LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB.
Established 1873.
TRANSACTIONS.
VOL. XXVI.
1908.
MEMBER’S COPY.
GEORGE ANDERSON (Burnley) Ltd.
ST. JAMES’ STREET.
MDCCCCIX.
Mr. JAMES KAY, J.P
President - 1901-02.
BURNLEY
LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB.
Established 1873.
TRANSACTIONS.
VOL. XXVi.
1908.
MEMBER’S COPY.
GEORGE ANDERSON (Burnley) Ltd.
ST. JAMES’ STREET.
MDCCCCIX,
Burnkp £iterarp ana Scientific Club
Established 1873.
OFFICERS OF THE CLUB.
Year 1907-8.
President :
WM. LANCASTER.
Vice-Presidents :
Fred J. Grant, J.P. Jas. Lancaster, J.P.
James Kay, J.P. H. L. Joseland, M.A.
W. Lewis Grant. Wm. Thompson.
Hon. Treasurer : FRANK E. THORNTON.
Hon. Secretary: FRANK HUDSON, LL.B.,
12, St. James’s Row, Burnley.
Committee :
T. G. Crump, B.A., M.B. George Gill, J.P.
T. Crossland, B.Sc. A. R. Pickles, M.A.
John S. Mackie. A. A. Bellingham.
Hon. Lanternist : A. A. Bellingham.
Hon. Auditor : Thomas Proctor.
CLUB.
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
Rule
4
RULES OF THE
1. That the Society be named the “ Burnley Literary and
Scientific Club ”
2. That the objects of the Club shall be the instruction and
mental recreation of its members by means of original papers,
discussions, and conversation of a Literary and Scientific
character. Party Politics and Religious controversies to be
excluded. That arrangements be made during the Summer
for Excursions to places of Historic and Natural interest.
3. That the Club consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members
and Lady Associates. That the Committee shall have power
to accept the services of others than members.
4. That Associateship be open to ladies who shall be elected
by ballot of the members and shall have the privilege of
attending all meetings of the Club. They shall not take
part in the management of the Club, nor shall they be en-
titled to introduce a friend.
5. That the Club meet on Tuesday evenings at 7-45, the meetings
being weekly from September to April. Any meetings held
in the Summer months to be preparatory to the Excursions.
6. That the Secretary shall commence the proceedings at each
meeting be reading the minutes of the last meeting.
7. Candidates for Membership or Associateship to be proposed
and seconded at one meeting, and balloted for at the next ;
a majority of three-fourths of the members present being
required to secure an election. Candidates for Honorary
Membership shall be proposed only after a recommendation
from the Committee.
8. That the officers consist of a President, six Vice-Presidents,
Treasurer, Secretary, and a Committee of six members, who
shall manage the affairs of the Club ; four to form a quorum.
Such officers to be chosen by ballot at the Annual Meeting,
which shall be held on the first convenient Tuesday in April.
Nominations to be received only at the three meetings next
preceding the Annual Meeting.
9. That the reading of any paper shall not occupy more than
one hour, the remaining portion of the time, up to ten o’clock,
to be spent in conversation and discussion. No speaker to
occupy more than five minutes, or to speak more than once,
except by permission of the chairman.
10. That a Sessional Programme shall be prepared by the Sec-
retary, and printed, in which the business of each evening
shall be stated. All subjects proposed to be brought before
the Club to be approved by the Committee of Management.
5
Rule 11. Each member shall have the privilege of introducing a friend*
but no friend so introduced shall be allowed to take part
in the proceedings unless invited by the Chairman, to whom
the said person’s name shall be communicated on his entrance
into the room. The Committee shall have power to declare
any meeting “ Special,” and to make such arrangements as
to admission of friends at such meetings as they shall think
proper.
Rule 12. That an annual subscription of 10s. be paid by ordinary
Members, and of 5s. by Associates, and any person whose
subscription is in arrear for three months shall cease to be
a member of the Club.
Rule 13. The Accounts of the Club shall be made up by the Treasurer
to the end of December in each year ; and a Balance Sheet
shall, after having been audited, and passed by the Com-
mittee, be printed and sent to the members before the
Annual Meeting.
Rule 14. That the Rules be altered only at the Annual Meeting in
April, or at a special Meeting ; in both cases a fortnight’s
notice shall be given to the members, stating the nature of
the proposed alteration. The Secterary shall be empowered
to call a Special Meeting on receiving a requisition signed by
six members.
* No Gentleman residing within the Parliamentary Borough,
not being a member, will be eligible for admission.
A friend is considered to be “ introduced ” (Rule 11) to the Meetings
of the Club when he or she attends with the sanction (by card or
otherwise) of a member.
6
REPORT.
Presented to the Members on April 14 th, 1908.
The Committee have pleasure in presenting to the Members
the Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the Club.
During the Club year now ended, 22 meetings have been
held, in which much useful work has been done. They
consider that the papers which have been read have been
both interesting and of educational value, and not less so
than in previous years. Of the 22 papers read, 8 have been
given by members, and 14 by friends. The various branches
of work in which the Club desires to promote an interest
have been dealt with as follows : —
Literary, 13 papers; Travel, 3 papers ; Scientific, 6 papers.
That the papers have been as interesting as in past years
is shown by the attendance, which has averaged 36 Members
and 30 Associates and friends, as compared with 34 Members
and 30 Associates and friends during last year.
The aggregate attendance has been 784 Members and 660
friends, or a total individual attendance of 1440, as compared
with 1340 last year. During the year 12 new Members and
8 Associates have been elected and the membership is now
composed of 16 Honorary Members, 188 Ordinary Members,
and 28 Associates, being a total of 232, as compared with
223 last year.
The Committee regret to record the loss the Club has
sustained during the year in the death of one of its Vice-
Presidents, the Rev. W. S. Matthews, B.A., which took place
on February 29th, 1908. Mr. Matthews has had a long and
useful connection with the Club, having served as a Member
of the Committee for 14 years and as a Vice-President for
9 years. In addition, he was a frequent and valuable con-
tributor to the Syllabuses of the Club, his numerous papers
on literary subjects being always of a high standard ; and
he also gave great assistance in rendering successful the
debates of the Club.
During the year there has also passed away one of the
Founders of the Club, Thomas Dean, M.D. In the early
history of the Club Dr. Dean rendered much valuable help.
7
On April 23rd a visit was arranged to Duke Place, Deansgate,
Manchester, to inspect the results of the excavations on the
site of the Roman Camp, Mancunium. Mr. J. J. Phelps,
member of the Excavation Committee, kindly conducted
the party and the visit proved both interesting and instructive
to those who took part in it.
On June 12th, 1907, an Excursion of Members and Associates
took place, a visit being made to Stonyhurst College. The
party were shown over the buildings and grounds by a member
of the College Staff. The weather was fine, and a very
pleasant and interesting afternoon was spent by those Members
and Associates who had availed themselves of the arrangements
which had been made.
The Committee place on record their cordial thanks to
Mr. A. A. Bellingham for his valuable services as Honorary
Lanternist of the Club. Of 22 papers given, 11 have been
illustrated by slides and on each occasion his efficient mani-
pulation of the Lantern has added greatly to the success of
the evening.
The Committee confidently hope that the next year’s work
of the Club will receive the continued support of the Members
and Associates and that the result will not be less gratifying
than that which has attended their efforts in the past.
F. HUDSON
Hon. Sec.
8
Jan.
it
Feb.
i »
» »
» »
Mar.
ti
1 1
SYLLABUS.
JANUARY TO APRIL, 1908.
14 — “Rousseau” J. H. Hudson, M.A., H.M.I.
21 — No Meeting.
28 — “ The Evolution of the Calder River System ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)
A. Wilmore, B.Sc., F.G.S., F.C.S.
4 — “ Recent Legislation affecting the Physical Wellbeing of
School Children” .. .. Thos. Crossland, B.Sc.
1 1 — “ San Marino — The Pigmy Republic ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)
Rev. T. T. Norgate, F.R.G.S.
18 — “ Natural History Records with a Camera ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.) G. A. Booth.
25 — “ The Cinque Ports ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)
Rev. Jocelyn Perkins, M.A., F.R.HS.
3 — “ Seneca : Pedagogue, Politician, Playwriter, and
Philosopher” .. .. J. Langfield Ward, M.A.
10 — "Pompeii” Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S.
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)
17 — “ The Wit and Wisdom of Proverbs ”
Rev. R. W. Berry, B.D.
24 — “ The Poetical Associations of the Lake District ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.) C. W. Midgley.
31 — “Longfellow” Rev. A. Chadwick.
(With Choral Illustrations.)
Apr. 14— ANNUAL MEETING.
9
Oct.
) *
Nov.
Dec.
J f
SYLLABUS.
OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1908.
6 — “ Revealed by a Shadow : the Glories of a Total Solar
Eclipse ” Rev. Robert Killip, F.R.A.S.
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)
13 — “ Some Historical Associations of the River Calder ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.) John Allen.
20 — The Winchester National Pageant ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.) W. Lewis Grant.
27 — Debate : “ Are we as a nation doing our best for the next
generation?” .. .. Affirmative, W m. Thompson.
Negative, John W. Chorlton.
3 — No Meeting. Vocal Union Concert.
10 — “ A Holiday in the Tyrol ” . . Jas. Lancaster, J.P.
(Illustrated by the Lantern.)
17 — “ Dalmatia and Montenegro ”
(Illustrated by the Lantern.) Samuel Wells, F.R.G.S.
24 — Recital : “ Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ” . . John Duxbury.
1 — “ The picturesque Coast of Yorkshire ”. . T. H. Hartley.
(Illustrated by the Lantern.;
8 — “ Milton ” (In Commemoration of Tercentenary)
The Bishop of Burnley.
15 — " q'he Differences between Plants and Animals ”
(Illustrated by numerous Coloured Drawings.)
J. E. Lord, M.P.S., F.R.M.S.
18— ANNUAL DINNER.
2H\ Treasurer’s Account for the Year ending 31st December, 1907.
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THOS. PROCTOR, Auditor.
TRANSACTIONS,
1908.
13
ROUSSEAU.
By Mr. J. H. HUDSON, M.A., H.M.I.
January 14//?, 1908.
The President, Mr. H. L. Joseland, M.A., in opening the
Session, wished the members a happy and prosperous year
and trusted they would find that the Club would continue
to be to them a source of interest and profit. Besides wel-
coming the new year they welcomed an old friend of the
Club in Mr. Hudson. (Cheers.)
If we estimate Rousseau by his influence on events he
was one of the greatest of men ; if by his influence on political
theory and on education, one of the wisest ; if by his private
life, one of the meanest. In a short lecture we can examine
briefly but a few of the many forms of his influence on his
own and later generations.
The details of his life are fully, but not altogether reliably
set out in his remarkable “ Confessions,” written when he
was an old man to justify himself to man and in which he
lays bare his soul in all its meanness. In Rosseau’s early
training were two grave faults. His infancy was passed
in the care of his father who taught him when five years
old to read from a collection of romances which gave an
unhealthy stimulus to his mind and caused his imagination
and his passions to run riot. He thereby acquired an extra-
vagantly romantic notion of human life which was never
eradicated. His feelings were violently and prematurely
stimulated, and the emotional side of his nature was not
kept in bounds by the reflective faculty. He developed
into a creature who felt intensely but could never stop to
inquire whether what he writes in his prophetic fervour is
consonant with fact or consistent with what he has written
elsewhere. This early training too was disastrous to Rousseau
as a moral agent. Throughout his life he estimated people
and events by their effects on his feelings. A series of pleasant
emotions was virtue. To enjoy was to be virtuous. Of
duty as something to be done whether he liked it or not
he never had an idea. It would perhaps not be unfair to
say he shirked duty at every critical testing time of his life.
14
Among the books which Rousseau read when young were
some which had a life-long effect on his mind, viz., Plutarch’s
lives and some histories of Greece and Rome. Rousseau
became deeply interested in the examples of republican
feeling and love of liberty of which he read in these books,
and from these studies he says he acquired a “ haughty and
invincible turn of mind which rendered him impatient of
restraint or servitude.” This, it is to be feared, is but one
of the frequent occasions on which Rousseau found very fine
reasons for gratifying his inclinations. His impatience of
restraint was due to causes far less noble than patriotic love
of liberty.
A second lifelong effect of Rousseau’s early reading was
that the absence of the reasonable and regular restraint
which his emotional and impulsive nature required left him
without moral stamina, always impatient of restraint and
unable to undertake any unpleasant duties. Consequently
he was unable to endure office routine, lost several situations
and found himself at sixteen outside the walls of Geneva
determined never to return.
The history of the next thirteen years must be read in
the “ Confessions ” to be appreciated as it deserves.
A lady of Annecy received him into her house. She had
a small pension which kept her in independence. Rousseau
lived with and lived on this lady till he was nearly thirty.
She found him situation after situation which he left for
no good reason, often for a mere whim. In one place he
stole a valuable riband and to save himself accused a fellow
servant. In another place he disgraced himself by pilfering
wine. His attempts to act as tutor failed owing to his lack
of control over himself and his pupils. He excuses his lapses
by placing the blame for his calamities on his circumstances.
Had his circumstance been other than they were, Rousseau
is convinced that he might have been an example of con-
spicious integrity. At thirty he threw himself, with no
qualifications for making a living, on the world of Paris.
Rousseau’s connection with an ignorant waiting maid
named Therese, must be mentioned. After a few days’
acquaintance he formed a connection with her which lasted
from 1744 to his death in 1778. As Therese was hopelessly
ignorant, the union was the more inexplicable, as Rousseau
tells us he “ had an aversion to low-born girls.” Probably
however, he got the only woman in the world who would
not have been goaded to madness by his fits of passion and
15
his diseased imagination, his suspicious jealousy and graver
faults. The couple had five children, which Rousseau sent
to the Foundling Hospital despite the protests of the mother.
It may be mentioned that on a visit to Geneva in 1754 Rousseau
met his former benefactress of Annecy, in wretched poverty.
He made no attempt to help her beyond giving her a little
money for her immediate wants, and she lived eight years
of abject poverty and died in destitution.
In considering Rousseau and his writings we must bear
in mind the state of France in the middle and end of the
eighteenth century, where were all the conditions that
could lead to revolution. The country was exhausted by
war and the great mass of the peasantry existed in hopeless
poverty. Rousseau came into close contact with this in
his early wanderings on foot. He was easily carried out of
himself by emotion and when stirred possessed a power of
expression which carries his readers away. His emergence
as a writer was apparently due to accident. He happened
to see that the Dijon Academy offered a prize for the best
discussion on the question whether the progress of the sciences
had tended to purify or corrupt morals. The moment he
had read this he says he seemed to behold another world.
Full of enthusiasm he wrote a discourse which gained the
prize and when published made him famous. He competed
the following year with a discourse on the question of the
origin of the inequality of mankind. This did not gain a
prize, but it was widely read and gave him a European repu-
tation. The discourses, as he admits himself, though full
of force and fire, absolutely want logic and order. His main
points were that nature never intended man to exhibit ex-
tremes of poverty and wealth. He drew a picture of man
as nature turned him out and intended him to remain.
Rousseau was more concerned for effect than for exact truth.
Comparison with such facts as were even then known of
savage tribes who were nearest to the original state of nature
would have shown him the falsity of his picture.
In social life as in education Rousseau set forth conditions
as he saw them as a City of Destruction and their imagined
opposite as the ideal and goal.
Valueless as statements of fact, Rousseau’s dreams involved
an ideal which worked with dynamic effect in his own day
and is still operative in ours. But his extreme doctrine
of the liberty of the individual led not to progressive reform
but to anarchy ending in military despotism.
16
(After a brief description of the doctrines of the Discourses
and of the Social Contract, the lecture proceeded).
We may trace the influence of Rousseau in the domain of
literature. His Discourses had placed nature as ordinarily
understood in opposition to human development as expressed
in civilization. They tended to produce a reaction against
artificiality and conventions, including a re-action against
the artificial versification of the generation which followed
Pope. They prepared a public which could appreciate “ The
Traveller,” and “ The Deserted Village,” with dreams of a
pantisocracy in which the evils of contemporaneous government
should disappear. His theories led to that communion with
nature to which we owe not only “ The Ancient Mariner ”
and the “ Excursion,” but also “ Endymion ” and a long
line of later poetry. Shelley and Wordsworth were both
affected bv Rousseau. Wordsworth followed Rousseau
blindly and often extols nature at the expense of man.
Wordsworth in his “ Ode on the Imitations of Immortality ”
wrongly called the Platonic ode, shows strongly the influence
of Rousseau. Plato taught that the soul at birth loses all
remembrance of the close connection with the universal
soul in which it had been living prior to its rebirth on earth,
and only by degrees and after much striving after good is it
permitted to realize something of its essential kinship with
the universal essence of good. Wordsworth, following
Rousseau, inverts this. In his Ode he tells us again and
again that man is born good and his education, culture and
civilization corrupt him until little trace of his goodness
remains. We cannot accept this or Rousseau’s assumption
that the cumulative effect of human institutions is to bring
man from original goodness to acquired badness. Moreover,
it is not consistent with his belief in the effects of right educa-
tion set forth in the “ Emile.” There is no good reason
for assuming that there is necessarily opposition between
nature and man. Man is rather the completion towards
which nature has been striving. Rousseau’s doctrine could
only be true if the world were governed by a malignant demon
making sport of man by giving him ideas which he would
struggle to grasp and which should turn into dust and ashes
in his hands.
American thought has been permeated by Rousseau’s
influence. Emerson and Thoreau both came under his spell.
Thoreau was especially in sympathy with Rousseau’s indict-
ment of civilization and he retired into the country to live
by himself for three years, reducing his scale of living till
six weeks work per year sufficed.
17
Germany was also effected by Rousseau in literature.
Goethe came under his influence in early life. He left us
in “ Faust ” a study of Rousseau’s doctrine as it might be
expected to work out if consistently applied in one human
life. Faust, at the beginning, takes the standpoint of
Rousseau’s first Discourse, and describes himself as being
“ A very fool
With useless learning cursed.”
We see his longing for a happiness which he has never
possessed and we have placed in sharp contrast man’s aspira-
tions towards the infinite with the ideal of life as Rousseau
conceived it. We know the tragic consequence which
followed the search for pleasure described by the author
as one who had been through it and had with difficulty escaped.
In the charming philosophic “ Sous les Toits ” of Souvestre
we get a glimpse of Rousseau in old age. Souvestre’s father,
then a young man, met Rousseau and expressed to Rousseau
envy of his genius and reputation. Rousseau however,
replied that his reputation had been no good except to induce
persecution. He advises his hearer not to admire or envy
the miserable man who had written “ Emile,” “ but if you
have a heart that can feel for another, pity him.”
In reply to observations made during the debate, Mr. Hudson
added that, in his opinion, Rousseau was nothing else but
sophistry. Very few could study carefully his case as pre-
sented by himself with all the literary skill of which he was
a master, and think kindly of him. He (Mr. Hudson) did
not think so highly of Rousseau’s educational theories in
his “ Emile,” as some people did. The children of the poor
were to have no education. According to Rousseau’s theory
they did not need it. When Rousseau’s young man and
young woman, educated for each other with so much skill,
married, their marriage was a failure, which was a con-
fession of the utter failure of his theories, so that they stood
self-condemned by the author himself. He was not saying
that the book was not an exceptionally great educational
book. There was no higher testimony to the fact that its
author was a genius than that the work — although a failure
on its main lines — was as a sort of by product, one of the great
educational books. He ought to say that Rousseau was not
only the parent of modern Socialism, but also of modern
Nihilism. Anarchism and Nihilism were the direct result
in similar conditions of Rousseau’s teaching. There was
18
an utter unreality in the arguments he launched on the world
and which possessed the world for thirty or forty years.
The leaders of the American Revolution borrowed from
Rousseau in their Declaration. They quoted his exact words,
“All men are born free and equal magnificent, high-
sounding sentences which thrill the blood. But probably in
the very town where the Declaration was launched they had
black people who were not born free and whom to-day they
did not regard as equal. That was a fair sample of the un-
reality of the arguments which led to the catastrophe of
“ liberty, fraternity and equality,” where there was neither
liberty, fraternity nor equality. He (Mr. Hudson) was
convinced that a better man in Rousseau’s place might have
produced greater effects than Rousseau without the horrid
legacy of slaughter. (Cheers).
The Bronte Gap.
19
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CALDER RIVER
SYSTEM.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By A. WILMORE, B.Sc., F.G.S. January 28th, 1908.
The basin of the Lancashire Calcler is a well-defined one,
and is roughly horseshoe shaped. It is bounded by the hills
of the Pendle Range on the north-west and north, by the
great moorlands stretching from Black Lane Ends to Crow
Hill on the east, and by the Boulsworth and Hambledons
on the south-east and south. It is open to the Valley of the
Ribble by the well-marked and beautiful Whalley Gorge,
but there is also low land through Rishton and towards
Blackburn, which represents a former direction of discharge
of the Calder drainage. The key to the structure of the
basin is furnished by the dual series of earth-folds which are
so conspicuously seen in this part of the mid-Pennines. The
great east to west fold of the Pennine axis, with the north
to south extension, gives the dominant direction of flow of
the Calder system as one from east to west, for the various
streams drain off the axis towards the Lancashire plains
and the Irish Sea. The other direction of folding has its'
axis from north-east to south-west, and, consequently, the
actual arches and troughs are crossed along a line at right-
angles to this, viz., from south-east to north-west. These
folds are crossed as one proceeds, say, from Whitewell to
Black Hambledon. The effect of the two systems of folding
has been to make a trough or basin which is now drained by
the Calder River system. The rocks concerned in all this
folding are, of course, the various members of the carboni-
ferous system, though there is some reason to suppose that
newer rocks once formed part of the folded system, and that
they have since been denuded away.
In the immediate Calder River basin the coal-measures
and the underlying millstone grits are the rocks concerned,
and the way these rocks lie has been a most important factor
20
in determining the direction of the various streams. The
river study is naturally very closely linked with a knowledge
of the structure and position of the hills. In this respect
it may be readily seen that the Calder basin is naturally
divided into two parts by a line which runs almost east and
west. This line may be drawn from east of Laneshaw Bridge
to the Read end of the Whalley Gorge. On the north of
this line the millstone grit ridges and vallys succeed each
other in order ; on the south are the wide moorlands and
carved valleys of the middle and lower coal-measures. It
is quite plain that the line roughly follows the boundary of
the coalfield, and that the district is very different structurally
on the two sides. The long parallel ridges of hills on the
north side are in sharp contrast to the great blocks of moor-
land on the south side, separated into semi-detached masses
by such rivers as the Don, Brun, nad Burnley Calder. At
present the main structural stream is the one which extends
longitudinally right through the basin, and which follows
the Colne Water or East Calder. There is little doubt that
there was once a very similar longitudinal stream which
occupied the long valley in the middle of which Sabden is
situated. Rising on the south-western slopes of Weets and
the hills above Admergill, this stream would run right along
the valley of the Sabden Shales across the present junction
of Pendle Water with the Calder, and would join the then
Calder somewhere farther out towards the end of the laternal
branches of the Pennines. This stream has been beheaded,
however, by a stream which cut rapidly back from Higherford,
and which eventually collected together the drainage of a
large part of that longitudinal valley, add also of the incipient
similar valley just in front of Pendle, Twiston Moor, and
Burn Moor. The middle portion of Pendle Water may be
taken as a good example of a longitudinal stream, while the
lower portion forming the beautiful gorge, partially blocked
by glacial deposits, between Watermeetings and Higherford,
is a transverse stream.
Pendle Water, of West Calder, is a very vigorous river ;
it falls from a high elevation to less than 400 feet in a com-
paratively short distance, and so its cutting and carrying
powers are both great.
The great system of rivers on the south side is quite different
in its characteristics. There the rivers are gradually wearing
their way down into the slightly inclined strata of coal-
measures and millstone grits, and are thus dissecting a table-
land into a number of detached masses. The Don, Swinden
Water, the Brun and the Burnley Calder all drain portions
21
of this great tableland. The former three unite near Heasand-
ford, and the effect of a series of convergent rivers of that
type, in gradually lowering the country, is well seen on the
hillsides which slope down towards that part of Burnley from
Haggate, Extwistle, and Worsthorne.
The various points outlined above were illustrated by a
specially prepared series of lantern slides, including maps of
the whole basin, diagrams of the rate of fall of the various
streams, diagrams illustrating various phases of special
river-work, and diagrams of the capture of one stream by
another which possessed some natural advantage.
A special feature of the district is the remarkable modifi-
cations produced in it by the ice-sheets and overflow of the
glacial period. Some valleys have been more or less blocked
up, and the rivers are now engaged in re-excavating their
old valleys. Such is the case, for example, with the upper
Don at Thursden. Other features connected with this period
are the curious and striking gorge-like valleys in the confines
of the district which have no river at present competent to
erode them. Such are the famous Cliviger Gorge, the Foul-
ridge Gorge of the Craven Gap, and what the lecturer styled
the ,‘ Bronte Gap.” The latter is the clean-cut, rough-shaped
valley seen on the sky-line as one looks from Colne rowards
the Bronte country. These valleys were probably produced
by long-continued overflow of water from the lakes which
were formed by the dammed-up drainage of the Calder system
by the long persistent northern ice-sheets. They form a very
interesting feature of the district, and they do not seem to
have been explained until recently:
22
RECENT LEGISLATION AFFECTING THE
PHYSICAL WELL-BEING OF
SCHOOL CHILDREN.
By THOMAS CROSSLAND, B.Sc.
February ith, 1908.
Mr. Crossland began by expressing his opinion, and quoting
other opinions, to the effect that physical education must
precede mental and moral education. Children’s bodies must
be made fit for the task of mind and soul development. Thus
any attempt at true education must go hand-in-hand with
efforts devoted to both the pre and post school life, the better
housing of the people, wiser and more hygienic planning of
our towns, which must secure open-air spaces in every part
of the built-on area. After speaking on physical deterioration
and its arrest, he detailed the history leading up to the recent
Acts — Provision of Meals Act and Medical Inspection of
School Children Act. Dwelling on the former more par-
ticularly as an adoptive Act — the latter being a compulsory
one, and Burnley already taking up the matter of medical
inspection — Mr. Crossland said that the Poor-law system
and voluntary agencies had woefully failed to meet the needs
of hungry children, as investigations showed ; and the object
of the Act was that the hungry or illnourished children must
be fed without the pauper taint, and if there be a fault on the
part of others, that must be dealt with later. The mistake
many education authorities had made had been to regard
this Act as designed for starving children only, and base, as
in Burnley, their decisions on the number of children actually
breakfastless or dinnerless. Mr. Crossland then made sug-
gestions for carrying out the Act in Burnley, embracing the
following : — (1) To appoint a School Canteen Committee
from the Education Committee and the various voluntary
committees in the town interested in the physical well-being
of its citizens ; (2) To arrange for a small committee, con-
sisting of the Education Committee, medical officer, one or
more cookery mistresses and ladies of practical experience
in plain cooking, to draw up a scheme of dinners ; (3) To
select halls or schoolrooms in each district and provide appara-
tus ; (4) To appoint caretaker, pay caterer, and appoint
staff and superintendents ; and (5) To supply books of tickets
to each head teacher to sell or give to children.
23
Commenting on these ideas, Mr. Crossland thought there
would be no difficulty in forming such a committee, and as
one keenly interested in the Guild of Help, might he suggest
that the co-operation of its members would be invaluable in
{a) assisting at the meals themselves, ( b ) providing important
information difficult to get through ordinary channels as to
the ability of parents to pay for meals, and (c) encouraging
deserving but proud and honest parents to allow their children
to enjoy what was their right and not charity — the very people
who most needed help, and most frequently did not get it.
Burnley, he continued, had a number of premises well adapted
for experimental use, many of them containing cooking
apparatus, crockery, tables and linen, and extra gas stoves
could easily be hired ; whilst the caretakers at such places
were generally expert in providing meals from experience
of social functions. Where the necessary cooking was done
at the centres selected the elder girls who wished it might be
allowed to help both in cooking and the laying of the tables.
This would be a valuable extension in the training in domestic
subjects, and do a great deal to teach the selection and pre-
paration of economical and well chosen meals. In these
cases the caterer might be paid for his services merely, and
the bills made payable to the Education Committee, thus
securing the additional advantage of the reduction in cost
in buying on a large scale. In other cases the catering might
be let by tender, and the two methods afterwards compared.
Here the question of the teachers’ part cropped up. All past
experience went to prove that the help of present or past
teachers was necessary. Many voluntary helpers would
come forward, but not all would be qualified to organise and
direct large numbers of children in an orderly way — the value
of orderliness could not be over-estimated. But the Act
forbade the compulsory employment of present teachers, and
if some teachers volunteered their services they should be
paid, though many would be glad to help freely. But pay-
ment was necessary for obvious reasons : that distinctions
might be drawn between those who assisted voluntarily and
those who did not, and because teachers engaged in the
evenings could not possibly forego the noontide rest, and
would yet be paid for catering for the intellectual improve-
ment of evening students. The extra duty imposed on the
head teacher in school hours in distributing the tickets would,
he was sure, be willingly performed, especially as he would
give to all enquirers, receiving payment where proffered,
not asking for it where it was not, leaving to the Education
Authority the task of deciding whether payment should be
made. Here the lecturer emphatically stated that, as was
24
the case in Paris, no child should know who had received
tickets gratuitously or who had paid, and the head teacher
could easily devise means to secure that end.
As to cost, a half-penny rate in Burnley would provide
about £778. The experience of those who had been engaged
in this work went to prove that a substantial mid-day meal
for 40 children and upwards, could be provided for anything
from ljd. to lfd. per head. Meals had been given costing
as low as Jd., consisting of soup, bread nad jam. But that
was mere subsistence diet, whilst their object must be to
provide an ample meal sufficient in body-building material.
Dr. Crowley’s valuable experiments in Bradford went to
show that a good dinner — no restriction as to quantity —
could be provided at an average cost of ljd. Three half-
pence a day for five days a week and 44 weeks in the year
(as in Burnley), would cost £1 7s. 6d. per child, and a £d.
rate would feed 565 children, or 37 per cent, of the children
in average attendance. Whether or not a large percentage
of children in Burnley would need a free meal could not at
present be stated with any approximation to certainty. This
would allow for the feeding free of 27 children from each of
the large mixed schools and a proportionately less number
from the smaller schools. Of course, if it were found prac-
ticable to give a penny dinner they must increase these num-
bers by half, providing then for 848 children free or 5.5 per
cent, of average attendance.
In concluding this particular subject, Mr. Crossland said
that apart from the gain to the children in superior physique,
greater mental powers and improved morale, this would in-
evitably improve the average attendance — a thing which,
according to the last report of Mr. Jones, Clerk to the Educa-
tion Committee, “ has been a subject of considerable concern
to education authorities generally throughout the year.”
Supposing that only half the absentees could be thus induced,
or, owing to less illness, made fit to attend school, i.e., if
1,150 of the 2,317 children now absent each day were in
attendance, the Government grant would be increased by
at least the equivalent of a ljd. rate, thus defraying out of
the Imperial Exchequer the whole cost of the food, which
ought to be done in an ideal Act, and imposing no financial
burden on the local rates.
A short discussion followed the delivery of the lecture.
Dr. Pullon, J.P., the Medical Officer of Health under the
Education Committee, said he was pleased to see that at last
25
in England we were becoming more and more cognisant of
the fact that the child is the greatest asset we have as a nation.
During the last decade or longer, there had been a material
reduction in the birth-rate, with the result that we were
forced to recognise that we must take care of our children.
On the Continent this had been done for many years. Alluding
to the Provision of Meals Act, he observed that many more
children were improperly fed than underfed. Whether that
was due to the fact that many parents worked at the mill
and so were unable to give adequate consideration to the
cooking and preparation of suitable foods he could not say,
but certainly a large number of children got food of a type
which was not of value as regarded the building up of the
system, food that generally upset them, and which was
altogether wrong in a dietetic sense.
Alderman T. Thornber, J.P. (Chairman of the Education
Authority), said they had to evolve a scheme for the purpose
set forth in Mr. Crossland’s lecture. A good mode of
procedure, it appeared to him, would be to consult with a
body of teacher’s representatives, and also a body of represent-
atives from the doctors of the town. But the whole trend of
legislation at the present time was to take the responsibility
off the individual and throw it upon public bodies, either
town councils or the government, and the question arose as
to what extent the parent should be relieved. The parent,
he thought, should look after his own children. In Burnley
they had had returns once or twice with a view to seeing what
the position was, and he was pleased to say that on the whole
it was very satisfactory. Alluding to the tendency of the
times to put more and more work upon the town councils,
he stated that during the time he had been on the Burnley
Council it had more than doubled. If work continued to be
thrown upon it there would have to be a paid Council. The
work was getting too onerous to be done voluntarily.
Mr. George Gill, J.P., expressed the hope that parental
duty would not be lost sight of in any scheme which was
devised.
Mr. A. R. Pickles, M.A., the President of the National
Union of Teachers, held that in this country we had no proper
evidence in support of the cry of physical deterioration. If
we could have taken a census of the whole country on the
question, say, this year, and compared it with what prevailed
ten, twenty, and thirty years ago, he thought it would be
found there was actual physical improvement, and not
deterioration. There was a great outcry to-day because
26
we were noticing things more than we did then, twenty, and
thirty years ago. He admitted there was a tremendous
amount of bad physique, but he believed there was more bad
physique in the old days that we did not take notice of. He
would welcome medical inspection in schools, “ but,” he
added, “ give us some reliable data as to whether we are
advancing or receding.” As regarded the feeding of the
children, he was of the opinion that Mr. Crossland had by a
long way under estimated the cost. Wherever a child was
improperly or insufficiently fed, he would be glad to think
the locality could come in and supply food for that child.
As a national asset the child ought to be fed. He was not
so sure whether the local authorities had got the pluck to put
into force the power to recover the money. He feared the
provisions of the Act as to the recovery of the cost of meals,
if left to local authorities, would only be half-heartedly carried
out. Respecting the feeding of children, he remarked that
there was a great deal of ignorance amongst people as to the
food upon which children should be fed. Chips and fish,
because they were cheap and easily got, constituted a meal
which was far too common.
27
SOME SUGGESTIONS ON PICTORIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Mr. A. A. BELLINGHAM. February 1 1th, 1908.
Mr. Bellingham (who took the place of the Rev. T. T.
Norgate, who was to have lectured on “ San Marino — the
Pigmy Republic”), gave an entertaining lecture of which
the following is a synopsis : —
Photographic work may roughly be divided into two
classes — pictorial and topographical or reminiscent. A
photograph, to be pictorial, should have some personal element
in it ; it should arouse in the photographer some of the feelings
and sentiments that caused him to take the photograph.
Topographical work is an excellent antidote when one has
had an overdose of the pictorial. The essential features
of pictorial photography are selection of subject, point of
view, simplicity (generally pictures are far too crowded),
and concentration. The various lines must lead up to some
concentrated point of interest. There should be no un-
certainty as to where the eye is led. The points of interest
too must take their proper position in the picture, for in
every picture there are weak places and strong places where
points of interest might be put. We must know where
these weak places are and avoid putting the principal objects
there. The centre is one of the weak places in a picture
for a point of interest. So also are the parts of the picture
near the sides, or near the top or the bottom. Strong points
areMound by dividing the picture into thirds.
The combining together of the different parts of a picture
so as to form a pleasing whole gives us the composition of
the picture. Thus the various lines of a picture may combine
so as to give us a diagonal composition, or a triangular, pyra-
midal, or perpendicular, style of composition. It is very
essential that all minor parts should lead the eye to the main
or chief part of the picture not only in line, but in the scheme
of lighting also. We must rigorously avoid distracting
lights at the edges bf the picture, and strong lines leading
28
us away from the subject. A curved entrance into a picture
is much more pleasing than a straight rectangular path of
entrance. We have all felt the power of that sinuous, soft,
light-suffused pathway as it has taken us through the charming
foreground and middle distance right away into the distant
haze, where, after admirably serving its purposs, it gracefully
slipped out of sight. It is impossible to reduce the com-
position of pictures to set rules ; it is rather the principles
we must try to embrace. There is no better way of doing
this than by cultivating the habit of closely and carefully
observing nature — how she puts her various production
into groups and repeats her beauty of outline. We always
feel that her curves could be extended indefinitely. The
study of nature’s curves suggests to our minds Infinity and it
is the thoughts of Infinity that always arouse the highest
and noblest feelings in the mind. Another means of education
is the careful study of the works of the leading artists —
such modern artists as Leader, McWhirter, Farquharson
and Peter Graham. Success is not always to be got by
closely following rules or even principles. in Millais’ picture,
the “ Angelus,” we have two figures in the foreground, which,
as regards position, lighting and interest, both claim equally
our attention. Thus we have the violation of the principle
of concentration and a feeling of divided interest ; but the
dominating feature is religious devotion.
Ths lighting and the atmosphere of pictures are also very
important and Mr. Bellingham concluded an interesting
lecture by hints on how these were to be best obtained and
how one could now help out and emphasise some of the
pictorial qualities in the negatives, he would not say by
“ faking,” but by after treatment.
29
NATURAL HISTORY RECORDS WITH A
CAMERA.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Mr. G. A. BOOTH. February 18 th, 1908.
Mr. Jas. Lancaster, J.P., presided.
The Lecturer, after appropriate references to photography
as a pastime, and the way in which it had been simplified
so that anyone with a reasonable amount of care could be
more or less successful in obtaining permanent records of
interesting objects, explained his own methods of procedure
in his wild nature study photography. He began photo-
graphy only ‘half-a-dozen years ago but he regretted he had
not taken it up many years earlier. He had found it of
great aid and was astonished at the number of enquiries
he was constantly receiving respecting his natural history
photography. During the last few years natural history
photography and the study of wild nature had advanced
rapidly in public favour, but there was plenty of room for
progress. It had been advocated that nature study ought
to be more widely taught in our schools. We should all
endeavour to popularise the study of natural history among
the young because it elevated the mind. The harvest time
of the naturalist was undoubtedly spring, with the returning
song of birds, the hum of insects, and vitality in every leaf
of tire trees — all vying with each other in merry making at
this time of the year. The main factor in their rambles
should be observation — to know what to look for and where
to expect it ; also to make use of the ears almost as much
as the eyes. This would require much perseverance and
patience. It was wonderful what might be done by calm
and patient treatment if they possessed sympathetic feeling
for their subject. Animals and birds possessed a nervous
temperament and were constantly and easily frightened.
When signs of alarm were observed it was well to sit or lie
down quietly, remaining motionless for some time, after
which the subject would probably realise that no harm was
meant, and would more or less ignore you — just exactly
what you wanted. The naturalist should be prepared to
to sit, crawl, or lie full length on the ground, a light mackintosh
sheet being necessary.
30
In addition to a properly fitted camera a pair of good
field-glasses were useful for observing the habits of birds
and often for finding their nests. For climbing trees, irons
were used strapped to the legs, and a rope round the body
not only aided in the ascent but prevented the climbers
from falling. For climbing rocks the best aid was a strong
nerve. The whole of his work had been obtained from
actual living wild specimens. It was known to scientific
naturalists that tame and often stuffed birds were being
used for exhibition and lecturing purposes, some by men
of considerable repute. None of his subjects were tame
or stuffed specimens, but all photographed in their natural
wild state, many obtained from dangerous positions, some
while standing up to the waist in water, and many hours
of patient work had been spent in obtaining even single
photographs. But all these difficulties were a mere bagatelle
to the enthusiast. Before beginning their wild nature
studies it was well to begin their experiments on domestic
or semi-domestic animals or pets, from which valuable ex-
perience might be gained.
The Lecturer then had thrown on the screen a series of
about 150 slides of tame and wild nature life, wild birds,
their habitat, and nesting, came in for a large share of atten-
tion, and included rooks, kestrels, owls, herons, wood cock
(giving a beautiful example of mimicry and protection),
grouse, robins, wagtails, house martens, and sea and shore
birds, etc. A large variety of animal studies and ethnological
subjects were also shown and all the views were highly
appreciated.
At the close a hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the
Lecturer on the motion of Mr. W. Thompson, seconded by
Mr. A. A. Bellingham and supported by Mr. J. Bradshaw,
the Secretary and the Chairman.
31
THE CINOUE PORTS.
r>w'
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Rev. JOCELYN PERKINS, M.A., F.R. Hist. S.
February 25th, 1908.
The Lecturer, in a racy, interesting and humorous manner,
entertained and instructed a large audience by a compre-
hensive history of the origin and the part played by the
Cinque Ports, which originally embraced Hastings, Romney,
Hythe, Dover, Winchester and Rye. He traced their origin
back to the Roman occupation. It was on these five ports
that King Alfred relied for ships in his struggle against the
Danes, and from the time of King Alfred onward they came
to be of increasing value. The incorporation of the ports
had its origin in the necessity for some means of defence
along the Southern seaboards of England and in the lack
of any regular navy. After the Norman Conquest the
ports were made the object of attack by the Danes, and in
return for services rendered then the men were given certain
privileges. The first charter to the ports was granted in
the time of Edward the Confessor. Directly after his great
victory, William the Conqueror made a rapid dash for Dover
Castle ; he knew that Dover was then as now, the key of
England. The old charter of Edward the Confessor, was
confirmed over and over again and in 1278 their Magna Charta,
the palladium of their liberties, was granted by Edward I.,
the greatest of the Plantagenets. But the ships of the
period were nothing more than sailing vessels which could
be transformed into some sort of men-of-war, and that fleet
came to be the terror of the Channel, and was the forerunner
of Trafalgar. These ports were strongly democratic and
quite in advance of their age. They were the first towns
to receive charters — freedom of speech and local self-govern-
ment— and so they found them year by year meeting together
in their churches. He firmly believed if churches were
now used as polling booths for their elections, it would add
greatly to consecrate the national and municipal life of the
country. Of those elections and privileges many relics
32
still remained. The ports had also certain courts which
existed for the purpose of deciding matters connected with
the confederation as a whole, and Romney Marsh was a
place where the port representatives used to meet. As
time went on these open-air assemblies came to an end, and
the ancient Church of St. James came to be the meeting
place. Besides having these courts, these ports, in consideration
for providing and manning ships, were free from all national
taxation. The most interesting and picturesque of their
rights was that the barons of the court had the right of carrying
a canopy over the kings and queens of England as they
walked in state procession from Westminster Hall to the
Abbey. At the double coronation of William and Mary as
joint sovereigns, they had to walk side by side to the Abbey
instead of one behind the other, so that the canopy had to
be a very large one. At the time of the coronation of George
IV., before the procession was formed, the barons had a practice
with the canopy, but their rnancei res were so awkward and
dangerous that the king absolutely refused to walk underneath
the canopy, but walked in front of it — an absurd spectacle.
Perhaps it would have been an advantage if that canopy
had come down on the head of the “ first gentleman of Europe.”
(Laughter). At the time of William IV., these nice things
were done away on the ground of economy. The same
precedent was followed at the coronation of Queen Victoria ;
but for the coronation of the present king, Edward VII.,
the barons sent in their claim. If there had been a canopy,
they would have been refused, but, without a canopy the}?
were placed just outside the choir screen and they were
entrusted with the standard of England and the Union Jack,
which were duly dipped as King Edward passed, and were
acknowledged by the sovereign in a suitable fashion.
Another privilege the ports had was to seize flotsam and
jetsam or whatever of value was cast ashore on the sea from
wrecks, and the right of assembling in portmote or Parlia-
ment. The Parliament was empowered to make bye-laws
for the Cinque Ports. There were two courts, the Court of
Brotherhood, and Gustling, and the highest office in con-
nection with the Cinque Ports was that of Lord Warden,
who also acted as governour of Dover Castle and had a mari-
time jurisdiction as admiral of the ports. His power was
formerly of great extent, and he held a Court of Chancery
at Dover in the old Parish Church of St. James. It was
mainly due to the ships that came from the Kentish ports
that Hubert de Burgh was able to scatter the French fleet
in the battle off South Foreland (1217). During the reign
33
of Edward I., the French burnt Dover and the Cinque Port
men burnt Boulogne. In 1300 Gervais Alard first took the
title of Admiral of the Fleet of the Cinque Ports. He
hoped he (the Lecturer) was an Englishman as well as a
parson and he liked to call a spade a spade. He had the
greatest respect for our neighbours long before the entente
cordiale was established. At the same time he liked to
think of the English nation having given blows as good as
it had received. Simon de Montfort he liked to call ‘ Simon
the Righteous.’ The battle of Sluys was commemorated
by the striking of a medal, and about 1350 the Cinque Ports
were at their zenith. The fortifications and methods of
defence at the various forts and the churches were amply
illustrated with the political and natural physical causes
which led to the decline of the Cinque Ports. The famous
Church of St. Mary, which adjoins the Pharos at Dover,
was the oldest building in our 'sland in which the worship
of God was carried on. Dover Castle had never been properly
taken. It fell during the Civil War, but into English hands.
It was still the Key of England and maintained some of the
old privileges. The Admiralty had spent an immense amount
of money in improving the harbour whence an excellent
cross channel service was now carried on.
A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Lecturer
on the motion of Mr. J. Lancaster, J.P., seconded by Mr. W.
L. Grant, and in his reply, the Lecturer called Rye the queen
of all the ports and recommended them to visit it.
The Rev. W. S. MATTHEWS.
The Club suffered a great loss when, on the morning of the
29th of February, the fell sergeant laid his icy hand on its
Vice-President, the Vicar of Briercliffe. During his thirteen
years’ membership, he had given of his best to the service
of the Club. As a classical scholar he had few equals in the
district. To him the writings of the great Greek and Latin
authors were as household words. So long as his sight re-
mained to him these were his constant study. His acquain-
tance with the history and literature of his own land was
remarkable. He had a very retentive memory, and had the
schoolmaster’s gift of clearness and method. Mr. Matthews
delighted to bring out of his extensive stock of knowledge
the lore of ancient days, and the choice words of the great
dead kings of melody. He was equally at home in Shakes-
peare or in Homer, in Dante or in Tennyson. He would
lecture for an hour and a half without a note, presenting his
subject in attractive manner, with a never-failing touch of
humour. He had a powerful voice which he knew well how
to use, and without any straining for effect, he would play
upon the feelings of his audience, thrilling them by the recital
of great deeds, interesting them by his accounts of ancient
days or his analysis of poetical works, and anon those
present would break into laughter at his merry jest or at some
of his quaintly told stories. In one paper he dealt in masterly
manner with the beginnings of English colonisation — a won-
derful summary given from memory of historical facts relating
to every continent. Like Milton and Tennyson he was
greatly interested in the legends which gathered round King
Arthur and his Knights. The last appearance of Mr. Matthews
at the Club was at the lecture given by another vice-president
on another country parson, R. S. Hawker. His place can
never be filled. He had been a schoolmaster, but there was
little of the don about him except the learning. He had
much of the charm of the idyllic village clergyman. He was
a devoted student of the works of the best writers of many
Rev. W. S. MATTHEWS, B A.
Vice-President 1899— 1908.
DIED FEBRUARY 29th, 1908.
ages and many lands. In debate he was at once instructive
and entertaining. His advice was always at the service of
any one desiring direction in the study of literature. On
an excursion or at any other gathering he was a most delightful
companion. He was humorously spoken of as the Chaplain
of the Club, and during the year when Mr. Strange was presi-
dent the members as a body joined in the service one summer
afternoon at Briercliffe Church, when the hymns sung were
those of Wm. Cowper, and the Vicar preached on the life and
writings of that great Christian poet. Of all the officers of
the Club who have been taken away scarce one leaves behind
him a brighter, happier memory than William Stabb Matthews.
36
SENECA.
By J. LANGFIELD WARD, M.A.
March 3rd, 1908.
Seneca was born at Cordova under the rule of the second of
the Caesars, Caesar Augustus, he was a pleader under Tiberius,
envied by Caligula, banished by Claudius and put to death
by Nero. To show the state of Rome it is almost enough
to note that four of these five died violent deaths.
It was during his eight years’ banishment to the inhospitable
island of Corsica that Seneca wrote some of his most charming
letters, such as the letter of consolation to his mother Helvia,
and began his tragedies.
These tragedies had their influence on our early dramas ;
for instance, Gorboduc is distinctly modelled on their style.
They carry on the old Greek rules and employ a chorus to
connect the different scenes by lyric compositions. A short
sketch of the Medea and a specimen passage from this work
were given by the lecturer. One passage in particular in this
play has been taken as prophetic of the discovery of America.
“ Every boundary is now removed and cities have established
new walls throughout the world. The world travelled over
has left nothing in the position in which it was. The Indian
drinks from the cold Araxes of Armenia, the Persians drink
from the Elbe and Rhine. The time will come as ages pass,
when the ocean will relax its boundaries, and the vast earth
lie revealed, the pilot will disclose new realms and distant
Thule will no longer be the end of the world.”
Some extracts were read showing Seneca’s views on educa-
tion. On his return from banishment he took part in the
teaching of Nero. The failure indicated by the result, should
hardly be put down to Seneca, as from Nero’s parentage and
surroundings no better success could be expected. Nero’s
father himself, when congratulated on the birth of his son,
37
replied that with him as father and Agrippina as mother,
only a monster could come. And it may be put down to
Seneca’s credit that the first five years of Nero’s rule, when
he was still fresh from his studies and was helped in his govern-
ment by Seneca, have been pronounced among the happiest
years of an unhappy cetury.
It was during the years of his political influence that Seneca
wrote the best of his essays: “Clemency,” “Happy Life,”
“ A Wise Man’s Constancy,” and “ Benefits.” Of the last,
perhaps the most important of all, some account was given,
illustrated by extracts throwing interesting light on the
philosopher’s views. “ You may address the author of our
world by as many different titles as you please, he may have
as many titles as he has attributes. There can be no God
without nature, nor any nature without God. Whether you
speak of Nature, Fate, or Future, these are all names of the
same God using his power in different ways. God bestows
upon us very many and great benefits without hope of re-
ceiving any return.”
From the essay on a Happy Life : “A wise man is tem-
perate in prosperity and resolute in adversity ” ; “A good
conscience is the testimony of a good life and the reward
of it ” ; “ Whatsoever is necessary we must bear patiently ” ;
“We are born subjects and to obey God is perfect liberty.”
It is not fair to say that one who could give forth such coura-
geous sentiments and could practise what he preached, was
not far from the Kingdom of God ?
The last act of Seneca’s public life, however, was, so rumour
said, the composition of the shameful letter sent by Nero to
the Senate after his mother’s murder, containing a list of her
crimes, real and imaginary, the narrative of her accidental
shipwreck, and his opinion that he death was a public blessing.
It is difficult to reconcile these and other anomalies such,
as for instance, his theoretical contempt for riches and his
avaritious accumulation of great wealth.
The lecturer dealt briefly with the question of the possibility
of a meeting having taken place between Seneca and St. Paul,
who was for two years detained in his own house at Rome.
There were similarities of expression to be found in the writings
of the two men, and the Gallio before whom St. Paul appeared
at Corinth, was Seneca’s brother.
An attempt to poison Seneca was frustrated by his simplicity
of life, but in A.D. 65 was formed Piso’s great conspiracy
against Nero which resulted in the death of Seneca and many
other noble Romans.
38
We must not look on Seneca’s as a wasted life ; his stoicism
may have had its influence in forming the character of the
holiest of the Emperors a hundred years after him, and though
his writings are neglected now, in the middle ages his reputa-
tion stood high, and quotations from his works were regarded
with little less respect than holy writ. We may wish he had
been more influential as a politician, but to steer a course
through such a sea of intrigue arid wickedness at a time when
“ virtue meant a sentence of death,” and come out from it
unspotted, was an impossible task. We may honestly regard
him as a man who by his humanity and by his temperance
in living, by many acts in his public life, and because of the
affection of wife and friends, can claim our respect. Though
unable to walk in a dissolute age as one of the perfect children
of the light, he was a better man than those with whom he
came into contact, a true seeker after righteousness, eager
for illumination, arid one who came not far from being
a fellow citizen with the saints and of the household of God.
39
POMPEII
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
Mr. HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S. March 10/A, 1908.
Mr. W. Lancaster, Vice-President, in the chair.
The Lecturer, after some remarks on the fascinating effect
of Vesuvius, and on Naples, with its crooked streets as
“ gestureland,” piloted the audience over the excavated ruins
of the buried city where he was fortunate in having as his
guide a scientific man. In the museum at Pompeii they
were in touch with real humanity. The rooms were weird,
but one of the most weird was at Palermo where they saw
persons in the coffins. At some of the figures in Pompeii
they were looking back 2,000 years. The eruption took
place in 79 A.D., not in August but November. The roofs
of the houses were soon covered with lava. Most of the
people escaped, but a large number were buried and in many
cases their corpses had left perfect moulds in the ashes which
enveloped them. They saw the body of one woman trying
to filter the gas from the air by the use of her night-dress ;
the body of a man who had evidently turned back to the
house for his money carried in a belt around him ; others
had their hands over their mouths trying to filter air through
the sulphurous gases — the manner in which many miners
overtaken in a pit accident to-day were found to have died.
A chained dog, whose owner had forgotten to release it, was
suffocated in the contortions of torture. A series of lamps
were also found, the designs of which revealed the character
of the owner. In that case they could tell a man, not by his
books, but by his lamps. Only about one third of the city
has yet been explored and what would yet still be found they
did not know ; but what had been explored seemed nothing
to the whole. They have unearthed the Forum — “ the
talking shop,” the buildings which surround it, the temple
of Jupiter, the Basilica or Town Hall, the Temple of Apollo,
the Marcellum or provision market, the shrine of the city
lares, the Temple of Vespasian, the Temple of Fortuna Augusta,
40
the theatre, the wrestling place, or palaestra, the Temple of
Iris and of Zeus, bathing establishments, and the amphi-
theatre. Many private houses have been unearthed, and
these enabled them to see the complete arrangements which
existed for bathing, the warm and hot chambers heated by
hot air ; the walls were painted usually in frescos with orna-
mentation ; the elegant mosaic floors added to the beauty
of the rooms and there was a complete set of kitchen utensils
almost identical, in some instances, with those in use at the
present day, including a four-pronged fork. There were
about 30,000 gods in Pompeii. If a man had something the
matter with his finger there was one god, and if it was his
toe, there was another.
The graffiti, or inscriptions on the walls, were on all sorts
of subjects and threw light on the occupations and interests
of the people. The shops were open to the street and in
Sicily to-day they could, as they walked along the streets, see
the people in bed. The street of Mercury gave them some
idea of how the Forum was approached. There was at Pompeii
a public weighing place so that if there was any suspicion
about the weight of an article the purchaser could take it
to the public weighing place and have it weighed. Some
things they did a great deal better in those days than they
do now. The streets led to and ended at the Forum where
the passage was blocked by large stones. There were a
great many and a great variety of fountains in the city. At
one of the fountains they saw that the very basalt of the
trough had been greatly worn by the hands of the person
placed in it while drinking. The water fountains and the
wine shops were always near to each other. In a doctor’s
shop were always a variety of glass vessels and instruments
used in his profession, including a needle, balances, scales,
etc. There were many bakehouses, and the most profitable
trade in Pompeii was that of the miller or baker. Some of
the household goods were most beautiful objects. The
city was a suburb of Rome and the people lived a free and
easy life. It was a wicked city and deserved to be destroyed.
On the motion of Mr. J. S. Sutcliffe, seconded by Mr. T.
Bell, and supported by Mr. J. Lancaster, J.P., a h-.arty
vote of thanks was accorded to the Lecturer.
41
WIT AND WISDOM OF PROVERBS.
Rev. R. W. BERRY, B.D.
March \lth, 1908.
In the beginning of his paper Mr. Berry explained that he
intended to limit himself to the consideration of such proverbs
as were to be found in printed sources.
Various attempts to answer the question, “ What is a
Proverb ? ” were given, some from ancient writers such as
Aristotle, and others by those of more modern times. The
lecturer himself suggested “ experience made vocal.” The
common features in the definitions given were Antiquity,
Popularity and Brevity.
The difference between a proverb and a maxim, aphorism
and epigram, is similar to that between the folk-song and the
ballad. The one is spontaneous, the other composed ; the
one is shaped and rounded by the attrition of many lips,
the other given its finish and polished form by its own begetter
and author. An aphorism tends to paint the ideal of action,
the proverb to summarise a general experience. The proverb
is for speech, the maxim for the book, the former making talk
witty, the latter makes it pompous.
In the chief ancient languages proverbial expressions
abound. The sacred books of the East are full of them. The
proverb of the past in its popular form was an instance of the
linguistic survival of the fittest. It was the weapon of men
who had to make their point in a moment. In modern times
there is undoubtedly a decay in the use of proverbial speech
whit r seems to follow the wider circulation of literary works.
Sermons of the Reformation are full of them ; but it was in
their character as advocates to the multitude that the preachers
used them. Shakespeare with unerring insight, makes the
haughty Coriolanus express his hatred of the mob in scorn
of their proverbs, and at a later time Lord Chesterfield said
that no gentleman ever used them.
42
Proverbs may be divided into three classes : Proverbs of
Observation, Proverbs of Reflection, and Proverbs of Action.
Of these the first states consequences, the second goes deeper
and gives principles, the third states duties.
Proverbs of reflection are native to the east, where the
aphoristic sayings of the ancients have still a wide circulation.
In general they are marked by the quiet contemplativeness
of the pundit rather than the practical qualities of the man
of action, but the terse and biting wit of the following Arabic
sayings has helped them to filter through into most European
languages : “ He who lives in glass houses should not throw
stones,” “ What you put into the pot you will take out in
the ladle,” and the saying, “ A man is hidden behind his
tongue,” seems to have anticipated the Frenchman’s famous
mot by many centuries.
The best known examples of the didactic proverb are
found in the Book of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes. In both
books we have the reasoned teachings of the moralist rather
than the common maxims of the crowd. But all Jewish
proverbs are not severely didactic, sayings to be listened to
with respect rather than remembered with spontaneity.
Such sayings as “ While the shoe is on thy foot tread on
thorns,” “ Many old camels carry the skins of young ones
to market,” “ The axe goeth to the wood whence it borrowed
its shaft,” show that their authors, with all their sapience,
had a characteristic wit all their own.
The proverbs of our Isles have a different sound from the
weightier musings of the East. They come out with the
smack of a rude wit and unhesitating spontaneity. There
is in them, as a rule, the rollicking humour of the man who
hits you on the shoulder or digs you in the ribs. They call
a spade a spade in vigorous and realistic language, though
it must not be supposed that sayings of striking beauty and
effectiveness do not abound. But generally, in the proverbial
sayings that have come tripping from the lips of our people
for countless generations, forcefulness is more apparent than
politeness.
It has been said that the proverbs of a nation are a true
index to the character of its people, for before they could
become part and parcel of the common speech they had to
pass the ordeal of universal suffrage. Dean Trench says that
every tenth proverb in the rich Italian store savours of political
knavery or worldly selfishness. But sayings of shrewd
insight abound such as “ It is more easy to praise poverty
43
than to bear it,” “As you salute so you will be saluted,” and
all the proverbs of calculated self-interest seem to be disarmed
by the Italian saying, “For an honest man half his wits is
enough, the whole is too little for a knave ” ; and from that
land comes the beautiful word, “ The comforter’s head never
aches.”
The Spanish language is said to teem with proverbial
expressions characterised by “ grave thoughtfulness, a stately
humour, and a spirit of chivalry and freedom.” But subtle
irony arid wit lurk in such sayings as these : “ The ass knows
in whose face he brays,” “ The travelled man hath leave to
lie,” “ Would’st thou know the value of money ? Go, borrow
some.” A lovely ideal of friendship, however, gleams through
this : “ When a friend asketh thee, there is no to-morrow.”
Common sense and homely humour are the monopolies of
no people and the following Spanish proverb, “ He who would
catch fish must not mind getting wet,” “ Tet him not sow
brambles who walks barefoot,” “ Never speak of a rope in
the house of a man who was hanged,” and the famous saying,
“ The succours of Spain are ever too late,” have a humour
and point apparent under all skies.
A great source of interest in proverbial lore is the diversity
of figures under which kindred thoughts are clothed by different
nations. “ Firs to Norway ” say the Dutch ; “ Water to
the sea ” the German ; “ Blades to Damascus” the Asiatic ;
“ Coals to Newcastle ” the Englishman. We say “ The pot
calls the kettle black ” ; the Italian adds the disdainful touch,
“ Keep off or you’ll smutch me.” The German, with more
vigour and directness says “ One ass calls another ‘ Long-
ears.’ ” Barbed satire against religious ingratitude finds a
place in all languages. “ The river past the saint forgotten,”
was a favourite word in early England. “ The lost cow for
God,” says the Spaniard still, but the masterpiece is the
couplet of Rabelais : “ The devil was sick, the devil a monk
would be. The devil grew well, the devil a monk was he.”
That proverbs should be transmitted, it was essential that
they should be easily remembered. So, many wordy maxims
have been shaken down by the popular tongue into rhymed
sentences that stick like burrs. In such sentences as “ Store
is no sore,” “ No pains no gains,” “ Safe bind safe find,” we
hear the accents of immemorial village wisdom. But the
great bulk of proverbs survive not so much by the tinkle of
their sound as the vigour of their sense. The proverbs Shakes-
peare uses are an instance in point. They are summaries of
sterling wisdom, terse, axiomatic expressions verified by
men’s experience.
44
It has been remarked that the Celtic races are singularly
lacking in proverbial saws, whereas the less intellectually
agile Teuton is particularly rich in them. I his may be because
the quick imagination of the Celt needs not the crutches of
other men s wisdom. To him invention is easier than re-
membrance. But Ireland has its characteristic sayings
which come behind none in picturesqueness and effectiveness.
A spur m the head is worth two in the heel,” 11 The day of
the storm is not the time for thatching,” “ The losing horse
blames the saddle,” are instances which show that in the
use of these “ edgetools of speech ” Ireland is not to seek.
Will the proverbs of the past continue to live in the speech
of the people ? Probably not. The future will devise new
ways in which experiences will be compressed. But the
proverb of the morrow and the proverb of the past will no
doubt agree in their pragmatic teaching, so sane and sound
on the whole that the best life for men is the life of simplicity
frankness, and brave effort.
45
THE POETICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF THE
LAKE DISTRICT.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Mr. C. W. MIDGLEY. March 2ith, 1908.
“ When ye see God’s signet set on English ground,
Why go galivanting all the nations round ? ”
[■; So wrote Charles Kingsley and so say I. Higher mere
stupendous mountains capped with snow we may view in
Switzerland or Norway. Larger and possibly more varied
lakes are there also ; but where on earth’s surface will you
find more to delight the eye, to charm and captivate than
in the few square miles designated the English Lake District.
Not only great in mountains and lakes is this district of our
choice, but it is great in its literary associations. One has
only to mention Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Christopher
Worth, Matthew Arnold, Mrs. Hemans, John Ruskin, with
a host of lesser lights, to prove this statement.
Wordsworth is pre-eminently the poetic interpreter of
nature. Nature has her moods as we have, good and evil,
grave and gay, desolate and happy, gentle and terrible, while
we respond to her varying humour according to our own.
Hence it is that the poet interprets her differently according
to their own character. The grand and gloomy, the Titanic
and the diabolic, find their expression in Byron, but the
tranquil and tender chiefly in Wordsworth. The heart of
Wordsworth beat in sympathy with the sea when he sings
“ Listen, the mighty being is awake
And doth with his eternal motion make
A sound like thunder everlastingly.”
46
Such poets as Wordsworth and Shelley cannot be under-
stood by the unprepared, by the worldly minded, or self-
absorbed, though to the elect they are very clear. “To reap
the harvest of a quiet eye ” certain sensibilities are implied,
and the reader must be able to recognise, feel, and recreate
for himself, the pictures which the poet presents him. Our
great representative poets are not all to be read in the study
or the privacy of our homes ; some should be our companions
in the woods or the fields, some on the sea shore and others
in the social circle. Take Wordsworth with you to the
margin of some rippling stream or lake with blue mountains
on the horizon and carolling birds overhead, the scenes of
his own inspirations. Matthew Arnold’s verdict on Words-
worth’s poems was “ I doubt whether anyone admires Words-
worth more than I do. I admire him for the simple and solid
reason that he is an exceedingly great poet. One puts him
after Shakespeare and Milton. Shakespeare is out of com-
parison. Milton was, of course, a far greater artist than
Wordsworth, probably also a greater force. But the spirited
passion of Wordsworth, his spiritual passion when, as in the
magnificent sonnet of Farwell to the River Duddon, for
instance, he is at his highest, and sees into the life of things,
cannot be matched from Milton. I will not say it is beyond
Milton, but he has never shown it. To match it one must
go to the ocean of Shakespeare.”
In piloting the audience over the classic spots in Lakeland,
the Lecturer, in a racy and interesting manner, made special
references to their literary associations.
It was at Barrow (1825) that Sir Walter Scott and Lockhart
met Christopher North, the great yellow-haired professor,
and listened in the old parish church to what Lockhart called
“ a bad sermon.” There is a house, “ The Briery,” on the
hill leading from Low Wood to Troutbeck, which in 1850
was tenanted by Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth. In that
house Mrs. Gaskell first met Currer Bell (Charlotte Bronte)
whose biography she would one day write. At a house in
the direction of Grasmere from Ambleside lived Harriet
Martineau for the last thirty years of her life. In the garden,
on a stone pillar, stands a sundial dated 1847 with the prayer
“ Come Light, visit me.” In 1848 Emerson spent two days
there as the guest of Miss Martineau. Among other dis-
tinguished guests was John Bright, who was once in Miss
Martineau’s absence, caught upon his knees measuring the
study and sitting room for carpets which he was specially
having made as a pleasant surprise gift to the political econo-
47
mist and gracious lady who ruled at the Knoll. Across the
valley towards Loughrigg, we see the holiday haunt, Fox
Howe, that Dr. Arnold planned and whose chimneys were
Wordsworth’s design and special care.
The district in the neighbourhood of Fox Howe and Rydal
is reminiscent of great literati, Matthew Arnold, Dean Stanley,
Lady Augusta Stanley, W. G. Forster, Edward Quillinan,
and others. Rydal Mount was the last of the four homes
of the poet in these dales. Hither he came driven by domestic
sorrow from Grasmere Rectory in 1813. Here he lived till
his favourite cuckoo clock struck the hour of noon upon
an April day in 1850 — day famous as both the birthday and
deathday of Shakespeare — April 23rd. Here too, a hope-
less invalid for the last twenty years of her life, Dorothy
Wordsworth, in her garden chair, murmured snatches of
her brother’s songs till death gave her back, as we trust,
full companionship with the beloved on January, 1855;
and here
“With an age serene and bright
And lovely as a Lapland night ”
did Mary Wordsworth, the poet’s wife, linger on in peaceful
resignation and content, even though blind for the last three
years of her life, until January, 1859, when her life of calm
devotion and unselfish love quietly came to an end.
It was in Dorothy Wordsworth’s journal that was recorded
the circumstance which led to the writing of the “ Daffodils ”
poem. A hundred years ago at the head of Lake Ullswater
in April, in the woods at Lowbarrow Park, were a few daffodils
close to the water side. “We fancied,” she writes, “ that
the waves of the lake had floated the seed ashore and that
the little colony of daffodils had so sprung up. But as we
went along there were more and yet more and at last, under
the boughs of the trees, we saw that there was a long belt
of them along the shore about the breadth of a country turn-
pike road. I never saw daffodils so beautiful. They grew
among the mossy stone about and above them ; some rested
their heads on these stones as on a pillow for weariness ; and
the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they
verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the
lake ; they looked so gay, ever glancing, ever changing,
The sight of the belt of daffodils on that day enriched our
literature. The eyes of the poet and poetress, and the heart
of a poet’s wife joined in the making of the daffodil song
that we shall never let die :
48
“ I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host of golden daffodils.
Beside the lake, beneath the trees.
Fluttering and dancing with the breeze . . .
For oft when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood
They flash upon that inward eye,
Which is the bliss of solitude,
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.”
The poet wrote, in his head-line note, the “ two best lines
in it are by Mary — They flash. . .”
Beautiful are the words Matthew Arnold wrote in memory
of Wordsworth :
( (
Keep fresh the grass upon his
0 Rotha with thy living wave
Sing him thy best ! for few or
Hears th^ voice right, now he
o°;
grave,
y
none
is gone.’
49
LONGFELLOW.
(With Choral Illustrations).
By Rev. A. CHADWICK. March 31 st, 1908.
Besides giving a biographical sketch of the poet and his life’s
association, the Lecturer, in a racy and interesting manner,
analysed and cited many of the poems.
It was clear, he said, that Longfellow’s most popular poems
were his best. He had always been a popular poet and
appealed to the masses of readers from the first. His popular-
ity was by no means waning but waxing and to-day he was
more widely read and revered than ever. No fewer than
twenty-four publishing houses in England had issued all or
part of his works. Evangeline had been translated three
times into German. Hiawatha could now be read in Latin.
The poet always cherished a beautiful ideal of life, and the gist
of his teaching may be summed up in the importance of
a right purpose in life. Purpose is the science of living, and
character is the purpose crystallised. That is the message
that every age needs as illustrated in St. Augustine’s ladder.
We are not obliged to separate the poet’s life from his work
nor use flabby apologies for what are often called indiscretions
and irregularities of life. There is no necessity to draw a
veil over his life. His nature was essentially poetic and
his life was incomparably grander than any poem he ever
wrote. Whittier said of him on his death “ It seemed as if
I could never write again ; a feeling of intolerable sorrow
and loneliness oppresses me. He was beloved by us all,”
and Gorrell’s testimony was “ never have I known a more
beautiful character and I was familiar with it daily. His
nature was consecrated ground into which no unclean spirit
could enter.” One writer said “ life is thatched with
illusions ” and there was a good deal of truth in the aphorism,
but the power of a good life is no illusion.
50
His visits to Europe and his domestic bereavements were
all reflected in his poems. If they could not claim him as
the greatest of poets, his songs were of indescribable sweetness.
There was not the imperial stateliness of Milton about him,
nor the brilliant felicity of Shelley, nor the penetration and
lucidity of Byron, nor yet the lyrical fire of Burns ; but the
music of his poetry is like the melody of some crystal stream
from the mountains making the valley smile with delight.
He has spoken in musical speech of “ primeval forests,” the
domestic affections, the charm of children, the loneliness of
nature and of simple lowly faith. He may fairly be called
the people’s poet.
Among the poems cited as illustrations of his work and
spirit were “ The Village Blacksmith ” (a chair from the
“ spreading chestnut tree ” having been presented to him on
his 72nd birthday by the school children of Cambridge),
the “ Psalm of Life,” the “ Arrow in the Air,” “ My Lost
Youth,” “ Voice of Lapland Song,” etc. Our poet was almost
entirely destitute of humour, but in the “ Courtship of Miles
Standish ” they had his nearest approach to the humorous.
He worked up to the last, was never known to leave a
letter unanswered, never too much occupied to see a visitor,
and never, so long as he could write, to refuse an autograph.
The Lecturer was assisted by the Brunswick Choir, who
sang at intervals “ Oh, gladsome Light,” “ Good-night,
Beloved.” “ The Reaper and the Flowers ” was given by
Mrs. Herbert ; and “ The Village Blacksmith ” by Mr. Allison.
The favourite “ Excelsior ” was given as a chorus by the
choir, and Mr. Mosedale sang “ Onaway, awake, beloved.”
Mr. Joseland presided and at the close a very hearty vote
of thanks was accorded to the Lecturer and singers, the
evening having been a most enjoyable one.
51
EXCURSION TO FARNLEY HALL.
An excursion of the members and associates of the Club
took place on Wednesday, May 27th, when they paid a visit
to Farnley Hall, near Otley, the residence of Mr. F. H. Fawkes,
J.P. The party left Bank Top Station shortly before twelve,
and reached Ilkley by 2 o’clock. From there an exceedingly
pleasant drive brought the party to Farnley Hall, the road
being along the river Wharf, through Denton and Askwith.
By the kind permission of Mr. Fawkes the party were shown
through the Hall, which is noted for its unique collection of
Turner pictures and which contains, in addition, a number
of valuable paintings by eminent artists and a number of
exceedingly valuable curios and relics connected with the
names of Oliver Cromwell, Colonel Fairfax, and other generals
who took part in the Civil War. The party then returned
to Ilkley along the other side of the river, and tea was par-
taken of at the Middleton Hotel. An hour and a half was
then spent in Ilkley itself, after which the party returned to
Burnley, arriving a little after ten o’clock. The weather
was gloriously fine and sunny during the whole of the after-
noon ; the scenery in the Wharf Valley, which would be
picturesque on the dullest of days, appeared exceedingly
beautiful in the sunshine which prevailed, and the excursion
was one of the most enjoyable which the Club has yet taken.
52
REVEALED BY A SHADOW: or THE
GLORIES OF A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By the Rev. R. KILLIP, F.R.A.S. October 6th, 1908.
A Total Eclipse of the Sun is the most awe-inspiring of all
the phenomena of nature. The fading light, the weird effects
on the landscape, the swift approach of the Moon’s shadow,
the exquisite beauty of the corona, and the sight of crimson
flames from the Sun’s edge all strike the imagination and
fill the soul with wonder.
The apparent diameters of Sun and Moon are about equal,
but, owing to the varying distances of these bodies, it some-
times happens that when the moon gets between the Sun
and the Earth it more than hides the solar disc, and causes
a total occultation or eclipse. If, when the Moon is new it
is at one of its nodes, an eclipse must of necessity occur ;
though it may happen that its angular diameter is less than
that of the Sun, in which case the eclipse is annular and not
total.
The Lecturer then gave a full explanation as to why Solar
eclipses are so seldom seen in any one position of the earth
and made clear by a number of diagrams the effects of Lunar
parallax.
The interest in a total eclipse centres in the fact that the
physics of the Sun best enables us to study astrophysics in
general. Certain solar phenomena can only be studied at
present by the aid of the moon’s intervention when new,
such as the shape, extent and constitution of the corona.
The connection between the spot cycles and the coronal
form was illustrated by photographs and sketches, and a full
account given of the green ray, provisionally named coronium,
which could only be studied at such times.
After recounting some experiences en route, Mr. Killip
proceeded to describe the instrumental equipment with
which he and his companion, Mr. D. E. Benson, of Southport,
did their work at. Burgos.
53
He said “ Our instrumental equipment needs a few words
of explanation. We wished to secure photographs of the
corona, and of the flash spectrum. We had no very costly
apparatus, but in order to secure something of the former
that should be of value, we needed some kind of reliable
driving arrangement ; and, as we had resolved on arriving
at Burgos on the morning of the eclipse, it became a serious
question as to whether any effective instrument could be
taken that could be fitted together and adjusted within the
space of a few hours. My companion, however, an expert
engineer as well as a capable photographer, was equal to the
occasion. Two equatorial stands were made, fixed on rigid
tripods, with fixed polar axes, adapted to the latitude of
Burgos. Each of these was supplemented by a wedge-
shaped block cut to the angle of the Sun’s declination for
noon on the day of eclipse. One of these mounts carried
a two-inch telescope kindly lent by Mr. T. Taylor, a third
member of our party. The telescope was used as a guide
rather than for observational purposes. On the top of this
was an ordinary quarter-plate camera, with a Sanger Shepherd
green screen in front of the lens, to be exposed during the
entire length of totality, so as to obtain a picture of the corona
in green light only. The second mount was connected with
the first by means of a Hooke’s joint rod, and when properly
aligned, moved pari passu with the first mount, being driven
from a mill-headed screw. Two cameras were attached to
this, one for varying exposures through coloured screens,
the other with a telephoto lens, working at f. 11 X 8 = f. 88.
Besides these a camera was mounted specially to obtain
photographs of the flash spectrum at second and third contacts.
Mr. Benson and I were each provided with binoculars for
visual observation of the flash.
Of our experiences in getting to the observing ground it
is not necessary to speak ; but our thanks are due to Mr.
Thwaites, the leader of the B.A. expedition, for kind per-
mission to occupy a post close by his party, on the station
selected by Senor Iniguez. We had, therefore, the privilege
of being protected by a cordon of cavalry.
The morning of August 30th opened with a cloudless sky
and gave promise of an ideal day. But by the time we
reached our encampment, two miles outside the city, huge
masses of cumulus clouds caused occasional interruptions
of the brilliant sunshine. Our heavy baggage was soon
unpacked, however, and although it was 10-20 when we
commenced to put together our instruments, by 12-30 we
54
were in readiness for the total eclipse, our equatorials being
in good adjustment and working beautifully. Alas ! by
this time the sky was almost entirely overcast, and at 12-45
rain began to fall freely. At one o’clock it rained heavily
and we had to protect the lenses with our mackintoshes.
In less than seven minutes totality was due ! At five minutes
past one the sun began to struggle through and up went our
binoculars on the off chance of a glimpse of the flash. To
our surprise the absorption spectrum was at once seen and
became increasingly distinct. Covers were thrown off the
lenses, and all at once the curved Fraunhofer lines gave
place to the beautifully bright and coloured radiation spectrum
of the chromosphere and the exposure of the “ flash ” was
made. The visual observation of this phenomenon alone
was worth the money and the trouble. It was, however,
impossible for me to watch until the flash disappeared, as I
had to get the Sun into the telescope. Turning round sharply
I saw the shadow approach with appalling velocity, darkening
sky and land in its onward sweep. Then a long drawn out
“ Oh ! ” was heard from the surrounding crowds, and the
thing that five minutes before seemed impossible, was actually
upon us. The Sun was set in a clear space and corona and
flames were obvious at a glance. The instant I got the
Sun’s limb against the cross wires of the positive eyepiece,
giving a power of 25 on the little two-inch refractor, I counted
six crimson flames on the east limb, quite distinct and separate.
My personal attention was too fully concentrated on the
task of exact driving to pay much heed to the shape of the
corona ; but I was struck with its silvery beauty and extreme
tenuity. No sketch I have ever seen could suggest its
softness and delicacy. One thing at once occurred to me,
and that was to wonder how it could ever have been questioned
whether the flames were solar or lunar ; their gradual shorten-
ing on the east as the moon moved over them was obvious,
as well as the appearance and lengthening of others on the
west. The return of sunlight was startling in its swiftness,
and the departure of the shadow as marked as its approach.
The fall of temperature was very noticeable, our estimate
being that it had dropped some 12 degrees. Records taken
by the Rev. T. G. R. Phillips, M.A., F.R.A.S., show it to
have been a fall of 14 degrees.
The shadow bands were distinctly visible for several seconds,
although we had made no preparations for observing them.
We had no sheets spread, nor was any wall at hand ; but
sharp bickerings in the air all round were such as to cause
me to call out in surprise to my companions “ See the shadow
55
bands ! ” An English pressman assured me that during
totality “ every other Spaniard crossed himself and said his
prayers,” and certainly the sense of relief expressed by many
found voice in loud hurrahs, cheers and clapping of hands
as sunlight returned.
Of the effects of Nature I cannot speak. The gathering
clouds made it impossible to say how much of the dullness
was due to the partial phase as totality approached, but
the darkness was not that of ordinary twilight. There was
a weird unearthly gloom over the entire landscape. During
totality the light was estimated to be rather more than that
of full moon. Mr. Benson, who was engaged with the cameras,
and made all the exposures, had no difficulty in seeing the
small seconds hand of an ordinary watch. A horse close
by us neighed loudly when the actual darkness fell, and
Mr. Taylor, who was not engaged with instruments, assured
me that its rider had difficulty in restraining it.
Our photographs of the corona speak for themselves.
The small one (shown by the Lecturer on the screen) was
obtained by exposure for minutes with an aperture of
f.8, and is reproduced for any value it may have as recording
the distribution of green coronal light. Although exposed
for nearly the whole of totality, its equivalent exposure was
really only half a second, the green screen in normal sunlight
increasing the duration of exposure some 400 times.
Not the last important of our results is that we have shown
what can be accomplished by apparently inadequate means.
It might have been conjectured that it would have been
impossible to carry out our programme without a driving
clock. But the photographs we obtained show that it is
possible to make a mount that shall be not only portable,
but easily and quickly adjusted, and that a steady and con-
stant pressure can be given to the tangent screw throughout
the whole drive by so arranging the proportions of the screw
that one grip of the hand, in the case of comparatively short
exposures, covers the whole time. They also suggest that
hand driving may be absolutely relied upon, at least for
small instruments ; whereas a clock has been known to fail
at the critical moment. There is no shift in the image,
though the instrument was driven for 210 seconds.
The larger photograph was obtained with the afore-named
telephoto lens, working at f.88, and had an exposure of 15
seconds. The camera was attached to the second mount,
56
and the picture shows no trace of shift. The six flames
are well seen on the east limb of the Sun ; a small hand lens
brings them out perfectly, 4 he coronal extensions are well
marked, and can be traced on the negative still further.
It will be seen how narrowly we escaped disappointment.
We required some 3 minutes and 40 seconds for our long-
looked-for total eclipse. The sun was clear for a little over
4 minutes, and this actually included the precious moments
we needed.
I may add that both before and after totality I watched,
at such odd moments as were possible, for any trace of the
Moon projected against the corona. There was a distinct
tendency of the eye to complete the circle of the Moon outside
the Sun, but the effect was proved to be purely subjective.
When the Sun was put out of the field the illusion completely
vanished.”
4 he Lecturer closed by giving some details of future eclipses
we may hope to see.
A Restoration of Whalley Abbey, Founded 1296.
By W. Angelo Waddington,
President of the Burnley Literary and Scientific Club. 1892 and 1893.
57
SOME HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF
THE RIVER CALDER.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Mr. JOHN ALLEN, of Burnley. October 13//;, 1908.
Mr. Allen said the subject of the paper might be thought
insignificant by some as the River Calder is not 20 miles long,
and nothing that is especially rare is to be seen on its banks.
Yet it is not without interest to the historian, who looks upon
a stream not to view its beauty, or its usefulness for sewage
purposes or its capacity for providing power, but to consider
the part it has played in the lives and destiny of the people
through whose neighbourhood it flows.
Most great cities are on the banks of rivers large or small.
This is not an accident, but the consequence of the law of
human development. Formerly rivers provided a natural-
method of getting rid of sewage and provided towns with a
water supply at their doors.
The earliest reference to the Calder which is made in ancient
documents is its mention in a rent roll of the end of the 13th
century. Camden and Saville, of the time of Oueen Elizabeth,
also mention the river and describe its course. There is
not a single castle on its banks. Of the 17 castles built in
Lancashire during the castle building era commencing about
1066, there was none nearer than that at Clitheroe. Yet
this is not altogether unpleasing, as however picturesque the
ruins may be, the presence of a castle near a manufacturing
town is always a reminder of very evil days in that district.
Although the Calder valley boasts no castles, yet it is not
without memorials of bye-gone days ; its basin contains a
large number of old halls, several ancient ecclesiastical
foundations (such as those of Holme, Padiham, Altham and
Whalley) and one abbey. The want of adequate consideration
leads many completely to overlook the features of interest
attached to these places
58
From a map of the Calder shown on the screen, it appears
that the head of the river is just beyond Holme. Close by
is the source of the East Calder which flows away into York-
shire. It is the West Calder with which Mr. Allen had to deal.
From Holme it flows to Burnley, Padiham and Whalley and
joins the Kibble after covering a little under 20 miles.
The Lecturer then threw on the screen several slides typical
of the moorland hills and valleys through which the Calder
winds, showing that in certain sections, at any rate, the Calder
has claims to scenic beauty. Holme is the first interesting
place on its banks and here is the ancient residence of the
Whitaker family. This house was partly rebuilt in 1617.
The earliest known ancestor of the family, Richard de
Whitaker, settled in the district in the 14th century. The
house has produced a famous line of scholars. One of them,
William Whitaker, who died in 1595, is supposed to be a
Burnley Grammar School boy, and is referred to by Thomas
Fuller in his “ Lives of English Worthies.” William Whitaker
was sent to Cambridge and later took a leading part in the Politi-
cal and Theological controversies succeeding the Reformation.
Bitter though controversies then were, he never lost the respect
of his adversaries in the wordy warfare in which he was
engaged. At the early age of 31 he was elected Master of
St. John’s College, Cambridge. Fuller says Whitaker was
elected because he had golden a head and the electors preferred
this to silver hairs. He is said by one writer to have died
from cold caught during a visit to his ancestral home during
the winter months. The old chapel at Holme was built
in 1534 or 1535. It was originally 30 feet by 15 feet wide.
In 1788 it was taken down by Dr. Whitaker, the author of
the history of Whalley. A new chapel was consecrated
in 1794. The churchyard there is the burial place of some
celebrated local men, including the late General Sir James
Yorke Scarlett, G.C.B., who led the charge of the Heavy
Brigade at Balaclava on Oct. 25th, 1854.
Down the river a little, is Barcroft Hall, re-built in the
16th and 17th centuries, and which was sold in 1795 to Chas.
Towneley, the great collector of marbles. There are no
members of the Barcroft family now in the district, but there
are several branches in Ireland. In 1796 one member of the
family, a Capt. Barcroft, came to Burnley, and in Colne and
district he raised 300 men for His Majesty’s service in the
low countries. The expedition was ill-fated ; the ship carrying
the men was wrecked and all were drowned.
But a short distance away from Barcroft is Towneley Hall,
the largest and by far the most interesting Hall in this district.
Entrance Gateway Towneley Park. Burnley.
Fulledge House. Burnley.
Erected 1576 Demolished 1907.
59
The date when the family settled in the neighbourhood is
unknown. The original home of the Towneley family was
Whalley ; and in the reign of King John is found a grant
of the land relating to that family and place. The family
is said to be an old Saxon family and able to trace its lineage
back for at least two centuries before the Conquest. The
left wing of the Hall goes back to 1350 or earlier. The Hall
has undergone considerable alteration since it was first built.
In 1700 another part existed, joining the two wings in front
and containing a gateway, chapel and library. This portion
was removed in 1700 and re-erected in another position.
The Hall is notable as being the birth place of some of the
most eminent and worthy of Lancashire’s sons, who have
distinguished themselves in the realms of religion, literature
and war. Charles Towneley died fighting for his king on
Marston Moor in July, 1644. At the trial of the Lancashire
Gentry in Manchester in 1694, it was stated that the Towneley
family were deeply implicated in the design to seize the castle
at Liverpool, the Tower of London, and to assassinate the
king, and that they were among the plotters who had brought
soldiers from Ireland and had brought arms into the district
for the arming of the local families. Later, in 1746, Francis
Towneley was executed for his share in the Stuart rising of
1745. Towneley has, in troubled times, been the centre of
much of the intellectual life of Lancashire. Even while
engaged in the plots already mentioned, the two brothers,
Richard and Charles Towneley, were in correspondence with
the leading astronomers of the time and with the scientist
Boyle. The family has included several who suffered for
their religion, the most eminent being John Towneley, who
died in 1608, aged 79. His portrait is included in the family
portrait gallery. Before 1601 he paid £5,000 in fines, owing
to his continuing a Roman Catholic, and had been in many
prisons. His grandson, Christopher Towneley, the great
transcriber, was born in 1604, and was the brother of the
Charles Towneley who fell at Marston Moor. Christopher
died in 1674 and was buried in St. Peter’s Church, Burnley.
Quite near to the Lodge (until recently) stood Fullege
House, built in 1576, formerly the residence of a family named
Ingham, and of whom there are many entries in the Parish
Registers (1562 to 1652).
Royle, one of the residences of the Towneleys, dates back
to the time of Elizabeth. Like a large number of other houses,
the roof is said to have been made three-pointed so as to
resemble the letter E, in compliment to Queen Elizabeth.
Sir Henry Hoghton once occupied the house.
60
Crossing the Calder at the Stepping Stones, which mark
a very ancient ford of the river, is the site of Pendle Hall,
originally built in 1519. and now demolished. It was the
oldest Hall in Pendle Forest and was at one time a residence
of a branch of the Towneley family.
Near at hand is Gawthorpe Hall, which dates back to 1600.
It probably succeeded a tower, one of the old Peels of which
there was but a small number in this district. The builder
was the Rev. Laurence Shuttleworth. In 1849 the Hall was
restored by Sir Charles Barry, the architect of the Houses of
Parliament. Barry touched it very little ; he very rightly
considered it a perfect example of Elizabethan architecture.
Not far from the Hall is Habergham Church of which the
foundation stone was laid in 1846. It is said that Sir James
Kaye-Shuttleworth offered the living of the church to the
Rev. A. B. Nichol, the husband of Charlotte Bronte and that
this gentleman refused the offer.
The Parish Church is a prominent landmark at Padiham.
It was founded in 1451 by John Marshall, L.L.B. The
present building only dates back to 1866-69.
Altham Church lies quite near the river and has many most
interesting links with the past. It is said that there are
Saxon remains in some parts of the walls but of this there is
no reliable evidence. Thomas Jollie, the Vicar of Altham
during the Cromwellian period, was one of the ejected in 1662.
Brief mention was made of Huntroyde, which was formerly
one of the hunting lodges of John of Gaunt, and Simonstone
Hall at which the family of the “ De Simonstones ” lived for
several centuries.
Read Hall, as it now stands, only dates back to the early
19th century when it was rebuilt by John Fort. This Hall
was the birth place of Alexander Nowell, D.D., whose life was
a remarkable one. He took a foremost part in the English
Reformation, and after going abroad, was recalled with other
refugees, when Elizabeth came to the throne. He secured
many preferments and ultimately became Dean of St. Paul’s.
As the holder of this office he preached the sermon at the
service of thanksgiving, at which the Royal family attended,
on the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The last of the Nowells,
Alexander, died at Read Hall in 1772. It was this Alexander
who transformed the ancient chapel into a drawing room and
in this very room he died. After his death the estate was
sold for £28,000 and some years later for £40,000 to Taylor,
Fort and Hargreaves, of Accrington.
North-west Gateway. Whalley Abbey.
ERECTED ABOUT 1350.
61
Nearer Whalley is Moreton Hall, built in 1490 and rebuilt
in the year 1871. There were De Moretons in the district
early in the 14th century. The estate and Hall were formerly
held by the Halsteads of Worsthorne and were devised to the
Moreton family in the reign of Elizabeth.
Whalley may be said to be the cradle of Christianity in
Lancashire. The Parish was formerly a very extensive one,
comprising over 400 square miles. It included Burnley,
Bury, Blackburn, Rochdale, Colne and many other places.
The church may be called the Mother Church of all Lancashire
churches. It is said to have been re-built before 1295 by the
first and last Rector of Whalley, Peter de Cestria. The Celtic
Crosses in the churchyard are known to all antiquaries as
very early examples of their kind. The Cistercian Abbey of
Whalley is of later origin than the church by several centuries,
being founded there in 1296. The foundation stone of the
abbey is said to have been laid by the great Henry de Lacy,
Earl of Lincoln, in 1308. The Asshetons got the buildings
at the division of the estates between themselves and
the Braddyll family. In 1537 the then Abbot of Whalley,
John Paslew, was executed for his alleged share in the Pil-
grimage of Grace. There is, however, no evidence of his
having taken part in that uprising. King Henry VI. was
a visitor at the Abbey during the Wars of the Roses and it
was within a few miles of it he was captured.
Interesting attempts have been made to depict the Abbey
Church of Whalley as it was before being destroyed in 1669.
It was larger than many of the English cathedrals. Mr.
William Angelo Waddington, a past president of this Club,
made a valuable restoration of the conventual church after
a careful study of the ground plan and of various authorities.
Further down the river is Hacking Hall, built by Judge
Walmsley in 1607, and from near may be seen the picturesque
buildings of Stonyhurst College, the Jesuits having extended
the buildings there very considerably and made of them a
noble and imposing pile.
In closing his lecture, Mr. Allen referred to the debt he
owed to Dr. Whitaker and Mr. Alderman Thomas Turner
Wilkinson, who had contributed so largely to Lancashire
historical research, and whose fame was greater outside
Burnley than within ; and to Mr. James Mackay, the author
of “ Pendle Hill in History and Literature ” ; and to Mr.
Henry Houlding, who has glorified our district by giving it
some of the glamour which only a poet can give.
62
THE WINCHESTER NATIONAL
PAGEANT.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Mr. W. LEWIS GRANT. October 20th, 1908.
Mr. Grant first answered the question — What is a Pageant ?
It is a lofty and dignified representation of the story of a
town or village in dramatic form. It is a great act of thanks-
giving for the mercies of the past. It awakens a deeper
interest in one’s home and country, and has its patriotic,
educational and devotional side. The Winchester Pageant
was held in June last, the object being to benefit the Cathedral
Preservation Fund. The balance handed over to the Dean
and Chapter was £2,500. Mr. Grant spoke of the enormous
labour which had been going on for about three years, to
preserve from ruins this splendid heritage. The cause of
the subsidence which threatened the safety of the fabric and
the measures taken to effect the necessary repairs were des-
cribed and Mr. Grant stated that the total cost is estimated
to approach £100,000, towards which a sum of nearly £60,000
has been subscribed.
Winchester was pre-eminently suitable as the place for
a National Pageant, for it was the city of Alfred and the
Saxon kings ; it was in its glory long before London became
famous, and its massive Minster was the burial place of king
centuries before Westminster Abbey became the royal mauso-
leum. The grounds of Wolvesey Castle formed the site, and
few plots in England are more full of romance and history.
Some 2,000 performers took part, and the episodes covered
our history from the coming of the Romans to the reign of
Charles II. The work of preparation of costumes, arms, etc.,
was touched upon, and high praise was bestowed on Mr.
Frank R. Benson, the Master, for his artistic power and
infinite resource.
63
The scenes of the pageant were briefly set forth, special
prominence being given to the proclaiming of Egbert as over-
lord of all Britain ; the episode in which appear the powerful
chieftain Canute and his Queen Emma ; the trial of Waltheof,
the last of English earls ; the storming of Wolvesey Castle
by the Empress Matilda ; the founding of Winchester School
by the great Bishop William of Wykeham ; the meeting of
King Henry VIII. and the Emperor Charles V. of Germany,
with the sports and stately dances ; the defence of Sir Walter
Raleigh ; and the final episode in which appears Charles II.,
the Mayor of Winchester, the saintly Bishop Hen, and Isaac
Walton, the prince of fishermen.
The closing scene was most impressive. All the performers
gathered in a glowing, glittering mass and the verse “ Praise
God from Whom all blessings flow ” was sung.
The Winchester Pageant has taught us our debt to the
past, our task to-day, and our duty to the future.
Lantern slides, lent by the Dean of Manchester, exhibited
views of the cathedral and especially of the fissures in the
walls ; the foundations, etc. A second series depicted some
of the city’s principal buildings.
64
DEBATE :
“ ARE WE AS A NATION DOING OUR BEST
FOR THE NEXT GENERATION ? ”
Affirmative, Mr. Wm. Thompson.
Negative, Mr. John W. Chorlton.
October 21th, 1908.
Mr. William Thompson opened the debate in the affirmative.
Instead of taking the broad standard of what is called “ the
next generation,” which term was somewhat difficult to define,
let us ask “ Are we doing our best for the future ?” Education,
one of the great factors of the future and no doubt the chief
one, is undoubtedly of a greatly more advanced kind than
ever it was. Looking back, we find it was in 1871 when
education was first made a great national question. It has
been widened, broadened and extended until at the present
day we have a splendidly equipped system for the education
of our boys and girls. Great improvements are continually
being effected with regard to our teaching staff. Pupil
teachers’ centres, scholarships to bring teaching up to the
highest pitch of excellence, and other improvements have
been made and are still being made, which must augur well
for the proper and higher education of our future men and
women. This one factor alone has reached a state of efficiency
which has never been before approached. Another department
in which there are great hopes for the future is the develop-
ment of inventions which is taking place. Take electricity
for instance, which is at present practically only in its infancy.
It is impossible to know what may in the future be achieved
by electricity. Then again, new discoveries were being made
daily in medical science for the lessening of suffering,
saving of life, abolition of plague, and the removal of pestilence.
Our railroads and highways are in a well organised and perfect
condition, and our travelling facilities are most comfortable
65
and safe. When we look around and observe our water-
works, docks, harbours, bridges, the laying out and improve-
ments in our towns, the widening of streets, vastly improved
sanitary arrangements, our cheap postal and telegraph facilities
ocean cables, telephones, wireless telegraphy, all these things
must strike us as holding out a great future. Then consider
the constant additions to our vast storehouse of books and
music. Libraries, museums, parks, open spaces, allotments,
and numberless other advantages could be named, all tending
to make the life of the future generation better than the past.
We are blessed with an abundance of philanthropic institu-
tions, our Sunday schools with their vast army of voluntary
workers are doing a great and noble work, our hospitals with
their up-to-date medical equipments, how can these be looked
upon other than blessings for the future race. Large charitable
bequests are continually being recorded which will further
add to the charities available for those who needed them in
days to come. Almost universal testimony could be brought
that the parents of the children were doing their best for
their offspring. Parliament, our local Councils, agricul-
turalists, and even the much despised capitalists are all
striving to improve upon our present standard of work and
living. Our vast empire is at peace with the world, and one
of the latest blessings is the Court of Arbitration which will
no doubt do much to settle international disputes of the
future. Perfection in everything is of course a long way off,
and we still see many heights above us which we desire to
scale. New conditions will create new wants. Our pre-
decessors no doubt looked forward and could foresee many
things we have to-day ; they built upon what went before
them, and we are building upon what has gone behind us, so
the future will have to be built upon to-day’s conditions.
More people than ever before are uttering the sentiment,
“ What can we do to leave the world better than we found it,”
and the future holds out wonderful methods and a wonderful
state of living for the future generation, based upon the
magnificent efforts which are being put forth to-day.
Mr. John W. Chorlton, taking the negative, stated that
from his point of view, he took it that the subject referred
to the children solely. We could leave such questions as
electricity, hospitals, Workmen’s Compensation, and medical
science alone, because no doubt at the time when the next
generation arrives at maturity these things will be out of
date and an entirely fresh set of ideas will be required. There
always will be the very important question of education.
Men in the forefront at the present day were not altogether
66
satisfied with the present position of this great question.
We are not doing our best so long as we allow this to be a
local matter. The cost of education should be placed on
the consolidated fund altogether, and it is against the interests
of the children that it should be left in local hands, because
we find considerable local feeling in the matter of education
and people are jealous about their educational position.
In some towns we find parsimonious managers with an utter
absence of public spirit. In the matter of equipment, hygiene,
buildings, and that sort of thing our children are taught
under such conditions as make it impossible for them to get
the advantage of our present educational system. So long
as we make the education question a matter of local control, and
until we get that removed and the whole burden placed upon
the consolidated funds, we shall not have a satisfactory settle-
ment of this question. I venture to say with regard to this
question, that the sooner we get into the habit of regarding
the child in our day schools as a potential citizen and leave
off viewing him as a theological problem, the better it will
be for the coming generation. The subject of Sunday schools
having been mentioned, in my opinion, the present day
system is very unsatisfactory. I do not think the coming
generation has as good a chance as the present one in this
respect. I amongst others, owe a lot to the influence of the
Sunday school. The Sunday schools7of to-day were failing
to rear so robust a generation as the Sunday schools of a
generation ago.
My next generation obviously refers to the children. We
cannot consider this question educationally without referring
to the physical condition of the child at the beginning
of its career. I should like to throw out the suggestion that
this problem begins before the child is born. Then there
is the question of infantile mortality, which to my surprise,
has not been mentioned, being one of the most painful and
difficult problems of modern times, especially in large in-
dustrial centres such as that in which we live. 200 per 1 ,000
is the death rate here. I am sorry to be compelled to think
that when these children come into the world they have not
even half a chance of surviving to the end of the first year.
Indeed, without attempting in any way whatever to slander
or libel my fellow countrymen, 1 am bound to say that there
are scores and hundreds of cases where, to say the very least,
they do not study to keep the children alive and that because
they would rather they were out of the way. The ordinary
operative does not become interested in the child until it is
approaching the time of life when it will be a wage-earner ;
67
then it becomes a very important member of the community,
especially in the limits of its own interests.
I take it, and I may say it is a matter of conviction, that
the most valuable asset that any nation can have is a large
army of healthy children, who shall take the places of those
who have gone. It does not pay to have them die from a
national point of view. The more people we can have in
any civilised community it is better for the community and
the world at large. With regard to the training of children,
a good many of our methods are altogether wrong. A race
of people has been spoken of who are privileged and in com-
fortable circumstances, but to deal with a question of this
kind, we have to come to where the bulk of the population
is. We are bound to remember that the greater part of the
children of this land belong to the working classes and it is
amongst these we have the problems furnished for our con-
sideration.
We are all thankful for what has already been done for the
protection of children by the legislature, but it only goes
to show that we can go a great deal further. No one, I am
sure, will pretend that we have reached finality in matters
of this description. The law can step in between a father
and his child and protect the child and no doubt we are
feeling our way towards a higher state of things. Coming
to the question of cleanliness, I regard it as more important
than hunger. We can easily give a child what is called
“ a good feed ” if we can get at it, but how are we going to
keep that child clean. I want the Children’s Charter carried
so much further that before very long there shall be power
placed in the hands of the community that shall compel
parents to keep their dwelling houses clean and along with
them, their children. This question is never brought to the
front unless those children are alive with vermin and the
parents are summoned before the magistrates for cruelty.
Unless we can get a law to compel parents to keep their
children clean I think we may “ shut up ” as a nation.
Mr. James Lancaster, J.P., Mr. W. Witham, J.P., Mr.
George Nuttall, Mr. J. H. Rothwell, Mr. John Allen, Mr. John
Bradshaw and Mr. A. R. Pickles, M.A., joined in the debate ;
the majority of the speakers took the negative view. Mr.
Chorlton then replied, and the debate was closed by Mr. Wm.
Thompson.
68
A HOLIDAY IN THE TYROL.
By Mr. JAMES LANCASTER. November 10 th, 1908.
The lecturer said his subject would include such interesting
towns as Innsbruck, Botzen, Trent, Pieve di Cadore, the
birthplace of Titian, the famous Brenner Pass, and some
of the most strikingly grand mountains in the world, and
thought it ought to be worthy the attention of the Club.
The Tyrol, too, had a wonderful history. Livy, the great
Roman citizen, Strabo, the geographer, and Pliny, the natural-
ist, had all written about it, and it offered a playground in
many respects equal to Switzerland.
There are two principal approaches to the Tyrol, one
from Venice, and entering it from the south, and the other
jvhich is shorter from England, via Basle, Zurich, the Arlberg
and Innsbruck. This journey takes thirty-two hours from
London to Innsbruck, giving a pleasant two hours’ break
at Zurich ; and the route from Zurich to Innsbruck is through
most romantic scenery. Innsbruck is one of the most pictures-
que cities in Europe. It lies on a wide plain surrounded
on all sides by sheltering peaks with the silvery Inn winding
along its valley and through its streets. Walking down the
main street of Innsbruck, the mountains, snow-capped, seem
to rise nearly perpendicularly from the end of the street,
tier upon tier of precipices where on the lower slopes grow
the gentian, clematis, and alpine roses. In this street, the
Neustadt, is the famous golden house built by Duke Frederick
and afterwards occupied by the Emperor Maximilian. Inns-
bruck is a most charming city to wander in, with its old-world
buildings, old curiosity shops, narrow streets, sunlit squares,
and quaint fountains. The surroundings of the city are
in keeping with the city, and charming excursions were made
by electric railways to picturesque villages situated on the
hills surrounding the city. A six-hours’ railway ride to
Toblach brings us to the Northern entrance of the famed
Dolomite district. The journey is through the famous
Brenner Pass, the oldest pass over the Alps to Italy. The
railway is a marvel of engineering skill, and reveals lovely
glimpses of verdant valleys, foaming cascades, pretty villages,
snow clad mountains, and calls forth the admiration of the
69
beholder. At Toblach the railway is left and the drive
from Toblach to Schluderbach (8 miles) is a very striking
one. It is a worthy entrance to the glorious scenery of the
Dolomite Country. The sun was setting and the summits
of the mountains seemed to drink in the rosy sunbeams,
and glowed as if transfused with fire. Arriving at Schluder-
bach we found it situated in magnificent scenery. An
amphitheatre of giant peaks and sky-piercing aiguilles
surrounds it. Truly an artist’s paradise, the light and shade
and the vivid colouring constantly changing ! The world-
famed Monte Cristallo is only a couple of miles away and
when lit up by the setting sun is indescribably grand and
awe-inspiring.
Our next centre can be reached by a choice of routes, by
the Misurina Lake, or by the ordinary Government Post
Route. We chose the former which rises to an elevation of
7,000 feet and reveals distant views of the Dolomite giants.
Cortina is situated 4,000 feet above sea level and is perhaps
the best centre and the one most largely patronised by visitors
to the Austrian Tyrol. Although surrounded by magnificent
peaks, it is not so closely hemmed in by the mountains as
many of the other centres and is beautifully situated. The
meadows and woods are filled with the most lovely flowers,
and the river Boite flows through the centre of the valley,
and on either hand are well cultivated fields, green slopes,
and pine-clad hills, and behind, the great Dolomite Mountains.
We found the peasants here most interesting, kind, courteous,
thrifty, and picturesquely clad — no wealth and no poverty,
and the land cultivated to the fullest extent. There is much
in the modes of life and relationship to one another in vogue
amongst this people that might, with advantage, be copied
by other European peoples.
Leaving Cortina we passed three-and-a-half miles down
the valley the Austrian frontier and entered Italy, and
after two hours’ driving, arrived at Pieve di Cadore, the
birthplace of Titian, where his house is shown. A bronze
statue of the great painter is in the Piazza ; in fact, the place
is full of Titian. A drive of twenty-eight miles through
beautiful scenery along the valley of the Pieve, brings us to
Belluno. It is 'interesting to know that the forests along
the banks of the Pieve through which we have just come,
are those from which 1,000 years ago the timber was brought
to support many a beautiful palace and splendid church
in Venice. Belluno, a characteristically Italian town, is our
most southerly point, and we take train in a westerly direction
intending to arrive at Trent in the evening. A twenty miles
70
railway journey brought us to Feltre, the terminus of the
railway, and a carriage drive of fifteen miles connects us
again with the railway at Tezze, where a forty miles railway
journey through historical and romantic country brings us
to Trent. We had no conception of the beauty of Trent
previous to our visit. It is situated in a fruitful valley,
sheltered by snow-clad mountains, with luxuriant public
gardens, numerous palaces, wide streets and boulevards
well planted with trees and shrubs. It is quite Italian in
appearance and the people speak principally Italian. To
us the principal point of interest was, of course, the church
where the famous Council of Trent sat. This is not the
Cathedral but the Church of St. Marie Maggiore, a simple
fifteenth century church, and it possesses a large picture
containing portraits of the members of the famous Council.
At Trent we are on the main line from Italy to the north
and very quickly make the journey, about thirty-five miles,
to Botzen, the capital of the Southern Tyrol. We found
Botzen a delightful medieval town, full of colour, life, and
old art. From Botzen the best view can be obtained of the
famous Rosengarten group and on several evenings we had
this marvellous sight to perfection. The surroundings of
Botzen are as charming as the city, and an excursion by a
mountain railway to the Summit of the Mendel Pass, com-
manding fine views of the Ortler Group, will linger long in
our memory. From Botzen the railway passes through one
of the finest gorges in the Tyrol, the gorge of Kuntersweg, to
Innsbruck.
We left the Tyrol feeling we had only had glimpses of
some of its beauties, that there were districts we had not
touched, quite as worthy of visiting as those we had seen,
such as the beautiful valley around the Rarer Sea, the Fal-
zerego Pass, Meran, San Martino, Primiero, the famous
Marmarola range of mountains, all having a fascination of
their own. Whilst it is possible to travel through the
Tyrol from north to south in a long summer day, yet to
enjoy the beauties of its scenery, to see something of the
people, and to learn something of their character and history,
it will repay sufficient time to take it in easy stages, and
there are good hotels at all the chief places of interest, which
greatly adds to the enjoyment of the tourist.
Our return journey from Innsbruck was made by Munich,
Nuremberg, the Rhine and Brussels, which gave interesting
variety from our outward journey.
71
DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO.
(Illustrated by the Lantern).
By Mr. SAMUEL WELLS, F.R.G.S.
November Ylth, 1908.
The Countries of Dalmatia and Montenegro, situated on
the east coast of the Adriatic Sea have hitherto been little
travelled by tourists. They are, however, well worth a
visit. Their northern towns and inhabitants have had a
considerable influence over the history of the other countries
of Europe as they kept the Moslem back for centuries. Their
churches are especially interesting ; they have been inti-
mately connected with the history of the Christian religion
and contain large numbers of valuable relics. Dalmatia,
it may be said, is the only place in the world where the Romish
Mass is not said in Latin.
The journey to Dalmatia affords an opportunity of passing
glances at Venice, Trieste and other most interesting old
cities. The pleasure of a sea journey down the coast depends
to a great extent on the prevailing winds. They have three
all with peculiarities, the bora blows everything into the sea,
the sirocco blows it back and the contraste blows both ways
together. When in full force these winds are very destructive,
will carry away whole buildings and have been known
to blow over trains.
The people in Montenegro are particularly warlike but to
visitors peaceful and hospitable, and accommodation for
travellers is improving
The folk-lore of the country is full of interest. It resembles
astonishingly that of our country, particularly in Yorkshire.
Among many similar, it is a belief that to pass a child through
a hole in a tree is sufficient to cure it of many diseases ; that
to give a child a ride on a bear would cure it of whooping
cough, and that, failing a bear, a donkey would do ; the child
must ride facing the tail. These and many other superstitions
are common to both our country and theirs. The Dalmatians
still believe in the connection of evil spirits with diseases and
72
trepanning or making a hole in a man’s head for the purpose
of curing a disease by “ letting out the evil spirit,” is not
unknown. They have the Yule custom of burning a log
as we have, but they practise it on a much larger scale, using
a whole tree, which is devastating many of the forests.
We begin our tour through Dalmatia at Zara, one of the
principal towns of the country. Its walls, strong and at one
time impregnable, are most interesting. At the time of
the Crusades the Venetians were particularly anxious to
possess this town, and this desire led to their making a bargain
with the English and French Crusaders who were applying
to the Venetians for ships to take them to the Holy Land.
The Crusaders had not sufficient money to pay their passage
and the Venetians therefore suggested that the Crusaders
should, as the price for their passage, capture for the Venetians
the city of Zara. In spite of their vows to use their arms
only against the infidels, the Crusaders had no other alter-
native but to stay and attack the town, which they took and
handed over.
We now pass on to Spalato, an ancient city the nucleus
of which is the palace of Diocletian, built by him for when
he retired after having resigned his position as Roman Em-
peror in the year 304 A.D. Parts of his Palace are still to
be seen, including its gates of gold, brass, iron and silver.
It was of enormous size and in some of the rooms many
houses have since been built. He built himself a tomb which
is now used at a Cathedral, and one is reminded of the- vanity
of human wishes when one sees that here, in the tomb of
Diocletian, who was going to stamp Christianity off the
face of the earth, the priest now says Mass every day to a
congregation of Christians. It is here one remembers that
the ‘ Dalmatic ’ worn by every clergyman of the Church of
England, first came from Dalmatia where it was the ordinary
costume of the people.
Near Spalato is Saloma, very important in early Roman
days. So much so, that when a Roman Emperor conquered it
he named his son after it. There were 88 towers at the
corners of the walls, but they are now rased to the ground
by process of time. We still see there the remains of a very
early Christian Church. A woman of Saloma, faithful to
the Church, used to beg the bodies of the early Christian
Martyrs, whom the Romans put to death but never buried,
and bringing the bodies to Saloma interred them behind
her house. The Christians afterwards built a church on the
site. It is one of the earliest and most interesting churches
in existence, the pillars and tombs being seen on every side.
73
We travel further down the coast and travelling eastward
visit Mostar. It is a charming city and has a remarkable
bridge with a wonderful span. It is said that the body of
a living child was put in the foundations, an early custom
in those parts. Many of the inhabitants of Herzegovina are
Moslems. Some were originally Christians ; the} are now
more rabid Mohammedans than the Turks themselves.
In the country the peasants live an exceedingly simple
form of life. Their summer residence for a whole family
consists of just so much building as will afford shade from
the sun. Their medical system is equally simple ; they
treat diseases with no half measures. Hot stones are applied
for stomach-ache, hot irons for lumbago, and rheumatism
is treated by a very vigorous rubbing. If a man has never
been “ ironed,” “ stoned,” or ‘ rubbed,” he is considered
very healthy. There are large numbers of lime stone caverns
in the neighbourhood of Mostar, some of which extend many
miles underground. When lit with the magnesium torch
the stalactites and stalagmites, which fill the caverns like
pillars of white marble, look grand to a degree. Several
rivers disappear mysteriously into the earth ; they fall into
caverns, the outlets of which are in many cases unknown.
It is said that a wealthy farmer whose land lay near the
place where one of these rivers disappears from view, was
constantly losing sheep, and no trace of them could be found ;
but on watching the man who tended the sheep he was seen
to push the sheep into the water where they, of course, dis-
appeared ; but they reappeared at the other side of the
cavern, having been carried some 21 miles underground,
and were then taken out by the shepherd’s son and sold.
Ragusa is one of the strongest towns of Dalmatia, and
until the time of Napoleon, was unconquered. Great efforts
have at various times been made to capture this town. Noted
leaders with thousands of men have been repulsed time after
time. It is built on a small tongue of land, and was a republic
for many centuries. It is of the greatest interest to students
of history for it was one of the first cities to open its gates
to all comers. The first foundling hospital in Europe was
founded there. It was the first city to pass a law against
slavery. Its government was peculiar. A man could only
be king for three months. Changes were therefore continually
being made and municipal wirepulling did not exist. The
names of the people who ruled were written in a golden book.
No girl whose name was written in this book was allowed
to marry any one whose name was not also in it. “ Courting ”
as we know it, was not allowed. Marriages were arranged
74
by the parents and any love-making had to be done after
marriage. There are no theatres or music halls in the town
and stranger still, no carriages or carts. The churches contain
an immense number of valuable articles and relics, because
when the Turks were troubling other cities of Europe, the
latter sent such of their valuables as they wished to be pre-
served to Ragusa, which was so strong as to be able to resist
attack.
Close by is the Isle of Lacroma with which the name of our
monarch, Richard the Lion Hearted, is closely connected.
Richard was wrecked on the island after one of his crusades.
He promised the monks of the monastery there that he would
build a church for them when he got back to England, and
on his return here, he actually remembered this promise and
raised money which he sent out to the monks who built a
church with it. The cloisters of the church were very fine.
The island is very well wooded.
It may be mentioned, too, that it is claimed on behalf
of the neighbouring island of Mehta, that St. Paul landed
there and not at Malta. The Germans and Austrians are
continually disputing this point.
The last port in Dalmatia is Cattaro where the steamer
is left for the land journey to Cettinje, the smallest capital
in Europe. The journey is by a high road from Dalmatia
into Montenegro, a glorious drive up the mountain side.
The region is a limestone one and the cultivation is of the
sparest description. Any piece of grass, even if only 3 feet
square, is regarded as valuable and is a “ field.” We cannot
appreciate how poor are the agricultural population of the
district.
Arriving at the ancient capital of the country, Cettinje,
we find it different from any capital in Europe. The site is
on the bed of an old lake and consists of a jumble of small
houses, a theatre and a palace. The fortress is large, for in
the population of about a quarter of a million, no less than
30,000 are able-bodied soldiers, with gun and sword. Each
man has also a revolver or two, and the country would put
up a very fierce resistance to any invaders. The men have
always been great fighters and in past times their wives
and womenkind have helped their military exploits by follow-
ing the men with food and at times taken a hand with the
guns. The Turks have often attacked the country but have
never yet conquered it. On one occasion they brought
an army of 200,000 but had to retire defeated leaving 30,000
dead behind them. The museums in the capital are full of
relics captured from the Turks, including a number of the
75
medals presented by our Queen Victoria to the Turks for
gallantry during the Crimean War. Turkey has always
had her eyes on this country. To establish amicable relations
the present Sultan presented the King of Montenegro with
a complete set of trappings for a regiment of cavalry (there
not being a horse-soldier in the country). The Czar of Russia
also desirous of bidding for the good will of Montenegro,
made the King an equally useless present in the shape of
30,000 old rifles.
The capital possesses a theatre built by an American,
though the theatrical connections of the country go back
800 years. This would seem to show that the Montenegrians
are not as uncivilized as they are sometimes alleged to be.
It may be mentioned too, that the country had a printing
press only seven years after the first press appeared in our
own country. There is, however, a good deal that is primitive
in the country. A visitor must not expect any elaborate
or comfortable hotels. Things are getting a little better
in this respect, but the Lecturer well remembers the landlord
of one of the principal “ hotels ” ordering a pig to be killed
in front of his bedroom window for the special delectation
of his visitors. The prison is also primitive. The prisoners
are locked up at night but may be seen playing outside the
prison walls unguarded all day long. They are chiefly murder-
ers and are looked upon as more or less harmless. The
general morality of the country is good. Thieving is practi-
cally unknown. The King is the judge and dispenses justice
under an old tree in the square in front of his palace. This
latter is a very modest building with a barracks behind in
which the “ standing army ” of 50 men are kept. The
King has only to whistle for his troops and they are ready
to hand in a moment. They are a fine set of men, making
up in physique what they lack in numerical strength.
The country is still primitive enough still to retain the
principle of marriage by capture. Marriage is thus made
easy, but divorce is just as easy.
Montenegro is a country well worth visiting. Its remark-
able history has given it a set of traditions exceeding in glory
all the war traditions of the world. The Lecturer would
however, recommend any intending visitor to read something
of the land and its past before actually making a journey
there, otherwise nine-tenth of the inteiesting features will
be overlooked.
76
RECITAL :
“DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE.”
By Mr. JOHN DUX BURY. November 24 th, 1908.
A Recital of “Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” was given by
Mr. John Duxbury, of Manchester. Mr. R. L. Stevenson’s
masterly story was presented in a most vivid manner to the
meeting, and the dual personality of its centrepiece was
rendered most striking by Mr. Duxbury’s sympathetic changes
of voice and countenance. Mr. Duxbury closed the evening
by a little humorous relief in the way of two smaller pieces,
“ Little Jack Horner,” and “The Sign of the Cleft Heart.”
A cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Duxbury was moved by
Mr. A. A. Bellingham, seconded by Mr. J. Chorlton, and passed
heartily by the meeting.
77
THE PICTURESQUE COAST OF
YORKSHIRE.
By Mr. T. H. HARTLEY. December IsC 1908.
The district explored by us is from York to Bridlington,
on to Filey, Scarborough and Redcar in the North. The
variety of geological forms in the district is a great feature.
At Flamborough we have the magnificent chalk cliffs ; at
Filey the oolite formation. These different geological forma-
tions help to make the coast more picturesque than would
otherwise be the case.
The beautiful scenery of the coast of Yorkshire reminds
us of those lines :
“To those who know thee not no words can paint,
And those who know thee know all words are faint.”
On our way to the coast from Lancashire we pass through
the City of York, and we take an opportunity of viewing
this very fine and ancient old city, containing points of
interest which are legion. The first celebration of Christmas
Day in this country, is said to have taken place at York.
By passing along the walls of the city, a distance of about
two miles, the chief points of interest may be seen. The
walls were built for the protection of the city. In the siege
of 164T the city and walls suffered much damage, but they
have now been repaired and thoroughly restored by the
Corporation. York Minster is one of the finest in this country.
Edwin the Great was baptized there. Paulinus was its first
Bishop and the present Archbishop is the eightieth in descent.
The old cathedral has a wonderful history.
Micklegate Bar is the great gate entry into York. The
coat of arms of the city consists of the five magistrates who
defended the city so bravely at the time of the siege. Fisher-
gate is an important thoroughfare of the city. It is the
way through which the fishermen took their fish, the word
“ gate ” implying “ a way or road.”
At Bridlington we enjoy a fine stretch of the sands for
which the Yorkshire coast is famous.
78
At Flamborough the egg industry is a very important
one. There are vast quantities of birds and a great variety
of eggs. Beneath Flamborough Head there are a considerable
number of caves. Leaving Flamborough along the sands
a distance of live or six miles, we come to Filey. Here the
sands have a splendid width and stiffness and are so fine that
motor races are periodically held on them. From Filey we
can enjoy a fine walk to Spaton and other interesting places
in the district. Filey has a very aristocratic patronage and
the place is not a tripper’s resort.
We then travel along to the beautiful town of Scarborough.
Here we find a mixed patronage, all classes teeming in their
hundreds and enjoying the pleasures of this beautiful town.
It has a fishing season and the Scottish fishing lasses come
down when this season is on. There is a fine old castle here
which was built by Stephen. The Hinterland of the coast
is very picturesque and beautiful and most enjoyable trips
can be taken across the celebrated Yorkshire moors, which,
covered with gorse and heather, present a splendid sight.
We can avail ourselves of a long drive along the valley of
the Derwent and some pretty and varied scenery is around
us on all hands.
The next place we visit is Ravenscar and on our journey
there by rail a magnificent view of the coast line is obtained.
Passing the well-known Robin Hood’s Bay we arrive at
Whitby, a. town which is remarkable for the preservation
of its quaintness. The River Esk runs through the town.
Beautiful drives inland can be enjoyed to various places.
All along this district live a race of bold and hardy fishermen
with whom it is delightful to converse.
Proceeding, we come to Staithes and still further on to
Saltburn. The visitors here come chiefly from Middles-
borough and the surrounding mining districts. Proceeding
northwards we reach Redcar on the extreme northern
Yorkshire coast.
79
MILTON.
By THE BISHOP OF BURNLEY.
December 8 th, 1908.
The tercentenary of John Milton was marked at the Club
by the delivery of a scholarly paper by the Bishop of Burnley.
Dr. Pearson said that a singular thing about the develop-
ment of the poetical mind of Milton was that he seemed to
supply an example diametrically opposite to that which was
suggested in the lines of Young : “Thoughts shut up, lack
air, and spoil like babes.” It was not so with Milton. For
twenty years he ruminated over “ Paradise Lost,” a period
during which he was largely mixed up with political agitation
and pamphleteering. His literary career divided itself into
three parts. We had his youthful productions, including
that magnificent hymn on “ The morning of the Nativity”
which he wrote when he was twenty-one. If this fine poem
betrayed youth in the ornateness of its diction, in the over-
lading of its imagery, or in its constant reference to the
classical mythology, there was good excuse for this. Milton
was so precocious in his reading, so absolutely omnivorous,
that he was said to have got through the whole of the classical
Greek and Latin authors before he reached seventeen. After
touching on earlier poems, the Bishop dealt with Milton’s
prose writings. At forty-three he lost the sight of one eye,
and some have asked whether it was to his blindness that
we were indebted for the “ Paradise Lost.” It was impossible
for us to imagine that if the poet had retained his sight he
could have produced a grander poem than that great epic.
Difficulties were often the very tonic of effort. That which
some people might be inclined to regard as a stumbling block
might really become a stepping stone to higher things, and
they believed it was so in the case of Milton. He was a
disappointed man when he wrote “ Paradise Lost.” His
political paradise had been absolutely lost, but just in the
80
same way as Isaiah, when he wrote his great second part,
seemed to have taken such special delight, intellectual as
well as spiritual, in sketching the heavenly and spiritual
kingdom, because the earthly kingdom on which his patriotic
hopes had been set so long had been broken up, so it seemed
to have been with Milton. Disappointed of some of his
patriotic hopes, he directed his mind to those higher hopes
on which his pious soul was able to rest itself, and in the
contemplation of which he could find calm and peace. Long
before this he had said to his intimates that he hoped to
produce something which posterity would not willingly let
die. His mind was so full of the best literature, ancient
and modern, that he brought out of his treasury things new
and old, probably with utter unconsciousness of the source
from which he got them. He had been accused of plagiarism,
but whatever he derived from other sources he transfigured
by the wonderful power of his own mind, so that as Shakes-
peare, drawing from other sources, made those stories his
own by his marvellous genius, so it was with Milton.
Dr. Pearson described how the poet, in the watches of the
night, thought out the subject and in the morning dictated
to an amanuensis the precious words that had suggested
themselves to him. Sometimes he would compose forty
lines before he fell asleep, and then in the morning he would
reduce them to twenty, so as to condense as much as ever
he could, and get the very essence of the thoughts he was
dwelling on compressed into the most sharp-cut jewel form.
What about the wonderful structure and fabric of the poem ?
The language, though so wonderfully perfect and apt, every
word fitting the thought it was intended to express, was not
so full and rich as we might expect. Words repeated them-
selves. Whilst Shakespeare used 15,000 English words,
Milton in all his poems used only 8,000. But the subject
matter of Shakespeare was infinitely more varied than that
of Milton. If to Shakespeare had fallen but one theme, it
is questionable if he would have used so rich a vocabulary
as we find in Milton. Many of the words were almost the
creation of the poet, and whilst Shakespeare was a marvellous
creator of imaginative scenes and characters, he was not
such a consumate word-painter as Milton.
One of the main characters in “ Paradise Lost ” was Satan,
but while Milton’s hero was the personification of all that
was bad, the speech of Satan compared very favourably with
the Satan of Byron, in “ Cain.” They could not read the
speeches of the Satan of Byron without resenting the horror
81
and the blasphemy of their words. Milton never shocked
the Christian through the speeches of his fiend ; the person
of the ineffable God was not held up to the hideous ridicule
in the manner in which Byron’s poem is disfigured.
The Bishop dealt with the music and the metre, and went
on to speak of “ Paradise Regained.” It was untrue that
this poem, barren as it was of imagery, was so because Milton
was growing old ; the subject demanded different treatment
and different diction from the earlier and greater work.
After illustrating his paper by well-chosen extracts, Dr.
Pearson said that Milton could not but project his own
personality into everything he wrote — poem or prose. The
egotism of a little soul was a contemptible thing, but the
egoism of a great soul like his was delightful. All that
Milton gave to us was the outcome of that grand personality
of his which he always recognised as the gift of the great
Taskmaster under Whose eye he ever worked.
IF it /iDemonam.
To those who were privileged to hear the
two charming papers read before the Club by
the late Dr. Pearson, this short notice of the
second, which is unfortunately all the Editor has
been able to obtain, will revive the regret felt
at his lamented death. This is not the place
to enlarge upon his work as Bishop ; or on those
qualities of earnestness, sincerity, and transparent
goodness of heart, which will long keep his
memory green in the town where he worked and
died. But we cannot omit to pay our tribute
to the kindly and courteous scholar, who, in spite
of the many and heavy demands upon him, yet
found time to visit the Club and to give us, with
singular charm of manner and felicity of expres-
sion, the fruits of his mature, extensive, and
sympathetic study of a great poet.
82
RECITAL .
“AN EVENING WITH TENNYSON.”
December 15 th, 1908.
The Lecturer whose name appeared on the Syllabus, Mr. J.
E. Lord, M.P.S., F.R.M.S., was unfortunately prevented by
illness from giving his paper on “ The differences between
Plants and Animals.” In his place Mrs. T. Freeman Smith,
of Burnley, kindly consented to give a Lecture-Recital entitled
“ An Evening with Tennyson.” Mrs. Smith read a very
able paper on Tennyson in which she dealt shortly with the
main features of his life, his character and his poetical works.
In the course of and by way of illustration to her paper, Mrs.
Smith recited, to the great pleasure of her audience, the
following poems : “ The Lady of Shalot,” “ The Revenge,”
“ The Northern Farmer,” “ Rizpah,” “ Spinster’s Sweet-
hearts,” and “ The Children’s Hospital.”
A cordial vote of thanks to Mrs. Smith for her services
was moved by Mr. J. W. Thompson, seconded by Mr. G.
Nuttall, and passed by the meeting.
o
83
ANNUAL DINNER.
The Annual Dinner of the Club was held on Friday, Dec.
18th, at Cronkshaw’s Hotel at 7 p.m. The President, Mr.
Wm. Lancaster, took the chair.
After dinner the Royal Toast was given. This was followed
by the toast of the President, proposed by Mr. Wm. Thompson.
Mr. Wm. Lancaster suitably responded. To the toast of
“ The Club,” proposed by the President, Mr. J. W. Thompson
replied. “ Town and Trade ” was given by Mr. W. L. Grant
and supported by Mr. John Chorlton.
During the evening the President and Mr. W. Witham
sang. Mr. John Chorlton read some short verses and the
Secretary recited. Mr. Gaul accompanied very pleasingly.
1874
1875
1877
1877
1877
1877
1878
1880
1886
1894
1895
1895
1899
1904
1906
84
LIST OF MEMBERS
ON
December 31st, 1908.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Col. Fishwick, F.S.A., Rochdale.
Rev. J. S. Doxey, B.A., Bacup.
W. B. Bryan, C.E., Chislehurst.
F. J. Faraday, F.S.S., F.L.S., 17, Brazennose Street,
Manchester.
J. H. Nodal, The Grange, Heaton Moor, Stockport.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., M.A., D.Sc., D.C.L.,
F.L.S., Colonial Office, London, S.W.
Alfred H. Mason, F.R.A.S., Liverpool,
Chas. Rowley, F.R.S.L., Manchester.
Tattersall Wilkinson, Roggerham, near Burnley.
J. C. Brumwell, M.D., J.P., Barden, Shanklin, I.W.
Rt. Hon. Lady O’Hagan, Pyrgo Park, Essex.
L. de Beaumont Klein, D.Sc., F.L.S., London.
J. Langfield Ward, M.A., Weston Lawn, Bath.
Hill, Fred H., Thorn Hill, St. Anne’s-on-the-Sea.
Hudson, John H., M.A., H.M.I., Pendlemoor,
Goldthorn Road, Wolverhampton.
85
LIST OF MEMBERS
ON
December 31st, 1908.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Ainsworth, John R., 29, Manchester Road.
Allen, John, 44, Thursby Road.
Altham, J. L., B.Sc., Greenfield, Reedley.
Ashworth, Edwin, J.P., Thornhill.
Ashworth, Richard, Ivy Cottage.
Ashworth, James, 33, Bridge Street.
Aspinall, Robert, 116, Todmorden Road.
Aspinall, T. J., 118, Todmorden Road.
Bardsley, Arthur, 127, Woodgrove Road.
Bardsley, R. S., 237, Manchester Road.
Barnes, John, 14, Rose Hill Road.
Beetham, George E., 234, Manchester Road.
Bell, Arthur, 57, Ormerod Road.
Bell, Thomas, 57, Ormerod Road.
Bellingham, A. A., Rose Hill Road.
Birtwistle, G. R., M.A., Edenholme, Park Avenue.
Bolton, E. O., J.P., 76, Bank Parade.
Booth, Thomas, 42, Thursfield Road.
Bowker, James, 101, Manchester Road.
Bradshaw, J., 42, Yorkshire Street.
Bulcock, Henry, Edge End, Brierfield.
Burrows, J. T., Highcliffe, Queen’s Park Road.
Burrows, W. H., Bur Royd, Colne Road.
Butterfield, John, Inglewood, Rose Hill Road.
Butterfield, Thomas, 2, Appletree Carr.
Butterworth, Tom, Fern Royd, Padiham Road.
Button, F. S., A.M.I.C.E., Inglewood, Scott Park.
86
Carrington, Alderman A., 79, Ormerod Road.
Chadwick, Councillor Wm., 78, Belvedere Road.
Chorlton, John, 3, Carlton Road.
Clarkson, Alexander, 45, Thursby Road.
Colbran, Arthur, 78, Bank Parade.
Colbran, W. H., 78, Bank Parade.
Collinge, Edgar S., Brentwood House, Brooklands Road.
Collinge, John S., J.P., Park House.
Collinge, Thomas A., Greenfield, Reedley.
Cooke, Thomas A., 3, Palatine Square.
Crook, Campbell, 236, Manchester Road.
Crook, Thomas, J.P., 1, Yorke Street.
Crossland, Thos., B.Sc,, Ashburton, Ightenhill Park Lane.
Crossley, Arthur, 9, Carlton Road.
Crump, T. G., B.A., M.B., Brown Hill.
Dent, Harry, 11, Albion Terrace.
Dickinson, G. S., 4, Brooklands Avenue.
Drew, Alexander, Holme Lodge.
Drew, Daniel, J.P., Lowerhouse.
Drew, Edward, Holme Lodge.
Drew, J. M., Ighten Grange, Padiham Road.
Duckworth, Joshua, 6, Manchester Road.
Elsden, Charles, B.A., 169, Healey Grove.
Emmott, Alderman Hartley, J.P., 9, Knightsbridge Grove.
Fleming, Jas. Gordon, 830, Carlisle Terrace, Habergham.
Flynn, Jas., Arkwright Street, Ightenhill.
Foden, Councillor C. M., J.P., The Sycamores.
Fullalove, W. T., Woodlands, Scott Park.
Gardner, James, M.B., C.M., 1, Piccadilly Road.
Gill, George, J.P., Woodleigh.
Grant, A. E., 6, Scott Park Road.
Grant, F. J., J.P., Oak Bank.
Grant, J. Selwyn, Oak Bank.
Grant, John Murray, Lansdowne Street.
Grant, Walter M., 67, Halifax Road, Brierfield.
Grant, W. Lewis, 14, Palatine Square.
Gray, N.P., J.P., Brookside.
Greenwood, J.P., Rowan Cottage, Harriett Street.
Grey, H. D., 104, Albion Street.
Hacking, John, 71, Rectory Road.
Halstead, Edmund, Healey Grove.
87
Hargreaves, Luther, 57, Scott Park Road.
Hargreaves, F. A., 7, Park Avenue.
Harling, Richard T., 181, Coal Clough Lane.
Hartley, T. H., 21, Hawthorne Road.
Hartley, W. H., Hoarstones, nr. Burnley.
Harrison, Rev. T., St. Mary Magdalen’s.
Haworth, Dr. J., Wilfield House.
Haworth, Thos., 13, Lee Green Street, Duke Bar.
Haythorntilwaite, Robert, Reedley Road, Brierfield.
Heap, John F., Hood House Grove.
Heap, Wilkinson, 175, Todmorden Road.
Hitchin, Robert, 15, Ormerod Road.
Holden, John, Rose Bank, Manchester Road.
Horn, J. S., J.P., Glenmere, Scott Park.
Hough, Alderman Wm., Simonstone.
Howarth, J. H., F.A.I., 259, Manchester Road.
Howorth, John, J.P., Park View.
Huck, William, Rose Hill Road.
Hudson, Frank, LL.B., Manchester Road.
Hudson, James, Junr., Holme Hill, Coal Clough Lane.
Hudson, Samuel, 14b, Piccadilly Road.
Hurtley, John, 181, Manchester Road.
Hynd, James Francis, Reedley Terrace, Reedley.
Jobling, Col. Albert, Springwood.
Jones, E., Broomieknowe, Padiham Road.
Joseland, H. L., M.A., 6, Piccadilly Road.
Kay, Graham B., Towneley Villa.
Kay, James, J.P., Towneley Villa.
Kershaw, William H., 87, Woodgrove Road.
Kettleborough, Rev. G. W., Ightenhill Manse.
Kneeshaw, J. W., Todmorden Road.
Lancaster, Arthur K., Morningside, Carlton Road.
Lancaster, James, J.P., Westholme, Carlton Road.
Lancaster, Norman R., Morningside, Carlton Road.
Lancaster, Thomas Edgar, 25, Palatine Square.
Lancaster, William, Morningside, Carlton Road.
Landless, Stephen, 271, Manchester Road.
Leedam, James, 41, Ormerod Road.
Lord, William, 30, Park Lane.
Lupton, Albert, 7, Scott Park Road.
Lupton, Arthur, 12, St. Matthew Street.
Lupton, J. T., 7, Carlton Road.
88
Mackenzie, James, M.D., 68, Bank Parade.
Mackie, John Stevenson, 33, St. Matthew Street.
Mackness, C. A., 1, Hawthorne Road.
Mather, W.. Brentwood, Brierfield.
Mawson, Fred, 22, St. Matthew Street.
Mercer, Robinson, 478, Padiham Road.
Midgley, C. W., 19, Scott Park Road.
Norman, Edwin, 15, Knightsbridge Grove.
Nowell, T. B., Willow Bank, Brooklands Road.
Nuttall, George, 73, Thursby Road.
Nuttall, H. R., 18, Glen View Road.
Ogden, G. C., 71, Ormerod Road.
Ogden, Harry, 71, Ormerod Road.
Overton, G. E., 50, Colne Road.
Parker, Wilkinson, Yorke Street.
Parkinson, Herbert, Lark Hill, Manchester Road.
Parkinson, Isaiah, 75, Ormerod Road.
Parkinson, T. G., 3, Park Avenue.
Pearse, Frank, 4, Nicholas Street.
Pemberton, J. C., L.R.C.P., &c., 102, Accrington Road.
Pemberton, Thomas Herbert, Sunny Bank.
Pemberton, Wm„ Junr., Sunny Bank.
Pickles, A. R., M.A., 128, Todmorden Road.
Pickles, Thomas, Tonderghie, Padiham Road.
Pollard, John T., 36, Westgate.
Preston, Thomas, Ravens Holme, St. Anne’s.
Proctor, Wm. Henry, 19, Colne Road.
Proctor, Thomas, Hazel Mount, Manchester Road, Nelson.
Redman, Thomas, 14, Hawthorne Road.
Ritchie, G. S., Palace House’
Roberts, Arthur, 59, Colne Road.
Roberts, Thos., 70, Bank Parade.
Robinson, H. J., B.A., M.R.C.S., Springfield House.
Rothwell, James H., 158, Coal Clough Lane.
Ryder, William, Newlands Villa.
Sargisson, Rev. C. S., Fulledge Manse, Burnley.
Scowby, Francis, Ormerod Road.
Shuttleworth, The Rt. Hon. Lord, Gawthorpe Hall.
Simpson, H. W., 170, Todmorden Road.
Simpson, Robt., Rose Cottage, Todmorden Road.
Simpson, W. F., Hapton.
89
Slater, Joseph, The Summit.
Smirthwaite-Black, J. L., M.B., Coal Clough House.
Smith, James, 122, Manchester Road.
Smith, John, 6, Nelson Square.
Smith, John, 21, Curzon Street.
Smith, T. Freeman, Pendle View, Coal Clough Lane.
Smith, T. P., J.P., Mountsorrel, Manchester Road.
Snowball, Dr., Bank Parade.
Southern, Guy, Palace House.
Southern, Walter, Palace House.
Stuttard, Thos., Duke of York Hotel.
Sutcliffe, J. S., Causeway End.
Tate, William, 16, Piccadilly Road.
Taylor, Samuel, 50, Rosehill Road.
Thomas, Peregrine, Woodleigh.
Thompson, James, 328, Padiham Road.
Thompson, J. W., J.P., Oak Bank.
Thompson, W., Park Side.
Tpiornber, Alderman T., J.P., Healey Hall.
Thornton, F. E., Syle Croft, Padiham Road.
Thorp, Thos., 11, Manchester Road.
Thursby, Sir J. O. S., Bart., J.P., Ormerod.
Towers, Adam, 112, Brougham Street.
Waddington, J. H., 22, Palatine Square.
Walmsley, G., J.P., Tarleton House.
Walmsley, J. F,, Brooklands Avenue,
Walton, Donald, Lynnwood, Manchester Road.
Walton, Levi, 177, Todmorden Road.
Walton, Robert, Willow Bank.
Warburton, Alderman W, J.P., Park Side, Scott Park.
Watson, Tom, 87, Albion Street.
Whittingham, Richard, Sunny Mount, St. Matthew Street.
With am, Wm., J.P., Rockwood.
Witham, W. F., Fir Grove.
Wood, G. A., B.A., 58, Glebe Street.
Wood, J. W., Brooklands Road.
90
LIST OF LADY ASSOCIATES
ON
December 31st, 1908.
Allen, Miss Mary L., B.Sc., Hazel Mount.
Allen, Mrs. Joseph, Hazel Mount, Padiham Road.
Ashworth, Miss Sarah, 6, Sackville Street.
Bates, Miss M. A., 11, Carlton Road.
Bowker, Miss Mabel A., 101, Manchester Road.
Button, Miss Catherine, Inglewood, Scott Park.
Capstick, Miss Emma, 15, Scott Street.
Coward, Miss E. F., 6, Hufling Lane.
Cowpe, Miss Maggie, B.A., Park Avenue.
Dickinson, Miss M., 8, Harriet Street.
Dodgeon, Miss J., 13, Spenser Street, Padiham.
Farrer, Miss E., 39, St. Matthew Street.
Ferguson, Mrs., 72, Colne Road.
Fletcher, Miss Elizabeth, 124, Hollingreave Road.
Gill, Miss Elsie, L.R.A.M., Woodleigh.
Hardwick, Mrs., 10, Hawthorne Road.
Hargreaves, Miss, 24, St. Matthew Street.
Hargreaves, Miss F., 24, St. Matthew Street.
Heaton, Mrs., 99, Rectory Road.
Holt, Mrs. Mary, 1a, Scott Park Road.
Lee, Miss Marion, 6, Hufling Lane.
Nugent, Miss B., The Infirmary.
Pickles, Miss Jessie, Tonderghie, Padiham Road.
91
Riley, Mrs. Ada, 14, Thursby Road.
Rii.ey, Miss Susannah, 124, Hollingreave Road.
Roberts, Miss M. A., Stoneyholme Cottage, Holme Road.
Robinson, Miss E. A., 134, Manchester Road.
Rothwell, Miss Annie, 158, Coal Clough Lane.
Smith, Mrs. T. Freeman, Penclle View, Coal Clough Lane.
Strange, Mrs. Mary L., Greenfield House.
Watson, Miss Ethel M., Ighten Grove.
Wilkinson, Miss M. E., 44, Herbert Street.
Wright, Miss E., 21, Montague Road.
92
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS.
Allen, John
Bellingham, A. A
Berry, Rev. R. W
Booth, G. A
Chadwick, Rev. A
Chorlton, John W
Crossland, T., B.Sc
Crowther, Henry, F.R.M.S.
Uuxbury, J
Grant, W. Lewis
Hartley, T. H
Hudson, J. H., M.A., H.M.I.
Killip, Rev. R., F.R.A.S. . .
Lancaster, James, J.P
Midgley, C. W
Pearson, Rev. A., D.D
Perkins, Rev. Jocelyn, M.A.,
F. R. Hist. S
Smith, Mrs. T. Freeman
Thompson, W
Ward, J. Langfield, M.A. . .
Wells, Samuel, F.R.G.S.
Wilmore, A., B.Sc., F.G.S.
“ Some Historical Associations of
the River Calder ” 57
“ Some Suggestions on Pictorial
Photography ” 27
“ Wit and Wisdom of Proverbs ” 41
“ Natural History Records with
a Camera ” 29
“ Longfellow ” 49
Debate 04
“ Recent Legislation affecting
the Physical Well-being of
School Children 22
“ Pompeii ” 39
Recital — “ Dr. Jekyll and Mr.
Hyde ” 76
“ The Winchester National
Pageant ” 62
“ The Picturesque Coast of
Yorkshire ” 77
“ Rousseau ” 13
“ Revealed by a Shadow ” 52
“ A Holiday in the Tyrol ” . . . . 68
“ The Poetical Associations of
the I.ake District ” 45
“Milton” 79
“ The Cinque Ports ” . . . .
Recital — “ An Evening with
Tennyson ” 82
Debate 64
" Seneca ” 36
“Dalmatia and Montenegro”.. 71
“ The Evolution of the Calder
River System ” 19
93
INDEX TO SUBJECTS.
Calder River System, The Evolution of (A. Wilmore) 19
Calder, Some Historical Associations of the River (J. Allen) . . 57
Cinque Ports, The (Rev. Jocelyn Perkins) 31
Dalmatia and Montenegro (S. Wells) 71
Debate 04
Farnley Hall, Excursion to 51
Lake District, The Poetical Associations of the (C. W. Midglev) . . 45
Longfellow (Rev. A. Chadwick) 49
Matthews, Rev. W. S., Memorial Notice 34
Natural History Records with a Camera (G, A. Booth) 29
Pearson, Rev. A., In Memonam 81
Pictorial Photography, Some Suggestions on (A. A. Bellingham) 27
Pompeii (H. Crowtlier) 39
Proverbs, Wit and Wisdom of (Rev. A. Berry) 41
Recital : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (J. Duxbury) 76
Recital : Evening with Tennyson (Mrs. T. Freeman Smith) .... 82
Rousseau (J. H. Hudson) 13
School Children, Recent Legislation affecting the Physical
Well-being of (T. Crossland) 22
Seneca (J. Langfield Ward) 36
Shadow, Revealed by a (Rev. R. Killip) 52
Tyrol, A Holiday in the (James Lancaster) 68
Winchester National Pageant, The (W. Lewis Grant) 62
Yorkshire, The Picturesque Coast of (T. Id. Hartley) 77
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
List of Officers
3
Rules
4, 5
Annual Report
6, 7
Syllabus
8, 9
Balance Sheet
10
Transactions
... 13—82
Annual Dinner
83
List of Members and Associates
... 84—91
Index to Contributors
92
Index of Subjects
93
Illustrations : —
Portrait of Mr. James Kay, J.P.
The Bronte Gap
Portrait of the late Rev. W. S. Matthews
A Restoration of Whalley Abbey
Entrance Gateway, Towneley Park
Fulledge House, Burnley
North-West Gateway, Whalley Abbey
Frontispiece.
19
34
57
58
59
(>1
‘ 9 MAR 1936
THIS VOLUME
OF
TRANSACTIONS,
WAS PREPARED FOR THE PRESS BY
Mr. H. L. Joseland.
1 9 MAR 1936
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