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PROCEEDINGS 
OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


LONDON: 
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AND SOLD AT ITS ROOMS, 
41 QUEEN'S GATE, S.W.7 


1920-1921 


PARTS 1,11. July 26, 1920. 
THE 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


1920. , 


WITH SIX PLATES AND A MAP 


LONDON : 
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AND 
SOLD AT ITS ROOMS, 11, CHANDOS STREET, 


CAVENDISH SQUARE, W.1. 


[Price £1 8s. Od.] 


THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Founded, 1833. Incorporated by Royal Charter, 1885. 
PATRON—HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 


OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1920-1921. 


CoMMANDER JAMES J. Waker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President. 


A. D. IMs, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S. 
THE Rr. Hon. Lorp Roruscuip, D.Sc., F.R.S., Evc. > Vice-Presidents. 
W. G. SHELDON, F.Z.S. 


W. G. SHELDON, 7'reasurer. 


THE Rev. Grorce WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S. Snccie 
S. A. Ngavz, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. } RSL 


Groner CHantus Cuameion, F.Z.S., A.L.S., Librarian. 


H. E. ANDREWEs. H. ELrrincHaM, M.A., D.Sc. 
G. T. BerHunr-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.| G. A. K. Marsnatt, D.Sc., F.Z.S. 
K. G. Buarr, B.Sc. Tue Rev. F. D. Morics, M.A., F.Z.S. 
Surgeon-Comm. MALcoLM CAMERON,| H. E. Pace. 

M.B.,R.N. Capt. THE Rev. J. B. WATERSTON, 
J. HARTLEY DURRANT. B.D., B.Sc. 


Gronew Beruvi, F.R.Hist.S., Resident Librarian. 


Business and Publications Committee. 


RopertT ADKIN. JoHN HAkTLEY DURRANT, 
G. T. BerHune-BAKER. Rev. F. D. Monicr, 
And the Executive Officers of the Council. 


British National Committee on Entomological Nomenclature. 


G. 'T. BeruuNt-BAKER. L. B. Provt. 
Dr. C. J. GAHAN. Rev. GEORGE WHEELER. 
Dr. K. JorDAN. JoHN HartLey Durrant, Secretary. 


TRANSACTIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


Some of the early volumes of the Society’s Transactions are out of print, but 
those which are in stock can be obtained at reduced prices. Any single volume of 
the present series, 1868-1887, is sold at 10s. to Fellows. The volumes for 1868- 
1890, in sets of not less than five, as well as the five of the Third Series (1862~1867), 
can be obtained by Fellows at greatly reduced prices on application to the Librarian, 
The following is a price list of recently published parts of the TRANSACTIONS— 
1914.—Part I, £1 1s., to Fellows, 15s. 9d.; Part II, £1 4s., to Fellows, 18s. ; 
Parts III, IV, £1 2s., to Fellows, 16s. 6d.; Part V, 10s., to Fellows, 7s. 6d. 

1915.—Part I, 17s. 6d., to Fellows, 13s. 6d.; Part II, 11s., to Fellows, 
8s. 3d.; Parts III, IV, £2 14s., to Fellows, £2 0s. 6d.; Part V, 5s., 
to Fellows, 3s. 9d. 
1916.—Part I, £1 18s., to Fellows, £1 8s. 6d.; Part II, 10s., to Fellows, 7s. 6d.; 
Parts III, 1V, £1 2s. 6d., to Fellows, 16s. 9d.; Part V, 6s. Od., to 
Fellows, 4s. 6d. 

1917.—Part I, 17s. 6d., to Fellows, 13s. 9d; Parts II, III, IV, 17s. Od., to 
Fellows, 12s. 9d.; Part V, 6s. 0d., to Fellows, 4s. 6d. 

1918.—Parts I, II, £1 2s., to Fellows, 16s. 6d.; Parts III, IV, 14s. 0d., to 
Fellows, 10s. 6d.; Part V, 6s., to Fellows, 4s. 6d. 

1919.—Parts I, II, £1 17s., to Fellows, £1 7s. 9d. : Parts III, 1V, £1 11s. 0d., 

to Fellows, £1 3s. 3d.; Part V, 9s., to Fellows, 6s. 9d. 

1920.—Parts I, II, £1 8s., to Fellows £1 1s. 

The following may be obtained separately :— 

Pascoe’s ‘ Longicornia Malayana,’ forming vol. iii, of the Third Series, published 

price, £2 12s.; to non-Fellows, £1 10s.; to Feilows, £1. 

Baly’s ‘Phytophaga Malayana,’ forming part of vol. iv. of the Third Series, 

published price, 16s. ; to non-Fellows, 10s. ; to Fellows, 7s. 6d. 


The 1893 CATALOGUE OF THE LIBRARY, with Supplement to 1900, is published 
at 10s. ; to Fellows, 7s. The Supplement only, 4s. 6d.; to Fellews, 3s. 


TRANSACTIONS 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON 


1920. 


Aa oF Con 
Ss \ 


i | 
JUN=6 192) 

ae eee - 
U4 y 

Neg ae - 


LONDON: 
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AND SOLD AT ITS ROOMS, 
41 QUEEN’S GATE, S.W.7 ; 


S) 
G8 


1920 -—E92 TK. 


DATES OF PUBLICATION IN PARTS. 


Parts I, Il. (Lraws., p. 1-804, Proc. i-xlviii) published 26 July, 1920 
<5) OS ka a la 305-418, ,,, . xlix—xcil) » 21 April, 1921 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON 
. FouNDED, 1833. 
INCORPORATED BY Royal CHARTER, 1885. 


PATRON: HIS MAJESTY THE KING. 


OFFICERS and COUNCIL for the SESSION 1920-1921. 


President, 
CommanpEeR JAMES J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S. 


Wice=Presidents, 
A. D. IMMS, M.A., D.Se, F.LS. 


Tue Rr. Hon. LORD ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.R.S., &e. 
W. G. SHELDON, F.Z.S. 


Treasurer, 
W. G. SHELDON, F.Z.S. 


Secretaries. 
THe Rev. GEORGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S. 
S. A. NEAVE, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. 


Librarian, 
GEORGE CHARLES CHAMPION, F.Z.S8., A.L.S. 


Otber Members of Council. 


H. E. ANDREWES. 

G. T, BETHUNE-BAKER. 

K. G. BLAIR, B.Sc. 

M. CAMERON, M.B., R.N. 

J. HARTLEY DURRANT. 

H. ELTRINGHAM, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S8. 

G. A. Kk. MARSHALL, C.M-G. D.Sc, F.Z.83 
THe Rev. F. D. MORICE, M.A., F.Z.S. 

H. E. PAGE. 

Capt. THE Rev. J. WATERSTON, B.D., B.Sc. 


(C avalr *) 
Trustees of the Society. 


PROF, W. BATESON. 
PROF. E. B. POULTON. 
THE HON. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD. 


Business and Publications Committee. 


ROBERT ADKIN. 

G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER. 

JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT. 

STUER) REV eee Se MOR OH: 

And the Executive Officers of the Council. 


British Mational Committee of Entomological Momenclature. 


G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER. 

DR. C. J. GAHAN. 

DR. K. JORDAN. 

LB, PROUT: 

THE REV. GEORGE WHEELER. 
JOHN HARTLEY DURRANT, Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
List of Fellows... su bas set ae sae fs at (abe) 
List of Benefactions ee ie oct Hoc ke ae ee (XI) 
MEMOIRS. 
PAGE 
Arrow, Gilbert J., F.Z.S. I. A Contribution to the Classification of 
the Golenpiecous family Endomychidae ies 1 
CaMERON, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., F.E.S. X. New Seeded of See 
linidae from Sireenore: Bart LGM ES ace i Bod aly 
» VI. New species of Staphylinidae from Sincere Part, Iv 
(Conclusion) doo 347 


CARPENTER, G. D. Hale, M. B E. DM, F. iL. Ss. F. E. Sp Fr. Ds. S. Wands 
Medical Service. II. Bsetacente eurytus enters its Forms and 
its Models on the Islands of L. Victoria, and the Bearing of the 
Facts on the Explanation of Mimicry by Natural Selection e 84 
CuapMan, T. A., M.D., F.R.S., &c. VII. An undescribed Lyenenid 
Butterfly from Cyprus, Glaucopsyche paphos sp. n. (lycaenidae)... 166 
», XIII. The full grown larva of Lycaena euphemus Hb. 6 cco. OAT 
CurareE, L. D. Jur., F.E.S., Biological Division, Dept. Science & 
Agric., British Guiana. XIV. Butterfly Migrations in British 
Guiana set 331 
Coun, J. E., F.Z. S. “XII. OK Gontebauen Pears ‘ihe ineeledse 
of the Ketinoaral genera Hammomyta and Hylephila of Rondani 
(Diptera) ... 305 
Crampton, G. C., Ph. D, rE me Mascachucetts Aesienitiral fcommees 
Amherst, Mass. vi. The Merial Abdominal Structures of the 
Primitive Australian Termite, Mastotermes darwinensis Froggatt... 137 
» XV. Preliminary Note on the interpretation of Insectan and 
Myriopodan structures through a comparison with the structures 


of Crustacea 308 Ao 406 one <n x ci ... 340 
Dixey, F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Subwarden of Wadham College, 
Oxford. IX. The Geeamrhiedl Factor in Mimicry 208 


Scorr, Hugh, M.A., Sc.D., F.E.S., Curator in Entomology, Unis Brig 
of Cambridge. III. Notes on the Biology of some Inquilines 
and Parasites in a nest of Bombus derhamellus Kirby; with a 
Description of the Larva and Pupa of Epuraea depressa Illig. 
(= aestiva Auctt.): Coleoptera, Nitidulidae .. ate 99 
TarBot, George, F.E.S. XI. A Contribution fe our iepomledee a 
the Life-history of the Stick Insect, Carauszus morosus Br. sen 280 


( viii) 
PAGE 
TurNER, Henry J., F.E.S. VIII. The Butterflies of Cyprus ... 55 eG 


WateErsTon, James, B.D., B.Sc. IV. Notes on Fig Insects, in- 
cluding Descriptions of three new Species and a new Blastophagine 


Genus BAO eS, sae sie ae BEC ae Sas aeons) 
» VII. Description of the female of Chiastopsylla yodfreyi Waterst., 

with further notes on the Genus ale es aes aite ww. 414 
» XVIII. On a new African Fig Insect (Llastophaga dyscritus, 

sp. 0.). : 417 


Wictrams, C. B., M.A., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture, Trinidad, 
B.W.I. VI. Records of Insect Migrations in Tropical America ... 146 


Proceedings for 1920... =e Be one ies os wet i-xeli 
Annual Meeting ... Jes ae Lee Hee ae rad n00 xciil 
Balance Sheet nae — aoe we aS =e ses ae civ 
President’s Address Abe Bae = 00 > ee aoe evil 
General Index... eas sate oo met a aa ore CXXX1X 
Special Index Ae aoc aN ae Lies ate ae B32 exlvi 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES, TRANSACTIONS. 


PlateI See page 83 Plate VI See page 211 
Plates II, III ee 96 Plates VII-X 55 326 
Plate IV 3 145 Plate XI ay 330 
Plate V ms 169 

PROCEEDINGS. 


Plates A, B,C, D. See p. 1. 


(inc) 
ist of Fellotws 


OF THE 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


HONORARY FELLOWS. 


Date of 
Election. 


1900 AuRiviniius, Professor Christopher, Stockholm. + 

1915 Berruesu, Professor Antonio, via Romana, 19, Firenze, Italy. 

1905. Bonrvar, Ignacio, Museo nacional de Historia natural, Hipodromo, 
17, Madrid. 

1911 Comstock, Prof. J. H., Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, U.S.A. 

1894 Foren, Professor Auguste, M.D., Yvorne, Canton de Vaud, 
Switzerland. 

1898 Grassi, Professor Battista, The University, Rome. 

1915 { Howarp, Dr. L. O., Chief Bureau of Entomology, U.S. Dept. of 
Agriculture, Washington, U.S.A. 

1914 LAMEERE, Professor A., 74, rue Defarg, Bruxelles. 

1918 Marcuan, Dr. Paul, President of the Entomological Society of 
France, 45, rue de Verriéves, Antony, Seine, France. 

1908 OBERTHUR, Charles, Rennes, Ille-et-Vilaine, France. 

1913 Tran-SHansxl, A. P. Semenoff, Vassili Ostrov, 8 lin., 39, Petrograd, 
Russia. 


1911 Wasmany, Fr. Erich, 8.J., Valkenburg (L.) Ignatius Kolleg, Holland. 


SPECIAL LIFE FELLOWS. 


Date of 
Election. 


1916 (1894) Mirai, Louis Oompton, F.R.S., (Councit, 1903, 1908), 
Norton Way N., Letchworth. 

1916 (1888) YERBuRy, Colonel John W., late R.A., F.Z.S., (Counci1, 
1896, 1903 -5), 2, Ryder-street, St. James's, S.W. 1. 


FELLOWS. 
(The names of those who have not yet paid either the Entrance Fee or 
the first year’s subscription are not inclided.) 

Marked * have died during the year. 

Marked + have compounded for their Annual Subscriptions. 
Marked ¢ have been admitted into the Society (to Dec. 1920). 
Marked || have ceased to be Fellows during the year. 


Date of 
Election. 


1914;¢Aparr, E. W., B.A., Turf Club, Cairo, Egypt. 
1913 { Apams, B. G., 15, Fernshaw-roud, Chelsea, 8. W. 


(ee) 


1877 * Apams, Frederick Charlestrom, F.Z.S., 2B, Montague-mansions, 
Portman-square, W. 1. 

1919 ApeERs, Dr. W. M., Zanzibar, EH. Africa. 

1902. ADKIN, Benaiah Whitley, Tvenoweth, Hope-park, Bromley, Kent. 

1885 {| ApKIN, Robert, (Councin, 1901-2, 1911-13), Hodeslea, Meads, 
Eastbourne. 

1912 Aten, J. W., M.A., 266, Wiliesden-lane, London, N.W. 2. 

1920 { Autson, A. M., 26 Addison Mansions, Blythe-road, W. Kensington, 
W. 14. 

1911 + AnpDERsoN, T. J., Entomological Laboratory, Kabeti, Brit. H. Africa. 

1919} fANDREWES, Christopher Howard, 1, North-grove, Highgate, N.6. 

1910; {AnpDREWES, H. E., (Councrm, 1919— ), 8, North-grove, Highgate, N. 6. 

1899 + ANpDREws, Henry W., Woodside, Victoria-road, Eltham, 8.E. 9. 

1901 ¢ Anntne, William, 39, Lime Street, E.C. 3. 

1908 | AnTRAM, Charles B., Somerdale Estate, Ootacamund, Nilgiri Hills, 
S. India. 

1913 ¢ ArmytaGcE, Edward O., Ingleby, Armytage, Victoria, Australia. 

1907 ¢ ARNoLD, G., D.Se., A.R.C.S., Rhodesia Museum, Bulawayo, South 
Africa. 

1899}{Arrow, Gilbert J., (Counctn, 1905-7), 9, Rossdale-road, Putney, 
S.W. 15; and British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell-road, 
SW ie 

1911¢Asupy, Edward Bernard, 36, Bulstrode-road, Hownslow, Middlesex. 

1907+ {AsHBy, Sidney R., 8, Lim Tree-road, St. John’s Wood, N.W. 8. 

1886 Armorg#, E. A., 48, High-street, King’s Lynn. 

1913 Avinorr, André, Liteyny, 12, Petrograd, Russia. 

1914 Awart, P. R., Medical Entomologist, c/o Grindlay & Co., Bankers, 
26, Westmorland-street, Calcutta. 


1901 ¢ Bacot, Arthur W., (Councrs, 1916-18), York Cottage, York-hill, 
Loughton, Essex. 

1904¢¢BaGNALL, Richard 8., Penshaw Lodge, Penshaw, Durham. 

1909 { BacweEtL-PurREFoy, Capt. Edward, East Farleigh, Maidstone. 

1916 ¢ Batrour, Miss Alice, 4, Carlton-gardens, 8.W., and Whittingehame, 
Prestonkirk, Scotland. 

1912 Bawparp, Edward, Govt. Entomologist, Agricultural College and 
Research Institute, Coimbatore, Madras, S. India. 

1886 { BANKEs, Eustace R., M.A. 

1890 Barctay, Francis H., F.G.S., The Warren, Cromer. 

1886 * BarGgaGul, Marchese Piero, Piazza S. Maria, Palazzo Tempi, No.1, 
Florence, Italy. 

1895 Barker, Cecil N., 81, Bellevue-road, Durban, Natal, South 
Africa. 

1920 ¢ Barns, Thomas Alexander, F.Z.8., 32, Windsor-court, Bayswater, 
Wi: 

1902 ¢ Barraub, Philip J., Coleshill, Wimborne, Dorset, and Central 
Research Institute, Kasauli, Punjab, India. 


Gps) 


1907 ¢ Bartierr, H. Frederick D., 1, Myrtle-road, Bournemouth, 

1894¢¢Bareson, Prof. William, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow of St. John’s College, 
Cambridge, The Manor House, Merton, Surrey. 

1908 Bayrorp, E. G., 2, Rockingham-street, Barnsley. 

1904 Bayne, Arthur F., c/o Messrs. Freeman, Castle-street, Framlingham, 
Suffolk. 

1912+ Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 120, Warwichk-street, Eccleston- 
square, S.W. 1. 

1896+{BeaRt,. Prof. T. Hudson, B.Sc, F.R.S.E., (V.-Pres., 1910; 
Councin, 1909-11), 10, Regent Terrace, Hdinburgh. 

1908 ¢ Beck, Richard, 87 Pilton St., Barnstaple. 

1905 Brprorp, The Duke of, K.G., Pres. Z.S., etc, Woburn Abbey, 
Beds. 

1912 Breprorp, Gerald, Entomologist to the Union of South Africa, 
Veterinary Bacteriological Laboratory, Ondestepoort, Pretoria, 
Transvaal. 

1913 Breprorp, Capt. Hugh Warren, W.T7.R. Laboratories, Khartowm, 
Sudan. 

1899 { BepweEt, Ernest C., (Councin, 1917-19), Bruggen, Brighton-road, 
Coulsdon, Surrey. 

1920 ¢ Berson, C. F. C., Indian Forest Service, Forest Research Institute, 
Dehra Dun, U.P., India. 

1904 Brnarsson, Simon, Ph.D., Lecturer, University of Lund, Sweden ; 
Curator, Entomological Collection of the University. 

1915 Brennan, Prof. William Blaxland, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., University 
of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. 

1906 ¢ Benraut, E. E., The Towers, Heybridge, Essex. 

1913 + Best-GARDNER, Charles C., Rookwood, Neuth, Glamorgan. 

1920 ¢ BerHELL, George, F.R.Hist.S., 11, Chandos-street, W. 1. 

1885 { BerHuNE-BaKkER, George T., F.LS., F.Z.S., (Pres. 1913-14 ; 
V.-Pres., 1910-11, 1915; Councri, 1895, 1910-15, 1919— }, 
19, Clarendon-road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 

1918 BrveripcGE, Brigadier-Gen. W. W. O., C.B., D.S.0., R.A.M.C., 30, 
South Eaton-place, 5. W. 1. 

1891 ¢ BuaBer, W. H., F.LS., 34, Cromiell-road, Hove, Brighton. 

1904 ¢ Buack, James E., F.L.S., Nethercroft, Peebles. 

1920 Bracxmore, E. H., Pres. Brit. Columbia Ent. Soc., P.O. Bow 221, 
Victoria, B.C. 

1904 ¢ Buatr, Kenneth G., (Councin, 1918- ), Claremont, 120, Suinning- 
fields-road, Hendon, N.W. 4. 

1904 ¢ Buiss, Maurice Frederick, M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 130, High 
Town-road, Luton, Beds. 

1916 { Bocock, Charles Hanslope, The Els, Ashley, Newmarket. 

1912 Bopxtn, G. C., Govt. Entomologist, Georgetown, British Guiana. 

1903 Boausr, W. A., The Bank House, Watchet. 

1911 Bornnau, H., 99, Rue de la Cote St. Thibault, Bois de Colombes, 
Seine, France. 


aent * 4) 


1891 . Bootu, George A., F.Z.S.,M.B.O.U., Lhe Hermitage, Kirkham, Lanes. 

1902 ¢ Bostock, E. D., Oulton Cross, Stone, Staffs. 

1913. Bowater, Captain William, 23, iiyhfield-road,  Hdgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

1888 || Bower, Benjamin A., Langley, Willow-grove, Chislehurst. 

. 1894 + Bowxes, FE. Augustus, M.A., Myddelton House, Waltham Cross. 

1912 + Bowrina, C. Talbot, 6, Denmark-villas, Hove, Sussex. 

1919 ¢ Box, Lieut. L. A., 35, Great James-street, W.C. 1. 

1910 Boyp, A. Whitworth, Frandley House, nv. Noraich. 

1920 Boyp, Major John Erroll Moritz, M.C., R.A.M.C , Pendavey, Birch- 
ington-on-Sea. 

1905 Bracken, Charles W., B.A., 5, Curfrae Terrace, Lipson, Plymouth. 

1919 Brapuey, Prof. J. Chester, M.Se., Professor of Entomology and 
Curator of Invertebrate Zoology, Cornell University, Ithacu, New 
York, U.S.A. 

1917 Bretser, Dr. H. G., Ph.D., Director of the Transvaal Museum, 
Pretoria, Transvaal, S. Africa. 

1920 t BrencuieEy, Dr. Winifred E., D.Sc., F.L.8S., Rothamsted Experi- 
mental Station, Harpenden, Herts, 

1904 * BRIDGEMAN, Comm. The Honble. Richard, O.B.E., R.N., 44 
Lowndes-square, S.W. 1. 

1920 Bripson, Miss Mary Francis Cossart, Ford Brow, Dartmouth. 

1870 || Briaes, Thomas Henry, M.A., Rock House, Lynmouth 8.0., N. 
Devon. 

1894 ¢ Bricut, Percy M., Cheriton, 26, Portchester-road, Bournemouth. 

1909 Britren, Harry, 22, Birch-grove, Levenshulme, Manchester. 

1902 { Brovenron, Lt.-Col. T. Delves, R.E., D.A.D.W. Office, Wellington, 
Nilgivis, India. 

1904 ¢ Brown, Henry H., 5, Briumtsfield-crescent, Edinburgh. 

1919 Brown, James Meikle, B.Sc., F.L.S., F.C.S., 176, Carterknowle-road, 
Millhouses, Sheffield. 

1910 Browne, Horace B., M.A., Kenilivorth, Scatcherd-lane, Morley, 
Yorks. 

1911 Brurzer, Rey. Henry W., Upton Vicarage, Peterborough. 

1909 Bryant, Gilbert E., 89, Westbouwrne-terrace, Hyde Park, W. 2. 

1898 | BucHan-Heppurn, Sir Archibald, Bart., J.P., D.L., Smeaton- 
Hepburn, Prestonkirk. 

1919 ¢ BuckHurst, A. 8., 9, Souldern-road, W. 14. 

1917 { BuckuEy, Dr. George Granville, M.D., F.S.A., Rye Croft South, 
Manchester-road, Bury, Lancs. 

1916 Buenton, Prof. E,, La Luciole, Aix-en-Provence, France. 

1907 Boxuerp, Arthur, F.S.A., Dimboro, Midsomer Norton, Somersetshire. 

1919 + Bunnurt, E. J., M.A., 19 Silverdale, Sydenham, S.E. 26. 

1896++Burr, Malcolm, D.Sc., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F.G.S., A.R.S.M., (V.-PrEs., 
1912; Counc, 1903, 4, 1910-12), United University Club, Pall 
Mall East, 8.W.1. 

1920 Burras, Alfred Ellis, 3, Connaught-road, North End, Portsmouth. 


b) 


( xiii) 


1909 + Burrows, The Rey. C. R. N., The Vicarage, Muching, Stanford-le- 
Hope, Essex. 

1920 { BusHELL, Capt. H. 8., Ravénsholt, Harrow-on-the-Hill. 

1868} {Buriter, Arthur G., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Sec., 1875; Counc, 
1876), The Lilies, Beckenham-roud, Beckenham. 

1883 ¢ Burner, Edward Albert, B.A., B.Se., (Councin, 1914-16), 14, 
Drylands-road, Hornsey, N. 8. 

1902+ Burimr, William E., Hayling House, Oxford-road, Reading. 

1905 {+ Burrerrietp, James A., B.Se., Ormesby, 21, Dorville-road, 
Lee, S.E. 

1914} BurrerFIELD, Rosse, Curator, Corporation Museum, Keighley, 
Yorks. 

1912}¢Buxton, Patrick Alfred, M.B.O.U., 31, Grange-voad, Cambridge. 

1904 ¢ Byarr, Sir Horace A., K.C.M.G., B.A., Government House, Dar-es- 
Salaam, Tanganyika Territory. 


1917 Cameron; Dr. Alfred E., M.A., D.Sc., University of Saskatchewan, 
Saskatown, Canada. 

1902 ¢ Cameron, Malcolm, M.B., R.N., (Councin, 1919-20), Forest Research 
Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P., India. 

1885* CampBeELL, Francis Maule, F.L.8., F.Z.S., ete., Kilronan, South 
Nutfield, Surrey. 

1898 Canpbkze, Léon, Mont St. Martin 75, Liége. 

1880 CanspaueE, W. D., Sunny Bank, South Norwood, S.E. 25. 

1889 ¢ Cant, A., 33, Festing-road, Putney, 8.W. 15. 

1910 Cartier, E, Wace, M.D., F.R.S.E., Morningside, Granville-road, 
Dorridge, and The University, Birmingham. 

1892 ¢ CarpeNntER, The Hon. Mrs. Beatrice, 22, Grosvenor-road, 8.W. 1. 

1919 Carpenter, Cyril F., 39, Etherby-street, Stanwix, Carlisle. 

1910 ¢ CaRPENTER, Geoffrey D. H., D.M., B.Ch., c/o P.M.O., Uganda. 

1895 { Carpenter, Prof. George H., B.A., D.Sc., Royal College of Science, 
Dublin. 

1898 || CarpenteR, J. H., Redcot, Belmont-road, Leatherhead. 

1915 Carr, Professor John Wesley, M.A., F.L.8., F.G.S., Professor of 
Biology, University College, Nottingham. 

1915 Carr, Wilham, B.Sce., Station-road, Bentham, Lancaster. 

1895 Carrer, Sir Gilbert, K.C.M.G., Greycliffe, Lower Warberry-road, 
Torquay. 

1912 Carrer, Henry Francis, Assistant Lecturer and Demonstrator in 
Medical and Economie Entomology, Liverpool School of Tropical 
Medicine, University of Liverpool. 

1906 { Carrer, H. J., B.A., Garrarillah, Kintore-street, Wahroonga, 
Sydney, N.S.W. 

1889}¢Cave, Charles J. P., Ditcham Park, Petersfield. 

1920 { LE Cerr, F., Curator of the Lepidoptera in the Paris Museum, 13, 
rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris. 

1900 CHAMBERLAIN, Neville, Westbowrne, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 


( xiv ~) 


1871 { CHampion, George C., F.Z.S., A.L.S., LIpRARIAN, 1891— (CouNcIL, 
1875-7); Heatherside, Horsell, Woking; and 45, Pont-street, 
SHWieL. 

1914 + Cuampion, Harry George, B.A., Assistant Conservator of Forests, 
W. Almora, U.P., India. 

1891 { CHapMaAN, Thomas Algernon, M.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S., (V.-PREs., 1900, 
1904-5, 1908, 1916-17; CouncrtL, 1898-1900, 1903-5, 1907-9, 
1916-18), Betula, Reigate. 

1919 CHATTERJEE, Nibavan Chandra, B.Se., Forest Research Institute, 
Dehra Dun, U.P., India. 

1897 { CuawnER, Miss Ethel F., Forest Bank, Lyndhurst S.O., Hants. 

1913 ¢ CuEavin, Capt. W. H.S., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., Demonstrator, 
Chemistry Dept., Middlesex Medical College, Middlesex Hospital 
Medical School, W.1. 

1919 CHEESMAN, Miss L. Evelyn, Entomological Dept., Zoological Society, 
Regents Park, N.W. 8. 

1920 CHeEETHAM, Christopher Arthington, Wheatfield, Old Farnley, 
Leeds. 

1889 Curisty, William M., M.A., F.L.S., Watergate, Emsworth. 

1914 Curystat, R. Neil, B.Sc., 277, First-avenue, Ottawa, Canada. 

1909 Crark, Lt.-Col. C. Turner, F.Z.8., Hillcrest, St. Augustine’s-avenue, 
S. Croydon. 

1908 || CharK, Edgar L., 34, Smith-street, Durban, Natal. 

1914 Cuerare, I. D., Dept. of Science and Agriculture, Georgetown, 
British Guiana. ‘ 

1914 CriecHoRN, Miss Maude Lina West, F.L.S., 12, Alipore-road, 
Caleutta, India. ; 

1908 CrLurrerBucK, Charles G., Heathside, 23, Heathville-road, Gloucester. 

1908 CuurrerBucK, P. H., Indian Forest Department, Naini Tal, United 
Provinces, India. 

1904 ¢ Cockayng, Edward A., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., (Councrn, 1915-17), 
65, Westbowrne-terrace, W. 2. 

1917 ¢ CockERELL, Prof. T. D. A., University of Colorado, Boulder, 
Colorado, U.S.A. 

1917 ¢ Cocks, Frederick, 26, Crown-street, Reading. 

1914 ConemMan, Leslie C., Dept. of Agriculture, Bangalore, Mysore, India. 

1899 { Contin, James E., F.Z.S., (V.-PRes., 1913; Councin, 1904-6, 
1913-15), Sussex Lodge, Newmarket. 

1906 || CottIncE, Walter E., D.Sc, M.Sc, F.L8., The Gatty Marine 
Laboratory, St. Andrews, Scotland. 

1918 Comstock, Dr. John Adams, c/o the South-Western Museum, 
Marmion-way and Avenue, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A. 

' 1913 + Conny, Miss Blanche A., The Poplars, Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. 

1919 + ConstaBLE, Miss Florence B., 17, Colville Mansions, W. 11. 

1919 * CorBert, H. H., 3, Thorne-road, Doncaster. 

1916 CornrorD, The Rev. Bruce, 13, Havelock-road, Portsmouth. 

1920 ¢ CorrERELL, G. 8., Newlyn, Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks. 


( xv ) 


1911 || Corron, Sidney Howard, 14, Chesterfield-street, Mayfair, W. 1. 

1913 Cowarp, Thomas Alfred, F.Z.S., 36, George-street, Manchester. 

1920 Craps, 52, Sursfeld-road, Balham, S.W. 12. 

1895 Crasrrer, Benjamin Hill, Holly Bank, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 

1913 Crace, Major F. W., M.D., LM.S., Central Research Institute, 
Kasawi, Punjaub, India. 

1919 Crampron, Prof. E, Chester, Massachusetts Agricultwral College, 
Amherst, Mass., U.S.A. 

1909 + Crawtey, W. C., B.A., (Counc, 1917-19), 29, Holland Park-road, 
W. 14. 

1890 Crewe, Sir Vauncey Harpur, Bart., Calke Abbey, Derbyshire. 

1907 t Crort, Edward Octavius, M.D., 12, North Hill-road, Headingley, 
Leeds. 

1908 || Cunrrn, Millais, M.B., F.R.C.S., Stydersgate, Loughton, Essex. 

1919 ¢ Cumminca, Bernard Douglas, Bowderwall, Kast Hill-road, Oxted. 

1908 Curtis, W. Parkinson, Drake North, Sandringham-road, Parkstone, 
Dorset. 


1900 Datarisn, Andrew Adie, 7, Keir-street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. 

1886 ¢ Dannarr, Walter, St. Lawrence, Guibal-road, Lee, 8.E. 

1911 Davey, H. W., Inspector of Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, 
Victoria, Australia. 

1912 Davinson, James, M.Sc., Institute of Plant Pathology, Rotham- 
sted, Harpenden, Herts. 

1905 Davrpson, James D., 32, Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. 

1912 Davis, Frederick Lionel, J.P., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Belize, British 
Honduras. 

1910 ¢ Dawson, William George, 12, Bromley Grove, Shrublands, Kent. 

1903 Day, F. H., 26, Currock-terrace, Carlisle. 

1898 Day, G. O., Sahlatston, Duncan’s Station, Vancouver Island, British 
Columbia. 

1917 ¢ Dicksrxr, Arthur, 24, Lyford-rd., Wandsworth Common, S.W. 18. 

18754|| Distant, William Lucas, (V.-PREs., 1881, 1900; Src. 1878- 
80; Councin, 1900-2), Glenside, 170, Birchanger-road, South 
Norwood, 8.E. 25. 

1887 { Drxey, Frederick Augustus, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Fellow and Bursar 
of Wadham College, (PRrEs., 1909-10; V.-Prus., 1904-5, 1911; 
CounciL, 1895, 1904-6), Wadham College, Oxford. 

1909 + Dosson, Thomas, 33, The Park, Sharples, Bolton. 

1905 Dopp, Frederick P., Kuranda, vid Cairns, Queensland. 

1912 { Dore, Major Kenneth Alan Crawford, R.A.M.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 
3, Hook Heath, Woking. 

1906 * Doncaster, Leonard, M.A., The University Museum of Zoology, 
Cambridge. 

1891 { DonisrHorrz, Horace St. John K., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1911; 
Councin, 1899-1901, 1910-12), Durandesthorpe, 19, Hazlewell- 
road, Putney, S.W. 15. 


(eva) 


1920 Doveuas-Crompton, Sydney, Villa Helvetia, Cortebelle, Hyéres, 
France. 

1913 ¢ Dow, Walter James, 5, Great College-street, Westminster, S.W. 1. 

1910 Downes-Suaw, Rev. Archibald, Scotton Rectory, Gainsborough. 

1884 { Druck, Hamilton H. C. J., F.Z.S8., (Councit, 1903-5), 26, South 
Hill Park, Hampstead, N.W. 3. 

1900 Drury, W. D., Clarendon, Laton-road, Hastings. 

1894 Dungeon, G. C., 1, Zetland House, Cheniston-gardens, Kensington, 
W. 8. 

1913 DurrieLp, Charles Alban William, Stowting Rectory, Hythe, and 
Wye College, Kent. 

1906 ¢ DuKINFIELD Jongs, E., 118, Fuirview-avenue, Glendale, California, 
U.S.A. 

1883 { DurRANT, John Hartley, (V.-PREs., 1912-13; Councr, 1911-13, 
1919— ), Merton, 17, Burstock-road, Putney, S.W. 15; and British 
Museum (Natural History), Cromivell-road, S. Kensington, S.W. 7. 


1910 ¢ Eates-WuireE, Capt. J. Cushny, 49, Chester-terrace, Huton-square, 
SD. Ws le 

1912 + Kart, Herbert L., M.A., Vanessa, Rawlyn-vroad, Torquay. ° 

1865 t Eaton, The Rev. Alfred Edwin, M.A., (Counctn, 1877-9), Rich- 
mond Villa, Northam S.0., N. Devon. 

1902 ¢ Epexsten, Hubert M., The Hlins, Forty Hill, Enfield, Middlesex. 

1919 Epwarpkrs, Capt. Tickner, R.A.M.C., The Red Cottage, Burpham, 
Arundel, Sussex. 

1911 ¢ Epwarps, F. W., 56, Norton-road, Letchworth. 

1886 Epwarps, James, Colesborne, Cheltenham. 

1884 + Epwarps, Stanley, F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Councin, 1912-14), 15, Sé. 
Germans-place, Blackheath, 5.1K. 3. 

1913 Epwarps, William H., Natural History Dept., The Museum, 
Birmingham. 

1916 { ErraLatoun, Hassan, Shoubrah-avenue, Cairo, Egypt. 

1900 t Extiorr, E. A., 41, Chapel Park-road, St. Leonards-on-Sea. 

1900 t Exxis, H. Willoughby, F.Z.S., (Counc, 1916-18), 3, Lancaster- 
place, Belsize Park, N.W. 3. 

1919 Exsron, Albert H., Delemont, Childers-street, N. Adelaide, Australia, 

1903 { ErtRincHam, Harry, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., (V.-PRes., 1914, 1918 ; 
CounciL, 1913-15, 1918- ), Woodhouse, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 
and Hope Department, University Museum, Oxford. 

1878 Enwes, Henry John, J.P., F.RS., F.LS., F.Z.S., (PREs., 1893-4 ; 
V.-Pres., 1889-90, 1892, 1895 ; CounciL, 1888-90), Colesborne, 
Cheltenham. 

1903 ErueripnGE, Robert, Curator, Australian Museum, Sydney, N.S.W. 

1908 Eustace, Eustace Mallabone, M.A., Wellington College, Berks. 

1919 Evans, Lt.-Col. Wm. Henry, D.8.O., R.E., c/o Messrs. Cox & Co., 
16, Charing Cross, W.C, 2. 


1919 Fatconer, William, Wilberlee, Plaithiwaite, Huddersfield 


( sxvain ») 


1907 FratHErR, Walter, Cross Hills, nr. Keighley, Yorks. 

1900¢Fretraam, H. L. L., Mercantile ~ Buildings, Swmmonds-street, 
Johannesburg, Transvaal. 

1861 ¢ Fenn, Charles, Hversden House, Burnt Ash Hill, Lee, S.E. 12. 

1920 Frnron, Edward Wyllie, M.A., B.Se., Seale-Hayne Agricultwral 
College, Newton Abbot, Devon. 

1910 Fernyrs, A., M.D., 170, North Grange Grove-Avenue, Pasadena, 
California, U.S.A. 

1918 Frrauson, Anderson, 22, Polworth-gardens, Glasgow, W. 

1889 Frrnatp, Prof. C. H., c/o H. T. Fernald, Esq., Amherst, Mass., 
UESIA 

1900 Firru, J. Digby, F.L.S., Boys’ Modern School, Leeds. 

1898 ¢ FLercuer, Prof. T. Bainbrigge, R.N., Agricultural Research Institute, 
Pusa, Bihar, India. 

1883 — FLercHER, William Holland B., M.A., Aldwick Manor, Bognor. 

1905 FrLorrsuem, Cecil, 16, Kensington Court Mansions, 8.W. 8. 

1885 Fokker, A. J. F., Zierikzee, Zeeland, Netherlands. 

1914 ForpuHam, William John, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., City Hospital, Winter- 
street, Sheffield. 

1913 Foster, Arthur H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.(Eng.), M.B.0.U., Sussex 
House, Hitchin, Herts. 

1900 FoutKss, P. Hedworth, B.Se., Harper-Adams Agricultwal College, 
Newport, Salop. 

1898 ¢ Founvarne, Miss Margaret, 256, Second-street, San José, California, 
USA. 

1880 ¢ FowteR, The Rev. Canon, D.Sc., M.A., F.L.S., (PRES., 1901-2 ; 
V.-Pres., 1903 ; Src., 1886-96), Harley Vicarage, near Reading. 

1920 ¢ Fox-Witson, J., S. Entomological Dept., R.H.S. Laboratory, 
Wisley, Ripley, Surrey. 

1908 Fraser, Frederick C., Capt., M.D., I.MLS., 309, Brownhill-road, 
Catford, S.E. 

1896 FReEKE, Perey Evans, Southpoint, Limes-road, Folkestone. 

1888 + Fremuin, H. Stuart, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Markwith, Nether-street, 
North Finchley. 

1910 ¢ Frissy, G. E., 31, Darnley-roud, Gravesend. 

1908 Froaearr, Walter W., F.L.S., Government Entomologist, Agricul- 
tural Musewm, George-street North, Sydney, New South Wales. 

1891 Fronawk, F. W., Uplands, Thaundersby, Essex. 

1900 ¢ Fryer, H. Fortescue, The Priory, Chatteris, Cambs. 

1907 ¢{ FryER, John Claud Fortescue, M.A., (Councin, 1916-18), Milton- 
road, Harpenden, Herts. 

1876 {FuLierR, The Rev. Alfred, M.A., The Lodge, 7, Sydenham-hill, 
Sydenham, S.E. 26. 


1887 {Ganan, Charles Joseph, M.A., D.Sc., (PRES., 1917-18 ; V.-PREs., 
1916, 1919 ; Suc., 1899-1900; Councrn, 1893-5, 1901, 1914-19), 
8, Lonsdale-road, Bedford Park, W. 4; and British Museum 
(Natural History), Cromwell-road, 8.W.7. 


(xm) 


1890 GarpNeR, John, Lawrel Lodge, Hart, West Hartlepool. 
1920 Garpner, J. C. M., Entomological Dept., Royal College of Science, 
S. Kensington, S.W. 7. 
1901F¢GarRpDNER, Willoughby, F.L.S., F.S.A., Deqanwy, N. Wales. 
1920 Gaunriert, Harry Leon, F.ZS., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., A.K.C., 
45, Hotham-road, Putney, S.W. 15. 
1913 ¢ DE Gays, J. A., King’s College, Layos, S. Nigeria. 
1919 ¢ Gupye, INierede Francis John, P.O. Box 216, Nairobi, British East 
Africa. 
1899 ¢ GeLDART, William Martin, M.A., 10, Chadlington-road, Oxford. 
1913 ¢ Gips, Lachlan, 38, Blackheath Park, Blackheath, 8.E. 3. 
1915 Grsson, Arthur, Eitomological Branch, Dept. of Agriculture, 
Ottawa, Canada. 
1908 GtrrarD, Walter M., P.O. Bow 308, Honolulu, Harcaii. 
1907 Gites, Henry Murray, Head Keeper of Zoological Gardens, South 
Perth, W. Australia. 
1904 ¢ Gitar, Francis, B.A., Windham Club, St. James’s-square, 
Piccadilly, S.W. 1. 
1919 GrimiIncHAM, Conrad Theodore, O.B.E., F.L.C., The Cottage, Offchurch, 
nr. Leamington Spa. 
1914 { Goprrey, E. J., Education Dept., Bangkok, Siam. 
1920+ GoopBAN, Bernard Sinclair, Braemar, Belvedere-road, Upper 
Norwood, S.E. 19. 
1904 Goopwin, Edward, Canon Court, Wateringbury, Kent. 
1898 { Gorpon, J. G. McH., Corsemalzie, Whauphill S.O., Wigtownshire. 
1898 { Gorpon, R. 8. G. McH., Drumblair, Inverness. 
1855 *GorHam, The Rev. Henry Stephen, F.Z.S., (Counctn, 1882-3), 
Highcroft, Great Malvern. . 
1913 Gouau, Lewis, Ph.D., Entomologist to the Govt. of Egypt, Dept. of 
Agriculture, Cairo. 
1909 Gowpbey, Carlton C., B.Se., Agricultwral Department, Jamaica. 
1918 Grace, George, B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc., 238, Alexander-crescent, Ilkley, 
Yorks. 
1914 Grave tery, F. H., The Indian Musewm, Calcutta. 
1911 { Graves, Major P. P., Club de Constantinople, Constantinople. 
1891} ¢GREEN, E. Ernest, F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1915; Councin, 1914-16), 
Way's End, Beech-avenue, Camberley. 
-1910 || Green, Herbert A., The Central Fire Station, Durban, Natal. 
1894 Green, J. F., F.Z.S., City of London Club, Old Broad-street, H.C. 2 
1893 | GREENWOOD, Henry Powys, F.L.S., Whitsbury House, Salisbury. 
1920 Grirrin, J. W., 27, The Summit, Liscard, Wallasey. 
1888 GrirFitHs, G. C., F.Z.S., Penhurst, 3, Leigh-road, Clifton, Bristol. 
1894 { GrimsHaw, Percy H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 
1905 Grist, Charles J., The Croft, Carol Green, Berkswill, Coventiy. 
1920 + GRosvENoR, T. H. L., Walldeanes, Redhill, Surrey. 
1920t Gunton, Major H. C., Seaton Cottage, Gerrard’s Cross Common, 
Bucks. 


(ie xix’) 


1906 Gurney, Gerard H., Keswick Hall, Norwich. 
1910 Gurney, William B., Asst. ene Entomologist, Department. of 
Aqr Biniee Cisne, Australia. 


1912 Hacker, Henry, Queensland Musewm, Brisbane, Queensland. 

1919 Hapwen, Dr. Seymour, D.Vet.Sci., Biological Central Hauperi- 
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. 

1906 + Hatt, Arthur, 7, Park-lane-mansions, Croydon. 

1890+¢Hatt, Albert Ernest, c/o City Librarian, Surrey-street, Sheffield. 

1885 ¢ Hatt, Thomas William, Wood Grange, Shire-lane, Chorley Wood, 


Herts. 
1912 Hatierr, Howard Mountjoy, 64, Westbourne-road, Penarth, 
Glamorganshire. 


1915 Hamm, Albert Harry, 22, Southfield-road, Oxford. 

1891 { Hanpury, Frederick J., F.L.S., Brockhurst, EH. Grinstead. 

1905 + Hancock, Joseph L., 5454, University-avenue, Chicago, U.S.A. 

1917 Harpine, William G., F.L.8., M.R.S.L., F.R.H.S., St. George’s 
School, Windsor. 

1920 Harpy, Alister Clavering, 40, Harlow Moor-drive, Harrogate. 

1903 ¢ Hare, E. J., 4, New-square, Lincoln's Inn, W.C, 2. 

1920 ¢ : Hancrwaves, THER Zoological Dept., einen ial College of Science, 
S. Kensington, 8.W. 7. 

1920 HarGreAves, Harry, Entomological Dept., Kampala, Uganda. 

1904 ¢ Harris, Edward, 58, Wilson-street, Finsbury, E.C. 2. 

1910 ¢ Harwoop, Philip, 2, Fern Villas, Melford-road, Sudbury. 

1919 + HAwKerR-Suiru, William, Speedwell Cottage, Hambledon, Godalming, 

- Surrey. 

1910 Hawxsnaw, J. C., Hollycombe, Liphook, Hants. 

1913¢fHawksHaw, Oliver, 3, Hill-street, Mayfair, W. 1. 

1919 { Haywarp, H.C., M.A., Repton, Derby. 

1910} vAN DER HepGEs, Alfred, Mayneshill, Hoggeston, Winslow, 
Bucks. 

1919} Hemmine, Arthur Francis, 9, Victoria-grove, W. 8, and Treasury 
‘Chambers, Whitehall, S.W. 1. 

1910 Henperson, J., c/o Messrs. Osborne & Chappel, Ipoh, Perak, 
Federated Malay States. 

1898 Heron, Francis A., B.A., 9, Park House, Highbury Park, N. 5. 

1918 Herrrop-Hempsath, Joseph, Orchard House, Stockingstone-voad, 
LIniton, Beds. 

1903 Herrop-Hempsa, William, W.B.C. Apiary, Old Bedford-road, 
Luton, Beds. 

1908 * Hewirt, C. Gordon, D.Sc., Dominion Entomologist, Department of 
Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. 

1913 Hewrrr, John, B.A., Director, Albany Musewn, Grahamstown, 
S. Africa. 

1913 Hitn, Gerald F., Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, 
Parkville, Victoria, Australia. 


( xx ) 


1876 + Hitman, Thomas Stanton, Hastgate-street, Lewes. 

1907 { Hoar, Thomas Frank Partridge, Mercia, Albany-road, Leighton 
Buzzard. 

1917 Hockrn, John W., Castle-street, Launceston. 

1920 Hopncr, Albert Ernest, F.Z.S., 14, <Astonville-street, Southfields, 
S.W. 18. 

1914 Hope, The Rev. Canon Edward Grose, The Rectory, Birmingham. 

1912 Hopes, Harold, 91, Highbury-place, N. 5. 

1888 Hopson, The Rev. J. H., B.A., B.D., Rhyddington, Clifton Drive, 
Lytham. 

1902 Hots, R.8., c/o Messrs. King and Co., Bombay. 

1910 Hoxrorp, H. O., Elstead Lodge, Godalming, Surrey. 

1887 Houtanp, The Rev. W. J., D.D., Ph.D., Carnegie Museum, 
Pittsburgh, Penn., U.S.A. 

1898 Horman-Hunt, C. B., F.Z.8., Systematic Entomologist, Department 
of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 

1910 ¢ Hotmes, Edward Morrell, Ruthven, Sevenoaks. 

1901 { Hopson, Montagu F., L.D.S., R.C.S.Eng., F.LS., 7, Harley-street, 
Wale 

1897 Horne, Arthur, Bonn-na-coile, Murtle, Aberdeenshire. 

1919 DE Horrack-FourntgEr, Mme., 90, Boulevard Malesherbes, Paris, 
and Chateau de Voisins, Louveciennes, Seine et Oise, France. 

1903. Hovuauton, J. T., 1, Portland-place, Worksop. 

1907 + Howarp, C. W., Canton Christian College, Canton, China. 

1900 Howes, W. George, 259, Cumberland-street, Dunedin, New Zealand. 

1907 * Howxert, Frank M., Wymondham, Norfolk. 

1888 Hupson, George Vernon, Hill View, Karori, Wellington, New 
Zealand, 

1919 Huan, Williams, J.P., Bow 20, Cloverdale, British Columbia. 

1907 Huaues, C. N., 178, Clarence Gate-gardens, Regent’s Park, N.W. 1. 

1912 Hur, Miss Lily, Hollywood, Colinton-voad, Edinburgh. 

1917 Hunrer, David, M.A., M.B., The Coppice, Nottingham. 


1897 ¢ Imaae, Prof. Selwyn, M.A., (Councin, 1909-11), 78, Parkhurst-road, 
Camden-road, N. 7 

19127¢Iwums, A. D., D.Sc. M.A. F.L.S., (Vick-PresipEntT, CouncItL, 
1919~  ), Rothamsted Hxperimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. 

1920 Ineuis, Charles McFarlane, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Baghownie Factory, 
Laheria Sarai, Bihar, India. 

1918 Isaacs, P. V., Assistant Entomologist, 2, Gledhill-terrace, South 
censington, S.W.5 


1907 Jack, Rupert Wellstood, Government Entomologist, Department 
of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia. 

1917 { Jackson, Miss Dorothy J., Swordale, Evanton, Ross-shire. 

1907 iT ineson gag alee recs iene The Drive, Sma 

1911 ¢ Jacogs, Major J. J., R.E., Holmesleigh, Burgess Hill, Sussex. 


(xiar |) 


1920 James, Russell, 7, Broadlands-road, Highgate, N. 6. 

1914 Janse, A. J. T., Ist-street, Gezina, Pretoria, 8S. Africa. 

1869 ¢ JANSoN, Oliver E., 44, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury, W.C. 1; 
and Cestria, Clarenont-road, Highgute, N. 6. 

1898 Janson, Oliver J., Cestria, Claremont-road, Highgate, N. 6. 

1919 ¢ JEANS, Miss Gertrude M., Penn Cowrt, 54, Cromwwell-road, S.W. 7. 

1886 JENNER, James Herbert Augustus, Hast Gate House, Lewes. 

1909 Jepson, Frank P., Peradeniya, Ceylon. 

1917 ¢ Jermyn, Col. Turenne, Highcliffe, Weston-super-Mare. 

1886 JouHN, Evan, Llantrisant S.O., Glamorganshire. 

1907 JoHnson, Charles Fielding, West Bank, Didsbury-road, Heaton 
Mersey. 

1917 JoHNsON, Jesse, Finca las Marias, Barberena, Guatemala. 

1889 JoHnson, The Rev. W. F., M.A., Acton Rectory, Poyntz Pass, 
co. Armagh. 

1920 JOHNSTONE, Douglas, Brooklands, Rayleigh, Essex. 

1908 ¢ Joicry, James J., F.LS., F.ZS., F.R.G.S., etc., The Hill, Witley, 
Surrey. 

1888 ¢ Jonss, Albert H., (V.-PREs., 1912, 1918; TrEAs.,1904-17; Counctt, 
1898-1900, 1904-1918), Shrublands, Eltham, S.E. 9. 

1920 { Jonrs, Rev. Neville, Hope Fountain, Box 283, Buluwayo, Rhodesia, 
S. Africa. 

1894,{Jorpan, Dr. K., (V.-PRes., 1909; Councit, 1909-11), The 
Museum, Tring. 

1910 ¢ Josepn, E, G., 23, Clanricarde-gardens, W. 2. 

1910 ¢ Joy, Ernest Cooper, Eversley, Dale-road, Purley. 

1902 ¢ Joy, Norman H., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Theale, Berks. 

1919 JuRRIAANSE, J. H., W.Z. Schickade, 75, Rotterdam, Halland. 


1911 Kannan, Kunhi, M.A., Asst. Entomologist to the Govt. of Mysore, 
Bangalore, South India. 

1896F¢KayE, William James, (Councit, 1906-8), Caracas, Ditton Hill, 
Surbiton. 

1890 | Kenrick, Sir George H., Whetstone, Somerset-road, Edgbaston, 
Birmingham. 

1920 Kenr-Lemon, Capt. Arthur Leslie, York & Lancaster Regt., 
c/o Postmaster, Khartoum, Sudan, and Blytheswood, Ascot, 
Berks. 

1904 KerrsHAw, G. Bertram, /ngleside, West Wickham, Kent. 

1906 Keynes, John Neville, M.A., D.Sc., 6, Harvey-road, Cambridge. 

1900 Krys, James H., 7, Whimple-street, Plymouth. 

1919 Kware, Jagamath Layman, Lecturer in Entomology, Agricultural 
College, Nagpur, India. 

1912 Kine, Harold H., Govt. Entomologist, Gordon College, Khartoum, 
Sudan. 

1889 Kune, Prof. James J. F.-X., 1, Athole Gardens-terrace, Kelvinside, 
Glasgow. 


G xa) 


1913. Kirsy, W. Egmont, M.D., Hilden, 46, Sutton Court-road, Chiswick, 
W. 4. 

1917 { KrrKparrick, Thos. W., The Deanery, Ely, and Room 270, War 
Office, Whitehall, S.W. 1. 

1887 ¢ Kner, Sydney T., F.LS., F.R.AS., Lancaster Lodge, Kew 
Gardens, Surrey. 

1920 Kytcut, V., Assistant Director, Raffles Museum, Singapore. 


1916 ¢ Late, Frederick, Natural History Museum, Cromwell-road, 8.W. 7 

1910 + Lakin, C. Ernest, M.D., F.R.C.S., 105, Harley-street, W. 1. 

19117{LamBorn, W. A., M.B.C.S., L.R.C.P., The Malaria Bureau, Kuala 
Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 

1919 || Lamonv, Sir Norman, Bart., 4, Queen-street, Mayfair, W.1, and 
Palmiste, Trinidad, B.W.T. 

1917 Lana@uam, Sir Charles, Bart., Tempo Manor, Co. Fermanagh. 

1920 Laruy, Perey I., 90, Bowevard Malesherbes, and 70, Boulevard 
August Blaqui, Paris. 

1912 Larour, Cyril Engelhart, G.P.O., Toronto, Canada. 

1916 Larra, Prof. Robert, D.Phil., University of Glasgow. 

1895 Larrer, Oswald H., M.A., Charterhouse, Godalming. 

1899 Lea, Arthur M., Government Entomologist, Musewm, Adelaide, 
S. Australia. 

1914 LercHuMaN, Alleyne, M.A., F.L.S., F.C.S., Corpus Christi College, 
Oxford ; and St. Hubert’s, Main-street, Georgetown, British Guiana. 

1910 Leicu, H.S., The University, Manchester. 

1900 LrtcH-PuHiuuipes, Rev. W. J., Burtle Vicarage, Bridgwater. 

1920 ¢ Leman, George Beddome Curtis, Wynyard, 52, West Hill, Putney 
Heath, S.W. 15. 

1920 ¢ Leman, George Curtis, Wynyard, 52, West Hill, Putney Heath, 
Sew LS. 

1920 + Leman, Sydney Curtis, Wynyard, 52, West Hill, Putney Heath, 
S.W. 15. 

1903} Levert, The Rev. Thomas Prinsep, Frenchgate, Richmond, Yorks. 

1876 t Lewis, George, F.L.S., (CouNncIL, 1878, 1884), 30, Shorneliffe-road, 
Folkestone. 

1908 ¢ Lewis, John Spedan, High Combe, Balcombe, Surrey; and 277, 
Oxford-street, W. 1. 

1892 Liaurroor, R. M., South African Museum, Cape Town, Cape of 
Good Hope. 

1914 ¢ Lister, J. J., St. Joha’s College, Cambridge; and Merton House, 
Grantchester, Cambs. 

1903 Lirrier, Frank M., Bow 114, P.O., Launceston, Tasmania. 

1865 | LLEWELYN, Sir John Talbot Dillwyn, Bart., M.A., F.LS., 
Penllergare, Swansea. 

1881 + Luoyp, Alfred, F.C.S., Zhe Dome, Bognor. 

1919 ¢ LuoyD, iWiessellieen. Chie: Entomologist in N. Rhodesia, Cartref, 
Slingsby, Malton, Yorks. 


( xxiii) 


1885+¢Lioyp, Robert Wylie, (Councin, 1900-1), I, 5 and 6, Albany, 
Piccadilly, W. 1. 
1920 Loner, George, Hawkhouse, Camberley. 
1903 LorrxHousr, Thomas Ashton, The Croft, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. 
1908 + Lonespon, D., The Flower House, Southend, Catford, S.E. 6. 
1904;+Loncstarr, George Blundell, M.A., M.D., (V.-PREs., 1909, 1915, 
1917 ; Councin, 1907-9, 1915-17), Highlands, Putney Heath, 
S.W. 15. 
1920 Loveriper, Arthur, c/o Game Dept., Dar-es-Salaam, E. Africa. 
1893. Lower, Oswald B., Pinarro, South Australia. 
‘1901 Lower, Rupert S., Tranmere, Mayill-road, Canyton, S. Australia. 
1898 { Lucas, William John, B.A., (Councrn, 1904-6), 28, Knight’s Park, 
Kingston-on- Thames. 
1903 LyeEtt, G., Gisborne, Victoria, Australia. 
1912 Lytx, George Trevor, 7, Scrope-terrace, Cambridge. 
1909 Lyon, Francis Hamilton, 89, Clarence Gate-gardens, Upper Baker- 
street, N.W. 1. 


1887 * M‘DoucattL, James Thomas, St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight. 

1910 Macpoueatt, R. Stewart, M.A., D.Sc, F.RS.E., Edinburgh 
University. 

1919 McLrop, Murdoch Campbell, The Fairfields, Cobham, Surrey, and 
c/o McLeod & Son, Calcutta, India. 

1900 Macxwoop, The Hon. F. M., M.L.C., Colombo, Ceylon. 

1899+¢Main, Hugh, B.Sec., (Councrn, 1908-10), Almondale, Buckingham- 
road, South Woodford, N.E. 

1914 Mattock, J. Russell, State Entomologist’s Office, Urbana, Illinois, 


U.S.A. 

1905 Matty, Charles William., M.Sc., Dept. of Agriculture, Cape Town, 
S. Africa. 

1892 + Mansprip@E, William, Dunraven, Church-road, Wavertree, Liver- 
pool. , 


1920 Marriner, Thomas Frederic, 2, Brunswick-street, Carlisle. 

1894>¢MarsHatt, Alick. 

1895 ¢ MarsHALL, Guy Anstruther Knox, C.M.G., D.Sc., F.Z.S., (V.- 
PrREs., 1919; Councin, 1907-8, 1919-  ), 6, Chester-place, Hyde 
Park-square, W. 2. 

1896 MarsHatt, P., M.A., B.Sc, F.G.S., University School of Mines, 
Dunedin, New Zealand. 

1897 Marrineau, Alfred H., Barum, Crewkerne, Somerset. 

1919 Marumo, N., Zoological Institute, Agricultural College, Imperial 
University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan. 

1920 Mason, Frank Reginald, Oxford, Harpenden, Herts. 

1895 Massey, Herbert, Ivy-Lea, Burnage, Didsbury, Manchester. 

1865 Marnew, Gervase F., F.L.S., Paymaster-in-chief, R.N., (CouNncrIL, 
1887), Lee House, Dovercourt, Harwich. 

1887 Marruews, Coryndon, Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon. 


( peachy 4) 


1912 Mauvuik, Prof. 8., Dept. of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, 
India. 

1900 + Maxwetu-Lerroy, H., Imperial College of Science and Technology, 
South Kensington, S.W. 

1916 { May, Harry Haden, Blackfriars House, Plymouth. 

1913 ¢ Mnapven, Louis, Melbowrne, Dyke-road, Preston, Brighton. 

1920 + Mexpo.a, Mrs, Ella Frederica, 6, Brunswick-square, W.C. 1. 

1919 Mertuiows, Charles, M.A., The College, Bishop’s Stortford. 

1885 Menvitt, James Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrews- 
bury. 

1907 + Metvixue, Mrs. Catharine Maria, Kapai, Elburton, S. Devon. 

1887 { MerRiFIELD Frederic, (PrEs., 1905-6 ; V.-PReEs., 1893, 1907 ; Suc., 
1897-8 ; CouncIL, 1894, 1899), 14, Clifton-terrace, Brighton. 

1912 Mercaurs, Rev. J. W., St. Luke’s House, Torquay. 

1880 + Meyrick, Edward, B.A., ¥.R.S., F.Z.S., Thornhanger, Marlborough. 

1919 Mines, Herbert William, N.D.A., The Gardens, Sydney Park, 
Gloucester. 

1883 + Miues, W. H., c/o E. Step, Esq., 158, Dora-road, Wimbledon Park, 
S.W. 19. 

1913 || Minuer, F. V. Bruce, Livingstone, N. Rhodesia, Africa. 

1905 $ Mirrorp, Robert Sidney, C.B., 9, Beaconsfield-terrace, Hythe, 
Kent. 

1914 Miyakk, Dr. Tsunekata, The Agricultural College, Tokyo Imperial 
University, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan. 

1902 ¢ Monrcomery, Arthur Meadows, 34, Shalimar Gardens, Acton, W.3. 

1899 ¢ Moore, Harry, 12, Lower-road, Rotherlithe, S.E. 16. 

1916 Moors, Ralph Headley, B.A., Heathfield, Plymstock, Devon. 

1886 Moraean, A. C. F., F.LS., 135, Oakwood-court, Kensington, W. 14, 

1889+ Morice, The Rev. F. D., M.A., F.Z.S., Fellow of Queen’s College, 
Oxford, (PREs., 1911, 1912, V.-Pres., 1902, 1904, 1913, 1919 ; 
CounciL, 1902-4, 1918— ), Brunswick, Mount Hermon, Woking. 

1895+ Morey, Claude, F.Z.S., Wonk Soham House, Suffolk. 

1920 Morris, Hubert Meridydd, M.Sc., Institute of Plant Pathology, 
Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts. 

1893 Morron, Kenneth J., 13, Blackford-road, Edinburgh. 

1910 { Mosgxy, Martin E., 94, Campden Hill-road, Kensington, W. 8. 

1882. Mostey, 8. L., Ravensknowle Museum, Huddersfield. 

1911 ¢ Moss, Rev. A. Miles, c/o Messrs. Booth & Co., Paru, Brazil. 

1907¢{Movutton, John C., O.B.E., M.A., B.Sc. F.Z.S., &e., Director, 
Raffles Museum and Library, Singapore, Straits Settlements, and 
The Hall, Bradford-on-A von. 

1911 Movunsey, J. Jackson, 24, Glencairn-crescent, Edinburgh. 

1901¢{Muir, Frederick, H.S.P.A. Experiment Station, Honolulu, Oahu, 
JakvE 

1912 + Mutxay, Jal Phirozshah, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Professor of Biology, 
St. Xavier’s College, Lamington-road, Grant Road Post, Bombay, 
India. 


(exe «} 


1869+ ¢MUuuer, Albert, F.R.G.S., (CounciL, 1872-3), c/o Herr A. Miller- 
Mechel, Grenzacherstrasse 60, Basle, Switzerland. 

1920 Munro, Hugh Kenneth, B.Sc., 258, Bourke-street, Pretoria, S. 
Africa. 

1918 Munro, Lieut. James W., R.A.M.C., Forestry Commission, 22, 
Grosvenor-crescent, S.W. 1. 

1914 Murray, George H., The Residency, Kerema Gulf Division, 
Papua. 

1917 Muscuamp, Percy A. H., Charterhouse School, Godalming. 

1909 MusHam, John F., 48, Brook-street, Selby, Yorks. 


1903 | Neave, S. A., M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.8., Secretary, (V.-PREs., 1918 ; 
CounciL, 1916— ), 41, Queen’s Gate, S.W.7, and Bishop’s House, 
Beaconsfield, Bucks. 

1919 ¢ Nexx, Louis, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen's Gute, 
Seen: 

1919 Newson, William George Frazer, 6, Craven Hill, W. 2. 

1901 { Nevinson, E. B., Morland, Cobham, Surrey. 

1907 { Newman, Leonard Woods, Bexley, Kent. 

1913. Newman, Leslie John William, SBernard-street, Claremont, 
W. Australia. 

1909 Newstean, Alfred, The Grosvenor Museum, Chester. 

1890 ¢ NewstEapD, Prof. Robert, M.Sc., F.R.S., A.L.S., Hon. F.R.HLS., 
Dutton Memorial Professor of Entomology, The School of Tropical 
Medicine, University of Liverpool. 

1914 + NicHotson, Charles, 35, The Avenue, Hale-end, Chingford, E. 4. 

1909 { NicHoLson, Gilbert W., M.A., M.D., (CounciL, 1913-15), Oxford 
and Cambridge Club, Pall Mall, S.W. 1. 

1918 { Nimoy, Ernest William, 210, Whippendell-road, Watford, Herts. 

1906 Nix, John Ashburner, Tilgate, Crawley, Sussex. 

1916 Noutra, Akio, Tchijoji, Otagigun, Kyoto, Japan. 

1914 Norris, Frederic de la Mare, The Agricultural Department, Kuala 
Lumpur, Federated Malay States. 

1915 Norrscorsn, Dr. A. B., 4, Columbia-road, Bethnal Green, E. 2. 

1895 Nurse, Lt.-Colonel C. G., 145, Beaufort-street, Chelsea, S.W. 3. 


1877 OpertHiir, René, Rennes (Ille-et-Vilaine), France. 

18937} ||OGLE, Bertram S., Steeple Aston, Oxfordshire. 

1910 ¢ OnpAKER, Francis A., M.A., The Red House, Haslemere. 

1918 O’Net, Rev. Fr., S.J., P.O. Bow 54, Salisbury, Rhodesia, S. Africa. 
1913 + Ormiston, Walter, Kalupahani, Haldummulle, Ceylon. 


1895 ¢ Pace, Herbert E., (Councin, 1918- ), Bertrose, Gellatly-road, 
St. Catherine’s Park, 8.E. 15. 

1916 Patmer, Arthur Raymond, Ingleholme, Norton Way, Letchworth, 
Herts. 

1919 ParRavicIni, Louis, Villa Alucitu, Arlesheim, Bdle, Switzerland. 


(acy) 


1918 Parris, R. Stanway, Beachleigh, Kingsgate, Broadstairs. 

1918 Parsons, Dr. Allan Chilcott, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.Ph., etc, 
Walton Lodge, Surbiton-road, Kingston-on-Thames. 

1919 Parron, Major W. J., I.M.S., Stoke St. Gregory, nr. Taunton. 

1913 Pracock, Alexander David, Armstrong College, Neweastle-on- Tyne. 

1911 ¢ Pearson, Douglas, Chilwell House, Chilwell, Notts. 

1916 { PEEBLEs, Howard M., 13, Chesham-street, S.W. 1. 

1919 Prep, John, Whittlesey, Cambs. 

1915 Prrnr, Lt.-Col. Harry Diamond, I.M.S., c/o Alliance Bank of Sind, 
Peshawar, India. {Transactions to H. F. G. Watkins, 38, Denbigh- 
road, West Ealing, W. 13.] 

1914 ¢ PenpDLEBURY, Major Wm. J. von Monté, Broadlands, Shrewsbury, 
and Keble College, Oxford. 

1883 PéRINGUEY, Louis, D.Sc., F.Z.8., Director, South African Museum, 
Cape Town, South Africa. 

1903 | Perxins, R. C. L., M.A., D.Se., F.Z.S., Park Hill House, Paignton, 
Devon; and Board of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, 
Honolulu, Hawaii. 

1907 + PerrRins, J. A. D., 3rd Seaforth Highlanders, Davenham, Malvern. 

1897 t Puinures, Capt. Hubert C., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., 17, Hereford-road, 
Bayswater, W, 2. 

1903}¢Puruuirs, Montagu A., F.R.G.S., F.Z.8., Devonshire House Prepara- 
tory School, Reigate. 

1920 Puitportr, A., Assistant Entomologist, Biological Dept., Cawthron 
Institute of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand. 

1917 ¢ PickarD-Camprinak, Arthur D., M.A., Balliol College, Oxford. 

1891 ¢ Prerce, Frank Nelson, The Old Rectory, Warmington, Oundle, 
Northants. 

1913 Pxart, Ernest Edward, 403, Essenwood-road, Durban, Natal. 

1885 VAN DER Pout, J. R. H. Neerwort, Poste restwnte, Geneva, Switzer- 
land. 

1919 Pomeroy, Arthur W. Jobbins, Government Entomologist in Nigeria, 
Ibadan, S. Nigeria, and Kneesworth House, 78, Eliv Park-road, 
S. Kensington, S.W. 7. 

1870} ¢PorrRitT, Geo. T., F.L.8., (Councin, 1887), Hlm Lea, Dalton, 
Hudders/ield. 

1884;¢Pountton, Professor Edward B., D.Sc, M.A., F.R.S., F.LS., 
F.G.S., F.Z.8., Hope Professor of Zoology in the University of 
Oxford, (PRrEs., 1903-4 ; V.-PrEs., 1894-5, 1902, 1905 ; Counctt, 
1886-8, 1892, 1896, 1905-7), Wykeham House, Banbury-road, 
Oxford. 

1905 Powe, Harold, 7, we Mireille, Hyéres (Var), France. 

1919 Praegp, Cyril Winthrop Mackworth, Dalton Hill, Albury, Surrey. 

1908 { Pratt, William B., 10, Lion Gate Gardens, Richmond, Surrey. 

1878 Prick, David, 48, West-street, Horsham. 

1908 ¢ Pripeavux, Robert M., (Councin, 1917), Woodlands, Brasted Chart, 
Sevenoaks. 


(xxv) 


1920 Prior, W. H. T., Culban, Main-road, New Eltham, Kent. 

1904 + PriskE, Richard A. R., 9, Melbourne Avenue, West Ealing. 

1920 Prout, Miss Alice Ellen, Lane End, Hambledon, Surrey. 

1893 ¢ Prout, Louis Beethoven, (Councin, 1905-7), 84, <Albert-road, 
Dalston, E. 8. 

1910 Punnert, Professor Reginald Crundall, M.A., Caius College, 
Cambridge. 


1912 Rarr-Smiru, W., Hollybrook, Rose Heyworth-road, Abertillery, 
Monmouthshire. 

1914 Ramaxkrisuna, T, V. Aiyar, B.A, F.Z.S., The Agricultural 
College, Coimbatore, S. India. 

1920 ¢ RamBousgk, Dr. F.G., M.P., vii/1169, Prague, Czechoslovakia. 

1913 Rao, K. Ananthaswamy, Curator of the Government Museum, 
Bangalore, India. 

1916 Rao, Yelseti Ramachandra, M.A., Agricultural Dept., Kanadah, 
Baghdad, Mesopotamia. 

1920 Raymunpo, Prof. Benedicto, Director of the Agricultural Society’s 
Museum, 76, rua Senador Alencar, Rio di Janeiro, Brazil. 

1907 { Raywarp, Arthur Leslie, 52, Addiscombe-road, Croydon. 

1898 Reuter, Professor Enzio, Helsingfors, Finland. 

1910 {DE Ruw&k-Paruipr, G. W. V., Chief Examiner of Accounts, North- 
Western Rwy., Abbott-road, Lahore, India. 

1920  Raynenarr, John George, A.R.C.Sc.1., N.D.A., Imperial College 
of Science, S. Kensington, S.W. 7. 

1920 ¢ RicHarps, Philip Bernard, 7, Churchways-crescent, Horfield, 
Bristol. 

1920 ¢ Ricnarpson, Arthur Walter, 28, Avenwe-road, Southall, Middlesex. 

1912 { Riney, Capt. Norman Denbigh, 9, Mowbray-road, Upper Norwood, 

S.E. 19, and British Musewm (Natural History), S. Kensington, 
SoW. 7. 

1908 } Rippon, Claude, M.A., 28, Springfield Howse, Abingdon. 

1917 Roserts, A. W. Rymer, M.A., Rothamsted Experimental Station, 


Harpenden. 
1905 Rosrnson, Herbert C., Curator of State Museum, Kuala Lumpur, 
Selangor. 


1904 + Ropryson, Lady, Worksop Munor, Notts. 

1869 | Rosryson-Dovenas, William Douglas, M.A., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., 
Orchardton, Castle Douglas. 

1908 Rogers, The Rev. K. St. Aubyn, M.A., P.O. Box 395, N«irobi, 
British Hast Africa. 

1907 { RosenBereG, W. F. H., 57, Haverstock-hill, N.W. 3. 

1868 { RorHney, George Alexander James, Pembury, Tudor-road, Upper 
Norwood, 8.E. 

1888 {Roruscuinp, The Right Hon. Lord, D.Sc., F.R.S., F.LS., F.Z.S., 


VICE-PRESIDENT, (CounciL, 1900, 1919), Zoological Museum, 
Tring. 


(¢ xxvii) 


1894++Roruscuinp, The Hon, Nathaniel Charles, M.A., F.LS., F.Z.S., 
(PrEs., 1915-16; V.-Pres., 1914, 1917; Councin, 1904, 1913- 
17), Arwndel-house, Kensington Palace Gardens, W. 8. 

1890 { Rourteper, G. B., Tarn Lodge, Heads Nook, Carlisle. 

1913 || RowpeEn, Alfred Oliver, 3, Archibald-road, Exeter. 

1887 { Rownanp-Brown, Henry, M.A., (V.-PReEs., 1908, 1910; Szc., 
1900-10 ; CouncrL, 1914-16), Oxhey-grove, Harrow Weald. 

1892 { Russey, 8. G. C., Roedean, The Avenue, Andover. 


1919+ Sr. AusByn, Capt. John G., c/o Sir Charles McGrigor & Co., 39, 
Panton-street, Haymarket, 8.W.1. 

1920 St. Jonny, Dr. Winstan St. Andrew, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Derwent 
House, Derby. 

1905 Sr. Quintin, W. H., Scampton Hall, Rillington, York. 

1906 Sampson, Colonel F. Winn, 115, Tannsfield-road, Sydenham. 

1910 {Saunpvers, H. A., St. Ann’s, Reigate. 

1901 ScuHaus, W., F.Z.8., U.S. National Musewm, Washington, D.C. 

1920 Scuuupr, W. F., B.Sc., School of Agriculture & Experiment Station, 
Potchefstroom, Transvaal. 

1907 { ScuMaAssMANN, W., Bewlah Lodge, London-rcad, Enfield, N. 

1912 Scuunck, Charles A., Hwelme, Wallingford. 

1911 { Scorer, Alfred George, Hill Crest, Chilworth, Guildford. 

1909 ¢Scorr, Hugh, M.A., D.Se., Curator in Entomology, University 
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. 

1920 { SEABROOK, Lieut. J., 8, Warwick-place West, Belgravia, S.W. 1. 

1911 Sxnovus, Cuthbert F., M.D., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 25, Church-road, 
Tunbridge Wells. 

1911}¢¢SENNErT, Noel Stanton, 24, de Vere-gardens, Kensington, W. 8. 

1862 + SHarp, David, M.A., M.B., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (Pres., 1887-8 ; 
V.-Pres., 1889, 1891-2, 1896, 1902-3; Sxc., 1867; Counctt., 
1893-5, 1902-4), Lawnside, Brockenhurst, Hants. 

1915 Suaw, Dr. A. Eland, c/o R. Kelly, Esq., Solicitor, 59, Swaunston- 
street, Melbowrne, Victoria, Australia. 

1886 SuHaw, George T. (Librarian of the Liverpool Free Publie Library), 
William Brown-street, Liverpool. 

1905 { SHELDON, W. George, F.Z.S., (VICE-PRESIDENT, TREASURER, 1918-), 
Youlgreave, South Croydon. 

19007 {SHEPHEARD-Watwyn, H. W., M.A., Dalwhinnie, Kenley, Surrey. 

1887}+{Sicu, Alfred, (Councrn, 1910-12), Corney House, Chiswick, W. 4. 

1911 {Srmzs, James A., Greenacres, Woodside-road, Woodford Green, Essex. 

1904 { Smumonps, Hubert W., Sussex View, Cumberland-gardens, Tunbridge 
Wells. 

1913 || SrrwE1, Capt. F., Wooler, Northumberland. 

1920 ¢Skarre, George Harold, M.A., Agricultural Dept., Cape Town, 
S. Africa. 

1902 + SnapEN, Frederick William Lambart, 44, Gwynne-avenue, Ottarva, 
Canada. 


(> xxix) /) 


1902 Storer, Gerard Orby, F.Z.S., J.P., Badminton Club, Piccadilly, 
Wee 

1907 ¢ Sty, Harold Baker, Kingston, Homestead-road, Edenbridge, Kent. 

1906 {Smatiman, Raleigh 8., Eliot Lodge, Albemarle-road, Beckenham, 
Kent. 

1916 Smart, Capt. H. Douglas, R.A.M.C., Shelley, Huddersfield, 

1920 ¢ Smen, C., 6, Wildwood-road, Golders Green, N.W. 4. 

1915 {Suirx, Adam Charles, Horton, Mornington-road, Woodford Green. 

1901 Smrrx, Arthur, Cownty Museum, Lincoln. 

1911 {Smrra, B. H., B.A., Frant Court, Frant, Tunbridge Wells. 

1918 Sirs, Patrick Aubrey Hugh, Sconner House, St. German's, Corn- 
wall, and 28, Bruton-street, Berkeley-square, W. 

1912 { Smirx, Roland T., 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. 

1919 Smirn, 8. Gordon, Hstyn, Boughton, Cheshire. 

1918} Smrry, William Proctor, F.Z.S8., Haddon House, Ashton-on- 
Mersey. 

1898 || Sore, Erasmus John Burgess, F.R.Met.8., Ferndule-road, Hove. 

1885 ¢Sourn, Richard, (Counctn, 1890-1), 4, Mapesbury-court, Shoot-wp 
Hill, Brondesbury, N.W. 2. 

1916 { Sowerby, F. W., Sea View, Little Haven, Pembrokeshire. 

1920 SprENcER, John William, 5, Dogford-road, Rayton, Oldham, Lanca- 
shire. 

1908 { Speyer, Edward R., Ridgehurst, Shenley, Herts. 

1919 ¢Sraninanp, L. N., Vrewint, Coppett’s-road, Muswell Hill, N. 10. 

1910 SraniEy, The Rev. Hubert George, Marshfield Vicarage, Cardiff. 

1919 STaANsFrELD, Capt. Leslie Rawdon, R.G.A., c/o Army and Navy 
Club, Pall Mall, 8.W. 1. 

1910 { Srenton, Rupert, Ministry of Agriculture, Milton-road, Harpenden, 
Herts. 

1920 Sripston, Engineer-Commander 8. T., R.N., H.M.S. Douglas, 
South Queensferry. 

1918 ¢Srirr, Rev. Alfred T., All Souls’ Vicarage, Brighton. 

1910 ¢SronenamM, Hugh Frederick, Capt. Ist Batt. E. Surrey Regt., 
Stoneleigh, Reigate. 

1913 Storey, Gilbert, Dept. of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt. 

1915 { Srorr, Charles Ernest, Haton, London-road, Reigate. 

1896 { Srrickianp, T. A. Gerald, Souwthcott, Poulton, Fairford. 

1919 SusarInaTHAN, P., Assistant in Entomology, College of Agriculture 
and Research Institute, Coimbatore, S. India. 

1884 Swrnvor, Colonel Charles, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., (V.-Pres., 1894 ; 
Councin, 1891-3 ; 1902-4), 4, Gunterstone-road, West Kensing- 
ton, W. 14. 

1894 } Swrnnor, Ernest, 4, Gunterstone-road, West Kensington, W. 14. 

1876 Swinton, A. H., Oak Villa, Braishfield, Romsey, Hants. 

1911 {Swynnerton, C. F. M., Game Warden’s Office, Tanganyika 
Territory. 

1920 { Syms, Edgar E., 22, Woodlands-avenue, Wanstead, E. 11. 


(, Bexx:' ) 


1910 Tart, Robt., junr., Roseneath, Harborough-road, Ashton-on-Mersey. 

1908 { Taxgort, G., Mon Plaisir, Wormley, Surrey. 

1920 { Tams, W. H., 8, Whitla-road, Manor Park, E. 12. 

1918 Tapp, Mrs. Eleanor Eva, Loos, 88, Wickham Way, Beckenham, Kent. 

1918 Tapp, Capt. William Henry, F.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., Loos, 88, Wickham 
Way, Beckenham, Kent. 

1916 TatcHentL, Leonard Spencer, 43, Spratt Hall-road, Wanstead, 
1, Ie 

1911 Taynor, Frank H., Box 137, G.P.O., Sydney, N.S. W. 

1903 Taytor, Thomas Harold, M.A., Yorkshire College, Leeds. 

1914 Temper ey, Reginald, Sharpe House, Wiveliscombe, Somerset. 

1919 { Tempe, Major Watkin, Hast Mersea, Essex. 

1910 ¢ THeoBatp, Prof. F. V., M.A., Wye Court, Wye, Kent. 

1901 THompson, Matthew ines son, 40, Gosford-street, Middlesbrough. 

1892 THorRNLEY, The Rev. A., M.A., F.L.S., Hughenden, Coppice-road, 
Nottingham. 

1907 ¢ TitnyaRD, Robin John, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., Chief of the Biological 
Dept., Gastron Inst. of Sotentifie Research, Nelson, New Zealand, 
and Maitai Lodge, Bridge-street, Nelson, N.Z. 

1920 Tinstey, Joseph, West of Scotland Agricultwral College, Buwrns- 
avenue, Kilmarnock. 

1911 ¢ Topp, R. G., 54, Hornsey-lane, Highgate, N. 

1897 Tomuin, J. R. le B., M.A., (Councin 1911- = Lakefoot, Hamilton- 
road, acne 

1907 t Tonag, Alfred Ernest, (Counctr, 1915-17), Rie Reigate, Surrey. 

1920 Tones, Alfred E., Ashville, Trafford-road, Allerley Edge, Cheshire. 

1914 DE LA TorrE Bueno, J. R., 11, North Broadway, White Plains, 
New York, U.S.A, 

1911 { Tower, P. H., Marine Cottage, Hastcliff, Dover. 

1907 TRaGarpH, Dr. Ivar, The University, Upsala, Sweden. 

1919 TouLLert, Austin Augustus, The Hill Museum, Witley, Surrey. 

1906 ¢ TuLLocH, Col. B., C.B., C.M.G., The King’s Own Yorkshire Light 
Infantry, Crown Hill Hutment Camp, Plymouth. 

1895 { TunatEy, Henry, Castleton, Searle-road, Farnham. 

1910 TurRati, Conte Emilio, 4, Piazza S. Alessandro, Milan, Italy. 

1898 | Turner, A. J., M.D., Wickham Terrace, Brisbane, Australia. 

1893 ¢ TurNER, Henry Jerome (Councin, 1910-12), 98, Drakefell-road, 
New Cross, 8.E. 14. 

1906 + TurNER, Rowland E., (Counctn, 1909-10), British Musewm (Natural 
History), S. Kensington, S.W. 7. 

1915 Tyrer, Brigadier-Gen. H. C., C.M.G., C.1.8., D.S.0., Delhi, India. 


1893 { Uricw, Frederick William, C.M.Z.S., Port of Spain, Trinidad, 
British West Indies. 
1920 Uvarorr, Dr. B., Natural History Museum, S. Kensington, S.W.7. 


190444 VauauHan, W., The Old Rectory, Beckington, Bath. 


(Cl hsaexi0"") 


1914 { Verrcu, Robert, Entomologist, c/o C.S.R. Co., Lantoka Mills, 
Lantoka, Fiji Islands. 

1909 VrpLER, Leopold A., The Carmelite Stone House, Rye. 

1911 Vrrants DE Sanvaza, R., Institut Scientifique, Botte postale No. 64, 
Saigon, Indo-China. 


1897 | Wartnwrigut, Colbran J., (Councin, 1901, 1912-14), Daylesford, 
Handsworth Wood, Birmingham. 

1918 WatrorD, Lionel Julian, The Cavalry Club, Piccadilly, W. 

1878 {| WaLKER, James J.. M.A., R.N., F.L:S., Prestpmnt, (V.-PREs., 
1916; Src. 1899, 1905-1918 ; Counctn, 1894), Aorangi, Lonsdale- 
road, Summertoun, Oxford. 

1912 Watuacr, Henry 8., c/o R. 8. Bagnall & Sons, Ltd., 15, Grey-street, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne. 

1920 Watuace, William, M.B., 15, Hainton-avenue, Grimsby. 

1914 Watsn, Mrs. Maria Ernestina, Soekaboemi, Java, Dutch East Indies. 

1920 Watrers, Owen Huth, Forest Office, Lahore, India. 

1919 Warp, James Davis, Limehurst, Grange-over-Sands, Lanes. 

1910 { Warp, John J., Rusinurbe House, Somerset-road, Coventry. 

1908 — WarReEN, Brisbane C. 8., Pikescot, Pike's Hill-avenue, Lyndhurst. 

1901 + WaTERHOUSE, Gustavus A., B.Sc., F.C.S., Allonrie, Stanhope-road, 
Killara, New South Wales, Australia. 

1914 + Warerston, Capt. the Rev. James, B.D., B.Sc., (Councrn, 1919-_ ), 
21, Arlington Park-mansions, Chiswick, W. 4; and British Museum 
(Natural History), S. Kensington, 8.W. 7. 

1919 | Watson, E. B., The Grange, Winthorpe, Newark. 

1918 Watson, John Henry, 70, Ashford-road, Withington, Manchester. 

1914 Warr, Morris N., St. John’s Hill, Wangonui, New Zealand. 

18934|| Wess, John Cooper, 89, Dulwich Village, S.E. 21. 

1876+ {WesteRN, E. Young, 27, Pembridge-square, Notting Hill Gate, W. 2. 

1906 { WHEELER, The Rev. George, M.A., F.Z.S., (SecRErARY, 1911- ; 
V.-PREs., 1914), 28, Gordon-Square, W.C. 1. 

1910 $ Wurre, Major Edward Barton, M.R.C.S., Welsh Metropolitan War 
Hospital, Whitchurch, Cardiff. 

1918 Wurrr, Ronald Senior, Suduganga Estate, Matale, Ceylon. 

1913¢{Warriey, Percival N., Brantwood, Halifax; and New College, 
Oxford. 

1913 + WaHirraKsr, Oscar, F.R.M.S., Box 552, Chilliwack, British Colwmbia. 

1911 Wurrrinenam, Ven. Archdeacon W. G., Glaston Rectory, Uppingham. 

1919 Warrier, F. G., 7, Marine-avenue, Southend-on-Sea. 

1917 | WickHAm, Rev. Prebendary A. P., Hast Brent Vicarage, High- 
bridge, Somerset. 

1906 Wickwar, Oswin S., Woodford, Maitland Crescent, Colombo, Ceylon. 

1903 { Wiearns, Clare A., M.R.C.S., Watcombe, Park Town, Oxford. 

1896 { Wineman, A. E., Lane End, Westcott, nr. Dorking. 

1911 { WitttaMs, C. B., M.A., Port of Spain, Trinidad, and 20, Slatey-road, 
Birkenhead. 


( xxx |) 


1915 Wruurams, Harold Beck, 131, Queen’s-road, Wimbledon, S.W. 19. 

1920 Witson, G. F., Ent. Dept., R.H.S. Laboratory, Wisley, Ripley, 
Surrey. 

1919 Witson, Lt.-Col. R. S., Governor of Western Desert Province, 
Mersa Matruh, Egypt. 

1915 Winn, Albert F., Library of McGill. University, Westmount, 
Montreal, Canada. 

1919 WrnrerRscaLE, J., Sungei Klah Estate, Sungkai, Perak. 

1920 ¢ Wrraycomps, Cyril Luckes, 12, Prospect-hill, Walthamstow. 

1919 Woop, H. Worsley, 31, Ayate-road, Hammersmith, W. 6. 

1905 Woopsrings, Francis Charles, Briar Close, Latehmore-avenue, 
Gerrard’s Cross S.O., Bucks. 

1914 ¢ WoopFrorDE, Francis Cardew, B.A., c/o University Musewm, Hope 
Department, Oxford. 

1918 WooprurFrE-Pracock, Rev. E. Adrian, F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney 
Vicarage, Brigg, Lincolnshire. 

1919 Wyrsman, P., Quatre Bras, Tervueven, Belgium. 


1892 Youpats, William Henry, F.R.M.S., 21, Belle Isle-street, Workington. 


Gixxoa ) 


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1868. 
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c 


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J. W. Dunnine, £50. 
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The Misses Swan, £250 for the ‘‘ Westwood Bequest,” the 
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F. D. Gopman, cost of plates to illustrate his paper on Central and 
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(SF xxxv 2) 


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( Semxviie)) 


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~ 


TRANSACTIONS 


ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 
LONDON 


For THE YEAR 1920. 


[. A Contribution to the Classification of the Coleopterous 
family Endomychidae. By Giipertr J. Arrow, F.Z.S. 


[Read November 5th, 1919.] 
Pirate I, 


Tue British Museum collection of this beautiful group of 
fungus-feeding beetles 1s a peculiarly rich one, and contains 
a very large proportion of all the known species, now about 
750 in number. The Gorham collection, bought in 1891, 
contained, in addition to Mr. Gorham’s own types, many of 
those of Gerstaecker and Guérin, whilst many more Gorham 
types were afterwards acquired with the im portant Godman- 
Salvin and Fry collections. In amalgamating these 
valuable collections very numerous errors contained in 
the recent catalogue of Cziki (for a large proportion of 
which Mr. Gorham: is responsible) have come under my 
notice, and in putting on record the notes thus accumulated 
I have taken the opportunity of describing some of the 
more interesting of the hitherto unknown genera and 
species contained in the National Collection, a large part 
of these due to the successful collecting of Mr. Gilbert 
Bryant and the late W. Doherty. To the former I am 
indebted for the accompanying plate drawn by Miss O. F, 
Tassart. 
It is probable, from their generally conspicuous and fre-_ 
quently remarkable coloration, that the group as a whole is 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—Parrs Tea Tse | (SANS ees 


2 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


unpalatable in a high degree, like the nearest related family, 
the Cloccinellidae, and that an offensive fluid is exuded by 
many, as is the case with the largest species, Humorphus 
marginatus, which Mr. Bryant informs me is remarkable 
for its extraordinarily strong and offensive odour. I sus- 
pect it will be found that the characteristic grooves upon 
the pronotum are the channels into which this secretion 1s 
discharged (as Dr. G. A. K. Marshall has found to be the 
case in the Histeridae), and that the basal foveae when 
fully developed conceal the orifices of the secretory glands. 
These depressions, which form one of the best-marked and 
most constant features of the group, are more or less funnel- 
shaped and are always deepest just within the basal margin. 
At the deepest part the appearance of a pore is sometimes 
visible under the microscope. 

Dr. C. J. Gahan, in his account of the stridulating organs 
of the Coleoptera, has indicated an important group charac- 
ter of this family in the presence or absence of a stridulatory 
apparatus between the head and pronotum (Trans. Ent. 
Soc. Lond., 1900, p. 436). He has mentioned that the exist- 
ence of the organ distinguishes the Eumorphites, Coryno- 
malites and Lycoperdinites of Chapuis, but various genera 
of the 3rd division must be excluded from this statement, 
such as Dapsa, Phalantha, Saula, and Danae. This 3rd 
division, however, is quite an unnatural one, and a more 
satisfactory arrangement is obtained by adopting Gerstaec- 
ker’s three Tribes, Kumorphini, Dapsini and Endomychini, 
and treating the presence of the stridulating organ as the 
primary distinctive character of the first, instead of the 
shape of the antennal club, which is a very inconstant and 
unreliable. feature. Indalmus, Ancylopus, Lycoperdina, 
Hylaia (Ceramis), Acinaces, and Mycetina, as well as 
Phaeomychus and other genera of recent date, will then jom 
the Eumorphini. In the more typical genera of that group, 
with which Indalmus and Ancylopus should be associated, 
the 3rd joint of the antenna 1s much longer than those 
immediately preceding and succeeding it, whilst in the 
remainder this great disproportion vanishes. The relative 
lenoth of these jomts is much more reliable than that of 
the club-joints and serves for the further division of the 
Eumorphini. 

In the ordinary position of the head the microscopically 
fine stridulatory file, in the genera possessing it, lies 
beneath the margin of the pronotum and is not visible, 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 3 


but its presence is invariably indicated by a small mem- 
branous lobe placed at the middle of that margin and 
connected with the scraping edge beneath. 

T have followed in the main the order of genera adopted in 
the most important work upon the family, the admirable 
monograph by Gerstaecker. The reversed order of Cziki’s 
catalogue has no discoverable advantage. 

Four genera introduced into this family by Blackburn 
may be eliminated altogether, two of them belonging to 
long- established genera of other families s, and the mother: 
although correctly referred to the Endomychidae, being 
redundant. Of the two former, Dyscerasphorus laticeps 
Blackb., is the cosmopolitan Colwocera maderae Woll., and 
Eleothreptus punctulatus Blackb., is a species (the second 
now known irom Australia) of the genus Aphanocephalus. 
Cranterophorus clavicorms Blackb., is an Hncymon exceed- 
ingly near the common EF. immaculatus, but with red femora. 
Finally Idiophyes is a synonym of the genus Hxysma. 

It may be noted here that the Cey lonese “ Li ycoperdina ”’ 
glabrata, of Walker, is a species of the Heteromerous genus 
Levochrodes. 


Genera HApLoscELIs AND HyBoPrTeEeRUs. 


The name Cymones is used in Cziki’s catalogue for five 
Madagascar species which do not include C. sharpi Gorh., 
the insect to which alone the characters assigned to Cymones 
apply and which is a synonym of Hybopterus plagiicollis 
Fairm. Cymones is therefore a superfluous name and the 
five species should be referred to Haploscelis, a genus of 
strangely protean form, distinguished by the prosternum 
being - rather wide between the coxae but not produced be- 
yond: them. Haploscelis heloproides Gorh.,seems to have been 
based upon two specimens of different species, the female 
probably belonging to H. scutatus Fairm. Fairmaire says 
of the latter “fémurs antérieurs Inermes,” evidently meaning 
the tibiae. These are armed as usual in the male. 

There is a peculiar feature in the male of Hybopterus 
which has not been noticed, viz. a delicate hooked filament 
at the extremity of the hind tibia on the inner side. This is 
evidently the homologue of the tuft of hairs found in the 

same position in Haploscelis atratus Klug, and other species, 
and indeed may be composed of long “hairs in very close 
contact. 


4 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Genus TRYCHERUS. 


Since Gerstaecker’s excellent monograph of the Endo- 
mychidae, in which five species of T'rycherus were described, 
the various additions made have been so inadequately 
characterised as to introduce ever-increasing confusion 
which nothing but the comparison of the types can now 
resolve. The British Museum happily possesses most of 
these by its acquisition of Mr. Gorham’s Kndomychidae 
and those of the ereat Fry bequest, the former containing 
types of four of the five species of Gerstaecker and a co-type 
of T. longanimis Thoms. 1 have therefore been in the 
fortunate position of having under my eyes the types of all 
the species of the genus hitherto described, except T. 
bifasciatus Gerst., raffrayi Gorh., josephus Duv., elegans 
Cziki, and recticollis Har. The last species I do not know ; 
elegans Cziki, as already noted by Fairmaire, appears to 
agree in all respects with longanimis Thoms., and the other 
three species I have determined from the deseriptions. 

There is an excessive external similarity between many of 
the species of the genus, and the most important distinctive 
features are the secondary sexual characters. The im- 
portance of these was emphasised by Gerstaecker, but all 
subsequent describers have persistently neglected them. 

The distribution of the genus is very interesting. The 
Catalogue of Cziki, published in 1910, enumerates thirteen 
species (excluding an Oriental form which certainly belongs 
elsewhere), all but one (7’. raffrayi) described from W. Africa. 
That species also occurs in Angola, as shown by a specimen 
in the British Museum. One other species (7'. fryanus) 
occurs in BK. Africa (Rhodesia and Zanzibar), and it is 
remarkable that that also was described from Angola. 
Since the allied eenera are those of Madagascar and the 
Malayan region this marked preference for the western side 
of Africa is striking. Of the thirteen species four have been 
recently received from Uganda, and no less than seven 
others are here described from the same region. These may 
be expected to occur also in W. Africa. Thus, although 
the species existing are evidently numerous and by no 
means narrowly localised, the genus seems to have no truly 
KE. African species. The eastern specimens of 7’. fryanus 
and 7’. raffrayi must be supposed to have strageled there in 
comparatively recent times. It is certainly curious that in 
spite of a bold effort to extend eastward, resulting in their 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 5 


reaching Uganda in such force, the genus should have found 
there an almost absolute barrier to its further advance. It 
is also a striking illustration of the fact, confirmed by all 
mv study of Uganda Coleoptera, that the beetle-fauna of 
that region is almost entirely West African and shows 
remarkably little connection with that of any other part of 
Eastern Africa. 

All the species of T'rycherus so far known are included 
in the following Table—- 


A. Base of the pronotum not margined. 
B. Elytra elongate. 
’. Extremities of the elytra slightly 


produced) (iy tee BS oo eee spsn, 
ce. Extremities of the elytra not pro- 
duced. 
D. Abdomen tuberculate (3) or 
sroowedsi(O) OR wee, ao sy) se) @ngolensisiGorh: 
d. Abdomen without tubercles or 
PTOOVCL ey ele! eet) vines Lea Haws. sp. i: 
b. Elytra short and ovate. 
K. Extremities of the elvtra pale =. ovatus, sp. n. 
e. 55 oa su dark, 3" (frater,.spen. 


a. Base of the pronotum margined. 
F. Antennae slender, thoracic margins 
narrow. 
G. Elytra very convex, short and ovate. 
H. Black, with a pale median bar. latus, sp. n. 
h. Pale markings not confined to 
median bar, 
J. Shouldersdark . . . . .  erotyloides Gerst. 
Te i notdark . . . .  bifasciatus Gerst. 
g. Elytra elongate. 
K. Elytra with pale longitudinal lines. 
L. Pale markings uniting to forma 


posterior ring Pte) ae Osep cuales 
]. Pale markings not uniting . . hydroporoides Gorh. 


k. Elytra without longitudinal lines. 
M. Elytra with pale apices. 
N. Elytra elongate, not very 
shining. 
O. Pronotum not pale at the 
Bidesy pty bY hte . . appendiculatus Gerst. 


0, Pronotum pale at the sides, 


6 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


P. Median bar produced for- 
wards externally . . longanimis Thoms. 
p- Median bar not produced 
forwards . . . . attenuatus, sp. n. 
n. Elytra shining, less elongate. 
Q. Small, with bifid apical 
patch ...°%. = . “flawpesy spin: 
q. Large, with rounded — 
apical patch . . . nitidus, sp. n. 
m. Elytra with the apices dark. 
R. Sides of the pronotum rather 
straight, elytrashining . senegalensis Gerst. 
r. Sides of the pronotum not 
straight, elytra closely 
punctured. 
8. Lower surface dark, with 
a row of pale spots (3) jfryanus Gorh. 
s. Lower surface lighter, 
without pale spots in 


the Ge, ee) ae WSPINIDES ADs Mh. 
f. Antennae very short, thoracic margins 
broad. 
T. Prothorax broadestatthe base =. raffrayi Gorh. 
t. 53 not broadest at the base tricolor Gerst. 


Trycherus rex, sp. n. 


Niger, elytrorum apicibus ferrugineis, singulique linea transversa 
mediana pallide flava, intus et extus retrorsum ducta et saepe cum 
macula apicali juncta; elongatus, parum nitidus, vix punctatus, 
pronoto plano, lateribus laevissime bisinuatis, anguste marginatis, 
angulis posticis acutis, parum productis, basi haud lato, immarginato, 
utrinque leviter impresso; elytris convexis, postice paulo nitidioribus 
lateribus anguste marginatis, antice fere parallelis, humeris promi- 
nentibus : 

3, clava antennali lata, apice latiori, tibia antica intus leviter, 
media profunde, ante apicem excisa, hac supra excisionem acute 
spinosa, tibia postica valde sinuosa, segmento penultimo ventrali 
postice bituberculato : 

, segmento ultimo ventrali medio anguste sulcato. 

Long. 12-15 mm.; lat. max. 6-7 mm. 


Hab. Ucanna: Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 3,500—3,800 ft. 
(S. A. Neave, Julv), Budongo Forest, Unvoro, 3,400 ft. 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 7 


(Neave, Dec.), Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley, 2,300-2,800 
ft. (Neave, Nov.). 

This large species has a deceptive resemblance to 7, 
josephus Duv., which is found in the same localities and 
of which the pattern is almost the same, although in the 
new form the recurrent ends of the yellow elytral loop do 
not always coalesce with the orange apical patch. The 
best-marked difference is found in the absence of the basal 
stria of the pronotum, but the elytra are more narrowly 
margined, parallel-sided and convex, and the antennae in 
both sexes are broadly truncate at the end, whereas in 
T. josephus they are a little narrowed. The emargination 
of the front and middle tibiae and the strong spine of the 
middle tibia, in the male, as well as the median eroove 
upon the last ventral seement of the female are features 
not found in 7. josephus and the two tubercles at the 
posterior margin of the penultimate ventral segment are 
less widely separated than in that species. In a specimen 
from S. Nigeria which I regard as the male of 7. angolensis 
Gorh., these tubercles are three in number, 


Trycherus M-flavus, sp. n. 


Niger, tarsis, antennarum extremitatibus segmentoque abdominis 
ultimo ferrugineis, elytro singulo linea flava ante medium nata et 
apicem versus utrinque ducta ornato; modice elongatus, postice 
paulo nitidus, pronoto plano, lateribus anguste marginatis, angulis 
posticis vix productis, basi haud lato, immarginato, utrinque laevis- 
sime impresso; elytris convexis, ovatis, huameris parum prominenti- 
bus, apicibus haud productis; clava antennali triangulari, extremi- 
tate truncata : 

g, clava antennali paulo latiori, tibiis anticis et intermediis intus 
anguste excisis, ante et post excisionem minute spinosis. 

Long. 12°5 mm.; lat. max. 6 mm. 


Hab. Ucanpa: Entebbe (C. C. Gowdey, Feb., April), 
Mabira Forest (Gowdey, July, Sept.). 

Two specimens of each sex have been found. 

The species has a very close affinity to 7. angolensis and 7. 
rex, but, in addition to the absence of the reddish apical 
patch upon the elytra, the male is without tubercles at the 
hinder margin of the penultimate ventral segment and the 
female has. no longitudinal groove upon the terminal 
segment, The elytra are rather more rounded at the 


8 Mr, Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


shoulders than in the other two species and their apices are 
not produced as in 7’. rex. The club of the antenna is 
triangular in shape, as in the latter, but much less dilated 
in the male, and the excision of the front and middle tibiae 
in the same sex is also different. 


Trycherus ovatus, sp. n. 


Niger, elytrorum apicibus, abdomine, tarsis antennarum que articulo 
ultimo ferrugineis, elytrorum fascia mediana transversa pallide flava 
undulata, ad suturam Jate interrupta, intus et extus breviter retror- 
sum ducta; sat brevis, parum nitidus, subtiliter punctatus, pronoto 
plano, lateribus leviter bisinuatis, anguste marginatis, angulis 
posticis parum productis, acutis, basi haud lato, immarginato, 
utrinque leviter impresso; elytris convexis, ovatis, humeris parum 
prominentibus, lateribus anguste marginatis; clava antennali 
anguste triangulari, truncata : 

6, clava antennali paulo latiori, tibiis anticis et mediis ante 
apicem excisis, his supra excisionem acute spinosis. 

9, segmento ventrali ultimo apice minute bifido. 

Long. 10-11 mm.; lat. max. 6 mm. 


Hab. UGANDA: Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 3,500-3,800 ft. 
(S. A. Neave, C. C. Gowdey, July). 

It is rather short in form, with the elytra broadly oval 
and very convex, without prominent shoulders, their 
apices entirely reddish and a rather narrow zigzag yellow 
bar crossing each just before the middle. The pronotum 
is without a basal stria. 

The front and middle tibiae of the male are excised before 
the extremity, the latter more deeply than the former, 
and the emargination is succeeded by a minute tooth, and 
in the middle tibia preceded by a strong tooth. 

In the female the extremity of the last ventral segment 
is narrowly notched to a depth of about a quarter of the 
leneth. 


Trycherus frater, sp. n. 


Niger, elytrorum fascia mediana transversa pallide flava aliaque 
anteapicali antice bilobata, abdomine, tarsis et antennarum articulo 
ultimo ferrugineis; sat brevis, parum nitidus, subtiliter punctatus, 
antennarum clava utriusque sexus angustissima, apice truncato : 
T’. ovato valde affinis, sed elytrorum apicibus fuscis et feminae seg- 
mento ultimo ventrali profundius bifido. 

Long. 10-11 mm.; lat. max. 6 mm. 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 9 


Hab. Ucanpa: Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley, 2,300—- 
2,800 ft. (S. A. Neave, Nov.), Budongo Forest, Unyoro, 
3,400 ft. (Neave, Dec.), Mabira Forest, Chagwe, 3,500—3,800 
ft. (Neave, July). 

This species entirely resembles 7’. ovatus, but the extremi- 
ties of the elytra are dark instead of pale and contain a small 
bilobed reddish spot. The club of the antenna is very 
narrow and not perceptibly broader in the male than in the 
female, and the latter has a notch at the apex of the abdo- 
men extending to about the middle of the last segment. 


Trycherus latus, sp. n. 


Niger, elytrorum ante medium fascia pallide flava undulata, ad 
suturam late interrupta, abdomine, tarsis antennarumque articulo 
ultimo ferrugineis; breviter ovatus, convexus, nitidus, distincte 
punctatus; pronoti lateribus anguste marginatis, basi subtiliter 
marginato, utrinque leviter impresso; elytris brevibus, lateribus 
fortiter arcuatis, post humeros sat late marginatis, his prominenti- 
bus; antennis gracilibus, clava angusta : 

9, segmento ultimo ventrali integro. 

Long. 7-8 mm.; lat. max. 4-45 mm. 


Hab. UcaAndA: Semliki Valley, Buamba Forest, 2,300— 

2,800 ft. (S. A. Neave, Nov.). 

I have seen only two female specimens. 

It is a shining black species, with a transverse pale > well 
zlgzae bar crossing each elytron before the middle, and the 
abdomen, tarsi and last joint of the antennae reddish. It 
is easily recognisable by its broadly oval and convex elytra,., 
much wider an the pronctum, with prominent shoulders 
and wide reflexed external margins, which are widest just 
behind the shoulders. The pronotum is broadest at the 
base, where the angles are shghtly produced. Its lateral 
margins are narrow and the base has a fine and rather in- 
conspicuous marginal stria. 

This is the only known species of the:genus in which the 
pattern consists of a single transverse bar only. 


Trycherus attenuatus, sp. n 


Niger, corpore subtus, pronoti lateribus, elytrorumque apicibus 
rufis, fascia posthumerali undulata ad suturam interrupta macu- 
laque utrinque anteapicali flavis; angustus, parum nitidus, subtiliter 
punctatus; pronoto parvo, latcribus fere parallelis, anguste margin 


10 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


atis, angulis anticis acutis, posticis rectis, basi marginato; elytris 
longe ovatis, distincte marginatis, humeris prominentibus : 

6, clava antennali dilatata, tibiis 4 posterioribus apice incurvatis, 
abdominis segmento ventrali primo medio tuberculato, quarto 
tuberculis duobus haud approximatis postice armato. 

Long. 11 mm.; lat. max. 5°5 mm. 


Hab. Ucanpa: Entebbe (C. C. Gowdey, Oct.), Masaka 
(Gowdey, Nov.); ANGOLA (Dr. Welwitsch). 

This has the closest resemblance to 7. longanimis and 
appendiculatus, the pale markings being almost identical, 
except that the antemedian bar is less distinctly produced 
forwards externally. As in 7’. longanimis, the sides of the 
pronotum are red. The pronotum is relatively small, with 
its sides parallel, the front angles sharp and the hind angles 
right angles, and the base strongly margined. The elytra 
are not very convex nor very shining, “the shoulders are 
prominent and the lateral margins a little wider than in 
T. appendiculatus. The male has a rather broad club to the 
antenna, the first ventral segment has a small but sharp 
tubercle at the middle of its hind margin and the fourth 
is impressed in the middle and bears two rather widely 
separated tubercles at the hinder edge. 


Trycherus flavipes, sp. n. 


Niger, sat nitidus, pronoto, antennarum articulo ultimo, tarsis 
corporeque subtus laete fulvis, elytrorum fascia posthumerali 
undulata, ad suturam interrupta, maculaque apicali antice bifida 
pallide flavis; modice elongatus, pronoto subtiliter punctato, lateri- 
bus fere parallelis, anguste marginatis, postice paulo contractis, 
angulis anticis prominentibus, posticis vix acuminatis, basi margin- 
ato; elytris modice convexis, distincte et crebre punctatis, humeris 
prominentibus : 

g, tibia intermedia apice paulo uncinata, segmento ventrali 
ultimo haud elongato : 

9, segmento ventrali ultimo elongato, longitudinaliter canalicu- 
lato, penultimo late impresso. 

Long. 7-8 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. 


Hab. 8S. Nicerta: Agege. 

Several specimens were bred by the late Mr. C. O. 
Farquharson, in October 1917, from larvae found feeding 
upon a peculiar filmy lichen on trees inhabited by ants 
of the genus Cremastogaster, 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 11 


The species is a rather smal] one, closely resembling 
T. erotyloides Gerst., but smaller, with less ovate and convex 
elytra. The prothorax, the last joint of the antenna and 
the tarsi are bright yellow, the median bar and apices of 
the elytra paler, and the apical patch distinctly bilobed 
anteriorly. 

The male has the middle tibiae slightly incurved at the 
ends and the last ventral segment rounded behind. In the 
female the tibiae are nearly straight, the last ventral see- 
ment is elongate and rather deeply grooved, and the one 
preceding it is broadly impressed. 

The larva is flattened, with very long hairy processes 
fringing the body all round and with rather long antennae. 


Trycherus nitidus, sp. n. 


Niger, elytrorum apicibus laete rufis fasciaque antemediana undu- 
lata, ad suturam interrupta, pallide flava ; modice elongatus, nitidus, 
subtiliter sat crebre punctatus, pronoti lateribus bisinuatis, anguste 
marginatis, angulis posticis acutis, paulo productis, basi leviter 
marginato, utrinque minute foveato; elytris paulo convexis, elong- 
atis, humeris prominentibus, lateribus leviter arcuatis, haud late 
marginatis, apicibus haud productis; antennis gracilibus, clava 
angusta : 

g, tibia antica ante apicem intus paulo dentata. 

Long. 10°5 mm.; lat. max. 5°5 mm. 


Hab. Ucanna: Entebbe (C. C. Gowdey, April), Damba T., 
Victoria Nvanza (G. D. H. Carpenter, Oct.) ; GoLp Coast : 
Tamsoo, near Tarkwa (G. A. Higlett). 

There are four specimens in the Museum. 

The elytra are a little more convex and shining than 
those of 7. appendiculatus and T. attenuatus, which this 
species closely resembles in pattern, and their apices are 
of a uniform bright yellow colour, with the anterior edge 
of the patch rounded and not excised as in the species 
mentioned. The anterior pale mark is exactly as in 7. 
allenualus. 

In this species the sexual difference seems to be reduced 
to its minimum in the genus. The usually well-marked 
external male characters are absent, and that sex can only 
be recognised, without dissection, by a very slight tooth 
towards the end of the front tibia at its inner edge. The 
thick clothing of hair at that part increases the difficulty of 
detecting this tooth, 


12 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Trycherus spinipes, sp. n 


Niger, pronoto plerumque rufescenti, corporeque subtus, epipleuris, 
tarsis, antennarum apicibus et elytrorum fasciis duabus transversis 
undulatis rufis; oblongo-ovatus, parum convexus, supra sat fortiter 
et crebre punctatus, pronoti lateribus bisinuatis, anguste marginatis, 
angulis posticis acutis, basi fortiter marginato, utrinque fovea 
profunda impresso; elytrorum lateribus arcuatis, distincte margin- 
atis, humeris modice prominentibus; antennarum clava utriusque 
Sexus angusta, truncata: 

¢, tibia intermedia intus post medium spina valida armata. 

Long. 9-10 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm. 


Hab. W. Arrica: Assini, Lagos (A. B.S. Powell, March), 
Old Calabar (Andrew Murray), Bibianaha (Dr. Spurrell), 
Sherbro I. 

This is almost identical in appearance with 7. fryanus 
Gorh., an Kast African species of rather wide distribution. 
It is a little more stronely punctured above, the shoulders 
are rather less rounded, and the lower surface, with the 
epipleurae of the elytra, paler in colour. The male is 
easily distinguished by the absence of the three pale mem- 
branous areas at the hind mareins of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th 
ventral segments, and by the very strong spine at the inner 
edge of the middle tibia. 


BRACHYTRYCHERUS, gen. nov. 


Corpus breve, rotundatum. Prosternum modice latum, postice 
paulo productum, rotundatum. Mesosternum late transversum. 
Metasternum antice valde marginatum. Pronotum membrana 
stridulatoria antice instructum, lateribus late explanatum, basi mar- 
ginatum. Elytra breves, anguste marginati, humeris rotundatis. 
Pedes graciles, femoribus haud valde clavatis. Antennae parum 
elongatae, articulo tertio quam secundo duplo longiori, clava 
angusta, laxe articulata. Palporum labialium articulus ultimus 
transversus, securiformis, maxillarium fusiformis. Mandibulae apice 
fissae. 


Type, B. perotteli, sp. n. 


This new genus is necessary for a nondescript Indian. 
g j ] 


insect remarkable amongst the Humorphini for its short 
rotund form. It is in some respects a link between the 
Oriental genera and the Hthiopian Trycherus and Haplo- 
scelis, but its very short, compact shape, and especially the 


ee 


Classification of the Coleopterous fanuly Endomychidae. 13 
J 1 y 


great breadth of the mesoste nu distinguish it from them 
all. The prosternum is mode1 rately wide and a little pro- 
duced behind, where it is very slightly dilated and forms a 
rounded knob, bearing two small tubercles where it meets 
the narrowed anterior part of the mesosternum. The 
latter is very short and broad and the metasternum is 
mareined in front by a deep groove. 

I have found no secondary sexual characters in the 
three specimens known to me. These specimens belong 
to two species, and one is a badly damaged individual a 
Cuérin’s collection, whose name (perolteti) | have adopted. 
This name oceurs at the end of the table of genera on p. 581 
of the Rey. et Mae. de Zool., in association with that of 
(Hucteanus) hardwickit Hope, although the species bears 
neither resemblance nor relationship to that insect. In 
describing Amphisternus verrucosus and rudepunctatus, 
Gorham has remarked that those suse: belong to a section 
of Amphisternus “ which I believe forms the genus Haplo- 
morphus Guérin.” That name was clearly intended for a 
large part of the genus Humorphus as at present constituted, 
and Gorham’s remark is meaningless. I have not seen the 
former species, but rudepunctatus may be regarded as a 
rather aberrant member of the new genus Brachytrycherus. 
It is possible that instead of Haplomorphus Gorham intended 
to write Homalosternus, the genus to which Guérin tenta- 
tively and quite erroneously referred his (undescribed) 
specimen of B. perotteti, which was formerly in Gorham’s 
collection with that name in Guérin’s handwriting. 


Brachytrycherus perotteti, sp. n. 


Niger, nitidus, utroque elytro plagis duabus rubris undulatis 
transverse notato; late ovatus, convexus, pronoto irregulariter sat 
fortiter punctato, medio convexo, lateribus late explanatis, anguste 
marginatis, marginibus antice valde arcuatis, angulis prominentibus, 
postice fere parallelis, rectis, angulis paulo productis, acutis, basi 
stria profunda marginato, foveis basalibus profundis, cum angulis 
posticis connexis; elytris undique punctatis, lateribus fortiter 
arcuatis, anguste marginatis; antennis parum gracilibus, articulo 
tertio quam quarto dimidio longiori, tribus ultimis laxe articulatis, 
angustis. 

Long. 6-7 mm.; lat. max. 4-4:5 mm. 


Hab. 8. Invia: Nilgiri Hills (Perottet, A. K. Weld 
Downing). 


14 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Smooth and shining above, the elytra each ornamented 
with two deep blood-red marks of very uregular shape, the 
first behind the shoulder and remote from the suture, the 
second before the apex, approaching both the inner and 
outer margins and having its widest part parallel to the 
suture. The convex median part of the pronotum has a 
well-marked longitudinal groove posteriorly and the hind 
angles are acutely produced, the apices fitting, in the position 
of rest, into minute sockets in the shoulders of the elytra. 


Brachytrycherus madurensis, sp. n 


Niger, vix nitidus, elytris nigroaeneis, utroque fascia posthumerali 
angusta undulata, intus ad basin producta, aliaque postmediana 
pluriangulata, rubris signato; late ovatus, convexus, supra undique 
sat crebre et fortiter punctatus; pronoto lato, plano, medio leviter 
convexo, marginibus antice valde arcuatis, angulis prominentibus, 
obtusis, postice rectis, fere parallelis, angulis vix productis, fere 
rectis. 

Long. 7 mm.; lat. max. 4°55 mm. 


Hab. 8. India: Madura, Shembaganur. 

A single specimen received from the late M. Antoine 
Grouvelle, has been presented by Mr. H. EK. Andrewes to 
the British Museum. 

This species closely resembles Bb. perotteti, but is less 
smooth and shining, on account of the strong and rather 
close puncturation of the upper surface. The pronotum 1s 
less convex in the middle, the longitudinal groove upon its 
posterior part is inconspicuous, and the hind angles are 
scarcely produced or acute. ‘The elytra have a very faint 
coppery tinge and the red markings are narrow and zig- 
zageed, the anterior one produced forwards close to the 
suture as a loop which almost touches the basal margin, 
the posterior one approaching but not reaching the inner 
and outer mareis.. 


Genus AMPHISTERNUS. 


Gorham mentions nothing by which his Amphisternus 
papulatus can be distinguished from A. bellicosus Gerst., 
also from Sumatra, Sich he appears to have overlooked. 
I beheve this to be a wide-ranging species with many 
local races. 

The following is an exceedingly well-marked species. 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 15 


Amphisternus phyllocerus, sp. n. 


Niger, nitidus, elytris purpureis, singulo maculis duabus magnis 
transversis elevatis pallide flavis ornato; modice elongatus, postice 
haud attenuatus, pronoto transverso, quam elytris multo angustiori, 
angulis anticis productis incrassatis, posticis rectangulis, lateribus 
fere rectis et parallelis, dorso medio profunde biimpresso; elytris 
leviter punctatis, plagis duabus pallide flavis elevatis laevibus, 
humeris modice prominentibus, lateribus paulo deplanatis, fere 
parallelis; antennis tenuissimis, clava latissima, femoribus valde 
clavatis : 

6, tibiis anticis usque ad medium fere rectis, deinde arcuatis. 

Long. 7°5 mm.; lat. max. 4:5 mm. 


Hab. Assam: Patkai Hills (W. Doherty). 

I have seen only a single male specimen. 

This 1s an entirely peculiar s species, resembling Hucteanus 
marseuli more than any known Amphisternus, of which 
genus it is nevertheless only a curiously modified repre- 
sentative. The antennae are very slender, with a very 
broad and flat club, of which the first jomt is almost an 
equilateral triangle and the other two conjointly about as 
broad as long. The pronotum is as usual rather small, 
with very prominent but blunt front angles. The elytra 
are almost parallel-sided and not long, with a trans- 
versely oval pale yellow patch behind the shoulders , forming 
an abrupt rounded swelling, and another similar one before 
the apex. The legs are slender, the tibiae clothed with 
short golden hairs, and the front tibiae of the male regularly 
curved in the anterior half. 


Genus ENGONIUS. 


Engonius tetrasphaera, sp. n. 


Niger, elytris plerumque coeruleo-nigris, singulo bimaculato, 
maculis magnis, rotundatis; convexus, parum elongatus, pronoto 
valde transverso, ante medium paulo dilatato, angulis anticis pro- 
ductis, posticis acutis; elytris cordiformibus, sat fortiter punctatis, 
lateribus valde arcuatis, ante medium gat latis: 

3, tibiis 4 anterioribus intus similiter acute spinosis, abdominis 
apice subtus excavato. 

Long. 7 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. 


Hab. Bornno: Sandakan (C, F. Baker), Pengaron 


16 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrows Contribution to the 


(Doherty), Banjermassin; Maray Peninsuna: Perak 
(Doherty). 

The British Museum contains two specimens of each 
sex, all of them found in different localities. 

The species is nearly allied to #. klugi Gerst., and is 
found in the same localities. It is smaller, shorter and 
more convex. ‘The pronotum is more transverse, broader 
before the middle, with more prominent front angles, and 

the elytra are more cordiform, 2. e. they are shorter, rela- 
tively broader before the middle and more rapidly narrowed 
behind. The coloration is similar but the four elytral spots 
are almost exactly round in outline and of equal size. 

The male has an acute spine on each of the four anterior 
tibiae, all equally developed, whereas in H. klugi that of 
the fore- leg is much stronger than that of the middle one. 
The apex ‘of the abdomen is hollowed beneath and not 
broadly emarginate as in H, kluge. 


Genus HUMORPHUS. 


All the known species of this genus, except H. wsignis 
and opalinus of Gorham and #. quadripustulatus Friv., are 
represented in the Museum. It is essentially Malayan, 
the limits of its range being apparently Celebes and Assam, 
and the occurrence of #. pilchri ipes in Ceylon is a remarkable 
fact not at present to be explained. Many more Malayan 
forms might be described. 

With the single exception of #. bipunctatus Perty, every 
known species ‘of this large genus is decorated with four 
yellow spots upon the elytra. 

The type of Pedanus laevis Gorh., is a small specimen 
of the very common HV, 4-gultatus Ihe. 

HE. 4-verrucosus Guér., according to the type in the 
British Museum, is #. coloralus Gerst., and not EL. carinatus 
as stated in Cziki’s recent catalogue. 

EH. dehaant Guér., is not synonymous with L. telraspilotus 
Hope. 

EL. assamensis Gerst., appears to be a variety of HL. sub- 
guttatus with larger spots. 

E.. sanguinipes Guér. The original type of this, now in 
the British Museum, was re-described in error by Gorham, 
who supposed it to have come from Java, a mis-reading 

of “ Tan ” in Hope’s Ww riting on the label, which is actually 
an abbreviation of “'Tanasserim.” The specimens from 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 17 


Burma which Gorham attributed to H. murrayi no doubt 
belong to B. sangwinipes. His type of the former is a more 
slenderly- built insect, with clavate femora and distinctly 
curved hind tibiae in the male. There is no reason to doubt 
its Philippine origin. Another form described by Gorham 
with an unknown habitat, 2. expatriatus, 18 also from 
the Philippine Is., and is merely the female of £. thomsoni 
Guér., a much less smooth and shining ae than £. 
cyanescens Gerst., of which it stands as a synonym in 
Cziki’s catalogue, while E. thomsont Gorh., although de- 
scribed from the same specimen, is treated as a different 
species. 
The following is yet another Philippine species. 


Eumorphus productus, sp. n. 


Coeruleo-niger, nitidus, singulo elytro maculis duabus_ pallide 
flavis fere rotundis ornato : anguste ovalis, elytris prope scutellum 
minute tuberculatis, extus late marginatis, margine postice latissimo, 
apicibus divergentibus, rotundatis : 

3, tibia antica intus medio valde spinoso, posterioribus 4 intus 
subtiliter ciliatis, media leviter arcuata. 

Long. 15 mm.; lat. max. 8 mm. 


Hab. PHILIPPINE Is. 

Two male specimens were taken by H. Cuming. 

This is closely related to H#. cyanescens, of which it 
has the size, pattern and glossy surface. The anterior 
elytral spot is a little farther from the shoulder and the 
lateral flange of the elytron, although of the same width 
at the side, is considerably more produced behind, with the 
extremities rounded and divergent. There is a tubercle at 
the base of each elytron near the scutellum, in place of 
the carina which in H#. cyanescens runs parallel to the 
suture for about a quarter of the length of the latter. 
The posterior angles of the pronotum are also a little more 
produced and curved. — . 


Eumorphus felix, sp. n. 


Niger, elytris nigro-violaceis, singulo maculis magnis duabus 
flavis subrotundatis ornato, macula antica paulo pone humerem 
posita; elytris ovatis, margine externa antice modice, postice valde 
dilatata; antennarum clava lata: 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920 


PARTS To Ute | (ULY ane 


18 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


6, dorso nitido, prothoracis angulis posticis extus valde productis 
et acuminatis, elytris convexis; tibia antica intus medio dente 
valido fere erecto armata, intermedia valde arcuata, postica arcuata 
et intus dense ciliata : 

9, dorso opaco, prothoracis angulis posticis vix productis, elytris 
haud convexis, costa discoidali, alia basali brevi margineque suturali 
elevatis. 

Long. 15 mm.; lat. max. 9 mm. 


Hab. Brit. N. Borneo: Kina Balu (Whitehead), Kiou 
(R. Hanitsch). 

The Museum possesses one specimen of each sex. 

This is closely related to E#. quadrinotatus Gerst. and 
E. insignis Gorh., but differs from both in having the anterior 
yellow patch of the elytron placed at a distance from the 
front margin and not including the humeral callus. The 
flattened margins are a little less wide in the anterior 
part than.in the former, the hind angles of the thorax 
are much more produced and acute in the male, and the 
front tibia in that sex has the tooth stouter, placed nearer 
the middle and less oblique. The club of the antenna is 
rather shorter and broader in both sexes. 

In the female the short discoidal carina at the base of 
each elytron is very distinctive. 


Eumorphus macrospilotus, sp. n. 


Niger, nitidus, elytris nigroviolaceis, singulo maculis duabus 
magnis flavis approximatis ornato; regulariter sat longe ovalis, 
prothoracis angulis posticis ad elytrorum humeros exacte coadapt- 
atis, acuminatis, foveis basalibus brevissimis et vagis; elytrorum 
marginibus externis deplanatis sed haud latis, dorso leviter convexo : 

d, tibia antica intus dente valido medio posito, extus lamina 
curvata armata, tibiis intermediis et posticis regulariter arcuatis, 
prothoracis angulis posticis longe productis et curvatis. 

Long. 11:5 mm.; lat. max. 6 mm. 


*Hab. Brrr. N. Bornro: Kina Balu (Whitehead), Kiou 
(R. Hanitsch). 

There are four specimens, all males, in the British 
Museum collection and a female in the Cambridge University 
Museum. 

It is a species related to H. guerint and E. fryanus, but 
of a rather narrow and regularly oval shape, with the 


Classification of the Coleopterous fanuly Endomychidae. 19 


elytral margins well-marked but not wide and the curva- 
ture of the sides of the prothorax and elytra continuous. 
The yellow dorsal patches are very large, as in FE. felix, 
the anterior and posterior ones separated by an interval 
less than the diameter of either, and also less than the 
interval separating the former from the basal margin. 
The front tibia of the male has a carina upon its outer 
edge, as in FE. fryanus (but rather less angulated than in 
that species), and the internal tooth is very strong and 
arises in the middle. The curvature of the middle and 
hind tibiae in the same sex is regular and not abrupt. 
The posterior angles of the prothorax are acute in both 
sexes and very long in the male, and the extremities of the 
elytra are produced in the female. 


Eumorphus festivus, sp. n. 


Niger, nitidus, elytris nigroviolaceis, singulo maculis magnis 
duabus ornato, maculis subrotundatis flavis, antica paulo pone 
humerem posita; ovalis, elytrorum dimidio externo opaco, margine 
sat late explanato, postice haud producto : 

3, prothoracis angulis posticis extus valde productis et curvatis, 
tibia antica extus medio valde angulata, intus fortiter spinosa, 
intermedia post medium geniculata, postica arcuata et intus dense 
ciliata, segmento ventrali ultimo postice exciso, medio minute 
dentato. 

Long. 12-13 mm.; lat. max. 7-8 mm. 


Hab. BornEo: Sarawak (R. Shelford). 

This is another species closely related to, and inter- 
mediate between, E. fryanus and EH. macrospilotus. It is of 
the same size as the former, and has the margins of the 
elytra similarly dilated in the corresponding sex. The 
elytra are a little shorter relatively, with their margins not 
wider at the tips than at the sides. The yellow spots are 
a little larger than those of ZH. fryanus, and larger abso- 
lutely than those of H. macrospilotus, but the latter being 
a rather smaller insect, the intervals between them are 
ereater. The anterior spots are also placed nearer the 
base than in the latter insect. The hind angles of the 
prothorax and the tibiae of the male are as in £. fryanus, 
but the last dorsal segment in that sex is less conspicuously 
bifid at the extremity. 


20 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Eumorphus helaeus, sp. n. 


Brunneo-niger, nitidus, singulo elytro bimaculato, maculis sat 
parvis, flavis, rotundatis, anteriori ad humeros haud attingenti; 
prothorace lato, lateribus valde bisinuatis, angulis posticis acutis; 
elytris convexis, laevibus, haud costatis aut perspicue punctatis, 
marginibus latissimis, apicibus acutis, haud productis; tibiis 4 
posterioribus arcuatis : 

dg, prothorace basi latissimo, angulis posticis acute productis et 
curvatis; elytris conjunctim circularibus; tibia antica ante apicem 
fortiter spinosa et emarginata, posterioribus 4 valde arcuatis et 
intus dense hirsutis. 

Long. 16 mm.; lat. max. 11°5 mm. 


Hab. SumMatRA: Merang (Doherty). 

This very distinct species is related to H. turritus Gerst., 
to which i¢ is similar in size and coloration, but the ground- 
colour is rather darker and scarcely at all metallic. The 
elytral margins are even wider than in that species and a 
little more curved upwards, the discoidal part is regularly 
convex, without median elevation or lateral costae, and the 
yellow spots are less raised. In the male the tibiae are 
stouter and their inner edge (in the front tibiae as well 
as the rest) is closely fringed with rather long hairs. The 
Spine upon the front tibia is stout, clothed with hair, 
placed nearer the extremity than in #. lurritus, and followed 
by a deep abrupt excision. 

Two males and three females were taken by Doherty. 


Eumorphus fraternus, sp. n. 


E. helaeo valde affinis sed paulo magis attenuatus, elytrorum 
marginibus postice productis, apicibus acuminatis, contiguis : 

3, elytris conjunctim ovalibus, lateraliter paulo minus. latis, 
tibiis omnibus ciliatis, antica torta atque fortiter spinosa. 

Long. 13-14°5 mm.; lat. max. 7-9 mm. 


Hab. Mauay Peninsuta: Perak (Doherty). 

Six specimens were contained, like those of the three 
preceding species, in the Fry Collection. 

E. fraternus closely resembles E. helaeus, but the elytral 
margin is a little narrower at the side and a little wider 
at the apex, with the extreme angles acutely produced 
and convergent. The front tibia of the male is a little 
less pubescent at the inner edge and the apical excision 


Classification of the Coleopterous fanuily Endomychidae. 21 


rather less narrow and deep. There is also a close affinity 
with HL. politus Gerst., but H. fraternus is a larger species 
with wider margins to the elytra, of which the apical angles 
are very sharp and convergent. The hind angles of the 
prothorax are less produced in the male, the front tibiae 
are not deeply grooved externally, as In that species, and 
the last ventral segment. is not acutely notched in the 
middle. . 


Genus STICTOMELA. 


This genus seems to be peculiar to Ceylon and its species 
have hitherto been found only by Mr. George Lewis. A 
third representative is “ Spathomeles”’ inflatus Gorh., 
which has the characteristic heavy build, narrow loosely- 
jointed antennal club and tumid shoulders of the other 
two. 


Genus AMPHIX. 


The types of Bates’ monograph of this genus are in the 
British Museum. A. gerstaeckert is not, as supposed by 
Cziki, a form of A. vestitus Panz., nor are circumcinctus 
and robustus of Bates varieties of A. discordeus F, 


Genus InDALMUS. 


The distribution of species between the two genera 
Ancylopus and Indalmus is quite unnatural. It seems to 
have been decided entirely by the appearance presented 
by the front coxae, which are said to be contiguous in 
Ancylopus and separated in Indalmus. In reality there 
is always a thin lamina between the coxae and this differs 
to a shght extent in its breadth, but the variation is so 
small that, in the absence of any other and sharper dis- 
tinctive character there seems no reason to make an 
arbitrary break in the series of stages which connect the 
two extremes. The mesosternum exhibits a variety of 
forms which are much more marked than those of the 
prosternum, but have no relation at all to the present 
erouping of the species. The typical species of Ancylopus 
(A. melanocephalus Oliv., of which A. bisignatus Gerst., is 
probably a colour-variety) quite obviously stands apart 
from the rest, which cannot at present be easily separated, 
although it may perhaps be found desirable in the future 
to devise additional genera. I therefore transfer to 


29, Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Indalmus the other forms at present placed in Ancylopus. 
A. melanocephalus has in the female a very remarkable 
transverse sulcus upon the pronotum and an oblique im- 
pression upon each elytron of which no trace is found in 
any other described species. In the male a small but 
important distinctive character which seems not to have 
been noticed exists in the antennae, the eighth joint of 
which is narrower than either of those adjoining it. 

Indalmus bivittatus Perch. (or the species to which it is 
agreed to apply that name) appears to inhabit a very 
large part of Africa, It is very variable in coloration and 
fae been many times described, the names wnicolor Gerst., 
fuscrpennis Gahan, and nigrofuscus Gorh., being synonyms 
of it. 

Fairmaire has described (Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1897, 
p. 203) as Indalmus biviltatus a species from Madagascar 
which is evidently distmet and which is omitted from the 
Catalogue. To avoid confusion this may be re-named 


Indalmus hova, nom. nov, 


Indalmus clavipes, sp. n. 


Fusco-castaneus, nitidus, elytris purpureo- vel cupreo-fuscis, singulo 
flavo-bimaculato, maculis transversis, paulo irregularibus, haud 
magnis; pronoto haud valde transverso, glabro, convexo, lateribus 
antice fortiter arcuatis, angulis prominentibus, postice fere rectis, 
angulis acutis, haud productis, sulcis basalibus profundis, fere ad 
medium attingentibus; elytris ovatis, sat brevibus, subtiliter punctu- 
latis, lateribus undique aequaliter arcuatis, distincte marginatis ; 
antennis gracilibus, articulis omnibus elongatis, tribus ultimis clavam 
angustam laxam, intus serratam formantibus, ultimo recte truncato : 

$, tibia antica intus apicem versus gradatim dilatata, clavata, 
apice paulo emarginato, intermedia apice intus incurvata, minute 
uncinata, posticae dimidio postico intus sat longe fulvo-hirto. 

Long. 6 mm.; lat. max. 3 mm. 


Hab. 8. Inpta: Nilgiri Hills, Karkur Ghat, 2,000 ft. 
(H. H. Andrewes, July). 

A good series of this isolated species was taken by Mr. 
Andrewes. It is easily recognisable by its glossy surface, 
short, ovate and rather metallic elytra with distinctly 
flattened margins, long slender antennae, terminating in a 
narrow loosely-jointed club of three sharply triangular 
joints, and by the peculiar structure of the tibiae in the 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 23 


males. The front tibia is without the usual sharp spine, 
which is replaced by a gradual thickening towards, but not 

uite extending to, the extremity, the middle tibia is in- 
curved at the end, where it bears a minute hooked process 
internally, and the hind tibia is sinuous and furnished 
with a conspicuous fringe of yellow hair upon the posterior 
half of its inner edge. 


LYCOPERDINELLA, gen. nov. 


Corpus modice elongatum, convexum, toto sericeum. Pronotum 
transversum, postice paulo contractum, antice membrana stridu- 
latoria instructum. Prosternum et mesosternum haud_ producti 
aut elevati. Coxae anticae contiguae. Femora omnia clavati. 
Antennarum articulus 2 nonnihil elongatus, 4 paulo brevior, 3 quam 
4 duplo longior, 5 ad 9 similes, moniliformes, 10 et 11 transversi, 
connati. Palpi omnes acuminati. Oculi magni, grosse granulati. 

dg, femoris postici margo posterior medio prominens, spinis 4 vel 
5 minutis equidistantibus armata tibiaque postica arcuata, intus 
ante apicem spina acuta instructa. 


Lycoperdinella morosa, sp. n. 


Fusco-rufa, undique griseo-pubescens, tarsis clavaque antennali 
flavidis; convexa, supra crebre et fortiter aequaliter punctata, 
pronoto brevi, medio convexo, subtiliter longitudinaliter sulcato, 
lateribus subparallelis, leviter bisinuatis, angulis anticis prominen- 
tibus, haud acutis, posticis brevissime acuminatis, foveis basalibus 
profundis, post medium productis, sulco basali recto, ad marginem 
valde approximato; elytris sat elongatis, fortiter haud seriatim 
punctatis, valde convexis, humeris prominentibus, lateribus deinde 
dilatatibus, pedibus modice robustis. 

Long. 4 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Ruopesta: Salisbury (G. A. Kh. Marshall, April), 
Namaila (H. Dollman, September). 

The Museum Collection contains a pair from each of 
the localities above named. 

It is an interesting form, intermediate between Indalmus 
and Lycoperdina, different as the typical forms of those 
genera are. In outline it is transitional between the 
oblong shape of the former and the short tapering Lycoper- 
dina type. The pronotum is strongly transverse but 
distinctly narrows behind. The antennal club is two- 
jointed, the last two joints being connate and_ slightly 


94 Mr. Gilbert J. Avrow’s Contribution to the 


transverse and the 9th joint not distinctly larger than 
the 8th. The 2nd joint is slightly elongate, the 4th a little 
shorter than the 2nd (as in Lycoperdina) and the 3rd about 
twice as long as the 4th. 

In size, colour and general appearance there is a strong 

resemblance to Lycoperdina sericea, but the colour is 
generally more uniformly reddish (im one specimen the 
median dorsal part is nearly black). The tarsi and the 
club of the antenna alone are pale. The pronotum is 
shorter and the elytra are longer than in Lycoperdina, and 
the latter are rather parallel- -sided, not perceptibly dilating 
behind the shoulders. The entire upper surface is closely 
and rather strongly punctured and clothed with decumbent 
erey hairs. 
_ The curved hind tibia of the male bears a minute spine 
just before the extremity, and the hind femur in that sex 
is provided with a comb-hke series of still more minute 
teeth unlike anything else known in the family. 


Genus DryapIvTes. 

Myceltina erubescens Gorh., is a species of Dryadites, a 
genus very different from Mycelina. There is nothing in 
the description by which the insect can be distinguished 
from D. borneensis Friv. 

The following species also belong to the genus. 


Dryadites latipennis, sp. n. 


Niger, nitidus, pronoto rubro, linea mediana nigra, elytrisque 
rufis, nigrocinctis, margine nigro antice et postice paulo latiori; 
late ovatus, prothorace lato, lateribus regulariter arcuatis, angulis 
anticis sat remotis; elytris brevibus, conjunctim vix longioribus 
quam latioribus, fere circularibus, lateribus late explanatis, fortiter 
arcuatis; antennis sat gracilibus, clava minuta, articulo 9° triangu- 
Jari, haud lato, 10° et 11° brevissimis, connatis, 11° quam 10° multo 
angustiori. 

Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. 


Hab. W. Sarawak: Mt. Matang, 2,000 ft. (@. EH. Bryant, 
Jan., Feb.). 

This i is Closely similar to D. borneensis Friv., which Mr. 
Bryant also rediscovered in its ori ginal habitat, Mt. Mataneg, 
but the red patches cover the eveater part of the surface 
of the elytra, whose outline they follow instead of being 


Classification of the Coleoplerous fanuly Endomychidae. 25 


pointed behind as in D. borneensis. The insect 1s much 
broader and more hemispherical, and the elytra have rather 
wide flattened margins. The club of the antenna is much 
smaller, its first and last joints being much narrower than 
the middle one, the first triangular and the other two very 
short and closely articulated. 


Dryadites purpureus, sp. n. 


Niger, elytris purpureis, pronoti lateribus elytrorumque macula 
subrotunda post medium posita sanguineis ; ovalis, convexus, nitidus, 
pronoto parum lato, lateribus haud regulariter arcuatis, marginibus 
haud excavatis, angulis anticis vix productis aut acutis; elytris 
sat latis, lateribus modice explanatis; antennis haud longis, clava 
oblonga, sat angusta, articulis connatis. 

Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 3°5 mm. 


Hab. W. Sarawak, Borneo: Quop (G. LH. Bryant, 
March). 

Only a single specimen was found. 

The elytra are of a deep purple colour, and each has a 
deep blood-red patch behind the middle. The pronotum is 
relatively narrower than in D. borneensis and D, latipennis, 
its sides are not hollowed as in those species nor its lateral 
margins evenly rounded, and the front angles are blunter, 
The antennae are rather shorter, the club narrow, closely 
articulated and parallel-sided and the third joint relatively 
less elongate. 


Genus Mycrrtina. 


Mycetina candens Gorh., is obviously synonymous with 
M. castanea Gerst. Although he has omitted to mention 
the fact, Gorham’s type is a male, of which sex Gerstaecker 

carefully detailed the well-marked characteristics, making 
the former’s error more surprising. 

There appears to be a tendency in this genus, contrary 
to that generally observed in beetles, for the male to be 
of slightly larger size than the female. 

It is difficult to understand why Lycoperdina testacea 
Ziegl., was placed by Leconte and Gerstaecker in this 
senus, from which it differs widely, as its very loosely- 
jointed antennal club indicates. The absence of a stridu- 
latory flange to the pronotum excludes it from the present 
group, and I refer it to the genus Danae. 


26 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Mycetina tetrasticta, sp. n. 


Nigra, nitida, corpore subtus fusco-rnfo, elytris utrinque macula 
pallide flava paulo pone humerum vix ad marginem lateralem attin- 
genti aliaque minori transversa ante apicem ornatis; oblongo- 
ovata, sat lata, parum convexa; prothoracis disco subtiliter parce 
punctato, lateribus sat grosse et crebre punctatis et minute setosis, 
marginibus antice rotundatis, postice rectis et parallelis, basi pro- 
funde sulcato; elytris brevibus, distincte punctatis, marginibus 
externis paulo deplanatis, apicibus rotundatis; antennis haud 
longis, articulis 1, 3, 4 et 5 paulo elongatis, tribus ultimis trans- 
versis, clavam bene definitam formantibus, articulo ultimo brevissimo. 

Long. 4 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab, Assam: Patkai Hills (W. Doherty). 

There are two specimens, probably females, in the 
British Museum. 

The species shows a nearer relationship to the European 
and North American forms than to any other yet known 
from the Oriental region. It has the characteristic four 
spots upon the elytra, but these are of a very pale yellow 
colour and the whole remaining upper surface is black, 
slightly tinged with red upon the head and the front angles 
of the pronotum. It is rather broad in form, with the 
sides of the pronotum roughly punctured, the margins 
straight and parallel behind, the elytra rather strongly 
punctured, their outer edges a little flattened, their apices 
rounded and not angulate and the antennae compact, 
with a well-defined, rather oblong club. 


Mycetina corallina, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 8.) 


Laete rufa, antennis nigris, articulo basali flavo excepto, valde 
nitida, dorso minutissime et parcissime, capite, pronoti lateribus, 
pedibus corporeque subtus densius albo-setosis; elongata, convexa, 
pronoto haud lato, lateribus antice leviter arcuatis, postice rectis, 
paulo contractis, basi profunde sulcato, foveis lateralibus fere ad 
medium attingentibus, elytris basi sat angustis, post medium 
ampliatis, minute sed distincte punctatis; antennis longis sed haud 
laxe articulatis, articulo tertio elongato, deinde ad apicem gradatim 
dilatatis, clava indefinita, articulo ultimo rhomboidali, vix elongato. 

Long. 4 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. Mauay PrentnsutA: Penang (G. £. Bryant, Oct, 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae, 27 


and Nov.), Singapore, Bukit Timah (Bryant, May); Bornro, 
Sarawak : Lundu (Bryant, Jan.). 

A considerable series was found by Mr. Bryant at Penang. 
where the species was also taken by Lamb many years 
ago, 

“The shape is pecuhar. Excluding M. testacea, which 
does not belong to the genus, it is the most elongate species 
known to me. Its widest part is considerably “behind the 
middle of the elytra and the pronotum at its widest part 
is narrower than the elytra at the shoulders. It is very 
smooth and shining above, except at the sides of the 
pronotum, which are rugulose and thinly clothed with very 
minute grey setae, the entire upper surface bearing similar 
but scattered and extremely minute setae, and the head, 
legs and lower surface rather closely clothed with very 
short hair, The antennae are rather long but closely 
articulated and widening gradually from the third joint, 
the three joints forming the club being little differentiated 
from the rest. 

The female is almost similar to the male, but the antennae 
are a little shorter and all the tibiae rather more slender. 


Mycetina lurida, sp. n. (Plate I, fig. 7.) 


Castanea, elytris leviter rufescentibus, pronoti lateribus elytro- 
rumque humeris pallidioribus, antennis nigris, articulis tribus 
basalibus et ultimo rufis; convexa, parum elongata, pronoto haud 
lato, lateribus valde bisinuatis, angulis posticis divergentibus, 
foveis basalibus profundis, ad pronoti medium attingentibus; 
elytris late ovalibus, lateribus explanatis, recurvatis; antennis 
gracilibus, clava 3-articulata, haud lata : 

6, pedibus longis et validis, antennisque gracilioribus, abdominis 
subtus segmento 5° valde transversim cristato. 

Long. 3°5-4 mm.; lat. max. 2°5-3 mm. 


Hab. Borneo, W. Sarawak: Mt. Matang (G. E. Bryant, 
Dec. Feb:). 

Mr. Bryant found one specimen of each sex. 

This species is very similar to M. brevcollis Gorh., and 
identical in coloration, except that three, instead of only 
two, basal joints of the antenna are red. Those organs, 
however, are not stout and compact, but slender and loosely- 
jointed, ‘with a club composed of three joints only. The 
sides of the prothorax are strongly rounded in front and 


28 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


gently sinnuated behind, with the hind angles a little diver- 
gent. The lateral foveae are deep and fully half as long 

as the prothorax. The elytra have broad recurved lateral 
margins. 

M. lurida is chiefly notable for its strongly-marked male 
features. The legs in that sex are very long’ and stout, 
the middle and hind femora thickened and a little curved, 
the antennae loosely-jomted and slender, and the fifth 
ventral segment bears a strongly elevated transverse crest: 
or carina, “produced at each end and curved inwards and 
backwards. 


Mycetina globosa,sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 9.) 


Testacea, corpore supra laete purpurascenti, pronoti lateribus 
elytrorumque humeris pallidioribus, antennis nigris, articulis tribus 
basalibus et ultimo rufis; brevis, globosa, pronoti lateribus antice 
arcuatis, postice rectis, parallelis, foveis lateralibus brevibus, ad 
medium haud attingentibus; elytris convexissimis, bene punctatis, 
humeris prominentibus, lateribus anguste marginatis; antennis 
haud gracilibus, clava triarticulata, compacta, sat lata. 

Long. 3°5 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. W. Sarawak, Borneo: Mt. Matang (@. #. Bryant, 
Dee., Jan:). 

This little species is easily recognisable by its very 
short, globular shape and the beautiful metallic purple 
colour of the upper surface. The coloration is similar to 
that of WM. lurida, but the purple hue is much more intense, 
and the antennae, although coloured in the same way, 
with the terminal joint pale, are much shorter and more 
compact. 


Mycetina soror, sp. n 


Flavo-rufa, nitida, elytris saturate cyaneis, metallicis, sat fortiter 
et crebre punctatis, singulo pustula flava rotundata ante medium 
ornato; M. doriae similissima, sed elytris cyaneis, profunde sat 
crebre punctatis, antennisque paulo latioribus. 

Long. 3°5-4°5 mm.; lat. max. 2°5-3 mm. 


Hab. Mauay PENtNsuLA: Penang. 

A female specimen in the British Museum was taken 
by: Lamb many years ago, and a second was found by 
Mr. Bryant in October 1913. 


Classification of the Coleopterous fanily Endomychidae. 29 


The species is exceedingly lke M. dortae Gorh., from 
which it differs by its deep blue elytra, which are also more 
strongly and closely punctured, and its rather broader 
antennae. 

The male of M, doriae, of which both sexes were also 
found by Mr. Bryant at Mt. Matang, Sarawak, has an 
excision of the inner edge of the middle tibia just before 
the end, as well as that of the front tibia mentioned by 
Gorham. 


Mycetina pulchella, sp. n 


Flavo-rufa, pedibus antennarumque articulis duobus basalibus 
inclusis, harum reliquis nigris, elytris violaceis; lata, nitida, pronoto 
brevi, lateribus antice fortiter arcuatis, postice rectis, fere parallelis ; 
elytris parum elongatis, valde convexis, minute sat fortiter punc- 
tatis; tibiis paulo clavatis, basaliter leviter arcuatis, antennis sat 
robustis, articulis 3°-5° paulo elongatis, 10° et 11° latis, transversis : 

G» antennis gracilioribus, tibiis posticis longioribus, intus a medio 
subito dilatatis, elytris extus paulo explanatis. 

Long. 3°5-4°5 mm.; lat. max. 2°5-3 mm. 


Hab. Matay Prntnsuta: Penang (Lamb), Perak 
(Doherty). 

Bright orange-red, with the elytra violet (sometimes 
vaguely orange- tinged at the extreme apex) and the 
antennae black, except the two basal joints. It is broadly 
oval in shape, with the pronotum shorter than in M. doriae 
and M. soror and not perceptibly contracted behind, and the 
elytra short ee not hemispherical as in M. cyanipenns. 
The antennae are rather less compact than in those species. 
In the male fie? antennae are less robust, the hind tibiae 
are distorted, and the elytra are more distinctly margined 
laterally. 


Mycetina luzonica, sp. n 


Fusco-castanea, humeris pronotique lateribus vix pallidioribus, 
antennis nigris, articulis tribus basalibus apiceque extremo rufe- 
scentibus; late ovata, compacta, convexa, nitida, pronoto brevi, 
- lato, vix perspicue punctato, lateribus antice leviter arcuatis, angulis 
haud acutis, postice rectis, parallelis, angulis quadratis, sulco basali 
ad marginem posticam valde approximato, foveis basalibus haud 
ad medium attingentibus; elytris brevibus, minute punctatis, 


30 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


humeris prominentibus, lateribus paulo explanatis; antennis com- 
pactis, articulis tribus ultimis latis, transversis, apice truncato. 
Long. 3°5-4 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. Putiirrine Is., Luzon: Mt. Makiling (C. F. Baker). 

This is a very rotund and compactly-formed species of a 
nearly uniform reddish-brown colour, but with the last 
8 joints of the antennae black, except the extreme apex. 
The antennae are very broad and closely jointed, with the 
last three joints strongly transverse. It is rather more 
rotund than M. brevicollis Gorh., and almost as much so 
as M. globosa Arr., to which it has perhaps the closest 
resemblance. The puncturation is finer than in either of 
those, and the colour is almost uniformly brown, with no 
trace of metallic lustre (in the dead specimens at least). 
The joints of the antennae also are rather shorter and 
closer and the terminal one is only pale at its extremity. 


Mycetina felix, sp. n. 


Laete flavo-rufa, pedibus antennarumque articulis duobus 
basalibus inclusis, harum reliquis nigris, elytris violaceis, apicibus 
flavis; breviter ovata, nitida, pronoto brevi, lateribus antice fortiter 
arcuatis, postice rectis, parallelis; elytris minute sat fortiter punc- 
tatis, brevibus, valde convexis; pedibus antennisque sat longis. 

Long. 3°5-4°5 mm.; lat. max. 2°5-3 mm. 


Hab. JAVA 

Three specimens in the British Museum originally 
formed part of the Bowring Collection. 

The species closely resembles M. pulchella, the size, 
shape and coloration being the same, except that the 
apices of the elytra have a sharply-lmited yellow patch. 
The male has the legs quite simple but stouter than those 
of the female. As in Mycetina pulchella, it is larger than 
the female, relatively a little more elongate, cae wider 
margins to the elytra and more dilated antennae, of which 
all three club- -joints, as well as the two joints preceding 
them, are distinctly transverse. In the female only the 
last two are distinctly transverse, the fifth to the ‘ninth 
being about as long as thev are broad. 


Mycetina cyanipennis, sp. n. 


Laete flavo-rufa, pedibus anténnarumque articulis duobus 
basalibus inclusis, illarum reliquis nigris, elytris cyaneis, metallicis ; 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 31 


nitida, brevis, pronoto lato, lateribus antice leviter arcuatis, postice 
rectis, fere parallelis; elytris subglobosis, valde convexis, minute 
sed fortiter punctatis ; tibiis omnibus paulo clavatis, basaliter leviter 
arcuatis; antennis robustis, articulis 3°-5° paulo elongatis, duobus 
ultimis latis, transversis. 

Long. 3-4 mm.; lat. max. 2°5-2°75 mm. 


Hab. Matay PEentnsuta: Perak (Doherty), Penang (Oct. 
and Nov., G. #. Bryant). 

This little insect is shorter and more globular than any 
other species of the genus known to me. It closely 
resembles M. pulchella, but the elytra are more hemi- 
spherical in shape and blue instead of violet in colour, 
with narrowly reflexed margins. The legs are moderately 
slender and the tibiae narrow and a little curved in the 
anterior half, broader towards the end. The antennae are 
stout and compact, gradually dilating towards the club, 
which is broad, with the last two joints transverse. 

I have evamined a series of thirteen specimens, which 
are practically identical, except that one, which I believe 
to be the male, is rather larger, with stouter legs and more 
dilated antennae. 


Mycetina pusilla, sp. n. 


Rufo-testacea, pedibus flavis, pronoti lateribus et elytrorum 
apicibus vage pallidioribus, antennisque nigris, articulis duobus 
basalibus exceptis; minor, ovata, convexa, nitida, pronoti lateribus 
antice valde arcuatis, postice fere rectis, paulo contractis; elytris 
sat brevibus, ovatis, convexis, parce leviter punctatis; pedibus 
antennisque sat gracilibus, harum articulo ultimo ad duos pre- 
cedentes magnitudine fere aequali. 

Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max. 1°5 mm. 


Hab, TENASSERIM: Tavoy (Doherty). 

This closely resembles M. pallida and is exactly the 
same in colour, but it is a little smaller and more 
gracefully shaped, the pronotum being relatively a little 
longer, the sides more strongly rounded in front and more 
contracted behind, the elytra shorter, more convex and 
more oval in outline and a little less strongly punctured. 
The antennae are more slender, with the joints not closely 
articulated, the club not much dilated, but the terminal 
joint considerably larger than the rest. 


512 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Mycetina pallida, sp. n. 


rufo-testacea, pedibus flavis, pronoti lateribus elytrorumque 
apicibus vage’ pallidioribus, antennis, articulis duobus basalibus 
exceptis, nigris; late ovata, nitida, modice convexa, pronoto brevi, 
lato, lateribus antice arcuatis, postice rectis, parallelis, basi recto, 
sulco basali: ad marginem valde approximato;  elytris. parum 
elongatis, ininute sat distincte punctatis, lateraliter explanatis; 
antennis compactis, clava sat lata, haud definita. 
_ Lotig. 3 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Tenasserio : Tavoy (Doherty). 

MM. pallida closely resembles MM. montivaga Cziki, but 1s 
ees shorter and broader in shape, with the legs entirely 
pale and the aritennae less slender and more compact: 
The joints of the latter increase so gradually that there is 
no perceptible division between the club and footstalk, 
but four or five joints are dilated. The species is also 
exceedingly like M. nebulosa, but the antennae are rather 
less wide, only two, instead of three, basal jomts are red 
and the basal groove of the pronotum is closer to the hind 
marein, 


Mycetina cinetipennis, sp. n. 


Laete flava, pronoti medio rufescenti elytroramque medio toto 
nigro, antennis nigris, articulis duobus vel tribus basalibus rufis; 
late ovata, nitida, modice convexa, pronoto brevi, lato, lateribus 
antice arcuatis, postice fere rectis, paulo divergentibus, basi recto, 
sulco basali ad marginem valde approximato; elytris paulo elon- 
gatis, minute sed distincte punctatis, lateraliter leviter explanatis, 
antennis compactis, clava sat lata, haud definita. 

Long. 3 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Mautay Prentnsuta: Perak (W. Doherty), Penang 
(G. HL. Bryant, Oct.), Singapore (C. F. Baker); SuMATRA: 
Merang (Doherty). 

I have seen a single specimen from each of the above 
localities. 

The sharply contrasted red and black colouring of this 
little species is very distinctive. In other respects it is 
very Closely related to M. pallida, but a little shorter and 
broader in shape, with the elytra rather more convex. 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Eindomychidae. 33 


Mycetina nebulosa, sp. n. 


Rufo-testacea, pedibus, pronoti lateribus elytrorumque humeris 
et apicibus vage pallidioribus, pronoti basi elytrorumque disco plus 
minusve infuscatis, antennis nigris, articulis 3 basalibus rufis; late 
ovata, nitida, modice convexa, pronoto brevi, lato, subtilissime 
punctato, foveis basalibus profundis, rectis, ad medium attingentibus, 
lateribus antice arcuatis, postice fere rectis et parallelis, basi leviter 
arcuato, sulco basali ad marginem posticam haud valde approxi- 
mato; elytris sat brevibus, minute sed distincte punctatis, latera- 
liter paulo explanatis ; antennis compactis, clava lata. 

Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max. 1°75 mm. 


Hab. Siam: Renong (W. Doherty); TeENASsERIM : Tavoy 
(Doherty). 

There is a close resemblance to Mycelina cinclipennis and 
M. pallida, but the elytra are only vaguely clouded instead 
of having the whole central part black as in the former. 
The pronotum is rather narrower relatively than in either 
of those species, especially at the shoulders, and is a little 
produced backwards at the base, so that the basal sulcus 
is a little farther from the hind margin, which has a more 
rounded outline. The elytra are rather shorter and more 
broadly rounded behind, and the antennae are shorter, 
broader and more compact, with the three basal joints red. 


Genus PSEUDINDALMUS. 


Pseudindalmus andamanicus, sp. n. 


Rufo-ferrugineus, pronoto postice infuscato elytrisque nigris, 
singulo pallide bimaculato, maculis magnis subquadratis, anteriora 
ad margines basalem et exteriorem attingenti; oblongus, parum con- 
vexus, nitidus, pronoto subtiliter punctato, lateribus anguste mar- 
ginatis, antice leviter arcuatis, angulis subacutis, postice parallelis, 
angulis rectis, basi sat late marginato; elytris undique fortiter 
punctatis, lateribus leviter arcuatis, anguste reflexis : 

gj, antennarum articulo 9° valde inflato, tibia antica paulo pone 
basin obtuse dentata. 

Long. 6 mm.; lat. max. 3 mm. 


Hab. ANDAMAN Is. (Roepstorff). 

A series of specimens was collected by the late Consul 
Roepstorff. The colour of the elytral spots varies from 
bright yellow to blood-red, but some of the specimens are 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, Il. (JULY) D 


34 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


immature. The four spots are large and irregularly 
quadrate, the anterior one reaching the front and outer 
margins at the shoulder, the posterior one equidistant from 
inner and outer margin. The antennae, legs, the front 
and sides of the pronotum and the lower surface of the 
body are also pale. The surface is entirely smooth and 
shining, the pronotum minutely and the elytra strongly 
punctured, It is of oblong shape and not very convex. 
The sides of the pronotum are nearly straight and parallel 
behind, the margins rather thickened, the elytra gently 
dilating from the shoulders and their lateral margins 
narrowly reflexed. The antennae are stout and compact 
and in the male the ninth joimt is much larger than the 
two last joints combined. The front tibia m the same 
sex has a slight tooth near the base. 


Pseudindalmus borneensis, sp. n. 


Niger, capite, prothorace pedibusque fusco-rufis, utroque elytro 
bimaculato, maculis sanguineis, subrotundatis; oblongus, nitidus, 
supra subtilissime punctatus, oculis magnis; pronoti lateribus 
antice fortiter arcuatis, angulis obtusis, postice laevissime sinuatis, 
angulis acutiusculis, marginibus lateralibus paulo incrassatis, antice 
decrescentibus, basi late marginato; elytris quam pronoto parum 
latioribus, marginibus externis anguste reflexis : 

6, antennarum articulo 9° quam 10° paulo majori. 

Long. 5mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. Brir. N. Borneo: Sandakan. 

A single specimen of this species, taken by Prof. C. F. 
Baker, has been kindly presented by him to the British 
Museum Collection. 

It is rather smaller than either of the species already 
described and more glossy, the elytra especially bemg much 
more finely punctured. The four red elytral spots are 
moderately large and of rather rounded form and the 
anterior ones do not reach the shoulders. The head and 
legs are deep red in the type specimen, and the pronotum 
is ‘bright red in front, but becomes gradually darker towards 
the Bane. The eyes are large and the interval between 
them is distinctly less than their combined diameters. 
The front angles of the pronotum are blunt, the lateral 
margins are moderately thickened but gradually diminish 
towards the front angles, and the basal margin is broad, 
The elytra are less broadly rounded at the sides than in 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 35 


P. tonkinensis Arrow (recently described in Ann. Mag. 
Nat. Hist.), with less conspicuously flattened margins. 

In the male the 9th joint of the antenna is larger than 
the 10th, but scarcely as large as the 11th. 


Genus DANAE. 


The genera Danae and Saula consist of very numerous 
and extremely similar minute species, which have so far 
received no careful study. In his monograph Gerstaecker 
described two species belonging to the first genus under 
the name of Oediarthrus, and stated that the enlargement 
of the 9th joint of the antenna was common to both sexes. 
This is a mistake which has led astray those who have 
followed him and has not been corrected in the recent 
catalogue. Weise has recognised the sexual character of 
the remarkable antennal structure, but has added to the 

existing difficulties by giving new names to female speci- 

mens. The 9th antennal joint is found in all degrees of 
development in the males of different species and is of 
normal form in the females, so that it is useless as a generic 
character, and the many species I have been able to bring 
together show that nothing remains by which it is possible 
to separate generically Danae, Oediarthrus, Rhabduchus 
and Coniopoda. All these are distinguished from Saula 
by the broadly margined prothorax and transversely 
elliptical scutellum. The genus Heliobletus, which Cziki 
has amalgamated with Saula, is intermediate between 
the latter and Danae, being (like Saula) without a wide 
prothoracic margin but, like Danae, having the scutellum 
transverse and reunideds while the antennae have also the 
9th joint enlarged in the male, which has not hitherto 
been known. 

In addition to this curious feature of the male antenna 
in these two genera, striking differences may also be found 
in the legs in ‘the same sex and these afford the best means 
of distinguishing the species. The females, on the other 
hand, are so much alike that unless they can be associated 
without doubt with the other sex they are best left alone. 

As already mentioned, I refer to Danae the North 
American “ Mycetina”’ testacea Ziegl., which is not very 
remote from the Japanese D. orientalis Gorh. In these 
species external sexual differences are practically absent. 

Danae rufula Reiche, venustula Gestro, abdominalis and 


36 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


similis Weise and Heliobletus servilis Gorham, have all 
unfortunately been described from female types, and it 
may never be possible to establish with certainty the 
essential diagnostic characters of their species. The types 
of the first and last are in the British Museum. 

Besides the curious differences in the antennae and legs, 
the males of Danae. are generally more elongated than ihe 
females, owing to the enlargement of the metasternum and 
Ist abdominal seoment and the consequent lengthening 
of the elytra. The hind legs are generally longer, placed. 
farther back and frequently toothed at the inner ‘edge of 
the femur or tibia. 

Dr. Marshall found these insects at the roots of grass in 
damp places. 

In a male specimen which I believe to agree with the 
female type in our collection of Danae rufula Reiche, the 
middle and hind tibiae are curved as in Danae natalensis 
Gerst., and the club of the antenna alone is black, but it 1s a 
rather larger species and more shining, the punctures upon 
the pronotum especially being fairly close but less coarse. 
The pronotum is also relatively wider, with more dilated 
margins. The supposed difference between Danae rufula 

Reiche and D. bulbifera Weise, described by Weise (viz. the 
marginal sulcus not diverging to the hind angle in the 
former r) has no real existence but, from the size, Danae 
bulbifera is perhaps more likely to be Danae natalensis. 
Gerstaecker’s figure of the latter, upon which Weise relied, 
is worthless and does not correspond with the description. 

No species known to me has the 9th joint of the antenna 
shaped quite as represented in Danae pulchella Gestro, 
and Danae senegalensis Gerstaecker, 1s probably also 
different from any species in our collection. 


Danae armata, sp. n. 


Rufo-ferruginea, antennis (articulis basalibus exceptis) nigris; 
modice elongata, nitida, ubique flavo-pubescens; pronoto modice 
lato, subtilissime parce punctulato, lateribus laevissime bisinuatis, 
angulis posticis subacutis, marginibus parum Jatis, postice leviter 
arcuatim haud angulariter angustatis; elytris paulo  fortius 
punctatis : 

g, antennis haud longis, articulis 4°-8° moniliformibus, subaequali- 
bus, 9° inflato, ovato, apice truncato, subtus basi profunde excavato, 
10° transverso, intus acute producto, 11° breviter ovali; femoribus 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 37 


posticis fortiter curvatis, postice excavatis, medio leviter laminatis, 
tibiis omnibus apice paulo dilatatis, rectis, postica intus pone basin 
fortiter retrorsum dentata. 

Long. 4 mm, 


Hab. Nyasatanp: Mlanje (S. A. Neave, Nov.); 
N. Nigeria: Zungeru (J. W. Scott-Macfie, Nov.). 

A single male from Nigeria appears to agree in ai respects 
with a male and three females from Nyasaland, 

The male of this species is easily recognised by the very 
peculiar structure of the hind legs (see page 41, fig. 3). 
The tibia bears a large and very prominent tooth ‘placed a 
little beyond the base at the inner edge, in the form of a 
flattened plate, a little hollowed on its upper side, bluntly 
pointed and directed obliquely backwards, and the femur 
is curved, hollowed out behind, and has a broad rounded 
lobe or lamina at the middle of the upper edge of the 
excavation. All the tibiae are slender at the base and 
shehtly thickened towards the extremity. 

The inflated 9th joint of the antenna is very deeply 
scooped out beneath just beyond the base. The upper 
surface is shining, the pronotum rather flat and very 
lightly punctured, the sides very feebly excised behind, 
the hind angles scarcely produced and the elevated lateral 
mareins not angularly narrowed behind but the inner 
edge very shehtly curved towards the hind anele. 


Danae tibialis, sp. n. 


Rufo-ferruginea, antennis pedibusque (tarsis exceptis) nigris, 
nitida, ubique fulvo-pubescens, pronoto lato, parum convexo, 
lateribus postice fere rectis, angulis posticis vix acutis, marginibus 
elevatis, postice haud angulatim angustatis : 

3, corpore elongato, antennis robustis, articulis 2-8 moniliformi- 
bus, 9° valde inflato, pyriformi, longitudine ad latitudinem fere 
aequali, subtus leviter excavato, 10° transverso, 11° breviter ovali; 
pedibus gracilibus, tibiis rectis, tibiis posticis pone basin obtuse 
dentato, femoribusque posticis tenuis et curvatis. 

Long. 4 mm. 


Hab. Nyasatanp; Mlanje (S. A. Neave, 11-12 Nov., 
1912). 

A single male specimen. 

This has a very close resemblance to D. femoralis in which 
also the antennae, femora and tibiae are black, but the 


38 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


hind femora of the male are much more slender and not 
toothed and the tibia instead bears an obtuse tooth beyond 
the base (see page 41, fig. 5). The 9th jomt of the 
antenna in that sex is still more dilated, its diameter at 
the distal end, where it is widest, being about equal to its 
length. The shape of the thorax is practically the same, 
but it is a little more strongly punctured. 


Danae dentipes, sp. n. 


Rufo-testacea, antennis rufis, clava nigra, corpore elongato supra 
modice punctato, nitido, breviter pallide-pubescente, pronoto lato, 
lateribus postice fere rectis, angulis posticis vix acutis, marginibus 
elevatis haud latis, postice vix perspicue angustatis : 

gd, antennarum articulis 2°-8° moniliformibus, 9° inflato, pyri- 
formi, 10° brevi, intus producto, 11° breviter ovali, tibiis fere rectis, 
anterioribus 4 apices versus paulo Jatioribus, posticis gracilioribus, 
ante medium minute sed acute dentatis. 

Long. 3°5 mm. 


Hab. Ruopesta: Salisbury (G@. A. K. Marshall, May). 

One specimen of each sex. 

It is a rather pale species, with the antennae red and the 
last three joints only black. It is rather shining and very 
finely pubescent, but with well-marked puncturation above. 

The sides of the prothorax are not at all sinuated behind 
and the hind angles are almost right angles. In the male 
the tibiae are straight, but the hind legs are elongate, the 
femora a little arched and the tibiae slender, with a small 
but sharp tooth before the middle of the inner edge, pointing 
backward (see page 41, fig. 2). 


Danae femoralis, sp. n. 


Rufo-ferruginea, antennis (sed articulis 2 basalibus fuscis) pedi- 
busque intermediis et posticis (tarsis exceptis) nigris, minute 
punctata, nitida, ubique breviter fulvo-pubescens; pronoto lato, 
parum convexo, lateribus postice fere rectis, angulis posticis acute 
productis, marginibus elevatis, modice latis, postice leviter arcuatim, 
haud angulariter, angustatis : 

g, corpore elongato, antennis compactis, articulis 2-8 monili- 
formibus, 9 inflato, pyriformi, subtus paulo excavato, 10 brevi, 11 
breviter ovali; pedibus sat tenuibus, tibiis intermediis et posticis 
femoribusque intermediis leviter arcuatis, femoribus posticis medio 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae, 39 


fortiter sed obtuse dentatis, basi valde attenuatis ; sezgmento ventrali 


primo medio laminato-producto, 
Long. 3°3-4:3 mm. 


Hab. NyAsaLanp : Mlanje (S. A. Neave, Nov.); UGANDA: 
Kakindu 3,400 ft., Mpanga Forest, 4,800 ft. (S. A. Neave, 
Aug. and Noy.). 

This differs from all other species known to me by the 
black colour of the legs as well as the antennae. The 
pronotum is rather short, with the sides nearly straight 
behind and the marginal groove greatly curved and Aa 
abruptly bent towards the hind angle. The male has the 
elytra elongate, the 9th joint of the antenna swollen, pear- 
shaped and a little hollowed beneath, the middle and hind 
femora and tibiae gently curved, the hind femur bearing 
a strong but broad tooth behind (see page 41, fig. 4) 
and the first. ventral segment very long and produced 
backwards in the middle. 


Danae curvipes, sp. n 


Rufo-ferruginea, antennis nigris, articulis 2 basalibus exceptis; 
elongata, nitida, subtiliter parce punctulata, parum breviter pallide 
pubescens; pronoto lato, lateribus postice fere rectis, angulis vix 
acutis, marginibus haud latis, postice vix angustatis : 

3, antennarum articulis 2°-8° moniliformibus, subaequalibus, 9° 
inflato, breviter globoso, transverso, 10° brevi, intus producto, 
11° ovali, acuminato; pedibus 4 anterioribus sat brevibus, tibiis 
versus apices paulo latioribus, mediis leviter curvatis, pedibus 
posticis longis, femoribus curvatis, tibiis postice valde curvatis, 
pone basin fortiter haud acute dentatis. 

Long. 4 mm. 


Hab. NYASALAND: Mlanje (S. A. Neave, Dec.). 

Only a single specimen of this has been found. It is of 
very elongate form, but with a short transverse prothorax, 
whose sides are nearly straight behind and the hind angles 
nearly right angles. The “puncturation is very minute 
and scanty but the pubescence fairly thick. The male 
characters are again very distinctive. The swollen 9th 
joint of the antenna is very short and transversely globular 
and the hind legs are long, with the femur slightly arched 
and the tibia slender throughout, strongly curved in its 
posterior half and armed internally a little behind the 
base with a conspicuous blunt tooth (see page 41, fig. 6). 


40 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Danae cavicollis, sp. n. 


Rufo-ferruginea, antennarum articulis ultimis 6 vel 8 fuscis (apice 
extremo autem rufo); sat late ovali, nitida, ubique haud dense 
pallide pubescens; pronoto lato, profunde haud dense aut grosse 
punctato, angulis posticis fere rectis, marginibus sat latis, postice 
paulo angustatis, sulco basali profundo, utrinque fortiter contracto 
et excavato : 

3, pedibus haud longis, muticis, antennis robustis, articulo 9° 
inflato, truncato, 10° brevissimo, lato, 11° ovali. 

Long. 3-3°5 mm. 


Hab. Natau: Malvern (June); Ruopesta: Salisbury 
(Oct., Nov.). Series representing both sexes were taken 
and presented by Dr. G. A. K. Marshall. 

It is a rather broadly. oval species, uniformly coloured 
except for the last 6 or 8 jomts of the antenna, which 
are dark (but not black) with the extreme tip reddish. 
It is very convex and shining, with fine but deep and 
distinct punctures. The sides of the pronotum are rounded 
and not distinctly bisinuated, the margins rather broad 
and only slightly narrowed behind. The base is very 
deeply suleate and the borders of the sulcus both in front 
and behind become sharp and overhanging on each side, 
forming narrow-mouthed but very deep cavities, which 
extend into the angles formed by the base and the lateral 
margins of the pronotum. The elytra in both sexes are 
rather short, very convex and stronely rounded at the 
sides. 


Danae longicornis, sp. n. 


Rufo-ferruginea, antennarum articulis tribus ultimis nigris; 
elongata, pedibus antennisque gracilibus, nitida, ubique flavo- 
pubescens, pronoto modice lato, subtilissime sat crebre punctulato, 
lateribus laevissime bisinuatis, marginibus parum latis, postice 
vix angustatis; elytris paulo fortius punctulatis : 

3g, antennis longis, articulis 1°-8° elongatis, 9° leviter inflato, 
10° paulo minore, transverso, 11° ovali, pedibus longis, muticis, 
tibiis rectis. 

Long. 3°5-4 mm. 


Hab. Nata: Durban. 
Tt is an elongate species, with straight slender legs (see 
page 41, fig. 1) and long antennae in both sexes and 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 41 


distinguished from all others by the very fine close punctur- 
ation of the pronotum. The elevated margin of the latter 
is parallel-sided and not very broad, and the hind angles 
are very slightly acute. The legs and antennae (except 
the last 3 joints of the latter) are ferrugineous in colour 
like the rest of the insect. Danae similis Weise (also from 
Natal) has the same colouring, but the joints comprising 
the footstalk of the antenna are described as transverse. 
From this and the enlarged 9th joint it appears probable 
that the specimen described is a male, and not a female 
as stated. 


Tianhe be 4s 7 
2) 
—— en 


wy, 
ee, 
steely CTs 
vy ye 


Hind femur and tibia of— 


Vie. 1. Danae longicornis, sp. n. Vic. 5. D. tibialis, sp. n. 

» 2. D. dentipes, sp. n. » 6. D. curvipes, sp. n. 

» 3o- D. armata, sp. n. > 7. D. natalensis, Gerst. 
» 4. D. femoralis, sp. n. 8. D. ciliatipes, sp. n. 


Fie. 9. Heliobletus latipes, sp. n. 


Danae ciliatipes, sp. n. 


Ferruginea, haud brevissime fulvo-pubescens, pedibus fuscis, 
antennis totis nigris, perspicue nigro-pubescentibus; robusta, 
nitida, supra subtiliter et sparsim punctulata, pronota lato, parum 
convexo, lateribus haud late marginatis, margine ad angulos posticos 
vix angustato, leviter bisinuatis, angulis posticis acutis; elytris 
convexis, elongatis, ad humeros latis : 

3, antennis longis, articulo 1° ovali, 2° brevi, 3° paulo elongato, 
4°-8° fere globulis, 9°-11° eclongatis, 9° quam aliis paulo latiori, 
10° paulo breviori; pedibus gracilibus, femore intermedio postice 


42, Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


medio obtuse dentato, postico leviter arcuato et clavato, tibiis 
rectis, angustis, postica subtus sat longe fimbriata. 
Long. 4 mm. 


Hab. TENASSERIM: Tavoy (Doherty). 

The type is unique. In the antennae and legs the species 
is quite different from any other. The former are long, 
entirely black and clothed with rather long and close dark 
hairs. The last 3 joimts are much larger than the rest, 
but do not greatly differ among themselves. They are all 
elongate, the 9th being the broadest, the 10th the shortest 
and the 11th the longest. The legs are slender, the middle 
femur bearing a blunt tooth beneath, the hind femur curved 
and slightly clubbed and the hind tibia closely fringed 
with rather lone and stiff yellow hairs (see page ‘41, 
fig. 8). The Ist “ventral segment bears a conical tubercle 
near the middle of the hind margin. 

The upper surface is shining and very finely and lightly 
punctured. The pronotum is short and broad, with the 
elevated lateral margin not wide and not distinctly narrowed 
behind, the sides feebly sinuated behind and the hind 
angles acute. 


Genus HELIOBLETUS. 


On the strength of an injudicious remark by Gorham, 
Cziki has sunk this genus as asynonym of Saula, and treated 
its Bornean type, H. servilis Gorh., as identical with the 
Ceylonese S. ferruginea Gerst. The two faunas are entirely 
distinct and the insects are generically different. Although 
only the unique female type of H. servilis is known, I 
believe the male will be found to have the 9th joint of the 
antenna swollen, as in Danae, whereas the sexes of Saula 
are practically identical externally. The antennae in the 
latter genus are extremely delicate, with slender, loosely- 
articulated joints. In Heliobletus they are thicker, with 
more compact and closely-articulated joints, the terminal 
one not very elongate and the penultimate (10th) strongly 
transverse. The 9th joint is generally perceptibly larger 
than the 10th, even in the female. 


Heliobletus punctulatus, sp. n. 


Ferrugineus, antennarum articulis 3 ultimis infuscatis; modice 
angustus, supra minute et crebre punctulatus, griseo-pubescens ; 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 43 


pronoto sat lato, lateribus antice leviter arcuatis, postice fere rectis, 
angulis posticis haud productis : 

g, antennis modice longis, articulis 2°-8° moniliformibus, 9° 
magno, inflato, subtus paulo excavato, pedibus gracilibus, tibiis 
anticis et mediis ad apices paulo latioribus, 

Long. 3 mm. 


Hab. 8. EK. Bornto: Martapura (Doherty). 

This ie is a small insect, with the upper surface strongly 
punctured, as in H. servilis, but more finely and closely. 
The sides of the pronotum are much less strongly curved 
than in that species or H. latipes, being very gently rounded 
in front and nearly straight behind, with the hind angles 
right angles. The antennae are like those of H. latipes, 
but a little more slender, with joints 2 and 3 elongate, 
4 to 8 beadhke and about as long as they are wide. The 
legs are slender and the tibiae nearly straight, but those 
of the front and middle pairs a little dilated towards the 
extremities. 

J have seen only a single male specimen. 


Heliokletus acuticollis. 


Totus ferrugineus, antennis (basi excepto) nigris; sat robustus, 
minutissime punctulatus, nitidus, ubique griseo-pubescens, pronoto 
lato, subtilissime haud crebre punctulato, lateribus bisinuatis, 
angulis posticis productis, acutis; elytris paulo minus minute sed 
leviter punctatis : 

3, antennis crassis, articulis 3°-8° transversis, compactis, 9° 
magno, ovali, subtus leviter planato, pedibus gracilibus, tibiis 
simplicibus, fere rectis. 

Long. 3°5 mm. 


Hab. 8. K. Bornzto: Martapura (Doherty). 

The teen shape and colouring are exactly as in the other 
species, but the legs (of the 3) are quite simple and the upper 
surface is shining and very finely and lightly punctured, 
especially upon the pronotum, the sides of which are dis- 
tinctly bisinuated and the hind angles acutely produced. 
The antennae are massive, joints 3 to 8 very short and 
compact, 9 very large, almost regularly oviform and not 
excavated, 10 transverse, very slightly produced inwardly, 
and 11 shortly oval. The legs are slender, the tibiae 
almost straight and not at all dilated, 


44. Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Heliobletus latipes, sp. n. 


Totus ferrugineus, antennarum articulis 5°-6° ultimis nigris; 
modice angustus, griseo-pubescens, supra minute, sat  crebre, 
punctatus, prothorace quam longitudinem paulo latiore, lateribus 
bisinuatis, angulis posticis vix acutis, basi haud lato, elytris fortiter 
convexis : 

3g, antennis haud gracilibus, articulis 3°-8° transversis, compactis, 
9° magno, inflato, subtus leviter concavo; pedibus crassis, pallidis, 
tibia postica pone basin dilatata, medio quam femorem haud 
angustiori. 

Long. 3°3 mm. 


Hab. 8. EK. Bornro: Martapura (Doherty). 

This is rather smaller and more graceful and tapering in 
shape than H. servilis, as well as more finely punctured. 

The antennae and legs are rather stout, the 3rd to 8th 
jomts of the former being short and compact, the 9th 
large, shortly oval and slightly excavated beneath, the 1lOth 
small, transversely triat veular, and the 11th shortly oval. 
The middle and hind tibiae are dilated beyond the base, 
the latter about as wide as the femora (see page 41, 
fig. 9). The entire surface, including the antennae and legs, 
is clothed with a fine yellowish-grey pubescence. 

A second male specimen from Perak appears to belong 
to the same species. 


Genus APHORISTA. 


A. humeralis Gorh., is synonymous with A. morosa Lec, 


Genus Epreocus. 


The Central American species of Hpipocus have been 
greatly confused by Gorham, partly owing to his having 
failed to correctly distinguish the sexes, and his erouping 
of them according to the shape of the tips of the elytra 
is misleading. This feature varies to a greater or less 
extent according to the sex. Thus, although E. bivittatus 
is grouped by him as a species with the apex of the elytra 
rounded and the male is said to differ from the female only 
in having a minute tooth near the apex of the front tibia, 
he has floured a male showing no tibial tooth (which is very 
distinct but at a distance from the apex), but correctly 
representing the extremities of the elytra as truncated 
and sharply pointed, The sexes can be distinguished with 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 45 


the greatest ease in this genus by the great difference in 
the terminal part of the abdomen, the males having a 
rather long and more or less asymmetric al sixth segment, 
often exposing on the left side a slender chitinous ramus 
of the aedeagus. 

The description and figure of #. sallaec Gorh., are of the 
male and not the female as supposed, and the dilated 
elytra may be a male characteristic. There is no tooth 
to the front tibia in this sex, but all the tibiae are curved 
and rather clavate. 

The two specimens supposed by Gorham to be male and 
female of FE. subcostatus Gorh., are both males, and that 
described as the female of #. brunneus Gorh., may be that 
of L. subcostatus, but the type specimen of H. brunneus 
is identical with the earlier-described EH. mollicomus 
Gorh., the original specimens of which are very immature. 

The specumens referred by him to /. rufitarsis Chevr., in- 
clude HL. fulaginosus Guér., and, judging by the considerable 
differences in the aedeagi of the males, several other species 
as well, but more adequate series are necessary to enable 
these to be satisfactorily described. 

The Mexican specimens referred to #. wnicolor Horn, 
belong to a new species, which may be called 


Epipocus parvus, sp. n. 


Flavus, antennarum articulis 6°-10° brunnescentibus, paulo 
nitidus, haud dense punctatus, sat sparse haud minute pubescens; 
pronoto valde transverso, lateribus antice fortiter curvatis et con- 
tractis, foveis basalibus profundis et angustis, antice sat late fos- 
sulatis; elytris convexis, longe cordiformibus : 

3, elytris apice oblique truncatis, tibia antica intus dentata : 

2, elytris haud. truncatis. 

Long. 5°5 mm. 


Hab. Mmxico: N. Sonora (Morrison). 

This differs from the N. American £. wnicolor in being 
rather smaller, lighter coloured, more shining and clothed 
with longer hair. The pronotum is much more narrowed 
in front and the antennae are much more slender. 


Genus ANIDRYTUS. 
1 can find no difference between specimens in the British 
Museum labelled as types of Amdrytus bisignatus and 


46 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


angustulus, of Gerstaecker, except in size and a rather 
ereater elongation in the lnete r, and | am not convineed 
of the separateness of the two species. 

The specimen from San Joachin, Guatemala, referred 
to A. liquefactus by Gorham (Biol. Centr.-Amer. vii, p. 126), 
figures again two pages later in the same work as Anidrytus 
BS sp. It is very obviously different from A. liquefactus, 
and Gorham is quite wrong in saying that it is without 
an internal tooth to the front tibia, for there is a very 
strong one produced by the abrupt dilatation of the apical 
part, which is much less flattened and bent than in the 
other male specimen described by him. This species may 
be called 


Anidrytus guatemalae, sp. n. 


Gorham has given a description of the unique specimen, 
but besides the features mentioned by him it is considerably 
longer and narrower than A. liquefactus, more densely 
punctured and pubescent, scarcely shining and with much 
more slender legs and antennae. 

Length 8 mm.; breadth 5 mm. 

E'phebus depressus Gorh., has all the characters of Ani- 
drytus, to which it must be referred. As Gorham later 
used the same specific name for a Guatemalan member 
of this genus, the latter must be renamed and I propose 
to call it 


Anidrytus decoratus, nom. nov. 

Amdrytus fallaciosus Gorh., appears to be A. ephippium 
Gerst., from which, although described from the same 
region, Gorham did not attempt to distinguish it. The 
pronotum is not, as he states, more deeply punctured in 
the middle than at the sides. This error, ag well as the 
general inadequacy of the description, was no doubt due 
to the extremely dirty state of his specimen. 

The following new species is closely related to the last. 
It appears to. resemble none of the Peruvian species 
described by Kirsch. 


Anidrytus humeralis, sp. 1. 


Ferrugineus, antennarum articulis sex ultimis (sed apice rufe- 
scente) pronoto elytrisque nigris, illius lateribus (postice angustius) 
elytrorumque humeris et apicibus ferrugineis; oblongus, supra 


Classification of the Coleopterous fanuly Endomychidae. 47 


crebre et minute punctatus, breviter fulvo-hirsutus, prothoracis 
lateribus postice fere parallelis : 

3, tibiis geltels ante apicem minute haud acute dentatis. 

Long. 5°5-7 mm. ; lat. max. 3-4 mm. 


Hab. Kcuapor: Macas (Buckley); Peru; CoLomBtia. 

It is a little less ovate than A. ephippiwm, the pronotum 
being rather broader in front and less gradually rounded. 
Its dark area is much narrower in front than behind, 
where it usually reaches the hind angles. Upon the elytra 
the dark patch ‘extends almost to the outer edges, enclosing 
a conspicuous humeral spot, and its posterior margin is 
jagged near the suture. In the male the front tibia is 
curved, thickened at the end, with a minute sharp eee 
which is absent in A. ephippium. A. plagiatus Gerst., 1 
evidently closely similar, but has the front tibia of ihe 
male differently formed. 


Anidrytus fuseus, sp. n. 


Nigro-piceus, pedibus, antennarum articulis 5 basalibus apiceque 
extremo, pronoto (disco nonnunquam excepto) elytrorumque 
humeris et apicibus obscure rufis; modice latus et depressus, ubique 
fortiter sat crebre punctato, haud dense fulvo-pubescens : 

3, tibiae anticae dimidio inferiore paulo latiori, intus multo ante 
apicem acute spinoso. 

Long. 45-5 mm. 


Hab. K. Brazin: Pernambuco. 

A considerable series of this formerly in the collection 
of Alexander Fry vary in colour from heht brown to 
nearly black, but in fully coloured specimens “the five basal 
joints and the extreme tip of the antennae, the sides of 
the prothorax, the shoulders and extremities of the elytra, 
and the legs are reddish and the remaining parts very 
dark. It is a rather small, short and broad insect, not 
very convex and rather strongly and closely punctured. 

It was taken in March by Mr. Fry and was also found 
by the late E. Gounelle. 


Anidrytus pilosus, sp. n. 
Omnino flavus, supra dense sat longe pallide flavo-pilosus, anten- 
narum articulis sex ultimis plus minusve obscurioribus; breviter 
ovatus, convexus, pronoto lato, lateribus antice curvatis, postice 


48 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


rectis, foveis basalibus profundis, fere ad medium attingentibus, 
antennarum articulo ultimo fere discoidali, duabus praecedentibus 
intus valde productis : 

3, tibia antica graciliori, subtus post medium dentata. 

Long. 5°5 mm. 


Hab. 8. Brazit: Espirito Santo (Schmidt). 

This is easily recognisable by its thick and rather long 
clothing of pale sulphurous- yellow hair. Two specimens 
(male and female) from the Fry Collection, although 
evidently of the same species, differ considerably i in fora 
The male is very short and broad, with the sides of the 
prothorax gently curved in front ‘and divergent behind 
and the hind angles acutely produced. The female is 
narrower, the sides of the thorax are strongly rounded in 
front and parallel behind, and the hind angles are right 
angles. The club of the antenna is longer. and the 9th 
and 10th joints less transverse and less angulated anteriorly. 
The front tibia of the male is slender and curved in its 
anterior half and toothed beneath a little beyond the middle. 


Genus Kroprerus. 

The South American Hpopterus ocellatus Oliv., must be 
removed from the list of Central American species. The 
common insect so named by Gorham, which, in spite of 
its different aspect, appeared to him impossible to separate 
satisfactorily, is not likely to cause similar difficulty to 
others. It is a larger, broader and less closely punctured 
and hairy insect, with a pattern composed of only two, 
instead of three, colours as in EB. ocellatus. 1 consider it to 
belong to HL. partitus Gerst., but with the black markings 
rather more reduced than in the typical form. 


Genus STENOTARSUS. 

Cziki has introduced a new name, Stenotarsoides, for the 
Asiatic species of Stenotarsus. This he describes as a 
genus, although without indicating a single distinctive 
character. While separating, according to his notions of 
propriety, the Asiatic species, he associates still the 
American and African, whether from geographical or 
zoological reasons is immaterial, since his so-called genus, 
in the absence of any diagnostic character, cannot reason- 
ably be held to have any substantial existence. It is true 
that the International Rules of Nomenclature recognise 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 49 


the “indication ” of species as sufficient to validate a new 
generic name, but the fact that this would permit any 
cataloguer to introduce genera upon fantastic grounds 
which, as in the present case, may not even pretend to be 
morphological, seems to preclude the possibility of its ever 
being generally adopted. 

Gerstaecker pointed out more than half a century ago 
that (as would be expected) the African species of Steno- 
tarsus are, in certain respects, more nearly related to the 
Oriental species than to the American, and Gorham, in 
describing the Japanese S. internexus, has noticed that it 
forms the connecting link between the New World and 
Old World forms. The genus is in fact a worldwide one, 
passing with scarcely perceptible change of form from 
Tropical Asia through Japan to North and Tropical 
America, like the Mongolian race of men, and through the 
Kastern Tropics to Australia and Madagascar (iS. internexus, 
just mentioned, has an obvious relationship to the N. 
American S. hispidus). 

S. guineensis Gerst., ranges from Sierra Leone to Uganda, 
and S. aequatus Gorh., is a synonym for it. Gorham notes 
that his type is much less pubescent than S. guineenses. 
This is true, the clothing having been rubbed off so that 
scarcely a trace remains. S. mombonensis Weise, 1s 
exceedingly similar, but the raised margin of the thorax 
is narrower and the footstalk of the antenna only pale 
at the base. It is common in Nyasaland and Gazaland. 

Stenotarsus ursinus and 8. leoninus have been described 
as unicolorous species, but examples of both occur in which 
the elytra are marked with black spots in the same position 
as in S. pantherinus Gorh., the basal one, however, more 
broadly adjacent to the anterior margin. In S. ursinus 
the spotted form seems peculiar to North Borneo, while 
Sarawak specimens never show more than a slight indica- 
tion of spots. 

Gorham appears to have been wrong in attributing 
Central American specimens to S. claviger Gerst., the form 
of the antennal club in these agreeing rather with that of 
S. validicornis. The specimen from St. Catherina referred 
to by Gerstaecker as belonging to S. claviger was in Gorham’s 
collection (now in the British Museum), but this specimen 
does not agree with the description and must have been 
too hastily examined by Gerstaecker. I believe it to be 
a rather large specimen of S. minutus. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920—PaRTS I, II. (JULY) E 


50 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


The specimen from Guatemala attributed to, and 
figured as, S. maculicollis Gerst., in Biol. Centr.-Amer. 
vol. vii, although extremely similar, must be separated 
from it, the antennae being considerably shorter and more 
compact and the club distinctly larger proportionately 
to the footstalk. The sides of the pronotum are more 
strongly curved and nearly parallel behind, and the raised 
margins broader. In both species the basal foveae form 
very deep and strongly oblique channels. 

The Central American species may be called 


Stenotarsus marginalis, sp. n. 


S. maculicollis Gerst., really belongs to the section with 
elongate joints to the footstalk of the antenna. 

The genus evidently forms exceedingly numerous local 
races in Tropical America, some of them having slight 
structural differences, while some, like S. tarsalis Gorh., 
seem to me no more than colour varieties (the latter of 
S. circumdatus Gerst.). Gorham has pointed out nothing 
to distinguish his S. cordatus from S. globosus Guér., and 
I have found nothing. The difference in the size of the 
thorax shown in his figures is quite imaginary. He evidently 
did not compare his specimens or he would have found 
the length of the legs to be distinctive of the males of 
S. globosus. 

The specimens from Guatemala referred by him to 
S. orbicularis Gerst., do not agree in the least with the 
description of that species. They have no resemblance to 
S. rubicundus and are not at all orbicular. As Gorham 
has described the form it is sufficient to give it a name 
and I propose to call it 


Stenotarsus ovalis, sp. n. 


It is almost regularly oval in shape, with the shoulders 
less prominent and the elytra less convex than in S. globosus. 
There are two specimens, male and female, the male 
having the legs and antennae elongated, as in S. globosus. 

The specimen from Panama is not conspecific with the 
last. Its pronotum is more closely punctured, the sides 
less strongly rounded, the front angles less prominent, and 
the lateral margins much narrower. It may be called 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 51 


Stenotarsus chiriquinus, sp. n. 

The sexual features mentioned above (¢. e. the elongation 
of the legs and antennae of the males), although recognised 
by Gerstaecker, were ignored by Gorham. The latter’s 
S. macroceras is the male of S. purpuratus Gerst. Still 
more remarkable than the great elongation of the antennae 
and legs in that form is the sharpening of the hind angles 
of the prothorax. 

There is no valid reason for the inclusion of S. adum- 
bratus Gorh., in the Central American fauna, the specimen 
from Tactic so identified being quite different from the 
Colombian type with short antennae to which alone the 
description applies. The Guatemalan species may be 
called 


Stenotarsus guatemalae, sp. nl. 


Deep chestnut-red, with the last four joints of the antenna black. 
Oval, convex and very shining, with a moderately coarse clothing 
of tawny hair. The pronotum is very minutely punctured, with 
its sides little curved, divergent from front to hind angles, the 
lateral margins narrow and the hind angles acute. The antennae 
(of the male) are slender, fully two-thirds as long as the body, 
with the joints elongate, except the Sth, 9th, and LOth, of which 
the 8th is beadlike, the 9th about as long as it is wide, and the 
10th transverse, the last three joints not greatly dilated but very 
loosely articulated. The elytra are finely but distinctly and not 
closely punctured, the punctures being larger behind the shoulders. 

Length 3 mm. 


Hab. GuaTEMALA, VERA Paz: Tactic, Purula (G. C. 
Champion). 

Another closely allied Guatemalan species was confused 
by Gorham with S. sallaei, which is apparently peculiar 
to Mexico. I propose to name this 


Stenotarsus distinguendus, sp. n. 


Deep mahogany-red, with the last four or five joints of the 
antennae black. 

Klongate-oval, shining, with a moderately coarse clothing of 
tawny hair. The pronotum is minutely and densely punctured, 
with the sides little curved, divergent from front to base, the 
raised margins narrow, not widened in front, the basal foveae very 
deep and the hind angles acute. The elytra are rather closely and 


52 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


not very finely punctured, with larger and more scattered punctures 
at the sides. The antennae are slender, with the Ist to the 7th 
joints elongate, the 8th slightly elongate in the male and transverse 
in the female, the 9th to the 11th strongly dilated, the 10th dis- 
tinctly transverse and the 11th twice as long. The legs, as well as 
the antennae, are more slender in the male. 

Length 4 mm. 


Hab. GUATEMALA, VERA Paz: Sabo, Tactic, Sinanja 
(G. C. Champion). 

This is larger, more punctured and less shining than 
S. guatemalae, but less finely and closely punctured than 
S. sallaei, and the thoracic margins are narrower than in 
that species and less rounded. 


Stenotarsus latipes, sp. n. 


Pallide flavus, minute fulvo-pubescens, antennarum articulis 3 et 
4 rufescentibus, 5-11 nigris; elongato-ovalis, pronoto subtiliter 
crebre punctato, lateribus parum arcuatis, antrorsum valde approxi- 
matis, angulis posticis acutis, marginibus angustissimis; elytris 
crebre et confuse punctatis; antennis gracilibus, articulo penultimo 
transverso, 8° globoso, ceteris omnibus elongatis : 

g, antennis gracilioribus, tibiisque latis, valde curvatis. 

Long. 5:5 mm. 


Hab. Mexico: Jalapa (Hoege), Juquila; GUATEMALA : 
St. Geronimo, 3,000 ft. (4. C. Champion). 

This has only a superficial resemblance to the 8. Bra- 
ailian iS. angustulus Gerst., to which Gorham referred the 
specimens here described. It is much more finely and 
closely punctured, with finer and less pale pubescence. 
The sides of the pronotum are less rounded, the margins 
narrower, and the antennae have only two entirely pale 
jomts. The broad, flat, strongly curved tibiae of the 
male are very peculiar. 


Stenotarsus rotundus, sp. 0. 


Fulvus, antennarum articulis sex ultimis infuscatis; late ovatus, 
pedibus antennisque paulo eclongatis, harum articulo secundo 
globoso, 10° transverso, ceteris elongatis, corpore supra parum 
dense fulvo-vestito, pronoto lato, cum capite fere semicirculari, 
margine laterali lato, foveis basalibus profunde impressis; elytris 
sat fortiter et aequaliter haud parce punctatis. 

Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 3-5 mm. 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 53 


Hab. Panama: Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,000-3,000 ft. (GC. 
Champion). 

The single specimen of this species was not distinguished 
by Gorham from 8. pilater, of which it has the colour and 
size, although otherwise entirely different. It has a very 
regular broadly oval outline, the pronotum being almost 
exactly semicircular in shape, allowing for the emargina- 
tion which receives the head. The raised margins are 
very broad and only a very little narrower behind than 
in front. The elytra are rather strongly, evenly and 
closely punctured. The legs and antennae are slender, 
the last six joints of the latter dark and the club loosely 
articulated and not much dilated, 


Stenotarsus subtilis, sp. n. 


Fulvus, antennarum articulis 6 ultimis fuscis: ovalis, prothorace 
brevi, anguste marginato, lateribus parum arcuatis; elytris crebre 
minute punctatis, dense fulvo-vestitis; antennarum articulo 2 
globoso, ceteris elongatis. 

Long. 6 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. | 


Hab. Panama: David, Volean de Chriqui (G@. C, 
Champion). 

This rather closely resembles S, palatei Gorh., with 
which it was confused by Gorham, but it is more broadly 
oval and less attenuated behind, and the elytra are very 
finely and closely punctured, ‘without large scattered 
punctures. The antennae have six, instead of four, joints 
dark and all but the second joint are elongate. The legs 
are longer in the male than in the female. 

The two insects associated by Gorham as forming his 
genus Systaechea are very obviously not nearly related. 
The figure of the second species, S. championi, does not 
accurately represent the antennal club, which is compact 
and rather abrupt—indeed, exactly as in Anidrytus—and 
entirely different from that of the first species, Systaechea 
cyanoptera. Vf compared with Anidrytus dolosus Gorh. 
(from the same locality) it will at once be seen that 
it is really a closely-allied species of the same genus. 
S. cyanoptera, which must be regarded as the type of 
Systaechea, has no tangible character by which it can be 
distinguished from Stenotarsus, although a rather isolated 
species. The raised margin of the pronotum is very 


54 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


narrow, but not more so than in S., latipes (eluded in 
Stenotarsus by Gorham). 


Stenotarsus malayensis, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 2.) 


Fusco-castaneus, pedibus antennisque rufis, harum clava autem 
nigra; late oblongus, subnitidus, sat longe fulvo-pubescens, pronoto 
parce et minute punctulato, marginibus lateralibus antice latis, 
postice paulo angustatis; elytris fortius et crebrius punctatis, 
lineis punctorum majorum lateralibus vagis; antennis modice 
longis, clava laxe articulata, longitudine ad articulos 2°-8° con- 

= ? 
junctos fere aequali, articulo ultimo ad duos praecedentes aequali, 

Long. 4 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. BornEo : Pengaron (Doherty); MALAY PENINSULA : 
Perak (Doherty), Penang (@. #. Bryant). 

This evidently rather closely resembles S. birmanicus 
Gorh., but the regular striation of the elytra is replaced by 
irregular vague lines of rather larger punctures traceable 
only upon the outer part of the elytra. It is broadly 
oblong in shape, tawny-red in colour, except the last 3 
or 4 joints of the antenna, and clothed with rather coarse 
tawny pubescence. The upper surface is moderately 
shining, especially the pronotum, which is rather thinly 
punctured and pubescent. The lateral margins are broad 
in front and a little narrowed behind. The antennae are 
moderately long, joints 2 to 8 short and compact and 
together about as long as the three last, which form a 
Joosely-jointed club, the terminal jomt of which is about 
twice as long as it is wide and the other two rather 
transverse, 


Stenotarsus musculus, sp. n. 


Totus fulvus, antennarum clava nigra; late ovalis, supra undique 
dense subtiliter punctatus et breviter fulvo-pubescens, prothoracis 
margine laterali antice lato, postice paulo attenuato; elytris regu- 
Jariter punctato-striatis, striis exterioribus paulo fortioribus, duabus 
lateralibus antice conjunctis, abbreviatis; antennarum clava longa, 
ad articulos reliquos conjunctim longitudine aequali, articulo 9° 
quam 11° vix breviori. 3 

Long. 4 mm.; lat. max. 2°75 mm. 


Hab. Borneo: Pengaron (Doherty). 
There are three specimens in the British Museum. 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 55 

This also is evidently very similar to S. birmanicus 
Gorh., but with a longer antennal club. It is rather paler 
in colour than S. mala, yensis, larger and more oval in shape 
and very finely and densely punctured above, with a 
clothing of very short, close and regular pubescence. The 
elytra bear regular lines of fine but larger punctures, which 
become progressively stronger from “the suture to the 
outer margin, the two outermost lines uniting behind the 
shoulders and abbreviated behind, and the 3rd and 5th 
intervals wider than the rest. The black club of the 
antenna is long, about as long as the entire footstalk, of 
which joints 2 to 8 are short and close. The terminal 
joint is little longer than the 9th joint. 


Stenotarsus nigripes, sp. n. 


Fusco-rufus, pedibus, antennis corporeque subtus nigris; pronoti 
disco nitido, subtilissime punctato et parce setoso, lateribus fortiter 
arcuatis, marginibus sat angustis at valde elevatis, basi sulco pro- 
fundo anguste marginato; elytris fortiter punctatis, absque lineis 
distinctis, breviter sat dense griseo-pubescentibus; pedibus anten- 
nisque gracilibus, harum articulis omnibus elongatis, 3°-9° duplo 
circiter longioribus quam latioribus, ultimo haud longe ovali. 

Long. 4. mm.; lat. max. 3 mm. 


Hab. Assam: Manipur (Doherty). 

A single specimen. 

The species is easily recognisable by its entirely black 
and rather slender legs and antennae. The upper surface 
is deep red in colour, a little paler at the sides of the pro- 
notum, and not very densely clothed with fairly coarse 
ereyish pubescence, scanty upon the middle of the pro- 
notum, which is smooth and shining. The lateral margins 
of the latter are strongly elevated, but not wide, and there 
is a deep basal sulcus or stria close to the margin. The 
elytra are strongly and irregularly punctured, without 
distinct lines, moderately broad behind the shoulders and 
tapering at the apices. The joints of the antennae are 
all elongate, except the 2nd and 10th, the club not strongly 
marked and the last joint less than twice as long as wide. 


Stenotarsus globulus, sp. n. 


Fusco-castaneus, pedibus antennisque rufis, harum articulis 2 vel 
3 penultimis ultimique parte basali fuscis; globosus, subnitidus, 


56 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


undique fulvo-pubescens, pronoto aequaliter minute et crebre punc: 

tulato, marginibus lateralibus sat latis, obliquis; elytris convexis, 

minus subtiliter punctatis, punctis inaequalibus, sublineare ordinatis ; 

antennis haud longis, articulo 9° globoso, 10° transverso, 11° ovali. 
Long. 2°5 mm, ; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Sarawak: Mt. Matang. 

Several specimens were found in January and February 
by Mr. G. E. Bryant. 

It is a small globular species of dark chestnut colour, 
with the legs and antennae pale, except the 9th, 10th and 
the basal half of the last joint of the latter, which are dark, 
itis entirely clothed above with a yellowis sh pubescence, 
which is rather less fine than in the two following species, 
especially upon the elytra. The pronotum is finely, 
closely and evenly punctured, with wide lateral margins 
and without a basal stria. The elytra are rather more 
coarsely punctured, with an indication of alternating 
longitudinal bands of larger and smaller punctures at the 
sides. The antennae are a little stouter than in S. basalis, 
with the 9th joint nearly globular, the 10th rather 
transverse and the last elongate-oval. 

S. contractus Gorh., from Burma, is evidently very lke 
this, but the lateral margins of the pronotum are there 
very narrow. 


Stenotarsus basalis, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 3.) 


Fusco-castaneus, prothoracis lateribus, humeris antennisque 
flavescentibus, sed harum articulis 9° et 10° nigris; subglobosus, 
modice nitidus, ubique subtiliter flavo-sericeus, pronoti marginibus 
latissimis, subtiliter rugosis, opacis, densius sericeis, extus regulariter 
arcuatis, angulis anticis prominentibus, disco aequaliter minute et 
crebre punctato, postice late lobato, stria basali recta profunde 
incisa; elytris similiter punctatis, absque lineis, lateribus arcuatis, 
anguste reflexis; antennis sat gracilibus, clava laxe articulata. 

Long. 3 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Sarawak: Mt. Matang. 

Two specimens were found by Mr. Bryant in December. 

This is another very short and globose species of nearly 
the same size, shape and colour as the preceding, but a 
little larger and more elongate. The lateral margins of 
the pronotum are still broader, flatter, more opaque and 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 57 


more densely pubescent, and the base has a deeply incised 
stria, which is rather distant from the margin in the middle 
but almost touches it at the lateral foveae. The elytra 
are finely and uniformly punctured, without longitudinal 
lines, and their lateral margins are narrowly ‘teflexed. 
The antennae are rather more slender than those of 
S. globulus, with their terminal joint pale and the two 
preceding ones black. 


Stenotarsus tristis, sp. n. 


Fuseo-brunneus, antennis pedibusque rufis, illorum articulis 9° 
et 10° nigris; globosus, haud nitidus, corpore supra ubique aequaliter 
minute et dense punctulato et breviter pubescenti; pronoto semi- 
circulari, marginibus lateralibus sat latis, obliquis, intus alte ele- 
vatis; elytris convexissimis, marginibus paulo reflexis; antennis 
brevibus, articulo ultimo breviter ovali, penultimo brevissimo, lato, 

Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. BorNEO,. SARAWAK: Mt. Matang. 

Two specimens were found by Mr. G. E. Bryant in 
January 1914. 

S. tristis is a very small species of very globular form and 
dark brown in colour. The lees and antennae are red, 
but the two penultimate jomts of the latter nearly black. 
The antennae are short, the last joint shorter than in 
S. basalis and globulus and the preceding one very short 
and broad. The puncturation of the upper surface is 
very fine and close and the pubescence correspondingly 
finer than in the two allied species. There is a rather 
indefinite transverse impression, but no sharply incised 
line (as in S. basalis) before the base of the pronotum, and 
the lateral margins are a little less broad than in that 
species and less. horizontal, their inner edge being more 
strongly elevated. 


Stenotarsus femoralis, sp. n. 


Laete rufus, prothoracis medio usque ad basin (sed haud antice) 
utriusque elytri medio antennarumque clava nigris, hujus apice 
pallido; rotundatus, convexus, crebre et minute punctatus, subtiliter 
pubescens; pronoto brevi, fere semicirculari, angulis omnibus sub- 
rectis, marginibus latissimis, basi late lobato, stria fere recta 
profunde inciso; elytris haud seriato-punctatis; antennis gracilibus, 


58 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


articulis tribus ultimis laxe connexis, apicali longe ovali; femore 
postico subtus post medium acute dentato. 
Long. 2°5-3 mm.; lat. max. 2-2°5 mm. 


Hab. Java; Matay Pentnsuta: Perak (W. Doherty). 

Although the tooth behind the middle of the hind femora 
is probably a feature of the male, it is present in all the 
four specimens I have seen, 

The species is very short and globose in form, with a 
large black patch in the middle of the pronotum and of 
each elytron. It is closely and finely punctured, pubescent 
and not very shining and the elytra have no distinct 
rows of punctures. The lateral margins of the pronotum 
are very broad and little contracted behind and the base 
is lobed, the lobe cut off by a nearly straight impressed 
stria. The antennae are long and slender ‘and the club 
loosely jointed, with a very lone terminal joint. 

S. lituratus Gerst., the only other known species of the 
genus from Java, is a larger insect, with striate elvtra and 
reduced black marking. 


Genus CHONDRIA. 


Gorham was quite wrong in describing this genus as 
more closely allied to Symbiotes than to Stenotarsus. The 
tarsi are not, as he says, quite simple, but are entirely unlike 
those of Symbiotes, of which the first three joints are 
short and of nearly equal size. In Chondria, the first is 
elongate, the second produced, much less than in Sleno- 
tarsus but beyond the third joint, which is very small 
and inconspicuous. Hverything else is as in Sfenotarsus, 
of which it is therefore only a rather simplified, perhaps 
degenerate, form. The production of the second joint is 
more apparent in the hind feet than in the anterior ones. 
Cziki, in Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. in, 1905, p. 573, has 
actually described the second joint as long and bilobed, 
from which it is evident that he does not know the genus. 
Only a single species has been known hitherto, but several 
more are described here, each represented only by a single 


specimen 


Chondria seriesetosa, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 6.) 


Omnino fulva, longe fulvo-hirta, late ovata, alte convexa, nitida ; 
pronoti Jateribus antice rotundatis, postice rectis, parallelis, angulis 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae, 59 


anticis obtuse rotundatis, stria basali recta profunda; elytris 
brevibus, grosse haud crebre lineato-punctatis, longe sat sparsim 
aureo-pilosis, pilis lineare ordinatis, lineis alternis erectis et retrorsum 
inclinatis. 

Long. 2°5 mm.,; lat. max. 1°5 mm, 


Hab. Borneo, SARAWAK : Mt. Matang. 

A single specimen of this beautiful species was found by 
Mr. G. EK. Bryant in December 1913. It is a little larger 
than C. lutea Gorh., and more stout and globular in shape. 
The sides of the prothorax are a little more rounded in 
front and not serrated, the angles are less prominent, and 
the basal stria is nearly straight and farther from the 
hind eo The elytra are much shorter and more 
convex , the punctures larger, more regular and less close 
ae and the clothing of stiff hairs not close and 
irregular but arranged in quite regular rows. The large 
serial punctures each give rise to a ‘stift golden hair which 
is pointed obliquely backwards, and between each two of 
the longitudinal rows so formed there is another row of 
similar seit longer and erect hairs. As in C. lutea, the 
head, the broad. thoracic margins and the antennae are 
clothed with similar long hairs, the club of the antenna 
is very loosely articulated, the first. and second joints 
composing it transverse and nearly twice as long as those 
preceding, and the terminal joint broadly oval, The 
footstalk is much longer than the club. 


Chondria indica, sp. n. 


Laete fulva, antennis (basi excepto) nigris, sat dense erecte 
fulvo-hirta; late ovalis, convexa, pronoto pone basin haud_mar- 
ginato, utrinque profunde fossulato, lateribus leviter arcuatis, 
postice divergentibus, marginibus antice latis, postice attenuatis ; 
elytris regulariter seriato-punctatis, interstitiis sat dense pilosis; 
antennis gracilibus, articulis 1°-8° paulo elongatis, 9° et 10° longi- 
tudine ad latitudinem aequalibus, 11° breviter ovali. 

Long. 3 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. 8. Inpia: Nilgiri Hills (7. L. Andrewes). 

This is larger, more hemispherical and much more 
closely hairy dian C’. seriesetosa. It is clothed with erect 
yellow hair, longitudinally arranged upon the elytra as 
in that species, but in rather ioe bands separated by 
narrow lines which coincide with the lines of punctures. 


60 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


The pronotum is without a basal stria and the antennae 
are more slender than in any other known species. 


Chondria ovalis, sp. n. 


Fulva, antennarum clava nigra (apice extremo excepto); ovalis, 
dense breviter luteo-pilosa, pronoto haud nitido, minute punctato, 
lateribus regulariter arcuatis, marginibus haud latis, postice paulo 
attenuatis, stria basali subtili arcuata, ad marginem valde approxi- 
mata; elytris regulariter seriato-punctatis, intervallis minute 
punctulatis; antennis haud longis, articulis 2°-8° globosis, com- 
pactis, 9° et 10° brevibus, 11° ovali, ad duos praecedentes longitudine 
aequali. 

Long. 3°5 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Matay PEntnsuta: Penang (G.' FE. Bryant, Nov. 
1913). 

This is rather larger, more closely and finely pubescent 
and more regularly oval in outline, than any other known 
species. The sides of the prothorax are not serrated, 
rather more evenly rounded and the margins not quite SO 
broad as in C. lutea and seriesetosa, and the basal stria is 
very fine and close to the basal margin, the curvature of 
which it follows. The elytra are longer than in the other 
species and finely punctured, with regular rows of larger 
punctures. The antennae are not long, joints 2 to 8 are 
very compact and together about as long as the club, of 
which the first two joints are transverse and together 
about as long as the last. The club is black, put) with 
the extremity of the last joint red. 


Chondria triplex, sp. n. (Plate I, fig. 1.) 


Rufa, prothoracis medio usque ad basin (sed haud_ antice) 
utriusque elytri medio antennarumque clava nigris, hujus apice 
pallido; breviter ovata, conyexa, modice nitida, undique fulvo- 
pubescens, pronoto brevi, fere semicirculari, angulis omnibus fere 
rectis, marginibus latis, basi stria subtili ad marginem valde approxi- 
mata impresso; elytris fortiter punctato-striatis; antennis modice 
longis, articulis tribus ultimis laxe connexis, fere ad reliquos longi- 
tudine aequalibus, articulo apicali longissimo. 

Long. 3 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. Java: Selabintanah (G. E, Bryant, April). 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 61 


This has the coloration and pattern of Slenolarsus 
femoralis, which also occurs in Java. It is of similar 
size and shape, being more rounded in outline and more 
convex than any of the species of Chondria just described. 
It is easily distinguishable from S. femoralis by the well- 
marked striae upon the elytra. The pubescence upon the 
upper surface is similar. The antennae are a little less 
slender, the club equally long, but the joints preceding 
it more short and compact. The base of the pronotum 
has a fine stria very close to the margin. 


Chondria globulosa, sp. n. 


Tota fusco-rufa, sat dense griseo-pubescens; breviter ovalis, fere 
globulosa, pronoti medio convexo, nitido, subtiliter parce punc- 
tulato et hirsuto, lateribus regulariter arcuatis, serratis, marginibus 
sat latis, basi fortiter sulcato, sulco a margine modice distanti; 
elytris regulariter seriato-punctatis, interstitiis subtilissime punc- 
tulatis; pedibus antennisque haud gracilibus, harum articulis 2°-8° 
globosis, compactis, 9° et 10° brevibus, 11° ad duos praecedentes 
longitudine aequali. 

Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max. 1-5 mm. 


Hab. Borneo, Sarawak: Mt. Matang (@. EB. Bryant, 
Feb.). 

This little species is about the size of C. lutea, but much 
shorter and more globular in shape, dark-coloured and 
clothed with shorter pubescence, which however is less 
fine than in C. ovalis. The sides of the prothorax are 
regularly rounded and slightly serrated and the lateral 
margins broad and parallel. The discoidal part of the 
pronotum is strongly convex and deeply excavated at 
the sides and the basal stria is deep and not very close to 
the basal margin. The elytra are regularly punctured in 
rows. The legs and antennae are rather stout, the club 
of the latter nearly as long as the footstalk. 


Chondria nitida, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 5.) 


Omnino castanea, nitida, postice breviter fulvo-setosa, modice 
elongata, fere oblonga; pronoti lateribus antice fortiter arcuatis, 
postice rectis, parallelis, marginibus antice latissimis, postice valde 
attenuatis, basi profunde sulcato; elytris leviter seriato-punctatis ; 
antennis gracilibus, longitudine ad elytrorum longitudinem fere 


62 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


aequalibus, articulis 2°-8° moniliformibus, similibus, 9°-11° ad hos 
conjunctos longitudine aequalibus, ultimo longe ovali. 
Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max. 1°5 mm. 


Hab. BoRNEO, SARAWAK : Quop (G. EB. Bryant, March). 

It is rather dark red in colour and very shining, with 
the pubescence short and scarcely traceable except upon 
the head and towards the extremities of the elytra. It 
is rather oblong in shape and the pronotum is broad in 
front and parallel-sided behind, with a deep basal groove 
not very close to the margin, and the elevated lateral 
margins very broad in front but considerably narrowed 
behind. The elytra are finely but distinctly seriate- 
punctate. The antennae are slender, with the 2nd_ to 
the 10th joints spherical, the last three large and the 
terminal one elongate-oval. 

Probably in the quite fresh state the body is rather 
more hairy than in the unique type specimen, but this 
latter is otherwise in perfect condition. 


Genus HcromycHus 


Ectomychus monticola, sp. n. 


Testaceus, clava antennali nigra, articulisque 7° et 8° infuscatis ; 
oblongus, paulo depressus, setis pallidis erectis ubique vestitus; 
pronoto- grosse haud crebre punctato, linea mediana fere laevi, 
lateribus abrupte sat late elevatis, marginibus horum interioribus 
carinatis, foveis basalibus profunde incisis, fere parallelis, vix ad 
medium attingentibus, marginibus exterioribus antice leviter 
arcuatis, postice rectis, angulis anticis paulo prominentibus, posticis 
rectis; elytris conjunctim latitudine ad prothoracem aequalibus, 
subtiliter sat crebre punctatis. 

Long. 2-3 mm.; lat. max. 1 mm. 


Hab. 8. Inpia: Nilgiri Hills (HW. BE. Andrewes). 

This is the second described species of a peculiar genus, 
of which the elevated sides of the pronotum, as well as 
the hairy surface, indicate a relationship to Stenotarsus, 
but the antennae are markedly different from those of all 
other genera of the family hitherto described. There is 
no transition from footstalk to club, but the latter is very 
abrupt, and pectinate in form, its three joints being loosely 
connected at their outer sides, the two basal ones strongly 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 63 
} ‘ Y 


transverse and the terminal one almost circular. The 
prosternum is moderately broad between the front coxae 
and produced beyond them, truncate bebind and over- 
lapping the front part of the mesosternum, except when 
the body is fully extended. The exposed part of the 
mesosternum is strongly transverse and the metasternum 
is slightly emarginate at its junction with the mesosternum, 
There is a rather deep depression on each side of the meta- 
sternum behind the middle coxae and also a circular 
depression on each side of the first ventral segment behind 
the hind coxae. This segment is as long as the remaining 
four together and is very strongly punctured at the 
sides. 

The pronotum is very coarsely and deeply punctured, 
of the breadth of the elytra at the base and not very 
strongly narrowed in front. The lateral margins are 
moderately broad and rather declivous, with their inner 
edges very sharply carinate. The elytra are much more 
finely and closely punctured than the pronotum, and have 
the shoulders slightly prominent. From the Japanese 
species (H#. basalis Gorh.), previously described, E. monti- 
cola differs by its coloration, coarser puncturation and 
wider margins to the pronotum. 


MIMOLITHOPHILUS, gen. nov. 


Corpus oblongum, toto subiliter sat dense sericeum. Pedes 
modice robusti, femoribus haud clavatis, tarsisque haud brevibus, 
horum articulo primo sat longo, secundo anguste lobato, tertio 
parvo, ultimo gracili. Antennae breves, articulo secundo brevi, 
tertio fere ad duos sequentes aequali, tribus ultimis clavam angu- 
stam formantibus, ultimo oblique acuminato. Pronotum  vix 
convexum, lateribus late elevatis, postice contractis. Elytrorum 
apices haud connati, separatim rotundati, abdominis extremitatem 
detegentes. Labium transversum, emarginatum; palpi labiales 
minuti, simplices: palpi maxillares robusti, articulo ultimo magno 
securiformi. Mandibulae apice bifidae, intus acute unidentatae. 
Oculi haud magni, grosse granulati. 


Type, M. brevicorms. 

This is a very peculiar and isolated genus. It is appar- 
ently a wingless form and the elytra, although long, are 
separately rounded at the end and leave exposed the 
extremity of the abdomen. The whole surface of the 
body, including the legs, is covered with fine silky hair. 


64 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


The antennae are much shorter than usual in the Endo- 
mychidae, with the three-jointed club not much dilated, 
but the last joint strongly asymmetrical and pointed. 
The hind legs are stouter than the rest and all the tarsi 
are rather long, but the second joint is strongly lobed. 
The general appearance rather suggests that “of Litho- 
philus, although the antennae are longer, the tarsi more 
lobed and the penultimate (third) joint more conspicuous. 
The pronotum has very broad raised margins, as in 
Stenotarsus. 


Mimolithophilus brevicornis, sp. n. 


Fusco-brunneus, antennis, pedibus, pronoti et elytrorum lateri- 
busque rufescentibus, ubique dense punctulatus et sericeus; 
oblongus, depressus, capite sat longe fulvo-pubescenti; pronoto 
dimidio latiori quam longiori, marginibus fortiter elevatis, lateribus 
antice arcuatis, postice contractis, angulis anticis prominentibus, 
haud acutis, posticis obtusis; elytris longis, fere parallelis; antennis 
longitudine fere ad a ae aequalibus. 

Long. 6 mm.; lat. max. 2°5 mm. 


Hab. Natau: Estcourt, Malvern (G. A. K. Marshall, 
Sept. and Oct.). 

This is the largest of the three species known to me. It 
is more elongate and parallel-sided than the other two, 
with the discoidal part of the pronotum smoother and the 
sides less contracted behind. The antennae are extremely 
short in relation to the size of the insect. 

Several specimens were taken by Dr. Marshall. 


Mimolithophilus capensis, sp. n. 


Obscure rufus, dorsi medio obscuriori, corpore ubique coriaceo 
et dense subtiliter sericeo; oblongus, haud convexus, capite fulvo- 
pubescenti, pronoto antice dilatato, postice valde contracto, lateribus 
medio obtuse angulatis, angulis anticis prominentibus, haud acutis, 
posticis obtusis, marginibus lateralibus valde elevatis, disco intra 
margines excavato; elytris sat longis, lateraliter leviter arcuatis, 
humeris prominentibus ; antennis quam pronoto paulo longioribus. 

Long. 4°5 mm.; lat. max. 2°3 mm. 


Hab. CarrE Cotony: Cape Peninsula (K. H. Barnard, 
July), Cape Town (fF. C. Purcell). 


This is smaller and more elonga 


A 


te than M. brevcornis, 


Classification of the Coleopterous fanuly Endomychidae. 65 


with the upper surface a little more opaque but rather less 
sombre in colour. The antennae are relatively a little 
longer and the legs a little more slender. The pronotum 
is very strongly dilated a little in front of the middle and 
much narrowed behind, and the elytra are well rounded 
at the sides. 

Of a third species I await further specimens for 
description on a later occasion. 


Genus PERIPTYCTUS. 


Periptyctus eximius, sp. n. (Plate I, fig. 4.) 


Ferrugineus, pronoti macula utrinque antica, elytrorum humeris, 
tibiarum dimidio inferiori tarsisque pallide flavis, pronoti medio et 
parte postica, utriusque elytri medio clavaque antennali infuscatis 
(sed hujus apice pallido); breviter ovalis, convexus, glaber; pronoto 
parce sat profunde punctato, utrinque late excavato, marginibus 
Jateralibus haud latis, leviter arcuatis, angulis posticis acutis; 
elytris brevibus, striato-punctatis, punctis numerosis, distinctis, 
parum regularibus, humeris bene elevatis; antennis gracilibus, 
clava laxe articulata, articulo ultimo longe ovali. 

Long. 3 mm.; lat. max. 2 mm. 


Hab. New 8. Wates: [lawarra (@. #. Bryant, Oct.). 

Two specimens without apparent sexual difference. 

Although much larger than the typical species, P. 
russulus, ‘and differing from it considerably in shape, this 
species has all the peculiar structural features of the genus. 
It is a much shorter and more convex insect, very shining 
but with well-marked punctures upon the elytra, forming 
rather broad irregular longitudinal lines. 

The sides of the pronotum are more broadly concave 
than in P. russulus, the elevated lateral margins a little 
narrower in proportion and the sides more gently and 
uniformly curved. The elytra are relatively very short, 
with the shoulders very prominent and the curvature of 
the sides continuous with that of the sides of the pro- 
thorax. They are also much more convex and more 
pointed behind than those of P. russulus. The antennae 
are long and slender, with a loosely jointed club. Although 
a broader insect the prosternum is rather narrower than 
in P. russulus. The latter species was taken at Hobart 
by J. J. Walker, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS J, 11. (JULY) F 


66 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Genus ENDOMYCHUS 


As Gorham has himself admitted (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1887, 
p. 650), the difference in the maxillary palpi upon which 
he based the genus Cyanauges (Coenomychus Lewis) is 
not a substantial one and that genus is insufficiently 
distinguished from Hndomychus. He has rightly referred 
here Mycetina limbata Horn (which Cziki’s catalogue 
has for no apparent reason placed in Aphorista), but is 
entirely wrong in uniting with it the insect he himself 
very cursorily described (Endomycici Recitati, 1873, p. 64) 
as Hndomychus 4-punctatus. That species, omitted from 
the catalogue, is very like #. coccineus L., but of shorter 
form. The actual habitat of the species, the unique specimen 
of which is now in the British Museum, is uncertain. 


Genus KuUCTEANUS. 


The British Museum is fortunate in possessing types of 
all the known species of this genus. The remarkable 
uniformity which exists in the colour and pattern has 
caused the number of species to be overlooked. Not 
only have #. hardwickei Hope and EL. coelestinus Gerst., been 
wrongly united, but the specimens described by Gorham 
as Li. cruciger and EH. doherty: consist in each case of two 
species. As Mr. Gorham has not confined himself to 
the selection of a single type of the species described by 
him, I have selected in these cases the specimens from 
which the figures accompanying his descriptions have 
been drawn. ££. hardwickei Hope differs from FL. coeles- 
tinus Gerst. (the type of which has been acquired with 
the Gorham collection) by its longer antennae, narrower 
club, more transverse pronotum and the markedly oblique 
position of the anterior elytral patches. 

The genus consists of two very well-marked divisions, 
the first and typical one composed of species of elongate 
shape, in which the sexes are strongly differentiated, “the 
males having the abdomen hollowed out beneath and the 
sides of the cavity elevated into very strong sharp-edged 
crests. The remaining species are short and broad. in 
shape and the sexes are alike. The shape of the antennal 
club is as remarkable for its variation according to the 
species as is the elytral pattern for its constancy, 

The following table gives the differential characters of 
all the species in a concise form. 


Classification of the Coleoplerous fanuly Endomychidae. 67 


A. Form elongate: abdomen of 3 hollowed beneath. 
B. Elytra opaque. 


C. Club of the antenna narrow . .  . hardwicker Hope. 
Coupes 53 PP broader . . . coelestinus Gerst. 
b. Elytra shining. 
D. Humeral crests angularly prominent . humeralis, sp. n, 
d. 3 4 not angularly prominent. 
F. Pronotum transverse )) ee menwergen | Gorh: 
fe Pe not transverse. . . vicinus, sp. Nn. 


a. Form rather short: abdomen of 3 not hollowed. 
G. Club of the antenna short, broad and compact. 


H. Elytra widest before the middle . . dohertyi Gorh. 
h. “5 _ behind 5 . . eucerus, sp. n. 
g. Club of the antenna long and loose .  .  marseuli Gorh. 


Eucteanus humeralis, sp. n. 


Violaceus, elytris nitidis flavo-maculatis, maculis magnis, sub- 
rotundatis, prima humerali, paulo obliqua, secundaque subapicali 
ad margines intus et extus fere attingenti; elongatus, convexus, 
pronoto opaco, dense punctato, lateribus sinuatis, angulis omnibus 
acutis, productis; elytris sat fortiter et crebre punctatis, humeris 
angulatim prominentibus, apicibus opacis; antennarum clava laxe 
articulata, articulo ultimo paulo longiori quam latiori : 

dg, pedibus omnibus quam in femina longioribus, tibiis leviter 
arcuatis, abdomine subtus fortiter bicarinato. 

Long. 11-12 mm.; lat. max. 6 mm. 


Hab. Burma: Haka, Chin Hills (7. Venning). 

This has the form of #. hardwicket and EH. coelestinus, as 
well as the angularly prominent crests at the shoulders, 
but it is rather smaller, the elytra are quite shining, except 
at their hinder extremities, and the club of the antenna 
is less dilated, more loosely articulated and more asym- 
metrical. The hind angles of the pronotum are a little 
more sharply produced. The coloration is practically the 
same as in 4. coelestinus. 

The male has the abdomen excavated in the same way, 
but with the lateral ridges more sharply elevated, and the 
tibiae are more regularly curved. 


Eucteanus vicinus, sp. n. 


Violaceus, elytris nitidis, utroque bimaculato, maculis magnis, 
pallide flavis, subrotundatis, ad margines internam et externam 


68 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


fere attingentibus; elongatus, convexus, pronoto opaco, dense 
punctato, angusto, lateribus sinuatis, angulis omnibus acute pro- 
ductis; elytris sat fortiter et crebre punctatis, lateribus et apicibus 
opacis, humeris prominentibus, haud dilatatis; antennarum clava 
laxe articulata, articulo ultimo paulo longiori quam latiori : 

3, abdomine subtus fortiter excavato et bicarinato. 

Long. 10-11 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm. 


Hab. Assam: Manipur (Doherty). 

The Museum collection contains one specimen of each 
sex, referred by Mr. Gorham to #. cruciger, but consider- 
ably smaller than the type (the specimen figured) of that 
species, from which it differs also in the narrower prothorax, 
with more sharply produced front and hind angles. The 
shoulders of the elytra are a little less prominent than in 
that species, The club of the antenna in both £. vicinus 
and H. cruciger is more abruptly dilated than in FL. hardwickes 
and E. coelestinus, but much less so than in the dohertyv 
group. ‘The ventral carinae of the male are very sharp 
and prominent. 

The true male of HL. cruciger is still unknown, 


Eucteanus eucerus, sp. n. 


Saturate coeruleus, elytris nitidis, utroque maculis duabus magnis 
subrotundatis ornato; parum elongatus, pronoti lateribus leviter 
bisinuatis, angulis omnibus acutis, vix productis, elytrorum humeris 
prominentibus, deinde ad post medium leviter ampliatis, apicibus 
paulo productis, haud acuminatis, separatim rotundatis; anten- 
narum clava brevi, latissimo, articulo 9° vix dilatato, duobus ultimis 
late connatis. 

Long. 8-9 mm.; lat. max. 5-5°5 mm. 


Hab. Assam: Manipur (Doherty). 

This is a member of the second group—cf smaller and 
shorter-bodied forms. The elytra are smooth and shining, 
with the shoulders rather square (not broadly rounded, 
as in #. dohertyi Gorh.), the widest part beyond the middle, 
and the pattern consisting of four large rounded pale 
yellow patches, exactly as in EH. dohertyr ‘and EB. cruct ger. 
The antennal club is short, but larger and broader than in 
any other known species of the genus, the last two joints 
being very closely fitted together i in the form of a triangle 
with almost uninterrupted sides, the preceding one only 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 69 


very slightly dilated at the end. The club of HL. doherty: 
is of similar form but less dilated. 

The two sexes are almost alike, but specimens with the 
abdomen more shining (that is, less closely punctured 
and hairy) and the 6th segment distinctly exserted are 
apparently the males. 

Of the eight specimens mentioned by Gorham under the 
name of #, “dohertyi six belong to the new species, the two 
from the Ruby Mines district alone agreeing with his 
figure. 


Genus BoLBoMORPHUS. 


The new species of this genus described below is very 
interesting as a connecting link between Bolbomor: ‘phus and 
Eucteanus, indicating forcibly the non-significant character 
of the degree of dilatation of the antennal club, which has 
been treated as of primary importance in the grouping of 
the genera, In Hucteanus occurs the extreme degree of 
dilatation known in the Endomychidae (#. eucerus Arv.), 
while in the type-species of Bolbomorphus (B. gibbosus Gorh.) 
this feature is reduced almost to its minimum. In the second 
described species (B. theryi Gorh.) there is, according to the 
figure, a distinct widening, and in this (the third species) 
the antennae are in practically the same condition as in 
Hucteanus hardwicket Hope, the ty pe-species of that genus, 
in which they exhibit their least developed phase m 
Eucteanus. Yn its general form B. sex- punctatus shows a 
close approximation to the smaller species of Hucteanus in 
which external sexual differences are absent, and indeed 
there is no important feature by which to distinguish them, 
so that we have a series of closely-related forms showing a 
complete transition in the shape of the antenna from one 
extreme to the other. 


Bolbomorphus sex-punctatus, sp. 1 


Brunneus, antennis nigris elytrisque punctis sex parvis flavis 
ornatis, duobus anterioribus transversim approximatis, externo 
post-humerali, fere ad marginem, tertioque subapicali remoto; ovalis, 
parum elongatus, pronoto sat parvo, fortiter punctato (lateribus 
subrugose), marginibus lateralibus bisinuatis, angulis omnibus 
acutis, basi haud marginato, medio laevigato, foveis basalibus 
brevibus; elytris valde convexis, nitidis, fortiter punctatis, humeris 
prominentibus; pedibus gracilibus, tibiis omnibus rectis, versus 


70 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


apices paulo clavatis; antennarum articulis tribus ultimis valde 
compressis, primo elongato, ceteris latitudine fere ad longitudinem 
aequalibus. 

Long. 8°5 mm.; lat. max. 5 mm. 


Hab. K. Cuina: Shanghai. 

A single specimen collected by Fortune has been in the 
British Museum Collection since 1854. It appears to be 
a female. 

The elytra are broader at the shoulders and rather less 
pointed behind than in B. gibbosus Gorh., and their con- 
vexity is less than in that species. The puncturation of the 
upper surface is stronger and closer, especially at the sides 
of the pronotum, which are densely punctured and opaque. 
The yellow spots are small and round, one placed just 
behind the shoulder and almost touching the lateral margin 
of the elytron, another near the last but just within and at 
the base of the shoulder prominence, and the third remote 
from these and considerably behind the middle of the 
elytron. The club of the antenna is very loosely articu- 
lated and dilates rapidly from base to extremity, where 
it is about twice as wide as in B. gibbosus. 


Genus MrInicntus. 


Thelgetrum of Gorham is synonymous with Muilichius, 
T. ampliatum Gorh., being merely a little more elongate in 
shape than the other species so far known, and Gibbiger 
of Cziki, which has been separated solely on account of 
its thicker antennae, cannot be retained, for the propor- 
tions of those organs vary with every species. The genus 
accordingly contains at present six described species, to 
which several are added here. The genus appears to be 
Malayan in its distribution and is very well characterised 
by its hemispherical shape, long and narrow antennal club, 
widely separated coxae and broadly dilated basal joints 
of the feet. No sexual differences are known. 


Milichius fuscipes, sp. n. 


Laete flavo-rufus, laevissime aureo-micans, pedibus et corpore 
subtus infuscatis, tarsis rufis, antennis nigris, articulo ultimo pallide 
flavo; globosus, capite crebre inaequaliter punctato; pronoto minus 
crebre sed distincte punctato, lateribus leviter curvatis, antrorsum 
contractis, angulis anticis productis, rotundatis, posticis rectis, 
acutis, foveis basalibus brevissimis; elytris minute sat parce punc- 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 71 


tatis, callis humeralibus prominentibus; antennis gracilibus, quam 
corporis longitudine parum brevioribus, articulis 2° et 8° latitudine 
ad longitudinem aequalibus, reliquis clongatis, tribus ultimis fere 
aequalibus. 

Long. 4 mm. 


Hab. Sumatra: Padang, Sidempoean (Hricson). 

The type is unique. 

The species is very closely related to the typical M. 
mgricolis, Gerst. It is bright ferrugineous red in colour, 
with the pronotum a little darker, the legs and lower 
surface very dark brown, with the exception of the sides 
and extremity of the body beneath, and the antennae black, 
except three or four basal joints, which are very dark 
brown, and the terminal joint, which is bright yellow. It 
might be regarded as a colour variety of M. nagricollas, 
but for the antennae, which are much more than half the 
leneth of the body, with joints 3 to 8 distinctly diminish- 
ing in leneth, the 8th about as wide as long. The punc- 
turation above and beneath is as described for M. nigricollis 
rerst. (which is unknown to me), but the basal foveae of 
the pronotum, although extremely short, are deep and 
broad. 


Milichius politus, sp. n. 


Laete fulvus, antennis nigris (articulis 4 basalibus exceptis); 
globosus, glaber, nitidissimus, capite et pronoto minute sed distincte 
punctatis, hoe antrorsum valde contracto, angulis productis, haud 
acutis, lateribus arcuatis, foveis basalibus brevissimis, profunde 
impressis, elytris parce subtilissime punctatis, callis humeralibus 
prominentibus; antennis gracilibus, articulo 8° transverso, reliquis 
paulo elongatis, tribus ultimis longioribus. 

Long. 45 mm. 


Hab. Ntas I. 

A single specimen of this species, like many of the 
foregoing, formed part of the great collection made by 
the late Alexander Fry. It is bright orange-yellow in 
colour, with a very faint metallic golden lustre upon the 
elytra in a certain light. The antennae are black, except 
the four basal joints, and the last four ventral segments of 
the abdomen are paler than the rest of the lower surface, 
which, with the legs, is uniformly chestnut-red. There is 
a close resemblance to M. fuscipes but, besides the differ- 


72 Mr, Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


ently coloured antennae and legs, the puncturation of the 
upper surface is finer and more “scattered, the front angles 
of the pronotum are rather less blunt and the antennae a 
little shorter, 


Milichius apicicornis, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 12.) 


Ferrugineus, prothoracis lateribus callisque humeralibus paulo 
dilutioribus, antennarum articulis 5° vel 6° ad 10° infuscatis; sub- 
globosus, nitidus, capite et pronoto modice punctatis, hoc antrorsum 
valde contracto, angulis productis, elytris fortiter modice crebre 
punctatis, callis humeralibus prominentibus; antennis sat gracili- 
_bus, articulis 2° et 8° longitudine ad latitudinem aequalibus, reliquis 
elongatis, tribus ultimis paulo longioribus. 

Long. 3°5-4 mm. 


Hab. Borneo: Sarawak (G. #. Bryant), Banjermassin. 

A series of specimens were taken by Mr. Bryant in 
December and February upon Mt. Matang in Sarawak. 
Tt is an almost uniformly brown species, with the antennae 
black, except the basal four. (sometimes five) joints and 
the terminal one. The sides of the pronotum and the 
shoulders of the elytra are rather vaguely paler. The 
upper surface is rather strongly punctured, especially upon 
the elytra. The pronotum is strongly narrowed in front 
and deeply emarginate to receive the head, with the front 
angles well produced. The humeral calli are very promi- 
nent. The antennae are rather less slender than those of 
M. ngricollis, but less compact than in M. ferrugineus. 
All the joints are elongate except the small 2nd joint 
and the 8th, which is eae as broad as it is long. The 
last three form a scarcely perceptible club, the terminal 
one a little longer than the others. 


Milichius brevicollis, sp. n. 


Ferrugineo-rufus, pronoti medio elytrorum sutura et lateribus 
antennisque, apice extremo atque articulis tribus basalibus exceptis, 
infuscatis; subglobosus, nitidus, capite parce et subtilissime punc- 
tato; pronoto brevi, parce subtiliter punctato, lateribus leviter 
arcuatis, angulis anticis haud fortiter productis, late distantibus ; 
elytris nitidis, sat fortiter, parum dense, punctatis, callis humeralibus 
modice prominentibus; antennis gracilibus, articulis omnibus 
elongatis, tribus ultimis longissimis, aequalibus, 

Long. 4 mm. 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 73 


Hab. Bornro: Pengaron (W. Doherty). 

The type specimen is unique. 

This species is closely similar to M. apicicornis and 
biplagiatus, but in addition to the slight difference in 
coloration it is rather more shining than the former, the 
punctures upon the elytra being a little finer and less close, 
the elytra are a little less broad at the shoulders, with the 
calli less prominent, and the prothorax is a little shorter, 
less deeply emarginate for the reception of the head, with 
the front angles less produced and farther apart. The 
antennae are slender, all the joints being distinctly elongate, 
the last three of equal length. 


Milichius biplagiatus, sp. n. 


Ferrugineus, nitidus, supra subtiliter metallicus, singulo elytro plaga 
obliqua parum distincta violacea ante medium ornato; subglobosus, 
capite crebre punctato, antennis vix elytrorum longitudine aequali- 
bus, ferrugineis, articulis paulo elongatis, 3° quam 4° paulo longiori, 
9°-11° majoribus, subaequalibus, pronoto irregulariter minute 
punctato, marginibus lateralibus sat late reflexis, postice fere rectis, 
angulis acutis; elytris sat fortiter punctatis, callis humeralibus 
prominentibus, minute punctatis, marginibusque distincte reflexis. 

Long 4°5 mm. 


Hab. Borneo: Pengaron (W. Doherty). 

This also is described from a single specimen. It appears 
to resemble rather closely M. expetitus Gorh., from Sumatra, 
although differing in its feebly metallic rusty-red colour, 
paler at the front angles of the thorax and upon the 
humeral calli and with an ill-defined oblique blue patch 
behind each shoulder, as well as by its uniformly reddish 
antennae, composed of slightly elongate joints, the last 
three forming a narrow club and the terminal one only a 
little longer than either of the two preceding. The reflexed 
margins ‘of the elytra are rather more prominent than in 
M. amecicorns, but less so than in M. ornatus Arrow, 
described elsewhere. 


Genus BECCARTA. 


Becearia sex-maculata, sp. n. 


Nigra, nitida, pronoti angulis anticis late rufis elytrorumque 
maculis utrinque tribus discoideis, prima basali prope scutellum, 


74 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


secunda ante medium prope marginem externam, tertiaque sub- 
apicali; hemispherica, capite subtiliter sat crebre punctato, pronoto 
ubique distincte punctato, lateribus densius, marginibus lateral- 
ibus leviter arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis, posticis acutis, basi 
trisinuato, subtiliter marginato, foveis basalibus minutissimis; 
elytris ubique aequaliter sat fortiter punctatis; antennis modice 
gracilibus. 
Long. 455 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. 


Hab. Mauay Peninsuta: Perak (W. Doherty); Borneo : 
Sarawak, Mt. Merinjak, 600 ft. (@. H. Bryant, May). 

This species resembles B. wallacer Gorh., in which the 
elytra have each an additional red spot, but the punctura- 
tion is quite different in the present case, that of the 
pronotum much stronger and closer and that of the elytra 
very regularly and evenly distributed, without trace of 
linear arrangement. The basal foveae of the pronotum are 
much shorter and there is a fine marginal stria at the base 
which is absent in B. wallacer. The last joint of the 
antenna is a httle longer than wide, and the two preceding 
joints are distinctly transverse. 


Beccaria coccinella, sp. n. (Plate I, fig. 10.) 


Nigra, nitida, prothoracis dimidio antico elytrorumque plagis magn- 
is utrinque duabus rufis, anteriori lunulata, humerem includenti, 
posteriori subapicali, transversim rotundato, pedibus antennarumque 
articulis 2 vel 3 basalibus etiam obscure rufis; hemisphacrica, capite 
subtiliter sat dense punctato; pronoto ubique minute punctato, 
lateribus laevissime arcuatis, angulis anticis obtusis, basi trisinuato, 
foveis basalibus minutissimis; elytris ubique aequaliter distincte 
punctatis. 

Long. 4-4-5 mm.; lat. max. 3°5 mm. 


Hab. Bornro: Quop, W. Sarawak (G. H. Bryant, Feb. 
to May); Matay Pentnsuta: Perak (W. Doherty). 

B. coccinella has a close resemblance to B. sex-maculata, 
but the whole anterior half of the pronotum is red and 
the two anterior elytral spots are fused into one. The 
puncturation of the pronotum and elytra is regular and 
distinct, without trace of lines of punctures upon the 
latter, but it is a little less strong and close upon the former, 
and the fine marginal stria at the base in B. sex-maculata 
is here absent, 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 75 


The difference between the sexes appears very slight, 
the (presumed) male having the club of the antenna a very 
little broader and more compact and all the tibiae a trifle 
wider and more curved. 


Beccaria laeta, sp. n. 


Rufo-flava, eapite, pronoti medio, elytris clavaque antennali 
nigris, utroque elytro aurantiaco-bimaculato, macula anteriori ante- 
mediana transversa, intus et extus ad margines haud attingenti, 
macula posteriori anteapicali, fere circulari; hemisphaerica, valde 
convexa, nitida, corpore supra ubique crebre punctato; pronoto 
modice brevi, subtiliter punctato, lateribus fere rectis, antice leviter 
arcuatis, angulis haud acutis, postice fortiter divergentibus, angulis 
productis, acutis, basi subtilissime marginato, trisinuato, foveis 
basalibus minutissimis; scutello subtilissime punctulato; elytris 
crebre sed fortius punctatis. 

Long. 4°5 mm.; lat. max. 4 mm. 


Hab. Borneo, W. SaRaAwak: Quop (G. FE. Bryant, 
March). 

Mr. Bryant found only a single specimen of this species, 
which is nearly related to B. coccinella, but a little larger, 
with the pronotum more finely, and the elytra more closely, 
punctured. Thesides of the pronotum are much straighter, 
diverging strongly to the base, where the angles are sharply 
produced. The coloration is similar to that of B. coecinella, 
but the pronotum is dark in the median part and broadly 
yellow at the sides, and the anterior orange patch of the 
elytra is not produced towards the base, but forms a short 
transverse bar, broader at its inner end and gradually 
narrowing towards tlfe side, which it does not reach. The 
posterior patch is rather more regularly rounded than in 
the other species. 


Beccaria philippinica, sp. n. 


Flava, capite, antennarum articulis tribus ultimis elytrisque fuscis, 
horum marginibus externis maculisque utrinque tribus magnis 
rotundatis flavis, macula mediana etiam communi rufa; late hemi- 
sphaerica parum nitida; capite breviter flavo-hirto, pronoto lato, 
fortiter sat crebre punctato, lateribus laevissime arcuatis, angulis 
anticis obtusis, posticis fere acutis, basi subtiliter marginato, foveis 
basalibus fere obsoletis; elytris aequaliter sat fortiter punctatis, 


76 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


lateraliter bene marginatis; antennis gracilibus, articulo ultimo 


elongato. 
Long. 5 mm.; lat. max. 45 mm. 


Hab. Puiiipprne Is. (1. Cuming). 

The single type specimen has for more than three- 
quarters of a century passed unnoticed amongst Coccinel- 
hdae in the British Museum. 

It is a prettily marked insect of a hght chestnut colour, 
with the club of the antennae, the scutellum and the elytra 
dark brown, the latter having a large oval area upon the 
middle of the suture mahogany red and a narrow outer 
marginal border and six large round spots encircling the 
sutural patch deep yellow. These spots are placed exactly 
as in B. sex-maculata, from which the present species 
differs, in addition to the pale legs, antennae, thorax and 
mareins of the elytra, by its more circular outline and 
wider pronotum. The 9th and last jomts of the antennae 
are distinctly elongate and the 10th distinctly transverse. 


DapocERus, gen. nov. 


Corpus angustum, convexum, glabrum, nitidum, pedibus longis, 
tarsisque simplicibus, 4-articulatis. Caput magnum, oculis pro- 
minentissimis. Antennae breves, cylindricae, 4-articulatae, clava 
fusiformi, articulis duobus elongatis quorum ultimo paulo longiori 
exstructa. Labrum latum, antice emarginatum. Pronotum trans- 
verse hexagonum, angulis anticis et posticis prominentissimis, dorso 
medio profunde suleato. Elytra longi, singulum basi fortiter bi- 
carinatum, humeris prominentibus. Mesosternum longitudmaliter 
carinatum. 


Dadocerus nitidus, sp.n. (Plate I, fig. 11.) 


Purpureo-castaneus, laevis, politus, pronoto transverso, antice 
lato, postice valde angustato, medio longitudinaliter sulcato, sulco 
bistriato, angulis omnibus lobatis, haud acutis; elytris valde elong- 
atis, regulariter attenuatis, apicibus separatim rotundatis, humeris 
prominentibus, carinatis, carina retrorsum producta ad_ elytri 
partem tertiam, carina secunda interiori breviori striaque juxta- 
suturali fortiter impressa. 

Long. 4:5 mm.; Jat. max. 1:5 mm. 


Hab. Borneo, Sarawak: Kuching (April), Quop 
(March). 


Two specimens of this remarkable insect were found by 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 77 


Mr. G. KE. Bryant. Although very different in appearance 
from the genus T'rochoideus it agrees with it in all the main 
details of its structure. The peculiar modification of the 
mouth-appendages is the same, as is also the conforma- 
tion of the legs and lower surface. The most important 
difference is in the two-jointed club of the antenna, which is 
not consolidated but freely jointed, with the terminal joint 
only a little longer than the other. The whole surface is 
very smooth and shining and entirely devoid of hair 
above. The pronotum is about as long as it is wide at the 
base and deeply sulcate along the middle, with two fine 
parallel striae in the groove. "The sides are nearly parallel 
in front, strongly retracted behind, the lateral margins 
depressed and a little thickened at the edges, and all the 
angles are produced into blunt lobes. The basal margin is 
also flattened and the basal foveae are close to the hind 
angles. The elytra are very narrow and taper from base 
to apex, with an entire lateral carina, giving rise at the 
shoulder to a short humeral carina. There is also a still 
shorter dorsal carina arising just behind the scutellum and 
a strongly impressed stria close to the suture. All the 
legs are long and slender, the hind tibia a little produced 
internally at the extremity. 

The two specimens are probably males. 

The common T'rochoideus desjardinsi Guér., has been 
recently redescribed under the name Pseudopaussus mon- 
strosus (Schulze, Phil. Journ. Sei. x1, 1916, p. 292). 


Genus EXysMA. 

This genus is closely related to the HKuropean Clemmus, 
from which it differs chiefly in having only ten joints to 
the antenna. Two Japanese insects referred by Gorham 
to Symbiotes (nvponensis and orbicularis) are entirely mis- 
placed and are much more naturally placed in Hxysma, as 
Gorham himself suggested. This entails renaming the 
Central American Ex ysma orbicularis Gorh., which may 


be called 


E. spherica, nom. nov. 


Idiophyes brews Blackb., is another species of the same 
genus very similar to E. niponensis Gorh., but rather less 
strongly punctured, and with the elytra a little more 


produced behind. 


78 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


Genus CLEMMUS. 

For Haysma parvula Gorh., which has eleven-jointed 
antennae, Cziki has made another genus, Parexysma. 
Cziki, who evidently did not know the insect, his deserip- 
tion being merely taken from that of Gorham, has separated 
it widely, from Clenmus, with which in my opinion it should 
be united. The genus Clemmus 1s distinguished by the 
possession of three- -jointed tarsi, but when carefully mounted 
and examined it becomes evident that the apparent basal 
joint consists really of two joints closely united, and it is 
very difficult to maintain any dividing line between this 
and closely allied forms in which the tarsi are distinctly 
four-jointed. There can be no doubt as to the very close 
relationship of Gorham’s species to the typical Clemmus 
troglodytes, and another insect widely removed by Cziki, 
although also congeneric, is Alexia ulket Crotch.  Cziki’s 
E Conspectus ” of the Myc etaeinae contributes nothing to 
the elucidation of its subject. Parexysma, for exe :mple 
having first been referred to the section characterised by 
the absence of a sutural stria is then particularly distin- 
guished by the existence of such a stria. 


TRICHOPSEPHUS, gen. nov. 


Corpus globosum, ubique setosum, pedibus tenuibus, tarsis fili- 
formibus, quasi-triarticulatis. Prosternum productum, trunca- 
tum. Pronoti basis lobatus, marginatus, margo lateralis anguste 
incrassatus, medium linea incisa tenui transversa, retrorsum ad 
basin producta, proditum. Antennae tenuissimae, piliferae, 9- 
articulatae (2) vel 10-articulatae (4), articulo 1° longo, curvato, 2° 
minus elongato, tribus ultimis ovalibus, laxissime connexis, reliquis 
minutis, plus minusve elongatis. 


This very remarkable genus was strangely overlooked 
by Gorham, who ascribed two species of it to different 
genera. The first, HBaysma tenuicornis Gorh., may be 
regarded as the type of the genus. The other, from the 
island of Grenada, was called by him Dialexia punctipennis. 
The genus approaches Micropsephus, but has very strongly- 
marked peculiarities. The antennae are extremely slender, 
with a long curved basal joint, and the last three joints 
oval, almost alike, not large, but strongly differentiated 
from the rest in size and shape, clothed with bristling hairs 
and remarkably loosely connected with each other. The 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 79 


pronotum has the lateral margins thickened and the base 

strongly lobed in the middle, with a marginal stria follow- 
ing its outline. This stria terminates at the basal impres- 
sions on each side, which have undergone a very curious 
modification, the two sulci meeting in the middle and 
forming a continuous fine stria more or less semicircular 
in shape. This, with the structure of the antennae, will 
lead to the easy identification of the genus. 

T. (° Eaxysma”’) tenwicornis Gorh., was described from a 
single specimen from Guatemala. The British Museum 
collection contains also two specimens from Panama and 
one from Nicaragua (collected by Janson at Chontales) 
which I believe to be the female—indicating that both 
Gorham’s species are based on characters of the male sex 
only. In the female the antennae are considerably less 
attenuated than in the male. The latter has joints 3 to 
7 of extreme fineness, and the last three each drawn out 
at the base into a delicate footstalk by which it is attached, 
while in the female there are only nine joints, the first two 
as in the male, the 3rd and 4th short and minute, the 5th 
and 6th slender and the last three oval. 

The species following is described from a female speci- 
men agreeing in all essentials with that of 7’. tenwcornis, 
but with rather legs slender antennae. 


Trichopsephus niger, sp. n. 


Niger, nitidus, totus parce griseo-setosus, capite, antennis pedi- 
busque rufis, antennarum ({) articulis 3° ad 6° fere aequalibus 
elongatis, tribus ultimis breviter ovalibus. 


Long. 1 mm. 


Hab. British Honpuras: Rio Hondo (Blancaneau). 

The two previously described species are red in colour, 
but the present one is shining black, except the head, legs 
and antennae. It is smaller than 7. tenwicornis, but a 
little larger than 7. punctipennis, and the antennae are 
rather shorter than in the same sex of that species, joints 
3 to 6 being of almost equal length and the last three 
shortly oval. 


MiIcROPSEPHELLUS, gen. nov. 


Corpus globosum, glabrum. Pedes graciles; tarsi filiformes, 4- 
articulati. Antennae 8- vel 9-articulatae, breves, articulis tribus 


80: Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribution to the 


basalibus elongatis, 2 vel 3 sequentibus minutis, tribus ultimis 
magnis, haud laxe connexis. Pronotum absque lineis incisis, postice 
lobatum, margine laterali haud distincte elevata. 


This genus is made for Micropsephus hemisphoericus 
Champ., “and anew : species, which difler from Micropsephus 
by their very short antennae and the absence of the im- 
pressed arched stria upon the pronotum, in the occurrence 
of which Micropsephus resembles Trichopsephus. The 
claws of the older genus are cleft, a condition which I 
believe has not hitherto been found in any other Endomychid 
genus, and the antennal footstalk consists of eight very stout 
and well-marked joints, but in the new genus these joints 
are very much reduced in size and development and number 
only five (in hemisphoericus) or six (in the new species). 


Micropsephellus nigripennis, sp. n. 


Laete rufus, nitidus, elytris nigris; globosus, supra irregulariter 
haud crebre aut fortiter punctatus, pronoti lateribus antice incras- 
satis et excavatis; antennis 9-articulatis, tribus ultimis modice 
compactis, ultimo quam praecedentibus parum majori. 

Long. 1 mm. 


Hab. AnvitiEs: St. Vincent, Leeward side, Kingstown ; 
GRENADA: Balthasar, Windward side. 

Nine specimens were found by Mr. H. H. Smith. 

In size and general appearance the species is exactly 
similar to M, hemisphoeric us Champ., from which it is 
easily distinguished by its red head and thorax. It differs 
also in the peculiar thickening of the sides of the pronotum 
in front and in the smaller relative size of the terminal 
joint of the antenna, besides possessing an additional 
minute joint in the exiguous footstalk. 


PARASYMBIUS, gen. nov. 


Corpus breve, latum, hirsutum. Pedes graciles; tarsi filiformes, 
3-articulati. Antennae 10-articulatae, articulis tribus ultimis magnis, 
elongatis, laxe connexis. Pronoti latera aequaliter arcuati, antice 
et postice contracti, marginibus anguste incrassatis; foveae basales 
longae, basis fere rectus, sulco profundo, arcuato impressus. 


This genus forms an interesting link between the New 
World Bystus, in which the antennae are 9-jointed, and 


Classification of the Coleoplerous family Endomychidae. 81 


Asymbius, in which they are 11-jomted and of a highly 
peculiar development. Parasymbius has ten joints, form- 
ing a lone and stoutly-made organ of which the three 
terminal joints are large, elongate and very loosely con- 
nected, but together not quite as long as the seven preced- 
ing joints, which are also elongate in gradually decreasing 
degrees, except the 6th and “ith, which are stout and 
quadrate. The legs are slender, the tarsi very long 
filiform and quasi-3-jointed. The body is broad and 
convex, but not rotund, the pronotum being strongly 
contracted at the base, where the angles are rather obtuse 
and flattened at the sides. The lateral margins are very 
narrow, the basal impressions extend a little beyond the 
middle and are very broad at the base, where they are 
joined by a deep, curved basal stria. The whole upper 
surface is clothed with not very close soft yellow hair; 
the pronotum is smooth and shining and the elytra are 
rather strongly punctured, some of the punctures, which 
are a little ‘larger than the rest, forming irregular and 
inconspicuous lines. 

The only known species is the following, described from 
a single specimen in the British Museum. 


Parasymbius philippinensis, sp. n. 


Testaceus, antennarum articulis 7-9 paulo infuscatis; brevis, 
late convexus, pilis flavis haud longis aut densis vestitus; pronoto 
lato, lateribus aequaliter rotundatis, antice et postice contractis, 
basi fere recto, sulco posticali profundo, valde arcuato; scutello 
transverso; elytris convexis, latis, fortiter punctatis, punctis paulo 
majoribus nonnuilis longitudinaliter ordinatis, lateribus undique 
fortiter et aequaliter arcuatis. 

Long. 2°5 mm.; lat. max. 1-5 mm. 


Hab. Purirrewe Is.: Isabela (Semper). 


Genus MonocoryNa. 


This enigmatical genus, described by Gorham in 1885, 
has perhaps wisely, not been included in the recent 
catalogue of Endomychidae. It has affinities with both 
the Endomy chidae and Coccinellidae, and its most singular 
feature, the antenna, has a remarkable similarity to 
that of the Erotylid genus Huwestus, but it is an isolated 
genus in which the characters of neither family distinctly 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, 0. (JULY) G 


82 Mr. Gilbert J. Arrow’s Contribulior to the 


predominate. The broad raised margin of the pronotum 
indicates its relationship to the present family, and there 
is also a peculiar structure, not hitherto noticed, on each 
side of the base of the pronotum, which may be homologous 
with the basal fovea so characteristic of the Endomychidae. 
Only a single specimen, now in the Genoa Museum, has 
been previously known, but a second species, of which 


there are two specimens in the British Museum, is now 
described. 


Monocoryna fasciata, sp. n. 


Rufa, pronoto elytrisque nigris, illius plaga mediana et lateribus, 
horum fasciis undulatis tribus transversis, nonnunquam ad suturam 
interruptis, rufis; late ovalis, convexa, undique pube erecto brevi 
griseo vestita, supra irregulariter haud profunde punctata; capite 
utrinque longitudinaliter impresso; pronoto brevi, lateribus parum 
arcuatis, angulis anticis vix acutis, posticis late rotundatis, margini- 
bus lateralibus late elevatis, his postice paulo intus productis e 
convergentibus, basi utrinque signa angulata parva inciso. 

Long. 5-6 mm. ; lat. max. 4-4-5 mm. 


Hab. Mauay PeninsuLtA: Selangore (H. N. Ridley), 
Perak (W. Doherty). 

I know the typical species of the genus (IZ. decempunctata) 
only from the published fioure and deseription, but, 
although evidently related closely, it 1s very different 
in pattern and apparently more See in shape and 
more sparsely clothed with hair. . fasciala is very 
broadly oval and highly convex ihe is entirely clothed 
with short erect grey pubescence. The head, lower 
surface, antennae and legs are red, with the large 
round club-joint of the antenna and the sides of the 
head darker. The pronotum and elytra are black, with 
the sides of the former red (except the extreme edges 
and sometimes the hind angles) and an arrowhead- shaped 
median stripe not quite reaching the base, an undulating 
transverse band upon the elytra just beyond the base, 
sometimes with an anterior offshoot cutting off the 
humeral callus, a similar band a little beyond the 
middle, sometimes interrupted at the suture, and an 
oblique mark on each side between the last and the apices, 
reaching the outer margins but not the suture, are also red. 
The upper surface is shallowly and irregularly, but rather 


Westwood Bequest. Trans. Ent. Soc., Lond.,1920. Plate I. 


OFT. 


Half-Tone Eng. Co., Ltd. 


NEW SPECIES OF ENDOMYCHIDAE 


Classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae. 83 
1 Y Y 


coarsely, pitted. The head has a longitudinal curved stria 
on each side near the eye. The pronotum is short, with 
the sides feebly curved, except towards the hind angles, 
which are broadly rounded off. They have wide elevated 
margins, which are continued a little way round the base, 
tapering at the ends. On each side of the base at a short 
distance from the extremity of the lateral margin (¢. e. in 
the position normally occupied by the basal fovea) is a 
very small but sharply defined triangular area. 


EXPLANATION OF Piate LI. 


Kia. 1. Chondria triplex, sp. n., page 60. 
2. Slenotarsus malayensis, sp. n., page 54, 
3. S. basalis, sp. n., page 56. 
4. Periplyctus eximius, sp. n., page 65. 
5. Chondria nitida, sp. n., page 61. 
6. C. serteselosa, sp. n., page 58. 
7. Mycetina lurida, sp. n., page 27. 
8. M. corallina, sp. n., page 26. 
9. M. globosa, sp. n., page 28. 
10. Beccaria coccinella, sp. n., page 74. 
11. Dadocerus nitidus, sp. n., page 76. 
12. Milichius apicicornis, sp. n., page 72. 


(L829) 


Il. Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, as forms and its models 
on the islands of L. Victoria, and the bearing of the 
facts on the explanation of mimicry by Natural 
Selection. By G. D. Hate Carpenter, M.B.E., 
D.M., F.L.8., F.ES., F.Z.8., Uganda Medical Service. 


[Read November 5th, 1919.] 


Praras 1), IT. 


Forms of Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi and its models were 
the subject of a paper which was communicated to the 
Society in November 1913, and was published in these 
Transactions, March 31, 1914, pp. 606-645. 

The object of the paper was to show that with com- 
parative scarcity of models on the islands, mimics which 
do not maintain the typically close resemblance are not 
destroyed by the action of natural selection (working, 
presumably, through vertebrate enemies), but are pre- 
served; while in other places such as Entebbe on the 
mainland where models are more numerous than mimics 
the latter are kept true to type. 

The explanation of the great number of varieties on the 
islands as compared with the mainland was first suggested 
to me by Prof. Poulton, as a result of a collection made 
on Damba island in 1911, which was described in Proe. 
Ent. Soc. 1911, pp. xci-xcv; 1912, pp. xxii—xxii. Some 
of them were figured on Pl. xxxvi in the above-mentioned 
paper in 1914. 

When I returned to the islands at the beginning of 1914 
I went to a different group (see map), lying south of 
Entebbe and about twenty-five miles from it. Camp was 
pitched on the west end of the north shore of Kome, and 
the neighbouring small islands Bulago, Tavu, Ngamba, 
and Kimmi were frequently visited. 

In August 1914 work was cut short by the call of active 
service, and during the rest of that year and in 1915 I 
was with troops on the Kagera river to the west of the 
lake. Ispent many months at Kakindu (about 31° 30’ E., 
1° 10’ §.), where was a fine forest known as the Tero 
forest, and here were obtained more specimens of the forms 
of Pseudacraea eurytus and their models. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaRTS I, I. (JULY) 


11 ae TH Coy Seg Re earned ibaa : é eee 
ase a " ' — = ae 
. eet = ta eee on Pe Ru in nae Gama 


= : aT. = ™ 7 .’ 2 = 


— — - » on 
—— <a — 


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VICTORIA NYANZA 
(N.W) 


Hemreyed 
Commands A eng CS Huntoy 
iqoo-o1 


3a°30'£ 
3a°e 


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1a warmland Cereily 


KAKINDU 
ay Be SW Cepeda Lnite of han moh 


iferumeti, 31°S0'E 1° 10'S. 


33 € 


0753S. 


Nake 


Busan 


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0°30'S 


3726 fest atrove He Sea 


Trans. Ent, Soc. Lond., 1920. 


W30E 


aa" 30E 


a2 %, 
yy : Tits 


Dr. G. D. H, Carpenter on Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi. 85 


Lastly, after the signing of the armistice I was enabled 
to return to work on the islands, and went back to Kome 
in Dec. 1918, where I obtained more specimens from the 
same localities as in 1914, and also from the eastern end 
of the large island of Kome. 

The specimens obtained from these localities have 
afforded most interesting and important data, exactly 
complementary to those in the earher paper. The figures 
given in that paper may be here reproduced, together “with 


the new data now discussed. . 

Planema Pseudacraea 

models. (all forms). 
Mainland, 1909 (C. A. Wiggins, Entebbe) 252 88 
Bugalla Island, 1912-13 : : : 129* 306 
Kome and neighbouring islands, 1914. 440 78 
Mainland (Kakindu), 1915. : : 102 13 
Kome and neighbouring islands, 1918-19 39 55 
Sundry other islands, 1918-19 s 3 3 38 


Study of the present data shows that :— 5 

I. In 1914 on the islands Planema models were found 
to be very numerous and the Pseudacraea mimics 
less abundant and true to type, as in the Wiggins 
collection from the mainland. 

II. On individual islands the predominant form of 
Pseudacraea was that which mimics the pre- 
dominant Planema of that locality. 

III. The collection from the Tero forest on the mainland 
(Kakindu) confirms the last result. In this locality 
the only abundant form of Planema was copied 
by the appropriate form of Pseudacraea, while 
only a single specimen of another form was 

taken. 

IV. On the same islands in 1918-19, Pseudacraea was 
again more numerous, and more variable. 

V. A collection from sundry other islands in 1918-19 
contains ten times as many Pseudacraea as 
Planema models, nearly half of which are tran- 
sitional. 

The total numbers for 1914 are tabulated below for 

comparison with the Bugalla captures: the former are 
indicated by ordinary figures, the latter by Roman figures. 


* The total was wrongly added up to 127 in the description of 
the table in the 1914 paper. 


86 


Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on 


Combin- Forms of Pseudacraca ates 
ation. eels. eurytus hobleyi: Neave. Other! mimics: 
TA. Planema poggei nelsoni % forma mimetica pog- | Ps. kuenowi hypoxantha 
Grose-Sm., geoides Poulton. Jord, 
6 If. 23 II. 0 ey 1a, (0) 
OO VI. 0 
Papilio dardanus 
Brown. 
Q £. m. planemoides 
Trimen. 
I. 0 
iB? Planema macarista, & 3 f. m. hobleyi Neave. Acraea alciope Hew. 
HE. M. Sharpe. : XXVIII. 19 | ? f. m. aurivillii Staud. 
X. 70 xT. 3 
Q f. m. alicia Grose-Sm. 
approaching typical 
western form (1). 0 
non-mimetic @ (V).0 
Precis rauana Grose-Sm. 
9 XXIII. 1 
‘s non-mimetic 
$ (XXIV). () 
IK Planema macarista ® f. m. tirikensis Neave. | Acraea jodutta F. 
VII. 18 XL.17. | ? f. m. Jodutta ¥. TIT. 2 
Planema alecinoe cameru- non-mimetic ¢ (111). 4 
nica Auriv. 
OMT as. 
not mimicked 
3 (VIII). (107) 
Planema aganice Hew. 
form montana But. 
2 0. 49 
not mimicked 
& 0. (85) 
Forms transitional 
between 
3 hobleyi, 2 tirikensis, 
and ¢ 2 obscura Neave. 
6 XXIII. 0 
O exexat 
Tif. Planema epaea paragea f. m. obscura Papilio cynorta Pabr. 
CGrose-Sm. oy MABE i 2 f. m. peculiaris 
re. @ Fi 0 o XIX. 3 Neave. 36 0. 0 
® XXXIV. 0 
Non-mimetic (1). 0 
Forms transitional 
between 
& ¥& obscura and 
3 & terra Neave. 
6 XXVI. 0 
Oar 2 
IV. Planema tellus ewmelis f. m. terra. Acraea jodutta Vabr. 
Jord. ® f. m. dorotheae Ii, M. 
(platyxantha Jord.) Sharpe. 
& XXIV. 185 6 LVI. 19 
> IX. 51 9 XLVIII. 16 . VI. 4 
Forms transitional 
between 
. 3 @ terra and ¢ hobleyi 
and @ tirikensis. 
6 XXXVI. O 
® XXXVIII. 0 
Totals CXXIX. 440 CCCLVI. 78 


Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyt. 87 


The tables on pp. 88-90 give the numbers of the various 
species which are the subject of the paper, together with 
others belonging to the same combinations. 

It is hardly necessary again to go through the four 
combinations of models and their mimics, as these were 
classified in the former paper. 

Some points especially worthy of notice may, however, 
be mentioned. 

Combination I.—The chief mimic in this group, Pseuda- 
craea kuenowr hypoxantha Jord., was not very abundant 
on Bugalla island, neither is it at Entebbe. But it is 
quite absent from the collections which are the subject of 
this paper. The Papilionid mimic, form planemoides of 
Papilio dardanus, was only taken at Kakindu during the 
period under discussion, where it was the commonest form 
of female. This and other mimetic Papilios from Kakindu 
will, I hope, form the subject-matter of a future paper. 

Combination I B.—The form hobleyi of Ps. eurytus shows 
considerable variation in the amount of white and orange 
on the hind-wing. The model, 3 Planema macarista, usually 
has some orange bordering the white, and is often copied 
in this respect: by specimens of hobleyi. 

Acraea alciope is scarcer in these collections than in 
that from Bugalla. 

Combination II.—A new member of this combination 
was found in abundance directly I arrived on Kome in 
1914, namely Planema aganice Hew., form montana Butl. 
The male of this handsome species does not enter into any 
of the mimetic associations now under consideration, but 
its female is of the same type as that of Planema macarista 
K. M. Sharpe, and is figured with it. It is a very remark- 
able fact that, although so abundant on Kome in 1914, 
this species was never captured on Damba in 1911, where 
I spent nine months, and first made the acquaintance of 
the fascinating Planema—Pseudacraea combinations. Damba 
on its western side is only separated from Kome by a nar- 
row channel of a few hundred yards! (see map). Equally 
interesting are the facts that it was never seen on Bugalla 
during fourteen months’ residence in 1912-13, and only one, 
a male, appears in the large Wiggins collection made at 
Entebbe in 1909. But on looking through a collection that 
I made a little way east of Entebbe on the north shore 
of the lake in 1910 (Buka bay, see map), [ found several 
examples of Planema aganice montana. 


Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on 


88 


a1 SB ater aoe leeds ¢ T re 9 &% & * anayjosop * oe WG 
6 a ee a ee 
bo oS ee ee seg ee a ee oe res 
I G ) : “ poyp ‘¢ a ‘ 
9 T G II - T¢ fo) WIPUAND wUAIOY ‘ado19)0 vanL1oK 
FF 1¢ 6 FL fo) : es 
I a LG I FST $G me gt De syauina snyjay 
9 aa ee aera cs Sh oe 
Ot If if oy { ow vnabnand vanda “ 
T I LT &G 0G FG I Pe 4 r es gs se 
I I I 9 LT FI Il ‘ reamee: *  punjuow aovunbn Oy 
I T g fs F GT €8 8 1g f= 4 : < e * 
G i g Gj € G 8G G IL iG <0 DIVUNLIUDI GOULD “6 
I g T 81 L 6 (Fa ; ; < 
al 0G L Tg OL 8 {9 *  pystupoDpuUt bf 
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T F z z T ST j &1 fe quosjau wbbod nuaun 
“6I-STST | “6I-8tet | ‘eter | eV = | ACTER Ng SCA Cte || MOWOTE Se orer See 
Hime [amen oemee etwang | yo). 
. ‘FIGL ‘Spuvyst Jo dnors am0y puelureyy 


NN eee _—EeEeEe————E——eE—————— ES SSS 


89 


Pseudacraca eurytus hobleyr. 


‘UdALS JOU Jaquinu = ¢ 
ee ee EEE——————— 


z z é aqoyu Ee 
OL I 9 & saprowaunj)d wi0j ‘snunpenp orjrdog 
jk & * (payreur ayy) vabayd spuwAyT 
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(3 9 I gz é 6 DUONDL SIAL T 
9 I é < : 
§ I ? gnouany os 
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Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyr. 9] 


According to Eltringham’s “ African Mimetic Butterflies ” 
the typical aganice, in which the male is paler and the 
female has the white areas of smaller extent, is “ confined 
to the Natal region, and is represented in British and 
German East Africa by the variety montana, which has 
a much wider range, being common in the Belgian Congo.” 

An interesting point is that in 1914 when visiting a 
croup of islands east of Kome (Wema, etc.) this Planema 
was not noticed there. 

But in 1919 when revisiting all the islands I had been 
to in 714, I found aganice on the Wema group. Iam quite 
inclined to think that it had arrived there since 1914. 

The 3 of Planema alcinoe sometimes shows strong 
suffusion of the brown near the base of the fore-wing by 
a dusky hue. If this were accentuated a distinct approach 
to the pattern of the ¢ aganice montana would be produced. 
This point requires further investigation. 

A very interesting member of Combination IT is, the 
large black-and-white Hypsid moth Deilemera acraeina 
H. H. Druce. This occurs at Entebbe, but I had never 
found it until I collected at Kakindu, so that it does not 
seem to have made its way to the islands. It was noted 
in my journal that “TI saw it on the wing and took it for 
another 2 Papilio cynorta Fabr., but realised after a little 
that there was something different. Its flight was not 
hike that of any Hypsid [ have seen before; much more 
floating and lke that of the Papilio.” P. cynorta ° is 
black and white, mimicking the 2 Planema epaea of the 
west coast, which shows minor differences in its pattern 
from the Planema models of Combination IT. 

Another member of Group II, the black-and-white form 
of the Satyrine Elymnias phegea, which is not common at 
Entebbe, has never been met with on an island, nor at 
Kakindu. 

Combination IIT.—The model, Planema epaea Grose-Sm., 
in its eastern form paragea was not taken on any of the 
islands discussed in this paper, although it occurs on 
Damba, which, as has been said, lies only a few hundred 
yards away from the eastern end of Kome. But several 
were taken at Kakindu, showing considerable variation. 
It is very interesting that at Kakindu Papilio cynorta, 
which was very abundant, was entirely of the western 
form, whose female mimics the black-and-white western 
form of Planema epaea which was not seen at Kakindu, 


92 Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on 


On the other hand, a few of the eastern form of the model, 
form paragea, were taken at Kakindu. 

So here is an example of eastern (Planema) and 
western (Papilio) forms commingling on the western side 
of the great lake, while the form peculiaris Neave, of the 
Pajilio, corresponding to the eastern model, did not 
occur. 

Combination IV.—The form dorotheae of Acraea jodutta 
mimics Planema tellus, the model of this group. Another 
form is the black-and-white jodutta, belonging to Com- 
bination IT. 

A very interesting form has the subapical white bar on 
the fore-wing, but the other areas are of the rich orange 
of dorotheae ; this corresponds to the more southern esebriat, 
one of which was taken at Kakindu on 29.4.15. There 
is a very interesting similar variety of Pseudacraea 
eurylus transitional from terra to hobleyi ; the likeness 
to the Acraea is remarkable, and the likeness of both 
to Danas chrysippus. A single 3 of Acraea esebria was 
taken at Kakindu, of the same type as the last-mentioned 
form of jodutta, According to Eltrmgham this is 
‘“‘essentially a 8. African insect”? (‘ African Mimetie 
Butterflies,” p. 81); it is considered by him to be distinct 
from jodutta although closely allied. 

Acraea althoffi, of whose non-mimetic male a single one 

was taken at Kakindu, is of much interest since it has 
two forms of female which occur at Entebbe, but not 
in any locality where I have collected. These forms are 
secondary mimics in Combinations IT and IV through the 
godutta and dorotheae forms of A. jodutta, which are their 
primary models (Poulton, Report of 1 Congrés Inter- 
national d’Entomologie, 1911, pp. 504-506). 

Transitional forms of Pseudacraea eurytus.—In the 
Bugalla collection of 1912-13 there were 85 3, 71 & speci- 
mens showing a transition between the several named 
forms, out of a total of 356. In the collection from Kome, 
and the adjacent small islands lying off its western end, 
made in 1914, there were only 3 9 feanainonell forms out 
of a total of 77. 

At Kakindu there were no transitional forms out of 13, 
which is not remarkable, seeing that all save one were of 
the form terra, corresponding to the predominant model. 
In 1918-19, however, on Kome island there were 22 tran- 
sitionals out of a total of 52 Pseudacraea. 


Pseudacraea eurylus hobleyi. 93 


The proportions of Pseudacraea to Planema models in 
these localities are :— 


° 


aD S = g 
og igs! | Om | Sa BES Ml tscAes 
Fics | See | sree Stayer [aust [sisi 
Zhe eal ta Ht gat woe | gq 
aio | PEN | ose | BAG | o Se Aan 
26 4 Alcs relic a AS SH 
oa” | aes | see as ft aee | ae 
> 4 = i 
Planema 5 eos 129 | 440 102 39 3 
Pseudacraea : - 
(total) ; 88 356 78 13 55 38 
(transitionals) 2 156 3 O 22 14 


CoNCLUDING REMARKS. 


These figures speak for themselves, and the specimens 
are in the Hope Department at the Oxford University 
Museum for any one to see, 

It may be justly claimed that the results of recent 
collections are complementary to the former. That is, in 
the presence of greater numbers of models the mimics are 
found to be true to type, but when they outnumber the 
models many transitional and other varieties are found. 

It was claimed in the previous paper that natural selec- 
tion afforded the explanation, and this is further supported 
by specimens from Kome, Ngamba, and Kimmi islands 
and from Kakindu on the mainland (see map). 


| 


Locality. ae Combination See Combination 
Peanoo 47 ~ 235 
Kome, 1914 
Ps 8 8 2 35 
JAE || 2B: ie 
Ngamba, 1914 
JER 9 7 2 
ele ae 9 
Kimmi, 1914 
Ps. 2 2 
JES WN) 5 16 71 
Kakindu, 1915 
PSs | ] 12 


94. Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter on 


Kome is a large island and, like Bugalla, has forest 
along its shores and in patches on the high ground in its 
centre. Ngamba and Kimmi are quite small islands both 
covered almost entirely with forest. They are all so close 
together that 1t would be absurd to account for differences 
between the proportions of forms of Pseudacraea by climatic 
conditions. At Kakindu is a large area of forest at very 
little elevation above the lake level, extending from the 
lake shore five-and-twenty miles inland. 

Now, on Kimmi the only Planema models in 1914 were 
the species with black-and-white females of Combination II, 
and the male of one of them belonging to Combination I. 
The only forms of Pseudacraea were hobleyi and tirikensis 
mimicking these combinations. On Kome the orange ¢ellus 
of Combination IV predominated, and derra was the most 
abundant form of Pseudacraea. 

On Ngamba, however, members of Combinations I and II 
were the prevailing models and the mimics were in pro- 
portions accordingly, to such an extent that just as Planema 
tellus appeared to be absent so was terra its mimic! But 
at Kakindu tellus was very much the most abundant, and 
all the Pseudacraea save one were of the corresponding 
form. 

But the most remarkable feature of the collections now 
discussed is the difference between the proportions of 
models and mimics on Kome island in 1914 and hee: iPS). 
On the former occasion 338 Planema models were taken, 
and only 56 Pseudacraea, of which only 3 were tanaonnte 
the proportion of model to mimic being 6to 1. In 1918-19, 
however, 25 Planema models were taken but 55 Pseudacraea, 
of which 23 were transitional: ; the proportion of model to 
mimic being | to 2°2. 

This most interesting result seems to fall in almost too 
well with the others! It is supposed that on an island 
such as Ngamba the insectivorous birds spare mimics in 
Combination IL but destroy the rest, while on Kome and 
at Kakindu they find the model of Combination TV so 
much more abundant that its mimics are more often spared. 
This, of course, presupposes that the bird population. of 
an island stays there, and that birds from Ngamba do not 
cross to Kome to hunt. Although this may seem an 
extravagant theory yet a tour among many islands in 
1914 showed that the bird fauna of adjacent isles does 
differ, and I pomted out in 1918, in reply to some remarks 


Pseudacraea eurytus hobley:. 95 


by the late Colonel Manders on this -very subject (Proc. 
Ent. Soc., p. xem), that there is sufficient difference in 
tone between the songs of individuals of the same species 
on separate islands to show that some birds at least do 
not roam from one to another, otherwise such insular 
variations would not be perpetuated. I refer especially 
to flycatchers (Platystira and Tchitrea), but it must be 
admitted that the bee-eaters Merops and Melitlophagus, 
in particular the former, cross over quite wide areas of 
water. 

In the case of Kome, however, we find a gradual decline 
in the number of models and increase in mimics, with a 
great proportional increase in the number of transitional 
forms. 

The destruction of butterflies, so far as selective action is 
concerned, is held to be mainly the work of young birds, 
which have to learn what to eat and what to avoid. 

A young bird in 1914 would have found so many models 
that any member of a combination would have been more 
hkely to be the relatively distasteful Acraeine; thus the 
youngster would learn to leave that combination alone, 
while Pseudacraea not conforming to the combination 
would have been destroyed. As “this bird erew older, 
however, it would have found the models becoming scarcer 
and scarcer, and one must suppose that in consequence 
the bird forgot what these models tasted like, so that in 
later years no form of Pseudacraea had much more chance 
of surviving than any other; thus transitional forms would 
begin to be preserved. 

A young bird hatched in 1916 would have come into a 
world where Planema and Pseudacraea were in approxi- 
mately equal numbers, and thus its value as a selecting 
agent would have been very limited. For it was just as 
likely to meet a distasteful model or a relatively edible 
Pseudacraea, which might have been either a close mimic 
or a transitional form. But as soon as Pseudacraea became 
more abundant than Planema the absence of selection would 
come into play with ever-increasing force and transitional 
forms would become abundant, perhaps only limited by 
the range of variation and their physiological fitness. 

As to the reasons for the decline in numbers of Planema 
on Kome from 1914 to 1918 I can give no satisfactory 
suggestion. When I first went to Kome it seemed to me 
that abundance of food-plant might account for the 


96 Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter on Pseudacraea eurylus hobleyi. 


abundance of Planema there, as compared with Bugalla, 
where, for example, { never found the plant which I knew 
to be the food of P. poggei. But it is difficult to imagine 
that in four years the food-plants had all become scarce 
enough on Kome to cause so great a diminution in the 
numbers of Planema. It is more likely that parasitic 
enemies are the cause of waves of prosperity and decline 
as is known to be the case with so many species; an 
abundance of hosts one year produces an abundance of 
parasites which destroy so many hosts that they in turn 
diminish in numbers, after which the host again increases. 

In conelusion I should like to express my great regret 
that the late Colonel Manders, who so stro ngly criticised 
my first paper, is no longer here to see the results of 
further investigation of these interesting Pseudacraea. 
One feels that his doubts as to the correctness of the 
explanation of mimicry by natural selection would have 
been still further shaken by the new facts brought forward 
in this paper. 

I am indebted to my kind friend and mentor Prof. 
Poulton for much helpful advice in the preparation of the 
paper: the arrangement of the specimens for reproduction 
is due to him and Dr. 8. A. Neave, to whom I am much 
indebted. 


EXPLANATION OF Puate II. 


Model species of Planema on the left; mimetic forms of Pseud- 
acraea eurylus on the right, each opposite to its model. All figures 
are 2 natural size. 


Fic. 1. P. tellus, 9. Kome Isle. 12.viii.1914. Caught by “ boy ” 
at edge of forest. 
Ps. eurytus f. terra, 9. Damba Isle. 1-15.ix.1911. In 
jungle, east side. 
3. P. epaea paragea, 2. Bugalla Isle. 24.11.1912. 
4. Ps. eurytus f. obscura, 9. Bugalla Isle. 18.11.1912. 
5. P. macarista, 3. Entebbe. 15.viii.1910. Caught by one 
of Dr. Wiggins’ “ boys.” 
6. Ps. eurytus f. hobleyi, 3g. Wema Isle.  1.ii.1918. In 
jungle on south shore. 
7. P. macarista, 9. Kome Isle. 29.vi.1914. Udge of forest. 


bo 


(/ 


r 7 A 
[ ond 19 


wood Bequest 


Vest 


} 


Acraemne 


LODE, SPECIES 


NV 


eY., +t. _ 
Wii, oud id 
4, his * i af apes 


Westwood Bequest, frams, Ent. Soc, Lond.l920, Pl. lil 


4epaeine models 


+ 


oo 


Kxplanation of Plates. 97 


8. Ps. eurytus f£. tirtkensis, 9. Bugalla Isle. 6.xii.1912. 
Edge of forest. 

9. P. poggei, 9. Bulago Isle. 15.iii.1914. Flying across 
open grass land. 

10. Ps. eurytus £. poggeoides, 9. 13.viii. 1911. S. A. Neave, 
near west foot of Mt. Eleon, in strip of forest, height 
3600 ft. above sea. 


The specimens are arranged in geographical order from Uganda 
eastwards to Mombasa (Plate III) and then southwards. 


EXPLANATION oF Pruate III. 


Model species of Planema on left; mimetic forms of Ps. eurytus 
on right, each opposite to its model. All figures are 3 natural size. 


Fie. 1. P. aganice f. montana, 3. Il.vii.1914. Ngamba Isle, 
forest edge. 

2. Ps. eurytus f. rogerst, 3 (the type). November 1906. 
Caught by Rev. K. St. A. Rogers, Shimba, about 16 
miles west of Mombasa, about 1200 feet. 

3. P. agunice t. montana, 2. 1.viii.1 914. Tavu Isle, forest 
edge. 

4. Ps. eurytus f. rogersi, 2 (the type). 28.vii.1906. Rabai, 

about 14 miles N.W. of Mombasa. 
- P. aganice f. nyasae n. g. 13.vi.1913. S. A. Neave. 
Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 3000 ft. 
6. Ps. eurytus f. mlanjensisn. 3. 11.xii.1913. S. A. Neave. 
Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 3000 ft. 
7. P. aganice f. nyasae n. 9. 10.vi.1913. S. A. Neave. 
Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 3000 ft. 
8. Ps. eurytus f. mlunjensis n. 9. 17.ii1.1913. S. A. Neave. 
Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, 3000 ft. 
9: B. aganice, 6. 13.iv-1897. -G. A. K. Marshall. Malvern, 
Natal, 700-800 ft. 
10. Ps. eurytus {. imitator, 3. 7.v.1910. Bred by the late 
A. D. Millar in the Durban district, Natal. 
Il. P. aganice, 2. 22.ii1.1896. G. A. K. Marshall. Malvern, 
Natal, 700-800 ft. 
12. Ps. eurytus £. imitator, 2. 20.iv.1910. Bred by the late 
A. D. Millar in the Durban district, Natal. 
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND. 1920.—Parts 1, I. (JULY) #H 


Cr 


98 Haplanation of Plates. 


The specimens from Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland, are of great interest 
as showing a local variety of the Planema with the pale areas on 
fore- and hind-wings larger than in the typical $8. African form; 
this variety is faithfully copied by the local race of Pseudacraea 
which shows a beautiful transition between the typical Southern 
form imitator and the northern and most eastern of the forms of 
eurylus, namely rogersi, and also the Uganda and west-coast form 
tirikensis. In the female the white subapical patch on the fore- 
wing, larger than in typical imitator, is very like that in some of 
the specimens of tirikensis most resembling their model (macarista, 
©), in which the posterior end of the white fore-wing bar is sup- 
pressed (cf. fig. 7 and 8, Plate IL). On the hind-wing the Mlanje 
females have a much larger white area than do the typical 
Natal imitator, in this resembling the female rogerst. On the under 
surface of the hind-wing the Mlanje specimens, both 3 and 9, show 
a basal red patch which in shape and tint is transitional between the 
narrow but long purplish red patch of Natal imatator and the more 
triangular umber patch of tirckensis. 

The general appearance of these forms is sufficiently indicated by 
the plates. I propose the name nyasae for the Mlanje race of 
Planema aganice, and mlanjensis for the corresponding form of 
Pseudacraea eurylus. 


(ie SG iis) 


IIT. Notes on the biology of some inquilines and parasites 
m a nest of Bombus derhamellus Kirby; with a de- 
scription of the larva and pupa of Kpuraea depressa 
Lig. (= aestiva Auclt.: Coleoptera, Nitidulidae). 
By Hueu Scorr, M.A., Sc.D., F-E.S., Curator in 
Kntomology, University of Cambridge. 


[Read February 4th, 1920.] 


PAGU 
[. Introduction. : : : ‘ 2 Rompe on. Wall!) 
II. Biological notes on Brachycoma devia (Tachinidae) LOO 
IU. 55 33 Aphiochaeta rata (Phoridae) and its 
parasite Orthostigma pumilum ( Braconidae). LOO 
IV. Antherophagus pallens (Cryptophagidae) : wintering and 
pupation; occurrence of the genus in bees’ nests ; 
references to descri ptions of larvae; annual cycle of 
Antherophagus : , : : 2 3 LO 
V. Epuraea depressa (Nitidulidae) : pupation; other records 
of occurrence in bees’ nests ; biology of other species 
of Epuraea; food of the larvae of E. depressa . se lOS 
VI. Description of the larva of Epuraea depressa 2 107 
VIL. 35 » pupa 4 an ; He 22 
Vill. General Summary —. P : : ; : s,, 126 


I. Introduction. 


THE purpose of this paper can be gathered from the list of 
headings above. While working temporarily at the Im- 
perial College of Science, London, I received from Miss 
L. K. Cheesman, on July 19, 1918, part of a nest of Bombus 
derhamellus Kirby, the “ Red-shanked Carder-bee,” con- 
taining a number of insects of more than one Order which 
are frequently found as inmates of humble-bees’ nests 
(20). The nest had been sent to Miss Cheesman at the 
Zoological Society’s Gardens from Hoo, near Rochester, 
and the species of bee was determined from some dead 
workers in the nest. The other inmates were living, and 
were as follows: (a) two larvae of Volucella sp., Which 
died without completing their metamorphosis; (b) several 
larvae from which adults of the Tachinid fly, Brachycoma 
devia, were bred; (c) pupae trom which emerged a Phorid 
fly, Aphiochaeta rata, and a Braconid parasite, Ortho- 
stigma pumilum; (d) several larvae from which adults 
TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaRTS I, I. (JULY) 


100) Dr. H. Seott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


of the Cryptophagid beetle Antherophagus pallens, were 
reared; and lastly, (e) numerous larvae of the Nitidulid 
beetle Epuraea depressa (= aesliva). 

Thus, the portion of the nest sent to me contaimed a 
eood selection of the inmates enumerated by Mr. F. W. L. 
Sladen in his book on “ The Humble-Bee ” (20, chap. iv). 
The one which he mentions first was, however, absent ; 
namely, the humble-bee wax-moth, Aphomia sociella, to 
the attacks of which he states that Bombus derhamellus 
is’ specially liable. This insect may have been present 
in the parts of the nest which [ did not see 

My thanks are due to Miss Cheesman, for giving me 
the material, to Mr. A. W. Rymer R oherts: for advice 
on several points connected with the description of the 
larva of Hpuraea depressa, and to Mr. K. G. Blair, who 
took charge of the pupae of that insect for some time 
during my absence. 


Il. Brachyeoma devia Kallen. 


This Tachinid fly is stated to devour the bees’ brood 
(20, p. 75). Four larvae were present in the nest, 
one of which was killed and preserved, while the 
other three pupated on or shortly before July 30, 1918. 
The puparia were kept through the winter in sand which 
was moistened periodically, the conditions being identical 
with those described below under Antherophagus. One 
adult emerged May 15-16, the other two May 18, 1919. 
Sladen writes that the adult flies emerge in two or three 
weeks. This probably refers to a summer generation ; 
in my material the pupal stage lasted nine months 
and a half. Sladen also describes the puparia as 
at first yellowish-brown, afterwards dark red; my three 
examples are very dark. The determination of the fly 
was confirmed by Mr. C. J. Wainwright. 


III. Aphiochaeta rata Wood and iis parasite Orthostigma 
pumilum Nees. 


I am indebted to Mr. J. EK. Collin for determining this 
Phorid fly. Two puparia found in the litter of the nest 
were isolated, and adults emerged from them respectively 
Aug. 12, (2), and some time between Aug. 18 and Sept. 
1,1918(Q). A male of the fly was found alive in the nest, 
Aug. 16, 1918. 

Dr. Keilin has not studied this species in particular, 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 101 


but he considers that the larvae of Aphiochaeta and of 
Phora are in general saprophagous, feeding especially on 
dead insects and snails. There are several published 
records of their being bred from the bodies of other in- 
sects, but it is doubtful whether any of these were cases 
of true parasitism, and whether the insects from which 
they were bred were not already decomposing (16, pp. 61-62 
and 79-80). Be this as it may, Mr. Donisthorpe has 
recorded the rearing of 4 ex xamples of Aphiochaeta rata 
from larvae which came out of the body of a Clerid beetle, 
Thanasimus formicarius, taken in Sherwood Forest. (8). 
He also found one specimen in. an observation nest of 
Formica exsecta (9, p. 61; 10, p. 280). Mr. Collin tells 
me that he has seen specimens bred from a nest of Vespa 
norvegica by Mr. C. Nicholson of Chingford in 1915. 

From another puparium of the Aphiochaeta, found in 
the nest of B. derhamellus and isolated, there emerged 
some time between Aug. 18 and Sept. 1, 1918, a female 
of the Braconid (Alysiid) parasite, Orthostigma pumilum, 
determined by Mr. R. E. Turner. ‘It has been bred from 
other Phoridae. The Cambridge Museum contains a 
series bred from puparia of Aphiochaeta rufipes Meigen, 
which were found in a vase in a house at Parkhead, near 
Sheffield, June 1910 (in this case the flies were identified 
by Mr. F. J. H. Jenkinson and the parasites by Mr. G. T. 
Lyle). T. A. Marshall (17, p. 373) mentions that the 
parasite was bred in multitudes from A phiochaeta rufipes 
by Ratzeburg in 1840.* 


IV. Antherophagus pallens.+ 


The only representatives of this Cryptophagid beetle 
found in the nest were three larvae, one of which was 


* In 1919 these two species of A phiochaeta were found frequenting 
the burrows of a solitary wasp, Crabro cavifrons Thoms., in an elm 
.log at Grantchester, Cambridge. On Aug. 16 a Q A. rufipes was 
taken flying about the log. On Aug. 22a 3 A. rata was seen by 
Mr. C. Warburton to enter one of the burrows: it remained inside 
about five minutes and was caught on emerging. Mr. J. K. Collin 
determined both flies. 

+ Fowler refers to this species as “‘ A. pallens Gyll.” Ganglbauer 
(12, p. 704) gives “ pallens Oliv.,” adding references to Herbst, 
Erichson, Sturm, Thomson, and Hae but not to Gyllenhal. 
Reitter (Fauna Germanica, Kiifer, ii » p. 58, 1911) also has ** padlens 
Oliv.” Gemminger and Harold (iit 1868, p.-882) have “ pallens 
Fabr.,” and add references to Olivier, Gyllenhal, and Sturm, I 
have not tried to decide which is strictly correct, 


102) Dr. TH. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


killed and preserved; the other two excavated cells for 
pupation early im Aug. 1918, in which they remained as 
resting larvae all the winter, not pupating till late April 
or early May 1919, and emerging as adults late in May. 
Therefore, as far as could be ascertained, the resting-larva 
condition endured about nine months, while the pupal 
period occupied twelve days or more. 


Detailed observations of wintering and pupation.—The following 
is a more detailed account of the behaviour of these two larvae. 
Tor several days they were observed wandering restlessly about 
the vessel containing the nest-fragments, as though secking a place 
for pupation. Therefore on Aug. 8, 1918, they were isolated in 
a small glass vessel containing sawdust to a depth of about half 
an inch. The very next day both had excavated cells, one against 
the side of the vessel, the other in the angle formed by its side 
and bottom (cf. Epuraea depressa). As in the case of Hpuraea 
depressa, the cells were not lined with any secretion. 

In these cells the Jarvae remained the whole winter. The saw- 
dust was slightly moistened about every second day. Ordinarily 
the vessel was only covered with fine gauze, but when its contents 
became very dry it was sometimes lightly covered with a glass 
cover for about 24 hours after moistening the sawdust, to allow 
the moisture to diffuse through the contents. The vessel had to 
be moved from one place to another several times, owing to my 
leaving London. It was kept in rooms where fires were only 
burning exceptionally, and under these conditions changes in the 
weather affected the behaviour of the larvae to some extent. At 
first they lay in their cells against the glass, but when a cold spell 
set in, they retired deeper into the sawdust, pushing sawdust 
between themselves and the glass, so that they were no longer 
visible through the sides of the vessel. They reappeared against 
the glass more than once in milder weather, but finally both dis- 
appeared within the sawdust for the greater part of the winter. 

One larva was seen moving about in its cell from the time it 
excavated the latter (Auy. 9) till Aug. 13. After that it went 
further into the sawdust and reappeared several times, and was 
observed lying in several different positions. Sept. 5-11, it was 
in a nearly vertical position, and hind end upmost during part, 
if not all, of the time. Sept. 13, it had pushed the sawdust away 
and opened a wide cell against the glass again, and was lying 
therein head upwards, at an angle of about 45°. When Jast seen 
(Sept. 23) it was lying on its side, nearer the horizontal, Sept. 26, 


parasites 1% Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 103 


half the cell was filled with sawdust, into which it had retired, 
and no more was seen of the insect till May 23, 1919, when the 
contents of the vessel were turned out. The insect then ran out 
actively as an adult male, dragging at the hind end of its body 
an exuvium, which proved, on being mounted in balsam, to be 
the cast skin of the larva, not of the pupa. I cannot say, therefore, 
at what date this larva pupated. . 

The other larva allowed more of its history to be followed. It, 
too, was moving about in its cell from the time when it excavated 
the latter (Aug. 9) till Aug. 14. Aug. 16, larva much contracted, 
lying on its ventral surface. Aug. 18-31, larva turning about, 
sometimes on its back, sometimes on its ventral surface. Sept. 2, 
sawdust pushed over glass, larva invisible. Sept. 6, larva visible 
again, contracted, lying on its back in a horizontal position, 
Sept. 10, moving actively about in its cell. Sept. 11 and 13, lying 
straight out°on its ventral surface (weather very cold). Sept. 17 
and 20, larva lying on its side. Sept. 23, larva lying on its back 
on the glass bottom of the vessel. Sept. 26 and 30, larva retired 
into sawdust and was hardly visible. Oct. 8, lying dn its back. 
At the beginning of November it had withdrawn so far into the 
sawdust that it was not clearly visible through the glass, and 
after Nov. 15 it was not visible at all till Jan. 15, 1919, during a 
mild spell, when it was on its ventral side with head towards the 
glass, having turned completely round since the time when it was 
last clearly visible in the autumn. At this time (Jan. 15) it was 
quite clearly seen to be still a larva. The insect was then visible 
no more till May 10, when (after several warm days) it was seen 
to be a pupa, quite pale, with no dark pigment in its eyes or in 
any other part. The pupa was observed nearly every day, and 
moved convulsively when the vessel was placed in a strong light. 
May 14, pupa lying on ventral surface, eyes darkening. May 15, 
lying on its back. May 19, pupa on its back, eyes quite black, 
general colour yellowish. May 22, morning, the adult (a female) 
had emerged and was lying in its cell. On the evening of May 23 
the contents of the vessel were turned out, and the beetle ran 
out actively, with its dark coloration well developed. Assuming, 
therefore, that the transformation from a larva had only recently 
taken place when the pupa was first seen on May 10, the pupal 
stage lasted 12 days at least, perhaps rather longer. 


Occurrence of Antherophagus in bees’ nests—The oceur- 
rence of several species of Antherophagus in humble-bees’ 
nests is well known. This is not only the case with the 
Kuropean forms, for Grouvelle (14) has described from 


104 Dr. H. Scott's Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


Java a species, A. ludekingi, 5 males and a larva of which 
were found in the nest of a bee determined as Bombus 
eximius F. Smith. There is reason to believe that the 
flower-haunting adults are transported to the nests by 
clinging to humble-bees. Perris (49, p. 75) recorded the 
capture, in the Pyrenees, of an example of A. nigricornis 
clinging to the antenna of a Bombus montanus; and 
more recently ‘I ‘rautmann has published (21) a note (w hich 
I have been unable to see) on “an extremely rare find : 
Antherophagus mgricornis Fabr. on a living humble-bee.”’ 

I did not obtain from observation any information as 
to the exact part played by Antherophagus in the economy 
of the nest. Perris (19, p. 76) considered that the larvae 
are scavengers, playing the same rdéle in nests of Bombus 
that those of Cryplophagus spp. play in wasps’ nests. 
Cottam (7) records three cases of the finding of A. pallens 
in nests of Bombus muscorum in Derbyshire, Cheshire, and 
Lancashire respectively ; in one of these nests larvae as 
well as adults were discovered, and it 1s noted that the 
larvae were in old, empty, cells of the comb. Two of 
these finds were made in the month of August; the third, 
in which only adult beetles were discovered, was in May. 

Descriptions of larvae of Antherophagus.—No description 
is given here of the larva of A. pallens, of which I was 
only able to preserve one example. The larva has been 
described and figured by Gernet (418, p. 7), who found 
larvae of this species in the middle of August 1860, in 
numbers in cells of Bombus muscorum; but with them no 
pupae and only one adult. Perris (19) describes the larva 
of A. silaceus Herbst; he found adults of that species, 
and larvae which he referred to it without hesitation, 
in a nest of Bombus sylvarum, 23, vin, 1875. The larva of 
the Javanese A. ludekingi is described by Grouvelle (44). 

Annual cycle of Antherophagus.—Summarising all these 
records, it is seen that adults have been taken in a bees’ 
nest in May, and that adults and larvae have been found 
in a number of nests in August. In none of these cases 
have pupae been found; probably pupation occurs in the 
soil near the nest. The behaviour of my insects, which 
wintered as resting larvae and underwent a brief pupal 
stage in early summer, may well indicate the normal 
cycle of the genus in temperate countries. Presumably 
these beetles are double-brooded, with a short summer 
generation intervening between the emergence of the adults 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 105 


in May and the assumption of the resting condition by 
the larvae in autumn. 


V. Epuraea depressa [lhger (= aestiva Linn.).* 


Biological observations.—About 22 larvae of this Niti- 
dulid beetle, of various sizes, were found in the nest, but 
no pupae or adults. A number of examples were pre- 
served; the rest excavated cells and pupated in them 
before the middle of August. Several pupae were also 
killed and preserved. As far as I could discover, the 
pupa does not have the hind end of its body clothed in 
the cast larval skin, a feature the presence or absence of 
which Ganglbauer frequently mentions in his definitions 
of families (12). In two specimens which were isolated 
and closely watched, the pupal period lasted 8-10 days, 
and the adults remained in the pupal cells 11 or 12 days 
after the final moult, emerging from their cells at the 
beginning of September. 

Fowler (11, p. 228) records a case of the rearing of this 
species which reads as though the adults did not emerge 
till the following spring: a nest of Bombus lucorum. con- 
taining many larvae of H. depressa was placed in a a 
and a large number of the adult beetles were reared 
the following spring.” My specimens, however, sree 
the same season, and I do not think this was due to arti- 
ficial “ forcing,” since the.larvae of Antherophagus pallens 
discussed above were kept under exactly the same con- 
ditions, and did not pupate till the following spring. 
Possibly, in the case recorded by Fowler, the beetles 
really emerged in late summer or autumn, ‘and lay dor- 
mant in their cells till the next year. The adults are 
commonly taken on flowers in spring, and on several 
occasions numbers of them have been found in humble- 
bees’ nests of the season. Perhaps the insect is double- 
brooded, the second generation passing the winter as 
dormant. adults. 


Detailed observations of pupation.—Some of the larvae were left 
in a large vessel containing some earth, and on Aug. 9 it was 
observed that certain of them were excavating cells in which to 


* In the nomenclature of this species Grouvelle is followed (15, 
p. 111). Among British Coleopterists it is probably best known 
as H. aestiva; see Fowler (11, p. 228). Ganglbauer (12, p. 477) 
refers to it as H#, ochracea Krichson., 


106 Dr. H. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquitines and 


pupate. Others were isolated in lightly covered glass vessels con- 
taining some litter from the nest and moist sawdust. Three of 
these excavated cells in the sawdust, in the angle formed by the 
sides and bottom of the vessel, so that they could be seen through 
the glass. The cells were not lined with any secretion.* Aug. 6, 
these three larvae were lying, slightly curved, on their backs in 
their cells. Aug. 7, larvae on their sides or on the ventral surface. 
Aug. 8, one had pupated: this pupa was killed and preserved. 
Of the other two larvae, one pupated during the night Aug, 9-10, 
the other between Aug. 10 and 12. The pupae lay at first on the 
ventral surface, but on Aug. 13 one, which had the dark pigment 
of the eyes already showing, had moved on to its side. I was 
absent from London from Aug. 17 to Sept. 1, during which time 
Mr. K. G. Blair kindly took charge of the pupae, and noted as 
follows :—both had the wings and jaws dark on Aug. 19; the 
beetles had emerged on Aug. 20 and 21 respectively, but were still 
in their pupal cells up to Aug. 31. On my return on Sept. 2 I 
found them out of their cells, walking about and readily “ feigning 
death.” They are both female. } 


Other records of occurrence in humble-bees’ nests.—The 
record of many larvae being found in a nest of Bombus 
lucorum has been already mentioned (411). Sladen (20, 

78, footnote) includes the species among the beetles 
found by him in nests of humble-bees. Tuck (22, 1896, 
p. 154) records it from nests of Bombus agrorum, B. sylva- 
rum, and B, latreillelus, stating that he once took over 60 
examples of the adult in a nest of the last. 

Biological notes on other species of Epuraea.—k., depressa 
is not the only member of the genus taken from nests of 
Hymenoptera. Tuck (22) records E. obsoleta + from nests 
of Vespa vulgaris. Perris (18) states that the larvae 
of #. obsoleta Fabr., live in fermenting sap under the bark 
of pine and oak stumps, and that the majority pupate in 
the soil, but a few in the less sappy places under the bark. 
Perris and Tuck refer to the subjects of their respective 
observations by the same name. If their determinations 


* The larvae of Antherophagus also made unlined cells in a 
similar situation. The angle of the glass was a favourite place 
for pupation with some larvae of Necrobia ruficollis which I had 
under observation; but their cells are lined. See Ann. Applied 
Biology, vi, pp. 101-115, 1919. 

+ H. obsoleta is considered by Grouvelle (15, p. 126) to be a 
synonym of #, unicolor, Oliv, 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. « 107 


are correct, this species (#. obsoleta) occurs in very different 
habitats. Bagnall (2) found adults of #. angustula Kr., 

frequently in: the burrows of the Scolytid (Ipid) Try po- 
dendron (Xyloterus) domesticum, and considers that the 
E'puraea preys on the bark-beetle. Bagnall also found (4) 
larvae pupae and adults of #. parvula Kr. * in the fungus 
Daldinia concentrica on dead wood. Field coleopterists 
are of course familiar with the situations in which the 
members of this genus are to be found, but the precise 
facts of their natural history are not well known. 

Food of the larvae of Epuraea depressa.—The only evidence 
as to the rdle played by the larvae in the nests of the bees 
is afforded by the remaims of food in their alimentary 
canals. Such remains are visible in three larvae cleared by 
boiling in 5 % potash solution and mounted in balsam. 
Two have closely-packed masses of food in the hind part 
of the gut, the third has a mass between its mandibles. 
The bullx of these remains consists of mineral particles, 
frequently colourless. There are also many vegetable 
fragments, pronounced by an expert mycologist, Mr. F. T. 
Besos without doubt to be hyphae of fungi, perhaps of 
more than one kind: and numerous brown “bodies which 
are almost certainly fungal spores. These objects indicate 
that the larvae play the part of scavengers. [Compare the 
view that the adults of Epuraea angustula are probably 
predaceous; see above. | 


VI. Larva of Epuraea depressa. (Figs. 1-7.) 


The larvae are in various stages of growth, and measure 
from about 3 to about 6 mm. long. The general colour 
is pale yellowish. In most respects the larvae agree with 
that of #. obsoleta as described by Perris (18), being char- 
acterised specially by the presence of numerous tubercles 
bearing flattened, spatulate, hairs, on the dorsal surface, 
and by having the spiracles situated at the summit of 
tubercular prominences. The following details are from 
the full-grown larva, though I have observed no structural 
differences between partly and fully grown examples. 

Heap (Fig. 2)—Dorsal surface presenting a closely 
dotted appearance under a high power; under a ¢-in. 
objective the dots, which are not indicated in fig. 2 A, are 


* H. parvula is regarded by Grouvelle (15, p. 123) as a synonym 
of FH, rufomarginata, Steph, 


108 Dr. If. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


Fic. 1.—E. depressa, larva. A. dorsal view (legs not shown), 24: 
s., spiracles (only the thoracic and _ first abdominal are lettered). B, 
dorsal view of abdominal segments 8 and 9, X 56: s., spiracle. 
C, 9th and 10th (anal) abdominal segments, lateral view, slightly 
tilted towards the observer, % 56: h., pre-anal hooks. D, one of 
the pre-anal hooks, x 350. A and B are drawn from a specimen 
not cleared, but lying in spirit and viewed as an opaque object; C 
and D from a specimen cleared by treatment with caustic potash and 
mounted in balsam. 


parasites in. Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 109 


seen to be minute elevations in the chitin. On the front 
margin of the clypeus are 4 setae, the middle two shorter 
than the outer: just behind the front margin is a trans- 
verse series of 6 setae, the middle two shorter than the 
rest. The suture between clypeus and frons is very 
faintly indicated laterally, but obsolete in the middle. 


Fie. 2.—l. depressa, larva. A, dorsal view of head, xX 56: o., 
ocelli. B, ventral view of head, x 56: the more chitinised parts 
indicated by shading: 6., base of antenna; c., cardo of maxilla; m., 
mentum (7). ©, whole antenna, x 170: basal segment somewhat 
collapsed in mounting. D, antenna, segments 3 and 4, and conical 
appendage on 3rd, * 350. A and B are drawn from a specimen not 
cleared, but lying in spirit and viewed as an opaque object; € and D 
from a specimen cleared with caustic potash and mounted in balsam. 


There are several setae, near the middle line, in the frontal 
region. The epicranial suture is indicated in fig. 2.4 by 
a finely dotted line. The vertex bears on either side a 
series of about 4 setae, commencing just behind the base 
of the antenna, and extending obliquely inwards and 
backwards : and a less regular series of about 3 just behind 
this. Most of these setae, especially on the posterior part 


110 Dr. H. Scott’s Noles on biology of some inquilines and 


of the head, are flattened and spatulate, like ine i the 
thoracic and abdominal segments, only narrower in pro- 
portion to their length. They require a high i te for 
their exact discernment. ‘Two long fine setae (not spatu- 
late) project on either side from the outline of the head, 
one just behind the base of the antenna, the other further 
back ; they arise from the lateral or ventro-lateral regions 
of the head, Two of the flattened hairs also usually 
project on either side. The position of the setae on the 
ventral parts of the epicrantal plates is shown in fig. 2B. 
Ocelli: 4 clear, round, colourless spots, raised above the 
surrounding surface, are visible under a high power on 
either side of the head; two, close together, immediately 
behind the base of the antenna; the other two, which are 
further apart, one being dorsal to the other, are further back. 
Perris speaks of 2 dark-pigmented ocelli on either side 
of the head in £. obsoleta: in EH. depressa they are 4 on 
either side, and I have observed no dark pigment in them. 
Antennae (figs. 2c, 2D) 4-segmented, basal segment short, 
broad, soft, and nate (this segment has collapsed some- 
what in the preparation from which fig. 2c is drawn), 
second segment narrower but short, third about as long 
as the two preceding together, bearing at its apex a conical 
appendage, ventr al to the base of the fourth segment : 
under a high power this appendage appears as a trans- 
parent cone with a short, narrow, neck at the base, where 
it seems to be doubled in on itself: fourth antennal seg- 
ment narrow, with a long seta and several shorter ones 
at the apex. 

Mourn-parrs.—My study of these organs is incomplete, 
as IT have been unable to devote sufticient time and material 
to elucidate fully the form of the hypopharynx and certam 
other points; nor is any attempt made to explain the 
homologies of all the structures described. Balsam- 
preparations of the whole head of three full-grown larvae 
have been examined, and in a fourth case the parts have 
been dissected and separately mounted. I have not dis- 
sected the mouth-parts of the youngest larvae, but from 
an examination of the underside of the head viewed as 
an opaque object, no structural difference from that of 
the full-grown larva is visible. 

No structural asymmelry has been observed in the head 
or mouth-parts. Such asymmetry as appears m figs. 3A, 
Da, and 58, is due to uneven pressure, or to the specimen 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. it 


having moved into an oblique position with the drying of 
the balsam. This complete symmetry 1s in contrast to 
the condition existing in some beetle-larvae (e. g. Dascillus 
see Carpenter and MacDowell, 5, p. 381, etc.). 

Labrum and epipharyna (Fig. 3.A).—T he labrum is cle ~atly 
separated from the head-capsule, the suture being repre- 
sented in fig. 3.4 by a sinuate, dotted line. D. yrsally the 
labrum bears a rather long seta near either front angle : 
these setae are not shown in fig. 3.4, which represents 
only the ventral view. The front margin is nearly straight, 
and set with 4 short spines; between the median and 
outer spine on either side is a clear, circular, area, re- 
sembling a follicle from which the spine has been pee 
away, but this does not seem to be the explanation, as 
preci isely the same arrangement has been observed in 
three specimens. At the sides the labrum is raised into 
lobes (cf. Helodes: see 5, pl. 35, fig. 10), which (in the 
preparation from which fig. 3.4 is drawn) project a little 
in front of the general outline of the margin, and the large 
lateral setae rise from behind (¢. e. dorsal to) these lobes, 
apparently in the fold between the lobes and the general 
margin.* The inner margins of these lobes are ‘closely 
set with hairs directed towards the middle line, and all 
the median part of the labrum is covered with minute 
prominences, some (or all) of which bear erect hairs: in 
the middle are 4 much larger round follicles. A  pig- 
mented, thickened, chitinous band, rather like a misshapen 
W, lies across the labrum, its median part bearing a trans- 
verse series of 4 rounded teeth; this 1s, presumably, part 
of the epipharynx (cf. Helodes : see 5, pl. 35, fig. 10). No 
attempt is made to interpret the pigmented, thickened, 
chitinous parts (shaded in fig. 3.) at the sides of the 
labrum near its base; nor the two curiously shaped pieces 
(fig. 3A, p.) meeting in the middle line, and the. greater 
part of which lies against the head- capsule behind the 
suture (fig. 3.4, su.) separating labrum from clypeus. 

Mandibles (Fig. 38).—The upper articulation of the 
mandible is at a point on a level with the base of the 
antenna, but nearer the middle line, and is effected by a 
prominence of fhe head-capsule fitting into a hollow in 
the upper edge of the base of the mandible: this articu- 

* Vig. 34 shows 2 large setae on one side, 1 on the other. This 


asymmetry is accidental, or due to individual variation. A second 
specimen examined has 2 on either side. 


112) Dr. H. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


TALL) 
poccre Gece 
Wendy 


cree 
" 


CO- 


Fic. 3.—EK. depressu, larva. A, labrum, epipharynx, and part of 
head-capsule from beneath, 354: sw., dotted line indicating suture 
between labrum and clypeus; p., chitinous pieces (see text). B, left 
mandible, ventral aspect, « 354: co., condyle; /., lanceolate portion 
of transparent lamina; m.p., molar portion of mandible. Each is 
drawn from an example dissected out of a larva cleared with potash, 
and mounted in, balsam. 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 113 


lation is not seen in fig. 3B. The lower articulation is 
brought about by the large condyle (fig. 3B, ¢o.) fitting 
with a point on the margin of the epicranial plate (post- 
gena ?: see fig. 2 B).* 

The apex of the mandible is divided into 2 teeth, and 
there is also, along the upper (dorsal) edge of the apical 
portion, a series of 4 other teeth, that furthest from the 
apex being very small. Molar portion of the mandible 
large (fig. 3B, m.p.), Its mmner surface (¢.e. towards the 
middle line) raised into three blunt teeth (indicated in 
fig. 3B, but in mandibles remaining im situ in the head, 
which lie in a slightly different plane, they appear much 
more marked). The molar part also bears a number of 
transverse series of very minute elevations; in fig. 3B 
they are only shown on its ventral surface, ‘but actually 
they extend round on to the dorsal side. 

Between the apical and molar parts is a complicated 
set of structures, difficult to represent in fig. 3B, as they 
lie one behind the other in several focal planes. _ Viewed 
from the ventral side there is towards the apex a thin 
transparent lamina with rounded outline, its margin set 
with long, sharp, prominences; this lamina is extended 
into another thin; transparent, broadly lanceolate part 
(fig. 3B, 7.) lying just in front of the molar portion of the 
mandible. Dorsal to the rounded lamina (seen partly 
through and behind it m fig. 38) is a number of stout, 
pigmented, finger-like processes, which appear to be 
grouped in several series, each at right angles to the plane 
of the figure. Below these, and “between the rounded 
and lanceolate laminae, is a dense group of spines and 
bristles of differing length and thickness, and seen through 
the transparent lanceolate lamina is a series of sharp- 
pointed structures resembling long saw-teeth. The dotted 
line between the transparent laminae and the main body 
of the mandible in fig. 3B represents the fairly clearly 
defined line at which the chitin becomes very thin and 
colourless. Possibly the whole of this complex structure 
corresponds to those parts or appendages, of very different 
forms, which have been described in the mandibles of a 


* The words “ upper’ and ‘‘ lower” are used here with reference 
to the actual position of these points in the larva. According to 
Comstock and Kochi (6, pp. 14, 37) the upper articulation is, from 
a strictly morphological point of view, really ventral, and the 
lower really pleural. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, 11. (JULY) 1 


114 Dr. H. Seott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


number of other Coleopterous larvae: e.g. the slender, 
movably articulated, tooth (“ prostheea ”’) in the mandible 
of Dascillus cervinus (5, p. 382, pl. 36); the articulated 
comb-like process in that of Helodes minula (5, p. 378, 
pl. 35); the “lacinia mobilis ” in that of Ochthebius and 
Hy ydroscapha (3, pl. 18, figs. 9-12); the broad, thin, per- 
lucid “retinaculum” in the mandible of the Coccinellid 
Hyperaspis binolata (4, p. 624, pl. 118, fig. 6); other 
examples doubtless could be cited. 

Mazillae (Figs. 2.8, 4).—The lower parts of the maxillae 
and labium are so imbedded in, and continuous with, a 
transparent membrane, that it is not easy to delimit the 
parts exactly, and the boundaries are therefore sometimes 
represented in the figures by dotted lines. 

The cardo (figs. 2B, 4, ¢.) appears detached from the 
stipes in the figure, owing to the stretching of the mem- 
brane. On the inner side the limits between pigmented 
chitin and colourless membrane are not clearly marked. 
There is a longitudinal fold or thickening, and the posterior 
extremity apparently articulates with the tentorium (in 
fig. 2B it appears to meet the margin of the epicranium, 
but. is really at a deeper level, and is viewed through 
membrane). 

The stipes is a large piece, passing gradually into mem- 
brane on the outer side; on the inner side there is at the 
base a projecting flange (fig. 4, f.), the flanges of the two 
maxillae nearly eras in the middle line. The apical 

art of the stipes, from which the lobes and palp arise, 
is membranous (fig. 4, me.) and transparent, and this part 
is sharply demare ated from the chitinised part, as shown 
in the figure; the membrane below the base of the palp 
is somewhat torn in the figured example, as is indicated by 
the dotted line. The dorsal surface of the stipes, between 
the bases of the lobes and the palp, bears spines and hairs, 
which, excepting those projecting beyond the outline 
between galea and palp, are not indicated in fig. 4. The 
apex of the larger lobe (galea) is set with ranks of processes, 
one behind the other, their apices blunt, bifid, and slightly 
curved over. The smaller lobe (lacinia) is presumably 
represented by the darker-pigmented, 3-fingered process 
(fig. 4, Ia.), which appears to be slightly curved round the 
lower edge of the galea. Its representation in fig. 4 is 
complicated by the presence of a number of spines (one of 
which is blunt and almost spatulate) on the dorsal side of 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 115 


the galea. The maxillary palp is clearly 4-segmented, both 
in the full-grown and in the smallest larvae :—unless the 


Kia. 4.—K. depressa, larva. Lelt maxilla, ventral aspect, x 354 : 
c., cardo; f., projecting flange of stipes; /a., lacinia; me., membranous 
part of stipes. Drawn from an example dissected out of a larva cleared 
with potash, and mounted in balsam. 


part which I take to be the basal segment is really to be 
regarded as the palpiger, but it appears to have the character 
of a true palpal segment, while the palpiger may be repre- 


116 Dr. H. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


sented by the membranous part, indicated as torn in 
fig. 4, beneath the palp. Perris (18, pp. 469, 471-2) re- 
carded the palp as 3-segmented, therein disagreeing, as 
he himself states, with the descriptions given by some 
earlier writers of the larvae of certain other genera of 
Nitidulidae. If I am correct in regarding the palp as 
4-segmented, this renders necessary a modification of 
Ganglbauer’s general definition of Nitidulid larvae (42, 
p. 443). 

Labium (igs. 2:8, 5 a).—The apical part of the labrum 
and the one-segmented palpi are shown in fig. 5a. The 
apex appears feebly bismmuate, the margin set with very 
short hairs, and the median part of the surface also furnished 
with hairs. The folds and thickenings in the chitin are 
indicated by shading. The circular translucent spots on 
and below the palps resemble hair-follicles, but do not 
bear hairs in any of the 3 specimens examined. The 
irregular dotted line at the lower edge of the figure repre- 
sents torn membrane. Below this are some complex 
chitinous pieces, not figured because it has not been possible 
to work them out fully in the material at my disposal : 
they may belong partly to the hypopharynx, which seems 
closely united to the labium at its base. Below the palp- 
bearmg part of the labium is a roughly pentagonal 
chitinised plece (fig. 2B, m.), 1ts posterior margins darker- 
pigmented : if this is correctly interpreted as the mentum, 
then the submentum is membranous and transparent, and 
I have been unable to trace its boundaries, since colourless 
membrane extends right back between the stipites and 
cardines of the maxilla, and between the epicranial plates 
into the neck. . 

Hypopharynx (Fig. 58).—This organ requires for its 
complete elucidation more prolonged study than T have 
been able to give to it. It is not easily se Bae from 
the labium, and I am not certain whether fig. 5 B repre- 
sents the whole organ, or whether the basal part broke 
away and remained attached to the inner face of the 
labium. The most conspicuous feature is the truncated, 
pigmented, chitinous tooth (fig. 5B, ¢.), which, in balsam- 
preparations of the head with mouth-parts a situ, 1s 
seen projecting forward between the molar parts of the 
mandihles, reaching nearly as far as the front of these 
molar parts. Apparently the apex of the hypopharynx 
diverges considerably from the labrum, so that the chitin- 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 117 


ous tooth lies in a different focal plane, slightly dorsal to 
the molar parts of the mandibles; but possibly the latter 
come very close to it, or even work against it to some 


Fia. 5.—E. depressa, larva. A, apical part of labium, and palpi, 
ventral aspect, > 354. B, hypopharynx (? incomplete), x 354: t., 
chitinous tooth projecting forward ; fe., ends of 5 tendons. Each figure 
is drawn from an example dissected out of a larva cleared with potash, 
and mounted in balsam. 


extent, when the mandibles are closed. Round this tooth 
is clinging some transparent membrane with torn edges 
and with a shagreened or scaley appearance. At the 
base of the tooth is a central chitinous body, oval in out- 
line, from which arise on either side 5 tendons (fig. 5 B, 


118 Dr. H. Scott’s Noles on hrology of some inquilines and 


te.). The form of the chitious pieces in the lower part 
of the hypopharynx is best seen from the figure, in which 
the more definitely pigmented parts are indicated by 
shading; their asymmetry is due to the organ having 
moved into a slightly oblique position as the balsam 
dried. They are connected by colourless membrane, the 
(torn) lower edge of which is indicated by the dotted line 
across the base of the figure. 

Leas presenting no remarkable feature. They are 
terminated by a single claw, and closely resemble those 
of E. obsoleta as figured by Perris. They were bent under 
the ey of the larva figured, and so are not. shown in 
fie. J 

ae AND ABDOMEN furnished dorsally with numer- 
ous small tubercles bearing flattened, spatulate, hairs, 
directed backwards: these hairs are described in detail 
below. In general the tubercles are arranged in 8 longi- 
tudinal series, 4 on either side of the middle line. Each 
series on any one abdominal segment (except the two last) 
usually consists of 3 larger il henelay becoming gradually 
larger towards the hind margin of the segment, and one 
or more small tubercles at the front end of the series; the 
arrangement will be best understood from figs. ilex 1B, 
and 7a. On the three thoracic seements the series are less 
regular (see fig. 1A): on the meso- and meta-thorax, and 
on the posterior abdominal segments, the front part of the 
outermost series tends to become a group, rather than a 
line, of small tubercles. Prothorax with 2 conspicuous 
setae on either side, meso- and meta-thorax each with one 
seta, rising from a tubercle, on either side (in each of 
the three thoracic segments one of the flattened hairs also 
frequently projects beyond the outline of the body on either 
side, and looks like an additional seta near the hind angle). 
Each of the first 8 abdominal segments has a large lateral 
setigerous tubercle in front of the hind angle. The see 
of the 9th abdominal se gment is best explained by fig. 
A-c. Anal segment not normally visible from As 
hidden under the 9th (shown in profile in fig. 1 c), bearmg 
a transverse series of widely spaced setae, and a trans- 
verse row of about 5 chitinous hooks, directed forwards, 
immediately in front of the anus (fig. 1 c, D). 

Sprractes (Figs. 1 A, 1B, s.; 6 A,B) remarkable for being 
situated on raised tubercles, as described by Perris in the 
larva of FE. obsoleta, The first pair larger than the others 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 119 


and on longer tubercles, between the pro- and meso- 
thorax ; the other pairs, on the first 8 abdominal seg- 
ments, near the hind angles, just dorsal to the lateral 
setigerous tubercles. Pedunculate spiracles are also found 
in the larvae of certain other Nitidulids (12, p. 472) and 
in that of Nosodendron (12, pp. 445, 469, ete.), which, like 
many Nitidulid larvae, lives in running sap. 

The apical part of each peduncle is “chitinised and pig- 
mented, forming a dark brown ring (fig. 6 A, B), within 

which, on the actual summit, is an area of pale membrane 
enclosing the spiracle itself. The latter is biforous, con- 


A 


Kia. 6.—EH. depressa, larva. A, spiracle between pro- and meso- 
thorax, in surface view, x 530: the outer shaded ring is the pigmented 
part of the apex of the tubercle; the unshaded area within this repre- 
sents colourless membrane surrounding the spiracle itself. B, spiracle 
on Ist abdominal segment, 530: shown in profile, partly in optical 
section, the pigmented band round the apex of the tubercle being left 
incomplete in front; t., trachea. Both are drawn from a larva cleared 
with potash and mounted in balsam. 


sisting of two contiguous chambers, the side walls of 
which. present a transversely striated appearance, clearly 
seen in profile (fig. 6B) and indicated also in surface-view 
(fig. 6.4). The chambers have a common partition wall, 
though in the position from which fig. 6 B is drawn (oblique 
profile) they seem to some extent separate. Their tops 
appear at first sight to be open as two long narrow slits, 
but on closer examination it is seen that the aperture is 
only at one end, and occupies less than half the length of 
the chamber, the rest of which has a thin unstriated roof, 
The two openings appear as though united at their bases 
into a single U-shaped orifice: but this union is only 
apparent, due to a sudden break or thinning in the chitin 


120 Dr. H. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


of the chamber walls, the space being occupied by a narrow 
neck of thin membrane separating the two openings, as 
indicated in fig. 6 a. There is also a break in the thicker 
chitin of the rim of each chamber at the end remote from 
the aperture. The trachea is united to the chambers at 
the end beneath the orifices. No definite atrium has been 
discerned, the spiral thickening coming very close, if not 
right up, to the point of union with ‘the two chambers. 
The thoracic spiracles are considerably larger than the 
abdominal, and differently orientated, though im their 
structure no difference from the abdominal spiracles has 
been observed; in the thoracic the two chambers lie in a 
vertical direction with the orifices at the ventral extremity ; 
in the abdominal, the chambers he nearly parallel to the 
long axis of the body (or shghtly oblique, with the front 
end a little lower than the hind), and the orifices at the 
anterior end. This orientation is best seen in specimens 
not treated with potash, viewed as opaque objects. After 
treatment with potash, the thi membrane within the 
chitinous ring tends to collapse, so that the spiracle may 
appear to rise from the bottom of a shallow crater. No 
difference from those of the full-grown larvae was observed 
in the spiracles of the youngest. examples, so far as could 
be seen by viewing the Jatter as opaque objects. 

THE SPATULATE HAIRS (Figs. 1 a-c; 7 A, B). General 
arrangement described above. In preparations in Canada 
balsam, under a 4-in. objective, the hairs borne by the 
dorsal tubercles are seen to be flattened, transparent, 
spatulate, and of varying size and length. Fig. 7a shows 
them in dorsal view. Fig. 7B shows a series of the dorsal 
tubercles in profile; in optical section the cuticle appears 
much thickened in the region of the tubercles, which seem 
to be formed by the throwing of the cuticle into convo- 
lutions; the minute erect processes (fig. 7B, pr.) spring 
from the general surface of the cuticle. Even the long 
slender setae projecting from the sides of the head and 
body appear, under a }-in. objective, more or less flattened, 
so that the difference between them and the spatulate 
hairs seems to be one of degree only, not of kind. The 
spatulate hairs recall similar structures figured and de- 
scribed by Boving (8) as occurring on the hind margins of 
the segments in the aquatic larva of Hydroscapha. 

The occurrence of these numerous tubercles and spatu- 
late hairs can hardly be connected with life in bees’ nests, 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 121 


A 


Fie. 7.—E. depressa, larva. A, two of the longitudinal series of 
tubercles and spatulate hairs on the 8th abdominal segment, dorsal 
view, < 350; the right-hand series in the figure is that immediately 
on the left of the middle line of the segment, and the two series are 
drawn exactly as they lie in relation one to the other: anterior end of 
series at top of figure. B, one of the longitudinal series on the 6th 
abdominal sezment in profile, in optical section, * 350: anterior end 
at top of figure : pr., minute erect processes of general surface of cuticle 
towards hind end of segment. A and B are drawn from two larvae 
cleared with potash and mounted in balsam. 


122 Dr. H. Scott’s Noles on biology of some inquilines and 


since exactly the same structures, arranged in the same 
general way, are described by Perris in the larva of £. 
obsoléta, found under the bark of tree-stumps. Larvae 
of other Nitidulid genera bear dorsal asperities of variotis 
kinds.* 

COMPARISON OF LARVAE OF EK. DEPRESSA AND EK. oBso- 
LETA.—The larva of H. depressa agrees in most points with 
the description given by Perris of that of H. obsoleta. 
There are, however, some divergences. He describes and 
figures the meso- and meta-thorax of the latter as larger 
than the abdominal segments, which in E. depressa is not 
the case. My material - also differs from Perris’ description 


in the number of ocelli and the number of segments in the 


maxillary palpi, as stated above. 


VII. Pupa of Epuraea depressa. (Fig. 8.) 


Length (ese elie the long spines at the front and 
hind ends) 3—3°5 mm. Whitish, not enclosed in a cocoon; 
furnished with a formidable armament of spines, which 
are rather broad at the base and taper to a very sharp 
pomt. The head bears two short, erect, spies, one im- 
mediately over each eye, and slightly curved backwards ; 
these, of course, are not visible in dorsal view. The 
prothorax has two long, curved, forward-projecting spines 
on its front margin. On either lateral margin are 4 short 
spines; one on the part of the margin which curves down- 
wards and inwards towards the eye (not visible in dorsal 
view), two others before the hind angle, and a fourth 
almost on the angle (these latter three are visible in dorsal 
view and shown in fig. 8a). There are also two long, 
nearly straight, spines, erect and directed a little out- 
wards, on the disc just before the hind margin. Each 
leg has a short, curved, spine at the knee-jomt, on the 
apex of the femur; these are visible in dorsal view, since 
the femoro-tibial joints project beyond the outlne of the 
body. Abdomen: the arrangement of spines is best 
shown in dorsal view. The basal segment bears ‘none. 
Seements 2-8 have each two spines on either side, these 


* The larva of Pocadius ferrugineus—the only other Nitidulid 
larva to hand for comparison—has 6 dorsal longitudinal series of 
setae, as well as setae on the lateral margins. ‘Those of the two 
mid-dorsal series are borne in groups of three on tubercles. There 
is no modification of setae into flattened or spatulate hairs, 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 123 


forming an inner and an outer longitudinal series ; those 
of the outer series are larger, and become oradually longer 
from the 2nd to the 5th or 6th segment; they form the 
outline of the body when looked at dorsally or ventrally, 
and in ventral view appear to be processes of the lateral 


A 
B 


Fiq. 8—H#. depressa, pupa. A, dorsal view, < 24: &., knee-joint 
and spur of hind leg. B, ventral view, 24: A as in A; sp., 7th 
spine of the outer series, ventral in position and not visible from above. 
A and B are drawn from a single pupa, not cleared, but lying in spirit 
and viewed as an opaque objec t: the slight curvature of the pupa has 
caused it to appear a little longer in ventral view. 


margins of the sternites; the seventh pair (7. e. that on 
the 8th segment) of this outer series is not visible in dorsal 
view, being ventral in position (fig. 8B, sp.), and hidden 
by the overlapping of the spines of the inner series. The 
latter are very minute on the 2nd and 3rd segments, but 
become gradually longer on the posterior segments; they 


124 Dr. H. Scott’s Notes on biology of some inquilines and 


are dorso-lateral in position until the 7th and 8th seg- 
ments, where they form the lateral outline of the body 
viewed from above, and on the 8th segment conceal the 
spines of the outer series from dorsal view. In addition 
to these two series, there is a pair of long, curved, anal 
spines. Under a high power the spines on the knees and 
some of those on the prothorax were seen to bear a fine 
hair projecting from the outer side near the base. The 
mid-dorsal line of the abdomen, and the two dorso-lateral 
lines formed by the inner series of spines, are faintly 
marked by very slightly raised ridges in the cuticle, 
indicated in fig. 8A by dotted lines. 

ComPaRISON WITH OTHER Nitiputrp Pupar.—Perris 
does not figure the pupa of EH. obsoleta but describes it as 
having “des soies blanches”’ round the prothorax, on 
the Seles of the abdomen, and on the knees. These are 
just the positions where the spines occur in the pupa of 
E. depressa, and I cannot help thinking that the pupa 
of EH. obsoleta is probably closely similar, and that had 
Perris examined his pupae under a higher power, he might 
have described the processes as spines rather than as 
“soies blanches.” 

The only other Nitidulid pupa of which T have examined 
specimens is that of Pocadius ferrugineus. It has spines 
in the same situations as that of H. depressa, except that 
there are none on the head or knees, and those of the 
inner abdominal series are not developed on the first 6 
seoments. There are setae on the knees in exactly the 
same position as the spines of H. depressa. The spines in 
Pocadvus are more slender and weaker: the terminal portion 
is simply a fine seta rising abruptly from the truncated 
stouter proximal part. 

Perris also alludes to the cast larval skin clinging to the 
hind end of the abdomen of the pupa of H. obsoleta. As 
stated above (p. 105), this is not the case with any of my 
four pupae of £. depressa now, nor do | remember the larval 
exuvium being present when I placed them in spirit. 
Neither have I observed it attached to the pupae of 
Pocadius. Ganglbauer (42) gives the retention of this 
exuvium round the hind end of the pupa, or its absence, 
a rather prominent place in his definitions of certain of 
the Clavicorn families. 


parasites iw Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 125 


VILL. General Summary. 


(1) In a nest of Bombus derhamellus received from Kent 
in July 1918 were the following insects :— 


(a) larvae of the Tachinid Brachycoma devia, which pu- 
pated at the end of July, the adults emerging in 
May, 1919. 

(b) puparia of the Phorid Aphiochaeta rata, from which 
adults and a Braconid (Orthostigma pumilum) 
emerged in August, 1918. 

(c) larvae of the Cryptophagid Antherophagus pallens, 
which passed the winter in cells excavated in 
sawdust, not pupating till late in April or early 
in May, 1919. The pupal stage occupied about 

12 days. 

(d) larvae of the Nitiduhd Hpuraea depressa. These 
pupated about the middle of August and adults 
emerged at the end of the month. The pupal 
stage lasted 8-10 days, and the adults remained 
in the pupal cells 11 or 12 days. 


(2) The larva of Hpuraea depressa is described for the 
first time. Only one other species (fH. obsoleta) of the 
genus seems to have been described in the larval state. 
In both species the larvae are furnished with numerous 
longitudinal series of flattened, truncated, spatulate hairs, 
rising from tubercles on the dorsal surface. The larva of 
E. depressa has 4 ocelli on either side of the head; 4-seg- 
mented antennae with an appendage on the 3rd segment ; 
mandibles furnished with a remarkable group of processes ; 
maxillary palpi 4-segmented ; labial palpi |-segmented ; 
spiracles pedunculate and biforous, one pair between pro- 
and meso-thorax, and 8 other pairs on abdominal segments 
1-8 respectively. 

(3) Larvae of 2. depressa, after treatment with caustic 
potash, were found to have in the gut mineral particles, 
spores, and fragments of fungus-hyphae. 

(4) The pupa of FH. depressa is armed with spines situated 
on the head and prothorax, at the femoro-tibial joints of 
all the legs, and arranged in two longitudinal series along 
either side of the abdomen. 


126 Dr. H. Scott’s Noles on biology of some inquilines and 


REFERENCES. 


The following is not intended to be an exhaustive bibli- 
ography of any of the matters dealt with, but merely a 
list of works to which it has been necessary io refer. Con- 
cerning the biology of Epuraea and Antherophagus, some 
of the references given below and certain others not in- 
cluded here will be found in M. Rurperrspercer, “ Biologie 
der Kafer Europas”’ (1880), pp. 128, 134; and in the 
same writer’s “ Die biologische Literatur iiber die Kafer 
Kuropas von 1880 an” (1894), p. 134. 


1. Bacnaty, R. 8. Hpuraea parvula Kr. and its pabu- 
lum. Hunt. Monthly Mag., 42, p. 229, 1906. 

2.——. Epuraea angustula Kr. and Acrulia inflata 
Gyll., Coleopterous parasites on species of the 
Stephensian genus Trypodendron. Trans. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, (N-S.), 
1, pp. 416-420, 1906. 

3. Bovine, A. Notes on the larva of Hydroscapha and 
some other aquatic larvae from Arizona. Proc. Hint. 
Soc. Washington, xvi, pp. 169-174, pl. 17, 18, 1914. 

A generic synopsis of the Coccinellid larvae in 
the United States National Museum, with a deserip- 
tion of the larva of Hyperaspis binotata Say: | Pree. 
U.S. Nat. Mus., 51, pp. 621-650, pl. 118- LOT one 

5. CARPENTER, G. H. Sanit MacDowett, M.C. The mouth- 
parts of some beetle larvae (Dascillidae and Scara- 
baeidae), with especial reference to the maxillulae 
and hypopharynx. Q. Journ. Mier. Sci., 57, pp. 
373-396, pl. 35-37, 1912 

6. Comstock, J. H., and Kocut, C. The skeleton of the 
head of insects. The American Naturalist, 36, pp. 
13-45, 1902. 

7. Corram, R. ST repli gus aliens mn. Derpysnitg. 
Lancashire Naturalist, 2, p. 266, 1909. 

8. Donistuorpr, H. Sr. J. K. Rare British beetles ae 
Dipterous parasites. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1908, 


Dialve 

9. ——. Myrmecophilous notes for 1910, Ent. Record 
. and Journ. Variation, 23, pp. 58-63, L911. 

10. ——.. British Ants. Plymouth, 1915. 


114. FowLer, W. W. The Coleoptera of the British 
Islands: Vol. 3. London, 1889. 


parasites in Nest of Bombus derhamellus. 127 


12. GANGLBAUER, L. Die Kiifer von Mitteleuropa: Vol. 3. 
Vienna, 1899. 

13. GerneT, C. v. Beitrage zur Kéaferlarvenkunde® II. 
Horae Soc, ent. Ross., vi, pp. 3-16, pl. I, 1868. 

14. GROUVELLE, A. Description @un Antherophagus de 
Java et desalarve. Notes from the Leyden Museum, 
33, pp. 117-120, 1911. 

Coleopterorum Catalogus (Junk and Schenk- 
ling), Pars 56 (Byturidae, Nitidulidae), 1913. 

16. Kem, D. Recherches sur la morphologie larvaire 
des Diptéres du Genre Phora. Bull. Sci. France et 
Belgique, (7) 44, pp. 27-88, pl. 1-4, 1911. 

17. Marsuauy, T. A. A monograph of British Braconidae : 
Part VI: Alystides. Trans. Ent Soc. London, 1895, 
part 3, pp. 363-398, pl. 7. 

18. Perris, EK. Histoire des insectes du Pin Maritime : 
I, Coléoptéres, 1863 (Hpuraea obsoleta, pp. 468-473, 
figs. 525-533; = Ann. Soc. ent. France, (iv) 2, pp. 
184-189, pl. p, 1862). 

Larves des Coléoptéres; Paris, 1877 (Anthero- 
phagus silaceus, pp. 73-76; = Ann. Soc. Linn, Lyon, 
22, 1875, pp. 331-334 (1876) ). 

20. SLADEN, F. W. L. The Humble-Bee. London, 1912. 
(Chap. iv, pp. 73-82, “* Parasites and enemies of the 
Humble-Bee.”’) 

21. TRAUTMANN, G. Hin ausserst seltener Fund : Anthero- 
phagus Latr. nigricorns Fabr. an emer lebenden 
Hummel. Intern. ent. Zeitschr. Guben, Jahre. 9, 
pe 09s LOLS: 

22. Tuck, W. H. Inquiline and other inhabitants in 
nests of Aculeate Hymenoptera. Ent. Monthly Maq., 
32, pp. 153-155, 1896, and 33, pp. 58-60, 1897. 


15. 


19. 


IV. Notes on Fig Insects, including descriptions of three new 
species and a new Blastophagine genus. By JAMES 
Waterston, B.D., B.Sc. 


[Read February 4th, 1920.] 


Tue Imperial Bureau of Entomology has recently received 
a small consignment of Fig Insects from Uganda, collected 
by Dr. G. ayety Carpenter. In working out these and 
other insects of the same family, already in the collections 
of the Bureau, I have made some notes which seem worth 
recording with the descriptions of the new species. Not 
the least interesting occurrence is that of Blastophaga 
psenes L. at Pretoria in 1919. One would like to know 
whether the species has been deliberately introduced or 
whether it has arrived more fortuitously. ; 


BLASTOPH AGINAE. 
Blastophaga psenes L. 
Cynips psenes Linné, Syst. Nat., p. 554 (1758). 


Transvaal, Pretoria, 28.xi.1919. 3 99 

Compared with specimens from Montpellier (8. France) 
the above examples have the apical joint of the club a 
little shorter, and there are some minute differences in 
chaetotaxy which appear to be well within the range of 
variation shown in this species. 


Blastophaga allotriozoonoides Grnd. 


Blastophaga allotriozoonoides Grandi, Boll. Lab. Zool. Portici, 
x, p. 128 (1916). 

Kabete, 27.vi.18. Q “Taken on coffee.” 

AL 


In this example the first joint of the mid tarsus is ~ 
longer than the 2nd. In the head the length (depth) and 
width are sub-equal. The 2nd joint of ‘the antenna is 
distinctly longer than wide. I have therefore assigned it 
to B. allotriozoonoides Grnd., though the shape of the 
scape does not quite tally with Grandi’s s figure (Bull. Soc. 
Ent. Ital., xviii, fig. 1, p. 6, 1917). 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, Il. (JULY) 


Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Mig Insects. 129 


Genus PeGoscarus Cam. (1906). 


Pegoscapus Cameron, Ann. Kstacion Centr. Avronom de 
Cuba, p. 275 (1906). 
Genotype P. longiceps Cam., loc. cil., p. 276, 


In “Genera Insectorum,” 97, p. 386, 1909, Schmiede- 
knecht places this genus in the Spalangini (Pteromalinae), 
but an examination of Cameron’s material proves Pegoscapus 
to be a true Blastophagine. I have not had access to the 
original description, and cannot tell whether Schmiede- 
knecht has merely followed Cameron’s opinion or puts 
forward his own views. The British Museum possesses 


two 9 examples of P. longiceps labelled — 


(a) “ Cuba, ex Cameron Coll.,” acquired in 1906. 
(b) “ Cuba, Havana, Baker, No. 3482, ex Cameron Coll. 
Type,’ acquired in 1914. 


These specimens are specifically identical. The head is 
wanting in the type, but has fortunately been preserved 
in the co-type. The neuration is peculiar, being coloured 
up to the origin of the stigmal vein, beyond which is only 
a short hy aline stump along the costa, ¢.e. the post- 
marginal is practically, and without careful examination 
appears to be entirely, wanting. In this respect Pegoscapus 
Cam., approaches Hisencella Ashm. (Proce. Wash. Ent. Soc., 
vol. 8, p. 31, 1906), which is a n.n. for Hisenia Ashm. 
(nec Malm. 1877) (Mem. Carn. Mus., 1, No. 4, p. 233, 1904). 
Should further investigation prove the identity of Hiseniella 
Ashm., and Pegoscapus * Cam., the former name will probably 
have priority, as it appeared on 13th July, while Cameron’s 
paper presumably was not published till the end of the year. 

The species next to be described is so remarkable that 
a new genus seems necessary for its reception. For this 
the name Liporrhopalum, gen. nov., 1s here proposed. Like 
Blastophaga Grav., Liporrhopalum has small circular abdo- 
minal spiracles, and the striae on the under surface of the 
mandibles and their appendages simple. There is a further 
agreement between the genera in the basal joints (1-5) of 
the antenna, but from the 6th joint to the end these organs 
in Liporrhopalum show aftnity only with the genus Agaon 
Dalm. The neuration is unique, and in this respect 
Liporrhopalum has no close relation except with Hupristina 

* ef. also Valentinella Grandi, Boll. Lab. Portici, xiii, p. 25 (1919). 

TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, Il. (JULY) K 


130 Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Fig Insects. 


Saund. In the latter, however, the only well-defined 
nervure is the submargimal, which ends im an indefinite 
club with 3 clear pustules, remote from the costa, towards 
which a linear thickening of the wing membrane stretches. 
This thickening is doubtless the obsolescent base of the 
marginal vein. In Liporrhopalum there is a single pustule 
towards the end of the submarginal, but the neuration is 
normal except that the radius is entirely wanting. The 
extreme tip of the neuration is abruptly thinned. 

If the minute 4th antennal joint of this insect were 
overlooked, the antennal formula might be confused with 
that of the monotypic Platyscapus Motsch. (Bull. Soc. Nat. 
Moscou, vol. 36, p. 47, 1863), which was described from 
Ceylon and may be a Fig Insect. In his account of 
P. frontalis (ib., p. 48, t. at 6), however, Motschuisky 
notes the presence of a short radius in the wings, and in 
the figure the funicle appears to be distally tumescent. 


LiIpORRHOPALUM gen. nov. (Fig. 1.) 

Head short, eyes large, sparsely subpilose. Antenna; scape broad 
and stout. Funicie slender, the joints from the 6th onwards several 
times as long as broad. Club long, cylindrical, not wider than the 
rest of the funicle. Sensoria short produced into long tubular 
processes. ‘Thorax normal. Wings densely clothed with cilia. 
Neuration continued on to the costa, after a single pustule at the 
origin of the marginal. No stigmal vein. Spiracles small. Abdo- 
minal tergites not incised posteriorly. ; 


Genotype the following species. 


Liporrhopalum rutherfordi, sp. n. 


A black or blackish-brown species, only the tarsi and mid tibiae 
paler. Wings hyaline. 

Head between } and + broader than deep. Eye extending to 
half the depth. Antenna (fig. Ia) about | mm. long. Scape and 
bulla fused, broader than long (4: 3). Apex of the former rounded, 
angulate above the pedicel, 4th joint minute and transverse (11 : 9), 
nearly completely hidden by the base of the horn-like process on 
the 3rd joint (fig. 1b). Sensoria on 5th joint of normal long 
Blastophagine type with short distal angular projections. There- 
aiter they are short with tubular processes. Relative lengths of 
the succeeding joints, 14: 10: 13: 13: 17, with an average breadth 
of 3. Both antennae are broken after the 5th. The last joint is 


Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Pig Insects. 131 


probably a fusion of two. Lf not, one joint may be missing. ‘The 
apical sense organ shows a number of scale-like bristles disposed 
as in fig. lc. Mandibular appendage short (measured along the 
inner edge sub-equal to the mandible along the outer edge), with 
4 laminar ridges. On the under surface of the mandible between 
the ridge from the inner ventral tooth and the posterior edge there 
is only one median ridge. Pronotum undivided. Parapsides on 


—— bb te Ay RB 


Kia. 1—Liporrhopalum rutherfordi Wtrst. °. (a) Antenna, (6) third 
joint of the same, (c) terminal sense organ, (d) fore-wing, (e) right side 
of propodeon flattened (dorsal and pleural aspects) showing partially 
covered spiracle, (e’) propodeal spiracle uncovered, (/) abdominal spiracle 
—bth tergite, on twice the scale of e. 


outer half 7-9 bristles. Scutellum broadly overhanging. Meta- 
notum 3—4 bristles on each side. Propodeon (fig. Le). 

Wings. Fore-wings (fig. 1d). Length 1-2 mm., breadth -6 mm. 
The neuration extends to -75 mm. from the radix. Rather over 
the distal 4 (marginal + postmarginal) lies on the costa. Whole 
surface of wing densely pilose including the subcostal cell. Hind- 
wing length -75 mm., breadth -14 mm. 

Legs. Apex of fore tibiae externally tridentate above, the 
corresponding ventral prolongation tridentate—the upper tooth 


132. Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Fig Insects. 


marginate. Apical spur simple, straight, more than half as long 
as the tibia. On the Ist tarsal joint posteriorly are 4-5 short 
stout bristles in a subventral row with as many more above. At 
the apex of the hind tibia ventrally on outer aspect are three 
connected curved teeth, the most ventral largest and covering the. 
short peg-like spur. Ist hind tarsal joint ventrally gently excised 
and thinned on basal 2. In the fore and hind tarsi the 2nd and 
3rd joints are equal; in the mid tarsus the 3rd exceeds the 2nd 
by }. In the fore tarsus the Ist joint is $ longer than the 2nd; 
in the mid tarsus the first joint slightly exceeds the second and 
equals the third; in the hind tarsus the first joint is 2} the 
second. 

Abdomen. ‘'Tergites 1-4 and again 5 and 6 are sub-equal, the 
latter distinctly shorter than the former. The receptaculum is 
globular and strongly chitinised. Spiracle small circular (fig. If), 
7th tergite chitinised not membranous, stylet short broader than 
long, apically rounded with two long apical bristles and one at the 
side. Ovipositor about + the abdomen, sheath with 8 bristles on 
apical half. Apex of saw with one rather strong tooth. 5th 
sternite not cultriform but rounded, truncated distally, with narrow 
central process. 

Length, over 1-5 mim. 

Alar expanse, about 2-75 mm. 


Type 2 in Brit. Mus. 

CryLon, Peradeniya. “On laboratory table,” I.vin. 
1913. (A. Rutherford.) 

Named in honour of its collector the late Government 
Entomologist at Peradeniya. 

Although the following species is well marked, I feel a 
little doubt as to its generic position, owing to the incom- 
plete state of the material available. All the specimens 
are dealated, and in none is an antenna complete beyond 
the 6th joint. While this does not prevent the drawing 
up of a reliable diagnosis a study of the wings and last 
segments of the antenna might have given additional 
clues to the generic placing of this form. From typical 
Agaon the new species differs only in having but one major 
tooth on the mandible. The head is also somewhat short. 
On the other hand, the antenna (fig. 2b) so far as it goes 
is exactly that of Agaon and of no other Blastophagine 
genus. Another slight but important character is the 
presence of a row of bristles (4) along the stipes and the 
absence of a palp-like splint. A. scobiniferum, sp. n., may 


Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Fig Insects. 133 


be known at once by the short and broad mandibular 
appendage. 


Agaon scobiniferum, sp. n. 


Head (fig. 24) much longer than wide, across the eyes (5: 4), at 
the mouth edge (2: 1), about equal to the thorax up to the hind 
edge of the scutellum or to 2 of the entire thorax and propodeon. 
Eyes small, prominent, occupying 4 of the depth and separated 
by ? the greatest width of the head. Toruli set at 3 from the base 


Fie. 2.—Agaon scobiniferum Wtrst. 9. (a) Head from above, (b) 
first 6 joints of antenna, (¢) mandible and appendage, (d) propodeal 
spiracle, (e) abdominal spiracle—6th tergite, (f) receptaculum seminis. 


line of the eyes to the apex of the clypeus. Facial impression, 
oblong (the sides subparallel, diverging a little towards the ocelli), 
about ! the breadth of the head. Clypeal edge with large central 
tooth-like lobe flanked on each side by 2 bristles with 2 pairs of 
approximated bristles medianly set before } towards the toruli. 
Mandibles (fig. 2c) with one apical tooth and (ventrally) 10-12 
ridges. The serrated appendage a little more than twice as long 
as broad with about 20 rows of saws containing 20-30 teeth. 
Stipes (5: 1) with 4, galea 3, labium 2, bristles. 

Thorax. Pronotum short, transverse, broadly and deeply emar- 
ginate anteriorly, in two narrowly separated tergites which are 
broadly free and heavily chitinised posteriorly. Spiracle lateral, 


134 ‘Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Fig Insects. 


projecting, emargination shallow. Mesonotum; scutum, with two 
minute widely separated bristles in front of the suture, + longer 
than the seutellam, which is bare anteriorly and laterally, with 
8-10 minute bristles in the posterior quadrant. Metanotum with 
three bristles at each side. Mesosternum proper sharply separated 
from the mesopleurae. The episternal portion of the latter intu- 
mescent, defined by an oval in-crassation which coalesces ventrally 
with that limiting the sternum. Epimeron large with 4-5 minute 
bristles at its anteroventral angle. 

Legs. Tore coxae practically bare except on the thin chitinous 
ridge (along the inner surface of apposition). which is clothed 
throughout its length with dense soft bristles. Femur only } 
longer than the coxa. ‘Tibia, to the end of the dorsal apical tooth, 
$ the femur. Posteriorly the Ist tarsal joint bears 7 stout bristles, 
the 2nd and 3rd 3 each, the 4th 2, the 5th bare. All five have 
1 fine apical dorsal bristle and a number of thin spinose processes 
on the plantar aspect. In the hind-leg the tibia is remarkable 
for its length and shape, being shorter than the femur and spatulate 
in profile. The dorsal and ventral edges alike convex, no definite 
apical ventral angle. There is only one stout tooth-like spine at 
this angle. In the fore tarsus the proportions of the Ist three 
joints are 65: 52: 52 (in A. fasciatum Waterst., 65:17: 34); in 
the mid tarsus the 8rd joint is relatively longer, and in the hind 
tarsus shorter than in A. faseiatum. 

Abdomen. All tergites 1-6 are slit shortly at the middle of the 
posterior margin, the Ist, which is as strongly chitinised as the 
others, at the sides as well. The ovipositor is a little shorter than 
the abdomen. Stylet short and broad with 4 long bristles, Spiracle 
moderate, broadly oval (fig. 2e). 

Length, about 24 mm.; ovipositor, about -8 mm. 


Type 2 in B. M. 

One of a series from UGanpa, L. Victoria, on Marida Is. 
(a very small island south of Wema Is. in the chain 
between Entebbe and Jinja), in fruit of Piews lukanda 
Welw., 1919 (Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter). 


SyCOPHAGINAE. 
Genus Seres Wtrst. (1919). 


Seres Waterston, Ent. Mo. Mag. 3rd Ser. No. 60, p. 275. 
Dec. 1919. 
Genotype S. armipes Wtrst., loc. cit., p. 276. 


Mr. James Waterston’s Noles on Mig Insects, 135 


Seres levis, sp. n. 


This is a smaller, duller and less metallic form than 
the genotype, with slightly paler legs, the mid_ tibiae, 
e.g., being only faintly embrowned dorsally. Both man- 
dibles (fig. 3e) are here tridentate. The funicular joints 
are relatively broader, the second hardly exceeding the 
others. The general shape of the head is the same in levis 
and armipes, but the proportions are strikingly different 
(see fig. 3). S. levis, sp. n., 1s less specialised than the 
genotype, as may be seen in its larger and more normal 
fore tibia and the longer eye, whose base line extends 


S y 
TERA ae é 
S %x yok = <o) : 
ne ( ee 
’ b 


Fia. 3.—Seres armipes Wtrst. 9 (a-c), Seres levis Wtrst. 9° (d-f). 
(a, d) Head from above, (b,c) right mandible, (c, f) tibia of forelesg— 
outer aspect. 


below the toruli. The latter occupy the same position 
relatively in both species. 
The abdomen is also less modified than in the genotype. 


Head, length -75 mm., longer than broad (fig. 3d), across the 
eyes 3:2 and at the base line of lobes flanking the clypeus 2: 1. 
Eyes fully half as long as the head. Toruli well above the base 
line of the eyes, otherwise in the same relative position as in the 
genotype. Lateral lobes inconspicuous, their sides converging, 
clypeal projection short, very broad and deeply and evenly emar- 
ginate, with a row of bristles (7-9) above and many others scattered 


irregularly up to the level of the toruli. Antenna -75 mm. Scape 


136 = =Mr. James Waterston’s Notes on Fig Insects. 


(6: 1). Pedicel (2:1). Funicle not conspicuously dilated. First 
three joints of equal length (9), the 4th a trifle longer (10), club in 
ratio 11:9: 10. The joints of funicle and club are of practically 
equal breadth (12), the second funicular, a little broader (13). 
Maxillary palpus 14:7: 7, width of Ist joint at apex 6, terminal 
bristle twice the supporting joint. Labial palpus 10:9. Apical 
bristle equal to that of the maxillary palpus. 

Thorax and Propodeon 1 mm. in length. Pronotum quadrate 
with anteriorly convergent sides, over half as long as the combined 
scutum and scutellum. Parapsidal and axillary sutures interstitial. 
Scutellum with 4 bristles one at each side posteriorly on the 
axillary suture and another at the hind edge. Metapleurae striate 
reticulate with about a dozen minute bristles between the edge and 
the spiracle. 

Wings. Fore-wings, length 1-4 mm., breadth -6 mm., 5 bristles 
on submarginal. On marginal + postmarginal there are at the 
edge and on the surface about a dozen bristles besides the solitary 
one at, the base of the radius. Discal ciliation a little denser and 
darker than in the genotype. Hind-wings (19:5). Length 1-1 mm. 

Fore-legs. Femur (fig. 3/) more elongate (7: 2) than in S. armipes, 
ventral edge straight, dorsally convex. Tibia with only 3 peg-like 
spines, 1 at apex ventrally and 2 dorsally. Tarsus, first three 
joints as in armipes. Mid- and Hind-legs. In the mid tarsus the 
first and second joints are in ratio 5: 4 (armipes 5: 3), and in the 
hind tarsus these two joints are sub-equal (armipes 5:4). Second 
hind-tibial spur 2 of the first. 

Abdomen -+- ovipositor over 1-4 mm. The ovipositor about 
25 mm. ‘Tergites 1 and 4 are longest and sub-equal and about + 
Jonger than 2, which is shortest; 3, 5 and 6 are equal, slightly 
exceeding 2. Tergites 1-4 show three, and tergite 5 one, slits 
posteriorly. The deepest slit on tergite 1 extending to +. Spiracle 
minute, circular, its diameter 2 the length of the stylet (much 
larger in S. armipes, the diameter 1? as long as the stylet). Tergite 
6 with median row of 4 bristles (2, 2) and a patch of bristles (10-12) 
on the inner side of each spiracle, 1-2 of the bristles being longer 
than the others. 

Length, about 3 mm.; alar expanse, 4-6 mm. 


Type 9 in B. M. 

One of a series from Uaanna, L. Victoria, on Marida Is. 
(a very small island south of Wema Is. in the chain 
between Entebbe and Jinja), in fruit of Pieus lukanda 


Welw., 1919. (Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter.) 


V. The Terminal Abdominal Structures of the Primitive 
Australian Termite, Mastotermes darwinensis Froggatt. 
By G. C. Crampton, Ph.D., F.E.S. (Massachusetts 
Acriculéural College, Amherst, Mass.). 


{Read February 4th, 1920.] 


Puate IV. 


TurouGcH the kindness of Dr. R. J. Tillyard I have been 
able to examine a few specimens of the extremely interesting 
Australian termite, Mastotermes darwinensis F rogeatt, 
preserved in spirit. Since these insects are in some respects 
among the most primitive representatives of the order 
Tsoptera, and since they are available for study to but few 
fortunate individuals, it may possibly be of some interest 
to describe briefly their terminal abdominal structures, 
which have not been figured before, so far as [ am aware. 
The terminology here applied to the parts is that proposed 
for insects in general in a paper dealing with the terminal 
structures of male insects, published in the June 1918 issue 
of vol. xiii of the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological 
Society (pp. 49-68), and in an article dealing with the 
terminal structures of female insects, published in the 
December 1917 issue of vol. xxv of the Journal of the New 
York Entomological Society (pp. 225-237). 

There were two types of winged specimens in the material 
which I examined; but since I was permitted to retain 
only one winged specimen (which I wished to keep intact 
for a further study of the external morphology of these in- 
sects, and for a comparison with other termites) [have been 
unable definitely to determine, by dissecting them, which 
of the winged forms are males, and which are females. In 
the alate forms of many termites, however, the males bear 
styli and the females do not, and from what is known of 
related forms, I think that we are justified i assuming 
that in the winged caste of Mastotermes also, those forms 
which bear styl are males, and those which do not are 
females ; but until this point has been definitely determined 
by dissection, the interpretation here given must be regarded 
as purely provisional. I might state, however, in this 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaARTS I, 0. (JULY) 


138 Dr. G. C. Crampton on the Primitive 


connection, that T have dissected specimens of Termopsis 
angusticollis Hagen, which are placed in the family Proter- 
mitidae (to which Mastotermes also belongs) by Holmgren, 
and an examination of these forms has served to substantiate 
the conclusions here drawn concerning the sexes of the 
alate caste of Mastotermes. 

In both types of winged forms of Mastotermes (P1. IV, figs. 
1 and 2), there are ten visible tergal plates in the abdomen. 
The sternal plates, however, are not situated immediately 
below their corresponding tergal plates in the posterior 
region of the abdomen, and the number of sternal plates is 
not the same in the two sexes, there being but six apparent, 
well-developed, pigmented, sternal plates in the winged 
forms which I have interpreted as the females, while there 
are eight of these sternal plates in the winged ‘ “males.” 
In both forms the sternal plate of the real first abdominal 
segment has become atrophied (or at any rate, it cannot 
be readily detected), so that what appears to be the first 
abdominal sternite, is in reality the sternite of the actual 
second abdominal segment, while what appears to be the 
second sternite, 1s m Teality the sternite of the actual third 
abdominal segment, and so on. 

As was mentioned above, there are apparently but srx 
distinct ventral plates in the abdomen of the winged 
“female” of Mastotermes, and since what appears to be 
the first sternite is in reality the sternite of the actual second 
abdominal segment, ete., the apparent sixth ventral plate 
(“he” of PL. IV, figs. Land 3), which is unusually large, repre- 
sents the sternite of the actual seventh abdominal segment. 
This is in agreement with the statement made by Holmeren, 
1909, on page 150 of his “ Termitenstudien,” that the 

seventh sternite is much larger than the others in the 
abdomen of female termites in general. 

I at first thought that the stippled terminal area of the 
seventh abdominal sternite shown in PI. IV, figs. 1 and 3, 
might represent the remains of another abdominal sternite 
enter ing into the composition of the unusually large sternite 

“he, since in the alate females of our Californian Proto- 
termitid T'ermopsis (which are more primitive than those of 
Mastotermes in having retained a distinct sternite behind 
the seventh abdominal sternite) a distinct, though small, 
eighth sternite occurs in approximately the same position 
as that occupied by the terminal stippled area of the sternite 
labelled “hg” in Pl. IV, figs. 1 and 3. The condition 


Australian Termite, Mastotermes darwinensis. 138 


exhibited by the seventh abdominal sternite of the female 
soldiers and workers of Mastolermes (text-figure 1), however, 
would indicate that the stippled terminal area of the 
sternite labelled “he” in Pl. IV, figs. 1 and 3 does not 
represent the remains of a formerly distinct sternite. The 
area in question was of greater extent in the alate female 
shown in fig. | than in the one depicted in fig. 3, and I 


Fie. 1—Terminal ventral abdominal plates of a female of the soldier 
easte of Mastotermes. For interpretation of lettering, see list of abbrevia- 
tions at end of article. 


am inclined to think that the latter is the more typical in 
this respect, although I have not been able to examine any 
other specimens of Mastotermes in order to determine this 
point. 

Holmgren, 1911, on page 32 of the second part of his 
“'Termitenstudien, quotes the following from a paper by 
Silvestri (which I have been unable to obtain) in deseribing 
the abdomen of the female of the worker caste of Masto- 


140 Dr. G. C. Crampton on the Primitive 


termes; ‘‘ Abdominis sternum Septimum in parte postica 
mediana angustatum, productum, margine postico sinuato, 
sternum octayum et nonum nondum ‘obtegens. Sternum 
octavum appendicibus genitalibus duabus brevibus; ster- 
hum nonum stilis instructum.” Since the abdomen of 
females of the soldier caste is similar to that of the worker 
caste, the above-cited description applies equally well to 
the female soldier depicted in text-figure 1 of the present 
paper, since in the figure in question the seventh abdominal 
sternite is narrowed. posteriorly in the median region, it 
is somewhat produced, its posterior margin is sinuate, 
and it projects slightly over the eighth and ninth sternites. 
The eighth ae likewise bears two “ genital appendages ”’ 
(labelled ‘ ” in text-figure 1), and the ninth sternite 
bears a a0 “of styl “s.” I find in addition, however, 
a third pair of appendages labelled “iv,” which are very 
small, and on this account aM aes escaped Silvestri’s 
attention, although they occur in the females of both soldiers 
and workers. The intermediate appendages, labelled 
“iv” in text-figure 1, occur between the bases of the styli, 
labelled “se.” There is some indication that they may 
possibly belong to the sternite behind the ninth (2. e. the 
partially atrophied tenth sternite) which would be in agree- 
ment with the claim made by Dr. Wheeler, that the inter- 
mediate valves of the ovipositor belong to the tenth segment 
of the embryo (and come to have their position between 
the dorsal valvulae of the adult as a later modification), 
but my material was too poorly preserved definitely to 
determine this ea 

Dr. Walker (Canadian Entomologist, vol. li, 1919, pp. 
131-139), following Wood-Mason, Handlirsch, Berlese, 
and others, would interpret the dorsal valves of the ovi- 
positor of Orthopteroid insects as representing the styli 
together with their basal portions “se” (text-figure 1), 
from his studies on Grylloblatta ; and the condition exhibited 
by the females of the worker and soldier castes of Masto- 
termes would uphold this view, for it is quite evident that 
the ventral appendages labelled “vv” in text-figure 1, 
represent the ventral valves of a primitive ovipositor, 
while the appendages labelled “iv” represent the inter- 
mediate valves, and the styli “s,” with their basal portions 

“se,” apparently enter into Ne composition of the dorsal 
valves of the ovipositor of the Orthopteroid forms (see 
also figures of “* Blatta,” by Wood-Mason). The presence 


Australian Termite, Mastotermes darwinensis. 141 


of this primitive type of ovipositor in Mastotermes furnishes 
further evidence of the rather close relationship between 
Grylloblatta and the termites. 

In the winged “ males” of Mastolermes there are eight 
apparent abdominal sternites, as was mentioned above ; 
but since the apparent first sternite is in reality the sternite 
of the actual second abdominal segment (the sternal plate 
of the first segment being atrophied, or so greatly reduced 
as to be no longer readily detected), the apparent eighth 
sternite, labelled “‘ ha’? in PI. IV, figs. 2 and 4, represents the 
sternum of the actual ninth abdominal segment. In the 
males of Grylloblatla campodeiformis Walker, recently figured 
by Dr. Walker (/.¢.), the hypandrium, or sternite of the 
ninth abdominal segment (situated below the genital 
apparatus of the male) bears a pair of distinct structures, 
the coxites, or styligers, to which the styl are attached. 
In the winged male of Mastotermes (fig. 4) the styligers “se” 
(which may or may not represent the coxal seoment of a 
limb, since the styli themselves are sometimes secondarily 
segmented) have become greatly re due ‘ed, and are partially 
united with the hypandrium “ha,” but traces of them are 
still retained. A similar condition occurs in the cockroach 
Cryplocercus, shown in fig. 92 of the paper on the genitalia 
of male insects (Bulletin of the Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 
xiii, 1918); but I did not realise the true significance of 
the styli-bearing structures in this inseet (7. e. the homo- 
logues of the styligers “sg” of figs. 2, 4, ete.) until Dr. 
Walker had published his figures of the condition occurring 
in the primitive insect Grylloblatta. 

In connection with the discussion of the styh, “s,” and 
the styligers, “sg,” T would call attention to the fact that 
if one compares Dr. Walker’s figure 2 (Can. Ent. vol. hi, 
plate vin) of the ventral region of the terminal abdominal 
segments of a male Grylloblatta with my figure 34 (Bull. 
Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. xiii, plate 4) of the same region 
of a male Hmbia, the resemblance between the two is very 
striking. The outline and relative size of the ninth sternite 
are very similar in both insects, and the so-called two- 
jointed cerci of Hmbia are remarkably similar to the two- 
jointed styli (7. e. the styl with their basal structures the 
coxites or styligers) of Grylloblatta, not only in position, 
but in the number and character of their component 
parts. Dr. Walker, however, maintains that these two 
structures are not homologous in the insects in question, 


142 Dr. G. C. Crampton on the Primitive 


and provisionally, at least, | have accepted his verdict 
in the matter. 

The cerci, labelled “c¢” in all figures, are fairly well 
developed in Mastolermes; but the segments of the cerci 
are not as distinct as in Lermopsis (which j is another feature 
in which Termopsis is more primitive than Mastotermes). 
There are traces of at least five segments in the cerci of 
Mastotermes, and in all probability several more have 
fused to form certain of the larger segments. 

The paraprocts, “ pa,” or lateral plates of the eleventh 
segment, which bear the cerci, are quite well developed 
in Mastotermes, as is also the case with the tenth tergite 
“10t.” The posterior margin of the tenth tergite of ‘the 
winged male (fig. 2, “ 10t”’) 1s ~ indented ~’ (or shehtly 
emarginate) mesally, while the ae margin of the 
tenth tergite of the winged. female (fig. 1, “ LOt’’) 1s entire, 
and is somewhat * : thinner. ” being more decurved posteriorly 
than is the case in the winged male. 

In previous papers, 1 have e applied the term “ epiproct ” 
to the tenth or to the eleventh abdominal tergites indis- 
criminately, and I have also employed this term as practi- 
cally synonymous with the designation ‘‘ pygidium.” In 
the interest of exact usage, however, IT would now suggest 
that the term “ epiproct ” be restricted to the eleventh 
abdominal tergite (which is distinguishable in but few 
insects), while some form of the designation “ pygidium ” 
should be employed for the apparent terminal tergite in 
other cases. 

The term “pygidium ” is frequently applied to the 
apparent terminal tergite in higher insects, regardless of 
whether one is dealing with the actual sixth, seventh, 
eighth, ninth, or tenth tergite, the actual terminal tergites 
in such cases being usually withdrawn or “telescoped ” 
beneath the apparent terminal tergite which conceals them, 
so that what appears to be the terminal tergite or “ py- 
gidium,” is not actually the terminal one under these con- 
ditions. It would be much more exact when this is the 
‘ase, to prefix to the term pygidium, the Greels designations 
hexa-, hepta-, octo-, ennea-, or deca-, to indicate that the 
apparent last tergite is actually formed by the tergite of 
the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, or tenth segment, as the 
case may be. Thus, the so-called ‘ ‘ pygidium ” of certain 
Coleoptera is in reality formed by the tergite of the sixth 
abdominal segment (the terminal ones being usually with- 


Australian Termite, Mastolermes darwinensis. 143 


drawn beneath it), while the so-called “ pygidium” of a 
cockroach or termite is usually formed by the tergite of 
the tenth abdominal segment; and in the interest of exact 
usage, it would be preferable to distinguish between these 
two types of “* pygidia”’ by designating that of the beetle 

‘hexapygidium ”” and that of the cockroach or termite 
a “decapygidium.” 

The condition occurring in the terminal abdominal 
structures of the winged “male” of Mastotermes lends 
additional weight to the view that the termites are rather 
closely related to the cockroaches, since in both groups the 
pygidium, ‘* 10t,” is a “ decapygidium ” (7. e. it 1s formed 
by the tenth tergite), the paraprocts “pa” are usually 
well developed in both types of insects, and in the male 
of the primitive cockroach Cryplocercus, referred to above, 
there are traces of the styli-bearing structures “se” which 
are only partially united with the ninth sternite “ha” 

as in Mastotermes (fig. 4). On the other hand, the genitalia 
of Mastotermes and other termites do not exhibit the well- 
developed, asymmetrical penis valves characteristic of 
most cockroaches, Mantids, and Zoraptera; and since the 
termites belong to the superorder Panisoptera (composed 
of the Isoptera, Zovaptera, Mantodea, Blattodea, etc.), 
it is rather surprising that such primitive forms as Masto- 
termes Should not exhibit some indications of such a wide- 
spread condition occurring in the bulk of their relatives 
in this group. It is possible, however, that since some 
termites such as those bere discussed have been found to 
have developed a primitive type of ovipositor (a condition 
occurring extremely rarely among Isoptera), still others 
will be found in which traces of the penis valves are retained. 
Indeed, in the winged males of Termopsis, there are traces 
of the penis ralves, but they are so small and delicate that 
one can scarcely see them, and they are quite unsatisfactory 
for a comparative study of the structures in question. 

In Vol. 21, 1919, of the Soe em of the Kntomological 
Society of Washington (pp. 129-151), in an article dealing 
with the terminal abdominal structures of the most primitive 
representatives of the Hymenoptera (7. e. the sawflies), 
it was shown that the hypandrium, or plate below the male 
genitalia (“ha ” of Pl. IV, figs. 2 and 4), is in most insects 
formed by the sternite of el ninth abdominal segment, or 
those preceding it, rather than by the tenth sternite, as 
was formerly claimed. Furthermore, as is the case in 


144. Dr. G. C. Crampton on the Primitive 


Mastotermes, the sternite of the seventh, or preceding 
segments, as well as the eighth sternite, may form the plate 
below the genital apparatus of female insects in general. 

In comparing together the terminal structures of insects 
in general, I have been impressed with the marked resem- 
blance between the terminal structures of the sawflies 
and those of the termites (with the exception of the genital 
apparatus of the males, since the styli of male termites 
apparently become modified to form clasping organs in 
the male sawflies), and there are a number of features which 
point to a rather close relationship between the two groups. 
These resemblances have led me to conclude that the Pso- 
cidae (s. /.), Hymenoptera, Mecoptera, Neuroptera, and 
Coleoptera probably arose from ancestors anatomically 
intermediate between the Isoptera (with the Zoraptera) 
on the one hand, and the Dermapteron-Hmbud-Plecopteron 
group on the other. Furthermore, the [soptera are them- 
selves intermediate between the Blattodea (with the Manto- 
dea) and the Dermapteron-Kmbud-Plecopteron group, 
and because of this phylogenetically important position 
which they occupy with relation to the lines of descent of 
the other orders of insects, their anatomy should be more 
carefully studied than has been the case heretofore. 

I have suggested in previous papers, that the Palaeo- 
dictyoptera, Kphemerida and Odonata might possibly be 
associated together in a section of the Pterygotan insects, 
and while this arrangement holds good for certain of the 
Palaeodictyoptera, it is not true of all the insects included 
in this order, which appears to be a very heterogeneous 
conglomeration of insects, of which certain forms are not 
sufficiently nearly related to be.included in the same order, 
or even superorder. ‘Thus for example, [ would now con- 
sider such Palaeodictyoptera as the Stenodictyoids (or 
those related to Stenodiclya) as belonging in the superorder 
Panplecoptera, which includes the Plecoptera, Embiodea, 
Dermaptera, Coleoptera and their allies (to which might be 
added such fossil forms as the Hadentomodea, Haplop- 
terodea, ete., although I am not certain as to such forms as 
the Sypharopterodea). On the other hand, some of the 
insects now placed in the order Palaeodictyoptera, such 
as the Kubleptidae, bear a strong resemblance to the insects 
comprising the superorder Panplectoptera, composed of 
the Ephemerida (also called Plectoptera), Protephemerida 
(Triplosoba) and their allies. Handlirsch would derive 


A: 
7 ; 


. te ee Da ca 
he oe « i. Sau Tas a 


by 
j ee 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, Plate IV. 


TERMINAL ABDOMINAL STRUCTURES OF MASTOTERMES 
DARWINENSIS  Frogg. 


Australian Termite, Maslotermes darwinensis. 145 


the Protoblattodea (which he considers as the forms ancestral 
to the cockroaches, termites, etc.) from Plaeodictyopterous 
forebears, while I am inclined to consider the Plecoptera 
as more closely related to the forms giving rise to the ter- 
mites and their allies which constitute the superorder 
Panisoptera (7. e. the Protoblattodea, Blattodea, Mantodea, 
Isoptera, Zorapteya, etc.). The evidence for the erouping 
given above, will be presented in a series of articles (of 
which the present paper is one) dealing with the external 
anatomy of the head, thoracic and terminal abdominal 
regions of the insects in question. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV. 
Hic. 1.—Lateral view of terminal abdominal structures of alate 
female of Mastotermes darwinensis Froggatt. 
lic. 2.—Lateral view of terminal structures of alate male of same. 
Fie. 3.—Ventral view of terminal structure of alate female of 
same. 
Kie. 4.—Ventral view of terminal structures of alate male of same. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


In all figures, the letter ‘t” affixed to the numerals denotes 
the tergal plate of the segment indicated by the numerals, while 
the letter “‘s’”’ denotes the corresponding sternal plate of the 
segment in question. 


c = cerci, or their point of attachment. 

dv = dorsal valvulae of ovipositor, composed of the styli and 
their basal portions. 

ha = hypandrium, or sternite below the genital apparatus of 
the male. It is usually formed by the sternite of the 
ninth abdominal segment. 

hg = hypogynium, or sternite below the genital apparatus of 
the female. It is usually formed by the sternite of the 
seventh or eighth abdominal segment. 

iv = intermediate valvulae of the ovipositor. 

pa = paraprocts, or cerci-bearing plates of the eleventh segment 
of the abdomen. 

s = styli. 

sg = styligers, or coxites, the basal structures bearing the styli. 

vv = ventral valvulae of the ovipositor, or appendages of the 
sternite of the eighth abdominal segment. 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, U. (JULY) L 


(alia: -) 


VI. Records of Insect Migrations in Tropical America. By 
C. B. Witiiams, M.A., F.H.S., Department of 
Aericulture, Trinidad, B.W.I. 


[Read March 17th, 1920.] 


In two previous papers (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1917, pp. 154-164, 
and 1919, pp. 76-88) I have given as complete accounts as 
possible of migrations of butterflies in British Guiana and 
Trinidad respectively, that I had either seen myself or 
considered sufficiently reliable to be placed on record. No 
apology is made for this further instalment of records, 
this time relating to several different imsects in several 
countries, as it is only by the piling up of a sufficient bulk 
of reliable evidence that any progress can be looked for; 
and such evidence to be of the greatest value should be 
available to all and should not be hidden away in private 
notes or obscure publications. 

The following are the migrations described or discussed 
below :— 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

PIERIDAE. 


Catopsilia (Callidryas) spp. Dutch Guiana. 
British Guiana. 
Trinidad, 1918. 
1919. February. 
1919. March. 
1919. July. 
Jamaica, 1910. 
Colombia, 1900, 1914. 
Panama, 1917. 
Costa Rica. 
Mississippi, 1917. 
White Pierid. ‘Trinidad. 


LYCAENIDAE. 
Tmolus beon. Trinidad, 1919. 


HESPERIDAE. 


Calpodes ethlius. Panama, 1917. 
U.S.A. and West Indies. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 192 TS a, se 1 (SUEY) 


Mr. C. B. Williams’ Records of Insect Migrations. 147 


URANIADAE. 
Cydamon leilus. Trinidad, 1868, 1878, 1891, 1899, 1901, 
LGM 1917, VOLS. NOLO: 
British Guiana, 1912. 
Barbados, 1901, 1905, 1906, 1912, 1915. 
Venezuela, 1917. 
Costa Rica, 1917. 


DIPTERA. 
TABANIDAE. 
Venezuela to Trinidad. 


Yellow Butterflies off the Coast of Dutch Guiana. 

Mr. Ince of Port of Spain, Trinidad, informs me that 
about three years ago (1915 or 1916), about the month of 
July, he saw thousands of yellow butterflies flying in a 
northerly direction past his steamer, which was about 
twenty miles off the coast of Dutch Guiana (Surinam), 
between the river Surinam and the river Nikeri, and 
well out of sight of land. There is no land in the direction 
in which the butterflies were flying. 


Yellow Butterflies in British Guiana. 

Dr. Barnes, who was for many years a resident of Berbice, 
British Guiana, tells me that migrations of yellow butter- 
flies were a regular event there. The butterflies always 
flew along the coast from south-east to north-west, which 
is across the prevailing wind. 

This is an additional locality to those given in my 
previous paper (loc. cit., 1917), but fits in with my general 
conclusions as to the two main directions of flight. 


Yellow Butterflies in Trimdad. 
1918. 

Since the publication of my account of the migration of 
Catopsilia statira in Trinidad in October 1918 (loc. cit., 
1919, p. 76) two further records have been obtained, which 
may be placed here for reference. 

They were seen abundantly on several days during the 
migration flying towards the west in Tucker Valley near 
Macqueripe (Brash). [Macqueripe is on the north coast, 
north-west of Port of Spain.| They were also seen passing 


148 Mr. C._B. Williams’ Records of 


over Rio Claro [in the south-central district | for several 
days, flying from the south-west to north-east. 


1919. February. 

On the 7th February, 1919, Sir Norman Lamont reported 
to me that he had seen the yellow butterflies again on 
migration on the Rock-Penal road (a few miles” inland 
from the centre of the south coast). He wrote as follows : 


car he ophael 


TRINIDAD 


Trigration of. C.stalera Forres 


February 1919. 


“At 12 o'clock at the junction of the Moreau and Rock- 
Penal road ... I noticed a steady stream of yellow 
butterflies flying east to west with the wind. They were 
of course high over the tops of the trees, crossing the 
Moreau road, and were in ones, twos, fives, sixes and eights, 
but in quite loose order. J remained until two o -clock, ‘and 
the flight was steady all that time. At two o’clock I 
started east along the Rock-Penal road, and the butter- 
flies were flying along this road which was parallel to their 
course, and consequently they were able to fly lower. I 


Insect Migrations in Tropical America. 149 


caught two specimens, both females of C. statira in abso- 
lutely perfect condition, evidently just emerged from puyae.”’ 

“ At about 2.30 or 2.45 the flight stopped... I way then 
about the 14th mile post, and in cocoa (the Moreau road is 
in virgin forest). Weather still sunny as it was throughout. 
I afterwards went home along the Moruga road .; ithout 
seeing a single C. statira on or crossing the road (Fig. 1, 
Not 1.” 

On the following day (8th February) I went to the locali- 
ties in question, and found the butterflies still migrating. 
At 1.40 p.m. a slight but distinct flight was seen going 
west or north-west at about the fourth mile from Penal 
on the Rock-Penal road (No. 2). At 2.15 there was a 
distinct migration towards the north-west at about the 
llth mile (No. 3). The numbers passing in successive 
minutes at this point, on a front of approximately 100 yards, 
were 16, 14, 2, 1, 25, 14, and 18. At 12} mile (Moreau 
road) they were also moving in the same direction. A few 
were seen a mile or so beyond this, but after that they 
disappeared as had been noted the previous day by Sir 
Norman Lamont. 

On the same day they were seen passing Tabaquite in a 
direction “35 degrees east of north” by Mr. H. Thomp- 
son ”” (No. 4). 

During the week commencing Monday 10th, they were 
reported to be very common flying towards the north at 
Reform by Mr. Ross (No. 5) and at Tarouba by Mr. Bolton 
(No. 6), being particularly common on the 12th according 
to the latter. 

On the 13th they were reported Aying towards the 
north-east at Poole by L. Mota (No. 7), and in the same 
direction at Rio Claro by P. R. B. (No. 8). 

On the 14th they were flying west by north on the 
Debe-Penal road about ; 34 mile at 11 a.m., at a rate of 
350 per minute on a front of 100 yards (C. M. Roach) 
(No. 9). ‘‘ A dense drove ” passed over Tabaquite between 
one and two o’clock in a north-east direction (G. H. Wil- 
cocks) (No. 10), and a large number passed over San Fer- 
nando flying approximately from south to north (EK. A. 
Turpin) (No. 11). 

On the following day I noticed myself a very slight 
migration in a northerly direction over San Fernando, 
but this seems to have marked the last effort, as no further 
records were received. 


150 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Records of 


This migration is of particular interest, for two reasons. 
In the first place, it is the first authentic record T have 
obtai ed of a migration during the dry season. There is 
one record in my previous paper (1919, p. 88) in which 
the butterflies were said to be “looking for water,” but 
the dat» of this was uncertain. 

In %e present case the migration was preceded by six 
weeks of extremely dry weather, as in 1919 the dry season 
in Trinidad started at the very beginning of January. 

The second point of* great interest is that the direction 
of the flight was not the same throughout its range, but 
consisted of a fan-shaped spread from some area near the 
middle of the south coast, as will be seen distmetly from 
the directions of the arrows on the accompanying map 
(Fig. 1). 

1919. March. 


On 15th March, after two and a half months of extremely 
dry weather, heavy showers fell over the greater part of 
the island and continued during the following wo days. 

On the 17th March, at about 12.30 p-m. yellow butter- 
flies were passing along the east side of San’ Fernando hill 
in a northerly direction in sufficiently striking numbers 
to warrant my being informed by telephone of the event. 

On the west side of the hill, where my house is situated, 
they were then seen to be passing in a very thin but steady 
flight of three or four per mmute, but the movement did 
not last much longer, and was over by 1 p.m. 


1919. Dry Season. 


Mr. Cecil Rostant, a resident of Moruga (south coast), 
tells me that “some time about the middle of the dry 
season” the butterflies passed over Moruga in large num- 
bers. They flew to the west during the morning, but in 
the afternoon turned northward. 

It is impossible to say if this record refers to the February 
migration or not. 


LOOPS) aa: 


Mr. J. A. Bulbrook, a geologist who had been in camp 
at Palo Seco (south coast) for some months, informed me 
on 29th July, 1919, that since 11th July the butterflies had 
been passing irregularly from north-west to south-east. 
He considers the movement not distinct but quite certain. 


Insect Migrations in Tropical America. 15] 


Yellow Butterflies in. Jamaica. 


Mr. W. Buthn of the Board of Agriculture, Trinidad, 
informs me that about the middle of December 1910 he 
saw a large flight of yellow butterflies at Rockfort, Jamaica 
(about three miles east of Kingston), flying in a direction 
approximately north-west. He described the’ migration 
as a thin cloud, and estimated, from memory, that about 
100 per minute would be passing on a 100-yards front. 


Yellow Butterflies in Colombia. 


Mr. Rudder, consulting engineer of the Usine St. 
Madeline, Trinidad, informs me that in April 1900 he saw 
a large flight of yellow butterflies in the district Darien, 
Colombia, at an altitude of three or four thousand feet. 
The butterflies were flying away from the Pacific towards 
the east, and “one could get fifty in a net at one sweep.” 
The flight only. lasted five or ten minutes, during which 
time the butterflies came down a certain valley, filling the 
road through the forest. He could not say eel or not 
they were also over the forest. The flight was a more or 
less annual event for which they used to paint out each 
year. 

I have been unable to find the locality on a map, but 
Mr. Rudder indicated it as somewhere towards the Panama 
border and the Pacific. 

Canon A. Hombersley of Trinidad gave me the following 
notes: “ Travelling by river steamer down the Magdalene 
from Giradot to Ambalema [about 100 miles west of 
Bogota], towards the end of December 1914, for about six 
hours I noticed, on the mud flats just above the water edge, 
swarms of white and white-and-yellow butterflies—densely 
crowded together and quite still, so as to look like white 

patches about a yard or more in diameter. 

“ Leaving the boat, I travelled by train the same after- 
noon to Mariquita ; for many miles there is a mud road 
running alongside the railway—this road was swarming 
with the same butterflies, which settled in large densely 
crowded patches wherever there was mud. 

“Travelling back over the same railway two or three 
days after, on 3lst December, I visited a cattle ranch and 
walked some distance through the pasture along the mud 
road. This was one continuous swarm of the same butter- 
flies and one other variety (orange-red with black lines) 


152 Mr. C. B. Willams’ Records of 


in dense masses wherever the ground was moist. It is 
strictly accurate to say, that the swarm of butterflies on 
the wing was so dense for miles that you brushed against 
them with your clothes as you walked by.” 


Yellow Butterflies in Panama. 


At Bocas del Toro, Panama, I made the two following 
notes in my diary :— 

“6th May, 1917. Yellow butterflies flying steadily 
across the river at Guabito [on the border between Panama 
and Costa Rica] from north to south, 8.30 a.m. Fifteen 
seen in five minutes, and only one flying in opposite 
direction.” 

“dth June, 1917. Guabito. Yellow butterflies gomg 
due north at 10 a.m. No wind and very hot sun. I saw 
one hundred or more pass, and none in reverse direction.” 


Yellow Butterflies in Costa Rica. 


Mr. Jemenes, whom I met at Suretka, Costa Rica, in- 
formed me that migrations of yellow butterflies are of 
common occurrence at San José, Costa Rica, and that the 
butterflies always fly from north to south. This was 
confirmed by another man in the same house, who had also 
resided many years at San José. 


Yellow Butterflies in. Mississippr. 

Mr. L. S. Mestier, chemist at the Usine St. Madeline, 
Trinidad, informs me that about the middle of November 
1917 at Ocean Spring, Mississippi, U.S.A., after a cold spell, 
he saw a large flight of yellow butterflies flying from west 
to east across a “northerly breeze. The flight lasted for 
about an hour. The butterflies were “by thousands ” 
“like leaves,” and were mostly at a height of from six to 
ten feet. 

Mr. Mestier had lived for four years at Ocean Spring 
(which is on the coast about fifty miles west of Mobile), 
but this was the first time that he saw any flight of this 

nature. 


White Butterflies in Trinadad. 


Mr. Fahey of Industry Estate, Trinidad, says that some 
years ago he saw a large flight of “small white butter- 
flies’ at Manzanilla on the east coast of Trinidad, flying 
from east to west and coming inland from over the sea. 


Insect Migrations in Tropical America. 153 


There is no land to the east of Trmidad, and the only 
possible explanation of this flight seems to be that the 
butterflies had migrated out to sea northward from the 
Guiana or Veneztelan coast, and had been blown westward 
to Trmidad by the prevailing westerly trade wind. 

In a previous paper (loc. cit., 1917, p. 162) T mentioned 
a record of a flock of the small white Pierid, Appias mar- 
gartta, flying northward out to sea at Berbice, British 
Guiana, in 1909. 

It is extremely unlikely that the two records refer to the 
same flight, but the latter record at least lends consider- 
able probability to the proposed explanation of the former, 


LYCAENIDAE. 


Tmolus beon in Trinidad. 


On the 23rd March, 1919, I visited the famous Pitch 
Lake at La Brea, Trinidad [south-western promontory |. 
At 4.15 p.m. we noticed a large number of small blue butter- 
flies passing in a continuous stream across the open stretches 
of the “lake,” which is largely devoid of vegetation. 

The migration was watched for at least a quarter of an 
hour, and it was in full swing both at the beginning and 
end of this period, so that it may have lasted much longer. 

The butterflies were flying fast and very low, seldom 
above five feet from the ground, and often less than a foot. 
above it. 

They were flying almost due south, slightly S.S.W, 
The wind was a fairly strong easterly breeze, so that the 
direction of flight was almost directly across it. 

In successive minutes aE a 30-yards front the following 
numbers were counted, 25, 8, 12, 15, 17. The flight was 
going on as far as one could see in both directions, so that 
even in the short period that we were watching many 
thousands must have passed. 

T had no net at the time, and only four specimens were 
caught by knocking down with our hats. Two of these 
were smashed beyond recognition. The other two were 
forwarded to Mr. W. J. Kaye, who kindly identified them 
as Tmolus beon Cram., a common Trinidad species. Both 
were males. 

During the period that we watched only three Lyeaenids 
were seen flymg in any other direction, and oce asionally a 
yellow butterfly was following the general rush southward. 


154 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Records of 


The weather from January to the middle of March had 
been excessively dry in this district, but m the second. half 
of March some rain had fallen, which slightly relieved the 
drying up of the vegetation. 

This is the first record, so far as | am aware, of a Lycaenid 
migrating in this part of the world. There is one account 
of a migration of a member of this family in India where 
De Rhe Philippe (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., xiv, 
p- 481) records that Polyommatus boelicus migrates annually 
to the hills in the early hot weather. I have not seen 
the paper, which is referred to in Lefroy, “ Indian Insect 
Life,” p. 419. 


HESPERIDAE. 


Calpodes ethlius Meg in Panama. 


From 14th February to 25th June, 1917, I stayed at 
various localities in the ee of Bocas del Toro, Republic 
of Panama, chiefly at a small settlement known as Guabito, 
which is on the border-line of Panama and Costa Rica about 
twenty miles inland from the Atlantic (Carribean) coast. 

The country is mostly low-lymg forest land with occa- 
sional low foot-hills or spurs from the higher land further 
in the interior, and is partly cleared for banana cultivation. 

The ramfall during January and February in 1917 had 
been a little below the average, but the second week in 
March was exceptionally wet, and eight inches of rain was 
registered in twelve hours a few miles from Guabito; for 
several weeks after this the forest was flooded in many 
low-lying parts. 

On 2nd April I noticed a “ moth-hke msect ” flymeg in 
large numbers past the house at about 4 to 4. 30. p.m., 
flying very rapidly in a northerly (N.E. to N.W.) direction. 
It was a hazy afternoon, practically no wind and the sun 
just visible through thin clouds. 

On the following day (3rd April) at 4 p.m. the same 
insects were again passing “‘? in all directions.” At 
5 p.m. they were still flying in a slight rain. 

Two specimens were captured, and proved to be a 
skipper (Hesperid) butterfly, since identified by Prof. 
K. B. Poulton as Calpodes ethlius Cramer. 

On the following day (4th April) a careful watch was 
kept, but none were seen either in the morning or evening. 

On the 5th April at 4.15 p.m, they were again flying in 


Insect Migrations in Tropical America. 155 


thousands past Guabito Station at a great speed, going 
towards the east or south-east. About a quarter of an 
hour later at a spot about half a mile north of the railway 
station, and just over the border into Costa Rica, they 
were flying due east im enormous numbers—300 or 400 
per minute on every 100-yards front. 

Nothing was seen of them again for over a month, but 
in the interval I questioned Mr. Ladd, a local amateur 
naturalist, who said that he had frequently seen them, 
that they only flew im the late afternoon and evening, and 
that they changed the direction during the evening, flying at 
first in one direction and later all returning in the opposite. 

Several other residents agreed as to the frequence of 
their appearance, and a Mr. Weaver who lived several miles 
north of Guabito at Paraiso, Costa Rica, said that they 
always flew in the late afternoon and from north to south. 

On 10th May at 4.45 p.m. I again noticed them passing 
the house three or four per minute in almost every direction, 
but possibly more from north-east to south-west than 
any other way. By 6 p.m. when it was getting dusk they 
were still flymg, and were possibly more common in a 
reverse direction but not distinctly so. It was again 
shehtly cloudy after a hot day and no wind. Temperature 
at 6 p.m. 78° F. 

On 24th May they were again passing in the evening, with 
a thinly clouded sky after a hot day with no wind. 

At 4.50 p.m.they were first noticed in numbers, almost 
all going to the south or south-west past the house. At 
5 p.m. very few were seen. At 5.5 another lot appeared, 
this time going towards the north and north-west. From 
5.40 to 6 they were passing in almost every direction, but 
chiefly towards the north or towards the south. 

By 6 o'clock it was dusk, and the butterflies were difficult 
to see except as shadows against the hght. By lyimg on 
my back on the ground I was able to count those passing 
within my range of vision. In successive minutes 30, 48, 
40, 33, 40, 35, and 32 were counted. “ About equal 
numbers going to the north-west and the south-east, 
but very few in any other direction.” At 6.30 it was 
almost dark, and none were seen. 

Three more specimens were captured to-day. 

The height of the flight was about three to twenty feet 
above the ground and the speed was very great, at least 
twenty miles an hour if not much more, It was sufficiently 


156 Mr. C. B, Willams’ Records of 


ereat to make it quite impossible for me to tell to what 
family or even to what order the insect belonged until 
one was captured, and over one hour’s continuous effort. to 
capture specimens, passing sometimes almost every second, 
only resulted in the capture of five individuals. 

Prof. Poulton informs me that all these five specimens 
were females. 

This concludes my own observations on the insect, as it 
was not seen again during my stay in the district. 

To summarise :—-The butterfly flew in large numbers, 
at a great speed, in various directions, but chiefly from 
north or north-west to south or south-east and vice 
versa, in the late afternoon and evening * of cloudy, close, 
still days during April and May with a very sheht indication 
of a change in direction as the evenine progressed, In 
addition all the specimens captured were females. 

It may be maintained that a flight of this nature is not 
a true migration, and it is possible that this is so. At the: 
same time it is a flight which differs distinctly from the 
normal fluttering of the insect round flowers, and as such 
would be worthy of record. There are, however, certain 
known observations with regard to this insect which make 
it probable that this habit, 1f not always truly migratory, 
may sometimes at least lead to a migration. 

Calpodes ethlius feeds in its larval stage on the leaves of 
Canna. Its distribution is from 8. Carolina to the Argen- 
tine Republic, but it appears to be unable to survive “the 
winter much further north than Florida. On occasions, 
however, the insect appears in large numbers as far north 
as the district of Colombia, and rarely even as far as Long 
Island, New York. 

F.H.Chittenden (U.S. Dept.Agric. Bur. Ent., Cireular 145 
(1912), pp. 1-2) gives some particulars of an invasion in 
September 1904, when thousands of caterpillars were 
destroying cannas in Alabama, and in the following year, 
1905, when they reached as far as Washmeton D. C. He 
writes (p. 2): “ The cause of this invasion was apparently 
that the summer of 1905 was an unusually hot one. Heat 
favours an increase of insects of this type. Prevailing 
southerly winds, however, were probably more potent 


* Chittenden (U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent., Circular 145, p. 7) 
says, ‘‘ Wittfield adds that one of the favourite times for flight of 
the butterfly in fair weather is after sundown,” but [ have been 
unable to trace the original reference. 


Insect Migrations in Tropical Ameriea. 157 


factors im causing this migration from the Gulf Region 
northwards, since the summer of 1906 was. still warmer, 
but with much greater humidity, and under these conditions 
only one pupa was found during that entire year.’ 

In 1911 there was another invasion, which reached as 
far as Long Island, of which the following particulars were 
kindly given to me by Mr. F. E. Watson of the American 
Museum of Natural History. He tells me that two speci- 
mens, one battered and one in fair condition, were captured 
during May 1911, one on Long Island and one in Prospect 
Park, New York City. During August all the cannas in 
the parks in this district were eaten up by thousands of 
larvae, from which pupae were obtained which oave 
indoors, adults in October and November, but out of doors 
no adults were seen either that autumn or the following 
year. 

There can ne no doubt that these sudden extensions of 
range were brought about by some form of migratory 
flight. 

‘In Trinidad and the West Indies the butterfly is generally 
abundant, sometimes sufficiently so as to rank as a pest 
of canna and arrowroot, particularly in St. Vincent. 

During three years’ residence in Trinidad [ have never 
seen any migratory movement of this butterfly or any 
flight in any way resembling that seen in Panama. On 
the other hand, the sudden appearance of the insect in 
large numbers in some of the smaller islands, indicates 
very strongly that these migratory movements take place 
here also. Inthe West Indian Bulletin, vol. 3, 1902, p. 23 
Calpodes ethlius is mentioned in an article on insect 
epidemics as an example of an insect which is lable to 
very sudden increase in numbers, only later to decrease 
equally suddenly. No suggestion is however made that 
the outbreak might be due to migration. 

There was a severe outbreak of the pest in St. Vincent 
i 1900 and again in September 1901, the latter beg the 
occasion of a short investigation by H. M. Lefroy, “then 
entomologist to the Lnperial Department of Agriculture 
for the West Indies. 

In “ Indian Insect Life,” p. 421, Lefroy says: “ From 
time to time one reads in newspapers of a swarm of butter- 
flies having been seen flying steadily in a particular direc- 
tion. We have seen this in the case of the West Indian 
skipper (Calpodes ethlius) which was extremely abundant.” 


158 Mr. C. B. Wilhams’ Records of 


No further particulars are given, but m answer to an inquiry 
Prof. Lefroy kindly sent me the following information : 

“My reference was badly worded in ‘Indian Insect Life.’ 

I saw the case myself in St. Vincent when I was proceeding 
im the ‘passage boat’ along the coast from the port 
| Kingston] to the neighbourhood of Soufriére. I was then 
after the arrowroot “skipper, and noted this migration, 

many butterflies flying steadily from the land over “the sea 
in one direction. I have forgotten the geography, but I 
imagine they were flying east.’ 

With the hale of Mr. H. A. Ballou I have seen Lefroy’s 
original report on this visit to St. Vincent, in which he 
says: ‘I observed many flying over the sea at a distance 
of half a mile from the shore, proceeding along the coast. 
Large numbers were flying about the fields and roads, and 
they could be seen laying eggs in the fields of arrowroot ” 
(“ St. Vincent Gazette,” 27th September, 1901). 

Another outbreak of this insect is referred to in the 
“ Report of the Department of Agriculture in St. Vincent 
for the year ending 3lst March, 1907,” p. 13, where it is 
stated : “The cultivation suffered a good deal during the 
early part of the year | ? 1906] from attacks of the arrow- 
root worm.” One estate is mentioned as having its yield 
reduced from 700 to 500 barrels of starch. 

In the report of the same Department for 1912-13, p. 15, 
it says: ‘ In most fields seen the degree of infestation was 
not severe, nor were the adults observed in great numbers 
except on one field on the windward side, where in passing 
in the early morning enormous numbers of adults were 
seen flying.” 

This note is of considerable importance m connection 
with the previously mentioned records of its fight at dusk, 
and these unusual hours of flight might account for the lack 
of more frequent records of its movements. 

In 1913-14 the insect ‘‘ was in evidence, but did little 
damage.” In 1914-15 “ Arrowroot was again attacked 
somewhat severely in the Leeward district ” (Report 1914— 
15, p. 8), and in 1915 the insect caused extensive defolia- 
tion in some districts. “ After a time large numbers of 
parasites appeared, and there was a eradual reduction im 
the pest until none were seen. ‘The first outbreak occurred 
in May 1915, and the parasites reared comprised three 
species of Tachinid flies. No egg parasites were discovered 
during this outbreak. A second outbreak followed in’ 


Insect Migrations in Tropical America, 159 


August, and on this oceasion control was finally eflected by 
an unidentified ege parasite, the Tachinids being rare ” 
(St. Vincent Rept. of the Agricultural Department for 
1915-16, p. 17). 

In 1919 8. C. Harland, who has studied the life-history 
of the insect in St. Vincent, wrote to me as follows : “ Cal- 
podes was very abundant in St. Vincent for several months 
in 1916, but never abundant at the Experimental Station 
since. ‘Apparently the eggs are parasitised as soon as laid. 
I can find the eggs all the year round, but they don’t seem 
to hatch except at certain periods. This year, 1919, I 
noticed attacks on the windward coast. [ have never 
seen any migration. I don’t think that migration from 
island to island comes into play at all. We have more of 
its food-plant here than any other island, and it may be 
possible that the mature insects fly northward.” 

Harland is of the opinion that the sudden outbreaks are 
due to temporary lack of parasites rather than to migra- 
tion. We have, however, positive evidence of the migration 
of this butterfly and, in spite of Mr. Harland’s remarks, 
I think that it will be found to be the explanation of many 
of the outbreaks of the insect in the West Indies. The 
rapid reduction of the outbreaks may be explained by the 
abundance of the parasites, but to explain the original 
increase of the insect by a decrease in the parasites puts us 
only one stage back in the inquiry. Doubtless the unusual 
hours of flight and the high speed attained has caused 
many migrations to be ouerlgoledine or, when seen, to be 
confused with some other insect. 


CYDAMON LEILUS. 


Cydamon leilus in Trinidad. 


The day-flymg moth Cydamon (Urania) leilus is well 
known for its migratory habits. Isolated records of its 
migrations are peaitencd through entomological literature. 
I iene eiven below all the Teoma an I have been 
able to obra with regard to its occurrence in ‘Trinidad. 
Some of the records age been published before, but mostly 
in obscure local periodicals. The particulars for the years 
1917, 1918, and 1919 are from my own observations. 

1868. H.Caracciolo in the Journal of the Trinidad Field 
Naturalists’ Club, vol. i. (1892-1894), p. 16, says that 


160 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Records of 


C. leilus was very common about the year 1868, but was 
rare for the next ten years. 

1878. According to the same authority (loc. cit.) the 
moth was again abundant in 1878. He describes how in 
October of that year “ on Forres Park Hstate, Claxton Bay, 
hundreds of these Urania filed soldier-like over the roof 
of my hut in one continuous string from 4 to 6 p.m. ; ying 
in a Southerly direction. Where could they be going to ? 
They were evidently on a long j journey, for I watched them 
as far as the eye could reach, and saw them passing over 
several of our small hills without interrupting their course. 
It is quite possible that they were emigrating, for their 
course being southerly they would reach Icacos [south-— 
western promontory, and from there return to Venezuela 
across the Serpent’s Mouth. Since then I have not seen 
them in such large quantities ; they appear every year, but 
in smaller numbers.’ 

1891. Caracciolo (loc. cit.) writes: ‘‘ One day last 
September [1891] I observed them very closely. They 
were passing over the roof of the customs house, and flying 
about three feet over the surface of the sea. Occasionally 
they would swoop down and ae the surface of the water. 
Since writing the above Mr. Guppy assures me that he 

came across one by Caledonia Island floating on the sea.’ 
No direction of flight is given in this account. 

1899. In a letter, Mr. T. I. Potter informs me “the 
most important migration of C. leilus that [ can remember 
was that of 1899, July to October. The day-moths flew 
in thousands from N.W. to S.E. at Brighton—apparently 
crossing the gulf from Venezuela. They were very common 
on the Queen’ s Park Savannah [Port-of-Spain] that year, 
also flying from N.E. to S.W. in the morning and vice 
versa in the evening.” “IT cannot now recollect whether 
they reversed their flight at Brighton in the afternoon, and 
I don’t think I noticed this. I know they flew down there 
very late in the evening, because I used to catch specimens 
on my dinine-table after dark.” 

1901. In this year the moth again appeared in large 
numbers. P. lL. Guppy (Trans. Ent. Soc., 1907, pp. 405— 
410) has given some notes on this migration from which 
the following extracts are taken : 

* From the early part of SepieniNen we had them here 
by thousands, lasting for about five weeks.” . “ Flying 
both eastward and westward and seen a mile out at sea” 


Insect Migrations in Tropical. America. 161 


(Mr. EK. Johnstone, San Fernando). “ Flew in thousands 
past the pier’ (Mr. Potter, La Brea). 

Mr. Guppy says the moth is generally common about 
July and August, abundant in September, and by October 
only solitary examples are seen. He found eggs and 
caterpillars in Trinidad, and was thus able to show that 
the island is not entirely dependent for this insect on 
migrations from the mainland. 

“Smee 1901 they have not been common” (Guppy, 
loc. cit., written mn 1906). 

1912. On the 4th September of this year Mr. C. M. 
Carmona of San Raphael wrote to Mr. F. W. Urich as 
follows: “Since this morning a large amount of butter- 
flies has been passing over here at an altitude of 60 or 70 
feet, and increasing in numbers more and more. They are 
coming from the south and going straight north.” Some 
of the “ butterflies *’ were enclosed, and. were identified by 
Mr. Urich, to whom I am indebted for the record, as 
Cydamon leilus. 

In this year the moth appeared in numbers in Barbados 
and British Guiana (see below). 

1917. I was in Trinidad in the fall of 1916, but did not 
notice any unusual abundance of C. leilus. In 1917, how- 
ever, a very distinct migration took place, of which I give 
the following records from my own notes. 

On 11th September a number of isolated specimens were 
seen throughout the day at La Fortunée (about six miles 
south of San Fernando) all flying towards the north-east 
quarter. 

On the following day (12th September) at Malgretout 
(about six miles east of San Fernando) isolated specimens 
were again seen flying in the same direction. About 
40 specimens were seen during the day. 

On the 13th September at. ea eai (two miles east of 
San Fernando) they were still flying im the same direction 
in small numbers. 

From this date until the 23rd I was unable, owing to 
illness, to make any observations, but I was given to under- 
stand that the moths continued to fly at Tarouba in about 
the same numbers; and an officer of one of the motor patrol 
‘boats informed me that he saw them flying over the sea 
at Cedros in the same direction. 

On the 25th September they were again seen at Tarouba 
passing in much greater numbers, all going north-east 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920,—PARTS I, II. (JULY) M 


162 Mr. C. B. Willams’ Records of 


against a strong easterly wind. Forty were counted im 
five minutes crossing a front of about 100 yards. The wind 
was so strong that the butterflies were caught i in eddies at 
the edges of fields of tall sugar-canes, and a large number 
would be sheltering in such spots only to take the first 
opportunity to escape and continue their journey in the 
right direction. 

After this the migration continued, according to the 
manager of Tarouba, estate, im diminishing numbers for 
some days, but on the 5th Orreoen when I next. visited 
this locality, only a single specimen was seen, although this 
belated example was nevertheless hurrying in the same 
direction as the others. 

Mr. Fahey of Palo Seco (south coast) informs me, with- 
out being able to give exact dates, that the moth was 
abundant in his district, flying from south to north from 
over the sea for days and days. 

Although he has resided for some years in the district 
he has never seen any flight in the reverse direction. 

Dr. EK. R. de Verteuil, a resident of the same district, 
says on the contrary that he has seen them flying from 
Trinidad to Venezuela, but cannot recall the year or month. 

1918. There was apparently no migration of C. leilus 
to Trinidad in this year. I saw the moth at intervals during 
the year at the following places and dates :—May lth, 
Arima-Blanchisseuse road, three specimens. June 16th, 
Siparia, two specimens. July 11th, La Fortunée, one speci- 
men. August Ist, La Fortunée, one specimen flying east 
(P. Creteau). September 11th, La ae one specimen 
flying west (P. Creteau). September 2 25th, Caroni, one 
specimen. October 20th, Palo Sek, one specimen. 
November 18th, Hermitage, one specimen flying north- 
east. 

1919. The same remarks apply to this year also. 
Individual specimens were seen as follows :—February 8th, 
Rock-Penal road. July 15th, Harmony Hall. July 27th, 
Maracas Valley (Northern Range). July 29th, Maracas 
Valley and Caroni. September 8th, Hermitage, one flying 
rapidly north-east. 


Cydamon leilus in British Guiana. 


In Timehri (The Journ. of the Agricultural and Com- 
mercial Soc. of British Guiana) 3rd Series, vol. 11. (Decem- 
ber 1912), p. 402, H. W. B. Moore records C. leilus as bemg 


Insect Migrations in Tropical America. 163 


abundant all along the Coast of British Guiana from 
Berbice to Essequibo from June to August of 1912. This 
record is inserted here, as we have seen that in 1912 they 
were also present in numbers in Trinidad, and also as, being 
in an obscure journal, it is likely to be overlooked by other 
observers. 

I was in British Guiana from June to September 1916, 
and only have recorded a single specimen at the mouth of 
the Waini river on 14th June. 


Cydamon leilus in Barbados. 


1901. In the Agricultural News of the West Indies 
(Barbados), vol. 1, No. 4 (June 7th, 1902), p. 56, there is an 
unsigned article on the “ Blue Page Moth” from which 
the following is taken: ‘“ During ahe gale that reached 
Barbados aad St. Vincent on August 26th, 1901, numbers 
of a large moth were found in Barbados of a kind not pre- 
viously known to breed there. They had evidently been 
brought by the high south-west wind. Some were caught 
and were identified as Urama sloanei [see below], the 
“blue page’ of Trinidad, and they had apparently come 
from the mainland or more probably from Trinidad itself. 
They were found as far north as Dominica, and one was 
caught on R.M.S. ‘ Eden’ half-way between St. Lucia 
and Barbados... . The direct. distance from Trinidad 
to Barbados is about 160 miles, and to Dominica some 100 
miles more.’ 

On p. 168 of the same journal is a note to say that the 
identification was wrong, and that the species was Urania 
(Cydamon) leilus. 

1905. There is a specimen in the collection of the 
Imperial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies 
labelled ‘* Barbados, August 1905.” See also under 1906. 

1906. In the Aomeulturel News (Barbados), v. No. 117, 
20th October, 1906, is the following note : “ At the present 
time a moth is being found in Barbados which was noticed 
in that island during the gale of 26th August, 1901. This 
is the Green Page Moth (Uranza leilus). . . . About a year 
ago several specimens were caught in Barbados, and it 
seems probable that it is breeding here.” This last dedue- 
tion is almost certainly incorrect. 

1912. In the card index of the Barbados Department of 
Agriculture is a note to the effect that the insect was 


164 Mr. C. B. Williams’ Records of 


seen in numbers on July 31st, 1912, at Carrington (St. 
Phillips), after a gale from the south. I am indebted to 
Mr. Bovell, Director of Agriculture, for this record. 

Mr. Nowell, of the imperi ial Department of Agriculture, 
informs me that the insects of this migration. were. all 
rapidly eaten up by the local species of Tyrant Fly-catcher 
(Tyrannus rostratus Sclater). 

1915. There is a single specimen in the collection of 
the Imperial Department of Agriculture labelled “ Barba- 
dos, August 1915.” 

It has been pointed out that im two of these years (1901 
and 1912) in which they occurred in numbers in Barbados 
they were also recorded as abundant in Trmidad. 


Cydamon leilus off the Coast of Venezuela. 


On 15th January, 1917, [ saw a specimen of this same 
moth flying over the sea about four miles from the coast 
and about 100 miles west of Trinidad. 


Cydamon leilus in Costa Rica. 


On 4th March, 1917, I noticed a distinct migration of 
this insect at Suretka, Talamanea, Costa Rica (near the 
Atlantic coast and the Panama border). At 4.15 p.m. 
they were seen in numbers all going very fast towards the 
west (up the river). There was at the time a shight north- 
east breeze and the sky was overcast. Three specimens 
were captured, of which two were females and one a male. 
They were passing from 4.15 to 5 p.m. ‘Two were seen at 
5.15, and the flight probably continued a little after this. 

At 8.45 a.m. on the following day, still cloudy, one was 
seen flying in the same manner in the same direction, but I 
left the locality a few minutes afterwards and saw no more. 

On the 20th of the same month I saw a single specimen 
flying full speed in the same direction at G uabito, which is 
about twenty miles east of Suretka and just over the 
border-line into Panama. 

Mr. Jemenes, who had lived near Suretka for some years, 
informed me that the migrations of this moth were frequent 
and usually from north to south, and that im the district 
of San José, Costa Rica, where he had also lived, he had 
seen migrations in the same direction. 


Insect Migrations vn Tropical America. 165 


Migration of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Venezuela to 
Trimdad. 

Dr. E. de Verteuil, who lives at Palo Seco on the south 
coast of Trinidad, ont me that some years ago, about 
the end of June or beginning of July, he was out boating 
about two miles off the south coast, and large numbers 
of horse-flies (Tabanidae) were seen flying full speed over 
the water towards Trinidad. 

The Venezuelan coast is at this pomt about twelve miles 
away. 


The above records make not the slightest claim to com- 
pleteness, particularly with regard to references to other 
published records. In 'Trimidad many of the best-known 
periodicals are not available, and those references that 
are given are quoted largely from the local journals in 
order to bring them more readily before the student of insect 
migration. 


Trinipap. December 1919. 


( 166 ) 


VIL. An undescribed Lycaenid Butterfly from Cyprus, 
Glaucopsyche paphos, sp.n. (Lycaenidae). By 
T. A. CuapmMan, M.D., F.R.S. 
[Read March 3rd, 1920.] 
PLATE V. 
Mr. H. J. Turner has handed me some specimens of a 
Glaucopsyche from Cyprus. He mentions that there was 
some question as to whether they were G. melanops. 
I find them to be, so far as I can ascertain, a hitherto 
undeseribed species. 

They are very like G. melanops in size, and have a 
similar dark border to the wings on the upperside, but 
are of a darker blue, whilst beneath they are entirely 
without the marginal ocelli, which are always present, 
though not conspicuous in G. melanops. 

In “reality the species, for which I propose the name of 
Glaucopsyche paphos, 1s very close to G. charybdis, and 
may perhaps be best defined by comparison of its char- 
acters with those of that species. It is smaller than 
G. charybdis; the largest male before me, with which 
the largest female agrees in this respect, has an expanse 
of 30 mm., the smallest 28 mm. G. charybdis in tay 
very short series varies in expanse from 32 to 35 mm. 
The colour of G. pauphos is a very dark blue, and a dark 
border to all the wings, often very marked, is always 
present. G. charybdis, on the contrary, is of quite a 
pale blue. It also has a dark border, but this is very 
narrow and well-defined; in G. paphos it is usually ill- 
defined and tends to extend along the vems. The spotting 
of the underside, where one expects to find some dis- 
tinctive character, does present one such character, but 
broadly the markings in both are identical. In_ both 
species the five large spots on the upper-wing may or 
may not be increased by one or two more of varying size. 
The fourth spot may be displaced outward from the regular 
curve that is typical, apparently more frequently in G. 
paphos than in G, charybdis. The spots on the under- 
wings present the Ist, 2nd, and 3rd nearly in line, then 
the 3rd to 6th in a regular curve, the 7th and 8th as a 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS 1, 1. (JULY) 


Dr. T. A. Chapman on Lycaenid Butterfly. 167 


pair near the hind margin, and the 9th close to the inner 
margin; the variations are that the 2nd may be moved 
basally so as to be out of line with the lst and 3rd; 
the 4th may be moved out so that it is in line with the 
Ist, 2nd, and 3rd; the 7th, 8th, and 9th vary much as 
to size and even as to presence and absence. I find, 
however, one invariable difference; in G. charybdis the 


Rough sketches of clasps of 1, Glaucopsyche paphos; 2, another 

a . 2 : il 

specimen of (. paphos; 3, G. charybdis; 4, G. melanops; 5, G.- 
coupert; 6, G. cyllarus. 


7th, 8th, and 9th are in a row, each being about the 
same distance from the base, but in G. paphos the 9th is 
moved towards the base by a distance about three times 
that between the 7th and 8th. Neither species has any 
marginal markings (representing ocelli) to the hind-wings 
as occurs in G. melanops. 

The upper surface of the 9 Q is black; in one specimen 
there is some blue scaling on the hind-wings, strongest 
towards the hind margin. The ¢ appendages of G. paphos 


168 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


are of the same type as in the rest of the genus Glaucopsyche, 
though with a distinguishing character that does not, I 
think, preclude their belonging to it. 

On Plate V are photographs of the appendages of G. 
paphos and G. charybdis. Very good figures of the ap- 
pendages of G. cyllarus and of G. melanops will be found 
in Tutt’s “ British Lepidoptera,” vol. 2a, pl. xxxi (p. 299), 
these being the only European species of the group. 

I figure here rough camera sketches of the clasps of 
these four species, and also of G. couperi, an American 
species. The few other species I have examined, such as 
G. lygdamas and G. lycormas, have clasps very close to 
those of G. coupert and G. cyllarus. 

The form of clasp, with spine parallel to distal margin, 
is characteristic of Lycaena and Glaucopsyche. The two 
genera may be distinguished by the myrmicicole habits 
of Lycaena, Glaucops yche living on ordinary vegetarian 
diet. 

The clasps sketched show the spine to be smooth on 
both margins in G. charybdis, G. coupert and G. cyllarus, 
as it is in other species of Glaucopsyche mentioned, such 
as lycormas and lygdamas. The new form from Cyprus 
is the only one I have met with with the distal margin 
toothed. 

G'. paphos has the clasp narrower than in the other 
forms, the distal end is markedly oblique, in the others 
it is so slightly so, as to allow the clasps to be described 
as approximately rectangular. G. charybdis has a flange- 
like ridge (marked @ in sketch) and the same ridge is seen 
in G. cyllarus. This is really a slight fold or - fullness, 
marking the line of one of the attachments of the clasp 
to its base. It is absent in other species such as G. coupert 
and G. paphos. 

The figure of G'. melanops is given on account of the close 
resemblance of @. paphos and G. char ybdis to it. Yet the 
clasps certainly suggest that G. melanops should be in a 
distinct genus. In this connection I should like to com- 
ment on an opinion I appear to have held in 1910, as 
reported in Tutt’s “ British Butterflies,” vol. xi, p. 299. 
I there suggested putting G. melanops in Lycaena; this 1s 
obviously inadmissible, as it is not myrmicicole and the 
form of the clasp is also strongly against it. The latter 
character, no doubt, appears to anal its being a Glau- 
copsyche (type lygdamas). I propose nevertheless to leave it 


eit 
ae bay 
a. 


4 Se 


“4 ie 
ity 
CATE, 
ip A 


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“4 b baste 7 Sie 


on) 
1 fe 


ae, ee 


ane 


Westwood Bequest. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920. Plate V. 


6 GENITALIA OF GLAUCOPSYCHE (1) 


Half Tone Eng. Co., Ltd. 


PAPHOS and (2) CHARYBDIS. 


an Undescribed Lycaenid Butterfly from Cyprus. 169 


for the present in Glaucopsyche, until further grounds for 
giving it a new genus appear. I may add that the ap- 
pendages of astraea (placed in Glaucopsyche, |.c. p. 300) 
show that it cannot belong to this genus. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. 


Fra. 1. Male appendages of Glaucopsyche paphos x 40. Inset 
photograph of spine x 80 to show teeth. 
2. Male appendages of G. charybdis x 40. 


The breadth of the clasp of G. charybdis makes the well-developed 
spine appear short; its distal ventral angle beyond the spine is 
hollowed. 

The dorsal armature of G. paphos is unfortunately not shown; 
its differences from those of G. charybdis are not so marked as those 
of the clasps; the falces appear to be rather more robust than 
those of G. charybdis. There seems to be some difference in the 
aedeagus, but as I have not mounted these separately, | cannot 
with my few examples be sufficiently sure of any item to describe it. 

Mr. Turner proposes to place the type specimens in the British 
Museum. 


(ara 


VIII. The Butterflies of Cyprus. By Henry J. Turner, 
KES. 


[Read March 3rd, 1920. ] 


Tue late Mr. A. KE. Gibbs contemplated a paper on this 
subject, and had frequently discussed the fauna of Cyprus 
with me. 

The acquisition of a very large number of Cyprian 
butterflies subsequent to my friend’s death showed me 
that almost every species had special peculiarities dis- 
tinguishing it from the forms of the same species on the 
mainland of Syria and Asia Minor, and from the forms 
known from other parts of the Mediterranean littoral. 

From 1907 to 1912 Sir John A. 8. Bucknill was Judge- 
Advocate of the Island, and although most of his leisure 
was devoted to the special study of Ornithology, he was 
able to pay a little attention to the Lepidoptera, and in 
the British Museum cabinets will be found the insects 
which he then collected. In 1912 he was moved to Hong- 
kong and subsequently to the Straits Settlements, but in 
the year 1916 he wrote out his notes at length with the 
view of getting them published in the “ Proc. Zool. Soc.” 
For some reason or other the paper was not read at that 
Society, and by the kindness of my valued correspondent, 
Mr. G. F. Wilson of the Chief Secretary’s Office in Cyprus, 
I have been able to make copious extracts from it and 
embody them in the present paper. 

In the introductory paragraphs of his MS., which deals 
with the Lepidoptera as a whole, Sir John Bucknill sums 
up the work previously done as follows (so far as it relates 
to the Rhopalocera) :— 

“In 1853 Julius Lederer sent a collector—one Franz 
Zach—to Cyprus; he seems to have made Larnaca his 
headquarters, and to have travelled in that neighbourhood 
and to the centre of the Island; I do not know how long 
he remained, but he appears to have been there at any 
rate in May. Lederer expressed himself as very dissatis- 
fied with Zach’s mission, because ‘the vicinity of Larnaca 
where Herr Zach, after having travelled four weeks, 
arrived was found bare; water very scarce and the soil 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, I. (JULY) 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 171 


chalky and almost devoid of vegetation ; and an excursion 
to the centre part of the Island was equally unsuccessful.’ 
Zach, however, obtained nearly forty species of butterflies 
and over fifty species of moths, and Lederer published an 
account of his visit in ‘ Verhand. z. b. Ver. Wien,’ vol. v 
(1855). 

“In 1887 and 1888 Dr. F. H. H. Guillemard made two 
ornithological visits to the Island, and in the papers which 
he published in the ‘ Ibis’ for 1888 and 1889, descriptive 
of his extensive itinerary, he occasionally makes casual 
mention of some Lepidoptera; but his observations were 
not, I think, intended to be regarded as of scientific 
accuracy. 

“In the late “nineties an Austrian subject residing at 
Larnaca—a Mr. C. H. Glazner—sent a number of speci- 
mens to Lord Rothschild’s Museum at Tring, and some of 
his records are noted in the later volumes of the British 
Museum Catalogue. 

“Tn 1901 and 1902 Miss D. M. A. Bate collected some 
Lepidoptera, which were received by the British Museum. 

“Mr. T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher seems, not very long ago, 
to have made a collection in the Island. 

“Mr. (now Major) P. P. Graves, sometime correspondent 
of the © Times’ at Constantinople, has informed me that 
a Mr. Marsden collected in Cyprus comparatively recently, 

“ Personally my collecting was principally done in the 
neighbourhood of Nicosia, but I spent three midsummers 
(from July Ist to Oct. Ist) on the Troédos (the southern) 
range at an elevation of between 5000 and 6000 ft., and 
occasionally made short periodical visits to Kyrenia, 
Limassol, Larnaca, Famagusta and Paphos.” 

He goes on to remark — 

= Mieren is a great variety of trees, shrubs and flowers on 
the lower slopes of the southern range, and I often wished 
IT had been able to pay this ground a visit, to which a 
journey in April would, I feel sure, be of value. On the 
higher ground there is less verdure, but some interesting 
insects occur there, notably the handsome Dryas pandora, 
Limenitis camalla (rivularis) and Libythea celtis. 

“The northern range is a good ground for ‘ Blues,’ and 
it also gave me Y pthima aslerope, Cigar iis zohra (== acamas), 
and Glancopsyche melanops (= paphos). 

* Charaxes gasius and Pararge rovelana occur locally in 
the plains, as does Thais cerisy?. 


172 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


“It is interesting to note that silk-worms were intro- 
duced into Cyprus in the sixth century in the reign of the 
Kmperor Justinian 1.” 

The Island is somewhat square in shape, having a range 
of mountains bordering the northern shore and a second 
range in the south of considerably greater height, with the 
extensive mountain knot of Troédos over 6000 ft. in ele- 
vation, while between these lies an extensive plain from 
east to west right across the Island, an area which all the 
summer is very hot and dry, almost a desert. 

Standing as it does at the junction of the 5S. Huropean 
Mediterranean area and the converging lines of palaearctic 
and tropical Asian influence, Cyprus must needs be most 
interesting from a faunal aspect. The bulk of the species 
are HKuropean, most of them variants of the commoner 
species of the Central Mediterranean littoral, such as 
P. machaon, P. brassicae, P. rapae, P. daplidice, A. cramere 
(belia), E. cardamines, G. cleopatra, C. edusa, S. hermione, 
S. briseis, H. semele, P. aegeria, P. megera, P. maera, C. 
jasvus, L. rwularis, P. atalanta, E. polychloros, D. pandora, 
L. celtis, B. querctts, R. phlaeas, S. baton, A. medon, P. wcarus, 
C. argiolus, C. alceae, and T. acteon. While from the 
Asiatic side are derived P. chloridice, Y. asterope, S. anthe, 
S. anthelea, S. roxvelana, EH. telmessia, EH. lupinus, C. ther- 
samon, L. boeticus, T. baleanicus, S. telicanus, C. trochilus, 
C. phiala, G. paphos, C. acamas, G. nostrodamus and P. 
mathias. D. chrysippus may be either Asian or African 
in its immediate origin, as algo may S. telicanus, P. mathias 
and C. acamas. 

Taking a negative view, exclusive of the unconfirmed 
records of more than sixty years ago, there is an absence of 
Hesperias, Erebias, Brenthids, Areyunids (1), Melitaeids, 
Ruralids (1), Lycaenas, Plebeiids, Agriades, etc., and of 
truly tropical species except L. boeticus, which is very 
common. 

IT am much indebted to my friend Mr. G. F. Wilson of 
Nicosia for the very large amount of material he has so 
kindly collected for me during the last three years, and 
also for furnishing me with practically all the previous 
records of the Rhopalocera of the Island. My best thanks 
must also be accorded to Sir John A. 8. Buckuill for per- 
mission (through Mr. G. F. Wilson) to make use of copious 
extracts from his MS. records. For the numerous sug- 
gestions and notes on the unconfirmed records and on the 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 173 


more obscure species, I owe very much to Major P. P. 
Graves of Constantinople, whose knowledge of near 
Eastern Lepidoptera is from personal experience recent 
and reliable. And not less am I indebted to the acumen 
of Dr. Chapman for his kind help and advice, especially 
so for the separation of the new species Glaucopsyche paphos 
from G. melanops, tor the confirmation of EH. telmessia in 
place of #. jurtina (hispulla), and of C. phaala in place 
of Z. galba. 

In the following notes J.A.S.B.= Sir J. A. 8. Bucknill, 
AB G? — Ae. Gibbs Gl Ws — GB Wilson; 12b.K) = 
T. Bambrigge-Fletcher. 


Papilio machaon L. [race asiatica Mén. = sphyrus auct. 
ab. eypria Vrty.|. 


“Recorded by Lederer. I found it very common. I 
was informed by Major P. P. Graves that a form from 
Nicosia has been separated as peculiar to Cyprus.”’— 
JeAgSsbs, L916: 

“Only a few have been sent. One from Nicosia in 
June is the summer form with broad band to which the 
discal spot is joined. This used to be called sphyrus, but 
T suppose we must now call it aszatica Mén., or sphyroides 
Vrty. Verity says that there is in Cyprus a small race of 
machaon which is peculiar to the Island, as there also is of 
P. brassicae.” —A.H.G., 1916. 

“Common in the plains from March to October. Met 
with rarely in the mountains. There appear to be three 
broods, in February, April and September.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

The fairly long series received show more ground colour 
than the British race, and the yellow is decidedly richer, 
although not so rich as in the form aurantiaca Spyr. In 
size the race is considerably above the average British 
form; one female measures just over 100 mm. im expanse. 

According to Seitz (“ Pal. Gr.-Schm.”) the name sphyrus 
Hb., has been wrongly applied by dealers to specimens in 
which the marginal band of the hind-wing is wider and 
makes a close approach or meets the spot at the end of the 
cell, also having somewhat darker ground-colour. This 
is the form asiatica Mén. [“ Cat. Mus. Petr. Lep.,” I, 70 
(1855)| and most of the Cyprian specimens are of this 
race. The true sphyrus figured by Hiibner [“ Ex. Schm.,’ 
775-6 (1826 %)] and refigured by Seitz [/.c., I, 6 d (1906) 
is a much paler form caused by the black markmg being 


174 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


very thickly dusted with yellow scales, with an increase 
of blue on the hind-winges both above and below, and of 
small size. 

Verity m “ Rhop. Pal.” pp. 13, 108 (1905) describes a 
very small form of the asialica race as cypria (L.c., pl. 1 
1). The base of the fore-wing is more strongly haa ee 
with yellow atoms, and the blue in the band of the hind- 
wing is considerably reduced. This form is evidently rare, 
as it has not been sent. All my specimens are of carly 
May capture except a smaller not fresh specimen of 
April Ist. I take it, there are only two broods really, and 
that this last is a “ precocious’? specimen of the first 
generation to which my May specimens belong. 

The tails strike one as being exceptionally long, especially 
for an island race. 


Thais (Zerynthia) cerisyi Godt. [race eypria Stich. (1907)]. 


“Reeorded by Led. I found it local, but im certain 
spots very common in early spring. ’—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“T took this to be the Asia Minor form deyrollei Obtr., 
but it appears to differ, and Stichel has called it var. cypria. 
The long series of both males and females appear to be a 
very uniform lot and to present very little variety.”— 
A. K .G., 1916. 

“Separated as var. cypria by Herr Stichel im 1907. 
Found, so far as [am aware, at only one spot in the Island, 
2.e. Aghirda at the foot of the Kyrenia Pass. Emerges 
during he first week in March, and flies till about the first 
week in April, when it disappears altogether. The males 
are fairly common at this spot, but females are not so 
easily taken owing to their sluggish habits. The males 
are continuously on the wing in the sun, but I have only 
taken the females by putting them up in walking.” —G.F.W., 
1918. 

A long series of this species including a fair proportion 
of females has been received. They are very uniform in 
size, marking, and colour. In the males there are two 
shades of ground colour, some being very slightly duller 
than the rest; they show scarcely any aberration and 
much resemble the race cretica Rebel, from Candia, but 
are slightly larger, of not quite so white a ground, with 
somewhat increased markings, and have the tail remote 
from the anal angle developed, whereas in cretica all three 
tails are almost suppressed. While the type form has a 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 175 


row of at least six red blotches on the margin of the hind- 
wing and cretica only the first and last of the row, cypria 
often has slight indications at least of one or two more. 
In fact, it stands intermediate between the type and 
cretica. The females are also pretty uniform, but show 
some aberration in the development of the red marginal 
blotches of the hind-wings, which m some specimens are 
only separated by the dark veins, and in others the hghter 
sround is also apparent on both sides of the dark vems. 
All the colours of the females are richer and fuller; they 
are darker and more marked than the females of cretica. 
There are no specimens of the race deyrolle: Obthr, 


| Aporia crataegi L. 


“Dr. Guillemard mentions having met with this species 
in 1887. It was not recorded by Lederer; and I never 
saw it.”’—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“* Recorded but I have never seen it.”——G.F.W., 1918. 

Has not been confirmed. Major Graves says (in lit.) : 
“Kast side of Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon,” Led. does 
not record it from Beirut. | 


Pieris brassicae L. [race eatoleuca Rober. (1896); ab. 
nigronotata Jach.; ab. eypria Vrty.|. 


rs Recorded by Led. JI found it abundant everywhere.” 
—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“A specimen labelled ‘rapae’ puzzled me. TI thought 
for the moment it was P. manna, but the apex of the fore- 
wing was too acute, almost faleate. It then dawned upon 
me ib was a quite small brassicae, which it proved to be. 
Verity proposes to call all these dwarf Pieris forms by the 
varietal name of nana to whichever species they may 
belong.” —A.E.G., 1915. 

“You ‘have sent me two of these dwarfs. One of the 
ordinary-sized males sent has a small black discal spot on 
upperside of fore-wing. This is the var. mgronotata, and 
I believe it is not rare where it oceurs, which is chiefly in 
the southern part of its range. I have it from N. Africa— 
I think Tunis. - Your summer brood is interesting and 
almost as good as the Asiatic form, which has been called 
catoleuca; im fact, T think we may call them catoleuca. 
It is the females which have been eiven this name, for 
they have a very strongly marked upperside with very 
clear light hind-wing underside.”—A.K.G., 1916. 


176 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


“Common everywhere from March to October. Early 
broods have. the under-wing much darker green than the 
summer broods.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

I have received a short series of the summer brood only, 
which has been named lepidia by Rober, but, as Verity 
points out (“ Rhop. Pal.”), quite unnecessarily, since the 
spring emergence has for many years had the name 
chariclea Steph. 

The females in the series are all from Troddos, 4000- 
6000 f{t., and are very large (the largest female 70 mm. in 
expanse), with intensely black markings, all large in extent. 
The apical blotch 1 is very irregularly extended on the inner 
side; two of the “teeth ” in some examples run along the 
veins to the large upper spot of the fore-wing. Both 
discal spots and the inner marginal streak are very large, 
the two former having more or less dusky clouding between 
them, while the lower spot is quite united to the inner 
marginal streak, Only one example has this streak 
obsolescent. At the base of the fore-wings there is a 
considerable amount of black dusting which extends along 
the costa and is there more dense. The underside of the 
hind-wings is uniformly pale yellow without any dusting 
of dark scales. The specimens seem to agree quite well 
with the Asiatic form named catoleuca by Rober. In the 
catoleuca in Seitz (1, pl. xix, e) there is an additional spot 
on the underside of the fore-wing (at the top). This is 
not present in the Cyprian form: Verity neither figures 
nor refers to this spot. Incidentally, 1 note, that the 
figure of nepalensis Verity (“ Rhop. Pal.,” pl. xxxv, 17) 
agrees exactly on the upperside with the Cyprian females, 
but it is stated to have a very considerable amount of 
dusting on the underside of the hind-wing. On the under- 
sides of the Cyprian females the spots of the fore-wing 
have more rather than less black continuation marking 
between them. 

The only male I have from Troédos is small, that is 
more of the typical size, and it is a nigronotata Jach., 
with the black “ spot ” (thin dash) on the disc of the fore- 
wing. The other males are from the plains, Nicosia and 
Platres. One of these is also an ab. nigronotata. In both 
these specimens this “dash” is situated midway between 
the veins as it is in P. deota from the Pamirs and in the ab. 
cypria figured by Verity (“ Rhop. Pal.” pl. xxxv, 14), 
whereas curiously in Verity’s figure of nigronolata (l.c., 11) 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. (TT 


it is situated along a ven. My Cyprian males measure 
66-70 mm. 

Verity has named a very small form from Nicosia as 
ab. cypria, and gives the expanse as 45 mm. on the average. 
I have not had one sent. 


Pieris (Ganoris) rapae, LL. [race leucosoma Schwrd. (1905) ; 
vern. gen. vaga Friih.]. 

“Recorded by Led. I found it abundant everywhere. 
—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

‘An ordinary male spring form, which from its appear- 
ance might have been taken in the North of Kurope.”’— 
A.E.G., 1916. 

“Common everywhere from March to October: most 
plentiful in April and May.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

Only a few specimens have been sent, taken in Nicosia 
in March (9s) and in April (gs) and one ¢ from 'Troédos 
in July. They are of average size, of remarkably pale 
yellowish white on underside of hind-wings with no trace 
of dark powdering. Presumably the March—Apmil speci- 
mens were of the first generation, metra Steph. In the 
males of this generation the discal spot is very faintly 
marked and the costal blotch of the hind-wing is scarcely 
traceable. In fact they conform tolerably well to the 
Syrian race leucosoma Schwrd., of which the vernal brood 
has been called vaga Friih. The Troddos male of July 
being of the summer generation is of course more plainly 
marked. 


33 


Pontia daplidice LL. [race persica Bien.; ab. minuseula Vrty.]. 


“Recorded by Led. I found it very common every- 
where.” —J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“Two $3, both apparently summer brood, taken April 
and June. The former had a very lightly marked apex 
and very white wings, and was of normal size. The latter 
was a small specimen, which I attribute to the var. raphani, 
being much yellower below than the ordinary form. Both 
specimens had very small discoidal spots.’ =A E.G, 1916, 

‘“ This species emerges in February in very small numbers. 
In May, however, they are abundant everywhere in the 
plains, and a few are to be seen on Troédos mountains up 
to about 5000 ft. A third very small brood emerges in 
September. The ereen underside varies greatly both im 
shade and design in the various broods; the green in the 

TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920,—PARTSI, I. (JULY) N 


178 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


earlier broods is dark and covers most of the hind-wing; 
later daplidice have the green very pale indeed, and very 
little of it, probably the var. raphani. Daplidice varies 
also in size a great deal, some specimens I have taken 
being no larger than a common blue.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

A ‘Jong series, dates ranging from May 12th to mid-July. 
None of the early brood were received, hence none are of 
the bellidice Ochs. (spring) form if it be produced there. 
The earlier specimens (May) are of the ordinary daplidice 
form, 2.e. neither extreme, but intermediate between the 
bellidice of spring in the northern part of its range and the 
summer raphani Esp., which is strong yellowish green on 
the hind-wing below. Most of the later specimens are of 
this last form with a good sprinkling of a form corresponding 
to the later summer race from N. Africa called albidice 
Obthr., in which the green is still more camouflaged by 
a paler yellow, the marking es becoming obsolescent on the 
inner margin and base, and the veins more emphasised in 
yellow. This has been named persica Bien. 

One underside aberration has the yellow approaching 
orange in richness without any diminution of marking. 
Another has the marking reduced so that there is a complete 
wide white band across the wing from costa to Inner margin. 

None of the specimens are large; a series taken at ‘the 
same period in Catania are all much larger than any of 
the Cyprian examples. In fact, there seems a tendency 
to reduction in size, and one example i is but a shade larger 
than a good-sized Polyommatus icarus and is the form 
ab. minuscula Vrty.; it was taken in July on Trodédos. 

Except in one specimen, a female, which has a slight 
yellow flush and approaches the ab. flava Obthr., the 
eround-colour above is a pure white. There is but little 
frace of the greenish yellow at the base of the fore-wings 
below, a character noticeable in some of the southern races. 

Most of the males have the discoidal spot on the fore- 
wing somewhat small, contrasting with that of the females 
which is generally somewhat large. One male has a spot 
developed in the anal angle of the fore- -wing above, a 
characteristic feature of the female. As a rule the males 
have absolutely pure white hind-wings with no trace of 
markings, a few only have the costal blotch developed, 
and a few are dark-scaled along the ends of one or two of 
the veins near the apex. 

The females are extremely uniform; a good proportion 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 179 


of them have an incipient dark scaling connecting the anal 
spot on the fore-wing with the extended apical markings, 
an aberration I have not noted in series received from 


elsewhere. 
Pontia chloridice Hb. 


‘Major P. P. Graves informs me that this species was 
taken in Cyprus by Mr. Marsden.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. (Not 
recorded by Led.) 

“Tn 1918 for the first time, I took a few examples near 
Platres at which locality it was once before recorded many 
years ago.’ —G.F.W., 1918. 

These few specimens were sent to me, and this year 
(1919) another came, taken on the plains near Nicosia. 
They are typical except that the last specimen has the 
underside of the hind-wing considerably paler ; it is a female 

taken on May 18th, the others were taken on July 7th. 
Probably the two broods are represented, normally the 
spring brood has the darker green underside. The speci- 
mens are the worse for wear, and the suggestion is that. 
they are immigrants from the mainland. 


Anthocharis crameri Btlr. (belia auct.) [@roup ausonia 
Hb.; race tauriea Rob.]. 


“Led. recorded the form ausonia. I obtamed what was 
identified at the Brit. Mus. as belia. The Report of the 
Cyprus N. H. Soc., 1912-13, records the capture of bela 

var. taurica. Sil Bee LAS oy 

“ Much lighter below than my series from 8. France, but 
apparently flying about the same time (March). Six 
specimens.” —A. E.G. Ey tOl: 

“ My latest specimen of belia is April 10th. Does it fly 
later? There seems to be a curious overlapping of belia 
and var. taurica. The latter is, of course, summer brood, 
but I have one specimen March 9th. In many respects it 
resembles taurica, but IL think it must be an aberrant 
specimen of belia. Your belia is crameri(a) of Butler as 
far as | can make out at present.”—A.EH.G., 1916. 

“ Hmerges in February and flies until the end of March, 
when its place i is almost immediately taken by the summer 
form, in fact I have taken old belia and fresh var. tawrica 
together ; there seems to be a curious overlapping. A. 
belia is found in small numbers all over the plains in barley 
fields where the mustard plant grows; v. fawrica is much 


180 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


more abundant, also in the plains, but I have also taken 
this species rarely on Troddos during June and July.°— 
G.F.W., 1918. 

This common Mediterranean species, to which between 
thirty and forty varietal and aberr rational names have 
been applied and more suggested, 1 is a very difficult one to 
deal with. The name cramert Btlr., has now authori- 
tatively replaced the name belia Cr. et auct., by the 
decision of the British Nomenclature Committee. 

Dr. Verity in “ Rhop. Pal.,” pp. 174-5, divides the various 
races into two groups which he designates the ausonia 
Hb., and the occidentalis Vrty., groups. ‘The former, to 
which the Cyprian race belongs, he diagnoses by the fol- 
lowing comparative characters. Apex of fore-wing wide; 
hind margin shghtly convex; markings black powder red 
with white scales giving a more or less grey appearance ; 
the discal spot at the end of the cell narrow and generally 
of an irregular S shape ; the costa with few if any striations ; 
the underside of the hind-wing bright green, distinctly 
bordered with more or less yellow, generally. more, and 
very irregular in contour with a tendency for the white 
spaces to become marked and suffused with yellow, in 
fact it is aptly remarked that the bands and spots of 
white are so indefinite and irregular in shape as to be 
scarcely capable of definite description; and finally the 
white has the tendency to a nacreous appearance in only 
one or two of the earliest specimens to emerge. 

The ausonia group is made up of races from Asia Minor 
(Smyrna is the locality of the type of crameri), 8. Russia, 
the Balkans, Greece, and S. Italy, including Sicily. 

The dates of capture of my Cyprian specimens are 
(eighteen different dates) from February 13th to May 14th. 
The longest gap between the dates, bemg of twenty days 
between March 25th and April lth, is probably approxi- 
mately the time between the two broods. All the specimens 
come from Nicosia in the middle of the central plain and 
from Aghirda just at the foot of the northern range of 
mountains. 

When the specimens are arranged accordmg to date of 
capture the two extremes are easily separable by numerous, 
characters, particularly by those on the underside of the 
hind-wing. The specimens of the latest dates are very 
decidedly yellow on the hind-wing below with a minimum 
of green, the apex of the fore-wing being yellow only; the 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 181 


pattern is extremely indefinite as to shape and direction, 
with the yellow much suffused and running into the white 
irregularly. The earliest examples are much greener and 
the pattern has a certain amount of definition, the yellow 
is less irregularly suffused, and there is a tendency to a 
nacreous appearance in some of the more defined white 
areas. The later specimens are generally speaking much 
larger, and the striations on the costa fore-wing, never 
much in evidence, are practically absent. The discal 
blotch in the earlier specimens is not nearly so heavy as 
in the later emergence. As noted above by A.Ii.G., there 

is much overlapping, but the general advance from the 
early spring (ausonia-like) to the later emergence, to 
which the name of tawrica has been given by Rober (Seitz), 
is well demonstrated by the under ‘sides of the series when 
arranged according to dates of capture, although it is 
impossible to draw a definite line of separation of the two 
forms. I doubt if the earliest spring form as exemplified 
in the occidentalis group (France, Spain, ete.) ever occurs 
in the Island, 2.e. the deep green underside hind-wing 
with strong nacreous interspaces. 


Euchloé cardamines L. |ab. turritis Ochs.; ab. minor Ckrll. ; 
ab. phoenissa Kalchb.]. 


“One thing that struck me was the presence in one or 
two #. cardamines of a black dusting forming almost an 
edging on the inner margin of the orange apical spot in 
the males (no females sent).’ =I AGRE) 1915. 

“Some of your specimens are very small, as are the 
Sicilian ones. They appear to prevail in the Mediter- 
ranean Islands, while they are rare with us. But the chief 
point of interest about #. cardamines is, I think, the dark 
inner margin to the orange apical spot. One you have 
oe me has quite a distinct black border to the orange 

.’—A.E.G., 1916. 

“ T obtained this fairly commonly in spring.”’—J.A.8.B., 
1916. (Not recorded by Led.) 

‘This is a very local species; I have seen it only at a 
few spots on the Kyrenian mountains. Emerges in early 
March and flies till the middle of April. Mr. Gibbs thought 
that there was a variety of this species, and some speci- 
mens I sent him had a distinct black dusting on the inside 
edge of the orange colouring. Males are not uncommon, 
but the only female I have ever seen in Cyprus, previous to 


182. Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


1918, I sent to Mr. Gibbs in 1915. But in March 1918 this 
species was particularly common, and I took some ten 
females.” —G.F.W., 1918. 

Only a comparatively few specimens have been received, 
but amongst them are a remarkably small form of which 
the males measure only 26°5 mm. and the females 27 mm. 
This is the form ab. minor Ckrll. The specimens generally 
are a small race; among them are several of the ab. tur- 
ritis Ochs., 11 which one side of the discoidal spot has 
emerged from the orange apical area and is contiguous to 
the white general ground-colour. Several examples have 
dusky scales sparsely scattered along the inner margin of 
the orange apical blotch, and thus are the incipient stage 
of the form known as ab. phoenissa Kalchb. One male 
has only a minute dot for the usually well-defined discal 
spot fore-wing. In the females there is a tendency for 
the hind-wings to become yellow on the upperside. In all 
the specimens the orange is comparable in extent to that 
of our British race (britannicae Vrty.) in not extending to 
the anal angle, but terminating abruptly some distance 
from it, whereas in the Riviera race it curves down and 
terminates at the anal angle or even on the inner margin. 


|Gonepteryx rhamni L. 


“ Dr. Guillemard reports having met with this insect m 
1888, but probably it belonged to the next species; I did 
not see it.”’—J.A.8.B., 1916. (Not recorded by Led.) 

‘ Recorded, but I have never seen it.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

This record appears to be an error. A large number of 
specimens of G. cleopatra have been received, but of not 
one had | the slightest doubt. | 


Gonepteryx cleopatra L. [race taurica Stegr. |. 

“Led. records it. All the specimens of this species, 
which was very common, were identified by the B.M. as 
var. taurica Ster.”—J.A. S. iB: L916. 

* G. cleopatra v. taurica is interesting. I have compared 
it with specimens from several regions, and the nearest 
approach | have is one I took in the ‘Balkans. The ground- 
colour of éaurica is said to be lighter than the usual form, 
but I cannot see much difference in this respect though the 
orange suflusion is certainly less than in any other ‘forms 


I have seen. My most strongly marked specimens are 
from Morocco.’ BEA a): 1916. 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 183 


“A fairly common species of three broods; the first 
emerges towards the end of February, the second and larger 
brood at the end of May, and a very ‘small brood in October. 
A few are found in the plains generally in flower gardens, 
but the largest numbers occur in the mountains usually 
near small streams and among the bracken. Females are 
comparatively rare.”—G.} W., 1918. 

In Seitz, “ Pal. Gr.-Schm.,” I. pl. 24, the figure of race 
taurica ahora but shght, if any, dimimanion of the orange 
flush on the fore-wing; on the other hand Verity, ‘ ‘Rhop. 
Pal.,” pl. xlvin, figures faurica as having only the slightest 
amount of this flush. In the Cyprian race the extent of 
the orange agrees with neither figure, but lies midway 
between in amount with a balance towards the larger. 
In some of the females there is a shght indication of ‘the 
male ground-coloration around the outer margins of both 
wings, but especially at the tips of the fore-wings, and in 
one specimen this suflusion extends somewhat. strongly 
over the whole hmd-wing. The size of the discoidal is 
uniformly small on all wings. The orange is somewhat 
paler than in the type form, possibly owing to its more 
graduated fall in depth of colour along the outer margin. 
I do not think that the ground-colour is really lighter 
except that the females appear whiter, which is possibly 
caused by the influence of the ight undersides. 

As to the question of three broods, Verity asserts 
definitely, “ Rhop. Pal.,” that with the Italian races there 
are three generations, which are clearly separated by 
intervals of a month or two, during which no individuals 
may be observed, except that individuals of the autumn 
(3rd) emergence hibernate and may be met with all the 
winter. The dates of my Cyprian specimens are from 
March 5th to July 21st, with a very definite interval of 
seventy days between March 5th and May 14th, and 
another between June 20th and July 21st of thirty-one 
days, but this latter may be qualified by the fact that the 
July specimens were taken high up on the Troédos moun- 
tains and probably belong to the summer (2nd) emergence. 
The March specimens are quite fresh and have apparently 
not hibernated. All but the Troédos captured specimens 
are from the lowlands. So far I have no examples of the 
autumn brood. Réber (Seitz), “ Pal. Gr.-Schm.,” very 
strongly doubts the existence of three broods or even two, 
but the long definite intervals during which no individuals 


184 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


are ever found and the excellent condition of the specimens 
when captured seem to be against this opinion, and certainly 
in Cyprus the evidence of G.F.W. would seem almost 
conclusive. The October-caught specimens are probably 
a “ precocious ” emergence of ‘the early spring brood. 


Colias edusa I'ab. 1787 (eroceus Fourcr., 1785) |ab. helice 
Q, Hb.; ab. helicina Obthr.; ab. aubuissoni Crdj.; ab. 
faillae Stef.; ab. obsoleta Tutt]. 

“ This species [ found in great abundance; many curious 
pale forms were taken, and ab. helice.”—J.A.8.B., 1916. 
(Recorded by Led.) 

“Very common from March to November, occurring 
both in the plains and in the mountains; varies greatly 
both in size and marking. The yellow colour also varies 
in shade, some specimens being quite dark and others 
almost Jemon colour. Var. helice is not common. Occurs 
both in the plains and on the mountains during April-June. 
Rarely seen on the wing and not often taken.”-—G.F Wes 
1918. 

The Cyprian race is a little above the average in size. 
Several examples, both males and females, are of the pale 
orange or lemon colour to which the name helicina Obthr., 
applies. The hind-wings generally have somewhat more 
dusky suffusion than in the type, and most specimens have 
the black hind-marginal band of the fore-wings with the 
veins towards the apex conspicuously outlined with yellow, 
one or two being ab. faillae Stef., with all the vems so 
emphasised. A few females, having only traces of the 
lighter markings in the hind- marginal band, are transition 
to ab. obsoleta Tutt. Several very fine var. helice Hb., 
have been sent, meluding one iid has a slight orange 
suffusion over the fore- e-wings with hind-wings of the 
ordinary typical female coloration, orange with dusky 
suffusion, and having a large well-dev eloped discoidal 
spot conspicuous by its deep orange colour, an intermediate 
form, to which Caradja has given the name aubuissoni. 
One or two var. helice have white rings around the hind- 
wing discoidal. Another female is remarkable in having 
on each fore-wing two “ blobs” of dusky scales starting 
at the middle of the base and reaching nearly half across 
the wing, a unique aberration, I believe. The same 
specimen has an unusually large and conspicuous discoidal 
spot on the hind-wing. The undersides are very uniform 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Bulterflies of Cyprus. 185 


in colour and marking, only one has the ground of the 
hind-wing below of a bluish colour. 


Danaida chrysippus L. 


“Recorded by Led. as occurring from the middle 
May throughout the summer. It seems rather capricious, 
however, in its appearance, and I first met with it in 1911. 
It was then scarce, but since then has been, | am told, 
abundant. The larva feeds on fennel which is only locally 
common,”’—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“These are quite ordinary forms.” —A.E.G., 1916. 

“The records of this species are curious. It was recorded 
in 1853 and in 1888, after which date it appears to have 
vanished from the Island until aloe when a few made 
their appearance at Kyrenia near the sea. From 1912 
to 1914 they were fairly common e Kyrenia, and a few 
were to be seen inland in the plains; im 1915 and 1916 
very few were seen; I saw none in 1917, but they re- 
appeared again in 1918.”—G.F.W., 1918. 


Ypthima asterope Klug. [ab. inocellata Strand]. 


“1 found this species fairly common on the northern 
range. The ocelli seem to show much individual varia- 
tion.” —J.A.8.B., 1916. (Not recorded by Led.) 

“It is the Asia Minor form as is to be expected. All 
the specimens came from the northern range. Is it not 
found elsewhere, and is not confined to the mountains ? 
My specimens seem to have come from altitudes between 
1200 ft. and 3000 ft. They vary a little in spotting from 
some without ocelli to others with three. All the Satyrids 
vary in this way.”—A.H.G., 1916. 

‘“ Rather a rare species. I have only found it near the 
Achirda Pass among the rocks during March and April. 
The ocelli show much individual variation.”- G.F.W., 1918. 

Some half a dozen examples only have been received of 
this species so extremely variable as to the number and 
development of its eye-spots. It may be noted here that 
Seitz’s, “* Pal. Gr.-Schm.,” “I, pl. 34 a,” figure is not asterope, 
but baldus. There are several figures of the African races 
of this species l.c. vol. xii, pl. 29. In the Asiatic dry- 
season form, to which the Cyprian race belongs, the eye- 
spots are very much suppressed. One example may be 
called ab. cnocellata Strand, as being quite destitute of eye- 


186 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


spots both above and below except of course the invariably 
present apical bipupillate spot on the fore-wing. 


Satyrus hermione L. [race eypriaea Stder. |. 

‘'S. hermione v. cypriaca is a fine form and very distinct.” 
—A.H.G., 1915. 

“They are a very even lot with slght variation of 
spotting. They come from both ranges. Are they con- 
fined to the mountains ? ”—A.K.G., 1916. 

“Led. recorded this species, but remarked of it that 
‘the bands are hardly half the width which they are m 
our (8. European) specimens, and in the Qs are almost as 
in the g; the hind-wings are light whitish grey on the 
underside.’ Seitz figures the Cyprus form as cypriaca, 
Stder. It is quite common.’—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“A fairly common species, but confined to certain 
localities. It occurs on the Kyrenian mountains and in the 
woods between the Kyrenian range of mountains to the 
northern sea coast. There are none south of the range 
until the Troédos mountains are reached, where they 
again occur at altitudes of about 3000 ft. and over. On 
the Kyrenia range it emerges in May and on 'Troddos in 
July and August. Found “chiefly on the trunks of olive 
and carob trees on the Kyrenia mountains and on pine 
trees on 'Troddos, and occasionally among rocks.”— 
G.F.W., 1918. 

A large number were sent, all of them were of good size, 
very dari and rich in coloration. There are no typical 
forms and none which can be called race syriaca, Stdgr., 
which are distinguished by a narrower band on all the 
wings in both sexes, and obsolescence of it at the angle 
of the hind- -wing. Race. cypriaca, Stdgr., is still darker 
and the bands on all wings nearly obsolescent, In the 
male the band is traceable as a narrow and somewhat less 
dark sub-marginal area suffused with the dusky coloration 
and crossed by the wing veins widely enlarged by scales 
of the same dark colour as the general colour “of the wings. 
The fringes are clearly light and dark chequered. The 
apical eye-spot of the fore-wing is very faint and occasion- 
ally has the white pupil non-existent. In the female 
the band of the fore-wing is much narrower than in the type 
and divided into blotches by the widely emphasised wing- 
veins. The apical eye-spot is usually well developed, 
but one or two examples are without the pupil. On the 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 187 


hind-wing the band is almost wholly obsolete in the anal 
half, and the rest macular, more or less dusky, and much 
narrowed. The undersides are marmorated, giving a 
bark-like appearance to the under surface. The outer 
area of fore-wing underside is yellowish, the band of the 
hind-wing below is covered by striations and speckles, 
while the basal area has much lighter markings, so that 
there is scarcely any difference between the basal and 
outer areas so well-marked a feature m the type, but 
they are separated by a wide deep black line. There is 
often a small eye-spot midway towards the anal angle 
of the fore-wing in both sexes. 


Satyrus briseis L. [race fergana Obthr.; ab. pirata 9, Hsp.|. 

“ Led. recorded this species and also var. purata. I found 
both at Nicosia, the latter being much the less common.”’— 
J-ALS.B,, 1916. 

‘S. briseis seems mostly from the lower levels and var. 
prrata wholly so.”—A.K.G., 1916. 

“Var. fergana is a fairly common species in the plains 
and at the Kyrenian Pass. I have taken two or three 
specimens on Troddos at about 5000 ft. Hmerges in May, 
and is fond of rocky places, small caves and river banks, 
but taken sometimes on the flower of the common thistle. 
Var. pirata is of the same habits and frequents the same 
locality as the preceding form, but is rare. [I saw one on 
Troéddos in 1918.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

A long series sent all of large size with very little differ- 
ence in expanse of male and “female. All are of the race 
fergana Obthr., which is the largest and has much rich 
reddish brown of different shades on the underside of the 
fore-wing, with well-developed white discal bands on the 
upperside of both wings. The second eye-spot in the sub- 
margin is often obsolescent, bemg only represented by a 
more dense spot in the general dark ground, with occa- 
sionally a small white pupil. In the female it is usually 
more apparent. One male has this spot very definite 
owing to the extension of the white band on Oe marginal 
side of the spot, a very unusual occurrence in this sex. 
The apical spot of the female fore-wing is often destitute 
of pupil. The underside of the hind-wing in the male 
has clear white ground partially covered with soft orey, 
with strongly marked costal and inner marginal blotches, 
the contrasts being abrupt and strong. In the female 


188 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


there is a prevalence of the soft grey mottled with darker 
erey, but not uniformly so, as im most of the Central 
Kuropean forms. Across the wing in this sex run two 
wide bands of darker shade, deep and abrupt on the outer 
side, but dissolving more or less into the ground on the 
inner, and tinged with a rich brown. The inner band is 
sometimes interrupted in the middle and may have none 
of the lighter mottled ground of the basal side of it. Some 
of the females of the fergana form show slight traces of 
the reddish brown on the outer margins of the irregular 
white band above, an incipient stage of the very fine Q 
ab. pirata Hsp. 

The ab. pirata, of which a short series have been sent, 
has the band on the upperside of a bright reddish ochreous 
colour. This form is somewhat larger than the fergana 
female, and one or two examples are without pupils to the 
eye-spots. There is a curious parallelism between S. 
briseis and the Spanish species S. priewrt Pier., both 
species possessing a reddish-ochreous form of the female, 
which in the latter species is known as ab, whagonis Obthr., 
and is also a very large and strong-looking insect. 


Satyrus anthe Och. 


“T found this species but not very commonly. I took 
one specimen on the southern range at over 6000 ft. up.”— 
J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“A very rare species met with on Troddos at 5000— 
6000 ft.” —G.F.W., 1918. 


Hipparchia semele L. [race mersina Stder.; ab. triocellata 
Rag. ]. 

“T found this species common, and specimens which I 
sent to Tring were there identified as the form mersina.’— 
J.A.S.B., 1916. (Not recorded by Led.) 

“ H. semele v. mersina is very evenly coloured below 
and different from any form I have.”—A.E.G., 1916. 

“A common species occurring everywhere from April 
to August. Found both in the plains and on the mountains. 
In the mountains it usually rests on pine trees, and in the 
plains it is found among rocks.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

The mersina form is much lareer than the British race 
in both sexes, and the males are only slightly smaller 
than the females. In general coloration a long series 
strikes one ag darker than any other race. The females 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 189 
yy CY 


are especially dark on the hind-winegs, and there is an 
absence of the tawny shade in the dise of all the wings. 
The lighter markings are not of the ivory yellow of the 
type nor of that of the bright Spanish race, but have a 
reddish suffusion. In the hind-wings this reddish shade 
is restricted to a series of submarginal wedges of moderate 
size, somewhat more pronounced in the males, which have 
also some lighter shade in the ground, generally, a character 
hardly apparent in the fem: ales. The eye-spots are almost 
invariably white pupilled, well formed and in the normal 
number, only: one example approaches ab. triocellata 
Ragusa, with an unpupilled spot between the two normal 
eye-spots on the fore-wing. 

On the underside of the fore-wing the ground-colour is 
a rich tawny, not in any example the i ivory yellow of the 
type; there is but little dark separation between the 
discal and submarginal areas, these being practically con- 
tinuous as in the form algirica Obthr. On the underside 
of the hind-wing there is a predominance of gray mottling, 
and scarcely a specimen shows the tawny or black shade 
markings of the British race. In the female the basal 
and submarginal areas are almost the same in depth of 
marking and marbling, but more or less divided by a 
blackish line, none too well emphasised. The mottling 
is very uniform over the wing, but coarse. None of the 
males have the strong tooth in the central line which is so 
prominent a character in the females. Most of the males 
have the basal and submarginal areas clearly separated 
by a heht transverse band outside the blackish transverse 
line, malic h band shades off gradually into the gray mottling 
of the outer marginal area. In. this respect one female 
only approaches the male. 


Hipparchia anthelea Hbn. 


“T found this species common on the southern range 
up to its highest altitudes.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. (Not 
recorded by Led.) 

“Fairly common on the Troédos range of mountains, 
May—July. I have taken a very few specimens on the 
northern range. Difficult to take as it is always among 
large rocks.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

A long series shows but small variation. One male and, 
one female have an additional black spot on the fore-wing 
below the fourth from the apex. Another female has a 


190 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


considerable intensification of coloration over the whole 
surface. Still another has a dark rmg developed around 
the second white spot of the fore-wing. And_ several 
females have the usual sharp-pointed extension of the tawny 
band of the fore-wing into the disc more or less undeveloped. 


Pararge aegeria L. 


“T found this species fairly common.”’—J.A.8.B., 1916. 
(Not recorded by Led.) 

“Not a common species, occurring both in the plains 
and on the mountains, generally near streams of water. 
April-September.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

Of the few which have been sent all have been typical 
aegeria with very minor aberration only, such a series as 
might have been obtamed, say, at Hyéres. Not one 
showed an approach to the brilliant specimens obtamable 
in Algeria, ete. 

Pararge roxelana Cram. 


“Recorded by Led. I found it locally; it frequents 
the tops of the carob trees.’ S.B., 1916. 

“A rather rare and very oral species only occurring in 
the mountains at the Kyrenian Pass and at Trocdon 
Found in carob trees and in thick hedges, very rarely in 
the open, therefore very difficult to take. May—July.”— 
CoE We Los: 

A short series very uniform in size and marking have 
been received. One male has an additional eye-spot on 
the underside fore-wing below the apical eye-spot. I 
note that the light discs above and below the apical eye- 
spot are more pronounced than in the Syrian form. 


Pararge megera LL. [race lyssa Hb:]. 


“ Recorded by Led. J obtained 1t commonly; speci- 
mens «were identified at Tring as var. lyssa. "TAS. Be 
1916. 

“A first brood of this rather uncommon species emerges 
in March, and another in May. Found in the plains and 
on the mountams in small number.’—G.F.W., 1918. 

The short series received appear to be all of the S. 
Kuropean form lyssa Hb., in which the underside of the 
hind-wing is grey instead of showme the dark-brown 
suffusion of the type. This character is more pronounced 
in the summer brood than in the earlier brood in which 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 191 


specimens occur which approach the more northern typical 
coloration. The uppersides are very uniform in marking 
in both sexes, and there appears to be no difference in size, 
colour, nor marking between the two broods so far as my 
small series shows. 


Pararge maera L. [race orientalis Stder. |. 


“Led. records the form adrasta. I obtained specimens 
of both forms. Miss Bate obtained the species in 1901.”— 
JeACSibs LO1G: 

“T think P. maera are Staudinger’s var. orientalis 
rather than true adrasta.”—A.K.G., 1916. 

“Hound in the plains and on the mountains in small 
numbers. The first brood of this rather uncommon species 
emerges in March and another in May.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

From the short series received which are mainly females 
this species as represented in Cyprus is remarkably uniform 
in colour, marking and size. It has the adrasta Dup., 
characteristic, crease of the fulvous areas on all wings, 
but is rather of a brown yellow than of an ochre yellow, 
and hence should be designated the race orientalis Stder. 
Curiously only one specimen has the apical spot bipu pillate, 
which is a strong character of the females as a rule. This 
remark also holds for the underside. The hind-wings 
above show scarcely any brown yellow on the disc, the 
brown suffusion “being predominant. 


Epinephele telmessia Zell. (E. jurtina v. telmessia Zell.) [race 
kurdistana Riihl. ( ?)]. 


“Not common and extremely worn at Larnaka, June 25th, 
1902.” —T.B.-F., 1902. 

“ This species ae common; my specimens were race 
hispulla.”’—J.A.8.B., 1916. [Not recorded by Led.] 

“ A very common 1 species both in the plains and on the 
mountains from April to August. Found in small caves, 
on the brinks of rivers and under the shade of thick trees, 
preferably wattle.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

Until the paper published in the “ Bull. Soc. ent. Fr.,” 
p. 225 (1912) by he Cerf, the form telmessia Zell., had 
been regarded as a jurtina race. However, when the 
genitalia of the two were examined and compared, ample 
evidence of their bemg distinct species was obtamed. In 
jurtina there were found to exist two peculiar prolongations 


192. Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


of the lower posterior angles of the last free tergite, known 
as the Julien organs, which were not found in the ¢elmessia. 
The figures given (l.c.) by Le Cerf show this very clearly. 
E. telmessia in Cyprus is of a richer and darker colora- 
tion generally than one finds in #. gurtina. In marking 
both sexes resemble the race hispulla Hb., of the latter 
species, but are somewhat smaller. 

The males have an androconial patch of a more defined 
shape, the tip appearing prominent in outline because the 
eround-colour of the discal area around it is lighter. The 
patch itself is brighter and more velvety than in the male 
of BH. gurtina. Only i in one or two examples do the males 
show a tendency to a submarginal band on the fore-wings. 
The apical spot is ocellated and occasionally has a small 
extension at the lower edge, which has become separate 
in one example as a small black dot. 

The females have more resemblance to the race hispulla, 
the disc is never ochre yellow, but a rich foxy-brown instead. 
The wide submarginal band is always lighter than the 
discal area and is lighter still around the apical spot, while 
on the inner margin ‘it has become quite evanescent. There 
is a tendency for this band to break up into blotches, as 
is the characteristic of the race kurdistana Riihl, On the 
hind-wings there is but little development of the band, 
which is only of a very dull foxy-brown sufficient to 
differentiate it from the prevailing dusky ground. The 
apical spot is bipupillate in about 50°, of the specimens, 
the lower pupil bemg always the smaller and often very 
small. One or two examples have a slight dot in the 
interneural space below this. 

The shading of the underside of the hind-wing below 
in the female is sometimes of a very pleasing arrange- 
ment of light greys with delicate shades of light orange 
thrown in. 


=x 


Epinephele lupinus Costa (E. lyeaon Lott., race lupinus 
Costa) [ab. janirula Ksp.; ab. subalbida Schultz; ab. 
intermedia Stder. ]. 

“This species was common, Miss Bate took race 
lupinus in 1901. My specimens included both forms.”— 
J.A.S.B., 1916. [If all the above specimens are in the 
B.M. this i is an error.—H.J.T.] 

“YT am inclined to think one may call all the lycaon, 
var. lupinus.”—A.K.G,, 1916. 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 193 
y Y} 


“Flies at the same time and has the same habits as 
H. jurtina, but is not nearly so common.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

This is another species of Epinephele which up till recent 
years has been confused with a well-known and common 
allied species of Central Hurope. In 1909 Count Turati, 
after receiving many local forms of #. lycaon, made a 
thorough investigation of their genitalia and unhesitatingly 
separated lupinus as a true species (“* Nat. Sic.,” p. 56, ete., 
pl. vii, figs. 1-9), calling it rhamnusia Frr., in error. Dr. 
Chapman has very kindly sketched the ancillary organs 
of the Cyprian ae and they quite agree with those 
in the figures noted above. 

EB. lwpinus is, in both sexes, considerably larger than 
E. lycaon of Central Europe, and the underside of the fore- 
wings is of a bright rust-red, practically unmterrupted in 
the male, but in the female the submarginal area is 
separated from the discal by a transverse dark line. The 
underside of the hind-wing is uniformly strongly speckled, 
and has very obsolescent transverse lines. The males 
have the androconial patches larger than im the males 
of E. lycaon, beg both longer and wider and are more 
definitely margined and conspicuous. The general ground- 
colour is of a “deeper brown, more on the black side than 
the orange side of brown coloration. In the female the 
bright orange colour is confined to conspicuous rings 
around the two (apical and marginal) spots. Occasional 
specimens have a slight fulvous flush on the disc of the fore- 
wing, but never in any degree comparable to what occurs 
frequently in #. lycaon, nor does this flush ever extend to 
the hind-wings, which in both sexes are practically uniform 
deep brown, “showing now and then a faint indication of 
a transverse line separating the basal and marginal areas. 
The two black submargial spots on the fore-wing of the 
female are mostly large and conspicuous, the apical being 
always the larger, but the mid- marginal spot is variable im 
size, and in one example is only represented by a black 
dot in a dull fulvous blotch, In nearly every example 
the apical eye-spot is centred by a minute white dot. In 
the male there is only one spot, the apical, which varies 
but little in size. Only in one female is there an incipient 
spot between the usual two on the fore-wing. 

One specimen is very small, only measuring 40 mm. 
compared with 50 mm, the average of the lupinus in 
expanse; It may possibly be called the ab. jgamrula Esp. ; 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTSI, Il. (JULY) O 


194 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


it was taken in the plains near Nicosia, and is a female. 
The more or less common Epinephelid aberration of ir- 
regular lighter patches of ground occurs only in one speci- 
men in a very long series ‘sent, a male, but hardly strong 
enough to be termed ab. subalbida Schultz. Most of the 
specimens, especially the females, have strongly scalloped 
hind-wings, and may be called the ab. intermedia Stder. 


|Coenonympha pamphilus L. 


“T did not meet with it. Led. records this species and 
the form lyllus.”—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“ Recorded, but I have never seen it. In 1918 I heard 
of one having been taken by a school-boy at Kyrenia.”— 
G.F.W., 1918. 

Major Graves says (i lit.): “ Occurs in Lebanon, but 
always at over 2000 ft. in my experience.” Its occurrence 
in Cyprus has never been confirmed. | 


Charaxes jasius L. 


“YT found this species very sparingly. I took one 
specimen on a sugared tree in daytime at an altitude of 
over 5000 ft.”—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“ [have found this species very sparingly. It apparently 
emerges in July or August at a few localities both in the 
plains and on the mountains. It 1s very difficult to catch 
as it frequents the tops of large trees, usually fruit. I 
took one specimen on a ‘sugared ’ tree on Troddos in July 
1915 and another in July 1918.°—G.F.W., 1918. 

Comparing the specimen received with Sicilian examples 
there seems practical identity. The orange marginal 
coloration is perhaps somewhat lighter in shade in the 
Cyprian example. 


Limenitis rivularis Scop. ; |‘ camilla Schiff.” | 


“Led. records this species. J obtained it but not 
commonly on the mountains.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“TL. rwularis has the spots much stronger than those I 
took in the Balkans.” —A.E.G., 1916. 

“Confined to the Troddos range of mountains, where 
it occurs in June and July rather sparsely. Difficult. to 
take as it is generally on blackberry bushes overhanging 
rivers.’ —G.F W., 1918. 

I see no variation from the ordinary Kuropean form. 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 195 


Pyrameis atalanta LL. 

“ Recorded by Led. as common, as I found 1t.’—J.A.S.B., 
1916; 

“A few are to be seen the whole year round in the 
plains, generally in gardens. I have only twice taken it 
on the Tro6dos mountains.”-—-G.F.W., 1918. 

Quite an ordinary form. 


Pyrameis ecardui L. 

* Kairly common at Limasol on June 25th, 1902. Large 
specimens, difficult to catch and fond of setthng im the 
shade.” —T.B.-F., 1916. 

“Very common everywhere. .Recorded by Led.”— 
J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“Very common everywhere. Fresh specimens emerge 
in April and July, but individuals may be seen on the wing 
throughout the year.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

Quite normal specimens received. 


Eugonia polychloros L. [race fervida Stndfs.]. 

*“ Recorded by Led. I did not meet with it.”—J.A.S.B., 
1916. 

“ Recorded in 1875. It has not since been seen until 
1918, when I saw three individuals in a small pie plantation 
near my hut in Troéddos, but owing to the denseness of the 
trees I was only able to take a very ragged specimen after 
several days spent trying to catch them.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

The specimen referred to above must, I think, be called 
Jervida, the Asia Minor race named by Stand{fuss and 
intermediate in size and brilhancy between the large and 
fiery Algerian race erythromelas Aust., and the smaller 
Kuropean type. Probably the specimens seen were immi- 
grants from the Taurus, where the race fervida is well 
known to occur. 

| Polygonia egea Cr. 
“Recorded by Led. as V. triangulum Fb. I did not 
meet with it.”—J.A.8.B., 1916. 
No specimen received. | 


|Melitaea phoebe Knoch. 


“Recorded by Led. I did not meet with it.”—J.A.8.B., 
1916. 
None sent. | 


196 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


Dryas pandora Schiff. 


“I found this beautiful fritillary in some numbers high 
up on the southern range. It is very fond of visiting the 
flowers of a low ground-thistle.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“All I have to say about this is that ‘it is small and 
rather lightly marked. I daresay you have discovered that 
the best way to take this insect is when it is feeding on a 
thistle. It is a strong flier and difficult to catch on the 
wing.” —A.E.G., 1916. 

“Confined to the Troddos range of mountains at high 
altitudes. Fhes in June, July and August, and is fairly 
common. Very fond of visiting the flower of a low ground- 
thistle.” —G.F.W., 1918. 


Quite small, and typical in marking and colour. 


Libythea celtis Laich. 
* Recorded by Led. I found it, though not abundantly, 
on the southern mountains.’—J-.A.S. B., 1916. 
“Confined to the Troddos range of mountains. Rare. 
I have only taken it four times in ten years, during July 
and August.”—G.F.W., 1918. 


Klugia (Theela) spini Schiff. 
“ Reported to me by Major P. P. Graves as having 
been taken in Cyprus.” —J.A.8.B., 1916. 


Bithys queretis L. 

“{ obtained this species on the’ Southern range.’”’— 
J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“Confined to the Troddos range of mountains at high 
altitudes; it is not uncommon. Flies in June and July 
and 1s usually found on the dwarf oak (Quercus alnifolia).” 
—G.F.W., 1918. 

The few examples received are quite typical. 


Cigaritis acamas Klug. = [Cigaritis zohra Donz.|. 

“ T obtained a few specimens from the Northern hills.” — 
JAS: BANG; 

“T have only taken this species once, on the Kyrenian 
mountains in July.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

Major Graves writes me: “I believe that Marsden 
showed me Crgaritis not zohra but acamas from Cyprus.” 

I have just received a Cigaritis taken on Troédos, Aug. 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 197 


3rd, 1919, which is undoubtedly C. acamas. Lederer 
reports C’. acamas as taken by Zach at Beirut commonly. 


Loweia (Thersamonea) (Chrysophanus) thersamon Hsp. [aest. ¢ 
omphale Klug. ]. 

“ T found this species common in the plains.” —J.A.S.B., 
1916. 

‘Specimens of both broods were sent. The later brood 
has short * tails to the hind-wings.”—A.F.G., 1916. 

“This species is fairly common in the plains. Three 
broods emerge each year; a small one in March, a large 
one in May or June and then a small brood in September. 
In 1918 I saw none in March and only one had emerged 
by June 12th, the date I left the plains.”—G.F.W., 1918. 

Until this year only odd specimens came. The spring 
brood specimens have no tails to the hind-wings, whereas 
members of the summer brood, known as omphale Klug., 
possess fairly long tails. There seems very little variation 
in the markings. An examination of about twenty, which 
have recently been received, leads one to the opinion that 
the tails in the females are more developed, longer and 
larger, than in the males. I note that specimens taken 
in October are tailed, and hence may be considered as the 

“laggard ” portion of the summer brood rather than the 

“ precocious ” portion of the spring brood. Of course 
they may be an actual third brood, since the period between 
the summer and late autumn appearances is a comparatively 
long one. 


Rumicia phlaeas L. [race eleus Fab.; ab. (race) tureicus 
Gerh.; eaeruleopunetata Stder. |. 

* Recorded by Led. I found it and the form eleus 
common.”—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“This insect has two broods, a small one in March and 
a large one in May—August. Found on both ranges of 
mountains and on the plains. Fond of dry stony ground.” 
—G.F.W., 1918. 

“Var. eleus is much more common than phlaeas itself.”’— 
G.F.W., 1918. 

Of the spring brood only a few have been received, taken 
in April and of quite ordinary form. A female, dated 
April 28th, is of large size and has the veins on the diac 


* A lapsus calami.—H.J.T. 


198 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


of the fore-wing well outlined with dark scales, while the 
hind-wing has a few small blue spots on the inside of the 
orange Margin. One would call the slight projections on 
the hind margin “teeth” rather than “tails” in these 
early specimens. The rest of the series, captured subse- 
quently up to August, are referable to a form of the southern 
race eleus, Fab., that is they have a dark suffusion, more 
or less of the depth of the other black markings, running 
from the base of the fore-wing over the whole of the discal 
area below the discoidal cell, ‘internal to the marginal row 
of spots, and only touching the black hind-marginal band 
below and beyond the bipartite spot of the inner angle. 
This suffusion is usually a rich brown of varying de spth 
‘ather than black. This particular form of the elews race 
is the ab. turcicus of Gerhard. In fact, Tutt’s description 
in “ Brit. Lep.,” vii. p. 377, of Gerhard’s figure might 
have been taken from a Cyprian specimen. One phase 
of this suffusion is the development of a brown black 
ring around each of the black spots of the fore: -wing. In 
all “these later specimens the tails to the hind-wings are 
well developed as a rule, and even the anal angle is em- 
phasised into a very prominent tooth almost to be called 
a tail in some cases. There is much variation in size, 
the smallest ete. a male, date Aug. 5th, Troddos, 
measures only 22°5 mm. in expanse, while a female taken 
there the day before measures 33°5 mm. There is but 
little variation in depth of the orange coloration. In some 
examples the dark marginal area is expanded imwards 
reaching closer to the row of black spots on the fore-wing ; 
one or two females are well emphasised ab. caeruleopunctata, 
Stdgr., that is they have a row of blue spots on the hind- 
wing. The undersides seem vet -y uniform in both colour 
and “marking, 


Lampides boeticus L. 


‘Recorded by Led. Taken by Miss Bate in 1901. I 
found it extremely abundant, indeed in myriads in the 
cultivated leguminous crops.’ 

“A very common species aon oni to October, both 
on the mountains and in the plains 1 in cultivated leeuminous 
crops. It has three broods, in March, May and September, 
the first and last being small broods. This species varies 
greatly in size.’ 20 R We 1918 

The variations of the series sent are only shght extensions 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 199 


or suppressions of the coloration and marking shown in 
the typical form. The blue area of the fore-wings in the 
female 1s somewhat more extended marginally. Most 
species which are attached to plants extensively cultivated 
vary greatly in size, and this species 1s no exception. 


Syntarucus (Langia) telicanus Lang [race aegyptiacus B.-B. ]. 


“Recorded by Led. In the Brit. Mus. Collection are 
Cyprus specimens from Lederer’s collection of the form 
aegypliacus. 1 obtained it fairly commonly in the northern 
hills.”,—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“Var. aegypltiacus. A not uncommon species in the 
plains during July and August. I have taken very few 
examples as I am usually away from the plains during 
these months.” —G.IF.W., 1918. 

Only a few specimens have been received. 


Tarucus baleanicus Frr. [not theophrastus I. ]. 


“Recorded by Led. The species was obtained by 
Glazner in 1896 (teste B.M.). I obtained the form in the 
southern hills.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“A fairly common species durmg May—July in the 
plains. Usually found on dry stony ground and on 
brambles.’”’—G.F.W., 1918. 

T. baleanicus is treated in Seitz, “ Pal. Gr.-Schm.,” as 
a form of T. theophrastus, hence possibly the apparent 
confusion. That these are two quite distinct species has 
been conclusively proved by Mr. G. 'T. Bethune-Baker in 
his “‘ Revision of the genus Tarucus” (Trans. Ent. Soc., 
Lond., 1918), by the examination of the genitaha and 
of the androconial scales. Dr. Chapman has very kindly 
verified these Cyprians as balcanicus and not the new 
species which was (/.c.) described under the name mediter- 
raneae, B.-B. The long series received show scarcely any 
aberration. 


Chilades phiala Gr.-Gr. = [Zizera galba Led.]. 

“ Recorded in the Annals of the Cyprus Natural History 
Society (1912-13) as having been taken for the first time 
ml Or orAt9l3: IAS. B.A OG: 

“ Karly common ah the plains. ” __G.F.W., 1918. 

A long series very uniform in size and appearance. I 
am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Chapman for the 
identification of this species by morphological examination, 


200 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


Major Graves writes: “So far all ‘galba’ I have seen 
from the Near East except those in Miss Fountaine’s 
collection are karsandra.” 


| Zizeeria lysimon Hb. 


“ Recorded, but I have never seen it.””—G.F.W., 1918. 
Recorded by Led. 


One would be inclined to suggest this as a wrong identi- 
fication for the last species, had not Lederer given a deserip- 
tion. “ Brown male, blue at base; fringes brown, under- 
side pale grey with discoidal lunules and basal eyes; a 
double row of black marginal spots and angulated central 
row of black dots, inch.” There has been no subsequent 
record. 

Major Graves says (7 lit.) : “ Tam very doubtful as to 
whether lysimon occurs in the Kast, North of the Red Sea.” | 


Chilades trochylus F rr. 


“Recorded by Led. Taken by Miss Bate in 1901. I 
found it on both mountain ranges.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“ Fairly common in the plains May—August and also 
occurs rather rarely on both ranges of mountains. Fond 
of dry stony ground.”’—G.F.W., 1918. 

A long series also very uniform in appearance. One or 
two of the males are much smaller than the others. 


Scolitantides baton Brestr. 


‘S. baton, a rather large form.”—A.K.G., 1916. 

‘A rather rare species first taken by myself in the 
plains in April 1914, since when I have each year taken 
two or three examples.’—G.F.W., 1918. 

In April 1919 this species seems to have been more 
common as about two dozen were sent me, most of them 
comparatively large in size. One or two of the males have 
a narrow dark margin to all the wings, otherwise they seem 
very uniform and typical in coloration. 


Aricia medon Hufn. (astrarche Brgstr.) [form ornata Stdgr. ; 
ab. ealida Bell.; brunneseens Harr. ]. 


“Recorded by Led. I found it very common.”— 
J.A.S.B., 1916. 

OF var. ornata, the spring form, I have only one 9, 
but it is very nice, the underside being silvery white and 


Mr, Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus, 201 


the spots showing up well. The males received are not 
quite so distinctive. The majority are the summer form 
calida, but not so distinctly calida as those I took in Corsica 
and Algeria. The first calida is from Nicosia, May 30th. 
In this brood the underside is coffee brown.’ ae ated SARS 

“This insect has two broods; one in March in " small 
numbers, and one in June, the latter being very abundant 
both in the plains and on the mountains; usually found 
near water.” —G.F.W., 1918. 

No specimens of the spring brood have come, but a 
large number of the June-July emergence from Troéddos. 
There are but few quite dark enough on the underside 
to be termed the ab. calida Bell., and some are fairly light. 
In all examples the submarginal band of red blotches on 
the upperside are strongly developed and of brilliant colour; 
in many specimens these blotches are continued of full size 
right up to the costa at the apex, and even when diminished 
in size only rarely is the topmost blotch absent. On the 
undersides the red blotches are also very vivid, they are 
large and pretty uniform in size. The inner side of each 
blotch on the fore- wing below is in most specimens margined 
by a black cloud, which is generally large on the blotches 
nearer the inner margin of the wing, but diminishing to 
a line or is even absent on the blotches towards the costa. 
In the reverse way these black clouds are margined on the 
inner side by white lines which are always present towards 
the costa, but diminish in strength towards the inner 
margin of the wing. All the spots on the undersides are 
of intense black and well developed. They are surrounded 
by very clear white rings especially marked in the discal 
spots of the fore-wings. The specimens are all of good 
size, in fact rather large compared with British examples, 
a few as large as average Polyommatus acarus females. In 
most specimens the fringes of the fore-wings were brown, 
dark enough to obliterate the chequer. I believe these 
last have been called ab. brunnescens Harr. 


Polyommatus icarus Rott. [ab. minor Ckrll.]. 


“Common. The variation among males is very small. 
The females have an external series of outer-marginal spots 
(light in colour) outside the orange spots. One specimen 
was ab. icarinus.” —T.B.-F., Larnaka, 25th June, 1902. 

“The icarus males appear to present no special features.” 


A BiG. 1915, 


202 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


“Recorded by Led. I found it abundant.”—J.A.S.B., 
1916. 

“The male icarus are a fairly even lot. The spring brood 
has light underside sometimes without blue scaling. Two 
were only 21 mm. in expanse, too large by 1 mm. to be 
called ab. minor. The blue-tinted females of the early 
brood are interesting. Some have bluish-white lunules on 
the basal sides of the orange spots and are very beautiful. 
The best come from S. Hilarion in April. The summer- 
brood females have no blue scales. Ab. celina of the male 
with black spots between the veins at margin on hind-wing 
was not sent. This is generally found in late broods in 
the South. In one male the antemarginal band of spots 
on the hind-wing underside is missing.”—A.E.G., 1916. 

“A very common insect everywhere having three broods, 
in March, May and September. Females with blue only 
occur in the first brood.”’—G.F.W., 1918. 

The series were taken in March, April, May, June and 
July, an odd female in September and a male in October. 
There are only a few females and these are in the May, 
June and July series. The males are remarkably eee 
even the undersides show only the smallest variation in 
general coloration and marking. The few females are 
practically identical, there is only the merest trace of blue 
powdering towards the base of the wings upperside. One 
female is ab. minor Ckril., just 20 mm. in expanse, and 
another had the usually orange spots on both upper and 
under side changed to yellow. There was a tendency in 
the race to the ai warinus Scriba, form, in that the spots 
basad from the discoidal on the fore-wing underside were 
frequently ill-developed, very small, and in a few speci- 
mens the lower spot was absent. It was usually smaller 
than the upper one. 


|Glaucopsyche cyllarus Rott. 
“Recorded by Led. I did not meet with it.” 
1916. 
‘Recorded, but I have never seen them.’—G.F.W., 
1918.] 


Glaucopsyche paphos, n. sp. (Chap.) [Glaueopsyche melanops, 

Bdv.]. 

“ T obtained this species on the Northern mountains in 
spring.” Be SLOG, 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 203 


“ Occurs on both ranges of mountains in small numbers. 
On the Kyrenian range it flies during April and’ May, and 
on the Troddos range during June ‘and July.”—G.F.W., 
1918. 

Not being satisfied with the received determination of 
the Cyprian series as G. melanops Bdv., I submitted them 
to Dr. Chapman, who after some comparisons thought that 
they were ptobably a form or race of G. char ybidis Stdgr. 
On further examination, however, he considered that he was 
justified in announcing it a new species standing somewhat 
close to G. charybdis. 

Only a few specimens were obtained, and these were from 
the two ranges of mountains. One would like to get the 
other brood from each place if there be one. The two sets 
differ considerably in size; those from the Kyreman 
mountains are much the smaller in both sexes. These 
northern early specimens being the smaller would seem to 
point to their bemg of an early brood, the offspring of 
summer larvae, added to the fact that the later specimens 
from ‘Troédos are large and probably the imagines from 
well-nourished spring larvae. The undersides of both 
series are very dark and the spots on the fore-wings below 
very large. One female from Troédos has a series of blue 
dashes on the outer margin of the hind-wings. 

Major P. P. Graves writes me: “The only Cyprian 
melanops I have seen struck me as being somewhat different 
from French melanops.” He goes on to doubt the oceur- 
rence of melanops in Cyprus when it does not occur in 
“S. Italy(’), Greece, Asia Minor, Turkey, ete.,” and suggests 
the examination and comparison of its cenitalia. 

G. paphos has the general appearance of a Glaucopsyche, 
and at the first glance, without comparison, might readily 
be taken for a dark form of G. melanops. When, however, 
series of the two species are plaéed side by side one immedi- 
ately separates them, both the males and the females, as 
being quite distinct. The blue of the males of G. paphos 
is deeper, more dense and richer, and although the veining 
may be apparent it is by no means distinct as in G. melanops, 
nor is there any suggestion of the silvery sheen of the latter. 
The margins are deep black somewhat wider than in 
G. melanops. The ground-colour of the female is a uniform 
deep black brown very distinct from that of the G. melanops 
female, and quite without any blue suffusion from the base, 
but with a few traces of blue spots on the hind margin of the 


204 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 


hind-wings of one example. On the underside the ground- 
colour of G. paphos is dark with much less grey in it “than in 
the other species and without any blue suffusion at the 
base. The curved row of spots on the fore-wing assimilates 
generally to that of @. melanops, but the fourth spot from the 
costa 1s In alignment with the second and third and not as 
in G. melanops “round the corner” in alignment with the 
third and fifth. On the margins of the hind-wings of 
G. paphos there are no traces of ‘the semi- suppressed row of 
eye-spots which are invariably found in G. melanops. 


Celastrina argiolus L. [ab. hypoleuca, 9, Koll. ]. 


“T found this species abundant high up on the southern 
range.’’—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

““C. argiolus is a distinct form with very white almost 
unspotted undersides in summer brood. No spring brood 
specimens were sent.’”—A.H.G., 1916. 

“ Confined to the Troéddos range of mountains, where it is 
common during June and July. Usually found near water 
on the dwarf oak and among bracken. Mr. Gibbs thought 
this species might be separated into a Cyprian variety on 
account of its very pale and almost spotless underside.” — 
G.F.W., 1918. 

Only specimens of the later brood have been received. 
The females are particularly dark, a small area only of the 
fore-wing and scarcely any of the hind-wing has blue 
coloration ; in fact, in a long series one might “reasonably 
expect to find an uniformly dark female,so much has the blue 
become obsolescent. The underside, as noted by Mr. Gibbs, 
is light in colour and the markings are much diminished 
in emphasis, but in some specimens I note that the most 
obvious. underside markings are the dark submarginal 
V marks beginning at the inner angle and diminishing in 
size upwards on the fore-wings. The dark female i is, 
believe} the form known as ab. hypoleuca Koll. 

Major P. P. Graves tells me that this dark form of female 
occurs in Syria. 


Carcharodus alceae Esp. 


‘Recorded by Led. I found it abundant in the plains.”-— 
J.A.8.B., 1916, 
“ Fairly common everywhere, March—October.”—G.F.W., 
1918. 
A fairly long series with very little variation was received, 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 205 


The smallest male measures 23: mm. in expanse and the 
largest 32 mm. 


|Carcharodus (Spilothyrus) boeticus Ramb. (marrubii Ramb.). 

“ Recorded by Led. I did not recognise it.”—J.A.S.B., 
1916. 

This was recorded by Led. as Hesperia marrubii.. None 
have been sent me, so | am unable to substantiate the 
record. 

Major P. P. Graves writes me: “I take it that by 
marrubiy was meant one of the altheae group, boeticus or 
perhaps /. orventalis Rev. I have EL. boeticus from Beirut 
and #. orventalis from Lebanon localities.” | 


Hesperia (Powellia) orbifer Hb. 

“Led. records this. I-did not find it.”—J.A.8.B., 1916. 

There seems to be no subsequent record of this species 
in spite of considerable collecting over ground on which it 
should appear if present. 

Lederer reports this species as Hesperia eucrate Ksp., and 
var. orbifer Hb. His collector, Zach, also took the two at 
Beirut (July 1853—Aug. 1854). 

Major P. P. Graves says: “ This species is so widespread 
in Asia Minor and the North and Centre of the Syro- 
Palestinian area, only ceasing in the low ground of part 
of S. Palestine, that I am strongly inclined to follow Lederer 
and put it down to the credit of Cyprus. I think that the 
earlier collectors in the Near Kast frequently confused P. 
sao Hb., or forms thereof, with P. orbifer. P. sao seems to 
reach W. Macedonia (vide Barraud’s lists), but I have not 
yet seen any clear evidence of its occurring in the S.K. 
Balkans, let alone Asia Minor. I think that the large rather 
brightly marked form of P. orbifer, which occurs in spring at 
Beirut, etc., may be intended by Lederer for P. orbifer, and 
that by H. eucrate may be intended the small less distinctive- 
looking later brood specimens.” 


| Hesperia (Powellia) sao Hb. [race eucrate Och.]. 
‘Led. records this. I did not find it.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. 
See the above remarks under P. orbzfer.] 


[Hesperia alveus Hb. 


* Led. records it. I did not obtain it.”,—J.A.8.B., 1916, 
This record also seems never to have been confirmed. 


206 Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Bulterflies of Cyprus. 


Major P. P. Graves writes me: “ As far as I can under- 
stand from Reverdin’s and Oberthiir’s work on the subject 
H. alveus proper does not seem to have been recorded except 
in France, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, and ? Germany, ete., 
in fairly high altitudes, and its place on the low ground 1 is 
taken throughout most of Kurope by H. armoricanus Obthr. 
I have taken the latter once in the Lebanon, where it 
is a high-ground insect, and frequently at Constantinople, 
where it occurs at the sea-level. I have seen specimens from 
Brussa, and took one at Smyrna, Oct. 18th, 1913. The state- 
ments made by Staudinger re the occurrence of H. alveus 
in Asia Minor (“« Lepidopteren Fauna Kleinasiens ’’) are 
worthless because he did not recognise the difference between 
the many forms of the alveus group (onopordz, Sritullun, 
ete.). He did not submit his captures to any Microscopic 
examination of the male genitalia.” | 


| Hesperia malvae L. 


Led. records this species. J did not recognise it.— 
J ALS BS 19l6, 

Again an unconfirmed record. 

Referring to the worthlessness of the Staudinger records 
of this group, Major P. P. Graves writes (vn lit.) : “ Conse- 
quently one can say little as to what occurs in the interior 
of Asia Minor in the way of ‘ spotted skippers,’ ” and of 
malvae he says, “ Constantinople region, not common.” 


Thymelicus (Adopaea) acteon Rott. [race obsoleta ‘Tutt; 
elara Tutt]. 


“Led. recorded this species. 1 found it common.”’— 
J.A.8.B., 1916. 

“Fairly common in the plains in May.”—G.F.W., 
1918. 

A long series were received, all very uniform and some- 
what larger and lighter in colour than the average Central- 
European form, especially the males. There is an absence 
of the usually distinct pale markings noted in the British 
and Central-Huropean races, and hence the form may be 
called obsoleta Tutt, combined with form clara Tutt, that 

with more golden brown ground-form clara- obsoleta. 

Major P. P. Graves says (in lit.): “Syrian acteon are 
larger and much less markedly suffused than those from 
Greece (Athens), Asia Minor, etc., in my collection.” 


Mr. Henry J. Turner on the Butterflies of Cyprus. 207 


Adopaea flava Brunn. (thaumas Hufn.) (linea Fab.). 


“ Major P. P. Graves informs me that this species has 
been taken in Cyprus by Mr. Marsden. I did not recognise 
it.’—J.A.$.B., 1916. 

Major P. P. Graves writes me: “I saw a bad specimen 
of this or A. lineola in a small collection formed by Mr. T. H. 
Marsden of Alexandria in the Troédos range.” 

Mr. Wilson has not met with this species. 


Gegenes nostrodamus lab. 


‘“ Recorded by Led. Taken by Miss Bate in 1901. I did 
not recognise it.” —-J.A.8.B., L916. 

“ Rather rare in the plains in June and July.” —G.F.W., 
1918. 

Two or three specimens received are quite typical and 
indistinguishable from a specimen I have from Central 
Italy. 

Parnara mathias Ib. 


“T found this species common.”’—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

“ Rare in the plains in June and July.’—G.F.W., 1918. 

Four specimens only have been received. Lvidently it 
is very local. 

|Parnara zelleri Led. 

* Major P. P. Graves informs me that this species has’ 
been taken in Cyprus. I did not find it.”—J.A.S.B., 1916. 

There is no confirmation of this record. Major Graves 
says (in lit.) : “ L once took this species at Beirut.” | 

In conclusion, L wish to express my thanks to the Rev. 
G. Wheeler for looking through the manuscript, and also 
for help with the proof. 


1X. The Geographical Factor in Mimacry. By ¥. A. Drxey, 
M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Subwarden of Wadham College, 
Oxford. 
[Read March 17th, 1920.] 


Phare Vil 


In endeavouring to interpret the remarkable phenomena 
that are srouped under the head of Mimicry, it is important 
to take into account the fact that the forms resembling 
each other are as a general rule to be found inhabiting 
the same regions. This feature in the case has often 
received comment, and many illustrations have been 
adduced of the close connection between similarity of 
aspect and geographical proximity. The mimetic. com- 
binations of Heliconinae, Danainae, Ithomiinae and other 
subfamilies, modified concurrently according to their 
respective habitats in various parts of the South American 
continent and the adjacent island of Trinidad, are well 
known.* Other instances are certain ‘ “ homoeochromatie ” 
assemblages in the Oriental region, each comprising repre- 
sentatives of the Danaine, Pierine, Papilionine and occa- 
sionally the Satyrine subfamilies. These are only a few 
of the cases that have come to light, in which a geographical 
modification of a dominant form or forms has been reflected 
in a corresponding alteration in the aspect of the associated 
mimics, 

The bearing of the facts here referred to on the question 
of the origin of mimicry is obviously of great significance ; 
and it may be not superfluous to add a few more instances 
of the kind which have not hitherto met with detailed 
treatment or illustration. One such case is that of the 
parallelism between the genus Prioneris and certain species 
of the genus Delias, both of these genera being Pierines, 
though not closely related in affinity. So long ago as 
the year 1867 this parallelism was noted by Mr. Wallace, 
and subsequent investigation has tended not only to con- 
firm, but also to extend his conclusions. Some of the 
mimetic pairs are figured on Plate VI; figs. 12, 14, and 16 
showing the species of Delias, and figs. 13, 15 and 17 the 


* See Poulton, ‘‘ Essays on Evolution,” 1908, pp. 272, 273. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, I. (JULY) 


Dr. ¥. A. Dixey on the Geographical Factor in Mimacry. 209 


forms of Prioneris that so closely resemble them, D. 
eucharis Drury (fig. 12), as is well known, is widely dis- 
tributed in the Indian region. In Southern India and Cey- 
lon it is joined by P. sita Feld. (fig. 13), which according 
to Fruhstorfer, flies in company with the Delias, and rests 
just like the latter with closed wings on the flowers of the 
Lantana. x belladonna Fabr. (fig. 14) and P. thestylis 
Doubl. (fig. 15) form another geographical mimetic pair 
from the mountainous districts of northern India. In 
Borneo we have D. indistincta Fruhst. (fig. 16) and its 
very exact copy P. cornelia Vollenh. (fig. 17). Other 
mimetic pairs not here figured are D. egialea Cram. with 
P. hypsipyle Weym. of Sumatra, and D. crithoe Boisd. 
with P. autothisbe Hiibn. of Java. The two latter species 
are said by Fruhstorfer to visit the flowers of cinchona 
in each other’s company. 

A remarkably interesting mimetic series 1s shown in 
figs. 4 to 11 of Plate VI. Fig. 5 represents the underside 
of H. lacta Hew. of Timor, a butterfly whose aspect. diflers 
so greatly. from that of its congeners as to have suggested 
to Mr. Wallace the possible existence of a model belonging 
to the belisama group of Delias. Thirty-four years after 
the date of Wallace’s paper, the missing model turned up 
in the person of a fine Delias discovered in Timor by Mr. 
Doherty, and named D. splendida by Lord Rothschild 
(fig. 4). Though the resemblance between the Delias and 
the Huphina is deceptively close, there is yet a ditlerence 
to be observed in the fact that H. laeta possesses a row of 
marginal scarlet spots on the hind-wing which are not to 
be found in D. splendida. But before leaving Timor Mr. 
Doherty completed the assemblage by finding another 
Delias, named D. dohertyi, after its disconetens by Lord 
Rothschild (fig. 6). In this butterfly the resemblance to 
the two former species is close; and it possesses, which D. 
splendida does not, a row of scarlet spots running parallel 
with the outer border of the hind- wing. On the other 
hand, the scarlet costal streak, conspicuous in D. splendida 
and H. laeta, is absent from D. doherty. The Huphina 
therefore may be said to combine in itself two character- 
istic features which are found separately in the two Delvas 
models. 

We may now turn to the islands of Lombok, Sumbawa 
and Flores, where we find geographical representatives 
of all three members of the Timor assemblage. It 1s inter- 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS 1, Il. (JULY) P 


210 Dr. F. A. Drxey on the 


esting to observe that just as the members of the South 
American mimetic associations undergo a simultaneous 
change corresponding to a different locality, so does the 
Delias-Huphina combination in all three of its members 
alike. 

The Hwphina in the islands of Lombok, Sumbawa and 
Flores which represents H. laeta of Timor is H. temena 
Hew. (fig. 8). ‘The Delias corresponding to D. splendida 
is D. oraia (fig. 7), and the Delias answering to D. dohertyi 
is D. sumbawana (fig. 9). In all three of the Lombok, 
Sumbawa and Flores assemblage, the uniformly black 
fore-wing of the Timor butterflies is replaced by a pale 
ground-colour streaked with black (the black streaks being 
nervular in the Huphina and internervular in the two 
Delias); the scarlet costal streak is also less definitely 
black-bordered in H. temena and D. oraia than in H. laeta 
and D. splendida; while the marginal scarlet spots have a 
more strongly-marked dark bordermg im H. temena and 
D. sumbawana than in H. laeta and D. doherty, their counter- 
parts in Timor. 

Finally, in the island of Sumba occurs another repre- 
sentative of H. laeta; viz., H. julia Dohert. (fig. 11), 
another of Doherty’s discoveries. Along with it is found 
a Delias, D. fasciata Roths. (fig. 10), which bears the same 
relation to H. julia as D. sumbawana to H. temena. A 
Delias corresponding to D. splendida and D. oraia has, 
so far as I am aware, not yet turned up in Sumba, but it 
may be not too rash to anticipate that a model may some 
day be found to account for the scarlet costal streak in 
H. julia, which is absent from its associated Delias. 

Attention may likewise be drawn to the three New Guinea 
butterflies whose undersides are represented in Plate VI, 
figs. 1,2. and 3. Here again we have an association between 
a Delias (D. ornytion Godm. and Salv., fig. 1) and a Huphina 
(H. abnormis Wallce., fig. 3). In this case the company 
is joined by a Nymphaline, Mynes doryca Butl. (fig. 2). 
As I have dealt somewhat fully with these butterflies in a 
recent paper (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1918, pp. 118-129), I 
need say no more about them on the present occasion, except 
to notice the fact, previously alluded to, that in the ordinary 
position of rest, with the fore-wings depressed, the scarlet 
streak on the hind- -wing of the Mm ynes will be found to 
correspond more or less exactly with the similarly coloured 
streak on the fore-wing of the Huphina, and the scarlet, 


Vi. 


Lond., 1920, PL. 


Soe. 


Ent. 


Trans 


WESTWOOD BEQUEST. 


ASTERN BUTTERFLIES. 


ri) 
d 


IN I 


MImicry 


be | 


EXPLANATION 


. Delias ornytion 

. Mynes doryca 

. Huphina abnormis 
. Delias splendida . 
. Huphina laeta 

. Delias dohertyi 


. Delias oraia 


. Huphina temena . 
. Delias sumbawana 
. Delias fasciata 

. Huphina julia 


. Delias eucharis 


. Prioneris sita 


. Delias belladonna 
. Prioneris thestylis 
. Delias indistincta 
. Prioneris cornelia 


Godm. § Salv. 


Putl, 


Wallce. . 


Roths. 
TTen. 
Roths. 


Dohrt. 


Ten. 

Roths. 
Roths. 
Dohrt. 


Drury 


Fabr. 
Doubl. 
Fruhst. 
Vollenh. 


($y 0 


OF BEATE Vi. 


New Guinea 


Lombok, 
Sumbawa, 
Flores 


” 


Sumba 


India, 
Ceylon 
S. India, 
Ceylon 


N. India 


” 


Borneo 


” 


Geographical Factor in Mimaicry. 211 


patch on the hind-wing of the Huphina with a similar patch 
on the fore-wing of the Mynes. This, like the position, 
with regard to the veins, of the streaks on the. fore-wing 
of the Lombok butterflies, provides a further illustration 
of a principle frequently to be observed in mimicry ; viz. 
that the mimetic assimilation aims only at the general 
effect of the resemblance, and is apt to ignore considerations 
of mere homology. 

As to the cause and mode of origin of these startling 
likenesses, every one must interpret the facts as he sees 
fit. It is doubtless the case that more data are wanted 
before the question can reach a final settlement. I would 
only plead that in all attempts at a solution, account must 
be taken of the geographical factors. And it does not 
seem to me possible to bring instances like the present 
under such headings as that of the common colouring shared 
by the inhabitants of desert areas or of the arctic snow- 
fields. Nor is it easy to imagine any external conditions 
of soil or climate which could direc ‘tly bring about a common 
scheme of colouring like that of the three New Guinea 
butterflies, or of aN pairs and triads from India and the 
Malay islands respectively which are shown on Plate VI. 
Kor my own part I confess that I am still of opinion that 
adaptation is at the bottom of the matter; and in spite 
of much adverse criticism I find it hard to resist the con- 
viction that in the theory of warning colours shared between 
comparatively distasteful, or deceptively adopted by com- 
paratively palatable forms, we have by far the most probable 
explanation as yet advanced. 


EXPLANATION OF Puate VI. 


[See Huplanation facing the Puarn. | 


X. New species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. Part UI. 
By Matcotm Cameron, M.B., R.N., F.E.S. 
[Continued from Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1918 (1919), p. 246. ] 


[Read November 19th, 1919.] 


The groups Oligotini, Bolitocharini, Myrmedoniini and 
Aleocharini are dealt with in this part of the paper 
together with additions to the Lispini, Pinophilini, Paede- 
rini, Staphylinini and Tachyporini. 


OLIGOTINI. 


64. Oligota forticornis, n. sp. 


Minute, convex, attenuated posteriorly, entirely testaceous, 
shining, exceedingly finely punctured, and covered with fine yellowish 
pubescence. Antennae very short and stout with 4-jointed club, 
entirely testaceous. Legs testaceous. Length -75 mm. 

Head exceedingly finely, scarcely perceptibly and moderately 
closely punctured. Antennae with the 2nd joint a little longer 
than broad, the 3rd to the 6th minute, quadrate, differing but little 
from one another, the 7th distinctly transverse and larger than the 
6th, the 8th and 9th much more strongly transverse, three times 
as broad as long, the 10th large, oval, nearly equal in length to the 
three preceding together. Thorax widest at the base, twice as 
broad as Jong, the sides evenly rounded and contracted to the 
anterior angles; puncturation and pubescence similar to that of 
the head. Elytra transverse, as broad as, and a little longer than, 
the thorax (measured along the suture), the sides parallel; punctura- 
tion and pubescence exceedingly fine, rather closer than on the 
thorax. Abdomen gradually narrowed posteriorly, uniformly and 
exceedingly finely punctured, much the same as the elytra; pubes- 
cence yellow, a little coarser than that of the fore-parts. 


Hab. District unknown. Found under bark. 


65. Oligota moultoni, n. sp. 

Minute, gradually attenuate posteriorly, black, elytra pitchy- 
brown, apex of abdomen rufescent. Antennae and legs testaceous, 
the former a little infuscate towards the apex. Length scarcely 
“75 mm. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaARTS I, I. (JULY) 


Dr Malcolm Cameron on Staphylinidae from Singapore. 213 


In build and coloration very similar to O. pusillima Grav., of 
Europe; it is, however, a little smaller, the antennae and elytra 
are shorter, the latter a little more finely punctured, and the abdomen 
more narrowed behind. Head exceedingly finely and not very 
closely punctured and pubescent. Antennae with the Ist and 2nd 
joints stout, of equal length, the 3rd a trifle longer than broad, 
the 4th square, the 5th a little broader, the 6th to the 9th distinctly 
transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the last two of them 
quite three times as broad as long, the 10th short, oval. Thorax 
at the base almost twice as broad as long, the sides narrowed and 
rounded anteriorly ; exceedingly finely and rather closely punctured 
and pubescent. Elytra at the base as broad as, and a little longer 
(measured along the suture) than, the thorax, very slightly widened 
behind, transverse, exceedingly finely but more distinctly punctured 
than the thorax, finely pubescent. Abdomen very gradually 
narrowed behind, exceedingly finely and moderately closely 
punctured and pubescent throughout. 


Hab. Bukit Panjang. 


BoLIToCcHARINI. 


PSEUDOLIGOTA, Nn. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the anterior margin slightly emarginate in 
the middle, the anterior angles rounded. Mandibles rather stout, 
the apices pointed and incurved, the right with a small tooth at the 
middle of the inner margin. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist 
joint small, the 2nd moderate, lightly curved and widened towards 
apex, the 3rd much longer and larger than the 2nd, regularly 
dilated from the base to the apex, the 4th subulate about half the 
length of the 3rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla moderately broad, 
parallel, the apex truncate and very finely and shortly pectinate; 
the outer lobe broader, the apex pectinate, the teeth longer than 
those of the inner lobe. The tongue very small, triangular, split 
at the apex. Paraglossae finely ciliate. Labial palpi 2-jointed, 
the Ist joint elongate, cylindrical, the 2nd shorter and much narrower 
than the Ist. Temples not bordered below. Prosternum short, 
rounded behind in the middle. Prothoracic epimera wanting. 

Mesosternum moderately broad, fused with the metasternum 
without visible suture. Intermediate coxae moderately distant. 
Elytra not sinuate internal to the postero-external angle. Tarsal 
formula 4, 4, 5. The first pair with the first three joints short, 
subequal, the 4th joint longer than their combined length; the 


214 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


second pair with the first three joints rather short, subequal, the 
4th longer than the three preceding together; the third pair with 
the first two joints moderately long, equal, the 8rd and 4th gradually 
decreasing in length, the 5th rather longer than the two preceding 
together. 'Tibiae finely ciliate. The structure of the antennae and 
the maxillae is similar to that of Gyrophaena; the 3rd joint of the 
maxillary palpi is more enlarged, however, than in that genus. 
Whilst the build of the thorax, which is widest behind with the 
sides gently rounded and converging anteriorly, approaches 
Brachida. At first view the species on which the genus is founded 
might well be taken for an Oligota. 


66. Pseudoligota varians, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining, minute, the abdomen obscure pitchy- 
brown; first four joints of the antennae, palpi and legs testaceous. 
Length 1 mm. 

Head transverse, eyes large but not prominent, the temples small, 
passing insensibly into the base; sculpture consisting of exceedingly 
fine, scarcely perceptible and very sparing punctures. Antennae 
moderate, the first four joints pale testaceous, the rest infuseate, 
the Ist and 2nd joints moderately stout, equal in length and thickness, 
the 3rd much shorter and smaller than the 2nd, the 4th transverse, 
broader than the 3rd, the 5th to 10th much more strongly trans- 
verse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate about 
one and a half times as broad as long, the llth stout, oval-oblong, 
fully as long as the two preceding together. Thorax strongly 
transverse, twice as broad as long, convex, widest behind, the 
sides gently rounded and converging anteriorly, posterior angles 
obtuse, the base slightly bisinuate; very finely and moderately 
closely punctured and pubescent. Hlytra transverse, as long as, 
and a little broader than, the thorax, very finely, moderately closely 
and somewhat asperately punctured, finely pubescent, in the 3 
with four or five minute tubercles along the sutural margin posteriorly 
on either side. The abdomen pointed, obscure pitchy-brown with 
the seventh segment darker, very finely and moderately closely 
punctured and pubescent on the first four visible segments, much 
more sparingly on the seventh and eighth; the sides and apex 
furnished with black sctae. Examples are found varying in colour 
through every gradation of testaceous and fusco-testaceous; they 
are possibly immature. 

¢g. The sutural margin of the elytra posteriorly with four or five 
minute tubercles on either side. Seventh abdominal segment with 
a fine, short keel in the middle line before the posterior margin ; 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 215 


eighth abdominal segment produced in the middle into a short blunt 
spine, the sides and apex of which are furnished with short. stiff 
yellowish setac. 


Hab. In fungus; generally distributed, 


67, Pseudoligota robustus, n. sp. 


Minute, convex, robust, black, shining; first four joints of the 
antennae and palpi pitchy-testaceous; legs testaceous, Length 
1-1 mm. 

Very similar to the preceding, but broader, more convex and 
robust, deeper black in colour, with darker antennae (which are 
also rather stouter) and mouth-parts. 

g- Sutural margin of the elytra behind the middle with a small 
tubercle on either side and sometimes with traces of two others 
in front. Seventh abdominal segment with a short keel in the 
middle line before the posterior margin; cighth abdominal segment 
produced into a short blunt spine, which is not furnished with setae. 


Hab. In fungus. Woodlands, Manda. 


68. Gyrophaena (s. str.) tridentata, n. sp. 


Black, shining, thorax sometimes and base of the abdomen more 
or less pitchy, the former biserially punctured; the humeral angles 
of the elytra and sometimes more or less of the base and suture 
testaceous; the first four joints of the antennae and legs testaceous- 
yellow. Length 1-5 to 2-5 mm. 

Very similar in build to G. affinis Sahlb., of Europe, but the 
penultimate joints of the antennae are shorter, the thorax is broader 
and the elytra are shorter. Head with a very few irregular punc- 
tures, occasionally with a larger pair towards the front. Antennae 
with the Ist and 2nd joints of equal length, the 8rd much shorter 
and narrower, the 4th stouter, about as long as broad, the 5th a 
little longer than broad, the 6th square, the 7th to the 10th scarcely 
transverse. Thorax twice as broad as long, the dise on either side 
with a row of three punctures (sometimes not very distinct), the 
sides with two or three more. Elytra transverse, about one-third 
longer than the thorax, finely, asperately and exceedingly sparingly 
punctured. Abdomen with the first two visible segments almost 
impunctate, the rest exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly 
punctured. 

g. Kighth dorsal segment with a median stout spine and on either 
side a slightly curved pointed tooth projecting very slightly beyond 


216 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


the level of the apex of the median spine and separated from it by a 
semicircular excision. 


Hab. Woodlands, in fungus. 


69. Gyrophaena (s. str.) granulosa, n. sp. 


Black or pitchy, shining; the thorax and base of the abdomen 
more or less pitchy-brown, the former biserially punctured on the 
dise. Elytra testaceous, the postero-external angles more or less 
dark. Antennae and legs testaceous-yellow. Length 1-2 mm. 

A shining species of the build of G. lucidula Er., but smaller and 
narrower. Head strongly transverse with a few scattered punctures 
on either side of the dise posteriorly, and sometimes with a pair of 
rather larger ones towards the front. Ground-sculpture very finely 
strigose. Antennae with the first two joints stout, of equal length, 
the 3rd shorter and more slender, the 4th small, transverse, the 5th 
to the 10th transverse, the 11th oval, pointed. Thorax twice as 
broad as long, the sides rounded ; dise with a row of three punctures 
on either side of the middle line and one or two externally towards 
the sides; ground-sculpture exceedingly fine, transversely strigose. 
Scutellum smooth. Elytra broader than, and one-third longer than, 
the thorax, transverse; the sculpture consisting of fine sparing 
eranules more evident in the 3; ground-sculpture as on the thorax ; 
the sides with three or four setae. Abdomen very finely and very 
sparingly punctured. 

g. Seventh dorsal segment with curved transverse row of six 
small tubercles, of which the central pair are considerably larger 
than the rest and the lateral are sometimes more or less obsolete. 
Kighth dorsal segment narrowed and slightly emarginate on either 
side, thus forming three short processes, the central being bluntly 


rounded, wider and more produced than the lateral, which are 
triangular. 


Hab. Woodlands and Mandai, in fungus. 


70. Gyrophaena (s. str.) erenulata, n. sp. 


Black or pitchy, shining, base and apex of the abdomen more or 
less ferruginous. Thorax biserially punctured. Elytra testaceous, 
the postero-external angles black. Antennae and legs testaceous. 
Length 1-75 mm. 

Closely allied to the preceding, from which it differs in the following 
respects. The size is larger, the base of the abdomen is more 
extensively ferruginous, the antennae are longer, the 5th joint 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore, 217 


is not transverse and the penultimate are less transverse, and the 
6 characters. 

3. Seventh dorsal segment with a very obsolete transverse row 
of six tubercles; eighth with a large central flat tubercle at the 
base, the posterior margin on either side of the middle with a feeble 
emargination so that it presents three rounded crenulations, the 
central being the largest and most prominent. Elytra more closely 
sculptured. 


Hab, Woodlands, in fungus, 


71. Gyrophaena (s. str.) cristata, n. sp. 


Minute, pitchy, shining; the thorax, base of the elytra and more. 
or less of the base and apex of the abdomen dirty-testaceous. Thorax 
biserially punctured, no visible ground-sculpture. Antennae and 
legs testaceous. Length -6 mm. 

A very minute species of the build of G. minima Er. The head 
pitchy, the sides punctured but without visible ground-sculpture. 
Antennae with the first two joints equal, the 3rd much smaller 
and shorter, the 4th minute, transverse, the 5th to the 10th trans- 
verse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate about twice 
as broad as long, the 11th moderately long, oval, pointed. Thorax 
obscure testaceous, twice as broad as long, the disc on either side 
with a row of three punctures, and external to the second in the row 
is a still larger one, otherwise the surface is impunctate and without 
eround-sculpture. Elytra broader, and a little longer than the 
thorax, obscurely lighter at the base; sculpture consisting of very 
fine and very sparing granules. Abdomen exceedingly finely and 
exceedingly sparingly punctured, the sides with short black setae. 

g. Postero-external angles of the elytra with a strong, raised, 
oblique crest; eighth dorsal abdominal segment narrowed and 
rounded. 


Hab. Mandai, in fungus. 


72. Gyrophaena (s. str.) bidens, n. sp. 


Minute, black or pitchy, shining; the thorax, humeral angles 
of the elytra, base and apex of the abdomen more or less pitchy- 
testaceous, the former without biserial punctures; first four joints 
of the antennae and legs testaceous. Length 1 mm. 

Of the build of G. lucidula Er., but smaller and narrower. Head 
exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly punctured, ground- 
sculpture strigose. Antennae moderate, the 3rd joint much shorter 


218 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


and narrower than the 2nd, the 4th very small, transverse, the 
5th to the 10th transverse, the penultimate nearly two and a half 
times broader than long. Thorax nearly twice as broad as long, 
exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly punctured, the middle 
of the dise impunctate; ground-sculpture distinct, transversely 
strigose. Elytra transverse, a little longer and broader than the 
thorax, exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly punctured ; 
ground-sculpture as on the thorax. Abdomen exceedingly finely 
and exceedingly sparingly punctured and pubescent. 

3g. Eighth dorsal segment produced on either side into a rather 
stout, slightly incurved spine, the posterior margin between these, 
bisinuate. 


Hab. Woodlands, in fungus. 


73. Gyrophaena (s. str.) dubia, n. sp. 


Shining, black, thorax pitchy, elytra pitch-black, obscurely 
testaceous at the base and humeral angles; base and apex of the 
abdomen reddish-testaceous. Thorax very finely and irregularly 
punctured, the middle of the disc impunctate; first three joints of 
the antennae and legs testaceous. Length 1 mm. 

Of the build of G. powert Crotch, but smaller and narrower. 
Head with a few scattered punctures, irregular in size and distribu- 
tion. Antennae with the 3rd joint small, much shorter than the 
2nd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, the penultimate one and a half 
times broader than long. Thorax twice as broad as long, with a 
few fine, scattered, unequal and irregular punctures, the central 
part of the disc impunctate. Elytra transverse, broader and a little 
longer than the thorax, exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly 
punctured. Abdomen exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly 
punctured. 

3. Unknown. 


Hab. Woodlands, under bark. 


74. Gyrophaena (s. str.) irregularis, n. sp. 


Shining, pitchy-testaceous, elytra testaceous, more or less infuscate 
towards the postero-external angles. Abdomen reddish-testaceous, 
the fifth to the seventh segments blackish; dise of the thorax 
irregularly punctured, the sides impunctate. Antennae and legs 
testaceous. Length 1 mm. 

Of the build of G. minima Er., but rather smaller. Head with 
several moderately large punctures on either side, the front and 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 219 


centre of the disc impunctate. Antennae rather long, the first two 
joints stouter of equal length, the 3rd much shorter and narrower, 
the 4th very small, the 5th square, the 6th to the 10th very slightly 
transverse, the 11th oval pointed. Thorax twice as broad as long, 
the sides evenly rounded; the dise with moderately fine sparing, 
irregular puncturation, not leaving any smooth impunctate area 
in the middle. Scutellum smooth. Elytra transverse, broader 
and a little longer than the thorax, finely, uniformly and not closely 
punctured. Abdomen very finely and very sparingly punctured, 
the seventh segment smooth, 

$. Kighth dorsal segment with a short, stout, blunt, slightly 
incurved tooth on either side, 


Hab. Bukit Panjang, in fungus. 


75. Gyrophaena (s. str.) moultoni, n. sp. 


Reddish-yellow, shining; the elytra (except the base) and fourth 
and fifth abdominal segments fusco-testaceous; head and thorax 
exceedingly finely and uniformly punctured. Antennae and legs 
testaceous, often the last eight joints of the former more or less 
infusecate. Length -75 mm. 

Of the build of G. minima Kr., but much smaller. Head with a 
moderately large puncture on either side of the dise and a few very 
fine scattered ones as well. Antennae with the first three joints 
pale testaceous, the rest often more or less infuscate, the Ist and 
2nd joints of equal length, the 3rd much shorter and narrower, the 
4th small, scarcely transverse, the 5th to the 10th transverse, 
gradually increasing in width, the penultimate not double as broad 
as long, the 11th stout, oval, as long as the two preceding together, 
Thorax twice as broad as long, the sides evenly rounded, very finely, 
uniformly and sparingly punctured and pubescent. Scutellum 
impunctate. Klytra transverse, fusco-testaceous, lighter at the 
base, a little longer than the thorax, very finely, uniformly and 
not very closely punctured. Abdomen obscurely fuscous on the 
fourth and fifth segments, very finely and very sparingly punctured 
and pubescent, the sides and apex with short black setae. 

¢- Seventh dorsal segment with a flat, semicircular tubercle 
in front of the posterior margin in the middle. Eighth with a small 
triangular excision on either side of the middle of the posterior 
margin, so that a short, blunt triangular process is formed in the 
middle and the lateral margins form sharp triangular teeth. 


Hab. Bukit Timah and Bukit Panjang, in fungus, 


Dr, Maleolm Cameron on 


bo 
i) 
=) 


76. Gyrophaena (Phaenogyra) metallica, n. sp. 


Black, shining, thorax often pitchy, the head, thorax and elytra 
with copper-bronze metallic reflex; base of the abdomen more or 
less reddish; first three joints of the antennae and legs yellow- 
testaceous. Thorax irregularly punctured on the dise. Length 
1-5 to 1-75 mm. 

Readily distinguished by the metallic reflex of the fore-parts. 
Head but slightly transverse with three or four punctures on either 
side of the disc. Antennae with the Ist and 2nd joints stout and 
of about equal length, the 3rd much shorter and smaller, the 4th 
very small, transverse, the 5th much larger, slightly transverse, the 
6th to the 10th slightly transverse, the 11th oval, pointed. Thorax 
about half as broad again as long, the sides but slightly rounded ; 
puncturation irregular in size, sparing and limited to the dise, the 
sides being impunctate, often a larger puncture is visible on either 
side of the middle before the base. Elytra a little longer and broader 
than the thorax, very finely and very sparingly punctured. Abdo- 
men practically impunctate. 

g. Seventh dorsal segment with an obsolete tubercle on either 
side of the middle line in front of the posterior margin. Eighth 
dorsal segment with a rather slender slightly incurved spine on either 
side, the border between these with two minute teeth separated by 
a feeble emargination, and much nearer the lateral spines than to 
each other, 


Hab. Bukit Timah, in fungus. 


STERNOTROPA, N. gen. 


Mandibles short and stout, the right with a small blunt tooth in 
the middle of the inner margin. Tongue divided almost to the 
base into two narrow-pointed lobes which extend to the level of the 
extremity of the 1st joint of the labial palpi. Labial palpi 2-jointed, 
the Ist stout, moderately long, the 2nd much narrower but quite 
as long as the Ist, cylindrical with rounded apex. Maxillary palpi 
4-jointed, the Ist joint short, the 2nd moderately long, a little 
thickened towards the apex, the 3rd longer than the 2nd, the 4th 
slender, subulate, more than half as long as the 3rd. Prosternum 
without intercoxal process. Mesosternal process moderately broad, . 
finely keeled, the intermediate coxae distant. Tarsal formula 
4, 4, 5. The Ist and 2nd pairs with the first three joints short, 
subequal, the 4th as long as the three preceding together; the 
3rd pair much as in the preceding, and with the last joint equal to 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 221 


the three preceding together. Elytra distinctly emarginate internal 
to the postero-external angles. 


The genus is allied to Pseudoligota, but differs in the 
longer and more deeply divided tongue, the much longer 
2nd joint of the labial palpi, the carinate mesosternum and 
the distinctly sinuate elytra internal to the postero- 
external angles. . 


77. Sternotropa nigra, n. sp. 


Short, robust, black, shining, elytra often dark chestnut-brown ; 
the first three joints of the antennae and legs testaceous-yellow, the 
rest of the former more or less infuscate. Length 1-3 mm. 

Of the build of Oligota granaria Er., which it much resembles 
except in the build of the antennae. Head large, transverse, scarcely 
perceptibly and very sparingly punctured, pubescence yellowish, 
very fine and sparing; eyes large, not prominent. Antennae 
moderately long, the Ist and 2nd joints of about equal length, the 
3rd a little shorter and more slender than the 2nd, the 4th to the 
10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate 
about twice as broad as long, the 11th oval, longer than the two 
preceding together. The thorax fully twice as broad as long, 
widest about the middle, the sides evenly rounded, the anterior 
angles obtuse, the posterior rounded; the posterior border margined, 
feebly bisinuate; puncturation and pubescence fine, not very close. 
Klytra about as long as, and scarcely broader than, the thorax, trans- 
verse, finely, somewhat asperately and not very closely punctured 
and pubescent, distinctly sinuate internal to the postero-external 
angles. Abdomen finely and not very closely punctured and 
pubescent, the seventh and eighth segments much more sparingly ; 
the sides with moderately long setae. 

¢g:- Kighth dorsal segment with a pointed tooth on either side of 
the middle line, separated by a nearly semicircular emargination. 


Hab. Woodlands, in fungus. 


78. Sternotropa ruficollis, n. sp. 


Black, shining, the thorax and base and apex of the abdomen 
reddish-testaceous. Antennae pitchy; legs testaceous. Length 
1-3 mm. 

Of the size and build of the preceding. Head transverse, black, 
shining, scarcely perceptibly and exceedingly sparingly punctured. 
The antennae are stouter than in the preceding species, but the 


DO) Dr. Maleoln Cameron on 


4th and 5th joints are not transverse, but a trifle longer than broad, 
otherwise similarly constructed. The thorax is shorter than in the 
preceding and more sparingly punctured. The elytra are trans- 
verse, a little longer, but scarcely broader than the thorax, with 
puncturation and pubescence as in the preceding. The abdomen is 
reddish-testaceous with the fifth and sixth segments blackish, the 
puncturation as in the preceding. 

3g. Suture of the elytra with a row of three obsolete granules 
towards the posterior part; seventh dorsal segment of abdomen 
with a minute tubercle on either side of the middle line in front of 
the posterior margin; eighth dorsal segment with a moderately 
long, pointed, slightly incurved tooth on either side of the posterior 
margin, 


Hab. Mandai, in fungus. 


ADELARTHRA, 1. gen. 


Maxillary palpi 4-jointed; the Ist joint small; the 2nd curved, 
dilated towards the extremity; the 3rd longer and broader than the 
2nd, oval; the 4th narrow, clongate, subulate, quite half the length 
of the 3rd. The tongue broad, transverse, its sides and apex 
rounded, deeply bilobed. Labial palpi 3-jointed, the Ist joint stout, 
elongate, slightly curved; the 2nd much narrower but about as 
long as the Ist; the 3rd minute, subulate, scarcely visible. Inner 
lobe of the maxilla broad, obliquely truncate, closely pectinate ; 
the outer lobe rather broad, slightly curved with apex ciliate. 
Mandibles short and stout and appear simple. Prosternum broadly 
emarginate posteriorly, not produced at all between the anterior 
coxae; prothoracic episterna small, triangular, the epimera wanting. 
Middle coxae distant; the mesosternum broad, finely keeled in the 
middle line, emarginate posteriorly and receiving the metasternal 
process.  Elytra with lateral margins furnished with three long 
and strong setae, the epipleura not complete, failing posteriorly. 
'Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. The first pair with the first three joints 
short and subequal, the 4th joint as long as the three preceding 
together; the second pair with the first three joints short and sub- 
equal, the 4th joint longer than the three preceding together; the 
third pair with the Ist joint moderately long, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th 
gradually decreasing in length, the 5th longer than the two pre- 
ceding together. The middle and posterior tibiae each with a 
distinct seta about the middle of the external border. Abdomen 
with the sides and upper surface setiferous. 


In build this genus in well-extended examples much 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 


resembles Oligota apicata Kr., but is more elongate ; re- 
tracted specimens are very similar to Pseudoligota in appear- 
ance, from which the strong setae of the elytra readily 
distinguish it. 


79. Adelarthra barbara, n. sp. 


Rather robust, convex, attenuate posteriorly, shining, dark 
pitchy-red, the elytra pitchy-black; the third, fourth and eighth 
abdominal segments reddish-testaceous; the legs and first four 
joints of the antennae testaceous, the rest of the latter black. Length 
1-2 mm. 

Head transverse, narrowed and rounded behind the eyes, the 
temples passing insensibly into the base; the eyes large, not 
prominent; glabrous and without visible sculpture. Antennae 
moderately long, the Ist and 2nd joints of about equal length, the 
3rd shorter and narrower, the 4th transverse, smaller than the 
following, the 5th to the 10th slightly transverse but not increasing 
in breadth, the 11th elongate, oval, pointed, as long as the two 
preceding together. Thorax strongly transverse, nearly twice as 
broad as long, broadest posteriorly, the sides gradually narrowed 
and rounded to the anterior angles and with a short seta behind the 
middle; the base bisinuate, not bordered, the posterior angles 
obtuse; the dise with a small puncture om either side of the middle. 
Scutellum concealed. Elytra transverse, as long as, but broader 
than, the thorax, emarginate internal to the postero-external angles, 
sparingly, finely and asperately punctured and with (for a small 
species) rather coarse, long, yellowish, sparing pubescence and on 
each side with three long and stout black setae. Abdomen pointed, 
practically impunctate, the third and fourth segments with fine 
curved lines forming about ten or twelve half-hoops with the con- 
vexity forwards, the posterior extremities of the adjacent ones being 
crossed; the fifth, sixth and seventh segments impressed with fine 
parallel longitudinal lines, which in the seventh segment, however, 
are limited to the base. The sides are strongly setose, and the 
upper surface of each segment near the side except the first and 
second carries an erect black seta. 


Hab. Bukit Timah, in rotten logs associated with Ants 
and Termites. Sembawang, in débris. 


80. Hetairotermes, n.n. (Termophila, Lea, nom. pracoc.) 
agilis, n. sp. 
Shining, castaneous, the abdomen pitchy-testaceous; mouth- 


224 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


parts, legs and antennae testaceous, the intermediate joints of the 
latter more-or less infuscate. Elytra impunctate on the disc. 
Length 1-6 mm. 

In size, colour and build very similar to T'ermophila latebricola 
Lea, of Australia, the sides of the elytra are, however, distinctly 
punctured in the present species. Head concealed by the thorax 
up to the posterior borders of the eyes, which are large but not 
prominent, impunctate and glabrous. Antennae compact, setose, 
the Ist joint short and stout, the 2nd and 3rd subequal, longer than 
the Ist, the 4th to the 8th a little longer than broad, gradually 
decreasing in length, 9th and 10th as long as broad, the 11th elongate, 
pointed, about as long as the two preceding together. Thorax 
strongly transverse, widest at the middle, the sides equally narrowed 
and rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, margined, passing insensibly 
into the base, impunctate and glabrous except for a few setiferous 
punctures on the dise and towards the sides. Elytra as long as, 
but narrower than, the thorax, transverse, obliquely truncate 
posteriorly, the disc glabrous and impunctate, the sides and postero- 
external angles finely and moderately closely punctured and 
pubescent, the sides of the disc with a few fine erect setae. Abdomen 
narrowed posteriorly, deeply margined, finely and moderately 
closely punctured, pubescence rather long and rather coarse, inter- 
spersed with erect setae, the sides and apex finely setose. Inter- 
mediate and posterior tibiae with several long setae; tarsi pointed. 


Hab. Associated with a wood-dwelling Termite. _Wood- 
lands. 


81. Hetairotermes piceus, 1. sp. 


Shining, pitchy; mouth-parts, legs and antennae testaccous. 
Elytra uniformly punctured. Length 1-6 mm. 

Very similar to the preceding, but of uniform pitchy-black colour, 
the antennae with the intermediate joints scarcely infuscate and a 
little longer, and with the 11th scarcely longer than the 10th. The 
elytra are a little longer and uniformly but very sparingly covered 
with fine setiferous punctures. 


Hab. With a wood-dwelling Termite, Bukit Timah. 


PSEUDATHETA, N. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the anterior angles rounded. Mandibles 
rather stout, curved, pointed, the right with a distinct tooth on 
inner margin. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, 2nd 


6 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 225 
elongate, gradually thickened towards the apex, 3rd slightly longer 
and stouter than the 2nd, 4th subulate fully half as long as the 3rd. 
Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow, lightly incurved and pointed at 
the apex, pectinate internally; outer lobe broader than the inner, 
narrowed and pointed at the apex which is ciliate. Tongue narrow 
and elongate, nearly extending to the level of the apex of the first 
joint of the labial palpi, bifid at the extremity. Paraglossae distinct, 
ciliate, not extending beyond the apex of the tongue. Labial palpi 
3-jointed, the Ist joint moderately long, cylindrical, the 2nd narrower 
and about half as long as the Ist, the 3rd narrower and about twice 
as long as the 2nd, cylindrical. Gular sutures distant, slightly 
divergent behind. Temples bordered below. Prosternum broadly 
rounded behind. Mesosternal process narrow and pointed, extending 
two-thirds along the coxae, which are narrowly separated. Meta- 
sternal process rounded at the apex. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. The 
first pair of tarsi with the first three joints short and subequal, the 
4th longer than the three preceding together; the second pair 
with the first two joints short and subequal, the 3rd a little longer, 
the 4th longer than the three preceding together; the third pair 
with the Ist joint moderately elongate, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gradu- 
ally decreasing in length, the 5th longer than the two preceding 
together. Elytra sinuate internal to the postero-external angle. 
Superficially the species on which this genus is founded might be 
taken for an Atheta of the nigritula group. 


82. Pseudatheta elegans, n. sp. 


Rufo-testaceous, moderately shining, the elytra (except the 
base), the posterior half of the fifth and the whole of the sixth 
abdominal segments black; the first three joints of the antennae 
and the legs testaceous. Length 1-75 mm. 

Head transversely orbicular, darker in colour than the thorax; 
eyes moderate; very finely and indistinctly punctured, finely 
pubescent. Antennae moderate, the first three joints subequal, 
the 4th to the 10th transverse, the penultimate two and a half times 
as broad as Jong, the 11th large, oblong-oval, longer than the two 
preceding together. Thorax transverse one and a half times 
broader than long, widest just before the middle, the sides bordered, 
narrowed and rounded anteriorly, converging posteriorly in a nearly 
straight line to the obtuse posterior angles, the base bordered and 
feebly sinuate on either side; puncturation fine and moderately 
close, finely pubescent. Scutellum ferruginous, transverse, very 
finely punctured. Elytra transverse a little longer and broader 
than the thorax, black, the base more or less rufo-testaceous, very 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, Il. (JULY) Q 


226 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


finely, closely and asperately punctured, finely pubescent. Abdo- 
men a little narrowed behind, the first four visible segments very 
finely and rather closely punctured and pubescent, the last two 
segments much more sparingly punctured. 

g. Suture of elytra elevated posteriorly and on either side with 
a small tubercle. Seventh abdominal segment with two more or 
less transverse rows of small tubercles; eighth abdominal segment 
truncate, the margin very obscurely crenulate, the surface finely 
granulate. 


Hab. Fungus ; Bukit Timah, Woodlands, Mandai. 


PELEKOGLOSSA, N. gen. 


Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, 
narrow at the base, lightly curved and widened towards the apex, 
the 3rd a little longer than the 2nd, gradually and ‘slightly dilated 
towards the extremity, the 4th subulate, more than half as long as 
the Ist, the apex indistinctly segmented into two small supple- 
mentary joints. Inner lobe of the maxilla furnished with short 
teeth along the inner margin anteriorly, and with longer ones 
posteriorly; outer lobe pectinate at apex. ‘Tongue short and 
broad, halberd-shaped, the posterior portion corneous, the anterior 
membranous, the front border broadly rounded. Labial palpi 
2-jointed, the Ist joint rather short, broad, the antero-external 
angle prominent and with a long seta, the inner border constricted 
before the apex, the 2nd joint as long as, but much narrower than, 
the Ist, lightly curved, the apex rounded. Paraglossae wanting. 
Gular sutures distant, divergent posteriorly. ‘Temples bordered 
below. Prosternum broadly rounded behind; mesosternum 
triangular, the apex bluntly pointed, scarcely extending half the 
length of the middle coxae which are moderately separated; meta- 
sternum broadly rounded at apex, not nearly reaching the meso- 
sternum. ‘Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5; the anterior pair with the first 
three joints short and subequal, the 4th as long as the three pre- 
ceding together; middle pair with the first three joints rather 
short, but all distinctly longer than broad and gradually decreasing 
in length, the 4th as long as the three preceding together; posterior 
pair with the Ist joint nearly twice as long as the 2nd; 2nd, 3rd and 
4th subequal, two and a half times longer than broad, the 5th 
longer than the two preceding together. Middle tibiae with a 
distinct seta. Elytra not sinuate. The facies of the species on 
which this genus is founded is very similar to that of the Acrotona 
group of Athela. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 227 


83. Pelekoglossa cingulata, n. sp. 


Pitchy, moderately shining; the thorax, base and apex of the 
abdomen, obscure reddish-testaceous; first three joints of the 
antennae fusco-testaceous; legs testaceous. Length 1-4 mm. 

Head pitchy-black, suborbicular, finely and pretty closely 
punctured, finely pubescent. Antennae stout, the Ist and 2nd 
joints subequal, the 3rd shorter, the 4th to the LOth transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate two and a half 
times broader than long, the 11th stout, its apex broadly rounded. 
Thorax half as broad again as long, the sides evenly rounded, the 
posterior angles rounded passing insensibly into the base which is 
lightly bisinuate; puncturation fine and moderately close, finely 
pubescent. Elytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, 
finely, closely and asperately punctured and finely pubescent. 
Abdomen narrowed behind, the fifth to the seventh segments more 
or less pitchy, the rest more or. less obscure, reddish-testaceous, 
exceedingly finely and moderately closely punctured and _ finely 
pubescent throughout. 

6. Kighth dorsal segment with a short, sharp tooth on either side, 
and with four short blunt teeth placed close together in the middle 
of the posterior margin; sixth ventral segment a little produced, 
narrowed and rounded. 


Hab. Mandai, in rotting fruit. 


54. Placusa (s. str.) conura, n. sp. 


Pitchy, greasy lustrous; the head blackish; elytra testaceous, 
infuscate about the scutellum; first three joints of the antennae, 
mouth-parts and legs testaceous ; penultimate joints of the antennae 
transverse; intermediate and posterior tibiae with a single seta. 
Length 2 mm. 

Build of P. tachyporoides Walk., of Europe, but smaller, more 
brightly coloured, with the antennae much more slender and the 
puncturation of the head, thorax and elytra much finer. Head 
transverse, black or blackish, the temples rounded, the eyes large ; 
puncturation very fine and moderately close, finely pubescent. 
Antennae with the 2nd and 3rd joints of equal length, the 4th and 
5th as long as broad, the 6th to the 10th transverse, gradually 
becoming shorter so that the thickness of the antenna is but little 
increased, the 11th rather stout, as long as the two preceding 
together. Thorax transverse, brown, the sides lighter, more than 
one-third as broad again as long, the sides gently rounded, the 
posterior angles rounded, very finely and rather closely punctured, 


228 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


finely pubescent. Elytra as long as, and a little broader than, the 
thorax, scarcely sinuate, very finely and rather closely punctured 
and pubescent. Abdomen pointed, often lighter at the base and 
apex, very finely and closely punctured and pubescent throughout, 
the sides and apex setiferous. 

$. Posterior margin of the eighth dorsal segment finely crenulate ; 
sixth ventral segment a little narrowed and produced. 


Hab. Labrador Villa, in rotting fruit. 


85. Placusa bispina, n. sp. 


Pitchy-black, slightly shining; elytra obscure testaceous and first 
three joints of the antennae testaceous. Legs testaceous. Length 
1-6 mm. 

Very similar to the preceding but smaller, the antennae shorter, 
the 5th joint distinctly transverse, the penultimate joints more 
transverse and the thorax shorter and more transverse and with 
different 3 characters. Head black or pitchy-black, transverse, 
finely closely and somewhat roughly punctured, finely pubescent. 
Antennae with the 3rd joint shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 
10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate 
nearly twice as broad as long. Thorax twice as broad as long, 
pitchy, the sides rounded and more strongly contracted anteriorly 
than posteriorly, the posterior angles rounded; the base on either 
side slightly emarginate; puncturation fine and rough, closer than 
on the head, finely pubescent. Elytra about one-third longer than 
the thorax, slightly transverse, of an obscure dirty testaceous colour, 
darker about the scutellum, finely, closely and roughly punctured, 
finely pubescent. Abdomen a little narrower behind, densely and 
finely punctured and pubescent throughout. 

3g. Eighth dorsal segment deeply excavated on either side, so that 
the lateral margins form a long sharp incurved spine and the central 
portion a lobe with broadly rounded apex, not extending beyond 
the lateral spines, with a broad flat tubercle before the apex. 


Hab. Mandai, Bukit Panjang, in rotting fruit. 


86. Placusa (s. str.) lobata, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining, the elytra fusco-testaceous, the 
abdomen pitchy; first three joints of the antennae pitchy-brown ; 
legs testaceous. Length 1-1 to 1-2 mm. 

Very similar to P. pumilio Gr., in build, but much smaller and 
the thorax not so broad. Head finely, somewhat asperately and 
closely punctured. Antennae with the 3rd joint distinctly shorter 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 229 


than the 2nd, the 4th small, transverse, the 5th broader, the 6th 
to the 10th gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate two 
and a half times as broad as long, the 11th stout, the apex rounded. 
Thorax more than half as broad again as long, the sides evenly 
rounded, the base bisinuate, puncturation very similar to that of 
the head, finely pubescent. Elytra a little longer but scarcely 
broader than the thorax, slightly transverse, finely and closely 
punctured, finely pubescent. Abdomen parallel, pitchy, lighter 
at the base, very finely and closely punctured and pubescent 
throughout. 

3. Kighth dorsal segment triangularly produced, the apex 
rounded, deeply emarginate on either side, the emargination bounded 
by a long, pointed, incurved spine; sixth ventral segment produced, 
narrowed and rounded. 


Hab. Pasir Panjang, Bukit Panjang, in rotting fruit. 


87. Placusa (s. str.) notabilis, n. sp. 


Head black, thorax and abdomen pitchy, moderately shining, 
the elytra fusco-testaceous, the first two joints of the antennae 
obscure testaceous; legs testaceous. Length 1 mm. 

A small parallel species, with pitchy thorax which is not so broad 
as in the preceding and with finer puncturation. Head black, 
very finely and closely punctured, the antennae constructed as in 
the preceding species. Thorax pitchy, one-third as broad again 
as long, the sides evenly rounded, the base scarcely bisinuate, very 
finely and closely punctured and pubescent. Elytra a little longer 
and a little broader than the thorax, slightly transverse, very finely 
and closely punctured and pubescent. Abdomen parallel, pitchy, 
lighter at the base, very finely and closely punctured and pubescent 
throughout. 

3. Eighth dorsal segment with three equal and closely-placed 
teeth at the middle of the posterior border, which is deeply emar- 
ginate on either side, the emargination bounded externally by a 
long, sharp, incurved spine; third dorsal segment either with (1) 
the posterior border triangularly produced in the middle into a 
short lobe with rounded apex, broadly emarginate on either side. 
the emargination bounded externally by a stout spine extending 
nearly to the level of the posterior margin of the fourth segment, 
or (2) the posterior border more shortly ry more broadly produced, 
the apex itself with a small emar cination, the lateral teeth shorter, 
or (3) the posterior border not at all produced in the middle, the 
lateral teeth only present as in (2). 


Hab. Labrador Villa, Mandai, in rotting fruit. 


230 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


PsruporLacusa, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the side and anterior angles rounded, the 
anterior margin very slightly emarginate. Mandibles not very 
stout, lightly curved and pointed at the apex, the right crenulate, 
the left simple. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, 
the 2nd narrowed at the base, moderately enlarged towards the 
apex, the 3rd about as long and as stout as the 2nd, the 4th subulate, 
about half as long as the 8rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow 
and pointed, the inner margin strongly pectinate; outer lobe 
broader than the inner, the apex ciliate. Tongue very narrow and 
clongate, extending beyond the level of the apex of the Ist joint 
of the labial palpi and bifid at the extremity. Paraglossae distinet, 
ciliate, extending to the level of the middle of the Ist joint of the 
labial palpi. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint clongate, cylin- 
drical, the 2nd cylindrical, fully as long but not so stout as the Ist. 
Gular sutures distant, slightly divergent posteriorly. Temples 
bordered below. Prosternum short, obtusely angled posteriorly 
in the middle line; mesosternal process narrow and pointed, extend- 
ing one-half the length of the intermediate coxae, which are narrowly 
separated. 'Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5, the first pair with the first three 
joints short and subequal, the 4th joint longer than the three pre- 
ceding together; the middle pair similarly built, but with the 
individual joints longer; the posterior pair with the Ist joint short, 
the 2nd, 3rd and 4th longer, subequal, the 5th rather longer than the 
two preceding together. Tibiae ciliate. Elytra distinctly sinuate 
internal to the postero-external angles. The species on which the 
genus is founded has a facies very similar to Placusa, but in the 
structure of the mouth-parts approaches Diestota. 


SS. Pseudoplacusa rufiventris, n. sp. 


Rufo-testaccous, moderately shining, the head and elytra pitehy- 
black. Mouth-parts and legs testaceous. Length 2-1 mm. 

Head transverse, subpentagonal, rather large, ensconced in the 
thorax and leaving but little of the temples visible, the eyes large 
and moderately prominent; very finely and closely punctured 
and finely pubescent. Antennae reddish-testaceous, the 2nd and 
3rd joints of equal length, a little shorter than the Ist, the 4th and 
5th about as long as broag, the 6th to the 10th transverse gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate scarcely twice as broad as 
long, the 11th elongate pointed, longer than the two preceding 
together. Thorax transverse, half as broad again as long, widest 
at the middle, from thenee rounded and narrowed both anteriorly 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 231 


and posteriorly, but rather more posteriorly, the sides and hase 
bordered, the latter distinctly sinuate on either side, the posterior 
angles obtuse, very finely and closely punctured and pubescent. 
Kiytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, transverse, 
very finely and closely punctured and pubescent, the puncturation 
being, however, distinctly less fine than that of the thorax. Abdo- 
men distinetly and gradually narrowed posteriorly, finely and closely 
punctured and pubescent, the puncturation, however, being less 
fine and less close than on the elytra, the last two segments much 
more sparingly punctured; the sides with sparing short setae, the 
apex with longer ones. 

og. Seventh abdominal seement with a fine longitudinal keel in 
the middle line reaching the posterior margin but evanescent 


anteriorly. 


Hab. Rotting fruit of a wild nutmeg, Mandar. 


CHLEDOPHILA, Nn. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the sides and anterior angles rounded, the 
anterior margin feebly sinuate on either side of the middle line. 
Mandibles rather stout, pointed at the apex, the right with a small 
tooth at the middle of the inner margin, which is crenulate between 
the tooth and the apex; the left simple. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, 
the Ist joint small and short, the 2nd clongate, narrowed at the 
base gradually thickened to the apex, the 8rd shorter and stouter 
than the 2nd, widest at the apex, the 4th subulate fully half as long 
as the 8rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla rather narrow, strongly 
pectinate along the inner margin; outer lobe narrower than the 
inner, the apex strongly pectinate. The tongue oblong, extending 
to the level of the apex of the Ist joint of the labial palpi, triangularly 
emarginate in the middle of the apical margin, Paraglossac dis- 
tinct, ciliate. Labial palpi 2-jointed; the Ist joint moderately 
long and stout, distinctly constricted on the inner margin near 
the base, the 2nd shorter and narrower than the Ist, a little enlarged 
towards the apex. Gular sutures distant, diverging posteriorly. 
Temples bordered below. Prosternum truncate posteriorly without 
intercoxal process. Mesosternal process narrow and pointed, 
extending half the length of the coxae, which are but narrowly 
separated. Metasternal process narrow, emarginate in front at 
its junction with the mesosternal process. 'Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5; 
the anterior pair with the first three joints short and subequal, the 
4th as long as the three preceding together; the middle pair with 
the first three joints rather short and subequal, the 4th as long ag 


232 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


the three preceding together; the posterior pair with the first four 
joints rather short (but longer than those of the middle pair), 
subequal, the 5th about as long as the two preceding together. 
Tibiae finely ciliate. Elytra sinuate internal to the postero-external 
angles. The species on which the genus is founded has somewhat 
the appearance of an Oxypoda. 


89, Chledophila annularis, n. sp. 


Narrow, elongate, scarcely shining, rufo-testaceous, the head 
pitchy-red; clytra, sixth abdominal segment and last seven joints 
of the antennae fuscous; mouth-parts, legs and first four joints 
of the antennae testaceous. Length 2-1 mm. 

Head pitchy-red, transversely quadrate, the temples very slightly 
convergent posteriorly, almost straight; the eyes rather large but 
not prominent; finely and closely punctured and pubescent; an- 
tennae with the first three joints subequal, the 4th as long as broad, 
the 5th to the 10th transverse, the penultimate two and a half 
times broader than long, the 11th stout bluntly pointed. Thorax 
reddish-testaceous, transverse half as broad again as long, widest at 
the middle, from thence contracted and feebly rounded both in front 
and behind, but more strongly posteriorly ; posterior angles obtuse ; 
the sides and hase finely bordered; puncturation and pubescence 
fine and close. Elytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, 
transverse; puncturation much more distinct than that of the 
thorax, fine, close and asperate, pubescence fine and close. Abdo- 
men elongate, nearly parallel, very slightly narrowed‘ at apex, 
finely and closely punctured and pubescent, rather more sparingly 
on the seventh and eighth segments. 

3g. Elytra with a minute tubercle on either side of the suture 
anteriorly; second abdominal segment with a small tubercle in 
front of the posterior margin in the middle, the third with a broad 
tubercle in front of the posterior margin in the middle. 


Hab. In débris, Bukit Panjang. 


NEOSILUSA, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the anterior margin truncate, the sides and 
anterior angles rounded. Mandibles rather stout, curved, pointed, 
the right with a tooth at the middle of the inner border, the left 
simple. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd 
elongate, slightly thickened towards the apex, the 3rd a little 
longer than the 2nd and stouter at the apex, the 4th subulate, 
one-third the length of the 3rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 238 


and elongate, the inner margin of the apical third furnished with 
short strong teeth, the middle third set with longer pectinations ; 
outer lobe membranous, triangular, the apex ciliate. The tongue 
narrow, elongate, a little narrower at the base and slightly widened 
and rounded at the apex, about half as long as the first joint of the 
labial palpi. Paraglossae distinct ciliate. Labial palpi 2-jointed, 
the suture between the joints indistinct, styliform, the Ist joint 
elongate, the 2nd fully as long as the Ist. Gular sutures distant, 
diverging posteriorly. The temples bordered below. Prosternum 
pointed behind. Mesosternal process narrowed and rounded 
posteriorly, the intermediate coxae moderately distant. Meta- 
sternal process truncate. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5; the anterior 
tarsi with the first three joints rather short and subequal, the 4th 
as long as the three preceding together; the middle tarsi with the 
first three joints moderately short (but longer than those of the 
anterior pair), subequal, the 4th as long as the three preceding 
together and furnished with an appendage near the apex; the 
posterior with the first four joints elongate, gradually decreasing 
in length, the 5th nearly as long as the two preceding together 
and with an appendage near the apex. Tibiae ciliate. Elytra 
distinctly sinuate internal to the postero-external angle. 


I found this genus on Silusa ceylonica Kr., a species 
occurring in Singapore in rotting fruit. The facies is very 
different to that of the European species of Silusa, and 
much more nearly approaches that of Gyrophaena, the 
thorax is much more strongly contracted behind, and the 
structure of the mesosternum is different. 


90. Neosilusa moultoni, n. sp. 


Pale reddish-brown, rather shining, the sides and postero-external 
angles of the elytra and the fifth and sixth abdominal segments 
more or less pitchy; the antennae, legs and mouth-parts reddish- 
testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Very similar to Silusa (Neosilusa) ceylonica Kr., but at once 
distinguished by the more shining fore-parts, paler coloration, 
coarser but less rugose puncturation of the head and thorax, and 
the less strongly contracted sides of the thorax posteriorly. Head 
subpentagonal, the eyes moderately large and prominent, closely 
and coarsely punctured, rather shining. Antennae moderately 
long and stout, the first three joints subequal, the 4th slightly longer 
than broad, the 5th as long as broad, the 6th to the 10th gradually 
increasing in breadth, the llth clongate oval. Thorax strongly 
transverse, more than one and a half times as broad as long, widest 


93,4 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


before the middle, the sides from thence rounded and contracted 
anteriorly, more strongly contracted and sinuate posteriorly to the 
obtuse posterior angles, the disc with distinct transverse impression 
before the scutellum and a rounded fovea internal to the posterior 
angles, strongly and closely punctured, moderately finely and spar- 
ingly pubescent, shining. Elytra a little longer and broader than 
the thorax and rather less coarsely and closely punctured, shining, 
moderately finely pubescent. Abdomen shining, very finely and 
very sparingly punctured except at the bases of the anterior seg- 
ments, which are somewhat coarsely and closely punctured, the 
seventh and eighth segments nearly impunctate; sides and apex 
with moderately long setae. 

§- Fourth abdominal segment with a small tubercle on either 
side of the middle line near the posterior margin; the seventh with 
six fine raised lines, two placed anteriorly and four in a transverse 
row posteriorly. 


Hab. In fungus, Woodlands. 


OUSILUSA, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse, broadly and slightly emarginate anteriorly, 
the sides and anterior angles rounded. Mandibles rather stout, 
curved, pointed, the right one with a tooth at the middle of the 
inner border, the left simple. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist 
joint small, the 2nd moderately elongate and thickened towards 
the apex, the 3rd longer than the 2nd and gradually thickened 
towards the extremity, the 4th subulate, about one-third the length 
of the 3rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow, the inner margin 
anteriorly furnished with short stout pectinations, posteriorly with 
longer and more slender ones; outer lobe broader than the inner, 
its apex ciliate. The tongue narrow and elongate extending nearly 
to the level of the apex of the first joint of the labial palpi and 
split to the middle into two narrow lobes. Paraglossae distinct, 
ciliate. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint elongate a little 
narrower at the apex before which at the inner border is a con- 
striction, the 2nd as long as but a little narrower than the Ist 
slightly enlarged towards the apex. Gular sutures distant, divergent 
posteriorly. Temples bordered below. Prosternal process acu- 
minate. Mesosternal process rather broad, truncate posteriorly, 
the intermediate coxae distant. Metasternal process broadly 
rounded at the apex. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. The anterior tarsi 
with the first three joints short and subequal, the 4th longer than 
the three preceding together; the middle tarsi with the first three 
joints short (but slightly increasing in length), the 4th longer than 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 235 


the three preceding together; the posterior tarsi with the first four 
joints gradually increasing in length, the 5th longer than the two 
preceding together. Tibiae ciliate. Elytra distinctly sinuate 
internal to the postero-external angle. 


This genus has the facies of Neosilusa, and, apart from 
the structure of the mouth-parts, the two species known 
to me are at once distinguished from it by the absence 
of close rugose puncturation of the thorax. 


91. Ousilusa myrmicobia, n. sp. 


Pale rufo-castancous, shining. Head and elytra coarsely punc- 
tured. Mouth-parts, legs, the first three and the last joints of the 
antennae testaceous, the intermediate joints reddish. Length 2 mm. 

Head rather large transverse, the eyes moderately large and 
prominent, the temples rounded and narrowed posteriorly; punc- 
turation (for a small species) very coarse and close. Antennae 
with the first three joints subequal, the 4th square, the 5th to the 
10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate 
two and a half times broader than long, the 11th elongate, pointed, 
longer than the two preceding together. Thorax strongly trans- 
verse, one and a half times broader than long, widest just before 
the middle, the sides rounded and narrowed anteriorly, contracted 
posteriorly in a nearly straight line to the obtuse posterior angles, 
the sides and base bordered, the latter bisinuate, the dise with 
(? 3) or without an oval impression in the middle occupying nearly 
the whole extent, and in front of the posterior margin always with 
a deeply impressed strongly punctured line; the sides exceedingly 
finely and very sparingly punctured, the middle and anterior areas’ 
(including the impression when present) with fine, shallow umbilicate 
puncturation becoming evanescent posteriorly and_ laterally; 
pubescence distinct, yellow, rather coarse and long. Elytra broader 
and a little longer than the thorax, transverse, pretty closely and 
very strongly punctured; pubescence yellow, rather coarse and 
long. Abdomen very finely and very sparingly punctured, sparingly 
and rather coarsely pubescent. 


Hab. In débris associated with a species of Pherdole, 
for the determination of which IT am indebted to Mr. 
Donisthorpe. Bukit Timah and Sembawang. 


92. Ousilusa castanea, n. sp. 


Dark castaneous, shining; head and thorax finely and uniformly 


236 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


punctured; the first two joints of the antennae mouth-parts and 
legs testaceous. Length 2-4 mm. 

Head rather large, transverse, the temples rounded and narrowed 
posteriorly, the eyes large and moderately prominent, the disc 
longitudinally impressed in the middle, finely and rather closely 
punctured, finely pubescent. Antennae with the 2nd and 3rd 
joints of equal length, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate fully twice as broad as long, 
the 11th elongate, pointed, rather longer than the two preceding 
together. Thorax strongly transverse, one and a half times broader 
than long, widest before the middle from thence the sides rounded 
and narrowed anteriorly, narrowed and slightly sinuate to the 
obtuse posterior angles, bordered; the base slightly sinuate on 
either side, bordered; dise posteriorly with a broad impression 
sometimes obscurely divided into two, and before the base with a 
transverse row of rather large close punctures, the rest of the surface 
finely and uniformly punctured and finely pubescent. Elytra broader 
and a little longer than the thorax, transverse, the sides gently 
rounded, with a sculpture consisting of larger and smaller superficial 
punctures, which towards the shoulders tend to become rugose 
and much closer than those of the disc; pubescence fine. Abdomen 
more strongly and closely punctured anteriorly especially at the 
bases of the segments, more finely and sparingly posteriorly, rather 
finely and sparingly pubescent. 


Hab. One specimen in seaweed at Pasir Panjang ; another 
at hght on board off the town. 


PROSILUSA, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse slightly produced in front in the middle line, 
feebly sinuate on either side, the anterior angles rounded. Mandibles 
rather stout, somewhat prominent, curved at the extremity and 
pointed, the outer margin with a small notch, the inner border 
of the right with a tooth. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint 
small, the 2nd elongate slightly widened towards the apex, the 
3rd as long as, and scareely wider than the 2nd, the 4th subulate 
about one-third the length of the 3rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla 
narrow and elongate, pointed and incurved at the tip, the inner 
margin furnished with short and stout pectinations anteriorly, and 
with long and stout pectinations posteriorly; outer lobe narrow, 
but broader than the inner, ciliate at the apex. The tongue small 
and rather short, not extending for half the length of the Ist joint 
of the labial palpi, split nearly to the base into two narrow lobes. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 237 


Labial palpi 2-jointed, elongate, styliform, reaching to the extremity 
of the mandible, the joints of equal length and indistinctly separate. 
Temples bordered below. Gular sutures distant, slightly divergent 
behind. Prosternal process acuminate posteriorly. Mesosternum 
broadly rounded behind, carinate, extending for about one-half the 
length of the intermediate coxae, which are distant. Metasternal 
process truncate, not quite meeting the mesosternal process. Tarsal 
formula 4, 4, 5; the anterior tarsi with the first three joints short 
and subequal, the 4th longer than the three preceding together ; 
the middle pair similarly constructed; the posterior pair with the 
first four joints, a little longer than broad, subequal, the 5th as long 
as the three preceding together. Elytra sinuate internal to the 
postero-external angles. 


The genus has a facies much resembling Neosilusa, but 
differs structurally in the divided tongue and the keeled 
mesosternum. 


93. Prosilusa rufa, n. sp. 


Rufo-castaneous, shining; the elytra in great part, and the base 
of the sixth abdominal segment pitchy-black. Antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs reddish-testaceous. Length 2-5 mm. 

Head rather large, transverse. triangularly produced in front, 
the eyes large and rather prominent, their diameter greater than 
the length of the temples which are rounded and slightly con- 
vergent posteriorly passing insensibly into the base; finely and 
rather sparingly punctured, finely and sparingly pubescent. An- 
tennae with the 2nd and 3rd joints subequal, not quite so long 
as the Ist, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in 
breadth, the 10th fully two and a half times broader than long, 
the 11th rather large, oval, bluntly pointed, longer than the two 
preceding together. Thorax strongly transverse, rather more than 
half as broad again as long, widest before the middle, the sides 
bordered, contracted and rounded anteriorly, more strongly con- 
tracted in a nearly straight line to the obtusely rounded posterior 
angles, the base bordered and distinctly bisinuate; disc before the 
scutellum with a deep transverse impression; finely and more 
closely punctured than the head, finely pubescent. Scutellum 
finely and indistinctly punctured. Elytra broader and one-third 
longer than the thorax, transverse, the sides gently rounded, pitchy- 
black, reddish towards the base, rather more finely and rather less 
closely punctured than the thorax and finely pubescent. Abdomen 
finely and rather sparingly punctured, much more so posteriorly, 
finely and sparingly pubescent, the sides with fine setae. 


238 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


3. Seventh dorsal segment with a tubercle in the middle line in 
front of the posterior margin; eighth dorsal segment at the posterior 
margin with a rather long straight tooth on cither side, the margin 
between with four or five short blunt teeth. 


Hab. Rotting fruit, Botanical Gardens. 


DERALIA, 1. gen. 


Mandibles somewhat prominent, moderately stout, curved and 
pointed at the apex, the right with a tooth at the middle of the 
inner border. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 
2nd lightly curved and widened towards the apex, the 3rd a little 
longer than the 2nd, gradually widened from the base, the 4th 
narrow, subulate, scarcely half the length of the 3rd. Inner lobe 
of the maxilla narrow, furnished with short stout pectinations 
along the inner border anteriorly and with longer, but fully as 
stout ones posteriorly; outer lobe broader than the inner, the 
apex ciliate-plumose. The tongue clongate, reaching the level of 
the middle of the 2nd joint of the labial palpi, narrow at the base 
widened towards the apex, bifid for about one-fourth its length. 
Labial palpi 2-jointed, elongate, reaching to the tip of the mandibles, 
scarcely styliform, the Ist joint long and cylindrical, the 2nd a 
little longer and slightly narrower than the Ist, bulbous at the 
apex. Temples bordered below. Gular sutures distant, very 
slightly divergent posteriorly. Prosternal process obtusely angled ; 
mesosternal process narrow and pointed, extending fully half the 
length of the intermediate coxae, which are narrowly separated ; 
metasternal process bluntly pointed reaching the preceding. Tarsal 
formula 4, 4, 5. The Ist and 2nd pairs with the first three joints 
short and subequal, the 4th as long as the three preceding together ; 
the posterior pair with the first four joints short and subequal, the 
5th almost as long as the three preceding together. Tibiae with 
a seta at the middle of the outer margins. Elytra distinctly sinuate. 


This genus is closely allied to Prosilusa, Pseudosilusa, 
ete., but is separated therefrom by the narrow mesosternal 
process and the scarcely styliform labial palpi. The head 
is pentagonal, the temples being straight and convergent 
posteriorly to the base. 


94. Deralia fuscipennis, n. sp. 


Pitchy-black, moderately shining, thorax and abdomen (except 
the fifth and sixth segments which are pitchy) rufo-testaceous. 


New Species of Slaphylinidae from Singapore. 239 


Antennae fuscous, the first three joints and apex of the last, mouth- 
parts and legs testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Head about as broad as long, pentagonal, the eyes rather small 
and not prominent, the temples straight and convergent posteriorly ; 
moderately finely, closely and superficially punctured at the sides 
and posteriorly almost impunctate in front; finely pubescent. 
Antennae with the first three joints gradually decreasing in length, 
the 4th as broad as long, the 5th to the 10th transverse, gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate three times as broad as long, 
the 11th rather stout, oval. Thorax transverse, nearly one and a 
half times broader than long, broadest at the middle, the sides 
gradually rounded and contracted both in front and behind, but 
more strongly posteriorly, posterior angles obtuse a little prominent ; 
sides and base bordered, the latter scarcely bisinuate; disc trans- 
versely impressed in front of scutellum and with a large puncture 
on either side between the impression and the posterior angles; 
puncturation moderately fine and moderately close somewhat 
asperate; pubescence fine. Scutellum transverse, coriaceous. 
Klytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, the sides nearly 
straight, moderately finely, moderately closely and asperately 
punctured; finely pubescent. Abdomen very finely and sparingly 
punctured and pubescent, finely coriaceous. 


Hab. In rotten wood, Bukit Timah. 


PSEUDOPHAENA, h. gen. 


Labrum transverse, truncate anteriorly, the sides and anterior 
angles rounded. Mandibles rather stout, curved pointed, the right 
with a tooth at the middle of the inner margin, the left simple. 
Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, 
lightly curved and widened towards the apex, the 3rd as long as, 
but stouter than the 2nd, the 4th much narrower and about half 
as long as the 3rd, cylindrical. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow, 
the inner margin anteriorly furnished with short stout pectinations, 
posteriorly with much longer and stouter ones; outer lobe ciliate- 
plumose at the apex. The tongue narrower at the base, widened 
anteriorly and divided for one-third of its length, and extending 
to the level of the middle of the Ist joint of the labial palpi. Para- 
glossae distinct, ciliate. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the 1st joint elongate, 
distinctly constricted at the middle of the inner margin, the 2nd 
nearly half as long as, but narrower than the Ist, bulbous at the 
tip. Gular sutures distant, diverging behind. ‘Temples bordered 
below. Prosternum acuminate posteriorly; mesosternal process 


240 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


broad and truncate, the intermediate coxae distant; metasternal 
process truncate, not quite meeting the mesosternum. ‘Tarsal 
formula 4, 4, 5; the anterior and middle pairs with the first three 
joints short and subequal, the 4th as long as the three preceding 
together; the posterior pair with the first four joints short and 
subequal, the 5th as long as the three preceding together. Elytra 
distinctly sinuate. 


The species on which this genus is founded has the 
facies of a Gyrophaena, but differs as above indicated by 
the constricted inner border of the 1st joint of the labial 
palpi, the very strongly toothed inner lobe of the maxilla, 
and the shorter Ist joint of the posterior tarsi. The genus 
appears to connect Gyrophaena with Pseudosilusa. 


95. Pseudophaena castanea, n. sp. 


Rufo-castaneous, shining; the elytra strongly punctured; first 
three joints of the antennae, mouth-parts and legs reddish-testaceous, 
the anterior tibiae and apex of intermediate and posterior tibia 
pitchy. Length 1-8 mm. 

Head large, transverse, the eyes large and moderately prominent ; 
temples strongly narrowed posteriorly; puncturation very sparing 
and superficial. Antennae with the Ist joint rather stout, longer 
and stouter than the 2nd, the 3rd a little shorter than the 2nd, 
the 4th moniliform, the 5th to the l0th transverse, gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate three times as broad as long, 
the 11th short, stout, bluntly pointed. Thorax three-fourths as 
broad again as long, widest before the middle, the sides rounded 
and contracted anteriorly, narrowed in a nearly straight line to 
the obtuse but distinct posterior angles, the sides and base bordered ; 
the dise with an impressed line in the middle, the base with a trans- 
verse row of rather large close punctures, the rest of the surface 
with a few scattered more or less obsolete punctures, sparingly 
pubescent. Elytra transverse. broader and a little longer than the 
thorax, for a small species rather coarsely but not closely punctured, 
sparingly pubescent. Abdomen very finely and very sparingly 
punctured, the fifth, sixth and seventh segments with coriaceous 
ground-sculpture. 


Hab. Rotting fruit, Pasir Panjang beach. 


96. Coenonica angusticollis, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining, the base of the abdomen more or less 
pitchy; elytra testaceous, infuscate about the scutellum and postero- 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 241 


external angles; the first three joints of the antennae and the legs 
testaceous. Length 2-4 mm. 

Of the same coloration as C. puncticollis Kr., but narrower, the 
thorax especially being much less widened anteriorly and con- 
siderably Jess shining. Head subpentagonal, the temples con- 
vergent posteriorly in a straight line, the eyes large and prominent, 
the disc foveate in the middle, closely and coarsely punctured, the 
punctures obscurely umbilicate. Antennae with the 2nd and 3rd 
joints rather short and subequal, the 4th to the 10th transverse 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate three times as 
broad as long, the 11th stout, conical. Thorax slightly transverse, 
widest at the middle, the sides gently rounded and narrowed an- 
teriorly, more strongly narrowed posteriorly in a nearly straight 
line to the obtuse posterior angles and furnished with two or three 
moderately long setae; disc with a horseshoe-shaped impression 
with concavity forwards; puncturation as on the head. Elytra 
longer and broader than the thorax, square; puncturation about 
the same size as that of the thorax, but not so deep and scarcely 
so close, finely pubescent. Abdomen moderately, finely - and 
moderately closely punctured anteriorly, more sparingly posteriorly, 
finely pubescent. 

g- Seventh dorsal segment with a small tubercle before the 
posterior margin in the middle line; eighth dorsal segment with a 
triangular tooth on either side, separated by a triangular notch 
from the broadly truncate median portion of the segment. 


Hab. In débris, Sembawang. © 


97. Coenonica stricticollis, n. sp. 


Moderately shining, head black, thorax pitchy-red, strongly con- 
tracted towards the base, elytra testaceous, abdomen pitchy- 
testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Head subpentagonal, the eyes large and rather prominent, the 
temples convergent posteriorly; disc impressed rather broadly, 
coarsely and closely punctured, the punctures obscurely umbilicate, 
finely pubescent. Antennae reddish-testaceous, the first three 
joints paler, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in 
breadth, the penultimate nearly three times as broad as long, the 
11th elongate, oval, pointed as long as the three preceding together. 
Thorax transverse, one-third broader than long, widest at the 
middle, the sides rounded and contracted anteriorly, more strongly 
contracted and sinuate posteriorly to the obtuse and somewhat 
prominent posterior angles; disc with a horseshoe-shaped impression 
posteriorly, and another rather deep oval one anteriorly in the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaRTS I, U. (JULY) RB 


242 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


middle line, the sculpture close and granular. Elytra broader 
than, and about as long as the thorax, transverse, puncturation 
superficial moderately fine and moderately close. Abdomen rather 
finely and closely punctured anteriorly, the sixth to the eighth 
segments much more sparingly, finely pubescent. 

3. Highth dorsal segment with a sharp, short incurved tooth on 
either side, the margin between the lateral teeth with four shorter, 
blunt teeth. 


Hab. In débris, Keppel Harbour. 


MIMOMALOTA, n. gen. 


Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd moderate, 
thickened towards the extremity, the 3rd Jonger than the 2nd, 
narrowed at the base, the 4th small, subulate, about one-third as 
long as the preceding. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow, strongly 
pectinate; outer lobe ciliate-plumose at apex. Mandibles stout, 
strongly curved at the extremities, the right one with a tooth, both 
crenulate towards the apex. Tongue narrowed at the base, widened 
towards the apex which is bifid, not extending as far as the apex of 
the Ist joint of the labial palpi. Paraglossae ciliate extending to 
the level of the tip of the tongue. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist 
joint elongate and with two cilia at the inner border, the 2nd narrower 
about one-half as long as the Ist. Temples convergent posteriorly, 
bordered below. Prosternum rounded posteriorly without distinct 
intercoxal process. Mesosternal process narrow, its apex acuminate. 
Metasternal process acuminate, meeting the preceding at the level 
of the middle of the coxae. Intermediate coxae very narrowly 
separated. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. Anterior tarsi with the first 
three joints short, subequal, the 4th joint a little longer than the 
three preceding together. Middle tarsi with the first three joints 
short, slightly increasing in length, the 4th quite as long as the 
three preceding together. Posterior tarsi with the first four joints 
rather short, subequal, the 5th as long as the two preceding together. 
Middle and posterior tibiae with a weak seta at the middle of the 
external margin. Elytra slightly sinuate internal to the postero- 
external angles. 


The genus has the build of Homalota, but is readily 
distinguished by the setae of the tibiae being feeble, the 
tongue is moreover narrowed at the base, the Ist joint of 
the labial palpi is not elbowed and the mandibles are 
finely crenulate towards the apex. 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 243 


98. Mimomalota bispina, n. sp. 


Linear, moderately shining, pitchy; thorax and abdomen brown, 
the fifth and sixth segments of the latter more or less pitchy ; elytra 
fusco-testaceous. Antennae reddish-testaceous; legs testaceous. 
Length 2 mm. 

Head as broad as long; the diameter of the eyes (seen from 
above) shorter than the temples, which are straight and rather 
strongly convergent posteriorly; puncturation moderately fine 
and rather close, the anterior portion of the disc and the front nearly 
impunctate;  ground-sculpture distinct, coriaceous. Antennae 
with the 2nd joint shorter than the Ist, the 3rd subequal to the 
2nd, the 4th slightly, the 5th to the 10th more strongly transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the 11th conical. Thorax slightly 
transverse, wider than the head, broadest just before the middle, 
the sides from thence very slightly rounded but distinctly con- 
tracted anteriorly, more strongly contracted and slightly sinuate 
posteriorly to the obtuse posterior angles; disc rather broadly 
impressed throughout its length; the posterior border narrowly 
margined; puncturation much finer than that of the head, but 
nearly as close; ground-sculpture coriaceous; finely pubescent ; 
the sides with two fine setae, one near the anterior angles, the other 
about the middle. Elytra a little longer and broader than the 
thorax, square, feebly emarginate internal to the postero-external 
angles, very finely, rather closely and obsoletely punctured, very 
fine pubescent and without visible ground-sculpture. Abdomen 
parallel, very finely and moderately closely punctured on the first 
two segments, much more sparingly on the third, the following 
almost impunctate; ground-sculpture very fine, coriaceous ; 
pubescence very fine. 

6. Highth dorsal segment deeply excised on either side, so that 
the lateral margin forms a long incurved spine and the central 
portion a rounded lobe, not quite extending to the level of the apices 
of the lateral spines. 

Q. Kighth dorsal segment with the posterior margin broadly 
rounded, 


Hab. Woodlands, Mandai, Bukit Panjang, under bark 
of felled trees. 


99. Mimomalota testacea, n. sp. 
Parallel, shining testaceous, the head and elytra darker. An- 
tennae and legs testaceous. Length 1-2 mm. 


244 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


A much smaller and more shining species than the preceding 
and without ground-sculpture. Head reddish-testaceous, shining, 
as broad as long; the temples longer than the diameter of the 
eyes and converging posteriorly in a nearly straight line; the disc 
with a fine longitudinal impressed line; puncturation (for a small 
species) rather large, not very close, finely and sparingly pubescent 
and without trace of ground-sculpture. Antennae with the 3rd 
joint smaller and distinctly shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 
10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate 
two and a half times as broad as long. Thorax testaceous-yellow, 
searcely transverse, but little wider than the head, broadest just 
behind the anterior angles, the sides rounded and contracted 
anteriorly, more strongly narrowed posteriorly in a nearly straight 
line to the rounded posterior angles, the disc with distinct trans- 
verse impression before the scutellum and sometimes with a further 
longitudinal one in front of this; puncturation very fine, not very 
close, finely and sparingly pubescent; the sides with three fine 
setae, one at the anterior angles, one at the middle and one inter- 
mediate. Elytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, 
scarcely longer than broad, fusco-testaceous, puncturation very 
fine and rather more close than that of the thorax, very finely 
pubescent. Abdomen parallel, the seventh segment much longer 
than the sixth, the first four visible segments very finely and spar- 
ingly punctured, the seventh and eighth nearly impunctate; 
pubescence fine and sparing; no visible ground-sculpture. 


Hab. Mandai, under bark. Two specimens, both of 
which are probably females, the eighth dorsal segment 
being broadly rounded. 


NEOMALOTA, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the sides and angles rounded, the anterior 
margin lightly emarginate. Mandibles moderate, lightly curved, 
the right with a small tooth about the middle of the inner border. 
Maxillary palpi with the Ist joint small, scarcely longer than broad, 
the 2nd elongate, widened towards the apex, the 3rd longer than the 
2nd, the 4th small, subulate not half the length of the preceding. 
Inner lobe of the maxilla pectinate, the teeth decreasing in length 
towards the apex; outer lobe ciliate. Mentum transverse, narrower 
in front than behind, the anterior border broadly and rather deeply 
emarginate. The tongue narrow and elongate, extending beyond 
the base of the 2nd joint of the labial palpi, bifid at the extremity. 
Paraglossae ciliate extending to the level of the tip of the tongue. 
Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint elongate, lightly curved, slightly 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 245 


constricted at the inner border beyond the middle, the 2nd joint 
narrower and a little shorter than the Ist. The temples not bordered 
below. Prosternum lightly produced backwards in a short triangu- 
lar process in the middle. Mesosternal process bluntly pointed 
extending half the length of the coxae, which are narrowly separated. 
Metasternal process not quite meeting the mesosternal process. 
Anterior tarsi with the first three joints short subequal, the 4th 
longer than these together. Middle tarsi with the first three joints 
short but slightly increasing in length, the 4th joint longer than the 
preceding together. Posterior tarsi with the first four joints rather 
short but gradually increasing in length, the 5th nearly as long as 
the preceding together. Middle and posterior tibiae with a short 
weak seta at the middle of the external border. The elytra sinuate 
internal to the postero-external angles. 


The genus has much of the facies of Homalota, but the 
abdomen is less parallel, the thorax and humeral angles of 
the elytra are without setae and the posterior and middle 
tibiae are without evident setae, but these can be detected 
as mentioned above in a microscopical preparation. 


100. Neomalota cingulata, n. sp. 


Searcely shining; the head, elytra, and the sixth abdominal 
segments black or pitchy; the rest of the latter and the antennae 
reddish-testaceous. Legs testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Head black (sometimes reddish-brown like the thorax), transverse, 
the temples strongly rounded and contracted passing insensibly into 
the base; the eyes rather large and prominent; puncturation fine, 
very close and rugose. The antennae rather long, the Ist joint longer 
than the 2nd, the 2nd a little shorter than the 3rd, the 4th and 5th 
square, the 6th to the 10th slightly transverse, the 11th as long 
as the two preceding together. Thorax reddish-brown, slightly 
transverse, widest at the middle, the sides rounded and narrowed 
anteriorly, more strongly narrowed posteriorly in a nearly straight 
line to the obtuse posterior angles; the disc grooved in the middle 
line throughout the whole length; puncturation close, fine and rugose 
as on the head, very finely pubescent. Scutellum triangular, rugose. 
Elytra scarcely longer, but broader than the thorax, slightly trans- 
verse and less dull than the fore-parts, blackish, sometimes a little 
rufescent at the extreme base; sculpture consisting of a number of 
moderately large irregular-scattered punctures on the dise and to- 
wards the sides a close rugose puncturation similar to that of the 
thorax, ground-sculpture very finely coriaceous. _ Abdomen very 
finely and rather closely punctured and pubescent throughout, 


246 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


The 3rd to the 5th abdominal segments transversely impressed at 
the base. There appear to be no secondary sexual characters. 


Hab. Bukit Timah and Mandai, in débris; I believe 
associated with Ants. 


LAMPROMALOTA, n. gen. 


Mandibles short and robust, the right with a small tooth. Mavxil- 


- lary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint short, the 2nd elongate, lightly 


curved and thickened towards the apex, the 3rd a little longer than 
the 2nd, the 4th subulate, nearly half as long as the preceding. The 
temples bordered below. Prosternal process obtuse. Mesosternal 
process obtuse, rounded at the apex. Metasternal process broadly 
rounded, not nearly meeting the preceding. Coxae narrowly separ- 
ated. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. The anterior with the first three 
joints short and subequal, the 4th nearly as long as the first three 
together; the middle with the first three joints short and subequal, 
the 4th as long as the three preceding together; the posterior with 
the first four joints short and subequal, the 5th as long as the three 
preceding together. The tibiae without setae. 


This genus has the build of Homalota, from which it is 
distinguished by the shining, obsoletely punctured: head and 
thorax, and the absence of setae on the middle and posterior 
tibiae. The specimen being unique I am unable to give 
further details of the structure of the mouth-parts. 


101. Lampromalota brunneicollis, n. sp. 


Sub-parallel, depressed, shining. Head black; thorax pitchy- 
brown; elytra and abdomen and first three joints of the antennae 
fusco-testaceous; legs testaceous. Length 1-8 mm. 

Head large, black, shining, transversely suborbicular, the front 
truncate, eyes rather large, templés rounded and converging, slightly 
constricted behind; puncturation exceedingly fine and sparing and 
without visible ground-sculpture. Antennae with the first three 
joints fusco-testaceous, the others black; the 2nd joint shorter than 
the Ist, the 3rd shorter than the 2nd, the 4th as broad as long, the 
5th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the 
penultimate fully twice as broad as long, the 11th oval. Thorax 
transverse, a little broader than the head, widest just behind the 
anterior angles; the sides narrowed and rounded anteriorly, more 
strongly contracted behind in a straight line to the obtuse posterior 
angles; the base finely bordered ; puncturation and pubescence very 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 247 


fine and sparing; the sides with two setae near the anterior angles. 
Scutellum finely punctured. Elytra fusco-testaceous, obscurely 
darker at the base, parallel, a little longer than, but as wide as, the 
thorax, scarcely longer than broad, finely and obsoletely but moder- 
ately closely punctured and finely pubescent; the sides with a seta 
behind the humeral angles. Abdomen very slightly widened behind, 
less shining than the fore-parts, very finely but pretty closely punc- 
tured and pubescent throughout, rather more sparingly on the last 
two segments. 


Hab. Bukit Panjang. A single specimen in a decaying 
log 
g. 


102. Homalota niteseens, n. sp. 


Black, a little shining, elytra and legs testaceous; the first two 
joints of the antennae reddish-testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Of the size and build of HH. tuberculicollis Kr., of Ceylon, but 
distinctly more shining and with the elytra of a clearer testaceous ; 
the ground-sculpture of the head and thorax is less marked so that 
the puncturation is more defined, otherwise there is but little differ- 
ence between the species. Head black, closely and finely punctured, 
ground-sculpture fine, coriaceous: finely pubescent. Antennae 
with the 2nd joint shorter than the 3rd, the 4th transverse, smaller 
than the following, the 5th to the 10th transverse, gradually in- 
creasing in breadth, the 11th conical. Thorax as in tuberculicollis, 
but more shining, puncturation very fine and close; ground-sculp- 
ture fine and coriaceous; disc obsoletely impressed along the middle. 
Elytra square, a little broader than the thorax, scarcely infuscate 
‘at the scutellum and the postero-external angles, very finely punc- 
tured and pubescent. Abdomen very finely and closely punctured 
and pubescent throughout. 

3g. Unknown. 


Hab. District not noted. A single specimen apparently 
a @ taken in rotting fruit. 


103. Homalota bidens, n. sp. 


Black, subopaque, the thorax reddish-brown, the seventh and 
eighth abdominal segments reddish; the first two joints of the 
antennae and legs testaceous. Length 1-4 mm. 

Head closely and finely punctured, coriaceous with a short longi- 
tudinal impression on the vertex. Antennae rather short and stout, 
the 2nd and 3rd joints of equal length, the 4th to the 10th transverse 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate more than twice as 
broad as long, the 11th conical. Thorax transverse, broader than 


248 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


the head, the sides rounded and narrowed before the middle anteriorly, 
narrowed in a nearly straight line to the obtuse posterior angles, 
the disc rather broadly impressed throughout in the middle; closely 
and finely punctured and pubescent, coriaceous. Elytra square, a 
little longer and broader than the thorax, very finely and closely 
punctured and pubescent. Abdomen closely and finely punctured 
and pubescent in front, much more sparingly on the sixth, seventh 
and eighth segments. 

g. Posterior margin of the eighth abdominal segment with a 
semicircular excision on either side bounded externally by a sharp 
inwardly directed spine; the margin between the excisions crenulate, 


Hab. Mandai, in rotting fruit. 


104. Homalota ecingulata, n. sp. 


Black, scarcely shining; the thorax reddish-brown; the abdomen 
(with the exception of the sixth segment) dark reddish-testaceous. 
First two joints of the antennae and legs testaceous. Length 1-5 mm. 

Head transverse, quadrate, narrowed behind the eyes, finely and 
closely punctured except on the front, which is impressed, ground- 
sculpture fine and coriaceous. Antennae stout, the 2nd joint 
longer than the 3rd, the 4th to the 10th transverse and gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate joints about two and a half 
times broader than long, the 11th rather long, conical. Thorax 
transverse broadest about the middle, gradually rounded and 
narrowed anteriorly, more strongly narrowed and very slightly 
sinuate to the posterior angles, which are obtuse and form a minute 
blunt tooth; the base very indistinctly sinuate on either side, not 
at all produced in front of the scutellum; the disc broadly impressed 
in the middle throughout its length, very closely and finely punctured 
and pubescent, finely coriaceous; anterior angles and middle of 
the sides with a seta. Elytra one-third longer and a little broader 
than the thorax, square, very finely and closely punctured and 
pubescent. Abdomen very finely and very sparingly punctured and 
pubescent. 

$(?). Sixth ventral segment a little produced, narrowed and 
rounded at the extremity. 


Hab. District not noted; in rotting fruit. 


105. Homalota fuscipennis, n. sp. 


Black scarcely shining, the thorax opaque, the elytra pitchy-black ; 
antennae rather long, fuscous; legs testaceous. Length 2 mm. 
Head obsoletely foveolate on the disc, very finely and closely 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 249 


punctured except in front which is nearly impunctate and slightly 
more shining, very finely coriaceous. Antennae with the 2nd and 
3rd joints of equal length, the 4th to the 7th longer than broad 
gradually decreasing in length, the 8th to the 10th scarcely transverse, 
the 11th longer than the two preceding together, pointed. Thorax a 
little transverse, widest just before the middle, the sides slightly 
rounded and narrowed anteriorly, more strongly narrowed in an 
almost straight line to the obtuse posterior angles, the base truncate 
in the middle, the disc impressed in the middle line throughout ; 
sculpture densely coriaceous, definite puncturation being scarcely 
discernible; the anterior angles and middle of the sides with a 
seta. Elytra a little longer and broader than the thorax; square 
very finely and thickly punctured, finely pubescent, humeral angles 
with a seta. 

Abdomen finely and rather closely punctured, more sparingly 
on the sixth, seventh and eighth segments, the sides and apex setose. 

3 (?). Sixth ventral segment a little produced, narrowed and 
rounded. 

Q(?). Eighth dorsal segment truncate its apical margin with 
short stiff yellow setae. 


Hab. Mandai and Botanical Gardens, in rotting fruit, 


106. Homalota serrata, n. sp. 


Head black; thorax reddish-brown; elytra and legs testaceous; 
abdomen (except the sixth segment which is blackish) and the anten- 
nae reddish-testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

A larger, broader and more depressed species than H. variventris 
Kr., with more broadly impressed thorax and more sparingly 
punctured abdomen and different 3 characters. Head black, scarcely 
shining, very finely and closely punctured, finely and densely 
coriaceous, finely pubescent. Antennae stouter than in variventris, the 
2nd and 38rd joints of equal length, the 4th to the 10th transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate joints nearly 
twice as broad as long, the 11th conical, longer than the two preceding 
together. Thorax transverse widest just before the middle, the 
sides rounded and narrowed anteriorly, more strongly contracted 
in a nearly straight line to the obtuse posterior angles; the base a 
little produced backwards in the middle, the border here being a 
little raised; the disc broadly impressed throughout; puncturation 
very fine and close, ground-sculpture coriaceous, pubescence fine. 
Elytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, square, more 
shining than the fore-parts, yellow-testaceous, obscurely infuscate 
about the postero-external angles, very finely and closely punctured 


250 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


and pubescent. Abdomen finely and pretty closely punctured and 
pubescent throughout; but rather more sparingly on the two last 
segments, 

3. Kighth dorsal segment with a feeble emargination on either 
side bounded externally by a small tooth, the border between the 
emarginations finely serrate, 


Hab. District not noted; in rotting fruit. A single ¢. 


107. Homalota denticulata, n. sp. 


This species differs only from the preceding by its larger (length 
2-4 mm.) and more robust build, coarser sculpture of the fore-parts 
and the ¢ characters. 

g. Fighth dorsal segment emarginate on either side, the emargina- 
tion bounded externally by a rather long sharp tooth, the posterior 
border between the emarginations with eight sharp teeth. 


Hab. Mandai and Woodlands, in rotting fruit. 


108. Thectura brunneicollis, n. sp. 


Rather shining; the head black, the thorax pitchy-brown, the 
elytra and fifth and sixth abdominal segments pitchy, the rest of the 
latter reddish-testaceous. Legs testaceous. Length 1-6 mm. 

A narrow, elongate, parallel, depressed and somewhat shining 
species, the head black, quadrate, scarcely transverse, the eyes 
moderate in size, the temples very slightly dilated; vertex with a 
narrow longitudinal impunctate impression, the front smooth, the 
rest of the surface with (for a small species), moderately large and 
moderately close puncturation; ground-sculpture coriaceous, but 
very fine and obsolete; pubescence very fine. Antennae blackish, 
the first: two joints obscure testaccous, the 2nd joint shorter than the 
Ist, the 3rd shorter and smaller than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th 
transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate quite 
three times as broad as long, the 11th short, conical; mouth-parts 
obscure testaceous. Thorax a little transverse, scarcely broader 
than the head, the sides scarcely rounded anteriorly, contracted 
slightly in a nearly straight line to the rounded posterior angles; the 
dise impressed throughout its length in the middle line and with a 
transverse impression before the scutellum ; puncturation and pubes- 
cence very fine and sparing; ground-sculpture very fine and obso- 
lete, coriaceous. The elytra pitchy, as broad as, but slightly longer 
than, the thorax and very finely but more closely punctured, very 
finely pubescent. Abdomen exceedingly finely and sparingly 
punctured and pubescent, almost glabrous posteriorly. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore, 25) 


3. Highth dorsal segment with the posterior border deeply emavr- 
ginate on either side, the emargination bounded externally by a 
sharp slightly incurved spine and with a sharp, short triangular 
tooth on either side of the middle line separated by a small notch; the 
extremities of both the teeth and spines being on the same level. 


Hab. Mandai, in rotten fungus. 


109. Heterota arenaria, n. sp. 


Black, with greasy lustre, the elytra with an indeterminate orange 
spot occupying the sutural region towards the apex. Antennac, 
mouth-parts and legs reddish-testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Extremely similar to Alianta (Heterota) pictipennis* Fauv., the 
only differences being that the coriaceous sculpture at the bases 
of the abdominal segments is much coarser, the puncturation of the 
sixth and seventh segments is less fine and more asperate and the 
orange spot on the elytra is more diffuse and tends to spread towards 
the humeral angles, and the palpi are reddish-testaceous in the present 
species. Head transverse, the eyes rather large but not prominent, 
the temples convergent and but little rounded posteriorly, very finely 
and moderately closely punctured, densely and finely coriaceous, 
with very fine greyish pubescence. Antennae with the Ist joint 
shorter than the 2nd, the 3rd longer than the preceding, the 4th and 
5th a little longer than broad, the 6th as long as broad, the 7th to 
the 10th transverse gradually increasing in breadth, the 11th fully as 
long as the two preceding together, conical. Thorax slightly trans- 
verse, widest about the middle, from thence the sides rounded and 
contracted anteriorly, more strongly contracted in a nearly straight 
line to the obtuse posterior angles; the base obscurely bifoveolate 
before the scutellum, the disc in the middle rather broadly impressed 
throughout nearly the whole length, but less broadly in front; 
puncturation, ground-sculpture and pubescence similar to that of 
the head. Scutellum triangular, densely coriaceous, the margins 
towards the apex shining. Elytra longer and broader than the 
thorax, as long as broad, scarcely punctured, densely and finely cori- 
aceous, with a finely granular appearance; pubescence as on the 
thorax. Abdomen more shining than the fore-parts, the bases of 
the segments densely and rather coarsely coriaceous, the third, 
fourth and fifth segments with a transverse row of fine asperate 
punctures at the apices, the sixth, seventh and eighth scgments 
finely, asperately and sparingly punctured. 


Hab. Seaweed on sandy beach at Changi. 


* As pointed out by me in Ent. Mo. Mag., vol. liv, 1918, p. 183, 
this insect belongs to the genus Heterota. 


252 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


MyRMEDONTINI. 


110. Falagria tenuicornis, n. sp. 


Pitchy-brown, dull, the first two joints of the antennae, the base 
of the elytra, Ist visible abdominal segment, posterior margin of the 
2nd and legs yellow-testaceous, the distal half of the intermediate 
and posterior femora and bases of the corresponding tibiae, a little 
infuscate. Length 3 mm. 

Smaller and much narrower than F. opacicollis Kr., with much 
smaller head, more slender antennae and much less shining elytra’ 
and abdomen than in that species and moreover with only the third 
(first visible) and posterior margin of the second abdominal segment 
testaceous, which with the elytra are much more closely punctured, 
Head suborbicular, the temples rounded and passing insensibly into 
the base, sculpture finely and densely coriaceous without visible 
puncturation. Antennae slender with all the joints considerably 
longer than broad, the 2nd about as long as, but more slender than 
the Ist, the 3rd longer than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th longer than 
broad, gradually decreasing in length, the 11th elongate as long as 
the two preceding together. Thorax one.fourth as long again as 
the breadth at the widest part, contracted behind, rounded and 
dilated anteriorly, the disc narrowly sulcate in the middle throughout 
its length; sculpture as on the head. Scutellum impunctate and 
without keel. Elytra broader than, but (at the suture) a little 
shorter than the thorax, not so dull as the fore-parts, very finely and 
closely punctured, finely pubescent. Abdomen less dull than the 
thorax, very finely and closely punctured and pubescent throughout, 


Hab. Sembawang, on bank of a jungle stream. 


111. Falagria brevicornis, n. sp. 


Reddish-brown, shining; the elytra fusco-testaceous; base of 
the abdomen, the first four and the last joints of the antennae and the 
legs testaceous, the intermediate joints of the antennae and the 
apical half of the intermediate and posterior femora more or less 
infuscate. Length 2-8 mm. 

In build and coloration so similar to F. dimidiata Motsch., that. 
an enumeration of the points of difference should suffice. The an- 
tennae are stouter and shorter, the 8th joint being as long as broad 
and the 9th and 10th distinctly transverse, the puncturation of the 
thorax is distinctly more sparse, the base is more strongly constricted 
and the posterior angles more prominent; the puncturation of the 
abdomen is distinctly less close. 


New Species of Staphylimdae from Singapore. 253 


Hab. Woodlands and Bukit Timah, in rotten wood; 
Singapore town at light. 


112. Falagria (s. str.) flavipennis, n. sp. 


Black, shining; the elytra testaceous-yellow, the base and scutel- 
lary region infuscate; antennae black, legs testaceous. Length 
1-75 mm. 

About the size and build of /'. pygmaea Kr., but of different colora- 
tion, the antennae entirely dark, longer and more slender, and the 
thorax a little shorter. Head transversely subquadrate, the temples 
scarcely dilated, longer than the diameter of the eyes, vertex deeply 
sulcate in the middle, puncturation fine, obsolete, moderately close. 
Antennae with the 2nd joint a little shorter than the Ist, the 3rd 
distinctly shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the 11th short, conical. Thorax 
transverse the sides rounded in front, pretty strongly narrowed 
towards the base; disc with a small transverse impression before 
the scutellum and with a deep narrow channel throughout its length 
in the middle line; puncturation similar to that of the head, pubes- 
cence fine and sparing. Elytra scarcely longer but a little broader 
than the thorax, transverse, very finely and moderately closely 
punctured, finely and sparingly pubescent. Abdomen pretty closely 
and finely punctured on the first three visible segments, more 
sparingly towards apex. 


Hab. Botanical Gardens, under bark. 


EUSTENIAMORPHA, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse, corneous, truncate, the sides and anterior 
angles rounded. Mandibles short, stout, pointed, the right with 
a small tooth at the middle of the inner border. Maxillary palpi 
4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd narrow at the base dilated 
gradually towards the apex, the 3rd as long as the 2nd, but a little 
thicker towards the extremity, the 4th subulate, about one-third 
as long as the preceding. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow, pointed 
and incurved at the apex, pectinate internally, the teeth increasing 
in length from before backwards; outer lobe narrow the apex 
shortly ciliate. Tongue broad, membranous as long as the Ist joint 
of the labial palpi, the sides and apex rounded. Paraglossae 
distinct, shortly ciliate, not extending beyond the apex of the tongue. 
Labial palpi 3-jointed, the Ist joint short (but longer than broad), 
the 2nd shorter and narrower than the Ist, the 3rd a little longer 
but narrower than the 2nd. Gular sutures distant, slightly diver- 


254 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


gent behind. Temples strongly bordered below. Neck broad, the 
temples constricted behind. Prosternum long, carinate ; mesosternal 
process extending for half the length of the intermediate coxae, 
truncate, the coxae moderately separated; metasternal process 
truncate meeting the mesosternum. Elytra not sinuate. Tarsal 
formula 3, 4,4; the anterior pair with the first two joints short and 
subequal, the 3rd longer than the two preceding together; middle 
pair with the Ist joint moderately long, the 2nd and 3rd short, and 
subequal, the 4th nearly as long as the three preceding together ; 
posterior pair with the Ist joint moderately long, the 2nd and 3rd 
subequal, shorter than the Ist, the 4th nearly as long as the three 
preceding together. Abdomen strongly constricted at the base 
and dilated posteriorly. The third to the fifth dorsal segments 
lightly impressed transversely at the bases. Thorax strongly 
contracted before the base, the sides dilated and rounded anteriorly, 
the posterior angles rectangular, prominent. 


This genus would appear to be closely related to Hustenia 
and Falagria, yet is at once separated from both by the 
structure of the tarsi. The broad neck and build of the 
temples is very similar to that of Trogophloeus, the temples 
being constricted behind the eyes, but the antennae are 
freely inserted in front of the eyes, the gular sutures are 
distinct and widely separated and the structure of the pro- 
sternum and anterior coxae indicate the position of the genus 
as being in the Aleocharinae. 


113, Eusteniamorpha rufa, n. sp. 


Rufo-castaneous, moderately shining, the sixth abdominal 
segment pitch-black. Antennae mouth-parts and legs reddish- 
testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Eyes moderate, rather prominent, their diameter of the length of 
the temples, which are convergent posteriorly and but. slightly 
rounded, the neck broad; the front smooth and shining, the posterior 
and lateral portions finely, superficially and rather closely punctured ; 
pubescence fine, scanty and yellow. Antennae with the Ist joint 
a little shorter and stouter than the 2nd, the 3rd a little shorter than 
the preceding, the 4th to the 6th longer than broad, gradually 
decreasing in length, the 7th to the 9th as long as broad, the 10th 
very slightly transverse, the 11th elongate pointed, as long as the 
two preceding together. Thorax broader than the head, as long as 
the breadth at the widest part, strongly constricted at the base, 
the sides much dilated and rounded anteriorly, the disc sulcate 
throughout nearly the whole length in the middle, the sulcus wider 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 255 


posteriorly; puncturation fine, superficial and close: pubescence 
yellow and fine. Scutellum triangular, impunctate, with a keel on 
either side converging to the apex. Elytra ample, rather convex, 
broader, but a little shorter at the suture than the thorax, the sides 
lightly rounded, the posterior borders broadly emarginate ; sculpture 
consisting of scattered, superficial and rather fine punctures, between 
which a few exceedingly fine points are sparingly distributed ; pubes- 
cence fine, yellow. Abdomen strongly contracted at the base, 
enlarged posteriorly, very finely and pretty closely punctured and 
pubescent throughout. 


Hab. Bukit Timah, Sembawang, in débris, etc., associated 
with a species of Pheidole. 


114. Atheta (Glossola) moultoni, ni. sp. 


Reddish-testaceous, moderately shining, the head darker, the 
elytra broadly infuscate on the disc and sides leaving the base and 
apical margin more or less testaceous; abdomen with the fifth, 
sixth and greater part of the seventh dorsal segments, black. An- 
tennae with the first three and the last joints testaceous, the 
intermediate ferruginous ; mouth-parts and legs testaceous. Length 
2:8 mm. 

Head ferruginous, transversely’ orbicular, the eyes rather large 
and moderately prominent, the temples convergent and rounded 
to the base; finely and closely punctured and pubescent. Antennae 
moderate, the first three joints subequal, the 4th to the 7th longer 
than broad, gradually decreasing in length, the 8th and 9th about 
as long as broad, the 10th slightly transverse, 11th elongate oval, 
acuminate, as long as the two preceding together. Thorax slightly 
transverse, widest at the junction of the first and second thirds, the 
sides from thence rounded and narrowed anteriorly, ‘more strongly 
narrowed and slightly sinuate behind to the obtuse posterior angles ; 
base with a small impression in front of the scutellum, disc with 
fine median line throughout; puncturation fine and close, finely 
pubescent. Scutellum triangular, closely and finely punctured. 
Elytra as long as, but broader than the thorax, slightly transverse, 
finely and closely punctured and pubescent, the posterior margin 
not sinuate at the postero-external angle. Abdomen finely and 
moderately closely punctured and pubescent throughout, the sides 
and apex with a few black setae. 

3. Sixth ventral segment narrowed, produced and rounded at 
the extremity. 


This species would appear to be properly placed near 


956 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


A. gregaria Kr., which it resembles in the build of the 
thorax and the structure of the posterior tarsi. 


Hab. Keppel Harbour and Bukit Timah, in débris. 


115. Atheta (Metaxya) alophila, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining, the elytra brown; first two joints of 
the antennae and legs fusco-testaceous. Length 2-2-5 mm. 

Of exactly the coloration and greasy shining lustre and build of 
A. meridionalis Rey, of Europe, but a little more robust, the anten- 
nae a little longer and distinctly more slender, the elytra a little 
shorter and the abdomen rather more finely punctured. Head 
rather large suborbicular with distinct median longitudinal impres- 
sion anteriorly; finely and not very closely punctured, finely 
pubescent, with fine coriaceous ground-sculpture; eyes rather 
large, not prominent. Antennae long and slender, the first three 
joints elongate, sub-equal, the 4th distinctly, the 5th to the 7th 
joints slightly longer than broad, the 8th to the 10th scarcely trans- 
verse, the 11th elongate pointed, as long as the two preceding 
together. Thorax transverse, of similar build to that of A. meri- 
dionalis, the base before the scutellum with a small transverse 
impression, the disc with fine longitudinal impression; finely and 
not very closely punctured, finely pubescent; ground-sculpture fine 
and coriaceous. Elytra a little longer and distinctly broader than 
the thorax, transverse, with puncturation, ground-sculpture and 
pubescence much as on the fore-parts. Abdomen very finely but 
not closely punctured and pubescent, more sparingly on the last 
two segments. 

g. Eighth dorsal segment truncate; sixth ventral segment a 
little narrower and more produced than in the 9. 

Q. Eighth dorsal segment feebly emarginate posteriorly. 


Hab. Pasir Panjang, in seaweed. 


116. Atheta (Dralica) picea, n. sp. 


Pitchy, greasy-shining, the head and fifth, sixth and seventh 
abdominal segments blackish. First two joints of the antennae, 
mouth-parts and legs, testaceous. Length 1-4 mm. 

Head transverse, the temples very slightly dilated, the eyes 
moderate, their diameter less than the length of the temples, exceed- 
ingly finely and rather closely punctured and finely pubescent. 
Antennae, moderately long and stout, the first two joints subequal, 
the 3rd shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradu- 
ally increasing in width, the penultimate two and a half times as 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 257 


broad as long, the 11th stout more than double the length of the 
two preceding together, rounded at the apex. Thorax a little 
transverse and of the shape of that of Meotica indocilis Heer, 
exceedingly finely and closely punctured and pubescent. Elytra 
scarcely longer, but a little broader than the thorax, slightly trans- 
verse, exceedingly finely and closely punctured and pubescent, not 
sinuated. Abdomen parallel, exceedingly finely and moderately 
closely punctured and pubescent, less so on the seventh segment. 


This small distinctly pubescent species appears to be 
properly placed in proximity to vilis Er. 
Hab. Woodlands, in rotten wood. 


117. Atheta (Microdota) melata, n. sp. 


Sub-depressed, parallel, black, shining; elytra pitchy; legs 
fusco-testaceous. Length 1-75 mm. 

Of the build and general appearance of A. puberula Shp., but 
with the elytra shorter. Head rather large, transversely quadrate, 
the eyes rather large, the temples rounded posteriorly, the vertex 
impressed ; puncturation and pubescence exceedingly fine and not 
very close; ground-sculpture scarcely visible, coriaceous. An- 
tennae with the Ist and 2nd joints subequal, the 3rd shorter than 
the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in 
breadth, the penultimate about one-half as broad again as long; 
the 11th oval, pointed, as long as the two preceding joints together. 
Thorax as in puberula, but less transverse, one-fourth as broad 
again as long, with puncturation and pubescence much as on the 
head. Elytra scarcely longer, but a little broader than the thorax, 
square, exceedingly finely and not closely punctured and pubescent. 
Abdomen with the first six segments exceedingly finely and 
sparingly punctured, the seventh and eighth still more sparingly. 

6. Head impressed on the disc. Eighth dorsal segment with a 
broad and deep semicircular emargination of the posterior border, 


Hab. District not noted; in dung. A single 3. 


118. Atheta (Microdota) malayana, n. sp. 


Shining; head black, thorax and base and apex of the abdomen 
pitchy-brown, elytra fusco-testaceous; first two joints of the 
antennae and legs testaceous. Length 1-3 mm. 

Head transversely quadrate, the temples rounded, eyes moderate, 
not prominent; exceedingly finely and sparingly punctured, finely 
pubescent; disc (in the 3) with a small impression. Antennae 
with the first two joints subequal, the 3rd shorter than the 2nd, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, 1. (JULY) § 


258 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


the 4th scarcely as broad as long, the 5th to the 10th transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate about half as broad 
again as long, the 11th oval, pointed, about as long as the two 
preceding together. Thorax transverse, half as broad again as 
long, the sides slightly rounded and contracted posteriorly, exceed- 
ingly finely but rather more closely punctured than the head, finely 
pubescent; dise not impressed. Elytra a little longer and a little 
broader than the thorax, slightly transverse, exceedingly finely 
and about as closely punctured as the thorax, finely pubescent. 
Abdomen very finely but not closely punctured and pubescent 
throughout, a little more sparingly on the seventh and eighth 
segments. Intermediate tibiae with a fine seta. 

g. Head with a small impression on the disc. Eighth dorsal 
segment truncate; sixth ventral segment produced, narrowed and 
rounded at the apex. 


Hab. Mandai and Woodlands, in fungus, rotten wood 
and fruit. 


119. Atheta (Microdota) vulgaris, n. sp. 


Black, shining, elytra fusco-testaceous; first two joints of the 
antennae pitchy. Legs testaceous. Length 1-3 mm. 

Very similar to A. malayana in coloration and size, the thorax 
is, however, narrower and the puncturation is much more distinct 
on the foré-parts; that of the sixth, seventh and eighth segments 
of the abdomen much more sparing and the antennae are a little 
longer, the intermediate tibiae are furnished with a distinct, black 
seta near the middle, which in A. malayana is very feebly repre- 
sented. Its position would appear to be near A. inquinula Gr. 
Head suborbicular, very finely but distinctly, and moderately 
closely punctured, finely pubescent. Antennae with the first two 
joints subequal, the 3rd shorter than the 2nd, the 4th as long as 
broad, the 5th to the 10th transverse gradually increasing in width, 
the penultimate about half as broad again as long. Thorax trans- 
verse, about one-third as broad again as long, the sides narrowed 
posteriorly, disc with a fine longitudinal channel in the middle, 
puncturation and pubescence very similar to that of the head. 
Elytra searcely longer but distinctly broader than the thorax, 
transverse, with puncturation and pubescence as on the fore-parts. 
Abdomen very finely and sparingly punctured anteriorly, the sixth, 
seventh and eighth segments nearly impunctate. Intermediate 
tibiae with distinct black seta about the middle. 

S. Highth dorsal segment truncate, sixth ventral segment a little 
produced, narrowed and rounded, 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 259 
9. Eighth dorsal segment very feebly emarginate posteriorly. 


Hab. Generally distributed in dung and rotting fruit. 


120. Atheta (Microdota) purpurascens, n. sp. 


Black, shining with slight bronze-copper metallic reflex. An- 
tennae with the first two joints pitchy-testaceous; legs pale 
testaceous. Length 1-3 mm, 

A small shining species of exactly the build of A. atomaria Kr., 
with a slight somewhat purplish-bronze reflex and pale legs. Head 
quadrate, the temples broadly rounded, the eyes rather large but 
not prominent; puncturation and pubescence exceedingly fine 
and sparing; ground-sculpture exceedingly fine, coriaceous, scarcely 
visible. Antennae with the 3rd joint shorter than the 2nd, the 
4th to the 10th transverse, the penultimate joints more than twice 
as broad as long, the 11th conical quite as long as the two preceding 
together. Thorax pitchy, about one-third broader than long, with 
puncturation, pubescence and ground-sculpture as on the head. 
Elytra one-third longer, and a little broader than the thorax, 
slightly transverse, exceedingly finely and rather closely punctured 
and pubescent. Abdomen very finely and sparingly punctured 
and pubescent, especially posteriorly. 


Hab. Bulat Timah. 


121. Atheta (s. str.) miriventris, n. sp. 


Bright reddish-testaceous, the elytra obscure testaceous infuscate 
towards the postero-external angles; abdomen with a black trans- 
verse band before the apex; first two joints of the antennae and 
base of the 3rd, mouth-parts and legs testaceous. Length 2-5— 
3-5 mm. 

®. Head transverse, reddish-testaceous not very shining (greasy 
lustre only), the eyes large, moderately prominent, their diameter 
considerably greater than the length of the temples which are 
rounded and narrowed posteriorly; the centre of the disc impunc- 
tate, the rest of the surface very finely and not closely punctured 
and pubescent; ground-sculpture fine and coriaceous. Antennae 
with the 2nd and 3rd joints of equal length, the 4th to the 7th 
scarcely longer than broad, the Sth to the 10th transverse gradually 
increasing in width, the 11th elongate, pointed, longer than the two 
preceding together. Thorax transverse, more than half as broad 
again as long, widest a little behind the anterior angles, the sides 
bordered, rounded and narrowed anteriorly, more strongly con- 
tracted posteriorly to the obtuse posterior angles; puncturation 


260 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


and pubescence very similar to that of the head, but not quite so 
fine; ground-sculpture as on the head; each side with two distinct 
setae. Elytra a little longer and wider than the thorax,'transverse, 
very finely, rather closely and somewhat asperately punctured, 
finely pubescent. Abdomen more shining than the fore-parts, 
bright reddish-testaceous, the fifth, sixth and anterior part of the 
seventh segments, black glabrous and except for a few setiferous 
punctures, impunctate. Middle and posterior tibiae each with 
three setae of which the middle is the strongest. 

3g. Head anteriorly with a small crateriform tubercle, from which 
arises a seta. Antennae a little longer than in the 9. Thorax 
with a small fovea before the scutellum, the disc with a fine longi- 
tudinal groove throughout. Elytra with the postero-external 
angle usually furnished with a keel. Abdomen with the sixth 
abdominal segment only black; the third to the sixth dorsal seg- 
ments elevated in the middle line, appearing tectiform on transverse 
section; the third segment with a small semicircular emargination 
in the middle of the posterior border; the fourth with a stout 
triangular tubercle at the base, the fifth with a broad triangular 
process arising from the base, the apex pointed and extending back- 
wards for about a third of the length of the segment; * the sixth 
with the posterior margin produced backwards in the middle line 
as a pointed tooth reaching the level of the middle of the seventh 
segment; the eighth narrowed posteriorly, the posterior margin 
produced backwards in the middle line as a short blunt tooth; 
first ventral segment embracing the sides-of the third dorsal, its 
upper free edge bluntly pointed posteriorly. Viewed from above 
it appears as a lamina springing from the second dorsal segment 
and extending parallel to the third, its true relations are however 
revealed on dissection. 


The @ of this species has quite the facies of A. crassi- 
corms ¥. The ¢ characters are reminiscent of Myrme- 
dona. The structure of the mouth-parts is that of Atheta, 
with the exception that the 4th joint of the maxillary 
palpi is more than half the length of the 3rd. 

Hab. Labrador Villa, in rotting fruit. 


122. Atheta (Dimetrota) carpophila, n. sp. 


Black, greasy-lustrous; the thorax pitchy-red; the second, third, 
fourth, posterior portion of the seventh and whole of the eighth 


segments is very variable and they are rudimentary in specimens 
in which the postero-external angle of the elytra is simple. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 261 


abdominal segments, bright reddish-testaceous : antennae reddish, 
the first two joints and the legs, testaceous. Length 2-5 mm. 

Very similar in build to A. mycefophaga mihi, but more brightly 
coloured, less shining and with differently formed antennae. Head 
transverse, the temples small and rounded, the eyes large but not 
prominent, very finely and sparingly punctured and pubescent. 
Antennae with the 2nd joint a little shorter than the 3rd, the 4th 
as broad as long, the 5th to the 10th transverse gradually increasing 
in breadth, the 11th longer than the two preceding together. Thorax 
transverse, about half as broad again as long formed as in myceto- 
phaga, very finely and closely punctured, finely pubescent; the 
sides each with two rather fine setae. Elytra a little longer and 
broader than the thorax, transverse, very finely, closely and more 
distinctly punctured than the thorax, finely pubescent. Abdomen 
distinctly narrowed posteriorly, very finely and moderately closely 
punctured and pubescent anteriorly, the seventh and eighth seg- 
ments nearly impunctate; the sides sparingly setiferous, the apex 
more closely. Middle and posterior tibiae each with two distinct 
setae. 


Although the setae of the thorax and middle tibiae are 
finer than those usually present in the sub-genus Dime- 
trola, yet owing to the distinctly narrowed abdomen and 
the build of the thorax, it would appear that this species 
has its closest affinity with this group. 

Hab. Bukit Panjang, in rotting fruit. 


123. Atheta (Dimetrota) xylophila, n. sp. 

Black moderately shining, the elytra pitch-brown; first three 
joints of the antennae and the legs testaceous. Length 2-4 mm. 

Build of A. cadaverina Bris., but smaller, differently coloured, 
the eyes much larger and the elytra shorter. Head broad, the eyes 
very large, their diameter much greater than the length of the 
temples, very finely and moderately closely punctured, finely cori- 
aceous. Antennae with the 2nd and’ 8rd joints of equal length, 
the 4th small, transverse, the 5th larger than the preceding, scarcely 
transverse, the 6th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in 
breadth, the penultimate fully twice as broad as long, the 11th 
longer than the two preceding together. Thorax transverse, fully 
half as broad again as long, very finely and rather closely punctured, 
finely pubescent, rather more shining than the head and with similar 
ground-sculpture; the sides with well developed setae. Elytra 
scarcely longer, but a little broader than the thorax, transverse, 
not sinuate posteriorly, the humeral angles with a seta; punctura- 


262 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


tion very fine, close and asperate. Abdomen but little narrowed 
posteriorly, the anterior segments very finely and not closely punc- 
tured, the seventh segment almost impunctate; the sides and apex 
setiferous. Middle tibiae with three setae of which the middle one 
is much longer and stronger; posterior tibiae with two rather 
fine setae. 

¢. Eighth dorsal segment truncate. on either side with a short 
stout tooth, the margin between the teeth very finely crenulate. 


Hab. Woodlands, under bark. 


124. Atheta (Dimetrota) mycetophaga, n. sp. 


Pitch-brown, moderately shining, the head and sixth abdominal 
segment black; the first two joints of the antennae and the mouth- 
parts pitchy-testaceous; legs testaceous. Length 1-8 mm. 

Build of Atheta parvula Mannh., but of different coloration and 
antennal structure. Head transverse and broader than in parvula, 
the eyes much larger, the temples short, very finely and rather 
closely, asperately punctured, finely pubescent. Antennae with 
the 2nd joint a little shorter than the Ist and 3rd which are equal, 
the 4th scarcely Jonger than broad, the 5th, 6th and 7th longer than 
hroad, gradually decreasing in length, the 8th to the 10th scarcely 
longer than broad, the 11th elongate, pointed as long as the two 
preceding together. Thorax transverse about half as broad again 
es long, the sides each with three distinct setae, the disc with a 
small impression before the scutellum, very finely, closely and some- 
what asperately punctured, finely pubescent. Elytra a little longer 
and broader than the thorax transverse, the humeral angles with a 
seta, the puncturation and pubescence as on the thorax. Abdomen 
slightly narrowed posteriorly, very finely but not closely punctured 
anteriorly, more sparingly posteriorly, sides and apex setiferous. 
Middle and posterior tibiae each with two rather long setae, one 
(the shorter) below the knee, the other nearer the middle. Sexual 
differences unknown. 


Hab. Mandai, in rotting fungus. 


125. Atheta (Datomicra) onthophila, n. sp. 

Minute, black, shining, clytra brown; the fore-parts closely 
distinctly and asperately punctured. Legs testaceous, Length 
1-2 mm. 

Head transverse, the eyes rather small, their diameter consider- 
ably less than the length of the temples; puncturation asperate, 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 263 


fine, distinct and close. Antennae entirely dark, the 3rd joint 
distinctly shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate nearly twice as 
broad as long, the 11th as long as the two preceding together. 
Thorax one-third as broad again as long, the sides with two or three 
distinct setae, closely, asperately and for a small species rather 
coarsely punctured. Elytra as long as, but a little broader than 
the thorax, transverse and similarly punctured. Abdomen dis- 
tinetly narrowed posteriorly, finely and pretty closely punctured 
and pubescent throughout, but rather more sparingly behind; sides 
and apex setiferous. Middle tibiae with two long setae, posterior 
tibiae with a single long seta. 


In build somewhat resembling A. canescens Shp., but 
much more shining, puncturation coarser, thorax narrower 
and penultimate joints of the antennae more transverse. 

Hab. District not noted; in dung. 


126. Atheta (Datomiera) mycetophila, n. sp. 


Pitchy, rather shining, the thorax and more or less of the base 
of the elytra pitchy-red; the abdomen reddish-testaceous, the sixth 
segment pitchy; first two joints of the antennae, mouth-parts and 
legs, testaceous. Length 1 mm. 

Head pitchy-black, transverse, exceedingly finely and rather 
closely punctured; the eyes large, their diameter much greater 
than the length of the temples. Antennae with the 3rd joint 
shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate about twice as broad as 
long, the 11th elongate gradually pointed. Thorax rather shining 
pitchy-red, about half as broad again as long, the posterior angles 
rounded; dise with an obsolete longitudinal impression before the 
scutellum, each side with two distinct setae; puncturation exceed- 
ingly fine and close; pubescence fine. Elytra  pitchy-black, 
obscurely reddish towards the base, scarcely longer, but a little 
broader than the thorax, transverse, exceedingly finely, closely and 
rather asperately punctured, finely pubescent; posterior border 
not sinuate. Abdomen distinctly narrowed posteriorly, very finely 
and sparingly punctured, the seventh and eighth segments nearly 
impunctate; sides and apex setiferous. Middle tibiae with two 
distinct setae, posterior with a rather weak seta. Facies somewhat 
of a minute cauta Er. 


Hab, Sembawang, in rotting fungus. 


264 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


127. Atheta (Colpodota) ruparia, n. sp. 


Pitchy, greasy-lustrous; the head black; elytra testaceous 
infuscate about the scutellum; first two joints of the antennae and 
the mouth-parts fusco-testaceous, penultimate joints of the former ~ 
as long as broad; legs testaceous, the intermediate and posterior 
tibiae each with two strong setae. Length 2-3-2-5 mm. 

Build of A. pygmaea Gray., but more brightly coloured, the 
thorax narrower and the abdomen much more finely and thickly 
punctured. From A. peregrina Kr., it differs by the longer penul- 
timate joints of the antennae, and the thickly pubescent, sericeous 
abdomen. Head transverse, black, finely and moderately closely 
punctured, finely pubescent. Antennae moderately long, the 2nd 
joint a little shorter than the 3rd, the 4th as long as broad, the 
5th to the 7th a little longer than broad, gradually decreasing in 
length, the Sth to the 10th as long as broad, the 11th oval, pointed, 
as long as the two preceding together. Thorax one-third as broad 
again as long, brown, the lateral margins a little lighter, the sides 
lightly rounded and but little contracted anteriorly, the posterior 
angles rounded; the surface finely, closely and somewhat roughly 
punctured, finely pubescent. Elytra brownish-testaceous, infuscate 
at the scutellum, as long as, but a little broader than the thorax, 
transverse, with puncturation as on the thorax; humeral angles with 
a stout seta. Abdomen pointed, exceedingly finely and closely 
punctured throughout, exceedingly finely and closely pubescent as 
in the genus Oxypoda; sides and apex setiferous. Middle and 
posterior tibiae each with two long and strong setae. 


Hab. Here and there, in dung. 


128. Atheta (Acrotona) rufiventris, n. sp. 


Rather shining; head black; thorax and abdomen bright reddish- 
testaceous; elytra, first three joints of the antennae and legs 
testaceous. Length 1-8 mm. 

Head black, suborbicular, the eyes large and temples short, 
moderately finely and closely punctured, the pubescence fine and 
sparing. Antennae fuscous, the first three joints testaceous, the 
2nd and 3rd of equal length, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate about twice as broad as 
long, the 11th longer than the two preceding together, pointed. 
Thorax bright reddish-testaceous, about half as broad again as long, 
the sides evenly rounded, more strongly narrowed in front than 
behind, the posterior angles rounded; puncturation and pubescence 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 265 


similar to that of the head. Elytra testaceous, as long as and 
slightly broader than the thorax, transverse, not sinuate internal 
to the postero-external angles, with puncturation similar to that 
of the thorax but scarcely so close. Abdomen narrowed posteriorly, 
entirely bright reddish-testaceous, very finely and not very closely 
punctured anteriorly, the seventh and eighth segments much more 
sparingly; the sides and apex with long black setae. Intermediate 
tibiae each with two distinct black setae of which the middle one 
is the longer and stouter; posterior tibiae with two setae which 
are not so strong as those of the middle pair. 


Hab. Bukit Panjang, in rotting fruit. 


EXATHETA, n. gen. 


Labrum corneous, transverse, the anterior border truncate, the 
angles rounded. Mandibles moderate lightly curved, pointed, the 
right with a small tooth at the middle of the inner margin, both 
furnished internally with a ciliated membrane. Maxillary palpi 
4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd narrow at the base, enlarged 
gradually towards the apex, the 3rd elongate, oval, longer than the 
2nd, the 4th subulate, half as long as the 3rd. Inner lobe of maxilla 
corneous, rather narrow, the inner margin anteriorly with 7 or 8 
rather short and stout pectinations, posteriorly ciliate; outer lobe 
membranous, the apex shortly ciliate. ‘Tongue narrow and elongate, 
a little widened anteriorly and split nearly to the middle. Para- 
glossae distinct, ciliate. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint 
elongate, slightly curved, cylindrical, longer than the tongue, the 
2nd about half the length of the Ist, as wide at the base as the 
apex of the preceding and separated from it by an oblique suture, 
the apex slightly enlarged and rounded. Gular sutures widely 
separated, slightly divergent posteriorly. Temples bordered below. 
Prosternum feebly and obtusely angulate behind; mesosternal 
process bluntly pointed extending fully two-thirds of the length 
of the coxae, which are narrowly separated; metasternal process 
meeting the mesosternum, the apex rounded. Tarsal formula 
4, 5, 5; anterior pair with the first three joints short and equal, 
the 4th longer than the preceding together; middle pair with the 
first four joints short and equal, the 5th as long as the preceding 
together; the posterior pair with the first four joints short and 
subequal, the 5th as long as the three preceding together. Elytra 
slightly sinuate internal to the postero-external angles. 


The species on which this genus is founded has a facies 
somewhat resembling Athela canescens Shp. 


266 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


129. Exatheta cingulata, n. sp. 


Rufous, rather shining, the head pitchy-red, the elytra black 
obscurely reddish at the shoulders; abdomen with the sixth seg- 
ment a little infuscate; first three joints of the antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs reddish-testaceous. Length 1-1 mm. 

Head transversely suborbicular, pitchy-red, the eyes large, their 
diameter greater than the length of the temples, moderately promi- 
nent, the disc execedingly finely and moderately closely punctured, 
pubescence very fine and scanty. Antennae with the Ist and 2nd 
joints of equal Jength, the 8rd much shorter than the 2nd, the 4th 
small, transverse, the 5th to the 10th strongly transverse gradually 
increasing in breadth, the penultimate fully three times as broad 
as long, the 11th short conical. Thorax more than a third as broad 
again as long, widest just before the base, the sides slightly rounded 
and contracted anteriorly, bordered, the posterior angles obtuse, 
scarcely traceable, the base bordered ; exceedingly finely (but more 
distinctly) punctured than the head, very finely and sparingly 
pubescent, in front of the base with a transverse row of rather 
obsolete larger punctures. Elytra a little longer and broader than 
the thorax, transverse, sinuate internal to the postero-external 
angles, finely, somewhat asperately and pretty closely punctured 
and finely pubescent. Abdomen but little narrowed behind, very 
finely and sparingly punctured and pubescent, the seventh and 
eighth segments almost glabrous. 'Tibiae without distinct setae, 


Hab. Sembawang, in rotting fungus. 


130. Exatheta consors, n. sp. 


So similar to the preceding that enumeration of the points of 
difference should suffice. In build this species is a little more 
robust and somewhat larger (1-1-1:5 mm.), the thorax one-half 
as broad again as long, the antennae are a little longer but similarly 
formed, the puncturation of the head and thorax (especially the 
latter) is much more distinct and somewhat asperate, and a fine 
coriaceous ground-sculpture is also visible (which is absent in the 
preceding species); a transverse impression before the scutellum 
is sometimes present and the elytra are rather less finely punctured. 


Hab. Sembawang, one specimen in rotting fungus and 
another in rotting fruit. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 267 


MIMATHETA, n. gen. 


Labrum corneous, transverse, feebly emarginate, the sides and 
anterior angles rounded. Mandibles moderate, lightly curved, 
pointed, the right with a distinct tooth at the middle of the inner 
margin. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd 
elongate, lightly dilated towards the apex, the 3rd scarcely longer 
than the 2nd, gradually and slightly thickened distally, the 4th 
subulate, half as long as the preceding. Inner lobe of the maxilla 
narrow, corneous, uncinate at apex, the inner margin strongly 
pectinate, the teeth rather short and stout; outer lobe mem- 
branous, ciliate-plumose at the apex. ‘Tongue not so long as the 
Ist joint of the labial palpi, split nearly to the base into two narrow 
diverging lobes. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint elongate, 
slightly curved and feebly constricted at the inner margin beyond 
the middle; 2nd joint narrower at the base, slightly enlarged towards 
the apex. and rather more than half as long as the preceding. Gular 
sutures witely separated, slight divergent posteriorly. Temples 
bordered below. Mesosternal process gradually pointed, the apex 
rounded, extending for two-thirds of the length of the intermediate 
coxae which are moderately separated; metasternal process pointed 
gradually, the apex rounded, reaching the mesosternum. 'Tarsal 
formula 4, 5, 5. The anterior pair with the first three joints short 
and subequal, the last longer than the three preceding together ; 
the middle pair with the Ist joint short, the 2nd and 3rd longer and 
subequal, the 4th a little longer than the 3rd, the 5th longer than 
the two preceding together; posterior pair with the Ist joint a 
little shorter than the 2nd, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th moderately elongate 
and subequal, the 5th scarcely as long as the two preceding together. 
All the claws simple, the empodium forming a spine. Middle 
tibiae with a distinct seta at the middle externally. Elytra scarcely 
sinuate. 


The facies of the species on which this genus is founded 
is that of the Atheta trinotata group. 


131. Mimatheta fungicola, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining. Elytra obscure testaceous, more or 
less infuscate at the sides. First three joints of the antennae, 
mouth-parts and legs testaceous. Length 2 mm. 

Head very finely and sparingly punctured and pubescent, the 
eyes rather large but not prominent. Antennae with the 2nd and 
3rd joints subequal, shorter than the Ist, the 4th small, transverse, 
the 5th and 6th longer than broad, the 7th as long as broad, the 


268 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


8th to the 10th transverse, the penultimate fully half as broad 
again as long, the. 11th elongate, pointed longer than the two pre- 
ceding together. Thorax transverse, widest behind the anterior 
angles, the sides rounded and narrowed anteriorly, more strongly 
contracted posteriorly to the obtuse posterior angles, finely bordered, 
very finely and moderately closely punctured and pubescent. 
Klytra a little longer and broader than the thorax, transverse, very 
finely and moderately closely punctured and pubescent. Abdomen 
nearly parallel, very slightly narrowed posteriorly, very finely and 
rather sparingly punctured and pubescent, the seventh segment 
almost impunctate. Sexual differences unknown. 


Hab. Mandai, in fungus. 


MIMACROTONA, n. gen. 


Labrum corneous, transverse, truncate, the anterior angles 
rounded. Mandibles rather short and stout, curved, pointed, the 
right with a small tooth at the middle of the inner margin which 
in front is obscurely crenulate. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the 
Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, slightly thickened distally, the 
3rd as Jong as, but a little stouter than the 2nd, the 4th subulate 
not half the length of the 3rd. Inner lobe of the maxilla ‘rather 
broad, the apex pointed, the inner margin furnished with moder- 
ately long and rather stout pectinations; outer lobe with apex 
spinose. Tongue rather short and broad, not extending to the 
level of the apex of the Ist joint of the labial palpi, split to the 
middle into two diverging teat-shaped lobes. Paraglossae distinct, 
ciliate, not extending much beyond the base of the Ist joint of the 
labial palpi. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint rather stout, 
moderately long, the 2nd much narrower and a little shorter than 
the Ist, the apex rounded. Gular sutures distant, divergent pos- 
teriorly. Temples bordered below. Prosternum obtusely angled 
posteriorly, keeled; mesosternal process narrow, sharply pointed 
extending fully two-thirds the length of the coxae, which are 
narrowly separated; metasternal process pointed, reaching to the 
mesosternal. Tarsal formula 4, 5, 5; the anterior pair with the 
first three joints short and subequal, the 4th longer than the three 
preceding together; middle pair with the first four joints short and 
subequal, but longer than those of the front pair, the 5th as long 
as the three preceding together; posterior pair with the Ist joint 
a little longer than the 2nd, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gradually decreas- 
ing in length, the 5th a little longer than the two preceding together. 
Middle and posterior tibiae without distinct setae. Elytra sinuate. 
Facies of Acrotona. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 269 


132. Mimacrotona cingulata, n. sp. 


Rufo-testaccous, moderately shining, the head, fifth, sixth and 
base of the seventh abdominal segments blackish, the elytra more 
or less infuscate; first three joints of the antennae, mouth- parts 
and legs testaceous. Length 1-2 mm. 

Facies of a minute A. fungi Grav. Head black or pitchy-black, 
suborbicular, very finely and rather closely punctured, finely pubes- 
cent. Antennae rather short, the 2nd and 3rd joints of equal 
length, the 4th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in 
breadth, the penultimate fully two and a half times broader than 
long, the 11th rather short and stout. Thorax bright reddish- 
testaccous, nearly half as broad again as long, the sides lightly 
rounded and narrowed more strongly in front than behind, the 
posterior angles rounded, very finely and pretty closely punctured, 
finely pubescent. Elytra a little longer and broader than the 
thorax, transverse, the posterior margin sinuate internal to the 
postero-external angle; puncturation and pubescence similar to - 
that of the thorax. Abdomen narrowed behind, finely and pretty 
closely punctured and pubescent anteriorly, more sparingly behind ; 


lateral and apical setae weak. Intermediate and posterior tibiae 
without setae. 


Hab. Bukit Panjang and Woodlands, in fungus, 


PARATHETA, n. gen. 


Mandibles rather stout, curved, pointed, both furnished with a 
ciliate membrane internally; the right crenulate for the apical half 
of the inner margin. Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, 
the 2nd lightly curved and widened towards the apex, the 3rd a 
little longer than the 2nd, narrow at the base, gradually thickened 
towards apex, the 4th subulate, about half as long as the 3rd, 
distinctly constricted and narrowed before the apex (? accessory 
joint). Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow and pointed, corneous, 
the inner border with long and strong pectinations; 


outer lobe 
broader than the inner, ciliate at the apex. 


Tongue broad, scarcely 
longer than its breadth at the base, split to the middle into two 


teat-shaped lobes. Labial palpi obscurely 3-jointed, the Ist joint 
twice as long as broad, the 2nd as long as the Ist but narrower and 
obscurely separated from it by indistinct oblique suture, the 3rd 
almost as long as, but narrower than the 2nd, the apex rounded. 
Gular sutures distant, very slightly diverging behind. 


Temples. 
bordered below. Prosternum truncate behind. 


Mesosternal pro- 


270 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


cess rather broad, truncate posteriorly, keeled longitudinally in 
the middle, extending the whole length of the intermediate coxae 
which are rather widely separated. Metasternum truncate in 
front, reaching the mesosternum. LElytra sinuate internal to the 
postero-external angles. Tarsal formula 4, 5, 5; the anterior tarsi 
with the first three joints short and subequal, the 4th as long as 
the three preceding together; the middle with the first four joints 
short and subequal, but longer than those of the anterior pair, 
the 5th as long as the three preceding together; the posterior with 
the first four joints rather short, subequal, the 5th as long as the 
two preceding together. All the tibiae spinulose. Abdomen with 
the third, fourth and fifth dorsal segments transversely impressed 
at the base; the sides without setae. 


The facies of the species on which this genus is founded is 
very similar to that of the fungi group of Atheta, 


133. Paratheta carnivora, n. sp. 


Black, rather shining; the elytra castaneous-brown; first three 
joints of the antennae and legs reddish-testaceous. Length 2 mm, 

A rather narrow, fusiform species. Head suborbicular, the eyes 
moderate, not prominent, their diameter less than the length of 
the temples; puncturation fine, rather sparing, the front impunc- 
tate, pubescence scanty. Antennae with the Ist joint a little 
shorter than the 2nd, the 2nd and 3rd of equal length, the 4th to 
the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate 
almost two and a half times broader than long, the 11th conical, 
as long as the two preceding together. Thorax more than one-third 
broader than long, the sides evenly rounded, rather more narrowed 
in front than behind, the posterior angles rounded, finely, somewhat 
obsoletely and not very closely punctured, pubescence fine, rather 
stiff and sparing. Elytra as long as, but a little broader than the 
thorax, transverse, sculpture moderately fine, not very close and 
distinctly granular, the pubescence as on the thorax. Abdomen 
narrowed behind, the third to the fifth segments very finely and 
not very closely punctured, with at the bases a transverse row of 
rather larger and closer punctures, sixth to eighth segments gradually 
yet more finely punctured; pubescence sparing, fine and stiff. 


Hab. Woodlands, in a small ecarcase. 


FENYESIA, n. gen. 


Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, 
slightly curved and a little thickened towards the apex, 3rd elongate, 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 271 


as long as but at the extremity broader than the 2nd, the 4th small 
subulate. The tongue moderately broad, bifid to the middle into 
two teat-shaped lobes. Paraglossae distinct ciliate, not extending 
beyond the tongue. Labial palpi 3-jointed, Ist joint rather short 
and stout, obliquely truncate at apex, the 2nd about as long as, 
but narrower than the Ist and indistinctly separated therefrom, 
the 3rd longer and narrower than the 2nd, cylindrical. Inner lobe 
of the maxilla narrow, pectinate internally; outer lobe broader, 
ciliate-plumose at apex. Mandibles rather stout, curved, the right 
with a tooth on the inner margin and crenulate between this and 
the apex, both with a ciliate membrane. Gular sutures divergent 
posteriorly. Temples bordered below. Prosternum obtusely emargi- 
nate posteriorly ; mesosternal process narrow and pointed, the inter- 
mediate coxae very narrowly separated. Tibiae ciliate; tarsi 
slender, pointed, formula 4, 5, 5; the Ist pair with the first three 
joints short, equal, the 4th as long as the three preceding together ; 
the 2nd pair with the first four joints moderately elongate, equal, 
the 5th nearly as long as the three preceding together; the 3rd pair 
with the Ist joint elongate, nearly as long as the last, twice the 
length of the 2nd, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of equal length. Elytra not 
sinuate at the postero-external angle, the epipleurae complete. 
Thorax broader than the elytra, the posterior angles produced, the 
base bordered and_ bisinuate. 


134. Fenyesia nigra, n. sp. 


Black, shining, robust, convex; last two joints of the antennae 
and legs testaceous, the femora infuscate. Length 2 mm. 

A broad robust little species with strongly transverse thorax 
(which is broader than the elytra) and somewhat pointed abdomen, 
Head large transverse concealed in the thorax nearly to the eyes 
which are moderate in size and not prominent; puncturation very 
fine, moderately close, finely pubescent. Antennae slender, pitchy, 
the last two joints testaceous, the 2nd and 3rd joints of equal length, 
the 4th to the 7th longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length, 
the 8th to the 10th as long as broad, the 11th rather large, oblong- 
oval, about as long as the two preceding together. Thorax strongly 
transverse, more than twice as broad as long, widest just behind the 
middle, the sides evenly rounded and contracted anteriorly, but 
less strongly posteriorly, posterior angles acute and produced, the 
base bordered and deeply bisinuate, very finely, uniformly and rather 
closely punctured, pubescence fine and ashy. Elytra as long as, 
but narrower than the thorax, transverse, puncturation and pubes- 
cence as on the thorax but rather coarser. Abdomen narrowed 


PA? Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


posteriorly very finely and moderately closely punctured and 
pubescent, setose, the sides and apex with long black setae, 


Hab, Woodlands, in rotten logs with Termites, 


MyYRMEDONOTA, n. gen. 


Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, 
scarcely thickened towards the apex, the 3rd as long as the preced- 
ing, slightly widened towards the extremity, the 4th subulate, fully 
half as long as the 8rd. Tongue short and broad, the anterior border 
obtusely emarginate, the sides rounded. Labial palpi 3-jointed, the 
Ist joint rather short and stout, the 2nd shorter and narrower, the 
3rd narrower and longer than the preceding. Inner lobe of the 
maxilla narrow and elongate, the inner border anteriorly feebly and 
sparingly pectinate, posteriorly ciliate; outer lobe longer than the 
inner, densely ciliate. Mandibles simple. Gular sutures parallel 
in front, divergent behind. Temples strongly bordered below. 
Neck rather narrow. Prosternum broadly rounded behind. Meso- 
sternum short, truncate posteriorly extending but little between the 
middle coxae which are widely separated. Metasternal process 
produced, gradually narrowed to the apex which is rounded and 
does not reach the mesosternum. Tarsal formula 4, 5, 5; the 
anterior with the Ist joint short, the 2nd a little longer, equal to 
the 3rd, the 4th as long as the two preceding together; the middle 
with the Ist joint moderately long, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gradually 
decreasing in length, the 5th as long as the two preceding together, 
longer than the Ist, the posterior with the Ist joint very little longer 
than the 2nd, the 2nd, 3rd and 4th gradually decreasing in length, 
the 5th shorter than the two preceding together, scarcely as long as 
the Ist. Abdomen with the lateral margins not abnormally elevated, 
nearly parallel, a little narrowed at the apex. Tibiae ciliate. 


This genus 1s related to Orphnebius Motsch., and Myrme- 
donia Kir.; it differs from the former in the parallel-sided 
abdomen, the sides of which are not abnormally elevated, 
and the strongly bordered temples. 


135. Myrmedonota cingulata, n. sp. 


Black or pitchy-black, shining; the first two visible abdominal 
segments testaceous-yellow; first two joints of the antennae and 
the legs testaceous, the apices of the femora and the tibiae pitchy. 
Length 3 mm. 

Head large, transverse, nearly as wide as the thorax, eyes large 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 273 


and somewhat prominent, the temples strongly narrowed behind ; 
puncturation very fine and very sparing, each puncture with a stiff 
hair. Antennae with the 2nd joint shorter than the 3rd, the 4th 
to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in width, the 11th conical, 
longer than the two. preceding together. Thorax transverse, nearly 
a third broader than long, widest just before the middle, the sides 
bordered, evenly rounded and contracted anteriorly and more 
strongly posteriorly, posterior angles completely effaced, the sides 
passing insensibly into the base, which is similarly bordered; very 
finely and sparingly punctured, each puncture with a still hair; the 
anterior border on either side with a long seta, the sides each with 
three others. Scutellum triangular, the base very finely punctured, 
the apex impunctate. Elytra a little longer and wider than the 
thorax, transverse, with puncturation and pubescence as on the 
thorax, the sides with two setae. Abdomen with the anterior seg- 
ments testaceous-yellow, the fifth to the eighth black; the sides 
setiferous. 

g. Abdomen glabrous and impunctate except for a very few 
setiferous punctures along the posterior margins of the fifth and 
sixth segments and a few similar ones towards the sides of the seventh 
and eighth segments; no visible ground-sculpture. Eighth abdomi- 
nal segment feebly and broadly emarginate posteriorly and obscurely 
denticulate. 

Q. Abdomen with a double row of setiferous punctures few in 
number, placed transversely on each segment, one row across the 
middle, the other along the posterior border; ground-sculpture fine 
and coriaceous. Eighth abdominal segment truncate posteriorly. 


Hab. Sembawang, in logs associated with a species of 
Ant. 


136. Myrmedonia apicalis, n. sp. 


Black, shining, the base of the elytra rufescent, the second to 
the fifth dorsal segments of the abdomen bright testaceous-red. 
The first two joints of the antennae, mouth-parts and legs, testaceous. 
Length 3-8 mm. 

In general appearance this species resembles to some extent the 
insects included under Zyras, s. str., and in view of the group being 
polymorphic and requiring considerable elucidation before a satis- 
factory arrangement can be arrived at, it is provisionally placed 
therein. Head transversely quadrate, the temples a little rounded 
and contracted posteriorly, the eyes moderate and not prominent, 
sculpture consisting of a very few scattered setiferous punctures, 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS I, Ii. (JULY) T 


274 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


otherwise glabrous. Antennae with the 2nd and 3rd joints of equal 
length, the 4th and 5th a little longer than broad, the 6th square, 
the 7th to the 10th transverse, gradually but very slightly increas- 
ing in breadth, the 11th oblong, rounded at the apex, longer than 
the two preceding together. Thorax a little transverse, widest just 
before the middle, the sides from thence rounded and narrowed 
anteriorly, more strongly contracted and slightly sinuate behind 
to the obtuse posterior angles; base and sides bordered, the former 
with a fovea in front of the scutellum; sculpture consisting of a 
few scattered setiferous punctures. Scutellum triangular, rather 
coarsely closely and deeply punctured. Elytra wider than and 
scarcely as I@ng as the thorax, transverse, puncturation rather fine 
and by no means close, setiferous. Abdomen with the anterior 
segments bright testaceous-red, the sixth to the eighth black, shining 
glabrous and except for a transverse row of punctures at the bases 
of the anterior segments, impunctate. 


Hab. At light, in the town. <A single example. 


ALEOCHARINI. 
MyRMEDONELLA, n. gen. 


Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint short, the 2nd rather 
short and stout, slightly curved, the 3rd elongate, oval, longer than 
the 2nd, the 4th short, subulate. Tongue moderately long, bifid 
at the apex into two diverging lobes. Labial palpi 2-jointed, the 
Ist joint elongate, cylindrical, lightly curved, the 2nd much shorter 
and narrower than the Ist, cylindrical. Prosternum broadly trun- 
cate posteriorly; mesosternum narrowed and truncate at apex 
extending for about one-half the length of the intermediate coxae, 
which are distant; metasternal process short and broad, not quite 
attaining the mesosternal process. ‘Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5. The 
anterior pair with the Ist joint short, the 2nd a little longer, the 
3rd still longer, the 4th as long as the 3rd, the 5th as long as the 
two preceding together. Middle pair with the first three joints of 
equal length, the 4th a little longer than the 3rd, the 5th as long 
as the two preceding together. Posterior pair with the first four 
joints subequal, moderately long,-the 5th a little longer than the 
two preceding together. ‘ibiae ciliate. Elytra slightly sinuate 
internal to the postero-external angle. Abdomen with the third 
to the filth segments transversely impressed at the bases. 


The facies of the species on which this genus is founded 
somewhat resembles Hoplandria Kr. The entire insect 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Sinaapore. 275 
yi ) pn § g 


is covered with long sparing pubescence, intermixed with 
longer setae. 


157. Myrmedonella rufa, n. sp. 


Bright rufo-testaceous, shining, the elytra pitchy-red, Antennae, 
mouth-parts and legs reddish-testaceous. Length 1-8 mm. 

Head large, transverse, the temples rounded, convergent and 
passing insensibly into the base; the eyes rather large and moder- 
ately prominent; puncturation very fine and sparing, pubescence 
sparing, long, erect. Antennae with long outstanding hairs, the 
Ist joint stout, the 2nd and 3rd of equal length, shorter than the Ist, 
the 4th a little longer than broad, the 5th and 6th as long as broad, 
the 7th to the 10th transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, 
the penultimate joints only slightly transverse, the 11th elongate 
pointed, as long as the three preceding together. Thorax one- 
half as broad again as long, widest just behind the anterior 
angles, the sides margined, lightly rounded and more contracted 
posteriorly, the posterior angles obtuse, the base slightly bisinuate, 
margined; puncturation very fine, obsolete and sparing; pubes- 
cence yellow, erect, rather long and scanty, intermixed with longer 
setae. LKlytra as long as, but broader than the thorax, transverse, 
more obscurely coloured than the rest of the insect, puncturation 
very fine (but much more distinct than that of the thorax), sparing, 
pubescence and setae as on the thorax. Abdomen with the sides 
lightly curved, not much narrower at the apex than at the base, 
very finely and very sparingly punctured, pubescence erect, scanty 
and long. 


Hab. Bukit Timah, associated with a species of Ant. 


PARALEOCHARA, h. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the anterior margin truncate, the anterior 
angles rounded. Mandibles moderately long and stout, rather 
prominent, lightly curved and pointed at the apex, simple. 

Maxillary palpi 5-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, 
lightly curved and widened towards the apex, the 3rd a little longer 
than the 2nd, gradually widened towards the apex, the 4th small, 
subulate, about half as long as the preceding, the 5th very small, 
a little narrower than the 4th. Inner lobe of the maxilla narrow, 
slightly curved and pointed at the apex, the inner margin densely 
set with moderately long and rather fine pectinations; outer lobe 
oblong, lightly curved, densely ciliate at the anterior border. 


276 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


- Tongue moderately broad and moderately long, extending to the 
level of the apex of the Ist joint of the labial palpi and split to the 
middle into two narrow lobes. Labial palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint 
stout, moderately long, the 2nd about as long but not quite so 
stout as the Ist, the 3rd shorter and narrower than the 2nd, the 
4th narrower and shorter than the 3rd. Gular sutures narrowly 
separated and parallel in front, diverging gradually posteriorly. 
Temples strongly bordered below. Virst joint of antennae sulcate 
for nearly one-third its length above. Prosternum broadly rounded 
behind. Mesosternal process very short, extending but a little 
distance between the coxae, broad and truncate posteriorly; meta- 
sternal process produced, meeting the mesosternal process, broad 
and truncate anteriorly, its sides and apex finely bordered. Inter- 
mediate coxae distant. Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5. The anterior pair 
with the first four joints short and subequal, the 5th about as long 
as the three preceding together, claws simple, the pulvinus with 
a rather long spine. The middle pair with the first four joints 
short and subequal (but longer than those of the anterior pair), 
the 5th elongate, about as long as the three preceding together. 
The posterior pair with the joints elongate, the Ist longer than the 
following which gradually decrease in length. Elytra not sinuate. 
Third and fourth dorsal segments of the abdomen transversely 
impressed at the base. 


The facies of the species on which this genus is founded 
is very similar to Amarochara. 


138. Paraleochara fungivora, n. sp. 


Shining castaneous, the elytra pitchy-black; abdomen reddish- 
testaceous, the sixth and seventh segments black. First three 
joints of the antennae, mouth-parts and legs testaceous. Length 
2-9 mm. 

Head orbicular, but produced in front, the mandibles prominent ; 
eyes moderate, not prominent; puncturation very fine and very 
sparing, pubescence sparing, stiff and coarse. Antennae stout, the 
Ist joint laterally compressed, the apical third of the upper border 
sulcate, the 3rd a little shorter than the 2nd, the 4th to the 10th 
transverse, gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate nearly 
three times as broad as long, the 11th short, oval. Thorax trans- 
verse, one-fifth as broad again as long, widest at the middle, the 
sides rounded and contracted anteriorly, more strongly contracted 
posteriorly in a nearly straight, line to the rounded posterior angles ; 
puncturation fine, very sparing, pubescence coarse, stiff and 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 277 


sparing; the sides and base finely bordered. Elytra blackish, 
scarcely as long as but a little broader than the thorax, transverse, 
very obsoletely and sparingly punctured, pubescence scanty, stiff 
and sparing. Abdomen parallel, the third, fifth and sixth segments 
with a few fine punctures, the rest nearly impunctate, pubescence 
very sparing and stiff. 


3 (?). Eighth dorsal segment narrowed, emarginate posteriorly. 


Hab. Sembawang, in rotting fungus. 


139. Hoplandria frugivora, n. sp. 


_Pitchy-brown, shining, lightly convex, attenuated posteriorly ; 
the elytra darker, the base of the abdomen lighter; the first three 
and apex of the last joint of the antennae, infuscate, the first four 
joints and legs testaceous. Length 2-8 mm. 

Head transversely orbicular, the eyes large, moderately promi- 
nent; exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly punctured and 
pubescent. Antennae with the 2nd joint a little shorter and 
narrower than the Ist, the 3rd a little shorter than the 2nd, the 4th 
a little longer than broad, the 5th to the 10th transverse, the pen- 
ultimate twice as broad as long, the 11th stout, oval, pointed longer 
than the two preceding together. Mouth-parts testaceous, the 
3rd_ joint of the maxillary palpi more or less infuscate. Thorax 
transverse, more than half as broad again as long, convex, broadest 
at the middle, the sides bordered, rounded and narrowed anteriorly 
and posteriorly, but rather more strongly in front, the posterior 
angles rounded, the base bordered, lightly sinuate on either side; 
puncturation and pubescence exceedingly fine and sparing, the 
disc with four larger punctures quadrately, placed, but not always 
distinct; each side with two or three short setae. Elytra as long 
as and scarcely broader than the thorax, transverse, moderately 
finely and moderately closely asperately punctured ; finely pubescent, 
the shoulders with a seta. Abdomen gradually pointed posteriorly, 
shining, exceedingly finely and exceedingly sparingly punctured, 
the sides and apex setiferous. 

3g. Elytra with a small tubercle near the suture at the postero- 
internal angle; seventh abdominal segment with a longitudinal 
keel in the middle line and on either side with indications of three 
or four fine raised lines; cighth dorsal segment broadly emarginate 


posteriorly. 


Hab. Mandai and Sembawang, in rotting fruit, and 
fungus, 


278 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


ADDITIONS. 


2 (a). Lispinus sharpi, n. sp. 


Pitchy-black, shining. Antennae, legs and apex of the abdomen 
rufo-testaceous. Head, thorax and elytra distinctly punctured, 
ground-sculpture very obsolete. Length 2-5 mm. 

Of the size and build of LZ. impressicollis Kr., but darker coloured, 
much more shining, less depressed, with much more distinct punctura- 
tion, and much less distinct ground-sculpture, lateral impressions 
of the thorax much less marked and the median impressions scarcely 
visible. Head with rounded impression on either side of the front, 
puncturation moderately fine and not very close, ground-sculpture 
searcely visible. Antennae with the 3rd joint shorter than the 
2nd, the 4th as Jong as the preceding, the 5th as long as broad, 
the 6th larger than the 5th, slightly transverse, 7th, 8th and 9th 
transverse, 10th as long as broad, 11th conical. Thorax more than 
one-third broader again than long, widest just before the middle, 
the sides slightly rounded and gradually narrowed anteriorly, con- 
tracted for the posterior third in a nearly straight line to the obtuse 
posterior angles, before which on either side is a narrow, elongate, 
not very well-marked impression before which is a rather large . 
puncture; disc very obsoletely impressed on either side of the middle 
line before the base; puncturation moderately fine, much closer on 
the disc and more scattered towards the sides; ground-sculpture 
very indistinct. Hlytra more than a third as long again as the 
thorax, longer than broad, rather more finely and distinctly less 
closely punctured than the disc of the thorax, ground-sculpture 
obsolete. Abdomen almost impunctate, distinctly coriaceous. 


Hab. Mandai, under bark. 


16 (a). Pinophilus orientalis, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining, the head with rather large and 
moderately close umbilicate puncturation, a triangular space on 
the front smooth and shining; thorax and elytra closely punctured. 
Antennae with the first two joints stout, fusco-testaceous, the rest 
very slender, testaceous; legs testaceous, the apex of the femora 
infuscate. Length 5-75-6-5 mm. 

This species would appear to be closely allied to P. thoracicus 
Fauv., from the description given, but differing in the smaller size 
and the entirely black elytra. Head more shining than the other 
parts, the temples not dentiform and scarcely perceptible; the 
sculpture consisting of large and only moderately close umbilicate 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 279 


punctures, the antennal tubercles and a triangular space whose 
base corresponds to the anterior margin completely smooth and 
shining. Antennae with the first two joints stout, fusco-testaceous, 
the rest very slender, all longer than broad and pale testaceous, 
Thorax a little wider than the head, transverse, widest at the junc- 
tion of the Ist and 2nd fourths, the sides gradually rounded both 
anteriorly and posteriorly, but more strongly posteriorly and 
passing insensibly into the base; disc with a short, raised, shining 
keel before the scutellum and slightly impressed on either side of 
this; puncturation less coarse, but much closer than that of the 
head, scarcely umbilicate. Scutellum with five or six moderately 
large punctures. Elytra a little narrower, but about as long as the 
thorax, scarcely transverse, the puncturation of about the density 
and size of that on the thorax but somewhat rugulose; pubescence 
grey, rather long and sparing. Abdomen moderately finely and 
moderately closely punctured on the first three segments, rather 
more sparingly behind; pubescence long and grey. 

4. Sixth ventral segment with a moderately broad triangular 
excision. 


Hab. Woodlands, in old logs. 


On page 70 of these Transactions for 1918, a species 
named Pinophilus notabilis is described; further examina- 
tion of this insect shows that a new genus must be formed 
for it, as although evidently closely allied to Pinophilus, 
it differs in certain details of structure. 


NEOPINOPHILUS, n. gen. 


Labrum transverse, the anterior margin broadly rounded with 
a deep moderately broad excision in the middle. Mandibles long, 
slender, curved, near the base of cach furnished with a sharp tooth. 
Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, obconical, the 2nd 
elongate, slightly thickened towards the apex, the 3rd shorter than 
the 2nd, narrower at the base, widened towards the apex, sub- 
triangular, the 4th fusiform, almost securiform, its outer aspect 
deeply suleate throughout its length, longer than the 8rd. Inner 
lobe of the maxilla broad, truncate, the apical border densely but 
rather shortly ciliate; outer lobe membranous, narrower than the 
inner and a little longer, the apex and outer border densely covered 
with long cilia. The tongue broad, very similar to that of Palaminus, 
but completely bilobed, the broadly rounded antero-internal aspect 
of each lobe densely ciliate. Paraglossae prominent, not extending 


280 Dr. Maleolm Cameron on 


beyond the lateral border of the tongue, shortly and closely ciliate. 
Labial palpi 3-jomted, the Ist joint rather stout, about twice as 
long as broad; the 2nd longer and much stouter than the Ist, 
oviform, furnished externally near the apex with two long and 
strong cilia; the 3rd a little shorter and much narrower than the 
2nd, narrowed towards the apex which is truncate. Labium widest 
behind, deeply bisinuate in front. Mentum short and_ broad. 
Gular sutures separate, parallel. Temples strongly bordered below. 
Prosternal process carinate, acuminate; mesosternal process short, 
acuminate, extending but little between the intermediate coxae, 
which are contiguous in front; metasternal process acuminate, not 
reaching the mesosternal process. Anterior femora much thick- 
ened, all the tibiae setiferous. Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5. Anterior 
tarsi much dilated, the Ist joint triangular, transverse; the 2nd 
broader than the Ist; the 3rd broader than the preceding, the 
distal border emarginate; the 4th obcordate; the 5th elongate, 
claws simple; the first four joints each furnished below with a still 
broader membrane the margins of which are ciliate; middle pair 
with the Ist joint moderately long, the 2nd subtriangular, the 3rd 
nearly semicircular, the 4th lamelliform extending below the 5th 
(which is articulated to the dorsal surface near the base) for a short 
distance; posterior pair similarly constructed to the preceding. 
Posterior tibiae obliquely truncate before the apex, closely ciliate. 
Elytral epipleurae complete. Abdomen keeled at the base below. 


The species on which this genus is founded has the facies 
of Pinophilus, but the labrum is bilobed and the last joint 
of the maxillary palpi is securiform. Type, Pinophilus 
notabilis, Trans. Ent. Soc. 1918, p. 70. 


18 (a). Palaminus bryanti, n. sp. 


Testaceous, shining, abdomen reddish-brown; elytra nearly half 
as long again as the thorax. Antennae and legs pale testaceous- 
yellow. Length 3-4 mm. 

Size and coloration of P. ceylanensis Kr., but the antennae are 
more slender, the penultimate joints being longer, the thorax is less 
transverse and the sides posteriorly straighter, the posterior angles 
obtuse, the elytra are shorter and their puncturation less close. 
Head transverse, the temples dentiform, the puncturation coarse 
and pretty close, pubescence, stiff, yellow and sparing. Antennae 
with the first three joints equal in length, the 4th to the 10th 
longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length, the 11th long, 
oval, pointed, as long as the two preceding together. Thorax a 
little narrower than the head, slightly transverse, widest at the 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 281 


rounded anterior angles, the sides almost straight and convergent 
from thence to the obtuse posterior angles; posterior half of the disc 
in the middle line with smooth raised line, puncturation coarse, 
umbilicate, sparing; pubescence coarse, stiff and scanty. Elytra 
wider than, and nearly half as long again ag the thorax, puncturation 
rather coarse but more obsolete and closer than that of the thorax, 
pubescence long, stiff and yellow. Abdomen with imbricate sculp- 
ture of the first four visible segments, the following with a few 
asperate punctures; pubescence as on the fore-parts. 


Hab. Bukit Timah. Collected by G. £. Bryant. 


19 (a). Astenus castaneus, n. sp. 


Rufo-castaneous, shining; antennae slender, pale testaceous; 
legs pale testaceous. Length 4:3-5-5 mm. 

In size and build very similar to A. filum Aubé, except that the 
head is larger and more orbicular and the antennae much longer 
and more slender. Head large, the temples broadly rounded passing 
insensibly into the base, sculpture close and umbilicate. Antennae 
with all the joints much longer than broad, the 2nd joint shorter 
than the Ist, the 3rd longer than the 2nd, the 4th to the 11th differ- 
ing but little if at all in length and thickness. Thorax narrower 
than the head, subpentagonal, the anterior angles distinct, one- 
fifth as long again as broad, the sides with 6 or 7 long setae. 
Sculpture similar to that of the head. Elytra scarcely wider than 
the thorax at the anterior angles and of the same length, more 
shining than the fore-parts and rather lighter in colour, punctura- 
tion very coarse and close. Abdomen elongate, the first four visible 
segments rather coarsely punctured in transverse rows, the fifth 
and sixth much more finely and irregularly punctured ; pubescence 
long and stiff. Anal styles elongate, lightly curved downwards. 

g. Sixth ventral segment produced, narrowed, the sides sinuate, 
the posterior border with a deep and moderately broad excision 
the sides of which are parallel and the apex rounded; fifth ventral 
segment with a small feeble emargination at the middle of the 
posterior border, in front and corresponding to this is a horseshoe- 
shaped impression, studded with a few black granules. 


Hab. Bukit Panjang, in débris. 


22 (a). Medon (s. str.) orientalis, n. sp. 


Pitchy-red, nearly opaque, the elytra and abdomen rather more 
shining, the former with the postero-external angles and often with 


282 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


more or less of the posterior half, infuseate. Antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs reddish-testaceous. Length 3 mm. 

Allied to M. opacellus Fauy., but smaller and narrower, the 
antennae more slender, the vertex of the head a little shining, the 
sculpture consisting of close simple punctures not at all rugulose 
on the disc, but only granular at the base and temples. Head 
large, transversely quadrate, the posterior angles rounded, the base 
feebly emarginate; the eyes moderate; sculpture on the dise con- 
sisting of moderately large close punctures, at the sides, base and 
temples of small granules. Antennae slender, the 2nd joint a little 
shorter than the 3rd, the 4th to the 6th all a little longer than 
broad, gradually decreasing in length, the 7th to the 10th about 
as long as broad. Thorax scarcely broader than long, the sides 
narrowed from the apex to the base and setose; sculpture consist- 
ing of a fine close granulation, the disc with a trace of a smooth 
median line. Elytra longer and a little broader than the thorax, 
longer than broad, with a close (but not so close as on the thorax) 
granular sculpture; pubescence fine and yellow. Abdomen closely 
and finely punctured throughout; pubescence close, yellow. 

g- Seventh ventral segment with a deep emargination; sixth 
ventral segment with a broad, but not deep emargination. 


Hab. Mandai, in débris. 


26 (a). Medon (Charichirus) terminalis, n. sp. 


Black, opaque (greasy lustre only), the posterior third of the 
elytra dull reddish. Antennae black, the last three or four joints 
reddish-testaceous; legs pitchy. Length 5-5 mm. 

Exactly similar in build and puncturation to C. chinensis Boh., 
but at once distinguished by the dark antennae, the infuscate legs, 
the more obscure coloration of the elytra and the blacker abdomen. 


Hab. Keppel Harbour, in débris. 


On page 85 (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1918) of the first part of 
this paper, two species referred to the genus Holisus were 
described, but. further investigation into their structure 
shows that although possessing a remarkable resemblance 
to this genus, yet the structure of the mouth-parts and 
tarsi is so different that it is necessary to form a new genus 
for their reception, which would appear to form a tr mein 
between the Bolitocharini and the Staphylinini, the genus 
Thectura probably being the closest relation 1 the former 
group. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 283 


TLOLISOMIMUS, n. gen. 


Antennae distant, situated on the front margin of the head, 
just external to the level of the inner margin of the mandibles. 
Eyes small and flat. Mandibles long, stout, prominent, the right 
pointed at the apex and with a tooth at the middle of the inner 
margin, the left thickened at the apex, which is excavated internally. 
Maxillary palpi 4-jointed, the Ist joint small, the 2nd elongate, 
lightly curved and slightly thickened towards the apex, the 3rd 
a little longer than the 2nd, the 4th subulate, about half as long as 
the 3rd. Outer lobe of the maxilla elongate, truncate at the apex, 
which is ciliate; inner lobe narrower than the outer, uncinate at the 
apex, strongly pectinate along the inner margin. Tongue broad 
membranous, gradually narrowed towards the apex, which is 
divided for a short distance into two bluntly pointed lobes. Labial 
palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint clongate, cylindrical, the 2nd narrower 
and a little shorter than the Ist, the apex rounded. Mentum (pars 
antica) short, transverse, broadly emarginate in front. Temples 
not bordered below. Gular sutures coalescing posteriorly. Pro- 
sternum large, triangular, obtusely pointed behind. Mesosternal 
process very short, scarcely extending between the intermediate 
coxae, which are contiguous. Femora stout. Tarsal formula 4, 4,5; 
the anterior and intermediate pairs with the first three joints short 
and subequal, the 4th rather longer than the three preceding 
together; the posterior pair with the first four joints short and 
subequal, the 5th about as long as the three preceding together. 


This genus is founded on the species described (loc. cit.) 
as Holisus parvus and H. cingulatus. 


46 (a). Conosoma malayanum, n. sp. 


Black, moderately shining, the posterior border of the thorax 
narrowly, the postero-external angles more broadly rufescent; 
elytra with small obscure reddish spot in the middle of basal margin. 
Antennae filiform, the first three and the last joints clear testaceous. 
Length (extended) 5°3 mm. 

In build identical with C. pubescens Gr., but differs in the colora- 
tion, much longer antennae, much shorter elytra and more strongly 
setose abdomen. Antennae filiform, all the joints longer than broad, 
the 11th longer than the 10th. Thorax black, very finely and 
moderately closely punctured and pubescent, the postero-external 
angles and posterior margin rufescent but not sharply so. Elytra 
searcely as long as the thorax, transverse, as finely but less closely 
punctured than in C. pubescens, finély pubescent, the base with a 


284 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on Slaphylinidae from Singapore. 


small ill-determined rounded reddish spot which does not extend 
to the suture or the lateral margin. Abdomen elongate, strongly 
pointed, very finely and closely punctured and pubescent through- 
out, the lateral setae stronger than in C. pubescens. Posterior tarsi 
longer than the tibiae. 


Hab. Ang Mo Kio, in rotten timber. 


56 (a). Coproporus varians, n. sp. 


Black, shining, the extreme lateral margins of the thorax and of 
the elytra, the posterior margins of the dorsal segments of the 
abdomen, rufescent. Antennae, mouth-parts and legs reddish- 
testaceous. Length 2-2 mm. 

Var. 1. Thorax pitchy-red; elytra posteriorly near the suture 
more or less rufescent. 

Var. 2. Entirely pitchy-red. 

A variable species as regards coloration, which is probably related 
to the degree of maturity. Of about the build of C. minimus 
Motsch., but considerably larger and rather more convex, with the 
antennae considerably shorter, the 4th joint being transverse and 
the penultimate much more transverse than in that species; the 
elytra, moreover, do not present the fine wrinkling seen in C? 
minimus. Head black, shining, finely strigose transversely, with 
a very few, scarcely visible, punctures. Antennae with the 2nd 
joint shorter than the Ist and 8rd, the 4th to the 10th transverse, 
gradually increasing in breadth, the penultimate nearly twice as 
broad as long, the 11th conical. Thorax at the base, twice as broad 
as long, exceedingly finely and by no means closely punctured and 
without visible ground-sculpture. Elytra transverse, at the base 
as wide as, but a little longer than the thorax, narrowed behind, 
with sculpture similar to that of the thorax. Abdomen exceed- 
ingly finely and not very closely punctured, with a fine, short 
sparing yellow pubescence. Eighth dorsal segment posteriorly 
divided into four narrow pointed processes. 


Hab. Woodlands, under bark. 


XI. A Contribution to our knowledge of the Life-history of 
the Stack Insect, Carausius morosus Br. By GuorcE 
Tarot, F.E.S. 


[Read March 17th, 1920.] 


SYNOPSIS. 

PAGE 
1. INTRODUCTION: . A : oe pats 
2. GENERAL LIFE-HISTORIES AND . DESCRIPTIONS Or 7 SPECIMENS 286 
3. Eaa DrvELOpMENT ‘ 2 é ; 3 . 293 
4. VARIATION IN Eaes . : : . | 294 
5. Pertop oF INCUBATION OF THE Ecc : 294. 

6. PERtop or IycuBaTtIon or 'wo OR MORE Eaas DEPOSITED 
WITHIN TWENTY-FOUR Hours . : 3 : 295 
7. Tur Ecpyses : . ; 2 : . 296 
8. SUMMARY OF Movtrine Prriops . E 5 ; Be PAN, 
9. OvIPOSITION 3 .. 5 . 297 
10. Post-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND LONGEVITY ; . 298 
ll. Rave or GrowrH : 2 : : . 298 
12. MeASUREMENTS AT Maxmcom GRowTH . : i . 299 
13. CHANGES IN COLORATION ‘ 2 3 ‘ . 300 
14. CoLoratTion at THE FrnaL Sracr : : 3 5 BION 
15. SumMAaRY . 3 : P a BOP 
16. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF A Lost LIMe ‘ 3 Sea0s 
17. SmmuLATION OF DratTH IN THE NEWLY-HATCHED . - 303 
18. MorTaAtity . 2 3 : : . 303 
19. VARIATION AND PARTHENOGENESIS 4 ; z . 303 
20. INHERITANCE OF VARIABILITY - é A : . 304 


1. INTRODUCTION. 


Tue observations here set forth were made during the 
years 1910, 1911, and 1912. They were carried out under 
yarlous difficulties, and are not so thorough nor so exten- 
sive as those given to the entomological world by Mr. 
H. Ling Roth in his exhaustive paper published in these 
Transactions for 1916, p. 345. My results are not entirely 
the same, but the conditions under which the insects were 
reared were different. The most striking difference is seen 
in the number of moults; in most cases only three were 
observed and four on only tno occasions, never five nor six. 

I do not give here any notes on the mode of oviposition, 
emergence from the egg, and general habits, which differ 
in no , particular from the observations made by Roth. 

The specimens were kept in wooden boxes fitted with 
glass on one side and perforated on another side to admit 
plenty of air. These were stood on end on small receptacles 
containing water into which the stem of the food-plant was 
placed. The insects were fed on privet. [Cont. on p. 293.] 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS1, I. (JULY) 


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“CL. SE OI-EL 


HAFC-LL 
“GO-61 


“SL 
“GLU 


*P9ATISGO 40 NT 


“GL CUIN'S 
‘aqajdurl0o ION 
“GLCUAMOL 
“ETT LT-IL 


*paarasqo Jon | GL XUS-) ‘sisfpoe WF 
‘ajaydumo0o Sutaq 
OM ‘ssa] JO ULYS 

ATUO paArasqo 


“OT TUM OT | 


| 
| 
"paatasqo JON | *PAATASGO 10.7 


*punoy 
Ajuo uorqi0d y 
“EL SEOL-GL ‘sts{poa pig 


*paarasqo Jon *pasdasqo I0N 


‘TTSHA‘03-81 ‘BT, TA'S "BI TA'96-G8 “paaresqo JON ‘sis{poa pug 
“BTC A'6L [eee eee ‘TL TA'FS—TA' 83 ‘stspoo 4ST 


“sAUp FG6 


"s£BD FOZ 


‘sAUp LEG | *‘s£UD BFS UOTQUqnouUl Jo a3eq 


‘BLA'LZ 


GLCAT 


sud ZI-9 
“LLC XPOL 


*g ustatoads 
"Tq uovisues | 


stad OT-L 
“TTS THIA 


*T uamroadg 
‘TW worzerauer 


‘OL STEX’ FL “GLAT'9G “GTCAV ES ‘OL TIX’ST “BUTYOYVY JO ayvq 
| urd 9-2 | ‘cad g—ur'e 0¢'6 | | : 
— | "TT ILIA’ SS “TT MIA LT — ‘quored Aq paqtsodap svi S59 way a3eql 
| | 
*g uatuToadg "T uati1roadg | 
“"T quoieg g Seats | Shee "qd quaieg 


"Iq worqeieua+) ‘Tq uorqedeuas | 


‘SHIMOLSIH-AWIT TVAYANAD 


288 Mr. G. Talbot’s Contribution to our knowledge of the 


“udaL4) 
‘MOT[EA ILM payyoods puv users deped Mojag —“Ysippad vrowlay LoLMojUR Joaseg -‘asoSnixeso0yy, “uoods yaeqd 
‘S1OY}O 9} UL UBT} asosnd sIOW XvIOYY £ UAoIG YLM papyoodg 


‘Ysippor A[QUIey apISUI UO vIOUIAy IOTIe}UL 
FO aSeq SUINUJoISeJatU Fo asuq 7v yods a5uvIO JouL4sIp sso] Io o10m ev f More afed aptsiopun ‘users 4YSrT 


‘Moje doped xvtoyjosour ‘odta4s [edeqyy oyed v YIM Usuopqy ~“yortq AjaveN—"y39 [udy 
| ‘1oyed *xvioyzosomt fo ydaoxe ‘aovyins [eqUeA { UNOIg-YyZIve YIvp LIa4A—"1Ig ‘oa(T 
‘93UL} W993 JOYA pur JayIeq—'sts{poo prryy teqye “WI9g “gdeg 
| (ASOSNA PUL PITYULIM ULYG Wed Fo aduly YYST[S B PYM Wuosq-YJIve YIeq—'stsApos puoosas J9qyze “IOS ANE 
‘u9aI5 Jefed mojeq Ustopqge ‘ystyuId Mopeq xvdoyJOseTY *‘Woary—‘yIg ‘ood 
‘pasuvyoun mojog—'stsXpoe ply} Jeqye ‘pig ‘snyw 

*‘pasuvyoun Imojog—"stsApos puooss Joye ‘WET Apne 

"U9dI5-YSIMO][VA a[Vq—'stsapoo 4siy Joye Ys] oun¢ 


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| ‘U99I5 JUST] 91a ‘UMOIq-YSippat YZIM pasury suo Jo uoydeoxe YIM ‘aseyy [PW ‘pedq o1aa suataioeds ¢¢ 
| ‘yortq WLM popyoeds ynq oped 0} pasuvyo soe] ynq ‘useds ysiy YW 


‘SNONIOGdS FO SNOILdIYOSaa 


| 


ld) uoINg 
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‘OI-1 ‘soodg 
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ta Ue) 


‘g quoleg 
ai ome sso} 
| "Ww querleg 


289 


Stuck Insect, Carausius morosus. 


2 


Life-history of the 


‘paqypnueis Ajasofo XeLoy} PUY PvoF{ ‘“SUOLZR[NULIS Moy YALA YOOUIS ysowTe UsTOpqy ‘uae 
‘UdaI5 JIM pasuty snoaiyoo a[eg 
‘usels Yep SsoT ‘“MOfeq UMOIQ aed ‘useIS YI posuy snoaryoo avg 


“MOOG UMOIq-YstMoTpad aed ‘aaoqe used avg 


"MOfaq toyed UstOpqe pu quasqe st odi4ys [eUTULOpqe oy} yeT} Ydaoxe pesuvyouN Inojog—yy, “ydeg 
‘ad114s [view] UMOIq-AJsNI vB SIveq UsTIOpge ot} yey) ydeoxe pesueyoun mmojog— ig [dy 
‘syutod yoriq Yt payyoeds puv asury yurd ev YyLM snoaryoo afed ATUIOFIMQ—'YIg *00q 

‘peryoods yonurt pur dejed sa] at]} ‘taed3-vas 


MOfeq pvoy pu ssoyT “Aods yt paddy ‘yoejq ‘snorowmu sjutod oyTy-qaeA, ‘stoted oovyans [erqUaA 


6 


*SIULIVUL YOVlq-Yysinjq Y}IM payyoods puv ‘edu yuid yurey ve ZIM ‘MoIQ—sisXpoo parry Jaye ‘Wg “ydag 
‘pasuvyoun IMojog—'sisApoe puooses aaqyze ‘yI9 ANE 
‘pesuvyoun IMojog—sisApos ysig 19yze “yJe] ouNE 


‘pedi1qs you ustiopqe ‘xei0y4 
pue pest Uo UMoIq yep fo sadiys [estop ow} pus ‘sedis [eloye] YIVp YL uses A.IIp opeq— IF oune 


SNGHWIOGdS FO SNOLLdIHOSHa 


"q quoieg 
"c-¢ ‘soadg 
*Z ‘oodg 
"LT ‘oedg 
“GD UeD 


*T ‘oadg 
WORT) 


U 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—-PARTS I, U. (JULY) 


90 Mr. G. Talbot's Contribution to our knowledge of the 


a 


“ 


‘pasuvyoun mojog— try “ydeg 


ajed xerIoyjosew Jo apisiepug ‘SSurp}ZowW Ystuojjed puv Ystueets sped WM yorjq youpy—ttig [dy | 
| 
| 


| ‘ad 118 [vI9}V] YSippad B WILMA Ustopqe pue 


‘Ystpped XvIOYJOseU Jo opisiepuy ‘“ssuryzow ysryurd pue YstuseI5 YIM UMoIq-YIIva Mopoy— yg “oq. 


| ‘maa18-Ystmopjad YUM poqods sey ‘seddn 9y} se pednojfoo Suteq sov}ins Jopun puv [etzUeA ofoyAL | 
| ay} ureseys Surpaoord woz Apotyo siayiq “UMoIq AZAIP B ‘TaYIep INoTOO—"s{sApoa YRANOF 1azye “TIS “ydag 


‘aaIS-Ysthais & INO[OD [wIeUey “JoyIep xetoy}eyoUt 

| ‘oa8 apisrapugQ ‘uattopge oy} Joao poynqrystp Ajasteds ore yout suooaford oyt]-31eM Jo asvarIoUy 

“UMOIG YIM papjOU UsedS-aAl[O Iopoo-punory) “ToyIep YONU mojog—‘s{sApos piiy? foye “YIOT ‘Sny 
‘Iajed epislapuy, “Yov[q ote YOrA fo Jas1e] ayy ‘suorooford oy{]-AvAr [TUS YL Xvtoy} puv proy | | 

Ssjods youlq TBLM poyVUL syusUIZes Jo syutol ‘uaar5-Ystno]jeA Ustopqe ‘Users Jo svadv [eslop yep 

pue sjods yorlq YIM payIem usais-ystmopjed xv1oy} ‘sjzods yortq otmtos YILA useIs 4st wnyjouoid 

pue peoy :oaoqy ‘“ystforS ovuuoyue Syortq W3TM pagqods ‘useds ssaJ—'stsApoa puodes Joqyze “IQs oun 


| "U9013-YSIMOT[aX —‘stsApoe Jsiy Joqze “WIS sung 


‘u9015 o[eq—' WF oune *T ‘oadg 
AGE E53) 
i a ee ee eee ee eS Se eee 
‘SNHWIONdS JO SNOIWLdTHOSad 


291 


WLOPOSUS. 


ANAUSUUS 


ay 
J 


ect, 


ke Ins 


> 
A 


-history of the Stu 


ife 


la 


‘pesuvyoun mopop— yyy “"adag 
‘ad11ys [v10}R] YIVP vB sIveq UsttOpqe ay} yey} Ydeoxe pesuvyouN nojogQ—"sisApoo ply} Joqye ‘yWE ‘Sny 


"YSIUMOIg ATJOUTZSIP svUuUEZUR Jo 
JUIUISS SV] ‘IMO][OO 9/991] TILA VeUUEZUe PUL sseT ynq ‘udeIs ated AT[oUA\—'sIsApos YsIy oToJoq ‘YIP ouNE 


‘ynq oped Jo yoqed [esiop & siveq JUUISes [RUITIOpge YJANOJ oy, ‘UseI5-9AT[o yreq 
‘YSIMOT[oA pue ofed opisIopuQ, ‘aSOBNI YeYyMoeulos xvIOYy, ‘woes yIeq 


“MoOT[OA JIM posuly useds ojeg 


‘YSLMOT[AA puv Jared apisiopu—) ‘asOsNI AvILWotlos xvIOYy, ‘use0IS wre 
*MOfaq Japed ‘users-ystaopjed FYySrT 

‘Iayiep youut mojog—'yyy “ydag 

‘pasuvyoun Imojogp— yg [dy 


‘[eSdop ay} Uvyy papyoeds aro oovyans [edquoA 
pue ‘adits Ysippol [eioqe] LW usulopqy ‘Jefed xev1oyZOse fo sovzIns Japugq ‘aseq 4v yopIvos 
BIOUd} IOME{UR FO ‘as5UBIO VIOUI9}-PIUE Jo soVFINS JoMOoT ‘osuy yurd yurey YAW snossyoo afeqg—'YIg ‘eq 


“queserd yur} UseIS OU ‘snosIyDQ—'sIsApos party) Jo9ze ‘TIQT “ydag 


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*‘Z ‘oodg 
‘1d 


‘SNOWIOUdS FO SNOILdIYOSaa 


Mr. G. Talbot's Contribution to our knowledge of the 


29 


"W905 TILA pesuly snooiyoo [eq 


‘U90IS YYST]T NojoD 


*xvloy} Ueyy Joyed ATQY Sys Ajo ‘1ayrep ustIOpqy—'yIL “deg 
‘pasuvyoun inojog—'yyg [dy 


: ‘aseq 
IVIU Jo[IVOS VIOWII} LOLo}JUY Jo ‘oseq Ivo 9sULIO VAIO} o}PVIPIo}UL JO doVFANS JapuN ‘ UatMOpge 
SB IMO]OO sues Sa] IoMeysod ‘xvI1o0Y} sv IMo]Od oS SFo] oPVIPetttezUL PUY TOLIejUY f WMOIq-YSstpper 
ylep MOfeq XvIoyy, ‘snoaryoo aed usatiopqe pue xv1oyeJOU ‘UMOIG-YQIve XvIOYZ PUR proA}H—'TIE *‘ooq7 


‘pasuvyoun Mojog—'sisApoe YRINOF 19}Fe “YG ‘AON 

‘IayIep 991] @ INOJOQ—'sIsApos pATYy 1997Fe “WIOT “ydeg 

‘AIS FYST] OOVJANS [VIZUAA ‘SNOdITIVO a[Vq—'sIsApoos PUOddS JozJv “WP ‘Sny 
"YStuseds alow InNoJOQ—"stsApod 4say Jazze ‘yyLZ Ane 


UMOIG YZIA A[SU04s payjjow ‘MorfeA-ystuseds ated mojoo-punoig— S50 Woz soues1ows Jozye “YILZ ART 


| 


*6 ‘oadg 
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TH 


‘SSNHWIOGdS JO SNOILdTHOSaa 


Life-history of the Stick Insect, Carausius morosus. 293 


The boxes were kept in a room without artificial heating. 
During some periods of cold weather the temperature of 
the room must have been below 40° F. 

Roth kept his insects in inverted glass bell-jars in a 
room maintained at a certain temperature. It is certain 
that the temperature inside his bell-jars was higher than 
outside, but only the room temperature is given. 

The eggs for incubation were kept in ordinary chip 
boxes in the room with the insects, and no moisture was 
eiven them. 


3. Eaa DEVELOPMENT. 


An egg is deposited at intervals of from 4 to 6 hours, 
but during an interval of 96 hours only from 8 to 10 are 
deposited. There are intervals of 20 to 40 hours during 
which none are laid, and it 1s during this time that others 
are developed for deposition at further intervals of from 
4 to 6 hours. It would appear that 8 to 10 eggs are 
developed at one time though at different stages, so that 
when one is laid another is begining to form. 

During 96 hours there is altogether an interval of from 
40 to 60 hours during which none are laid, and the longer 
the interval the fewer are laid. However the interval of 
rest may vary, the number of eggs laid is still one for 
every period of 4 to 6 hours. 

In one case, during 96 hours 10 eggs were deposited 
with a total rest interval of 42 hours. In another case, 
during 96 hours 6 eggs were deposited with an interval of 
56 hours. 

A lengthened period of rest does not result in the 
development of more eggs. One egg in each ovarian tube 
is ready almost at the same time, the succeeding ege being 
far behind in development. As soon as these ripe eggs 
have been discharged, the period of rest supervenes until 
the next batch is ready. 

Kggs were mostly deposited between the hours of 6 p.m. 
and 10 a.m. 

Higes are deposited at less frequent intervals from the 
age of 320 to “400 days, and these intervals increase in 
lenoth until on the average half the number of eggs is 
produced i in the same time. 

The egg is visible within the anal cavity several hours 
before it is dropped. 


- 


294 Mr. G. Talbot’s Contribution to our knowledge of the 


4. VARIATION IN EGGS. 


Speci- | No. of the egg 
men. | inseries depos. 


7th 


Pecutiarity. 
Small. The knob scarcely projects from its 
cavity, being almost flat. 


One is smaller than usual, of a reddish-brown 
colour, and with conical knob. 


One of these is only about size of a pin’s 
head, and very dark in colour. Cap nearly 


Slaty-grey in colour. Knob flatter than usual. 
The knob of these is conical. 

A few of these are very small. 

One of these is only about size of a pin’s head. 


ie 
8, 9, 10 The knob is conical. 
14-37 Includes 3 small] ones. 
38-47 
53-61 Two of these are small. 
257-316 
normal size. 
B. 154-157 One small one. 
160 
| 161-164 
| 221-246 
| 443-455 
C. 177-179 One rather small. 
229-252 


A few of these are very small. 


The data contained in the general life-histories is dis- 
played and summarised in the following tables, 5-15. 


5. PERIOD OF INCUBATION OF THE EGG. 


Date of 


Period of 


Specimen. Bagg as enon EEF 

UOTg ih een a. I.wviii. 16.iv. 249 
B2. Gen. 1. 9.x. 28-29.v. 262 

Cl. Gen. 1. 28.vill. 3.V 248 
Dl. Gen. 1. 17.vili. 24.iv 250 
D2. Gen. 1. 22.vill. 26.1V 247 

El. Gen. 1. 20.vill. 5.v 254 
£2. Gen. 1. 9.ix. 27.V 229 


Tt will be seen from this table that the data was obtained 
in respect of eggs which necessarily passed a period of their 
development during the winter months. The average period 
of incubation obtained under these conditions is 247 days. 
The observations of Mr. Roth, /. ¢., who kept his eggs at a 
temperature ranging from 56° F.-64° F., show a period of 
137-297 days for incubation under those conditions. 


\ 


295 


AVAUSVUS MOPOSUS. 


Insect, C 


. 


ck 


la 


f the S 


a) 


yf 


astore 


Tafe-h 


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§ 616-916 | > SLCINVSL “GT CTA'S ‘ILS SPL ‘urd @1-¢ | F 
| Il GLEF9G | = “GTC TA'S “ELCA'6E-8G | ‘TL S1'8 ‘urd [[-¢ an 
| z 193-6G3 | = “BIC A'LE “BL A'9G-FE “TLSSVOL ‘urd 1-9 ¢ 
9T ELE-LES | —= “CLIVE ELC AES TL SEL ‘urd ¢[-¢ G 
iif 096-946 | = ET A'6T CL. AST-VL “TL. S1'§-G é 
| § 8E6-Ccs | = “CL CA'OT-FI1 “ELAS ‘TLSSE'T ‘urd 0¢'6-9 | G 
| g 196-8 = “BL CA'9T-FI “EL CA'ST “TLSTA'6 ‘urd oT-9 é 
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a | | “TLC THIA' Gs “td gO 
| & OS6-LFG = “ETL ATOS ETCAVLE TIL TIAGe ‘urd 9 G 
| | 
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| aemixoiddy | qo Su , an 
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6cL OF | #E | 9g 7’) aSu10A¥. | 
PLL ag 61 | S01 (GG) “X'S3-GE ‘XE S-T 
‘99 WF 3V_ | ‘99 ‘WaF=pre | | 1x°6 “Ap09 UF | 
OIT eG | Tg | Pg “GFL “XV9T-8T (0G) “MIA FS-LT 
66 4 | ra | i TITA'g “TA‘OL 
FIG | == | FS OST | *uaas JON *(91L) ‘TIA‘OZ-T 
IFT | 86 | 0G 86 ‘GD XVer-er | TA'S 
gor ‘war 3v_| ‘8a ‘uae | | xrg-1 “p09 WHF | 
a oF | I¢ lf THA'OT ORIG | 
661 — | — 661 “108 ION “W998 ION | 
LoL | 99 | 61 | GF | *XI'Q-), (@) *IIA'9-T. 
Lea GG | Tg | “GIT | (QT) ‘TEA0-€T (IZ) *IALE-LT 
8 0% | Fg | 86 | “(8T) ‘XU O6-LT (8G) “TTA*08-8z | 
LOL 0% oi | cr | (6) “HIA'€-1 TIA'ST 
€0Z ‘08 | 99 LOT | (F) MALT (F) IMT | 
‘sts poor pre “stsApogy ‘stsApog ‘sIskpom aT | 


qe osy 


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uaaMqaq shed 


pue Surya yy | 
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‘stsApoq pag 


‘sisApog, puz 


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(WOdT IO 04 pozUNod Avp oyvoIpUT SJoyoRIG UT SINS) 


‘SHSAGOW CHL 


L 


Life-history of the Stick Insect, Carausius morosus. 297 


8. SUMMARY OF MOULTING PERIODS. 


Time of Development between Days. ea 
Hatching and Ist ecdysis. 23-199 176 
1st and 2nd eedysis. ; 19-66 47 

Ge and 3rd ecdysis. 20-98 78 
3rd and 4th ecdysis. 28-56 28 
Age at 3rd ecdysis. §2-214 132 
Age at 4th ecdysis. 166 0 


9. OVIPOSITION. 


Rate of Deposition. 


Period of No. of 
Specimen. Oviposition Hegs 
Days. produced. First First Second 
20 Days. 2 months. 3 Months. 
B | 445 A86 40 1-2 per day lin 2 days 
C. 286 313 46 2 in 3 days 1 in 2 days 
Dy 447 458 22 2 in 3 days 1 in 2 days 
325 436 — 1 per day 1 per day 
D 148 139 43 3 in 2 days 1 in 2 days 
B2. = = 50 | in 3 months. 
Average 330 366 37 1 per day. 1 in 2 days 


298 


10. 


Average 


Specimen. 


= 


Average 


| 
| 
| 
| 


re) 
) 
9 om 
2 Pn 
ABE 
QA 


| 2-8.y.' 11. | 
18.xi.710, 


Live. | 
98-29.v.'12. 


27xi 10. | 


LS.xii. 10, 


Qivel2 | 


2Givel2. | 


2712. | 
iT 


ll. RATE OF GROWTH. 


Ist Wedysis. 


Age, |Length. 
Days. | Mu, 
AG 29 
98 
12 21 
11 27 
28 19 
it 24 
in| 38 
ROT PO 


Vai 10. 


ysis. 


Date oi 3rd 
Eedy. 


22-28.x.'11. 
1—7.vii’ 11. 
1-8.viii’12. 
L7-20.ix." 12. 
18-20.vil. 11. 
28.vi.—4.vii. 
(Only one 
observed) 


"7 


7-8.1x,. 
12-16.ix,. 


18-20.vii. 
(Seeond and 
last seen) 


S.viil. 


Hy 
(1th ecdysis) 


2nd Wedysis. 


Age. |Leneth, 
Days.} Mm, 
88 ‘1 
Gl 
Gl 9) 
62 MG 
is 27 
76 11 
85 1G 
Os Nheb 


‘| ' 

A ws g ; * oh as 
ay Sia & EoS FI 
39 EB re a q 
a | ' B33 1 4 O 
oe g2| gobs 
aE ApAe Se) Eos 
4 aon ‘ft Res Ob 
O8 | Paka Oo ma @ ® 

sea Be 2 “a, A 

14—19.i.°12. 86 257 
Lo.vili’ 11, 42 245 
About 18 126 
20.vili."12, 
About 77 1&9 
(lhe. b at YB 
Le sviit." 11. 27 28 
IO.viii. 50 2A9 
About, 28 lod 
Ons, 
About V7 157 
ox. 
O.viil. 21 258 
About 53 158 
BOIX. 
About 22 ISS 
L.Nxil. 
40 202 
we ing ana. 
3rd Hedysis. 3A) os 
Aa" |ear Bae 
8 bp ag jog . 
Bee| Real gaa 
Ago. |Longth.| $4.8 | § 4 6 rey fe, 
se] 2 Ar) © oe 
Days.| Mm, | 7 6/85] Fa0 
Cs] ky 4 ky 
: | ir 
LOS 70 7h 2 BY 
| 
113 DD 70 
127 NA We as ( 
Los Ge gO 9 26 
ina 7 | ec wees ten 
99 | b7 75 | 20 18 
10 | 60 16 | 8 i 
L111 no Ths 91! 24-1 


Mr. G. Talbot's Contribution to our knowledge of the 


POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND LONGEVITY. 


S. 


Day. 


Age at Death. 


Hs80 


692 


Above 
229 

About 

$12 


HOA 
401 


Above 
Hoo 


629 


OS 


Above 
470 

Above 
AG7 


BOL 


| 


attained. Days. 


Age when 
Maximum Length! 


223 


147 


Above 
S45 
°ob3 


* 
Yeo 


lo 


Tafe-history of the Stick Tnsect, Carausius morosus. 299 
A 


12. MEASUREMENTS AT MAXIMUM GROWTH. 


Ss 


Specimen. 


02 | al 
. @ 
ida} 
(OR ye ro 
Ot, ; 
Ob. 


DA. ol 
DD, 


Average . 


(Made on living specimens.) 


Mm 


Prothorax. 


othorax. Mm, 


Mes 


Mm. 


Metathorax. 


B64 


Total Length. 


ae 


sO 


An- 
terior, 


Mm, 


Iie 


NWemora, 


Infer- 
medi- 
abe. 


Mm. 


Pos- 
berior, 
Mim, 


nowledge of the 


a, 
/ 


300 Mr. G. Talbot’s Contribution to our k 


“SOR 


“SOR 


"So 


‘ON 


"SOX 


“SOR 


“SOR 


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esuvyyQ 
eH 


‘shoal OO 


“UMOIG TFTA 
pe]}jOUL Weeds YIVy 


“ToATEP OP] V 


| ‘ad 148 [8104 ¥] 
ylep & WLM uoMopqy 


Peis 
Yjta pepyoods pue 
asury yurd yim ‘Aer 


‘a5UI} UdeIs OU ‘ToyIed 


| ‘posuvyoug, 


*popilooed JON ‘Ud0I5 a(R 
‘Sulpyoods youtq 
UJIM Uoeds-YstMoyfe X 


"U99I5-YSTMOT[O K 


‘snoaryao a[Vq “YStuoeds ILO] 


‘pesueyoun Aj[qe 
-qolg ‘*paplooad JON 


‘pesuevyoun A[qe 
-qO0Ig  ‘pepiooed JON 


‘posuryoug, ‘posueyoug 


‘95Ul} YStuseIs 
UGIA UMOIG Yleq 


‘posueyoug 


‘papiooed JON 


*U90I5-YSIMopfad [eg 


| ‘stisApoq pig 10qty 
| 


‘sisApoq pug 1oqyy | ‘sisApoq JST 1eqyy 


‘NOILVHYOTOD NI SHONVHO ‘EI 


‘paprooad JON, ‘20 
‘useds o[Vq ‘Id 

| UMOIG YALA poyygoul 
MOT[OA-YStUIeIS o[eq AC 
‘u9015 o[eq IH 
‘ueeIs AZAIp o[eq ‘lO 
*poploded JON AS | 
*poplooed JON TST 
*payjoqywy- ATMA NT ‘oadg 


301 


TAUSUUS MOTOSUS. 


Life-history of the Stick Insect, Ca 


*snoaryoo aTVq 


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aI] B UeMOpqy ‘WMoIq-TIIVA 


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| "SSUT[IIOUI YSTMOTTeL *T0ous 
119915-YSTMOT[I 8 01 T *sqquOM FTT pue ystusaers yar yoryq ATIwIN I Ayrvau uemtopgay "9014 
| 
"19015 TAIA pasury snosiyoo s[Vq G@01G 
*MOTA TMOIG *yoRtq pepyoads pues | 
-YSTMoT[as aTBG ‘asoqev users a[eq T *“STQUOUL OT asury yurd WIM snoaiyoo aed T ‘uaad 4) 
‘10015 TdyIVd en Sen ° | 
‘adtays [v194vT 
‘UMOIG paTyooeds ‘maaT+4) Tae “syquom OT aed WII UsMIOpqe : yorTq AT1eA NT z 
“qUdTASS [VUITIOPeV TIF 
meclRes) OT 03 T “SqqUOUL g mICENes) il | uo ynq aed Jo yoqed 
soadg soadg =| yestop YW ‘WMOIg-TQIe 
“u9as) 4ST Ul 


‘ua+) pug jo Surmdsgo 


pasuvyo sey 
IMOJON TOTTI 
I9AO polled 


‘UOT}RIOUIL) IUIVS Ul UOTFVUVA SUIYRIASNIT] 


‘uad) JST Jo sutadsyoQ 


‘ADVIS IVNIA AHL LV NOILLVAYOTOO FI 


*quaIeg Jo Anoj[oQ 


“‘quaivg 


302 Mr. G. Talbot’s Contribution to our knowledge of the 


15. SUMMARY OF TABLES. 


Tneubation. Average period. 247 days. 
Variation in range of two or more eggs deposited 
in 24 hours. 1-16 days. 
| Hedyses. Hatching and Ist 
ecdysis. 86 days. 
| . 
Average Period Between ist and 2nd ecdysis. | 34 days. 
2nd and 3rd ecdysis. | 40 days. 
(oe ecdysis. 152 days. 
Average age at 4 
(4th ecdysis. 166 days. 
| Oviposition. Average period. 330 days. 


Average number of eggs. 


366. 


37. 


| First 20 days. 


Average number of eggs ~ Iirst 2 months. 


during 


One per day. 


Second 3 months. 


One in 2 days. 


Post-embryonic 


Average time between 3rd ecdysis and oviposition. 


40 days. 


development. . é 
Chel: Period of post-embryonic development. 
2 x 
Longevity. Average age reached. 


202 days. 


501 days. 


Rate of growth. 


{ Average age. 
Ist ecdysis. 


39-7 days. 


\ Average length. 


26-3 mm. 


if Average age. 
2nd ecdysis. 


68 days. 


\ Average length. 


35-39 mm. 


{ Average age. 


115 days. 


brd ecdysis. 5 
\ Average length. 


59 mm. 


{ Ist and 2nd ecdysis. 


9-1 mm. 


Average increase between \ 


2nd and 3rd ecdysis. 


21-1 mm. 


Average maximum length reached. 


75:8 mim. 


Average age at maximum length. 


261 days. 


Average measure- 
ments at maxi- 


mum growth. 


Total length. 


_ Head. 3-7 mm. 
Prothorax. 3-7 mm. 
“Mesothorax. 16-5 mm. 
Metathorax. 11-3 mm. 
Abdomen. 36-4 mm. 


71-7 mm. 

Anterior. 15-4 mm, 

Vemora. | es 11-2 mm. 
| Posterior. 13-5 mm. 


Life-history of the Stuck Insect, Carausius morosus. 303 


Tur RECONSTRUCTION OF A Lost Lins. 


Having read that Stick Insects are capable of growing 
a new limb in the event of one being lost under certain 
conditions, [ made the following experiment :— 


Posterior right leg removed at trochanter when 1 day old. 


Age 28 days.—A miniature hmb has developed in place 
of the lost one. It is about a third the size of 
normal, and is almost colourless. 

Age 45 days.—The new limb is about two-thirds the 
size of normal. The fourth farsal segment is 
rudimentary. 

Age 62 days.—Upon completion of first eedysis— There 
is no apparent change in the form of the new limb. 


No further experiments were made, but there is room 
for much more work on this subiect. 


17. StmuLtation oF Deatu IN THE NEWLY-HATCHED. 

On several occasions, upon removing cover from boxes 
in which insects had hatched a few hours previously, they 
were seen to draw up the legs and antennae and instantly 
assume the characteristic attitude of an adult specimen. 


8. Morratiry. 

A certain proportion of individuals in any batch hatched 
always died at an early stage from no apparent cause. A 
few would show abdominal malformations after attaiming 
maturity, and such individuals were not usually long-live d. 

M ortality from unknown causes was exhibited in batches 
reared 11 the same cage or box. This pointed to sonie 
inherent weakness in the individual, a factor of probable 
importance in reducing the numbers of many species of 
insects. The insect may be less resistant to the attacks 
of bacteria and more sensitive to changes of temperature, 
etc. 

19. VARIATION AND PARTHENOGENESIS. 

The high degree of protective resemblance exhibited by 
Stick Insects is probably the result of severe competition 
in the struggle for existence. A further protection is given 
to the species by the power of parthenogenetic reproduction. 

The great degree of variation shown to exist in these 


304 Mr. G. Talbot on Life-history of Stick Insect. 


insects has rendered possible their protective coloration 
and instincts. This may be ancestral to the parthenogenetic 
condition, which would seem to have been developed in 
response to continued competition. This would suggest 
that the immunity obtained through instinct and coloration 
was at some period weakened by the introduction of another 
destructive factor in the environment. 


20. INHERITANCE OF VARIABILITY. 

In the various factors dealt with in the preceding tables, 
the oflsprmg may differ widely from the parent in one or 
two generations. Neither do the individuals of one genera- 
tion exhibit any agreement in these factors, except in the 
case of size, Ww hich is fairly constant throughout, and 
probably of specific peculiarity. 


JuLY 26, 1920. 


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CONTENTS OF PARTS J, Il. 


PAGE 


Arrow (Gilbert J.,. F.Z.S.). I. A Contribution to the Classification of the 


Coleopterous family Endomychidae __... Fac a she opr 
CamEron (Malcolm, M.B.,R.N., F.E.S.). X. New species of Staphylinidae from 
Singapore. Part III. ... 2 er 330 500 sh ae 
CarpENTER (G. D. Hale, M.B.E., D.M., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Uganda Medical 
Service). IL. Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyi, its Forms and its Models on the 
Islands of L. Victoria, and the Bearing of the Facts on the Explanation of 


Mimicry by Natural Selection ... Hoe bon Bad 00 AS 
Cuapman (T. A., M.D., F.B.S.). VII. An undescribed Lycaenid Butterfly from 


Cyprus, Glaucopsyche paphos, sp. 1. Set oA a0 bos 
Crampton (G. C., Ph.D., F.E.S., Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, 
Mass.). V. The Terminal Abdominal Structures of the Primitive Australian 
Termite, Mastotermes darwinensis Froggatt oo ee = 495 
Dixey (F. A., M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Subwarden of Wadham College, Oxford). 
IX. The Geographical Factor in Mimicry ae bm abe ace 
Scotr (Hugh, M.A., Sc.D., F.E.S., Curator in Entomology, University of 
Cambridge). III. Notes on the Biology of some Inquilines and Parasites in a 
nest of Bombus derhamellus Kirby ; witha Description of the Larva and Pupa 
of Epuraea depressa lllig. (= aestiva Auctt,) : Coleoptera, Nitidulidae ue 
Tarpor (George, F.E.S.). XI. A Contribution to our Knowledge of the Life- 
history of the Stick Insect, Carausius morosus Br. 308 : sae 
Turner (Henry J., F.E.S.). VIII. The Butterflies of Cyprus ae ce 
Warerston (James, B.D., B.Sc.). IV. Notes on Fig Insects, including De- 
scriptions of three new Species and a new Blastophagine Genus_ ... a8 
Wituams (C. B., M.A., F.E.S., Department of Agriculture, Trinidad, B.W.1.). 
VI. Records of Insect Migrations in Tropical America Pee : 
Proceedings = aoe Bee = 


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XII. A Contribution towards the knowledge of the Anthomyid 
genera Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani 
(Diptera). By J. HK. Conn. 


[Read June 2nd, 1920.] 
Puates VII—xX. 


In the Hylemyva-Chortophila section of the Anthomyidae, 
which includes the only too well-known “ Onion-fly ” and 
“ Cabbage-Root-fly,” the larvae are principally vegetable 
feeders; but there exists in that section a small group of 
species the life-history of which is intimately connected 
with that of various Hymenoptera—usually of the family 
Andrenidae. The female flies haunt the neighbourhood 
of the burrows which the bees make use of for breeding 
purposes, and, so far as is known, the larvae of the flies 
live upon the pollen-masses stored by the bees. 

This group of flies are principally distinguished by their 
having a very “buccate”’ head with broad facial orbits 
(genae) and jowls (buccae), and the eyes of the females 
seldom very widely separated on the frons—often almost 
as approximated as in the males. A more complete 
diagnosis would be as follows :— 


Eyes bare, often only very narrowly separated on the frons in 
both sexes, never very widely separated in the male, and when the 
frons is wide in the female, the frontalia are narrow (not wider 
than the frontal orbits) and without strong crossed bristles. Facial 
orbits and jowls wide, often very wide, giving the head a “ buccate ” 
appearance. Arista almost bare, distinctly pubescent, or rarely 
(grisea) plumose. Thorax without conspicuous dull black mark- 
ings, and scutellum without dark patches at the sides. Two pairs 
of presutural dorsocentral bristles. Strong sternopleural bristles 
arranged 1:2 (male), or 1:1 (female),—never 2:2. Abdomen with 
more or less conspicuous tessellated markings and central brown 
stripe. Hind-marginal bristles strong and conspicuous. Male 
hypopygium not swollen or projecting dorsally above the level of 
abdomen. Penis often much flattened, and always with a chitinous 
strip each side ending in a pointed process. Projections of the 
last male sternite not very conspicuous and never shining black 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaRTS II, IV, V.(APR.’ 21) x, 


306 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


or highly chitinised. Legs in Palaearctic species never partly 
yellow. Ungues and pulvilli long in the male, but never so in the 
female. Female front tarsi never dilated. Wings with the anal 
vein continued, even if faintly, to the wing-margin, and costa 
extending to end of discal vein. Practically no distinct spines at 
mediastinal break in costa. Postical cross-vein usually distinctly 
oblique and often sinuate. Radial and cubital veins sometimes 
slightly converging towards the tip. Thoracal squamae never very 
conspicuously larger than the alar squamae, often much smaller. 


The two genera into which this group is at present 
divided may be distinguished as follows :— 


1. (2) Arista distinctly pubescent or even plumose. Females with 
eyes widely separated and true orbital bristles present 

(even if small), the front pair pointing forwards. 
Hammomyia Rond. 
2. (1) Arista bare or microscopically pubescent. Females with 
eyes approximated as in the males, or if somewhat 
separated, the orbital bristles absent. Hylephila Rond. 


Hylemyia grisea Fln., and Chortophila albescens Zett., of 
the British List belong to the first genus. Chortophila 
buccata Fln., and unilineata Zett., to the second. Outside 
Europe species of both genera are known to occur in 
North and South America. 

The species of Hylephila are superficially remarkably 
alike, and consequently mistakes in identification have 
been frequent. Further confusion has been caused by the 
females having been mistaken for males owing to the 
similar approximation of the eyes on the frons in both 
sexes. The most certain method of identifying the males 
is by an examination of the genital organs, and Schnabl 
must be given the credit for being the first to illustrate 
the remarkable specific differences exhibited by these 
organs. Unfortunately in some cases his identifications 
were wrong, while his figures fail to give a good idea of 
the excellent characters to be found in the structure of 
the aedeagus. To remedy this defect fresh figures have 
been prepared, and the writer has pleasure in gratefully 
acknowledging the help he has received from Dr. J. 
Villeneuve of Rambouillet in the loan and gift of specimens 
for this purpose. 


canst 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 307 
Hammomyta * Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr. vi, 236 (1877). 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 


1, (2) Arista plumose. Only one strong supra-alar bristle over 
root of wing (pre-alar bristle absent). .  . 1. grisea Fin. 

2. (1) Arista pubescent. Two strong supra-alar bristles (pre-alar 
bristle present). 

3. (4) Male :—Grey, with at most a very faint brown median 
stripe on thorax. Female :—Frons rather narrower (com- 
pared with width of head as 25: 100). . 2. albescens Zett. 

4. (3) Male :—Much darker and with a distinctly 3-5 striped thorax. 
Female :—Resembling albescens but frons rather wider 
(compared with width of head as 30: 100). 

3. sociala Meig. 


1. H. grisea Fallén, Dipt. Suec. Muse. 57 (1823). 
(Plate VII, fig. 1.) 


This large greyish species is easily recognised by the 
characters given in the Table. 


3. Ocellar and frontal bristles long and strong. Only a single 
row of bristles along oral margins. Thorax with a distinct brownish 
central stripe and a brown patch behind humeri and usually one 
on centre of scutellum at base. Abdomen inconspicuously tessellated 
and with a central brown stripe and slightly brownish hind-margins 
to segments. Hind-marginal bristles very strong. Sternopleura 
with a shorter finer bristle beneath both the usual strong front 
and hind bristles. Hind femora with a complete anteroventral 
row of bristles and a posteroventral row on apical half or more. 
Front tibiae with a strong posteroventral bristle. No bristle 
beneath middle tibiae. Hind tibiae with 3-4 short strong bristles 
behind. Wings with the postical cross-vein rather sinuate and 
somewhat oblique. 

Q. Frons wide, almost $ the width of head. Orbital bristles 
stronger than in any other species of the genus, two pointing 
forwards and a smaller upper one pointing backwards and slightly 
outwards. Chaetotaxy of legs as in the male but no _postero- 
ventral bristles on hind femora and the bristles of anteroventral 
row less conspicuous. No bristles behind hind tibiae. 

Length 5°5-8 mm. 


* Stein has recently used the emended name of Ammomyia for 
this genus. Even if the use of the aspirate be incorrect, the incon- 
venience caused by the alteration of the initial letter appears to 
warrant the retention of the name as originally written by Rondani. 


308 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


H. grisea is not a common species in Britam. Specimens 
have been examined captured during July and August, at 
Studland (Dorset), by the late Mr. Verrall; in the New 
Forest (Hants) by Dr. D. Sharp, Mr. C. G. Lamb and 
Mr. A. H. Hamm; at Golspie (Sutherland), and Waterville 
in Ireland, by Col. J. W. Yerbury. There is also a specimen 
in the Cambridge University Museum from Aberfoyle 
(Perthshire). Miss L. H. Huie has -recorded it from 
Scotland, and fully described its life-history in the 
“ Scottish Naturalist ” for January 1916, pp. 13-20. The 
eggs are laid on the floor of the burrows of Andrena analis 
near the exit. The female fly, after watching for a bee 
laden with pollen, follows it to its burrow, and waits 
near the mouth until the bee has left, when, after a hasty 
examination, the fly backs into the burrow and lays an 
egg. The grub when hatched lives on the pollen mass 
in the burrow. There is only one generation in the year, 
the winter being passed in the pupal stage. 

Mr. A. H. Hamm found this species in the New Forest 
about the burrows of the Andrenid, Panurgus calcaratus 
Scop., and the fossorial wasp, Cerceris arenaria L. 

Previously considered a Hylemyia, this species was first 
correctly placed in the genus Hammomyia by Schnabl. 


2. H. albescens Zetterstedt, Dipt. Scand. iv, 1520 (1845). 
(Plate VII, fig. 3.) 


g. Frons about 24 times the width of third antennal joint. 
Orbits and frontalia silvery grey in most lights. Vertical and 
ocellar bristles fine and hairlike. Upcurved bristles on oral margin 
in two rows. Thorax dull grey and usually only when viewed from 
behind with indications (sometimes very faint) of a narrow brown 
central stripe and broader side stripes from humeri to post-alar 
calli. A single pair of presutural acrostichal bristles very strong. 
Pre-alar bristle $-2 as long as supra-alar. Abdomen distinctly 
tessellated and with a narrow dark brownish central stripe, and 
strong hind-marginal bristles. Hind femora with a complete 
anteroventral row of bristles, but short-haired posteroventrally. 
Front tibiae with two bristles behind placed fairly close together. 
Middle tibiae without a bristle beneath. Hind tibiae with 3—4 
short bristles behind. Wings with the postical cross-vein very 
oblique and slightly undulated. 

9. Much resembling the male. Frons wider—slightly more than 
half as wide again. All bristles shorter, the upcurved bristles on 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 309 


oral margin very small and uniserial. Pre-alar bristle shorter. 

Bristles on legs much less conspicuous; often a tiny bristle above 

front tibiae on apical third. Mid femora with only 1—2 very short 

posteroventral bristles near base instead of the 4—5 long ones of 

male. Hind femora with incomplete anteroventral row of bristles 

and these short except towards tip. Hind tibiae bare behind. 
Length 3°5—6 mm. 


H. albescens is more often met with than H. grisea. 
Specimens have been examined for the purpose of this 
paper from Hampshire, Essex, Suffolk, Cambs, Norfolk, 
London and Nottinghamshire, taken in June, July and 
August. They occur in sandy places in association with 
Aculeate Hymenoptera. The females are very difficult to 
distinguish from those of H. socvata, and both species occurred 
together to the late Mr. Verrall at a sandy cutting by 
Plumstead railway station near Woolwich on July 17th, 
1874. Zetterstedt gives Diodontus pallipes as the host, 
and an old note of Mr. Verrall’s states that Mr. Charbonnier 
of Bristol found H. albescens * ovipositing in the burrows of 
Halictus nitidiusculus. In Kertesz’ Catalogue the name 
of albiseta v. Roser (1840) is used by Stein for this species. 
In view of the fact that a still older name (cinerea Desv. 
1830) is quoted as a synonym in the same Catalogue, 
which so far as the descriptions are concerned appears to 
have as much right to be used as that of von Roser, it 
is not proposed to discontinue the use in the British List 
of Zetterstedt’s well-known name. 


3. H. sociata Meigen, Beschr. Eur. Dipt. v, 98 (1826). 


Syn. gallica Schnbl. and Dzied., Nova Acta, xev, 236 and 
355 (1911). 
(Plate VII, fig. 2.) 


3d. Eyes very narrowly separated on frons by the narrow orbits 
and frontal stripe. Head in profile with a projecting frons, the 
facial orbits opposite base of antennae very wide but rapidly 
narrowing below. Face short and slightly retreating. Jowls with 
numerous upcurved bristles above oral margin in many rows. 
Lower part of occiput considerably inflated. The silvery frontal, 
and upper part of facial, orbits with distinct blackish reflections 
in some lights. Thorax brownish-grey with (in some lights) five 


* The possibility that Charbonnier’s specimens might have been 
the next species (sociata) must not be overlooked. 


310 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


blackish stripes, the side stripes being broad, but they all vary 
according to the point of view, and when viewed from behind 
the intermediate stripes disappear. Scutellum also with shifting 
dark tessellations. Behind the humeri there are other bristles in 
addition to the usual intrahumeral and presutural, notably a very 
strong (? true posthumeral) bristle nearer the notopleural depres- 
sion. Pre-alar bristle long and distinct. A pair of presutural 
acrostichal bristles much stronger than the others. Often a third 
shorter finer bristle below the usual two posterior sternopleural 
bristles. Abdomen light brownish- (almost yellowish-) grey, with 
a narrow dark central stripe. Tessellations not conspicuous, but 
in some lights a distinct darkening about sutures. Front femora 
rather densely long-haired behind; front tibiae with two bristles 
behind on apical half. Middle tibiae with no bristle beneath. 
Hind femora with a complete anteroventral row of long bristles 
and with 2-4 similar or even longer bristles posteroventrally on 
basal half; hind tibiae with 2-3 short bristly hairs behind. In 
other respects the chaetotaxy is as usual in this group. Wings 
absolutely without costal spine; cubital and discal veins slightly 
converging except at their extreme tips; postical cross-vein very 
oblique and remarkably sinuate. Squamae (subequal) and halteres 
yellow. 

2. Differing completely in colour from the male, being grey and 
remarkably like the female of albescens. The frons is always 
slightly wider, being ;3, the width of the head and approximately 
} wider than in albescens. Palpi narrower at the base and more 
distinctly dilated and flattened about middle and more pointed 
towards tip than in albescens. The thorax is rather more distinctly 
striped, the middle stripe appearing in some lights to split up into 
two closely approximated dark lines. The abdominal stripe may 
almost disappear when viewed in certain lights—much more so 
than in albescens. 

Length 6-7 mm. 


H. sociata is here for the first time introduced as British 
on five females (two in the British Museum and three in 
the writer’s Collection), after a close comparison with 
Continental specimens kindly supplied by Dr. Villeneuve, 
who has taken both sexes near Rambouillet (Seine-et-Oise). 
Four of the British specimens were captured by the late 
Mr. Verrall close to Plumstead railway station near 
Woolwich, in company with H. albescens, on July 17th, 
1874; the fifth is an old specimen from Dossiter’s Col- 
lection without locality. Though there is little doubt 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 311 


concerning the identity of these specimens, it is to be 
hoped that these notes will lead to the discovery of the 
male in this country. 

This species stands in Kertesz’ Catalogue under the 
genus Hydrophoria, but it has since (1916) been correctly 
placed by Stem in Hammomyia. It is possible that 
Pandelle’s H. ciliosa may prove to be a synonym. 


Hy .epuita * Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr. vi, 233 (1877). 


TABLE OF SPECIES. 
Males. 

1. (10) Middle tibiae with a bristle beneath, or (unilineata) 

somewhat anteroventral. 

. (7) More hairy species. Posterior femora with numerous long 

fine hairs beneath. 

3. (4) Bristle beneath middle tibiae smaller and placed more 
anteroventrally, 2. 4. 5 5. \. "1. unilineata Zett. 

4. (3) Bristle beneath middle tibiae stronger and distinctly ventral. 

. (6) Thorax viewed from the side with 3-5 fairly conspicuous 

darker stripes, and with the pubescence (as distinct 
from bristles) long and dense. Middle femora more 
densely haired behind. . . . . . 2. obtusa Zett. 

6. (5) Thorax viewed from the side with an inconspicuous middle 
stripe only, and the pubescence shorter and less dense. 
Middle femora not so densely haired behind. 

3. dissimilis Villen. 

7. (2) Less hairy species. Posterior femora more bristly than 
hairy. Hind femora with antero- and postero-ventral 
rows of stouter bristles. 

8. (9) Thorax seldom with any indication of a central dark stripe. 
Hind tibiae with only 2—3 short inconspicuous bristly 
hairs behind. Postical cross-vein more sinuous. 

4, personata n.n. 

9. (8) Thorax with a brown central stripe. Hind tibiae with 7-8 
longer finer bristly hairs behind. Pre-alar bristle shorter 
and finer. Postical cross-vein straighter. 

5. unistriata Zett. 


bo 


Cr 


10. (1) Middle tibiae without a bristle beneath. 


* It has been suggested that this name is preoccupied in the 
Lepidoptera (Enum. Ins. in Mus. G. J. Billberg, 1820, p. 81). 
Billberg’s names, however, cannot be considered valid genonyms 
(v. Walsingham and Durrant, Ent. M. Mag. 1902, pp. 163-170), 
so Rondani’s name can stand. 


312 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


11. (16) Pre-alar bristle present even if short. Only 1-2 rows of 
upcurved bristles along oral margin of jowls. 

12. (15) Weakly bristled species. Head bristles short; very few 
bristles along oral margins. Ungues and pulvilli com- 
paratively short. Hind tibiae with only 2-3 short 
bristly hairs behind. 

13. (14) Arista practically bare. Abdominal stripe wider. Pro- 
sternal plate (between front coxae) bare or with a pair 
of short hairs only. . . . . . 6. brevifrons Stein. 

14. (13) Arista pubescent. Abdominal stripe very narrow. Pro- 
sternal plate with a pair of strong bristles. 

7. buccala Fin. 

15. (12) Strongly bristled species. Prosternal plate bare. Ungues 
and pulvilli long. Hind tibiae with a ciliation of 8-10 
bristly hairs behind. . . . . . 8. sponsa Meig. 

16. (11) Pre-alar bristle absent. Small, light dove-grey species 
with many rows of upcurved bristles on jowls. 

9. dorsalis Stein. 


Females. 

1. (10) Middle tibiae with a bristle beneath, or (wnilineata) more 
anteroventral. 

. (3) Frons wider; at narrowest part more than } the width of 
head. Bristle beneath middle tibiae small and placed 
more anteroventrally. . . . . 1. wnilineata Zett. 

3. (2) Frons narrower; at narrowest part much less than } the 
width of head. Bristle beneath middle tibia distinctly 
ventral. 

4. (7) Front tibiae with two bristles behind. 

5. (6) Scutellum more densely hairy. Two distinct pre-apical 
bristles to front tibia. Postical cross-vein longer. 

2. obtusa Zett. 

6. (5) Seutellum less hairy at sides and bare about middle. Only 
one distinct pre-apical bristle to front tibia. Postical 
cross-vein shorter. . . . . . 3. dissimilis Villen. 

7. (4) Front tibiae with only one bristle behind. 

8. (9) Pre-alar bristle strong though only about half the length 
of supra-alar. Postical cross-vein oblique. The middle 
four bristles on hind-margin of last visible abdominal 
segment much further from the margin than the others. 

4. personata n.n. 

9, (8) Pre-alar bristle very short and fine. Postical cross-vein 
more upright. Bristles on hind-margin of last abdominal 
segment all equally near margin. . 5. wnistriata Zett. 


bo 


— 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 513 


10. (1) Middle tibiae without a bristle beneath. 

11. (16) Pre-alar bristle present even if short. 

12. (15) Hind-margin of sixth abdominal segment with long strong 
curved bristles, which are bent down over the end of 
abdomen when the ovipositor is withdrawn. 

13. (14) Arista practically bare. Abdominal stripe more distinct. 
Prosternal plate usually quite bare. 6. brevi/rons Stein. 

14, (13) Arista pubescent. Abdominal stripe narrower. Prosternal 
plate with a pair of strong bristles. =. 7. buccata Fln. 

15. (12) Sixth abdominal segment with no remarkable curved 
bristles. Frons wider (about + the width of head). 
Postical cross-vein oblique and somewhat sinuate. 

8. sponsa Meig. 

16: (11) Pre-alar bristle absent. . . =. . . 9. dorsalis Stein: 


1. Hy. unilineata Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. 675 (1838); 
~  -D. Seand. iv, 1518 (1845). 


Resembling the next two species, but greyer and easily 
distinguished by having the bristle beneath middle tibiae 
smaller and placed more anteroventrally. 


¢- Head very much as in obtusa. Thorax greyer, with a faint 
brownish central stripe continued over scutellum and an indistinct 
brownish stripe on each side; viewed from behind the thorax 
appears darker grey but not so dark as in obtusa. Acrostichals long 
but fine, the other fine hairs on thorax and scutellum (as distinct 
from bristles) less numerous than in obtusa. Pre-alar bristle distinct 
but hardly half the length of supra-alar bristle. Abdomen grey 
but distinctly tessellated with shifting dark tessellations and a 
central dark stripe; conspicuously pilose and with strong hind- 
marginal bristles. The genitalia are quite distinctive; the end of 
the penis showing some approach to the remarkable development in 
dissimilis, while the narrow side-lamellae more resemble those of 
Sponsa. 

Legs as in obtusa with the femora more pilose than setose, especi- 
ally the middle femora with rather dense fringes of long fine bristly 
hairs posteroventrally. On middle tibiae the antero- and postero- 
dorsal spines at apical third are stronger than in obtusa, while the 
strong absolutely ventral bristle of obtusa is represented by a 
shorter, distinctly more anteroventral bristle. Hind legs, wings, 
etc., very much as in obtusa. 

2. Distinguished at once by the wide frons—almost as wide as in 
sponsa—and the short anteroventral bristle to middle tibiae. Width 


314 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


of frons compared with width of head as about 22: 100; frontal 
stripe about double as wide in front as at narrowest part; frontal 
bristles numerous (10-11 pairs); long, upcurved bristles on jowls 
much less numerous than in the male or in obtusa 9. Thorax very 
inconspicuously striped but brownish about middle and on indis- 
tinct stripes or patches, which however vary considerably in colour 
according to the point of view. Abdomen whitish-grey with a brown 
central stripe and distinct brownish tessellations which remain more 
or less visible about base of segments from most points of view. 
Bristles on hind-margin of last visible segment weak. Legs much 


Details of male genitalia of H. wnilineata Zett. x 33. 


as in obtusa 9 except for the more anteroventral, instead of ventral, 
bristle to middle tibiae. Wings often with the veins faintly clouded 
with yellowish-brown. 

Length 6-8 mm. 


Under this species in Zetterstedt’s Dipt. Scand. Collec- 
tion there are four males and three females; two of the 
males (one with locality label “ Ajellby”’) are H. sponsa; 
the other two males (one with label “‘ Ernaes ”’ and the other 
‘ Lapp.) and three females (one with label ‘“ Hrnaes ”) 
belong to the species described above. In the collection 
at Stockholm under wnilineata there are a pair of obtusa, a 
male of sponsa, and one male and five females of the species 
described above; a pair of these latter bear a label ‘“‘ Zett.” 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 315 


and, by kind permission of Prof. Sjéstedt, figures of the 
genitalia were made from the male so labelled. Zetter- 
stedt’s original description of unilineata applies best to the 
species described above, and his name must be so used in 
spite of the fact that such a limitation of the name is not in 
agreement with the views of recent writers. Steim’s wni- 
lineata (Arch. f. Nat. lxxxi, 1916, p. 162) appears to be 
obtusa Zett., while according to the figures of the male 
genitalia of Schnabl and Dziedzicki’s unilineata in “ Die 
Anthomyiden ” (1911) their specimen must have been 
unistriata Zett. 

H. unilineata is at present known from Sweden only. 
Meade certainly added the name to the British List in 1882 
(Ent. M. Mag. xix, 146), but his specimens were more prob- 
ably H. sponsa. The name unilineata has also been used 
for personata by Verrall. 


2. Hy. obtusa Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. 682 (1838); D. Scand. 
iv, 1571 (1845). 
Syn. wnilineata Stein (nec Zett.), Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxi, 162 
(1916). 2% buccata Schnbl. and Dzied. (nec Fin.), 
Nova Acta, xcv, Pl. 5, figs. 81, 82 (1911). 


(Plate VIII, fig. 5). 


g. Darker and more hairy than the male of any other British 
species. Compared with personata all the hairs and bristles are 
much longer, and there are longer and more numerous upcurved 
bristles along the oral margin on the jowls, and conspicuously longer 
and more numerous fine hairs (as distinct from the bristles) on the 
thorax. Disc of thorax distinctly darker, and, when viewed from 
the side or behind, with indications of five darker stripes, of which 
the three inner ones follow the lines of the acrostichal and dorso- 
central bristles, the broader side stripes being most distinct above 
the root of wing; viewed right from in front the whole thorax 
appears distinctly greyer. Abdomen less distinctly tessellated, 
though all markings vary according to the point of view; on the 
whole, however, there is a stronger tendency to darker hind-margins 
to segments than in personata. Legs much more hairy and with 
less distinction on the femora between the hairs and bristles. Hind 
coxae densely clothed in front with curved fine hairs. Front femora 
densely long-haired on the whole of the posterior surface, the postero- 
dorsal and posteroventral rows of bristles very little differentiated ; 
middle femora with no long anteroventral ciliation but with a 


316 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


posteroventral fringe of Jong bristly hairs as compared with the row 
of bristles in personala; similarly the hind femora have an antero- 
ventral fringe of long bristly hairs among which some stronger bristles 
may be distinguished towards the tip, and numerous posteroventral 
Jong fine hairs, besides being distinctly pilose in front and (to a less 
extent) behind. 'Tibiae with the pubescence (as distinct from strong 
bristles) longer than in personata; front tibiae with two to three long 
fine posteroventral bristly hairs; middle tibiae also with the usual 
bristles as well as the pubescence longer and finer; hind tibiae with 
an anteroventral row of bristly hairs ending in a strong bristle to- 
wards tip, as compared with the three to four short bristles of 
personala; and with a fringe of long bristly hairs on the middle 
third behind. Pulvilli and ungues very long. Wings very much 
as in personata; postical cross-vein sloping and somewhat sinuous, 
in neither perhaps quite so much as in personala. Alar squamae 
distinctly larger than thoracal and as in personata with a longer 
fringe, whereas in buccata the fringes on the two squamae (except 
as in all cases about the angle between them) are much more equal 
in length. 

2. The differences between this species and personata are much 
less marked in the female sex. It is, however, normally darker— 
more brownish-grey—with the tomentum on cheeks and jowls 
usually more yellowish-grey instead of silvery-grey, a distinct central 
stripe on thorax, and with decided indications of ‘darker hind- 
margins to abdominal segments. An important distinction lies in 
the arrangement of the bristles on the hind-margin of the last visible 
(external) segment of the abdomen; in the present species they are 
strong stout bristles and the middle four are, like the others, placed 
close to the hind-margin; in personata they are not so strong and 
the middle four are placed a considerable distance from the hind- 
margin, especially the middle pair. Front tibiae more usually with 
two posteroventral bristles, one at about middle and the other nearer 
the tip, hind femora with about ten anteroventral bristles strongest 
towards tip, and no distinct posteroventral bristles. 

Length 6-8 mm. 


H. obtusa is probably not rare in Britain. The late 
Mr. Verrall caught a male at Darenth (Kent) on April 8th, 
1870, and had also taken a female in his brother’s garden 
at Denmark Hill, London, on April 26th, 1868. Col. Yer- 
bury caught two females at Charlton (Kent) on April 15th, 
1897, while Col. S. Monckton Copeman found the females 
in numbers round the burrows of Andrena fulva at Primrose 
Hill, London, N:W., in May 1919. Two males and two 


et 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 317 


females have been examined taken in Nottinghamshire in 
May and early June by Prof. J. W. Carr and Dr. Hunter, 
and a very grey female was taken by Mr. C. G. Lamb in the 
New Forest in July 1902. The name is new to the British 
List. 

The single type specimen of H. obtusa in Zetterstedt’s Col- 
lection is a female, and not a male as Zetterstedt described 
it. This is unfortunate, because the females are much more 
difficult to identify than the males. One point is quite 
certain—it is not the female of the obtusa of Stem and 
Schnabl (a species which is renamed personata in the follow- 
ing pages). The type specimen is smaller and greyer than 
British obtusa as described above, but has the same short 
but fairly strong pre-alar bristle, a distinct central stripe 
on thorax, a tessellated abdomen with strong bristles on the 
hind-margin of last visible segment (all near the margin), 
and postical cross-vein somewhat sloping and sinuate; the 
front tibiae, however, bear only one bristle behind instead 
of the usual two. Specimens identical with British obtusa 
certainly occur in Sweden, such being present in the 
Collection at Stockholm and in Ringdahl’s Collection ; 
moreover Ringdahl had named his specimens obtusa after 
an examination of Zetterstedt’s type. Schnabl and 
Dziedzicki appear to have figured the male genitalia of — 
this species as that of buccata, while the H. jankowskit 
described in the same work, “ Die Anthomyiden,” 1911, 
must be very closely allied. 


3. Hy. dissimilis Villeneuve, Ent. Mo. Mag. 1920, p. 227. 
(Plate VIII, fig. 6.) 


¢- Much resembling obtusa, but distinguished by the characters 
given in the Table of Species and by the very different genitalia. 
The comparison of longer series of specimens will probably reveal 
other characters. It would appear to be usually smaller, and dis- 
tinctly less hairy, especially the long hairs (as distinct from bristles) 
on the scutellum and along the sides of the thorax above the noto- 
pleural depression, are less numerous than in obtusa. The hairs 
behind front femora are rather shorter and consequently more 
differentiated from the rows of bristles. The hind tibiae bear only 
4—5 shorter bristly hairs behind. 

9. Very similar to obtusa having two bristles behind front tibiae 
but only one distinct pre-apical bristle to those tibiae. Discal cell 
narrower at end, the postical cross-vein closing the cell being shorter, 


318 Mr. J. E. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


scutellum less hairy, being bare about the middle of disc and with 
only a few hairs about the sides. 
Length 5-8 mm. 


H. dissimilis is at present known from only France and 
Algiers. Specimens in Dr. Villeneuve’s Collection taken at 
Mascara. Algiers, in March and April, have been compared 
with French specimens and found to be identical. 


4. Hy. personata n.n. 

Syn. obtusa Stein (nec Zett.), Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxi, 162 (1916). 
Schnabl and Dzied., Nova Acta, xcv, Pl. 5, figs. 85, 86 
(1911). 

(Plate X, figs. 10, 12, 13.) 


¢g. Facial orbits rather narrower than in obtusa. but jowls quite 
as deep, consequently in profile the difference between the horizontal 
and vertical axes of the head is rather greater. The upcurved bristles 
near oral margin though shorter and less numerous than in obtusa 
are more numerous than in wnistriata. Thorax appearing almost 
equally greyish whether viewed from in front or behind, and any 
indications of darker stripes very difficult to trace. Pre-alar bristle 
strong, though only about half as long as supra-alar. Abdomen 
distinctly tessellated except when viewed directly from behind, when 
all tessellations disappear leaving a sharply differentiated central 
brown stripe. The colour of rest of abdomen when so viewed is 
distinctly more yellowish-grey than in obtusa. Front femora with 
posterodorsal and posteroventral rows of long, strong bristles, 
well differentiated from the finer, long bristly hairs behind. 
Middle femora posteroventrally with 6—7 long, strong bristles on 
rather more than basal half only, otherwise comparatively short- 
haired beneath and behind. Hind femora with a complete antero- 
ventral row of long, strong bristles; posteroventrally with 5-6 
finer long bristles on basal half (or rather more) only. Front tibiae 
with only one posteroventral bristle; middle tibiae with one antero- 
dorsal bristle at apical third, one posterodorsal at apical fourth, 
two posteroventral, the lower one at apical fourth, the upper one 
(which is really a posterior rather than a posteroventral bristle) 
slightly above middle; hind tibiae with three widely-spaced, short, 
anteroventral bristles, the lowest one very little longer than the 
other two, 2-3 anterodorsal, 3 posterodorsal—the lower one very 
long, much longer than the upper and longer than the middle one, 
and 2-3 very short fine bristles behind just above middle—only a 
little longer than other pubescence but more outstanding, very 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 319 


similar to those in buccata. Wings with postical cross-vein very 
sloping and sinuous. 

Q. For the chief distinctions between this species and obfusa see 
description of the female of the latter. Hind femora with usually 
only seven anteroventral bristles and with distinct posteroventral 
bristly hairs towards base. Hind tibiae as in the females of all 
species without any distinct bristles behind. 

Length 5°5-8 mm. 


H. personata appears to be the most common and widely 
distributed species of the genus in Britain. It stood under 
the name wnelineata in Verrall’s Collection and has undoubt- 
edly often been mistaken for that species and for H. buccata. 
Specimens have been taken at Cuckmere (Sussex), near 
Dunsford (Devon) and Newmarket and Barton Mills 
(Suffolk) by the late Mr. Verrall; at Shoeburyness (Hssex) 
and Wendover (Buckingham) by Col. Yerbury; at Seaton 
(Devon) by the Rev. A. E. Eaton; in and near Oxford by 
Mr. A. H. Hamm; and at Long Sutton (Hants). All cap- 
tures took place in May and June. In addition Col. Yer- 
bury found a female at Hyéres (8. of France) on March 19th, 
1898, and there was a single male in Kowarz’s Collection 
under the name unilineata Zett. taken in Corfu. It also 
occurs in Sweden, males having been examined from 
Ringdahl’s Collection and a single female in Zetterstedt’s 
Dipt. Scand. Collection under buccata. 

With regard to the habits of this species, Mr. Hamm 
caught two females following Andrena labialis at Boar's 
Hill, Brickfield, near Bagley Wood, Oxford (v. Proc. Ent. 
Soc. Lond. 1906, p. xi); four females at University Parks, 
Oxford, following Andrena nigroaeneus; and two females 
at Open Brasenose Common, near Oxford, with Andrena 
labialis—one of them captured after having entered the 
burrow of the bee. There is also a female in the B.M. 
from the Verrall Collection labelled ‘‘ Margate, v. 05, 
shadowing Andrena trimmerana.” 


5. Hy. unistriata Zetterstedt, Ins. Lapp. 677 (1838); 
D. Scand. iv, 1512 (1845). 


Syn. unilineata Schnabl and Dzied. (nec Zett.), Nova 
Acta, xcv, Pl. 5, figs. 79, 80 (1911). % inflata Stein p.p. 
(nec Rond.), Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxi, 161 (1916). 

(Plate X, fig. 11.) 


Superficially resembling H. personata, but thorax with a 


320 Mr. J. KE. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


central brown stripe, pre-alar bristle shorter and finer, 
abdomen less distinctly tessellated, and wings with postical 
cross-vein more upright. 


3. Head in profile with rather smaller eyes than in personata, 
and these also rather narrower on the upper part with a consequent 
slight modification of shape of frons when viewed from above; 
thus the narrowest part of frons is nearer the ocellar triangle and 
extends for a less distance. Fronto-orbital bristles, bristles on 
vibrissal ridges and upcurved bristles on oral margin, all less numer- 
ous. Thorax somewhat yellowish-grey with an ill-defined central 
brownish stripe; tip of scutellum brownish. Acrostichals finer ; 
only two strong bristles on front part of thorax behind humeri and 
between presutural dorsocentrals and notopleural depression, 
whereas in personala there are 3-4; the missing bristle being the 
outer one immediately behind humerus (? true posthumeral); a 
strong intrahumeral and presutural still present. Pre-alar bristle 
shorter and finer (only slightly differentiated from the usual short 
bristly hairs of disc). Prosternal plate between front coxae usually 
but not invariably bearing a few small bristles. Abdomen much 
less distinctly tessellated, and with the central brown stripe visible 
from any point of view, whereas in personata with a certain incidence 
of the light the stripe may even appear greyish. Legs rather more 
distinctly hairy than in personata, but less so than in obtusa; chaeto- 
taxy very similar to that of personata, thus the hind femora have 
long distinct posteroventral bristles, especially about middle, but 
the hind tibiae are rather more strongly bristled with 5—6 antero- 
ventral short bristles, and much longer and more numerous bristly 
hairs behind just before middle. There are occasionally two bristles 
behind front tibiae. Wings with a very small but distinct spine at 
mediastinal break in costa, which is absent in personata, and with 
the postical cross-vein more upright. 

Q. (Only a single specimen examined.) Eyes, if anything, very 
slightly more widely separated than in personata; a distinctly 
smaller number of bristles on oral margin of jowls. Thorax agree- 
ing in characteristics with that of male. Abdomen with a broader, 
rather ill-defined, central stripe; bristles on hind-margin of last 
segment strong and all almost equally distant from margin. Chaeto- 
taxy of legs very much as in personata. Wings as in the male. 

Length 4:5—6°5 mm. 


The type of H. unistriata in Zetterstedt’s Collection is a 
single male with the hind legs missing, but almost certainly 
identical with the species described above. There is 


— 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, Plate VII. 


J. E. Collin, del. 
MALE GENITALIA OF HAMMOMYIA. 


1. H. grisea. 2. H. sociata. 3. H. albescens. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, Plate VIII. 


(GA) 


J. E. Collin, del. 
MALE GENITALIA OF HYLEPHILA. 
4. H. dorsalis. 5. H. obtusa. 6. H. dissimilis. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, Plate LX. 


J. E. Collin, del. 
MALE GENITALIA OF HYLEPHILA. 
7. H. sponsa. 8. H. brevifrons. 9. H. buccaia. 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920, Plate X. 


ci 


J. £. Collin, del. 
MALE GENITALIA OF HYLEPHILA. 


10. H. personata. 11. H. unistriata. 12,13. H. personata, 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 321 


another male in the Collection at Stockholm which is 
certainly this species. 

H. wnistriata was present in Kowarz’s Collection (8 
males labelled “‘ Waldegg’’ and one male labelled “ Asch 
1884:’’), all included by Kowarz under the name wnilineata 
Zett. The single female, which is without doubt con- 
specific with the males, was given to the late Mr. Verrall 
by Kowarz in 1882 as a female of H. buccata and bears 
no locality label. 

The male genitalia agree with the figures of H. wnilineata 
Zett. given by Schnabl and Daziedzicki, while the true 
unilineata appears to have been unknown to them. Stein 
almost certainly included H. wnistriata under his description 
of H. inflata Rdi. It cannot, however, be Rondani’s species 
because that has the eyes in the female separated by a 
space almost a third the width of the head (as, for instance, 
in sponsa Meig.). 


6. Hy. brevifrons Stem, Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxi, 159 (1916). 
(Plate IX, fig. 8.) 


A species very closely allied to buccata and best distinguished 
‘by the characters given in the Table of Species. In addition the 
eyes are rather smaller than in buccata, more rounded, and slightly 
more separated on the frons. The silvery jowls distinctly deeper. 
Wings with the last two sections of discal vein usually less unequal 
in length. Abdominal sternites distinctly less bristly in the male. 

Length 5 mm. 


H. brevifrons is at present known from only the Col. du 
Lautaret (Hautes Alpes), where Dr. Villeneuve found it 
in some numbers in July 1908. 


7. Hy. buceata Fallén, Dipt. Suec. Musc. 65 (1824). 
(Plate IX, fig. 9.) 


g. Head with much shorter bristles than any other British 
species. Vibrissae and bristly hairs on jowls especially short. 
Only a single row of bristly hairs on front half of oral margin and 
no long upcuryed bristles. Arista more distinctly pubescent. 
Thorax without or with a very indistinct central brown stripe. 
Pubescence, as distinct from bristles, very short and scanty especially 
in female. Prosternal plate between front coxae with a pair of 
distinct bristles, one on each side margin. Abdomen without 
distinct tessellations and with a very narrow central stripe, only 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS TI, IV, V. (APR. 21) ¥ 


322 Mr. J. EK. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


visible as a dark stripe when viewed from behind. Femora with 
much shorter. bristles and bristly hairs; hind femora short-haired 
posteroventrally. Middle tibiae with no bristle beneath. Hind 
tibiae with only 1-2 short bristly hairs behind before middle, much 
as in personata. Ungues and pulvilli short. Wings with postical 
cross-vein oblique but not very sinuate; last section of discal 
vein at least half as long again as penultimate section. Squamae 
more equal in size but thoracal projecting beyond alar when wings 
are folded. 

9. Distinguished from any other British species by the strong 
pendant bristles at end of the almost hidden sixth abdominal segment 
which intercross over the anal end of abdomen. 

Length 5°5-7:°5 mm. 


H. buccata is apparently rare in Britain. At present 
only a single male caught by Col. C. G. Nurse at Liver- 
mere (Suffolk) on June 29th, 1913, can be recorded, the 
identity of Dr. Meade’s specimens from Silverdale in 
Lancashire (Knt. M. Mag. xix, 145) being very doubtful, 
especially in respect of the males. 

The above interpretation of Fallén’s species agrees with 
that of Zetterstedt according to the specimens in his 
Collection at Lund. Meade was the first to record the 
species as British (v. swpra); his specimens (whatever 
they were) were found flying in association with Andrena 
albicans and A. fulva. The species has seldom been cor- 
rectly identified though Stein’s species is undoubtedly 
the same. Strobl, who mentions the presence of ‘“ langen 
aufgerichteten Borstenhaaren” on the jowls, certainly 
had not the true buccata before him. Schnabl and Dzied- 
zicki (Nova Acta, xev, 1911) figured the male genitalia of 
H. obtusa Zett., as those of this species, and do not appear 
to have known the true buccata at all. . The specimens in 
Kowarz’s Collection were correctly named and included 
a pair from Zetterstedt labelled “ Gottlandia ” and “ Typ. 
Lett.” 


8. Hy. sponsa Me'gen, Beschr. Eur. Dipt. v, 147 (1826). 
(Plate IX, fig. 7.) 


3. Eyes rather small and very little more separated on frons 
than in other males of this genus. Head very silvery-greyish. 
Fronto-orbital bristles consisting of 6—7 pairs of long bristles on 
front part leaving a considerable space between the hindermost 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 323 


and the ocellar triangle, in which space 1-3 pairs of very much 
smaller bristles may sometimes be found. <A few upcurved bristles 
near the oral margin below the cheeks with some others pointing 
forwards. Palpi brownish, with few and weak bristles as in buccata. 
Thorax dull grey, slightly darker on disc and lighter on humeri, 
notopleural depression and pleurae, and with an ill-defined brownish 
central stripe, and brownish patches at the base of some of the 
larger bristles, at sides about the suture, and at end of scutellum. 
As in unisiriala there is no strong posthumeral bristle; pre-alar 
bristle short but distinct. Abdomen light grey, more or less con- 
spicuously tessellated, and with a central brown stripe, which when 
viewed from behind is not sharply defined but varies according to 
the point of view, and when viewed from the side may completely 
disappear. Hind-marginal bristles very long and strong. Chae- 
totaxy of legs very much as in personata, but the posteroventral 
bristles to hind femora are shorter and finer; the hind tibiae are 
more strongly bristled and bear behind a distinct row of 10—12 
short bristles. Wings with yellowish veins; the postical cross-vein 
somewhat oblique and distinctly sinuous. 

Q. Distinguished at once from any other British species by the 
wide frons (about + the width of head). It much resembles the 
female of albescens and sociata, but the arista is practically bare 
and there are no indications of any true orbital bristles. Frontalia 
of almost equal width throughout; frontal orbits rather wider than 
frontalia except right above at each side of ocellar triangle. Thorax 
a little more yellowish-grey than in the male, otherwise very similar. 
Abdomen the same colour as the thorax, with neither the tessella- 
tions nor the central stripe very distinct; hind-marginal bristles 
not very strong, strongest on fourth segment, those on fifth seg- 
ment much weaker. Chaetotaxy of legs very much as in personata 
but all bristles rather weaker, no bristle beneath middle tibiae, 
and bristles of anteroventral row to hind femora most conspicuous 
towards tip. 

Length 7 mm. ¢; 5-6 mm. 9. 


H. sponsa appears to be rather uncommon in Britain. 
Col. Yerbury caught a male at Llangorse (Brecon) on 
June Ist, 1899, and Mr. A. H. Hamm a female at Shotover, 
near Oxford, on June 12th, 1904, when collecting Aculeate 
Hymenoptera. There is also a female in the Verrall 
Collection taken in Hayling Island in June 1886, and two 
old males without history. In the Cambridge University 
Museum there is a male labelled ‘‘ New Forest, June 1902, 
M. A. Sharp.” The name is new to the British List. 


324 Mr. J. KE. Collin’s Contribution towards knowledge of 


9. Hy. dorsalis Stein, Arch. f. Nat. Ixxxi, 160 (1916). 
(Plate VIII, fig. 4.) 


A very distinct little dove-grey species. There is little to add 
to Stein’s description except that the middle femora posteroventrally 
bear numerous fine bristly hairs in the place of the single row of 
distinct bristles in allied species. 

Length 4-4°5 mm. 


H. dorsalis was found on the Col. du Lautaret (Hautes 
Alpes) by Dr. Villeneuve, and is also known from Italy. 


Hylephila sp !— ? inflata Rondani, Dipt. Ital. Prodr. vi, 235 
(1877). 


Through the kindness of Dr. Villeneuve, it has been 
possible to examine the unique female specimen which 
he considers may be the true iflata of Rondani. It 
was caught in the neighbourhood of Rambouillet while 
in the act of entering the burrow of a Hymenopteron. 
The absence of any bristle beneath the middle tibiae, 
the short though distinct pre-alar bristle and the wide 
frons, make it comparable with only H. sponsa Mg. It very 
closely resembles that species, and, so far as can be judged 
from a single specimen, only differs in having the postical 
cross-vein much straighter and only very slightly oblique. 
The width of frons compared with width of head is as 
25:5 : 100—almost exactly the same as in H. sponsa. 


SoutH AMERICAN SPECIES. 


The only species which has been studied is H. andicola, 
Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6) iv, 300 (1884). The two 
specimens from Chile constituting the types belong to two 
distinct species. The specimen Bigot mistook for a male 
_is a typical female Hylephila, and for this specimen the 
name of andicola must be retamed. The other specimen 
is a female Hammomyia with subplumose arista, two pairs 
of true orbital bristles pointing forwards, all the tibiae 
yellowish, middle tibiae with a very small anteroventral 
bristle, pre-alar bristle absent, abdomen somewhat com- 
pressed towards tip and very truncate, wings with postical 
cross-vein much straighter. 


Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila. 325 


Hy. andicola Bigot, 9 (Type) (= Hylemyia andicola 
Bigot, ¢ nec 9). 


Frons at narrowest part about twice as wide as third antennal 
joint. Arista very slightly pubescent. Three or four upcurved 
bristles on oral margin below cheeks. Thorax with three con- 
spicuous brownish stripes, the other (almost linear) darker stripes 
down lines of dorsocentral bristles only visible from certain points 
of view. Pre-alar bristle distinct. Prosternal plate bare. End of 
abdomen hardly meriting the term “ villeux,”’ the last visible 
segment with the usual hind-marginal bristles—all near the margin 
—and not particularly strong; the hidden segments with a few 
bristly hairs on their hind-margins. Ovipositor ending in the 
usual strong upcurved spines. Only the hind tibiae could be 
called ‘“‘rougedtres.” Front tibiae with two bristles behind; 
middle tibiae with one anterodorsal and one posterodorsal both 
below middle, one behind at basal third and one more posteroventral 
opposite posterodorsal bristle. Hind femora with about six antero- 
ventral bristles on apical two-thirds and 1—2 moderately long 
posteroventral bristly hairs towards base. Hind tibiae with two 
short anteroventral bristles, 3-4 anterodorsal and 3 posterodorsal— 
in both cases the third from the base the longest. 

Length 6 mm. 


General note on the illustrations. 


The figures of the male genitalia were made after treat- 
ment with KOH, and are all drawn to the same scale 
(magnified about 33 diameters). 

Figs. 1-11 represent the so-called dorsal view of Schnabl 
and Dziedzicki, though in its natural position with reference 
to the abdomen of the insect it is more or less ventral, 
the greater part of the lamellae or “claspers”’ being 
tucked away under the last abdominal sternite. In these 
figures the bristles on the basal part are omitted. 

Figs. 1b-11b are profile views with all bristles except 
those on the lamellae and aedeagus omitted. In the case 
of 1b, 2b, and 7b the parts are in their natural positions, 
in the other figures the sternite bearing the aedeagus is 
shown separated from the corresponding tergite in order 
to give a better view of the appendages, while in 8b no 
profile of the tergal parts is given, it being practically 
identical with that shown in figure 9b. 

Figs. la—lla represent the sternite and,aedeagus viewed 


326 =Mr. J. KE. Collin on Hammomyia and Hylephila. 


from beneath, 2. e. as from the right of figs. 1b-116 respec- 
tively. 

Figs. 12 and 13 are profile and front views of the head 
of H. personata 3 (magnified 10 diameters), in fig. 13 the 
antennae and all bristles being omitted. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES VIJI—X. 


Pl. VIL Fig. 1. Hammomyia grisea. 


Fig. 2. ba sociata. 
Fig. 3. 33 albescens. 
Pl. VIII. Fig. 4. Hylephila dorsalis. 
Fig. 5. a oblusa. 
Fig. 6. na dissimilis. 
PE AEX. Bags is as sponsa. 
Fig. 8. a brevifrons. 
Bigre0: a4 buccata. 
Pix. Bis. 10: 53 personala. 
Fig. 11. 53 unistriata. 


Figs. 12, 13. 96 personata, 3. 


XII. The full grown larva of Lycaena euphemus Hb. By 
T. A. Coapman, M.D., F.R.S. 


[Read October 6th, 1920.] 
Prate Xf. 


Aw unfortunate illness prevented my giving any proper 
attention to my ants’ nests containing the larvae of L. 
ewphemus during last winter. I fully expected that the 
result would be complete failure with them. 

The failure proved to be very serious, but as a modified 
success, one larva actually reached the pupal stage, and as 
I got drawings of the larva made by Mr. E. C. Knight, it 
seems desirable to report the results, meagre as they are, in 
continuation of the record in last year’s Transactions 
(p. 450). 

The first note I made at the end of January reported one 
larva of L. euphemus dead, and that the disappearance of 
ant brood suggested that the larvae fed during the winter. 
Later, in February, this was confirmed by the ant brood 
being nearly exhausted. 

On February 14th it is noted that the larvae are usually 
nearer the ant brood than previously, and are occasionally 
seen to be moving. There are also notes this month of 
advancing disease in the larvae of L. ewphemus, small black 
patches appearing on them. In one nest the larvae are 
reported as looking well. They did not, however, receive 
adequate attention, and ant brood was scarce, though I 
have to thank Mr. Donisthorpe and Captain Purefoy for 
assistance on this point. 

In the autumn I had found nests of Myrmica scabrinodis 
practically without brood, and up till June none of my 
correspondents met with any. The following are my 
notes from this time. 


June 6th.—Since last note the history has been one of 
continuous disaster, the larvae having died off at intervals 
from black spot disease, whatever that may be, the result, 
I think, of their having at times been too damp—at any 
rate, broadly to want of proper attention during my 
illness. There is to-day one larva left in the MW. laevinodis 
nest that had originally four larvae. This larva has 
some black marks in the honey-gland region and in the 

TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTs III, IV, V. (APR. ’21) 


328 Dr. T. A. Chapman on 


prothorax. It has, however, distinctly grown in the last 
few days; a week ago, it seemed still of hibernating size. 
It is now 10 mm. in length and very distinctly thicker. 

June 8th.—L. ewphemus looks larger and has got rid of 
the black mark on prothorax. Its colour is decidedly 
paler; the tint is flesh-colour, but is perhaps rather darker 
than is usually called flesh-colour, a pale faintly brownish 
pink. 

June 10th._—Larva growing; it is 11 mm. long, 4 wide and 
3-5 high, rather hexagonal on cross-section, the two sub- 
dorsal elevations, the lateral flanges, and presumably the 
prolegs, being about equidistant elevations; only a very 
casual glance would regard the larva as cylindrical; the 
colour is hardly paler than on 8th. It has none of the 
original longer hairs of full length, only, indeed, a few 
stumps, of which two or three are nearly half length of 
original hairs; the finer hairs show under lens as a minute 
dark dusting. The disturbance of examining the larva, 
led to its showing some activity in moving about. 

June 12th.—The L. ewphemus larva is growing and looks 
well, although the black mark persists near the honey- 
gland and is accompanied by slight distortion of the seg- 
ment. The attitude or, rather, position of the larva 
since it really began to feed is €juite characteristic and 
identical with that of the young larva in the autumn, 
viz. just outside the heap of ant grubs. Just now, for 
instance, it is on the side of the nest head downwards, 
with the head touching or almost touching the upper 
examples of the ant grubs piled up in a corner of the nest. 
It has always been very rare and apparently accidental 
to see a larva of L. euphemus in any degree amongst the 
ant grubs. : 

June 14th—13 mm. x 4 mm., larger, paler, less pink, 
has a dirty look, chiefly if not entirely due to the minute 
dark skin points; the black on 7th and after segments 
still looks very threatening. The larva moves about with 
some activity (for a Lycaena) always outside brood nest. 

June 17th.—Larva figured by Mr. E. C. Knight. The 
larva, the only one surviving, has a good deal of black 
marking and deposit on 7th abdominal segments and on 
those behind, 8th, 9th, and 10th, with apparently a little 
deformity. Referring to the analogy of L. alcon and to 
the structure of this same larva, when entering hibernation 
in this same instar, I persuaded Mr. Knight to omit the 


the full grown larva of Lycaena euphemus. 329 


black mark and figure the larva as without it, though 
this was contrary, apparently, if not really, to his principle 
of never drawing anything that he did not actually see. 

The larva is given to “* hunching,” 7. e. contracting and 
thickening, so that being about 15 mm. when extended, 
at rest it 1s often only 12 mm. and nearly 5 mm. in diameter 
especially in the abdominal segments, which are thickest at 
all times, but especially when “ hunched.” 

The colour is now very pale, so that it is difficult to 
say that it is really pink, such colour as there is being 
really due to the now well-separated, stellate points or 
bases of abortive hairs (many being probably lenticles) 
well seen in photograph of skins of larvae in Trans. Ent. 
Soc., 1919. These prevent the larva having the appearance 
of a very delicate skin, showing fat bodies, etc., as in 
L. alcon; but the conspicuousness of the dorsal vessels 
and its pulsations suggest that the delicacy and trans- 
parency of the skin is essentially as in L. alcon. The 
subdorsal eminences on 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th abdo- 
minal segments are less marked than in the hibernating 
stage, owing to the general enlargement and stretching 
of the skin, the transverse section being now nearly circular 
instead of (seen dorsally) with a dorsal flatness apart from 
the eminences. The most notable change in the pro- 
portions of the larva is, that the first abdominal segment, 
instead of being small and weak, is much like the others, 
though with a little imagination it may be held to look 
just appreciably narrower. Here and there are stumps of 
the long hairs that the ants bit off in the early autumn 
days. 

June 19th.—The larva has stationed itself at the top 
of the side of the nest. It was supposed to be not quite 
full grown, but it may be so and resting for pupation. 
The black mark on abl. 7 makes one not too hopeful of 
this being successfully accomplished. 

June 20th.—In same position ; no enlargement of thoracic 
segments. 

June 21st.—Thoracic segments distinctly swollen. The 
larva was resting horizontally on the side of the nest near 
the top, and the ants have been more about it than normally ; 
since yesterday they have put black material about the 
spiracular regions of the upperside. This would not wash 
off with water—another handicap to its due pupation. 

June 22nd.—L. euphemus is found this morning to have 


330 Dr. T. A. Chapman on larva of Lycaena euphemus. 


pupated satisfactorily, the cast skin is attached to the last 
seoment, but not more than often occurs in Lycaenids. 
It will probably be removable, but the pupa is too immature 
to meddle with. 

June 24th.—The pupa at first pale (very pale chitinous) 
has got very dark, and the wing-cases are becoming de- 
pressed. It is, therefore, obviously dead, due no doubt 
to injury in trying to throw off the black material of 7th 
segment. This unfortunately makes a figure of it unattain- 
able. 

My materials for describing the pupa of L. ewphemus 
consist of the collapsed and discoloured pupa obtained 
from my larva, and a nearly or quite complete, but some- 
what disintegrated, empty case obtained by Mr. Powell. 
Of L. alcon, with which to compare them, I have an empty 
case, a dead pupa with butterfly fully developed, and a 
collapsed case. I should have liked to have mounted 
portions of these and presented photographs of them, but 
the deficiency of specimens and other difficulties prevent 
this. So far as I have been able to examine them, I 
have not detected any differences between the two species 
that could be so demonstrated, though there are most 
probably some small differences in hairs ‘and lenticles. The 
figures of L. alcon (Trans. Ent. Soc. 1919, Pl. XXIII) 
might fairly be taken to represent L. ewphemus also, so far 
as such magnification enables them to be represented. The 
only difference discoverable with a hand lens, and this 
might possibly not hold in a longer series, 1s as regards the 
spiracles, which in L. alcon are low dark chitinous cones, 
and in L. ewphemus are higher cones, only darkly chitimous 
at top, and with a margin “of delicate- looking white tissue. 

The pupae are : about 11 to 12 mm. long, of the same 
form and colour as in the above-mentioned plate, and are 
unfortified by any definite forked or spiculate hairs. ‘There 
is no scar of honey-gland. 

EXPLANATION OF PiatTE XI. 

Three aspects of full-grown larva of Lycaena ewphemus Hb. 
x 4. It may be compared with that of L. alcon (Trans. 1919, 
Plate XXIII)... For details of skin structure see Trans. 1919, 
Plates XXXIV et seq. It will be noted that the long hairs shown 
on Plate XXX (Trans. 1919) are represented by only a few stumps. 
(See Trans. 1919, p. 464.) 


Trans. Ent. Soe, Lond.1920, PUA 


E.C. Knight del. et chromo. Huth imp. 


FULL GROWN LARVA OF LYCAENA EUPHEMUS. « 4, 


cf 


* 


= 


(NB 3a) 


XIV. Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana.* By L. D. 
CLEARE, Jnr., F.H.8., Biological Division, Dept. 
Science & Agric, British Guiana. 


[Read November 3rd, 1920.] 


Micrations of butterflies occur from time to time in British 
Guiana, and many of the inhabitants can recollect having 
seen such phenomena, yet in most cases neither year, 
month, nor any other useful data can be supphed. Occasion- 
ally naturalists have recorded migrations when observed ° 
by themselves, but of records of this kind there are but few. 
In the Transactions of the Entomological Society for 1917 
Mr. C. B. Williams, in a paper entitled “Some Notes on 
Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana,” describes two such 
migrations observed by himself whilst on a visit to the 
colony in 1916; besides these Mr. Willams gives a number 
of observations supplied by inhabitants on other migrations, 
as well as some previously published accounts—in all 
sixteen migrations are recorded. 

“Tt is difficult,” says Mr. Willams, “even from the 
above records to get any indication of what is happening. 
On the real problem, why the migration takes place, there 
is still no hght, and many more correlated observations 
must be made before there can be any hope of solving it.” 
Mr. Williams adds, “ British Guiana would seem to be a 
promising field for such investigations, but they must 
be extended over a series of years, with a number of com- 
petent observers stationed over the country.” ws 

As so little is known about these migrations, it seems 
advisable to record all observations until we can at least 
form some theory about them. It is with this object 
in view, as well as to form a continuation to Mr. Williams’ 
paper, that the following observations are offered. 

It has recently been my good fortune to witness one of 
these migrations at Georgetown, and it is here proposed to 
give the details connected with it, together with a number 
of other observations, collected from reliable sources, on 


* Published by permission of the Director of Science and 
Agriculture, British Guiana. 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS III, IV, V. (APR. 721) 


332 Mr. L. D. Cleare on 


other migrations, none of which have been recorded by 
Mr. Williams in his paper, or elsewhere, as far as I am aware. 
The majority of the records would, I presume, refer to 
Callidryas eubule L., the common sulphur-yellow butterfly 
of the colony, but there is also a record of a migration of 
Pieris phileta ¥., as well as one of Catopsilia statira Cram. 

The localities: and direction of these migrations are in 
every case indicated on the accompanying map. The signs 
used by Wilhams in recording a migration of Catopsilia 
stativa 1 a recent number of the Trans. Ent. Soc. (1919, 
p. 76) have, for the sake of uniformity, been used in the 
map illustrating this paper. 


Callidryas eubule L. 


1. About 1.45 p.m.on March 18, 1919, Mr. A. Seton Milne, 
Government Veterinary Surgeon, on his arrival at the office 
drew my attention to the number of yellow butterflies 
about. On looking out it was obvious that a migration 
was taking place. No such migration was going on at 
11.30 that morning. Mr. Milne informed me that he first 
observed these insects about 1 p.m. in Croal Street. He 
said that they were then more numerous than at the time 
when I saw them. I immediately left for Croal Street to 
make observations. The butterflies could be seen every- 
where between this laboratory and Croal Street, a distance 
of half-a-mile north, and as the insects were travelling in 
an easterly direction the width of the swarm was at least that. 

At 1.55 p.m. I noted that the butterflies were not passing 
in a continuous stream, but in twos and threes, and some- 
times larger numbers. The direction of the flight was due 
east, and they were usually between six and twenty feet 
off the ground. 

From my point of observation I could look over a width 
of about 120 yards, and the butterflies crossing this area 
were counted. During the first minute of observation 
thirty-three insects crossed. After that the count was made 
every five minutes. The results were as follows :— 


Ist 5 minutes 100 butterflies passed = 20:0 per minute. 
nd ,, 95 é Prosi fe 
3rd, 40 K Ree iis ee 
4th _,, 63 . a = Oe ae 


This works out at an average of 14:9 butterflies passing 
every minute. 


Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 333 


It will be noticed that the number of these insects passing 
gradually decreased except in the last five minutes, but 
even then it was considerably less than at the beginning 
of the observation. 

At 2.20 p.m. observations were started at another point 
about 650 yards east of the first position and about 80 yards 
further south. The distance over which the insects were 
counted was about the same as in the previous instance. 
Here 143 butterflies crossed the area in five minutes, 
making an average of 28°6 per minute, a number which 
was only exceeded during the first minute of observation. 

To get some idea of the speed at which the butterflies 
were travelling, a distance of about 22 yards was paced 
off between two fences, and the insects crossing this space 
were timed from the moment they mounted one fence till 
they arrived at the next. Hight insects, taken at random, 
were thus timed; they all crossed the distance in about 
five seconds. This gives a speed of about 9:0 m.p.h. 

By 2.30 p.m. the decrease in the number of butterflies 
was very noticeable, and I returned to the laboratory. By 
2.45 p.m. the migration had ceased. 

The next day IL wrote a letter to both local newspapers 
asking any one who observed this migration to communicate 
with me. Concerning this particular migration I got but one 
observation, though there were a few relating to other 
migrations. 

The late Mr. John Cunningham, Editor of the ‘ Daily 
Argosy,” informed me that while motoring along the Hast 
Coast, Demerara, on that day he observed large numbers 
of yellow butterflies in the vicinity of Paradise, which is 
about 16 miles from Georgetown, going in an easterly 
direction. On his arrival in Georgetown about 1.30 p.m. 
he noticed them too. From this we may conclude that the 
swarm was at least 16 miles in length. 

The facts concerning this migration may be summarised 
as follows :— 


Duration of migration. . about 2% hours. 
Direction of migration. . East. 
Prevailing wind. : SeedeeDs 

Speed of wind ; . 12°50 m.p.h. 


Speed of migration : 

Average number of eee 
crossing an area of about; 14:9 to 28°6 per min. 
120 yards wide | 


9°0 m.p.h. 


334 Mr. L. D. Cleare on 


An idea of the number of butterflies, even in a small 
migration like this, may be gained by making a rough 
estimate. Taking twenty butterflies per minute, crossing 
a width of 120 yards, and taking the width of the swarm 
to be about half-a-mile, this would sive 8,760 butterflies 
crossing per hour. ‘This migration lasted for two and three- 
quarter hours, which would give about 24,090 butterflies 
in the swarm, and this would be a conservative estimate. 

Unfortunately none of the insects were captured, so I 
can give no information as to the percentage of the sexes. 
The species concerned, however, may, I think, be safely 
put down as Callidryas eubule L. 

2. Mr. B. H. Gainfort, of Sprostons, Ltd., describes having 
seen a very extensive flight of yellow butterflies, which, 
as far as I know, is the broadest swarm on record. He 
writes : “ It was on the 6th July, 1912, going up the Deme- 
rara River that we passed through a swarm of orange- 
coloured moths (sic) so thick that we caught several 
hundred of them from the deck of the steamer ‘ “Essequibo.’ 
We entered the swarm somewhere between Diamond and 
No. 1 Island and got out of it somewhere about Dalgin. 
I estimated at the time that it was about 30 miles wide— 
flying from west to east. These moths (!) were in evidence 
a day or two afterwards on the Essequibo and Potaro 
Rivers.” Obviously these “ moths ” were Callidryas. 

Mr. EK. E. Winter, B.Sc., Geological Surveyor of this 
Department, has given me several observations. They are 
particularly interesting on account of their being made in 
the interior of the colony, and on account of Mr. Winter’s 
observation of their association with dry weather. 

Mr. Winter tells me that such migrations can invariably 
be seen on the rivers during the dry season. Practically 
on every trip he makes some such swarm is observed, 
but the ones mentioned here stand out distinctly in his 
memory above all others. They may be taken as typical 
examples. . 

3. Mazaruni River, Makani Falls, October 1911. Dry 
season. Mr. Winter was camped on one of the islands in 
this fall. He observed “ yellow and washed-out green ” 
(? males or Preris) butterflies crossing the river for about 
eight hours, say between 7.30 a.m. and 4 p.m. The 
insects were flying in twos and threes with varying dis- 
tances between them; they could never be described as a 
thick cloud. Owing to the position of his camp, in one 


Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 335 


of the side channels of the fall, Mr. Winter is unable to 
give the direction of the flight. This was the first such 
migration Mr. Winter witnessed. 

4. Hssequibo River, Mocco-mocco Point, February 1914, 
Mr. Winter says: “I was camped there for two or three 
days and on one day there was a stream of these yellows 
coming across the river from east to west in twos and threes 
with gaps between. The flight lasted all day—say between 
7.30 a.m. and 4 p.m.” From the position of his camp 
Mr. Winter is unable to give an idea of the width of the 
swarm. 

5. Mr. G. F. Messervy, of the Department of Lands and 
Mines, who has been stationed at Christianburg on the 
Demerara River for the past three years, gives me the 
following observation. 

He observed a migration of yellow butterflies in May 
or June 1916, on the Demerara River about 140 miles 
from its mouth. The insects were flying from west to east 
in batches of about twenty or so. They were yellow mixed 
with some paler-coloured ones. This was about the 
beginning of the wet season. Mr. Messervy cannot say 
definitely whether it was in May or June that he observed 
these insects. 


Restinec In PAtTcHEs. 


The four following observations by Mr. Winter on the 
resting of these insects in patches are interesting. As to 
whether they were obtaining some nourishment from the 
sand in the form of salts is problematical, but the suggestion 
made by Wilhams with regard to the urine from animals 
would certainly not hold good in at least the last three 
instances, whilst even in the first it is hardly likely, for not 
more than a couple of animals—mules—pass along this 
road each day. 

6. Potaro Road, 7$ miles from Potaro Landing. Septem- 
ber 1915. Dry season. A number of yellow and greenish- 
white butterflies, some with a distinct orange tinge, were 
resting in the middle of the road in bright sunlight on a 
sandy patch over an area of about ? to 1 square yard. 
The butterflies seemed to be collecting at this spot from both 
sides of the valley out of the forest. (The Potaro Road 
is in the Mahdia Valley between Eagle Mt. and the Kaiteur 
Mountains.) The insects were packed close together, 


336 Mr. L. D. Cleare on 


and as the buggy drove through the swarm they were 
disturbed, and striking against the spokes made a decided 
tapping sound. The insects alighted on the same spot 
after the buggy had passed a few hundred yards. 

7. Mazaruni River, Sansankopai. Yellow butterflies 
were clustered together on a sandbank on an island in the 
middle of the river. The patch was not as large as the 
Potaro patch mentioned above. Mr. Winter cannot give 
the date of this observation. 

8. Yawakuri River, June 1919. A small boat that had 
sunk in the river was partially exposed and on one of the 
exposed parts was a small patch of sand, deposited while 
the river was much higher. The sand was then quite dry, 
and in strong sunlight. On this small patch of sand about 
a dozen yellow butterflies had collected. 

9, Pomeroon River, Issururu Creek, March 1920. A 
large tree had fallen and was stretched across the creek, 
supported on one side by its roots and on the other by the 
thick mass of branches, it was in this way not submerged. 
Some of the branches, however, were in the water, and 
around these a small sandbank had gradually formed. 
A part of the bank was well above water, and quite dry, 
so dry that the sand was beginning to blow; it was also 
in the full heat of the sun. ‘On this patch of sand about 
twenty yellow butterflies had collected. Mr. Winter first 
observed them about 9 a.m., and on his return to camp about 
5 p.m. they were still there. Occasionally one of the butter- 
flies would leave the swarm and fly off to one of the nearby 
trees, but in a few minutes it would return again. 


Catopsilia statira Cram. 


10. Mr. A. A. Abraham, Horticultural Superintendent 
of this Department, while engaged on an agricultural survey 
of the Rupununi Cattle Trail, collected five butterflies from 
a migration which took place on the Yawakuri Savannahs 
on June 16, 1919, and forwarded them to the Biological 
Division. These insects proved to be Catopsilia statira 
Cram., and were all males. 

In a letter to me he says: ‘‘ The specimens I collected 
were taken on the wing and the flight was then directly 
across the Yawakuri Savannahs; the migration was also 
across the Berbice River. . . . The insects were travelling 
in very large numbers and with a steady flight, but I do not 


Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. Boy 


think they were so thick as to constitute a cloud.” He 
adds, “* The insects were flying in a south-e: astierly direction ; 
the direction of the wind being north-east.” 

He further states: “As far as my observations extend 
I have noticed that the butterflies always appear during 
the months of June, July, and August, and sometimes their 
migration continues in the early part of September if the 
wei ather remains dry. The flight ceases if it should rain 
during the migration. The insects always travel at mght 
angles to the wind.” These observations were made in the 
North-West District at Issororo, and may be taken to apply 
to Callidryas. 


Pieris phileta I’. 


11. My father supplies the following observations on a 
large migration of Pieris phileta F., which he witnessed on 
the Courantyne Coast, Berbice, in September 1919. 

About the middle of September he saw a migration of 
butterflies taking place at Albion Magistrate Court, which 
is about 12 miles from New Amsterdam. The insects were 
present in very large numbers, and in giving an idea of the 
density he estimated that there were about 10 insects to 
the square yard, and added that to say they were like falling 
snow would certainly describe the appearance. ‘The insects 
were present as far down the coast as Bramfield, which is 
4 miles from New Amsterdam, so that the swarm was about 
8 miles wide. The insects were flying towards the foreshore 
—that is, in a northerly direction. This would be across 
the prevailing wind, which is usually north-easterly, but on 
this point he can give no definite information. 

On the following day he again observed them at Whim, 
about 6 miles further up the coast, and about 18 miles from 
New Amsterdam. ‘The insects were just as numerous as 
on the previous day, and on this day several were collected 
against the glass windows in the rest house. They all 
proved to be Pieris plileta F. Of eighteen insects “elle ted 
in this way ten were males, while eight were females. 
This migration took place between 8 and 11 a.m. 

On m: raking i inquiries from the Police in the district he 
was informed that such migration had been going on for 
the past week or ten days, and that they often occurred in. 
that district. 

During this year I have bred the insect in Georgetown 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920,— PARTS III, IV, V. (APR.21) Z 


338 Mr. L. D. Cleare on 


on the food-plant Cleome polygama L., while Mr. H. W. B. 
Moore has bred it on Cleome speciosa Kth., cabbage, mus- 
tard, and horse-radish ; all closely related plants. 

While this insect occurs in the county of Demerara it is 
far more common in Berbice, where it can usually be seen, 
and where its migrations only appear to take place; in the 
same way the Callidryas are more or less confined to the 
Demerara and Kssequibo districts. 


SUMMARY. 


It will be observed that three of the migrations of Call- 

dryas were from west to east. First the one observed by 
Mr. Gainfort in 1912, then the one seen by Mr. Messervy 
in 1916, and lastly, the one which I witnessed in March 
1919. Mr. Wilhams points out in his paper that the general 
direction of such migrations was from north-west to south- 
east and vice versa, and the three migrations mentioned 
above may be taken as agreeing with this in a general way. 
He adds, however: “ There is yet no record of a migration 
in a north-east or south-westerly direction.” The migration 
observed by Mr. Winter at Mocco-mocco Point, Essequibo 
River, in February 1914 was from east to west, practically 
just the opposite direction to all previous records, and to 
Mr. Williams’ remark quoted above. 
_ Mr. Wilhams also says: “Secondly, all migrations of 
Callidryas 1 which date is recorded took place between 
May and October.” The migration which I observed took 
place on March 18th, while Mr. Winter observed one in 
February 1914. 

A very interesting point which was brought out by Mr. 
Winter's observations is that such migrations are of frequent 
occurrence in the dry season. He says that the generally 
accepted opinion is that such migrations precede dry weather. , 
Again, the recent migration proved to be an exception, for 
it occurred when the rainfall was above the normal for the 
year, and this condition continued for some weeks after. 

Mr. Willams in his paper on the migration of Catopsilia 
stalira suggests that the reason for these insects settling 
in patches on the ground is for the purpose of obtaining 
nourishment in the form of salts from areas “ where the 
urine from animals passing along the road had recently 
dried up.’ This theory would certainly not hold good 
in at least three of the instances given here—Nos. 7, 8, and 
9—as in these places there are no such animals, while in the 


aii Pe ie 


SU) tine Sy 


Butterfly Migrations in British Guiana. 339 


case of observation No. 6 it seems very unlikely, for not 
more than a couple of animals pass along this road each 
day. It would seem more likely that, apart from the 
natural gregarious habits of these insects, the object. of 
such swarming would be to obtain a certain amount of 
heat and dryness, conditions that are almost impossible 
to obtain in the forest except in such places where the swarms 
were observed. 

The observation on Catopsilia statira is interesting on 
account of its locality, while that of Pieris phileta is notable 
for its density. 

In conclusion I wish to express my thanks to those 
gentlemen, and especially to Mr. Winter, who have so kindly 
allowed me to make use of their observations. 


EXPLANATION OF Map. 


Sketch map of British Guiana showing localities where migrations 
or unusual numbers of butterflies were seen. For detailed explana- 
tion of signs used see Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1919, p. 77 and PI. 
VI, the arrowheads indicating direction and extent of migrations, 
and the crosses the scale of abundance of the insects at rest. 


el 


eM ee CAs Ee 


Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920. 


,. BRITISH GUIANA 
ee 


50 miles 


t 
(2 
= 
5 
©) 
e 
Y 
[- 
a 
O 


BUTTERFLY MIGRATIONS IN BRITISH GUIANA. 


( 1194049 


XV. Preliminary Note on the interpretation of Insectan and 
Myriopodan structures through a comparison with 
the structures of Crustacea. By G. ©. CRAMPTON, 
Ph.D. 


(Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.) 


[Read November 3rd, 1920. ] 


In making a series of studies of the head and terminal 
structures of the Arthropods related to insects, with a 
view to determining the lines of development followed 
in the evolution of the insectan types of Arthropods, 
T have been struck with the fact that many of the currently 
accepted interpretations of the structures in insects are 
surprisingly incorrect. In the following brief note, I 
would call attention to the more glaring inaccuracies, 
leaving the more detailed discussion of the various phases 
of the subject to be dealt with in a series of papers in 
which each of the features can be taken up separately 
and illustrated by the necessary drawings to prove the 
points under discussion. 

One of the most glaring of the inaccuracies current 
concerning the interpretation of the structures of insects 
is the universally accepted view that the lobe-like struc- 
tures on either side of the hypopharynx of insects (called 
superlinguae or” paraglossae ’’) represent the first maxillae 
(maxillulae) of Crustacea. These structures on either side 
of the hypopharynx are nol the homologues ,of the first 
maxillae of Crustacea at all, but represent the paragnaths 
of Crustacea, as any one who will take the trouble to 
compare a mayfly naiad (nymph) with one of our common 
Isopods, such as Asellus, can readily see for himself. A 
comparison of the paragnaths of higher Crustacea with 
similar structures in the lower forms, such as Apus, would 
indicate that the paragnaths are merely detached lobes 
of the first maxillae, which have taken up a position behind 
(and slightly between) the mandibles. 

Folsom is apparently responsible for the mistaken view 
that the paragnaths of insects (i.e. the superlinguae or 
‘ paraglossae ’’) represent the maxillulae (first maxillae) 
of Crustacea, for his drawing of the embryo of Anurida 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920,—PARTS IIT, IV, V. (APR, 21) 


Dr. Crampton on Insectan & Myriopodan Structures. 341 
showing what purports to be the “ superlingual neuro- 
mere” of a distinct segment, whose appendages are sup- 
posed to be the superlinguae, has been widely copied and 
referred to in recent entomological literature. Kolsom’s 
observations in this matter, however, have been shown to 
be utterly unfounded by such investigators as Philip- 
tschenko, who has made a careful study of the embryo- 
logical development of the same group of insects: studied 
by Folsom, and it is indeed surprising that Molsom’s 
conclusions have been practically universally accepted 
among zoologists despite this fact, and in the face of all 
other embryological evidence brought forward in scores 
of papers on the subject, in which it has been clearly 
shown that the maxillae of insects are homologous with 
the maxillulae (first maxillae) of Crustacea, and the super- 
linguae cannot therefore be homologous with the maxillulae 
(first maxillae), as the easily-persuaded entomologists 
would have us believe ! 

The following table (in which I have employed, in a 
modified form, the terminology used by Heymons, L901, 
in his excellent monograph of the development of Seolo- 


INSHOTS, CHILOPODS, HIGHER CRUSTACHA, 
( Acron | 
Protocephalon. Preantennal seg- Protocephalon, 
ment. 
Antennal segment, Antennal segment, Antennular segment, 


Intercalary segment. 
Mandibular segment. 


Paragnaths. 
First maxillary seg- 
ment, 


Labial, or second 
maxillary segment. 
(Last segment of 
head.) 


Kirst thoracic seg- 
ment, 


Intercalary segment, 
Mandibular segment. 
(Paragnaths. ) 


Kirst maxillary seg- 
ment. 


Second maxillary 
segment, 
(Last segment — of 


head.) 


“Poison claw seg- 


ment,’ 


Antennal segment. 
Mandibular segment. 


Paragnaths., 
Wed 1 
Virst maxillary seg- 
ment. 


Second — maxillary 
segment, 


First maxilliped seg- 4 
ment, 

(Last segment of 
head.) 


342 Dr. G. C. Crampton’s Preliminary Note on 


pendra) will serve to indicate the true relationship of the 
parts of an insect’s head to those of Chilopods and higher 
Crustacea from the standpoint of embryology—which 
after all furnishes us with the only safe guide in such 
matters. Following Buxton and other recent students 
of the brain-structures in Arthropods, I have provisionally 
accepted the view that the preantennal ganglion of Scolo- 
pendra is not represented in an insect’s head, and that 
the syncerebrum of Scolopendra corresponds to the 
protocerebrum of insects. 

In the foregoing table, I have placed the “ paragnaths ” 
of Chilopods in parentheses, since no instance of their 
occurrence in any true Chilopod has been recorded, so far 
as I am aware. Paragnaths do occur, however, in such 
forms as Scolopendrella (and are possibly also represented 
in the house centipede, Scutigera forceps), which are closely 
related to the Chilopods, and for the sake of completeness, 
they have been included in the list of Chilopodan struc- 
tures in order to compare all of the parts of Chilopods 
with those of insects and Crustacea. I would also call 
attention to the fact brought out in the table, that the 
head of a higher Crustacean is made up of one more seg- 
ment than the head of an insect, since the first maxilliped 
segment of these Crustacea usually becomes more closely 
associated with the head than with the “ thoracic ” region. 
The head of these higher Crustacea is thus composed of 
seven segments, while the head of an insect is composed 
of but siz (so far as the embryological evidence would 
indicate), and it is folly to state that an insect’s head is 
also composed of seven segments, when there is abso- 
lutely no proof for such a claim; for the first maxillipeds, 
which are so closely associated with the head region in 
the higher Crustacea, are homologous with the first thoracic 
legs of insects, and these appendages do not enter into the 
composition of an insect’s head to form a seventh segment ! 

If the superlinguae or “ paraglossae” (7. e. the para- 
gnaths) of insects are homologous with the paragnaths of 
Crustacea, and if the maxillulae or first maxillae of 
Crustacea are homologous with the maxillae of insects, 
it is self-evident that the superlinguae (paragnaths) cannot 
represent the maxillulae or first maxillae of Crustacea, 
and those who claim that this is so, must produce some 
real evidence in support of their claim that the super- 
linguae are the representatives of the maxillulae, or else 


interpretation of Insectan & Myriopodan Structures. 343 


admit that this view has no foundation in fact. In proof 
of my contention that the superlinguae (“‘ paraglossae ’’) 
of insects are homologous with the paragnaths of Crustacea, 
I would cite the following facts. 


1. The superlinguae (e.g. of immature Ephemerids) are 
situated between the mandibles. The paragnaths of many 
Crustacea occupy exactly the same position. 

2. The superlinguae show no trace of limb structure. 
The paragnaths also show no trace of limb structure. 

3. The superlinguae function as a secondary underlip 
(also provided with organs of taste). The paragnaths 
hkewise function as a secondary underlip. 

4. The superlinguae develop as simple protuberances 
not located in the position typical of the forming mouth- 
part-limbs. The paragnaths develop as similar simple 
protuberances not located in the position typical of the 
forming mouthpart-limbs. 

5. The superlinguae are not distinct appendages of a 
distinct segment. The paragnaths are not distinct 
appendages of a distinct segment. 

6. The superlinguae have no distinct neuromere, or 
embryonic ganghon. The paragnaths also have no distinct 
neuromere, or embryonic ganglion. 


From the foregoing, it should be evident that since the 
superlinguae and paraglossae occupy the same positions, 
have a similar development, structure and function, etc., 
the inevitable conclusion is that the two structures are in 
every way homologous. Furthermore, the superlinguae 
cannot be homologised with the first maxillae (maxillulae) 
because there are already other structures present in the 
insect’s head region, namely the maxillae, which are in 
every way homologous with the maxillulae, or first maxillae 
of Crustacea, as is indicated by the following facts. 


1. The maxillulae are situated between the mandibles 
and second maxillae in Crustacea. The (first) maxillae 
of insects are situated between the mandibles and the 
second maxillae forming the labium. 

2. The maxillulae of Crustacea are evidently modified 
legs. The maxillae of insects are also evidently modified 
legs. 

3. The maxillulae of Crustacea do not function as a 
secondary underlip. The maxillae of insects do not 
function as a secondary underlip. 


344 Dr. G. C. Crampton’s Preliminary Note on 


4. The maxillulae of Crustacea develop in the location 
typical of the other hmbs. The maxillae of insects also 
develop in the location typical of the other limbs. 

5. The maxillulae of Crustacea are distinct appendages 
of a distinct segment. The maxillae of insects are distinct 
appendages of a distinct segment. 

6. The maxillulae of Crustacea have a distinct neuro- 
mere in the embryonic stages. The maxillae of insects 
have a distinct neuromere in the embryonic stages. 


By comparing these two lists of pomts together, it 
will be seen that the maxillulae (first maxillae) of Crustacea 
correspond in situation, form, function, structure and 
development, with the maxillae of insects, and the super- 
linguae correspond in all of these pomts with the 
paragnaths, while there is no such correspondence between 
the maxillulae and the superlinguae. I would therefore 
maintain that the superlinguae of insects are in every way 
homologous with the paragnaths of Crustacea, and these 
structures should therefore be called paragnaths in insects, 

Another absolutely unfounded and incorrect statement 
which one encounters with disheartening regularity in the 
zoological and entomological textbooks, is the absurd 
statement that the primitively biramous condition of the 
limb of lower Crustacea is preserved in the highly modified 
maxillae of insects. Thus the galea, etc., of the insect’s 
maxilla is supposed to represent the endopodite of such a 
biramous limb, while the maxillary palpus is supposed to 
represent the exopodite. A comparison of the parts of 
the maxilla of one of the primitive insects such as Machilis 
with a series of Crustacean appendages, however, very 
clearly indicates that the galea and lacinia correspond 
to lobe-lhke processes (sometimes spoken of as “ gnatho- 
bases”) of the basal segments of a limb whose terminal 
segments form the maxillary palpus, as embryology has 
long shown is the case, and it is most astonishing that 
such unfounded views could gain the widespread acceptance 
which has been accorded them. 

If one will take the trouble to compare a series of limbs 
homologous with the mandibular appendages of insects, © 
using the following sequence, (1) the trilobite Triarthrus, 
(2) the Crustacean Nebalia, (3) the Crustacean Mysis, 
(4) the Crustaceans Asellus, Apseudes and Diastylis, and 
(5) the insect Machilis, he can readily trace the develop- 
ment of the basal segment of the limb which grows at the 


interpretation of Insectan & Myriopodan Structures. 345 


expense of the endopodite (the exopodite is completely 
lost), the endopodite becoming reduced to a three-segmented 
mandibular palpus which is lost in many of the Crustacea 
and in insects, while the spine-hke and tooth-like processes 
of the gnathobase region of the basal segment of the limb 
become modified to form the incisors of the mandible, or 
unite to form the molar surface of the mandible. The so- 
called lacinia mobilis of such a mandible is apparently 
nothing more than certain broadened or fused hair-hke 
appendages forming the gnathofimbrium, or mandibular 
fringe. I have taken up this feature in an article which 
will shortly be published, and have referred to it here 
merely to point out the fact that the mandible of an insect 
such as Machilis, for example, represents only one single 
segment of a limb, while the parts of the maxilla which 
form the cardo, stipes, galea, lacinia, etc., represent more 
than a single segment of a limb (as I have pointed out in 
another paper), and it is quite incorrect to state, as so 
frequently is done, that the parts of the maxillae are re- 
peated in the mandible of an insect. I have not been 
able to find any indications of the cardo, stipes, galea or 
lacinia in the mandible of any insect whatsoever, and the 
statement that the parts of the maxillae are repeated in 
the mandibles was apparently made without studying 
the evolution of the structures in question from the trilo- 
bites through a series of Crustacea such as that mentioned 
above, to the lower insects such as Machilis. 

There are many other features of insectan anatomy 
upon which a comparison with the structures of Crustacea 
has thrown a flood of light, such, for example, as the fact 
that the cerci of insects (e. q. Machilis) represent the endo- 
podites of the flagelliform uropods of such Crustacea as 
Apseudes, or the fact that the styl of insects (and also 
such modifications of the styl as the gonopods of male 
insects, or the dorsal valvulae, etc., of the ovipositor of 
the female insect) represent the exopodites of the “ swim- 
merets ” or their homologues in Crustacea; but these and 
similar points can be brought out more advantageously 
in a series of articles, accompanied by suitable illustrations, 
and taking up each phase of the subject in detail. The 
foregoing article is therefore merely offered as a pre- 
liminary note to point out the principal conclusions which 
have been gained from a more extended series of studies 
which will be published later, 


346 Dr, Crampton on Insectan & Myriopodan Structures. 


As a final point in the discussion of the interpretation 
of insect morphology in the light of a comparison with 
Crustacean structures, I would emphasise the fact that 
in every instance the condition met with in the Crustacea, 
rather than that occurring in the Myriopoda, has offered 
the key to the solution of the meaning of the parts in 
insects; and the series of studies have convinced me 
that insects are anatomically intermediate between the 
higher Crustacea on the one side, and the Mynopoda 
(such as Scolopendrella, Pauropus, etc.) on the other. 
The lines of development of the lower insects such as 
Campodea, etc., which resemble Scolopendrella, and other 
Myriopoda, however, appear to end in a “cul de sac” 
leading nowhere; while the lines of development of the 
apterygotan insects nearer the Crustacea (e.g. Machilis, 
Lepisma, Nicoletia, etc.) are those which lead to the de- 
velopment of the pterygotan type of insect, and the lowest 
winged insects such as the mayflies have carried over a 
surprisingly large number of “ crustaceoid ” characters, 
particularly in the immature stages. I would further 
point out that Machilis is anatomically a far more primi- 
tive insect than is usually supposed to be the case, and 
in many instances it has furnished the connecting links or 
intermediate stages enabling one to compare the struc- 
tures of the Ephemerids and other lower winged insects 
with those of the Crustacea. 


XVI. New species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 
Part IV (Conclusion). By Mancoum CaMERoN, 
M.B., B.N., FES: 


[Continued from Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1920, p. 212.] 
[Read November 17th, 1919.] 


TABLE OF THE SUB-FAMILIES.* 


1. Head in front of the eyes with a raised 
or thickened border, under which the 


bo 


antennae are inserted, 

— Head in front of the eyes without a 
raised or thickened border, the 
antennae either freely inserted on the 
front, or on or beneath the simple side 
margin of the head in front of the eyes. 4, 

2. Posterior coxae transverse, not promi- 


nent. 3 
—- Posterior coxae conical, prominent . PAEDERINAE. 
3. Gular sutures usually fused together for 
the greater part, often indistinct, at 
least fused at one point. : . OXYTELINAE. 
— Gular sutures completely separated . MEGALOPSINAE. 
4. Antennae 12-jointed . A F . ADINOPSINAE. 
— Antennae 10- or 11-jointed. 5. 
5. Ist joint of maxillary palpi elongate. 6. 
— Ist joint of iehongen palpi short. ae 
6. Tarsal formula 5, 5,5 . ; . STENINAE. 
— Tarsal formula 4, 4, i or 5, A 4, . EVAESTHETINAE. 
7. Antennae inserted in a cup-shaped de- 
pression on the underside of the head . | PYGOSTENINAE. 
— Antennae not so inserted. 8. 
8. Antennae inserted on the front margin of 
the head s : : : . STAPHYLININAE. 
— Antennae otherwise inserted. 9. 


* The characters given in the tables do not necessarily apply to 
species not found in Singapore. 


TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920,—PARTS III, IV, V. (APR.’21) 


348 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


9. Antennae inserted freely on the lateral 

borders of the front; the elytral 

epipleurae not separated from the rest 

of the surface by a raised line; the 

elytra not extending beyond the 
metathorax . ; : ; . ALEOCHARINAE. 

— Antennae inserted under the simple (not 

raised or thickened) lateral borders of 

the front; the elytral epipleurae 

usually separated by a raised line from 

the rest of the surface; the elytra 
extending beyond the metathorax . TACHYPORINAE. 


TABLE OF. THE TRIBES. 


I. Sub-family OxyYTELINAE. 


1. Anterior coxae globose, not prominent ; 
the base of the abdomen keeled below Prestint. 
— Anterior coxae conical, prominent; the 


base of the abdomen not keeled below. 2. 
2. Head with two ocelli_. ; H . OMALIINI. 
— Head without ocelli. os 
3. Abdomen margined  . ‘ 5 . OXYTELINI. 
— Abdomen not margined : : . OSORIINT. 


II. Sub-family MEGALOPSINAE. 
1. Eyes large and prominent; Ist joint of 
maxillary palpi short; thorax sub- 
cylindrical; scutellum distinct; abdo- 
men bordered. ‘Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5 MEGALOPSINI. 


III. Sub-family STENINAE. 


1. Eyes large and prominent; maxillary 
palpi with the Ist joint elongate. 
Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5 E : . STENINI. 


IV. Sub-family EVAESTHETINAE. 


1. Tarsal formula 4, 4,5 . : : . STENAESTHETINI. 
— Tarsal formula 4, 4,4 . ‘ . . EVAESTHETINI. 


V. Sub-family PAEDERINAE. 


1. 4th joint of maxillary palpi large . . PINOPHILINIL 
— 4th joint of maxillary palpi small . . PAEDERINI, 


1. Head more or less produced in front. 2. 
— Head not produced in front. 4, 
2. Tarsal formula 4, 4,4 . F ‘ . DIGLOTTINI. 
— Tarsal formula 4, 5, 5, or 4, 4, 5. 3 
3. Tarsal formula 4, 5,5 . 3 ; . PRONOMAEINT. 
— Tarsal formula 4, 4,5 . ‘ . MYLLAENINI. 
4. Antennae 10-jointed, tarsi 4-jointe 4 . OLIGOTINI. 
— Antennae 11-jointed. 5. 
5. Tarsal formula 5, 5,5 . . ; . ALEOCHARINI, 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 


VI. Sub-family STAPHYLININAE. 


. Anterior portion of the prosternum 


separated by a suture from the 
posterior portion. Antennae at the 
base usually nearer to each other than 


to the eyes, at least not farther apart. XANTHOLININI. 


Anterior portion of the prosternum not 
separated by a suture from the 
posterior portion. 2. 


. Anterior angles of the thorax extended 


considerably beyond the anterior 

angles of the prosternum. Under 

side of the head with a longitudinal 

raised line at least behind . : . QUEDIENI. 
Anterior angles of the thorax not or 

scarcely extended beyond the anterior 

angles of the prosternum. Under side 

of the head without longitudinal 


raised line. : ; ; .  STAPHYLININI. 


VII. Sub-family PYGOSTENINAE. 
One genus: Delibius Fam. (q. v.). 


VIII. Sub-family TAcHYPORINAE. 


. Sides of the thorax explanate; sculpture 


of the head and thorax coarse and 


349 


rugose. : : ; . MEGARTHROPSINI. 


Sides of the AWE not explanate; 
sculpture of the head and thorax fine 
or very fine, not rugose ; . 'TACHYPORINI. 


IX. Sub-family ADINOPSINAE. 
One genus: Adinopsis, n. (q. v.). 


X. Sub-family ALEOCHARINAE. 


350 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Tarsal formula otherwise 5. 


6. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5 ; : . BoLrrocHaRtnt. 


me hee. lero are 


6. 


Tarsal formula, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, or 3, 4,4. MyrMEpoNumNT. 


TABLE OF THE GENERA. 


PIESTINI. 
. Abdomen bordered ; : , . Eleusis Cast. 
Abdomen not bordered. 2. 
. Anterior tibiae serrated externally . 3. 
Anterior tibiae not serrated. 5. 
. Anterior coxae separated : . Leptochirus Germ. 
Anterior coxae contiguous. 4. 


. Mandibles much produced, their length 


about twice that of the head; 3rd 

joint of the maxillary palpi elongate, 

as long, or nearly as long, as the last . Borolinus Bernh. 
Mandibles not much produced, their 

length at most a little longer than the 

head; 3rd joint of maxillary palpi 

broader than long, much shorter than 

the last . 2 ; . Priochirus Shp. 


. Anterior tibiae with two small spines 


near the apex on the external border. Ancaeus Fauv. 
Anterior tibiae without spines on the 

external border. 6. 
Abdomen obliquely striolate; posterior 

angles of the thorax somewhat promi- 

nent d ; : : : - Holosus Motsch. 
Abdomen not striolate, normally punc- ~ 

tured; posterior angles of the thorax 

not prominent 5 ; : . Lispinus Er. 


OMALIINI. 


. Labrum emarginate anteriorly; meso- 


sternum not keeled; last joint of the 
maxillary palpi slender, distinctly 
smaller than the 3rd . : . Phloeonomus Heer. 


OXYTELINI. 


. Anterior and middle tibiae spinose 


externally. 2. 
Anterior and middle tibiae not spinose 
externally, ae 


. 


New Species of Staphylimdae from Singapore. 351 


. Anterior tibiae with a double row of 
spines; species cylindrical with 
strongly geniculate antennae 

Anterior tibiae with a single row of 
spines; species rather depressed, 
antennae not or scarcely geniculate. 
Thorax more or less tri-suleate (ex- 
cept in thoracicus); intermediate 
coxae approximate . : 

. Scutellum visible. Elytra without epi- 
pleurae, the postero-internal angles 
separately rounded so that a small 
triangular space is apparent at the 
suture é : : : 

Scutellum concealed. Elytra with dis- 
tinct epipleurae, the postero-internal 
angles not separately rounded 


OSORIINI. 

. Tibiae spinose. 

Tibiae not spinose. 

. Antennae geniculate; anterior tibiae 
dentate-spinose ; last joint of the tarsi 
slender, not tumid . a 7 : 

Antennae not geniculate; anterior tibiae 
simply spinose; last joint of the tarsi 
tumid 5 : : 

. Thorax strongly contracted at the base ; 
4th joint of maxillary palpi subulate . 

Thorax not or scarcely contracted at the 
base; 4th joint of maxillary palpi not 
subulate 


MEGALOPSINI. 


. Antennae I1-jointed; tarsal formula 
5, 5, 5. Form oblong, stout. Tibiae 
simple 


STENINI. 

. Eyes very large, occupying nearly the 
whole of the side of the head; 4th 
tarsal joint simple or bilobed; apex 
of abdomen without styles 


Bledius Mannh. 


Oxytelus Er. 


Thinobius Kiesw. 


. Trogophloeus Mannh. 


bo 


Osorius Latr. 


Mimogonus Fauv. 


Paragonus Kauv. 


Holotrochus ire 


Megalops Er. 


Stenus Latr. 


352 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


STENAESTHETINI. 


1. Antennae very slender; abdomen except 
for the Ist (visible) and 5th segments 
immarginate. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. 
Antepenultimate joint simple; sculp- 
ture umbilicate on head and thorax . Stenaesthetus Shp. 


EV AESTHETINT. 
1. Tarsi 4-jointed; head deeply impressed 
on either side of the front; abdomen 


distinctly margined. Head and 
thorax very smooth and shining. . Edaphus J. Lee. 
PINOPHILINI. 
1. Abdomen bordered. 2. 
— Abdomen not bordered. 3. 
2. Labrum simple; last joint of the maxil- 
lary palpi narrow and elongate . . Pinophilus Gr. 
— Labrum bilobed; last joint of the 
maxillary palpi securiform : . Neopinophilus Cam. 


3. Sculpture of abdomen strongly imbricate ; 
last joint of maxillary palpi securiform ; 
terminal joint of antennae of normal 
length . : : : : . Palaminus Er. 
— Sculpture of abdomen not imbricate ; last 
joint of maxillary palpi slender, fusi- 
form; terminal joint of antennae very. 
elongate, forming nearly half the 


length of the organ . : 5 . Eucirrus Fauv. 
PAEDERINI. 
1. Antennae not geniculate. 2. 
— Antennae strongly geniculate. Mik 


2. 4th tarsal joint dilated, the distal margin 
more or less emarginate, the 5th joint 
articulating on its dorsal surface near 
the base, giving the appearance when 
viewed from above of the 4th joint 
being bilobed.* 3. 


* All authors speak of this joint being bilobed. This, however, 
is incorrect. When examined as a microscopical preparation the 
structure is found to be as above described. 


10. 


il. 


] 


. Thorax elongate ; 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 


4th tarsal joint simple, not presenting a 
bilobed appearance. 


. 4th joint of maxillary palpi very short, 


broad and obtuse ; anterior tarsi dilated 
4th joint of maxillary palpi minute, 
subulate. 


. Labrum bi-dentate or slightly emarginate 


in the middle of the anterior border. 

Labrum with 5 or 6 distinct teeth; head 
with simple puncturation; elytra 
strongly punctured, more or less in 
rows 


. Labrum bidentate. 


Labrum emarginate : : 

abdomen parallel; 
anal styles distinct . 

Thorax shorter and broader; 
somewhat contracted at the base; anal 
styles wanting. ; . 

Antennae with the first two joints stout, 
the following slender 

Antennae of normal build. 


abdomen 


. Neck slender or very slender. 


Neck broad 


. Labrum without teeth; Ist joint of the 


antennae sulcate from apex nearly to 
the base é 3 j : 

Labrum toothed; Ist joint of the 
antennae not sulcate. 

Ist joint of the posterior tarsi elongate, 
distinctly longer than the last; tongue 
bifid : : ; 5 

Ist joint of the posterior tarsi short, not 
longer than the last; tongue trifid 

Tibiae spinose; 4th joint of the maxillary 
palpi distinct, conical; tongue bi- 
lobed , 5 : : 

Tibiae setose; 4th joint of the maxillary 


palpi very small, obtuse, scarcely 
visible; tongue simple 
XANTHOLININI. 
Tibiae not spinose : , 5 


Tibiae spinose. 


399 


Paederus I’. 


4. 


Psilotrachelus Kr. 
6. 
Acanthoglossa Kr. 


Astenus Steph. 


Stilicopsis Sachse. 
Thinocharis Kr. 
Sy 
9, 
Medon, Steph. 


Parascopaeus Cam. 


10. 


Stilicus Latr. 


Scopaeus Er. 
Cryptobium Mannh. 


Calliderma Motsch. 


Somoleptus Shp. 
2 


TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS III, IV, V. (APR. 21) AA 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


2. Antennae geniculate. 3. 
— Antennae not geniculate : 1 - Diochus Er. 
3. 3rd joint of the maxillary palpi longer 
than the 2nd. 4, 
— 8rd joint of the maxillary palpi not longer 
than the 2nd. 5. 
4. Gular sutures obsolete; intermediate 
coxae narrowly separated . , . Oligolinus Cas. 
—  Gular sutures distinct; intermediate 
coxae widely separated. - . Leptacinus Er. 
5. Labrum broadly emarginate . : . Eulissus Mannh. 


ise) 


On 


Labrum with several short blunt teeth Thyreocephalus Guer. 


STAPHYLININI. 


. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5; small depressed 


species , 3 Holisomimus Cam. 
Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5. 2 


ae 


. Anterior and posterior femora furnished 


below with two rows of fine spines . Belonuchus Nordm. 
Anterior and posterior femora not fur- 

nished below with two rows of spines, at 

most (in some species of Philonthus) 

with a few spines towards the apex. 3. 


. 2nd joint of the antennae thickened, much 


thicker than the 3rd 
2nd joint of the antennae not thickened, 


Actobius Fauv. 


not or scarcely thicker than the 3rd. 4, 
. Lateral setae of the thorax placed on the 
side margin itself or very near thereto. 5. 
Lateral setae of the thorax distant from 
the side margin. 6. 


. Anterior tarsi dilated in both sexes; 


mesosternum without a _ transverse 

impressed line : : . Orthidus Rey. 
Anterior tarsi at most dilated in the g; 

mesosternum with a transverse im- 


pressed line. 5 ; . Philonthus Curt. 


. Last joint of the maxillary aa nearly 


twice as long as the preceding; me- 

sosternum broadly rounded behind . Hesperus Fauv. 
Last joint of the maxillary palpi scarcely 

longer than the preceding; mesoster- 


num pointed . ; : ; . Cafius Steph. 


bo 


Or 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 355 


QUEDINI. 
. Antennae strongly geniculate - Acylophorus Nordm. 
PYGOSTENINI. 


. Form navicular. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5 


legs long; intermediate coxae widely 
separated; antennae longer than the 
head and thorax; scutellum very large Delibius Fauv. 


MEGARTHROPSINI. 


. Sides of the thorax explanate; sculpture 


of head and thorax coarse and rugose Megarthropsis Cam. 


TACHYPORINI, 


. Tarsal formula 5, 4,4 . : : Atanygnathus Jacobson. 


Tarsal formula 5, 5, 5. De 


. Last joint of the maxillary palpi small, 


subulate; abdomen not or scarcely 


margined : ; Conosoma Kr. 
Last joint of the raoallary y Bats nat 
subulate, often longer than the 3rd. 3. 


. Species very convex, strongly contractile 


and retractile; posterior angles of the 

thorax effaced; tibiae not spinose . Mimocyptus Cam. 
Species much less convex, not contractile ; 

posterior angles of the thorax distinct ; 


tibiae more or less spinose. 4, 
. Ist joint of the posterior tarsi as long as 
the three following together. . Leucoparyphus Kr. 
Ist joint of posterior tarsi shorter than 
the three following together. 5. 


. Ist visible dorsal segment at the base on 


either side of the middle line with a 

short transversely extended tomentose 

patch. Species larger. Tachinomorphus Kr. 
1st visible dorsal segment without holbae 

tose patches. Species small or very 

small s , : : : . Coproporus Kr. 


GYMNUSINI. 


. Head deflexed, concealed; the sides and 


anterior margin of the thorax forming 
a semi-circle, posterior angles promin- 
ent, pointed. Legs slender, all the 


356 Dr. Malcolm Cameron 


bo 


tarsi 5-jointed, the Ist joint of the 
posterior pair as long as the three 
following together 


MYLLAENINI. 


. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 5. Labial palpi 


slender, styliform, obscurely 3-jointed ; 
maxillary palpi very long and slender 


PRONOMAEINI. 


. Tarsal formula 4, 5,5. Labial palpi very 


long, styliform, not jointed. Maxil- 
lary palpi very long and slender, the 
4th joint very short, subulate 


DIGLOTTINI. 


. Tarsal formula 4, 4,4. Labial palpi very 


long and slender, obscurely 3-jointed. 
Maxillary palpi very long and slender, 
the last joint very small, subulate 


OLIGOTINI. 


. Tarsal formula 4, 4, 4. Antennae 10- 


jointed. Labial palpi obscurely 3- 
- jointed : 5 


BouLtTocHARINI 


. Mesosternal process narrow and pointed, 


the intermediate coxae contiguous or 
but little separated. 

Mesosternal process broader, apex 
rounded, the intermediate coxae distant. 


. Labial palpi 2-jointed. 


Labial palpi 3-jointed, the 2nd joint much 
shorter than the Ist and 8rd. Right 
mandible with a distinct tooth at the 
middle of the inner border. Temples 


bordered below. (See also Heterota, 
10.) 


. Middle and posterior tibiae with at least 


one long seta. 
Middle and posterior tibiae without long 
setae, at most with a weak seta. 


on 


Leucocraspedum Kr. 


Myllaena Er. 


Pronomaea Er. 


Diglotta Champ. 


Oligota Mannh. 


bo 


14. 


Pseudatheta, Cam. 


4. 


or 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 357 


. Shining convex species with strongly 


pointed abdomen. Labial palpi elon- 
gate, the Ist joint not constricted at 
the inner border, and twice as long as 
the 2nd. Mandibles simple. Facies 
somewhat resembling Tachyporus 

Rather depressed, dull parallel species, 
the Ist joint of the labial palpi con- 
stricted at the inner border. Right 
mandible with a tooth 


. Temples not bordered below. 


Temples bordered below. 


. Elytrasinuate. Tongue narrow, elongate, 


bifid. Ist joint of the labial palpi 
constricted at the inner border beyond 
the middle; the 2nd elongate, shorter 
than the Ist. Head narrowed and 
rounded behind the eyes . : 

Elytra not sinuate. Tongue bifid or 
emarginate. Ist joint of labial palpi 
not constricted at the inner border. 
Head quadrate. 


. Tongue elongate, bifid. Terminal joint 


of the tarsi not dilated; 8th dorsal 
segment of the abdomen toothed at the 
posterior border. Habitat under bark 

Tongue obviate, emarginate anteriorly. 
Terminal joint of the tarsi dilated; 
8th dorsal segment of the abdomen not 
toothed at the posterior border. 
Habitat maritime 


. Head and thorax very finely, very 


sparingly and obsoletely punctured. 
Depressed, shining, parallel species 

Head and thorax distinctly and closely 
punctured. 


. Tongue simple. 


Tongue elongate, more or less divided or 
emarginate. 


. Tongue short and broad. Ist joint of 


labial palpi not constricted at inner 
border. Elytra not sinuate 


Hetairotermes, ». n.* 


Homalota Mannerh. 
6. 
8. 


Neomalota Cam. 


Thectura Thoms. 


Paractocharis Cam. 


Lampromalota Cam. 


Be 
10. 


11. 


Plaensa Er. 


* Termophila Lea, nom, praeoc. 


308 


if. 


— 
or 


16. 


Wie 


18. 


Tongue elongate. 
3-jointed 

Ist joint of labial’ palpi nai donstintea 
at the inner border. 

Ist joint of labial palpi constricted at 
the inner border 


Labial palpi obscurely 


. 2nd joint of the labial palpi distinc 


shorter than the Ist; tongue narrowed 
at the base, widened towards the apex. 
Facies of Homalota . . 

2nd joint of the labial palpi as ites or 
longer than the Ist. 


. Tongue very narrow, elongate, parallel. 


Facies of Placusa 

Tongue broader, narrowed at the aces 
widened towards the apex. Facies of 
Neosilusa 


. Mesosternum finely car inte: 


Mesosternum not carinate. 


. Elytra distinctly smuate, the sides with 


3 long and strong setae. Tongue 
broad with rounded sides, narrowed 
at the base, nearly bilobed. Labial 
palpi 3-jointed, the 3rd joint minute, 
subulate 

Elytra distinctly te tlie see with. 
out long setae. Labial palpi 2-jointed. 

Labial palpi not styliform, the 2nd joint 
as long as, but narrower than the Ist. 
Tongue bifid nearly to the base. 
Right mandible with a small tooth. 
Facies of Pseudoligota . 

Labial palpi styliform, the 2nd oie 
longer than the Ist. Tongue narrow, 
bifid for half its length. Right 
mandible with a small tooth. Facies 
of Neosilusa 

Tongue simple. 

Tongue bifid. 

Tongue short and broad, halberd-shaped, 
labial palpi 2-jointed, the Ist joint 
short and broad, the antero-external 
angle prominent and with a strong 
seta, the inner border constricted before 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Heteroia Rey. 
12. 


Chledophila Cam. 


Mimomalota Cam. 
es 
Pseudoplacusa Cam. 

Deralia Cam. 


15. 
17. 


Adelarthra Cam. 


16. 


Sternotropa Cam. 


Prosilusa Cam. 
18. 
20. 


21. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 359 


the apex; 2nd joint as long as, but 
much narrower than the Ist. Facies 
of Acrotona ‘ 

Tongue long or nioderitely long, not 
halberd-shaped. 


. Labial palpi with the 2nd joint as wee as 


the Ist, styliform 
Labial palpi with the 2nd some much 
shorter than the Ist, not styliform 


. Labial palpi distinctly 2-jointed, the Ist 


joint without constriction at the inner 
border; tongue small and triangular, 
split at the apex; inner lobe of the 
maxilla truncate and finely pectinate 
at apex; temples not bordered below: 
Facies of Oligota 

Labial palpi obscurely 3-jointed, ties Ist 
joint having a constriction at the 
inner margin from which a more or 
less apparent oblique suture passes 
forwards and outwards; tongue 
elongate and bifid; inner lobe of 
maxilla pointed and narrow, the inner 
margin strongly pectinate; temples 
bordered below. 

Last joint of the labial palpi as long as 
the Ist (true) joint; outer lobe of 
maxilla simply ciliate at apex. Facies 
of Neosilusa 

Last joint of the labial palpi shorter than 
the Ist (true) joint; outer lobe of 
maxilla ciliate plumose at apex. 


. Elytra distinctly sinuated at the postero- 


external angle; middle and posterior 
tibiae without long setae. Facies 
somewhat resembling Gyrophaena 
Elytra not sinuated at the postero- 
external angle; middle and posterior 
tibiae with a long seta. Facies 
somewhat resembling Homalota 


MyYRMEDONTINI. 


. Tarsal formula 4, 5, 5. 


Tarsal formula 4, 4, 4, or 3, 4, 4. 


Pelekoglossa Cam. 
19. 
Neosilusa Cam. 


Gyrophaena Mannh. 


Pseudoligota Cam. 


Ousilusa Cam. 


bo 
1) 


Pseudophaena Cam. 


Caenonica Kr. 


* bo 


360 


5) 


OU 


jor) 


- Maxillary socket wide and deep, extending 


to the level of the posterior border of 
the eye or beyond it. Mesosternum 
broadly rounded or truncate behind, 
extending but little between the 
intermediate coxae; metasternum 
produced, bordered, not meeting the 
mesosternum. 

Maxillary socket neither wide nor deep, 
not extending to the level of the 
posterior border of the eye. 


3. Ist joint of the posterior tarsi twice as 


long as the 2nd : 
Ist joint of the posterior tarsi but little 
longer than the 2nd 


. Labial palpi distinctly 2-jointed. 


Labial palpi 3-jointed, sometimes (Para- 
theta and Fenyesia) obscurely so. 


. Sculpture coarse and rugose . 


Sculpture fine, not rugose. 


. Labial palpi almost styliform, the 2nd 


joint half as long as the Ist. Tongue 
narrow and elongate, a little widened 
anteriorly, the apex with a small 
emargination 5 : : 

Labial palpi normal. Tongue split into 
two lobes. 


. Tongue rather long, split nearly to the 


base into two narrow. diverging 
lobes. Mesosternal process gradually 
narrowed, the apex bluntly pointed, 
the intermediate coxae me 
separated. : 

Tongue rather short and pions split to 
the middle into two diverging teat- 
shaped lobes. Mesosternal process 
narrow, sharply pointed, the inter- 
mediate coxae narrowly separated 


. Head with very narrow, distinctly ex- 


posed neck; the base of the head not 
at all concealed by the thorax. 

Head with broad neck; the base of the 
head more or less concealed by the 


thorax. 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


a) 
iw) 
. 


Zyras Steph. 


Myrmedonota Cam. 
(5), 
8. 


Schistogenia Kr. 
6. 


Exatheta Cam. 


~I 


Mimatheta Cam. 


Mimacrotona Cam. 


10. 


12. 


13. 


New Species of Staphylimdae from Singapore. 361 


. Ist joint of the posterior tarsi a little 


longer than the 2nd; thorax obtusely 
angled before the middle, the sides 
strongly contracted and sinuate pos- 
teriorly . 

Ist joint of the pOsteRiOr ee si as ane as 
the three following together; thorax 
not obtusely angled before the middle . 


. Labial palpi distinctly 3-jointed. 


Labial palpi obscurely 3-jointed. 


. Tongue short and broad, broadest at the 


base, emarginate in front . 

Tongue longer, narrow at the base, more 
or less bifid ; ; 

Ist joint of the posterior tarsi elongate, 
about twice as long as the 2nd; thorax 
strongly transverse, convex, the pos- 
terior angles acute and produced. 
Mesosternal process narrow and 
pointed, the intermediate coxae very 
narrowly separated . : 

Ist jomt of the posterior tarsi short, 
sub-equal to the 2nd; thorax much 
less transverse, the posterior angles 
not acute or produced. Mesosternal 
process broad, truncate posteriorly, 
keeled longitudinally in the middle 
line, the intermediate coxae ia 
separated 

Tarsal formula 4, 4, yh Eaal palpi 
2-jointed 

Tarsal formula 3, 4, 4. Taos palpi 
3-jointed : facies approaching Falagria 


ALEOCHARINI. 


. Maxillary palpi 5-, labial palpi 4-jointed. 


Maxillary palpi 4-, labial palpi 2-jointed. 


. Anterior and middle tibiae spinose 


Anterior and middle tibiae not spinose. 


. Elytra not sinuate at the postero-external 


angle. Tongue moderately broad, 
split to the middle into two narrow 
lobes. 


Amaurodera Fauv. 


Falagria Mann. 
lil, 
125 


Pelioptera Kr. 


Atheta Thoms. 


Fenyesia Cam. 


Paratheta Cam. 
Termitochus Silvestri. 


Eusteniamorpha Cam. 


9 


Myrmedonella Cam. 
Aleochara, Gr. 
oe 


362 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


— Elytra strongly sinuate at the postero- 

external angle. Tongue narrow and 

elongate, the apex only bifid. . Hoplandria Kr.* 
4. Thorax with four large punctures placed 

quadrately on the disc. Species 


robust, oblong é : ; Tetrasticta Kr. 
— Thorax without four quadrately placed 
punctures on the disc. Species more 
elongate : ‘ : : - Paraleochara Cam. 


TABLES OF THE SPECIES. 


Eleusis Cast. 


1. Species black, the elytra testaceous with 


apical margin narrowly black. . humilis Er. 
— Species in great part testaceous or reddish- 
testaceous. 2. 
2. Elytra very narrowly infuscate pos- 
teriorly. 3. 
— Elytra broadly infuscate posteriorly . lunigera Fauv. 


3. Species smaller (1-6 mm.); head more 
or less pitchy . : : 

— Species larger (3 mm.); head reddish 
testaceous : : A : . kraatzi Fauv. 


Jusciceps Kr. 


Leptochirus Germ. 


1. Front of head without impressed line ; 
prosternal process much widened 
behind (Sub-gen. —Strongylochirus 
Bernh.). Clypeus declivous, separated 
from the front by a transverse line and 
from the sides by a curved impressed 
line : : : 5 : . laevis cast. 


Borolinus Bernh. 


1. Red, the elytra and apical part of the 
abdomen more or less black. Length 
8tol0mm. . ; . (minutus Cast.) v. cruentus Fauv. 


* Stated by Kraatz (Linn. Ent. 1857, p. 4) to have the anterior 
tarsi 4-jointed; this is incorrect. The minute accessory joint 
of the maxillary and labial palpi was also overlooked by this 
author. 


i) 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 363 


Priochirus Sharp. 


. Front of the head with a tooth in the 


middle (Sub-gen. T'riacanthus) and one 
on either side, all of about equal 
length; sides of the thorax uniformly 
punctured; femora  pitchy-black. 


Length 7 to 8mm. . (tridens Motsch.) v. insularis Bernh. 


Front of the head with a deep excision 
in the middle line (Sub-gen. Cephalo- 
merus Bernh.). 


. Frontal excision deeper; lateral teeth 


separated by a broader and deeper 
excision from the central ones; thorax 
much more transverse : 5 

Frontal excision less deep: lateral teeth 
separated by a smaller and shallower 
excision from the central ones; thorax 
less transverse 


Ancaeus Fauv. 


. Head, thorax and elytra with very 


indistinct ground sculpture; species 
testaceous, larger, more shining; 
thorax much more transverse : 

Head, thorax and elytra with very 
distinct longitudinally strigose ground 
sculpture; species usually pitchy- 
brown, smaller, less shining; thorax 
much less transverse 


Holosus Motsch. 


. Elytra without elevated lines or keels; 


hoplites Fauv. 


pygmaeus Kr. 


exiguus Er. 


(1) singularis Cam. 


facies of Tachyporus : - lachyporiformis Motsch. 


Elytra each with two elevated lines or 
keels 


Lispinus Kr. 


. Posterior angles of the thorax scarcely 


impressed. 
Posterior angles of the thorax distinctly 
impressed. 


. Size larger (3-5 mm.); abdomen distinctly 


but sparingly punctured; antennae 
ferruginous 


plicatus Bernh. 


coarcticollis Kr. 


364 


ho 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron 


Size smaller (1-7 mm.); abdomen 
impunctate, antennae testaceous 


. Dise of each elytron with two rows of 


large setiferous punctures 
Disc of the elytra without rows of large 
setiferous punctures. 


. Species shining; ground sculpture of the 


fore-parts very indistinct; disc of 
thorax distinctly and not sparingly 
punctured : , : : 

Species with greasy lustre only; ground 
sculpture of the fore-parts very 
distinct, coriaceous; disc of thorax 
sparingly punctured. 


. Lateral impression of the thorax deeper, 


impunctate; antennae shorter, the 
penultimate joints more transverse 

Lateral impressions of the thorax 
shallower, punctured ; antennae longer, 
the penultimate joints less trans- 
verse 


Phloeonomus Heer. 


. Head and thorax opaque, elytra black 


or pitchy-black, scarcely shining 
Head and thorax shining, elytra with 
the disc testaceous, shining 


Trogophloeus Mannerh. 
. 5th to the 7th joints of the antennae 


longer than broad (T'rogophloeus s.str.). 

5th to the 7th joints of the antennae 
not longer than broad (Sub-gen. 
Taenosoma). 


. Eyes very large, occupying nearly the 


whole of the side of the head ; abdomen 
very thickly covered with fine grey 
pubescence; species duller, thorax 
much less strongly contracted at the 
base : : , ; 

Eyes moderate, temples longer ; abdomen 
much less thickly pubescent; species 
more shining, thorax strongly con- 
tracted at the base . 


on 


(3) minutus Cam. 
(2) setosus Cam. 


4. 


(2a) sharpi Cam. 


or 


. impressicollis Motsch. 


tenuicornis Kr. 


obscurus Kr. 


discalis Cam. 


to 


(4) orientalis Cam. 


(5) stlvestris Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 365 


. Species in great part reddish-testaceous. 4, 


Species entirely or in great part dark. 5. 


. Size larger 1-75 mm., shining, the fore- 


parts punctured, not shagreened; the 
diameter of the eyes equal to the length 
of the temples, and moderately 
prominent : : . : 

Size smaller 1-4 mm., with greasy lustre 
only, the fore-parts shagreened, not 
punctured; the eyes small and flat, 
their diameter much less than the 
length of the temples , 5 . (9) rufotestaceus Cam. 


(8) littoralis Cam. 


. Species smailer, black, nearly opaque, 


head and thorax shagreened, not 
punctured ‘ (6) halophiloideus Cam. 
Species larger, castaneous, shining, the 

fore-parts distinctly punctured, not 


shagreened ; : 2 . (7) lucens Cam. 


Aploderus Steph. 


. Rufo-testaceous, shining, finely and 


sparingly punctured é : . (10) testaceus Cam. 


Oxytelus Grav. 


. Ist joint of the antennae elongate, 


constricted before the apex ; eyes large, 

occupying nearly the whole side of the 

head (Sub-gen. Caccoporus Thoms. ). 2 
Ist joint of the antennae only moderately 

long, gradually thickened and not 

constricted before the apex. 4, 


. Head black, nearly opaque, not or very 


obsoletely punctured, densely coria- 

ceous ; size larger (4-5 to 5 mm.). 3. 
Head _ reddish-testaceous, shining, dis- 

tinctly punctured posteriorly in front, 

coriaceous; size smaller (2-75 mm.). 

g: 7th ventral segment broadly and 

feebly emarginate, on each side with 

a small spine; 6th ventral segment 

with a small tubercle at posterior 

margin on each side of the middle 

line . : : : : . ferrugineus Kr. 


366 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


3. Head, thorax and elytra impunctate, 
densely coriaceous; species __less 
shining. ¢G: 7th ventral segment 
with a deep narrow excision on either 
side, bounding a central quadrate lobe, 
this furnished with a tubercle in the 
middle and with the posterior border 
a little produced and elevated in the 
middle line; 6th ventral segment a 
little produced in the middle and 
truncate ; F : : . bengalensis Er. 
— Head, thorax and elytra distinctly 
punctured, thorax and elytra not 
coriaceous; species more shining. 
g: characters of the preceding, but 
with the posterior border of the 
central lobe of the 7th segment broadly 
emarginate on either side, and the 
central produced point smaller and 


sharper ; : ; nigriceps Kr. 
4. Species black or blackish with dark 
antennae at most, lighter at the base. 5. 
— Species in great part reddish-testaceous 
or ferruginous with reddish antennae. 8. 


5. Head entirely shining, with large and 
distinct punctures posteriorly; thorax 
shining, strongly rugose and strigose ; 


size larger (2-6 mm.) : ; . exasperatus Kr. 
— Head impunctate, thorax strigose, not 
rugose; size smaller (1-5-2 mm..). 6. 


6. Sides of the head with a distinct raised 
line internal to the eyes, extending 
from the base and continuous with the 
frontal margin anteriorly; species 
entirely opaque except the abdomen . — latiwsculus Kr. 
— Sides of the head without raised line 
internal to the eyes ds 
7. Thoracic ridges and front of the head 
shining, the latter scarcely perceptibly 
strigose; species somewhat shining. 
g: 7th ventral segment with a small 
tubercle on either side near the middle 
and in front of the posterior margin ; 
6th ventral segment with a moderately 


11. 


12. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 367 


broad, shallow emargination of the 
posterior border 

Thoracic ridges completely dull, front 
of the head scarcely shining, distinctly 
longitudinally strigose ; species opaque 


. Elytra simply punctured, not. strigose, 


size smaller (1-4 mm.) 
Elytra distinctly strigose, size larger. 


. Head (except clypeus) and thorax opaque, 


species dark ferruginous 
Head and thorax shining. 


. Thorax distinctly tri-sulcate. 


Thorax with feeble median sulcus only, 
the lateral wanting. Head and thorax 
very finely and sparingly punctured, 
not rugose : : 

Head dark brown or black 

Head testaceous or ferruginous. 

Penultimate joints of the antennae dis- 
tinctly transverse. Head in part with 
distinct coriaceous ground-sculpture. 
3g: 7th ventral segment truncate 

Penultimate joints of the antennae 
scarcely transverse. Head scarcely at 
all coriaceous. g: 7th ventral segment 
slightly emarginate on either side 


Bledius Mannerh. 


. Labrum not emarginate; thorax in the 3 


with a long spine directed forwards 
(Bledius s.str.); species shining, black ; 
antennae and legs testaceous 


Thinobius Kies. 


- Head smaller than the thorax, eyes 


moderate (Thinobius s.str.). Black, 
elytra, antennae and legs testaceous . 


Paragonus [auv. 


. Pitchy-black or pitchy-brown; thorax. 


obtusely angulate behind the middle, 
the sides from thence anteriorly 
strongly and obliquely contracted, 
posteriorly strongly arcuate and con- 
tracted. Length 2-75 to 3-3 mm. 


pygmaeus Kr. 


(13) obscurus Cam. 


(12) frugicola Cam. 
a: 


raffrayi Fauv. 
10, 
TY: 


thoracicus Motsch. 
nitidifrons Woll. 
2 


. kraatzi (pulcher Kr.). 


granadillae Cam. 


bellicosus Fauv. 


marinus Cam. 


heteroceros Fauv. 


368 


Dr. Maleolm Cameron 


Mimogonus Iauy. 


1. Cylindrical, black, shining; elytra 


— 


— 


— 


| 


-) 


me 


- 


castaneous; fore-parts with rather 
large superficial punctures. Length 
2-75 mm. : 5 : : 


Holotrochus Er. 


. Cylindrical, black, shining; head and 


thorax distinctly, elytra obsoletely 
punctured. Length 3-3-5 mm. ; 


Osorius Latr. 


. Black, shining; head closely and densely 


longitudinally strigose between the 
eyes, the sides in front with fine asperate 
punctures; thorax finely and not very 
closely punctured. Length 7mm. . 


Stenus Latr. 


4th tarsal joint bilobed; abdomen not 


bordered (Hypostenus Rey). Black, 
shining, each elytron with a small 
round orange spot; antennae elongate, 
the first two joints testaceous, the 
following reddish, the 9th to the 11th 
black; palpi and legs testacecous, 
Length 5 mm. : 7 ; 


. 


Elytra without orange spot. 
Species in great part brown; head with 


smooth, elevated, longitudinal 
impunctate space in the middle; 
antennae elongate, the first two 
joints testaceous; legs testaceous, the 
apex of the femora and base of the 
tibiae infuscate ‘ : : 


Species black. 
Head between the eyes flat; species 


smaller, less shining, less coarsely 

punctured, antennae shorter, with the 

Ist joint pitchy. Length 3-3mm.. 
“ oS 


Head between the eyes concave; species 


larger, shining, more coarsely 
punctured, antennae longer, with the 


on 


Sumator, Fauy. 


(14) nitidus Cam. 


rugifrons Ey. 


? bivulneratus Motsch. 
9 


me 


(16) castaneus Cam. 
3. 


2 monomeros Fauv. 


Ist joint testaceous. Length 8-75 mm. (15)fortepunctatus Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 369 


Stenaesthetus Sharp. 

1. Brown, sub-opaque, fore-parts strongly 
and closely punctured, abdomen very 
finely and closely punctured ; antennae 

and legs testaceous . : : . 


Edaphus Le Conte. 


1. Rufous; head deeply sulcate between and 
before the eyes on each side; 2nd 
abdominal segment carinate, the 3rd 
bi-fossulate in the middle, 4th and 5th 
more broadly impressed, the former 
with a small triangular elevation. 
Length 1-5 mm. ; ‘ : 5 


Pinophilus Gravy. 

1. Head with smooth, triangular, shining 
impunctate space in front; abdomen 
uniformly grey, pubescent, the centre 
of the segments not more shining than 
the sides. Length 5-75-6-5 mm. 

— Head without smooth impunctate space 
in front; abdomen with the sides of 
the segments, and especially the 6th, 
clothed with long golden pubescence, 
the centre of the segments much 
more shining than the sides. Length 
14mm. . : - ; . . 


Neopinophilus Cam. 
1. Rufous, shining; head very finely and 
sparingly punctured; elytra one- 
third shorter than the thorax. Length 

7-8 mm. . : ; : 6 . 


Eucirrus Fauy. 


1. Rufo-ferruginous, shining; head elongate 
with coarse umbilicate puncturation ; 


thorax elongate ; subserially punctured ; 


elytra transverse, shorter than the 


thorax, strongly and roughly punctured, 


Length 6-5 mm. , 4 a 


sunioides Sharp, 


dentiventris Wauv. 


(16a) orientalis Cam. 


borneensis Fauy. 


(17) notabilis Cam, 


miricornis F aly. 


TRANS. ENT. SOC, LOND. 1920,—Partts III, IV, V. (APR.'21) BB 


370 


bo 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron 


Palaminus Er. 


. Size larger (3-4 mm.); antennae longer, 


the 4th to the 6th joints fully three 
times longer than broad; _ elytra 
longer 5 5 : ; 

Size smaller (2:75 mm.); antennae 
shorter, the 4th to the 6th joints not 
more than twice as long as_ broad; 
elytra shorter . 


Paederus F. 


. Blue-black, thorax and first four abdomi- 


nal segments red; antennae, palpi and 
legs (including the coxae) black 


Astenus Steph. 


. Species reddish-testaceous, each elytron 


with an oblong black spot in the 
middle; base of the 6th abdominal 


on 


(18) bryanti Cam. 


(18) parvus Cam. 


tamulus Er. 


segment black ; . gracilentus Fauv. (gracilis Kr.) 


Species darker, elytra immaculate; 6th 
abdominal segment concolorous. 


. Sides of thorax and elytra with strong 


setae; elytra with moderately large 
superficial puncturation; abdomen 
finely punctured 

Sides of thorax and elytra maths weak 


setae; elytra with large deep punctura- 


tion; abdomen at the bases of the 
segments rather coarsely and deeply 
punctured 


Stilicopsis Sachse. 


. Sides of the elytra with 3 or 4 long and 


strong setae; disc of thorax without 
median longitudinal impression. 

Sides of the elytra without long setae; 
disc of the thorax with median 
longitudinal impression 


. Antennae shorter, the 9th Seas 10th 


joints distinctly transverse; thorax 
broader, species smaller. g: 7th 
ventral segment with a deep acutely 
triangular excision; 6th with a broad 


2. 


(19) orientalis Cam. 


(19a) castaneus Cam. 


(21) persimilis Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 371 


shallow emargination; 5th with a 

moderately broad, nearly semi-cir- 

cular excision in the middle of the 

posterior border. breviceps Fauv. 
— Antennae longer, the 9th aid 10th sons 

not transverse; thorax narrower, 

species larger. g: 7th ventral segment 

with a deep obtusely pointed excision, 

6th with a small obtuse excision . (20) obliqua Cam. 


Stilicus Lat. 
1. Ferruginous red, dull, elytra testaceous, 
shining, with a small brown spot on 
the reflexed margin at the middle, 
‘and a larger one on the disc posteriorly 
on either side of the suture; abdomen 
pitchy with copper reflex, sericeous . ocularis Fauv. 


Psilotrachelus Kr. 
1. Black, head shining, moderately finely 
and closely punctured; thorax dull, 
closely granulate, with median shining 
keel; elytra with large punctures more 
or less in rows, the interspaces finely 
granulate. Antennae and legs reddish- 
brown. Length 4-5 mm. . : . erassus Kr. 


Thinocharis Kr. 


1. Head transverse, subquadrate. 2. 
— Head not transverse, subovate . - pygmaea Kr. 
2. Species of darker colour; elytra more 
closely and distinctly punctured . (22) nigricans Cam. 


— Species of lighter colour; elytra more 
sparingly and less distinctly punctured carinicollis Kr. 


Acanthoglossa Kr. 
1. Reddish-brown, clothed with long erect 
yellow pubescence; head and thorax 
closely punctured. : : . hirta Kr. 


Medon Steph. 
1. Base of the abdomen keeled below. Eyes 
moderate or small. . 
— Base of the abdomen not keeled below. 
Eyes large. 4, 


bo 


372 


2. 


or 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Prothoracic epimera present. Labrum 
more or less emarginate anteriorly in 
the middle, with the angles often 
dentiform. 

Prothoracic epimera wanting. Labrum 
with a strong tooth in the middle of 
the emargination which projects a 
little beyond the anterior border (Sub- 
gen. Charichirus). 


. Antennae entirely reddish-testaceous ; 


legs testaceous; posterior part of the 
elytra more or less broadly and dis- 
tinctly rufo-testaceous 

Antennae black, the last 3 or as joints 
reddish-testaceous ; legs _pitchy; 
posterior part of the hs obscurely 
dull reddish 


. Mandibles 4-dentate (Sub-gen. Ladheata 3 


Species larger (7 mm.), blackish, elytra 
obscure testaceous, more or less ex- 
tensively infuscate on the disc . 

Mandibles with the right 4-dentate, the 
left 3-dentate (Sub-gen. Arthocharis). 
Species smaller, 


. Head and thorax with distinct smooth 


median line; species brighter and 
more shining; abdomen much less 
thickly punctured and pubescent 
Head and thorax without median smooth 
shining line; species of duller colour, 
Jess shining; abdomen much more 
thickly punctured and pubescent 


. Gular sutures fused or very narrowly 


separated (Sub-gen. Medon s.str.). 
Gular sutures not fused, widely separated. 


. Elytra shining testaceous, the base 


broadly infuscate; head and thorax 
bright reddish-testaceous, shining 
Elytra otherwise coloured. 


. Antennae slender, the 5th joint dis- 


tinctly longer than broad; species 
smaller (3 mm.); vertex of head simply 
punctured, a little shining; elytra 
reddish, largely infuscate posteriorly . 


chinensis Boh. 


(26a) terminalis Cam. 


staphylinoides Kr. 


on 


ochracea Grav. 


uvida Kr. 


(23) rubicundus Cam. 
8. 


(22a) orientalis Cam, 


10. 


Wks 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 373 


Antennae short, the 5th joint scarcely 
longer than broad; species larger 
(3-75 mm.), vertex of head granular, 
not shining; elytra reddish, less 
infuscate posteriorly 


. Sculpture of head and thorax granular ; 


species rufo-testaceous, the elytra more 
or less infuscate posteriorly 

Sculpture of head and thorax not 
granular. 

Head and thorax shining, without visible 
ground sculpture. 

Head and thorax scarcely shining, with 
distinct coriaceous ground sculpture 
and superficial umbilicate punctura- 
tion F : 5 5 . 

Elytra testaceous, with broad pitchy 
transverse fascia; puncturation of 
thorax fine, not umbilicate : 

Klytra uniform reddish-testaceous ; 
puncturation of thorax moderately 
coarse, umbilicate 


Parascopaeus Cam. 


. Shining pitchy-brown; head _ rather 


coarsely, thorax finely, elytra indis- 
tinctly punctured; antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs testaceous 


Scopaeus Er. 


. Antennae dark, the last four or five joints 


testaceous; species black; length 
4 mm. . : : . c 
Antennae’ entirely reddish-testaceous ; 
species at least partly testaceous or 
reddish-testaceous. 


. Size larger (38-6 mm.); 2nd joint of the 


antennae distinctly shorter than the 
3rd : : ; : 
Size smaller (2—2-5 mm.); 2nd joint 
_ of the antennae not shorter than the 
3rd. 


. 3rd joint of the antennae moniliform; 


under surface of the head deeply 


opacellus Fauv. 


(26) granulatus Cam. 
10. 


11. 


debilicornis Woll. 


(24) fasciatus Cam. 


(25) lucens Cam. 


(27) nitidus Cam. 


(28) niger Cam. 


testaceus Motsch. 


374 - Dr. Malcolm Cameron 


or 


punctured; species red, shining, the 
elytra testaceous, with transverse 
indeterminate dark fascia nearer to 
the posterior margin than to the base. 
Length 2 mm. 

3rd joint of the antennae not imonilton m; 
under surface of the head not Henin 
punctured. 


. Species reddish-testaceous, shining, the 


elytra in great part infuscate. 

Species pale testaceous, but slightly 
shining; the elytra entirely pale, 
exceedingly finely and _ obsoletely 
punctured 


. Elytra infuscate, the posterior margin 


testaceous; 4th and 5th joints of the 
antennae a little longer than broad; 
species larger (2-5 mm.) and more 
robust 

Elytra_ testaceous mh ill- defused dark 
fascia situated nearer the posterior 
border than the base; 4th and 5th 
joints of the antennae moniliform; 
species smaller (2 mm.). Very similar 
to puncticeps 


Calliderma Motsch. 


. Thorax (except for parts of the elevated 


lines) entirely opaque, densely punc- 
tured : 
Thorax entirely shining. 


. Thorax red, impunctate 


Thorax red, with transverse dark fascia; 
in part coarsely and _ rugosely 
punctured 


Cryptobium Mannerh. 


. Eyes very small; form narrow and 


elongate; legs reddish; size smaller 
(7 mm.). 7th dorsal segment with 
substrigose sculpture 

Eyes moderate; form broader ; bea pale 
“testaceous; size larger (8-5mm.). 7th 
dorsal segment simply punctured 


on 


puncliceps Kr. 


4, 


Or 


pallidulus Kr. 


limbatus Kr. 


micros Kr. 


(29) rufum Cam. 
») 


ade 


(30) nitens Cam. 


(31) rugicolle Cam. 


filum Ke 


(32) foveatum Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 375 


Oligolinus Cas. 

. Black, shining; antennae, mouth-parts 
and legs reddish-testaceous, the middle 
and posterior tibiae more or less in- 
fuscate 


Leptacinus Kr. 

. Black, shining; thorax reddish or pitchy, 
with a dorsal series of 5 or 6 large 
punctures; elytra pale testaceous, the 
base and apex somewhat infuscate. 
Length 4 mm. 


Somoleptus Sharp. 

. Shining, head and abdomen black, 
thorax and elytra pitchy-brown, the 
latter finely and sparingly punctured. 
Length 3 mm. 


Eulissus Mannerh. 

. Black, shining; elytra and abdomen 
pitchy, the disc of the former obscure, 
the side margins of the latter clear 
testaceous 


Thyreocephalus Guer. 
. Shining bronze-green or coppery-bronze, 
the elytra and 3rd and 4th (visible) 
segments of the abdomen __ bright 
reddish; the last six joints of the 
antennae and legs testaceous. Length 
10-5-15 mm. 


Diochus Er. 

. Pitchy-black, shining; thorax entirely, 
apex of the elytra broadly, reddish- 
testaceous; abdomen pitchy-red, the 
apex testaceous. Antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs testaceous. Length 
3 mm. 


Holisomimus Cam. 

. Abdomen  unicolorous — pitchy-brown. 
Length 2-3 mm. : 6 ‘ 

Abdomen in part  reddish-testaceous. 
Length 1-75 mm. 


(33) parvus Cam. 


tricolor Kr. 


(34) linearis Cam. 


(35) lateralis Cam. 


annularis. Fauv. 


(36) pulchellus Cam. 


(37) parvus Cam. 


(38) cingulatus Cam. 


376 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Actobius Fauv. 
1. Black, shining; antennae and legs fuscous, 
the first two joints of the former 
and the femora testaceous. Length . 
4mm. . : : : F . (39) laticeps Cam. 


Philonthus Curtis. 


1. Last joint of the labial palpi not longer 
than the preceding ; head oblong (Sub- 


gen. Gabrius). 13. 
— Last joint of the labial palpi longer than 
the preceding. 2. 


2. Thorax on either side of the middle line 
with a row of three punctures,* elytra 
with a double series of large punctures, 
two sutural and three or four sub- 
humeral. Length 6—9 mm. : . notabilis Kr. 
— Thorax on either side of the middle line 
with a row of more than three 
punctures, oe 
3. Thorax on either side of the middle line 
with a row of four punctures; head 
suborbiculate; Ist joint of the 
antennae, coxae and legs testaceous, 
the tibiae often infuscate; abdomen 
slightly iridescent. Length 6-8-5 mm. delicatulus Boh. 
— Thorax on either side of the middle line 
with a row of five punctures. 4, 
4, Antennae entirely rufo-testaceous ; thorax 
and elytra castaneous-red; abdomen 
pitchy; legs testaceous. Length 
Ohms : : : : (41) castaneipennis Cam. 
— Antennae dark, at most with the base and 
more or less of the apex lighter. 5. 
5, Antennae with the base and at least the 
terminal joint reddish-testaceous, the 


~ 


penultimate joints strongly transverse. 6. 
— Antennae with the base at most lighter. de 
6. Antennae with the base and terminal 


joint rufo-testaceous; elytra entirely 
black. Length 3-75 mm. : . crassicornis Fauv. 


* [Erichson’s notation. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 377 


— Antennae with the base and last four or 
five joints reddish-testaceous; elytra 
with the base, suture and apical margin 

red. Length 6 mm. : : . circumductus Fauv. 
7. Head small, narrow, oval; thorax 
narrowed in front. Length 6-5- 


7-5 mm. . : : ; : . longiceps Fauv. 
— Head subquadrate or suborbicular. 8. 
8. Penultimate joints of the antennae 
distinctly transverse. 9. 
— Penultimate joints of the antennae not 
or scarcely transverse. 10. 


9. Elytra bronze-green, the suture narrowly 

reddish; Ist joint of the antennae 

pitchy-testaceous ; elytra and abdomen 

more sparingly punctured. Length 

Simm: *: : ; : ; . deneipennis Boh. 
— Elytra black, the suture and_ apical 

margin narrowly reddish; first two 

joints of the antennae clear reddish- 

testacecous; elytra and abdomen 

much more closely punctured. Length 

5:75 mm. ; ; A : . flavocinctus Motsch. 
10. Head sub-quadrate. Species black, the 

sides of the elytra and posterior margins 

of the dorsal abdominal segments con- 

colorous. Length 8-8-5 mm. . (42) belonuchoides Cam. 
— Head suborbicular. iY. 
11. Base of the first three visible dorsal 

segments of the abdomen with a large 

puncture on either side of the middle 

line; elytra and abdomen black, con- 

colorous; size smaller. Length 6mm. — gemellus Ky. 
— Base of the first three visible dorsal 

segments of the abdomen without large 

‘ puncture on either side. Size larger 

(8-5 mm.). 12. 
12. Front of the head between the antennal 

tubercles with a short, deep, longitudi- 

nal sulcus in the middle line; diameter 

of the eyes viewed from above rather 

less than the length of the temples; 

Ist joint of the posterior tarsi scarcely 

longer than the last, Length 6-5-7 mm, (40) sulcatus Cam. 


378 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


— Front of head without sulcus; the 

diameter of the eyes viewed from 

above much greater than the length 

of the temples; Ist joint of the 

posterior tarsi distinctly longer than 

the last . , : : , . geminus Kr. 
13. Elytra pitchy, the apex and _ suture 

reddish-testaceous ; penultimate joints 


of the antennae scarcely transverse . pulchellus Kr. 
— Elytra uniformly _ fusco-testaceous; 
penultimate joints of the antennae 
distinctly transverse ; : . maritimus Motsch. 


Orthidus Muls and Rey. 

1. Shining brassy-bronze; elytra copper- 

bronze; antennae, mouth-parts and 
legs ferruginous. Length 10 mm. (43) cupreipennis Cam. 


Cafius Steph. 
1. Thorax with a narrow, shining, im- 
punctate, median line; the rest of 
the surface closely and uniformly 
punctured; size larger (8 mm.) . nauticus Fairm. 
— 'Thorax, with broader shining, impunctate 
median area, on either side with a row 
of 14 or 15 punctures, the sides more 
or less closely punctured; size smaller 
(5-5 mm.) ‘ : : ‘ . corallicola Fairm. 


Hesperus Fauv. 
1. Black, shining; thorax, base of the 
elytra, 3rd and 4th visible abdominal 
segments and first three joints of the 
antennae, red; apical border of the 
elytra and of the 5th visible abdominal 
segment, last three or four joints of the 
antennae and the legs, pale testaceous. 
Length 8-8-5 mm. . : : . laevigatus Fauv. 


Belonuchus Nordm. 
1. Species entirely black . ; . . mutator Fauv. 
— Species not entirely black, the elytra 
with bronze-green reflex; antennae 
with the first three and last two joints 
testaceous : , ‘ : . denetpennis Fauy. 


a 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 379 


Acylophorus Nordm. 
. Black, shining; abdomen _ iridescent; 
thorax with the sides strongly rounded, 
the disc with a single puncture on 
either side of the middle line. Length 
6-7 mm. : é : : (44) rotundicollis Cam. 


Delibius Fauv. 


. Obscure rufo-testaceous, rather shining ; 
head posteriorly, disc of the elytra and 
middle of the abdomen more or less 
infuscate. Length 3 mm. : . longicornis Fauv. 


Megarthropsis Cam. 


. Elongate, fusiform, moderately shining, 
black, the sides and posterior half of 
the thorax, abdomen and legs reddish- 
testaceous; antennae long and slender, 
obscure testaceous, the middle joints 
infuscate. Length4 mm. . : . (45) decorata Cam. 


Atanygnathus Jacobson. 


. Black, shining, the thorax, posterior 
margins of the elytra and of the 
abdominal segments red; base and 
apex of the antennae and_ legs 
testaceous : : 4 : . terminalis Er. 


Conosoma, Kr. 


. Sides of the elytra without setae. 2. 
Sides of the elytra with long setae. itip 

. Species entirely or in great part black or 
reddish-brown. 3. 

Species in great part bright reddish- 
testaceous. 10. 

. Elytra with a more or less distinct 
macula at the base of each. 4, 
Elytra immaculate at the base. 5. 


. Each elytron with a reddish, ill-defined 
spot at the middle of the base, not 
extending to the lateral margin; 
posterior margin and postero-external 
angles of the thorax rufescent . 46 (2) malayanum Cam. 


380 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


9. 


10. 


11. 


Each elytron with a rounded, well- 
defined yellow spot at the middle of 
the .base; posterior angles of the 
thorax yellow. : : . (48) flavoguttatum Cam. 


. Antennae very long and slender, the 


joints not appreciably compressed . (50) championi Cam. 
Antennae shorter, the joints distinctly 
compressed. 6. 


. Abdomen shining; species shining, much 


less thickly punctured and pubescent . (49) abdominale Cam. 
Abdomen dull; species more opaque, 
much more thickly punctured and 


pubescent. ts 
: perce larger and more robust. Length 
5mm. . : - (46) robustum Cam. 
Species smaller maa ee robust Length 
3-3-5 mm. 8. 


. Pectinations of the anterior tibiae on the 


» outer border testaceous; posterior 

third of the elytra obscurely red- 

dish : , . (51) walkerit Cam. 
Pectinations of the satenor ae on the 

outer border, black; elytra  uni- 


colorous. 9. 
Species larger and broader; _ black. 

Length 3-5 mm. : : . ceylanense Kr. 
Species smaller and narrower; reddish- 

brown : : - (47) rufobrunneum Cam. 


Base of the ae with a black, sub- 

triangular spot on either side of the 

middle line (sometimes united); base 

of the elytra broadly, and apex 

narrowly, rufo-testaceous; 4th visible 

abdominal segment (except the pos- 

terior border) black . 7 : . suave Fauv. 
Base of the thorax immaculate; elytra 

obscurely darker posteriorly ; abdomen 

concolorous. . (52) perplerum Cam. 
Base of the thorax with a black aese on 

either side of the middle line; elytra 

with a black fascia extending from the 

lateral margin nearly to the suture; 

6th to the 10th joints of the antennae 

black é ; : - (53) nigromaculatum Cam. 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 381 


Base of the thorax immaculate, elytra 
without dark fascia; 6th to the 10th 
joints of the antennae scarcely infus- 
cate . : é : : . (54) rufotestaceum Cam. 


Tachinomorphus Kr. 


. Last joint of the antennae testaceous, 
the penultimate joints much _ less 
transverse ‘ : . fulvipes Er. 
Last joint of the Bitennad black, the 
penultimate joints strongly transverse ceylonicus Bernh. 


Coproporus Kr. 


. Antennae entirely testaceous. ya 
Antennae at least in part dark. 3. 
. 4th joint of antennae longer than broad, 

the penultimate joints scarcely trans- 

verse; head and thorax entirely im- 

punctate; species smaller (1-75 mm.), 

rufo-testaceous : - (57) parvulus Cam. 
4th joint of the antennae ehabinetly trans 

verse, the penultimate joints distinctly 

transverse; head and thorax exceed- 

ingly finely punctured; species larger 

(2:2 mm.), black, pitchy or more or less 

rufo-testaceous : : 5 . (56a) varians Cam. 
. 5th joint of the antennae strongly trans- 
verse; elytra finely but distinctly 
punctured; species minute. Length 


mm: - . atomus Kr, 
5th joint of the sone Rot transverse ; 
species larger. 4, 
. 5th joint of the antennae distinctly longer 
than broad. 5 
5th joint of the antennae as long as broad. 9: 
. Head clear reddish-testaceous; species in 
great part reddish-testaceous. 6. 
Head black or pitchy-red. as 
. Elytra testaceous-yellow without dark 
markings 2 2 . secretus Bernh, 


Elytra testaceous- are at the ran with 
a large black spot not extending to the 
suture or the lateral margin. . fasciipennis Kr. 


382 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


7. Elytra testaceous : ; . . (56) flavipennis Cam. 
— Elytra dark. 8. 
8. Head, thorax and elytra without trace of 
puncturation; head and abdomen red- 
dish; species larger and more convex. 
Diesen 4-5 mm. : (55) rufiventris Cam. 
— Head, thorax and elytra finely but dike 
tinctly punctured; head and abdomen 
black; species smaller and more 
depressed. Length 2-75 mm. . subdepressus Kr. 
9. Thorax before the base with a fares 
puncture on either side of the middle 
line, otherwise completely impunctate ; 
elytra distinctly punctured; _ size 
larger and more convex. Length 
3mm.) ~: brunneicollis Motsch. 
— Thorax without ie ee peton 
the base, scarcely perceptibly punc- 
tured; elytra exceedingly finely punc- 
tured; size smaller and more de- 
pressed. Length 1-75 mm. 3 - minimus Motsch. 


Leucoparyphus Kr. 


1. Black, shining, the margins of the thorax, 
base, shoulders, postero-external angles 
and apical margins of the elytra tes- 
taceous. Length 2-75-3 mm. . . silphoides L. 


Mimocyptus Cam. 


1. Convex, shining ferruginous-red, the fore- 
parts impunctate, the abdomen 
scarcely perceptibly punctured; an- 
tennae with the first four joints and 
apex of the last, mouth-parts and legs 
testaceous. Length 1-2 mm. (in well- 
extended examples) : é . (58) globulus Cam. 


Adinopsis Cam. 


1. Minute, obscure reddish-brown, densely 
and finely punctured and pubescent; 
antennae, mouth-parts and legs tes- 
taceous. Length 1:-2mm. . . (59) rufo-brunnea Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 383 


Leucocraspedum Kr. 

1. Black, convex, shining, acuminate pos- 

teriorly; antennae stout, testaceous; 

the last two joints infuscate; legs 

pitchy-testaceous. Length scarcely 
SMM. | : E : ; . (60) nigrum Cam. 


Myllaena Er. 
1. Narrow, elongate, acuminate, blackish; 
the thorax, elytra, posterior margins 
of the first four visible and the whole 
of the last two abdominal segments 
reddish-testaceous; antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs clear testaceous. Length 
3-4 mm. . 2 : , ‘ . (61) faberensis Cam. 


Pronomaea Er. 
1. Chestnut brown, rather shining, the fore- 
parts finely and closely punctured ; 
antennae fuscous, the first two joints, 
palpi and legs testaceous. Length 
3mm. . : : 6 : (62) leontopolitana Cam. 


Diglotta Champ. 
1. Linear, pitchy; abdomen black, scarcely 
shining, densely and finely pubescent ; 
antennae, elytra, legs and last abdo- 
minal segment testaceous. Length 
1-5 mm. . : 3 : ; (63) testaceipennis Cam. 


Oligota Mannerh. 
1. Black, elytra pitchy-brown, apex of 
abdomen rufescent. Length scarcely 
‘75mm. . ‘ : . : . (64) moultoni Cam. 
— Entirely testaceous. Length -75 mm. . (65) forticornis Cam. 


Pseudoligota Cam. 
1. Last seven joints of the antennae infus- 
cate; species narrow and less robust; 
length 1 mm. ¢: sutural margin of the 
elytra posteriorly with four or five 
minute tubercles on either side; spine 
of the 8th abdominal segment furnished 
with yellow setae. : : . (66) varians Cam. 


384 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


— Last seven joints of the antennae black ; 
species broader and more robust; 
length 1-1 mm. g: sutural margin of 
the elytra posteriorly with a small 
tubercle on either side and sometimes 
with traces of two others in front; 
spine of 8th abdominal segment with- 
out setae : : : ; . (61) robusta Cam. 


Gyrophaena Mannerh. 
1. Species larger (2-5-3 mm.), thorax and 
greater part of the abdomen bright 
reddish-testaceous. ¢: sides of 4th 
(visible) dorsal segment with a narrow 
plate pointed at apex; 7th with a row 
of six sniall tubercles placed trans- 
versely across the middle; 8th trifid, 
the lateral lobes broader than the 
median : : : . appendiculata Motsch. 
— Species smaller (-5-2-5 mm.), coloration 
more obscure, pitchy or metallic, with 
elytra and base of the abdomen often 
more or less obscure testaceous. ¢ 
without lateral appendage to the 4th 
dorsal segment. 2. 
2. Head strongly transverse, eyes very 
prominent (Gyrophaena s.str.). 3. 
— Head much less transverse, eyes less 
prominent (Sub-gen. Phaenogyra Rey). 
Species with copper-bronze metallic 
reflex on the fore-parts. 4: 7th dorsal 
segment with obsolete tubercle on 
either side of the middle line in front 
of the posterior border; 8th dorsal 
segment with a rather slender, slightly 
incurved spine on either side, the 
border between with two minute teeth 
separated by a feeble emargination and 
much nearer to the lateral spines 
than to each other . : : . (76) metallica Cam. 
3. Thorax with a row of two or more larger 
punctures on either side of the disc. 4, 
— Thorax without distinct row of larger 
punctures on either side of the disc, 


New: Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 385 


which is either irregularly or scarcely 


at all punctured. 7. 
4. Antennae entirely testaceous; species 
small -5—-1-75 mm. 5. 


— Antennae with the last joints black, 
average size larger (1:5-2-5 mm.). ¢@: 
Sth dorsal segment with a median 
stout spine and on either side a 
slightly curved, pointed tooth project- 
ing a little beyond the level of the apex 
of the median spine and _ separated 
from it by a semicircular excision . (68) tridentata Cam. 

5. 5th joint of the antennae not transverse, 
size larger (1-75 mm.). 4: 7th dorsal 
segment with a very obsolete row of 
six tubercles; 8th with a large flat 
central tubercle at the base, the 
posterior margin on either side with 
a feeble emargination, so that it 
presents three rounded crenulations, 
the central one being the largest and 


most prominent ; ; ‘ . (70) crenulata Cam. 
— 5th joint of the antennae transverse, size 
smaller (-5—1-2 mm.). 6. 
6. Head and thorax with fine transverse. 
strigose ground-sculpture. Length 


12mm. 3: 7th dorsal segment with 
a curved, transverse row of six small 
tubercles, of which the central pair are 
considerably larger, the lateral some- 
times more or less obsolete; 8th 
narrowed and slightly emarginate on 
either side, so as to form three short 
processes, the central one bluntly 
rounded, wider and more produced 
than the lateral, which are triangular . (69) granulosa Cam. 
— Head and thorax without ground- 
sculpture. Length -6mm. ¢: pos- 
tero-external angles of the elytra with 
a strong, raised oblique crest; 8th 
dorsal segment narrowed and rounded (71) cristata Cam. 
7. Thorax exceedingly finely and sparingly 
punctured, ground-sculpture distinct, 
transversely strigose. 4: 8th dorsal 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PaRTs III, IV, V. (APR. 21) cc 


386 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


segment produced on either side into 
a rather stout, slightly incurved spine, 
the posterior margin between these 
bisinuate 


— Thorax distinctly pitidtusedl ground- 


sculpture absent or very indistinct. 


8. Elytra exceedingly finely and exceedingly 


sparingly punctured; middle of the 
disc of thorax impunctate 


— Elytra finely, but not exceedingly 


sparingly punctured; middle of the 
dise of thorax punctured. 


9. Thorax finely and uniformly punctured. 


3: dorsal segment with a flat, semi- 
circular tubercle in front of the posterior 
margin in the middle; 8th with a 
small triangular excision on either side 
of the middle of the posterior border, 
so that a short, blunt, triangular process 
is formed in the middle and the lateral 
margins project as sharp triangular 
teeth 4 5 

Thorax with unequal, epulae punctures 
on the disc, the sides impunctate. 
3: 8th dorsal segment with a short, 
stout, blunt, slightly incurved tooth on 
either side 


Sternotropa Cam. 


1. Species black, the elytra often chestnut- 


brown. ¢: 8th dorsal segment with 
a pointed tooth on either side, sepa- 
rated by a nearly semi-circular 
emargination 


— Species black, the thorax, aes al apex 


of the abdomen reddish-testaceous. 3: 
suture of the elytra with a row of three 
obsolete tubercles towards the posterior 
part; 7th dorsal segment with a 
minute tubercle on either side of the 
middle line in front of the posterior 
margin; 8th with a moderately long, 
pointed, slightly incurved tooth on 
either side 5 : . ° . 


(72) bidens Cam. 


8. 


(73) dubia Cam. 


(75) moultoni Cam. 


(74) irregularis Cam. 


(77) nigra Cam. 


(78) ruficollis Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 387 


Adelarthra Cam. 

. Shining dark pitchy-red; elytra pitchy- 
black; 3rd, 4th and 8th abdominal 
segments reddish-testaceous. Length 
1-2 mm. . 


Hetairotermes, n.n. 

. Disc of the elytra glabrous, the sides 
and postero-external angles finely and 
moderately closely punctured 

Disc of the elytra uniformly but sparingly 
punctured 


Pseudatheta Cam. 

. Rufo-testaceous, the elytra (except the 
base), posterior half of the 5th and 
whole of the 6th abdominal segments 
black. Length 1-75 mm. . 


Pelekoglossa Cam. 

. Pitchy, moderately shining, the thorax, 
base and apex of the abdomen obscure 
reddish-testaceous; first three joints 
of the antennae fusco-testaceous 


Placusa Er. 

. 5th joint of the antennae as broad as 
long; species larger (2 mm.), pitchy, 
elytra testaceous, infuscate at the 
scutellum. 4: 8th dorsal segment 
of the abdomen finely crenulate; 6th 
ventral segment narrowed and 
produced ‘ : : 

5th joint of the antennae distinctly trans- 
verse, species smaller (1 to 1-6 mm.). 

. First three joints of the antennae clear 
testaceous; species larger (1-6 mm.) 
and more robust; thorax pitchy, 
elytra obscure testaceous. g: 8th 
dorsal segment deeply excised on either 
side, the lateral margin forming.a long, 
sharp, incurved spine, the central 
portion forming a lobe with rounded 
apex furnished with a broad, flat 
tubercle on the dise 


(79) barbara Cam. 


(80) agilis Cam. 


(S1) piceus Cam. 


(82) elegans Cam. 


(83) cingulata Cam. 


(84) conura Cam. 


2. 


(85) bispina Cam. 


388 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


— First three joints of the antennae pitchy- 
testaceous; species smaller (1—1-2 
mm.) and narrower. 3. 
3. Thorax black, more than half as broad 
again as ‘long, species less finely 
punctured. g: 8th dorsal segment 
as in bispina, but the central lobe with- 
out tubercle. : ; P . (86) lobata Cam. 
— ‘Thorax pitchy, one-third as broad again 
as long; species more finely punctured. 
g: 8th dorsal segment with three 
equal and closely placed teeth at the 
middle of the posterior border, which 
is deeply emarginate on either side, 
the emargination bounded externally 
by a long, sharp, incurved spine; 3rd 
dorsal segment variable, either (1) the 
posterior border triangularly produced 
in the middle into a lobe with rounded 
apex, broadly emarginate on either 
side, the emargination bounded exter- 
nally by a stout spine extending nearly 
to the level of the posterior border of 
‘the 4th segment, or (2) the posterior 
margin only slightly produced into a 
broader lobe emarginate posteriorly, 
otherwise as in (1) or (3), the posterior 
margin not at all produced and the 
lateral spines shorter and broader . — (87) notabilis Cam. 


Pseudoplacusa Cam. 


1. Rufo-testaceous, moderately shining, 
head and elytra pitchy-black; an- 
tennae reddish-testaceous. Length 
2:1 mm. 5 , 3 ‘ . (88) rufiventris Cam. 


Chledophila Cam. 


1. Narrow, elongate, scarcely shining, rufo- 
testaceous, the head pitchy-red ; elytra, 
6th abdominal segment and last seven 


joints of the antennae fuscous. Length 
21 mm. : : : ; (89) annularis Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 389 


Neosilusa Cam. 

. Head and thorax less shining, the punctur- 
ation finer but more rugose 

Head and thorax more shining, the 
puncturation coarser but less rugose . 


Ousilusa Cam. 

. Head coarsely and closely punctured, 
sides of the thorax exceedingly finely 
punctured, the disc (except posteriorly) 
with moderately fine umbilicate 
puncturation; elytra very coarsely 
and deeply punctured : 

Head finely, superficially and closely 
punctured; thorax finely and uni- 
formly punctured; elytra superficially 
sculptured with larger and smaller 
punctures 


Prosilusa Cam. - 

. Rufo-castaneous, shining, finely punc- 
tured ; theelytra in great part, and the 
base of the 6th abdominal segment, 
pitchy-black. Antennae, mouth-parts 
and legs reddish-testaceous 


Deralia Cam. 

. Pitchy-black, moderately shining ; thorax 
and abdomen (except the 5th and 6th 
segments, which are pitchy) rufo-tes- 
taceous; antennae fuscous, the first 
three joints and apex of the last mouth- 
parts and legs testaceous 


Pseudophaena Cam. 
. Rufo-castaneous, shining; elytra strongly 
punctured; first three joints of the 
antennae, mouth-parts and legs red- 
dish-testaceous, the anterior and apex 
of the intermediate and posterior tibiae 
pitchy. Length 1-8 mm. . 


Coenonica Kr. 
. Thorax pitchy-red, the sculpture con- 
sisting of granules. ; é : 


ceylonica Kr. 


(90) moultont Cain. 


(91) myrmecobia Cam. 


(92) castanea Cam. 


(93) rufa Cam. 


(94) fuscipennis Cam. 


(95) castanea Cam. 


(97) stricticollis Cam. 


390 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


bo 


bo 


oo 


. Antennae in great part black or infuscate. 


. Elytra more or less testaceous. 


Thorax black, the sculpture consisting of 
punctures. 2. 


. Head between the antennal tubercles 


smooth and shining; thorax broader, 

more shining, less closely punctured . punecticollis Kr. 
Head between the antennal tubercles 

coarsely punctured; thorax narrower, 

less shining, more closely punctured . (96) angusticollis Cam. 


Mimomalota Cam. 


. Species dark; size larger and more robust (98) bispina Cam. 


Species in great part testaceous; size 
smaller andlessrobust —. ‘ . (99) testacea Cam. 


Neomalota Cam. 


. Pitchy or reddish-brown, the elytra black, 


the abdomen reddish-testaceous, with 
the 6th segment blackish . : . (100) cingulata Cam. 


Lampromalota Cam. 


. Depressed, shining; head and thorax 


very finely and sparingly punctured ; 
elytra and abdomen fusco-testaceous (101) brunneicollis Cam. 


Homalota Mannerh. 


Antennae clear reddish-testaceous. 


gg Ibe 


Elytra dark. 


. Thorax reddish-brown; size larger (2 


mm.); 6th and 7th abdominal segnrents 
much more sparingly punctured than 
the preceding : : 
Thorax black; size smaller; 6th and 
7th abdominal segments similarly 
punctured to those preceding. 4, 


platygaster Kr. 


. Head and thorax dull, densely coriaceous, 


the puncturation confused with the 

ground-sculpture ; elytra —_ fusco- 

testaceous : ; : ; . tuberculicollis Kr. 
Head and thorax a little shining, less 

coriaceous, the puncturation more 

distinct from the ground-sculpture ; 

elytra clear testaceous.. 5 . (102) nitescens Cam. 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 391 


5. 4th joint of the antennae longer than 

broad, the penultimate joints scarcely 

transverse; size larger (2 mm.) . * (105) fuscipennis Cam. 
— 4th joint of the antennae distinctly 

transverse, the penultimate joints 

strongly transverse; size smaller. 6. 
6. Abdomen reddish-testaceous, the 6th 

segment pitchy; posterior angles of 

the thorax forming a minute tooth . . (104) cingulata Cam. 
— Abdomen black, the posterior half of the 

7th and the 8th segment reddish- 

testaceous; posterior angles of the 


thorax not forming a tooth é - (108) bidens Cam. 
7. 4th joint of the antennae square, size 
smaller (1-75 mm.) . : : . variventris Kr. 
— 4th joint of the antennae distinctly trans- 
verse; size larger (2-2-4 mm.). 8. 


8. Larger and more robust;  fore-parts 

more coarsely punctured; length 

24mm. g: 8th dorsal segment 

emarginate on either side, the emar- 

gination bounded externally by a 

rather long, sharp tooth, the posterior 

border between the emarginations with 

eight sharp teeth . ; ; . (107) denticulata Cam. 
— Smaller and less robust; fore-parts more 

finely sculptured; length 2mm. <: 

8th dorsal segment with a feeble 

emargination on either side, bounded 

externally by a small tooth, the 

posterior border between the emargina- 

tions finely serrate . a ie . (106) serrata Cam. 


Thectura Thoms. 
1. Rather shining; head black, thorax 
pitchy-brown, elytra and 5th and 6th 
abdominal segments pitchy, the rest 
of the latter reddish-testaceous. 
Length 1-6 mm. : - : (108) brunneicollis Cam. 


Heterota Rey. 
1. Black, with greasy lustre; elytra with 
indeterminate orange spot occupying 
the sutural region towards the apex; 


392 Dr. Malcolm Cameron 


antennae,mouth-parts and legs reddish- 
testaceous 5 ; ° 5 


Paractocharis Cam. 
1. Very narrow, elongate, fragile, depressed ; 
obscure brown, head and abdomen 
black; antennae and legs testaceous. 
Length 1-4 mm. 


Falagria Mannerh. 

1. Thorax cordiform; the sides and base not 
bordered; the elytra with a distinct 
impression internal to the shoulders 
(Sub-gen. cardiola Muls and Rey); 
species ferruginous, pubescence erect . 

— Thorax not cordiform; the sides and base 
finely bordered; the elytra without 
impression internal to the shoulders. 

2. Scutellum on either side with a raised line 
following the Jateral border and united 
at the apex, the base more or less 
keeled; species larger (2-8-3 mm.). 

— Scutellum without raised line at the 
lateral borders, the base not keeled; 
species smaller (1-75 mm.). 

3. Head and thorax shining. 

— Head and thorax dull; antennae very 
slender, all the joints much longer than 
broad; postero-external angles of the 
thorax acute, prominent . - : 

4, Postero-external angles of the thorax 
prominent, acute; antennae stouter, 
the 10th joint scarcely as long as broad 

— Postero-external angles of the thorax 
not prominent, obtuse; antennae 
much more slender, the 10th joint 
much longer than broad 

5. Pitchy-black; vertex of head not sulcate ; 
antennae brown, the base reddish- 
testaceous; elytra fusco-testaceous 

— Black; vertex of head with deep longi- 
tudinal sulcus; antennae entirely 
dark; elytra testaceous with base 
infuscate 


on 


(109) arenaria Cam. 


JSucicola Cam. 


vestita Boh. 


(110) tenwicornis Cam. 


(111) brevicornis Cam. 


dimidiata Motsch. 


pygmaea Kr. 


» (112) favipennis Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 393 


Amaurodera Fauv. 
1. Head and elytra shining, brown, very 
finely and sparingly punctured, thorax 
reddish-brown, opaque, strongly 
shagreened; 2nd to 4th segments of 
the abdomen testaceous, the rest 
black. : b : : . veluticollis Motsch. 


Eusteniamorpha Cam. 


1. Rufo-castaneous, moderately shining, the 
6th abdominal segment pitchy-black ; 
thorax and abdomen strongly con- 
stricted at their base : ; . (113) rufa Cam. 


Pelioptera Kr. 
1. Antennae with the first three joints 
reddish-testaceous. Species shining; 
size larger (2-2°75 mm.) . : - micans Kr, 
— Antennae entirely dark. Species with 
greasy lustre only; size smaller 
(eosin) ee: : : : . opaca Kr. 


Atheta Thoms. 


1. Abdomen more or less pointed posteriorly. 12. 
— Abdomen parallel-sided. 2. 
2. Antennae with the penultimate joints not 
or scarcely transverse. 3. 
— Antennae with the penultimate joints 
distinctly transverse. 5. 


3. Abdomen glabrous; Species — bright 
reddish-testaceous, the 5th, 6th and 
anterior part of the 7th abdominal 
segments black : : ‘ - (121) miriventris Cam. 
— Abdomen finely and uniformly punctured. 4, 
4. Species dark; elytra uniformly pitchy- ; 
brown or pitchy-black F 
— Species reddish; elytra pitchy, the base 
and apical margin testaceous; 5th, 
6th and anterior part of the 7th 
abdominal segments black : - (114) moultoni Cam. 
3rd joint of the antennae scarcely shorter 
than the 2nd; species larger (2-5 mm), diludipennis Motsch, 


(115) alophila Cam. 


or 


394 


1 


ie 


Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


3rd _ joint of the antennae distinctly 
shorter than the 2nd; species smaller 


. Species in great part testaceous, the head 


and 5th and 6th abdominal segments 
black : : : 

Species obscurely coloured, black, pitchy 
or brown. 


. Thorax slightly transverse 


Thorax distinctly transverse. 


. Antennae lighter at the base. 


Antennae entirely dark. 


. Species shining, more depressed; 4th 


joint of the antennae but. slightly 
broader than long. ¢: 8th dorsal 
segment of the abdomen truncate; 6th 
ventral segment produced, narrowed 
and rounded at the apex . 
Species with greasy lustre only, less 
depressed; 4th joint of the antennae 
distinctly transverse. ¢: 8th dorsal 
segment of the abdomen truncate 
on either side with a small tooth 
Intermediate tibiae with a distinct seta 
near the middle. 4: 8th dorsal seg- 
ment of the abdomen truncate; 6th 
ventral segment a little produced, 
narrowed and rounded 
Intermediate tibiae without distinct seta ; 
6: 8th dorsal segment of the abdomen 
with deep and broad semicircular 
emargination of the posterior borders. 


. Sides of the thorax uniformly rounded, 


the lateral setae feeble or absent, the 
epipleurae not visible when viewed 
laterally; abdomen in some thickly 
punctured and pubescent through- 
out. 

Sides of the thorax contracted behind, 
the lateral setae distinct; the epi- 
pleurae visible when viewed laterally ; 


(1-3—1:75 mm.). 6. 
. Head and thorax with metallic copper- 
bronze reflex . d : : (120) purpurascens Cam. 
Head and thorax without metallic reflex. as 


putridula Kr. 


8. 
(116) picea Cam. 
9. 
10. 
11. 


(118) malayana Cam. 


inutilis Kr. 


(119) vulgaris Cam. 


(117) melata Cam. 


thei 


13. 


14. 


15. 


17. 


18. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 395 


abdomen always more _ sparingly 

punctured behind. 13. 
3rd joint of the antennae distinctly 

shorter than the 2nd; species smaller 

(1-1-2 mm.) Sub-gen. Datomicra Rey. 14. 
3rd joint of the antennae not shorter than 

the 2nd; species larger (1-8—2-5 mm.). 

Sub-gen. Dimetrota Rey. 15. 
Antennae entirely dark; thorax closely 

and asperately punctured; species 

uniformly dark : ‘ . (125) onthophila Cam. 
Antennae with the first two ae tes- 

taceous; thorax finely and not asper- 

ately punctured; thorax, base of the 

elytra, base and apex of the abdomen 


more or less pitchy-red_ —. : . (126) mycetophila Cam. 
7th joint of the antennae longer than 
broad. : (124) mycetophaga Cam. 
7th joint of fie snvtennine distinctly 
transverse. 16. 
. Abdomen in great part  reddish-tes- 
taceous; thorax pitchy-red , . (122) carpophila Cam. 
Abdomen and thorax black . ; . (123) aylophila Cam, 


Abdomen thickly punctured and pu- 

bescent throughout (Sub-gen. Colpo- 

dota Rey). Pitchy, greasy-lustrous, 

elytra testaceous, infuscate at scutel- 

lum; penultimate joints of antennae as 

long as broad . . ‘. (127) ruperia Cam. 
Abdomen much less PRickle punctured 

and pubescent, especially behind 

(Sub-gen. Acrotona Rey). 18. 
Head black ; abdomen reddish-testaceous, 

intermediate and posterior tibiae each 

with two distinct setae. : . (128) rufiventris Cam. 
Head testaceous; 6th abdominal segment 

blackish; intermediate and posterior 

tibiae without distinct setae. . annuliventris Kr. 


Exatheta Cam. 


. Puncturation of the thorax very fine, 


not asperate; ground — sculpture 
wanting . 4 : : , . (129) cingulata Cam. 


396 Dr. Malcolm Cameron 


— Puncturation of the thorax fine, asperate ; 
ground-sculpture visible 


Mimatheta Cam. 


1. Black, moderately shining; elytra 
obscure testaceous, more or less in- 
fuscate at the sides; first three joints 
of the antennae mouth-parts and legs, 
testaceous. Length 2 mm. 


Mimacrotona Cam. 


1. Rufo-testaceous, moderately shining; 
the head, 5th, 6th and base of the 7th 
abdominal segments blackish; the 
elytra more or less infuscate; first 
three joints of the antennae, mouth- 
parts and legs testaceous. Length 
1-2 mm. . 


Paratheta Cam. 

1. Black, rather shining; the elytra cas- 
taneous-brown; first three joints of 
the antennae and legs reddish-tes- 
taceous. Length 2 mm. 


Fenyesia Cam. 


1. Black, shining, robust, convex; last two 
joints of the antennae and legs tes- 
taceous, the femora infuscate. Length 
2 mm. 


Termitoptochus Silv. 

1. 92: Reddish, elongate, laevigate; abdo- 

men inflated, obtriangular, reflexed 
forwards. 


Myrmedonota Cam. 


1. Black or pitchy-black, shining; the first 
two visible segments of the abdomen 
testaceous-yellow ; first two joints of 
the antennae and the legs testaceous, 
the apices of the femora and the tibiae 
more or less pitchy. Length 3mm. . 


on 


(130) consors Cam. 


(131) fungicola Cam. 


(132) cingulata Cam. 


(133) carnivora Cam. 


(134) nigra Cam. 


indicus Silv. 


(135) cingulata Cam. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 397 


Myrmedonia Er. 
. 2nd joint of the antennae much shorter 

than the 3rd; 3rd and following joints 

compressed. Size larger; species 

reddish-brown : : : . indorum Fauv. 
2nd joint of the antennae but little 

shorter than the 3rd; 3rd and _ fol- 

lowing joints not compressed. Size 

smaller; species shining black, the 

base of the elytra and first four visible 

abdominal segments reddish-testaceous (136) apicalis Cam. 


Schistogenia Kr. 
. Reddish-brown, opaque, coarsely and 
rugosely punctured . : : . erenicollis Kr. 


Myrmedonella Cam. 

. Bright rufo-testaceous, shining; the 

elytra pitchy-red. Antennae, mouth- 

parts and legs  reddish-testaceous. 

Length 1-8 mm. ‘ ; : . (137) rufa Cam. 


Tetrasticta Kr. 

. Black, shining, base of the antennae and 

of the abdomen and legs testaceous; 

elytra brown . ; : : . polita Kr. 


Paraleochara Cam. 

. Shining castaneous, elytra pitchy-black ; 

abdomen reddish-testaceous, the 6th 

and 7th segments black; first three 

joints of the antennae, mouth-parts 

and legs testaceous . , : . (138) fungivora Cam. 


Hoplandria Kr. 

. Pitchy-brown, shining, narrowed behind ; 

elytra darker, base of the abdomen 

lighter, first four and apex of the last 

joints of the antennae, mouth-parts 

and legs testaceous . : 2 . (139) frugivora Cam. 


Aleochara Grav. 

. Mesosternum simple, the antennae stout, 
the penultimate joints three times as 
broad as long (Sub-gen. Heterochara 


398 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Rey). Black, shining, the elytra red, 
with a large lateral spot black; base 
of the antennae and legs testaceous. 
Length 3 mm. var. maculipennis Kr. (croceipennis Motsch.). 
— Mesosternum keeled. 2. 
2. Elytra sinuate internal to the postero- 
external angles. Species pitchy, the 
elytra red, with triangular scutellary 
marking and the sides dark; abdomen 
very thickly punctured in front. . puberula Klug. 
— Elytra not sinuate. 3. 
3. Penultimate joints of the antennae three 
times broader than long. Species 
black, the first three joints of the 
antennae pitchy-testaceous; _—_ legs 
reddish-testaceous . : : a) nigra Kar: 
— Penultimate joints of the antennae 
moderately transverse. 4, 
4. Thorax with all the margins narrowly but 
distinctly testaceous; first two joints 
of the antennae clear testaceous . . asiatica Kr. 
— Thorax at most with the lateral margins 
obscurely reddish-testaceous; first 
two joints of the antennae red . . viatica Faun. 


LIST OF THE STAPHYLINIDAE OF SINGAPORE * 


I. Subfam. Oxyre.inae. 


I. Tribe Prestint. 
Sub-tribe Hxzvs1. 
Genus Eleusis Cast. 


Jusciceps Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 184. 
humilis Er. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 839. 

kraata Fauv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xii, 1878, p. 207. 
lunigera Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxii, 1904, p. 84. 


* Species of which the type form is not recorded from Singapore 
are placed in brackets. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 399 


Sub-tribe Leprocuwirt. 
Genus Leptochirus Germ. 


Sub-gen. Strongylochirus Bernh. 
laevis Cast. Hist. Nat., i, 1840, p. 186. 


Genus Borolinus Bernh. 


(minutus Cast. Hist. Nat., 1, 1840, p. 186.) 
var. cruentus Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 181. 


Genus Priochirus Sharp. 
Sub-gen. Triacanthus Bernh. 
(tridens Motsch. Bull. Mosc., xxx, 1857, 11, p. 502.) 
var. insularis Bernh. D. E. Z., 1903, p. 139. 
Sub-gen. Cephalomerus Bernh. 


hoplites Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 182. 
pygmaeus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 191. 


Sub-tribe isPrnt. 
Genus Anecaeus Fauv. 


exiguus Kr. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 830. 
singularis n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 58. 


Genus Holosus Motsch. 


plicatus Bernh. W. Z. B., liv, 1904, p. 14. 
tachyporiformis Motsch. Bull. Mosc., xxx, 1857, 11, p. 498. 


Genus Lispinus Er. 
coarcticolis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, p. 186. . 
umpressicollis Motsch. Bull. Mosc., xxx, 1857, 11, p. 495. 
minutus n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 60. 
setosus,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 59. 
sharpi,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 278. 
tenwcornis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 187. 


II. Tribe Omani. 
Genus Phloeonomus Heer. 
Sub-gen. Phloeonomus s.str. Ganglb. 


discalis Cam. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1913, p. 525. 
obscurus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 181. 


400 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Ill. Tribe OxytTE.int. 
Sub-tribe Oxy7re zt. 
Genus Trogophloeus Mannh. 
Sub-gen. Trogophloeus s.str. 
orientalis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 61. 
silvestris, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 61. 
Sub-gen. Taenosoma Mannh. 


halophiloides, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 62. 
hittoralis,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 63. 
lucens,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 63. 
rufotestaceus, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 64. 


Genus Oxytelus Grav. 

Sub-gen. Caccoporus Thoms. 
bengalensis Kr. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 789. 
Jerrugineus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, p. 173. 
nigriceps Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 171. 
exasperatus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 175. 
frugicola,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 67. 
granadillae, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 66. 
kraatzi, n.n. 
pulcher Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 173. 
latiusculus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 176. 
nitidifrons Woll. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) viii, 1871, p. 411. 
obscurus, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 67. 
pygmaeus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 176. 
raffrayi Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxiv, 1905, p. 117. 
thoracicus Motsch. Bull. Mose., 1857, iv, p. 504. 


Genus Bledius Mannerh. 
bellicosus Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxiii, 1904, p. 111. 


Sub-tribe Tarvosi. 
Genus Thinobius (s.str.) Muls. & Rey. 
marmus Cam. EH. M. M., 1917, p. 155. 


IV. Tribe Osortnt. 
Sub-tribe Osorzz. 
Genus Paragonus Fauv. 
heteroceros Fauv. Rey. d’Ent., xxiv, 1905, p. 134. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 401 


Genus Mimogonus Fauv. 
fumatior Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., viii, 1889, p. 246. 


Genus Holotrochus Er. 
nitidus,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 68. 


Genus Osorius Latr. 
rugifrons Er. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 756. 


II. Sub-fam. Mecatopsinaz. 


I. Tribe MEGALOPSINI. 


Genus Megalops Er. 
?sp. The specimen having escaped. 


III. Sub-fam. STEnmNnag. 


I. Tribe STENINI. 
Genus Stenus Latr. 


Sub-gen. Hypostenus Rey. 


(%) bivulneratus Motsch. Bull. Mosc., 1857, ui, p. 514. 
castaneus,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 69. 
fortepunctatus, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 68. 
monomeros Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 214. 


IV. Sub-fam. EvagstHetInak. 


I. Tribe STENAESTHETINI. 


Genus Stenaesthetus Sharp. 
sunioides Sharp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1874, p. 80. 


II. Tribe EVAESTHETINI. 


Genus Edaphus J. Lec. 


dentiventris Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxiv, 1905, p. 137. 
TRANS. ENT, SOC. LOND, 1920.—PARTS III, IV, V. (APR..21) DD 


402 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


V. Sub-fam. PAEDERINAE. 

I. Tribe PrnopHILint. 

Sub-tribe PrvopHizt. 

Genus Pinophilus Grav. 
borneensis Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 221. 
orientalis Cam. ‘Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 278. 

Neopinophilus, n. gen. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 279. 

notabilis,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 70 (Pinophilus). 


Sub-tribe Procrret. 
Genus Eucirrus. 
miricorns Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 216. 


Genus Palaminus Er. 


bryanti, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 280. 
parvus,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 71. 


II. Tribe PAEDER:NI. 
: Genus Paederus F. 
tamulus Er. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 661. . 


Genus Astenus Steph. 


castaneus,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 281. 
gracilentus Fauv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xv, 1879-80, p. 83. 
gracilis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 147. 
orientalis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 71. 


Genus Stilicopsis Sachse. 


breviceps Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxiv, 1905, p. 138. 
obliqua, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 72. 
persimilis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 72. 


Genus Stilicus Latr. 
ocularis Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 226. 


Genus Psilotrachelus Kr. 
crassus Kr. Arch, Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 124, 


New Species of Staphylindae from Singapore. 403 


(genus Thinocharis Kr. 


carvnicollis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 143. 
mgricans,n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 73. 
pygmaea Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 143. 


Genus Acanthoglossa Kr. 
hirta Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 144. 


Genus Medon Steph. 
Sub-gen. Medon s.str. 


opacellus Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 231. 
orientalis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 281. 
rubicundus, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 73. 


Sub-gen. Hypomedon Cas. 


debilicornis Woll. Cat. Col. Mad., 1857, p. 194. 
fasciatus, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 74. 
granulatus, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 75. 
lucens,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 75. 


Sub-gen. Lithocharis Boisd. & Lacord. 
ochraceus Grav. Col. Micr. Brunsv., 1802, p. 59. 
uvidus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 138. 
Sub-gen. [socheilus Sharp. 
staphylinoides Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 134. 


Sub-gen. Charichirus Sharp. 


chinensis Boh. Eugen. Resa, 1858, Ins. p. 32. 
terminalis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 282. 


Parascopaeus, n. sub-gen. 
nitidus,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 76. 


Genus Seopaeus Er. 


limbatus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 130. 
macros Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 132. 
niger, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 77. 

pallidulus, Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 131. 
puncticeps Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 132. 
testaceus Motsch, Bull, Mose,, 1858, 11, p, 642, 


404. Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Genus Calliderma Motsch. 


mitens,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 79. 
rufum,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 78. 
rugicolle, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 80. 


Genus Cryptobium Mannerh. 


filum Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 119. 
foveatum,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 81. 


VI. Sub-fam. STAPHYLININAE. 


I. Tribe XANTHOLININI. 


Genus Oligolinus Casey. 
parvus,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 81. 


Genus Leptacinus Er. 
tricolor Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 110. 


Genus Somoleptus Sharp. 
linearis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 82. 


Genus Eulissus Mannerh. 
lateralis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 83. 


Genus Thyreocephalus Guer. 
annulatus Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 241. 


Genus Diochus Er. 
pulchellus, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 84. 


Il. Tribe STAPHYLININI. 
I. Sub-tribe SrapHyzryr. 


Holisomimus, n. gen. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 283. 


cingulatus, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 85 (Holisus). 
parvus, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 85 (Holisus). 


Genus Aetobius Fauv. 
laticeps,n.sp, Trans, Ent, Soc., 1918, p. 86, 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 


Genus Philonthus Curtis. 


belonuchoides, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 88. 
castaneipennis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 87. 
circumductus Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 263. 
crassicornis Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 264. 
delicatulus Boh. Eugen. Resa, 1858, Ins. p. 29. 
flavocinctus Motsch. Bull. Mosc., xxxi, 1858, p. 663. 
gemellus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 91. 
geminus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 87. 
longiceps Fauv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xv, p. 104. 


405 


maritimus Motsch. (Gabrius). Bull. Mose., xxxi, 1858, 11, 


p. 661. 
notabilis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 79. 


pulchellus Kr. (Gabrius). Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1, p. 92. 


sulcatus, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 87. 


Genus Orthidus Muls. & Rey. 
cupreipennis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 89. 


Genus Cafius Steph. 


corallicola Fairm. Rev. Zool., 1849, p. 289. 
nauticus Fairm. Rev. Zool., 1849, p. 288. 


Genus Hesperus Fauv. 
laevigatus Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 259. 


Genus Belonuchus Nordm. 


aenevpennis Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 268. 
mutator Fauv. Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., xv, p. 106. 


Ill. Tribe QuEDINT. 


Genus Acylophorus Nordm. 
rotundicollis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 90. 


VII. Sub-fam. PycosTeninac. 


Genus Delibius Pauwv. 
longicornis Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xvii, 1899, p. 13. 


406 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


VIII. Sub-fam. Tacuyporinae. 


I. Tribe Mecarruropsini. 
Megarthropsis, n. gen. 
decorata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 232. 


Il. Tribe TacHyPorInt. 


Genus Atanygnathus Jacobson. 
terminalis Kr. Kaf. Mark. Brand., p. 418. 


Genus Conosoma Kr. 
abdominale, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 235. 


ceylanense Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 62. 


champion, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 236. 
flavoguttatum, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 234. 
malayanum, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 283. 


negromaculatum, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 237. 


perplecum, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 237. 
rufobrunneum, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 234. 
rufotestaceum, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 238. 
robustum, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, 233. 

suave Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xiv, 1895, p. 284. 
walkeri, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 236. 


Genus Tachinomorphus Kr. 


ceylonicus Bernh. D. E. Z., 1902, p. 24. 
fulvipes Er. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 921. 


Genus Coproporus Kr. 
atomus Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 58. 


brunneicollis Motsch. Bull. Mosc., xxxi, 1858, iii, p. 220. 
p. 


fasciipennis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, 
flavipennis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 239. 
melanarius Hr. Gen. Spec. Staph., p. 252. 

minimus Motsch. Bull. Mosc., xxxi, 1858, ii, p. 220. 
parvulus, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 240. 
rufiventris, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 238. 
secretus Bernh. Col. Rundsch., 1917 (7/9), p. 4. 
varians,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 284. 


Genus Leucoparyphus Kr. 
silphoides L. Syst. Nat., i, 2, 1735, p. 684. 


59. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 


Mimocyptus, n. gen. 
globulus, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 241. 


IX. Sub-fam. Apimopsinae. 


Adimopsis, n. gen. 
rufobrunnea, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 243. 


X. Sub-fam. ALEocHARINAE. 


I. Tribe GyMNUSINI. 


Genus Leucocraspedum Kr. 
nigrum, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 2438. 


II. Tribe MyLuAEntrnt. 
Genus Myllaena Er. 
faberensis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 244. 


Ill. Tribe PRoNOMAEINI. 


Genus Pronomaea Kr. 
leontopolitana, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 245. 


IV. Tribe DicLorrint. 
Genus Diglotta Champ. 
testacevpennis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. 245, 


V. Tribe OLxigorTInt. 
Genus Oligota Mannerh. 


forticorms, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 212. 
moultoni, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 212. 


VI. Tribe BoxiiTocHaRInt. 
Pseudoligota, n. gen. 
robusta, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 215. 
varians, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 214. 
Genus Gyrophaena Mannerh. 


appendiculata Motsch. Bull. Mose., 1858, ii, p. 228. 
laminata Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 45. 


407 


408 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Sub-gen. Gyrophaena s.str. 


bidens, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 217. 
crenulata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 216. 
cristata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1920, p. 217. 
dubia, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 218. 
granulosa, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 216. 
wregularis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 218. 
moultoni, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 219. 
tridentata, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 215. 
Sub-gen. Phaenogyra Rey. 


metallica, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 220. 


Sternotropa, n. gen. 


ngra,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 221. 
ruficolis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 221. 


Adelarthra, n. gen. 
barbara, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 223. 


Hetairotermes.* 
* Nom. nov. for Termophila Lea, nom. praeoc. 


agilis,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 223. 
piceus, nn. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 224. 


Pseudatheta, n. gen. 
elegans, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 225. 


Pelekoglossa, n. gen. 
cingulata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 227. 


Genus Placusa, Er. 


bispina, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 228. 
-conura,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 227. 
lobata,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 228. 
notabilis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 229. 


Pseudoplacusa, n. gen. 
rufiventris, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 230. 


Chledophila, n. gen. 
annularis,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 232. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 409 


Neosilusa, n. gen. 


ceylonica Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 10 
(Stenusa). 
moultoni, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 233. 


Ousilusa, n. gen. 


myrmecobia, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 235. 


Prosilusa, n. gen. 
rufa,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 237. 


Deralia, n. gen. 
fuscipennis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 238. 


Pseudophaena, n. gen. 
castanea, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 240. 


Genus Coenonica Kr. 
angusticollis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 240. 
puncticollis Kr. Linn. Ent., x1, p. 47. 
stricticollis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 241. 


Mimomalota, n. gen. 


bispina, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 243. 
testacea,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 243. 


Neomalota, n. gen. 
cingulata, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 245. 


Lampromalota, n. gen. 
brunneicollis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 246. 


Genus Homalota Mannerh. 


bidens, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 247. 
cingulata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 248. 
denticulata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 250. 
fuscipennis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 248. 
nitescens, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 247. 
platygaster, Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 33. 
serrata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 249. 
tuberculicollis Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, p. 33. 
variventris Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, p. 34. 


410 Dr. Malcolm Cameron on 


Genus Thectura Thoms. 
brunneicollis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 250. 


Genus Heterota Rey. 
arenaria, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 251. 


Paractocharis, n. gen. 
Jucicola, n.sp. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1917, p. 154. 


VII. Tribe Myrmeponimt. 
Genus Falagria Mannerh. 


Sub-gen. Falagria s.str. 
brevicornis, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 252. 
dimidiata Motsch. Bull. Mosc., 1858, ii, p. 260. 
flavipennis,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 253. 
pygmaea Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 7. 
tenuicornis,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 252. 

Sub-gen. Cardiola Rey. 
vestita Boh. Eugen. Resa, 1858, Ins., p. 25. 


Genus Amaurodera Fauv. 
veluticollis Motsch. Bull. Mosc., 1858, ii, p. 261. 


Eusteniamorpha, n. gen. 
rufa,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 254. 


Genus Pelioptera Kr. 
micans Kr. Linnaea Ent., xi, p. 55. 
opaca Kr. Linnaea Ent., xi, p. 56. 
Genus Atheta Thoms. 
Sub-gen. Glossola Fowler. 
moultoni, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 255. 
Sub-gen. Metaxya Rey. 
dlophila, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 256. 


Genus (?) Dralica Rey. 
picea,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 256. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 411 » 


Sub-gen. Microdota Rey. 


mutts Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 35. 

malayana, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 257. 

melata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 257. 

purpurascens, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 259. 

putridula Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 35. 

vulgaris, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 258. 
Sub-gen. Atheta s.str. 


dilutipennis Motsch. Bull. Mosc., 1858, 1, p. 
p- 


52. 
morwentris, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, 59: 


2 
2 
Sub-gen. Dimetrota Rey. 
carpophila,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 260. 
mycetophaga, n.sp. Trans, Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 262. 
xylophila, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 261. 
Sub-gen. Datomicra Rey. 
mycetophila, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 263. 
onthophila, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 262. 
Sub-gen. Colpodota Rey. 
ruparia, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 264. 


Sub-gen. Acrotona Rey. 


annuliventris Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, 1, p. 40. 
rufiventris, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 264. 


Exatheta, n. gen. 


cingulata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 266. 
consors,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 266. 


Mimatheta, n. gen. 
fungicola, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 267. 


Mimacrotona, n. gen. 
— cingulata, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 269. 


Paratheta, n. gen. 
carnwora, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 270. 


Fenyesia, n. gen. 
nigra, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 271. 


412 Dr, Malcolm Cameron on 


Genus Termitoptochus, Silv. 
indicus Silv. Bol. Lab. Port., 5, 1909, p. 39. 


Myrmedonota, n. gen. 
eongulata, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 272. 


Genus Myrmedonia Er. 


apicalis, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 273. 
mdorum Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxii, p. 162. 


Genus Schistogenia Kr. 
crenicollis Kr. Linnaea Ent., xi, p. 39. 


ALEOCHARINI. 


Myrmedonella, n. gen. 
rufa,n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 275. 


Genus Tetrasticta Kr. 
polita Kr. Linn, Ent., 1857, p. 55. 


Paraleochara, n. gen. 
fungiwora, n. sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 276. 


Genus Hoplandria Kr. 
frugiwora, n.sp. Trans. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. 277. 


Genus Aleochara Grav. 


Sub-gen. Xenochara Rey. 
puberula Klug. Ins. Madag., p. 139. 


Sub-gen. Heterochara Rey. 


(crocecpennis Motsch. Bull. Mosc., 1858, ii, p. 238.) 
v. maculipennis Kr, Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 17. 


Sub-gen. Polychara Rey. 
asvatica Kr. _ Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 15. 
nigra Kr. Arch. Naturgesch., xxv, 1859, i, p. 13. 
viatica Fauv. Rev. d’Ent., xxiii, p. 67. 


New Species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. 413 


CORRIGENDA. 


1918, p. 65. Delete description of Aploderus testaceus, 
n.sp., which is Oxytelus thoracicus Motsch., Bull. Mosc., 
1857, iv, p. 504. 

1918, p. 68, line 28, for Tesnus read Hypostenus. 

1920, p. 215, line 5, for robustus read robusta. 


( Ae) 


XVII. Description of the female of Chiastopsylla godfreyi 
Waterst., with further notes on the Genus. By 
JAMES WatTERSTON, B.D., B.Sc. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British 
Museum.) 


[Read December Ist, 1920.] 


SINCE my original notice of the male of this species appeared 
(Proc. Roy..Phys. Soc. Edin., Vol. XIX, No. 1, pp. 8-11, 
fig. 1, 15:11: 1913) no further records of its occurrence 
appear to have been made, and the female is still unde- 
scribed. Among some parasites of small mammals from 
Grahamstown submitted to me in the beginning of 1915 
and subsequently put aside, there are two females of this 
genus which, from their association with the known male 
of C. godfreyi and from their general characters, are probably 
referable to this species. As Mr. Rothschild, to whom I 
am indebted for examining some preparations, agrees in 
this opinion [ have drawn up the following notes. 


Chiastopsylla godfreyi Waterst. 


2. Head evenly rounded. Frontal notch obsolete, one moderate 
bristle at the edge of the eye anteriorly, two long and stout above 
the genal edge with a-third finer and shorter above the more anterior 
of the two. Five to six short fine hairs along the upper edge of the 
antennal groove with three stouter bristles in a line above. Transverse 
row of seven to eight fine bristles before the posterior edge. Max. 
palpus 6, 6,5, 7. Thorax similar to C. rossi Waterst. Mesonotum, 
median row of bristles 9-10. Metanotum, antemedian row of seven to 
eight bristles. Epimeron with five bristles (2, 3). The posterior edges 
of the metanotum and of the abdominal tergites are thin and no- 
where develop the darkened triangular chitinous teeth found in 
CO. rossi Waterst., and C. numae Rothsch. 

The chaetotaxy of the abdominal sclerites is as follows :— 


| 
Tergites . : 8 | ae OF 1} i PETS | LV V. Vie avis 
— - - = 2 Sees ae = | | 
Ante median i : 6 | 4 6 4 3 3 4 
Post median : ; 8 13 14 LSS ele 12 10 
Sternites. thee ee PSE BE 8 Pie AS ee aie 


TRANS, ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920,—PARTS III, IV, V. (waR.’21) 


Mr. James Waterston on Chiastopsylla godfreyi. 415 


The antepygidial bristle is as long as the second joint of the 
hind tarsus. Stylet slender (4: 1), but much shorter (2 : 5) than the 
elongate apical bristle. Modified segments (see fig. 1). Recepta- 
culum seminis (fig. la) with the head shorter than the distinctly 
slender tail. 

Legs :—On the dorsal edge of the hind tibia between the 4th and 
5th pairs of spines is a wide spineless gap. The proportions of the 
tarsal joints are much as in C. rossi Waterst., but in the mid leg 
(where the first three segments are in the ratio 25, 274, 20) the second 
and third are longer, while in the hind leg (where the first two 


/ 


Fic. 1—Chiastopsylla godfreyi Waterst, @. 8th segment and 
7th sternite. a, receptaculum seminis. 


segments are in ratio 50, 33) the second segment is a trifle shorter 
than in C. rossi. 


Length, a little over 2 mm. 


KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHIASTOPSYLLA ROTHSCH. 


1. Males. ra 
— Females. 4. 
2. Frons evenly rounded. “ Finger,” broad- 
est below the middle, short, not 
exceeding in length the greatest 
breadth of the 9th sternite whose 
fringing bristles are all simple . . godfreyi Waterst, 
— Frons with distinct angle near the base 
of the maxillary palpus. “ Finger” 


416 Mr. James Waterston on Chiastopsylla godfreyi. 


slender, broadest near base, greatly 
exceeding the breadth of the 9th 
sternite, which bears three pairs of 
scales distally. 3: 
3. Eighth sternite finger like distally, the 
three scales on the 9th diamond- 
shaped equal, acutely pointed . . numae Rothsch. 
— Eighth sternite wedge-shaped, the scales 
dissimilar. The uppermost broad, 
subquadrate, the second deeply and 
roundly emarginate distally, the third 
longest pointed spatulate . ‘ . rossi Waterst. 
4, Posterior edge of 7th sternite incised 
about the middle. 
— Posterior edge of 7th sternite entire or 
produced medianly. 6. 
. Eighth tergite with about a dozen stiff 
bristles on its ventral half, not counting 
those which stand along the margin 
posteriorly. Incision of the 7th 
tergite moderately deep. Metanotum 
and some of the tergites armed with 
teeth on hind margin 5 . numae Rothsch. 
— Eighth tergite nearly bare eonicelly, 
incision shallow, marginal teeth 
absent . : . godfreyt Waterst. 
6. Seventh sternite eithy bare tosterionly 
entire, four to five external bristles 
on hind tibia . ‘ . octavii Rothsch. 
— Seventh sternite with short bab Annee 
rounded median lobe, eight external 
bristles on hind tibia. : - rossi Waterst. 


or 


Ou 


In the above key by “ tergite ’’ and “ sternite ”’ reference 
is made strictly speaking only to half of the sclerites 
respectively indicated, 7. e. to the profile view afforded in 
a whole mount. Chiastopsylla Rothsch., so far as our 
knowledge goes at present, is an exclusively 8. African 
(Cape Colony) genus associated with small ground mammals 
of the genera Mus, Mystromys, Otomys, Crocidura, Grapho- 
cularis and Arvicanthis. 


(vain. ) 


XVIII. On anew African Fig Insect (Blastophaga dyscritus, 
sp. n.). By James Waterston, B.D., B.Sc. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British 
Museum.) 


[Read December Ist, 1920.] 


In some recent notes on Fig Insects (Trans. Ent. Soc. 
Lond,, 1920, p. 128) I recorded under the name Blastophaga 
allotriozoonoides Grnd., a single Q from Kabete, B.E. Africa 
(T. J. Anderson), which, as I remarked at the time, did 
not quite agree with the description and figures of that 
species. When the notes referred to were being drawn up it 
did not seem to me safe to send the slide by post to Portici, 
but this difficulty has now been removed, and Dr. Grandi 
after comparing my specimen with B. allotriozoonoides 
Grnd., and the closely related B. enriquest Grnd., is definitely 
of the opinion that the Entebbe example is referable to 
neither species and should be considered new. Dr. Grandi’s 
two species and that now described form a group whose 
members are exceedingly closely related, but a detailed 
comparison of the three shows minute differences all over. 
While it is possible that additional annectant forms may be 
discovered (which might give rise to a discussion of the 
status of members of the group), it seems best to treat the 
three known forms separately, as they are probably attached 
to different plants. Unfortunately in none of the three 
cases is the host fig known. 


Blastophaga dyscritus, sp. n. 


Head :—Length (depth) and breadth subequal (39:40). Lobes of 
the clypeus distinct. Antenna (fig. 1 a). Scape (2:1) with a well- 
marked ventral prominence. Pedicel (9: 7) flatter along the dorsal 
edge and more salient medianly ventrally. The seven sensoria- 
bearing joints of the funicle (reckoning from the base of each to the 
apex of the lowermost sense organ) are in the following ratio, 31, 34, 
32, 32, 35, 35, 34, with breadths respectively 26, 26, 29, 31, 33, 30, 20. 
These breadths have been measured under slight pressure. Sensoria 
on joints, five to eleven, as follows :—10, 10, 11, 12-13, 12, 11, 7-8. 
Mandible (fig. 1 6) massive, its ventral outline less quadrate than in 
TRANS. ENT. SOC. LOND. 1920.—PARTS III, IV, V. (APR.’21) EE 


418 Mr. James Waterston on a new African Fig Insect. 


either B. allotriozoonoides or B. enriquest. with six laminar ridges 
whose inner terminations from the 2nd to the 4th project like teeth. 
There are besides three apical teeth. Appendage narrow with about 
twenty rows of denticulations. The last (innermost) denticle in 
each row larger and stout. Excluding this the maximum number of 
denticles in a row is six to seven. The outer edge of the appendage 


Niels Ile 


thins out into an exceedingly fine smooth edge. Not reckoning this 
fine edge the appendage is about six times as long as broad. 

Legs :—Fore-legs, coxae twice as long as broad. Femur nearly 
three times as long as broad. Mid-legs, coxa broader than long 
(5:4). Femur nearly thrice the trochanter in length. Tarsus 
first joint longer (5: 4) than the second, fifth longer (9: 7) than the 
third. Femur about one and three-quarter times as long as broad. 

Dimensions :—Length, head and body = about 2 mm., ovipositor 
1-2 mm. Length of fore-wing, 1-5 mm., breadth, -7 mm. 


Type 2 in B.M. 


APRIL 21, 1921. 


THE 
PROCEEDINGS 


OF THE 


HNTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 


or 


LONDON 


HOR She, (rar) 1.920: 


Wednesday, February 4th, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. Wauker, M.A., R.N., F.LS., President, in 
the Chair. 

Election of Fellows. 

Miss Winirrep E. Brencuiery, D.Se., F.L.8S., Rothamsted 
Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts; Messrs. ALFRED 
Euuis Burras, 3, Connaught Road, North End, Portsmouth : 
ALBERT Ernest Hoper, 14, Astonville Street, Southfields, 
S.W. 18; Rev. Metvinte Jonrs, 16, New Bridge Street, 
H.C. 4, and Hope Fountain, Box 285, Bulwayo, Rhodesia; 
Messrs. GkorGe Breppomem Curtis LeMAN, GrorcEe Curtis 
LeMAN, SYDNEY Curtis Leman, Wynyard, 152, West Hill, 
Putney Heath, 8.W. 15; and Frank Recinatp Mason, 
Oxford, Harpenden, Herts, were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Nomination of Vice-Presidents. 


The PrestpENT announced that he had nominated Dr. \. D. 
Imus, the Rt. Honble. Lord Rorsscuinp and Mr. W. G. 
SHELDON as Vice-Presidents for the ensuing session. 

PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., I, 11, 1920. A 


be 


11 


Exhibitions. 

THE PROTECTIVE MOVEMENTS OF THE CONSPICUOUS LARVA 
Or THE CATOCALINE MOTH, CocYTODES COERULEA, GUER.— 
Prof. Poutron exhibited the coloured figure referred to in the 
following record by Mr. H. W. Simmonds of Waidoi, between 
Suva and Navua, Viti Levu, Fiji; also the moth bred from 
one of the larvae by the same naturalist. 


Oct. 18, 1919.—** I enclose a drawing of the larva of a moth, 
one of three I found on a bush. When the bush was approached 
it lashed its anterior segments violently from side to side in 
a most alarming manner, shaking the whole branch violently. 
I had a couple of weeks earlier noticed these three larvae, 
then small, feeding in company with about 40 or 50 others 
of a different species. Some three hours later the whole of 
these latter had disappeared and only the three remained. 
A company of wax-eyes in the adjoining forest suggested the 
cause. I am pretty confident that if the three larvae had 
been as big as they were on my next visit no bird would 
have dared to approach it, and both species would have 
escaped.” 

Morus FLYING, BUT NOT AT REST, CAPTURED BY Bats.— 
Prof. Poutron drew attention to an observation by Mr. 
W. Feather at Kibwezi, B.E. Africa :— 

Feb. 1, 1920.—* I was much interested in watching the 
bats flying in the room and taking moths, mainly Cyligramma 
latona, Cram., and limacina, Guér. As long as the moths 
were on the wing the bats caught them, but immediately 
they came to rest on the walls or ceiling they were quite safe, 
the bats, although flying past them quite close, never attempt- 
ing to take them. It seems as if the bats can only recognise 
moths when on the wing.” 

Musca AuTUMNALIS, De G. (corviNna, F.), HYBERNATING 
IN A LOFT AT St. HELENS, [ste or WiGHT, AS IN 1914-15 AND 
1917-18.—Prof. Pounron said that he had visited the loft 
on Dec. 16, 1919, and found one long narrow patch of many 
hundred flies and another small one of several dozen. A 
few were swept by hand from the former patch into a small 
box, and, when examined, were found to consist of 11 ¢ and 


iii 


24 2 of M. autumnalis. Spider's web was far more evident 
than in previous years and perhaps pointed to the reason for 
the lessened number of the flies. The position of the groups 
was as described in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1915, p. xxi, and 1918, 
p- Xxu, where it was also recorded that the females were far 
more numerous than the males. 

OPHION UNDULATUS, GRAV., BRED FROM BoMBYX QUERCUS, 
L., cocoons, From N. SrarrorpsHireE.—Prof. PouLton 
exhibited six examples of this fine Ichneumonid, said by Mr. 
Claude Morley to be common neither here nor on the continent 
(* Brit. Ichneumons,’ vol. v, Ophioninae, p. 279). The 
specimens were bred by Mr. F. C. Woodforde and appeared in 
following order :—1918, June 11—1 g, June 21—3 92; 1919, 
June 12—1 3,19. The first was from B. quercus, the others 
from the var. callunae, Palmer. The cocoons were from wild 
larvae, those of the first four from the Burnt Woods, Market 
Drayton, of the last two from Ashley Heath in the same 
district. 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE RED (GREGORYI, Dist.) AND GREEN 
(speciosa, MeLicu.) roRMS oF THE Homopreron ITyRAnA 
NIGROCINCTA, WALK., AT Kiswez, B.E. Arrica.—Prof. 
Poutron said that, after receiving the specimens exhibited 
at a previous meeting (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1918, p. Ixxvi), 
he had written to Mr. W. Feather at Kibwezi, suggesting that 
it would be interesting to watch a particular set of nymphs, 
so as to determine whether the imagines emerged in batches 
of each colour. Although this point was not definitely settled, 
the following observations recorded by Mr. Feather, who had 
recently returned to this country, were of much interest. 
In bringing them forward a fine series of specimens collected 
Dec. 1-14, 1918, by the same naturalist, was also exhibited 
to the meeting :-— 


Plant No. 1. 
1918. 
‘June 4.—Four branches 9 ft. from ground, ends covered 
with nymphs. 
»  9.—No change. 
,, 10.—Very few nymphs. No imagines. 


lv 


Plant No. 2 (5 ft. high). 
1918. 
“ June 4.—About 40 imagines—all red. 
»  9.—About 15 imagines—ali red. 
,, LO All imagines gone. 


Plant No. 3 (6 ft. high). 


“June 4.—At the top 4 red imagines, then 1 green; below 
this again about 20 green followed by about 
50 nymphs. 
»  9.—At the top 5 red with 2 nymphs in the midst 
of them, below 2 green followed by nymphs. 
,, 1O.—Red imagines and nymphs intermixed, with 
1 green imago in the middle of them. 


. 


* On June 11 I had to go away and did not return for 10 
days, when I found they had all disappeared.” 

In a letter of Feb. 1, 1920, Mr. Feather included further 
observations on the insect :— 

“The nymphs occur in fairly large numbers on one bush, 
say from 50 to 250, and in a couple of hundred yards I have 
counted 32 bushes bearing them, They are often found in 
clusters on the underside of the leaves. This also applies 
to the imagines. I have seen some hundreds of branches 
with imagines on them, but have not been fortunate enough 
to see one with all green at the top. I have seen them with, 
say, one green at top, then a few red, then green again, red, 
and so on, in many varying ways.” 

Mr. A. Loveridge’s observations at Morogoro (Mrogoro) in 
ex-G.E. Africa agreed precisely with those of Mr. Feather. 

The arrangement observed in Mr. Feather’s Nos. 2 and 3 
supported the conclusion that the forms emerge in batches 
or waves, and it followed that sometimes the order would 
be that which produces likeness to a flowering spike with green 
buds at the top. Considerimg its evident rarity and in view 
of Mr. Feather’s observations, Prof. Poulton now believed 
that this flower-like arrangement was an accidental result 
which was bound to happen from time to time. ‘This con- 
clusion was also supported by the fact that the species 


Vv 


appeared to be markedly gregarious and therefore unlikely to 
adopt a highly specialised form of Protective Resemblance. 

Exotic Ruopatocera.—Mr. G. Tatsor exhibited the 
following species on behalf of Mr. J. J. Jorcny :— 

Dasyopthalma rusina, Godt. A melanic aberration of the 
female in which the bands are only present as vestiges. 

Papilio ridleyanus, White. Dark aberrations of the male 
in which the red spots of the fore-wing are obscured by dark 
scaling. In one specimen most of the scales on these spots 
are black with some red ones intermixed. In this specimen 
the hind-wing is also very dark. These aberrations seem 
to correspond to the female forms of Acraea egina and 
zetes, and of Pseudacraea trimeni, with which the Papilio is 
associated. This dark aberration has received the name of 
fumata, Niep. 

Papilio phidias, Ob. A 3 example of this very rare and 
extraordinary species from Tonkin. This species forms a 
link with the tailed antiphates and aristeus forms and the 
tailless macareus forms. It enters into the mimetic group 
with Danaine pattern. There are 3 33 in the Coll. of Oberthiir, 
2 gd in the Paris Museum, and 2 33 in the Joicey Coll. T 
latter are from Tonkin, and the others from Annam. The 


he 


° is unknown. 

Heliconius from Matto Grosso :— 

1. A distinct form of elevatus, Nold., probably undescribed 
and connecting this form with bari, Ob. The pattern of both 
wings is very similar to barz, but there are no apical spots on 
the fore-wing. In this it differs from tumatumari, Kaye. 
The two forms of bari occur in the Guianas, whilst elevatus 
occurs in Bolivia, Upper Amazon and Peru. 

2. A species of melpomene thelxiope from Para, showing its 


ereat likeness to the elevalus form. 
3. Form of melpomene penelope, Stgr. There are five forms. 


(a) Fore-wing with much-reduced yellow band and 
no spot in the cell. Very similar to a specimen 
of thelxiope from the Lower Amazons. 

(b) Fore-wing with yellow patch. The typical form, 
occuring also in Bolivia. 


vi 


(c) Fore-wing with typical yellow patch, also a speci- 
men with band as in fa). In the distal area next 
to the yellow band is a narrow red band as seen 
in some melpomene from Guiana. 

(d) Fore-wing with a red patch and yellow costal spot. 
Hind-wing with a yellow transverse band. This 
is a very good mimic of the erato form anacreon, 
m.-Sm., from Bolivia. It is similar to penela- 
manda, Stgr. 

(ec) Fore-wing similar to (c), but the red band more 
pronounced and discal patch broken up into small 
spots. Hind-wing with a yellow band which is 
distally powdered with red. 


4. Forms of melpomene amandus, Gr.-Sm. One specimen 
approaches nanna, Stich., from S$. Brazil, in the yellow median 
stripe on fore-wing and the longer yellow band on hind- 
wing. 

5. H. erato phyllis, Fbr. This form chiefly resembles the 
amandus form above. 

6. A form of erato phyllis which resembles the hydara 
race. This is probably new. 

7. A form of erato similar to the erythraea form from Guiana. 
The hind-wing bears a yellow discal spot, and there is some 
yellow scaling on the inside edge of the red band in the fore- 
wing. 

8. A form of erato near ottonis, Riff. 

9. A form of erato near tellus, Ob., with a yellow discal 
spot on the hind-wing. 

10. A series of erato tellus, Ob., showing variation in the 
yellow patch of fore-wing similar to what is seen in specimens 
of this form from French Guiana. <A similar variation occurs 
in the red form erythraea, Cram. The general tendency, 
however, in Matto Grosso Heliconius is for the fore-wing 
patch to have the spots united, whilst in those from French 
Guiana we find the breaking up of this patch a, common 
variation. In other species from Matto Grosso which have a 
yellow fore-wing patch, the tendency to contracted spots is 
still the same. 

11. H. wxanthocles melete, Feld, A form with the yellow 


vil 


patch showing a larger black spot than in typical specimens 
from Upper Amazons and Peru, 

12, A form of aeode showing condensed yellow patch in 
fore-wing, and thereby exhibiting a transition to astydamia, 
Krichs. 

13. Hueides, sp. nov., allied to eueidina, Ob., also shown. 
It is remarkable that another species of this curious group 
of Hueides should turn up in Matto Grosso. In comparison 
with the French Guiana species, this one has the yellow spots 
of the fore-wing closer together, and the hind-wing has typical 
eralo flame streaks. It bears a close resemblance to some 
specimens of erato tellus. 

The 2 is not unhke the 9 of the Guiana species. The 
difference between the sexes, which is unusual in Heliconius, 
indicates some biological necessity, and probably shows that 
the species belongs to a group apart from Heliconius. 

Mr. Kaye assigned eueidina to Hueides, Oberthiir having 
placed it in Heliconius. 

It is evident that the Matto Grosso district around Cuyaba 
would yield some very interesting results in Heliconius if a 
large collection were made. 

The fore-wing patch of both melpomene and erato begins to 
break up into spots in the various areas of distribution of 
these species proceeding from the Andes to the lower levels 
of the Amazon basin and the coast. It must be noted; how- 
ever, that in French Guiana, as in British Guiana, typical 
melpomene far exceeds in numbers the various aberrations 
which are known to occur with it. The large number of 
forms of melpomene and erato received from French Guiana, 
and partly dealt with by Mr. Kaye in the transactions of this 
Society, was the result of special collecting initiated by a well- 
known Paris dealer in a manner calculated to make the most 
of its commercial possibilities. 

KurRopEAN OrrHoprerRA.—Lieut. EK. B. Asnpy exhibited 
the following species :— 

Forficula auricularia, L., Arquata Scrivia. Acrida nasuta, 
L.; 11 males and 5 females; River Stura, Turin. Stawroderus 
bicolor, Char.; Vicenza, Turin, and Arquata Serivia. Chor- 
thippus (Stenobothrus) dorsatus Zett,; River Stura, Turin. 


Vill 


Epacromia thalassina, Rabr.; River Stura and River Sangone, 
Turin. Pachytylus danicus, Li. (emerascens, Fabr.); River 
Stura, Turin, and River Scrivia, Arquata Serivia. Oedipoda 
miniata, Pall.; Arquata Scrivia, and Aigle, Rhone. Valley. 
Oe. caerulescens, L.; Sassi; River Sangone; River Stura (all 
environs of Turin), and Arquata Scrivia. 

. Larva AND Popa or a Morpuo.—Mr. Hy. J. Turner 
exhibited a tinted photograph of the larval habit of assembly, 
when not feeding, of Morpho laertes (7) sent to him by Mr. F. 
Lindeman of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and also a coloured photograph 
of the pupa a sitt% showing its close protective resemblance, 
and read the following note from his correspondent. 


** Nov. 18, 1919. - 


“Te have a good number of caterpillars feeding; the most 
interesting are a bunch of the larvae of some Morpho—probably 
a local form of Af. laertes—I think, about the most beautiful 
caterpillars IT have seen. I found them in two colonies, one 
of about ten and the other about thirty, all sittmg together. 
At first T thought it was a beautiful orchid flower (and this 
is undoubtedly the impression they try to give). They had 
already changed their skin for the last time, and were about 
2 of am inch thick and about three inches long. The pre- 
dominant colour is bright red—like red velvet—but on closer 
examination they have also deep yellow, blue and white. I 
have tried to make a painting of one; but I think it defies my 
skill, so I am resorting to the camera. They spin all over a 
leaf, and sit on it altogether—they make quite sure that 
the leaf can’t fall off by spinning it securely on to the branch. 
At night they eat, and the next day you find them in exactly 
the same place again; in fact, if you hadn’t seen them feeding 
at might (and to do this they, of course, separate) you would 
think they hadn't moved. When changing their food I 
always leave their spun-over leaf (their house)—and I have 
had them three weeks and they still inhabit the same house. 
The leaf drying up doesn’t worry them; in fact, I found them 
ona dried-up leaf. A gentleman here, who has collected many 
years, told me it was useless trying to feed Morpho caterpillars 
in captivity as they always sat in a corner in the cage or ran 


1x 


about away from the food; but this only happens when you 
take their house away from them when changing their food.”? 


«© Dec. 21, 1919. 


“Only one of my Morpho caterpillars died, all ‘the rest 
have turned into chrysalids. I found them in two bunches, 
one of 11 and the other of 22, but 7 or 8 of the chrysalids went 
black a couple of days after turning. I have opened two of 
these, but can’t find any signs of ichneumon ‘ grugs’ inside. 
The first caterpillar when it wanted to turn crawled under 
some paper I had put into the bottom of the cage to facilitate 
cleaning —a place where it had no room to turn in. So after 
that I pasted a 3” strip of paper round the top of the cage 
on the outside so as to darken it, and after that they mostly 
suspended themselves from the top of the cage, except a few 
that suspended from the leaves of the food. When I found 
them most of them had changed their skin for the last time, 
and they fed for five or six weeks after that. I enclose a photo 
of a group which will give you a fair idea of what they are 
like. Unfortunately I could not get a panchromatic plate, 
which would have brought out better the different shades of 
colouring. The first chrysalis is now changing colour, and 
will probably come out during the next week.” 

Some Iranian Races or ZYGAENA:‘TRANSALPINA, Esp.—Mr. 
Hy. J. TURNER also exhibited several races of the very variable 
Zygaena transalpina from peninsular Italy, sent to him by 
Signor Querci, and stated the relationship of the various forms 
as explained by Dr. Verity of Florence. He said : 7 

* Dr. Verity identifies the Z. loti of Esper with the somewhat 
later-described Z. transalpina of the same author, the former 
being of small size, and comparatively frail build with much 
extent of red scaling on the underside of the fore-wing, made 
up of the group of Central Kuropean races; the latter of cont 
paratively larger size and Stout build without the ‘red scaling 
on the underside of the fore-wings, made up of the group of 
more brilliantly coloured races of Italy south of the river Po. 
“<*The race of the Alps and Pyrenees, called alpina by’ M. 
Oberthiir, Dr. Verity calls alpicola. ‘In the Po' valley and the 
lower localities of the Alps there is a’ somewhat more robust 


x 


and brighter race he calls emendata. Both of these by their 
red scaling below and other comparative characters belong to 
the loti group. 

“The races to the south of these areas Dr. Verity divides 
into two groups, a mountain group and a maritime gronp, 
differing again comparatively in build, briliancy of colour 
and size. Along the tops of the Apennines from Liguria to 
the Abruzzi there is a race of small specimens named altitudina- 
ria by Count Turati, frail, narrow wings, thin antennae, ete. 
Below this race in altitude and intermediate between the 
emendata of the lott group and altitudinaria in comparative 
characters is the race intermedia of Rocei, which occurs on the 
low foot-hills of the Apennines; these races produce but few 
extreme individuals, they are all six-spotted with but little 
extension of the black border of the hind-wing. 

“Further south melanism is strongly developed and even 
becomes racial. In the Sorrento Peninsula occurs the race 
sorrentina, Stgr., with the predominance of forms having 
broad or very broad black margins to the hind-wings, often 
with rays towards the dorsal margin, with occasional five- 
spotted forms, occasionally with the whole hind-wing darkened, 
and a few of the yellow spotted calabrica. In the Mainarde 
Mts. at Villa-latina occurs a beautiful race distinct and peculiar 
in its variation in a large proportion of its specimens by the 
red becoming pink or yellow. To this race Dr. Verity gives 
the name latina. 

“Of the other group there are two races (1) maritima, Obth., 
like emendata but brighter and without the red scaling below, 
and occurring along the Rivieran coast to Genoa, and (2) a very 
similar race called transiens by Rocci, occurring along the 
coasts further south and at Formia in Caserta producing 
dark specimens closely approaching the neighbouring race 
sorrentina.” 

He also questioned whether the relationship of the forms as 
at present suggested would stand, when the races occurring in 
other parts of the peninsula had been studied. 

Lord Roruscnitp observed that the same range of Variation 
was exhibited in Z. ephialtes. 

An AuToGRAPH OF CHARLES Darwin.—The Rev. F. D, 


Xl 


Morice exhibited a book of Charles Darwin’s (“ Descent of 
Man’) given by the author ‘* with kind regards ”’ (autograph) 
to the late Mr. Roland Trimen. 

REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT IN HIND LEG OF A FEMALE Ber. 
—Mr. Morice also called attention to the very abnormally 
developed hind-legs of a 2 bee of the genus Megachile from 
Mesopotamia, apparently belonging to a section of the genus 
in which no character at all similar had yet been described in 
either sex. He did not feel able to say for certain whether the 
character was specific, or a case of monstrosity, but at present 
inclined towards the former opinion. 

ABERRANT Prustas.—Lord Roruscuitp exhibited two 
aberrant specimens of the genus Plusia im which remarkable 
aberration is very unusual. The one was a specimen of P. 
gamma with deep purplish suffusion, ab. purpurissa, Warr., 
the other a beautiful example of P. pulchrina taken near 
Gloucester, June 21, 1919, by Mr. C. G. Clutterbuck, in which 
the usual golden Y mark was replaced by a large wedge-shaped 
golden blotch, the space between the himd-margin and the 
subterminal line being of a beautiful pink shade. 

Hast ArricaNn Fiatipar.—Dr. C. J. GAHAN exhibited speci- 
mens of the East African Flatidae named Ityraea patricia, 
Melich., I. speciosa, Melich., I. electa, Melich., and I. gregoryi, 
Dist., and said he believed them to be all forms of the South 
African species [tyraea nigrocincta, Walk., with which they 
agreed in structural characters. In a very large series of 
specimens captured by Mr. Loveridge at Morogora, three of 
these forms were represented, the one named patricia being 
the most abundant; and specimens of the latter had been taken 
in cop. With speciosa. Ityraea gregoryi, which was not found 
at Morogoro, appears to be the predominant form farther 
north, as, for example, at Kibwesi and in other parts of British 
Kast Africa, there taking the place of patricia. In all of these 
forms, the tegmina are more or less distinctly margined with 
black and show a short transverse streak of varying length 
running inwards from the margin at the apex of the clavus. 
I. patricia may be distinguished from the other forms by its 
three-coloured tegmina, which are red at the base, pale bluish 
green (or blue in the living insect) in the middle, and pale yellow 


Xil 


in, the hinder third. In J. gregoryi, the tegmina are bright red 
at the base, and orange red over the rest of their surface, in 
this respect differing from those of nigrocincta in which they 
are of a pale yellowish tint passing to orange yellow at the 
base. The black margin is also more distinct in the latter 
form. In J. speciosa, the tegmina, except for a reddish border 
running alongside the narrow black margin, an orange-yellow 
spot alongside their scutellar edge, and one or two reddish 
spots between this and the black transverse bar at the apex of 
the clavus, are entirely green or yellowish green; and the head, 
pronotum and scutellum are also green. J. electa differs from 
speciosa, which it otherwise very closely resembles, in having 
the head, pronotum, scutellum, and base of the tegmina, reddish 
yellow. In both of these forms, the hind-wings are carmine 
red at the base, whereas in patricia they are entirely milk-white, 
and in nigrocincta and gregoryi are tinted, but only to a slight 
extent, with yellow at the base. 

AN INTERESTING Retic.—Mr. Durrant exhibited the 
original MS., dated Sept. 28th, 1851, of Lord Walsingham’s 
earliest entomological * 
It reads as follows :— 

“ T have just found out that the catipillars hind feete are 
different to its frount ones.” 


‘discovery’ at the age of eight. 


Wednesday, March 3rd, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. Watker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in the 
Chair. ‘ 
Hlection of Fellows. 


Messrs. K. H. Bhackmore, President of the British Columbia 
Entomological Society, P.O. Box 221, Victoria, B.C.; HRNest 
Harareaves, Zoological Dept., Imperial College of Science, 
South Kensington, 8.W. 7; Arruur Lovertpar, Nairobi, 
British Hast Africa: and Jonn Grorck RHYNEHART, Harris- 
town, Taghmon, Co. Wexford, were elected Fellows of the 
Society. 


xu 


Proposed Alteration of the Bye-Laws. 


It was announced that a Special Meeting would be called to 
consider alterations in the Bye-laws proposed by the Couneil, 
and these were then read for the first time. Mr. Bernune- 
Baker proposed that as the first possible opportunity for calling 
a Special Meeting would be immediately after the ordinary 
meeting in April, which falls in Easter-week, the Special 
Meeting should be held immediately before the ordinary 
meeting on May 5th; this was seconded by Dr. Marshall and 
carried. 


Death of a Fellow. 


The PrestpEnT announced the death of Dr. GorpoN Hewirv. 


Nomination for Fellowship of the Royal Society. 


He also announced that Dr. R. C. L. Perkins has been 
nominated for a Fellowship of the Royal Society. 


Exhibitions. 

SEASONAL DrmorpHism In Anproconta.—Dr. F. A. Dixey 
exhibited some outline drawings showing variation in form 
between the scent-scales of the spring and summer form of 
certain butterflies, and remarked on them as follows :— 

“In the year 1901, when I was working at the scent-scales 
of the Pierinae, I noticed that the plumules of the wet-season 
form of Teracolus evagore antigone, Boisd., differed from those 
of the dry-season form of the same species. I made drawings 
at the time of the respective forms; these have not hitherto 
been published, but in my presidential address in 1910 I referred 
to this observation in the following words—* The scale [of 7’. 
antigone| appears to be longer and narrower in the wet-season 
form than in the dry ” (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1909, p. ci). 

“Mr. F. J. Ball, of Brussels, has lately called my attention 
to the fact that in a paper published in 1914 (* Annales de la 
Société Hntomologique de Belgique,’ 1914, p. 170) he has 
described and figured many instances of a similar seasonal 
variation in the androconia of Kuropean butterflies belonging to 
the Lycaeninae, Pierinae and Satyrinae. The first observation 
in the case of a Lycaenid was made by Dr. Chapman, who 


X1V 


found that the androconia of the first brood of Agriades thersites, 
Cantr., differed from those of the second brood in being broader, 
and containing more rows of points or * globules’ (Trans. 
Kint. Soc. Lond., 1914, p. 809, Pl. LIV). The investigation of 
these structures has been extended by Mr. Ball to many other 
species of the subfamihes named, with results that are care- 
fully recorded in his paper. In G. rapae, Linn., the summer 
brood has a plumule which is broader in its proximal and 
narrower in its distal part than that of the brood emerging in 
the spring; the ‘terminal chevron,’ as Ball calls the distal 
margin of the scale from which the fimbriae arise, is more 
elongated in the former than in the latter. The same differ- 
ences occur in G. napr, Linn. 

* The outline drawings | exhibit are roughly copied from Mr. 
Ball’s figures. His plates in the Brussels ‘ Annales’ contain 
representations of the seasonal forms of plume-scales in Synchloe 
daplidice, Linn., and also of the corresponding forms in Pararge 
and Coenonympha (Satyrinae) and Lycaena, Cyaniris and 
Hveres (Lycaeninae). 

Burrerecies rRom Cyprus.—Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited 
many of the Cyprian Butterflies with which his paper (read 
later in the evening) was concerned, and explained their charae- 
teristic features. 

Oponata FROM Maceponta.—Capt. J. WatTeRSTON ex- 
hibited a set of Macedonian Odonata and made the following 
remarks :- 

The Dragonflies exhibited were collected by myself in 
19L7—-1918, and annotated lists of them have been published in 
vols. li and li of ** The Entomologist.” On the present occa- 
sion, it may be of interest to recall the leading facts in the 
history of one of the species now before you, viz. Selysiothemis 
mgra, Lind, (Libellulidae), which to Entomologists of a quarter 
of a century ago was little more than a name. 

Although its range, as determined by the existing records, 
is a wide one, the claim of this insect to be included in the fauna 
of Western Hurope rests upon two old and isolated specimens 
alone. ‘The original example, Van der Linden’s type of Libel- 
lula nigra, described in 1825, was a male from Terracina, on 
the west coast of Italy. (It may be remarked, in passing, that 


Xv 


Van der Linden confused with our insect the superficially 
similar species Sympetrum danae, Sulz.) The second example 
was an immature male from Catalonia. This was regarded by 
de Sélys-Longchamps as a new species of Urothemis, a genus 
to which he also referred Van der Linden’s insect, and he 
described it in 1878 under the name of Uvrothemis advena. 
After an interval of about twenty years, records began to multi- 
ply more rapidly, with the result that the true home of the 
species was found to le further towards the Kast than was 
formerly suspected. Since 1897 Ris, the author of the mono- 
typic genus Selysiothemis, has extended the known distribution 
to the Kashgar Daria in the Hast and to the Algerian Sahara 
in the South, while Bartenef has furnished several records 
from Palaearctic Asia (the Caucasus, Turkestan, Persia, and 
Afghanistan). 

I met with this insect in great numbers at two or three differ- 
ent localities in Macedonia, and, as my captures were made in 
circumstances which cannot be regarded as accidental, they 
confer upon the species a status in the Kuropean fauna which it 
could not derive from the two old and unconfirmed Mediter- 
ranean records. According to the information Morton has 
recently published, members of the British Mxpeditionary 
Force in Mesopotamia also found the species very commonly. 
In Mesopotamia, it would seem, Selysiothemis is on the wing 
from April to June, while in August and September immature 
examples again appear. The individuals of the earlier batch, 
moreover, are larger. As it happened, the four specimens taken 
by myself in Macedonia in the third week of June were all 
females, and three of them were decidedly immature. The 
remaining specimens, six in number, were caught late in July 
or early in August, and all of them were fully adult. It is 
possible that the flight of this species, which evidently begins 
later in that country than in Mesopotamia, is continued without 
any interruption during the month of July. It remained on 
the wing until the end of August, at all events, but I have no 
record of its appearance in September. In respect of size, my 
specimens from Giol Ajak and Lake Adji Geul compare very 
favourably with those previously recorded. 

Although no examples were secured, the species was again 


XV1 


common in August 1918 near Dragomir, along the east side of 
L. Ardzair. All three localities are in Western Macedonia. I 
have no. notes on Selysiothenis in the Struma Valley, where, 
however, it doubtless occurs. On the other hand, I looked for 
the species unsuccessfully along the Beshik—Langaza Bee 
and round Stavros, May—June 1918 

The flight is low over dry Bead especially when sparsely 
set with tufts of grass on which the insect often rests. Water 
surfaces, however, are generally avoided, 

I have to thank my friend Mr. Herbert Campion for material 
assistance in drawing up the foregoing notes. , 

Forms or Henicontus poris.—Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited 
Heliconius doris, Linn., from Trinidad, of the blue, green and 
red forms, and from Colombia a specimen of an amathusia 
form uniting the blue and red form in one, to show the dis- 
position of the hind-wing streaking of the blue, green or red 
forms. ‘The streaking of the two former always occurs along 
the vein; while the red form is always between the veins. 
The following note by Mr. W. Buthn from Trinidad was read, 
and the comment was made that confirmation of such a 
remarkable observation was greatly to be desired. | 

“A female that was either green or blue was observed 
depositing eggs on upper surface of a leaf of Passiflora edulis 
in the afternoon at about 3-4 early in November; eggs 
were touching each other, and 129 were laid. Caterpillars 
emerged six days later. Caterpillars and pupae gregarious, 
unlike some other species of Heliconvus; green and blue forms 
emerged in about equal numbers; from another batch of 
eggs laid on another leaf at the same time by the same female 
only red forms emerged.” 

LycagrntpAk FROM CreyLon. Mr. Rinny exhibited some | 
Lycaenids from Ceylon on behalf of Mr. W. Ormiston of 
Kalupahani. The specimens included : 

1. Zizera lysimon, Hb. A female with extra spots added 
irregularly on underside of fore-wing. A similar specimen 
has already been received by the B.M., also from Ceylon, and 
several others were taken by Mr. Ormiston at the same time. 

2. Zizera gaika, Trimen. A similar aberration, also a female 
and taken at the same place. 


XVil 


3. Catochrysops pandava, Horsf. 9. From N. Ceylon. It 
differs considerably from the normal larger form with which 
Mr. Ormiston has taken it at Trincomali in Dec., 1918, and 
he considers it probably a distinct species. The series in the 
B.M. is too poor to attempt to decide this point. 

4. Syntarucus (Tarucus) telicanus f. plinius, Fab. Aberration 
with coalescent spots. 

5. Nacaduba noreia, Feld. 2. This insect described by 
Felder in 1864 has never since been correctly determined. 
The name has usually been applied to the tailless form of 
N. ardates. The species here exhibited, however, seems 
without doubt to be the true N. noreia, Feld., with the descrip- 
tion of which it very well agrees. 

6. Nacaduba dana, de Nicé. 3. Aberration with the mark- 
ings of underside almost entirely absent. 

7. Nacaduba atrata, Horsf. Aberration with fore-wings 
with dissimilar markings. Right wing has additional spot 
below cell. 

8. Nacaduba nora, Feld. ‘* Aberration in which the basal 
strigae are not produced below the cell. It grades perfectly 
into normal, through other specimens in my collection” 
(Ormiston). 

9. Chilades laius, Cram. Aberration taken during extreme 
dry season. 

10. Arhopala, sp. 3 § of an apparently undescribed species. 

11. Aphnaeus nubilus, Moore. ‘This would appear to be a 
good species. It is quite constantly different from the 
Aphnaeus known in Ceylon as A. ictis, Hew. 

12. A. tctis, Hew. From Ceylon for comparison. 

13. A. ictis, Hew. 9 2. Aberrations in which the subapical 
orange spot js absent or nearly so. 

14. Aphnaeus, sp. These as far as can be judged are the 
Race 2 of Ormiston (* Notes on Ceylon Butterflies,’ Spolia 
Zeylanica, 1918). They are also considered by Mr. Fairlie, 
who first met with the form, to be a distinct species. They 
would appear to differ fairly constantly, but the two poor 
specimens here shown are the only ones so far seen. ‘They 
have been brought up so as to make the exhibit of this 


rather puzzling group as complete as possible. 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I, 1, 1920. B 


xvi 


Most of these specimens have been referred to by Ormiston 
already (/.c.), and have been presented by him to the B.M. 

Horned Breries.—Mr. G. J. Arrow showed a series of 
lantern slides to illustrate different types of armature occur- 
ring in Lamellicorn Beetles, and made the following remarks :—- 

Various theories have been put forward to account for 
these armatures. Darwin (“* Descent of Man”’) believed they 
could be best explained by Sexual Selection, 7. e. by the exercise 
of a preference on the part of the females for males with the 
best-developed horns. This theoretical preference was sup- 
ported by no evidence of its acttial existence in insects, and 
it is doubtful if any entomologist could be found to profess 
belief in its existence to-day. 

Sexual Selection was rejected by A. R. Wallace, who sug- 
gested (* Tropical Nature,” 1878) that horns in beetles might 
be explained as a means for making the bearers less easily 
swallowed by certain birds—the males being more active 
than the females, would be’ more lable to such risks, and 
therefore in greater need of such protection. But, whilst 
some horned beetles are very tiny and their horns extremely 
delicate, others are so huge that their size is sufficient to 
prevent any bird swallowing them whole, and moreover 
many of the males of these giant forms show by much more 
conspicuous coloration, etc., than that of the females that 
it is the latter, and not the males, to which special protection 
is accorded. 

Reichenau (Kosmos, 1881) put forward the theory that 
the supposed rudimentary horns of the females were the 
really important structures, serving as implements for excava- 
tion, and that, whilst of no use in the other sex, they had 
been inherited from the female and had developed to an 
exaggerated extent. 

Lameere (Bull. Acad. Belg., 1904) believes that horns were 
formerly possessed by all Lamellicorns, even Stagbeetles, 
Cockchafers, etc., but that they have in many cases been 
replaced by other forms of sexual dimorphism. He considers 
their special development in the males to be a form of com- 
pensation for the reproductive energy expended by the females. 

These various theories are all attempts to explain the more 


Drab. 


conspicuous and familiar types of armature, but none of 
them adequately account for the very diverse forms actually 
existing, sometimes in one sex only, sometimes in identical 
or in different forms in both sexes. 

Fabre (“Souvenirs Entomologiques’’) has described the 
wonderfully elaborate nidification, in which male and female 
collaborate, of Copris hispanus and C. lunaris and Geotrupes 
typhaeus, and has observed the employment of the horns by 
the last. Probably if we knew the habits of other species 
we should find the armature serving a variety of purposes. 
In the absence of such information I have found useful evidence 
in the presence or absence of wear in the digging teeth of the 
front tibiae of male and female respectively. When the two 
sexes co-operate the average amount of wear is the same in 
both; in others the examination of a considerable number 
of specimens shows the wear confined to the females, and in 
one interesting case, Corynoscelis glaucon, Perty, a Dynastid 
curiously resembling the very remote Greotrupes typhaeus, it 
is markedly greater in the male. In many of the giant forms 
there is a great elongation, and consequently reduced muscu- 
larity, of the legs of the males. 

Such evidence seems to me to indicate that in the very 
numerous species in which there is an armature in both sexes 
or in which that of the male is not extravagantly developed, 
there is collaboration between the sexes, but that when the 
male is fantastically horned it is invariably a drone, bearing 
no part in nidification. In the former case the development 
is restrained by the operation of Natural Selection, which in 
the latter, while suppressing awkward outgrowths in the female, 
has had no such effect upon the comparatively unimportant 
male. It is perhaps not impossible that the conspicuousness 
of the male of the horned giants, frequently also manifested 
in these cases in a more brilliant exterior, may by attracting 
enemies to itself help to save the more important female and 
so become beneficial to the race. 

Fabre’s discovery of the existence of a prothoracic pro- 
tuberance in the pupae of both sexes in the genus Onthophagus, 
although he was entirely wrong in declaring it to have no 
counterpart in adult beetles, appears to me to have great 


xX 


significance as indicating the ancestral occurrence of a thoracic 
horn in both sexes. In what is probably the most ancient 
group of that immense genus (O. tarandus, F., and allied 
species) male and female have an identical armature. 

I beheve an armature to have been primitively common 
to Lamellicornia of both sexes; that it probably had some 
relation to the insects’ habits, which there is reason to suppose 
were elaborate in the ancestral forms; that there has been 
a general tendency for the females to lose the armature, 
perhaps in correspondence with a division of labour between 
the sexes; and that the armature has developed fantastically 
in males which have ceased to collaborate with the females, 
and as a consequence of their diminished importance to the 
preservation of the species. 

NEW OR RARE RHOPALOCERA COLLECTED IN CENTRAL 
Ceram BY Messrs. F. C. anp J. PRATT, AT ELEVATIONS 
FROM 2500 TO 6000 FEET, IN OCTOBER AND NOVEMBER 1919. 
—Mr. G. Tatsor exhibited the following species on behalf 
of Mr. J. J. Joicey :-— 

Troides procus Roths. (1914), g and 9. The 3 is a new 
discovery, and indicates that procus, although allied to the 
goliath group from New Guinea, is a distinct species, and 
was so considered by Rothschild. The cell of the hind- 
wing is differently shaped. This species may rank with 
alerandrae as the largest Troides at present known. Only 
taken at 2500 ft. 

T. supremus Rob. 3 9 shown for comparison. 

Papilio weisker stresemanni Roths. (1915), g and 9. The 2 
was not obtained by Rothschild’s collector. Taken at 6000 ft. 

Delias sp.nov., 3 2. The only species known in which 
the 9 bears a red band on the fore-wing above. ‘This species 
is alhed on the one hand to dohertyi Roths. from Jobi and 
Biak Islands, and on the other to negrina Fbr. from Queens- 
land. Taken at 6000 ft. 

Delias stresemannit Roths. (1915), 39. The 292 show 
variation on the underside. 

Delias echnida Hew., 3 2. This very rare species has 
apparently not been recorded since taken by Dr. A. R. 
Wallace. The 9 is undescribed, and a specimen exists in 


XX1 


the Joicey Collection taken by J. C. Kershaw in 1909, with 
locality “‘ Amboina.” Taken at 3000 ft. to 6000 ft. 

Delias duris Hew., g 2. Always very rare. Taken at 
6000 ft. 

Euploea dentiplaga Roths. (1915), 32. Taken at 2500 
_ to 6000 ft. 

Ideopsis klassika Mart. (= stresemanni Roths. 1915), 3 9. 
Taken at 6000 ft. 

Tamenitis staudingert Ribbe, 3. This very rare and dis- 
tinct species does not appear to have been recorded since 
Ribbe made his Ceram Collection. Taken at 3000 ft. 

Eriboea subsp. nov. near jupiter Butl. A series was taken 
at 6000 ft. It is of great interest to note that no specimens 
of pyrrhus were sent. It is evident that two species at least 
are mixed with the pyrrhus forms, and quite possibly a third. 
The form shown is very close to jwpiter, which we already 
know from New Guinea, the neighbouring islands and Aru. — 
In jupiter Butl. we may have a distinct species. The so- 
called races of pyrrhus now require revision, as one species 
will be represented by sempronius Fbr., which is nearer to 
jupiter than to pyrrhus. 


NOTES MADE BY THE COLLECTORS. 


Locality— Central Ceram (within four days of Tehoro on 
the South coast and five days of Wahai on the North coast). 
From Tehoro, the place where our camp is placed is visible 
as a cutting in the mountains. This is due to the extensive 
felling of the jungle which we carried out. The camp is 
just where the pass is, in the lowest part of the mountains, 
and the mean altitude obtained from three aneroids is 6150 ft. 
The nearest water obtainable on either side is 3000 ft. below. 
The source of a mountain stream is said to be in a spot at 
about 5000 ft., but it is quite impossible to make a path to 
it on account of the precipitous nature of the country. In 
parts there are sheer drops of 1000 ft. and more. A cocoanut 
which slipped over was not seen nor heard again. All, of 
course, 18 covered in primeval jungle. Rhododendrons are 
found commonly growing among the trees. There are few 
animals, and birds are not conspicuously present. The country 


XXI1 


is too inaccessible even for deer, which abound in the lower 
altitudes where the formation is not limestone. 

Climate—The rainfall is heavy, but not nearly so heavy as 
in New Guinea, though there is great humidity. The tem- 
perature was never noticed above 72° or below 58° Fahr. 
In New Guinea at the same altitude we have had it down 
to 49° Fahr. A lot depends on the wind. The North-West 
Monsoon has now set in. This season, though rainy, is per- 
haps the warmer season in the mountains, but it would be 
necessary to stay a full year to obtain reliable results on this 
question. We do not think that in New Guinea and Ceram 
there is any marked butterfly season, though some things 
are unquestionably rarer during some months than during 
others. It will be clear, however, that it would require 
permanent residence in one place to decide this point, as 
nearly all things are to a certain extent local, and may be 
common on one side of a bay and rare on another. It is 


the same in the mountains, certain ridges having their common 
and rare species. We have noticed no difference in species 
on the various sides of the mountains as is so marked in 
S. America. 

From May till September the South-Kast Monsoon blows, 
and this is the “dry” season. That is to say, there is less 
rain than during the North-West, which blows from October 
till April. 

Habits of. Delias—Around about our camp we have felled 
the jungle in large areas, and men are placed in the trees on 
the edges of the clearings. Generally speaking the Delias 
males are only found in this way, and this will explain the 
apparent comparative rarity of this sex in some species. The 
females are generally taken either in sunny spots in the jungle 
or flying over the ridges within reach. When the males come 
over that way they are nearly always out of reach. One 
magnificent species, undoubtedly new, does not seem to go 
below 5000 ft. Curiously enough most of the females of this 
species were taken at 6000 ft., and most of the males at 5000 ft. 
We think it is a high species. On the wing the female is 
remarkably like the South American pereute. This is due to 
the black upper surface with a beautiful red or orange band 


XX111 


on the upper surface of the fore-wing, The one we think may 
be stresemanni (with the diverse 9 forms) is like its ally D. 
rothschildi in New Guinea, found as low as 3000 ft. In com- 
parison with New Guinea it is extraordinary that we have so 
far only found two species confined to the higher altitudes 
(perhaps echidna is not found at the coast, but it is no great 
rarity at 3000 ft.). We think there must be more species; 
in fact, we have seen one which seems to belong to the pratti 
and castaneus group, but it is larger. Therefore we hope to 
make a camp near the top of Mount Moerkele, which is the 
highest mountain in Ceram. It is between 8000 and 9000 ft. 
The top is nothing but stone and rock. 

Thus in summing up :— 

Delias dorimene, duris, caeneus and isse are found at the 
coast and in the mountains at 6000 ft. 

The two new ones are found above 5000 {t. 

D. stresemanni above 3000 ft. 

With regard to Ornithoptera procus, the insect seems to be 
very rare, but is most easily obtained in the open country at 
the foot of Mount Moerkele at 2500 ft. It is obviously not 
a coast insect, but is a fairly low form corresponding to the 
true goliath, titan, supremus and samson forms in New Guinea. 
This is not the case with joiceyi, which is apparently only 
found in the steaming valleys surrounding the higher ranges, 
and we think it doubtful if it descends below 4000 ft. 
The limit of O. rothschildi is probably more 5000 or even 6000 
ft. perhaps. With procus it is interesting to note that the male 
bears a delicate perfume which is hard to define. It is not 
like any particular flower, yet is distinctly pleasant to the 
human sense. Perhaps the best way to describe it is as the 
scent emanating from a hot-house of living plants. This char- 
acteristic is perhaps not peculiar to procus, but we have never 
noticed it before in any others. Perhaps it has been over- 
looked, as the scent is only perceptible on placing the wings 
to the nostrils. There is no smell noticeable in priamus and 
helena. 

EVIDENCE THAT THE VIOLA, BuUTL., 9 F. MIM. OF CHARAXES 
ETHEOCLES, CR., FLIES WITH ITS MODEL C. EPIJASIUS, RetcHE.— 
Prof. Poutron said that at the meeting of last December 


XXIV 


he had shown a lantern shde representing these two species 
captured in the same locality and within a few days of each other. 
After the meeting he had sent a print of the negative to 
Lt.-Col. R.S. Wilson, Governor of the Western Desert Province 
of Egypt, and had asked him if he remembered whether the 
two butterflies flew together in the Nuba Mountains Province. 
Col. Wilson replied as follows :— 


“© Mersa Matruh, Egypt, 
“* 7.11.1920. 

“Many thanks for your letter of 11.x1.1919 and for the 
photos of the Charaxes enclosed therein. Yes, the viola 9 
form of etheocles flies with the epiasius, and is almost indis- 
tinguishable from it on the wing except for its smaller size. 
I was out with Capt. Kent Lemon at Talodi when I took my 
first specimen of the former butterfly, and we both thought 
it was an epiasius until it was netted. Afterwards it was 
possible to distinguish it with care when on the wing, owing 
to the difference in size. We both took several epijasius 
round the same tree that day, and later, on several occasions, 
took them together. The tree particularly favoured was 
called Arrada (plur. Arrad) locally, viz. Albizzia amara, Boirin. 
The * Catalogue of Sudan Flowering Plants, by A. F. Brown, 
describes it as a large tree with strong timber. It is thorn- 
less, loses its leaves in the dry season, and flowers March to 
May. Its flowers are like those of Mimosa, but white instead 
of yellow. It seeds very freely, and the seed-pods are flat 
and broad. It belongs to the Mimosa group of the Legu- 
minosae. All the Charazes I took in the Nuba Mountains 
Proy. are partial to it, viz. varanes, epijasius, and etheocles. 
C. varanes when hanging downwards from a twig with 
closed wings is extraordinarily like a partially broken and 
dry seed-pod (which is then reddish brown) both in colour 
and pattern, the smal] circular markings on the underside 
of the butterfly looking like the seeds which show through 
the constricted parts of the pods where they lie.” 

THE ATTACKS OF BIRDS ON BUTTERFLIES WITNESSED IN 
NyasaLanp By W. A. LampBorn. THE MARKS OF A BIRD’S 
BEAK RECOGNISABLE ON REJECTED WINGs.—Prof. PouLTon 


XXV 


exhibited and illustrated by a lantern slide the examples 
enclosed in the following letter from Mr. W. A. Lamborn. 
The method of transport had not caused any deterioration, 
and the marks of the bird’s beak at the base of the wings 
were quite,clear. The other material described in the letter 
had not as yet been received, but it was thought better to 
make the letter public without delay in order that the new 
method of investigation might be known and pursued as 


soon as possible. 


“ Karonga, Nyasaland, 
** 10th December, 1919. 


“... As a result of two thunderstorms the buds are 
bursting, and with the appearance of flowers butterflies have 
become more numerous, especially Catopsilia florella, which 
must, I feel sure, have come by migration, for they have not 
been breeding hereabouts, the food-plant having been leafless 
till recently, and there have been none about. Being inter- 
ested in the question of their sex colour in various localities 
T have kept a special look-out for them. Just outside my 
verandah is a Poinciana regia (Flamboyant Tree), about 
20 ft. in height, Just now forming a crimson blaze of open 
flowers though the leaves are still very small; and this is 
attracting a host of insects—various Sphingids, especially 
Nephele, at dusk, Chafers and other beetles when it is dark, 
Hymenoptera, especially Vespids, in the early morning, and 
when the sun is high Catopsilia in considerable numbers, 
this being the only species of butterfly at all abundant as yet. 
Underneath the tree I have found frequently, during the last 
few days, the wings of the butterfly, and the question as to 
what has been the destructive agent has engaged my atten- 
tion. Lizards are out of the question: I have studied the 
tree thoroughly and there are none : neither have I seen here 
except very rarely any of a size sufficient to be able to tackle 
a butterfly. The wings collected also do not any of them 
exhibit the kind of damage one associates with lizards—the 
base chewed off, much of the wing denuded of scales, crumpled 
and showing numerous tooth punctures. Birds being the only 
possible agents, and the early morning when they are still 
hungry being the most likely time to make any observations, 


XXVI1 


T concealed myself yesterday, 10th, [? 9th] at 9 a.m. among 
some Hibiscus shrubs and watched various birds on the tree. 
At the end of about half an hour a small yellow bird with 
black head arrived, perched in a clump of flowers and swooped 
out at the first Catopsilia which came near, returning with 
the butterfly in its beak to its perch, where, having pulled 
off the wings one by one, it ate the body and then flew away. 
Another bird of the same species arrived soon after and also 
sat among the flowers, from which it swooped out on the first 
Catopsilia arriving to feed close at hand, catching it, tearing 
off the wings while on its perch and eating the body; and 
by and by I saw it take and eat a second insect. I am not 
quite sure how the Catopsilia was held, but think it was 
pressed down beneath one foot on the branch while the bird 
pulled off the wings. In each instance the body was pulled 
into three separate bits and so eaten. I obtained some of 
the wings of the butterfly eaten by the first bird, and some 
from those taken by the second, and the appearances they 
present are similar to those seen on many of the wings picked 
up—linear markings across the wing base without any great 
denudation of the scales generally. 

‘“T followed the movements of the second bird as far as 
possible till mid-day, only losing sight of it once or twice for 
a few seconds, and it then flew down on to the grass and seized 
and took up into a tree an Orthopteron, which it proceeded 
to dismember and to eat. I then shot it and examined 
microscopically the contents of the alimentary canal, for the 
material other than the head of the Orthopteron was pulped 
and unrecognisable by the unaided eye. I studied first the 
rectal contents, and to my joy at once found scales : on com- 
paring these with some scrapings from the wing of a Catopsilia 
I found many identical. The stomach contents of course 
exhibited them in great abundance. An important point I 
think is that though the bird had been seen to eat two butter- 
flies barely two hours previously, I could recognise no portions 
of them except with the aid of the microscope. This rapidity 
of digestion may explain how it is that butterflies’ bodies are 
so rarely found in the stomach contents of birds. 

The poor bird, very badly skinned I am afraid, is labelled 


XXVil 


(279), and I have preserved the stomach contents (279a) and 
contents of intestine (279b) in about 40°% spirit. 

“In the course of the afternoon I saw another bird about 
the same size but of another species dashing out in un- 
successful pursuit of a Calopsilia, and a third bird, which as 
before swooped out from a clump of flowers after another of 
the butterflies, but without any luck. 

“11th December.—I saw this morning a third species of 
bird, rather larger than the other two so far seen butterfly 
catching—a black one with forked tail and a bright crimson 
iris—dart out and catch a Catopsilia, which it ate all except 
one wing which I could. not find. 

‘“‘ T have devoted some time to-day to a more critical study 
of the Catopsilia wings picked up under the trees near the 
house, and have discovered a most interesting point—that 
many actually exhibit a V-shaped mark (due to denudation of 
the scales) towards the costal base, often directly across the 
nervures and sometimes rather obliquely, the marks corre 
sponding on both sides of the wing. This is unquestionably 
and I am sure you must agree, the mark of a bird’s bill, and 
in one or two cases the marks are particularly instructive, 
because one can see that the bird’s first attempt to pull off 
the wing was unsuccessful, the bill having slipped, and that 
then a second attempt which must have been more successful 
was made. I have labelled many of the specimens which 
show this mark particularly well, in the series (503, 504, 305, 
306), and I invite your attention especially to a headless 
butterfly in series (303) which shows, across the base of one 
hind-wing, a beautifully sharply defined impress of a bird’s 
beak. 

“Tn eases in which there are linear markings only across 
the wing it must almost necessarily be conceded that these 
have been produced by birds, if for no other reason than 
that the marks are paralleled in the wings which I actually 
saw torn off by the bird. I shall await with considerable 
interest your examination of the Zomba series of wings, 
comprising far more varied butterflies, though, even if these 
marks are not shown, it by no means follows that they were 
not killed by birds, for the markings may have become 


XXVili 


obliterated in the course of the vicissitudes the wings were 
subjected to during an indefinite period before I came along 
to pick them up—further damage by other insects, scraping 
as they were blown about by the wind or pelted by rain. 

“13th December.—I have once again seen my yellow bird 
with black head attack a Catopsilia, swooping out a short 
distance from its lurking-place among a mass of Poinciana 
flowers on the advancing butterfly, a mode of attack under 
easy circumstances which, as I see in the Proc. Ent. Soc., 
Pt. I, 1915, p. xxxvi, in Swynnerton’s paper, had long before 
been suggested as probable by Dr. Marshall. 

“ My examination a day or two ago of the contents of the 
alimentary canal of the bird and my further perusal of Swyn- 
nerton’s paper, or rather reply to Colonel Manders, has induced 
me to undertake the examination of a series of birds’ droppings 
collected under my Poinciana and other trees likely to attract 
butterflies. The results have been to me rather surprising. 
Up to date I have examined under a low-power objective 
thirty pellets, seventeen of which contain the scales of Lepi- 
doptera, I believe Catopsilia. But my own knowledge of 
insect histology is very limited, and I feel that it would be 
better for some one having a wider experience—perhaps 
Dr. Eltringham—to express an opinion on them, and so I have 
put aside all pellets in which I have found the scales (308), 
and if he is able to spare the time I am sure it will afford him 
no little recreation to put his knowledge of the histology of 
the fragments to the test by identifying the disyuncta membra 
of a whole host of insects besides the butterflies, much as when 
I was a medical student it used to be a question of pride in 
the work to be able to recognise all sorts of odd bits of shafts, 
tubercles and epiphyses of bones. I will examine if possible 
exactly one hundred pellets of excreta. 

“A week or two ago I felt sure I saw a wagtail offering to a 
young one soliciting food the body of a Catopsilia with part 
of one wing attached; yet I thought I might be mistaken, 
because I have rarely seen the birds catching food above- 
eround, though when in 1914 I fired the grass in tsetse country, 
hoping to see if any birds took toll of the flies driven before 
the flames, I remember the same sort of wagtails taking 


XX1X 


many Orthoptera high in the air. It seems, too, to be the 
general opinion that these birds feed habitually on smaller 
insects. However, it occurred to me to examine the excreta 
which these birds often drop on my verandah, for there is a 
family of them with which I am on friendly terms, and when 
IT am alone in the house they always come and very often 
enter. These pellets do contain the scales of Lepidoptera, 
I believe Pierine, and so I will pack these separately and 
obtain some, as to the source of which there will be no 
possibility of doubt, by watching the birds. 

“14th December.—I saw to-day a black-headed yellow bird 
take a Catopsilia and dismember it in the usual way, but I 
only obtained a bit of wing, which shows well the beak 
mark. It has just occurred to me that I can send you in 
this letter’ a few wing fragments bearing this mark, and a 
specimen of excreta. 

“In considering the question of bats as destroying insects 
it has occurred to me that I might examine their excreta too, 
so I entered a room in the house shut nearly all the time I 
have been here and infested by the animals. Here the floor 
is covered with their excreta, which I examined, finding 
numerous scales of Lepidoptera, doubtless moths, a number 
of which, for some reason or other, they must have brought 
in, for there are on the floor many wing fragments, which I 
am collecting, labelling both excreta and wings. 

“With further reference to the question of birds taking 
Catopsilia, there is no dearth of other insects here, Orthoptera 
now swarming. I saw an old man last night collecting them— 
Locustids—which he assured me he was going to boil and eat.” 

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENEMIES OF THE LARVAE OF THE 
PIERINE BUTTERFLY CATOPSILIA FLORELLA IN Hast AFrica.— 
Prof. Poutron said that he had also received the following 
interesting notes by Mr. Lamborn :— 


** Karonga, 
“© 19th December, 1919. 
“T have been often going to give you a little account» 
based on some notes made a year ago at Lindi, of the larvae 
of C. florella and their enemies. I now append it :— 


XXX 


“Tn an account of the ways of the fly Bengalia reference 
was made as to the escape, by making convulsive wriggles, 
of these larvae from the fly bent on seizing them and sucking 
their juices. The further value of the action on the part of 
the larvae was shown in the course of a study of the habits 
of the wasp Humenes maxillosa, de G., which in K. Africa 
stores its nest with the larvae, a prey different from that 
stored by the species in 8. Nigeria, which there collects 
Noctuid larvae. 

“ At Lindi in December 1918 the Kumenids were so abun- 
dant that many opportunities were afforded of watching them, 
and there was an absolute plague of the Pierime larvae. A 
Kumenid flies round and round the bush, a leguminous plant, 
on which the larvae feed, examining the larvae in turn, espe- 
cially the larger ones. Unless almost at maturity the larva 
shows no appreciation of the presence of its enemy, nor does 
the wasp molest it; for it preys only on those fully grown. 
But when the wasp approaches a mature larva, it usually 
shows instant alarm, evading its would-be captor by immedi- 
ately dropping unsupported by silk, and, should it fall on a 
leaf, wriggling violently, so as at once to reach the ground. 
In this way it usually escapes, especially if it has fallen from 
a height; for the wasp usually gives up the quest at once, 
though in a few cases in which the attack was made on a 
larva near the ground, the wasp was seen to settle and to 
wander in search of it in a perfunctory way. In no single 
instance, however, was a larva seen to be taken when once 
it had fallen. 

“ When, owing to lack of promptitude in dropping, a larva 
is seized by the Kumenid, the first act of the captor—gripping 
it behind the head and often pinning it to the midrib of the 
leaf on which during the warmer hours the larva rests—is to 
sting it ventrally in the centre of each of the first three seg- 
ments. The larva forthwith becomes motionless, and the 
wasp then endeavours to lift it. This it is frequently at first 
unable to do, for, probably owing to tonic muscular spasm 
induced by the injected poison, the abdominal feet still firmly 
grip the leaf, in which case the wasp, supporting the larva 
with its legs, proceeds with its mandibles to disengage in 


XXX1 


turn each pair of feet. It then invariably flies off with its 
prey for a few yards and usually to a higher elevation. Here 
it makes its toilet, rubbing its legs together and cleaning them 
between its mandibles, and it then proceeds to sting its victim 
again in the ventral surface of each segment, usually from before 
backwards, commencing at the 4th and sometimes in regular 
order, though this is not invariable. The wasp then flies 
high with its prey and is gone. 

‘In the vicinity of Domira Bay, Lake Nyasa, the predaceous 
enemies commonly attacking these larvae seemed to be ants, 
especially Camponotids, which made organised hunts for them. 
In such cases the larvae invariably made their bid for safety 
by means different from those employed against the attack 
of the Kumenid, letting themselves down by a thread and 
remaining suspended in mid-air until the danger had passed. 
In this case it seemed to be the younger larvae rather than 
the older ones which were sought by the ants.” 


Papers. 
The following papers were read :— 
“ Butterflies of Cyprus,’ by H. J. Turner, F.E.S. 
“An undescribed Lycaenid from Cyprus, Glaucopsyche 
paphos, n. sp.,” by T. A. Caapman, M.D., F.R.S., ete. 


Wednesday, March 17th, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. Watker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in 
the Chair. 

Lilection of Fellows. 

Messrs. CHRISTOPHER ARTHINGTON CHEETHAM, Wheatfield, 
Old Farnley, Leeds; G. 8. Correrenit, Newlyn, Gerrard’s 
Cross; Harry Lron Gauntiett, F.Z.8S., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., 
A.K.C., 45, Hotham Road, Putney, S.W. 15; THomas 
Freperic Marriner, 2, Brunswick St., Carlisle; C. Sms, 
6, Wildwood Road, Golders Green, N.W. 4; and Dr. B. 
Uvarorr, the Georgian Museum, Tiflis, Transcaucasia, were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 


XXX11 


Proposed Alteration of Bye-Laws. 

The proposed alterations in the Bye-laws were read for the 
second time. 

Exhibitions. 

VARIETIES OF British LeEPIDOPrERA.—Prof. PouLTON ex- 
hibited on behalf of Mr. F. C. Wooprorpr the following 
varieties from the collection of British insects in the Hope 
Department at Oxford. 

1. Chrysophanus phlaeas, L., ab. schmidti, Gerh., Burnt 
Woods, Market Drayton, N. Staffs.: Sept. 8, 1917. F. C. 
Woodforde. 

2. A variety of the same species with the coppery area of 
the fore-wing replaced by a smoky ochreous. The same 
locality: Aug. 5, 1918. H. F. Onions. 

3. The var. eleus, F., of the same species, Milford, Surrey : 
July 29, 1908. From the collection of the late Lt. R. J. 
Champion. 

4, Cyaniris argiolus, L., var. with radiate spots on the 
hind-wing underside, the fore-wing spotless. Near Ashurst 
Lodge, New Forest: May 8, 1915. F. C. W. 

This variety approaches the ab. subtus-radiata, Oberth., 
taken at Rennes and figured by M. Charles Oberthiir (Iitudes 
d’Entomologie, XX, Pl. iii, fig. 24). The figure, however, 
shows on the fore-wing under surface the existence of large 
spots of which the one next the costa is considerably elon- 
gated. The spots on the hind-wing are exactly similar to 
those of the exhibited specimen. M. Oberthiir remarks : 
“ Crest léchantillon le plus characterisé que nous connaissions 
pour le développement de ses points noirs en dessous.”’ 

5. Catocala nupta, L., var. with the red of the hind-wings 
replaced by a dark maroon colour. Taken at light, Guild- 
ford: Sept. 2, 1907. From Coll. R. J. Champion. 

THE STRATIOMYID FLY BERIS VALLATA CAPTURED WITH ITS 
TENTHREDINID MODELS.—Prof. Poutron exhibited a series of 
6 examples of Beris vallata, Forst., captured with the follow- 
ing Tenthredinidae—2 2 Dolerus aericeps, Th., 1 3 Selandria 
serva, F., 4 3 Athalia lineolata, Lep., by Mr. A. H. Hamm, 
on July 13, 1907. All 13 insects were taken from flowers, 


XXXill 


chiefly Umbelliferae, growing over a small area of Hogley 
Bog, Cowley, near Oxford. The first-named sawfly was far 
less perfect as a model than the other two, the last-named 
being the most perfect. 

EnTomoLocicaL-MrrrorotocicaL Recorps.—MaJor H. C. 
Gunton exhibited a diagram referring to Macrolepidoptera 
of the 1919 season in order to suggest a graphical method of 
recording observations of the appearance and habits of insects 
in relation to weather conditions. 

On a sheet of squared tracing cloth (each square having 
sides one-tenth of an inch) the names of the species of insects 
are tabulated vertically on the left-hand side in the order 
in which they appeared on the wing, while along the top and 
bottom the dates are written, so that there is one horizontal 
row of squares for each species and one vertical row for each 
date. By means of different symbols representing sallow, 
sugar, ivy, light, “settled”? and “in flight,” the circum- 
stances in which each observation is made are recorded in 
the appropriate square. 

The lower portion of the same sheet is devoted to par- 
ticulars of the weather for each day, plotted to convenient 
scales and including rainfall, humidity, barometer, maximum 
and minimum temperature, direction and strength of wind, 
and general character of weather, using the same conventions 
as those employed by the Meteorological Office. The quarters 
of the moon are also indicated. 

It is claimed that systematic records plotted in this manner 
have the following advantages :— 

(1) The species on the wing throughout the year, the order 
of appearance and the rate at which they successively appear, 
the length of existence in the perfect state, and the occurrence 
of two or more broods in certain cases can be seen at a glance. 

(2) The simultaneous appearance on the wing of different 
species of butterfly occurring at the same time in any locality 
is largely a matter of a reasonably warm day and sunshine, 
but in the cases of the moths there is a much more subtle 
combination of conditions which occasionally produces extra- 
ordinary results. The diagram facilitates the study of these 


conditions; for example, it recorded in the most compact 
PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., I, 11, 1920. c 


XXX1V 


manner that on the 6th April the greatest number of species 
were observed at sallow, the minimum temperature being 
45° F., or 6° F. above the mean, the weather overcast and 
quiet, the humidity 70 per cent., and the moon, in the first 
quarter, setting early. 

(3) The comparison of diagrams corresponding to different 
years should also facilitate the study of the effect of weather 
on the appearance of species, having regard to their occur- 
rence during the winter in the egg, larva, pupa or perfect 
state. 

(4) Apart from the effect of the weather on time of appear- 
ance, there is room for further investigation as to its effects, 
direct and indirect, on the abundance or scarcity of a species. 
When one considers the very great differences between the 
simultaneous states of different species, that, as regards 
weather, one insect’s meat is another's poison, and that any 
one species may have encountered favourable conditions 
during one stage but unfavourable during another, it seems 
clear that the subject is so complex that it can only be 
analysed and the results expounded by the comparison of — 
systematic records. 

(5) Another interesting line of investigation suggested by 
such diagrams is the effect which a sudden setting in of un- 
favourable weather, in the middle of the period of emergence, 
will have on the propagation of a species, having regard to 
the fact that the males usually emerge a few days before the 
females. 

(6) There are still some problems to be solved bearing on 
immigration. Here, again, simultaneous records in different 
localities might throw further light on this subject by indi- 
cating the weather conditions, the points of arrival, and the 
general directions in which the immigrants spread themselves 
over the country. 

A copy of the Diagram can be seen at the Society’s Library. 

Birps AND. BuTTerFLies.—Dr. G. D. H. CarPentTEr said 
that since many naturalists believe that birds do not eat 
butterflies no case of such an occurrence should be left un- 
recorded; on Feb. 15th of this year about mid-day he saw a 
male Brimstone Butterfly fly through the garden at Oxford. 


XXKV 


and three sparrows that were on the ground leapt into the 
air and, fluttering clumsily, attempted to catch it; the 
butterfly easily evaded the birds. 

LIFE-HISTORIES OF soME CoLEopTERA——Mr. H. Main ex- 
hibited Lantern Slides illustrating the life-history of the 
Beetles Copris lunaris, Onthophagus vacca, and Necrophorus 
humator. 

Papers. 

The following papers were read :— 

“A contribution to our knowledge of the Life-history of 
the Stick Insect, Carausius morosus, Br.,’ by GEorcE TaLzor, 
¥.E.S. 

‘A Record of Insect Migration in Tropical America,” by 
C. B. Witutams, M.A., F.E.S. 

“ The Geographical Factor in Mimicry,” by F. A. Drxey, 
M.A.,; M.D., F.B.S., etc. 


Wednesday, April 7th, 1920, 
Mr. W. G. Suetpon, F.Z.8., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Death of a Fellow. 
The death was announced of the Rev. Strernmn HENRY 
GorHAM, the oldest Fellow of the Society, who joined it as far 
back as 1855. 


Election of Fellows. 


Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, Indian Forest Service, Forest Recorder 
Institute, Dehra Dun, U.P., India; Capt. Busnexy, Imperial 
Bureau of Entomology, Natural History Museum, S. Kensing- 
ton, 8.W. 7; Major H. C. Gunton, M.B.E., Hobart, Gerrard’s 
Cross, Bucks; Messrs. OwEN Hutu-Watters, M.A., Knoll 
Cottage, Ufford, Woodbridge, Suffolk; Percy I. Laruy, 
Curator to Mme. Horrack-Fournier, 90, Boulevard Malesherbes, 
and 70, Boulevard August-Blanqui, Paris; and Prof. BenEpICTo 
Raymunvo, Director of the Museum of the Agricultural 
Society} ofg Rio di Janeiro, 76, rua Senador Alencar, Rio di 
Janeiro, Brazil,,were elected Fellows of the Society. 


XXXV1 


Exhibitions. 


Rare British Beette.—Mr. BepwE.t exhibited a specimen 
of the beetle Otiorrhynchus ligustici, L., taken near Ventnor, 
‘one of the rarest of the British weevils, of which there has been 
no recent record. 

FLUORESCENCE IN LEPIDOPTERA.—Drs. J. C. Morrram, 
F.Z.S., and E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., gave a demon- 
stration of fluorescence in Lepidoptera by ultra-violet radia- 
tion, of which they have submitted the following account. 
The demonstration has only recently become. possible as a 
result of an invention of Prof. Wood of Baltimore University. 
Prof. Wood has produced a glass which, whilst allowing 
ultra-violet radiation to pass, is opaque to light. It is trans- 
parent to radiation of wave-lengths lying between 3900 and 
3100 A.V. It also allows a narrow band of red light to pass; 
this can, however, be avoided by using a.quartz mercury 
vapour lamp, which is deficient in this hght. Used in this way 
a beam of invisible ultra-violet radiation is obtained. A similar 
glass is now being made in this country by Messrs. Chance Bros. 

This radiation is especially useful for the examination of 
objects for fluorescence, so much so that a great many objects 
not hitherto known to be fluorescent were found to be so. 
It would seem to be a delicate test because a great contrast 
is produced between non-fluorescent objects, which appear 
black no matter what their local coloration, and fluorescent 
objects which glow more or less brightly. 

In view of the interest which physicists have taken in the 
brilliant coloration of many birds and insects in an endeavour 
to explain them on a physical basis,* it occurred to us that an 
examination in ultra-violet radiation would go far to decide 
whether or no fluorescence played any part in these brilhant 
colours. The first insects examined were various Lycaenidae and 
other irridescent species, chiefly on account of the paper by Sims, 
suggesting that their colour is due to a fluorescent pigment. 

We chose a number of representative British and Tropical 
Lycaenidae, including Agriades coridon and A. thetis, and a 
Morpho, as examples of irridescent blues. Purples and 


* Lord Rayleigh, Philos. Mag., 6th Series, No. 217. 
+ H. M. Sims, Canadian Entomologist, 1915, p. 161. 


XXXVI 


purplish blues were represented by Apatura alia, Terinos poros, 
Isamia superba, Elymnias casiphone and the Castniid moth 
Cyclosia ampliatum, copper by Chrysophanus rutilus, Rumicia 
phlaeas and a male Zegris chrysomallus, and blue-green and 
ereen by Papilio blumet, P. milon, P. philenor, Zygaena 
filipendulae, Ino statices and others. We also examined 
some Pyrales, which showed a mother-of-pearl irridescence, the 
pearly underside of Agraulis venulia, and the metallic Plusia 
festucae, P. chrysitis, P. moneta and Spatalia plusiotis. None 
of these showed any fluorescence. Later on we examined most 
of the British moths and a large number of Tropical butterflies 
and moths belonging to widely different groups, but only a 
very small proportion proved to be fluorescent. The glistening 
yellow hind-wings of Troides (Ornithoptera) helena and T. 
darsius, Gray, were very fluorescent, as were the yellow markings 
of T. haliphron and T. hypolitus. The duller yellow of the 
females was less fluorescent than that of the males. The yellow 
on the abdomen of the males of 7. alexandrae, T. poseidon, 
T. urvilleana, Guér., and TJ’. croesus, Wall., and the thin yellow 
areas on the hind-wings of the last-named species were fluores- 
cent, but the other brightly coloured portions were non- 
fluorescent. 

The following is a list of other fluorescent species. 

Geometridae.—Opisthograptis luteolata, Dup., O. tridentifera, 
Moore, Scoria lineata, Scop. (dealbata, L.), Aspilates gilvaria, F., 
Ventlia himalayica, Koll., Corymica specularia, Moore (very 
slight fluorescence), Euctenurapteryx maculicaudaria, Motsch., 
Ourapteryx sambucaria, L., O. ebuleata, Guen., O. pluristrigata, 
Warr., O. clara, Butl., O. persica, Mén., O. nivea, Butl., O. 
sciticaudaria, Walk., O. picticaudaria, Walk., O. primularis, 
Butl., Enurapteryx nigrociliaria, Leech, Myrteta ocernaria, 
Swnh., Orthocabera sericea, Butl., Sirinopterya rufivinciata, 
Walk., Vindusara metachromata, Walk. 

Uraniidae—Urania rhiphaevs, Drury (white fringes and 
tails fluorescent), Epiplema himala, Butler. 

Hepialidae.—Hepialus humulr, L. (male). 

Arctiadae—Hylophila bicolorana, Fuesl. (white hind-wings), 
Halias prasinana (white hind-wings of female), H. sylpha 
(white hind-wings of female). 


XXXVIil 


Lycaenidae.—Curetis acuta, Cyaniris argiolus, Li. (undersides 
slightly fluorescent). 

The most brilliant are Huctenurapteryx, Ourapteryx and 
Sirinopteryz. The closely allied Thinopteryx does not fluoresce. 
Aspilates strigillaria, Hb., is non-fluorescent, though A. gilvaria 
is one of the brightest in ultra-violet radiation. 

Abraxas, which is closely allied to Vindusara in structure 
and resembles it in colour and markings, shows no fluorescence, 
nor does the white Uraniid Micronia aculeata, Guen. It will 
be interesting to examine genera allied to those which we have 
found to be fluorescent. In the case of the Geometridae 
Mr. Prout has promised to help us. All the species, which 
we have discovered to be fluorescent so far are whitish or 
yellow, but whether it is due to the same pigment in the 
different groups we are unable to state. 

By carefully denuding an area of wing of its scales on both 
the upper and under sides we found that the membrane is not 
fluorescent. 

The scales of T. helena after most of the pigment has been 
dissolved out still show their strong longitudinal and less- 
marked transverse striae. 

The table on p. xxxix shows the effect of a few chemical 
reagents, but it must be pointed out that acetic acid gives a 
colourless solution slightly fluorescent in ultra-violet radiation 
in the case of non-fluorescent species such as Diaphora mendica 
and Abraxas ulmata. 

The discovery raises the question of whether the fluorescence 
is of any value to the insects. It is generally accepted that the 
male of Hepialus humuli is coloured white in order to attract 
the female during his hovering flight at dusk. The fact that 
the white is fluorescent probably aids the female, which is 
non-fluorescent, in her search. It is interesting that the 
white males from the Shetlands are much less fluorescent than 
English ones, those with red markings on a white ground only 
very slightly fluorescent, and those coloured like females are 
non-fluorescent. It is so light when the males fly in the 
Shetlands, that the white coloration and fluorescence are not 
of much use. 

In the case of the Geometers both sexes are equally fluores- 


XXX1X 


cent. All are light-coloured and therefore conspicuous on the 
wing at dusk, and their fluorescence must add to their 
visibility. 

The Ornithoptera fly high up in the full sunlight, but their 
pattern is obviously designed to attract notice, and the 
peculiarly bright and glistening appearance of the yellow 
part of their wings, which is unlike the yellow of any other 


butterflies, may be due to the fact that they are fluorescent. 


Troides Troides | Opisthograptis Ourapteryx 
helena. darsius , luteolata. sambucaria. 
Potassium | Readily soluble | Readily soluble | Readily soluble 
hydrate in cold. | in cold. | in cold. 
10%. Dark orange | Dark orange | Dark orange 
solution  fluo- solution fluo- | solution  fluo- 
| rescentin ultra- rescentinultra-| rescentin ultra- 
| violet radiation. violet radiat ion. violet radiation. 
Glacial | Soluble with | Readily soluble | Readily soluble | Readily soluble | 
acetic difficulty on} on heating. in cold. | in cold. 
acid. heating. | 
Pale yellowsolu- | Bright yellow | Bright yellow | Pale yellow solu- | 
| tion. Slight solution with | solution with | tion. No fluo- | 
| green fluores- | green fluores- marked green | rescencein day- | 
| cence by day- cence in day- | fluorescence by light. Well- | 
light. Well- | light. Well- | daylightandin | marked pale | 
marked green | marked green | ultra-violet bluish fluores- | 
fluorescence in | fluorescence in | radiation. cence in ultra- | 
ultra-violet ultra-violet violet radiation. | 
radiation. radiation, | | 
| Ethyl and | Insoluble. | Slightly soluble. | Slightly soluble. 
| methyl | Pale yellow solu- | Pale yellow solu- 
| alcohol. tion fluorescent | tion fluorescent 
| | ein! ultra-violet | in ultra-violet 
| | radiation. radiation. 
Chloroform, 
ether, | 
xylol, | Insoluble. Insoluble. Insoluble. 
petrol, | 
benzine. | 


If solution in glacial acetic acid is evaporated to dryness, water gives a deep yellow 
non-tluorescent solution, ethyl alcohol a pale yellow very fluorescent one in the case 
of 0. luteolata. 


Epping Forest. 


The SecreTary read a letter from the Essex Field Club 
protesting against a Parliamentary Bill for the permanent 
alienation of parts of Wanstead Flats and Epping Forest for 
allotments, and on his motion, seconded by Lord RoruscHILp, 
it was unanimously resolved to send a letter in similar terms 
to the Prime Minister, and others who might be interested in 
supporting the protest. 


xl 


Wednesday, May 5th, 1920. 
; Special Meeting. 


Comm. J. J. WaLker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in 
the Chair. 

The Requisition of the Special Meeting signed by the Presi- 
dent and six other members of the Council, was read from the 
Chair. 

Mr. BeTHUNE-BAKER proposed that the suggested altera- 
tions in the Bye-laws be received—seconded by Lord Rortus- 
CHILD and carried. The suggested alterations were then put 
separately before the meeting from the Chair. 


Cuap. II. Constitution. 


The Society shall consist of Honorary and Ordinary Fellows. 


Proposal.—After the word * Honorary”’ insert the words 
* Special Life.” 


Carried on the motion of Mr. BaGNnatt, seconded by Mr. 8. 
EDWARDS. 


Cuap. Ill. MWanagement. 


_... No Fellow shall be eligible as an ordinary Member of 
the Council until he shall have been a Fellow for three con- 
secutive years, nor shall he serve for more than three years 
successively. 


Proposal.—Seventh line, after the words * nor shall ”’ insert 
in place of the word “he” “any Fellow, including Vice- 
Presidents and Co-opted Members.” 


This addition, which was in accordance with a standing 
order of the Council, was rendered necessary by the ques- 
tion being raised whether Vice-Presidents were “* ordinary ”’ 
members and whether the portion of a year served by a 
Co-opted Member should count in his three years. The 
proposal was carried on the motion of Mr. H. J. TURNER, 
seconded by the Rev. F. D. Morice. 


xli 


CHap. X. Librarian. 


2. The Council may employ a Sub-Librarian, 


Proposal.—Section 2, First Line, after the word “ Sub- 
Librarian ”’ insert “ or other Official.” 


After the end of Section 2 add: 

Section 3. The Sub-Librarian or other Official shall, under 
the authority of the Council, be responsible for the safe keeping 
of the property of the Society. 

It was explained that on removal to other premises the 
work of the Resident Official would be by no means confined 
to the Library, and that the title Sub-Librarian would no 
Jonger be applicable. The first alteration was carried on the 
motion of Mr. H. J. TurNER, seconded by Dr. Cockayng, the 
second on that of Mr. Durrant, seconded by Dr. CamERon. 


Cuap. XI. Library Regulations. 


Proposal.—Before present Sections add a new Section : 


Section 1. Any Fellow shall be allowed the loan of Books 
from the Library, under such regulations, and with such 
exceptions and restrictions, as the Council shall from time to 
time determine. 

Carried after some discussion, on the motion of Mr. BetHunE- 
Baker, seconded by Lord Rotuscui.p. 


Proposal.—After Chap. XI. add new Chapter headed, 
Election of Council, transferring thereto Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7> 
8, 9 and 10 of Present Chapter XX. 

Carried without discussion on the motion of Mr. BETHUNE- 
Baker, seconded by Mr. 8. Epwarps. 


Cap. XII. Election of Fellows. 
4. Fellows shall sign the Obligation Book of the Society 


at the first Ordinary Meeting of the Society at which they 
are present, and shall then be admitted by the President. 


Proposal.—Section 4. Delete the words ** by the President ” 


and add “in manner and form following ; The President 


xl 


taking him by the hand shall say: A.B. in the name and by 
the authority of the Entomological Society of London, I 
hereby admit you a Fellow thereof.” 


Add two new Sections : 

5. Every Fellow shall on election have immediate notice 
conveyed to him by the Secretary of his election, accompanied 
by a copy of the Charter and Bye-laws. 

6. Every Fellow on election shall sign an obligation for 
the regular payment of his Annual Contribution, so long as he 
shall continue a Fellow, and if any Fellow shall not sign such 
obligation within six months after his election, the said 
election shall become void. 

The addition to Section 4, which crystallises the invariable 
custom of the Society, was carried without comment on the 
motion of Mr. Durrant, seconded by Mr. Liuoyp. 

The new Section 5 was also passed without comment on the 
motion of Mr. E. EK. GREEN, seconded by Lieut. AsHBy. 

Mr. P. A. Buxton pointed out that a hardship might be 
inflicted in some cases by the new Section 6; there was for 
instance at present a newly elected Fellow in Tiflis without 
any means of postal communication, and Mr. Kaye proposed 
and Mr. Buxton seconded an amendment to add the words 
“at the discretion of the Council.” The TREASURER pointed 
out that this would involve a reference to the Council on each 
separate occasion, and Mr. TonGE suggested altering the last 
three words to “‘may be cancelled’’; Lord RoruscHitp 
suggested adding the words ‘*‘ unless the Council shall other- 
wise decide,’ and Mr. Kaye then withdrew his amendment 
and seconded Lord Rotuscuitp’s which was carried. The 
new section as amended was carried on the motion of Mr. 
BretTHuneE-Baker, seconded by Dr. Ganan. 


CHap. XIII. Admission Fee and Annual Contribution. 


1. The Admission Fee shall be £2 2s., the Annual Contri- 
bution £1 Is. 

2. Fellows permanently resident out of the United Kingdom 
shall pay the Annual Contribution, but shall be exempt from 
payment of any Admission Fee. 


xlili 

3. The composition for Life Fellowship, in lieu of the Annual 
Contribution, shall be £15 15s. 

4. The Annual Contribution shall become due on the Ist 
day of January in advance; any Fellow elected after September 
will not be called upon for his Contribution for that year, 
unless he desires to receive’ the Transactions of the Society for 
the year in which he is elected. 


Proposal.—Delete present Chapter and substitute : 


Section 1. Every Fellow upon his election shall pay the 
sum of Three Guineas for his Admission Fee, and if any Fellow 
shall fail to pay such sum within six months after his election 
the said election shall become void. 

Section 2. Every Fellow shall upon his election pay the 
first Annual Contribution of Two Guineas, and if any Fellow 
shall fail to pay such sum within six months after his election 
the said election shall become void. He shall pay the like 
sum annually in advance on the Ist day of January in each 
year, provided however that any Fellow elected after Sep- 
tember in each year will not be called upon to pay his Contri- 
bution unless he desires to receive the Transactions for the 
year in which he is elected. 

Section 3. Every Fellow elected before January Ist, 1921, 
shall pay the Annual Contribution of Two Guineas unless he 
does not desire to receive the Publications of the Society, in 
which case his Annual Contribution shall be One Guinea per 
annum. 

The TREASURER having explained the financial necessity 
for these alterations, Mr. Kayr proposed as an amendment 
that the words “ unless the Council shall otherwise decide ”’ 
should be added after the word “‘ void”’ in Section 1; seconded 
by Mr. H. J. Turner and carried. The section as amended 
was then carried on the motion of Mr. Durrant, seconded by 
the TREASURER. 

Lord Roruscu1Lp proposed as an amendment in Section 2 
that the same words be added after the word “ void.” This 
was seconded by Mr. Durrant and carried, and the amended 
section was passed on the motion of Mr. BetHunE-Baker, 
seconded by Lieut. AsHBy. 


xliv 


Section 3 gave rise to several questions and considerable 
discussion. Mr. DonistHorPeE raised the question whether it 
would be legally possible to raise the subscription of Fellows 
already elected, and the TREASURER replied that legal opinion 
had been taken, and that it was permissible, the Charter 
giving power to the Society to alter any bye-laws. Mr. Luoyp 
pointed out that the wording of the section might be held to 
include those who had already paid a life composition. It 
was explained that their position was unassailable, but 
eventually it was proposed by Mr. Liuoyp, seconded by Mr. 
Simes, and carried, that the words ‘‘ Except in the case of 
those who have already compounded ” be added at the be- 
ginning of the section. A long discussion took place as to 
the position of those who continued to pay a guinea sub- 
scription, and Mr. Marin proposed and Mr. TurnER seconded 
an amendment that the word “‘ Transactions” be substituted 
for “‘ Publications.”’ This was carried by 24 votes to 20, 
and the section with both amendments was then carried on 
the motion of Mr. Bernune-Baxker, seconded by Mr. 8. 
EDWARDS. 

[The general effect of the new Bye-law will be that all 
Fellows, wherever residing, elected after January 1921 will 
pay an entrance-fee of three guineas, that life compositions 
(apart from those already effected) are abolished, and that the 
usual subscription for all Fellows will be two guineas, but that 
Fellows elected before January 1921 have the option of con- 
tinuing to pay one guinea, receiving only the Proceedings and 
not the Transactions of the Society. ] 


Cuap. XIV. Withdrawal and Removal of Fellows. 


3. In the month of November in each year the Council 
shall cause to be suspended in the Library of the Society a 
list of the Fellows who owe more than two Annual Contri- 
butions. If the Contribution due from any Fellow named in the 
said list shall not have been paid within three months after 
the first suspension of the list, the Council may remove such 
Fellow from the Society, but notwithstanding such removal 
any Fellow so removed shall continue liable to pay, and may 
be sued for the recovery of any money due from him to the 


xlv 


Society. The Council may remit wholly, or in part, the 
Entrance Fee payable by any former Fellow rejoining the 
Society. 


Proposal.—Delete, in Section 3, the words “ In the month 
of November,” and substitute for them the words *“‘ On the 
first day of September.” 


Section 3, line 10, after the word ‘ Society,” insert “ The 
Council may cause the name of any Fellow removed under 
this Section, with the reason for his removal, to be printed in 
the Proceedings of the year in which they are removed.” 

Section 3, delete the words in the 11th and 12th lines, 
“Entrance Fee payable by any former Fellow rejoining the 
Society ” and add ‘* The Contributions due from any Fellow.” 

The first and third alterations were passed without dis- 
cussion, the former on the motion of Mr. Luoyp, seconded by 
Dr. MarsHatL, and the latter on that of Mr. WHEELER with 
the same seconder. An amusing discussion took place on the 
grammatical aspect of the second suggested alteration, which 
was eventually adopted on the motion of Mr. TurNER, seconded 
by Lieut. AsHBy, with the substitution of the words “ he is” 
for “‘ they are’ in the last line. 


Cuap. XV. Privileges of Fellows. 


3. A Fellow shall not be entitled to vote on any occasion 
until he shall have paid his Contribution for the year last 
past. 


Proposal.—Delete present Section 3 and substitute the 
following : 


Section 3, No person shall have his name printed in the 
Annual List of Fellows of the Society, until such person shall 
have paid the Admission Fees and signed the obligation 
for the payment of Annual Contributions, and no such person 
shall have liberty to vote at any Election or Meeting of the 
Society before he shall have been admitted as directed in 
Chapter XII, Section 4. 

Adopted on the motion of Dr. E:tr1neHam, seconded by 
Mr. Durrant. 


xlvi 


Proposal.—After Cuap. XVII. 


Add a new Chapter headed Benefactions. 

Section 1. In the printed Proceedings of the Society an 
annual record shall be kept of all donations, so far as known, 
that have at any time been made to the Society, of the value 
of £20 and upwards. 

Section 2. In every volume presented to and accepted by the 
Society, a notice shall be inserted, and when necessary be 
renewed, containing the name of the donor and the date of 
the gift. 

Adopted on the motion of Dr. NEave, seconded by Mr. 
DURRANT. 


Cuap. XIX. Special Meeting. 


1. Upon the requisition of stx or more Fellows, presented 
to the President and Council, a Special General Meeting of 
the Society shall be convened ; 


Proposal.—Section 1. Add before the words “upon the 
requisition ’’ the words ** By resolution of the Council or.” 


Adopted on the motion of Mr. Durrant, seconded by Lord 
RoTHSscHILD. 


Cuap. XX. Annual Meeting. 


1. The Annual Meeting of the Society shall be held on the 
third Wednesday in January. 

2. The objects of the Meeting shall be to receive from the 
Council, and hear read, their Annual Report on the general 
concerns of the Society; and to elect the Council and Officers 
for the ensuing year. 


Proposal.—After Section 1, insert new Section 2 as follows : 


** Notice of the Annual Meeting shall be sent to every Fellow 
whose last known residence shall be in the United Kingdom, 
at least seven days before such Meeting shall take place.” 

To present Section 2, after the word “Society” in the 
3rd line, add the words : 


xlvil 


To receive from the Treasurer, and hear read, his report, 
and the Statement of the Society's financial affairs. 

The first proposal was adopted on the motion of Dr. GAHAN, 
seconded by Mr. DonistHoRPE, the second on that of Lieut. 
ASHBY, seconded by Mr. Kaye. 


The Rev. G. WHEELER said that the alterations in the Bye- 
laws would necessitate changes in the numbers of several 
Chapters and sections, and asked (in case it should be thought 
necessary) for authorisation to make such changes, which was 
accorded. 

The TREASURER said there was still one amendment needed, 
as on removal to other premises it would be necessary for 
the Society to avail itself of the Statute relieving Literary 
and Scientific Societies from rates and taxes; one of the two 
necessary conditions was provided for in the present Chapter 
XXIII, but it was not definitely stated in the Bye-laws that 
the Society was exclusively a Scientific one; he therefore 
thought it would be well that the 1st Chapter should read :— 


Cuap. I. Object. 

Tur EnTomotoaicaL Society or Lonpon is a Scientific 
Society instituted for the improvement and diffusion of 
Entomological Science exclusively. ; 

It was proposed by Mr. BetHuNE-BakeER, seconded by Dr. 
CAMERON, and carried that this alteration be adopted. 

Lord Roruscuitp then proposed and Mr. Lioyp seconded 
a motion that the Bye-laws as now amended be adopted, 
which was carried. 


Ordinary Meeting. 
Election of Fellows. 


Mons. F. up Crrr, Curator of the Lepidoptera in the Paris 
Museum, 13, rue Guy de la Brosse, Paris; Miss ALice ELLEN 
Prout, Lane End, Hambledon, Surrey; and Messrs. W. H. 
Tams, 8, Whitla Road, Manor Park, E. 12, and Atrrep E. 
Tonee, Ashville, Trafford Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, were 
elected Fellows of the Society. 


xlviil 


Exhibitions. 

ZYGAENAS OF THE TRANSALPINA GROUP.—Lord ROTHSCHILD * 
exhibited a long series of Zygaenas of the transalpina group 
together with a series of Z. ephialtes showing parallel variation, 
and Mr. BrrauNnE-BakeEr in illustration exhibited with the 
epidiascope a number of slides showing the differences in the 
genital armature of the various species. 

The exhibitors contributed the following ‘“ Preliminary 
notes towards a revision of the transalpina group of the 
genus Zygaena.” 

In February last the junior author [Lord Rothschild] under- 
took to exhibit a series of forms of Z. transalpina, Esp.,and a 
series of Z.ephialtes, L.,to illustrate the curious parallel variation, 
However, on going into the question it was found that there 
were several species mixed up under the name of transalpina. 
We therefore thought it advisable, at the same time as the 
exhibit was made, to give a preliminary account of the several 
species, and at least :point out their specific distinctions. 
The various species, races and aberrations hitherto referred 
to transalpina, Esp., have been reviewed most exhaustively 
by Monsieur Oberthiir, Count Turati, Dr. Verity, Herr 
Dziurzynski and Signor Rocci, but we have failed to find 
anything upon the genital armature. We therefore thought 
it advisable to show on the screen a series of slides of the 
genitalia of the various insects hitherto united under trans- 
alpina, and also a few other species for comparison. 

As Esper described his transalpina from Italy it is advisable 
to take the Italian forms first. Contrary to the opinion of 
Count Turati.and Dr. Verity, the genital armature shows that 
we have two distinct species, confused under transalpina, 
inhabiting Italy. The one is a larger, more robust species, 
while the other is more slender and smaller; in many parts 
of Italy these occur together. 

Esper deseribed his transalpina from Verona, and of the 
series exhibited the four from Florence agree most closely 
with his description and figure. The larger, more robust 
species raised some difficult questions as to nomenclature. 
The two oldest names given to a form of this species are 


xlix 


boisduvalii and xanthographa. Almost unanimously ento- 
mologists have quoted Costa as the author of the name 
boisduvalii, which would have made this the correct name 
for the species by the law of priority. On looking this up, 
however, we found that no such name was given by Costa, 
who, in his “ Fauna del Regno di Napoli,” vol. v, p. 14, 
describes a black and yellow Zygaena under the heading 
of ‘“‘ No. 11, Z. della stecade, Z. stoechadis, var. n.’? The 
name boisduvalia was first given to Costa’s description by 
Heydenreich in his “ Lepidopterorum Europaeorum Catalogus 
Methodicus Systematisches Verzeichniss der Europaeischen 
Schmetterlinge,” 1843, and therefore must stand as boisdwvalii, 
Heydenr., Nor Costa as it is always quoted. 

Dziurzynski in 1908 gives boisduvalii as the form with five 
spots, while xanthographais given as having six spots. Germar 
in his description of xanthographa distinctly states that it has 
five spots, therefore as xanthographa Germar dates from 
1837-88, while boisduvalii, Heydenr., dates from 1843, 
boisduvalii is a pure synonym of xanthographa. 

So far as we have studied these insects, we can record five 
subspecies of xanthographa, viz. xanthographa xanthographa, 
Germ.; xanthographa maritima, Oberth.;  xanthographa 
pseudomaritima, Turati; xanthographa transiens, Rocci, and 
a new form from Moulinet, Switzerland, xanthographa 
helvetica, subsp. nov., which I here diagnose. 

Zygaena xanthographa helvetica, subsp. nov., differs from 
x. maritima in the much smaller red spots on the fore-wing 
and dark blue ground-colour, narrower black border to hind- 
wing, and large size. 

Habitat, Moulinet, Switzerland. 

Of transalpina, Esp., so far we can with certainty distinguish 
two subspecies: transalpina transalpina, Esp., and transalpina 
altitudinaria, Turati, and most likely a third can be recognised 
as transalpina latina, Vrty. 

Whether when we have concluded our final study of this 
group it will be possible to separate further local races of 
canthographa and transalpina, or if the enormous mass of 
further names given to these two species by Count Turati, Dr. 
Verity, Signor Rocci, and M. Oberthiir only represent indi- 

PROC. ENT. SOC, LOND., III, Iv, Vv, 1920. D 


vidual aberrations cannot at present be decided. North of 
the Italian peninsula are certainly found three species, and 
probably the Pyrenaean and Basses Alpes form, hitherto 
united with alpina, will prove to be a fourth. 

Zygaena alpina, Berce, is confined to the Alps proper, Savoy 
and the Pyrenees (if the latter proves distinct, alpina would 
be restricted to the Alps and Savoy). 

Zygaena astragali, Bkh. = hippocrepedis, Hbn., is the 
Central European species of the transalpina group and is 
found in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Holland, etc. Bork- 
hausen’s name dates from 1793, and so has twelve years 
priority over Hiibner’s of 1805. 

Zygaena centralis, Oberth., is the name that must stand 
for the French species, which so far can be divided into three 
subspecies as follows: centralis centralis, Oberth.; centralis 
occidentalis, Oberth.; and centralis provincialis, Oberth. We 
have too little material from Central Europe to find out 
whether there are more subspecies than one treated of under 
astragali, but there is little doubt that there are several. 

We hope later to publish a complete revision of this group 
of Zygaenae founded on the characters of the genitalia, but 
we thought these notes ought to be made public as soon as 
possible. 

Appended are the senior author’s notes on the genitalia. 

Zygaena taurica, Dz., is a distinct species and not a race of 
any of the preceding ones. 


Notes on the Genital Armature. 


In the genitalia of the Zygaenidae the form of the tegumen 
and the armature of the aedoeagus are perhaps the most 
important characters, they are certainly the characters where 
the differences are most easily seen; there are, however, 
minor distinctions in the harpagines or clasps, but as these 
organs are generally large and broad the difference in shape 
is not so readily seen. 

Z. filipendulae, L., Pl. A, fig. 1, has the tegumen extended 
into two long narrow digitate sclerites, the armature of the 
aedoeagus is mostly confined to the upper part of the sheath, 
and consists of a row of long, strong, tusk-like dentitions, with 


hi 


a close-set smaller series of dentate projections becoming mere 
shagreening in the rear; the harpagines are very large. 

Z. filipendulae manni, H.-S. Pl. A, fig. 2. The genitalia 
of this high alpine race show at once its very close relationship 
to Linné’s species, the organs are not quite so large, but are 
otherwise similar. 

Z. stoechadis, Bkh. Pl. A, fig. 3. These organs also prove 
its near relationship to filipendulae ; the harpagines are, 
however, smaller and the armature less formidable, whilst the 
armature is more extensive on the lower margin of the sheath. 

Z. ephialtes, L., Pl. A, fig. 4 (ab peucedani, Esp., examd.), 
has the tegumen barely half the length of filipendulae ; the 
bifureate sclerites are also much broader; the armature has 
long fine teeth and is closely beset with smaller dentition; 
the harpagines are also different in shape. 

Z. lonacerae, Sch. Pl. B, fig. 5. The tegumen is shortly 
bifurcate; the armature has the dentition shortish, but the 
close-set area is very extensive; the harpagines are large and 
broadly oval. 

Z. trifolii, Esp., Pl. B, fig. 6, has quite different harpagines ; 
the armature has long, strong teeth, and is decidedly less 
extensive. 

Z. angelicae,O. PI. B, fig. 7. Thisis quite a distinct species 
from any of the preceding ones, and is allied to the transalpina 
group; the tegumen is bifurcate with irregular broad sclerites ; 
the armature extensive, with very large tusk-like teeth on 
both upper and lower portions, whilst the clasps are narrower. 

Z. centralis, Oberth., Pl. B, fig. 8, is allied to angelicae ; 
the bifurcate tegumen is longer and slightly humped; the 
armature with smaller dentition, and the harpagines different 
in shape, being squarer. 

Z. astragali, Bkh., Pl. C, fig. 9, is a very close ally of cen- 
tralis and angelicae; the tegumen is different, with a marked 
hump, it is broad and lobe-shaped; the armature is similar, 
with largish teeth; whilst the clasps are larger and oval. 

Z. alpina, Berce, Pl. C, fig. 10, has the tegumen with 
longer bifurcation, and the shape of the digitate sclerites 
differs; the armature is extensive, with two rows of strong 
teeth; the clasps are broad, hairy and different in shape. 


li 


Z. xanthographa, Germ., P|, C, fig. 11 (~. maritima examd.), 
is not the same species, I believe, as alpina; the bifurcate 
tegumen has the sclerites decidedly broader and bolder; the 
armature is very similar, but the harpagines decidedly narrow 
and different in shape. 

Z. transiens, Rocci, Pl. C, fig. 12, D, 13 is evidently a 
form of xanthographa, with its narrow harpagines and longer 
bifurcation of the tegumen. 

Z. transalpina, Ksp., Pl. D, fig. 14, is certainly a different 
species; it has the tegumen shortly bifurcate with broad 
sclerites; the armature has quite small teeth with peculiar 
shagreening that is rather extensive; but the armature on 
the lower margin of the penis sheath is much reduced and 
finer, and the harpagines shorter and squarer. 

Z. latina, Vrty., Pl. D, figs. 15, 16, is evidently a race of 
transalpina, all the organs being similar. : 


Z. alpina and transiens on one slide, showing the differences 
mentioned. 

alpina and transalpina on one slide, showing the differences 
mentioned. 

transiens and latina, yellow form, showing the differences 
mentioned. 

Z. filipendulae, 3 and 2, in cop., showing the position of the 
various organs. 


The following specimens and slides were exhibited :— 

Zygaena transalpina, Esp., 171 specimens including the 
subspecies altitudinaria, Trti, and the named aberrations 
hexamaculata, Trti, rhodomelas, Trti, and flava, Vrty. 

Z. xanthographa, Germ., 180 specimens including the sub- 
species maritima, Obth., pseudomaritima, Trti, and helvetica, 
B.-Baker and Rothsch., and the named aberrations zickertt, 
Hofim., diffusa, Rothsch., secmaculata, Dz., sorrentina, Stdgr., 
sexmacula, Dz., calabrica, Colb., trimacula, Obth., depuncta, 
Trti, and pseudosorrentina, Trti. 

Z. taurica, Dz., 9 specimens. 

Z. centralis, Obth., 70 specimens including the subspecies 
occidentalis, Obth., and provincialis, Obth., and the named 
aberrations miltosa, Caud., and cingulata, Hirschke. 


No. 


No. 


99 


2° 


99 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


PLATE A. 


. Zygaena filipendula, from Isle of Wight (8708). 


v. manni, from Pontresina (303). 
stoechadis, from Central Italy (8704). 
peucedani, from Brussa, Asia Minor (296). 


PLATE B. 


. Zygaena lonicerae, from Macugnagua (987). 


93 


99 


99 


trifolit, from Devonshire (8701). 
angelicae, from Austria (8710). 
centralis, from Mende Causse, France (368). 


PLATE C. 


. Zygaena astragali, from Jena (370). 


2° 


99 


alpina (transalpina Auct.), from Tyrol (291). 
xanthographa maritima, from Italy (388). 
xanthographa transiens, from Italy (265). 


PLATE D. 


. Zygaena xanthographa transiens, vertical position, from 


29 


99 


99 


Italy (260). 
transalpina altitudinaria, from Italy (259). 
transalpina latina, from Italy (239). : 
iransalpina latina, vertical position, from Italy 
(235). 


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Puate A. 


Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920. 


GENITALIA OF ZYGAENIDA. 


PuaTE B. 


Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920. 


GENITALIA OF ZYGAENIDAE. 


, 


PrAanEs Ge 


Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920. 


Proc. 


GENITALIA OF ZYGAENIDAE. 


Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1920. Piate D. 


GENITALIA OF ZYGAENIDE. 


lit 

Z. astragali, Bkh., 22 specimens including the named 
aberrations flava, Kaufm., and flaveola, Kaufm. 

Z. alpina, Berce, 80 specimens. 

SLIDES or GENITALIA :—Z. filipendulae, L.; Z. filipendulae 
manni, H.-S.; Z. stoechadis, Bkh.; Z. ephialtes, L., ab 
peucedam, Esp.; Z. lonicerae, Sch.; Z. trifolui, Esp.; Z. 
angelicae, Ochs.; Z. centralis, Obth.; Z. alpina, Berce; 
Z. xanthographa maritima, Obth.; Z. zanthographa transiens, 
Rocei; Z. transalpina, Esp.; Z. transalpina latina, Vrty.; 
Z. alpina and transiens on one slide; Z. transalpina and 
alpina on one slide; Z. transiens and latina flava on one slide ; 
Z. filipendulae, 32, in copulation, to show the position of the 
various organs. 

A METHOD OF COLLECTING AND STORING INSECTS, ETC., 
FIXED TO LEAVES, WITHOUT PRESSURE.—Mr. C. B. WILLIAMS 
showed the following method :— 

A small round shallow pill-box, with or without a glass lid, 
is taken and the inner cardboard ring separated from the 
rest of the box. For collecting the lid of the box with this 
inner ring in it is placed over the specimen on the leaf and 
the rest of the box beneath. On pressing the two halves of 
the box together the leaf with the specimen on it is pressed 
to the bottom of the box, where it is protected and kept in 
position by the cardboard ring, which is pushed back into its 
original position. 

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN AvsTRALIAN INnsEcTS.—Mr. 
DEUQUET, who was present as a visitor, exhibited a number 
of Australian insects of various orders, many of which were 
still undescribed and unnamed. 


Wednesday, June 2nd, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. WaLKer, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in the 
Chair. 
Election of a Fellow. 


Engineer-Commander 8. T. Stipstow, R.N., H.M.S. Douglas, 
South Queensferry, was elected a Fellow of the Society. 


liv 


Death of a Fellow. 


The death was announced of Dr. Leonarp Doncaster, a 
distinguished Fellow of the Society. 


Exhibitions. 


A CASE OF PARTHENOGENESIS IN LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, L.— 
Lord Roruscuitp exhibited 43 specimens of Lasiocampa 
quercus, of which he gave the following account :-— 

In 1919 Dr. K. Jordan collected at Hartland Quay, Devon- 
shire, two or three larvae, from one of which the 2 was hatched 
which was exhibited to-night with 42 of her offspring. This 
? laid 193 eggs, from which some 150 larvae hatched, although 
no $3 had been near the 9 and no copulation could have 
taken place, as the cocoon was a solitary one in the breeding- 
cage. Of these 150 larvae some 75 were sleeved out of doors 
at Ashton Wold, and the rest were placed, with ivy as food, 
in a hothouse at Tring. All the sleeved larvae died; but 
from the hothouse-reared batch 56 cocoons were obtained, 
from which 43 specimens had so far emerged. Of these, one 
of two 29, which emerged on 23rd of April, 1920, laid a number 
of eggs, which unfortunately were not counted; but from 
these there are now feeding 32 larvae, again on ivy in the hot- 
house. This 2 was also unfertilised, so that we have here an 
extreme case of parthenogenesis persisting through two 
generations. 

The parent 2 and the offspring were exhibited on behalf of 
his niece, Miss Miriam Rothschild. 

Mr. P. A. Buxron inquired what was the proportion of the 
sexes in the original brood, and Lord Rothschild replied that 
out of 43 specimens 14 were females. The PRESIDENT, Dr. 
GaHAN and Mr. C. B. Winutams gave instances of cases of 
parthenogenesis in Bombycid and Arctiid moths, but no 
instance was known of its persistence in a second generation. 

INTERESTING INsEcTs rrom New ZEaLaNnp & AUSTRALIA.— 
Dr. R. J. Tituyarp exhibited two dead larvae of Sabatinca 
barbarica from New Zealand, one about half grown, the other 
full fed. The latter was brought alive from New Zealand in a 


lv 


jar of moss, but succumbed to the heat of the tropics. He also 
showed two slides of microscopical preparations from a third 
larva, including the mouth-parts, antennae and armature of 
the cuticle. Dr. Tillyard also exhibited a gigantic undescribed 
species of Heterojapyx from Sydney, specimens of which have 
been found more than two inches long when alive. A dis- 
section of this insect revealed the interesting fact that vestiges 
of the Malpighian tubules are present in the form of a circlet 
of six small evaginations of the anterior end of the hind-gut. 
A further exhibit was a set of tubes showing the eggs, larvae, 
pupae and imagines of the remarkable Australian Moth-lace- 
wing, Ithone fusca. The eggs are laid in the sand and hatch 
out into little white melolonthoid-like grubs, which burrow 
downward and attack the larvae of Scarabaeidae. The 
mouth-parts are very small, but of the true planipennian 
sucking type; the head is reduced, eyes absent, and the fore- 
legs formed for burrowing. The larva gives out a delightful 
scent of lemon essence. The pupa is enclosed in a cylindrical 
cocoon with rounded ends, formed of a white papery substance, 
like that made by some Hymenoptera. The imago superficially 
resembles a Hepialid moth. It flies only at sunset, the males 
assembling in dozens round the females on tree-trunks. 

EXAMPLES OF GYNANDROMORPHISM IN LEPIDOPTERA.— 
Mr. Taupor, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Jorcey, exhibited the 
following Gynandromorphs :— 

Papilio castor, Westw.—The left side is female. The right 
side is a mixture of both sexes. 

Teracolus pleione, Klug.—A specimen taken at Aden, from 
the collection of Lieut.-Col. Nurse. Left side male, right 
side female, with patches of orange on hind-wing. 

Delias descombesi leucacantha, Fruh.—A_ specimen from 
Sikkim from the collection of H. J. Elwes. Left side male, 
right side female. 

Amorpha populi.—Two specimens received from the firm 
of Staudinger and Bang-Haas. One specimen with the right 
side male, and left side female, with left hind-wing partly 
male. Second specimen with right side male, left side female 
with apparently an admixture of male elements. 

Dendrolimus pini.—Seven specimens received from the 


lvi 


firm of Staudinger and Bang-Haas. The following information 
was furnished us by Herr Bang-Haas :— 

The species was met with in 1918 as a very noxious pest 
which destroyed a large part of the fir woods in Pommern 
and Brandenburg. All the country and school children were 
engaged in destroying the moth. A careful examination was 
made of 100,000: specimens, with the result that seven gynan- 
dromorphs were found. Specimens 1 and 2 have right side 
male and left side female. No. 3 has right side female and 
left side male. No. 4 has right side with male antenna, 
fore-wing female, hind-wing mostly male; left side with 
female antenna, wings male. No. 5 has right antenna female, 
left antenna male, and wings female. No. 6 has both antennae 
male, right fore-wing male, right hind-wing mostly female ; 
left wings female. No. 7 has right side male; left antennae 
with reduced pectinations, left wings female. We note that 
eight fore-wings are female, and six are male; seven hind- 
wings are female, two are intermediate, and five are male. 
A full account with figures of these gynandromorphs will be 
published later. 

NEW AND RARE LepipoprerA.—Mr. Ta.zor also exhibited 
the following species :— 

A pair of the very rare alpine species Hriogaster arbusculae, 
Frr., bred by Herr Standfuss from larvae obtained in the 
Upper Engadine at 1800 metres. In 1912 10,000 larvae 
were reared, but out of these only 20 gg and 10 29 could be 
obtained. A full account of the life-history has been given 
by Standfuss in the ** Mitteilungen der Entomologia,” Zurich, 
TONG: 

Papilio levassori, Ob.—Described in 1890 from a single 
specimen. Two others exist in the Paris Museum. This 
remarkable species belongs to the leonidas and brasidas group 
according to a study of the genitalia made by Monsieur F. 
Le Cerf of the Paris Museum. It is wrongly placed by 
Aurivillius in the ucalegon group. The species is only known 
from the Great Comoro Island. 

Salamis augustina, Bbv.—A male specimen from Reunion 
Island. Also occurs in Madagascar. A male specimen from 
Mauritius formerly in the collection of the late Roland Trimen. 


lvii 
This specimen represents an undescribed race. Only one 
other individual has been preserved and exists in the Port 
Louis Museum. The form is evidently now extinct. An 
interesting discussion of this species by the late Colonel 
Manders appeared in the Trans. of the Society for 1907. 

Acraea, sp. nov., from the district of Lake Kivu, Central 
Africa, taken by Mr. T. A. Barns. Belongs to the sotikensis 
group. 

Callioratis abraxas, Feld—A new race from Nyassaland. 
The typical form is very rare and inhabits 8. Africa. 

Papilio euterpinus, G. & S—A specimen of the female. 
Only one other is known to exist in collections, and that also 
is contained in Mr. Joicey’s collection, having been received 
with the Grose-Smith collection, and referred to in “ The 
Revision of 8. American Papilios,” by Rothschild and Jordan. 

Eunica chlorochroa, Salv.—Three aberrations of this species 
from S. Peru. Aberrations of this genus are rare, being even 
more common in Catagramma. The aberrations exhibited 
are of the underside only and represent an increase of the 
black markings. 

THE WEAVER-BIRD OBSERVED EATING BUTTERFLIES BY 
W. A. Lamporn.—Prof. Poutron said that he had now 
received, forwarded from Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S., the bird 
seen to catch and eat the Pierine Catopsilia florella, as described 
in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1920, p. xxvi. The specimen, exhibited 
to the meeting, had been kindly named for him by Mr. Charles 
Chubb of the Ornithological Department of the Natural 
History Museum. It was Hyphantornis nigriceps, Layard, 
one of the Weaver-birds (Ploceidae). 

Dr. H. EirrineuamM stated that he had made an examination 
of the contents of the tubes containing material from the 
stomach and intestines of the bird taken by Mr. Lamborn and 
dated 10.12.19. In both the material was in a fine state of 
maceration. A small portion of the mass examined with a Sin. 
objective showed many traces of butterfly remains. Fragments 
of the proboscis and of the corneal layer of the eye were easily 
observed, whilst it was difficult to move the slide into any 
position in which there were not one or more lepidopterous 
scales to be seen in the field. He had consulted with Dr. 


lviii 


F, A. Dixey as to whether it would be possible definitely to 
recognise scales of Catopsilia jflorella, but unfortunately the 
scales of this butterfly are not very distinctive. The ex- 
amination showed how rapidly all ordinarily visible traces 
of lepidopterous remains are obliterated by the digestive 
processes of the bird, and how useless would be the investiga- 
tion of the contents of birds’ stomachs except by careful 
observation under the compound microscope. He had also 
examined some faeces of a wagtail dated 16.12.19, but had 
not found traces of Lepidoptera in same. 

THE RECENT DATE OF THE INVASION OF MADAGASCAR BY 
Hypotimnas BoLINA, L.—Prof. Poutron said that a few 
weeks ago he had received the following message from M. 
Charles Oberthiir, whose vast experience of Malagasy butter- 
flies made the negative evidence unusually valuable. By 
a curious coincidence M. René Oberthiir received an example 
of the species on the very day when the question was asked 
and answered. 

“May 16, 1920. Rennes. 

“My brother has received the Indian form of Hypolimnas 
bolina, to day, from Vangaindrano, in the southern part of 
Madagascar. I have not hitherto received the Indian form 
from this island.” 

It would be remembered that Archdeacon Kestell-Cornish, 
now Bishop of Madagascar, considered that bolina first appeared 
in 1912 or a little earlier (Proc. Ent. Soc., 1916, p. xxiii). 


Papers. 

The following papers were read :— 

“Five years observations (1914-1918) on the bionomics 
of Southern Nigerian Insects, chiefly directed to the investiga- 
tion of Lycaenid life-histories and the relations between 
Diptera and ants, by the late CHaRLES OGILVIE FARQUHARSON, 
M.A., B.Sc., Aberdeen.” Edited, with a brief life of the 
author, by Epwarp B. Poutron, D.Sc., M.A., F.R.S., Hope 
Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford, Fellow of 
Jesus College, Oxford. With a systematic and descriptive 
Appendix by R. 8. Baanatt, G. T. Bernune-Baker, J. E. 
Cotun, J. Hartitey Durrant, F. W. Epwarps, Dr. Harry 


hix 
ELTRINGHAM, D.Sc., M.A., Dr. J. B. Gatensy, D.Phil., Prof. 
R. Newsteap, F.R.S., Dr. J. VILLENEUVE, and Rev. J. 
WATERSTON. 

In bringing forward the paper Prof. Pounron exhibited 
the whole of the Lycaenine butterflies belonging to Argiolaus 
and allied genera bred by Mr. Farquharson from larvae 
feeding on the flowers of Loranthus; also a number of bred 
Lycaeninae and Lipteninae with their respective pupa-cases, 
showing the wide difference between the two types of pupae. 
He also exhibited examples of the Diptera described in the 
Appendix by Mr. J. E. Collin and Mr. F. W. Edwards, and a 
series of the Asilid fly Philodicus temerarius, Walk., from 
Agege, near Lagos, with its very varied prey. 

“A contribution to the knowledge of the Anthomyid 
Genera Haimmomyia and Hylephila of Rondani (Diptera),” 
by J. E. Cottiy, F.E.S. 

“Experiments on the relative edibility of Insects with 
special reference to their coloration,’ by G. D. Hate 
CARPENTER, D.M., B.Ch., F.E.S. 

Both these papers were illustrated by the epidiascope. 

In answer to several inquiries Dr. Carpenter explained that 
the edibility of insects was always relative, and that positive 
inedibility was almost non-existent. 


Wednesday, October 6th, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. WALKER, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in 
the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Messrs. A. M. Aurson, 26, Addison Mansions, Blythe Road, 
West Kensington; Husert Mrrepypp Morris, M.Sc., 
Institute of Plant Pathology, Rothamsted Experimental 
Station, Harpenden; Sypney Dovucuias-Crompron, Villa 
Helvetia, Costebelle, Hyerés, France; J. C. M. Garpner, 
Entomological Dept., Royal College of Science, S8.W.7; 
BERNARD SincLAIR GoopBAN, Braemar, Belvedere Road, 


ibe 


Upper Norwood, 8.E. 19; Harry Harcreaves, Entomological 
Dept., Royal College of Science, S.W.7; CHARLES McFarLaNneE 
Ivexis, M.B.0.U., F.Z.8., Baghownie Factory, Laheria Sarai, 
Bihar, India; Doucuas Jounstong, Brooklands, Rayleigh, 
Essex; Capt. ArtHur Lestie Kent-Lemon, York and 
Lancaster Regt., c/o Postmaster, Khartoum, Sudan, and 
Blytheswood, Ascot, Berks; Messrs. W. H. J. Prior, Culham, 
Main Road, New Eltham, Kent; Puinip Bernarp Ricwarps, 
Agricultural Dept., Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States, 
and 52, Longridge Road, Earl’s Court, 8.W.5; Lieut. J. Sma- 
BROOK, Fern Bank, Bakewell, Derbyshire; and Mr. Joun 
WILLIAM SPENCER, 5, Dogford Road, Rayton, Oldham, Lancs., 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 


The Society's New Quarters. 


The TREASURER gave an account of the present position of 
the negociations for new quarters for the Society, saying that 
No. 41, Queen’s Gate was now almost certainly secured; the 
cost of the Freehold, re-decorating and furnishing would be 
about £9000, towards which a considerable sum in donations 
and loans had already been promised. He urged upon the 
Fellows the duty of supporting this project. The PResIpENT, 
the Rev. F. D. Morice and Mr. BetnunE-Baker also spoke 
in support of the scheme. Mr. RowLanp-Brown suggested 
approaching the Dept. of Agriculture with a view to obtaining 
assistance, and also proposed a vote of thanks to Mr. Sheldon 
and the sub-committee, which was seconded by Dr. CocKAYNE 
and carried unanimously. 


Exhibits. 

ORNITHOPTERA RUBIANUS.—Mr. A. DicKksEE exhibited 5 
males of O. rubianus from Ronongo, the westernmost of the 
Solomon Islands, two specimens only being previously known ; 
he pointed out that no two specimens were alike; they were 
taken in January and February. 

MERMITHOGYNES OF ACANTHOMYOPS (DONISTHORPEA) NIGER, 
AND AN EaRwiG WITH RUDIMENTARY Forcers.—Mr. Donis- 
THORPE exhibited a number of mermithogynes of Acanthomyops 
(Donisthorpea) niger, L., taken in a populous nest of this ant 


lxi 


situated under a large flat stone near a small stream running 
into the sea at Mother Ivey’s Bay, N. Cornwall, on July 7th, 
1920. Also a number of the worms extracted from the gaster 
of the ants. One or two worms occurred in each ant. Nearly 
all of the mermithogynes possessed a curious hole in the 
thorax, a point not found before, the object of which was 
obscure. Numerous normal-winged females as well as mermi- 
thogynes occurred in the nest. The whole nest was carefully 
dug up and the colony brought home. 

He mentioned that it was the first time he had personally 
taken these short-winged females, but that his colleague, 
Mr. Crawley, had done so on several occasions, and was working 
at a paper on the subject; Mr. Donisthorpe had therefore 
presented the nest to him. 

Mr. Donisthorpe further exhibited a live specimen of the 
common HKarwig (Forficula auricularia) taken near Wellington 
College on Sept. 13th last, the forceps of which were practically 
absent, being represented by the merest rudiments. He 
suggested that their absence was probably caused by the 
presence of some internal parasite. 

Dr. Imms and Mr. F. W. Epwarps commented on this 
exhibit, and Mr. Donisthorpe, in replying, observed that the 
worker ants when attacked by this parasite became larger and 
developed some female characters. 

HETEROCERA AND DIPTERA CHIEFLY FROM N. Iraty.—Lieut. 
AsuBy exhibited a number of moths taken during the summers 
of 1918 and 1919 in the districts of Vicenza, Arquata Scrivia, 
and Turin; also a few from France, including Lignicolor 
furvata from St. Martin Vésubie, and from La Granja, Spain. 

He also exhibited the following Diptera from the above 
Italian localities. Volucella zonaria, V. pellucens, V. inflata, 
V. inams, Eristalis arbustorum, E. aenea, EH. tenax, Ocyptera 
brassicaria, Leptis tringaria, L. scolopacea, Tipula maxima, 
Myriatropa florea, Pharia crassipennis, Sphaerophoria dispar, 
Chrysotoxum maculatum, C. italicum, C. elegans, Milesia 
crabroniformis, Laphira maroccana, Echinomyia grosso, Bom- 
bylius medius, Brachypalpus vulgus, Catabomba pyrastri, 
Tabanus ater, Dasypogon teutonus, Sarcophaga carnaria 
Xanthogramma citrofasciatum, Calliphora vomitoria. 


Ix 


BUTTERFLIES FROM MersoporamiA.—The Secretary read 
the following letter :— 


4 


“26 Dec. 1919, 
«* (Mosut). 
** DEAR Sir, 

“With reference to “The Poverty of the Butterfly 
Fauna of Mesopotamia’ in a recent number of the Society’s 
Transactions in which Prof. Poulton quotes a letter from Capt. 
P. A. Buxton, R.A.M.C., giving about 9 species as the total 
so far met with by that officer in Mesopotamia, it might 
interest you to mention that although this is probably about 
the number of species to be found at Amara (I sawa male Iaas 
pyrene close to me at some flowers there), many more species 
are to be found above Baghdad, about the low hills or ‘ jebels’ 
near the Persian and Kurdistan borders; and I am acquainted 
with at least 42 species of Mesopotamia, having myself taken 31 
of these species there, apart from some 14 more in N. Persia. 


‘* Yours, etc., 
0h. Dy Bete 
*¢ (Lt.-Col., I.M.S.).” 


Paper. 


The following paper was read :— 


“ The full-grown Larva of Lycaena euphemus, Hb.,” by T. A. 
Cuapman, M.D., F.RB.S., etc. 


Wednesday, October 20th, 1920. 
Mr. W. G. SuHetpon, F.Z.8., Vice-President, in the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 

Dr. F. G. Rampovusex, vii/1169 Prague, Czecko-Slovakia ; 
Messrs. WILLIAM F. Scuivurp, B.Sc., The School of Agriculture 
and Experiment Station, Potchefstroom, Transvaal; GEORGE 
Harotp SKairge, M.A., Agricultural College, Cedara, Natal, 
S. Africa; and Ropert OwEN Want, B.A., Groot Fontein 


Ixiil 


School of Agriculture, Middelburg, Cape Province, S. Africa, 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 


The New House. 


The Chairman, as Treasurer, made a further statement as 
to the new house and mentioned that the cost of the Freehold 
was £6250. 

Exhibitions. 

ABERRATION OF BRENTHIS SELENE.—Mr. E. E. Green 
exhibited an interesting. aberration of B. selene, taken at 
Camberley on the 24th of June last. The aberrant characters 
are more conspicuous on the underside of the wings. The 
_spot at the base of the fore-wing is missing, and the markings 
on the outer border are diffused. On the hind-wing the 
ground-colour is silvery white, with a faint greenish tinge, 
while the usual red markings are largely replaced by a suffusion 
of black scaling. The upper surface has the black pattern 
on the hind-wing diffused, with the spots more or less confluent, 
those of the median series being united to form a continuous 
transverse band. 

BUTTERFLIES (DELIAS: PIERINAE) MIGRATING IN EVENING 
FROM ONE VALLEY TO ANOTHER IN SELANGOR, F.M.S., anp 
BACK IN MORNING, ACCOMPANIED BY MOTH MIMICS (DYSPHANIA 
(HuscHEMA) GEOMETRINAF), AND THESE AGAIN BY THEIR MOTH 
MIMICS (PSAPHIS: CHALCOSIINAE: ZYGAENIDAE).—Prof. 
Poutton exhibited the following Lepidoptera from Bukit 
Kutu, in Selangor, close to the borders of Pahang, about 
35 miles N.N.E. of Kuala Lumpur—a part of the collection 
made by Mr. A. R. Sanderson, as described in his letter printed 
on p. Ixy. 

Delias ninus, Wall.,—3 3. 

Delias pyramus, Wall.,—2 3 1 9. 

Dysphania (Euschema) glaucescens, Walk. (regalis, Butl.),— 
1g 2 9. 

Dysphania (Euschema) militaris, L., £. selangora, Swinh.,— 
1 3. 

Psaphis (Canerkes) camadeva, Dbl. (semiplena, Walk.; 
resumpter, Walk.)—1 3. 


lxiv 


There could be no doubt that, as Mr. Sanderson states, all 
the species would resemble each other upon the wing; for 
the deep red of the Delias would then be the least conspicuous 
element in its pattern, while the general distribution of the 
black and blue-grey on all wings and yellow upon the hind, 
is similar in the Pierines and Geometers, the resemblance 
being heightened during flight by the likeness between the 
patterns of upper and under surface. In the male Chalcosiine 
mimic, however, the resemblance depends almost entirely 
upon the under surface where alone is developed the essential 
feature contributed by the yellow. The female Psaphis 
camadeva, with the yellow markings strongly developed on 
both surfaces, was very similar to Canerkes scotais, Jord., 
and the larger species, C. euschemoides, Moore, all three being 
close mimics of Dysphanias. C. euschemoides, from Assam 
and ‘‘ India,” resembled D. excubitor, Moore, and the Indian 
form of D. militaris, L.; C. scotais, Jord., from Borneo— 
D. subrepleta, Walk.; the female of P. camadeva in Malacca, 
Borneo and probably in Java—D. subrepleta, and in the 
Philippine Islands—the allied D. plena, Walk.* 

Although during flight, the female P. camadeva would 
resemble D. glaucescens and, far more closely, D. militaris, it 
was probable that the better model D. subrepleta and 
perhaps other Dysphanias would be found to accompany the 
Delias in their migratory flights in Selangor. 

The existence of any significant likeness between these 
Geometers and Delias had never been hinted at before, and 
it was especially interesting that its recognition had been pre- 
ceded and indeed suggested by the observation of associated 
habits and resemblance during life. 

The combination was typically Miillerian, Psaphis belonging 
to a specially protected Family and Subfamily,t Dysphania 


* The resemblance of these Chalcosiine mimics to Dysphania 
(Huschema) is well known, as the name euschemoides clearly shows. 
Erich Haase speaks of this species as a mimic of Luschema militare, L., 
and C. semiplena, viz. Psaphis camadeva, female, from Minahassa, of a 
Euschema, doubtless D. plena, from the same locality. (‘‘ Researches 
on Mimicry, etc.,’’ Pt. II, English trans., Stuttgart, 1896, p. 38.) 

+ Hampsonia pulcherrima, Swinh., from the Khasia Hills, allied to 
Psaphis and Canerkes is apparently as extreme an instance of Warning 
Colours as any known among insects. The ground-colour is black with 


Ixv 


acting as a model as well as mimic, DVelias being well known 
as a model for other Pierines, for Elymniines, Nymphalines 
and Chalcosiine moths other than Psaphis. 

The facts now brought forward were quite new to Mr. 
Prout and Dr. Dixey, and they were so extremely interesting 
that it was to be hoped that the whole of the material collected 
by Mr. Sanderson and Mr. Harvey would be available for 
examination and the publication of a complete list, showing 
the proportions of the various species. It was also of the 
highest interest to repeat the observation, keeping separate 
the evening and morning streams of migration so as to com- 
pare the proportions of their constituents; also to investigate 
the areas reached by the two streams in order to determine 
the causes at work. 

The exact conditions under which the migrations took 
place were of the highest interest and importance and it was 
very fortunate that they had been accurately noted by the 
captor, as would appear from the following letter, written 
May 11, 1920, from the Research Laboratory, Petaling, F.M.S., 
to Mr. W. A. Lamborn, who had seen the specimens in Mr. 
Sanderson's collection and at once recognised the importance 
of the discovery :— 

“ The following data relating to the butterflies and moths 
you saw from Bukit Kutu may be of interest :— 

* Altitude of old Government Bungalow 3457 ft. 

** Period when insects taken 5th to 13th March, 1920. 

“The butterflies and moths were noticed by Mr. T. R. 
Harvey and myself flying over the crest of the hill on which 
the old bungalow stands, first time March 4, 1920. The 
insects passed over from a deep valley about 5.30 p.m. to 6.45 
p-m., sometimes two or three together at intervals of about 
one to.two minutes and occasionally appearing in a more or 
less continuous straggling line for ten to twenty minutes. 
Generally a maximum number passed over in approximately 


large bright yellow spots on the fore-wings and brilliant red and yellow 
markings on the hind. Another glaringly aposematic Oriental Chal- 
cosiine, is the well-known Campylotes histrionicus, Westw. The pattern 
of upper and under surface is similar in both these species, as it is 
commonly in the whole subfamily, 


PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., II, Iv, v, 1920. E 


Ixvi 


an easterly direction about 6 p.m. From that time onwards 
‘the numbers steadily decreased. Many swallows were usually 
circling round at the time, but I did not see any of the insects 
taken. As a rule the insects were never more than about 
20 ft. above the surface of the ground when passing the crest. 

“The phenomenon was repeated in the opposite direction 
in the early mornings, 6.50-8 a.m., the numbers being approxi- 
mately the same, so far as I could judge. Mr. T. R. Harvey 
captured some of the specimens in a similar manner to mine, 
viz. by standing in the narrow part of the ridge and utilising 
opportunities when the insects flew low (5-8 ft.). Odd speci- 
mens of the butterflies were taken during the day-time between 
10 a.m. and 2 p.m., but in no case was a moth captured between 
these hours. 

“The flight was repeated every evening and every morning 
while I was at the bungalow except that on two evenings, 
which were very wet, only a very small number passed over. 
The fact that large numbers passed back next morning suggests, 
however, that the insects may have flown over later the 
previous evening. There was not sufficient difference in the 
mode of flight for me to distinguish moths from butterflies, 
and in fact I did not notice the difference clearly until getting 
back here.” 

Dr. Dixry made the following comments on Delias in the 
above communication :— 

Of the six specimens of the Pierine genus Delias which are 
included among the insects received by Prof. Poulton as having 
formed part of the migratory flight observed at Bukit Kutu 
in Selangor, three (two males and a female) are Delias pyramus, 
Wall., and three (all males) are Delias ninus, Wall. These 
two forms of Delias, though closely allied, are quite distinct. 
The most obvious differences between the males .are as 
follows :— 

(1) In D. pyramus the yellow of the hind-wing upperside 
does not generally extend outwards further than to the Ist 
branch of the median vein; in D. ninus it always reaches 
at least as far as the 3rd median, and extends beyond this 
in the form of a slight yellow powdering usually as far as 
the 2nd branch of the subcostal. 


Ixvil 


(2) In D. pyramus the basal red of the hind-wing upperside 
is bounded by a well-defined dark band; in D. minus the 
corresponding region of the wing is occupied by a broad patch 
of greyish-blue. 

(3) In D. pyramus the marginal portion of the interspaces 
in the hind-wing upperside, external to the yellow patch, is 
occupied by a series of pale streaks; in D. ninus the corre- 
sponding area is almost uniformly dark. 

The female of D. ninus was not described by Wallace, whose 
type is a male from Mount Ophir in Malacca; it is not men- 
tioned by Fruhstorfer in Seitz’s “‘ Lepidoptera,’ and was 
unknown to Distant (Rhopalocera Malayana). The Adams 
Collection in the British Museum contains one specimen of 
the female, from Perak; and Dr. K. Jordan has kindly informed 
me that there are specimens of D. ninus 2 in the Museum at 
Tring. The female in the Adams Collection is like the female 
of D. pyramus in having the red of the upper surface of the 
hind-wing bounded by a black band as in D. pyramus, not 
by a greyish-blue patch as in D. ninus 3. On the other hand, 
the yellow of the hind-wing upperside is less suffused with 
dark scales than in D. pyramus 2; and the outline of the 
fore-wing is rounded, not pointed as in both sexes of the 
latter insect. 

D. ninus is so far as I am aware confined to the Malay 
Peninsula, though it has a representative in Sumatra and 
another in Borneo. I know of no example from further north 
than Penang. D. pyramus, on the other hand, is mainly a 
Himalayan butterfly; but its range extends to Burma, and 
there is a specimen in the British Museum from as far south 
as East Pegu. Mr. Distant does not include it in the text of 
his Rhopalocera Malayana, but inserts it in the Appendix 
to that work on the strength of an example captured by 
Egerton at Low’s Hill in Perak. This was the most southerly 
record known to me until I saw the specimens now before us.* 
In view of what had hitherto been known of the respective 
habitats of these two species, it is somewhat surprising to 


* Tt is worth noting that Von Mitis (“ Iris,” 1893, pp. 118, 119) describes 
a male specimen from Malacca which, though considered by Von Mitis 
to be a form of ninus, is in some respects transitional to pyramus. 


Ixvili 


find them taking part in the same flight, and at a point so 
far to the south of the usual range of D. pyramus. 

*A curious confusion has arisen with regard to D. ninus 
and another related form, which I may be allowed to take this 
opportunity of noticing. Mr. Wallace’s original description 
of ninus had associated with it the figure of another species, 
D. parthenope, while his description of parthenope was illus- 
trated by figures of the upper and underside of minus (Trans. 
Ent. Soc. Lond., 3rd series, IV, p. 347, Plate VI, figs. 5, 5a; 
Plate VII, fig. 1). This mistake, corrected by Von Muitis 
(Systematisches Verzeichniss der Arten des Genus Delias 
Hiibn.; “‘ Iris,” 1893, pp. 100, 117-122), by Mr. Butler in his 
Revision of the genus (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1897, pp. 163, 
165), and by Mr. J. C. Moulton (List of the Butterflies of 
Borneo, Part IV, Nos. 564, 566; Journal of Royal Asiatic 
Society, Straits Branch, No. 67, December 1914), is passed 
over by Fruhstorfer in Seitz’s work, and had not been rectified 
at the date of Mr. Distant’s Rhopalocera Malayana (1882- 
1886). The latter author accordingly gives under parthenope 
(p. 291, Tab. XXIV, fig. 4) a description and figure which are 
those of ninus; while under ninus he reproduces Wallace’s 
description of ninus, together with Wallace’s figure called by 
Wallace ninus, but really representing that author’s parthenope, 
a form of the nearly allied D. aglaia Linn. I am indebted to 
Dr. Jordan for drawing my attention to the fact that the 
interchange of Wallace’s figures was first detected by Von 
Mitis (loc. cit.). 

The substance of the preceding paragraph may be sum- 
marised as follows :— 

WALLACE’S description of ninus is ninus. 

His figure of ninus is parthenope. 

His description of parthenope is parthenope. 

His figure of parthenope is ninus. 

Distant’s description and figure of parthenope are ninus. 

His description of ninus (quoted from Wallace) is nenus. 

His figure of ninus (reproduced from Wallace) is parthenope. 

THE COLOUR OF THE LARVA OF SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS, 
ON WILD CRAB.—Prof. PouLton said that during the past 
September he had had the opportunity of confirming his early 


lxix 


observation that the larva of S. ocellatus, when feeding on the 
crab, gains a shade of green entirely different from that produced 
by the ordinary cultivated apple. The latter with their white 
- undersided leaves produce larvae of a bluish-green tint below, 
becoming very pale, almost dead white, but still very faintly 
tinged with bluish-green, above; while the crab leaves with 
green under surfaces produce bright yellowish-green larvae 
with a pale yellowish dorsal surface. It was the recognition 
of the difference between ocellatus caterpillars on Siberian 
crab and other apple trees in his father’s garden at Reading 
nearly fifty years ago which had first directed his attention 
to the power of individual colour adjustment in larvae, and, 
also inspired by the late Prof. Meldola’s notes in Weismann’s 
“Studies in the Theory of Descent,” had led him to observe 
and experiment largely upon the species (Trans. Ent. Soc. 
Lond., 1884, p. 35; 1885, pp. 305-3807; Proc. Roy. Soc., Vol. 
xxxvili, 1885, pp. 298-308; Vol. xl, 1886, pp. 135-173). 

The tabular statement of all the experiments and observa- 
tions, printed in the last-quoted paper, shows on p. 167 that 
three larvae found on crab (two at Reading on Siberian crab, 
one in 1884 at Oxford on wild crab) were of the yellowish-green 
tint, but that five larvae fed from the egg on cultivated crab 
in 1884, and nine on wild crab in 1885, were all of the usual 
bluish-green tint produced by ordinary apple. On _ pp. 
160-161 the attempt was made to explain these and other 
irregularities. At the same time further observations of 
crab-fed larvae in the field were much wanted, but, until the 
present year, had not been obtained. 

During a recent visit to Willersey, in the Broadway district, 
on the borders of Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, the wild 
crab was found to be extremely plentiful as a hedge-row bush, 
bearing small leaves with a green under surface. In the 
opinion of Mr. G. C. Druce the form was Pyrus malus var. 
paradisiaca, De C., and he would now substitute this deter- 
mination for the name var. acerba, L., quoted from him in some 
of the above-mentioned papers. The shoots were observed to 
be extensively eaten, evidently by large larvae, and, although 
most of them had disappeared, two ocellatus in the last stage 
were found on a small bush on September 13 and one on a 


lbo-¢ 


larger bush four days later. All were bright yellowish-green 
forms, confirming the scanty earlier observations. 

So many shoots of the bush on which the single larvae was 
found (September 17) were stripped bare that many larvae 
must have been at work. It was a common experience that 
these and other Sphingid larvae, when reared in confinement 
and at all crowded, are apt to nibble each other’s horns off, 
and the same was true of the caudal forks of Cerura vinula, 
and, according to the experience of Mr. A. H. Hamm and 
Mr. J. Collins, of the elongated true legs and occasionally the 
caudal processes of Stauropus fagi. But Prof. Poulton had 
never heard of these injuries being inflicted upon Sphingid 
larvae in the wild state. It was therefore interesting to find 
that the horn of the last-remaining ocellatus had been nibbled 
down to a stump, and the injury probably explained the 
protracted development of the larva, for the loss of blood 
caused by these injuries was often considerable. The com- 
parison between the three larval skins, thrown off at pupation, 
and exhibited to the meeting, showed the extent of the injury 
very clearly. 

The period intervening between the cessation of feeding and 
the throwing off of the larval skin varied from about six to 
nine days. All three larvae produced male pupae. 

The Rev. G. WHEELER remarked that he had many years 
ago in Berkshire bred S. ocellatus from larvae found on crab, 
and that only knowing the yellow-green larvae he had supposed 
on first seeing an illustration of the more usual form that it 
was wrongly coloured ! 


Wednesday, November 8rd, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. Watker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in 
the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 


Messrs. THomMas ALEXANDER Barns, F.Z.S., 32. Windsor 
Court, Bayswater, London, W.; GrorGcE BETHELL, F.R.Hist.8., 
11, Chandos St., London, W.1; Major Joun Errout Moritz 


Ixxl 


Boyp, M.C., R.A.M.C., Pendavey, Birchington-on-Sea; Miss 
Mary Frances Cossart Bripson, Ford Brow, Dartmouth; 
Messrs. THomas Cockcrort, 111, Owen St., Wellington South, 
New Zealand; Ernest Craspe, 52, Sarsfeld Road, Balham, 
S.W.12; J. W. Grirren, 27, The Summit, Liscard, Wallasey ; 
ALISTER CLAVERING Harpy, 40, Harlow Moor Drive, Harro- 
gate; VALENTINE Kniaut, Assistant Director Raffles Museum, 
Singapore; Russet James, 7, Broadlands Road, Highgate, 
N.6; Grorge Lopcr, Hawkhouse, Camberley; Huau KEn- 
NETH Munro, B.Sc., 258, Bourke St., Pretoria, S. Africa; 
JoHN Gotpinc Myers, Aramoho, Wanganui, New Zealand; 
ALFRED Puitport, Assistant Entomologist, Biological Dept., 
Cawthron Inst. of Scientific Research, Nelson, New Zealand ; 
ARTHUR WALTER RicHarDson, 28, Avenue Road, Southall, 
Middlesex; Dr. Winstan St. ANDREW St. Joun, M.R.C.S., 
L.R.C.P., Derwent House, Derby; Dr. Joun W. Scuarrr, 
M.B., D.P.M., Tampin, Federated Malay States; Messrs. 
JosEPpH TrinsLEY, West of Scotland Agricultural College, 
Burns Avenue, Kilmarnock; and Wiittam Watwace, M.B., 
15, Hainton Avenue, Grimsby, were elected Fellows of the 
Society. 


Exhibitions. 


New ‘Burrerriies rrom DurcH New Guinea.—Mr. 
G. TaLsor exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Jorcey a number of 
New Butterflies’ from the Weyland Mountains, Dutch New 
Guinea. 

The specimens shown formed part of the first collection 
made by the three brothers C©., F., and J. Pratt, who were 
sent out by Mr. Joicey to explore a little-known part of New 
Guinea. The Pratts were successful in reaching the Weyland 
Mountains which lie about forty miles inland from the coast 
of Geelvink Bay. 

New forms of the following species were shown :—Tvozdes 
chimaera Roths., Papilio alberticc Ob., Morphopsis ula Roths., 
and Morphotaenaris schonbergi Fruh. Also a distinct species 
of a Delias belonging to the ligata group, a striking Worphopsis, 
a Hypocysta, a Harsiésis, and a species of a new genus closely 
allied to Hypochrysops. 


lxxu 


Specimens of Tvroides joiceyi J. and N., were shown to 
illustrate the transition from the typical form with black 
lateral abdominal] sclerites, and the form without any such 
black scaling. These forms were taken at the same place. 
The Morphotaenaris connects schonbergi from Stephansort 
with kenricki from the Arfak. 

The Morphopsis inhabits the dark forest at 5000 ft., and 
flies at dusk. Descriptions of these new forms wiil be published 
in due course. 

LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE Cook AND Socrery ISLANDS; 
INCLUDING AN ANALYSIS OF THE MARKINGS OF THE FEMALES 
oF HypotimNnas BOLINA, JL.— Prof. Poutton exhibited speci- 
mens illustrating the following extracts from letters received 
from Mr. H. W. Simmonds of the Department of Agriculture, 
Suva, Fiji :— 


“April 19, 1920. Tahiti, Society Islands. 


“As to the Tahitian butterflies, H. bolina is most abundant,. 
but apparently all males. There seem to be hundreds of 
males to one female. I say ‘seem to be’ because the two 
(now four) females I have taken are almost like the 3, and, 
as all are worn, I may pass them by. 

‘““ Everything here is, so far as I have seen, Polynesian- 
New Guinea in its origin, except probably some of the Hymen- 
optera which seem more numerous in individuals and species 
than in Fiji. Possibly some of the beetles also may be New 
World, but I have only seen five species, and two of these 
are akin to New Zealand forms. There is no native bush 
left in valley or hill, up to 2000 ft. or more, in this district, 
and hardly any tracks. I hope to reach the forest before I 
leave, but as yet have only seen about four indigenous trees. 
The country is all Lantana. The trees are: Metrosideros (or 
very close to it), a New Zealand type; Hibiscus, identical with 
a Fijian species; two Timber trees, very close to Fijian 
species.” 

> August 9, 1920. Suva, Fiji. 


‘““T have just got back to Suva and hope to send you a few 
specimens by this mail from Rarotonga, Manjaia and Aitu- 
taki in the Cook Is., and Tahiti in the Society group. I did 


[xxi 


not see or hear of the HLuploea in the Cook group. 1 saw 
D. archippus in Aitutaki only. The little blue C. enejus (or 
form) was present in all the Cooks but not in Tahiti. I did 
not meet M. leda in the Cooks, but it was present in Tahiti. 
The Atella was present in Rarotonga and Manjaia, but I did 
not see it elsewhere. 

“The Tahitians are all wretched specimens, but I saw no 
decent Euploeas and, so far as H. bolina is concerned, although 
I saw hundreds of 3, I only saw four or five 9 in Tahiti, 
and all resembled the 3. The form from Rarotonga is very 
distinct, being larger and always with the buff apex to the 
fore-wings, although often variable in the rest of the pattern. 
This is a most interesting species in the various groups of 
islands.” 

The nine Euploeas from Tahiti were the walkeri, H. H. 
Druce, form of Nipara eleutho, Quoy—a very uniform series, 
similar to that captured by the President in 1884. Although 
no Kuploeas were to be seen in Rarotonga when Mr. Simmonds 
visited it, a different, more variable, and often much darker 
form of N. eleutho was taken there by Commander Walker. 
On the other hand Mr. Simmonds had sent eleven $ and seven 
2 of Issoria (Atella) egista, Cr., f. bowdenia, Butl., from Raro- 
tonga (May, June, 1920)—a species Commander Walker had 
seen but failed to catch. .The commonest Lycaenid captured 
by Mr. Simmonds in the Cook Islands was Jamides carissima, 
Butl. : from Manjaia two Zizera labradus, Godt., were sent, also a 
Macroglossa, apparently a new form of M. hirundo, Boisd. 

The comparison between the females of H. bolina, L., from 
Tahiti and Rarotonga was extremely interesting. The form 
of female found in Tahiti and also in other islands,* although 
on the wing probably indistinguishable from the male, was 
not quite the same in pattern; for the blue fore-wing patch 
of the male, made up of three internervular blue spots, was 
replaced in the female by a white bar composed of four larger 
spots. Furthermore the two apical white spots in the fore- 
wing of both sexes was succeeded in the female, but not in 


* For example, Fanning Island in the Central Pacifie (Proc. Ent. Soe, 
Lond., 1916, p. xxv). A single individual in Mr. Simmonds’ series from 
Rarotonga was of nearly the same male-like form, 


Ixx1v 


the male, by a series of smaller spots, parallel with the hind 
or outer margin, and sometimes continued on to the hind-wing. 
Three females from Tahiti in the British Museum were also 
male-like, but a fourth exhibited a slight development of a 
brownish shade on the margins of both wings. 

The five females sent by Mr. Simmonds from Rarotonga 
showed great variation. Their chief differences were described 
below, omitting the central marking of the hind-wing which 
was treated separately at the end. 

(1) This specimen was male-like and, except for its much 
greater size, nearly resembled the Tahitian female. 

(2) Smaller—the only one of the five which, in this respect, 
did not contrast with the Tahitian specimen,—darker, the 
white fore-wing bar overspread with scattered dark scales, 
the series of white spots parallel with the hind margin slightly 
developed, as also the orange ochreous marginal and sub- 
marginal lines in both wings, tending to invade the apical 
area of fore-wing. 

(3) In this specimen the series of white spots, present on 
both wings, was more developed, as also the orange ochreous 
markings, especially at the apex of fore-wing. 

(4) Similar, except for the still greater development and 
richer shade of the orange ochreous and the slightly less 
developed series of white spots. 

(5) The white fore-wing bar overspread as in (2); the 
ochreous markings very pale, nearly white in the apical area. 
In the hind-wing the pale ochreous submarginal marking 
was no longer a line but a band much broader than in any 
other of these five females. The President, however, had 
captured specimens in Rarotonga with a far greater develop- 
ment of ochreous, recalling some of the Fiji females of 
bolina. 

The relation of the central blue markings of the male hind- 
wing to that of the various forms of female was of much 
interest and strikingly illustrated by the specimens exhibited 
to the meeting. 

The male patch was made up of blue scales, some of which 
becoming pink when seen at certain angles, combined with the 
blue to form a lilac shade, This marking usually had an 


xxv 


irregular white centre formed by the replacement of blue scales 
by white, and it was surrounded by a broad zone of darkly 
pigmented scales, differing from those of the general surface 
of the wing in that they also gave a deep blue colour by inter- 
ference of light. These constituents were greatly modified 
in the females. In (2), (4) and (5) the only element remaining 
was the deep blue of the outer zone, which, invading the 
centre, formed a single continuous patch, evanescent in (2). 
In (1) and (3) the blue of the outer zone was barely visible, 
while the inner area, lacking the white centre, spread out- 
wards, especially in (1), invading the area of the zone. The 
red scales of (1) were more abundant than in the male and 
therefore the lilac tint more pronounced. The patch of (3) 
~ was smaller and irregular in outline, its tint cobalt blue due 
to a mixture of pale and dark blue scales. ; 

In the Tahiti female the marking was nearer to that of the 
male than any of the Rarotonga females, the white central 
scales being present and the outer zone better developed than 
in (1) and (8). 

The relations illustrated in Mr. Simmonds’ specimens of 
bolina, required to be studied in larger numbers of examples 
from the same and other localities, but it was hoped that the 
above account would be of some use as a guide. The com- 
parisons here drawn had been greatly facilitated by Dr. 
Eltringham’s kindly help in the rather difficult analysis of 
the colour effects. 

East ArricAN DANAINE BUTTERFLIES RESTING, CROWDED 
IN A BAMBOO CLUMP, DURING THE HOT HOURS OF THE DAY.— 
Prof. PouLton said that he had received only that morning 
a letter from one of their Fellows—Mr. C. F. M. Swynnerton, 
Game Warden of the Tanganyika Territory; and he wished 
to call the attention of the meeting to the following interesting 
observations recorded by the writer :— 


** September 19, 1920. Dar es Salaam. 


“ Here, for some weeks, Amauris ochlea, Boisd., and, in 
association with it but in smaller numbers, A. niavius, L., 
subsp. dominicanus, Trim., have been present in (literally) 
enormous numbers in the public gardens. They are completely 


Ixxvi 


eregarious—I never saw this at Chirinda—and spend most 
of their time suspended under the twigs at the base of thickets 
of thorny bamboos up to a few feet from the ground. One 
finds them there in hundreds together at any time of the day, 
lethargically resting. A few are usually on the wing and 
feeding, and all are apt to be flushed rather readily by one’s 
close approach; but the above is nevertheless generally 
correct. The swarm (for there is really only one) has shifted 
in the course of these few weeks from a couple of large clumps 
of bamboos nearer the hospital to a couple of smaller clumps 
further north. I had thought it might all be a matter of 
food-plant, but search failed to reveal the latter, and I never 
could see laying females. To-day, however, I spotted a 
single long strand of the plant I was specially looking for 
(Cynanchium) winding up through one of the two original 
clumps of bamboo, the leaves very badly eaten. I failed to 
find more, though I searched carefully, and I imagine that 
either it has been cleared out—I notice many dry stems of 
climbers cut through and their roots dug out—or that the 
larvae have finished it. 

“The reason for the gregariousness should be interesting. 
It may be on the lines of the gregarious habit in Acraea larvae 
—probably enhanced advertisement. It may also be that 
with flowers scarce—yet they are not completely scarce— 
or with larval food-plant absent, the butterflies are to a small 
extent wintering, reserving their energies and reducing wear 
and tear, till things improve. I would like to watch them 
for a whole day before really venturing suggestions, and I 
may yet manage this though I am very busy and must go 
up country again shortly. A few Mylothris and Belenois 
and a very occasional Terias and Melanitis are about the only 
other butterflies about. That birds, by the way, attack the 
Amauris in question when really hungry—as I found them to 
do at Chirinda—is likely, as I usually find a few of them dead 
on the ground, some of them with apparent birds’ bill marks 
and probably rejected. I am afraid I have quite given up 
recording instances of bird attack—I had such a surfeit of 
it during my experiments in Rhodesia—but I have already 
seen quite a number of instances in this country and saw 


Ixxvil 


many in Rhodesia after my return thither. I should say 
that I note such attacks more readily than I used to, doubtless 
as the result of practice. 

“ Later. Going early one morning—6.45—I found them 
all on the wing, scattered and feeding. At 7.45 they were 
collecting under the bamboos again.” 

Prof. Poulton said that, so far as he was aware, this obser- 
vation had never before been made in Africa. Dr. G. A. K. 
Marshall had observed the two E. African forms of Hypo- 
limnas (Euralia) dubia, Beauv., — wahlbergi, Wallgr., and 
mima, Trim.—collecting together, between 3 and 4 p.m., 
for the nocturnal rest (Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1902, pp. 491, 
492), but he had never seen African butterflies congregating 
in shady places to avoid the sun, in the manner described by 
Mr. Swynnerton. Dr. Marshall had, however, found the 
same thing happening in Trinidad and Jamaica,—so much 
so, indeed, that, at the time of his visit, it was useless to 
attempt to catch butterflies except in the cool morning and 
evening hours. Dz. Longstafi’s experience in many countries 
agreeing with that of Dr. Marshall in Africa, was summed up 
in the statement that “‘ very few [butterflies] comparatively 
are to be seen on the move before 9 a.m., and few after 
3pm... .” (° Butterfly-hunting in Many Lands,’ London, 
1912, p. 599). Mr. N. Annandale, too, had observed that 
certain Siamese insects were active during the hottest hours 
when birds did not hunt for food, but were rarely seen in 
motion or indeed to be found at all in the cooler hours when 
their enemies were at work (Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinb., 
1900, No. XXIX, pp. 439-444). 

Dr. Marshall’s experience in America and Mr. Swynner- 
ton’s at Dar es Salaam were therefore the precise opposite 
of the other observations quoted above: in the first the 
butterflies were active in the cool daylight hours and rested 
in the heat; in the second they rested in the cool hours and 
were active in the heat. Extended investigations in various 
parts of the tropics, and especially in the same locality at 
different seasons, with due regard to the humidity as well 
as the temperature of the air, would probably explain the 
apparent inconsistency; and it was to be hoped that Mr. 


Ixxvili 


Swynnerton would continue his interesting observations at 
Dar es Salaam. 

The Prestoent, Dr. Neave and Dr. Marsuatt commented 
on Prof. Poulton’s exhibit. 

ABERRATIONS OF BRENTHIS EUPHROSYNE AND B, SELENE.— 
The Secretary exhibited on behalf of Mr. B. G. Apams a 
magnificent collection of aberrations of B. euphrosyne and 
B. selene, all taken in different years in a restricted locality 
in N. Devon about 600 ft. above the sea. Amongst these 
were two specimens which appeared to be hybrids, the wpper- 
side of one being that of B. ewphrosyne with the underside 
of B. selene, the opposite being the case with the other speci- 
men. ‘The two species often overlapped. 

Diprera rrom Norroix.—Mr. J. EK. Conir exhibited the 
following interesting species of Diptera captured on Blakeney 
Point, Norfolk, from July 16-24, 1920. 

Hercostomus praetextatus Haliday, Deseribed in 1855 from 
a single male captured in July 1854 on the Sandhills of Ross- 
begh Point (Kerry), and never rediscovered in Britain until 
Dr. Winifred K. Brenchley found two females at Blakeney 
Point in August 1919, a discovery which led to the search for 
and capture of both sexes in some numbers this year. 

Pipunculus minimus Becker. A species new to the British 
List not hitherto considered distinct from P. littoralis Becker. 

Limnophora aestuum Villeneuve. Also new to the British 
List. Mr. H. W. Andrews has found this species in Ireland, 
and there were one or two unidentified specimens in the 
Verrall Collection. It was a common species among the 
Psamma growing on the sandhills at Blakeney. 

Limnophora maritima v. Réder. This name so far as the 
British List is concerned has been wrongly applied to the 
next species. The females were common on the sandy mud 
left exposed by the retreating tide, but only three males were 
captured. 

Limnophora virgo Villeneuve. Only a single female of this 
interesting species was captured among the Psamma growing 
on the sandhills. The name is new to the * List,” though 
previous British records of L. maritima apply to this species. 

Limnophora biseriata Stein. A recently (1916) described 


Ixxix 


species which was fairly common on the Psamma-covered 
sandhills. It is an addition to the British List. 

Tetanops myopina Fallen. A sea-coast sand-hill Ortalid 
not often found in collections and the only representative of 
the genus in Britain, 


News of Russian Entomologists. 
) i) 


Capt. Burr said that he had been trying to obtain news 
of Russian Fellows of the Society and had heard definitely 
that M. Kuznrezorr had succeeded in escaping to Finland. 
It was, however, feared that M. Semenorr THIAN-SHANSKI 
had been beaten to death by the peasants, though it was not 
quite certain which of the brothers had met with this fate. 

Other well-known entomologists had also lost their lives, 
and the Museums had been to a great extent destroyed. 

Mr. Wurever observed that M. Avinorr had undoubtedly 
escaped, as he had seen him in the Library and had taken 
him home to lunch; he was now probably in Paris, 


Papers. 


The following papers were read :— 

“ Butterfly Migration in British Guiana,’ by L. D, CLearg, 
F.E.S. 

“Preliminary Note on the Interpretation of Insectan and 
Myriopodan Structures, through a Comparison with the 
Structures of Crustacea,” by Prof. G. C. Cramrron, Ph.D., 
F.E.S. 


Wednesday, November 17th, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. Watxer, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in 
the Chair. 
In reading the minutes of the previous meeting, the 


Ixxx 


SECRETARY observed that it was now known that M. 
SEMENOFF THIAN-SHANSKI was still living. 


Election of Fellows. 


Messrs. T. H. L. Grosvenor, Walldeanes, Redhill; Epcar 
E. Syms, 22, Woodlands Avenue, Wanstead, EK.11; and 
Cyrit Luckes WirHycomss, 12, Prospect Hill, Walthamstow, 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Nomination of Officers and Council. 


The following Fellows were nominated by the Council 
as Officers and Council for the Session 1921-1922. 

President: The Rt. Honble. Lord Roruscuitp, M.A., 
F.R.S., &e. Treasurer: W. G. SHeLpon, F.Z.S. Secretaries : 
The Rev. GeorGE WHEELER, M.A., F.Z.S.; S. A. NEAvE, 
M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. Inbrarian: H. J. Turner. Other 
Members of Council: Ropert Apkin; H. EH. ANDREWEs; 
G. T. Betuune-Baker, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; G. C. Caampion, 
A.LS., F.Z.8.; J. Harttey Durrant; A. D. Ins, M.A., 
DiSexc hse: JamEs: Ji Jorcny, #278), HaliS. ete.;) Gane 
K. Marsuat., D.Sc., F.Z.8.; Capt. Norman D. Ritey; H. 
Row.anpD-Brown, M.A.; Comm. James J. Waker, M.A., 
R.N., F.L.S.; Capt. the Rev. James Waterston B.D., B.Sc. 


The New House. 


The TREASURER reported that the contract for 41, Queen’s 
Gate was now signed, and announced the munificent donation 
of £1000 by Dr. Lonestarr towards the purchase. 


Exhibitions. 

FURTHER INSTANCES OF THE MIMETIC ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 
TWO° KUPLOEINES AND ONE DANAINE IN Fig1.—Prof. PouLTON 
said that he had received from Mr. H. W. Simmonds many 
more examples of the species tabulated in Proc. Ent. Soc., 
1919, pp. lxixtxxi. Although several other EKuploeas were 
recorded from Fiji it was obvious from Mr. Simmonds’ captures 
that Nipara eleutho, Quoy, and its mimic Deragena proserpina, 
Butl., were the dominant forms and that next in abundance 
among the Danainae, was Tirumala neptunia, Feld., which 


Ixxxi 


flew with and mimicked the far commoner Euploeas. It was 
shown in the previous communication (p. [xx1) that the female 
proserpina was a better mimic of eleutho than the male; and 
the series of neptunia now received proved that here too the 
female Danaine resembled the Euploeas more closely than the 
male, the suppression of the greenish markings in the central 
and basal parts of both wings being carried much further in 
most examples of the former sex than in most of the latter. 

The following records showed conclusively that the two 
Kuploeas fly together in different parts of Viti-Levu and on 
adjacent islands and that they are often accompanied by the 
Tirumala. Evidence was also now forthcoming that the 
model elewtho was at certain times and places more abundant 
than its mimic proserpina. It was also interesting to note 
that whereas proserpina was confined to Fiji, eleutho had an 
enormous range over Polynesia. 

Sept. 9, 1920.—At Levuka, on Ovalau island to the E. of 
Viti-Levu, on the same hill and within two minutes of each 
other :—1 @ eleutho, 1 3 proserpina, 1 small, dark, g-like @ 
H. bolina which on the wing would probably closely resemble 
the Euploeas. j 

Aug. 11, 1920.—On Motoriki island, 8.W. of Ovalau, 1 2 
eleutho, 1 2 proserpina. 

At Nasinu, Lower Rewa District, S.E. Viti-Levu. Dec. 
18-19, 1919—1 3 1 Qeleutho, 8 3 5 Q proserpina, 1 2 neptunia ; 
Jan. 9, 1920—4 3 eleutho, 43 1 92 proserpina; Sept. 4—1 3 
eleutho. 

At Suva, 8.E. Viti-Levu. Apr. 7, 1919—1 3S proserpina, 
in addition to the one recorded in the 1919 table; Jan. 18-19, 
1920—2 ¢ eleutho, 2 3 proserpina; Jan. 21—1 ¢ eleutho, 
2 2 proserpina; Sept. 22—1 9 eleutho; Oct. T—1 Q eleutho. 

At Lami, Fiji. Aug. 28, 1920—2 g 1 9 neptunia (the 
3 H.-W. scent-pockets eaten away, probably by ants); 
Sept. 12—2 3 proserpina. 

At Waidoi Rubber Plantation, about mid-way between 
Suva and Navua, 8. Viti-Levu. The following additions 
to the 1919 table printed in Proc. Ent. Soc., 1919, p. [xx :— 
eleutho, 1—June 1: proserpina, 1 3 on each of following dates, 
May 20, 25, 28, June 1, 10; 2 g on May 31; 1 9 on May 27 

PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., II, Iv, Vv, 1920. F 


Ixxxli : 


and on 28: neptunia, 2 9—May 27; 1* g—June 5. The 
following captures at Waidoi, after the last date of the 1919 
table, include a larger proportion of elevtho, although much 
smaller than that indicated by Mr. H. W. Simmonds’ latest 
observations in the Suva district. 

“Suva, Sept. 23, 1920.—I must decidedly modify some of 
my former statements with regard to the two Euploeas. WN. 
eleutho has in the neighbourhood of Suva recently been far 


ei Proserpina. Z ele 
Dates in 1919. | —— a 
Slike” é g 
June 15 rs 1 ray ete 
17 — 1 — — & 
rhe 2 Bray tae ies 
20 amt 1 1 19 
it oy ll 2 1 1 =. 
Bagh A 1 1 : — ih = 
S23 P ie They — i 1 ~- 
July 14 3+1* 1 3 —= | 
cee 1 —- —- = 
55 2D 1 — ] ud 
Aqsa 7 — — 4 — ld 
eT ae 1 a aus 
ur BS = Sasa ee iz: 
Oct. 4 — oa 1 —_— 
ar wl pe. etl il Mibss 
Nov. 25 il = a =s 
Py ae 1 ESTA ne 
Totals 13 | in ees Mier 2 


* An asterisk indicates that the label had become detached in the post, 
and that the date, although probable, is not certain. 


Ixxxui 
commoner than D. proserpina, although when I got to native 
bush the position was immediately reversed.” 

New LeEpIpopTERA FROM THE IsLAND OF HaINAN.—Mr. G. 
TaLpor, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey exhibited numerous 
specimens of new Lepidoptera from the island of Hainan, and 
made the following observations :— 

During the years 1918, 1919, and the present year, the Hill 
Museum has received large collections of Lepidoptera from 
Hainan. These have been obtained by and through the 
exertions of Mr. C. Talbot Bowring of Hoihow. This gentle- 
man has very generously presented all the specimens to the 
Hill Museum on condition that a catalogue of all the species 
would be prepared. We propose, therefore, to publish a 

complete list of the Lepidoptera from this island, and this we 

should have resolved upon doing in any case, because the 
collections sent by Mr. Bowring have increased enormously 
our knowledge of the number of forms already known to exist 
upon the island. 

Mr. Bowring has spared no effort and expense to obtain 
specimens from different parts of the island. During the 
spring of this year, Mr. Young Chun, a Chinese graduate of 
Harvard University, was in Hainan collecting plants. He 
made a successful expedition to the Five-Finger Mountains 
in the country of the Loi savages, where the explorer Whitehead 
lost his life. Mr. Chun very kindly handed his collection of 
Lepidoptera to Mr. Bowring for transmission to us. 

Although something is known already of the forms inhabiting 
these mountains, through the efforts of Whitehead and of a 
Japanese collector sent there by Lord Rothschild, the col- 
lection made by Mr. Chun contains some interesting novelties, 
chief among which is a form of Kallima inachis. The collection 
is not yet worked out and may contain other new forms. The 
same must apply to a mass of Mr. Bowring’s material. 

The following forms are shown :— 

Papilio hipponus bowringi Prout; P. dialis cataleucas Roths., 
with the hitherto unknown female; P. rhetenor Westw., 
subsp. nov.; P. castor hamela Crly.; P. aristolochiae gonipeltis 
Roths., with its mimic P. polytes L. 9; the aberration astreans 
Jord. of polytes; Pieris nagonum Mre.; Danaida sita Koll., 


lxxxiv 


subsp. nov., with the mimetic Hestina nama Doubl., subsp. 
nov.; Limenitis dudu Westw., subsp. nov.; Kallima inachis 
Bdv., subsp. nov.; Charaxes marmax Westw., subsp. nov. ; 
Eriboea nepenthes Gr.-Sm.; Penthema lisarda Doubl., subsp. 
nov.; Adolias dirtea pardalis Mre., and its mimic Luthalia 
whiteheadi Crowley; Stichopthalma nourmahal Westw., subsp. 
nov.; S. neumogent Leech, subsp. nov.; S. howqua Westw., 
subsp. nov.; Hlymnias patna Westw., subsp. nov.; Ragadia 
crisilda Hew., subsp. nov.; Coelites nothis Bdvy., subsp. nov. ; 
Crossiura pencillatum Nicév., subsp. nov. 

A Curious Cocoon.—Dr. Marsnati exhibited a curious 
flattened cocoon from 8. Italy and the larva which had been 
extracted from it, which superficially resembled a Hesperid. 
In answer to his enquiry the Rev. F. D. Morice stated that 
they were the larva and cocoon of a saw-fly nearly related 
to Cimbex. 

Meuanic Nouipar.—Dr. Cockayne exhibited a series of 
Nola cucullatella, var. fuliginalis, Steph., bred in June and July 
1920 from Epping Forest larvae, together with type specimens 
from the same locality, including the seven darkest. The 
percentage of melanic specimens was 10%, 34 having been 
bred out of a total of 339. He had bred 57 specimens of the 
hymenopterous parasite Meteorus fragilis, Wesm., from this 
species. He also exhibited a pair of N. confusalis type and a 
pair of var. columbaria, Image, from the same locality to show 
the parallel melanic variation. 

NEw LepiporTeRA FROM Mapacascar.—Mons. F. Le Cerr 
exhibited the following specimens: (1) a new species of 
Lymantria, with flesh-coloured hind-wings washed with black 
and grey ; (2) a pair of a new and very large species of Dasychira, 
with black and white upper- and yellow under-wings, another 
pair of which are in Mr. Joicey’s collection; (3) a new species 
of Pinacopteryx belonging to the simana, Hoff., group, but 
quite without black markings except at the apex; and (4) a 
male Hyplimnas bolina, L., from the interior of the island, east 
of Mananjany, with strongly marked discoidal patches and 
submarginal spots. 

PROBABLE HETEROMORPHISM OF SECONDARY SEXUAL 
CHARACTERS IN TRILOCHANA.—Mons. Le CERF also made the 


Ixxxv 


following observations on a probable case of heteromorphism 
in Aegeriidae which he had discovered in Mr. Joicey’s collection. 
The specimen in question was closely related to the genus 
Trilochana, Moore (Scoliomimas Butl.), but differed by its 
narrower and more oval wings, its head narrower than the 
prothorax, its small oval eyes, and in various details of its 
palpi, legs and neuration. While he realised that apart from 
apterous females no case was known in the Lepidoptera of so 
many and such varied sexual distinctions, he still considered 
that it was an extreme case of the inversion of secondary 
sexual characters, since the females among these Aegeriidae 
possess the following characteristics: strongly pectinated 
antennae, broad head, large round eyes, a long cylindrical 
abdomen, legs and the extremity of the abdomen clothed 
with long hair, all of which in other Aegeriidae are character- 
istics of the males. All three species of Trilochana were 
described from females, mistakenly supposed to be males in 
consequence of the above-named characters, and it was logical 
to suppose that the hitherto unknown males would show 
inverse characteristics. The area of dispersion of these 
Aegerudae, as shown by the specimens in various collections, 
corresponded with that of their Hymenopterous models. 
The (unfortunately mutilated) specimen in Mr. Joicey’s 
collection probably belonged to a new local race of Trilochana 
scolioides, Moore, hitherto known from Sikkim and Indo-China. 

The exhibitor illustrated the points he enumerated by 
drawings shown by the epidiascope. 

Mr. DuRRANT gave other instances of males with simple and 
females: with pectinated antennae. 


Wednesday, December 1st, 1920. 


Comm. J. J. Wauker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, in 
the Chair. 


Election of Fellows. 
Messrs. CHARLES Epwarp CLARKE, c/o G. Howes, Esq., 
452, George Street, Dunedin, New Zealand; Epwarp WYLLIE 


Ixxxvi 


Fenton, M.A., B.Sc., Seale-Hayne Agricultural College, 
Newton Abbot, Devon; Mrs. Kuna FrepericaA MELDOLA, 
6, Brunswick Square, W.C.1; and Mr. Davip Minter, c/o 
G. Howes, Esq., 452, George Street, Dunedin, New Zealand, - 
were elected Fellows of the Society. 


Nomination of Officers, etc. 


The names of the Officers and Council nominated by the 
present Council for the ensuing session were read for the 
second time. 


Krhititions. 


Rare And Locat CoLEoPpTeERA FROM SvuFFOLK.—Mr. 
DonistHoRPE exhibited certain rare and local beetles from 
Suffolk :—A nice series of Chrysomela marginata L., taken at 
Freckenham in Sept. last. This rare species is a new record 
for Suffolk; the only southern localities previously known 
are Southend, Pegwell Bay, Swansea and Brighton. Aniso- 
toma cinnamomea Pz., eight specimens swept at Barton Mills 
on Oct. 1 last, under fir trees. It was usually found under 
beech, and occurs in truffles, and had only previously been 
recorded for Suffolk by Curtis. Anisotoma pallens Stm., swept 
at Barton Mills Sept. 9, 1917. ‘The only time it had been 
previously taken in Britain was in 1873, by our President, 
at Deal. Dryophilus anobioides Chevr., beaten off broom 
in plenty at Barton Mills, May 19 last. First taken in 
Suffolk at Freckenham by Dr. Nicholson in 1916. Having 
failed to find it at Freckenham, the exhibitor went to 
Barton Mills, where he knew of a large patch of broom, 
and found it in numbers. It had only been found in 
Britain before at Plumstead, Coombe Wood, Chobham, 
and Bradfield. 

A VERY RARE CoLEopTeRoN.—Mr. Bepwett exhibited a 
specimen of Agabus melanarius Aubé., taken on Haldon Moor, 
near Teignmouth, Devon, out of sphagnum in a boggy spot, 
on Sept. 23 last. So far as he knew there were only two 
previous records for this country: a single specimen taken 


Ixxxvli 


in the Orkneys by Mr. Syme, now in the Power Collection, 
and Mr. Bold’s record of a specimen from Long Benton, 
Northumberland, which Fowler apparently considers doubtful. 

Hysrip Coiiaps.—Mr. SHELDON exhibited a box of Colias 
hyale and C. erate from Sarepta, Russia, with specimens which 
appeared to be hybrids between these two species and also 
between C. erate and C. edusa. 

Mr. Rowianp-Brown enquired whether hybrids between 
C. hyale and C. edusa, which so frequently fly together, had 
ever been taken, but no Fellow present had ever seen one. 
Mr. SHELDON said that in Lapland C. werdandi and C. hecla 
generally occur on different ground, but that where they 
overlap specimens occur which appear to be hybrids. The 
“Rev. G. WHEELER said that in the Swiss collection of the late 
Mr. Fison, there was a hybrid between C. phicomone and 
C. palaeno. Lord Roruscuitp remarked that he had another, 
and had also received two large batches of apparently hybrid 
Coliads; at the same time, C. cocandica ranges from greenish- 
white to orange in a district where no other orange Coliad 
occurs. 

AN ABERRANT LycaEnip.—Mr. L. N. Sraniianp exhibited 
a specimen, probably of Polyommatus icarus, in which the 
spots on the margins of the wings, on the underside, are 
lacking. The specimen was taken in company with other 
Common Blues, at Fleet, near Aldershot, on June 4, 1910. 

Several Fellows commented on this specimen, remarking on 
its near resemblance to P. eros. 

ABERRATIONS OF LEpipoprerA.—Mr. G. T. Beruune- 
Baker exhibited an aberration of Melitaea didyma with the 
underside of hind-wings nearly all primrose yellow with base 
pinkish-red; also an aberration of Zygaena carniolica with 
the fore-wings entirely suffused with red. 

Loca Sussex Leprmoprera.—Mr. WHEELER exhibited on 
behalf of Mr. F.G. BRAMWELL specimens of the local Zygaenid 
Ino globulariae and the still more local geometrid Acidalia 
emmorata. 

A GyYNANDROMoRPHOUS ANT.—Mr. Craw.Ley exhibited a 
lateral gynandromorph of Monomorium floricola, Jerd., taken 
by the late Dr. Swale in Samoa in 1917. 


Ixxxvll 


LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE HAsteRN Conco.—Mr. TALBoT on 
behalf of Mr. Jorcry exhibited the following Lepidoptera 
collected by Mr. T. A. Barns on an expedition through the 
region of the Kastern Congo to Ruwenzori and the Ituri. 
Papilio mackinnoni Shpe., a new race from $.K. Congo Dist. ; 
Mylothris ruandana Grunb., the g and hitherto unknown 9? 
from the Ruanda Dist.; Belenois solilucis Butl., 3 2, from 
Semliki—the 9 represents a new colour form; Acraea disjuncta 
Gr.Sm., typical form from Ruwenzori together with the 
mimetic Neptis ochracea Neave, taken with it; a new form 
with broad and continuous band on the fore-wing from the 
Ituri Dist.; Acraea sp. nov. near leucopyga, from Upper Congo ; 
Acraea sp. nov. allied to goetzi, from the Kivu Dist.; Acraea 
butlert Auriv., four forms from the Kivu Dist.; Amaurina 
elliott Butl., from the Kivu Dist.; Huptera hirundo Stgr., 
subsp. nov., from the S.H. Congo Dist., a new 2 form; 
Euphaedra eleus Dry., subsp. nov., from §.E. Congo Dist. ; 
Euxanthe crossleyi Ward., typical form (Cameroons), form 
transitional to ansorger (Kasai Dist.), form with much en- 
larged stripes (Ituri Dist.), f. ansorgei Roths. (Uganda); 
Semioptila sp. nov., from §.E. Congo Dist.; Dovania poecila 
R. & J., a very rare Sphingid, from the Kivu Dist.; Papilio 
dardanus @ f{. niobe Auriv., from Ituri; P. dardanus 9 f. 
trophonissa Auriv., from the Kivu Dist.; P. ridleyanus Ward, 
and Acraea perenna Doubl., taken feeding together; P. 
jackson Shpe. 9, and model Amauris egialea, subsp. nov., 
from Kivu Dist.; Charaxes etheocles 2 f. cedreatis Hew., taken 
whilst feeding on tree gum; resembles the 2 of C. nwmenes 
Hew., occurring in same region; Planema schubotzi Grunb., 3 9, 
from Ituri Forest, and mimicked by Pseudacraea eurytus ab, 
bicolor Auriv.; Planema macarista Shpe., a new form with cell- 
spot on fore-wing, mimicked by Pseudacraea eurytus, f. hobleyi 
Neave, from the Ituri Forest; P. hobleyi shows the hind-wing 
band very sharply defined distally, which is not the case 
with Uganda specimens he had seen; Acraea oberthuri Butl., 
mimicked by Mimacraea landbecki Druce, from Upper Congo 
and Ituri Dist.; Acraea www Gr.Sm. 2, mimicked by Vanes- 
sula milca Hew., from Ruwenzori, found flying together; 
Acraea bonasia Fbr., mimicked by 2 Telipna sp.? from Upper 


Ixxx1x 


Congo; Pentila hiendlemayert Dew., mimicked by Mimaletis 
reducta Prout, from Upper Congo and Semliki; Powellana 
cotton’ B.-Bkr., taken on an oil palm in company with an 
Epitola sp.?; the Powellana is conspicuous on the wing but 
nearly invisible when it rests with wings folded; Upper 
Congo; Charaxes kahldeni Dew., with its form ehmeckei Dew., 
taken feeding together, Ituri River; Melinoéssa (Rhanudava) 
sp. nov. (Geometrid), mimicked by Larinopoda emilia Suff., 
from Upper Congo; Neptis ochracea Neave, taken together 
with Acraea disyuncta Gr.-Sm., which it very closely resembles 
in flight and colour, in thick forest bordering long grass. A 
scarce species, not more than one being usually seen at a 
time; Papilio dardanus 2 f. niobe Auriv., very heavy of flight 
and easily caught, it resembles a large Acraea when flying; 
inconspicuous when at rest and resembles a brown leaf; 
Vanessula nulca, often found flying with Acraea wow Gr.-Sm., 
for which it may be mistaken both in flight and colouring; 
Telipna sp.? near semirufa Kirby, found flying with Acraea 
bonasia Flr., for which it may be mistaken; at the same place 
was also accompanied by another Telipna sp.? with broader 
bands; Powellana cotton B.-Bkr., found in more open part of 
forest on oil-palm; conspicuous on the wing, but almost 
invisible at rest with wings folded; taken on the same tree 
with EHpitola sp.?; Charaxes kahldent Dew., taken with the 
form ehmeckei Dew., feeding on dung; Huaanthe crossleyi, 
which has habits similar to the Liptenids, flies high and fond 
of resting on dry twigs at right angles to stem, or occasionally 
on the bark of a tree; Papilio dardanus trophonissa, not 
known from L. Kivu; Papilio dardanus niobe, not known 
from Ituri Dist. No Planema f. taken in this Dist.; Papilio 
jackson, not known south of Ruwenzori; Pseudacraea 
eurylus, {. hobleyi, not known from Ituri Region before ; 
Papilio mackinnoni, not known before from 8.E. Congo, but 
recorded from Kivu; Acraca disjuncta, not known from the 
Ituri; Acraea butleri, the only form of johnstont found in 
Kivu Dist. Amaurina ellioti, hitherto only known from 
Ruwenzori; Harpendyreus reginaldi, only known from Ruwen- 
zori; Dovania poecila, only known from one 3 type, Central 
Angoniland. 


Ixxxvill 


LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE HASTERN Conco.—Mr. TALBOT on 
behalf of Mr. Jorcry exhibited the following Lepidoptera 
collected by Mr. T. A. Barns on an expedition through the 
region of the Eastern Congo to Ruwenzori and the Ituri. 
Papilio mackinnoni Shpe., a new race from $.E. Congo Dist. ; 
Mylothris ruandana Grunb., the g and hitherto unknown 9 
from the Ruanda Dist.; Belenois solilucis Butl., ¢ 9, from 
Semliki—the ? represents a new colour form; Acraea disyuncta 
Gr.Sm., typical form from Ruwenzori together with the 
mimetic Neptis ochracea Neave, taken with it; a new form 
with broad and continuous band on the fore-wing from the 
Ituri Dist.; Acraea sp. nov. near leucopyga, from Upper Congo ; 
Acraea sp. nov. allied to goetzi, from the Kivu Dist.; Acraea 
butlert Auriv., four forms from the Kivu Dist.; Amaurina 
elliott Butl., from the Kivu Dist.; Huptera hirundo Stgr., 
subsp. nov., from the §8.E. Congo Dist., a new 2 form; 
Euphaedra eleus Dry., subsp. nov., from §.E. Congo Dist. ; 
Euxanthe crossleyi Ward., typical form (Cameroons), form 
transitional to ansorger (Kasai Dist.), form with much en- 
larged stripes (Ituri Dist.), f. ansorger Roths. (Uganda); 
Senvoptila sp. nov., from §8.E. Congo Dist.; Dovania poecila 
R. & J., a very rare Sphingid, from the Kivu Dist.; Papilio 
dardanus @ {. niobe Auriv., from Ituri; P. dardanus 9 f. 
trophonissa Auriv., from the Kivu Dist.; P. ridleyanus Ward, 
and Acraea perenna Doubl., taken feeding together; P. 
jacksoni Shpe. 2, and model Amauris egialea, subsp. nov., 
from Kivu Dist.; Charazes etheocles 2 f. cedreatis Hew., taken 
whilst feeding on tree gum; resembles the 2 of C. muwmenes 
Hew., occurring in same region; Planema schubotzi Grunb., 3 °, 
from Ituri Forest, and mimicked by Pseudacraea eurytus ab, 
bicolor Auriv.; Planema macarista Shpe., a new form with cell- 
spot on fore-wing, mimicked by Pseudacraea eurytus, f. hobleyi 
Neave, from the Ituri Forest; P. hobleyi shows the hind-wing 
band very sharply defined distally, which is not the case 
with Uganda specimens he had seen; Acraea oberthuri Butl., 
mimicked by Mimacraea landbecki Druce, from Upper Congo 
and Ituri Dist.; Acraea uvwi Gr.Sm. 2, mimicked by Vanes- 
sula milea Hew., from Ruwenzori, found flying together; 
Acraea bonasia Fbr., mimicked by 2 Telipna sp.? from Upper 


Ixxx1x 


Congo; Pentila hiendlemayert Dew., mimicked by Mimaletis 
reducta Prout, from Upper Congo and Semliki; Powellana 
cotton’ B.-Bkr., taken on an oil palm in company with an 
Epitola sp.?; the Powellana is conspicuous on the wing but 
nearly invisible when it rests with wings folded; Upper 
Congo; Charaxes kahldeni Dew., with its form ehmeckei Dew., 
taken feeding together, Ituri River; Melinoéssa (Rhanudava) 
sp. nov. (Geometrid), mimicked by Larinopoda emilia Suft., 
from Upper Congo; Neptis ochracea Neave, taken together 
with Acraea disyuncta Gr.-Sm., which it very closely resembles 
in flight and colour, in thick forest bordering long grass. A 
scarce species, not more than one being usually seen at a 
time; Papilio dardanus 2 f. mobe Auriv., very heavy of flight 
and easily caught, it resembles a large Acraea when flying; 
inconspicuous when at rest and resembles a brown leaf; 
Vanessula nulca, often found flying with Acraea wow Gr.-Sm., 
for which it may be mistaken both in flight and colouring; 
Teiipna sp.? near sennrufa Kirby, found flying with Acraea 
bonasia Flr., for which it may be mistaken; at the same place 
was also accompanied by another Telipna sp.? with broader 
bands; Powellana cottoni B.-Bkr., found in more open part of 
forest on oil-palm; conspicuous on the wing, but almost 
invisible at rest with wings folded; taken on the same tree 
with Epitola sp.?; Charaxes kahldent Dew., taken with the 
form ehmeckei Dew., feeding on dung; Huxanthe crossleyt, 
which has habits similar to the Liptenids, flies high and fond 
of resting on dry twigs at right angles to stem, or occasionally 
on the bark of a tree; Papilio dardanus trophonissa, not 
known from L. Kivu; Papilio dardanus niobe, not known 
from Ituri Dist. No Planema f. taken in this Dist.; Papilio 
jackson, not known south of Ruwenzori; Pseudacraea 
eurylus, {. hobleyi, not known from Ituri Region before ; 
Papilio mackinnom, not known before from §.K. Congo, but 
recorded from Kivu; Acraca disjuwncta, not known from the 
Ituri; Acraea butleri, the only form of johnstont found in 
Kivu Dist. Amaurina ellioti, hitherto only known from 
Ruwenzori; Harpendyreus reginaldi, only known from Ruwen- 
zori; Dovania poecila, only known from one 3 type, Central 
Angoniland. 


XC 


LAMELLICORN BEETLES FROM Tonkin.—Mr. G. J. ARRow 
exhibited males and females of three species of Lamellicorn 
beetles (Hetinohoplia) from ‘Tonkin to show a_ hitherto 
unrecorded difference between the sexes. The females were 
remarkable for the clothing of beautiful golden scales upon 
the pygidium and lower surface of the body, replaced in the 
males by quite dull scales. Remarking that it was very 
unusual to find females of any insect more brilliantly adorned 
than the males, Mr. Arrow called attention to the fact that 
in the present instances the golden scales were found only 
upon a part of the body where they were concealed in the 
ordinary position. Of one of the three species (Z. suturalis) 
only one sex has so far been described, while the other two 
are new. 

BorEUS HYEMALIS, FEMALE, AND EGGS.—Mr. WITHYCOMBE 
exhibited specimens of this insect from Epping Forest, first 
seen on Nov. 13, in company with a small Carabid beetle, 
Notiophilus palustris, which somewhat resembles it at first 
sight. 

A BRED ORNITHOPTERON FROM SELANGOR WITH PRECISE 
PUPA-CASES.—Prof. Poutton exhibited three (out of five) 
males and three females of Trotdes helena cerbera, Feld., bred, 
July to September, 1920, by Mr. W. A. Lamborn, from larvae 
or pupae found at Ulu Gombak, thirteen miles from Kuala 
Lumpur, F.M.S. One female larva pupated July 11 and 
emerged about 8.0 a.m. on July 18—a very short pupal 
period for so large an insect. One male was found hanging 
to its pupa-case in the forest at 9.0 a.m. on July 18. Each 
of the six butterflies was accompanied by its pupa-case, one 
of each sex being mounted so as to show respectively the 
external characters of a female pupa on the 8th abdominal 
segment, and of a male on the 9th. The sexual differences 
could be detected by the naked eye. 

THE FLIGHT OF CERTAIN PAPILIONIDAE SOMETIMES MAIN- 
TAINED BY THE FOREWINGS ALONE.—Prof. PouLTon said that 
Dr. H. F. Standing had written to him as follows on the flight 
of Papilio (Pharmacophagus) antenor, Drury :—* On the wing 
it looks like a bird, the hind wings seeming to take little part 
in the flight and looking like the body of a bird.” The obser- 


xcl 


vations were made, 1917-1918, at Maintirano, near the middle 
of the W. coast of Madagascar. Similar observations on 
Troides amphrysus flavicollis, Druce, had been recorded in 
greater detail by S. B. J. Skertchly in Ann. Mag. N.H., Ser. 
6, vol. IV, 1889, p. 218 :—‘‘ The male in basking along the 
foliage on sunny river-sides [in British North Borneo] often 
flies slowly along, moving only its fore wings, the hind wings 
drooping at an obtuse angle to the line of flight, trailing like 
a rich robe of golden silk. . . . In such flight the fore wings 
only move through a small angle.” Speaking of the hair- 
fringed inner marginal fold (found in males of the Aristolochia 
or Pharmacophagus Swallowtails) Skertchly wrote of the 
same Troides (l.c.):—‘* In normal flight and when at rest 
this pouch is closed, but when the hind wing is drooped the 
pouch opens. It may therefore be a scent-pouch and this 
peculiar flight the normal courting flight.” 

Mr. E. E. Green said that he had frequently noticed the 
curiously laboured flight of T'roides darsius, Gray, in Ceylon; 
but had never formed any theory to account for it. Prof. 
Poulton’s remarks now afforded a perfect explanation of the 
peculiarity. Mr. Green had noticed the flight more par- 
ticularly when the male was courting a female. On one 
occasion, while riding his bicycle along the main drive of the 
Peradeniya Gardens, he came upon a courting couple hovering 
at about the height of his head. As he passed, he put up his 
hand and actually caught the male, by the under part of the 
thorax, between his finger and thumb ! 

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor said that in the common Papilio 
(Laertias) polytes, Lu., it was quite a usual occurrence for the 
males to carry the secondaries apparently motionless, especially 
during feeding when flying from flower to flower; also, when 
settled on a bloom, it would let these wings droop, as if they 
were quite useless, or broken, at the same time slowly opening 
and shutting the primaries. Such movements and attitudes 
were not seen in any other species, nor were they witnessed in 
the female of polytes, which are more retiring than the males, 
or in the males themselves when flying in the open and round 
muddy pools. Mr. Grosvenor’s observations were confirmed 
by Mr. Joy. 


xcll 


Papers. 

The following papers were read :— 

“A Description of the Female of Chiastopsylla godfreyi, 
Waterst., with further notes on the Genus,” by Capt. the Rev. 
J. Waterston, B.D., B.Sc. 

“Ona New African Fig-insect, Blastophaga dyscritus, n. sp.,” 
by the same. 


xclii 


ANNUAL MEETING. 


Wednesday, January 19th, 1921. 


Commander JamEsJ. Waker, M.A., R.N., F.L.S., President, 
in the Chair. 

The Rev. G. WHEELER, one of the Secretaries, read the 
following 


Report of the Council. 


‘The Session now concluding has been one of various and 
important changes, which have, however, left the Society in 
a very satisfactory position. Although we have had an 
unusual number of losses, 37 in all, occasioned by the death 
of 13 Fellows, the resignation of 19, and the removal of 5 for 
non-payment of subscriptions, yet these losses have been far 
more than counterbalanced by the unprecedented number of 
those who have this year joined our ranks, no less than 72 
Fellows having been elected during the year 1920. The 
Society now consists, so far as can be ascertained, of 12 Honor- 
ary, 2 Special Life Fellows, and 656 Ordinary Fellows making 
a total of 670. It is still, however, unfortunately, uncertain 
whether the Hon. Fellow A. P. SemMenorr THIAN-SHANSKI 
has been assassinated in Russia. 

The vacancy in the Trusteeship caused by the death of 
Lord Waxsincuam has been filled by the appointment of 
Prof: Pou.ton. 

Owing to the greatly increased and continually increasing 
cost of publication, the Transactions of the Society are again 
of smaller proportions than in recent years; they consist, 
however, of 418 pages, and contain 18 papers by the following 
authors :— 

G. J. Arrow, F.Z.8S.; Surgeon-Commander Matcotm 
Cameron, M.B., R.N. (2); G. D. H. Carpenter, M.B.E., 
D.M.,. ete.; T. A. Caapman, M.D., F.R.S., etc. (2); L. Di 
CLEARE; J. KE. Cotiin, F.Z.8.; G. C. Crampron, Ph.D. (2); 


XC1V 


F. A. Dixny, M.A., M.D., FURSS., ete.; H. Scorr, M.A., D:Ser: 
G. TatBor; H. J. TuRNER; Capt. the Rev. J. WaTEerstTon, 
B.D., B.Sc. (3); and C. B. Witttams, M.A. Of these 4 refer 
entirely to Lepidoptera, 3 to Coleoptera, 2 to Hymenoptera, 
one each to Diptera, Isoptera and Orthoptera, and the rest 
are of Biological interest. They are illustrated by 4 coloured, 
2 half-tones and 5 line-block plates, 2 maps, and several text- 
figures. ‘The cost of one coloured plate is borne by Dr. Cuap- 
MAN, and that of 4 line-block plates and the text-figures by Mr. 
Cotuin; the originals have in all cases been given by the 
authors, and Dr. CaRPENTER contributed £10 towards the cost 
of his two coloured plates. In addition Mr. Jorcry paid half 
the cost of Mr. Talbot’s paper and a donation of £50 was 
received from Jesus College, Oxford, towards the cost of the 
Society’s publications. 

The Proceedings will consist of about 90 pages and are 
illustrated by 4 black and white plates the cost of which is 
borne by Lord Roruscnitp. 

The great increase in the expenses of the Society, caused 
principally by the ever-increasing cost of publication, has 
rendered necessary an increase in the Entrance Fees and 
Subscriptions, the abolition of composition for Life Fellowship, 
and other changes. This necessity and various details princi- 
pally connected with the removal of the Society to new quarters 
have brought about many changes in the bye-laws, which 
received somewhat drastic revision at a Special Meeting held 
for that purpose on May 5th. 

The Housing Sub-Committee has issued the following 
Report, to which it is only necessary to add that Mr. Roper 
ApKIN, Dr. G. A. K. Marsnatt and Mr. W.-G. F. Netson 
have been appointed Trustees for the Debenture Holders. 


Report of the Housing Sub-Committee. 


In view of the practical completion of their task, the Housing 
Sub-Committee feel that this is a suitable occasion on which 
to record the steps that have led to 41, Queen’s Gate, South 
Kensington, being acquired as the permanent home of the 
Society. 


XCV 


The Sub-Committee, consisting of the Honble. N. C. 
Roruscutup (Chairman), Mr. W. G. Saeipon and Dr. 8. A. 
NBAVE, was originally appointed by the Council to consider 
the whole question of new quarters for the Society, and in the 
first place, to endeavour to obtain free accommodation from 
the Government at Burlington House or elsewhere. 

After consideration it was decided to approach the First 

Commissioner of Works through the Royal Society, this body, 
according to an entry in the Council Minute-book of our 
Society, dated so far back as 1856, having promised that 
they “‘ would watch the interests of the non-accommodated 
societies in the event of the Government providing further 
accommodation.” 
_ The Secretary of the Royal Society, Mr. W. B. Hardy, was 
extremely helpful, and personally interviewed the First 
Commissioner on our behalf. Whilst sympathetic with the 
idea, the Commissioner explained that he had no authority 
to grant accommodation to a learned Society in any other 
building than Burlington House, which was already full, and 
that in view of the present financial position the probability 
of any departure from this policy being approved by the 
Treasury for many years was extremely remote. He suggested, 
however, that there was a remote possibility of some accommo- 
dation becoming available in the offices of the Civil Service 
Commission at Old Burlington House. On further inquiry by 
the Sub-Committee it was found that this prospect was so 
extremely uncertain as not to merit further consideration. 

In the face of this position the Sub-Committee considered 
that as the Society could not continue to occupy its present 
very inadequate accommodation without becoming absolutely 
moribund, there were two courses open to it :— 

1. To rent larger premises. 

2. To purchase a Building, which should be freehold if 
possible, and to adapt it to suit the requirements of the Society 
so that it might become possessed of a permanent home. 

With respect to the first of these alternatives, the Sub- 
Committee were unable to find any suitable accommodation, 
and it was felt that even if it was obtainable, it would not 
provide a permanent solution of the Society's difficulties, and 


X¢CV1 


in view of its growth and prospects, the present congestion 
would almost certainly recur in a few years. 

The second alternative seemed the only satisfactory method 
of dealing with the question, and the Sub-Committee, with the 
Council’s consent and approval, proceeded to develop it. 

The principal difficulty that confronts all such bodies as 
ours from time to time is their tendency to outgrow their 
accommodation, especially as regards their libraries. It 
therefore seemed desirable to acquire premises with much 
larger accommodation than present requirements demanded, 
and with a room sufficiently large to be used as a meeting- 
room, or alternatively, space on which to erect one. It was 
realised that whilst the cost of erecting new buildings at 
present is prohibitive, there were a certain number of large, 
roomy old-fashioned houses, which not being suitable any 
longer for their original purpose, could be acquired on reason- 
able terms. It was thought that if such a house could be 
purchased, the surplus accommodation could be ‘let until 
required by the Society to other similar bodies, several of whom 
were without rooms. 

It was considered that for the sum of £10,000 one of these 
old houses could be acquired and adapted for the Society's 
purpose. 

At this juncture the Society received an offer from the 
Imperial Bureau of Entomology to the effect that, provided 
the site selected was near the British Museum (Natural History) 
at South Kensington, they were willing to lease the portions 
of the building not required by the Society. 

In view of the advantages to the Science of Entomology that 
obviously would accrue by having the two bodies under the 
same roof, the Council could only consider the offer favourably, 
and the Sub-Committee proceeded to search for suitable 
premises in the required position. The task was a difficult 
one, for the requirements of the Imperial Bureau made it 
incumbent that the premises should be within the very limited 
area of practically three roads, 7.e. Cromwell Road, Queen’s 
Gate and Prince’s Gate, and within this area the great majority 
of the houses that were for sale were too small, were not free- 
hold, or were unsuitable in some other way, and of the few 


xevil 


that were suitable, some were too expensive and _ others 
restricted to private occupation only. 

After a very long and persistent search and after having 
twice found a suitable house which at the last moment it was 
not found possible to secure, No. 41 Queen’s Gate was purchased. 
This house, which will be the future home of the Society, is 
freehold. It is extremely well built, and contains twenty- 
three rooms, almost all of which are large. It includes on the 
first floor a room capable of seating 150 persons, which will 
be suitable for a meeting-room for a number of years. On the 
ground-floor there is ample space for the library, and there is 
also a Council-room which can be used as a Club-room when 
not required for Council or Committee meetings. On the 
upper floors, and in the basement, there is adequate accommo- 
dation for the Imperial Bureau. At the rear of the premises 
there is a space at present occupied by kitchens and a garage ; 
this comprises a sufficient area on which it is possible to erect 
at any time a meeting-room much larger than that which will 
be used in the immediate future, and as the walls of the 
present buildings are up to the level that will be required for 
the new room it could be very economically formed, and 
difficulties with respect to ancient lights are not likely to arise. 
In the meantime the garage should be let for a considerable 
rental, which will substantially assist the finances of the Society. 

The purchase price of these premises was £6250, and in view 
of the facts of their suitability, that they probably cost almost 
double this sum to erect, and that 25 years ago they were 
mortgaged for £10,000, and therefore presumably were con- 
sidered worth £15,000, the purchase cannot be considered 
anything but a most advantageous one for the Society. 

They do not require structural alterations to fit them for 
the use of the Society and the Imperial Bureau. They have 
been re-decorated throughout, and some minor sanitary 
alterations have been made. The Imperial Bureau have moved 
in, and the Library has been removed from Chandos Street 
and is now being re-arranged. A Caretaker and a Sub- 
Librarian have been appointed, and as soon as the necessary 
furniture has been purchased, the Society can hold its meetings 


in the new home. 
PROC, ENT. SOC. LOND., III, Iv, v, 1920. G 


x¢evill 

The cost of practically the whole of the items of expenditure 
which the Society has had to incur in purchasing and fitting 
up the new home being now known, the Sub-Committee can 
confidently say that the estimated cost of the scheme, 7. e. 
£10,000, will certainly not be exceeded, and there is a proba- 
bility of the total required being less than this sum. 

The Sub-Committee deeply regret that owing to ill-health 
they have been deprived of the valued co-operation of their 
Chairman, the Honble. N. C. Roruscuiip, during the greater 
portion of the time in which their work has been carried out. 
They have co-opted Messrs. KE. C. BEDWELL, G. BeTHELL and 
W. G. F. Netson, who have rendered very valuable service, 
and to whom the thanks of the Society are due. 

The LIBRARIAN reports :— 

That 398 Volumes have been issued for Home reading as 
against 357 Volumes last year. The Library has also been 
largely used for the purpose of reference. 

Thirty-five Volumes and a large quantity of Separata have 
been added to the Library, mainly by presentations. Among 
the purchases the acquisition of Seitz’s ‘‘ Macrolepidoptera of 
the World,” and Culot’s ‘* Noctuelles et Géométres d’ Europe ” 
are worthy of note. 

The Report was adopted on the motion of Mr. H. J. TuRNER, 
seconded by Mr. StantEy Epwarps. 


The Treasurer’s Report. 


The TREASURER then read the following Report :— 

The year 1920 will always be memorable in the annals of 
the Society by reason that after at least seventy years of 
almost constant effort, it has at last succeeded in permanently 
solving the vital question of providing adequate housing 
accommodation. This question is dealt with in the report of 
the Housing Sub-Committee, and it is only necessary for me 
here to touch upon one or two aspects of the finance involved. 

Of the sum, £10,000, asked for by the Council to finance the 
scheme, £8514 18s. 6d., including £3404 18s. 6d. donations, 
was promised up to December 31st last, and of this amount 
£7825 18s, 6d, had been received, 


XCIX 


When every one of the Contributors has loyally and gener- 
ously done his or her best to assist the Society it is difficult to 
particularise, but I feel that reference should be made to 
splendid outstanding donations of £1000 from Dr. G. B. 
Longstaff, and £500 from the Honble. N. Charles Rothschild. 

Whilst the result is so far extremely satisfactory it will be 
seen that there is a considerable sum not at the moment in 
sight, and the President has recently issued an appeal to those 
Fellows who have not yet contributed to do so as soon as 
possible. The Appeal expresses a hope that the donation fund 
will eventually reach £5000, and explains that if this figure 
is arrived at the financial position of the Society will be assured. 

I sincerely trust this appeal, which has my entire support, 
-will have the desired effect, and in view of the fact that so far 
only 91 Fellows, or about 14 per cent. of the entire number, 
have come to the assistance of the Society, I have no doubt 
but that it will, when the whole of the contributions have 
been received. 

I feel sure every one will realise that the important benefit 
that will accrue, not only to the Society, but to the Science of 
Entomology, will determine all the Fellows to whom a contri- 
bution will not be a real hardship to themselves or those 
dependent upon them, to see it through. I would like to 
point out that all contributions, however small, will be grate- 
fully received. 

The Society has very reluctantly been compelled by the 
greatly increased cost of everything to raise the Annual Sub- 
scription to £2 2s. Od. for the future, but in doing so it was felt 
that an exception should be made in favour of any present 
Fellow to whom the increase would be a serious hardship, and 
that these should have the option of continuing to pay the old 
subscription of £1 Is. Od. per annum; this subscription, 
however, does not entitle them to receive the Transactions. 
It was necessary that the names of any Fellows who felt 
obliged to avail themselves of this offer should be known at 
the earliest possible moment, in order that the numbers of 
copies of the Transactions that would be required for the year 
1921 could be ascertained, and for this reason they were asked 
by the President in a letter sent to all the Fellows with a copy 


C 


of the revised Bye-Laws, to communicate to me their intention 
by October 31st last. 

In view of the fact that the old subscriptions de not now 
cover the Society’s Establishment charges, it is a matter of 
sincere congratulation that extremely few of the Fellows have 
been compelled to avail themselves of this concession. 

The Council feel that the Fellows as a body have splendidly 
come to the assistance of the Society in this very important 
respect, and they desire to express the gratitude they feel for 
the help so generously rendered. 

The Admission Fee has been increased to £3 3s. Od., and it 
will in future apply to all Fellows elected into the Society, 
whether residing in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. 

Compounding for the Subscriptions has been abandoned; in 
this respect the Society follows the lead of other Societies 
including that of The Linnean Society which has recently 
abolished compounding. 

Some of the Fellows who have compounded for ee sub- 
scription expressed their desire to share in the burden which 
had been placed upon the Society by the increase of its expenses, 
and an appeal was sent by the President in June last, with the 
result that the following Fellows volunteered to assist the 
Society, either by paying an extra Compounding Fee of £10 
10s. Od., or by making an annual payment of £1 1s. Od. per 
annum: Sir J. T. D. Llewellyn, the Rev. F. D. Morice, and 
Messrs. C. H. Andrewes, H. E. Andrewes, G. J. Arrow, C. T. 
Bowring, P. A. Buxton, C. Cave, W. H. B. Fletcher, E. E. 
Green, K. Jordan, W. J. Kaye, J. Spedan Lewis, H. Main, 
J. C. Moulton, B. 8. Ogle, M. A. Phillips, W. D. Robinson 
Douglas, P. N. Whitley, and R. 8. Wilson. The Council 
desires to express its sincere thanks to those Fellows for the 
help they have given to the Society. 

The Compounding question, by these donations and the 
allotment of half the Admission Fees, is placed in a considerably 
better position, for the income arising out of the Compounding 
Fund will next year equal about 16s. per Compounding Fellow, 
instead of 10s. 5d. a year ago. 

From the point of view of the usual items of income and 
expenditure which are dealt with in the financial statement, 


cl 


the position of the Society may be considered to be quite 
satisfactory. 

The amount received from the current year’s subscriptions 
is again a record, 545 subscriptions having been received 
as against 488 in 1919, an increase of 57. The amount of 
subscriptions in arrears has again decreased from £84 3s. Od. 
due from 47 subscribers to £67 6s. Od. due from 42 subscribers. 
Admission Fees amount to £35 14s. Od. more than in 1919. 
The result of the sale of Proceedings is an increase of £27 2s. 3d. 
on that of the previous year. The donations in aid of the 
Publications are in excess of those of 1919 by £122 Os. 9d., 
for which the donations mentioned in the Council’s Report 
are chiefly responsible. The gratitude of the Society is due 
to these generous donors. 

The total income, chiefly owing to the above-mentioned 
items, shows the large increase of £321 16s. 9d. 

About two years ago the General body of Fellows assembled 
at an ordinary meeting passed a resolution asking the Council 
to provide Tea after the meetings without any cost to the 
Fellows. It was felt by the Council that this should be done 
when circumstances permitted, and as the Society is now in 
possession of its own home it seems a fit and proper time in 
which to commence to offer this hospitality to the Fellows 
and guests. The tea fund will therefore disappear in future. 

The payments side of the balance sheet shows a large increase, 
which includes for salaries £15 16s. 6d. Several valuable 
books which the Library urgently required have been purchased 
out of the Library Fund, the cost of new Books has increased 
by £33 6s. 1ld. Binding and Repairs to the Books have cost 
£35 14s. 10d. more than in 1919. I fear the present state of 
the Library will necessitate a considerable sum being spent 
upon repairs in the near future. The cost of Printing is over 
£200 less, but this is accounted for by the publications issued 
in 1920 consisting of matter concerning that year only, whereas 
a considerable portion of the publications which should have 
appeared in 1918 were issued in 1919 as well as the whole of 
the publications of the later year. Sundry printing, stationery 
and postage are accountable for considerable increase. 

I regret that the Society’s Printers have increased the cost 


Cll 


of its publications again within the last year by nearly 30 per 
cent. This question must receive the serious and careful 
consideration of the Council during the coming year. 

The large stock of Publications which has been for several 
years at the Natural History Museum, has hitherto stood in a 
heap in one of the semi-public passages in the basement. It 
was impossible from this to select any volumes required, or 
to know what the heap actually contained. Through the 
intervention of Mr. J. H. Durrant the authorities of the Museum 
very kindly offered the Society a much more suitable position 
in which to store this valuable property. Racks were made and 
the Publications were placed in such a position and in such 
order that any particular volumes are always accessible. The 
cost of this operation was £15 18s. 4d. 

The balance at the end of 1919 of £207 3s. Od. standing to 
the credit of the General Account, has been during the year 
transferred to the Housing Fund. In consequence of this, 
and of certain unforeseen expenses which had to be incurred 
towards the close of the year, there is a small deficit in the 
General Account of £1 Os. 8d. On the other hand there are 
satisfactory balances of £206 7s. Od. in favour of the Com- 
pounding Fund which will be invested at once, and £51 5s. Id. 
in favour of the Library Fund (New Books). 

I regret to report that in consequence of the general deprecia- 
tion of stocks, there has been a further fall during the year in 
the Society’s holdings in Consols and Birmingham 3 per cent. 
of £98 1s. 7d. 

I should like here to say something of the future financial 
prospects of the Society, but there are certain factors which 
are not yet sufficiently developed to enable me definitely to 
do so; so far, however, as I can see from present indications, 
and providing certain sources of income and capital materialise 
as they should reasonably be expected to do from information 
I possess, I have no hesitation in saying that the Society is 
in sight of the end of its very serious difficulties, and I trust 
that in its new home it will develop to standards of prosperity, 
progress, and usefulness far higher than it has risen to hitherto, 
I hope to refer to this question again a year hence. 

The TREASURER also read the Financial Statement, and 


cul 


both Report and Accounts were adopted on the motion of 
Mr. BepweE tt, seconded by Mr. A. KE. Tonce. 

The Presrpent declared the Fellows nominated by the 
Council as Officers and Council for the ensuing Session to be 
duly appointed in accordance with the Bye-laws. 

The PrestpENnt then read an Address, after which a Vote of 
Thanks to him was passed on the motion of Lord Roruscnitp, 
seconded by Mr. Eiwes, to which he replied, 

A vote of thanks to the Officers was then proposed by Mr. 
A. H. Jones, special mention being made of the retiring 
Librarian Mr. G. C. Cuampion; this was seconded by Dr. 
CocKAYNE and passed, the Treasurer and the two Secretaries 


replying. 


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THE PRESIDENTS ADDRESS 


LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, 

The session which terminates with this evening's 
Meeting has undoubtedly been one of the most eventful in 
the whole history of the Society. In the first place, mainly 
owing to the generous response of a large body of our Fellows 
to the appeal for the funds necessary to carry out the under- 
taking, and to the energetic efforts of our indefatigable 
Treasurer, we have at last been able to secure as our own 
property a home which we trust will be worthy of the tra- 
ditions and dignity of the most influential association of 
Entomologists in existence. Our new home will be shared 
with us, for some years in any case, by the Imperial Bureau 
of Entomology, and thus its importance and utility as the 
head-quarters of our Science in the British Empire will be 
enhanced in no small measure. Moreover, our new and ample 
accommodation will enable the treasures of our Library to 
be displayed to far greater advantage, and to be rendered 
much more accessible and available to our Fellows, than they 
have been for so many years in the cramped and congested 
space they have of necessity occupied. We deeply regret, 
however, that the valuable services of Mr. G. C. Champion, 
our Honorary Librarian for the last thirty years, are no longer 
available to us. During the long period in which he has 
held this office, his unfailing attention to its arduous and 
responsible duties, and the conspicuous ability with which 
these duties have been performed, have earned for him the 
unfeigned gratitude of the Society as a body; and it must 
not be forgotten that to him we owe the first printed catalogue 
of our great collection of Entomological works, as well as its 


Cvill 


“ Supplement,” issued a few years afterwards. In our new 
Honorary Librarian, Mr. H. J. Turner, I am convinced that 
we shall find a worthy successor to Mr. Champion in this 
important office. 

The acquisition of our new premises has not been free from 
difficulties, legal and otherwise; and we are greatly indebted 
to our Fellow, Mr. W. G. F. Nelson, for his most kind and 
valuable advice and assistance in enabling us to surmount 
these obstacles. The preparations for the occupation of our 
new home proceed apace, and we assemble this evening for 
almost, if not quite, the last time in the room in which, ever 
since the year 1874, our meetings have been held. It is only 
fitting here to acknowledge the cordial relations that have 
subsisted between the Medical Society of London and ourselves, 
during the long period of our tenancy of their rooms. 

In common with all other scientific Societies, we have felt 
severely the pinch of the present hard times, and it has been 
found imperatively necessary to increase our Entrance Fee 
and Annual Subscription very materially. This increase, 
however, has not prevented the addition to our ranks of an 
unprecedented number of new Fellows, and our losses by 
resignation and by death have been more than made good. 
The cost of paper, of printing, and especially of every form 
of illustration, instead of becoming less as we hoped last year, 
continues ever to increase, and is now almost prohibitive ; 
our Transactions have in consequence suffered somewhat, 
and though the quality of their contents remains as high as 
ever, they are smaller in bulk than has been the case for 
many years past, and it has been necessary to defer the pub- 
lication of several important papers. 

During the past year we have lost by death thirteen of 
our colleagues, including our senior Fellow, the Rev. Henry 
S. Gorham, who joined the Society as long ago as 1855. He 
possessed an intimate knowledge of British and exotic Cole- 
optera, and his Entomological writings, all of which deal 
with this Order of Insects, extend over a period of forty years. 
Among these the most important are the ‘‘ Endomycici 
Recitati,” published in 1873, and his contributions to the 
“ Biologia Centrali-Americana,’ in which great work he was 


cix . 


responsible for the Malacodermata, Erotylidae, Endomychidae 
and Coccinellidae. Another veteran who has gone from among 
us, although he was rarely seen at our meetings, is Mr. Alfred 
EK. Hudd of Bristol, an accomplished antiquarian as well as 
Entomologist, whose election to the Society dates from 1865. 
By the untimely death of Mr. Frank Milburn Howlett the 
Society has been deprived of an Entomologist of great acquire- 
ments and even greater promise, especially in the biological 
and physiological aspects of our Science; and the same may 
be said of the late Dr. Charles Gordon Hewitt, the Dominion 
Entomologist of Canada, whose work was on closely similar 
lines. Another serious loss is that of Prof. Leonard Doncaster, 
F.R.S., whose researches in the field of genetics mark an era 
in biological science; and in particular his discovery in 1906 
of the phenomena of sex-determination in Abraxas grossu- 
lariata, as the result of an elaborate series of breeding experi- 
ments, is of the greatest interest to Mendelians. The death 
within the last few days of Dr. H. H. Corbett and Mr. J. W. 
Carter. deprives Yorkshire of two of its most prominent 
Entomological workers; two well-known Dipterists have 
passed away in the Marchese Piero Bargagli and Mr. Frederick 
C. Adams; and Australia has lost her premier Arachnologist in 
Mr. William J. Rainbow, the Entomologist to the Australian 
Museum, Sydney, whose death took place in November 1919. 
To these may be added the names of Commander the Hon. 
Richard O’B. Bridgeman, R.N., F. M. Campbell, and James 
T. McDougall, respecting whom, however, I have no particu- 
lars; nor must we omit the names of Frederick Herschel 
Waterhouse, the last survivor of a family of distinguished 
Entomologists, and of William West, known to most of us 
as a frequent visitor and exhibitor at our meetings for many 
years past, although neither was a Fellow of the Society. 

I now proceed to the Entomological essay which custom 
requires of the President on these annual occasions. 


Some Aspects oF Insect Lire In New ZEALAND. 


The choice of the subject of my Address has been deter- 
mined by two considerations. First of all, nearly twenty 


CX 


years ago, during my last commission abroad in H.M.S. 
‘““ Ringarooma,” it was my good fortune to spend more than a 
year in New Zealand waters; to make the acquaintance of 
many able and enthusiastic entomologists in the Dominion; 
to consult most of the principal collections of New Zealand 
insects in the Museums and in private hands; and to carry 
away with me some of the most pleasant memories of my 
life, gained in acquiring first-hand experience of these insects 
in the field. Secondly, this experience has enabled me fully 
to realise the extreme interest and importance of the entire 
New Zealand fauna, and the fascinating field of research and 
speculation as to its origin and affinities, which it presents to 
the student of the geographical distribution of animal life. 
On some of these problems I propose to touch, however 
lightly, in the course of this Address, which in addition may 
have some little value as a summary of our knowledge of the 
Entomology of New Zealand, brought up as nearly as possible 
to the present date. 

It has become a common custom to speak of New Zealand 
as the “ Britain of the South,” but it would be difficult to 
find two regions, nearly equal in area and both in the Tem- 
perate Zone, more utterly diverse in physical and faunistic 
conditions. The British Islands are essentially a part of the 
great Euro-Asiatic continent, from which they were separated 
as it were yesterday in geological time; and their insect fauna 
is but a greatly reduced edition of that of Europe, and includes 
only a very limited number of species which may be regarded 
as peculiar. New Zealand, on the contrary, has almost 
certainly not been directly connected with any of the great 
land-masses since the commencement of the Tertiary period 
at latest, and it possesses in consequence the most isolated 
and precinctive fauna of any region in the whole world. From 
Australia, the nearest land which may be regarded as a con- 
tinent, the islands are separated by the Tasman Sea, an extent 
of more than a thousand miles of storm-swept and profoundly 
deep ocean, and the coast of South America is at least four 
times as far away across the Pacific. Southwards, a vast 
expanse of deep ocean, broken only by one or two groups of 
small islands, extends to the eternal ice of the Antarctic 


Cxi 


Continent; and only to the northward do we find evidence 
of a former connection with other regions, in the submarine 
plateau included within the thousand-fathom line of soundings 
which surrounds New Zealand and its satellite islands, extend- 
ing nearly as far as New Caledonia, and probably indicating 
the limits of an ancient continent of which these islands are 
the sole relics at the present day. 

New Zealand may on the whole be regarded as an eminently 
diversified and mountainous land, its highest summit, Mount 
Cook (Aorangi) in the Southern Alps, attaining an elevation 
of 12,347 feet; and as the Islands extend over fourteen degrees 
of latitude, from 34° 25’ to 47° 20’ S., almost every variety 
of climate except that of the Tropics may be found within 
their limits. The rainfall varies from about 25 inches per 
annum in the drier parts of the South Island, to as much as 
150 inches in the Sounds on the south-west coast, which are 
exposed to the full force of the prevailing westerly winds of 
those latitudes; and with the usually moderate range of 
temperature, and the general abundance of sunshine, the 
_ conditions throughout the Islands are favourable to vegetable 
life in an eminent degree. The first European visitors found 
the whole country, except on the higher slopes of the moun- 
tains and a few limited lowland tracts, covered with dense 
forest, which in the dimensions of its individual trees, the 
luxuriance of the undergrowth, and the profusion of epiphytes, 
climbing plants and especially of ferns of endless variety and 
of all sizes, was probably unsurpassed in picturesque beauty 
and botanical interest anywhere in the Temperate Zone. But 
over a great area of both Islands this noble forest is but a 
memory, and has vanished before the axe of the “ timber- 
getter,’ and even more through the indiscriminate use of 
fire for clearing the country for agricultural and grazing 
purposes. In many districts all that remains to tell of its 
former glories is an occasional decaying log or tree-fern stump 
on a bare hillside, or a hideous array of miles of charred trunks 
of once majestic trees, rising from a tangled growth of furze, 
sweetbriar, and blackberry bramble, more impenetrable than 
the original “ bush” and much more difficult to deal with. 
In the immediate vicinity of some of the principal towns, 


CXil p 


notably at Nelson and Christchurch in the South Island, one 
may walk for a long distance without seeing a single indi- 
genous plant, so completely has the native flora been ousted 
by introduced trees, shrubs, and weeds, mostly from our own 
country. No fewer than 350 species of these intruders were 
a few years ago enumerated by Mr. T. F. Cheeseman as having 
become more or less established in the neighbourhood of 
Auckland,* and many of these weeds grow with a vigour and 
luxuriance quite unknown in their native land. The disas- 
trous effect on all forms of life of this destruction and replace- 
ment of the original vegetation need hardly be enlarged upon, 
and as it continues at an even accelerated pace, the necessity 
is only too obvious for immediate and thorough research in 
what still remains of the endemic animal life of New Zealand, 
before many of its most interesting forms are lost for ever. 
Fortunately there is in the Dominion at the present time a 
small but exceedingly capable body of Entomologists who 
are fully alive to the urgency of the matter, and the number 
of new and interesting forms in all Orders of insects brought 
to light by them in recent years bears ample testimony to 
their successful exertions. Even near the larger towns, 
notably at Dunedin, where a wide belt of “ bush ” surrounding 
the city has been specially reserved, some patches of the original 
woodland have escaped the general destruction, and _ still 
give shelter to many interesting insects and other forms of 
indigenous life. 

The New Zealand forest is mostly evergreen in character, 
and thus varies but little in aspect at different seasons of the 
year. In many parts, especially at low elevations, it is 
largely composed of four or five noble species of Coniferous 
trees, chief of which is the famous ‘“‘ Kauri,” one of the most 
magnificent timber trees in the world, but now rapidly 
approaching practical extinction, and found only in the 
northern half of the North Island. In the less settled parts 
of the Dominion, and in particular on the flanks of the moun- 
tain ranges, large stretches of forest still remain practically 
in their primeval condition, the subalpine scrub being of an 
exceedingly dense and impenetrable character, but containing 

* Transactions, N.Z. Institute, XV, pp. 268-298, 


CX 


many fine and curious flowering shrubs, some of which are 
now well known in cultivation. Towards the west the pre- 
vailing trees are several species of Nothofagus, a very interesting 
group of small-leaved, mostly evergreen beeches, miscalled 
‘birch’? in New Zealand, and ‘“‘ myrtle’ in Tasmania. Trees 
of this genus are also predominant in the forests of Western 
Tasmania and Western Patagonia, to which they impart a 
characteristic aspect in common with those of New Zealand ; 
and their present-day distribution strongly suggests the 
common origin of these widely-dispersed trees in a long- 
vanished sub-Antarctic land. 

Comparatively few of the trees and shrubs in the lowland 
forests have conspicuous flowers, with the exception of the 
genus Veronica, which here includes trees of considerable 
dimensions, and the Myrtaceous genus Melrosideros, in which 
are some fine timber-trees as large as English oaks, whose 
many-stamened crimson and pink blossoms are in their 
season a most beautiful and conspicuous feature of the ‘* bush.” 
Where not actually under cultivation, the open ground un- 
occupied by forest is, in the North Island, covered in great 
part with a dense growth of “ manuka” or “ tea-tree ”’ 
(Leptospermum), a Myrtaceous shrub or small tree whose 
profuse and fragrant white blossoms rival those of the haw- 
thorn in their attractiveness to insects; or with a robust 
variety of our bracken (Pleris aquilina var. esculenta), the 
rhizome of which in old times formed an important item in 
the food-supply of the Maoris. In the South Island are wide 
expanses of level or shghtly undulating land, sometimes 
many miles in extent, and covered with tall grass growing 
in definite ‘‘ tussocks,”’ other vegetation being usually little 
in evidence. This “‘ tussock-land,”’ which forms the finest 
of pasture, extends in places far up the mountain-sides, where, 
above the “ timber-line,” an Alpine flora exceedingly rich in 
species, and including many of the most remarkable and 
beautiful plant-forms of New Zealand, is found up to the 
limits of perpetual snow. 

The diversified surface, the favourable climatic conditions, 
and the luxuriant vegetation of these beautiful Islands, at 
once suggest the existence of a profusion of species and 

PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., III, IV, v, 1920 H 


CX1V 


individuals in all Orders of insects; and in the light of our 
present knowledge, it is a little difficult to realise the opinion 
which prevailed up to quite a recent date, that New Zealand 
possessed probably the poorest and most limited insect fauna 
of any land of the same extent. Kven as late as 1876, we 
find so eminent an authority as Mr. A. R. Wallace writing of 
its “‘ excessive and most unintelligible poverty in insects,” * 
and further on in the same great work,t he is disposed to 
attribute this poverty to the deficiency of the flora in gaily- 
coloured and conspicuous flowers—a deficiency by no means 
as great as was then generally supposed. And an excellent 
Entomologist, the late Prof. F. W. Hutton, writes as follows 
in 18783—‘ No New Zealand naturalist who has collected 
insects on however small a scale in Kurope can I think: fail 
to be struck with the paucity in New Zealand, not only of 
species, but in some Orders of individuals also... . On 
entering the bush, instead of finding the masses of decaying 
wood and leaves swarming with life, we hardly find a living 
creature, while at the same time we are attacked by myriads 
of blood-thirsty mosquitos (Culex acer). It would certainly 
seem that abundance of food does not produce abundance of 
individuals in some Orders (e. g. Coleoplera), neither does an 
absolute dearth of food in the imago state prevent the increase 
of individuals in others (e.g. Diplera).’ | Another good 
observer, Mr. C. M. Wakefield, states also at about the same 
time—*‘* 8000 species of Coleoptera have been found in Great 
Britain, and although I cannot say how many New Zealand 
species have been described, yet I do not think the number 
can possibly exceed 500. When, therefore, we consider what 
a diversity of climate and surface these islands present, it 1s 
obvious that there is ample scope for further investigation. 
Not only are our species few in number, but the individuals 
composing them are small and inconspicuous, and singularly 
destitute of brilliant colouring. The same dull and sombre 
hue so characteristic of the vegetation of New Zealand 
extends itself, with but few exceptions, to its fauna.” § 
The reason for this striking under-estimate of the richness 


* Geog. Distribution of Animals, T, p. 450. + Id., pp. 460-63. 
{ Trans. N.Z. Inst., V, p. 246. § Id., V, p. 297. 


CXV 


of the New Zealand insect fauna is not far to seek, for it 
is undoubtedly due to the fact that its great interest and 
importance were until quite recently not realised by ento- 
mologists in general, previous to which a certain lack of 
superficial attractiveness in the insects as a whole had led to 
their being somewhat neglected by collectors, professional 
and otherwise. The close research and observation carried 
out during the past thirty years by the resident entomologists 
of New Zealand, with the aid of such capable visitors from 
England as Mr. EK. Meyrick and others, have completely 
dissipated the idea of an insect fauna unduly poor in number 
of species. But these researches have emphasised the isolated 
and distinctive character of the fauna, by revealing the striking 
inequality in the representation of the different Orders of 
insects, and the entire absence in all, of a great number of 
eroups otherwise of almost universal distribution. Indeed, 
it may be said that the interest of the New Zealand insect 
fauna as a whole consists almost as much in its deficiencies, 
as in what it includes. 

Comparatively few of the New Zealand insects are of 
diurnal or obtrusive habits, and their general apparent scarcity 
in species at any rate, is very evident to the ordinary col- 
lector, as indeed it was at first to myself. A very large number 
of insects in all Orders, especially in the Coleoptera, are most 
efficiently protected from casual observation by their inactive 
and retired habits, and even more by the eminently cryptic 
nature of their form and colouring, which harmonise in a 
greater degree with their special surroundings than is probably 
the case with the members of any other fauna. Very many 
species are exceedingly local, and confined to a very small 
area, and a large number of the finer forms now known have 
been recently obtained from mountain localities more or less 
difficult of access. When, however, the entomologist from 
Kngland has realised the peculiar conditions under which 
most of the endemic insects live, he will find collecting fully 
as pleasant and remunerative as at home, though it may 
call for a greater amount of acumen and perseverance. 

In the neighbourhood of the larger towns, the insects 
introduced accidentally or of set purpose from our own coun- 


eXvi 


try, such as the hive-bee, the humble-bees of three or four 
species which were imported with much difficulty some fifty 
years ago, and which now abound everywhere, the blow-fly 
Calliphora erythrocephala Meig., and the drone-fly Hristalis 
tenax L., intrude themselves on the notice of the entomologist 
much more than is the case with the endemic insects of the 
Islands. They are, in fact, fully as much in evidence as the 
swarms of sparrows, greenfinches, linnets and starlings which 
have everywhere replaced the far more interesting small 
native birds, except in the recesses of the “‘ bush’ remote 
from cultivation. . 

The history of the progress of our knowledge of the Cole- 
opterous fauna of New Zealand is very interesting. The first 
small collection brought to England, which, however, included 
several of the largest and most conspicuous species, was made 
during the memorable first visit of Capt. Cook to the islands 
in 1769-70; and many of these insects, which were described 
by Fabricius, still exist in the Banksian Collection in the 
Natural History Museum at South Kensington. Little or 
nothing was added to our knowledge until 1841, when some 
beetles were collected at Akaroa, Port Chalmers, and the 
Auckland Islands by the French expedition to the South 
under Capt. Dumont d’Urville; and a few were also obtained 
at the Bay of Islands in the North Island by the naturalists 
of our own Antarctic ships commanded by Capt. Sir James C. 
Ross. These latter insects, with a few more from other 
entomologists, among them Charles Darwin in the “ Beagle,” 
were described by Adam White in 1846 in the “ Zoology of 
the Voyage of H.M. Ships Erebus and Terror,’ about 150 
species of Coleoptera being then known from New Zealand. 
A small collection from the Christchurch district, sent home 
in 1867 by Mr. R. W. Fereday, was described in the “ Ento- 
mologist’s Monthly Magazine” of that year by Mr. H. W. 
Bates; and from this date the serious investigation of the 
New Zealand Coleoptera may be said to have commenced. 
Several valuable papers by the late Prof. Hutton, Capt. T. 
Broun, Mr. C. M. Wakefield, and other entomologists resident 
in New Zealand, as well as by Mr. F. P. Pascoe and Dr. D. 
Sharp, appeared between 1873 and 1884, mostly in the Trans- 


Cxvil 


actions of the New Zealand Institute; and in 1885 the last- 
named eminent Coleopterist, in the Transactions of the Royal 
Dublin Society,* made what was up to that time by far the 
most important contribution to. our knowledge of the New 
Zealand beetle-fauna, mainly based on a very large collection 
from the South Island received from Mr. R. Helms of Grey- 
mouth. In this fine paper, to which I am greatly indebted, 
Dr. Sharp estimates ‘that New Zealand will be found to 
possess somewhere between 3000 and 3500 species of Cole- 
optera,’ a prediction which has been more than fulfilled. 
Prior to that date, however, Captain (afterwards Major) T. 
Broun, whose decease we have quite recently had to deplore, 
had issued at Wellington in 1880 the first part of his ‘* Manual 
of New Zealand Coleoptera,’ in which 1141 species were 
enumerated. This work, although in parts decidedly open 
to criticism, has been of very great value to every one interested 
in the entomology of New Zealand; and to the end of his 
long life the author continued, almost single-handed and 
under many difficulties, to describe the multitude of hitherto 
unknown forms brought to light by his own researches and 
those of the other Coleopterists resident in the Dominion. 
The endemic members of several important families, such as 
the Byrrhidae, the Cossonides, and especially the Pselaphidae, 
have been revised by him in quite recent years. Just before 
his lamented decease, Prof. F. W. Hutton in 1904 published 
his exceedingly useful “‘ Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae,” 
which includes a complete catalogue of the insects as known 
up to that date, and enumerates 2735 species of Coleoptera 
as occurring in the Islands. At the present time ahout 4000 
species, a number considerably in excess of that of our British 
beetles, are known to inhabit the New Zealand Region, and 
these are comprised in nearly 700 genera. 

The unequal representation of the New Zealand insects is 
in no Order so strikingly evident as in the Coleoptera. Thus 
the important families Cetoniadae and Cassididae are entirely 
absent from the fauna; and only four small species of the 
Buprestidae, so abundant in species and individuais in 
Australia, have as yet been found in New Zealand. The 

* New Series, Vol. III, pp. 351-452, plates XII, XIII. 


CXVvill 


great group of true dung-beetles, as might indeed have been 
expected in the case of a region which in all probability has 
never supported any terrestrial Mammalia except two small 
species of bats, are here represented only by a very few 
small forms of Saphobius (Copridae) and Ataenius (Aphodiidae), 
which are found under bark and in vegetable refuse. The 
very curious little blind Aphodiid Phycochus graniceps Broun, 
which lives in the sand under half-buried logs at high-water 
mark on the coasts, has, singularly enough, been found under 
similar conditions in Tasmania, in company with another 
member of the genus. The Dytiscidae number only sixteen 
species, and only one of these, the rare Homoeodytes (Cybister) 
hookert White is of large size; our familiar Rhantus pulverosus 
Steph., whose range extends from our own islands to Tongatabu 
in mid-Pacific, being of very common occurrence. The 
Chrysomelidae again are few in species, except perhaps in 
the Galerucine genus Luperus, and they do not present a 
single form of large size or striking appearance. On the 
other hand the Cicindelidae, Hydrophilidae, Staphylinidae, 
Lucanidae, Elateridae and Dascillidae, as well as the Heteromera, 
are relatively much better represented, and the Longicornes 
can boast of some 220 species, a large number for a temperate 
region, though only two of these, Prionoplus reticularis F. 
and Ochrocydus huttoni Pasc., both among the most conspicuous 
of New Zealand insects, represent the large section of the 
Prioninae. The Carabidae, of which, however, the first sub- 
family (Carabides) has for its sole exponent the very anomalous 
Amarotypus edwardsi Bates, forms one of the largest and 
most important elements of the Coleopterous fauna, being 
only exceeded in this respect by the Curculionidae, of which 
family more than a thousand species are now known from 
the New Zealand region. The sub-family Cossoninae, which 
is characteristic of insular insect faunae in an eminent degree, 
is here developed to an extent proportionately exceeded else- 
where only in the Hawaiian Islands and in St. Helena. A 
single tree, the Nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida Sol.), the sole 
endemic palm, supports an interesting series of some eight 
or ten species included in four genera, and other remarkable 
forms of the sub-family are restricted to the tree-ferns 


CX1xX 


(Cyathea) and to the so-called “native flax” (Phormiwm 
tenax Forst.). A single species of the curious genus Rhyncho- 
gonus, whose head-quarters are in the Hawaiian Islands, has 
been found in New Zealand, and another has recently been 
met with in the Kermadec Islands to the northward. The 
Cryptorrhynchina are also very fully represented, especially 
Acalles and the allied genera, which include some very fine 
endemic forms. There are five species of the small but 
remarkable family Rhysodidae, a large number for a single 
limited region, and one of the very few members of the very 
aberrant family Aglycyderidae (A. wollastoni Sharp) is found 
rarely on the tree-ferns, the only other two species occurring 
in such remote localities as New Caledonia and the Canary 
Islands. The Anthribidae also include a considerable number 
of interesting insects, nearly all, however, being of small size ; 
and in the Colydidae and the Pselaphidae especially, the 
industrious researches of the present school of New Zealand 
Coleopterists, notably among them the late Major Broun, have 
revealed a wealth of species probably unequalled anywhere else 
in the world in singularity of form and diversity of structure. 


COMPARATIVE TABLE OF REPRESENTATION IN 
CERTAIN GROUPS OF COLEOPTERA 


New Zealand | British Islands Hawaiian Islands | St. Helena 


Family | (4000 species). | (3420 species). | (1107 species). (129 species). 
or | 
Section. | 
| Genera.| Species.) Genera. ele Genera. | Species. | Genera. | Species. 
Cicindelidae Pec 29 1 5 — 
Carabidae bon F483") “7ONMSIGHs | 36m P2048 1 14 
| Dytiscidaei | 5%.) \.16 | 18 107 | | 
|Pselaphidae | 23 318 | 13 36 | — | — | — — 
Colydiidae ea2eitenie ei 15 He) al 1 — = 
| Lucanidae {| 4 | 35 3 3 a 7 — | — 
Cerambycidae| 51 | 224 | 32 55 ay Als ay — 
lehyeoneapal N07) P6130 | 520 HRM ni | Sal 3 
|Curculionidae | 193 | 1049 | 96 | 476 | 12 BPA i ols 65 
\(Apionides) 1 ial 80 | — 
(Cossonides) | Sl) 160) |=. 7 Fy pels SOM mele 54 
Anthribidae | 9 | 73| 5 Sree) [yeas le” 8 26 


In this connection it may be interesting to compare the 
representation of some of the principal families and sub- 


CxXx 


families of Coleoptera in New Zealand with that of the truly 
endemic members of the same groups in two equally pre- 
cinctive and peculiar insular faunae which have been about 
equally investigated, and: with the same groups as found in 
the British Islands. 

The great majority of the New Zealand beetles are of 
moderate or quite small dimensions, and are characterised 
rather by endless diversity of form and sculpture than by 
bright or conspicuous colouring. The largest beetle of the 
Islands, Prionoplus reticularis F., slightly exceeds our Prionus 
coriarius in size, and the single representative of the Brenthidae, 
Teramocerus (Lasiorrhynchus) barbicornis F., of which the male 
is often more than three inches in total length, is one of the 
finest and largest of the family, as well as one of the most 
remarkable and conspicuous insects in the fauna of the 
Islands. But there are, after all, a good many exceptions 
to the general dullness. The large metallic-green and coppery 
species of T'richosternus and Zaeopoecilus rival many of the 
European Carabi in size and brilliancy of colour, and another 
fine and very characteristic genus of the same family is 
Mecodema, of which nearly sixty species are now known from 
New Zealand, only two or three others occurring in Australia 
and Tasmania. These are black or dark bronzy beetles of 
varied and often elegant sculpture, the finest, M. costellum 
Broun, coming from Stephens Island in Cook’s Strait, where 
also the largest species of the endemic Tenebrionid genus 
Cilibe is found. In the rich green flower-frequenting species 
of Rygmodus we find a brightness of colouring quite unusual 
in the Hydrophilidae, and the little “‘ chafers” of the genus 
Pyronota, some of which are most abundant in summer on 
Leptospermum and other blossoms, yield to very few of their 
tribe in beauty of metallic colour. Their larger relative, the 
exceedingly rare Poecilodiscus pulcher Broun of the mountains 
of the South Island, is even more brilliant, and the largest 
Buprestid, Nascio enysii Broun, is also a charming little 
beetle. Among the Elateridae are some quite fine insects, 
one of the most singular being the large flattened Psorochroa 
granulata Broun, which is found rarely in crevices of rocks 
near the sea in some of the small off-lying islands; and the 


CXX1 


Cleridae also include some very pretty little insects.’ Few 
Longicorns for their size exceed in elegance of form or beauty 
of subdued colour such species as Hexatrichia pulverulenta F., 
Coptomma variegatum F. (both of which, like Teramocerus 
barbicornis, have in recent years become very much less 
common than formerly), the apple-green Calliprason sinclairt 
White, and especially the little flower-frequenting members 
of the genus Zorion; while the large and rare Blosyropus 
spinosus Redt. of the South Island is one of the most quaint- 
looking beetles even in New Zealand. It is in the Rhyncho- 
phora, however, that we find the most singular and diversified 
forms of the endemic Coleoptera. The members of the small 
sub-family Scolopterinae (Nyzxetes, Ancistropterus, Scolopterus, 
étc.) present a little assemblage of knobbed and_spinose 
weevils of most distinctive appearance, quite unlike any 
forms from elsewhere, and the species of Stephanorrhynchus, 
Hoplocneme, and Rhadinosomus, to name only a few, are 
hardly less bizarre in aspect. Metallic or bright colours are 
rare in this family here, but a large number of species are of 
neat and attractive appearance, and the members of the 
genera Rhynchodes, Agathinus, Lyperobius, Phaedrophilus, and 
some other forms recently discovered in the mountains of 
the South Island at considerable elevations, are decidedly 
handsome insects. 

Comparatively few of the beetles are individually numerous, 
the Cicindelidae forming one exception ; Cicindela tuberculata F. 
in the North Island, and C. latecincta White in the South, are 
to be seen everywhere on roadsides and dry banks in summer, 
and are familiar to the youth of the Dominion under the 
curious name of “* New Zealand bees.” Only a few species 
may be regarded as in any way injurious to agriculture or 
otherwise, but the brilliant little “ chafer ’’ Pyronota festiva F. 
has been known to work considerable havoc with the blossoms 
of fruit-trees, and cereal crops and pastures are sometimes 
greatly damaged by the larvae of one or two species of the 
Melolonthid genus Odontria. The huge white larvae of Prio- 
noplus reticularis, called ““ huhu” by the Maoris, and greatly 
esteemed by them as an article of food, live in the timber of 
the Kauri and other Conifers, but the trees are probably 


xxii 


attacked by the beetle only when they are in a state of 
incipient decay. Another of the larger Longicorns, Aemona 
hirta F., is sometimes destructive to orange and lemon trees 
in the North Island, as well as to the Puriri, or New Zealand 
teak (Vitex littoralis). This valuable timber tree is also 
subject to the attacks of the larva of the large Hepialid moth 
Charagia virescens Doubl., and sound logs are in consequence 
often difficult to obtain. Two weevils, Mitrastethus bituber- 
culatus F. and the Cossonid Xenocnema spinipes Woll., are 
also at times somewhat injurious to Kauri and other Coni- 
ferous timber, and at Reefton, a mining town in the South 
Island hastily built of “‘ Kahikatea”’ or so-called ‘‘ white 
pine,’ I found that two or three of the native species of 
Cossonides, associated with incredible numbers of our familiar 
Anobium domesticum, had practically eaten up many of the 
houses, through the planking of which it was quite easy to 
thrust one’s finger in places. 

Like the Coleoptera, the Lepidoptera of New Zealand were 
for a long period regarded as being exceedingly poor in species, 
and generally of somewhat unattractive appearance. It 
cannot be denied that the butterflies and moths of the 
Islands include few forms of large size or bright colours, 
and that, as with the beetles, many groups of otherwise 
world-wide distribution are here strikingly deficient or entirely 
absent. But during the last half-century the number of 
known endemic Lepidoptera has been very greatly augmented 
by the researches of such dihgent resident entomologists as 
Mr. C. M. Wakefield, Mr. R. W. Fereday, Prof. Hutton and 
Mr. G. V. Hudson, whose finely illustrated and most useful 
work ‘‘ New Zealand Moths and Butterflies,” published in 
1898, marks an era in the study of the fauna of the Dominion. 
Even a greater debt is owing to Mr. HE. Meyrick, who resided 
and collected actively in New Zealand for some years. Besides 
publishing the descriptions of a multitude of hitherto unknown 
species, chiefly in the “ Transactions of the New Zealand 
Institute,’ he has in the same journal, between the years 
1910 and 1917, revised and brought up to date our knowledge 
of nearly all the principal sections of the Order, as represented 
in the region. The extreme importance and interest of the 


CXxill 
New Zealand Lepidoptera from an evolutionary standpoint, 
as well as of their geographical relations with the insect 
faunae of other regions in the Southern Hemisphere, are 
clearly shown in this series of masterly papers, my indebtedness 
to which in this Address I here gratefully acknowledge. 

The number of species of Lepidoptera at present known 
from the New Zealand region reaches the respectable total 
of 1078, and their distribution among the principal sections 
of the Order is shown in the following Table. 


TABLE OF NEW ZEALAND LEPIDOPTERA 


No. of Endemic. 
| Division or Family. 
Genera. | Species. |Genera.| Species 
| Idole s 6s 8 lots co ec 9 15 4 10 
| Sphingina. cat: | 2 2 — _- 
_ Arctiidae and Hypsidae st taut ere 4| 3 5 1 4 
Noctuina : BP eo eo alee o 109 8 93 
Geometrinamecumm ar. et -een te oS) 219 9 210 
Py ralidinapiersiy As er se) keel ced ce 33 216 12 204. 
POUUTICING a cemees, M.) Soe Mae Unni 19 115 ay 109 
MITNGINAGRR EES, coy cep ee re eee ie EoD 364 37 344 
Psychidaemurs, | is jos isn cepuenil 2 2 1 2 
Hiepialidaemes 2) toss) i vend 2 18 1 18 
Micropterygidae. . .: . . | 3 13 2 13 
| Potabie pe oe 5) eh i a 2225 OTS 82 | 1007 


Even in comparison with the general paucity of butterflies 
in the extra-tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere, the 
number of species found in New Zealand is exceptionally 
small for its area. Only fourteen species (or fifteen if we 
include the intrusive and perhaps not fully naturalised 
Danaida plexippus lL.) may be regarded as permanent resi- 
dents; and these belong to only four main divisions, the 
almost universally distributed Papilioninae, Pierinae, Eryci- 
ninae, and Hesperinae being totally unrepresented. Three of 
the five Vanessids, Precis villida F., Pyrameis itea F., and the 
almost ubiquitous Pyrameis cardui L. (var. kershawii McCoy), 
are well-known Australian forms, and the irregularity of their 
occurrence in different years suggests the probability that in 


CXX1V 


New Zealand their numbers are at times reinforced by migra- 
tion from that continent across the Tasman Sea, with the aid 
of the prevailing strong westerly winds of those latitudes. 
One of the Lycaenidae, Zizera labradus Godt. (Lycaena phoebe 
Murray), is widely distributed throughout Australia and the 
Pacific Islands. The remaining ten species form a little 
endemic group of exceptional interest. The most showy 
butterfly is the beautiful Pyrameis gonerilla F., which repre- 
sents our “‘ Red Admiral” in the Dominion, and greatly 
resembles it in appearance and familiar habits; its larva, 
too, feeds in a closely similar manner on the big shrubby 
nettle Urtica feroz, in little tents made of leaves spun together. 
It is generally common throughout New Zealand, from the 
North Cape to Stewart Island, and is represented in the 
Chatham Islands by the closely allied P. ada Alfken. Three 
pretty species of Chrysophanus are also widely distributed ; 
C. salustius ¥. is the commonest of these, the more handsome 
C. feredayi Bates being somewhat more local, and the larvae 
of both species may be found feeding on the imported sorrel 
in the same way as that of our C. phlaeas. The little purple- 
flushed C. boldenarum White occurs, sometimes abundantly, 
in dry stony places and shingly river-beds, and the incon- 
spicuous Lycaena oxleyi Feld. is usually met with in similar 
situations. 

By far the most interesting butterflies in New Zealand are 
the four endemic species of Satyridae, each one being the sole 
representative of its genus. Dodonidia helmsi Fereday, a 
somewhat rare and very richly coloured insect, flies in 
February in sunny openings in the forests on both sides of 
Cook’s Strait, usually at a considerable height above the 
ground, and its capture is thus by no means easy; the food- 
plant of its larva is the large sedge or “* cutting-grass,’ Gahinia 
setifolia. The other three species are, so far as is known, 
entirely confined to the South Island. Argyrophenga anti- 
podum Dbld. is the characteristic butterfly of the “ tussock- 
lands,” its range extending from near sea-level to upwards 
of 4000 feet, and where it occurs it is often very abundant. 
The underside of the wings of this butterfly, with its longi- 
tudinal silvery stripes on a ground-colour of soft ochreous- 


CX3.V 


brown, is very conspicuous in the cabinet; but when it is 
at rest at the bottom of a ‘“ tussock,’ these markings har- 
monise most perfectly with the lights and shadows of the 
yellowish grass-stems, and in this environment the insect 
presents as complete and beautiful an example of protective 
resemblance as our own “ Orange-tip”’ on its favourite white 
Umbelliferous flowers. Percnodaimon (Erebia) pluto Fereday 
is in appearance and structure, as well as in habits, wonder- 
fully like some of the black Erebias of the European Alps, 
and is fairly widely distributed and sometimes common on 
shingly mountain slopes at elevations between 4000 and 6000 
feet. As I have unfortunately no practical experience of this 
mountain butterfly, I cannot refrain from quoting the very 
interesting remarks of Mr. H. Hamilton on the habits of the 
insect as observed by him in its native surroundings.* “* Hrebia 
pluto can only be located when the sun is shining strongly 
and continuously. This beautiful black butterfly is then to 
be seen hovering over the shingle-slips, and apparently follow- 
ing well-defined air-tracks. It was noticed that the best way 
to capture them was to sit close to a place they had been 
seen to pass, and keep perfectly still. Presently one would 
come sailing along, and apparently not notice the collector. 
A very quick movement with the net was necessary to catch 
the insect, and if you missed the first stroke the chances 
were all on the butterfly escaping. On being disturbed they 
make rapid jerky upward movements, and soon get out of 
the danger-zone, flying away to some other slope. As soon 
-as the sun is obscured by a cloud all the butterflies alight 
and remain motionless until the sun shines again. As sun- 
shine is the exception rather than the rule on these mountain- 
tops, Hrebia-hunting is very trying to the patience.” 

Erebiola butleri Fereday is also restricted to similar high 
altitudes, but is a much more local and less common insect 
than P. pluto. To quote Mr. H. Hamilton again: f “ As a 
rule, the habits of the HL. budleri are sluggish, and it does not 
make long flights; it frequents some particular tussock-clump 
and flutters about there. The position of the female is 
generally indicated by watching the movements of the males, 

* Trans. N.Z. Inst., XLIII, p. 117. _ Te lace parl22 


CXXVi 


and noticing where they hover for a longer time than usual. 
During the bright sunshine the male butler: is seldom ever 
seen at rest, and appears to fly backwards and forwards 
along well-defined routes within certain natural boundaries. 
This ‘ trade-route ’ habit is specially characteristic of H. pluto 
also.” 

In addition to the endemic butterflies of New Zealand, 
several wanderers from other regions have occasionally been 
found within its limits. Writing as long ago as 1855, the 
Rev. Richard Taylor, in his very interesting work “ Te Ika 
a Maui,’ mentions “a fine large butterfly, closely resembling 
the English Purple Emperor,” as being found in the Middle 
(South) Island; and in the second edition of the book, pub- 
lished in 1870, is a tolerable coloured figure of the male of 
Hypolimnas bolina L. under the Cramerian name of Diadema 
auge. This butterfly has been taken not unfrequently in 
recent years, and the large size and fine colouring of the 
specimens, notably of the female figured by Mr. Hudson in 
‘““ New Zealand Moths and Butterflies,’ would appear to point 
to North Australia as their place of origin. Lamnas chry- 
sippus L., Catopsilia catilla Cram., and an unidentified species 
of Euploea are exceedingly rare visitors, also in all prob- 
ability from Australia. More difficult of explanation is the 
undoubted occurrence, at Wellington in 1881,* and at Orepuki, 
at the south extremity of the South Island in 1903,+ of several 
specimens of our Pyrameis atalanta, whose nearest station, to 
which it has found its way from North America, is in the 
Hawaiian Islands, at least 4000 miles distant from New 
Zealand. Even more inexplicable is the reported capture of 
Aglais urticae at Wellington, at the same time as that of 
P. atalanta, by Mr. T. Kirk; and I understand that even 
our Pieris rapae has on one occasion been observed at this 
port, having almost certainly been brought thither by chance 
in one of its early stages. 

The powerful flight and wandering propensities of the 
Sphingidae have carried certain species of the family to some 
of the most remote oceanic islands, but only two have been 
observed in New Zealand. These are Herse convolvuli L., 

* Trans. N.Z. Inst., XVI, p. 550. + Id., XXXVI, p. 161. 


CXXVil 


which, although by no means generally common, appears to 
be fully established in the Islands; and a few examples of 
the almost equally widely-ranging Hippotion celerio L. have 
been met with in recent years. The great assemblage of 
moths included under the obsolete but in some respects con- 
venient name of the Bombycina are all but unrepresented in 
the fauna, several important families, as the Lamacodidae, the 
Lasiocampidae, and the Saturnidae, being entirely absent; 
the sole representative of the Hypsidae is Deilemera annulata 
Boisd., whose sharply contrasted black and white markings 
and diurnal flight render it one of the most conspicuous and 
familiar of the insects of New Zealand. The very few Arctiidae 
include the widely distributed Utetheisa pulchella L. which is 
a fairly frequent visitor and perhaps established in the North 
Island, and three species of Metacrias, an endemic genus 
probably most nearly related to the South European genus 
Ocnogyna. The males of these are handsome and very active 
little “ tiger-moths,” which fly in the sunshine at rather high 
elevations in the South Island, the females being practically 
apterous, and covered with a thick coat of yellowish hair- 
scales. 

We have yet another instance of unequal representation in 
the case of the Noctuid moths. In his ** Revision of the New 
Zealand Caradrinina,’* Mr. Meyrick enumerates 97 species, 
and the researches of the resident Lepidopterists, not for- 
getting those of our Fellow Dr. G. B. Longstaff,t have added 
about a dozen more in recent years. Seven of the genera, 
and a very large percentage of the species, are entirely 
restricted to the New Zealand region, and the great majority 
of these are comprised in a single sub-family, the Melanchrinae, 
the genus Melanchra alone having no fewer than 37 species. 
The multitude of diversified forms until recently included 
under the comprehensive title of the Quadrifinae are here 
represented only by a very few stragglers, chiefly from 
Australia and the Pacific Islands; and within the limits of 
the region we also find Heliothis armigera Hubn., Leucania 
(Aletia) unipuncta Haw., L. loreyi Dup. (in the Kermadec 


* Trans. N.Z. Inst., XLIV, pp. 86-107. 
t ‘ Butterfly-hunting in Many Lands,” pp. 449, 451, 474. 


CXXViil 


Islands), Agrotis ypsilon Rott., and even our little Hypenodes 
costaestrigalis Steph., all insects of nearly world-wide distribu- 
tion. A good many of the endemic Noctuae are handsomely 
marked and attractive-looking moths, though few are of 
bright colour or more than moderate size; and they share 
with our species their susceptibility to the attractions of 
“sugar,” which is resorted to by the resident Lepidopterists 
with as much success as at home. 

The Geometrina form an outstanding feature in the Lepid- 
opterous fauna of New Zealand. In number of species they 
are surpassed only by the Tineina, and in beauty of varied 
pattern and delicacy of colouring many are excelled nowhere 
else in the world. In the words of Mr. Meyrick,* “ the group 
exhibits the same inequality of representation of families that 
has been noticed in the others; three-fourths of the whole 
number of species belong to the family Hydriomenidae, which 
is very adequately represented, while the Selidosemidae and 
Monocteniadae are very imperfectly exhibited, and the other 
families either wholly absent or indicated only by one or two 
casually introduced immigrants.” The foreign element is 
here even less in evidence than in any other division of the 
Lepidoptera, and only some nine or ten of the 219 known 
species are found beyond the limits of the New Zealand region. 
A few species occur in open situations, but the greater number 
inhabit the forest, and in many cases their colour and markings 
exhibit a beautifully protective adaptation to their environ- 
ment. The members of the genera Notoreas, Dasywris, and 
Arcteuthes, are brightly coloured mountain insects which fly 
in the sunshine up to an elevation of 6000 feet, and are found 
mostly in the South Island, and the species of Declana, which 
include some of the most handsome of the indigenous moths, 
are distinguished by their robust build, strongly contrasted 
patterns, and in the commonest, D. floccosa Walk., for extreme 
variability in colour and markings. 

The Pyralidina of New Zealand number 216 species, included 
in 33 genera, and as pointed out by Mr. Meyrick,f comprise 


* Revision of the New Zealand Notodontina, Trans. N.Z. Inst., XLIX, 


pp. 248-273. 
+ Revision of the New Zealand Pyralidina, Trans. N.Z. Inst., XLV, 


p- 50. 


CXXIx 


22 per cent. of the entire Lepidopterous fauna, a higher pro- 
portion than in any other region. This is mainly due to the 
enormous development of the Crambidae, Crambus alone con- 
taining 42 species; and especially to that of the genus Scoparia, 
of which no fewer than 92 endemic species are now known. 
It is only in the Hawaiian Islands, from whence about 60 
species have been recorded, that we find this well-marked genus 
so largely in evidence. Many of the principal families are 
either absent, or barely represented by a very few stragglers or 
immigrants, but there are 16 endemic species of the Pteropho- 
ridae, and the widely distributed Stenoptilia zophodactyla Dup. 
has been found at Wellington. Pyralis farinalis L., Plodia 
mterpunctella Hitbn., and Meliphora grisella F. have also been 
introduced by commerce, and are now established in the 
Dominion. The Tortricina present a considerable variety of 
forms, nearly all endemic, but only one of these, Cacoecia 
excessana Walk. appears to be of economic importance, its 
larva sometimes attacking apricot and other fruit trees. The 
“ Codlin Moth,” Carpocapsa pomonella L., has been introduced 
into New Zealand, but fortunately has not there become so 
great a pest as in Australia and Tasmania. 

In his “ Revision of the New Zealand Tineina,”’ * Mr. Mey- 
rick remarks that ‘‘ the Tineina usually constitute more than 
one-third of the Lepidoptera of any given region, and this 
proportion is apparently maintained in New Zealand.” As 
364 out of the 1078 species now known from the region belong 
to this division of the Lepidoptera, this estimate of its represen- 
tation is very nearly exact. Fully one-third of these, again, 
are included in a single family, the Oecophoridae, and only in 
Australia does this family bear as large a proportion to the 
entire Tineid fauna. On the other hand, the extensive family 
Gelechiadae is represented by only a few species, and the 
Adelidae, which Mr. Meyrick says (/.c. p. 206) are “* an ancient 
family and present in all the other continental regions (for I 
consider New Zealand as a continent, or rather the remains 
of one)” are entirely absent. Our ‘ Currant Clearwing,” 
Trochilium tipuliforme Cl. has been introduced, and is now to 
be found throughout the Dominion; and the cosmopolitan 

* Trans. N.Z. Inst., XLVI, pp. 205-244. 
PROC. ENT, SOC. LOND., III, Iv, v, 1920. I 


CXXX 


Plutella cruciferarum Z. is here, as elsewhere, a serious pest to 
turnips and other crops of a similar kind. 

The Zygaenidae are entirely absent, and there are only two 
species of the Psychidae. The large larva-cases of Oeceticus 
omnivorus Fereday are conspicuous on many indigenous and 
imported trees throughout the Islands, but are said to be less 
common than in former years. The Hepialidae include several 
fine species, among them the largest Lepidopterous insect of 
New Zealand, Charagia virescens Dbld. This very handsome 
green moth, whose life-history is fully and admirably detailed 
by Mr. Hudson in his “* New Zealand Moths and Butterflies,” 
is by no means rare, especially in the North Island, though the 
perfect insect is not often seen, and most of the specimens 
obtained are bred from the pupa. The larva feeds in the solid 
wood of living trees, and from its large size is capable of doing 
a great deal of damage. For a long time this larva was sup- 
posed to be the host of the fungus Cordyceps robertsi, well 
known as a curiosity under the name of the “ New Zealand 
Vegetable Caterpillar’’; but the ground-feeding larvae of 
the allied genus Porina have recently been ascertained to be 
the true hosts of this singular parasite. The Micropterygidae 
of New Zealand are of exceptional interest as including, in the 
genera Mnemearcha and Sabatinca, the most ancient and primi- 
tive forms of Lepidoptera now existing. A single species of 
the last-named genus is known from Queensland, but with 
this exception, the three genera and thirteen species occurring 
in the Islands are strictly endemic. 

In his valuable paper ‘“ On the Geographical Relations of 
the New Zealand Fauna,’ Prof. Hutton in 1872 wrote as 
follows *—‘* The Heteroptera are remarkable for their frag- 
mentary character, and wide distribution. The 13 known 
species belong to 13 different genera and 9 families; and there 
are not more than 7 endemic species, three of which have not 
been properly examined, and may therefore be found to be 
identical with species inhabiting other countries. ... In 
strong contrast to this stand the Homoptera, which include 19 
species, of three (s¢c) genera only ; Cicada having 12, and Cixius 
7 species.” But while a fair number of species have since been 

* Trans. N.Z. Inst., V, pp. 247-8. 


= 


CXXX1 ° 


added, the Heteropterous fauna of New Zealand remains one 
of the poorest and most scanty of all, and this was certainly 
my own impression when I was collecting there. As revised 
by the late Mr. G. W. Kirkaldy in 1909,* the fauna now 
includes 48 Heteroptera and 39 Auchenorrhynchous Hom- 
optera, and of these some 40 species are endemic. Almost 
without exception, the forms in the first division are of small 
size and obscure colouring, but the second includes an interest- 
ing series of nearly twenty endemic species of Melampsalta 
(Crcadidae) which are a conspicuous feature in the insect life 
of New Zealand. As in the Hawaiian Islands, there are no 
endemic Aphididae, though some introduced species are now 
common; but the Coccidae, which have been worked out in 
an admirable series of papers in the Transactions of the New 
Zealand Institute by the late Mr. W. H. Maskell, number 
upwards of 90 endemic species, besides a score or more intro- 
duced from other parts of the world. 

Another very poorly represented Order is the Hymenoptera. 
As enumerated by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell,t the Anthophila 
include only 18 species comprised in three genera, Prosopis, 
Halictus, and Paracolletes, the last-named being common to 
Australia and New Zealand. Dr. A. D. Forel t records 
19 species of ants, nearly all of which are endemic; and while. 
the Fossores are not much better represented, and the true 
wasps are entirely absent, a fair number of the Parasitica have 
been described from the region. With the exception of a 
single species of Xiphydria, the Phytophagous Hymenoptera 
appear to be entirely wanting; and at present not more than 
200 species of the Order in all are known from New Zealand, but 
further researches are sure to add considerably to this number. 

We owe most of our knowledge of the New Zealand Diptera 
to Prof. Hutton and Mr. P. Marshall; and the Order is, next to 
the Coleoptera and the Lepidoptera, the most fully represented 
in the region. It includes some fine and curious endemic 
forms, the large and very rare Anthomyid, Hasul singularis 
Hutton, from Milford Sound in the South Island, being one 


* Trans. N.Z. Inst., XLI, pp. 22-39. 
t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, LXVITI, p. 68. 
+ Trans. N.Z. Inst., XX XVII, pp. 353-355. 


CXXXil 


of the most extraordinary flies known, its very broad and 
short wings giving it somewhat the aspect of a Stylopid on a 
large scale; and the larvae of the Mycetophilid Bolitophila 
luminosa Skuse, which live gregariously in a slimy web on 
damp banks in the “ bush,” well deserve the name of the 
“New Zealand Glow-worm.’ Although the Maoris assert 
that mosquitoes were unknown before the coming of the 
English, the endemic species are quite sufficiently blood- 
thirsty, though none of them appear to be bearers of malaria ; 
and sand-flies (Simuliwm) are very troublesome in some places, 
especially in the rainy forests of the South Island. 

The few Trichoptera call for little remark, except that the 
larva of Philaniscus plebecus McL. lives among seaweed on the 
coast between tide-marks, a habit almost or quite unique in 
the Order. In the genera Stenosmylus and Drepanepteryx, 
the Neuroptera-Planipennia includes several endemic forms of 
great beauty; and in the Odonata, of which ten species, com- 
prised in five families and six genera, are restricted to the 
region, Uropetala carover White, allied to the equally large 
Chilian Phenes raptor, is one of the finest dragon-flies in the 
world. Three peculiar species of Termitidae are found in New 
Zealand, but they do no appreciable damage. In the Epheme- 
ridae are one or two exceedingly fine forms, of which the most 
noteworthy is Oniscigaster wakefieldi McL., with its extra- 
ordinary hind-body looking like that of some Crustacean. 
It is greatly to be regretted that this unique insect, as well as 
several others of its family, has been practically exterminated 
by the trout introduced in such numbers into the country 
during recent years. 

Among the most conspicuous and remarkable of New 
Zealand insects are the apterous forest-crickets of the family 
Stenopelmatidae, known throughout the Islands by the Maori 
name of ** Weta,” and of which some thirty-five species have 
been recorded. The largest of these, the ‘‘ Weta-punga,” 
Deinacrida heteracantha White, whose body is nearly as bulky 
as that of a mouse, and whose stout spiny hind-legs are six 
inches in length, lives in holes in trees in the North Island. 
It is now extremely rare, having been, it is said, nearly exter- 
minated by the introduced Norway rat, and commands a high 


CXXXill 

price as a curiosity. The much commoner Hemideina mega- 
cephala Buller, which is also reported from Lord Howe Island, 
is not greatly inferior in size, and the huge head and mandibles 
of the male give it an equally formidable appearance; and the 
cave-dwelling species of Pachyrhamma are noteworthy on 
account of the inordinate length of their slender antennae. 
The single Mantid, Orthoderes ministralis F., is found also in 
Australia and Tasmania, and is perhaps a recent introduction, 
and the Phasmidae, of which there are some twelve species, 
include one or two forms of considerable size. Three or four 
Blattidae at most are indigenous ; Platyzosteria novae-zealandiae 
Walk., a highly odoriferous cockroach which abounds under 
loose bark, is familiar throughout the Dominion under the 
. name of the “ Maori Bug.” The large and stout Anisolabis 
littorea White is the only common species of the very few 
endemic Forficulidae; our common earwig has gained a foot- 
ing in a few places, but is by no means the pest that it has 
become in Tasmania. Finally, the only Scphonaptera which 
are found in New Zealand appear to be the best-known and . 
universal species of the Order, and two others attached to 
domestic animals. Dr. Dieffenbach, writing in 1843,* states 
that ‘‘ the natives say that fleas were introduced by Europeans, 
and for that reason sometimes call them ‘ te pakeha nohinohi,’ 
the little stranger,’ but as early as 1773 the Maori huts at 
Queen Charlotte’s Sound were found by Capt. Cook’s sailors 
to be ‘‘ exceeding full of vermin and particularly fleas,” + and 
these insects are no doubt coeval with the first human inhabit- 
ants of the Islands. 

The insect fauna of the outlying islands of the New Zealand 
region, though as yet imperfectly known, presents many 
features of great interest. A few insects were obtained in 
1909 by Mr. W. L. Wallace from the volcanic but forest-clad 
Kermadec Islands, some 500 miles north-east of the North 
Cape. The thirty-eight species of Coleoptera show marked 
affinity with those of New Zealand, thirteen being described 
as new by Major Broun. More than half of the 46 species of 


* Travels in New Zealand, If, Appendix, p. 291. 
+ G. Forster, Voyage round the World in H.M.S. ‘“ Resolution,” I, 


p. 201. 


CXXXI1V 


Lepidoptera, among which are three butterflies, Melanitis 
leda L., Hypolimnas bolina L., and Pyramezis itea F. are common 
species of wide distribution; ten are New Zealand forms, and 
eight are described by Mr. Meyrick as new. The notorious 
plague-flea, Pulex cheopis, has found its way to these remote 
islands, which swarm with rats; as well as our Coccinella 
11-punctata, now abundantly naturalised throughout New 
Zealand. 

The larger group of the Chatham Islands is about 450 miles 
east-south-east of Cook’s Strait. They possess a luxuriant 
vegetation, with a good deal of forest, and the number of 
resident species of insects at present known will certainly be 
largely augmented by further research. Besides the butterfly 
Pyrameis ada Alfken, already mentioned, 106 species of 
Coleoptera have so far been recorded; 49 of these are endemic, 
the remainder being well-known New Zealand forms. They 
include 12 Longicorns, three Anthribidae, and eight Cossoninae, 
and the rare Acalles fougeri Hutton, is the largest and finest 
known member of this extensive genus. 

The widely scattered island groups in the stormy ocean 
south and east of New Zealand, and the solitary Macquarie 
Island far to the south-west, have in recent years been visited 
by several naturalists; and the results of the scientific expedi- 
tion despatched thither under the auspices of the Dominion 
Government in 1907 are embodied in the two fine volumes 
entitled ** The Subantarctic Islands of New Zealand,’ pub- 
lished two years later. In this enterprise Entomology was 
most adequately represented in the person of our Fellow 
Mr. G. V. Hudson, whose researches, however, were confined 
to the Snares and the Auckland Islands. Six species of Cole- 
optera, including a fine new Mecodema, were found in the 
former little group, distant some sixty miles south-west from 
Stewart Island. From the Auckland Islands, so renowned 
among botanists for their beautiful and most peculiar Flora, 
some half-dozen species of beetles were obtained by the French 
Antarctic expedition under Capt. Dumont d’Urville in 1840; 
and this number was increased to thirty by Mr. Hudson. Nine 
additional species were found by Mr. Marriner, another member 
of the expedition, at Campbell Island, which les about 180 


/CXXXV 


miles south-east of the Aucklands, and possesses a somewhat 
similar flora, except that true forest growth is absent. The 
46 species of Coleoptera now known from the Subantarctic 
Islands, the predominant groups of which are the Carabidae 
and the Rhynchophora, are referred to no fewer than 26 genera, 
eight of these being endemic. No butterfly was observed in 
these islands, and only one Noctuid moth, Melanchra erebia 
Huds., a species of rather striking appearance; some half- 
dozen Geometrae, and the same number of species of the domi- 
nant genus Scoparia; a remarkable new Pyralid genus and 
species, Protyparcha scaphodes Meyr., with one or two Micro- 
Lepidoptera; in all about twenty species, twelve of which 
are endemic, though obviously allied to New Zealand forms. 
Except the Diptera, of which one or two very remarkable 
apterous and semi-apterous species were met with, the other 
Orders are very scantily or not at all represented. 

In Antipodes Island, 490 miles east-south-east of the South 
Cape of New Zealand, Prof. Hutton observed the conspicuous 
Hypsid moth Deilemera annulata Boisd.; besides this insect, 
only three Diptera and a bird-flea, Goniopsylla kerguelensis 
Tasch. have been recorded from this lonely speck of land. 
The even more desolate rocks a little to the northward known 
as the Bounty Islands, though they are without a trace of 
terrestrial vegetation, have produced a single Hydrophilid 
beetle, 7 homosis guanicola Broun, a remarkable Stenopelmatid 
cricket Ischyroplectron isolatum Hutton, and two or three flies, 
all living in deposits of seaweed and guano at high-water 
mark. Macquarie Island, in latitude 54° 30’ 8. and longitude 
158° 50’ E., has a fair amount of vegetation, but its only 
recorded insects are two peculiar species of Diptera. The 
biologists of the recent Australian Antarctic Expedition found 
“numerous beetles under stones and moss” in this island; 
these apparently have not yet been described, but cannot fail 
to be of exceptional interest, and in all probability will prove 
to be related to the singular forms occurring in Kerguelen Island. 

Two islands in a far more genial climate, included in the 
New Zealand zoological province, remain to be considered. 
Norfolk Island lies about half-way between New Caledonia and 
New Zealand, and its fauna and flora, although mainly 


@XXXV1 


Australian in general character, exhibit unmistakable affinities 
with the latter. These are most pronounced in the case of the 
endemic birds, but among the Coleoptera are two species of 
Xylotoles, one of the most characteristic of the New Zealand 
Longicorn genera. Some thirty species of beetles have been 
recorded, but’a much greater number must inhabit an island 
of such luxuriance and fertility. In Lord Howe Island, which 
is only 300 miles from the Australian coast, and more than 
twice as far from the nearest point of New Zealand, about 
80 species of Coleoptera, included in no fewer than 68 genera, 
have been found; among these are two species of Xylotoles 
and two of Somatidia, the latter genus being otherwise restricted 
to New Zealand. Unfortunately the representatives of the 
other Orders in these very interesting islands appear to be 
almost unknown, except the butterflies, all of which are of 
Australian species with the exception of the fine Papiho 
amphiaravs Drury of Norfolk Island, which has its nearest 
ally in New Caledonia. 

It will be evident from this general review that the out- 
standing feature of the insect fauna of New Zealand is its 
eminently precinctive and isolated character, which it exhibits 
in common with all the living productions of the region. The 
origin and affinities of these have been the subject for many 
years past of a large amount of speculation and discussion on 
the part of students of the geographical distribution of animal 


life; and the general constitution of the fauna may be stated - 


in the words of Prof. F. W..Hutton, one of the most eminent 
of these *—‘*‘ The fauna may be divided into a small aboriginal 
element, including species which have no near relatives else- 
where, and larger Malayan, Australian, and Antarctic elements, 
as well as several smaller ones. In many cases, however, it 
is hard to say in which group a species should be placed, for 
its relations are so widely scattered. Taking a broad view of 
the whole fauna, however, it may be said that the terrestrial 
portion is chiefly of Malayan origin, but with rather strong 
Palaearctic and Neotropical connections.” The origin of the 
aboriginal element may date back as far as the beginning of 
the Tertiary period, and among the insects it probably includes 


* Index Faunae Novae Zealandiae, Introduction, p. 5. 


~—— 


a6 
CXXXV11 


most of the Colydiidae, and such forms as Brounia, Dendroblax, 
Camiaius and others among the Coleoptera, Oniscigaster among 
the Ephemeridae, and the very primitive and archaic Mneme- 
archa and Sabatinca in the Micro-Lepidoptera, to mention only 
a few forms. Probably all these are relics of the fauna of a 
vanished continental land in the South Temperate Zone, of 
which the site is in part indicated by the relatively shallow: 
soundings of the New Zealand Plateau. This may at some 
period of its existence have been connected with what is now 
South America, and by this “ land-bridge”’ the Neotropical 
element, so plainly indicated in the Fauna and Flora of New 
Zealand, may have been transmitted. As pointed out by 
Mr. Meyrick, this affinity between the two faunae is very 
evident in the principal divisions of the Lepidoptera, and 
especially so in the Geometrinae; and I well remember how 
much I was impressed, when in New Zealand, with the strong 
general resemblance of many of the Geometrid moths to those 
I had made acquaintance with in Chile some twenty years 
previously. The nearest allies of the remarkable butterfly 
Argyrophenga antipodum are to be found among the Chilian 
Satyridae; and the very distinct Tipulid genus Macromastix 
is also represented in Chile as well asin Amboyna. This last, 
however, is evidently a form of very great antiquity and wide 
distribution in bygone ages, as Prof. Cockerell informs me 
that a species of this genus has been recently detected in a 
stratum of Oligocene age in the Isle of Wight. 

In the three endemic species of Chrysophanus, and especially 
in Percnodaimon pluto, which is practically an Erebia, we find 
an unexpected and not easily explicable affinity with the 
Palaearctic fauna; and a slight relationship with that of the 
Ethiopian region is indicated in the Histerid genus Sternawlas, 
one of the two species of which is found in New Zealand, and 
the other in Madagascar. A much larger element appears to 
have been derived originally from what are now the Austro- 
Malayan and Melanesian regions by way of extensions north- 
ward of the former “* Greater New Zealand” as indicated by 
shallower soundings in this direction. These “ land-bridges,” 
however, have long been severed by the subsidence of the 
greater part of this ancient land, which occurred before many 


CXXXViil 


of the more recently developed forms of life were in existence. 
The great gaps in the fauna of New Zealand are thus explained, 
_and so great an amount of generic and specific evolution has 
taken place within its restricted limits since its final isolation, 
that the affinities already indicated alone remain to tell of the 
former connections of the Islands with other regions. The 
_ Surrounding ocean, too, has in recent times proved to be an 
’ effectual barrier to the interchange of species. Even in the 
case of the nearest continental land, though such insects as 
the strong-winged Pyrameis itea and Precis villida and a few 
Coleoptera, chiefly Longicorns and small dung-beetles, have 
made their way from Australia to New Zealand across the 
stormy Tasman Sea, probably less than a dozen species of 
New Zealand beetles have. been found in Australia. The 
Chrysomelidae, Cetoniadae and Buprestidae, which are there so 
fine and so well represented (one Buprestid genus, Stigmodera, 
alone including no fewer than 420 Australian species), are in 
the Islands entirely absent or represented only by a few small 
or obscure forms; and of the numerous and characteristic 
group of Australian weevils, the Amycterinae, only a single 
species has been found as yet in New Zealand. 

Instances of the unique and precinctive character of this 
wonderful insect fauna may be multiplied as regards all the 
Orders; but sufficient has been said, I trust, to illustrate its 
surpassing interest and importance in the scheme of the life- 
history of our globe, and to emphasise the immediate and 
urgent necessity of completing our knowledge of the insect 
life of New Zealand, before many of its most interesting and 
instructive forms disappear for ever before the march of 
settlement and cultivation. 

It only remains, in concluding this Address, to express my 
sincere thanks for the uniform kindness and consideration 
which have been extended to me by each and every Fellow of 
the Society during the period of my occupation of the Presi- 
dential Chair, as well as by the members of the successive 
Councils during the sixteen consecutive years in which I have 
had the honour to hold responsible office; and to congratulate 
the Society on the choice of the distinguished Zoologist whom 
you have elected as my successor. 


CXXX1X 


GENERAL INDEX. 


The Avalie figures refer to the pages of the * Transactions’; the Roman 
numerals to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings.’ 


GENERAL SUBJECTS. 


Aberration of Plusva, exhibited, x1; of Brenthis selene, exhibited, lxiii; of 
B. euphrosyne and B. selene, exhibited, lxxviii ; of Lycaenid, exhibited, 
Ixxxvii; of Lepidoptera. exhibited, Ixxxvii. 

Acanthomyops niger, mermithogynes of, exbibited, Ix. 

Africa, observations on red (gregory?) and green (speciosa) forms of Hom- 
opteron, /tyraea niyrocincta from B. H,, exhibited, iii; Flatidae from 
East, exhibited, xi; observations on enemies of larvae of Pierine butter- 
fly, Catopsilia florella in East, xxix; resting, crowded in a bamboo 
clump, during the hot hours of the day, Danaine butterflies in East, 
Ixxv. 

African Fig Insect (Blustophaya dyscritus), on a new, xcii, 417. 

America, records of insect migrations in tropical, xxxv, 146. 

Androconia, seasonal dimorphism in, exhibited, xiii. 

Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani (Diptera), 
contribution to the knowledge of the, lix, 305. 

Ants, five years’ observations on the bionomics of Southern Nigerian insects, 
chiefly directed to the investigation of Lycaenid life-histories and the 
relations between Diptera and, lviii; gynandromorphous, exhibited, 
Ixxxvii. 

Australian, insects, new and little-known, exhibited, liii; insects, interest- 
ing, exhibited, liv; Termite, JMJustotermes darwinensts, the terminal 
abdominal structures of the primitive, 137. 

Autograph of Charles Darwin, exhibited, x. 

Bats, moths flying, but not at rest, captured by, ii. 

Bee, remarkable development in hind leg of female, exhibited, xi. 

Beetles, horned, illustrated, xviii; rare British, exhibited, xxxvi; from 
Tonkin, Lamellicorn, exhibited, xc. 

Beris vallata captured with its Tenthredinid models, Stratiomyid fly, 
exhibited, xxxii. 

Birds, on butterflies witnessed in Nyasaland, attacks of, exhibited and 
illustrated, xxiv; and butterflies, xxxiv; Weaver-bird observed eating 
butterflies, exhibited, lvii. 

Blastophaga dyscritus, on a new African Fig Insect, xcii, 417. 

Blastophagine genus, notes on Fig Insects, including descriptions of three 
new species and a new, 128. 

Bombus derhamellus, notes on the biology of some inquilines and parasites in 


exl 


a nest of, with a description of the larva and pupa of Epuraea depressa 
(=aestiva: Coleoptera, Mitidulidae), 99. 

Bombyx quercis cocoons from N. Staffordshire, Ophion undulatus bred from, 
exhibited, iii. 

Boreus hyemailis, female and eggs, exhibited, xe. 

Brenthis selene, aberration of, exhibited, lxili; and B. euphrosyne, 
aberrations of, exhibited, Ixxviii. 

British, Lepidoptera, varieties of, exhibited, xxxii; beetle, rare, exhibited, 
XXXVIi. 

British Guiana, butterfly migrations in, lxxix, 331. 

Butterflies, of Cyprus, exhibited, xiv, xxxi, 170; witnessed in Nyasaland, 
attacks of birds on, exhibited and illustrated, xxiv ; birds and, xxxiv; 
Weaver-bird observed eating, exhibited, lvii; from Mesopotamia, xii ; 
migrating in evening from one valley to another in Malay Peninsula, 
and back in morning, accompanied ‘by moth mimics, lxiii; from Dutch 
New Guinea, rew, exhibited, lxxi; resting, crowded in a bamboo clump, 
during the hot hours of the day, East African Danaine, Ixxv ; in British 
Guiana, migrations of, lxxix, 331. 

Bye-laws, proposed alteration of, xiii, xxxii; special meeting as to, xl, 

Carausius morosus, contribution to our knowledge of the life-history of the 
Stick Insect, xxxv, 285. 

Catocaline moth, Cocytodes coerulea, protective movements of conspicuous 
larva of, exhibited, ii. 

Catopsilia florella in East Africa, observations on enemies of larvae of 
Pierine butterfly, xxix. 

Ceram, new or rare Rhopalocera from Central, exhibited, xx. 

Ceylon, Lycaenidae from, exhibited, xvi. 

Charazes etheocles f. viola flies with its model, C. ep/jaszus, evidence that, xxiii, 

Chiastopsylla godfreyi, with further notes on the genus, description of 
female of, xcii, 414. 

Cocoons, from N. Staffordshire, Ophion undulatus bred from Bombyx quercis, 
exhibited, iii; curious, exhibited, lxxxiv. 

Cocytodes coerulea, protective movements of conspicuous larva of Catocaline 
moth, exhibited, ii. 

Coleoptera, life-histories of some, exhibited, xxxv; from Suffolk, rare and 
local, exhibited, ]xxxvi; very rare, exhibited, lxxxvi; contribution to 
the classification of the Coleopterous family Endomychidae, 1; Nitidu- 
lidae, notes on the biology of some inquilines and parasites in a nest of 
Bombus derhamellus, with description of the larva and pupa of Epuraea 
depressa (= aestiva), 99. 

Coliads, hybrid, exhibited, Ixxxvii. 

Collecting and storing insects, etc., fixed to leaves, without pressure, method 
of, exhibited, hii. 

Coloration, experiments on the relative edibility of insects with special 
reference to their, lix. 

Colour of larva of Smerinthus ocellatus on wild crab, Ixviii. 

Congo, Lepidoptera from Eastern, exhibited, Ixxxviii. 

Cook and Society Islands, including analysis of markings of females of 
Hypolimnas bolina, Lepidoptera from the, exhibited, Ixxii. 


—— 


exli 


Council, nomination of, xxx, ]xxxvi. 

Crustacea, preliminary note on the interpretation of Insectan and Myriopodan 
structures, through a comparison with the structures of, Ixxix, 340. 
Cyprus, butterflies of, exhibited, xiv, xxxi, 170; undescribed Lycaenid, 

Glaucopsyche paphos, from, xxxi, 166. 

Danaine, butterflies resting, crowded in a bamboo clump, during the hot 
hours of the day, East African, Ixxv; in Fiji, further instances of the 
mimetic association between two Euploeines and one, Ixxx. 

Darwin, autograph of Charles, exhibited, x. 

Delias migrating in evening from one valley to another in Malay Peninsula 
and back in morning, accompanied by moth mimics (Dysphania (Eusche- 
ma), and Psaphis), |xiii. 

Dimorphism in Androconia, seasonal, exhibited, xiii. 

Diptera, and ants, five years’ observations on the bionomics of Southern 
Nigerian insects, chiefly directed to the investigation of Lycaenid life- 
histories and the relations between, lviii; contribution to the knowledge 
of the Anthomyid genera Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani, lix, 
305; from North Italy, exhibited, lxi; from Norfolk, exhibited, ]xxviii. 

Doncaster, Dr. Léonard, notice of death of, liv. 

Donisthorpea niger, mermithogynes of, exhibited, Ix. 

Dysphania (Euschema), and Psaphis, Delias migrating from one valley to 
another in Malay Peninsula and back in morning, accompanied by 
moth mimics, ]xiii. 

HKarwig with rudimentary forceps, exhibited, lx. 

Edibility of insects with special reference to their coloration, experiments on 
the relative, lix. 

Endomychidae, a contribution to the classification of the Coleopterous 
family, 1. 

Entomological-Meteorological Records, exhibited, xxxiii. 

Epping Forest for allotments, letter from Essex Field Club protesting against 
alienation of part of, xxxix. 

Epuraea depressa (= aestiva: Coleoptera, Vitédulidae), notes on the biology 
of some inquilines and parasites in a nest of Bombus derhamellus, with a 
description of tbe larva and pupa of, 99. 

Euploeines and one Danaine in Fiji, further instances of the mimetic 
association between two, Ixxx. 

European Orthoptera, exhibited, vii. 

Exotic Rhopalocera, exhibited, v. 

Fellows, election of, i, xii, xxxi, xxxv, xlvii, liii, lix, xii, Ixx, Ixxx, Ixxxv. 

Fig Insect (Blastophaga dyscritus), on a new African, xcii, 417 ; including 
descriptions of three new species, and a new Blastophagine genus, notes 
on, 128, 

Fiji, further instances of the mimetic association between two Euploeines 
and one Danaine in, Ixxx, 

Flatidae, Kast African, exhibited, xi. 

Flight of certain Papilionidae sometimes maintained by fore-wings alone, xc. 

Fluorescence in Lepidoptera, exhibited, xxxvi. 

Glaucopsyche paphos, from Cyprus, undescribed Lycaenid, xxxi, 166. 

Gorham, Rev. 8. H., notice of death of, xxxv. 


exlil 


Gynandromorphism in Lepidoptera, examples of, exhibited, lv; in ant, 
exhibited, lxxxvii. 

Hainan, new Lepidoptera from the island of, exhibited, Ixxxiii. 

Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani (Diptera), contribution to the 
knowledge of the Anthomyid genera, lix, 305. 

Heliconius doris, forms of, exhibited, xvi. 

Heterocera chiefly from North Italy, exhibited, 1xi. 

Heteromorphism of secondary sexual characters in Trzlochana, probable, 
1xxxiv. 

Hewitt, Dr. Gordon, notice of death of, xiii. 

Homopteron, /tyraea nigrocincta, from B.K. Africa, observations on red 
(gregory?) and green (speciosa) forms of, exhibited, iii. 

Hybrid Coliads, exhibited, 1xxxvii. 

Hylephila of Rondani (Diptera), contribution to the knowledge of the 
Anthomyid genera Hammomyzta, and, lix, 305. 

Hypotimnas bolina, recent date of invasion of Madagascar by, lviii; Lepidop- 
tera from the Cook and Society Islands, including analysis of markings 
of females of, exhibited, Ixxii. 

Insectan and Myriopodan structures, through a comparison with the struc- 
tures of Crustacea, preliminary note on the interpretation of, ]xxix, 
340. 

Isle of Wight, Musea autumnalis (corvina) hibernating in a loft in the, i. 

Italy, races of Zygaena transalpina from, exhibited, ix; Heterocera and 
Diptera, chiefly from North, exhibited, 1x1. 

Ityraea nigrocincta from B.K. Africa, observations on red (yregory’) and 
green (spectosa) forms of Homopteron, exhibited, iii. 

Lamellicorn beetles from Tonkin, exhibited, xc. 

Larva, of Catocaline moth, Cocytodes coerulea, protective movements of con- 
spicuous, exhibited, ii; and pupa of a Morpho, exhibited, viii; of Pierine 
butterfly, Catopsilia florel/a, in East Africa, observations on enemies of, 
xxix ; of Lycaena euphemus, full-grown, Ixii, 827 ; of Simerinthus ocellatus 
on wild crab, colour of, Ixviil. 

Lasiocampa quercis, case of parthenogenesis in, exhibited, liv. 

Lepidoptera, varieties of British, exhibited, xxxii; fluorescence in, exhibited, 
xxxvi; examples of gynandromorphism in, exhibited, lv; new and rare, 
exhibited, lvi; from Cook and Society Islands, including analysis of 
markings of females of Hypolimnas bolina, exhibited, xxii; from the 
island of Hainan, new, exhibited, lxxxiii; from Madagascar, new, ex- 
hibited, lxxxiv ; aberrations of, exhibited, lxxxvii ; local Sussex, exhibited, 
Ixxxvii; from Eastern Congo, exhibited, lxxxviil, 

Lycaena euphemus, the full-grown larva of, 1xii, 327. 

Lycaenid, Glaucopsyche paphos, from Cyprus, undescribed, xxxi, 166; life- 
histories and the relations between Diptera and ants, five years’ observa- 
tions on the bionomics of Southern Nigerian insects, chiefly directed to 
the investigation of, lviii; aberrant, exhibited, lxxxvii. 

Lycaenidae from Ceylon, exhibited, xvi. 

Macedonia, Odonata from, exhibited, xiv. 

Madagascar, by Hypolimnas bolina, recent date: of invasion of, lvili; new 
Lepidoptera from, exhibited, 1xxxiv. 


exlili 


Malay Peninsula, and back in morning, accompanied by moth mimies (Dys- 
phanta (Euschema) and Psaphis), butterflies (Deltas) migrating in evening 
from one valley to another in, Ixiii. ; 

Mastotermes darwinensis, the terminal abdominal structures of the primitive 
Australian Termite, 137. 

Melanie Wolidae, exhibited, Ixxxiv. 

Mermithogynes of Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) niger, |x. 

Mesopotamia, butterfiies from, |xii. 

Meteorological Records, Entomological-, exhibited, xx xiii. 

Migrations, in tropical America, records of insect, xxxv, 146; of Deltas in 
evening from one valley to another in Malay Peninsula, and back in 
morning, accompanied by moth mimics (Dysphania (Huschema) and 
Psaphis), \xiii; in British Guiana, butterfly, xxix, 331. 

Mimetic association between two Huploeines and one Danaine in Fiji, fiehe: 
instances of, Ixxx. 

Mimicry, evidence that Charaves ethzocles f. viola flies with its model, C, 
epyastus, xxili; Stratiomyid fly, Berzs vallata, captured with its Ten- 
thredinid models, exhibited, xxxii; the geographical factor in, xxxv, 
208; butterflies (Delias) migrating in evening from one valley to another 
in Malay Peninsula, and back in morning, accompanied by moth mimics 
(Dysphania (EBuschema) and Psaplis), \xiii; by natural selection, Pseud- 
acraea eurytus hobleyi, its forms and its models on the islands of Lake 
Victoria. and the bearing of the facts on the explanation of, 84. 

Morpho, larva and pupa of a, exhibited, viii. 

Moths flying, but not at rest, captured by bats, ii. 

Musca autumnalis (corvina) hibernating in a loft in the Isle of Wight, ii. 

Myriopodan structures, through a comparison with the structures of Crustacea, 
preliminary note on the interpretation of Insectan and, Ixxix, 340. 

New Guinea, new butterflies from Dutch, exhibited, Ixxi. 

New Zealand, interesting insects from, exhibited, liv. 

Nigerian insects, chiefly directed to the investigation of Lycaenid life-histories 
and the relations between Diptera and ants, five years’ observations on 
the bionomics of Southern, lviii. 

Nitidulidae, notes on the biology of some inquilines and parasites in a nest of 
Bombus derhamellus, with a description of the larva and pupa of Epuraea 
depressa (= aestiva: Coleoptera), 99. 

Nolidae, melanic, exhibited, Ixxxiv. 

Norfolk, Diptera from, exhibited, 1xxviii. 

Nyasaland, attacks of birds on butterflies witnessed in, exhibited and 
illustrated, xxiv. 

Obituary, Dr. Gordon Hewitt, xiii; Rev. 8S. H. Gorham, xxxv; Dr. Leonard 
Doncaster, liv. 

Odonata from Macedonia, exhibited, xiv. 

Officers, nomination of, lxxx, Ixxxvi. 

Ophion undulatus bred from Bombyx quercis cocoons from North Stafford- 
shire, exhibited, iii. 

Ornithoptera rubianus, exhibited, lx. 

Ornithopteron from Selangor with precise pupa-cases, bred, exhibited, xc. 

Orthoptera, European, exhibited, vii. 


exliv 


Papilionidae sometimes maintained by fore-wings alone, flight of certain, 
xe. 

Parthenogenesis in Lastocampa querciis, case of, exhibited, liv. 

Pierine butterfly, Catopsilia florella, in Kast Africa, observations on enemies 
of larvae of, xxix. 

Plusia, aberrant, exhibited, xi. 

Protective movements of conspicuous larva of Catocaline moth, Cocytodes 
coerulea, exhibited, ii. 

Psaphis, Delias migrating in evening from one valley to another in Malay 
Peninsula and back in morning, accompanied by moth mimics (Dys- 
phania (Euschema) ) and, \xiii. 

Pseudacraea eurytus hobleyz, its forms and its models on the islands of Lake 
Victoria, end the bearing of the facts on the explanation of mimicry by 
natural se ection, 84. 

Pupa, of a Morpho, larva and, exhibited, viii; of Epuraea depressa (= aestiva : 
Coleoptera, Witidulidae), notes on the biology of some inquilines and 
parasi.es in a nest of Bombus derhamellus, with a description of the 
larva and, 99. 

Pupa-cases, bred Ornithopteron from Selangor with precise, xe. 

Queen’s Gate, proposed purchase of No. 41, for Society’s offices, estimate of, 
cost, lx, lxiii; contract signed and donation towards, Ixxx. 

Relic, interesting, exhibited, xii. 

Rhopalocera, exotic, exhibited, v; from Central Ceram, new or rare, 
exhibited, xx. 

Royal Society, nomination for Fellowship of, xiil. 

Russian entomologists, news of, ]xxix. 

Selangor with precise pupa-cases, bred Ornithopteron from, exhibited, xc. 

Singapore, new species of Staphylinidae from, 212, 347. 

Smerinthus ocellatus on wild crab, colour of larva of, Ixviii. 

Staffordshire, Ophion undulatus bred from Bombyx querciis cocoons from 
North, exhibited, iii. 

Staphylinidae from Singapore, new species of, 212, 347. 

Stick Insect, Carausius morosus, contribution to our knowledge of the life- 
history of the, xxxv, 285. 

Storing insects, etc., fixed to leaves, without pressure, method of collecting 
and, exhibited, lili. 

Stratiomyid fly, Beris vallata captured with its Tenthredinid models, 
exhibited, xxxii. 

Suffolk, rare and local Coleoptera from, exhibited, lxxxvi. 

Sussex Lepidoptera, local, exhibited, Ixxxvii. 

Tenthredinid models, Stratiomyid fly Serts vallata captured with its, 
exhibited, xxxii. 

Termite, Mastotermes darwinensis, the terminal abdominal structures of the 
primitive Australian, 137. 

Tonkin, Lamellicorn beetles from, exhibited, xc. 

Trilochana, probable Heteromorphism of secondary sexual characters in, 
Ixxxiv. 

Varieties of British Lepidoptera, exhibited, xxxii. 


exlv 


Vice-Presidents, nomination of, i. 

Victoria Nyanza, and the bearivg of the facts on the explanation of mimicry 
by natural selection, Psevdacraea eurytus hobley2, its forms and its models 
on the islands of Lake, 84. 

Zygaena transalpina, some Italian races of, exhibited, ix; long series of, 
exhibited, xlviii; 7. ephialtes, series of, exhibited, xlviii. 


PROC. ENT. SOC. LOND., II, Iv, v, 1920. K 


exlvi 


—— 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


The Arabic figures refer to the pages of the ‘ Transactions’; the Roman nunerals 
to the pages of the ‘ Proceedings. | 


abdominale (Conosoma), 380, 406 
abdominalis (Danae), 35 
abnormis (Huphina), 210 
Abraxas, XXxvili x 
abraxas (Callioratis), lvii 
acamas (Cigaritis), 171, 172, 196, 197 
Acanthoglossa, 353, 371, 403 
Acinaces, 2 
Acraea, lvii, Ixxvi, lxxxix 
acraeina (Deilemera), 90, 91 
Acrotona, 226, 268, 359, 395, 411 
acteon (Adopaea), 206 
(Thymelicus), 172, 206 

55 f. clara (Thymelicus), 206 

33 f. clara-obsoleta (Thymeli- 

cus), 206 

Pe f. obsoleta (Thymelicus), 206 
Actobius, 354, 376, 404 
aculeata (Micronia), xxxviii 
acuta (Curetis), xxxviil 
acuticollis (Heliobletus), 43 
Acylophorus, 355, 379, 405 
Adelarthra, 222, 358, 387, 408 
Adinopsinae, 347, 349, 407 
Adinopsis, 349, 382, 407 
adumbratus (Stenotarsus), 51 
advena (Urothemis), xv 
aegeria (Pararge), 172, 190 - 
Aegeriidae, Ixxxv 
aenea (Hristalis), Lxi 
aeneipennis (Belonuchus), 378, 405 

a (Philonthus), 377 

aeode (Heliconius), vii 
aequatus (Stenotarsus), 49 
aericeps (Dolerus), xxxii 
aestiva (Epuraea), 100, 105 
aestuum (Limnophora), xxviii 
affinis (Gyrophaena), 215 
aganice (Planema), 91, 97 
montana (Planema), 86, 87, | 


99 


"88, 90, 91, 97 
f. nyasae (Planema), 97, 98 


2? 


Agaon, 129, 132 - 
agilis (Hetairotermes), 223, 387, 408 
,, (Lermophila), 223 
aglaia (Delias), Lxviii 
Agriades, 172 
agrorum (Bombus), 106 
albertisi (Papilio), Ixxi 
albescens (Chortophila), 306 
(Hammomyia), 307, 
309, 310, 323, 326 
albicans (Andrena), 322 
albiseta (Hammomyia), 309 
alceae (Carcharodus), 172, 204 
alcinoe (Planema), 91 
camerunica (Planema), 86, 88, 
90 
alciope (Acraea), 87 
f. alicia (Acraea), 86, 88 
» 4. aurivillii (Acraea), 86, 88, 90 
alcon (Liycaena), 328, 329, 330 
Aleochara, 361, 397, 412 
Aleocharinae, 254, 348, 349, 407 
Aleocharini, 274, 349, 361, 412 
alexandrae (Troides), xx, xxxvii 
allotriozoonoides (Blastophaga), 128, 
417, 418 
alophila (Atheta), 256, 393 
ae (Metaxya), 256, 410 
alpina (Zygaena), 1, li, lii, liii 
altheae (Erynnis), 205 
althoffi (Acraea), 92 
f. althoffi (Acraea), 89, 90 
An f. telloides (Acraea), 89, 90 
alveus (Hesperia), 205, 206 
f. fritillum (Hesperia), 206 
,, tf. onopordi (Hesperia), 206 
Amarochara, 276 
Amauris, lxxvi 
Amaurodera, 361, 393, 410 
Ammomyia, 307 
Amphisternus, 13, 14, 15 
Amphix, 21 


308, 


99 


39 


99 


Ee) 


99 


exl 


amphrysus flavicollis (Troides), xci 
ampliatum (Cyclosia), xxxvil 

7 (Thelgetrum), 70 
analis (Andrena), 308 
Aneaeus, 350, 363, 399 
Ancylopus, 2, 21, 22 
andamanicus (Pseudindalmus), 33 
andicola (Hylemyia), 325 

ia (Hylephila), 324, 325 
angelicae (Zygaena), li, lili 
angolensis (Trycherus), 5, 7 
angusticollis (Coenonica), 240, 390, 
409 


(Termopsis), 138 
angustula (Epuraea), 107, 126 
angustulus (Anidrytus), 46 
(Stenotarsus), 52 
Anidrytus, 45, 46, 53 
annularis (Chledophila), 232, 388, 408 
annulatus (Thyreocephalus), 375, 404 
annuliventris (Acrotona), 395, 411 
(Atheta), 395, 411 
anobioides one), Ixxxvi 
antenor (Papilio), x 
55 (Pharassophiags)) xe 
anthe (Satyrus), 172, 188 
anthelea (Hipparchia), 189 
»,  (Satyrus), 172 
Antherophagus, 100, 103, 104, 106, 
126, 127 
antigone (Teracolus), xiii 
Anurida, 340 
Aphanocephalus, 3 
Aphiochaeta, 101 
Aphnaeus, xvii 
Aphorista, 44, 66 
apicalis (Myrmedonia), 273, 397, 412 
apicata (Oligota), 223 
apicicornis (Milichius), 72, 73, 83 
Aploderus, 365 
appendiculata (Gyrophaena), 384, 407 
appendiculatus (Trycherus), 5, 10, 11 
Apseudes, 344, 345 
Apus, 340 
arbusculae (Hriogaster), lvi 
arbustorum (Eristalis), lxi 
archippus (Danaida), |xxiii 
Arctiadae, xxxvii 
ardates (Nacaduba), xvii 
arenaria (Cerceris), 308 
ne (Heterota), 251, 392, 410 
Argiolaus, lix 
argiolus (Celastrina), 172, 204 
Pe ab. hypoleuca (Celastrina), 
204 


rp (Cyaniris), xxxii, xxxviii 
a ab. subtus-radiata (Cyaniris), 
XXxii 


vil 


Arhopala, xvii 

Aristolochia, xci 

aristolochiae _gonipeltis —_ (Papilio), 
Ixxxiii 

armata (Danae), 36, 41 

armipes (Seres), 134, 135, 136 

armoricanus (Hesperia), 206 

Arthocharis, 372 

Asellus, 340, 344. 

asiatica (Aleochara), 398, 412 

»,  (Polychara), 412 
assamensis (Humorphus), 16 


| Astenus, 353, 370, 402 


asterope (Ypthima), 171, 172, 185 
ab. iocellata (Ypthima), 

185 

astraea (Glaucopsyche), 169 

astragali (Zygaena), 1, li, liii 

ab. flava (Zygaena), liii | 

» ab. flaveola (Zygaena), liii 

astrarche (Aricia), 200 

astydamia (Heliconius), vii 

Asymbius, 81 

atalanta (Pyrameis), 172, 195 

Atanygnathus, 355, 379, 406 

Atella, bxxiii 

ater (apenas: lxi 

Atheta, 225, 226, 260, 270, 361, 393, 
410, 411 

atomaria (Atheta), 259 

atomus (Coproporus), 381, 406 

atrata (Nacaduba), xvii 

atratus (Haploscelis), 3 

attenuatus (Trycherus), 6, 9, 11 

augustina (Salamis), lvi 

auricularia (Forficula), vii, Lxi 

autothisbe (Prioneris), 209 


99 


99 


balcanicus (Tarucus), 172, 199 
baldus (Ypthima), 185 

barbara (Adelarthra), 223, 387, 408 
barbarica (Sabatinea), liv 


| bari (Heliconius), v 


basalis (Ectomychus), 63 
»,  (Stenotarsus), 56, 57, 83 
baton (Scolitantides), 172, 200 
Beccaria, 73 
Belenois, Ixxvi 
belia (Anthocharis), 172, 179, 180 
f. ausonia (Anthocharis), 179, 
180, 181 
f. occidentalis  (Anthocharis), 
180, 181 
var. taurica (Anthocharis), 179, 


9? 
99 


99 


belisama (Delias), 209 


| belladonna (Delias), 209 


exlvill 


bellicosus (Amphisternus), 14 
K (Bledius), 367, 400 
belonuchoides (Philonthus), 377, 405 
Belonuchus, 354, 378, 405 
bengalensis (Oxytelus), 366, 400 
Bengalia, xxx 
beon (Tmolus), 146, 153 
bicolor (Stauroderus), vii 
bicolorana (Hylophila), xxxvii 
bidens (Gyrophaena), 217, 386, 408 
», (Homalota), 247, 391, 409 
bifasciatus (‘Trycherus), 4, 5 
binotata (Hyperaspis), 114, 126 
biplagiatus (Milichius), 73 
bipunctatus (Kumorphus), 16 
birmanicus (Stenotarsus), 54, 55 
biseriata (Limnophora), Ixxviii 
bisignatus (Ancylopus), 21 
55 (Anidrytus), 45 
bispina (Mimomalota), 243, 390, 409 
»,  (Placusa), 228, 387, 388, 408 
bivittatus (Epipocus), 44 
a (Indalmus), 22 
bivulneratus (Hypostenus), 368, 400 
(Stenus), 368, 400 
Blastophaga, 128, 129 
Blastophaginae, 128 
Blatta, 140 
Bledius, 351, 367, 400 
blumei (Papilio), xxxvii 
boeticus (Carcharodus), 205 
a4 (Erynnis), 205 
53 (Lampides), 172, 198 
i (Polyommatus), 154 
Be (Spilothyrus), 205 
boisduvalii (Zygaena), xlix 
Bolbomorphus, 69 


bolina (Hypolimnas), lviii, lxxii, lxxiii, 


Ixxiv, Ixxv, Ixxxi, lxxxiv 
Bolitocharini, 213, 350, 356, 407 | 
Bombus, 104 
bonasia (Acraea), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 
borneensis (Dryadites), 24, 25 

5 (Pinophilus), 369, 402 
- (Pseudindalmus), 34 
Borolinus, 350, 362, 399 
Brachida, 214. 
Brachytrycherus, 12, 13 
brasidas (Papilio), lvi 
brassicae (Pieris), 172, 173, 175 


a race catoleuca (Pieris), 175, | 
176 

rh ab. cypria (Pieris), 175, 176, 
Wea 

Ap var. nana (Pieris), 175 


- f. nepalensis (Pieris), 176 


“3 ab. nigronotata (Pieris), 175, 


| brassicaria (Ocyptera), lxi 
| breviceps (Stilicopsis), 371, 402 
brevicollis (Milichius), 72 
a (Mycetina), 27, 30 
| brevicornis (Falagria), 252, 392, 410 
| (Mimolithophilus), 63, 64 
| brevifrons (Hylephila), 312, 313, 321, 
he 3215) 
| brevis (Idiophyes), 77 
| briseis (Satyrus), 172, 187 
race fergana (Satyrus), 187, 188 
a fale pirata (Satyrus), 187, 188 
-brunneicollis (Coproporus), 382, 406 


| 
| 9 
| 


x (Lampromalota), 246, 
390, 409 

re (Thectura), 250, 391, 
410 


brunneus (Epipocus), 45 

bryanti (Palaminus), 280, 370, 402 

buecata (Chortophila), 306 

5 (Hylephila), 312, 313, 315, 

316, S17, '319, 321, 322, 
323, 326 

bulbifera (Danae), 36 

butleri (Acraea), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 

Bystus, 80 


Caccoporus, 365, 400 
cadaverina (Atheta), 261 
caeneus (Delias), xxiii 
caerulescens (Oedipoda), viii 
Cafius, 354, 378, 405 
calcaratus (Panurgus), 308 
Calliderma, 353, 374, 404 
Callidryas, 146, 334, 337, 338 
Calpodes, 159 
camadeva (Canerkes), lxiii 

RS (Psaphis), Lxiii, xiv 
camilla (Limenitis), 171, 194 
Campodea, 346 
campodeiformis (Grylloblatta), 141 
candens (Mycetina), 25 ' 
Canerkes, Ixiv 
canescens (Atheta), 263, 265 
capensis (Mimolithophilus), 64 
| cardamines (Euchloé), 172, 181 


| 3 race britannicae(Huchloé), 
| 182 
| i ab. minor (Euchloé), 181, 
182 
55 ab. phoenissa (Euchloé), 
181, 182 
| 56 ab. turritis (Kuchloé), 
| 181, 182 


Cardiola, 392, 410 

cardui (Pyrameis), 195 

/carinatus (Kumorphus), 16 

| carinicollis (Thinocharis), 371, 403 


— 


exlix 


carissima (Jamides), Ixxili 
earnaria (Sarcophaga), lxi 
carniolica (Zygaena), Ixxxvii 
earnivora (Paratheta), 270, 396, 411 
carpophila (Atheta), 260, 395, 411 

4s (Dimetrota), 260, 395, 411 
casiphone (Elymnias), xxxvii 
castanea (Mycetina), 25 

# (Ousilusa), 235, 389, 409 

5 (Pseudophaena), 240, 389, 

409 

castaneipennis (Philonthus), 376, 405 
castaneus (Astenus), 281, 370, 402 

35 (Delias), xxiii 

35 (Stenus), 368, 401 
castor (Papilio), lv 

,, hamela (Papilio), Ixxxiii 

Catagramma, lvii 


Catopsilia, xxv, XXvi, XXVii, xxviii, 
xxix, 146 
cauta (Atheta), 263 
cavicollis (Danae), 40 
cavifrons (Crabro), 101 
celtis (Libythea), 171, 172, 196 
centralis (Zygaena), 1, li, lii, liii 
4 centralis (Zygaena), | 
Ag ab. cingulata (Zygaena), li 


a ab. miltosa (Zygaena), lii 
5 occidentalis (Zygaena), 1, lii 
provincialis (Zygaena), 1, lii 
Cephalomerus, 363, 399 
Ceramis, 2 
cerisyi (Thais), ete 74: 
», race cretica (Thais), 174, 175 
5, race cypria (Thais), 174, 175 
», 4. deyrollei (Thais), 174, 175 
», (Zerynthia), 174 
», race cypria (Zerynthia), 174 
cervinus (Dascillus), 114 
ceylanense (Conosoma), 380, 406 
ceylanensis (Palaminus), 280 
ceylonica (Neosilusa), 233, 389, 409 
Ae (Silusa), 233 
ry, (Stenusa), 409 
ceylonicus (Tachinomorphus), 
406 
Chaleosiinae, xiii 
championi (Conosoma), 380, 406 
43 (Stenotarsus), 53 
Charaxes, xxiv 
Charichirus, 372, 403 
chariclea (Pieris), 176 
charybdis (Glaucopsyche), 
168, 169, 203 
Chiastopsylla, 415, 416 
chimaera (T'roides), Ixxi 
chinensis (Charichirus), 282, 372, 403 
chinensis (Medon), 372, 403 


381, 


166, 167, 


chiriquinus (Stenotarsus), 51 

Chledophila, 231, 358, 388, 408 

chloridice (Pontia), 172, 179 

chlorochroa (Eunica), lvii 

Chondria, 58, 61 

Chortophila, 305 

chrysippus (Danaida), 172, 185 
(Danais), 92 

chrysitis (Plusia), xxxvii 

chrysomallus (Zegris), xxxvii 

Cigaritis, 196 

ciliatipes (Danae), 41 

ciliosa (Hammomyia), 311 

Cimbex, Ixxxiv 

cinctipennis (Mycetina), 32, 33 

cinerascens (Pachytylus), viii 

cinerea (Leucophora), 309 

cingulata (Exatheta), 266, 395, 411 


<3 (Homalota), 248, 391, 409 

¥3 (Mimacrotona), 269, 396, 
411 

4! (Myrmedonota), 272, 396, 
412 

i (Neomalota), 245, 390, 409 

PP (Pelekoglossa), 227, 387, 
408 


cingulatus (Holisomimus), 375, 404 
6 (Holisus), 283, 404 
cinnamonea (Anisotoma), Ixxxvi 
circumceinctus (Amphix), 21 
circumdatus (Stenotarsus), 50 
circumductus (Philonthus), 377, 405 
citrofasciatum (Xanthogramma), Ixi 
clara (Ourapteryx), xxxvii 
clavicornis (Cranterophorus), 3 
claviger (Stenotarsus), 49 
clavipes (Indalmus), 22 
Clemmus, 77, 78 
cleopatra (Gonepteryx), 172, 182 
. var. taurica (Gonepteryx), 
182, 183 
enejus (Chilades), Lxxiii 
coarcticollis (Lispinus), 363, 399 
cocandica (Colias), Ixxxvii 
coccinella (Beccaria), 74, 75, 83 
coccineus (Endomychus), 66 
coelestinus (Eucteanus), 66, 67, 68 
Coenomychus, 66 
Coenonica, 359, 389, 409 
Coenonympha, xiv 
coerulea (Cocytodes), ii 
coloratus (Eumorphus), 16 
Colpodota, 395, 411 
contusalis (Nola), Ixxxiv 
ue var. columbaria (Nola), 
Ixxxiv 
Coniopoda, 35 
Conosoma, 355, 379, 406 


consors (Exatheta), 266, 396, 411 
contractus (Stenotarsus), 56 
conura (Placusa), 227, 387, 408 
Coproporus, 355, 381, 406 
corallicola (Cafius), 378, 405 
corallina (Mycetina), 26, 83 
cordatus (Stenotarsus), 50 
coridon (Agriades), xxxvi 
cornelia (Prioneris), 209 
corvina (Musca), ii 
cottoni (Powellana), Ixxxix 
couperi (Glaucopsyche), 167, 168 
crabroniformis (Milesia), lxi 
crameri (Anthocharis), 172, 179, 180 
crassicornis (Atheta), 260 
Me (Philonthus), 376, 405 
crassipennis (Pharia), Lxi 
crassus (Psilotrachelus), 371, 402 
erataegi (Aporia), 175 
Cremastogaster, 10 
crenicollis (Schistogenia), 397, 412 
crenulata (Gyrophaena), 216, 385, 408 
crisilda (Ragadia), Ixxxiv 
cristata (Gyrophaena), 217, 385, 408 
crithoe (Delias), 209 
croceipennis (Aleochara), 398, 412 
si var. maculipennis (Aleo- 
chara), 398, 412 
3 (Heterochara), 398, 412 
2 var. maculipennis (He- 
terochara), 398, 412 
eroceus (Colias), 184 
croesus (Troides), xxxvii 
crossleyi (Huxanthe), Ixxxviii, 1xxxix 
s f. ansorgei (Kuxanthe), 
Ixxxviil 
cruciger (Eucteanus), 66, 67, 68 
Cryptobium, 353, 374, 404 
Cryptocercus, 141, 143 
Cryptophagus, 104 
cucullatella var. fuliginalis (Nola), 
Ixxxiv 
cupreipennis (Orthidus), 378, 405 
curvipes (Danae), 39, 41 
Cyanauges, 66 
cyanescens (Kumorphus), 17 
cyanipennis (Mycetina), 29, 30 
Cyaniris, xiv 
cyanoptera (Systaechea), 53 
cyllarus (Glaucopsyche), 167, 168, 202 
Cymones, 3 
cynorta (Papilio), 91 
AB f. cynorta (Papilio), 90 
,, 4. peculiaris (Papilio), 86, 90, 
92 


Dadocerus, 76 
dana (Nacaduba), xvii 


cl 


Danae, 2, 25, 35, 36, 42 

danae (Sympetrum), xv 

Danainae, Ixxx : 

danicus (Pachytylus), viii 

daplidice (Pontia), 172, 177, 178 
- f. albidice (Pontia), 178 
i. f. bellidice (Pontia), 178 


x, ab. flava (Pontia), 178 

fs ab. minuscula (Pontia), 177, 
178 

a race persica (Pontia), 177, 
178 


a var. raphani (Pontia), 177, 
178 


of (Synchloe), xiv 
Dapsa, 2 
dardanus merope (Papilio), 90 

‘ f. niobe (Papilio), Ixxxviii, 

Ixxxix, 89, 90 

xn f. planemoides (Papilio), 86, 

87, 89, 90 
trophonissa 

Ixxxvili, Ixxxix 
darsius (Troides), xxxvii, xxxix, xci 
darwinensis (Mastotermes), 137, 145 


a if. (Papilio), 


| Dascillus, 111 


Dasychira, Ixxxiv 


| Datomicra, 395, 411 


dealbata (Scoria), xxxvii 
debilicornis (Hypomedon), 403 
BA (Medon), 373, 403 
decempunctata (Monocoryna), 82 
decorata (Megarthropsis), 379, 406 
decoratus (Anidrytus), 46 
dehaani (EKumorphus), 16 
Delias, xx, xxii, lxiii, xiv, Ixv, Ixvi, 
208, 209, 210 
Delibius, 349, 355, 379, 405 
delicatulus (Philonthus), 376, 405 
denticulata (Homalota), 250, 391, 409 
dentipes (Danae), 38, 41 
dentiplaga (Huploea), xxi 
dentiventris (Edaphus), 369, 401 
deota (Pieris), 176 
depressa (EKpuraea), 99, 100, 102, 105, 
106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 115, 
117, 119, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125 
depressus (Ephebus), 46 
Deralia, 238, 358, 389, 409 
derhamellus (Bombus), 99, 100, 101, 
125 
descombesi leucacantha (Delias), lv 
desjardinsi (Trochoideus), 77 
devia (Brachycoma), 99, 100, 125 
dialis cataleucas (Papilio), Ixxxiil 
Diastylis, 344 
didyma (Melitaea), Ixxxvii 
Diestota, 230 


Diglotta, 356, 383, 407 
Diglottini, 349, 356, 407 
dilutipennis (Atheta), 393, 411 
Dimetrota, 261, 395, 411 
dimidiata (Falagria), 252, 392, 410 
Diochus, 354, 375, 404 
dirtea pardalis (Adolias), Ixxxiv 
discalis (Phloeonomus), 364, 399 
discoideus (Amphix), 21 
disjuncta (Acraea), Ixxxvill, Ixxxix 
dispar (Sphaerophoria), 1xi 
dissimilis (Hylephila), 311, 312, 

317, 318, 326 
distinguendus (Stenotarsus), 51 
dohertyi (Delias), xx, 209, 210 

»,  (Eucteanus), 66, 67, 68, 69 
dolosus (Anidrytus), 53 
domesticum (Trypodendron), 107 
Re (Xyloterus), 107 

doriae (Mycetina), 28, 29 
dorimene (Delias), xxiii 
doris (Heliconius), xvi 

,, amathusia (Heliconius), xvi 
dorsalis (Hylephila), 

326 


dorsatus (Chorthippus), vii 
ja (Stenobothrus), vii 
doryca (Mynes), 210 
Dralica, 410 
Dryadites, 24 
dubia f. mima (Euralia), [xxvii 
» 4. wahlbergi (Euralia), [xxvii 
; (Gyrophaena), 218, 386, 408 
>, 4. mima (Hypolimnas), Ixxvii 
» i.  wahlbergi 
Ixxvii 
dudu (Limenitis), Ixxxiv 
duris (Delias), xxi, xxiii 
dyscritus (Blastophaga), xcii, 417 
Dysphania, lxiii, [xiv 


ebuleata (Ourapteryx), xxxvii 
echnida (Delias), xx, xxiil 
Ketinohoplia, xe 
Ectomychus, 62 
Edaphus, 352, 369, 401 
edusa (Colias), Ixxxvii, 172, 184 
,, ab. aubuissoni (Colias), 184 
» ab. faillae (Colias), 184 
» ab. helice (Colias), 184 
» ab. helicina (Colias), 184 
ab. obsoleta (Colias), 184 
egea (Polygonia), 195 
egialea (Amauris), Ixxxvili 
Bs (Delias), 209 
egina (Acraea), v 
egista f. bowdenia (Atella), lxxii 


A 3 (Issoria), Lx xiii 


313, 


eli 


Eisenia, 129 
| Hiseniella, 129 
| electa (Ityraea), xi, xii 
elegans (Chrysotoxum), lxi 
»  (Pseudatheta), 225, 387, 408 
,,  (Trycherus), 4 
| eleus (Euphaedra), Ixxxviii 
| Eleusii, 398 
Eleusis, 350, 362, 398 
eleutho (Nipara), Ixxiii, 
Ixxxii 
f. walkeri (Nipara), lxxiii 
_elevatus (Heliconius), v 
ellioti (Amaurina), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 
Embia, 141 
emilia (Larinopoda), Ixxxix 
| Enceymon, 3 
| Endomychidae, | 


boo, Ikea 


312; 3135324; | 


(Hypolimnas), 


_Endomychus, 66 
| Engonius, 15 
"enriquesi (Blastophaga), 417, 418 


“epaea (Planema), 91 


»  paragea (Planema), 86, 88, 90, 
SI92° 
ephialtes (Zygaena), x, xlviii, li 


» ab. peucedani (Zygaena), li, 
liii 
jephippium (Anidrytus), 46, 47 
epijasius (Charaxes), xxiii, xxiv 
| Epinephele, 193 
Epipocus, 44 
| Epitola, Ixxxix 
| Epopterus, 48 
| Epuraea, 106, 107, 126 
| erate (Colias), Ixxxvii 
erato (Heliconius), vii 
s, _ f. anacreon (Heliconius), vi 
,,  erythraea (Heliconius), vi 
,,  ottonis (Heliconius), vi 
»,  phyllis (Heliconius), vi 
tellus (Heliconius), vi, vii 
Eriboea, xxi 
eros (Polyommatus), Ixxxvil 
_erotyloides (Trycherus), 5, 11 
| erubescens (Mycetina), 24 
_esebria (Acraea), 92 
| etheocles (Charaxes), xxiv 
Fs f. cedreatis (Charaxes), 
| Ixxxvili 
| 3 f. viola (Charaxes), xxiii, 
Xxiv 


| ethlius (Calpodes), 146, 154, 156, 157 
eubule (Callidryas), 332, 334 
| eucerus (Eucteanus), 67, 68, 69 
| eucharis (Delias), 209 
| Eucirrus, 352, 369, 402 
eucrate (Hesperia), 205 
» var. orbifer (Hesperia), 205 


: elii 


Eucteanus, 66, 69 

Euctenurapteryx, XXXvVili 

Eueides, vii 

eueidina (Eueides), vii 
(Heliconius), vii 

Eulissus, 354, 375, 404 

Eumorphus, 13, 16 

euphemus (Lycaena), xii, 327, 328, | 

329, 330 

euphrosyne (Brenthis), [xxviii 

EKuploea, [xxiii 

Kupristina, 129 

eurytus (Pseudacraea), 84, 92, 96 


"e ab. bicolor (Pseudacraea), 
Ixxxvill | 
» f. hobleyi  (Pseudacraea), 
xscx.vaile) pxexomxe iG 400 G6: 


87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 96 


,  #£. imitator (Pseudacraea), 97, | 


98 

. mlanjensis (Pseudacraea), 
97, 98 

f. obscura (Pseudacraea), 86, 
89, 90, 96 

. poggeoides (Pseudacraea), 
86, 89, 90, 97 

f. rogersi (Pseudacraea), 97, 


7 
eh 


“ 
eh 


f. terra (Pseudacraea), 86, 89, 
90, 92, 94, 96 
, #. tirikensis (Pseudacraea), 86, 
89, 90, 94, 97, 98 
Euschema, Ixiii, Lxiv 
euschemoides (Canerkes), Ixiv 
Eustenia, 254 
Eusteniamorpha, 253, 361, 393, 410 
euterpinus (Papilio), lvii 
Euxestus, 81 
Evaesthetinae, 347, 348, 401 
Evaesthetini, 348, 352, 401 
evagore antigone (Teracolus), xiii 
Everes, xiv 
exasperatus (Oxytelus), 366, 400 
Exatheta, 265, 360, 395, 411 
excubitor (Dysphania), lxiv 
exiguus (Ancaeus), 363, 399 
eximius (Bombus), 104 
»,  (Periptyctus), 65, 83 
expatriatus (Kumorphus), 17 
expetitus (Milichius), 73 
exsecta (Formica), 101 
Exysma, 3, 77 


faberensis (Myllaena), 383, 407 
‘ fagi (Stauropus), Ixx 

Falagria, 254, 361, 392, 410 

fallaciosus (Anidrytus), 46 

fasciata (Delias), 210 


| fasciata (Monocoryna), 82 
_fasciatum (Agaon), 134 
fasciatus (Hypomedon), 403 
| 33 (Medon), 373, 403 
_fasciipennis (Coproporus), 381, 406 
| felix (Eumorphus), 17, 19 ; 
,, (Mycetina), 30 
“femoralis (Danae), 37, 38, 41 
| (Stenotarsus), 57, 61 
| Fenyesia, 270, 360, 361, 396, 411 
| ferruginea (Saula), 42 
| ferrugineus (Caccoporus), 365, 400 
Bl (Milichius), 72 
AS (Oxytelus), 365, 400 
59 (Pocadius), 122, 124 
| festivus (Eumorphus), 19 
| festucae (Plusia), xxxvii 
| filipendulae (Zygaena), xxxvii, |, li, 
tn, hii 
| manni (Zygaena), li, iii 
| filum (Astenus), 281 
,, (Cryptobium), 374, 404 
| flava (Adopaea), 207 
flavipennis (Coproporus), 382, 406 
a (Falagria), 253, 392, 410 
flavipes (Trycherus), 6, 10 
flavocinctus (Philonthus), 377, 405 
flavoguttatum (Conosoma), 380, 406 
florea (Myriatropa), 1x1 
florella (Catopsilia), xxv, xxix, lvui, 
lviii 
floricola (Monomorium), Ixxxvii 
forceps (Scutigera), 342 
formicarius (Thanasimus), 101 
fortepunctatus (Stenus), 368, 401 
| forticornis,(Oligota), 212, 383, 407 
foveatum (Cryptobium), 374, 404 
fragilis (Meteorus), lxxxiv 
frater (Trycherus), 5, 8 
fraternus (Kumorphus), 20, 21 
frontalis (Platyscapus), 130 
| frugicola (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
frugivora (Hoplandria), 277, 397, 412 
fryanus (Humorphus), 18, 19 
| ,.  (Trycherus), 4, 6, 12 
fucicola (Paractocharis), 392, 410 
fuliginosus (Epipocus), 45 
| fulva (Andrena), 316, 322 
fulvipes (Tachinomorphus), 381, 406 
fumator (Mimogonus), 368, 401 
' fungi (Atheta), 269 
_fungicola (Mimatheta), 267, 
|fungivora (Paraleochara), 
| 412 
| furvata (Lignicolor), Lxi 
fusca (Ithone), lv 
| fusciceps (Eleusis), 362, 398 
fuscipennis (Deralia), 238, 389, 409 


396, 411 
276, 397, 


elili 


fuscipennis (Homalota), 248, 391, 409 
= (Indalmus), 22 

fuscipes (Milichius), 70, 71 

fuscus (Anidrytus), 47 


Gabrius, 376, 405 
gaika (Zizera), xvi 
galba (Zizera), 173, 199, 200 
gallica (Hammomyia), 309 
gamma ab. purpurissa (Plusia), xi 
gemellus (Philonthus), 377, 405 
geminus (Philonthus), 378, 405 
Geometridae, xxxviii 
Geometrinae, Lxili 
gerstaeckeri (Amphix), 21 
Gibbiger, 70 
gibbosus (Bolbomorphus), 69, 70 
gilvaria (Aspilates), xxxvii, XXXviii 
glabrata (Lycoperdina), 3 
glaucescens (Dysphania), lxiii, lxiv 
5 (Kuschema), Lxiii 
glaucon (Corynoscelis), xix 
Glaucopsyche, 166, 168, 169, 203 
globosa (Mycetina), 28, 30, 83 
globosus (Stenotarsus), 50 
globulariae (Ino), Ixxxvii 
globulosa (Chondria), 61 
globulus (Mimocyptus), 382, 407 
r (Stenotarsus), 55, 57 
Glossola, 410 


godfreyi (Chiastopsylla), xcii, 414, 415, 


416 
goetzi (Acraea), Ixxxviii 
goliath (Ornithoptera), xxiii 

»,  (Troides), xx 
gracilentus (Astenus), 370, 402 
gracilis (Astenus), 370, 402 
granadillae (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
granaria (Oligota), 221 
granulatus (Hypomedon), 403 

5 (Medon), 373, 403 

granulosa (Gyrophaena), 

408 
gregaria (Atheta), 256 
gregoryi (Ityraea), xi, xii 
grisea (Hammomyia), 307, 309, 326 


» (Hylemyia), 305, 306, 307, 308, 


grossa (Kchinomyia), lxi 
Grylloblatta, 140, 141 
guatemalae (Anidrytus), 46 

re (Stenotarsus), 51, 52 
guerini (Eumorphus), 18 
guineensis (Stenotarsus), 49 
Gymnusini, 355, 407 


Gyrophaena, 214, 233, 240, 359, 384, 


407, 408 


haliphron (Troides), xxxvii 


216, 385, 


halophiloides (Taenosoma), 365, 400 
(Trogophloeus), 365, 400 

Hammomyia, lix, 305, 306, 307, 308, 
311, 324 

Haplomorphus, 13 

Haploscelis, 3, 12 

hardwickei (Eucteanus), 13, 66, 67, 68, 
69 


Harsiésis, lxxi 

hecla (Colias), Ixxxvii 

helaeus (HKumorphus), 20 

helena (Ornithoptera), xxiii, xxxvii 
»,  (Troides), xxxvii,xxxviii,xxxix 
., cerbera (Troides), xe 

Heliconius, v, vi, vii, xvi 

Heliobletus, 35, 42 

Helodes, 111 

helopioides (Haploscelis), 3 

hemisphoericus (Micropsephus), 80 

Hepialidae, xxxvil 

hermione (Satyrus), 172, 186 

race cypriaca (Satyrus), 186 

race syriaca (Satyrus), 186 

Hesperidae, 146, 154 

Hesperus, 354, 378, 405 

Hetairotermes, 357, 387, 408 

heteroceros (Paragonus), 367, 400 

Heterochara, 397, 412 

Heterojapyx, lv 

Heterota, 251, 356, 358, 391, 410 


93 


i hiendlemayeri (Pentila), Ixxxix 


himala (Epiplema), xxxvii 
himalayica (Venilia), xxxvii 
hippocrepedis (Zygaena), | 
hipponus bowringi (Papilio), Ixxxiii 
hirta (Acanthoglossa), 371, 403 
hirundo (Euptera), Ixxxviii 

»,  (Macroglossa), lxxiii 
hispanus (Copris), xix 
hispidus (Stenotarsus), 49 
histrionicus (Campylotes), xv 
hobleyi (Pseudacraea), Ixxxvili 
Holisomimus, 283, 354, 375, 404 
Holisus, 282, 404 
Holosus, 350, 363, 399 
Holotrochus, 351, 368, 401 
Homalosternus, 13 
Homalota, 242, 245, 246, 357, 358, 

359, 390, 409 
Hoplandria, 274, 362, 397, 412 
hoplites (Cephalomerus), 363, 399 

5 (Priochirus), 363, 399 
hova (Indalmus), 22 
howqua (Stichophthalma), Ixxxiv 
humator (Necrophorus), xxxv 
humeralis (Anidrytus), 46 

MS (Aphorista), 44 
ss (Eucteanus), 67 


cliv 


humilis (Eleusis), 362, 398 
humuli (Hepialus), xxxvii, xxxvill 
Huphina, 209, 210, 211 

hyale (Colias), Ixxxvil 
Hybopterus, 3 

hydara (Heliconius), vi 
Hydrophoria, 311 

hydroporoides (Trycherus,) 5 
Hydroseapha, 114, 120, 126 
hyemalis (Boreus), xc 

Hylaia, 2 

Hylemyia, 305, 308 

Hylephila, lix, 305, 306, 311, 324 
Hypochrysops, [xxi 

Hypocysta, lxxi 

hypolitus (Troides), xxxvii 
Hypomedon, 403 

Hypostenus, 368, 401 

hypsipyle (Prioneris), 209 


icarus (Polyommatus), Ixxxvii, 172, 
178, 201, 202 
» ab. celina (Polyommatus), 202 
» ab. icarinus (Polyommatus), 
201, 202 
», ab. minor (Polyommatus), 201, 


ictis (Aphnaeus), xvii 
Idiophyes, 3 
ilia (Apatura), xxxvii 
immaculatus (Encymon), 3 
immorata (Acidalia), Ixxxvii 
impressicollis (Lispinus), 
399 
inachis (Kallima), lxxxiil, 1xxxiv 
inanis (Volucella), lxi 
Indalmus, 2, 21, 22, 23 
indica (Chondria), 59 
indicus (Termitoptochus), 396, 412 
indistincta (Delias), 209 
indocilis (Meotica), 257 
indorum (Myrmedonia), 397, 412 
inflata (Acrulia), 126 
»,  (Hylephila), 319, 321, 324 
»,  (Volucella), lxi 
inflatus (Spathomeles), 21 
inquinula (Atheta), 258 
insignis (Eumorphus), 16, 18 
internexus (Stenotarsus), 49 
inutilis (Atheta), 394, 411 
5,  (Microdota), 411 
irregularis (Gyrophaena), 218, 386, 
408 
Isocheilus, 372, 403 
isse (Delias), xxiii 
italicum (Chrysotoxum), Lxi 


jacksoni (Papilio), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 


278, 364, | 


| jankowskii (Hylephila), 317 
jasius (Charaxes), 171, 172, 194 
jodutta (Acraea), 92 
,,  £. dorotheae (Acraea), 86, 88, 
90, 92 
» 4. jodutta (Acraea), 86, 88, 
90, 92 
johnstoni (Acraea), Ixxxix 
joiceyi (Ornithoptera), xxiii 
»,  (Lroides), Lxxii 
josephus (Trycherus), 4, 5, 7 
julia (Huphina), 210 
jupiter (Eriboea), xxi 
jurtina (Epinephele), 191, 192, 193 
», race hispulla (Epinephele), 
735 LON 192 
,, trace kurdistana (Hpinephele), 
191, 192 
», var. telmessia (Epinephele), 
19] 


kahldeni (Charaxes), lxxxix 
sa f. ehmeckei (Charaxes), 
Ixxxix 
karsandra (Zizera), 200 
kenricki (Morphotaenaris), ]xxii 
klassika (Ideopsis), xxi 
klugi (Engonius), 16 
| kraatzi (Eleusis), 362, 398 
| ,,  (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
_ kuenowi (Pseudacraea), 89, 90 
= hypoxantha (Pseudacraea), 
86, 87 


labialis (Andrena), 319 
labradus (Zizera), xxiii 

laertes (Morpho), viii 

laeta (Beccaria), 75 

,, (Huphina), 209, 210 
laevigatus (Hesperus), 378, 405 
laevinodis (Myrmica), 327 
laevis (Leptochirus), 362, 399 
,, (Pedanus), 16 
, (Strongylochirus), 362, 399 
| laius (Chilades), xvii 
| Lampromalota, 246, 357, 390, 409 
landbecki (Mimacraea), Ixxxviii 
| latebricola (‘Termophila), 224 
lateralis (Eulissus), 375, 404 
| laticeps (Actobius), 376, 404. 
», | (Dyscerasphorus), 3 
latina (Zygaena), li 
5, flava (Zygaena), liii 

latipennis (Dryadites), 24, 25 
latipes (Heliobletus), 41, 43, 44 
| ,,  (Stenotarsus), 52, 54 
latiusculus (Oxytelus), 366, 400 
latona (Cyligramma), ii 


~~ 


elv 


latreillelus (Bombus), 106 
latus (Trycherus), 5, 9 
leda (Melanitis), xxiii 
leilus (Cydimon), 147, 159, 160, 161, | 
162, 163, 164 
», (Urania), 159, 163 
Leiochrodes, 3 
leonidas (Papilio), lvi 
leoninus (Stenotarsus), 49 
leontopolitana (Pronomaea), 383, 40 
lepidii (Pieris), 176 
Lepidoptera, 146 
Lepisma, 346 
Leptacinus, 354, 375, 404 
Leptochiri, 399 
Leptochirus, 350, 362, 399 
Leucocraspedum, 356, 383, 407 
Leucoparyphus, 355, 382, 406 
leucopyga (Acraea), Ixxxvili 
levassori (Papilio), lvi 
levis (Seres), 135 
ligata (Delias), [xxi 
ligustici (Otiorrhynchus), xxxvi 
limacina (Cyligramma), ii 
limbata (Mycetina), 66 
limbatus (Scopaeus), 374, 403 
linea (Adopaea), 207 
linearis (Somoleptus), 375, 404 
lineata (Scoria), xxxvii 
lineola (Adopaea), 207 
lineolata (Athalia), xxxii 
Liporrhopalum, 129, 130 
Lipteninae, lix 
liquefactus (Anidrytus), 46 
lisarda (Penthema), Ixxxiv 
Lispini, 399 
Lispinus, 350, 363, 399 
Lithocharis, 403 
Lithophilus, 64 
littoralis (Pipunculus), Ixxviii 
(Taenosoma), 365, 400 
55 (Trogophloeus), 365, 400 
lituratus (Stenotarsus), 58 
lobata (Placusa), 228, 388, 408 
longanimis (Trycherus), 4, 6, 10 
longiceps (Pegoscapus), 129 
», (Philonthus), 377, 405 
longicornis (Danae), 40, 41 
x (Delibius), 379, 405 
lonicerae (Zygaena), li, liii 
loti (Zygaena), ix, x 
,, race alpicola (Zygaena), ix 
,, race alpina (Zygaena), ix 
,, race emendata (Zygaena), x 
lucens (Hypomedon), 403 
(Medon), 373, 403 


~ 


d 


29 


99 


lucidula (Gyrophaena), 216, 217 
lucorum (Bombus), 105, 106 
ludekingi (Antherophagus), 104 
lunaris (Copris), xix, xxxv 

lunigera (Hleusis), 362, 398 

lupinus (Epinephele), 172, 192, 193 
ab. intermedia (lHpinephele), 


99 


192, 194 

», ab. janirula (Epinephele), 192, 
193 

», ab. subalbida (Epinephele), 
192, 194 


lurida (Mycetina), 27, 28, 83 

lutea (Chondria), 59, 60, 61 

luteolata (Opisthograptis), 
XSKI 


XXXVil, 


| luzonica (Mycetina), 29 


Lycaena, xiv, 168, 328 
Lycaenidae, xxxvii, 146, 153 
Lycaeninae, xiti, xiv, lix 
lycaon (Epinephele), 193 
», race lupinus (Epinephele), 192 
Lycoperdina, 2, 23, 24 
Lycoperdinella, 23 
lycormas (Glaucopsyche), 168 
lygdamas (Glaucopsyche), 168 
Lymantria, Ixxxiv 
lysimon (Zizeeria), 200 
a (Zizera), Xvi 
macarista (Planema), Ixxxviii, 86, 87, 
88, 90, 96, 98 
machaon (Papilio), 172, 173 
race asiatica (Papilio), 173, 
174 
ab. aurantiaca (Papilio), 173 
ab. cypria (Papilio), 173, 174 
race sphyroides (Papilio), 


93 


9° 
99 


99 


Machilis, 344, 345, 346 
mackinnoni (Papilio), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 
macroceras (Stenotarsus), 51 
Macroglossa, bxxili 
macrospilotus (Kumorphus), 18, 19 
maculatum (Chrysotoxumi), Lxi 
maculicaudaria (Huctenurapteryx), 
XXXVii 
maculicollis (Stenotarsus), 
| maderae (Coluocera), 3 
madurensis (Brachytrycherus), 14 
maera (Pararge), 172, 191 
f. adrasta (Pararge), 191 
,, race orientalis (Pararge), 191 
malayana (Atheta), 257, 258, 394, 411 
ne (Microdota), 257, 411 
malayanum (Conosoma), 283, 379, 406 


5 


0 


| 


3? 


(Taenosoma), 365, 400 
(Trogophloeus), 365, 400 


93 


99 


malayensis (Stenotarsus), 54, 55, 83 
‘malyae (Hesperia), 206 


elvi 


manni (Pieris), 175 
margarita (Appias), 153 
marginalis (Stenotarsus), 50 
marginata (Chrysomela), Ixxxvi 
marginatus (Eumorphus), 2 
marinus (Thinobius), 367, 400 
maritima (Limnophora), Ixxviii 
maritimus (Gabrius), 378, 405 
“ (Philonthus), 378, 405 
marmax (Charaxes), Ixxxiv 
maroceana (Laphira), lxi 
marrubii (Carcharodus), 205 
oe (Hesperia), 205 
marseuli (Hucteanus), 15, 67 
Mastotermes, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 
142, 143, 144 
mathias (Parnara), 172, 207 
maxillosa (Kumenes), xxx 
maxima (Tipula), lxi 
mediterraneae (Tarucus), 199 
medius (Bombylius), 1xi 
Medon, 353, 371, 372, 403 
medon (Aricia), 172, 200 
;» ab. brunnescens (Aricia), 200, 
201 
» ab. calida (Aricia), 200, 201 
», i. ornata (Aricia), 200 
Megachile, xi 
Megalops, 351, 401 
Megalopsinae, 347, 348, 401 
Megalopsini, 348, 351, 401 
Megarthropsini, 349, 355, 406 
Megarthropsis, 355, 379, 406 
megera (Pararge), 172, 190 
,, race lyssa (Pararge), 190 
melanarius (Agabus), Ixxxvi 
53 (Coproporus), 406 
Melanitis, Ixxvi 
melanocephalus (Ancylopus), 21, 22 
melanops (Glaucopsyche), 166, 167, 
168, 171, 173, 202, 203, 204 
melata (Atheta), 257, 394, 411 
»,  (Microdota), 257, 411 
Melinoéssa, Ixxxix 
melpomene (Heliconius), vi, vii 
35 amandus (Heliconius), vi 
ms penelope (Heliconius), v 
ae thelxiope (Heliconius), v 
mendica (Diaphora), xxxvili 
meridionalis (Atheta), 256 
metachromata (Vindusara), xxxvii 
metallica (Gyrophaena), 220, 384, 408 
$3 (Phaenogyra), 220, 384, 408 
Metaxya, 410 
M-flavus (Trycherus), 5, 7 
micans (Pelioptera), 393, 410 
Microdota, 411 
Micropsephellus, 79 


Micropsephus, 78, 80 
micros (Scopaeus), 374, 403 
milca (Vanessula), lxxxviii, Ixxxix 
Milichius, 70 
militare (Euschema), lxiv 
militaris (Dysphania), lxiv 
os f. selangora (Dysphania),]xiii 
A 43 (Euschema), Lxiii 
milon (Papilio), xxxvii 
Mimacrotona, 268, 360, 396, 411 
Mimatheta, 267, 360, 396, 411 
Mimocyptus, 355, 382, 407 
Mimogonus, 351, 368, 401 
Mimolithophilus, 63 
Mimomalota, 242, 358, 390, 409 
miniata (Oedipoda), viii 
minima (Gyrophaena), 217, 218, 219 
minimus (Coproporus), 284, 382, 406 
as (Pipunculus), Ixxviil 
minuta (Helodes), 114 
minutus (Borolinus), 362, 399 
i var. cruentus (Borolinus), 
362, 399 
55 (Lispinus), 364, 399 
w (Stenotarsus), 49 
miricornis (Eucirrus), 369, 402 
miriventris (Atheta), 259, 393, 411 
mollicomus (Epipocus), 45 
mombonensis (Stenotarsus), 49 
moneta (Plusia), xxxvii 
Monocoryna, 81 
monomeros (Stenus), 368, 401 
monstrosus (Pseudopaussus), 77 
montanus (Bombus), 104 
monticola (Ketomychus), 62, 63 
montivaga (Mycetina), 32 
morosa (Aphorista), 44 
»,  (Lycoperdinella), 23 
morosus (Carausius), xxxv, 285 
Morpho, viii, ix, xxxvi 
Morphopsis, Ixxi, ]xxii 
moultoni (Atheta), 255, 393 
z (Glossola), 255, 410 
nB (Gyrophaena), 219, 386, 408 
uA (Neosilusa), 233, 389, 409 
5 (Oligota), 212, 383, 407 
murrayi (Humorphus), 17 
muscorum (Bombus), 104 
musculus (Stenotarsus), 54 
mutator (Belonuchus), 378, 405 
Mycetina, 2, 24, 25 
mycetophaga (Atheta), 261, 262, 395, 
41] 


a (Dimetrota), 262, 395, 
411 
mycetophila (Atheta), 263, 395, 411 
Pe (Datomicra), 263, 395, 
411 


elvil 


Myllaena, 356, 383, 407 
Myllaenini, 349, 356, 407 
Mylothris, Ixxvi 

Mynes, 210, 211 

myopina (‘Tetanops), Ixxix 
myrmecobia (Ousilusa), 389, 409 
Myrmedonella, 274, 361, 397, 412 
Myrmedonia, 260, 272, 397, 412 
Myrmedoniini, 252, 350, 359, 410 
Myrmedonota, 272, 360, 396, 412 
myrmicobia (Ousilusa), 235 
Mysis, 344 


nagonum (Pieris), 1xxxili 
nama (Hestina), Ixxxiv 
nanna (Heliconius), vi 
napi (Ganoris), xiv 
nasuta (Acrida), vil 
natalensis (Danae), 36, 41 
nauticus (Cafius), 378, 405 
Nebalia, 344 
nebulosa (Mycetina), 32, 33 
Neomalota, 244, 357, 390, 409 
Neopinophilus, 279, 352, 369, 402 
Neosilusa, 232, 235, 237, 358, 359, 
389, 409 
nepenthes (Kriboea), Ixxxiv 
Nephele, xxv 
neptunia (Tirumala), 
Ixxxii 
neumogeni (Stichophthalma), Ixxxiv 
niavius subsp. dominicanus (Amauris), 
Ixxv 
Nicoletia, 346 
niger (Acanthomyops), Lx 
,, (Donisthorpea), lx 
5, (Scopaeus), 373, 403 
,, (Trichopsephus), 79 
nigra (Aleochara), 398, 412 
», (Fenyesia), 271, 396, 411 
,, (Libellula), xiv 
( 
( 


Ieee, beexts 


Polychara), 412 
; Selysiothemis), xiv 
, (Sternotropa), 221, 386, 408 
nigricans (Thinocharis), 371, 403 
nigriceps (Oxytelus), 366, 400 
nigricollis (Milichius), 71, 72 
nigricornis (Antherophagus), 104, 127 
nigrina (Delias), xx 
nigripennis (Micropsephellus), 80 
nigripes (Stenotarsus), 55 
nigritula (Atheta), 225 
nigroaeneus (Andrena), 319 
nigrociliaria (Hnurapteryx), xxxvii 
nigrocincta (Ityraea), xi, xii 
35 f. gregoryi (Ityraea), iii 
f. speciosa (Ityraea), iii 
nigrofuscus (Indalmus), 22 


39 


nigromaculatum (Conosoma), 380, 406 
nigrum (Leucocraspedum), 383, 407 
ninus (Delias), Lxiii, xvi, xvii, xviii 
niponensis (Exysma), 77 
(Symbiotes), 77 
nitens (Calliderma), 374, 404. 
nitescens (Homalota), 247, 390, 409 
nitida (Chondria), 61, 83 
nitidifrons (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
nitidiusculus (Halictus), 309 
nitidus (Dadocerus), 76, 83 
»,  (Holotrochus), 368, 401 
»,  (Parascopaeus), 373, 403 
»,  (Trycherus), 6, 11 
nivea (Ourapteryx), xxxvii 
nora (Nacaduba), xvii 
noreia (Nacaduba), xvii 
norvegica (Vespa), 101 
Nosodendron, 119 
nostrodamus (Gegenes), 172, 207 
notabilis (Neopinophilus), 369, 402 
As (Philonthus), 376, 405 
3. (Pinophilus), 279, 280, 402 
fe (Placusa), 229, 388, 408 
nothis (Coelites), Ixxxiv 
nourmahal (Stichophthalma), Ixxxiv 
nubilus (Aphnaeus), xvii 
numae (Chiastopsylla), 414, 416 
numenes (Charaxes), Ixxxviii 
nupta (Catocala), xxxii 


oberthuri (Acraea), Ixxxviii 
obliqua (Stilicopsis), 371, 402 
obscurus (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
A (Phloeonomus), 364, 399 
obsoleta (Epuraea), 106, 107, 110, 118, 
122, 124, 125, 127 
obtusa (Hylephila), 311, 312, 313, 314, 
315, 316, 317, 318; 3195 320,322; 
326 


| ocellatus (Epopterus), 48 


8 (Smerinthus), Ixviii, Ixix, 
Ixx 
ocernaria (Myrteta), xxxvil 


ochlea (Amauris), xxv 


| ochracea (Arthocharis), 372 


55 (Epuraea), 105 

53 (Medon), 372 

ap (Neptis), Ixxxvill, Ixxxix 
ochraceus (Lithocharis), 403 
Ochthebius, 114 
octavii (Chiastopsylla), 416 
ocularis (Stilicus), 371, 402 
Oediarthrus, 35 
Oligolinus, 354, 375, 404 
Oligota, 214, 356, 359, 383, 407 
Oligotini, 212, 349, 356, 407 
Omaliini, 348, 350, 399 


Onthophagus, xix 


onthophila (Atheta), 262, 395, 411 
(Datomicra), 262, 395, 411 


99 


opaca (Pelioptera), 393, 410 


opacellus (Medon), 282, 373, 403 


opacicollis (Falagria), 252 
opalinus (Kumorphus), 16 
Ophioninae, iii 
oraia (Delias), 210 
orbicularis (Exysma), 77 
»,  (Stenotarsus), 50 
a (Symbiotes), 77 
orbifer (Hesperia), 205 
»,  (Powellia), 205 


orientalis (Astenus), 370, 402 


es (Danae), 35 
ae (Erynnis), 205 
9° ( 

( 


39 


ornatus (Milichius), 73 
Ornithoptera, xxxix 
ornytion (Delias), 210 
Orphnebius, 272 
Orthidus, 354, 378, 405 
Osorii, 400 

Osoriini, 348, 351, 400 
Osorius, 351, 368, 401 
Ourapteryx, XXXvViii 


Medon), 281, 372, 403 
Pinophilus), 278, 369, 402 | 
3 (Trogophloeus), 364, 400 | 


Ousilusa, 234, 359, 389, 409 


ovalis (Chondria), 60, 61 

»,  (Stenotarsus), 50 
ovatus (Trycherus), 5, 8, 9 
Oxypoda, 232, 264 
Oxyteli, 400 
Oxytelinae, 347, 348, 398 
Oxytelini, 348, 350, 400 
Oxytelus, 351, 365, 400 


Paederinae, 347, 348, 402 
Paederini, 348, 352, 402 
Paederus, 353, 370, 402 
palaeno (Colias), Ixxxvil 


Palaminus, 279, 352, 370, 402 
pallens (Anisotoma), Ixxxvi 


99 


(Antherophagus), 


100, 


104, 105, 125, 126 
pallida (Mycetina), 31, 32, 33 


pallidulus (Scopaeus), 374, 


pallipes (Diodontus), 309 
palustris (Notiophilus), xc 


403 


pamphilus (Coenonympha), 194 


99 


194 


lyllus (Coenonympha), 


pandava (Catochrysops), xvii 


pandora (Dryas), 171, 172, 
pantherinus (Stenotarsus), 
paphos (Glaucopsyche), 


196 
49 


XEXORTS 


elvili 


101, 


166, 


167; 168) 16o ee, Lise. 

203, 204 
Papilio, 91, 92 
papulatus (Amphisternus), 14 
Paractocharis, 357, 392, 410 
Paragonus, 351, 367, 400 
Paraleochara, 275, 362, 397, 412 
Pararge, xiv 
Parascopaeus, 353, 373, 403 
Parasymbius, 80, 81 
Paratheta, 269, 360, 361, 396, 411 
Parexysma, 78 
parthenope (Delias), Lxviii 
partitus (Epopterus), 48 
parvula (Atheta), 262 

»,  (Epuraea), 107, 126 

»  (Exysma), 78 
parvulus (Coproporus), 381, 406 
parvus (Epipocus), 45 
(Holisomimus), 375, 404 
(Holisus), 283, 404 
(Oligolinus), 375, 404 

,,  (Palaminus), 370, 402 
patna (Elymnias), Ixxxiv 
patricia (Ityraea), xi, xii 
Pauropus, 346 
Pegoscapus, 129 
Pelekoglossa, 226, 359, 387, 408 
Pelioptera, 361, 393, 410 
pellucens (Volucella), lxi 
penelamanda (Heliconius), vi 
penicillatum (Crossiura), Ixxxiv 


99 


3° 


| perenna (Acraea), Ixxxvili 
| peregrina (Atheta), 264 


Pereute, xxii 
Periptyctus, 65 
perotteti (Brachytrycherus), 12, 13, 14 
perplexum (Conosoma), 380, 406 
persica (Ourapteryx), xxxvli 
persimilis (Stilicopsis), 370, 402 
personata (Hylephila), 311, 312, 315, 

316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 

326 
Phaenogyra, 384, 408 
Phaeomychus, 2 
Phalantha, 2 
Pharmacophagus, xci 
phegea (EKlymnias), 89, 90, 91 
Pheidole, 235, 255 
phiala (Chilades), 172, 173, 199 
phicomone (Colias), Ixxxvii 
phidias (Papilio), v 
f. antiphates (Papilio), v 
f. aristeus (Papilio), v 

,, 4. macareus (Papilio), v 

philenor (Papilio), xxxvii 
phileta (Pieris), 332, 337, 339 
philippinensis (Parasymbius), 81 


9° 


99 


clix 


philippinica (Beccaria), 75 
Philonthus, 354, 376, 405 


phlaeas var. eleus (Chrysophanus), 
XXXli 

» ab. schmidtii (Chrysophanus), 
XXXIi 


(Rumicia), xxxvii, 172, 197 
ab. caeruleopunctata (Rumi- 
cia), 197, 198 
race eleus (Rumicia), 197, 198 
ab. turcicus (Rumicia), 197, 
198 
Phloeonomus, 350, 364, 399 
phoebe (Melitaea), 195 
Phora, 101, 127 
phyllocerus (Amphisternus), 15 
picea (Atheta), 256, 394 
», (Dralica), 256, 410 
piceus (Hetairotermes), 224, 387, 408 
picticaudaria (Ourapteryx), xxxvii 
pictipennis (Alianta), 251 
aH (Heterota), 251 
Pieridae, 146 
Pierinae, xiii, bxiii 
Pieris, 175, 334 
Piestini, 348, 350, 398 
pilatei (Stenotarsus), 53 
pilosus (Anidrytus), 47 
Pinacopteryx, lxxxiv 
pini (Dendrolimus), lv 
Pinophili, 402 
Pinophilini, 348, 352, 402 
Pinophilus, 279, 280, 352, 369, 402 
Placusa, 230, 357, 358, 387, 408 
plagiatus (Anidrytus), 47 
plagiicollis (Hybopterus), 3 
Planema, Ixxxix, 85, 87, 91, 92, 93, 
94, 95, 96, 98 
platygaster (Homalota), 390, 409 
Platyscapus, 130 
platyxantha (Planema), 86 
pleione (‘Teracolus), lv 
plena (Dysphania), lxiv 
plicatus (Holosus), 363, 399 
pluristrigata (Ourapteryx), xxxvil 
Plusia, xi 
plusiotis (Spatalia), xxxvil 
Pocadius, 124 
poecila (Dovania), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 
poggei (Planema), 96, 97 
», nelsoni (Planema), 86, 88, 90 
polita (Tetrasticta), 397, 412 
politus (Eumorphus), 21 
»,  (Milichius), 71 
Polychara, 412 
polychloros (Hugonia), 172, 195 
race erythromelas 
gonia), 195 


(Hu- 


2? 


polychloros, race fervida (Eugonia), 
195 
polytes (Laertias), xci 
(Papilio), Ixxxili, xci 
» ab. astreans (Papilio), Ixxxui 
populi (Amorpha), lv 
poros (Terinos), xxxvii 
poseidon (Troides), xxxvii 
Powellana, Ixxxix 
poweri (Gyrophaena), 218 
praetextatus (Hercostomus), Ixxvili 
prasinana (Halias), xxxvii 
pratti (Delias), xxiii 
priamus (Ornithoptera), xxiii 
prieuri (Satyrus), 188 
» ab. uhagonis (Satyrus), 188 
primularis (Ourapteryx), xxxvii 
Priochirus, 350, 363, 399 
Prioneris, 208, 209 
Procirri, 402 
procus (Ornithoptera), xxiii 
>  (Droides), xx 
productus (Eumorphus), 17 
Pronomaea, 356, 383, 407 
Pronomaeini, 349, 356, 407 
proserpina (Deragena), Ixxx, Ixxxi, 
Ixxxil, Ixxxili 
Prosilusa, 236, 238, 358, 389, 409 
Psaphis, bxii, bxiv, lxv 
psenes (Blastophaga), 128 
», (Cynips), 128 
Pseudacraea, 85, 87, 92, 93, 94, 95, 
96, 98 
Pseudatheta, 224, 356, 387, 408 
Pseudindalmus, 33 
Pseudoligota, 213, 221, 223, 358, 359, 
383, 407 
Pseudophaena, 239, 359, 389, 409 
Pseudoplacusa, 230, 358, 388, 408 
| Pseudosilusa, 238, 240 
Psilotrachelus, 353, 371, 402 
_puberula (Aleochara), 398, 412 
| (Atheta), 257 
ce (Xenochara), 412 
pubescens (Conosoma), 283, 284 
pulchella (Danae), 36 
an (Myeetina), 29, 30, 31 
pulchellus (Diochus), 375, 404 
(Gabrius), 378, 405 
= (Philonthus), 378, 405 
pulcher (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
pulcherrima (Hampsonia), lxiv 
pulchrina (Plusia), xi 
pulchripes (EKumorphus), 16 
pumilio (Placusa), 228 
pumilum (Orthostigma), 99, 100, 101, 
125 


puncticeps (Scopaeus), 374, 403 


99 


99 


99 


° 


elx 


puncticollis (Coenonica), 241, 
409 
punctipennis (Dialexia), 78 
(Trichopsephus), 79 
punctulatus (Eleothreptus), 3 
a (Heliobletus), 42 
purpurascens (Atheta), 259, 394, 411 
Fe (Microdota), 259, 411 
purpuratus (Stenotarsus), 51 
purpureus (Dryadites), 25 
pusilla (Mycetina), 31 
pusillima (Oligota), 213 
putridula (Atheta), 394, 411 
a5 (Microdota), 411 
pygmaea (Atheta), 264 
(Falagria), 253, 392, 410 
; (Thinocharis), S71, 403 
pygmaeus (Cephalomerus), 363, 399 
Ss (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
es (Priochirus), 363, 399 
Pygosteninae, 347, 349, 405 
Pygostenini, 355 
pyramus (Delias), 
Ixvili 
pyrastri (Catabomba), bx 
pyrene (Ixias), xii 
pyzrhus (Eriboea), xxi 


99 


xan,” Iva, 


quadriguttatus (Eumorphus), 16 
quadrinotatus (Humorphus), 18 
quadripunctatus (Endomychus), 66 
quadripustulatus (Eumorphus), 16 
quadriverrucosus (Eumorphus), 16 
Quediini, 349, 355, 405 
quercts (Bithys), 172, 196 
5, (Bombyx), iii 
> var. callunae (Bombyx), iii 
»,  (Lasiocampa), liv 
rafirayi (Oxytelus), 367, 400 
i (Trycherus), 4,6 
rapae (Ganoris), xiv, 177 
race leucosoma (Ganoris), 177 
(Pieris), 172, 175, 177 
race leucosoma (Pieris), 177 
f. metra (Pieris), 177 
», i. vaga (Pieris), 177 
rata (Aphiochaeta), 99, 100, 101, 125 
rauana (Precis), 86, 89, 90 
recticollis (Trycherus), 4 
reducta (Mimaletis), 1xxxix 
regalis (Dysphania), lxii 
(Euschema), lxiii 
reginaldi (Harpendyreus), Ixxxix 
resumpter (Canerkes), [xii 
= (Psaphis), Lxii 
rex (Trycherus), 5, 6, 7, 8 
Rhabduchus, 35 


99 


Ixvii, 


390, | Rhamidava, Ixxxix 


| rhamni (Gonepteryx), 182 
| rhamnusia (Epinephele), 193 
| rhetenor (Papilio), Ixxxiii 


rutherford (Liporrhopalum) 130, 131 
| rutilus (Chrysophanus), xxxvii 


rhiphaeus (Urania), xxxvii 
ridleyanus (Papilio), v, lxxxviii 
ab. fumata. (Papilio), v 
rivularis (Limenitis), 171, 172, 194 
robusta (Pseudoligota), 384, 407 
robustum (Conosoma), 380, 406 
robustus (Amphix), 21 
Ss (Pseudoligota), 215 
rossi (Chiastopsylla), 414, 415, 416 
rothschildi (Delias), xxiii 
- (Ornithoptera), xxiii 
rotundicollis (Acylophorus), 379, 405 
rotundus (Stenotarsus), 52 ; 
roxelana (Pararge), 171, 190 
AS (Satyrus), 172 
ruandana (Mylothris), Ixxxviii 
rubianus (Ornithoptera), lx 
rubicundus (Medon), 372, 403 
% (Stenotarsus), 50 
rudepunctatus (Amphisternus), 13 
rufa (Eusteniamorpha), 254, 393, 410 
», (Myrmedonella), 275, 397, 412 
,, (Prosilusa), 237, 389, 409 
ruficollis (Necrobia), 106 
_ (Sternotropa)), 221, 386, 408 
rufipes (Aphiochaeta), 101 
rufitarsis (Epipocus), 45 
rufiventris (Acrotona), 264, 395, 411 
oe (Atheta), 264, 395, 411 
as (Coproporus), 382, 406 / 
(Pseudoplacusa), 230, 388, 
408 
rufivinctata (Sirinopteryx), xxxvii 
ruto-brunnea (Adinopsis), 382, 407 
rufobrunneum (Conosoma), 380, 406 
rufomarginata (Epuraea), 107 
rufotestaceum (Conosoma), 381, 406 
rufotestaceus (Taenosoma), 365, 400 
(Trogophloeus), 365, 400 


39 


| rufula (Danae), 35, 36 


rufum (C alliderma), 374, 404 
rugicolle (Calliderma), 374, 404 
rugifrons (Osorius), 368, 401 
ruparia (Atheta), 264, 395, 411 

»» _(Colpodota), 264, pee: 411 


/rusina (Dasyopthalma), v 


russulus (Periptyctus), 65 


2 acne 


sallaei (Epipocus), 45 ) 
,,  (Stenotarsus), 51, 52 

sambucaria (Ourapteryx), 
XXXI1X 


XXXVil, 


samson (Ornithoptera), xxiii 
sanguinipes (Kumorphus), 16, 17 
sao (Hesperia), 205 
», race eucrate (Hesperia), 205 
», (Powellia), 205 
Satyrinae, xiii, xiv 
Saula, 2, 35, 42 
scabrinodis (Myrmica), 327 
Scarabaeidae, lv 
Schistogenia, 360, 397, 412 
schonbergi (Morphotaenaris), 
[xxii 
schubotzi (Planema), Ixxxviii 
sciticaudaria (Ourapteryx), xxxvil 
scobiniferum (Agaon), 133 
scolioides (Trilochana), Ixxxv 
Scoliomimas, Ixxxv 
scolopacea (Leptis), Lxi 
Scolopendra, 341, 342 
Scolopendrella, 342, 346 
Scopaeus, 353, 373, 403 
scotais (Canerkes), Lxiv 
scutatus (Haploscelis), 3 
secretus (Coproporus), 381, 406 
selene (Brenthis), Lxiii, xxviii 
Selysiothemis, xv, xvi 
semele (Hipparchia), 172, 188 
f. algirica (Hipparchia), 189 
race mersina (Hipparchia), 188 
ab. triocellata (Hipparchia), 
188, 189 
Semioptila, Ixxxviii 
semiplena (Canerkes), lxiii, lxiv 
bn (Psaphis), Lxiii 
semirufa (Telipna), Ixxxix 
sempronius (Eriboea), xxi 
senegalensis (Danae), 36 
(Trycherus), 6 


xexa 


99 


99 


Seres, 134 
sericea (Lycoperdina), 24 

;, (Orthocabera), xxxvii 
seriesetosa (Chondria), 58, 59, 60, 83 
serrata (Homalota), 249, 391, 409 
serva (Selandria), xxxii 
servilis (Heliobletus), 36, 42, 43, 44 
setosus (Lispinus), 364, 399 
sex-maculata (Beccaria), 73, 74, 76 
sex-punctatus (Bolbomorphus), 69 
sharpi (Cymones), 3 
45 (Lispinus), 278, 364, 399 
silaceus (Antherophagus), 104, 127 
silphoides (Leucoparyphus), 382, 406 
Silusa, 233 
silvestris (Trogophloeus), 364, 400 
simana (Pinacopteryx), Ixxxiv 
similis (Danae), 36, 41 
singularis (Ancaeus), 363, 399 
Sirinopteryx, xxxviii 


X1 


sita (Danaida), Ixxxiii 
», (Prioneris), 209 
sloanei (Urania), 163 
sociata (Hammomyia), 307, 309, 310, 
323, 326 
sociella (Aphomia), 100 
solilucis (Belenois), Ixxxviii 
Somoleptus, 353, 375, 404 
soror (Mycetina), 28, 29 
sotikensis (Acraea), lvii 
speciosa (Ityraea), xi, Xi 
specularia (Corymica), xxxvVil 
spherica (Exysma), 77 
sphyrus (Papilio), 173 
spini (Klugia), 196 
», (Lheela), 196 
spinipes (Trycherus), 6, 12 
splendida (Delias), 209, 210 
sponsa (Hylephila), 312, 313, 314, 315, 
321, 322, 323, 324, 326 
Staphylini, 404 
Staphylinidae, 212, 347 
Staphylininae, 347, 349, 404 
Staphylinini, 349, 354, 404 
staphylinoides (Isocheilus), 372, 403 
a (Medon), 372, 403 
statices (Ino), xxxvii 
statira (Catopsilia), 147, 148, 149, 332, 
336, 338, 339 
staudingeri (Limenitis), xxi 
Stenaesthetini, 348, 352, 401 
Stenaesthetus, 352, 369, 401 
Steninae, 347, 348, 401 
Stenini, 348, 351, 401 
Stenodictya, 144 
| Stenotarsoides, 48 
| Stenotarsus, 48, 49, 53, 54, 58, 62, 
64 
Stenus, 351, 368, 401 
Stenusa, 409 
| Sternotropa, 220, 358, 386, 408 
Stictomela, 21 
| Stilicopsis, 353, 870, 402 
Stilicus, 353, 371, 402 
| stoechadis (Zygaena), xlix, li, liii 
stresemanni (Delias), xx, xxiii 
Me (Ideopsis), xxi 
stricticollis (Coenonica), 241, 389, 409 
strigillaria (Aspilates), xxxviii 
Strongylochirus, 362, 399 
suave (Conosoma), 380, 406 
subcostatus (Kpipocus), 45 
subdepressus (Coproporus), 382 
subguttatus (Eumorphus), 16 
subrepleta (Dysphania), lxiv 
subtilis (Stenotarsus), 53 
suleatus (Philonthus), 377, 405 
sumbawana (Delias), 210 


elxii 


sunioides (Stenaesthetus), 369, 401 
superba (Isamia), xxxvii 
supremus (Ornithoptera), xxiii 

Ae (Troides), xx 
suturalis (Hetinohoplia), xc 
Sycophaginae, 134 
sylpha (Halias), xxxvii 
sylvarum (Bombus), 104, 106 
Symbiotes, 58, 77 
Systaechea, 53 


Tabanidae, 147, 165 
Tachinomorphus, 355, 381, 406 
tachyporiformis (Holosus), 363, 399 
Tachyporinae, 348, 349, 406 
Tachyporini, 349, 355, 406 
tachyporoides (Placusa), 227 
Tachyporus, 357, 363 
Taenosoma, 364, 400 
tamulus (Paederus), 370, 402 
tarandus (Onthophagus), xx 
tarsalis (Stenotarsus), 50 
Tarucus, 199 
taurica (Zygaena), |, li 
telicanus (Langia), 199 

# (Syntarucus), 172 


Bs var. aegyptiacus (Syntaru- 
cus), 199 
- f. plinius (Syntarucus), xvii 
Es (Tarucus), xvii 


Telipna, Ixxxviii, lxxxix 
tellus (Planema), 92, 94, 96 | 
», eumelis (Planema), 86, 88, 90, | 
94 
telmessia (Epinephele), 172, 173, 191, 
192 
temena (Huphina), 210 
tenax (Hristalis), Lxi 
tenerarius (Philodicus), lix 
Tenthredinidae, xxxii 
tenuicornis (Exysma), 78, 79 
a5 (Falagria), 252, 392, 410 
3 (Lispmus), 364, 399 
MA (Trichopsephus), 79 
Terias, Ixxvi 
terminalis (Atanygnathus), 379, 406 
53 (Charichirus), 282, 372, 403 
= (Medon), 282, 372, 403 
Termitoptochus, 361, 396, 412 
Termophila, 357, 408 
Termopsis, 138, 142, 143 
testacea (Lycoperdina), 25 
aA (Mimomalota), 243, 390, 409 
ns (Mycetina), 27, 35 
testaceipennis (Diglotta), 383, 407 
testaceus (Aploderus), 365 
55 (Scopaeus), 373, 403 


tetrasphaera (Engonius), 15 


tetraspilotus (Eumorphus), 16 

Tetrasticta, 362, 397, 412 

tetrasticta (Mycetina), 26 

teutonus (Dasypogon), Lxi 

thalassina (Epacromia), viii 

thaumas (Adopaea), 207 

Thectura, 282, 357, 391, 410 

Thelgetrum, 70 

theophrastus (Tarucus), 199 

thersamon (Chrysophanus), 172, 197 

os f. omphale (Chrysophanus), 

197 


3 (Loweia), 197 

- (Thersamonea), 197 
thersites (Agriades), xiv 
theryi (Bolbomorphus), 69 
thestylis (Prioneris), 209 
thetis (Agriades), xxxvi 
Thinobii, 400 
Thinobius, 351, 367, 400 
Thinocharis, 353, 371, 403 
Thinopteryx, xxxviii 
thomsoni (Kumorphus), 17 
thoracicus (Oxytelus), 367, 400 

3 (Pinophilus), 278 
Thyreocephalus, 354, 375, 404 
tibialis (Danae), 37, 41 
Tirumala, Ixxxi 
titan (Ornithoptera), xxiii 
tonkinensis (Pseudindalmus), 35 


'transalpina (Zygaena), ix, xlviii, xlix, 


1, li, li, hii 


3 race altitudinaria (Zygae- 
na), x, xlix, li 

op race calabrica (Zygaena), 
xe 

re ab. flava (Zygaena), lii 

. ab. hexamaculata (Zygae- 
na), lii 

56 race intermedia (Zygaena), 
x 

‘ race latina (Zygaena), x, 
xlix, lii, liii 

13 race maritima (Zygaena), 
x 

33 ab. rhodomelas (Zygaena), 
hi 

os race sorrentina (Zygaena), 
x 

5 transalpina (Zygaena), 
xlix : 

Ae race transiens (Zygaena), 
x 


transiens (Zygaena), lii, liii 
Triacanthus, 363, 399 
triangulum (Vanessa), 195 
Triarthrus, 344 
Trichopsephus, 78, 80 


elxili 


tricolor (Leptacinus), 375, 404 
»,  (Irycherus), 6 
tridens (Priochirus), 363, 399 


», var. insularis (Priochirus), 363, 


399 
Ne (Triacanthus), 363, 399 
» var. insularis (Triacanthus), 
363, 399 
tridentata (Gyrophaena), 215, 385, 


408 
tridentifera (Opisthograptis), xxxvii 
trifolii (Zygaena), li, liii 
Trilochana, Ixxxv 
trimeni (Pseudacraea), Vv 
trimmerana (Andrena) 319 
tringaria (Leptis), lxi 
trinotata (Atheta), 267 
triplex (Chondria), 60, 83 
Triplosoba, 144 
tristis (Stenotarsus), 57 
trochilus (Chilades), 172, 200 
Trochoideus, 77) 
troglodytes (Clemmus), 78 
Trogophloeus, 254, 351, 364, 400 
Troides, xx, xci 
Trycherus, 4, iy, YA 
Trypodendron, 126 


tuberculicollis (Homalota), 247, 390, 


409 
tumatumari (Heliconius), v 
turritus (Humorphus), 20 
typhaeus (Geotrupes), xix 


ucalegon (Papilio), Ivi 
ula (Morphopsis), Ixxi 
ulkei (Alexia), 78 
ulmata (Abraxas), xxxviii 
undulatus (Ophion), iii 
unicolor (Kpipocus), 45 

= (Epuraea), 106 

x (Indalmus), 22 
unilineata (Chortophila), 306 


Ae (Hylephila), 311, 312, 313, | 


314, 315, 319, 321 

unistriata (Hylephila), 311, 312, 

318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 326 
Urania, 160 
Uraniidae, xxxvii, 147 
Urothemis, xv 
ursinus (Stenotarsus), 49 
urvilleana (Troides), xxxvil 
uvida (Arthocharis), 372 

», (Medon), 372 
uvidus (Lithocharis), 403 
uvui (Acraea), Ixxxviii, Ixxxix 


vacea (Onthophagus), xxxv 
Valentinella, 129 


315, 


valgus (Brachypalpus), Lxi 
validicornis (Stenotarsus), 49 
vallata (Beris), xxxii 
varanes (Charaxes), xxiv 
varians (Coproporus), 284, 381, 406 

» (Pseudoligota), 214, 383, 407 
variventris (Homalota), 249, 391, 

409 
veluticollis (Amaurodera), 393, 410 
venulia (Agraulis), xxxvii 
venustula (Danae), 35 
verrucosus (Amphisternus), 13 
vestita (Cardiola), 392, 410 

»  (Falagria), 392, 410 
vestitus (Amphix), 21 
viatica (Aleochara), 398, 412 

»  (Polychara), 412 
vicinus (Eucteanus), 67, 68 
Vindusara, xxxviii 
vinula (Cerura), lxx 
virgo (Limnophora), xxviii 
Volucella, 99 
vomitoria (Calliphora), Ixi 
vulgaris (Atheta), 258, 394, 411 

- (Microdota), 258, 411 

Fe (Vespa), 106 


| walkeri (Conosoma), 380, 406 


wallacei (Beccaria), 74. 

weiskei stresemanni (Papilio), xx 
werdandi (Colias), Ixxxvii 
whiteheadi (Euthalia), Ixxxiv 


xanthocles melete (Heliconius), vi 


_xanthographa (Zygaena), xlix, lii 


a ab. calabrica (Zygae- 
na), lii 
ab. depuncta (Zygae- 
na), li 
ab. diffusa (Zygaena), 
hi 
helvetica 
xlix, lii 
maritima (Zygaena), 
xlix, li, li 
pseudomaritima (Zy- 
gaena), xlix, lii 
ab. pseudosorrentina 
(Zygaena), lii 


(Zygaena), 


ry, ab. sexmacula (Zygae- 
na), lii 
Hs ab. sexmaculata (Zy- 


gaena), lil 


> ab. sorrentina (Zy- 
gaena), lii 
a transiens (Zygaena), 


xlix, liii 


elxiv 


xanthographa ab. trimacula (Zy- 
gaena), li 

xanthographa (Zygae- 
na), xlix 

ab. zickerti (Zygaena), 

; lii 

Xantholinini, 349, 353, 404 

Xenochara, 412 

xylophila (Atheta), 261, 395, 411 


399 


33 


| xylophila (Dimetrota), 261, 395, 411 


zelleri (Parnara), 207 
zetes (Acraea), v 

zohra (Cigaritis), 171, 196 
zonaria (Volucella), 1xi 
Zygaena, xlix 
Zyeaenidae, 1, Lxiii 


' Zyras, 273, 360 


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