. 
I  wish,  however,  to  recognize  Ashmead's  name  dimidiatus 
as  a  varietal  name  for  the  specimens  of  this  species  lacking 
ferruginous  pubescence  on  the  third  and  fourtii  dorsal  alxlominal 
segments. 

The  fact  that  the  male  selected  as  the  lectotype  of  flavifrons 
belongs  to  another  species  is  unfortunate,  but  does  not  offer 
sufficient  grounds  for  considering y/ay?/ro/;.s  as  synonymous  with 
pleuralis.  Cresson's  original  description  of  the  queen  oi  flavifrons 
in  1863,  certainly  applies  to  the  species  we  have  been  calling 
flavifrons.  His  description  of  the  male,  which  follows  the  de- 
scriptions of  the  queen  and  worker,  indicate,  however,  that  it 
was  based  upon  specimens  of  pleuralis.  As  there  is  no  means 
of  proving  that  the  lectotype  and  paratype  males  ])earing  the 
label  "R.  A."  are  from  the  type  locality,  "Ft.  Youcon,  Arctic 
America,"  it  is  advisable  to  retain  the  name  flavifrons. 

The  determinations  of  males  Ijelonging  to  the  above  species 
has  been  a  constant  source  of  perplexity  to  persons  engaged  in 
the  determination  of  bumblebees.  In  this  connection  it  seems 
well  to  note  that  the  presence  of  a  sharply  defined  black  band  on 
the  dorsum  of  the  tliorax  ])etween  the  wings  in  a  male  of  this 
complex  denotes  pleuralis;  a  mixture  of  black  and  yellow  pu- 
bescence on  the  anterior  dorsal  portion  of  the  thorax,  flavifrons; 
dorsum  of  thorax  mostly  pure  yellow,  except  for  a  very  poorly 
defined  black  band  between  wings,  centralis;  and  sitkensis  as 
descril)ed  by  Franklin.  The  length  of  the  malar  space  in  all 
castes  is  longer  in  flavifrons  than  in  centralis. 

A  study  of  two  cotype  workers  of  B.  and)iguus  (Franklin) 
convinces  me  that  amhiguus  is  merely  a  slight  color  variety  of 
flavifrons.  The  malar  space  in  both  cotyi)es  is  considerably 
longer  than  the  length  of  the  malar  space  in  specimens  of  sitkensis 
(Nylander),  thus  agreeing  in  this  res[)ect  with  flavifrons. 
Franklin  considered  amhiguus  as  most  closely  allied  to  sitkensis. 
It  is  to  be  noted  also  that  the  pubescence  of  ambiguus  is  short, 
another  attribute  oi  flavifrons.       In  sitkensis  the  pubescence  is 

THANS.   AM.   ENT,  SOC,   XLVUI. 


320  NOTES   ON   BUMBLEBEES 

very  long  and  shaggy.  The  arrangement  of  the  setal  punctures 
about  the  ocelli  also  bears  out  the  view  of  the  closer  affinity  of 
amhiguus  with  flavifrons  as  compared  with  sitkensis,  in  fact  so 
closely  do  the  two  agree  that  I  consider  amhiguus  to  be  but  a 
color  variety  of  flavifrons. 

Studies  of  representatives  of  all  North  American  species  of  the 
Pratorum  Group  show  that  centralis,  flavifrons,  pleuralis  and 
sitkensis  form  a  small  complex  of  their  own  within  this  large, 
quite  generally  distributed  group. 

Bremus  americanorum  (Fabricius) 

There  has  been  repeated  discussion  concerning  what  species  of 
bumblebee  DeGeer  described,  in  1773,  by  the  name  pennsylvan- 
icus.  Franklin  came  to  the  conclusion  that  americanorum,  of 
Fabricius  (1775)  was  synonymous  with  pennsylvanicus,  the 
latter  having  priority.  The  correctness  of  this  interpretation 
has  recently  been  questioned  by  Robertson  (1920)  and  ameri- 
canorum is  the  name  now  used  by  Lutz  and  Cockerell  (1920). 
A  careful  study  of  DeGeer's  description  and  figure,  and  the 
arguments  pro  and  con,  convinces  me  that  DeGeer  described  the 
species  we  are  now  calling /ery{rf?/s.  The  fact  that  the  scutellum 
is  stated  by  DeGeer  to  be  yellow,  and  is  so  illustrated,  is  an  ar- 
gument in  favor  of  ■pennsylvanicus  being  synonymous  with 
ferv'idus.  Franklin  has  called  attention  to  this,  but  adds  that 
such  a  condition  is  sometimes  found  in  specimens  of  auricomus 
(Robertson)  and  americanorum.  This,  however,  is  the  exception 
and  not  the  rule.  The  same  type  of  argument  on  the  basis  of 
color  characters  might  be  used  to  refute  some  of  the  views  ad- 
vanced by  Franklin  that  the  species  is  not  fervidus.  In  De- 
Geer's description  he  stated  in  one  place  that  the  abdomen  is 
entirely  yellow  above,  except  at  its  extremity  where  the  last 
segments  are  black.  If  the  yellow  pubescence  of  the  abdomen 
was  restricted  to  but  a  portion  of  the  first  and  the  entire  second 
and  third  dorsal  abdominal  segments,  why  such  a  statement  as 
this?  Franklin  says  the  figure  "represents  a  female  with  the 
black  pile  running  up  on  the  mesoplcura  nearly  to  the  level  of  the 
bases  of  the  wings,"  and  accordingly  the  species  can  not  be 
fervidus.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  figure  shows  the  basal  seg- 
ments of  the  legs  drawn  up  rather  closely  to  the  body,  and  as 


THEODORE   H.    PRISON  321 

these  are  black  the  true  color  of  the  mesoph^ura  is  obliterated, 
and  instead  the  black  of  the  legs  is  depicted.  I  see  no  more 
justification  for  assuming  DeGeer's  species  to  be  aun'comus 
than  for  calling  it  pennsylvanicus. 

However,  because  of  the  fact  that  there  is  no  ai)solute  certainty 
as  to  which  species  pennsylvanicus  refers,  without  recourse  to  the 
type,  I  have  adopted  the  term  americanorum  for  what  Franklin 
calls  pe?ins7jhanicus.  This  is  the  position  taken  by  Lutz  and 
Cockerell,"  as  the  identity  of  the  latter  [petuisylvonicus]  is  too 
uncertain." 

Psithyrus  fernaldae  Franklin 

A\'hen  Franklin  first  described  this  species  of  Fsifhyni.s,  in  1911, 
he  described  also  in  the  same  article  a  male  of  Psithyrus  by  the 
name  tricolor.  At  this  time  Franklin  thought  it  very  probable 
that  tricolor  was  the  male  oi  fernaldnc ,  as  ho  says  "I  am  strongly 
of  the  opinion  that  fernaldae  is  the  female  of  tricolor.''  There 
were  several  reasons  for  this  assumption.  In  the  first  i)laGe, 
both  tricolor  and  fernaldae  were  in  many  ways  structurally  unique 
among  the  other  Psithyrus.  In  both  cases  the  opposite  sex  was 
unknown,  a  condition  which  might  readily  be  interpreted  to  in- 
dicate that  they  were  the  same  species,  but  opposite  sexes. 
Again,  the  distribution  of  tricolor  and  ferunldac  corrcspond(Hl  in 
many  places.  In  some  localities,  however,  one  form  was  known 
and  not  the  other,  and  Franklin  ]iarticularly  stresses  the  fact 
that  'tricolor  has  been  taken  in  Colorado  while  fernaldae  has 
not."  Recently  I  found  a  specimen  of  P.  fernaldae  from  Color- 
ado in  a  collection  of  bumblebees  sent  me  for  study  by  Mr.  H.  L,_ 
Viereck.  This  specimen  was  colle(  ted  at  Duck  Lake,  (Irant, 
Colorado,  on  July  17,  191(5,  at  ;in  allifude  of  1 1 ,000  fVot,  by 
Mr.  L.  ().  Jackson.  In  view  of  this  record  and  the  adiHtioual 
ones  given  in  another  i)art  of  this  jjajier,  it  seems  advisabh'  to 
drop  the  name  tricolor  and  consider  this  mah'  as  the  o])])osite 
sex  oi  fernaldae. 

Psithyrus  insularis  (  F.  Smith) 

In  1920,  Bequaert  listed  both  /'.  insularis  and  /■".  considtus 
Fraidvlin,  from  Alaska.  In  this  connection  the  statement  of 
Franklin  that  cojisnJtus"  is  most  i)robal'l.\'  the  male  of  J^.  in- 
sularis''  was   mentioned.      In    19b"),    Shiden   published   a   siiort 

TIi.\\.S.  AM.    lONT.   SOe.,   XLVIII. 


322  NOTES   ON   BUMBLEBEES 

article  recording  the  capture  of  P.  insularis  in  a  nest  of  Brenius 
flavifrons  (Cresson).  As  males  of  P.  consultus  were  found  in  this 
nest,  ample  evidence  was  provided  that  consultus  was  the  male 
of  insularis.  Lutz  and  Cockerell  (1921)  have  wisely  dropped 
the  name  consultus  and  list  under  insularis  all  records  referring 
to  the  former  species. 

Psithyrus  variabilis  (Cresson) 

A  specimen  contained  in  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  presents  evidence  that  P.  hicolor 
Cockerell  is  but  a  color  variety  of  P.  imriahilis  (Cresson).  The 
specimen  in  question  is  a  female  and  was  collected  on  June  16, 
1902,  at  Cloudcroft,  New  Mexico,  by  H.  L.  Viereck.  This  speci- 
men will  run  to  hicolor  in  Franklin's  key  to  the  females  of  Psithy- 
rus, because  of  the  presence  of  some  yellow  pubescence  on  the 
fourth  dorsal  abdominal  segment.  According  to  the  descriptions 
of  hicolor  and  variabilis  the  only  difference  between  them  is  that 
the  former  has  some  yellow  pubescence  on  the  dorsum  of  the 
abdomen.  Cockerell's  description  was  based  on  one  female.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  that  this  female  was  collected  at  Rociada, 
New  Mexico,  and  has  never  been  found  elsewhere.  Males  of 
variahilis  very  frequently  possess  a  considerable  amount  of 
yellow  pubescence  on  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen.  I  have  also 
seen  females  of  variabilis  from  Illinois  which  had  a  slight  amount 
of  yellow  pubescence  on  the  dorsum  of  the  abdomen.  The  fact 
that  I  can  find  no  structural  difference  between  this  specimen 
from  New  Mexico  and  variahilis,  convinces  me  that  hicolor  is 
merely  a  color  variety  of  variahilis. 

D.  A  New  Species  from  Borneo 

Bremus  f  olsomi  new  species 

Queen.  Face,  occiput  and  cheeks  with  brownish-black  pile.  Lubrum 
moderately  punctate;  tuben-le-like  areas  large,  slightly  shagrccned,  with  the 
space  between  them  equal  to  the  length  of  the  second  flagellar  segment;  shelf- 
like i)rojection  broad;  pile  on  anterior  margin  bright  golden  in  color.  Man- 
dible distinctly  four-toothed,  the  fourth  tooth,  however,  much  less  developed 
than  the  others;  setae  on  the  distal  portion  between  the  longitudinal  ridges 
very  short,  dense  and  bright  golden  in  color,  that  on  the  lower  pro.ximal 
portion  very  long  and  of  the  same  color  as  the  short  setae.  Clypeus  with 
numerous  small  punctures  on  the  disk,  and  large  scattered  punctures  mixed 


THEODORE   H.    FRISON  323 

with  smaller  ones  on  the  lateral,  dorsal  and  anterior  portions.  Malar  space 
slightly  shorter  than  its  width  at  articulation  of  mandibles,  about  two-thirds 
the  greatest  width  of  and  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  eye.  Ocelli  situated 
slightly  above  the  narrowest  part  of  the  vertex;  lateral  ocelli  almost  as  far 
distant  from  each  other  as  from  inner  margin  of  eye;  area  between  lateral 
ocelli  and  eyes  polished,  impunctate  except  for  a  very  few  small  punctures 
near  inner  margin  of  eye.  Flagellum  about  twice  as  long  as  the  scape;  third 
antennal  segment  somewhat  longer  than  the  fifth,  the  fifth  slightly  longer 
than  the  fourth. 

Entire  dorsum  and  pleura  of  thorax,  except  for  the  small  polished  and 
impunctate  disk,  covered  with  moderately  long  tawny-yellow  pile. 

Abdomen  with  the  first  dorsal  segment  yellow,  the  pile  being  short  and 
sparse  on  the  middle  portion;  second  dorsal  segment  with  dull  ferruginous 
pile  on  the  sides  and  yellow  in  the  middle;  third,  fourth  and  fifth  dorsal 
segments  with  dull  ferruginous  pile;  sixth  dorsal  segment  with  short  brownish- 
black  pile.  Venter  with  golden  and  browTi  pile  fringing  posterior  margins  of 
the  segments.     Hy popygium  w  ithout  a  median  carina. 

Legs  black,  but  with  the  pile  on  the  ventral  surfaces  of  the  femora  and  a 
portion  of  the  tibiae  dull  golden  or  ferruginous.  Corbicular  fringes  both  on 
the  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  bright  ferruginous.  Hind  metatarsi  distinctly 
arcuate. 

Wings  pale  brown,  the  nervurcs  distinctly  outlined  in  darker  brown. 

Length,  20  mm.;  spread  of  wings,  39  mm.;  width  of  abdomen  at  second 
segment,  10  mm. 

Holotype. — queen,  Kina  Balu,  British  North  Borneo. 

The  holotype,  No.  10542,  is  in  the  collection  of  the  Acadenn^ 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Bremus  folsomi  is  the  first  species  of  l)uni])lel)ee  to  he  found  in 
Borneo.  The  discovery  of  a  species  of  this  genus  at  Kina  Balu, 
however,  is  not  surprising  as  bumblebees  are  known  from  Java, 
Sumatra  and  the  Philippine  Islands  (Luzon,  Mindanao  and 
Negros). 

I  name  this  species  for  my  friend  Dr.  J.  W.  I'\)lsom,  who  first 
interested  me  in  the  study  of  the  bumbk^bees  and  has  assisted 
me  in  many  ways. 

E.  New  Distributional  Records 

The  following  new  <listril)ut ioual  records,  uidess  otherwise 
noted,  are  based  upon  specimens  contained  in  the  collections  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  antl  the 
American  Entomological  Society. 

1.  Bremus  terricola  (Kirl)y).  Monlana,  one  queen.  Not 
previously  recorded  from  the  United    States    west    of    North 

TKANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


324  NOTES   ON   BUMBLEBEES 

Dakota.  The  presence  of  this  species  in  Montana  is  not  sur- 
prising when  the  records  of  its  distribution  in  North  Dakota, 
Saskatchewan,  and  Alberta  are  considered. 

2.  Brenms  affinis  (Cresson).  Virginia,  one  queen  and  seven 
workers;  West  Virginia,  two  workers  and  two  males;  Illinois,  one 
male.  Franklin  lists  this  species  from  Virginia  and  West 
Virginia  in  his  geographical  table,  but  it  is  not  clear  from  his 
remarks  whether  it  had  actually  been  found  there.  In  1919, 
the  writer  expressed  the  view  this  species  would  be  found  in 
Illinois.  The  existence  of  this  male  confirms  this  supposition 
and  makes  a  total  of  sixteen  Bremidae  now  recorded  from 
Illinois. 

3.  Bremus  affinis  var.  novae-angliae  (Bequaert).  West  Vir- 
ginia, one  male;  Grandfather  Mt.,  North  Carolina,  one  male, 
September  11,  1908,  2500-3000  feet  altitude  (Z.  P.  Metcalf). 
The  occurrence  of  this  variety  in  these  two  states  is  interesting, 
as  the  variety  was  formerly  only  known  from  Massachusetts  and 
New  York. 

4.  Bremus  borealis  (Kirby).  Volga,  South  Dakota,  two 
workers. 

5.  Bremus  vosnesenskii  (Radoszkowski).  Montana,  one  queen. 
This  is  a  very  small  specimen. 

6.  Bremus  perplexus  (Cresson).  Illinois,  one  worker.  Listed 
by  myself,  in  1919,  from  Illinois  on  the  basis  of  the  record  fur- 
nished me  by  the  late  Mr.  O.  S.  Westcott.  This  is  the  first 
specimen  of  this  species  I  have  seen  from  Illinois. 

7.  Bremus  ter^iarius  (Say).  Montana,  one  queen.  This 
species  has  been  repeatedly  confused  with  B.  huntii  (Greene)  in 
the  western  states,  but  the  present  specimen  is  without  doubt 
ternarius.  The  fact  that  ternarius  is  also  known  from  the 
Dakotas,  Saskatchewan  and  Alberta  helps  ex))lain  tlu>  distri- 
bution in  the  present  instance. 

8.  Bremus  frigidus  (F.  Smith).  Thunderhead  Mountain, 
6,000  ft.  altitude,  Blount  County,  Tennessee,  one  female, 
August  4,  (H.  A.  Pilsbry).  This  species  presents  a  very  scattered 
distribution  and  is  evidently  one  of  the  rar(>r  forms  throughout 
its  rang(;. 


THEODORE  H.   FRISON  325 

9.  Bremus  vagans  yar.  sanrfersom  (Franklin).  Baraga  County, 
Michigan,  one  queen,  July  20,  1903,  (Morgan  Hebard) ;  Pequa- 
ming,  Michigan,  one  queen,  July  3,  1903,  (Morgan  Hebard). 

10.  Bremus  americanorum  (Fabricius).  Nova  Scotia,  four 
queens. 

11.  Bremus  auricomus  (Robertson).  Volga,  South  Dakota, 
two  queens  and  one  worker;  Georgia,  one  queen;  Miami,  Florida, 
one  worker,  (P.  Laurent). 

12.  Bremus  nevadensis  (Cresson).  Condor,  Oregon,  one 
queen,  July  5,  1899. 

13.  Bremus  fraternus  (F.  Smith).  Volga,  South  Dakota,  one 
worker. 

14.  Bremus  morrisoni  (Cresson).  Trego  County,  Kansas, 
three  workers,  July  12,  1912  (Williams).  Specimens  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  University  of  Kansas. 

15.  Bremus  impatiens  (Cresson).  Douglas  County,  Kansas, 
two  workers,  October,  (F.  H.  Snow) ;  Douglas  County,  Kansas, 
one  queen.  May;  Lawrence  County,  Kansas,  one  queen.  May  5, 
1911,  (F.  X.  WilHams).  All  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the 
University  of  Kansas.  Mr.  E.  S.  Tucker  recorded  B.  impatiens 
by  the  name  B.  virginicus  from  Lawrence,  Kansas,  in  1909,  as 
listed  by  Liitz  and  Cockerell  (1921).  Franklin  apparently 
overlooked  this  record.  The  present  records  are  given  merely 
to  substantiate  the  occurrence  in  Kansas  of  this  species. 

16.  Bremus  him aculatus  (Cresson).  Chatauqua  County,  Kan- 
sas, one  queen  and  three  workers,  1916,  (Beamer);  Douglas 
County,  Kansas,  four  workers,  July  5-August  12,  1919,  (Hoff- 
man); Douglas  County,  Kansas,  fifteen  males,  July  29-30,  1919, 
(Hoffman).  Specimens  in  the  collection  of  the  L^niversity  of 
Kansas. 

17.  Psithyrus  insularis  (F.  Smith).  Duluth,  St.  Louis  ( 'ounty, 
Minnesota,  two  males,  August  0-8,  1912,  (Witmer  Stone); 
Shore  of  Keweenaw  Bay,  Pequaming,  ^Michigan,  one  queen, 
July  9,  1903,  (:Morgan  He])ard);  Regua,  California,  one  male, 
September  10,  1920,  (C.  D.  Duncan). 

18.  Psithyrus  Jernaldae  Franklin.  Pcniuaming,  ^Michigan,  one 
male,  August  8,  1903,  (Morgan  Hel)ar(l);  Point  Ab])aye,  :\Iichi- 
gan,  one  male,  August  4,  1903,  (Morgan  Hebard) ;  Point  Abbaye, 
Michigan,  one  male,  July  31,  1903,  (Morgan  Hebard) ;  Clingman 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


326  NOTES   ON   BUMBLEBEES 

Dome,  Blount  County,  Tennessee,  August  4,  altitude  6,000  feet, 
(H,  A.  Pilsbry);  Corvallis,  Oregon,  one  male;  New  Mexico,  one 
male;  Virginia,  seven  males;  Massachusetts,  one  male. 

19.  Psithyrus  variabilis  var.   bicolor  Cockerell.     Cloudcroft, 
New  Mexico,  one  queen,  June  16,  1902,  (H.  L.  Viereck). 


MORGAN  HEBAKD  32" 


STUDIES  IN   THE  MANTIDAE  AND  PHASMIDAE   OF 
PANAMA   (ORTHOPTERA) 

BY    MORGAN    HEBARD 

The  present  paper  represents  tlie  third  of  our  studies  in  the 
Dermaptera  and  Orthoptera  of  Panama. ^  That  section  dealing 
with  the  I^attidae  required  more  general  discussion  and  revision- 
ary  treatment,  due  to  the  larger  percentage  of  undescribed  forms 
among  the  one  hundred  and  six  species  now  known-  to  occur  in 
the  region.  The  sources  of  the  material  for  the  present  studies, 
acknowledgements,  a  brief  discussion  of  the  character  of  the 
country,  and  a  map  showing  the  localities  where  the  material 
in  question  was  taken,  were  therefore  published  in  that  pa])cr. 

In  the  first  section  of  the  present  study  the  Alantidae  are 
treated,  the  collection  again  showing  a  high  percentage  of  ihe 
forms  known  from  Panama.  We  are  less  fortunate,  however, 
in  the  second  section,  which  deals  with  the  Phasmidae,  as  but 
sixteen  species  are  represented,  twenty-four  other  species  having 
been  reported  from  this  region.  This  decided  deficiency,  in 
collections  otherwise  highly  representative,  is  probably  due  in 
part  to  the  close  resemblance  of  many  walking-sticks  to  their 
surroundings  and  their  slow  habit  of  movement,  in  part  to  the 
fact  that  many  live  in  the  twigs  and  vine  tangles  of  the  forest, 
where  beating  is  most  difficult  and,  as  a  rule,  unproductive  in 
those  orders  of  insects  which  were  particularly  sought  by  the 
collectors  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  material  before  us. 

In  this  paper  two  hundred  antl  eight  Panamanian  specimens 
are  treated,  two  new  genera  and  four  new  species  being  de- 
scri1)ed. 

'  The  other  papers  are: 

"A  Contribution  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Dermaptera  of  Panama,"  Trans. 
Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  xlhi,  pp.  301-:3:i4,  (1917). 

"The  Blattidae  of  Panama,"  Mem.  .\in.  Ent.  Soc.,  no.  4,  pp.  1-148,  (1920). 

2  The  small  series,  personally  collected  in  1920  and  reported  on  during  the 
following  year  (Ent.  News,  xxxii,  pp.  1(')1-1()9),  increased  the  total  by  three 
species. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


328  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

All  material  collected  by  Biisck,  Jennings  and  Schwarz  belongs 
to  the  United  States  National  Museum,  all  collected  by  Harrower 
and  Hebard  to  the  author's  collection. 

MANTIDAE 

Of  the  twenty-three  species  and  one  geographic  race  which 
we  recognize  as  valid,  now  known  from  Panama,  eighteen  are 
represented  in  the  one  hundred  and  forty-nine  specimens  here 
recorded.  Those  not  included  are:^  PhyUomantis  laurifolia 
Saussure  (Mantinae),  Tauromantis  chain pioni  (Saussure  and 
Zehntner)  (Mantinae),  Acontiothespis  cordillerae  (Saussure) 
("  Acontistinae"),  Acontiothespis  cordillerae  vitrea  (Saussure  and 
Zehntner)  ("  Acontistinae"),  Antemna  rapax  Stal  (Epaphroditi- 
nae)  and  Votes  pecti^iicornis  Stal  (Vatinae). 

We  have  followed  the  arrangement  of  Giglio-Tos,  feeling  that, 
though  1)y  no  means  final,  it  is  a  decided  improvement  over 
any  previous  classification.  That  author's  concept  of  genera 
and  species,  however,  is  extremely  unsatisfactory. 

One  new  genus  is  described,  but  no  new  genera  or  species  are 
represented  in  the  material  here  recorded.  The  Mantidae  is 
undoubtedly  the  smallest  of  the  families  of  Orthoptera  in  Panama. 

Eremiaphilinae 

Mantoida  maya  Saussure  and  Zehntner 

1894.     Mantoida  maya  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i, 
p.  125,  pi.  X,  figs.  26  and  27.     [  9  ;  Temax,  Yucatan,  [Mexico].] 

Rio  Trinidad,  Panama,  III,  14,  1912,  (A.  Busck),  Id^. 

The  colorless  stigma  and  immaculate  limbs  are  given  as 
characters  to  distinguish  this  species,  known  from  Sinaloa, 
Yucatan  and  southern  Plorida,  from  the  very  closely  allied 
South  American  M.  fulgidipennis  Westwood. 

The  measurements  of  this  male,  are:  length  of  body,  15; 
length  of  pronotum,  2.1;  length  of  tegmen,  14.5;  greatest  teg- 
minal  width,  3.2;  length  of  caudal  tibia,  5.7;  length  of  caudal 
metatarsus,  2.4  mm. 

'  All  but  Antemna  rapax,  however,  are  at  present  represented  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Collections. 


MORGAN    HEBAKD  329 

PSEUDOMIOPTERYGINAE 

Pseudomiopteryx  infuscata  Saussure  and  Zehntncr 

1S94.  Pseudortiioj)teryx  infuscata  Saussure  and  Zehntncr,  Biol.  Cent.-Anicr., 
Orth.,  I,  p.  163,  pi.  IX,  figs.  10,  11  and  12.  [c^:  Presidio  and  Cordova, 
Mexico;  San  Juan  in  Vera  Paz,  Las  Mercedes,  Volcan  de  Atitlan  and  Zapotc, 
Guatemala;  Chontales,  Nicaragua;  Bugaba,  Caldera  and  Volcan  dc  Chiriqui, 
Panama.] 

Gold  Hill,  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  XI,  14,  1913,  (Hebard;  from 
dead  leaves  on  ground  under  bushes  heavily  overgrown  with  a 
dense  tangle  of  vines),  1  juv.   cf . 

As  we  have  already  stated,'*  infu.scafa  may  i^rove  to  be  a 
synonym,  or  at  best  a  geographic  race,  of  P.  bogotensis  Saussure, 
described  from  Colombia.  Additional  series  of  both  sexes  are 
needed  before  more  can  be  said. 

MUSONIA  St&l 

As  has  been  pointed  out  by  Kehn,^  the  type  of  Musonia  was 
first  selected  by  that  author  as  surinama,  and  as  a  result,  Giglio- 
Tos'  Promusonia,  having  surinama  as  genotype,  is  an  absolute 
synonym  of  Musonia. 

The  species  assigned  by  Giglio-Tos  to  what  he  incorrectly 
considered  Musonia  {conspei'sa  (Saussure)  and  major  Saussure 
and  Zehntner)  form  a  generic  unit,  differing  from  Musonia  as 
properly  restricted  in  the  features  given  below.  To  this  genus 
we  give  the  name  Macromusonia,  designating  the  genotype  as 
Macromiisonia  [Musonia\  major  (Saussure  and  Zehntner).*^  We 
believe  that  major  is  very  probably  a  synonym  of  conspersa,  but 
until  the  type  of  that  species  is  examined,  this  will  be  difficult  to 
decide. 

A.  Size  small,  very  elongate,  juxta-ocular  portions  of  vertex 
only  slightly  convex  and  raised  above  median  portion.  Cephalic 
tibiae  with  ventro-internal  margin  armed  with  eight  spines,  of 
which  the  first  to  fourth  and  fifth  to  eighth  form  two  series 
regularly  increasing  in   size   distad,    the   fifth   being   decidedly 

4  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  xlv,  p.  i:i4,  l<)li). 
6  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  191S,  p.  Iti7,  footnote  21,  (1918). 
*  We  have  selected  major  as  genotype,  as  that  species  alone  is  fully  described 
and  figured. 

TUANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIll. 


330  MANTIDAE  AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

shorter  than  the  fourth;  ventro-external  margin  armed  with  five 
spines,  of  which  the  first  is  well  separated  from  the  others,  the 
first  four  rather  small  but  increasing  regularly  in  size  distad, 
the  fifth  very  large.  Musonia  Stal 

A  A.  Size  large,  very  elongate,  juxta-ocular  portions  of  vertex 
well  raised  and  angulato-convex.  Cephalic  tibiae  with  ventro-' 
internal  margin  armed  with  eight  spines,  regularly  increasing  in 
size  distad,  except  that  the  fifth  is  very  slightly  shorter  than  the 
fourth;  ventro-external  margin  armed  with  five  spines,  the 
interval  between  the  first  and  second  being  only  slightly  greater 
than  the  succeeding  intervals,  the  first  four  spines  very  small 
and  increasing  only  slightly  in  size  distad,  the  fifth  very  large. 

Macromusonia  new  genus 

We  note  that  Macromusonia  is  very  closely  related  to  Para- 
musonia  Rehn,  of  which  cubensis  (Saussure)  is  the  type.  That 
genus  differs  only  in  having  the  vertex  with  dorsal  margin 
convex  between  the  eyes  and  therefore  more  elevated  mesad 
than  elsewhere  (in  Musonia  and  Macromusonia  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin of  the  vertex  is  transverse  between  the  raised  juxta-ocular 
portions)  and  with  no  juxta-ocular  elevation,  while  the  cephalic 
tibiae  have  the  ventro-internal  margins  armed  with  eleven  to 
twelve  spines  which  increase  regularly  in  size  distad.^ 

Musonia  surinama  (Saussure) 

1869.     Th[espis]  surinama  Saussure,  Mitth.  Schweiz.  Ent.  Ges.,  in,  p.  70. 

[cf,  Surinam.] 
1894.     Musonia  femorala  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amcr.,  Orth., 

I,  p.  166,  pi.  X,  figs.  20  and  21.     [  9  ;  Chontales,  Nicaragua.] 
1911.     M[ionyx]  fuscescens  Chopard,    Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  lxxx,  p.  333. 

[cf ,  9  ;  St.  Laurent,  La  Forestiere  and  Nouveau-Chantier,  French  Guiana.] 

After  careful  comparison  of  the  numerous  females  of  this 
species  before  us,  with  the  original  description  of  fcmorata 
Saussure  and  Zehntner,  we  find  so  exact  agreement  that  we  are 
ol)liged  to  place  that  name  in  the  present  synonymy.  It  is 
posHi])]e  that  the  type  specimen  may  have  ])een  incorrectly 
labelled,  as  the  species  is  not  represented  in  (lie  large  Costa 
Rican  series  before  us,  though  we  have  a  male  lalx'iled  "Central 
America,"    collected  by  the  Kev.  T.  Heyde. 

^  Comparison  is  niade  with  material  of  cubensis  in  the  Philadt'lphia  Collec- 
tions, from  Cuba. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  331 

Through  the  kindness  of  its  sponsor,  a  paratj'pic  male  of 
fuscescens  Chopard,  from  St.  Laurent  du  Alaroni,  P>ench 
Guiana,  is  in  the  author's  collection.  Comparison  satisfies  us 
of  the  synonymy  of  this  name  as  well.  Specimens  in  the  series 
here  recorded  are  in  every  way  similar,  the  general  darkening 
being  slight  and  representing  merely  a  weak  intensification  of 
the  normal  coloration.  In  many  species  of  the  Mantidae,  the 
difference  between  the  extremes  of  recessive  and  intensive  colora- 
tion are  much  greater. 

Alhajuela,  Panama,  III,  8,  to  IV,  18,  1911  and  1912,  (Husck; 
Zetek),  25 cf,  (7  intensive  in  coloration,  2  moderately  so). 

Paris  Field,  Cristo])al,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VII,  7, 1920,  (Hebard), 
Id^. 

Zone  limit,  five  miles  west  of  Empire,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  XI,  14,  1913, 
(Hebard;  among  dead  palm  fronds,  opening  in  jungle),  19, 
(moderately  intensive  in  coloration). 

Gold  Hill,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  IX,  14,  1913,  (Hebard),  Id";  1912, 
(Zetek),  Id",  [Hebard  Cln.]. 
.  Paraiso,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  I,  19  to  IV,  24,  1911,  (Busck),  3cr^. 

Corozal,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  Ill,  12  and  25,  1911,  (Busck),  4d^,  1  9  , 
(Icf  moderately  intensive  in  coloration). 

Ancon,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  (Jennings),  Icf;  1912,  (Zetek),  Icf, 
[Hebard  Cln.];  XI,  12  and  16,  1913,  (Hebard;  climbing  about  in 
short  grass  and  low  vines  in  semi-open  areas),  2cf ,  2  9. 

La  Chorrera,  Pan.,  V,  17,  1912,  (Busck),  19,  (strongly 
intensive  in  coloration). 

Though  the  size  variation  is  considerable,  the  extremes  here 
measured  are  connected  up  by  a  complete  gradation  in  the  large 
series  at  hand. 

Length  of      Length  of     Circatest       Lcngtli  of       Width  of 
cf  body  pronotuin     width  of         tcgnien  tegmen 

I>ronotiim 

AllKijucIa 23.2  5.7  l.;3  13.9  3.4 

ruraiso 32.5  8  1.9  IS.S  4.3 

Lcngtli  of      Length  of     Greatest       Length  of     Length  of 
9  body  i)ronotuni      width  of     .siipra-anal         eaudal 

jji-onotuni  plate        metatarsus 

Aneon 30.3  8.5  2.3  1.9  3.4 

Near  Empire 35  9.3  2.4  2  3.5 

TKAXS.   .\M.   EXT.   SOC,  XLVHI. 


332  MANTIDAE    AND    PASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

The  Species  is  common  and  widely  distributed  in  Panama. 
It  frequents  grasses  and  vine  tangles  in  the  open,  but  usually 
near  the  jungle,  and  when  approached  scrambles  about  hastily, 
much  as  does  the  North  American  Oligonyx  scudderi  Saussure. 
It  is  apparently  very  widely  distril^uted  over  northern  South 
America,  having  been  recorded  from  Colomljia,  Venezuela, 
Dutch  Guiana  and  French  Guiana,  while  Chopard  has  recorded 
a  specimen,  referred  to  the  synonymous  Mionyx  fuscescens,  from 
the  Gran  Chaco,  Argentina. 

"Thespinae"8 

Angela  subhyalina  (Chopard) 

1913.     Thespis  subhyalina  Chopard,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  lxxxii,  p.  754. 
[c?,   9  ;  Mapiri,  BoHvia.] 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  II,  25,  1911,  1  9,  [U.  S.  N.  M.];  Ill, 
2,  1911,  (Busck),  1  juv.    9. 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VIII,  6  to  22,  1916,  (Harrower), 
1  juv,   &. 

Rio  Trinidad,  Pan.,  Ill,  15  to  30,  1911,  (Busck),  1  juv.  c^. 

The  adult  female  before  us,  except  for  being  somewhat  larger 
and  having  the  membranous  anal  area  of  the  tegmina  dark, 
agrees  in  all  respects  with  the  female  described  by  Chopard. 
The  end  of  the  abdomen  was  missing  in  that  specimen.  In  the 
present  female  the  merest  traces  of  meso-distal  tuberculation  are 
suggested  on  the  three  tergites  preceding  the  triangular  supra- 
anal  plate.  This  plate  is  as  long  as  its  basal  width,  with  lateral 
margins  showing  exceedingly  faint  convexity  to  the  almost 
acute  apex. 

So  closely  does  this  insect  resemble  A.  qidnqueinaculata 
(Olivier)  that  wel^elieve  it  may  eventually  be  found  to  represent 
merely  a  depauperate,  under-developed  phase  of  that  species. 
It  differs  only  in  the  much  weaker  tuberculation  of  th(^  distal 
abdominal  tergites,  the  non-denticulate  margins  of  the  pronotal 
collar  in  the  male,  the  much  shorter  organs  of  flight  in  t  he  female 
and  smaller  size. 

*  This  name  falls,  as  Angela  Servillc  must  be  usimI  for  the  genus  incorrectly 
recognized  by  Giglio-Tos  as  Thespis.  The  genus  Thcspis  as  correctly  limited 
belongs  to  the  eighth  of  Giglio-Tos'  subfamilies  and,  as  a  result,  no  name  is 
available  for  this,  the  ninth.  We  believe,  however,  that  the  present  is  an 
artificial  grouji,  not  even  representing  a  cohesive  scries  of  genera  aud,  tliere- 
lore,  do  not  propose  a  name  to  take  the  place  of  the  "Thespinae." 


MORGAN    HEBARD  333 

Length  of  body,  99.3;  length  of  pronotum,  43.7;  length  of 
pronotal  collar,  7.7;  length  of  tegmen,  12;  greatest  tegminal 
width,  3.7;  length  of  wing,  11.2;  length  of  cercus,  4.8;  width 
of  cercus,  2  mm. 

Oligonicinae 
Thrinaconyx  futnosus  Saussure  and  Zehntner 

1S94.     Thrinacotiyx  fumosus   Saussure    and    Zehntner,    Biol.    Cent.-Amer., 
Orth.,  I,  p.  179,  pi.  X,  figs.  4  to  10.     [cf ;  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Panama.] 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  VIII,  18  to  22,  1916,  (Harrower),  1   9. 

Alhajuela,  Pan.,  IV,  8,  1911,  (Busck),  1  juv.  o^ ;  IV,  18,  1911, 
(Busck),  1  cf . 

Rio  Trinidad,  Pan.,  V,  4,  1911  and  VI,  6,  1912,  (Busck), 
1  cf ,  1    9. 

The  female  of  this  species  was  previously  unknown.  We  note 
the    following   features   for   the   specimen   from    Porto    Bello. 

Similar  to  male  except  as  follows.  Apterous.  Size  no  larger, 
form  slightly  heavier  except  that  the  abdomen  is  decidedly 
heavier,  this  greatest  meso-distad.  Head  slightly  broader,  ver- 
tex with  dorsal  margin  less  concave  l)etween  the  eyes,  very 
weakly  concave,  with  sulci  weak;  ocelli  present  but  only  half  as 
large,  the  ventral  ocellus  with  dorsal  margin  not  acutely  pro- 
duced, as  is  the  case  in  the  male.  Facial  scutellum  with  height 
about  two-fifths  basal  width  as  in  male,  convex  dorsal  margin 
not  as  distinct.  Pronotum  with  surface  and  margins  heavil}'  den- 
tate-tu])erculate.  Cephalic  coxae  with  cephalic  margin  bc^iring 
nine  distinct  denticulations,  the  lateral  margins  with  more  nu- 
merous l)ut  not  as  heavy  denticulations,  caudal  surface  irregularly 
denticulate,  all  of  these  the  bases  of  minute,  microscoi)ic  hairs. 
Armament  of  cephalic  femora  and  tibiae  as  in  male  but  slightl}^ 
heavier,  the  larger  til)ial  spines  all  distinctly  denticulato-serrulate 
under  the  lens.  Supra-anal  plate  short,  shield-shaped,  length 
three-quarters  of  proximal  width,  medio-longitudinallj^  carinate, 
lateral  margins  moderately  convex-convergent  to  the  rather 
sharply  rounded  apex;  in  male  similar  l)ut  with  apex  broadlj^ 
roundiMl.  Cerci  very  short,  stout  proximad,  tapering  decidedly 
to  the  terminal  joint  whicli  is  very  slender  and  elongate;  shorter 
and  iieavier  i)roximad,  with  terminal  joint  more  elongate  than 

THANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


334 


MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMlDAE    OF    PANAMA 


in  male.     Caudal  metatarsus  nearly  twice  combined  length  of 
succeeding  joints. 

The  cephalic  tibiae  are  dark  brown,  distinctly  tri- annulate 
with  buffy,  these  colors  being  carried  on  to  the  distal  portion  of 
the  femora,  adjacent  when  the  limbs  are  flexed,  and  contrasting 
strongly  with  the  remaining  internal  portions  of  the  femora 
and  coxae,  which  are  rich  tawny.  The  other  limbs  are  also 
decidedly  annulate.  This  is  also  true  for  the  additional  female 
and  immature  male  at  hand.  The  adult  males,  however,  have 
these  features  less  strongly  defined,  the  markings  on  the  cephalic 
femora  and  tibiae  being  almost  completely  obscured. 

Measurements  (in  millimeters) 

Length  of      Length  of     Greatest        Length  of      Width  of 
Cr  body        pronotiim      width  of  tegnien  tegmen 

pronotum 

Alhajuela 12.7  3.4  1.3  10.8  3.7 

Rio  Trinidad 12.5  3.4  1.3  10.7  3.9 

Length  of      Length  of     Greatest        Length  of    Length  of 
?  body  pronotum     width  of  caudal  caudal 

pronotum  tibia        metatarsus 

PortoBello 11.4  3.9  1.7  4.8  2.3 

Rio  Trinidad 12.1  4.1  1.7  5.2  2.G 

Pseudomusonia^  lineativentris  (Stal) 

1877.     M{usoitia]  lineativentris  St&l,  Bill,  till  K.  Svenska  Vet.-Akad.  Hand). 

V,  no.  10,  p.  66.     [cf ,  Colombia.) 
1894.  Mionyx  saevus  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i, 

p.  167,  pi.  X,  figs.  12  to  14.     [cf;  Bugaba  and  Volcan  de  Chiriqui,  Panama.] 

Though  the  only  Colombian  specimen  before  us  is  immature, 
the  series  at  hand  agrees  so  closely  in  all  charactei\s  of  real 
specific  value  that  we  feel  fully  justified  in  indicating  the  above 
synonymy.  This  series,  however,  shows  the  species  to  be  subject 
to  very  decided  size  and  color  variation.  As  a  result  the  very 
dark  examples  have  a  decidedly  different  facies  from  the  i)aler 
individuals,  while  in  the  smallest  specimens  the  tegmina  are  not 
only  reduced  in  proportion  but  show  no  widening  meso-ilistad. 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  II,  19  to  V,  'A,  1!)1 1,  (Busck),  1  d',  3  9  ; 
II,  21,  1911,  (Schwarz),  1  cf. 

'  Werner  has  proposed  this  generic  name  to  take  the  place  of  Mionyx 
Saussure  and  Zehntner,  preoccupied  by  Mionyx  Cope,  1880,  a  genus  of  lizards 
Verh.  K.-K.  Zool.-Bot.  Ces.,  Wien,  lix,  p.  78,  (1909). 


MORGAN    IlEBARD  335 

Paris  Field,  Cristobal,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VII,  7  and  VIII, 
18,  1920,  (Hebard;  in  low  wet  area  of  palms,  vines  and  brush, 
3  at  night),  2  cf ,  2   9. 

Gatun,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  VIII,  6  to  22,  191G,  (Harrower),  1  c^ ; 
(Jennings),  1  cf  • 

Paraiso,  C.  Z.,  Fan.,  I,  30,  1911,  (Busck),  1    9. 

Alhajuela,  Pan.,  IV,  19,  1911,  (Busck),  1  juv.    9. 

In  the  male  sex  the  following  cephalic  limb  armament  is 
found.  Femora  with  four  discoidal  spines,  ventro-external  mar- 
gin with  four  moderately  elongate  spines,  all  genicular  lobes 
with  a  very  small  conical  spine,  ventro-internal  margin  with 
the  formula  Iililiiil.  Cephalic  tibiae  with  ventro-external 
margin  showing  three  minute  and  one  large  distal  spine,  the 
first  separated  a  greater  distance  from  the  others  than  they  are 
from  each  other;  ventro-internal  margin  with  six  or  seven  spines, 
the  first  two  or  three  minute,  the  next  large,  the  next  half  as 
large,  the  last  two  very  large  and  elongate,  the  last  above  the 
ventral  margin  and  adjacent  to  the  side  of  the  apical  claw. 
In  the  female  this  armament  is  similar  except  that  the  til)ial 
spines  are  microscopically  serrulate  and  proportionately  heavier, 
while  the  third  spine  from  the  end  of  the  ventro-int(>rnal  margin 
is  scarcely  a  third  as  long  as  the  preceding  spine. 

Compared  with  the  male  sex,  females  are  seen  to  be  decidedly 
larger  and  heavier  and  apterous.  The  ocelli  are  exceedingly 
minute,  the  pronotum  with  lateral  margins  v(M-y  slightly  more 
heavily  denticulate,  the  supra-anal  plate  similarly  medio- 
longitudinally  carinate,  linguliform,  but  slightly  over  twice  as 
long  as  proximal  width,  instead  of  being  less  than  twice  as  long 
as  that  dimension  as  found  in  the  male. 

Measurements  {in  millimeters) 


Length  of 
l)ody 

Length  of 
pronotum 

Cireatest 
width  of 
pronotum 

Length  of 
teg  men 

Proximo  I 
width  of 
teg  men 

Greatest 
distal 

width  of 
togmen 

Porto  Bello 

28.5 

7.8 

1.8 

14.2 

3 

2.8 

Porto  Bello 

29.3 

8.1 

2 

15.2 

3.2 

3 

Gatun .... 

7.8 

1.8 

16.2 

3.7 

3.9 

(iatun .... 

34.8 

8.9 

1.8 

19 

3.7 

4.4 

Paris  Field 

31.7 

8 

1.8 

18 

4.1 

Paris  Field 

35.6 

9.3 

1.9 

18.7 

3.7 

4.3 

TKANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


336  mantidae  and  phasmidae  of  panama 

Length  of      Length  of       Greatest       Length  of       Length  of    Length  of 
9  body  pronotum       width  of         tegmen  caudal  caudal 

pronotuni  tibia        metatarsus 

Porto  Bello  42  12.3  2.7  —  9.9  3.6 

Porto  Bello  42  12.9  2.8  —  9.8  3.7 

Porto  Bello  44  12.8  2.7  —  9.9  3.7 

Paris  Field  88.7  12  2.5  —  9.3  3.2 

Paris  Field  41.8  12.4  2.7  —  10.1  3.5 

Paraiso...  38  11.9  2.4  —  9.3  3.2 

The  present  series  shows  plainly  the  very  decided  variation 
which  occurs  in  the  species.  In  the  smaller  individuals  the  less 
ample  tegmina  do  not  widen  distad.  Such  disproportion  is 
unusual  within  a  species,  but  in  the  present  case  we  are  satisfied 
that  it  represents  mere  individual  variation. 

The  recessive  type  of  coloration  in  males  is  as  follows.  Yellow- 
ish, irregularly  tinged  and  flecked  with  dark  l)rown  on  the  body. 
Tegmina  and  wings  transparent,  evenly  and  strongly  tinged  with 
sepia,  the  transverse  veinlets,  but  not  the  veins,  distinctly  paler, 
weakly  tinged  with  brown.  Ventral  surface  of  abdomen  light 
brown,  showing  a  weak  and  obscure  medio-longitudinal  line  of 
darker  brown.  Cephalic  tibiae  yellowish,  showing  very  broadly 
three  obscure  annuli  of  dark  brown.  Median  and  caudal  femora 
immaculate  greenish  yellow,  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  immaculate 
3'ellowish.  The  individuals  in  the  series  before  us  show  varyingly 
more  intensive  types  to  a  condition  which  is  very  dark.  The 
darkest  male  before  us  is  dark  brown  in  general  coloration. 
Cephalic  femora  with  two  dorsal  flecks  of  this  color  and  cephalic 
tibiae  obscurely  tri-annulate  with  the  same.  Median  and  caudal 
limbs  snuff  brown,  weakly  suffused  and  flecked  with  darker 
brown,  particularly  at  juncture  of  femora  and  tibiae.  Tegmina 
and  wings  transparent,  evenly  and  very  strongly  tinged  with 
sepia,  the  veins  sepia,  the  veinlets  of  the  same  color  as  the 
intervening  areas,  so  that  these  organs  are  distinctly  more 
uniform  in  coloration  than  in  the  recessive  males,  ^"entral 
surface  very  dark  l)rown,  of  abdomen  heavily  overlaid  witii 
blackish  flecks  and  witii  a  much  ()l)S('ured  inedio-lougitudinal 
hne  of  black. 

The  females  also  vary  considerably  in  ct)lorali()ii.  One  was 
a[)parently  pale  green  in  life,  ;ui()ther  is  ligiit  ochraceous-laAvny, 
one  is  ochraceous-buff  spoiled  wilh  blackisji,  one  is  sayal  bi-owii 


MORGAN    IIEBARD  337 

with  11  longitudinal  line  of  dark  brown  on  each  side,  running 
from  l)ack  of  the  head  to  the  apex  of  the  abdomen,  while  two 
are  warm  sepia  heavily  suffused  with  bone  brown. 

LiTURGUSINAE 

Liturgusa  cayennensis  Saussure 

1869.     L[iturgusa]  cayennensis  Saussure,  Mittheil.  Schweizer  Ent.  Gcs.,  in, 
p.  62.     [  9  ,  Cayenne  (=  French  Guiana).] 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  III,  13,  1911,  (Busck),  1  ootheea, 
4  recently  emerged  juv. 

Alhajuela,  Pan.,  IV,  10,  1911,  (Busck),  1  ootheea,  12  recently 
emerged  juv. 

Cabima,  Pan.,  V,  17  to  29,  1911,  (Busck),  1  d' ,  1  9,2  juv., 
1  ootheea. 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  1913,  (Zetek),  1    9,  [Hel)ard  Chi.]. 

Corozal,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  XI,  17,  1913,  (Hebard;  on  trunks  of 
trees  in  clearing,  much  like  Gonatista  in  actions,  very  rapid 
and  alert),  19,2  juv. 

The  streaked  tegmina  and  much  shorter  caudal  tarsi  serve  to 
separate  this  insect  from  the  more  slender  but  generally  similar 
L.  onnulipes  Serville. 

The  species  of  this  genus  live  on  the  trunks  of  trees,  when  not 
in  motion  resting  closely  pressed  to  the  bare  surface.  At  such 
a  time  they  blend  astonishingly  with  their  surroundings.  Adults 
of  the  present  species  from  Costa  Rica,  Panama  and  Trinidad 
agree  closely  in  coloration  of  the  tegmina,  but  a  i)air  from  French 
Guiana  are  of  a  more  reddish  brown,  with  the  series  of  short 
gray  or  graj'-green  streaks  on  the  principal  veins  missing.  Such 
color  variation  would  appear  to  be  due  to  adaptation  to  immedi- 
ate environment. 

The  ootheea  of  this  insect  is  a  small,  smooth,  gourd-shaped 
receptacle,  its  neck  curved  upward  and  affording  the  only 
exit  for  the  young.  These  at  the  time  of  emergence  are  slightly 
less  than  4  mm.  in  length. 

PlIOTININAK 

Maeromantis  ovalifolia  (Stoll) 

181.3.     [Mantis]  ovalifolia  Stoll,  Natuur.  Afbeeld.  Beschrj-v.  Spookcn,  etc., 
Spooken,  ]).  .58,  pi.  xix,  fig.  72,  register  p.  78.     [  9  ,  no  locality  given.] 

TK.WS.  .\M.   KNT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


338  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

Rio  Trinidad,  Panama,  III,  18,  and  V,  9,  1911,  (Busck), 
2  small  juv. 

Compared  with  Colombian  and  Brazilian  adults,^"  these  im- 
mature individuals,  only  24  and  26.5  mm.  in  length,  agree  closely 
in  general  form,  the  peculiar  parallel  sides  of  the  pronotal 
supra-coxal  expansion  being  distinctive.  As  in  the  adults, 
minute  black  flecks  are  found  on  the  inner  face  of  the  cephalic 
trochanters  and  proximad  on  the  same  face  of  the  cephalic  fem- 
ora, while  the  first  discoidal  spine  is  also  marked  with  black. 

Choeradodinae 

Choeradodis  rhombicollis  (Latreille) 

1833.     Mantis  rhombicollis  Latreille,  in  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  Obs.  Zool., 

II,  p.  103,  pi.  XXXIX,  figs.  2  and  3.     (No  locality  given.) 
ISSO.     Choeradodis  servillei  Wood-Mason,  Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,   (5),  vi, 

p.  161.     [9  ;  Cache,  Costa  Rica:  juv.;  Chiriqui,  Panama.] 
1882.     Choeradodis  brunneri  Wood-Mason,  Journ.  Asiatic  Soc.  Bengal,  li, 

pt.  2,  p.  21.     [  9  ;  Bogotd,  New  Granada  (=  Colombia).] 

A  series  of  twenty-four  specimens  now  before  us,  representing 
localities  from  Nicaragua  to  Ecuador,  are  clearly  referable  to 
but  a  single  species.  This  species  varies  somewhat  in  size, 
pronotal  outline,  tegminal  width,  and  decidedly  in  the  extent  of 
the  black  spot  at  the  unguicular  sulcus  on  the  internal  surfaces 
of  the  cephalic  femora.  Differences  in  these  features  led  Wood- 
Mason  to  describe  servillei^^  and  hrunneri.  After  comparison  of 
the  material  at  hand  with  the  original  descriptions,  we  do  not 
hesitate  to  indicate  the  above  synonymy.  The  individuals 
before  us  show  many  different  gradations  between  the  conditions 
which  Wood-Mason  believed  to  represent  distinct  species. ^^ 

Bocas  del  Toro,  Panama,  1911,  (Zetek),  2  cf ,  [Helmrd  Collec- 
tion]. 

Porto  Bello,  Pan.,  II,  18,  to  V,  4,  1911,  (Busclv),  2  d" ,  1  large 
juv.    9  ,  1  small  juv. 

'"Recorded  and  measured.  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xlv,  p.  133,  (1919). 

"  We  have  already  stated  that  Saussure  and  Zehntner's  separation  of 
servillei  and  rhombicollis  had  no  value.  Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xlv, 
p.  130,  (1919). 

12  Kirby,  in  his  catalogue,  places  rhombicollis  of  Wood-Mason  and  subse- 
quent authors  (not  of  Latreille)  under  peruviana  Serville,  We  do  not  believe 
he  had  sufficient  evidence  to  warrant  such  action,  but  should  it  i)rove  correct, 
peruviana  also  would  fall  as  a  synonym  of  rhombicollis  (Latreille). 


MORGAN    HEBAKD  339 

Cabima,  Pan.,  V,  18  and  28,  1911,  (Busck),  3   cf . 

In  the  adult  males  before  us  the  pronotal  proportions  vary  as 
follows:  median  length,  21.4  to  22.5;  greatest  width,  26.9  to 
31.8  mm. 

Maktinae 
STAGMOMANTIS  Saiissure 

1869.  Slagmomanlis  Saussure,  Mittheil.  Schweizer  Ent.  Ges.,  ni,  p.  5G. 
Genotype. — Gryllus  cnrolinus  Johansson. 

1917.  Stauromantis  Giglio-Tos,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  XLvni,  p.  54. 
Genotype. — Stagmomantis  theophila  Rehn. 

1917.  Auromantis  Giglio-Tos,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  XLvni,  p.  55.  Geno- 
type.— Mantis  limhata  Hahn. 

1917.  Oromantis  Giglio-Tos,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  xlviii,  p.  56.  Geno- 
type.— Stagmomantis  nakua  Saussure. 

1917.  Uromantis  Giglio-Tos,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  XLvni,  p.  56.  Cicno- 
type. — Stagmomantis  hcterogamia  Saussure  and  Zehntner. 

The  four  synonyms  indicated  al)ove  have  resulted  from  Gigho- 
Tos'  designation  as  genera  the  phjda  recognizable  in  the  genus 
Stagvwntanfis.  One  alone  of  the  genera  so  separated,  Isotnantis 
Giglio-Tos,  appears  to  have  validity,  or  to  be  at  least  worthy 
of  subgeneric  rank. 

All  of  the  others,  as  material  now  before  us  including  all  the 
genotypes  satisfactorily  demonstrates,  arc  based  on  characters 
which,  we  are  convinced,  have  at  best  no  higher  than  group 
value  within  the  genus. 

Stagmomantis  tolteca  (Saussure) 

1861.  Mantis  {Stagmatoptera)  tolteca  Saussure,  Rev.  et  Mag.  de  Zool.,  (2), 
xni,  p.  127.     [[  9],  "Mexico  calida."] 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  III,  15,  1911,  (Busck),  1  9,  (medium 
size,  green), 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VIII,  (>  to  22,  191(),  (Harrower), 
1    9  ,  (large  size,  green). 

Paraiso,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  II,  1911,  (Busck),  1  9,  (medium  small 
size,  green). 

Balboa,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  1921,  (Zetek),  1   d',  [Ilebard  Collection]. 

Panama,  2  d' ,''  [U.  S.  N.  M.];  (Dr.  Newcomb),  2  9,  [IM.  C. 
Z.];  (H.  E.  Wetherill),  1  o^,  [A.  N.  S.  P.]. 

13  Recorded  by  Rehn,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxvn,  p.  561,  (19U4). 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


340  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

Specimens  of  this  species  are  before  us  representing  localities 
from  Mexico  to  Colombia.^'* 

Stagmomantis  theophila  Rehn 

1904.     Stagmomantis  theophila  Rehn,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxvii,  p.  563. 

[cf ;  Turrialba,  Costa  Rica.] 
1904.     Stagmatoptera  insatiabilis  Rehn,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  xxvn,  p.  572. 

[  9  ;  Turrialba,  Costa  Rica.] 

1916.  S[(agmomantis]  denticulala  Chopard,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  lxx.xv, 
p.  162.     Id' ;  Chimbo,  Ecuador.'s] 

1917.  S[tauromantis]  fcstae  Giglio-To.s,  Boll.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  XLvni,  p.  55. 
[cf ,  9  ;  Guayaquil  and  Vinces,  Ecuador.] 

Comparison  of  the  male  type  of  Sfagmonianti.'i  theophila  Kehn 
with  the  female  type  of  Stagmotoptern  insatiabilis  Rehn  con- 
firms the  synonymy  established  by  Giglio-Tos.^^ 

The  coloration  of  theophila  was  not  clearly  described;  this, 
the  iarger  size  and  the  widely  separated  locality  apparent]}^ 
account  for  Chopard 's  denticulata.  It  would  appear  that 
Giglio-Tos  had  not  seen  the  description  of  denticulata  at  the 
time  he  described  fcstae.  Distinct  size  variation  occurs,  the 
Ecuadorean  male  described  by  Giglio-Tos  being  somewhat 
smaller  than  those  described  by  Chopard,  which  in  turn  are 
somewhat  smaller  than  three  Ecuadorean  males  before  us.*^ 
These  in  turn  also  are  somewhat  smaller  than  the  known  Pana- 
manian and  Costa  Rican  males. 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  IV,  20,  1912,  (Busck),  1   d". 

Rio  Trinidad,  Pan.,  Ill,  15  to  VI,  6,  1912,  (Busck),  5  cf . 

Cabima,  Pan.,  V,  18,  1911,  (Busck),  2  d". 

Ancon,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  (Jennings),  1  juv.   cf. 

^^  We  have  discussed  the  close  relationship  to  S.  Carolina  (Johansson), 
Trans.  Amer.  Ent.  Soc,  xlv,  p.  132,  (1919).  The  present  comparison  shows 
further  difference,  in  that  the  male  of  lolteca  has  the  margins  of  the  pronotal 
collar  finely  denticulate,  tliis  sometimes  indicated,  though  even  more  weakly, 
on  the  cephalic  portion  of  the  pronotal  shaft. 

'^  Dr.  Chopard  has  written  us  that  this  type  is  in  Ihe  Polivar  Collection. 

18  Boll.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  xlviii,  p.  55,  (1917). 

"In  the  collection  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Scienc^es  of  Philadelphia; 
two  from  Paramba  and  one  from  Lita,  Ecuador.  In  these  the  pronotum 
ranges  from  17.2  to  17.7,  the  tegmina  from  37.8  to  38  inm,  in  length;  the 
pronotum  from  3.5  to  3.6  in  greatest  width. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  341 

Not  only  are  the  denticulatioii.s  of  the  cephalic  coxae^^  and 
margins  of  the  pronotum  heavier  than  in  any  other  species  of 
the  genus,  but  the  collar  of  the  pronotum  also  has  its  dorsal 
surface  supplied  with  a  few  minute  tuberculations  on  each  side 
of  the  medio-longitudinal  sulcus.  This  latter  condition  is, 
among  the  other  species  of  the  genus,  found  only  in  aS'.  nahua 
(Saussure),  there  developed  to  a  slightly  greater  degree. 

The  feeble  longitudinal  carinae  of  the  median  and  caudal 
tibiae  suggest  the  Vatid  genus  Stagniatoptera,  as  Chopard  has 
remarked.  In  the  female  sex  these  carinae  are  more  prominent 
and  led  liehn  to  describe  a  specimen  of  that  sex  as  Stagmatoptera 
insatiabilis.  We  do  not  believe  that  these  carinae  are  sufficiently 
developed,  however,  to  warrant  assignment  of  the  species  to 
Stagmatoptera. 

In  the  adult  Panamanian  males  the  pronotum  ranges  from 
18.3  to  20.2,  the  tegmina  from  36.8  to  37.4  mm.,  in  length;  the 
former  from  3.7  to  3.8  in  greatest  width. 

In  the  males  the  marginal  field  of  the  tegmina  is  transparent, 
hyaline  tinged  faintly  with  green  toward  the  costal  margin, 
with  a  ])road  opaque  band  of  white  margining  the  mediastine 
vein  and  disappearing  opposite  the  stigma.  The  latter  is 
subobsolete,  longitudinal,  weakly  suffused  with  brown.  The 
cephalic  femora  show  three  subobsolete  transverse  suffusions  of 
brown  in  the  majority  of  specimens,  these  are  wholly  obsolete 
in  one,  conspicuously  intensified  in  another  individual. 

Stagmomantis  heterogamia  Saussure  and  Zehntner 

181)1.     St(i(/)iiu»/untiti  hetcrugainia  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Ccnt.-Anier., 
Orth.,  I,  p.  142,  pi.  VII,  figs.  2  and  3.     [cf ,   9  ;  Bugaba,  Panama.l 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  IV,  17  to  24,  1912,  (Busck),   1    d". 
Tli(>  distribution  of  this  delicate  and  handsome  little  species 
is  known  to  extend  northward  into  Costa  Rica. 

^^  'lliesc  are  blunt  triangular  teeth,  much  heavier  than  in  the  other  species, 
but  in  our  opinion  insufficient  for  generic  separation,  as  are  the  other  features 
given  by  CJiglio-Tos  in  erecting  the  genus  Stauromantis  to  include  this  species. 
Their  number  is  variable,  five  to  seven  in  our  series,  given  as  three  by  Chopard. 
The  internal  surfaces  of  these  tcetli  are  usually'  dark,  sometimes  ahnost  black. 

TRANS.  AM.   KNT.   SOC,   XLVIII. 


342  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

Stagmomantis  vicina  Saussure 

1870.     St[agmomantis]  vicina  Saussure,   Mittheil.  Schweizer  Ent.  Ges.,  iii, 

p.  229.     [(f;  America  meridional.] 
1917.     U[romantis]   centralis   Giglio-Tos,    Bull.   Soc.   Ent.    Italiana,   xlviii, 

p.  57.     [d';  San  Mateo,  Costa  Rica.] 
1917.     U[romantis]  similis  Giglio-Tos,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  xlviii,  p.  57. 

[cf;  San  Mateo,  Costa  Rica.] 

We  believe  that  the  present  material  should  be  referred  to 
vicina,  assuming  that  the  specimen  from  Guatemala,  subse- 
quently discussed  by  Saussure,  is  the  same  as  the  type  described 
from  "America  meridional."  That  author  states  that  the 
tegmina  are  hyaline,  while  in  well  preserved  material  at  hand 
the  marginal  field  is  opaque,  buffy.  In  our  series,  however,  are 
badly  discolored  specimens  in  which  this  is  completely  lost,  the 
tegmina  being  plainly  discolored  but  uniformly  hyaline  tinged 
with  light  brown.  A  Central  American  female,  associated  with- 
out hesitancy  as  the  opposite  sex  of  the  males  here  recorded, 
agrees  fully  with  a  Guatemalan  female  described  by  Saussure, 
this  strengthening  our  above  conclusion. 

It  is  certainly  natural,  under  such  circumstances,  that  Giglio- 
Tos  considered  his  Costa  Rican  material  distinct.  It  is,  however, 
surprising  that,  at  the  present  day,  when  so  much  more  has  been 
ascertained  as  to  individual  size  variation,  and  the  differences  in 
color  to  be  expected  from  that  to  which  the  terms  recession  and 
intensification  have  been  applied,  Giglio-Tos  should  have  de- 
scribed, as  two  distinct  species,  material  from  the  same  locality 
representing  so  palpably  such  individual  variation  and  nothing 
more. 

La  Chorrera,  Panama,  V,  11  and  27,  1912,  (Busck),  4  cf . 

Corozal,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  XI,  17,  1913,  (Hebard;  grassy 
opening  in  forest),  1  large  juv.    9  . 

Paraiso,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  I,  26  and  III,  25,  1911,  (Schwarz;  Busck), 
1  cf ,  1  juv. 

Ancon,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  (Jennings),  1   cf. 

Balboa,  C.  Z.,  Pan,,  1912,  (Zctek),  1   d" ,  lHo])ard  Cln.]. 

Taboga  Island,  Pan.,  II,  14  and  18,  1912,  (Busck),  1  cT,  2  juv. 

Compared  with  S.  nahua  Saussure  the  present  insect  diifers 
structurally  most  in  the  weaker  supra-coxal  expansion  of  the 
pronotum  and  weaker  armament  of  the  same,  the  males  with 
surface  of  pronotal  collar  and  its  margins  entirely  unarmed.     In 


MORGAN    HEBARD  343 

the  adult  males  the  pronotum  ranges  from  11  to  14.3,  the  tegmina 
from  23.7  to  26.6  mm.  in  length;  the  former  from  2.4  to  2.8  mm. 
in  greatest  width. 

An  additional  series  of  eight  Central  American  specimens  is 
before  us,  including  a  single  female.  The  males  show  a  brown 
and  a  green  color  phase,  the  green  in  the  latter  condition  being 
confined  to  pronotum  and  limbs.  All  of  the  males  which  are 
in  good  condition,  in  addition  to  having  the  tegmina  with  mar- 
ginal field  opaque  and  strikingly  buffy  or  whitish,  have  the  narrow 
interval  between  the  discoidal  and  median  veins  blackish  brown 
proximad  as  far  as  the  stigma.  The  internal  surface  of  the 
cephalic  femora  has  a  blackish  fleck  on  each  side  of  the  unguicular 
sulcus,  these  markings  individually  varying  in  size  so  that  in 
one  specimen  the  entire  unguicular  area  is  suffused  with  brown. 
In  the  female  the  wings  are  yellow  in  cephalic  portion,  l)lack  in 
caudal  portion,  as  described  by  Saussure. 

Epaphroditinae 

Acanthops  falcata  StS.1 

1877.     A[ca)dhops]  falcata  StM,   Bih.   till  K.   Svenska  Vet.-Akad.   HaiuU., 

IV,  no.  10,  p.  90.     [cT,   9  ;  New  Granada  (=  Colombia).] 
1896.     Acanthops  erosula  Griffini  (not  of  St&I,  1877),  Bol.  Miis.  Zool.  Anat. 

Comp.  R.  Univ.  Torino,  xi,  no.  236,  p.  6.     [  9  ;  Punta  di  Sabana,  Daricn, 

[Panama].] 
191.5.     A[canthops]  griffinii  Giglio-Tos,  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Italiana,  xi.vi,  p.  98. 

[  9  ;  Punta  di  Sabana,  Darien  and  Panama.] 

The  material  here  recorded  agrees  fully  with  (iiglio-Tos'  very 
short  description  and  Griffini 's  much  more  satisfactory  diag- 
nosis, the  references  to  which  are  noted  above.  No  dilTerence, 
however,  appears  to  exist  to  warrant  separation  from  Stal's 
falcata, ^'-^  a  species  which  Giglio-Tos  apparently  did  not  consider 
at  the  time  he  recognized  the  fact  that  Panamanian  material 
was  distinct  from  erosula  (=A.  tuberculata  Saussure^"). 

Paris  Field,  Cristolxd,  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  VIII,  18,  1920, 
(Hebard;  in  low  wet  area,  palms,  vines  and  brush),  1  very  small 
juv. 

'^StS,l  stated,  apparently  inadvertently,  that  the  thickening  of  the  median 
and  caudal  tibiae  in  males  of  this  and  another  species  was  beyond  the  middle, 
while  in  reality  these  members  are  thickened  in  their  proximal  half. 

2"  See  discussion  by  Chopard,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  lxxxv,  p.  181,  (1916). 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVUI. 


344  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

Gatun,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  (Harrower),  2  c^,  2   9  . 

Paraiso,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  I,  17,  1911,  (Schwarz),  1  jiiv. 

Calidoma  Road,  Pan.,  IV,  12,  1911,  (Jennings),  1  small  juv. 

Ancon,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  V,  8,  1911,  (Dr.  Greenwood),  1  d^ ,  [V.  S. 
N.  M.]. 

Unrecorded  material  of  this  species  is  also  before  us  from 
Trinidad  and  British  Guiana,  showing  that  falcata,  like  several 
other  species  of  the  genus,  has  a  very  wide  distribution  in  tropical 
America. 

Vatinae 

Stagmatoptera  septentrionalis  Saussure  and  Zehntner 
1894.     Stagmatoptera  septentrionalis  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer., 
Orth.,  I,  p.  186,  pi.  vni,  fig.  2.     [  9  ;  Bugaba,  Panama.] 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  V,  2,  1911,  (Busck),  1   d",  2  oothecae. 

Pinogana,  Darien,  Pan.,  XII,  1915,  (Munoz),  2  cf,[Hebard 
Cln.]. 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VII,  28  to  VIII, 22,  191G,  (Harrower), 
3  d^,  2  juv.    9. 

Panama,  3   cf. 

We  have  recently  placed  Saussure  and  Zehntner 's  variety 
minor  as  an  absolute  synonym  of  this  species. ^^ 

The  ootheca  appears  to  be  of  the  same  general  type  as  that 
deposited  by  species  of  the  genus  SiagnionKintis,  though  much 
larger  than  any  we  have  seen  rc^feral^le  to  that  genus. 

Phyllovates  chlorophaea  (Blanchard) 

1835.     Mantis  chlorophaea  Blanchard,    Mag.   ZooL,   v,    Ins.   pi.    135.     [  9  ; 

Watertown,  New  York  (in  error).] 
1894.     Theoclytes  chlorophaea  variety  corimla  Saussure  and  Zehntner,  Biol. 

Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i,  p.  191.  (Locality  for  variety  not  given  separately.) 
1894.     Theoclytes   maya   Saussure   and   Zehntner,    Ibid.,    p.    192.     [cf ,     9  ; 

Tabasco  and  Temax,  Yucatan,  Mexico.] 

Bugaba,  Panama,  (W.  Schaus),  1  c^,  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

Bocas  del  Toro,  Pan.,  1911,  (Ze(ek),  1   c^,  [Hel)ard  Gin.]. 

Corozal,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  1912,  (Zetck),  1  &,  [Hc])a.rd  Cln.]. 

Panama,  VIII,  21,  1908,  (P.  B.  Preston),  1  juv.  9,  [U.  S. 
N.  M.]. 

Careful  (;omparison  of  a  series  of  eighlceii  sjx'cinicns  before 
us,  representing  localities  from  Mexico  to  C()lom])ia,  offers 
convincing  evidence  of  the  synonymy  indicated  above,  cornuta 

"  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  XLvn,  p.  100,  (1921). 


MORGAN    IIEBARD  345 

representing  individuals  of  the  optimum  development,  maya  the 
greatest  depauperation  which  is  known  to  occur  in  the  species. 
Giglio-Tos  has  given  additional  characters  to  separate  these,^^ 
but  the  series  before  us  shows  all  to  l)e  attributable  to  individual 
variation,  rather  than  constituting  diagnostic  features. 

Under  this  variable  species,  the  names  Theoclytes  azteca 
Saussure  and  mexicana  Saussure  have  already  been  placed,  and 
it  is  probable  that  Pseudovates  brericornis  Stal,  described  from 
Coloml)ia,  will  also  prove  to  be  a  synonym. 

The  measurements  of  selected  individuals  of  the  series  l^efore 
us  are  as  follows: 

Length  of  Length  of  Length  of  Length  of  Length  of  Length  of 

d^  body  frontal  pronotum    pronotal  tegmen  cephalic 

process  shaft  coxa 
Venvidio,  Sinaloa, 

Mexico 58  3  23.3  19.5  30.3  11.1 

Venvidio,  Sinaloa, 

Mexico 05  . 5  3.3  29  .7  25  . 3  44  .8  14 

Teocelo,  Vera  C'riiz, 

Mexico 08  2.8  28  23.7  50  12.7 

Co.sta  Rica 56.5  2.5  25  21.2  40.5  11.8 

Costa  Rica 05  2.8  27.7  23.3  49.3  12.2 

Costa  Rica 07.5  3.3  29.3  25  45.2  12.7 

Bugaba,  Panama ...  .  65.5  2.5  27.2  23.1  44  12.2 

Corozal,  Panama ...  .  09.5  3.1  30.7  20  48.7  13.2 

Honda.  Colombia 07  3  27  23  48.8  12.2 

9 

San  Jose,  Costa  Rica  .  74  3.3  35  . 5  29  . 7  43  . 3  10.8 

Pozo  Azui.  Costa  Rica  78  3.7  35.7  30  44  10.2 

Siquirres,  Costa  Rica .  S3  5  39.8  33.8  45.3  10.9 

Fusugasuga,  Colombia  72.8  3.2  34  28.7  42.8  15.8 

The  frontal  process  is  more  flattened  in  the  females  than  in 
the  opposite  sex,  with  its  apices  usually  slightly  less  sharply 
rounded,  while  in  the  males  the  length  of  the  cephalic  coxae 
averages  greater  in  proportion  to  that  of  the  pronotal  shaft, 

Phyllovates  stolli  (Saussure  and  Zehntner) 

1894.     Thcach/tes  stolli  Saussure  and  Zelintner,  Biol.  Cent.-Amer.,  Orth.,  i, 
p.  192.     [  9  ;  Guiana;  Brazil.] 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  \ll,  25  to  31,  191G,  (Harrower), 
1  &. 

The  male  of  this  handsome  species  is  very  rare  in  collections. 
This  sex  has  been  described  and  recorded  only  by  Saussure,  as 
Theodytes  cingulata  (Drury).'^' 

2-  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Anat.  Conip.  R.  Univ.  Torino,  xxix,  no.  684,  p.  39, 
(1914). 
^^  A  very  distinct  West  Indian  species,  belonging  to  the  genus  Vales. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIH. 


346  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

In  the  male  the  coloration  of  tegmina  and  wings  is  much  like 
that  of  the  same  sex  of  P.  chlor-ophaea  (Blanchard),  except  that 
the  opaque  distal  area  in  the  discoidal  field  of  the  tegmina  is 
even  less  extensive,  occupying  only  an  area  of  the  apical  portion 
toward  the  discoidal  vein  no  wider  than  the  marginal  field. 

Length  of  body,  61;  length  of  frontal  process,  .8;  length  of 
pronotum,  25.6;  length  of  pronotal  shaft,  21.3;  length  of  tegmen, 
41;  width  of  tegminal  marginal  field,  3.8;  length  of  cephalic 
coxa,  11  mm. 

PHASMIDAE 

Though  the  fifty-nine  specimens  here  recorded  represent  only 
a  small  portion  of  the  walking-sticks  known  from  Panama,  it 
is  of  interest  to  note  that  four  of  the  sixteen  species  treated  are 
new. 

The  following  Phasmidae,  already  known  from  Panama,  are 
not  represented  in  the  collections  before  us  from  that  region. 
Stratocles  cmctipes  Stal  (103),^'*  Tejierella  tenerrima  Redtenbacher 
(109),  Agrostia  amoejia  Redtenbacher  (110),  Brizoides  nigri- 
cornis  Redtenbacher  (112),  Brizoides  grafninea  Redtenbacher 
(113),  Brizoides  lacteiyennis  Redtenbacher  (113),  Chlorophasma 
hyalina  Redtenbacher  (114),  Perliodes  grisescens  Redtenbacher 
(137),  Perliodes  nigro-granulosus  Redtenbacher  (138),  Metriotes 
diodes  Westwood  (140),  Damasijjjms  fuscipes  Redtenbacher 
(147),  Damasippus  ivestwoodi  Stal  (148),  Damasippus  striatus 
Redtenbacher  (149).  Oncotophasma  armata  (Brunner)  (317), 
Dyme  discors  Brunner  (324),  Dyme  modesta  Brunner  (324), 
Dyme  chiriquensis  Brunner  (325),  Calynda  bicuspis  Stal  (329), 
Phantasis  lobata  Redtenbacher  (408),  Bosira  dorsuaria  StM 
(408),  Bostra  lobata  Redtenbacher  (408),  Bostra  podagrica  StS.1 
(409),  Bacteria  nodulosa  Redtenbacher  (416). 

Forty  species  of  Phasmidae  are  now  recorded  from  Panama. 
We  feel,  however,  that  it  is  very  probable  additional  synonymy 
will  be  found  in  the  genera  Dyme,  Calynda  and  Bostra. 

^^  Tlie  numbers  in  parentheses  after  the  names  indicate  the  page  number 
in  the  "  Insektcnfamilie  der  Phasmiden"  on  which  the  species  is  treated. 


morgan  hebard  347 

Anisomorphinae 

Paranisomorpha  insignis  Redtenbacher 

1908.     ParanisomorpJia    insujids   Rcdtcnibacher,    Insektonfamilie   der   Phns- 
miden,  p.  90.     [d^,    9  ;  Costa  Rica.] 

Boquete,  Panama,  II,  1919,  (Zetek),  19,1  juv.  9  ,  [Hc'])ard 
Cln.]. 

The  adult  female  of  this  dull  black,  apterous  walking-stick 
is  in  all  but  body  length  smaller  than  the  female  originally 
described.  Length  of  body,  41.8;  length  of  pronotum,  4.3; 
length  of  mesonotum,  6.4;  length  of  metanotum  incUuHng 
median  segment,  5.3;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  11.3;  length  of 
median  femur,  10.5;  length  of  caudal  femur,  14.7  mm. 

The  thickening  of  the  antennal  segments  distad  is  not  con- 
spicuous in  the  specimens  before  us. 

Phasminae 

Stratocles  multilineatus  Rehn 

1904.     Stralocles  multilineatus  Rehn,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1904,  p.  91. 

[(^;  San  Carlos,  Costa  Rica.] 
1906.     Str[atoclcs]  forcipntus  Redtenbacher,  (not  of  Bolivar,  1890),  Insekton- 

familie  der  Phasmiden,  p.  105.     [cf ,   ?  ;  Chiriqui  and  Bugaba,  Panama.] 

It  is  plain  that  Redtenbacher  made  the  misidentification  noted 
above.  The  insect  described  as  muliiUneatus  by  that  autiior 
from  the  upper  Amazon  may  represent  a  closely  related  species. 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  VII,  17  to  VHI,  22,  1919, 
(narrower),  8  d^,  6  9  . 

Panama,  VII,  4,  (Wirt  Robinson),  1   cf . 

The  male  cerci  in  multilineatus  are  directed  ventrad  and 
weakly  curved,  then  cephalad  and  strongly  (;urvcd,  more  slender, 
rouaded  and  weakly  tapering  distad  to  their  rounded  apices, 
armed  with  an  irregular,  flattened  finger,  the  apex  of  which  is 
enlarged,  flattened  and  armed  with  very  minute,  scallercMl 
denticulations."  This  projection  was  overlooked  by  the  original 
describer,  probably  because,  directed  cephalad  and  slightly 
dorsad,  it  can  not  be  seen  from  al)ove  or  the  side. 

The  pale  portions  of  head,  pronotum,  mesonotum,  tegmina, 
anterior  field  of  wings  and  liml)s  are  usually  richly  oriental 
green.  Rarely  all  of  these  markings,  except  those  of  the  tegmiiia 
and  wings,  are  naples  yellow. 

2=-  Bolivar  describc.-i  the  male  oercus  ior fuiripatus  as  "elongati,  apiccm  versus 
intus  comprcsso-subam])liatus,  ante  mediiun  biramosi,  ramo  antico  brevi, 
spiniformi,  postico  magis  clongato,  subcylindrico." 

TR.\NS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVHl. 


348  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

Agrostia  viridipes  (Rehn) 

1905.     Olcyphides  viridipes  Rehn,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1905,  p.  798. 
[cf  (nee  9 );  Cache,  Costa  Rica.] 

Cabima,  Panama,  V,  28,  1911,  (Busck),  1   cf. 

Compared  with  a  Colombian  male  of  the  gorgeously  colored 
Citrina  venilia  (Westwood)  shows,  in  addition  to  the  features 
given  by  Redtenbacher,  the  following  characters,  which,  com- 
bined, warrant  the  generic  separation  made  by  that  author. 
In  viridipes  the  head  is  decidedly  longer,  the  eyes  and  ocelli 
smaller  and  less  prominent,  the  pronotum  shorter,  the  tegmina 
much  longer,  the  cephalic  femora  showing  distinctly  greater 
thickening  and  the  tarsi,  though  elongate,  decidedly  shorter. 

The  present  species  is  distinctively  colored,  the  pale  green  of 
the  median  and  caudal  limbs  and  of  the  longitudinal  tegminal 
and  wing  band  contrasting  strongly  with  the  light  and  dark 
browns  of  the  other  portions. 

The  specimen  here  recorded  agrees  fully  with  the  type  except 
in  being  somewhat  smaller.  Length  of  body,  47;  length  of  head, 
3.7;  length  of  pronotum,  2.1 ;  length  of  mesonotum,  5.8;  length  of 
tegmen,  5.8;  length  of  wing,  30.5;  length  of  caudal  femur,  12.8; 
length  of  caudal  tarsus,  5.8;  length  of  caudal  metatarsus,  3.2  mm. 

Brizoides  annulicornis  new  species     (Plate  XIV,  figures  1  and  2.) 

This  beautiful  light  green  walking-stick  is  nearest  B.  graminea 
Redtenbacher,  described  from  Bugaba,  Panama.  It  differs  in 
the  strikingly  annulate  antennae,  granulose  cephalic  half  of 
mesonotum,  with  a  few  of  these  granules  laterad  black  but  median 
sulcus  immaculate,  faint  markings  of  anterior  field  of  wings 
and  limb  annuli,  shorter  tegmina  and  longer  limbs. 

The  carinae  of  the  limbs  are  used  largely  by  Redtenbacher  to 
separate  this  and  the  related  genera.  These  features  are  often 
more  subtle  than  would  be  supposed.  In  the  insect  here  under 
consideration  we  would  describe  the  cephalic  femora  as  having 
the  dorsal  carinae  distinct,  the  dorso-internal  slightly  the  stronger 
with  the  median  carina  of  the  ventral  surface  certainly  present 
but  not  strongly  developed.  This  would  appear  to  represent 
a  condition  intermediate  between  Brizoides  and  Chlorophasma 
as  defined  l)y  Redtenbacher.  For  the  ])resent  we  can  go  no 
further    thaji    to    assign    annulicornis    to    Brizoides,    awaiting 


MORGAN    HEBARD  349 

further  material  to  determine  the  vaHdity  of  the  genus  Chloro- 
phasma. 

Type.— 9;  Porto  Bello,  Panama.  :March  2,  1911.  (A. 
Busck.)     [United  States  National  Museum.] 

Size  large  for  the  genus,  form  slender.  Ocelli  small  but  distinct.  Eyes 
moderately  but  not  strongly  projecting.  Head  and  pronotum  smooth,  the 
latter  with  transverse  sulcus  decided  and  longitudinal  sulcus  weak.  Mesono- 
tum  smooth  in  caudal  portion,  with  a  well  defined  tran.sverse  sulcus;  cephalic 
portion  granulose  and  with  a  few  blunt  lateral  tubercles,  longitudinal  sulcus 
shallow  but  distinct.  Tegmina  large  for  the  genus  (but  decidedly  surpassed 
in  size  by  those  of  graminea),  ovate  but  showing  strong  distal  obliquity  to  the 
rounded  apex  at  the  sutural  margin,  flattened  but  showing  blunt  tubercu- 
lation  at  the  shoulders.  Wings  fully  developed,  reaching  to  near  base  of 
eighth  tergite.  Abdomen  with  tergites  (except  supra-anal  plate)  not  carinate. 
Ultimate  tergite  truncate,  weakly  bilobate  distad,  with  a  minute,  rounded 
supra-anal  plate  projecting  beyond,  which  is  shorter  than  wide  and  is  medio- 
longitudinally  carinate.  IMesosternum  alone  finely  granulose.  Operculum 
elongate,  extending  slightly  beyond  median  portion  of  ultimate  tergite,  smooth 
and  not  carinate,  narrowing  distad  to  the  sharply  rounded  apex  which  forms 
an  angle  distinctly  less  than  ninety  degrees.  Femora  all  bicarinulate  dorsad 
and  ventrad,  the  cephalic  decidedly  incurved  at  base;  median  carina  of  ventral 
surface  weak  but  distinct  on  cephalic  femora,  a  trace  suggested  distad  on  the 
median  femora,  absent  on  the  caudal  femora.     Tibiae  all  pentagonal. 

General  coloration  apple  green,  underparts  chamois.  Antennae  with  first 
two  joints  immaculate,  succeeding  joints  with  a  heavy  short  distal  annulus 
of  blackish  brown,  these  annuli  becoming  much  longer  and  more  widely 
spaced  distad  where  the  joints  become  compound,  a  number  of  the  short 
sections  of  the  compound  joints  there  form  these  annuli;  proximal  annuli 
incomplete  as  they  do  not  wholly  encircle  the  antennae.  Head  with  a  very 
slender  postocular  streak  of  blackish  brown,  pronotum  immaculate.  Meso- 
notum  with  (three  or  four)  lateral  tubercles  black  and  with  a  very  slender 
marginal  streak  of  blackish  brown  below  the  slender  carinae,  which  are  ap- 
proximate to  the  lateral  margins.  Tegmina  and  anterior  field  of  wings,  with 
scattered  angular  patches  which  are  slightly  darker  than  the  general  color- 
ation, apparently  bice  green,  but  under  the  lens  .^oen  to  be  a  shade  darker  thsn 
the  other  portions  with  a  number  of  microscoi)i(!  irregular  flecks  of  purjjlish 
black.  Radiate  field  of  wings  transparent  milky  white,  like  ground  glass. 
Limbs  buffy  tinged  with  green,  showing  very  obscurely  traces  of  a  number  of 
light  brownish  annuli.  Femora,  tibiae  and  tarsal  joints  all  minutely  flecked 
with  blackish  brown  at  their  apices. 

The  type  measurements  are  given  first.  Females.  Length  of  body,  73 
and  74;  length  of  pronotum,  3.7  and  3.8;  length  of  mesonotum,  7.8  and  8.7; 
length  of  tegmcn,  6.8  and  6.8;  length  of  wing,  49. .5  and  49.8;  length  of  cephalic 
femur,  16.9  and  16;  length  of  caudal  femur,  16.3  and  15.4;  length  of  caudal 
tarsal  joints,  7.4  and  7.2;  length  of  caudal  metatarsus,  3  and  3.2  mm. 

TK.VNS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


350  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

A  paratypic  female,  Ijeariiig  the  same  data  as  the  type,  is  also 
before  us. 

Pseudophasma-''  menius  (Westwood) 

1859.     Phasnia  menius  Westwood,  Cat.  Orth.  Ins.  British  Mus.,  i,  Phasmidae, 
p.  118,  pi.  XVII,  fig.  2.     [cf,  Colombia.] 

This  species  has  been  previously  correctly  reported  from  the 
Rio  Cianati,  Darien,  Panama,  l)y  Griffini,  and  from  Carrillo, 
Costa  Rica,  by  Rehn.  It  is  assuredly  the  insect  which  Redten- 
bacher  has  recorded  from  Costa  Rica  and  Chiriqui,  Colon, 
Panama,  and  Darien,  Panama,  as  Phasvia  perezii  Bolivar.-^ 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  II,  27  to  V,  4,  1911,  (Busck;  Jennings), 
4  cf,  3   9. 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VII,  17  to  VIII,  22, 1916,  (Harrower), 
7c^,l  9. 

Culebra,  C.  Z.,  Pan.,  I,  8,  1911,  (Dr.  Pittier),  1  9  ,    [U.S.N.M.]. 

This  plainly  and  somberlj''  colored  species  is  apparently  the 
most  abundant  flying  walking-stick  in  both  Costa  Rica  and 
Panama. 

Isagoras  dentipes  Redtenbacher 

1906.     Isagoras  dentipes  Redtcnbacher,  Insektenfamilie  der  Phasmiden,  p.  134. 
[cf;  Bugaba  and  Chiriqui,  Panama.] 

Bugaba,  Panama,  (W.  Schaus),  1  cf ,  1    9  ,  [U.  S.  N. -M.]. 

In  these  specimens  the  metasternum  is  pale, buffycaudad,  but 
not  sulphur  yellow. 

The  undescribed  female  is  decidedly  larger  than  the  male 
with  the  tuberculation  of  the  body  and  lamellation  of  the  limbs 
intensified,  while  on  the  latter  are  developed  larger  and  more 
numerous  lobes  (or  blunt  denticulations).  In  this  specimen  the 
cejohalic  femora  are  much  more  strongly  compressed.  The 
caudal  femora  have  the  dorso-external  margin  supplied  with 
(four  or  five)  small  lobes;  the  dorso-internal  margin  with  six 
much  larger  lobes;  the  ventro-internal  margin  with  a  long,  low, 
horizontal  l()l)e  proximad  and  a  similar,  but  vertical,  lol)e  distad, 

^*  Tl>c  necessity  of  following  Kirby  in  the  use  of  this  name  for  Phasuia  of 
authors  (not  of  Lichtcnstcin  as  restricted)  has  been  fully  explained  by  Rehn, 
Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1904,  p.  95,  footnote  43,  (1904). 

^^  As  Redtcnbacher  considered  his  material  from  Coca,  Ecuador  (the  type 
locality  of  perezii)  the  same  as  that  from  Panama,  it  would  appear  very 
possible  that  perezii  may  be  a  synonym  of  menius. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  351 

and  the  ventro-exteriuil  margm  with  a  similar,  Init  lower,  distal 
lobe.  The  caudal  tibiae  also  have  (two  or  three)  small  dorsal 
lobes,  these  conspicuous  only  on  the  sniistral  member. 

The  female  before  us  is  more  lichenose  in  appearance  than  the 
male,  the  antennae  grayish  with  suffusions  of  brown.  In  both 
sexes  the  ocelli  are  small  l)ut  distinct,  while  on  each  side  of  the 
median  ocellus,  between  it  and  the  antennal  socket,  is  a  long 
tubercle,  like  a  minute  horn.  As  in  other  bark-like  or  lichen-like 
forms,  the  coloration  is  probably  subject  to  very  decided  in- 
dividual variation.  The  same  is  true  of  the  lobes  of  the  liml)s, 
in  such  species  as  the  present. 

Length  of  body,  cf  (estimated)  53;  9  75.7;  length  of  pronotum, 
d"  2.8,  9  3.9;  length  of  mesonotum,  cT  7.7,  9  10;  length  of 
'tegmen,  cf  5.3,  9  8.5;  length  of  wing,  d"  31.8,  9  49.2;  length 
of  cephalic  femur,  d^  11.1  9  13.1;  width  of  cephalic  femur, 
d'  .9,  9  2;  length  of  caudal  femur,  cT  8.8,  9  10.8;  length  of 
caudal  tibia,  cT  7.5,  9  8.7;  length  of  caudal  tarsal  joints,  cf 
5.4,   9   5.9;  length  of  caudal  metatarsus,  d^  2.3,    9   2.3  mm. 

Isagoras  rignieri  (Redtenbacher) 

190(3.     Xerosoma  vignieri  Redtenbacher,  Insektenfamilie  der  Phasmiden,  p. 
144.     [d^;  Paya,  Darien,  Panama.] 

The  species  does  not  agree  with  the  genotype  of  Xerosoma,  the 
Brazilian  canaliculatum  of  Serville,  but  shows  no  feature  by 
which  it  can  be  separated  from  Isagoras  Stal,  as  defined  by 
Redtenbacher.^^  We,  therefore,  make  the  generic  reassignment 
noted  above. 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  II,  6,  1911,  (Schwarz),  1  d" ;  Ul,  2  and 
18,  1911,  (Busck),  2  juv.  d". 

The  adult  specimen,  for  a  lichenose  form,  agrees  very  closely 
with  the  originally  described  male.  It  ditTers  mainly  in  having 
the  mesonotal  tubercles  no  darker  than  the  other  portions,  the 
costal  margin  of  the  tegmina  and  the  anterior  portions  of  the 
wings  without  a  pale  marking,-'-*  while  the  minute  lobes  of  the 
median  and  caudal  limbs  are  reduced  to  one  and  two  on  the 

-^  Redtenbacher  has  very  possibly  included  several  generic  units  under 
Isagornf!,  but  we  do  not  have  material  of  a  suflicient  number  of  species  to 
determine  this  definitely. 

-^  The  tegmina  having  a  large,  transverse,  pale  area  at  the  shoulders  across 
the  dorsal  surface. 

TUANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


352  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

dorsal  surface  of  the  caudal  tibiae.     The  oceUi  are  very  small 
and  inconspicuous. 

Length  of  body,  65;  length  of  pronotum,  3.2;  length  of  meso- 
notum,  10;  length  of  tegmen,  9.1 ;  length  of  wing,  43.3;  length  of 
cephalic  femur,  14.8;  width  of  cephalic  femur,  1.8;  length  of 
caudal  femur,  12.7;  length  of  caudal  tibia,  12.7;  length  of  caudal 
tarsal  joints,  6.3;  length  of  caudal  metatarsus,  2.7  mm. 

Metriotes  iphicles  Redtenbacher 

190(>.     M[ctriotes]   iphicles   Redtenbacher,    Insektcnfamilie   der   Phasmiden, 
p.  140.     [cf,   9  :  San  Pedro  Sula,  Honduras;  Bugaba,  Panama.] 

Rio  Trinidad,  Panama,  VI,  6,  1912,  (Busck),  1  large  juv.   9  . 

Prisopus  berosus  Westwood 

1859.     Prisopus  hcrosus  Westwood,  Cat.  Orth.  Ins.  British  Mus.,  i,  Phas- 
midae,  p.  168,  pi.  xx,  fig.  7.     [  d^     9  ;  Panama.'"] 

Panama,  (Zetek),  1   9  ,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

This  species  is  also  represented  in  the  collections  before  us 
from  Costa  Pica.  The  coloration  of  the  present  specimen  is 
exactly  as  described,  with  great  clarity,  by  Westwood. 

Length  of  body,  59;  length  of  pronotum,  5.2;  width  of  pro- 
notum, 7.8;  length  of  mesonotum,  6;  length  of  tegmen,  34.4; 
length  of  wing,  45.6;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  10.8;  greatest 
width  of  cephalic  femur,  5.9;  length  of  caudal  femur,  13.5; 
greatest  width  of  caudal  femur,  6  mm. 

Prisopus  arladne  new  species     (Plate  XIV,  figures  3  to  8  ) 

This  interesting  species  agrees  only  with  P.  cephus  Westwood 
in  having  the  radiate  field  of  the  wings  unicolorous.  The 
numerous  glossy  yellowish  tubercles,  scattered  over  the  proxi- 
mal portions  of  the  tegmina,  afford  a  distinctive  character. 
Compared  with  the  described  male  of  cephus,  this  sex  differs 
further  in  having  the  head  tuberculate  but  not  spinose,  the 
tegmina  with  the  tuberculations  noted  above,  and  with  a  lamellate, 
acute-angulate  production  at  the  shoulders,  and  the  five  distal 
tergites  lobate  laterad,  this  strongest  on  the  seventh. 

The  female  differs  in  being  larger  and  heavier,  with  projection 
at  tegminal  shoulders  reduced  to  a  low  rounded  lamella,  and 
lateral  lanicllatiou  of  tergites  nnich  stronger. 

'"And  "Litt.  occid.  Americae  se{)tcntrionalis."  Tlie  figured  male  from 
Panama  is  here  designated  the  single  type. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  '  353 

Type. —  9  ;  Carrillo,  Costa  Rica.  [Hel)ard  Collection,  Type  no. 
869.] 

Size  rather  small  and  form  more  slender  than  i.s  usual  in  this  genus  of  very 
broad  species.  Head  flattened,  the  occiput  with  small  scattered  tubercles 
and  two  postocular  rows  of  the  same  on  each  side  (these  not  large  and  not 
forming  small  denticulations  as  in  this  sex  of  P.  berosus  Westwood) .  Fronotum 
polished  but  rugulose,  slightly  wider  than  long.  Mesonotum  with  surface 
similar,  shorter  than  pronotum,  transverse  but  decidedly  less  so  than  in  bero- 
sus. Tegmina  large,  extending  as  far  caudad  as  caudal  margin  of  fifth  tergite, 
veins  proximad  forming  a  number  of  small  smooth  tubercles,  shoulder  with  a 
low  rounded  lamella,  apices  broadly  rounded.  Wings  fully  developed,  ex- 
tending to  ajiex  of  abdomen.  Abdomen  with  dorsal  surface  tul)erculate 
meso-laterad  and  distad;  fourth  tergite  minutely  and  roundly  lamellate  pro- 
duced latero-caudad,  fifth,  sixth-and  seventh  tergites  increasingly  and  much 
more  decidedly  so,  eighth  and  ninth  tergites  with  lateral  portions  lamellate 
and  rounded  produced  but  decreasingly  so.  Cerci  straight,  flattened  cylin- 
drical. Ventral  surface  strongly  concave.  Femora  very  strongly  lamellate 
and  hairy;  their  external  surfaces  weakly  tuberculate;  their  ventro-external 
margins  with  very  large  waves,  well  separated  and  blunt  but  shaped  like  the 
teeth  of  a  saw,  these  decided  on  the  cephalic  femora,  subobsolete  (or  weak  in 
paratype)  on  the  median  femora  and  very  decided  on  the  caudal  femora,  there 
six  in  niunber.  Dorso-external  margins  of  cephalic  femora  strongly  lamellate 
and  convex  in  distal  half,  of  median  femora  straight  and  subdenticulate  (or 
with  three  small  denticulations),  and  of  caudal  femora  straight  with  three 
blunt  denticulations.  Tibiae  lamellate  and  hairy;  external  surfaces  similarly 
tuberculate;  the  margins  of  the  cephalic  and  median  straight  (or  of  median 
with  two  low  undulations  of  the  dorsal  margin),  of  the  caudal  tibiae  with 
ventral  margin  showing  four  large  lamellate  and  rounded  waves.  Subgenital 
plate  produced  caudad  in  median  section,  the  lateral  margins  in  thi^  portion 
Very  weakly  convergent  to  the  transverse  and  very  feebly  convex  distal  margin. 

Allotype. —  cf ;  Alhajuela,  Panama.  A]iril  17,  1<)1I.  (A. 
Busck.)    [United  States  National  Museum.] 

Very  similar  to  female  but  smaller  and  less  robust.  Tegmina  similar  except 
that  they  are  produced  in  a  sharp  acute-angulate  lamcUation  at  the  shoulders 
and  extend  to  the  caudal  margin  of  the  fourth  tergite.  Lateral  lamellation  of 
distal  tergites  similar  but  much  weaker.  Limbs  similar.^^  Subgenital  plate 
with  lateral  margin  converging,  then  rounding  into  the  obtuse-angulate 
emarginate  distal  margin,  so  that  the  plate  appears  almost  bilobate. 

General  coloration  brown,  limbs  weakly  mottled.  Tegmina  and  exposed 
portion  of  wings,  when  at  rest,  lichenose,  blotched  with  gray-green,  grayish 
white  and  brown,  the  proximal  tubercles  on  the  tegmina  honey  yellow,  in  the 

^'  In  such  lichenose  or  bark-like  insects,  variation  is  probably  greater  than 
is  usual  in  the  Phasmidae.  In  the  present  male  the  sinistral  caudal  tibiae 
has  its  ventro-external  margin  only  undulate,  though  the  corresponding  margin 
of  the  dextral  limb  is  as  described  for  the  type. 

TRANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


354  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMlDAE    OF    PANAMA 

male  faintly  tinged  with  green.  Remaining  portion  of  anterior  field  of  wings 
transparent,  heavily  suffused  with  mummy  brown;  radiate  field  transparent, 
evenly  and  strongly  tinged  with  mummy  brown.  Ventral  surface  smooth  and 
shining,  buffy  with  median  portions  of  sterna  suffused  with  blackish  brown  and 
each  sternite,  to  subgenital  plate,  with  a  medio-longitudinal  oval  suffusion  of 
blackish  brown  (this  latter  marking  apparently  an  important  specific  diag- 
nostic character). 

For  the  female  sex,  the  measurements  of  the  type  are  given  first.  Length 
of  body,  d"  39,  9  49.7  and  56;  length  of  pronotum,  cf  3.3,  9  4.4  and  4.4; 
total  width  of  pronotum,  cf  4,  9  5.6  and  5.7;  length  of  tegmen,  cf  20,  9  28.3 
and  31.4;  greatest  tegminal  width,  cf  4.7,  9  7.5  and  7.9;  length  of  wing, 
cf  29.2,  9  36.8  and  42.3;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  cf  8.1,  9  9  and  9.1; 
greatest  width  of  cephalic  femur,  cf  2.7,  9  3.7  and  4;  length  of  caudal  femur, 
cf  9.1,  9  10.3  and  10.2;  greatest  width  of  caudal  femur  (between  apices  of 
projections),  cf  3.1,    9  4.5  and  4.7  mm. 

Ill  addition  to  the  type  and  allotype,  a  paratypic  female, 
belonging  to  the  United  States  National  IVIuseum,  is  l)efore  us, 
taken  at  Paraiso,  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  on  April  4,  1912,  by 
A.  Busck. 

Heteroneminae 
PSEUDOCEROYS  new  genus 

This  genus  is  erected  to  include  a  new  species,  harroweri,  here 
descril^ed,  and  Ceroys  bigibbus  Kehn,  from  Nicaragua  and  Costa 
Rica. 

Close  general  resemblance  is  shown  to  the  heavy  type  developed 
in  the  Pyghirynchine  genera  Pyghirynchus  and  Ceroy,s,  the 
present  genus  being,  however,  a  member  of  the  Heteroneminae 
(Bacunculinae  of  Brunner),  as  the  tibiae  all  lack  a  triangular 
impressed  area  disto-ventrad. 

We  place  Pseudoceroys  after  Parapyghirynchus  in  linear 
arrangement.  These  and  the  related  genera,  as  defined  and 
arranged  by  Brunner,  in  the  Insektenfamilie  der  Phasmiden, 
arc  so  illogical  and  unsatisfactory  that  his  treatment  must  be 
largely  disregarded. ^'- 

Genotype. — Pseudoceroys  harroweri  new  species. 

The  following  characters  serve  to  separate  this  genus,  known 
as  yet  only  from  the  female  sex.  Tibiae  anareolate.  Median 
segment  transverse.  Form  moderately  robust.  Alxlomen  with 
latero-caudal   angles   of   tergites   not   si)ecialized,   sixth    tci-gite 

'2  See  llebard,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  See,  xlv,  pp.  162  and  172,  (1919),  for  the 
order  of  the  first  genera  of  the  Heteroneminae. 


MORGAN    HEBARI)  355 

specialized.  Antennae  comparatively  short,  with  first  joint  de- 
pressed, unarmed.  OcelH  a])sent.  Occiput  with  a  pair  of 
auriform  lobes.  Pronotum  with  a  pair  of  median,  longitudinal 
carinae.  jMesonotum,  metanotum  and  median  segment  with  a 
heavy,  medio-longitudinal  carina,  the  abdominal  tergites  with 
this  less  decided.  Tegmina  and  wings  absent.  Operculum 
lanceolate,  very  elongate,  concealing  ovipositor  valves  and  cerci, 
extending  beyond  apex  of  distal  tergite.  Limbs  short  and  ratiicr 
heavy;  femora  and  tibiae  with  margins  supplied  with  numerous 
lobes  or  lobules;  cephalic  femora  strongly  bowed. 

Pseudoceroys  harroweri  new  species     (Plate  XV,  figures  1  and  2.) 

This  insect,  compared  with  P.  bigibbus  (Hehn),  both  known 
only  from  the  female  sex,  differs  in  its  very  much  smaller  size, 
more  robust  build,  decidedly  smaller  lobes  of  the  head  and 
limbs,  absence  of  lobes  on  mesonotum,  metanotum  and  sixth 
tergite,  and  distinctive  operculum. 

Type.— 9;  Porto  Bello,  Panama.  August  18  to  22,  1916. 
(D.  E.  narrower.)     [Hel^ard  Collection,  Type  no.  8G4.] 

The  following  features  are  noted  in  addition  to  those  given  above  and  in  the 
generic  description.  Surface  dull,  weakly  rugose  and  subtuberculate.  Head 
with  a  pair  of  small,  elongate  tubercles,  like  minute  horns,  between  the  eyes; 
auriform  lobes  of  occiput  irregular  and  bluntly  rounded,  wider  than  high, 
caudad  of  which  are  a  pair  of  more  approximate,  blunt  spiniform  i)rocesses. 
Pronotum  very  rough,  paired  median  carinae  moderately  divergent  caudad 
and  each  raised  in  a  large,  blunt,  conical  iirojection  at  caudal  margin  of 
pronotum ;  a  carina  also  indicated  laterad  on  the  roughened  sides.  Mesonot  um 
rough,  with  medio-longitudinal  carina  heavy,  armed  with  three,  heavy,  blunt, 
conical  projections.  Metanotum  and  median  segment  similar  but  lacking  the 
projections.  Abdominal  tergites  to  sixth  rough  and  unspecialized,  sixth 
flattened  and  irregularly  weakly  concave  on  each  side  with  a  dark  velvety 
patch  proximad.  Sixth,  seventh  and  eighth  tergites  with  medio-longitudinal 
carina  horizontally  minutely  bilobate  caudad  on  each  side.  Ninth  tergite 
strongly  declivent  produced  in  two  small  rounded  projections  at  the  base  of 
the  small  supra-anal  plate,  the  latter  with  margins  evenly  and  weakly  convex- 
convergent  to  the  bluntly  rounded  apex,  ^'entral  surface  rough,  the  pleura 
tuberculate.  Operculum  with  surface  not  as  rough,  longitudinally  tricarinate 
proximad  but  without  lateral  carinae  distad,  in  that  portion  with  lateral 
margins  very  feebly  convex-convergent  to  the  rather  sharply  rounded  apex. 
Cephalic  femora  with  dor.so-internal  and  ventro-external  margins  (the  latter 
only  distad)  supplied  with  a  few  very  small,  stout  lobes;  other  femora  with 
all  margins  and  all  tibiae  with  dorsal  margins  supplied  with  a  number  ol 
slightly  larger  lobes,  except  the  ventral  margins  of  the  caudal  f(>inora,  wliicii 
have  the.se  only  distad. 

THANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVHI. 


356  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

General  coloration  dark  brown,  the  velvety  areas  proximad  on  each  side 
of  the  sixth  tergite  blackish  brown. 

Length  of  body,  53;  length  of  auriform  lobe  of  head,  1.9;  length  of  pronotum, 
4;  length  of  mesonotum,  13;  width  of  mesonotum,  5;  length  of  metanotum 
(including  median  segment),  6;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  10.8;  length  of  ceph- 
alic tibia,  10.3;  length  of  caudal  femur,  12.7;  length  of  caudal  tibia,  12; 
length  of  operculum,  10.7  mm. 

The  type  of  this  soml^er,  twig-like  phasmid  is  unique. 

Libethra  panamae  new  species  (Plate  XIV,  figure  9;  XV,  figures  3  and  4  ) 

This  insect  is  nearest  L.  venezuelica  Brunner,  differing  in  the 
female  in  the  cephalic  femora  being  dilated  dorsad  and  in  the 
specialization  of  the  second  and  sixth  tergites;  in  the  male  in 
the  apex  of  the  abdomen  being  apparently^^  not  as  strongly 
inflated. 

We  believe  it  to  be  extremely  probable  that  the  male,  recorded 
by  Grifhni  as  Cmdonia  molita  ( West  wood)  j^'*  from  Lake  Pita, 
Darien,  Panama,  represents  the  present  species.  The  male  of 
true  molita  may  l)e  distinguished  by  the  much  smoother  surface, 
cerci  which  are  more  slender  distad,  eight  tergite  without  a 
projection  of  the  latero-caudal  angles  ventrad  and  longer  and 
more  specialized  eighth  sternite. . 

Type. —  cf  ;  Paraiso,  Canal  Zone,  Panama.  January  23,  1911. 
(E.  A.  Schwarz.)     [United  States  National  Museum.] 

Size  medium,  form  slender,  as  is  usual  in  this  sex  of  s]:)ecies  of  Libethra. 
Head  as  long  as  pronotum,  occiput  slightly  swollen  caudad,  with  scattered 
granules  and  a  fine  medio-longitudinal  line,  a  slightly  larger  granule  on  each 
side  caudad  on  the  swollen  area.  Pronotum  with  very  weak  scattered  granules 
and  a  fine  medio-longitudinal  line,  the  transverse  sulcus  distinct,  on  each 
side  sending  as  strong  a  sulcus  to  the  cephalic  margin,  paralleling  the  lateral 
margins.  Mesonotum  with  weak  scattered  granules  in  cephalic  two-thirds, 
the  medio-longitudinal  line  subcarinulate  and  continued  on  metanotum,  which 
is  otherwise  smooth.  Tergites  showing  traces  of  four  fine  longitudinal  carinae, 
these  becoming  distinct  on  caudal  portion  of  fifth  and  all  of  sixth  tergites,  the 
three  succeeding  tergites  strongly  medio-longitudinally  carinate,  the  seventh 
expanding  with  sides  showing  additional  carinae,  the  eighth  strangulate,  the 
ninth  cucullate,  shghtly  broader  than  long,  on  each  side  with  surface  dorso- 

•■'^  Insektcnfamilie  der  Phasmiden,  j).  307,  (1!)07).  The  descri})tion  is,  as 
usual  in  that  work,  thorough!}'  unsatisfactory,  omitting  any  definite  genitalic 
diagnosis  and  other  featunss  by  which  the  species  is  i)robably  l)est  distinguished. 
As  a  result  we  believe  that  panamae  actually  shows  decidedly  more  striking 
features  of  difference  than  we  can  give  without  material  for  comparison. 

'•^^  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Anat.  Comp.  Univ.  Torino,  xi,  no.  23(),  p.  9,  (1890). 


MORGAN    HEBAKI)  357 

proximacl  strongly  swollen  and  convex.  Cerci  short,  stout,  irregularly  flat- 
tened, curving  inward  and  distad  tapering  to  their  bluntly  rounded  ajjices. 
Ventral  surface  smooth.  Fourth  and  fifth  sternites  distad  with  two,  short, 
parallel  ridges;  these  weakly  indicated  on  the  preceding  sternites.  Sixth 
sternite  short,  seventh  large,  projecting,  with  surface  convex,  mcdio-Iongi- 
tudinally  carinatc  with  apex  produced  like  the  verv  narrow  spout  of  a  pitcher, 
enlarged  portion  with  a  sharply  rounded  ])rojection  on  each  side  proxiniad. 
Limbs  wholly  unspecialized. 

Allotype. — (juv.?)  9  ;  Old  Panamu,  Panama.  .January  31, 
1911.     (E.  A.  Schwarz.)     [United  States  National  Museum.] 

Agrees  closely  with  male  except  as  follows.  Shorter  (due  to  immaturity  ?), 
form  much  more  robust.  Granulation  on  mesonotum  more  decided  and 
thicker,  similar  on  metanotum.  Abdomen  dorsad  with  seven  fine,  nearly 
longitudinal  carinae,  the  lateral  margins  with  granules  and  the  carinulae  with 
these  particularly  on  sixth  and  seventh  tergites;  second  tergite  with  caudal 
extremities  of  four  median  carinae  each  elevated  in  a  rounded  tooth;  sixth 
tergite  elevated  mesad  in  a  small  bidenticulate  process  with  apices  rounded; 
eighth  and  nine  tergites  tectate  and  showing  two  weak  carinulae  on  each  side, 
eighth  with  latero-caudal  angles  very  broadly  rounded,  ninth  minutely  but 
deeply  U-emarginate  above  the  minute  supra-anal  plate,  the  acute  projections 
thus  formed  with  apices  rounded.  Ventral  surface  with  subobsolete  granules 
and  carinae,  a  pair  of  the  latter  becoming  distinct  on  the  abdominal  sternites. 
Operculum  flattened,  strongly  carinulate  proximad  on  each  side,  distad  with 
lateral  margins  convergent  and  weakly  convex  to  the  deeply  U-emarginate 
meso-distal  area,  which  leaves  two  slender,  straight,  finger-like  apices. 
Cephalic  femora  dilated  dorsad  with  dorsal  margin  showing  a  munber  of  weak 
but  distinct  undulations.  Median  femora  with  dorso-caudal  margin  bearing 
two  minute  rounded-triangular  lobes  proximad,  dorso-cephalic  margin  showing 
traces  of  similar  development  as  do  the  dorso-caudal  margins  of  the  caudal 
femora. 

General  coloration  of  male  saccardos  umber.  Antennae,  caudal  limbs  and 
brief  proximal  portions  of  cephalic  and  median  femora  paler.  Head  with 
ventral  surface  and  a  suffused  postocular  streak  of  darker  coloration.  Female 
uniform  clay  color,  showing  a  tawny  tinge.  Head  with  a  suffused  jjostocvilar 
darker  streak  feebly  indicated. 

Male,  type.  Length  of  body,  oO;  length  of  mesonotum,  7;  median  width  of 
mesonotum,  L8;  length  of  metanotum  (including  median  segment),  11.2; 
length  of  median  segment,  1.4;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  18.6;  length  of 
median  femur,  13.8;  length  of  caudal  femur,  17.8;  length  of  cephalic  tibia, 
20.7  mm. 

The  female,  allotype,  though  structurally  ai)parently  adult,  is  so  much 
smaller  that  it  may  represent  one  of  the  later  stages  of  immaturity.  Length 
of  body,  52.5;  length  of  mesonotum,  14.3;  median  width  of  mesonotum,  3; 

TllANS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


358  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

length  of  metanotum  (including  median  segment),  9.2;  length  of  median  seg- 
ment, 1.8;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  14.2;  length  of  median  femur,  10.3; 
length  of  caudal  femur,  11.8;  length  of  operculum,  5.8  mm. 

This  species  is  known  to  us  only  from  the  pair  here  descril)e(l. 

ONCOTOPHASMA  Rehn 

1904.     Oncnlni>ha:ima  Rehn,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  1904,  p.  .">9. 
1907.     Paradiapheroniera  Brunner,  Insekteufamilic  dcr  Phasmidcn,  p.  317. 

The  type  by  monotypy  of  Oncotupluisiiia  is  (Irifhni's  martini. 
We  here  select  as  genotype  of  Parddiapheroniera,  Brunner 's 
strumosa.  As  that  species  is  a  synonym  of  martini,  Paradiaphero- 
mera  consequently  falls  as  a  synonym  of  Oncotophasnia.  Brun- 
ner's  lack  of  knowledge  of  recent  literature  here  resulted  in  his 
overlooking  the  work  of  both  Griffini  and  Rehn. 

Oncotophasma  martini  (Griffini) 

1898.     B[o>;tr(i]  tiiartini  Griffini,  Boll.  Mus.  Zool.  Anat.  Comp.  Univ.  Torino, 
XI,  no.  236,  p.  10,  figs,  a,  b  and  c.     [cf ;  Lake  Pita,  Darien,  Panama.) 

1907.  Paradiapheroniera  strumosa  Brunner,  Insektenfamilie  der  Phasmiden, 
p.  317.     [d':  Chiriqui,  [Panama]  (nee  Peru);  Darien.] 

Porto  Bello,  Panama,  III,  6,  1911,  (Busck),  1  c^. 

Alhajuelo,  Pan.,  IV,  18,  1911,  (Busck),  1  juv.    9. 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  VII,  17  to  VHI,  22, 1916,  (Harrower), 
6  c?". 

The  comparatively  slender,  smooth  and  ajiterous  males  of 
this  insect  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  remarkable  swelling, 
which  occupies  the  caudal  portion  of  the  metanotum. 

The  extremes  in  the  Gatun  series  of  this  very  distinctive 
species  measure  as  follows: 

Length  of  body,  83  to  92;  length  of  mesonotum,  21.4  to 
24.9;  median  width  of  mesonotum,  1.7  to  2;  length  of  metanotum 
(including  median  segment),  14  to  15.8;  length  of  median 
segment,  4  to  4.8;  width  of  median  swelling,  5  to  5.8;  length  of 
cephalic  femur,  23.8  to  28.1;  length  of  median  femur,  18.5  to 
22;  length  of  caudal  femur,  2()  to  29;  length  of  cephalic  tibia,  26.7 
to  31.5  mm. 

PniBALOSOMINAK 
TRYCHOPEPLUS  Shelford 

1908.  Periceiitrus  Redtenbacher   (in   part).    Monographic  dcr  Phasmiden, 
p.  351. 

1908.     TrychOpeplus  Shelf ord,  Biol.  Cent.-Anicr.,  Orth.,  ii,  pi.  0,  fig.  5. 


MORGAN    HEBARD  359 

Redtenbacher's  Pericentrus  clearly  includes  several  distinct 
generic  units.  One  of  these  includes  the  species  multilobatus 
Redtenbacher,  genotype  by  monotypy  of  Shelford  's  Trychopep- 
hi.^,  which  species  is  a  synonym  oi  Ceroys  laci7iiatus  Wostwood.^^ 
To  Trychopeplus  probably  also  belongs  spinoso-lohatus  (Redten- 
bacher). 

Wc  are,  in  another  paper,  removing  from  Pericentrus,  as 
understood  by  Redtenbacher,  the  remaining  American  species, 
restriclu.s  of  Redtenbacher,  described  from  Porto  Rico. 

This  leaves  in  the  genus  Pericentrus  Redtenbacher,  five 
Asiatic  and  Melanesian  species,  of  which  we  select  as  genotype, 
Pericentrus  mowisi  Redtenbacher,  described  and  figured,  from 
Sikkim. 

The  genus  Trychopeplus  may  be  distinguished  from  Peri- 
centrus, as  limited  above,  by  the  much  longer  tarsi,  of  which 
the  metatarsus  is  as  long  as,  or  longer, than  the  combined  length 
of  the  succeeding  joints.  The  males  are  known  for  Trychopeplus 
only  and  in  this  genus  have  fully  developed  organs  of  flight. 
We  are  confident  that  comparison  with  material  of  Pericentrus 
7udwisi  would  show  a  number  of  other,  fully  as  imi)ortant, 
features  for  generic  separation  from  Trychopeplus  laciniatus. 

Trychopeplus  laciniatus  (Westwood)      (Plate  XV,  figures  5  a,nd  6.) 
1S74.     Ceroys     laciniatus  Westwood,   Thesaur.     Ent.     Oxoniensis,     p.    174, 

pi.  XXXII,  fig.  4.     [[9],  Nicaragua.] 
1908.     Pericentrus  multilobatus   Redtenbacher   (in   part),    Monographic   der 

Phasmiden,  p.  352.  [d^:^^  Chiriqui,  [Panama];  [Rio  Sucio],  Costa  Rica.] 
1908.     Pericentrus  lacinicUus  Shelford,  Biol.  Cent.-Anier.,  Orth.,  u,  p.  356. 

[  9  ,  Nicaragua:  cT,  Rio  Sucio,  Costa  Rica;  Chiriqui  and  Bugaba,  Panama.] 
1908.     Trijchnpeplus    multilobatus    Shelford,    Biol.    Cent.-Amer.,    Orth.,    ii, 

pi.  VI,  fig.  5.     (Male.) 

'^  Shelford  ha.'g  pointed  out  that  the  male  of  Redtenbacher's  Pericentrus 
multilobatus  represents  the  opposite  sex  of  Westwood's  Ceroys  laciniatus. 
He  has,  however,  attempted  to  retain  the  name  multilobatus  for  the  immature 
female  from  Peru,  described  by  Redtenbacher.  This  can  not  be  done,  as  that 
specimen  was  referred  to  multilobatus  with  a  query  and  the  type  of  multi- 
lobatus must  consequently  be  one  of  the  described  males.  We  here  select  as 
type  of  Pericentrus  multilobatus  Redtenbacher,  the  male  from  Chiriqui, 
Panama.  As  a  result,  that  name  falls  as  a  synonym  of  Trychopeplus  laci- 
niatus (Westwood). 

3*  The  immature  Peruvian  female  described  by  U.'dtent)acher,  represents 
a  distinct  si)ecies  for  which  a  name  is,  at  the  present  time,  not  available. 

TUANS.  AM.  ENT.  «UC.,  XLVIII. 


360  MANTIDAE    AND    PHASMIDAE    OF    PANAMA 

Rio  Trinidad,  Puiuima,  III,  29,  1912,  (Busck),  1  small  juv.; 
V,  1911,  (Busck),  1    9,  eggs. 

The  irregular,  foliaceous  lamellae  of  the  body  and  limbs  of 
this  very  remarkable  insect,  like  the  long  silky  hairs  on  its 
eggs,  must  closely  resemble  the  mossy  environment  in  which 
the  species  probably  lives. 

Bacteria  ploiaria  (Westwood) 

1859.  Phibalosoma   ploiaria   Westwood,    Cat.    Orth.    Ins.    British   Mus.,    i, 

Phasmidae,  p.  79,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  4.     [cf ;  "In  plagis  occid.  Amer.  Septen- 

trion."] 
1908.     B[act.eria]  subvolans  Redtenbacher,   Inscktenfamilie  der  Phasmiden, 

p.  416.     [cf,  Chiriqui,  Panama.] 

Gatun,  Canal  Zone,  Panama,  1912,  (Zetek),  1  cf,  [Hebard 
Cln.]. 

Canal  Zone,  Pan.,  (Jennings),  1   cf . 

Panama,  Pan.,  (Zetek),  1    9,  [Hebard  Cln.]. 

The  two  males  before  us  are  unquestionably  conspecific, 
one  having  elongate  wings,  the  other  with  these  organs  slightly 
surpassing  the  median  segment.  The  latter  condition  was 
described  as  subvolans  by  Redtenbacher,  the  material  before  us 
showing  that  name  to  be  based  on  such  individual  variation 
and  consequently  of  no  value. 

The  previously  unknown  female  may  be  described  as  follows. 
Vertex  weakly  bituberculate,  much  as  in  male  but  with  tuber- 
culations  proportionately  not  as  heavy.  The  metatarsi  are 
cristate,  as  in  B.  remphan  Westwood.  The  mesonotum  is 
granulose  and  weakly  tectate.  The  median  and  caudal  femora 
are  simple,  except  for  a  low  lobe  proximad  on  the  ventro-caudal 
margin  of  the  sinistral  median  femur.  The  lobes  of  the  limbs  and 
abdomen  are  subject  to  great  individual  variation  in  many 
species  of  this  and  allied  genera.  The  genitalia  are  much  as 
figured  by  Westwood  for  remyhan,  except  that  the  operculum 
and  the  ultimate  tergite  reach  an  equal  distance  caudad,  the 
former  not  considerably  surpassing  the  latter,  while  the  sixth 
tergite  has  the  ventro-caudal  ))ortions  laterad  produced  in  an 
elongate  rounded  lobe,  which  does  not  jiroject  beyond  the 
caudal  margin  of  the  tergite. 

Length  of  body,  d^  1 1 5  and  120.5,  9  1 73 ;  length  of  mesonotum, 
cf  31  and  31.8,   9  41;  median  width  of  mesonotum,  cf  1-7  and 


MORGAN    HEBAKD  361 

1.7,  9  5.7;  length  of  metanotiiin  (inclufling  median  segment), 
cf  18  and  19,  9  24.8;  length  of  median  segment,  cf  14  and  14.8, 
9  15.7;  length  of  tegmen,  d^  6.2  and  5.9,  9  absent;  length  of 
wing,  d^  18.1  and  33.3,  9  absent;  length  of  cephalic  femur,  cf 
(missing)  and  37,  9  39.8;  length  of  candal  femur,  cf  30.8 
and  36,  9  39;  length  of  cephalic  tibia,  cf  (missing)  and  46.2,  9 
43.8;  length  of  operculum,    14.9  mm. 

Pterinoxylus  spinulosus  Redtenbacher 

1908.     Pt[eriiio.vyln.s]  .'ipinulosus  Redtenbacher,  Monographic  der  Phasmiden, 
p.  428,  pi.  XX,  fig.  3.     [cf ;  Chiriqui,  Panama.] 

Panama,  1  cf ,  [U.  S.  N.  M.]. 

The  spination  and  lamellation  of  the  limlxs  is  more  irregular 
in  this  insect  than  would  be  expected  from  Redtenbacher 's 
figure.  The  specimen  before  us  is  slightly  smaller,  but  agrees 
closely  with  the  t3q^e.  The  pair  of  long  sharp  spines  at  the 
caudal  margin  of  the  pronotum  arc^  conspicuous. 

TRAXS.  AM.  ENT.  SOC,  XLVIII. 


362  mantidae  and  phasmidae  of  panama 

Explanation  of  Plates 
Plate  XIV 

Fig.  1. — Brizoides  annulicornis  new  species.     Dorsal  view  of  female.     Porto 

Bello,  Panama.     Type.     (Natural  size.) 
Fig.  2. — Brizoides  annulicornis  new  species.     Lateral  view  of  distal  portion 

of  female  abdomen.     Porto   Bello,   Panama.     Tijpe.     (Much 

enlarged.) 
Fig.  3. — Prisopus  ariadne  new  species.     Ventral  view  of  portion  of  male 

abdomen,  to  show  distinctive  marking.     Alhajuela,  Panama. 

Allotype.     (X  3M) 
Fig.  4. — Prisopus  ariadne  new  species.     Dorsal  view  of  base  of  female  sinistral 

tegmen,  to  show  distinctive  nodes.     Carillo,  Costa  Rica.    Type. 

(X4) 
Fig.  5. — Prisopus  ariadne  new  species.     Dorsal  outline  of  female  tegminal 

shoulder.     Carillo,  Costa  Rica.     Type.     (Much  enlarged.) 
Fig.  6  — Prisopus    ariadne    new    species.     Dorsal    view    of    male    tegminal 

shoulder,  to  show  diversity  between  sexes  (compare  figure  5). 

Alhajuela,  Panama.     Allotype.     (Same  scale  as  figure  5.) 
Fig.  7. — Prisopus  ariadne  new  species.     Lateral  outline  of  female  cephalic 

femur.     Carillo,  Costa  Rica.     Type.     (X  3) 
Fig.  8. — Prisopus  ariadne  new  species.     Lateral  outline  of  female  caudal  fe- 
mur.    Carillo,  Costa  Rica.     Tyj^e.     ( X  3) 
Fig.  9. — Libethra  panamae  new  species.     Ventral  view  of  distal  portion  of 

female     abdomen.     Old     Panama,     Panama.     Allotype.     Im- 
mature?    (Much  enlarged.) 

Plate  X\' 

Fig.  1. — Pseudoceroys  harroweri  new  species.     Dorsal  view  of  female.     Porto 

Bello,  Panama.     Type.     (X  IH) 
Fig.  2. — Pseudoceroys  harroioeri  new  species.     Lateral  view  of  head  of  female. 

Porto  Bello,  Panama.     Type.     (X  4^) 
Fig.  3. — Libethra  panamae  new  species.     Dorsal   view  of  distal  portion  of 

male  abdomen.     Paraiso,  Canal  Zone,  Panama.     Type.     (X  5) 
Fig.  4. — Libethrae  panamae  new  species.     Lateral  view  of  distal  portion  of 

male  abdomen.     Paraiso,  Canal  Zone,  Panama.     Type.     (X  5) 
Fig.  5. — TrycJiopeplus  laciniatus  (Westwood).     Dorsal  view  of  female.     Rio 

Trinidad,  Panama.     (Natural  size.) 
Fig.  5. — Trycliopeplus  laciniatus  (Westwood).     Lateral  view  of  egg  from  which 

the  young  has  emerged    (in  unhatched  eggs,  the  spiny  portion  is 

alone  visible).     Rio  Trinidad,  Panama.     (X  5) 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIIl. 


I'l.  XIV 


HEBARD— MANTIDAE  AND  PHASMIDAE  OF  PANAMA 


Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  XLVIII. 


ri  XV 


4  6 

HEBARD— MANTIDAE  AND  PHASMIDAE  OF  PANAMA 


CONTENTS 


On   the   Male   Genitalia   of   the   Hesperiidae   of   North 
America.     Paper  II.     By  Henry  Skinner  and  R.  C. 

Williams,  Jr 283 

(Issued  February  12,  1923.) 

Systematic  and  Biological  Notes  on  Bumblebees   (Brem- 

idae;  Hymenoptera) .     By  Theodore  H.  Frison        .       307 
(Issued  March  2,  1923.) 

Studies   in   the    Mantidae   and    Phasmidae    of   Panama 

(Orthoptera) .     By  Morgan  Hebard    ....       327 
(Issued  March  7,  1923.)