EAU NU ANNE ative
Smee taster ube vs +) tale’ - Sian iss ae
adele H t , ) HK
Se
Ass etd cs
Sai thiess i,
diay pope he ona]
aa
ie
at
Pay
vo
iy
Oe OH
uy
3
RURIAS
be
‘ve he
oy Feta
rey
Lath
Ae Ha
: VAY
ahh te ys
+
fa" 3
Le
natal 4
Nt)
a aide
Benin
2a wry LE
it twas
«
ean P
é
4 THe ¢ RAY
MPa hitahs tab ‘t
Pt Le Me
= =i.
iy te Be
vy
Nia wie pert
ah
*
meat
<
eS
5
Pn ee Ae
ith i
vial ‘)
Ne actiat
sis 8 Eh ats a bine iis
Sid 7 Ay ) va ¥; 4) ca
Pt baat ' ih
ee
ANS
bey
gibi
Lt
Hagens
Ko AA a,
ra ays tiy}
y ait
w Of
a
ie iA afi ss AAA
sat 4 ha Any ists A
Paley itateeu
i aie od os rh id
a ight ee 4
rhe
« v4.8
64 eg hs
es A
SAYS Se Ae
yh ABLES Fg ¢
i 1
LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDENT
LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN;
—
' 7
‘ )
1)
» v.
ari a
Ge
; ad
: = _
£ Aka ae i
Hid ok
Bye
; a
eds
CLetiay
aie, 4
ue
i aN
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER,
ROBERT GALLOWAY.
VOL. XY.
EDINBURGH:
FRENTE FOR THE SOCIETY.
SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET.
1898.
RV NEW voor 2 : on
LIBRARY I Vy Y ORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
AYO!
YTA1002 GARUTIUOMIO€IA Hall
c aisha UMA YRATaROES
YAWOMAD THERON
YX LOV
| “ALOE LL |
(T1004 @BT 20T aati
TA4014 Mek AVON 2 BALOUOd YEP
¥ Seer =
' 7
—
CONTENTS OF VOL. XV.
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any statements or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors.
Te
1G
III.
EY.
VE
Letter from the President read at a General Meeting held on
3rd August 1896, ; : F
The Importance of Density in Sylviculture. By Dr ApAm
ScHWAPPACH, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia,
Report on a Visit to the Forests of Scotland in August 1896.
By Dr ApAm Scuwarpac8, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde,
Prussia, .
The Genus Pissodes and its Importance in Forestry. By R.
SrEewarT MacDovueatt, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Entomology,
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
. Is British Forestry Progressive? By Arruur C. ForsEs, Wood
Manager, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire,
On the Rearing of Natural and Artificial Undercover for Game.
By ALEXANDER M‘RAg, Forester, Castlecomer, Kilkenny Co.,
Ireland, .
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS,
Nores AND QUERIES,
EXCURSION OF THE SOCIETY TO THE Upper FortH AND Locu
Lomonp DIstTRICT.
EXCURSION OF THE SOCIETY TO ARNISTON, MIDLOTHIAN.
List oF MEMBERS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyAL ScoTTISH ARBORICULTURAL
Socrery.
PAGE
ty
44
iv
VIL.
VAULT.
Ix.
X,
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
Ye
CONTENTS.
Address delivered at a General Meeting held on 16th August
1897. By R. Munro Fereuson, M.P., President of the
Society, .
Forestry Education. By Dr WiniiiAm Scuiicn, C.1.E., Professor
of Forestry in the Engineering College for India, Coopers Hill,
Forestry in Scotland in the Reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty
Queen Victoria. By MAncotm Dunn, The Palace Gardens,
Dalkeith,
Experiments with Tree Seeds. By WrLL1AM SoMERVILLE, D.ic.,
D.Sce., F.R.S.E., F.L.8., Professor of Agriculture and Forestry,
Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Report by the Judges on Essays on ‘‘The Best Form of, and the
Best Method of Establishing, an Experimental Forest Area in
Scotland, for the Exhibition of and for Instruction—Theoretical
and Practical—in Scientific Forestry,” .
On Establishing an Experimental Forest Area in Scotland, for
Instruction in the Theory and Practice of Scientific Forestry.
By ArrHur C. Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood, Wilts
(‘‘Moon Raker”),
On Establishing an Experimental Forest Area in Scotland, for
Instruction in the Theory and Practice of Scientific Forestry,
By D. F. Mackrnzis, Factor, Mortonhall, Midlothian (‘‘ Nil
Desperandum”’),
Reports BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS,
Notes AND QUERIES,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyaAn ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL
Society,
Establishment of State Model Forests for Scotland,
Letter to Right Hon. W. H. Lone, M.P.,
Working Plan for the Pit-Wood Working Circle, Raith Estate.
By Colonel F. BaiLey, assisted by GkorcE U. MAcDONALD, .
PAGE
81
89
109
133
148
155
179
186
197
201
221
223
CONTENTS.
XVI. Recent Investigations in Prussia in Regard to the Quality of
Timber. By Professor WILLIAM SoMERVILLE, M.A., D.Sc.,
D.Cc., .
XVII. Mr H. C. Hill on the Forest of Dean. By Colonel Battery,
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS,
NoTES AND QUERIES,
List oF MEMBERS.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyAL ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL
SocrEry.
PAGE
301
317
uot pita. | * stl ee a ae
7 aan be Yeah olga fajiuws br judy, Gane
"ai f + * \aperreaio® caanexoH sur ve
. ae eee wt. | see et Geto Tie
Toe | catetige ey Tien tliat vie
ae i
ie? he tay! i’ Wiles 1 May ary ey e 4
ea ristiicie tvaie® Me “n aes,
boy, . -_ 7? wy & es Kee ae xs ya by
roto
¢ ~
‘ — :
eck ay (el eigen e al moy gy a, oes the
aan , Oe. LsieWigium, 1& Dreetecate! Pe cal Seg,
Sve Lea (ete Fal bc ife of Dauil (ive Terie bbe Thee aliest
> =
=
ahesaiae
©
al
—ellis
°
ert ior J > a Wess = ty war?y,
a ii
oe
} 7 ti: lp, wy Bowness fete Aire fo team, lor
eclieee ass iR shin
ae
,.<
Seewasay hs lise y ane Pirnetiew o Qeenetllio Parte
¥
bergme a Nour, Weed Mavegn, Sew, WUis
.
>
¥
‘
oe os) ee eee, ee em
Bi. ‘ fi pes! ath) Fees.
cy, Cece iemetiy—tas te tiie
+ a) ee
a“ ! -
o
Syn ™ <8 We yen? “3 reer
P,, Magpie ae
a
a
iuie ap SR 4 -
re @ s a hes Pi) aa nD
e “a. °
Recep ae Nef as ce Sestlent, -
Pathe (Ph So a eee,
Sey re he 7 ee Belly
“a Pete sew 1
|
NEW EDITION-THE FOURTH-RE
ae er nee ro rrr een aE EEE
SIXTEEN ADDITIONAL MAPS
ALL MAPS CORRECTED TO DA
ar eae=new, 4 =e
NEW EDITION-THE FOURTH-READY.
SIXTEEN ADDITIONAL MAPS
ALL MAPS CORRECTED TO DATE
ENTIRELY NEW INDEX
INTRODUCTION REVISED
PRICE AS FORMERLY
Prease Lurn over
NOW READY. Fourth Edition, thoroughly revised to date.
pA a
THE WORLD-WIDE ATLAS
A WONDERFUL FPROYDUVUCTION.
> eee
CONTAINING
AN INTRODUCTION GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERY AND POLITICAL
TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
By Dr J. SCOTT KELTIE,
SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
Two Frontispieces—THE FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS, AND THE TIME OF ALL NATIONS
The following 128 Thoroughly Accurate and Carefully Coloured Plates of Maps, Plans of Cities, Ete, :—
Map Map Map
North Polar Chart - = . & 1 | The Riviers, Strait of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Australia = 2 ST
World, Mercator's Projection E 2 Heligoland, Andorra, Balearic T#lands 47 | New Sonth Wales and Victoria - - 88
World, in Hemi Mheren (Bothy -Orographical) : 8 inin, Corsica, Sicily, San Marino, Venice, Queensland - 5 = 89
Europe, Political = 3 4 Lagoons of Venice * = : + 48 | South Australia = - - - : 90
Europe, Physical - P > 3 5 | Channel Islands, Malteso Islands, Crete, Naples 49 | West Australin : - 9%
England and Wales 5 = E : 3 6 | Novaia Zemilia, Spitzbergen, Franz-Joseph Land, New Zealand, North Island. : : 92
En North - 2 ~ 3 q Toaland, Baltfe and Corinth Canals - ‘' 50 | New Zealand, South Island : - 93
Wale i z = § | Asia, Political - : : - 51 | New Guinea 4
England, Bast : : 2 9 , Physi - = - > 62 | Philippine Islands, ‘Tasmania, North Borneo,
Knglanid, South-West ma, 104] - - 58 runoi, and Sarawak = - 95
Eng! England, South-East aL - = )\4 | Melboume, Bort FhUlip, Otago arbour, Fi
tian - = Wy - : : - : 96
Scotland, North-Rast . : Eas! : - - 56 syaney, ‘Ruelnide, “Brisbane, Perth, Hobart,
z © ee - : - - 87 Wellington, Auckland, Port Jackson
S 3 3 > 45 | India) South-Rast = - - 68 | North America, Political '-
Beotland South-West - : - 16 | Burma, Ceylon, and Malay Peninaula : 59 | North America, Physical - g
Scotland; South - 7 | Purkeyin Asia - - 60 | British North America = -
Ireland =u: ’ > 18 | Balestine - 81 | Cannda East, and Newfoundland
Ireland, North 19 | Red Sen = - : 02 | Manitoba '- 2
Ireland, West - : : - 20 | Persia : : 63 | Saskatchewan, Ausiniboin -
Trelanil, South-West - ~ a1 | Afghanistan and Baluchistan Oo
Ireland, Sonth-Bast - : é 22 | Siam, Anam, Cambodia, Cochin China anil Tong
British Tales, Physical ~ : - 38 King '- 65 | United States,
Bp and Portugal - c 94 | China 2 - - 66 | United States,
~ 95 | Russia in Asin > : : Or | United States! N
Netherlands, Delgium, and Luxemburg 5 = 96 | Japan, Corea, Formosa - : : - 68 | United States, N. W. Central
Switzerland’ - - - 97 | Gyprns, Hong-Kong, Wrangel Island, Anjou United States, 8
Empire of Germany - : - as Islands, Tokio, Pekin, Jeruaalem | - 60 | United States, 8. W Central
Sweden and Norway - 20 | Aden, Perim Island, Caloutts, Madras - - 70 | Mexico
Denmark with Schloswig-Holstein. : 30 | Bomlay - : : > 71 | West India Islands -
‘Anstro-Hongarian Monarchy - 81 "| Africa, Political — - : : : : 2 | Jamaica, Bahamas, Bermudas, Trinidad
Tuly= - é - 32 | Africa, Physical — - : : - 78 | Guba, Lesser Antilles, British Honduras
Buropean Russia - : 38) ‘Algeriniwith Tonia, - : - ~ 74 | Quebeo, Montreal, Ningara
Baltic Sea - 34 | Maroceo : - - > 75 | Now York, Washington, Siearagna Canal
‘Tarkey in Europe and Bulgari gi | Tews Egypt, Sinai, Ete. - 76 | South America, Political -
Rumania 40 | Upper Nile and East Sudan, Suez Canal - - 77 | South America, Physical -
Bosnia, Servin, and Montenegro - 87 | Abyssinia - : - 78 | Colombia, Ecuador Galapagos Islands
: 88 | North-West Africa - - - : - 79 | Venezuela and the Three Guianas
Binck Sen - : . ~ 89 | Central Africa, West - - - 80] Pen - — - -
Caspian Sea - : : - = 40 | Central Africa, East : 81 | Bolivia - :
Planof London — ~ . - 41 | Rhodesia - : = 82 | Eastern Braril
Lonilon, Edinburgh, Dublin, Madrid, and Lisbon 42 | Caps Colony 83 | Ghile- — -
Paris, Browels, Amsterdam, ‘nnd Genova = 1 | South African Republic, Orange Free State, Uruguay, Paraguay, North Argentina
Berlin and Potadam, Copenhagen, Christiania, Natal, Bamto Land, Ete. > 84 | South Argentina |=
anil Stockholm - 44 | St Helena, Ascension,’ Mauritius, Madagascar, | Buenos Aires, Valparaiso, Valparaiso and Environs,
Vienna, Rome 45 Socotra, Madeira, Canary Islands, Cairo, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Harbour,
St. Peterabuirg, Athens and Pineus, The Bosporns The Cape, Cape Town - : > $5 | Limaand Callao, Panama Canal, Galapagos
and Constantinople - 40 | Oceania : - 86 Islands - 198
AND COMPLETE INDEX TO 60,000 PLACES NAMED.
Royal Quarto, 12} by 10 inches, Handsomely Bound in Cloth, Price 7s. 6d.
HE PUBLISHERS have the greatest confidence in placing the WORLD-WIDE ATLAS before the public. For family use,
educational purposes, or for reference in mercantile offices, no such compendious yet handy Atlas of Maps has ever emanated
from any Geographical Establishment.
t= IF YOU WISH A COPY OF THE WORLD-WIDE ATLAS FILL UP THE ORDER-FORM ATTACHED TO THIS
AND SEND IT TO ANY BOOKSELLER,
Residents Abroad can cither procure the Atlas from the Local Bookseller, or remit 8s. 2d. direct to the Publishers for a copy.
COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF ATLASES, MAPS, GLOBES, WALL /LLUSTRATIONS, Etec., posted free to any address.
Ww. & A EX. JOHNSTON,
(ESTABLISHED 1835)
Geographers to the Queen, Educational and General Publishers,
EDINA WORKS, EASTER ROAD, AND 20 SOUTH SAINT ANDREW STREET, EDINBURGH.
5 WHITE. HART STREET WARWICK LANE, LONDON, EC.
aa WORLD - WIDE ae)
JOHNSTON'S WORLD-WIDE ATLAS—A WONDERFUL PRODUCTION.—
a
<
rr)
5
<q
a
8
%
i
s
z
bo]
| ng
5 So
a
| PAR:
| | Fete
| oy
1 ae)
“8
4 <4
5 ae
N ae
Ise Cope)
| os
a
=
ac
og
I Os
é a ®
¢ Say
s | Z¢
a | | as)
° | se
= eon)
Be ts
3 >o
>
& (zp
a | uo a
Fd | | oS
uo
= | 5.8
< | { =
o | Si
2 | a
Z &
< fo}
ut t os
= 1 &
a ace]
z | c
9 | a
=
o cA
z i
io) | 3
5 ES
z |
x
s io
«| NS
ene “SVTLV 30/M-G1HOM S.\NOLSNHOP—
JOHNSTON'S WORLD-WIDE ATLAS—A WONDERFUL PRODUCTION.—,
JOHNSTON'S WORLD-WIDE ATLAS —A WONDERFUL PRODUCTION,
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL
SCOTTISH ARBORICULIURAL SOCIETY.
VOU XV. PART. :
\ . |
BF cant watts :
|
EDINBURGH:
PRN peehOR THE SOCIETY.
SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET.
MDCCCX6VI.
a eee PRESS
NOV 4
LIBRARY | " 16 1972
BY SPECIAL
NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
a 7.0 THE (QUEEN: 5
NVITE the attention of intending Planters to their large
Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees
and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and vigorous
condition, and well suited for successful transplanting.
Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs.
Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood.
Trees and Shrubs for Sea-Side Planting.
Thorn and other Hedge Plants.
SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES for producing immediate ~
effect on LAWNS and AVENUES.
RHODODENDRONS—all the Best Varieties. we
FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds.
4 ROSES—all sorts worthy of cultivation.
SAMPLES ON AYP PLACA TIOM
SPECIAL PRICES FOR LARGE QUANTITIES.
Seed.Warehouse: 15 PRINCES STREET.
Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, AND FETTES.
EDINBURGH.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY: Priced List Free on Application
POUG LAS Fr OULIS
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LIBRARY
9 Castle Sineets Edinburgh
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION FOR TOWN AND COUNTRY
FOR THE NEWEST BOOKS
| 4 Vols. | 6 Vols. | 10 Vols. | 15 Vols. | 30 Vols.
| =
| 1 Month | 5/- 6/- 8/- 12/- 24/-
| 3 Months 15/- 18/- 21/- 30/- 60/-
6 Months 25/- 32/- 42/- 55/- I10/~
3 HOLS 42/- Epi 70/- le =
i and LT bree Volumes Sor every additional Guinea per annum
SB eeerinitona may commence at any date and are payable in Paowarics
Library Catalogues, English and Foreign, gratis to Subscribers
SPECIAL TERMS FOR BOOK CLUBS
DOUGLAS & FOULIS’ Catalogues of Surplus Library Books
are tssued on or about the following dates in each year:
February 1, March 15, May 1, June 15, September 1, October 15, and December 1
Gratis and post free to any address at home or abroad, and also
CATALOGUE of Ancient and Modern BOOKS
Including many Rare and Curious Works in
SCOTTISH HISTORY, TOPOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES, POETRY
Natural History, Biography, Travel, Fine Arts, Theology and Foreign Literature
| DOUGLAS & FOULIS, BOOKSELLERS AND LIBRARIANS, 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, |
IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS.
To effectually destroy Weeds use
SMITH’S PATENT
POWDER WEED KILLER,
BEST AND CHEAPEST.
4 Tins to make 100 Gallons of Liquid, 6s., Carriage Paid.
Write for Full Particulars to
MARK SMITH, LTD., LOUTH, LINCOLNSHIRE.
a
ADVERTISEMENTS.
BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES.
Care
Telegrams, PTI a) Telephone,
“ HOTHOUSE, EDINBURGH.’ &) Fah fates) €e S&S No. 805, EDINBURGH.
MACKENZIE & MONCUR, Linen,
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS AND HEATING ENGINEERS,
Registered Office and Works—UPPER GROVE PLACE, EDINBURGH.
London Office—8 Camden Road, N.W.
Branch—43 Victoria Road, GLASGOW.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS of every description erected
either in Wood or Iron, in any part of the Kingdom.
All latest improvements adopted. TEAK WOOD HOUSES A SPECIALITY.
Pavilions, Summer Houses, Band Stands, Boat Houses, Etc., Etc.
Our Conservatories have been awarded 5 Gold and Silver Medals at
Exhibitions, London and Edinburgh.
HEATING.—pustic BUILDINGS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, MANSION-HOUSES,
WAREHOUSES, COACH HOUSES, HARNESS ROOMS, &c., heated in most efficient
manner, on the Low and High Pressure Hot Water Systems, or with Steam.
er Will be pleased to forward copies of our New Illustrated Catalogue to Ladies
or Gentlemen contemplating work in our line, or to their Gardeners.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
FOREST, FRUIT, Xo.
AND ALL OTHER
“ot TREES AND PLANTS.
EVERGREENS, ROSES,
DEHCLIDUOUS SHRUBS.
=> HERBACEOUS PLANTS. &.
STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
SEEDS ror FARM aAanp GARDEN.
JOHN DOWNIE,
tee PRINCES: STREET,
EDINBURGH.
Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155.
Grown from carefully selected
- seed—robust, hardy, and finely
; rooted—
In our New Grounds at
THE CASTLE NURSERIES, LIBERTON.
mIiCKSONS & CoO,,
1 WATERLOO PLACE, EDINBURGH.
Established prior to 1770.
Address for Telegrams, ‘‘ Dicksons, Edinburgh.” Telephone No. 1066,
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, and SHRUBS.
Fine Plants of all the best Varieties. Clean, healthy, and well grown.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES FREE.
FORESTRY AND GARDENING TOOLS
of every description.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
stablished 1801.
SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses and Fruit Trees.
JAMES DICKSON & SONS,
32 HANOVER STREET and INVERLEITH ROW,
em DON BO GE
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
JAMES DICKSON & SONS received the highest awards for ‘‘ Conifers” and
‘* Hardy Plants” at the International Chrysanthemum Exhibition, Edinburgh,
1889; and again at the great Chrysanthemum Exhibition of 1890.
—+
Grown from Seed collected in the
= North of Scotland, on high-lying
grounds, and under the exposure of
a rigorous climate.
Hardy Ornamental Conifers,
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs,
Plants for Game Coverts, Hedges, &c.
All are Fibrous-Rooted, Robust, and Grown Unsheltered.
SENT TO ALL PARTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
SPECIAL OFFERS FOR LARGE QUANTITIES, and Carriage Rates Reduced.
CATALOGUES POST FREE.
BENJAMIN REID & CO.
FOREST-TREE NURSERIES, ABERDEEN.
Vide Loupon’s ‘‘ ENcycLopH#DIA OF GARDENING” (5th Edition, published
in 1827).—‘‘The Aberdeen Nursery, Messrs Reid, an old and respectable
establishment, chiefly devoted to the culture of Forest Trees, and especially to
Seedlings of Scotch Pine, Larch, Fir, and Thorns.”
ADVERTISEMENTS.
DAVID W.THOMSON'S
Sai Rey wate fh AY Ml 24 i she
An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees,
comprising
SCOTS FIR,
LARCH FIR,
SPRUCE FIR,
SILVER FIR,
ABIES DOUGLASII,
and other trees in great variety, and in splendid condition.
FOREST TREES, ETC., PLANTED BY CONTRACT.
VINES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.
My Stock of the above includes all the best Varieties grown, in
fine condition for removal.
Qrnamental Trees and Shrubs, Rhododendrons, Ete.
In fine condition for removal, having been all recently transplanted.
GATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS
AND
CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS.
See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1897, Post Free on application.
Turseries—WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD.
Seed UWarebouse—
24 FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
Telegraphic Address—‘‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE CELEBRATED “ACME”
WEED KILLER
For Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives,
Stable Yards, Moss on Stonework, etc.
Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No Smell.
One application will keep the Walks clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.
Mr W. G. HEAD, Superintendent of the Crystal Palace Gardens, says:
—‘‘ We were so satisfied with your WEED KILLER and its price, that we have
used it absolutely. I have every confidence in recommending it.”
STRENGTH, 1 in 25. 1 gallon to be mixed with 25 gallons of water.
PRICES :—1-gal. 2/-, drum 9d.; 2-gals. 3/9, drum 1/6 ; 3-gals. 5/6, drum 2/- ;
5-gals. 7/6, drum 2/6; 8-gals. 12/-, drum 4/6; 10-gals. 13/4, drum or
cask, 5/-; 16-gals. 21/4; 18-gals. 24/—-; 20-gals. 26/8; 40-gals. 50/-.
Casks from 10-gals. and upwards charged at 5/— each.
When ordering 1, 2, or 3 Gallons, 9d. for carriage must be remitted.
Carriage Paid on 5 Gallons and upwards.
DOUBLE STRENGTH. 1 gallon to 50 gallons of water.
al. tins 2/— (tin included); 1-gal, 3/6, drum 9d.; 2-gals. 6/6, drum 1/6 ;
3-gals. 9/3, drum 2/—; 5-gals. 14/-, drum 2/6; 8-gals. 21/4, drum 4/6 ;
10-gals, 25/6, drum or cask 5/—; 16-gals. 40/—; 18-gals. 45/—; 20-gals 50/-;
40-gals, 90/-. Casks from 10-gals. and upwards charged at 5/— each,
1
28
Carriage Paid on 2 Gallons and upwards to any Station or Port in
Great Britain, and on 5 Gallons to any Station in Ireland.
Drums and Casks allowed for in full when returned, carriage paid,
within two months.
“ACME” POWDER WEED KILLER
SOLUBLE IN COLD WATER.
Sizes, Prices.
No. 1. Sufficient to make 25 Gallons, . 1/9 per tin.
” 2. ” ” 50 ” . 3/3 ”
” 3: ” ” 100 ” . 6/- ”
Tins Free. Carriage Paid on No. 3 Size and upwards.
When ordering No. 1 tin, 44d. must be remitted for postage, and for No. 2 tin 7a.
SPECIAL QUOTATIONS FOR LARGER QUANTITIES.
SoLE PROPRIETORS AND MANUFACTURERS—
The Acme Chemical Company, Limited,
TONBRIDGE, Kent, & Carlton Street, BOLTON, Lancs.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
A. & J. MAIN & CO, Lp.
TRON and WIRE FENCING SPECIALITIES.
\
a aa
LATES {i
Pedi 8 is a ve af
exahes: 3 5 y 3 3 Sd
This Fence, as now made on MAIN’S “ Break-Joint” system, and
with Flanged Standards and Patent Earth-Plates, is undoubtedly
the best bar fence in the market; it is also the cheapest if its
durability is taken into account.
WIRE FENCING with tron Standards and Patent Earth-Plates.
Main’s Corrimony Wire Fencing.
Ornamental Iron and Wire Garden Fences.
Wrought-Iron Entrance and Field Gates, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
MAIN’S GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
Specifications and Estimates on Application.
Made from
Superior sees sessssessesscessescacestens Poultry, &c.
Wire, well 38 SS
galvanized, Special
of full gauge 2n0, seeces Quotations
and correct ‘ays ‘ for
mesh. ee hy a fo 3 Quantities.
Eee lula lee Le
GLASGOW —Clydesdale Iron Works, Possilpark.
EDINBURGH—Corn Exchange Buildings.
LONDON—77a Queen Victoria Street, E.C.
DUBLIN—11 Leinster Street.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
BAYLISS, ae & BAYLISS’
HURDLES, FENCING, GATES, ETC. oud
WROUGHT-IRON Stl HURDLES,
PATENT SELF-ADJUSTING UNCLIMBABLE STEEL RAILING N2 2762 WIRE FENCING FOR DEER PARKS «
baht
AT VeRYLAW ~ ¥ 2: PRICES.
CHEAP STRAINED WIRE FENCING.
3 dasicnl J
: ¥ OMS ne K
5 4
ae LAMM TERKIS BPOULTRY FENCES. cs, TEAMS,
RIVETLESS HURDLE
a a iy Se
)
iS
«
ae oo
om
CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING
SU arAE aE STEEL aU
SN ANT
Sw
iS
ENTRANCE GATES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, ay
=
ay i /\axtninusonunestenung// \ oh i 1% 4
"S s VARIOUS DESIGNS. » ‘a mn 4j
All at very low Prices. iy Ml)
SUPERIOR
if pesccastet JET VARNISH,
etetatete! |e
et ‘’ Averages | From Is. 3d. per gal.|
rs 0,0, ' D |
eas. ite about
cease 1s = 20 per cent. |
Cheaper
COMBINED Peseat
By
MESH
GALVANIZED Fees
KS 2"
ase cee is ae
ea
a
than |
WIRE Ordinary | |
NETTING. a Netting. |
ae a = ef ais |
iH 5 Casks included. }
WV Write for Price List. Carriage Paid. |
| WROUGHT - WROUGHT.IRON |
WIRE Hilal “PROOF FENCE, No. 52 W. 2 DOG feiss edn
| a mitt A | er : i
nN | |
yt “fi TTI A
| NTT | HAUUUUGUULUNA CHS Suet ARR
Pa es pe wees baad A bog oo | Bite rv |
amma wr Vip = ti ia i
~~ j —— ;
Ka Price on Application Lists Pree. ;
Also POULTRY and |
LAWN-TENNIS an
Illustrated Catalogue of all kinds of Hurdles, Fencing, Gates, etc., free.
MANUFACTORY—VICTORIA WORKS, WOLVERHAMPTON.
London Offices and Show Rooms: 139 and 141 CANNON STREET, E.C.
Please mention this Publication.
Special Notices to Members.
HONORARY OFFICIALS.
THE Councit desires to direct special attention to the appoint-
ment of Honorary Officials of the Society recently made, with
the object of affording to Members the opportunity of obtaining
gratuitously scientific information upon subjects connected with
Forestry.
The names and addresses of the present Honorary Officials
will be found on page 13 of the Proceedings appended to this
Part.
Members wishing for information should write direct to the
Honorary Official they desire to consult, sending full particulars
regarding the subject of inquiry, and also, if possible, any
Specimens, such as pieces of stem, twigs and leaves, fruits and
seeds, fungi, insects (in all stages of transformation) and their
food-plants, etc., that, bear upon and would help to elucidate it.
The replies sent to Members by the Honorary Officials will,
if of sufficient interest, be published in the 7ransactions of the
Society.
FORESTRY NOTES AND QUERIES.
The Council begs to remind the Members that a few pages
of the Transactions have been set apart for suitable Notes on
subjects of interest connected with Forestry, which have come
under the personal observation of Members, and that they are
invited to send contributions. Notes should be short and duly
authenticated.
It is hoped that, in the absence of an organ devoted to
Forestry, advantage will be taken of this invitation by a large
number of Members, and that much valuable information will
thus be preserved and made available to every Member of the
Society.
The Council also invites Members to submit Queries on
Forestry Subjects, which, if suitable, will be inserted in the
Transactions.
Notes and Queries may be sent to the Secretary at any time ;
but unless they reach him before the end of October, they cannot
be inserted in the next issue of the Z7’ransactions.
b
THE SOCIETY’S CABINET OF LANTERN SLIDES.
The Council has resolved that the Society’s Cabinet of
100 Micro-Photographie Slides—illustrative of the Structure of
Timber, and suitable for the purpose of Lectures with Lantern
Exhibitions—may be lent to any applicant who is willing to
comply with the printed Conditions, copies of which can be
obtained from the Secretary.
NEW MEMBERS.
The Council has prepared and printed a Memorandum
containing particulars regarding the past and present work
of the Society, which, it is hoped, may lead to the introduction
of New Members. The Secretary will send copies of this
document to any of the Members who may ask for them, and
will forward a copy to any person likely to join the Society
whose address may be sent to him by a Member.
The Secretary will receive Applications for Membership at
any time. Applicants who have been duly nominated, and
_who have paid their Subscriptions, are at once admitted to all
the privileges of Membership, but their election must be con-
firmed at the next General Meeting of the Society.
ROBERT GALLOWAY,
Secretary.
5 St ANDREW SQUARE,
EDINBURGH.
M*°FARLANE & ERSK FPN
Lithographers, Engravers, and Letterpress Printers,
19 ST JAMES SQUARE, EDINBURGH,
Having an efficient Staff of first-class Artists and Printers, execute
every description of
ARTISTIC & COMMERCIAL WORK, AND BOOK, LAW & GENERAL PRINTING,
WITH ACCURACY, ECONOMY, AND DESPATCH.
Special attention paid to Orders for Black and Coloured Plates for
Scientific Works, and Coloured Illustrations required by Seedsmen.
Printers to the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Royal Physical Society, etc.
RECENTLY PU. BLISHED,
In Demy 4to, 56 pages,
With 70 Pen and Ink Illustrations,
Stiff Boards, 3/-; or Bound in Cloth Gilt, 4/-.
Post Free on receipt of Postal Order.
A &BORICULTURISTS AND OTHERS
IN NORTH GERMANY, 1895.
Conrents: At the Pier o’ Leith—At Sea—Bremen
— Forestry —The Brocken—More F orestry —
Berlin—Homeward.
“It is a pleasantly written, chaffing diary. The manuscript
is lithographed in facsimile, and is illustrated by humorous
drawings that answer well to the comical spirit of the diary
itself. Its unconventional character, and its never-failing high
Spirits, will make it welcome to any one going to Germany
upon a similar errand.”—Scotsman.
“‘The book is brimful of pawky humour, and the numerous
clever drawings by which it is embellished add greatly to its
value. It is sure to be highly prized by the ‘ Boriculturals,’”
—North British Agriculturist.
“A very pretty, humorous, and artistic volume. The
humorous tone and atmosphere are happily preserved
throughout, and the reader cioses the book not only with the
sense of having enjoyed a pleasant hour, but with definite
pictures in his mind which he is not likely to forget, and
which he will find it delightful to recall,” J jverness Courier,
As only a limited number have been printed, early
application for Copies is desirable.
M‘FARLANE & ERSKINE,
19 ST JAMES SQUARE, EDINBURGH,
Arboriculturists and Others in North Germany, 1895,
ORDER FORM.
To Messrs M‘FARLANE & ERSKINE
19 St James Square, Edinburgh.
Boards,
Stz
ee
Cop.
Please send me eed GAS Ree an
im Cloth Gilt, for which I enclose Postal
Cop...
Tame,
Baden for...
Address,
Date,
igia
\
: Oa
j é
bas ry
U
Gat ne alien ma a en aot han ie Ce ee — oe as aesk inie ke cee Oe gen Pete dd at ee
ead — we mee
:
ele
SACTIONS.
Breil ov
he ; a ' ‘ i eee
Ce . i PHN AE EH 0
Piha
4
HHHihY » ui)
rit
ae
iG t a
i r
.
pee eh) Bye) ee y iw peri 16 ah hed
5 we Dae yi! £4i
Sh) ManwAl |! Wha ety PM ahem
mea | pire Se ad
ee Uke
*
a
Ae i
Uren alvy
ne ne cy aoe
AE Maver wal: Sivan via) iM He? 2S ne ry
a: il ee ios +e
wit
7 e2i | 7 AL Lea 7
7 AN Mev oein iif fh la ,
‘eee oan Nd yd. Gage oe aby
& va) ite
HT NAR Hits WO
«
CONTENTS.
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any statements or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors.
Le
II
III
IV
T
—_
VI
Letter from the President read at a General Meeting held on
3rd August 1896,
The Importance of Density in Sylviculture. By Dr ApAm
ScuHwaPpacH, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia,
Report on a Visit to the Forests of Scotland in August 1896.
By Dr ApAm ScuwapPacH, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde,
Prussia, . - : - 4 5
The Genus Pissodes and its Importance in Forestry. By R.
Srewart MacDovea tt, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Entomology,
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
. Is British Forestry Progressive? By Arraur C. ForBrs, Wood
Manager, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire,
On the Rearing of Natural and Artificial Undercover for Game.
By ALEXANDER M‘RaAx, Forester, Castlecomer, Kilkenny Co.,
Ireland, .
REpPorRTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS,
Nores AND QUERIES, .
PAGE
Bl
25
44
61
70
EXCURSION OF THE SOCIETY TO THE Upper FortrH AND Locu LomMonp
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoYAL ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL Soclery.
District.
EXCURSION OF THE SOCIETY TO ARNISTON, MIDLOTHIAN.
List oF MEMBERS,
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
I. Lerrer from the President read at a General Meeting held on
ord August 1896.
46 CADOGAN SQuarRE, 30th July 1896.
Dear Sir,—It is a disappointment to me to be unable to give
an address to the Society for what should be the last term of my
office as President, for, as our roll of members increases (and
it must be a matter for general congratulation that good names
are being constantly added to our lists), we should have no
difficulty in finding a fresh President year by year. This must
be useful, for it will attach a growing number of leading men to
our cause.
I fear it will be quite impossible for me to reach Edinburgh
on Monday, as the Scottish Rating Bill is down for that day. f
have put some amendments on the paper in what I conceive to
be the interests of Forestry, which I hope may be approved by
the Society. I hope, in these circumstances, to be of more use
in London than at the Genera’ Meeting.
I regret that no Government has as yet been able to take
any decided action upon the Report of the Select Committee on
Forestry. The Society must therefore continue and increase its
efforts to secure recognition by the State of the need for a regular
system of instruction and training for foresters. The visit of
Professor Schwappach, and the paper he is to read, will draw
public attention to the splendid provision made in all parts of
Germany for this branch of instruction, as compared with the
comparative absence of such provision in Scotland. The Professor
VOL. XV. PART I. A
2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
will, I fear, see signs of that deficiency in the course of his tour.
He will recognise that we can grow timber for beauty, but that
we have something to learn with regard to growing for profit.
I should be surprised if, before Professor Schwappach leaves the
country, he does not express the opinion that when we treat our
woodlands as we treat our farm-lands, our timber area will be
several times larger than it now is.
My only consolation in being absent is that, during the Rating
Bill debate, I hope to bring points of interest for foresters before
the House of Commons. If that Bill is merely a measure “ for
the relief of the occupiers of agricultural lands and heritages,” we
have, of course, no case. But if it be a measure for rating reform
—to classify lands and heritages for purposes of rating in Scot-
land—then it is hard to see why woodlands (on which rates may
be paid for a century without any profit from the crop) should
be excluded from “rating reform.” Again, as the Rating Bill
makes special provision for the Highlands, I believe the Royal
Scottish Arboricultural Society will agree that, by establishing
a Forest School and experimental area in the Highlands, a great
step would be taken towards social and economic improvement
in these districts.
In discussing the future campaigns of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society, another foreign tour may be considered,
I believe a trip to Norway and Sweden would not be very
expensive to members, while it would afford an opportunity for
examining into certain manufactures which should be developed
at home. But Professor Schwappach can tell us all about that.
I must thank the Executive and the members of the Society for
the support they have given me, for the great pleasure and for
the profit that I have derived from my association with them as
President, none of which I shall forget. And with ever the most
earnest wishes for the success of Forestry, and for the growth of
the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society,
Believe me,
Yours truly,
R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON.
The Secretary,
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society.
oe)
THE IMPORTANCE OF DENSITY IN SYLVICULTURE.
II. The Importance of Density in Sylviculture.’ By Dr Apam
Scuwappacu, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia,
Forestry may be defined as the management of woods upon a
definite system, which shall secure continuity in the treatment
and in the returns. Leaving woods that are planted for beauty
or for protection against storms, etc., out of account, the owner
endeavours to obtain the maximum of profit consistent with the
uninterrupted maintenance of the yield—‘‘ maximum of profit”
being synonymous with the maximum difference between the
cost of production and gross revenue. This goal is reached by
the observance of a number of guiding principles, cultural and
otherwise, of which I sha]l here confine myself to the discussion
of but one, namely, the influence of density, or number of trees
per acre. As will be seen later on, this question has an intimate
bearing upon the result of investigations into the influence of
different degrees of thinning and light-felling.
Other things being equal, the production of timber by individual
trees stands in direct proportion to the physiological activity of
their roots and leaves. The more extensive the roots, the better
developed the crown, and the more perfect the proportion between
both, so much the more completely is the tree enabled to utilise
the nutritive substances in the soil and in the atmosphere, and,
consequently, the greater will be the quantity of material which
it will produce in a given time under the influence of light and
heat. The best proof is found in the fact that, whereas a tree
occupying an open situation in a park may produce rings an inch
or more in breadth, a tree of the same species growing in a dense
wood will show rings whose breadth is a mere fraction of this.
On any given area we shall, therefore, obtain the maximum yield
of timber if the density is so regulated that for any given age the
number of trees is such as to admit of the perfect development
of the crown and roots of each. On various occasions this view
found expression in works on forestry early in the present century,
as, for instance, in the writings of Cotta, and still more so in those
of Liebich, a lecturer in the Polytechnic at Prague.
The aim and object of forestry, however, consists not in the
production of the greatest mass of wood, but in the production
of the greatest revenue from a given area. Apart from cases that
1 Read at a General Meeting held on 3rd August 1896.
4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
do not at present come into the discussion, revenue is ascertained
by multiplying the quantity of timber produced by its value per
cubic foot. Manifestly, therefore, forestry means something more
than the mere production of the maximum mass of timber. It
means, in fact, the continuous production of the maximum yield
of high-priced timber. This object, however, will not be attained
by trees which, from their earliest youth, have had space enough
for the unrestricted development of their crowns. Such trees are
only of moderate height, and their boles are short, conical, and
clothed with numerous thick branches. However much a tree
with a great mass of foliage may beautify a landscape or please
an artist, it is not capable of yielding the maximum amount of
profit, and the price which it will bring will be in inverse pro-
portion to the requirements of a purchaser for a long, symmetrical,
and cylindrical bole. A timber merchant looks out for trees
as long, straight, and cylindrical as possible, with the minimum
number of knots. Not only do knots detract from the appearance
of timber, but recent investigations in Germany and America
have shown that the strength of timber is also very prejudicially
affected by their presence.
Seeing that stems with the minimum of knots, and as cylindrical
as possible, can only be obtained by curtailing the development
of the crowns, the production of quantity must to a certain extent
—under a system of intensive forestry—give place to the produc-
tion of quality. The attention of a forester must therefore be
directed towards selecting that particular density in a wood which
will best combine the production of quantity and quality. Experi-
ence, supported by careful investigation, has shown that this goal
can only be reached in woods which show a high degree of closeness
at an early age.
The restriction in the quantity of light tends to diminish the
production of leaves and branches, and it is found that under
such circumstances the trees endeavour to grow in height as fast
as possible in their attempt to obtain space for the development
of their crowns. The most vigorous individuals will take the lead
in this struggle, whereas their weaker neighbours will be over-
grown and finally killed. The over-grown specimens, however,
fulfil a useful function in the life of a wood; firstly, by shading
the lower portions of the stems of the larger trees; secondly, by
assisting in the removal of the lower branches of the dominant
trees, against which they rub during gales; and thirdly, by
THE IMPORTANCE OF DENSITY IN SYLVICULTURE. 5
shading the ground. It must be mentioned, however, that there
is a limit to the degree of density, and if this is exceeded, the
development of even the most vigorous trees will be prejudicially
interfered with.
It is only of importance to encourage growth in height and
cleanness of stem during the time when the trees are making
most of their height-growth, and the duration of this period will
depend upon the species and the character of the situation. In
this connection, also, the forester will have to determine what
proportion of the stem he desires to see clear of branches.
Nothing would be gained, for instance, by attempting to grow
beeches with clear boles as long as those of the spruce or
Scots fir.
After this stage has been reached, the forester should direct
operations in such a way that the trees shall attain an average
diameter which will satisfy the demands of the timber market.
From this period onwards the encouragement of growth in thick-
ness harmonises more and more with the production of the
maximum mass of timber. To attain this object, it becomes
necessary to see that the larger class of trees are accorded an
increased amount of growing space. The most important question
now comes to be: To what extent shall the wood be artificially
interfered with, or, in other words, what amount of thinning is
most advantageous !
In their struggle for existence a large number of trees perish,
and these are utilised by the proprietor of the wood as soon as
they can be turned into money. Besides trees which are totally
dead, one finds others which, though still alive, are hardly making
any growth, and beyond these there are others in all the various
degrees of development up to the largest stems. According as
the operation of thinning is confined to (a) the dead and dying,
(65) those that are completely over-grown by their neighbours, or
(c) those whose crowns are considerably curtailed, one has to
distinguish three degrees of intensity in thinning, which may be
defined as weak, moderate, and strong. If one goes further with
the removal of trees, and fells those with fully developed crowns
—as is sometimes done—the operation is called ‘ lightening,”
‘light thinning,” or ‘‘ felling for light.”
A weak thinning exerts no effects, beneficial or otherwise, upon
the trees that remain. Such an operation is confined to the
removal from the wood of material that is without influence on
6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
its future development. Consequently, where it is a question of
providing more space for the trees that remain, such a thinning
is absolutely useless.
A moderate thinning is also without appreciable influence on
the development of the trees that remain, and differs only from a
weak thinning in enabling the forester to obtain a larger quantity
of wood, which is also of somewhat higher quality. Such a
degree of thinning is practised in all woods up to the end of the
period during which height-growth is principally made. It is
also practised right through the rotation in the case of woods of
those species of trees—more especially the Scots fir — which
naturally, and without any artificial assistance, lighten them-
selves. This matter will be further dealt with later on,
It is only when the degree of thinning is what is called
“strong” that the operation has sufficient influence to produce a
marked improvement in the development of the crowns of the
remaining trees, and to induce more rapid growth. In Germany
a strong thinning is only practised in woods where the stems
average about 8 inches in diameter. At a later period diameter-
growth, which is now synonymous with increase in value per
cubic foot, may be encouraged by going even beyond a strong
thinning ; that is to say, the wood may be “ lightened.”
Finally, it may here be mentioned that some, especially the
French, recommend a system that may be defined as the extension
of the thinning to the dominant class of trees. Under this system,
when a wood is about thirty years old, the most vigorously growing
trees are given so much room that their crowns are practically
isolated, and in this way the growth of such trees is encouraged
to the greatest possible extent. Having secured this isolation in
the dominant trees, the forester leaves the rest of the wood intact
(beyond the removal of stems actually dead), and in this way he
secures the cleaning of the stems of the dominant trees and the
encouragement of their height-growth, and, at the same time, the
ground is properly shaded.
Until the forestal investigation stations had, within recent
years, carried out careful researches into the growth of treeg,
people held very indefinite ideas regarding the influence exerted
by the different degrees of thinning and lightening, Now, how-
ever, we possess definite information on the subject, and I shall,
as shortly as possible, give a brief resumé of the results of recent
research.
THE IMPORTANCE OF DENSITY IN SYLVICULTURE, 7
Apart from the case of the Scots fir, the three degrees of
thinning result in the production of almost exactly the same
quantity of timber. A partial exception to this almost general
statement is furnished by beech woods, which, according to
investigations in Denmark, may, in favourable situations, be
made to yield an increased quantity of timber if thinnings are
begun strongly, though cautiously, at a comparatively early age.
In the case of Scots fir woods, on the other hand, which, even
without interference, become naturally so thin that the individual
trees develop large crowns, the degree of thinning that is desig-
nated “‘moderate” results in the production of the largest mass
of timber.
Apart, then, from the case of the Scots fir, and, under excep-
tional cases, the beech, the selection of the degree of thinning is
determined by other considerations than that of production of
quantity, One object in view is the encouragement, by early
moderate thinnings, of the development in youth of stems which
will ultimately furnish high-class timber. At a later period, the
woods should be managed in such a way that the timber produced
shall be concentrated on comparatively few trees, and in this way
we have increase both in value per unit and in mass; and the
intermediate returns, in the shape of strong thinnings, tend to
raise the financial returns from the area.
Until quite a recent date erroneous ideas were also held
regarding the influence of light-fellings. It was generally con-
sidered that this system of thinning resulted in the production of
a larger quantity of timber than could be got from a continuously
close forest. The results of careful researches prove that if Scots
fir woods are lightened, even at a very early age, the trees are not
able to make any very considerable use of their opportunities.
They also go to show that it is desirable to take steps at a
moderate age to secure cleanness of bole and the conservation of
soil fertility, and this is accomplished by the establishment of an
underwood.
Even in the case of such trees as the beech, which respond
quickly and favourably to light-thinning, the results which have
attended the investigations were somewhat unexpected. The
smaller class of trees, with their poorly developed crowns, are not
able to take advantage of the more favourable conditions that are
offered to them, while the larger trees have already developed
such good crowns in the close wood that the admission of a
8 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
further supply of light is practically without effect. The only
trees which are capable of responding satisfactorily to the new
conditions are those of medium size. If, however, one thins the
wood to such an extent that these medium-sized trees have the
opportunity of making materially accelerated growth, one finds
that, even with a light-felling only slightly in excess of a strong
thinning, one soon reaches the limit where the gross production
begins to decline in consequence of the reduction of the number
of trees. The result is that one obtains a less aggregate yield of
timber than would be got from a close wood, in spite of the fact
that the growth of a certain number of individual trees has been
stimulated.
Besides the considerations affecting quantity and quality of
timber, the question of thinning is intimately connected with the
conservation of the soil fertility, on which the productive capacity
of the ground and the maintenance of the yield so largely depend.
We know from experience that if woods are over-thinned on light
sands or on steep declivities, there is a danger of sand-drift in the
one case, and of the fertile surface soil being washed away in
the other.
But apart from these cases, recent advances in our knowledge
of the chemistry of soils have shown us that if woods are too
thin, that is to say, if the surface of the ground is insufficiently
shaded, or if the close leafy canopy is suddenly and strongly
interrupted, the results may be most prejudicial to the productive
capacity of the soil. On the other hand—apart from certain
exceptional conditions, which may here be neglected—there is
nothing to be feared in this connection from having woods too
dense.
Amongst the undesirable effects that follow insufficient stocking
of the ground, I may mention the destruction of that porous or
crumbly character of the soil which is so intimately associated
with fertility, and the encouragement of the formation of sour raw
humus. If the force of falling rain is not mitigated by a canopy
of branches and a mantle of good humus on the surface of the
ground, it will be found that the soluble plant-food is washed
out of the upper strata of sandy soil, while in the case of a loam
the porous or crumbly character of the soil is destroyed by the
battering and consolidation to which it is subjected. In the
case of calcareous ground, the soil undergoes very undesirable
changes in structure if allowed to become too dry, as will
THE IMPORTANCE OF DENSITY IN SYLVICULTURE. a
happen if the direct rays of the sun are not effectively
excluded.
Simultaneously with these undesirable changes, the covering of
the ground also alters for the worse. Sandy soils soon become
covered by a dense turf of fine-leaved and shallow-rooted grasses,
and this felted mass of roots not only exhausts the moisture in
the soil, but also prevents the entrance of additional supplies in
the form of rain-water. On more fertile soils the herbage which
appears on the surface of the ground is composed of better species
of plants, but in this case also the development of the trees is
materially interfered with.
Hardly anything exerts such a prejudicial influence upon the
fertility of soil as the accumulation thereon of large quantities of
undecomposed vegetable matter (raw humus). In a wood of
normal density, raw humus is either not formed at all, or only to
a very limited extent, and the soil-covering is loose and favour-
able for tree-growth.
If a wood is not sufficiently close, or if its canopy has been in-
cautiously interrupted, the soil—especially where the situation is
poor—generally becomes covered with raw humus. Simultane-
ously with the formation of this material, heath usually appears
on the ground, and this rapidly increases the stock of raw humus,
and especially so under the unfavourable climatic conditions of a
high rainfall and a low temperature, such as prevail in moun-
tainous districts or near the coast. Under such circumstances the
area may gradually be changed into a bog, as has happened in
the case of the large boggy moors in North Germany, which were
at one time covered by forests.
In other cases the rain washes the organic acids out of the
humus, and carries them into the upper strata of the mineral soil,
where they render a large part of the plant-food soluble, and in
this condition it is carried into the subsoil, and precipitated in
the form of a moor-pan, a formation which is often met with on
a large scale, and which is extremely prejudicial to all kinds of
plant life.
The principles that should guide forestal practice, so far as they
are concerned with the maintenance of the factors of production
in the soil, are thus intimately bound up in the preservation of a
porous or crambly consistency in the soil, and the prevention of
the formation of raw humus.
Keeping in view the production of high-class timber and the
10 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
conservation of soil fertility, we may, from what has been said,
deduce the following conclusions :—
(1) That the area should be closely stocked to begin with, and
that, up till the period when the greater part of height-
growth has been made, a wood should be kept dense.
(2) That from this time onwards the thinning should gradu-
ally become stronger, such strong thinnings beginning
earlier, and being carried further, when quantity rather
than quality is the object in view.
(3) That in the case of Scots fir woods, closeness should be
maintained as far as possible right through the rotation.
(4) That where increase in diameter is accompanied by an
(5) If
increased value per cubic foot, the degree of thinning
may be pushed to its fullest extent, for in this case any
appreciable reduction in the total yield of timber will be
more than counterbalanced by the increased value of
what is obtained.
thinning has been carried so far that a close canopy
cannot be restored by the accelerated development of
the crowns of the remaining trees, the forester must
secure sufficient shading of the ground, either by
encouraging the growth of the seedlings that naturally
spring up underneath the parent trees, or an underwood
—a so-called soil-protection wood—must be established
artiticially by seeding or planting.
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND. el
Ill. Report on a Visit to the Forests of Scotland in August 1896.
By Dr Apam Scuwappacu, Professor of Forestry, Ebers-
walde, Prussia.
In accordance with the desire of my Scottish friends, I beg to
submit to the consideration of the members of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society the following short account of the im-
pressions which I took home with me from my tour in Scotland.
On August 4th, along with the members of the Society, I
visited the parks and woods of Airthrey, Keir, Blair Drummond,
and Lanrick Castle. On August 5th we traversed the beautiful
Lochs of Katrine and Lomond, but at Balmaha I had to say
‘good bye” to the party, in order that I might fulfil some
engagements that had been made for me to visit the north of
Scotland.
On account of illness, Professor Somerville and Colonel Bailey
were unable to start with me on my extended tour, but Pro-
fessor Bayley Balfour most kindly undertook to act as my guide.
On the 7th of August Professor Somerville and Mr Dunn joined
us at Dunkeld, and accompanied us on our delightful excursion
of August 8th.
After leaving Balmaha I had the pleasure of again sailing over
the whole length of the magnificent Loch Lomond. From Ardlui
the Highland Railway brought us to Banavie, where we arrived
on the evening of August 5th. The 6th of August was occupied
with the passage of the Caledonian Canal, which I found most
interesting. We were met in Inverness by Mr Gossip, who con-
ducted us to the most beautiful points of that charming town.
The view over Inverness and the Moray Firth from the cemetery
—which is unequalled for situation and beauty—was most im-
pressive. Our visit to Mr Gossip’s nursery had unfortunately
to be undertaken so late in the evening that we had not the
opportunity of making such a careful inspection of it as we should
have liked. It was interesting to find that the Highland one-
year old seedling pines were very much smaller than similar
seedlings grown on the Continent, and similarly with regard
to larches grown from Scottish and Tyrolese seed.
On August 7th we spent some hours in the extensive pine
woods of the Countess of Seafield in the neighbourhood of
Grantown, and in the evening we visited the magnificent larch
12 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
woods, as well as the gardens and grounds belonging to the
Duke of Athole at Dunkeld. There we inspected the first
larches ever planted in Scotland, and an inscribed stone standing
near informs the visitor that one of the trees, which appears to
be still in good health, was planted in 1738, and is 102 feet high.
The distinction of being the oldest example of its species in
Scotland does not appear to be quite so well established in the
case of a magnificent Douglas Fir growing near, a similar claim
being advanced in favour of a specimen at Murthly Castle.
To me the most interesting day proved to be the 8th of
August. After an early visit to the nursery and a pine wood
near Dunkeld, we inspected the wonderful collection of exotic
‘trees at Murthly Castle, over which we were most kindly con-
ducted by the proprietor, Mr Stewart Fotheringham. Later on
in the day we visited the grounds and woods of Scone Palace,
and finally reached Edinburgh at half-past nine. My trusted
mentor, Professor Bayley Balfour, accompanied me to the
steamer at Leith, where Messrs Mackenzie and Erskine were
waiting for me, and with whom I spent a very pleasant hour
till the boat sailed at eleven o’clock. On the voyage to
Hamburg I had time to reflect on the very successful results
of my trip, which had made me acquainted with so much that
was beautiful and interesting, and during which I had received
so much kindness, and this I take the present opportunity of
gratefully acknowledging.
In submitting my views to the members of this Society, I
would ask them to bear in mind that my visit was of but short
duration, and consequently I may have made some mistakes, or
have been insufficiently informed on certain points.
It will be convenient to arrange what I have to say under the
following three heads :—
(1) Forestry,
(2) Afforestation of waste lands, and
(3) Exotic conifers.
1. The most extensive as well as the most scientific system of
forestry, according to German notions, was met with in the large
pine forests belonging to the Countess of Seafield, in the
neighbourhood of Grantown. These woods occupy a soil over-
lying gneiss, such a soil, in fact, as would for the most part be
placed in the third class—to some extent also in the second class
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND. 13
—according to German methods of classification of forest soils.
The older woods are showing satisfactory growth, and, with the
exception of those in the neighbourhood of the Castle, are
exclusively regenerated by naturally sown seed. At Curr Hill
it was an interesting experience for me to find a wood about
twenty years old and a hundred acres in extent, which had been
regenerated naturally, and which was showing a density and
uniformity which, without artificial assistance, could not have
been obtained in Germany, where the young trees suffer much
during the felling of the seed-trees.
In other parts of the forest, ¢.g., Millton Wood and
Drumindunan, I found exactly the same state of things as
we are accustomed to meet with in woods that have originated
through natural regeneration in Germany. I refer to the
condition of things where one finds some parts of the ground
sufficiently stocked, but the rest so incompletely supplied with
plants as to preclude the possibility of perfect density without
artificial assistance. Woods of this character, from which the
seed-trees have been removed, contain numerous over-branched
trees, amongst which one meets with small areas which are
sufficiently dense, and where the growth is satisfactory. Such
woods were only too common on the Seafield property, and it
struck me as remarkable that nothing was done by transplanta-
tion to fill up the gaps in these natural woods, an operation that
would certainly prove very profitable.
The lack of uniform success that has attended natural regener-
ation in the neighbourhood of Grantown is no doubt due to the
varying quantity of raw humus existing in and on the soil, a
substance which opposes the greatest obstacles to the system of
sylviculture which is practised on that estate. When a wood is
in the seed-felling stage, the soil offers satisfactory conditions of
growth for the young seedlings only when the humus is in a
certain stage of decomposition. This period lasts for but a short
time, and unless the seedlings take root during this period it is
hopeless to expect a further supply of seed to produce a supple-
mentary stocking of young plants. When at Grantown I hed
also the pleasure of inspecting a wood, about twenty years old, at
Croft-na-Haven, which had been established by planting, and
which was growing in a most satisfactory manner. Mr Thomson
informed me that from 2500 to 3000 plants were used per acre,
and that this is the usual number employed in the woods under
14 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
his charge, a number that corresponds to what we are accustomed
to in Germany.
The main difference in the management of woods in Scotland
and in Germany is found in the manner of thinning. The
specimens of thinning that I met with at Dunkeld, Scone, and
Airthrey were entirely opposed to what we would consider good
practice in Germany. . It was therefore a greater pleasure to find
that Mr Thomson practised and recommended a system more in
consonance with scientific principles. It seemed to me during
my short visit, that woods are greatly over-thinned in Scotland,
and are too much managed like the trees in a park. The great
mistake that Scottish foresters make is to start thinning too
early, in order to give the trees sufficient room to develop large
crowns, and to grow rapidly in thickness. The object would
appear to be an attempt to induce the woods to furnish some
saleable produce, such as sleepers, at the earliest possible age.
However desirable early returns may be from thg joint of view
of the landlord or of the forester, the fact must not be lost sight
of that they are obtained at a great sacrifice. Trees grown in
woods managed in this way have not the opportunity to clean their
stems naturally of dead branches, and therefore it is necessary to
incur considerable expenditure on artificial pruning—an opera-
tion which is practically out of the question on a large scale.
The thinnings obtained at a very early age are of such poor
quality as to be of little or no value. Growth in height is inter-
fered with to an extraordinary extent, and the production of a
well-shaped bole becomes almost an impossibility. Further, when
a wood is thinned to its utmost extent it does not contain a
reserve supply of trees to serve as substitutes for those that
have lost their leaders, or are otherwise defective. This matter is
of special importance in Scotland, where the squirrel does an
amount of damage to trees that is unknown in Germany: in
consequence of the removal of the bark from the upper part of the
stems, the trees develop misshapen crowns, and are greatly
reduced in value. Had we a plague of squirrels in Germany such
as is found in Scotland, we should set about reducing the numbers
by diligent shooting.
It cannot be too much emphasised that strong and early thin-
ning prevents the production of the maximum mass of timber,
and at the same time makes the formation of valuable timber
impossible. If the commencement of strong thinning were
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND. 1)
delayed for other ten to twenty years, the woods would give a
permanent yield of timber fit for sleepers, while the main crop
would develop into heavy timber suitable for all structural
purposes. Instead of removing well-formed trees in the early
thinnings, one ought to fell only such as are badly shaped,
and I am afraid that this system is at present too little
practised.
Apart from the Scots fir, I found that the woods which I visited
consisted for the most part of the larch—especially near Dunkeld —
and the oak. During the time at my disposal, I was not able to
make close inspection of the system on which the larch woods are
managed, but it is probable that my views do not clash to any
great extent with those of Scottish foresters regarding the sylvi-
cultural treatment of this tree.
At Scone Palace I inspected a very fine oak-wood, from ninety
to one hundred years old. The trees were showing vigorous
growth, and one can only regret that the ground was not more
fully stocked, as would have been the case under a different
system of management, and which would have resulted in the
production of finer and more valuable stems.
Between Callander and Balmaha I saw numerous woods of oak
coppice on the lower slopes of the hills. These woods are
managed on a rotation of twenty-one years, and furnish tanning
bark and light timber, the latter being partly used for firewood.
On the steep slopes with a shallow soil the system of coppicing is
to be commended, but, with tanning bark as the main object, the
manner of thinning appeared to leave much to be desired. Tanning
bark should be as smooth on the surface as possible, and the stems
which furnish it should be long and clean. I found, however,
that owing to severe thinning about the seventh and fourteenth
years, the bark was coarse and inferior in quality, and the stems
were short and branchy. It also appeared to me that many of the
stools were too old, and should have been replaced by fresh
saplings. The presence of standards in a coppice is also objection-
able. These have, for the most part, originated in stool-shoots,
and in the shallow soil are short and bushy. They thus cast too
dense a shade on the coppice poles, whose growth is materially
interfered with.
At Airthrey I found the ash growing well, in conjunction with
the sycamore and beech—a mixture which gives satisfactory
results. During the next few years such woods ought to be
16 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
managed so as to preserve density as far as possible, and the
rabbits ought to be killed down.
At Airthrey I received the impression (which was afterwards
strengthened) that the Scots fir is not adapted for general culti-
vation in Scotland to the extent that I had previously assumed.
On poor soils overlying gneiss, and on sands, the Scots fir is
undoubtedly the right tree to plant, but several other trees will
give a better return on granite and basalt soils, as well as on
diluvial ground and old moraines. Under these circumstances,
the Scots fir should be regarded as a means to, rather than
an object of forestry. At Grantown, where I had the opportunity
of inspecting timber that was being converted in a saw-mill,
I found that the timber furnished by the Scots fir in Scotland
is of much poorer quality than similar wood grown in East
Germany, being softer, broader in the ring, and containing more
spring wood. The low quality of such timber is probably due
to some extent to the lower summer temperature and the
heavier rainfall of Scotland, though it is also a result of the
too open character of the woods.
My impressions lead me to suppose that the oak should be more
frequently planted on loams, and the ash, sycamore, and beech on
calcareous soils, Satisfactory results may also be anticipated
from the cultivation of certain American trees—e.g., Quercus
rubra, Prunus serotina, and Betula lenta. Amongst conifers,
‘the larch is probably the best for soils that do not suit the
Scots fir, but as the success of this tree is now very uncertain,
the spruce may to some extent be substituted for it.
Although the growth of the last-named tree in pure woods
cannot be relied upon to be always satisfactory, it will doubtless
do well as a mixture with the larch, and the same is true with
regard to certain exotic conifers, especially Pseudotsuga Douglasit
or Douglas Fir and Picea sitchensis or Menzies Fir. The large
parks which are so common in Scotland have proved an excellent
experimental ground for testing the growth of such trees, and
this is a subject to which I shall again refer.
2. In Scotland the afforestation of waste land is a matter of the
utmost importance, :
A stranger who visits the Highlands for the first time finds the
long railway journey through districts which show but little
vegetation except heather, not only monotonous, but positively
depressing. This impression is intensified by the absence of
Led
»
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND, 17
animal life, with the exception of mountain sheep, while means of
communication by road are few and far between. The experience
is still more intensified when the traveller is a forester or a political
economist, for the remnants of forests (¢.g., on Rannoch Moor),
and the presence of stumps in the bogs, remind him that this
extensive area was once covered by wood.
At the present time such land gives a return only through its
scanty pasturage and its sporting rights. The ground is not
infrequently cleared of sheep in order to encourage the game,
which consists for the most part of grouse and red deer; but the
latter animal, judging from the antlers which I had the oppor-
tunity of inspecting, is of such diminutive proportions that a
stag from the poor pine forests of Germany would appear like
a giant beside it.
The annual grazing and sporting rent from such areas appears
to fluctuate between sixpence and half-a-crown per acre. The
question then comes to be whether forestry offers the opportunity
of improving the revenue from such land.
The favourable climate of Scotland, and the comparatively easy
slopes of its mountains, make it unnecessary to undertake forestry
operations for the improvement of the climate or the fixation of
the soil upon the hills. The ease with which coal may be got in
that country, and the facilities which it enjoys—at least for the
present—for the importation of timber from abroad, make it
unnecessary that planting should be undertaken either for the
purpose of providing a supply of fuel or of structural timber.
The possibilities of the afforestation of the waste lands of Scotland
must therefore be regarded entirely from the financial point of
view. Whether forestry will be financially successful or not will
to some extent depend upon whether the question is regarded
from the national point of view, or from the standpoint of the
owner of the woodlands for the time being.
Regarded from the point of view of the national weal, the
question comes to be whether forestry offers the possibility of
permanently increasing the nett revenue from the land. In my
opinion this question must undoubtedly be answered in the
affirmative, at least so far as the better classes of soil are con-
cerned, and for the following reasons. Assuming that the Scots
fir is employed, with a rotation of eighty years on soil of the
third class, and, further, allowing 2} per cent. on the invested
VOL. XV. PART I. B
.
18 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
€
capital, a percentage which for Britain errs on the side of being
rather too high than too low, we have the following items of ex-
penditure and revenue, so far as they refer to the first rotation :—
EXPENDITURE PER ACRE,
1. Value of land worth ls. 6d. per annum, at twenty-
five years’ purchase, 5 & slolviegs
2. Planting and beating up, : : 1 10cad
3. Annual outlay for supervision, protec-
tion, rates and taxes, and road-
making, . : : ‘ 025.2
By the methods of computation employed in forest valuations,
the deferred value of these items of expenditure, with compound
interest, at the end of eighty years amounts to about £49.
REVENUE.
According to my investigations,! the final felling and the
deferred value of the intermediate returns (thinnings)—allowing,
however, only 2 per cent. interest on the latter—will amount at
the end of eighty years on soil of the third class to £87. Dis-
tributed over eighty years, the balance of £38 gives an annual
revenue of just over 3s. per acre, which compares with a former
rental of ls, 6d.
Although nothing has been allowed on account of game in
the above calculations, it is not to be supposed that no revenue
will be derived from this source during the whole period of the
rotation. On the contrary, the game rent, during the second
half of the rotation of a German forest, amounts to a very
considerable sum.
Apart from the increase of revenue, the afforestation of land
is of great national importance as a labour-employing industry.
Land under wood can maintain a larger population than land
under rough pasture. From the national point of view it is
manifestly also an advantage to produce timber at home, and so
dispense with its importation from abroad. This matter is of
1 <“¢ Wachsthum und Ertrag normaler Kiefernbestiinde,”’ Berlin, 1889, p. 66,
.
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND. Ms
special importance in view of the fact that many countries which
at present export timber must in the near future cease to do so.
Many of these countries are exploiting their forests in such a
reckless manner that their stock of timber will soon be exhausted.
It was this consideration that mainly influenced the Swedish
Government in its determination to send a delegate to the Inter-
national Congress of Forestal Investigation Stations, which is this
year to meet in Brunswick.
When the question of afforestation is viewed from the stand-
point of the private owner, it assumes a materially different aspect
from that which has just been indicated. When the private
individual undertakes tree-planting, he does so with the know-
ledge that the small but certain rental which the ground has
previously yielded will temporarily disappear. And not only so,
but he has algo to face a serious outlay on account of planting
and management, and he can have no guarantee that the under-
taking will be a success. He knows, moreover, that he himself
will derive no financial benefits from his operations, or, at best,
that these benefits will be very insignificant. Under these circum-
stances, the majority of owners will prefer to retain such small
revenue as the land affords, rather than embark upon an under-
taking which must be so absolutely unprofitable to themselves,
and whose returns are so long deferred.
In Austria and Germany there are many landowners who
possess extensive forests, but such forests have long been worked
upon a definite rotation, and yield a constant and permanent
revenue. They know that their forest land yields them a better
return than tillage or pastoral land of a similar character. The
consequence is that they are induced to forego a portion of the
revenue from their woods in order that other suitable land on
their estates may be afforested for the benefit of their successors.
Their action, in fact, is precisely the same as that practised by
the Countess of Seafield upon her Highland estate; and her
example might, with manifest advantage, be followed by other
proprietors.
From what I have been able to learn, however, I do not think
that it is likely that any large proportion of the waste lands of
Scotland will be afforested by private enterprise. Past experi-
ences show that the extension of forestry on a large scale, such as
is necessary in Scotland, must be undertaken by the State, or
20 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
other public body, such as corporations, county councils, ete. It
is only such bodies that have the necessary means, and as there is
no question of death in their case, they are in a position to wait
patiently for the deferred returns of forestry. I trust that the
efforts of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society in this
important department of national economy may be crowned
with success.
In connection with the question of afforestation, it is evident
that all kinds of waste land are not alike suitable for tree-plant-
ing. High and exposed situations and precipitous declivities do
not lend themselves to forestry operations. Then, again, there
are wide areas of comparatively flat land of moderate elevation,
which are covered with heather and peat to such an extent as to
preclude much hope of success from tree-planting. The most
suitable areas for planting are furnished by moderate declivities
in sheltered situations, where peat is either absent or at least
present to such a small extent as not to prevent the roots of the
young trees getting at the mineral soil underneath. It is with
such areas that one should begin, for it is these that will most
rapidly give satisfactory results.
3. To me the most interesting part of my tour consisted in the
opportunities I obtained of inspecting the exotic conifers that are
so common in the parks and pleasure-grounds of Scotland. It is
now fifteen years since the acclimatisation and forestal culti-
vation of the various species of exotic conifers was vigorously
taken in hand in Germany, and large sums have been spent upon
the work. Foresters are divided in their opinions of the results
and the value of these operations in Germany, many maintaining
that the splendid growth which many of the trees are at present
making will not be continued for many years. Seeing that such
trees have been cultivated in Scotland for upwards of forty years,
we are able to draw conclusions as to the probable ultimate
results of their cultivation in Germany, bearing in mind, of
course, that the climate of the two countries differs to a very
considerable extent. The parks which I visited differed in
character and situation to some extent, but all of them were
pictures of sylvan beauty. Toa stranger accustomed to a Con-
tinental climate, the splendid collections of conifers came as a
‘revelation, and it would be difficult to say which of them was
the most interesting. To me, as a forester, Murthly appeared
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND. 2]
as the pearl of them all. It was here that I found American
conifers in the greatest abundance and of the largest size, and the
trees had been treated here more as one is accustomed to meet
with them in the forests. The magnificent development of the
different species, and the picturesque and artistic manner in
which they were grouped, with luxuriant specimens of rhodo-
dendrons, hollies, bay laurels, and other plants, combined with
the beautiful velvety turf of the Scottish lawn, produced an
impression never to be effaced. From the point of view of
German forestry, the most interesting trees that I met with
were,—Pseudotsuga Douglasii, or Douglas Fir; Picea sitchensis,
or Menzies Fir; Chamecyparis Lawsoniana, or Lawson’s Cypress ;
Tsuga Mertensiana, or Prince Albert’s Fir; Abies grandis, concolor,
amabilis, and nobilis ; and Thuja gigantea.
Seeing that the trees which I met with in the parks are all
standing singly, one cannot with certainty infer from them what
form of bole they will possess, or what diameter-growth they
will make when grown in close woods. They do, however, give
valuable information regarding their annual growth in height.
Even the fine wood, about 8 acres in extent of Douglas fir,
near Scone does not represent a satisfactory picture of the
behaviour of this tree when cultivated under true forestal con-
ditions. The trees had been originally planted too wide apart
(about 10 feet square), and although they have been subjected to
artificial pruning, their boles are not what the forester or timber
merchant would consider satisfactory.
Height-growth, which is an excellent criterion for determining
the suitability of a tree for its environment, was found in all
cases to leave nothing to be desired. In spite of the fact that
trees, when standing singly, are incapable of growing in height to
the maximum extent—and especially is this the case in Scotland,
where the wind has a powerful influence—the older specimens of
the various species have attained a height of from 60 to 80 feet.
The trees in the Douglas fir wood, near Scone, have reached an
average height of about 85 feet. There is no doubt that the
above-named species thrive well in Scotland, and grow quite as
rapidly as in their native habitat.
Seeing that some of the more important European trees do
not in all cases grow very satisfactorily in Scotland, I should
recommend that the North American conifers should be planted
22 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
on a larger scale, as is now being done in Germany. The spruce,
for instance, does not yield a satisfactory growth in many parts
of Scotland, and this is also found to be the case near the sea-
coast in other countries, as, for instance, in Schleswig-Holstein.
Many parts of Scotland, also, do not offer what I would consider
very suitable conditions for the growth of the Scots fir. True,
rabbits will materially interfere with the success of the culti-
vation of exotic trees and with forestry operations in general, but
there is no reason at all why this difficulty should not be over-
come.
Not only do many of the exotic trees give a larger yield of
timber than the indigenous species—compare, for instance, the
yield of woods of Scots fir and Douglas fir of similar age at
Scone—but they also furnish timber of superior quality. This
point gains additional importance in view of the fact that the
American supply of timber of many valuable species is within
measurable distance of extinction. Scotland possesses the most
favourable natural conditions for producing those high-class
timbers which America will soon cease to supply. I regard
the evidence of the successful growth of exotic trees in the
parks of Scotland as of far greater national importance than
the beautifying influence which these trees exert upon the
landscape.
With regard to one species, however, namely, Thuja gigantea,
I would utter a word of caution. In Germany this tree grew
well in its earlier stages, but it has now been attacked and
largely destroyed by a disease due to a fungus called Pestalozzia
Junerea. Unfortunately, I found that the specimens of this tree
in the nursery at Dunkeld were attacked by the same disease,
and at Murthly the Thujas were also suffering from this parasite.
I am afraid that this disease will interfere with the extensive
cultivation of Thuja gigantea in Scotland. Although the older
specimens of this tree are proving resistant to attack, it is
probable that the fungus will obtain the upper hand of the
young plants. We find an analogous state of things in regard
to the larch, old specimens of which are comparatively free from
attack of the canker which is so destructive to the tree in its
earlier stages.
During my visit to Murthly I often put the question to myself,
whether the trees which are showing such luxuriant growth in
/
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF SCOTLAND. 23
Scotland will succeed equally well in Germany. When I looked
around me, and saw the luxuriant growth of Araucaria imbricata,
Cedrus Deodara, rhododendrons, bay and Portugal laurels, and
many other species, which cannot withstand the severity of our
winters, I could not help doubting the ultimate success of our
attempts to acclimatise exotic trees. But when I came to
compare the meteorological conditions of the two countries, the
matter appeared in a more favourable light. The average annual
temperature and rainfall of Perth and Berlin are practically
identical, nor is there any material difference between these two
places as regards the minimum winter temperature (Perth,
-—17° F.; Eberswalde, — 29° F.). That Scotland is subject to
long-continued frost is sufficiently evident from the popularity
of the game of curling.
Scotland certainly possesses a much milder climate than her
latitude would lead one to expect. This is in a large measure
due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. Her proximity to the
sea has also the effect of securing for her a fairly equal seasonal
distribution of the rainfall, while her humid atmosphere has the
effect of modifying the force and duration of the sun’s rays. The
centre and east of Germany, on the other hand, are subject to
much greater variations of temperature, and are liable to suffer
from long-continued periods of drought. But climate notwith-
standing, American conifers which have been -planted for fifteen
years and longer in Germany are growing very satisfactorily ;
and we may therefore conclude that, although our climate may
prevent the growth of Araucaria, Laurus, Cedrus, ete,, it will
permit of the cultivation of the hardier exotics, although their
growth may be somewhat slower than in Scotland. Such, at
least, are the expectations which my trip to Scotland has
encouraged.
In conclusion, I may shortly summarise the points that
appeared to me to have the most important bearing on the
future of forestry in Scotland :—
1. In selecting the trees to be cultivated, more regard should
be paid to the character of the situation.
2. The stocking, whether artificial or natural, should be
denser. In the latter case, gaps amongst the seedlings
should be early and carefully filled up by artificial
transplantation.
24 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
3. The woods should be managed on sylvicultural principles,
or
and not in the park-like manner at present in vogue.
. The operation of thinning should be conducted in a more
rational manner, and with more regard to the future
of the wood. (The more important principles of thinning
are indicated in my paper on “The Importance of
Density in Sylviculture,” published in the present part
of 7’ransactions. )
. A broader view should be taken of the whole financial
aspects of forestry. The success of forestry operations
cannot be judged from the esthetic point of view, nor
can it be gauged by the immediate returns; it can only
be determined by the difference between the deferred
or final sum of all the items of revenue and of ex-
penditure.
. Considerations of sport should be permissible only when
they do not interfere with the production of timber,
which is, of course, the main object of forestry.
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. 25
IV. The Genus Pissodes and its Importance in Forestry. By
R. Stewart MacDoucatt, M.A., B.Se., Lecturer on
Entomology, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
During my insect-huntings of the last several year, I have
repeatedly had opportunities of observing the species of the above
genus at their destructive work in woods and forests. In my
work amongst its members, more than once it has occurred to me
that if the insects belonging to the genus Pissodes were better
known to British foresters, it might chance that observation
would prove that in Britain there are really more than the two,
or at most three, species which our British coleopterists admit as
found in this country. It is interesting to me to know that at
least one other worker in entomology shares this suspicion.
With a view, therefore, of familiarising the forester with the
life-history, appearance, and habits of the Pissodes, I purpose
giving an account of the species—British and Continental—
which have proved themselves of forest importance.
In this account—keeping in view the hope that it may be the
means of stimulating search among the members of the Arbori-
cultural Society favourably situated for observation, so that if no
species new to Britain be found, at least a better knowledge of the
distribution of the admitted species may result—I will give
minute descriptions of the form and appearance of the various
insects, sufficient to enable any searcher to recognise a species
when found.
PosiTION OF THE PIssODES IN THE INSECT WORLD.
The Pissodes is a genus of insects belonging to the great order
Coleoptera, or beetles. The beetles are divided up into four
sections, according to the number of joints in the tarsus,' and the
Pissodes are classed in the section pseudo-tetramera (falsely four-
jointed), in which the tarsi are really five-jointed. The fourth
joint, however, is so small—requiring a good hand-lens or a
1 On examination, the leg of an insect is found to be attached to the thorax
by a part called the coxa. The coxa is followed by a short joint, the
trochanter, this by a strong femur, then a thinner tibia, and lastly comes
the tarsus, with a varying number of joints. The tarsus generally ends
in a claw.
26 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
microscope to reveal it—that for a time it was overlooked, and
the members of this section were in consequence wrongly named
tetramera (four-jointed), a name that is still often found in
the books.
ALLIES OF THE PIssoDES, AND THEIR Forest IMPORTANCE.
The pseudo-tetramera section is divided into several sub-
sections, one of which is termed the Rbyncophora, or weevils,
whose characteristic is the possession of a rostrum or proboscis
projecting from the front of the head. Of the families into which
the weevils are broken up, one is termed the Curculionide, and to
it the Pissodes and their allies belong.
The Curculionide (using the term in a sense which will
exclude at the one end the Bruchidz, whose well-known grubs
are so often found in leguminous seeds, and at the other end the
Scolytide, the mother-beetles of which bore in trees tunnels, along
the sides of which eggs are laid) may be defined as rounded or
oval beetles possessing a rostrum or beak, and distinctly elbowed
antenn ; while the females do not bodily enter into the tree for
the purpose of egg-laying like the Scolytidi, but lay their eggs on
the tree externally (rarely), or in a hole bored from the outside
(commonly), or, it may be, lay them directly in the soil. The
Curculionidee larvee may be recognised as fleshy rounded bent
grubs, with no legs, with biting jaws, and with a scaly,
chitinised head.
This family contains a very large number of genera, many of
which are very important from the point of view of the economic
entomologist, and some of them are very dangerous enemies of
the forester. The harm may be done by the grubs, more rarely
by the mature beetles, and rarest of all by both. Among the
forms with destructive grubs is the genus Otiorhynchus, whose
larvee, hatching out from eggs laid in roots or in the ground in
their neighbourhood, gnaw the external surface of these and
cause decay; our genus Pissodes; the grub of Cryptorhynchus
lapathi, so harmful to the alder; the leaf-mining larve of the
lively Orchestes fagi; the grub of the long-nosed Balaninus,
familiar in nuts; and the Anthonomous larve, so troublesome to
the apple-grower.
Harmful in the mature stage as beetle is the pestiferous Pine
Weevil (Hylobius abietis).
bo
~I
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY.
GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE GENUS PISSODES.
The species belonging to this genus have a longish rostrum.
Near the middle of the rostrum the elbowed antenne are inserted,
their long basal joint almost reaching the small, slightly projecting
eyes. The prothorax! is narrowed in front, and its posterior
margin, on examination with a lens, may show two slight excava-
tions. The scutellum? is round and raised. The elytra® quite
cover the abdomen. Femur untoothed, tibia straight, and with a
strong curved hook at the point. The third joint of the tarsus
is broad and two-lobed, and the terminal fifth joint ends in two
simple claws.
Rounp oF Lire.
In round of life most of the Pissodes agree. The females lay
their eggs in the bark of needle-leaved trees, a varying number of
eggs being laid in each bore-hole. The hatched out grubs,
starting from a common centre, gnaw long winding tunnels in
the bark, the tunnels increasing in size with the growth of the
larvee, the whole, it may be, showing a ray-like pattern. This
ray-like design is not so frequently met with in Pissodes puniphilus
or in Pissodes notatus, The full-fed larve having reached the
innermost layers of the bark, gnaw in the outermost layers of the
wood a kind of little bed or cradle, oval in shape, and here,
covered by a cushion of sawdust and chips, they pupate. The
mature beetles, when ready to escape, bite a clean-cut circular
hole through pupa-bedcover and bark.
The grubs living between the bark and the wood interfere
with sap-circulation, and the infested plants or trees sicken
and die.
The question, so often debated among forest entomologists, as to
whether this species or that will attack a healthy tree is men-
tioned by Altum in relation to the Pissodes, which he writes of as
preferring feeble and unhealthy trees to healthy and well-grown
ones, his experience showing him that where old timber had been
attacked the tree had certainly previously been weakly. At the
1 Prothorax—the segment bearing the front pair of legs.
2 Scutellum—the segment bearing the second pair of legs is called the
mesothorax ; what can be seen of its upper surface in these beetles is called
the scutellum.
3 Elytra—the horny covers underneath which are the wings used in flight.
28 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
same time he admits that P. piniphilus and P. harcyniae
will attack the branches and crown of perfectly healthy trees.
Authorities are much divided on the question of the “ genera-
tion”! of the various Pissodes species, but I will leave this matter
to be dealt with when mentioning each species in detail.
Generally it may be stated that the larve and not the imagos?
do the harm.
Out of the twenty or so species known in entomology, five are
well known in Britain or the Continent as pests on coniferous
trees, viz., Pissodes notatus, P. pini, P. piniphilus, P. harcyniae,
P. piceae. These five I will describe fully, at the same time
mentioning at shorter length two additional species, ?. scabricollis
and P, validirostris.
DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIES.
Posterior corners of
prothorax right- Wing - covers with
angled, or pro- a narrow trans-
jecting some- verse band behind
what sharply. their middle—P. ( Wing - covers have
The upper surface} pint. longitudinal
of the prothorax rows of large dots
wrinkled and ae Re meets varying in size—
covered ie a cae ares we, 12 eee
number of closely} yerseband behind
arranged punc-| their middle. Wing - covers have (Dots medium sized
tures. longitudina | —P. notatus.
rows of equally
sized dots. [Pots fine—P,
validirostris.
2 > 4 " D ya ,
Beerenaricarners of Beetles black, in ground colour—P. harcyniae.
the prothorax Beetles, in ground colour, rusty brown—P. piniphilus,
rounded, and the
deep punctures| Beetles with a more or less prominent raised middle line on
not so close to-| the prothorax, generally much smaller than harcyniae, and
gether. in colour not so black—P, scabricollis.
A glance through the above table, which, with slight modifica-
tions (I have added scabricollis) is Nitsche’s, will show that the
1 «Generation ””—the time comprised between one egg-laying and the egg-
laying of the next swarm. Generation is annual if only one brood is produced
in a year; double, if two broods; biennial, if two years are required to com-
plete a cycle, and so on.
2 Imago—the adult insect.
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. 29
species resemble each other closely. The resemblance is close in
size, colour, and round of life. Besides, the characteristic spots
and bands (these latter formed from the coalescence of individual
scales) so helpful in the determination of fresh specimens, get
rubbed off in course of time, making the determination of isolated
not-fresh examples troublesome. Size and colour of species also
fluctuate within limits. For example, while a normal-sized
P. piceae is not to be confused with a normal-sized P. notatus, I
have seen specimens of piceae as small as an ordinary notatus,
and not to be distinguished from the latter save by its different
food-plant.
It is possible to confuse P. pint with Hylobius abietis, but
these two beetles are readily distinguished thus :—
Hylobius abietis. Pissodes pint.
Femur of all six legs with a No tooth on femur.
tooth.
Antennz inserted on the rost- Antenne inserted about the
rum near its apex. middle of the rostrum,
Darker in colour.
As an aid to the forester in determining the work of the
Pissodes (for he will have to do with the damage perhaps oftener
than with the real insect), the following may be noted as char-
acteristics :—
(a) The Larval Tunnels arise from a common centie.—There
is just the chance of confusing the eating with that of the
Scolytide, but in the case of the Pzssodes no mother-tunnel is
found, only larval ones.
Sometimes the eggs are laid singly. This occurs with pini-
philus, and, as a great rarity, with harcyniae.
The resulting single tunnels are very difficult to determine, but
if they are very long, one can pretty safely diagnose them as the
work of a Pissodes.
(b) The tunnels are long, a considerable distance intervening
between the place of egg-laying and the pupa-bed.
If the tunnels, for some reason or other, instead of winding on,
form a sort of interlacing network confined to one place, then
the work may be confused with the larval borings of some of the
long-horned beetles. Several times I have found Péssodes larvee
and the larve of long-horned beetles working side by side, In
30 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
May 1894, in Bavaria, when examining an old felled silver fir, I
found hundreds of the larvee of P. piceae, and among them many
larvee of a species of /thagiwm, a longicorn beetle ; and it is just
possible that in such a case the latter larvee may be useful by
destroying the Pissodes galleries.
(c) The beds of the pup, with their coverings of sawdust and
chips. The pupa of /Hylobius abzetis also lies in such a bed, but
only in stumps or roots.
(d) Typical host-plants—
P. notatus on Pinus (various species).
P. pint on Pinus, seldom on spruce (Picea eacelsa).
P. piniphilus on Pinus.
P. piceae on silver fir (Abies pectinata).
P. harcyniae on spruce (Picea eacelsa).
P. scabricollis on spruce (Picea excelsa).
P. validirostris in pine cones.
Pissodes notatus, the Small Brown or White Spotted
Weevil.
Description.—This red-brown beetle measures, excluding the
proboscis, from less than } inch to a shade over 4 inch. The
posterior angles of the wrinkled prothorax project sharply, and
its hinder edges show two sinuous excavations. Both the upper
and under surfaces of the beetle are powdered with white scales.
On the upper surface of the prothorax stand four well-marked
white points and a fifth on the scutellum. The elytra have two
transverse bands of scales, one in front and one behind their
middle. The front one, which is non-continuous at the suture,!
is yellowish on either side externally, whitish internally. The
hinder band has almost the same coloration, It is broader
externally than internally, and is continuous right across the
wing-covers.
The larva is a fleshy somewhat wrinkled, curled, legless
grub, with a brown scaly head and strong gnawing jaws. The
only difference between larve of the Pissodes species is one of
size. Away from their food-plants, they practically cannot be
differentiated.
1 Suture—the line down the back of the insect formed by the meeting of
the elytra.
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. 31
Distribution.—Common in Germany and France, notatus is
said to be rare in Britain, but I feel sure it is far more plentiful
than is suspected.
In the Scottish Naturalist for 1871-72 it is described as having
“‘ become common in Scotland within the last six or seven years.”
Fowler gives the following localities:—Chat Moss (between
Liverpool and Manchester), Sunderland (introduced in ships).
In Scotland, the Dee and Moray districts.
The question is sometimes asked about nofatus, has it been
introduced from the Continent? Examples of introduction and
spread of insects from other countries in driftwood, timber
cargoes, etc., are not uncommon, and no doubt our native notatus
is sometimes reinforced by arrivals from the Continent.!
Life-History.—P. notatus is injurious, both in the imago state
and as larva, but chiefly as the latter. The mature weevil in its
feeding pierces the bark with its proboscis, making a number of
tiny holes. Some of the young pines (four to six years old)
which I have used in my breeding experiments with the beetle
have been completely riddled from top to bottom by the feeding
weevils, just as if a person had taken a needle and pierced all
over with it the stem and branches.
The larva tunnels in the bark, and between the bark and wood,
and sometimes does immense harm in pine nurseries, especially if
the attacked plants are growing on poor soil.
The favourite breeding-places are young pines from four to
eight years of age, but sickly “poles” are also frequented. In
the world of timber-infesting beetles we meet with varied
demands as regards quality of food. Some are dainty feeders,
asking for better quality of material, some are easier to satisfy,
while some, as regards quality, are not at all particular, e.g.—
Lostrychus typographus, the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, is
dainty ; Hylesinus piniperda will practically put up with any-
thing; but P. notatus, while preferring weakly material, asks for
a certain quality.
For breeding in, the small brown weevil chooses plants of the
genus Pinus. Pinus sylvestris is the commonest host-plant, but
there are records of attack on Weymouth pine, black pine,
maritime pine. Spruce and larch have been known to be infested,
but such instances are rare and exceptional.
1 See a most interesting note by Mr Mitchell in Trans. Roy. Scot. Arbor.
Soc., 1895, on ‘‘ Driftwood and Insect Attacks.”
32 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The female notatus after copulation bores a hole in the bark
for the reception of her eggs by means of her mandibles situated
at the end of the rostrum. The eggs are first laid, and then,
taken up in the mouth, are introduced by means of the proboscis,
Several eggs are laid in each bored place. If pine in the pole
stage be chosen, then, owing to the sufficiency of room at the
disposal of the larve, the tunnels show a star-like pattern.
Most commonly, however, as young plants are chosen for egg-
laying, the larvee on hatching out tunnel upwards and downwards,
and indeed it may only be downwards, as the female notatus is
very fond of laying her eggs immediately below a whorl of
branches, and there is thus a kind of natural barrier to the up
ward direction of the tunnelling. The tunnels wind in the bark
and towards the outer layers of the wood, a trail of brown bore-
dust remaining behind to map out the path of the larva. Arrived
at the wood, the grown larva gnaws out a hole in the outer layers,
and in this hollowed-out bed protected by a cover of sawdust
and chips the pupation stage is passed. If one remove the chip
cover ere the flight-time of the beetles, the pupa can be seen
lying with the rostrum arranged along the under surface of
the thorax. When the beetles are ready to escape, they bore
a circular hole through cover and bark. On emergence they
are light coloured, but they soon darken into their normal
coloration.
The weevils are somewhat sluggish, and rather timid. In
collecting them, when touched, they would drop to the ground,
and lie on their backs for a considerable time without movement,
as if dead. This is not the place to enter into the interesting
psychological questions that underlie the dropping to the ground,
and the death-feigning characteristic of so many insects, suffice
it to say that notatws falls on being touched, not from any lack
of power to grip, for if the weevils be made to crawl over the
hand or fingers, one is conscious of their ability to hold on.
Incidentally, I might remark here how perfectly the beetles are
adapted in coloration to their surroundings, it being a very
difficult matter to pick them out on a young pine if they
are motionless.
The Generation of P. notatus.—Regarding the flight-times
and the generation of our pest, there has been no little contro-
versy; and as the question of the generation of a timber-infesting
insect, from its close relation to extermination measures, and
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. oo
when these should be proceeded with, is practically a very
important one, I purpose to deal with it here in detail.
The information we possess as to the generation of P. notatus
we owe to Continental observers, and in the records which I will
give it must be held in mind that in our climate these may be
subject to variations. I understand that Professor Somerville has
been making a series of observations on the generation of P. notatus
in Britain. It goes without saying that these will be thorough,
and one looks forward with interest and pleasure to the publica-
tion of the details. Personally, I am engaged in some breeding
experiments with notatus. These will not be completed for some
time, but I will just say here what, so far as I know, has not yet
been suspected, that possibly some of the difficulties may find
their solution on the same lines as in the case of Hylobius abietis,
and that notatws may have to be added to the not very large list
of insects which possess the power of recopulation and repeated
egg-laying.
The various statements as to the generation of the small brown
weevil may be brought together thus :-—
First, the generation is normally a double one—ze¢., there
are two broods produced in the year.
Second, the generation is an annual or single one—7.e., one
brood in a year.
Third, there are, or may be, three broods produced in a space
of two years.
First, the generation is a double one. Henschel champions
this view, which needs for its fulfilment a very early appearance
of the mature weevils in spring time, as early as March. From
eggs laid then larvee would be hatched, and after pupation a
brood of beetles would appear in midsummer. These, in turn,
would copulate and lay eggs, the beetles appearing to complete
the cycle the same autumn, The autumn-appearing beetles would
hibernate as such, starting to breed in the next March. My
comment on this is that, while not impossible, for example, in
exceptionally favourable weather conditions, it is little likely to
be the normal condition. At any rate, one desires a little more
evidence.
Second, the generation is single or annual. The great mass
of evidence is in favour of this. There is some difference of
opinion, however, as to the details, one set of authorities
considering that the winter is passed in the imago stage,
VOL, XV. PART I. c
34 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the other writers standing out for hibernation in the larval
stage.
Those who believe that the mature beetles hibernate, look upon
swarming as taking place in May and June, the larval stage in
June and July, pupation in August, with the beetles appearing
in September, to pass the winter assuch. Graphically, according
to Nitsche’s calendar, this might be represented thus :—
| | |
ee Feb. | Mar. |April, May. June. |July.| Aug. Sept. | Oct. | Nov.| Dec.
1895 B |BBB|BLL|LL| PP} BB| B| B| B
ie EE | | | Hib erna|ting
Feedjing |
18964. Bel Bal B. |B. Bea. B eae at |
ee eee E |
Hib]erna/ting | |
Note.—B=beetles; E=eg¢; L=larva; P=pupa.
That this calendar represents what is often the case there is
little doubt. Altum and Nitsche both quote instances in proof
of it; while Pauly experimentally has proved that three anda
half to four months is an average time for development from egg
to beetle in fair weather conditions. That the mature beetles
often pass the winter as such is beyond question. They winter
in crevices in the bark, in the litter covering the soil, even in the
soil itself. In my experiments I was witness to their hibernation
in moss which I had supplied to them for the purpose.
At the same time the evidence of trustworthy observers forces
us to admit that sometimes hibernation takes place in the larval
stage. Perris, working in South France, declares that hiberna-
tion is always in the larval state. According to him, the beetles
start breeding at the end of June, July, and August; that the
larve hatch in September, continue as such till the following
April, when they pupate, the beetles appearing at the end of May
and in June. We have seen that hibernation in the larval con-
dition is not always the case; but yet it has been noticed by
Ratzeburg, Perris, and others.
The truth is that the last two views under discussion, viz., the
hibernation as beetle and the hibernation as larva, are not neces-
sarily mutually exclusive. Both may be true. A common
meeting ground for the holders of these two views is afforded by
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY, 35
the additional admission of our third proposition, viz., the pos-
sibility of three broods in the space of two years. Most believers
in a one-year generation would, I think, be prepared to assent to
this possibility. The females, it would appear, take a long time
over their egg-laying. One can imagine that in very favourable
weather conditions the first eggs might be laid early enough to
allow of all the stages being passed through, so that beetles
might emerge in time for copulation and egg-laying in the same
season. The larve from the eggs of these early beetles would, of
course, be overtaken by the winter, and when they did arrive at
the beetle stage in the following year, the next generation from
their eggs would emerge to hibernate as mature beetles.
Means of Prevention and Extermination.—It is pleasant to
know that, troublesome as our pest often is, vigorous and timely
measures are certain to prevail against it. The great principle is
the rooting out of all weak trees.
As guides denoting attack may be mentioned the bead-like
drops of resin that issue from the wounded bark, the drooping of
the plants, and a reddening of the needles, Infested plants
should, before the escape of the weevils, be uprooted and burned.
In districts on the Continent which have at different times
suffered from fire, it was noticed that notatus was attracted to
the singed and weakened pines, hence the recommendation that,
in the case of an onset, here and there in the nursery or planta-
tion plants should be artificially weakened. These weakened
plants, taken possession of by the beetles for breeding purposes,
will later on be dug out and destroyed. Some help is given from
parasites. More than once J have found noéatus larve attacked
by ichneumons.
Pissodes pini, the Larger Brown Pine Weevil.
Description.—This pest measures 2 inch, and is red-brown to
brown-black in colour, with sparse yellow scales on both upper
and lower surfaces. The punctured thorax has a fine raised
middle line. Its posterior corners are right-angled, and the hind
edges show scarcely any sinuosity. In front of the elytra two
yellow spots on each side. Below the middle of the elytra a
small continuous transverse band, composed of yellow scales
compacted together. There are rows of long deep pits down the
wing-covers.
386 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Distribution.—Fowler gives Northumberland, the Forth, Tay,
Dee, and Moray districts.
Life-History.—The larger brown weevil lays her eggs on old
stems of the genus Pinus, Scots pine and the Weymouth pine
figuring most largely in notices of attack. The thinner parts of
the tree are not neglected by the females; indeed Altum, generalis-
ing from his experience with pint and other Pissodes, proclaims
that in the first instance it is the upper thinner parts, and later
in the progress of the attack that the lower thicker parts are
infested. Spruce is sometimes used for egg-laying.
A varying number of eggs are laid in a hole bored by the
female in the bark. The larve start from their common hatching-
place and bore out in all directions, the tunnels, however,
running chiefly in the long axis of the stem. In one case Altum
counted no fewer than thirty of these tunnels springing from one
point. The tunnels are long (I have found specimens up to a
foot in length) and winding, and they often cut one another.
The pupa-beds, with their characteristic covering of chips, are
always at least partly in the outermost layers, and sometimes, as,
for example, where thin material has been attacked, altogether in
the wood. We have no experimental information as to the
generation of pini, but Nitsche suggests the following calendar
for middle Europe, the generation being an annual one :—
Jan. | Feb. | Mar.|April| May. | June.) July. | Aug. | Sept. | Oct. | Nov. Dec.
1895 BB |BB |LLL| LLL} LLL) LL LL
F\eedin |g Hiber|nating
1896 | LL LL | LL| LL| PPP| PBB
Hiber|nating} Fee|ding
The mature beetles do some harm by piercing a number of
holes in the bark. Such harm has also been noticed on twigs
of larch, and to the tufts of needles.
Extermination Measwres.—I can speak from observation of the
great service against this pest of catch trees. So many trees are
marked out and felled as brood material, and these are barked
at the proper time. The bark containing the broods of larve ig
burned,
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. a0
Pissodes piniphilus, the Pine-Pole Weevil.
Description.—The pine-pole weevil measures less than a quarter
of an inch in size, and ia colour is rusty brown, powdered all over
with whitish scales. The posterior corners of the prothorax are
rounded, being more round than in any of the other Pissodes
species. Scutellum whitish. In place of the ordinary transverse
band behind the middle of the elytra, there are two large rusty
yellow spots, one on each side, between the suture and the outside
edge. These spots are very characteristic, and, along with the
absence of the band at the front of the elytra, are of great service
in determination.
Distribution.—This bettle, widely spread over Europe from
France in the south to Sweden in the north, is said by Fowler
to be rare in Britain. Mention is made of it as found at Sunder-
land in imported timber, whence doubtless it has or will spread.
Life-History.—This troublesome and sometimes very harmful
pest attacks, as its name indicates, chiefly pine forest in the
pole stage. While trees from twenty to forty years old are the
favourite breeding-places, yet piniphilus is not uncommon on old
pines, its tunnels being found, not in the thick-barked underparts,
but in the thin-barked upper parts of the branches of the crown.
While tunnels of a star-shaped pattern are not unknown, the
female pine-pole weevil seems most usually to lay her eggs singly
in the small needle-like prickings made by her rostrum. On
peeling off the bark from an attacked stem, the larval tunnel is
easily traced by the brown-black bore dust which fills it. The
tunnels measure from 4 to 6 inches in length, but, as each tunnel
winds in and traverses the bast at different levels, one is apt to
think, from the comparatively small part presented at any one
level, that the tunnels are much shorter. The pupal cradles
gnawed in the wood by the grown larve are small, in keeping
with the small-sized weevil, and the covering consists of very
fine particles. Whilst weakly trees are preferred, piniphilus also
besets healthy trees, which may soon succumb to this quickly-
spreading pest. As piniphilus makes its onset on a tree high
up, and not on lower, more easily seen and examined parts, the
determination of attack is rendered difficult.
There is this, however, in favour of the forester, that pinephilus
does not pass through its round of life rapidly, but that, as it
takes two years from the tiie of egg-laying till the beetles are
38 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
mature and ready to escape, time is given for observation and
procedure against it.
I must say that this two-yearly generation of the pine-pole
weevil, when its small size is remembered, has often seemed to me
hard to believe; and yet I am forced to admit that, so far, all the
evidence forthcoming points to its correctness. At present I am
engaged in some experiments with a view to determining beyond
doubt the generation of piniphilus. On the Continent the weevils
issue in June and the beginning of July, the eggs are laid in July,
and the larvee live as such for over twenty months. Nitsche’s
calendar is as follows :—
ted nating |
| Jan. | Feb. | Mar. | apt, | May. ae sept, ont Nov. | Dee.
Mei. kay |. ARB ot de) 0) el
| | | ‘ | Feledin 'g | Hiber nating’
1395 are TRRGCRERCMEMCMO Gal: )
_Hiber Hiber, nating iss Ane rac, ne Hiber nating
1896 | L Eide) | LEP!) PR,|BB'|w lw onlthiakianl
|
iE het
Feed- | kK | |
=| ing
Prevention and Remedy.—Sickly poles with the needles of the
crown discoloured should be felled about the spring of the second
year’s attack, i.e., before the flight-time of the mature beetles.
The felled poles should be barked, and the bark burned. Any
pupa-beds in the alburnum must also be destroyed. Altum
insists on the necessity of destroying the tops of the felled trees,
as these tops are often left lying, and are used by piniphilus as
breeding-places.
From some specimens of a twenty-year-old pine cut in the
forest as attacked by the pine-pole weevil, I secured many
examples of a parasitic ichneumon.
Pissodes harcyniae, the Harz Weevil.
The Harz weevil measures from } inch to a little more in size.
It is thin and black, and sparsely sprinkled over with white
scales. Posterior corners of prothorax rounded, its upper surface
scaled with white. Scutellum also whitish. Two interrupted
transverse bands, one before and one behind the middle of the
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. 39
elytra, yellowish-white. The elytra have rows of deep similarly-
sized punctures, and the longitudinal lines alternating with the
rows of pits are somewhat raised.
Life-History.—The Harz weevil, not a native of Britain,
receives its name from the region where it is so plentiful and
sometimes so havoc-working, as it also is to the spruce on the hill
slopes of the Erzgebirge and the Riesengebirge.
Although the mature weevils may do some harm to bark and
needles by pricking, it is the larva chiefly which is the pest. The
females choose for egg-laying only spruce, and of an age varying
from fifty up to one hundred years. The upper, thinner, smooth-
barked parts of the tree are first used for egg-laying, the under
thicker parts later. In each place bored by the female a small
number of eggs is laid. The star-shaped pattern of tunnelling is
well marked. As with the others, a bed is gnawed in the outer
wood layers. Sound trees as well as sickly are attacked. In
districts in Saxony where the smoke from factory chimneys had
weakened spruce grown in the neighbourhood, the weakened trees
were attacked by harcyniae, and soon succumbed. Indeed, in
several such situations the growing of spruce has had to be dis-
continued and leaf trees grown instead.
The Harz weevil is also a pest, because it usually brings in its
train several other injurious bark beetles. Such following beetles
soon compass the death of a tree previously weakened by the
onset of harcyniae.
Generation.—There is very little certainty as to the generation
of the Harz weevil. Some consider the generation as annual,
corresponding to pint, but the majority of forest entomologists
hold by a two-yearly generation, that between two egg-laying
periods twenty-four months elapse.
Preventive and Remedial Measures,—Careful and repeated
revision of the areas planted with spruce, so that all weakly and
suppressed stems may be felled and removed. ‘The weevil will
thus be deprived of favourite breeding-places, while the sound
trees left behind are better fitted to resist attack. The attacked
trees are marked, felled at the proper time, and the bark burned
along with the inhabiting larvee.
The helps in diagnosing attack correspond for the most part
with those appearances discussed earlier in the paper.
(a) As in notatus and the others, an exudation of resin results
from the wounds made by the rostrum of the attacking beetles.
40 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
From some recent observations on the Harz weevil, it seems that
one cannot always be certain, from the presence of large resin
outflow, that larvee will be found on examination of the bark, for
the outflow of resin may have been such as to stifle any hatched
out larve. This, I think, is most probable, and likely to happen
not infrequently with the Harz weevil, as it attacks sound trees.
Miss Oriwerod, in her ‘‘ Manual of Injurious Insects,” adduces
examples of the grubs of the Elm Bark Beetle being drowned out
by excessive flow of sap following the wounding of the tree; and
I myself have been witness to an attack on a seventy-year-old
spruce on the part of the adult beetle Hylesinus micans (not a
British species), an attack which was quite beaten off owing to
the great outflow of resin following the woundings of the beetles.
(6) The smooth bark where the eggs have been laid will be
found to be ridged up somewhat over the larval tunnels.
(c) Discoloration of the needies.
Catch trees have proved successful with harcyniae as with
pini. Jchneumons here, too, are serviceable. In one of the
specimens which I have prepared to illustrate this paper, the
cocoons of an ichneumon are seen, eloquent witnesses of a great
tragedy. In the pupa-beds, dug so laboriously by the parasitised
harcyniae larvee, no harcyniae pupe are to be found, but in their
places useful ichneumons, descendants of the one,
‘* Who for her embryon young
Gored with sharp horn the caterpillar throng.
The voracious ichneumon maggots had accomplished their work
so thoroughly, that of the harcyniae larve nought remained
behind but their indigestible horny jaws and an empty skin or
two.
Pissodes piceae, the Large Silver Fir Weevil.
This beetle measures up to 2 inch in size, and is dark brown in
colour. Wrinkled prothorax, with posterior corners projecting
somewhat, and its hinder edges somewhat sinuous, Several
white dots occur on the surface of the prothorax, which is
traversed by « median longitudinal slightly raised line,
Scutellum whitish. The whole upper surface of the beetle is
covered with brownish-yellow scales. Below the middle of the
wing-covers is a yellowish band, broader externally, and inter-
rupted at the suture. The hollow pits arranged in longitudinal
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. 4]
rows down the elytra differ in size, some being distinctly larger.
Not a native of Britain.
Pissodes piceae is found exclusively on silver fir. Its damage
is done on old grown timber, and it never appears as a nursery
or plantation pest. For egg-laying, sickly growing stems, freshly
felled stems, blown down trees, stacked timber, are all made use
of. Eggs may be laid in the thick bark of the under stem parts,
several together. The wide coarse larval tunnels end in the
usual pupa-bed, covered with very coarse chips.
The end of June and July, in middle Europe, seems to be the
flight-time for the beetles.
From specimens of bark containing grown larve and pupe,
collected by me in the middle of May, I have bred out the beetles
by the end of July. The generation is said to be an annual one.
In absence of what we found to be a guide suggesting attack
with the other /Pissodes species, viz., needle-discoloration, the
German forester suspects piceae attack when woodpeckers are
found busy in their visits to the silver fir. ‘The woodpeckers
come for the enclosed larvee.
Pissodes scabricollis.
This is the smallest of the Pissodes species, measuring without
its rostrum sometimes less than } inch. It is brownish-black,
posterior corners of prothorax rounded. Upper surface of pro-
thorax has a raised middle line not quite reaching the base. On
each side of this middle line is a white dot, while round the edge
are yellowish-white scales. Scutellum white. On the elytra we
find a yellow spot on each side in front of their middle, and
behind their middle a broad, somewhat interrupted, yellowish-
white band. Pauly, who has more than once found it wrongly
named in collections, insists on the following as characteristics :—
Smallness, blackness, and the broad, white, and yellow band
behind the middle of the elytra.
P. scabricollis is a form regarding whose life-history and work
much remains to be investigated. The beetle has been taken in
large numbers, but up till now its larve and pup are not
certainly known in a state of nature. Dr Pauly, of Munich, by
keeping a number of these weevils in captivity, and supplying
them with spruce, has succeeded in breeding the beetles, obtain-
ing all the stages from the egg onwards. It will be remembered
42 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
that harcyniae also breeds in spruce, and in an endeavour to dis-
tinguish the two in their work I will give Pauly’s measurements :—
harcyniae. scabricollis.
Average length of the PieieeE ye) ‘
covering of chips over the pupa- “ 11 -183 mm. 11 -13 mm.
bed,
Average breadth of same, . 44-6 mm. 4 - 45 mm.
Average length of hole gnawed in _
— : 4— 9% .
splint for bed, i 8 -10 mm 63- 95 mm
Average breadth of same, . ; 25- 3; mm. 2 — 24 mm.
Length of full-grown larve, A 93-11 mm. iz— 9) mim:
Larval tunnels, ae ic
It is discouraging to find how little possible it is to distinguish
their work, always, of course, in the absence of the beetles. Last
summer I thought I had made a lucky find, as I procured at
Kirchseon in Bavaria some spruce bark with larve and pupa-beds
and pup. The beds were smaller than I had ever seen for
harcyniae. I waited impatiently for my beetles to emerge, and
when they did they proved to be only a small harcyniae.
Tar-Rings or Sticky Bands as a Possible Aid in Extermination
of the Pissodes.—During the great devastation in the spruce
forests of Bavaria in 1890-91, when the ravages of the caterpillars
of the Nun Moth (Liparis monacha) cost the Bavarian Govern-
ment £100,000, as a means to prevent the caterpillars from
ascending the trees, a ring of tar (of a special preparation) was
placed round each tree in the forest. Vast numbers of insects
other than the one against which the rings had been primarily
directed were met with under the rings. In the spring of 1891
Pauly noticed, among other insects, numbers of Pissodes, chiefly
P. scabricollis and P. harcyniae. In one district alone, that of
Sauerlach, it was estimated that over 1,000,000 Prssodes were
collected from under the rings, where they had stationed them-
selves, with their proboscis buried deep into the bark, feeding and
perhaps egg-laying.
Again, in the forest of Nuremberg, where thousands of pines
had had a tar-ring put round them to prevent the ascent of the
caterpillars of the Pine Moth (Gastropacha pint), many piniphilus
were got in the spring time. In view of these facts, then, such
ringing may prove of great value as a proceeding against an onset
of Pissodes.
THE GENUS PISSODES AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN FORESTRY. 43
Pissodes validirostris.
This brown or red-brown weevil is very like notatus. The
posterior corners of its prothorax are right angled, and the hinder
edges slightly sinuous. Scutellum white, while white scales are
dotted not very thickly over the beetle. Elytra with two trans-
verse bands. The front one yellowish and interrupted at the
suture. The hind one is somewhat irregular and yellowish exter-
nally, whitish internally. Rows of very fine dots along the elytra.
P. validirostris I have only seen as a museum specimen, and
only include it here for the sake of completeness. Some hold
there is no difference between it and notatus. The larve is found
in pine cones.
In concluding this communication on the Pissodes, 1 wish to
acknowledge my indebtedness to the works of Nitsche and Altum,
and also to my old teacher, Professor Pauly, of Munich, who
placed so many facilities in my way for studying the Pssodes.
44 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
V. Is British Forestry Progressive?! By Artuur C. ForBEs,
Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire.
The not inconsiderable amount of attention paid to forestry by
certain sections of the public during the last few years, and the
various opinions which have been expressed in connection there-
with, must be my only excuse for bringing the subject of this
paper before the members of this Society. Since the Forestry
Exhibition of 1884 many events have taken place which have had,
or ought to have had, an important effect upon the condition of
forestry in this country. I need not take up time by enumerating
these events, as no doubt they are familiar to all present, but I
may remind you that the only tangible and permanent effect of
them hitherto has been the inauguration of instruction in scientific
forestry. Since Professor Somerville delivered the first course of
lectures in Edinburgh University, the subject has been and is
being taught in other centres, and is gradually being recognised
by various examining boards and educational institutions as one
worthy of encouragement. [Farther reaching in its effects,
perhaps, than even this instruction, has been the publication, in
the English language, of several well-known standard German
works on forestry, the appearance of a Manual of Forestry from
Cooper’s Hill, and new editions of old works on British Forestry,
all of which have brought a knowledge of the subject within
reach of all classes,
With all these aids to advancement, it might reasonably be
expected that British forestry would show some signs of
awakening from its torpid condition, and although sufficient time
has not yet elapsed to permit of any great improvement in the
actual condition of British woods, yet some signs of activity
ought to be observable. The landowner, for instance, should be
fully alive to the advantage of having his woods properly
managed ; while the practical forester, on his side, should be well
up in the most approved methods of planting and rearing crops
of timber, and the general management of a woodland area. No
doubt, if things were as they appear to be at first sight, such would
have been the case by this time, and British forestry would now
be seen slowly but surely emerging from its old state, and taking
its proper place in the rural economy of the United Kingdom.
' Read at a General Meeting held on 3rd August 1896.
IS BRITISH FORESTRY PROGRESSIVE 4 45
But unfortunately for the realisation of such expectations,
many factors operate upon British forestry which cannot be
allowed for in any abstract reasoning or theorising upon the
subject. In the first place, British woods have no distinct
individuality. They are not represented by so many thousands
of acres devoted to the production of timber, but are part and
parcel of so many separate estates, of which they form by no
means the most important part. They possess a relative rather
than an absolute value, and the purpose they serve in estate
economy is merely a subordinate one. In the second place, they
are in the hands of private owners, and their condition and treat-
ment are determined, not by the merits of a particular sylvicultural
system, but by the individual tastes, interests, and objects of their
respective owners. To clearly understand the effect of these
several existing conditions, one must have filled the position of
forester on a private estate, as no outsider, howevg intimate his
acquaintance with the subject of forestry in general, can have
anything but a faint idea of the numerous influences which are
continually at work upon an estate.
It may be possible, however, to give a faint idea of what I
mean by glancing at the influence an estate owner exercises on
his woods in his threefold capacity of individual, property or land-
owner, and the head of a noble family. As an individual, his
inclinations may run in the direction of sport, arboriculture, or
landscape effect, and according as one or other of these inclina-
tions preponderates, so will he wish his woods treated. As a
landowner, the return he derives from his property is what chiefly
concerns him; and a present rent of two or three shillings per
acre is of more value to him personally than a prospective one of
three or four times that amount in sixty.or eighty years time.
As the head of the house, tradition and sentiment enter largely
into his actions, and any wide departure from the course adopted
by his predecessors is not readily taken. The proprietor of a fine
old family estate has a natural repugnance to treat his woods ag
a financial concern, and to consider them as so many cubic feet
of timber to be disposed of at a certain period in their growth.
They have been before his eyes as long as his memory can go
back, and it is only natural that he should wish to hand them
over to his successors with their most distinctive features still
unimpaired,
The above are only a few of the numerous obstacles to the
46 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
introduction of economic forestry on private estates. Another,
and probably the one most readily recognised, is the financial
side of the question. It is very rarely that a proprietor derives
any pecuniary benefit from tree-planting during his own lifetime.
If he is a natural forester—like so many Scottish landowners—
it must always be to him a source of gratification to see young
woods clothing what was once a bare hill-side or a bleak moor ;
but it is only wealthy estate owners who are able to indulge in
this form of recreation. When we consider what has been done
on many Scottish estates during the last two centuries in the way
of tree-planting, we might be tempted to be equally hopeful as
regards the future; but we must remember that the financial
condition and prosperity of landed estates are by no means so
good as they once were. For a millionaire or capitalist with a
taste for estate improvement, the afforestation of land is a healthy
and highly cammendable means of employing spare capital. Such
gentlemen might well follow the example of Mr Vanderbilt, who,
upon his estate of Biltmore, in Carolina, has laid the foundation
of a scientifically organised forest on the Continental principle, a
feat which the Government of the United States, as well as other
Governments, appear unable to accomplish as yet. But go to an
average landed proprietor, whose broad acres include a good many
barren ones, and explain, as forcibly as you can, the economic,
philanthropic, hygienic, and esthetic importance of planting
waste land, and wait for results, If the waste land in question
is adapted for conversion into a game-preserve, planting of a kind
(but not your ideal) may be indulged in to a slight extent; but
you need not look for extensive forest-planting where farms are
lying derelict, buildings are out of repair, and rents are little
more than nominal. Any money invested in planting by a
private estate owner is money for which he has no immediate
need, and on which he expects no interest during the next
twenty-five years. Such investments are not characterised by a
close observance of those economic principles which guide the
ordinary investor, and are regarded more as additions to the
amenity of an estate than as interest-bearing speculations. Con-
sequently such plantations are more frequently used for the
preservation of game, and the supply of material for estate
purposes, than regarded as timber-producing crops.
But I may be reminded that the prospects of future planting
do not comprise the whole question of British forestry, and that
IS BRITISH FORESTRY PROGRESSIVE ? 47
there exist some two to three millions of acres of woods and
plantations in Great Britain, the improvement of which deserves
attention. Unfortunately for the discussion of this subject, the
returns published by the Board of Agriculture do not show the
purpose for which British woods are maintained, and no dis-
tinction is made between game-preserves, ornamental woodland,
and plantations ostensibly formed and tended for the production
of timber. Indeed, the distinction between these three classes is
probably so obscured by the points of view of individual pro-
prietors, that, as regards the majority of them, it would be
extremely difficult to decide under which heading they should be
placed, although they are usually utilised for all three purposes.
Many woods again owe their designation to the fact that a few old
or stunted trees still remain scattered over the ground, the actual
quantity of timber present being very small. Consequently a
return of the nominal woodland area of Great Britain affords
little indication of the extent of bond-fide plantations of timber
trees. Generally speaking, however, while English woods are
chiefly used and maintained as game-cover, plantations in Scot-
land have been formed with a partial view to timber production,
and are considered as of some economic importance. But here
again there is a difficulty in discriminating between those which
are managed with a definite view to profit, and those which are
valued quite as much for the shelter they afford and the effect
they produce on the landscape as for their timber-yielding
capabilities. By far the larger proportion comes into the latter
category. I believe that forestry pure and simple has but a
very limited existence in British woods, Planting, thinning, and
felling may go on with comparative regularity, and some system,
more or less complete, may be apparent in the management of
most estate woodlands; but the general idea which permeates the
whole management of a state forest—namely, that of keeping the
growing stock of the forest in as nearly as possible a normal or
well defined ideal condition—is lacking in this country. No
provision is made for maintaining a continuous and uniform
yield, and where we find one estate on which the annual fall of
timber over a series of years represents a comparatively constant
sum, there are ninety-nine on which that sum fluctuates between
wide limits. It is probably owing to this absence of uniformity
that proprietors take so little interest in the financial aspect of
their woods. They are more apt to regard the revenue they
48 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
derive from them as a reduction of capital than as interest upon
it, and forget Mr Gladstone’s somewhat ambiguous axiom, that
“the best way to preserve timber is to cut it down.”
It is probably to this indifference on the part of the owner
that the existing condition of British forestry is due. The most
enthusiastic reformer may expatiate without success on the
deplorable condition of a proprietor’s woods, and the enormous
advantages of economic forestry, and its influence upon our
industrial welfare. The proprietor listens, thanks him for the
information, believes he is quite right, and before parting asks
his advice regarding the planting of a bit of game-cover, or the
preservation of an old tree—Stc itur ad astra. Old customs and
ideas die hard, and the promotion of forestry in this country not
only involves the teaching of new systems but the abolition or
modification of old and deeply-rooted prejudices. This is the
task which this Society presumably set itself at the outset, and
we are justified in inquiring—“ With what result has British—
or if you like—Scottish forestry shown any improvement of late
on that of fifteen or twenty years ago? Are proprietors taking
a greater interest in tree-planting, and the production of first-
class timber? Are they more eager than of old to get the best
advice on the management of their woods!” These are questions
of vital importance to British forestry, which is entirely in the
hands of private estate proprietors. What is the all-absorbing
topic in rural life in this country but agricultural depression,
and what is its effect upon landed estates? So far as can be seen
at present, the general tendency is in the direction of a reduction
all round in acreage, in working expenses, and in outlay of
capital, and all this is hardly conducive to the advancement of
scientific forestry on private estates, which demands, if not a
greatly increased expenditure, at least a certain sacrifice of the
pecuniary interests of the present to those of the future. One of
the first indications of an embarrassed estate is generally an
excessive felling of timber, which is seldom followed by com-
mensurate planting operations, and when this is the case woods
soon fall into a neglected state. It is only on large estates, again,
where the acreage of woodlands is proportionately large, that an
efficient staff of workmen can be maintained for the various
operations necessary to keep the condition of woods up to a
proper standard. On a small estate the woods are attended to
when time and opportunity permit, and this often means that
IS BRITISH FORESTRY PROGRESSIVE 2 49
next to nothing is done to them. Theoretically, there is no reason
why the woods on a small estate should not be as well cared for as
those on large properties. Facts and experience prove, however,
that the smaller the acreage the more likely are they to be neglected,
or simply treated as game-cover or ornamental woodland.
With these facts before us, it cannot be said that the prospects
of British estate forestry are particularly promising. We have
had several remedies suggested of late, it is true, but none of
them is, in my opinion, of great efficacy. The most likely are,
perhaps, ‘education for the forester,” and ‘pecuniary loans to
the planter.” It is a fondly cherished idea in some quarters that
proprietors have hitherto been retarded in their efforts to improve
their woods, and to inaugurate a better system of forestry, by
the inefficiency of their foresters. The latter are said to be
thoroughly practical, but lacking in scientific knowledge, and
owners are accordingly handicapped in their efforts to improve
their woods by the want of better trained men. This is a
beautiful theory, but one which unfortunately vanishes when
it comes to be analysed. That mistakes have been made in the
past I am quite ready to admit, but it is hardly fair to put the
whole responsibility for them upon the forester. How often are
thousands of young trees destroyed in a few weeks by ground-
game? How often is the forester obliged to cut into immature
woods in order to satisfy estate requirements? And last, but not
least, how often are his own ideas and wishes overruled by the
powers that be in the matter of planting, thinning, and felling.
Perhaps in all the operations of practical forestry over-thinning
has been the great blot which has disfigured British forestry in
the past. But the day has scarcely disappeared when a forester
who thinned a Scots pine or spruce wood on what are now
generally admitted to be correct principles, was regarded as
totally incompetent, and as having ruined the plantation.
After all, however, from whom comes this complaint of a lack
of properly trained foresters? In all the correspondence and
discussions which have appeared in print or taken place on the
subject of forestry education, the names of really representative
woodland proprietors or their representatives are rarely seen.
Scientists, economists, nurserymen, gardeners, and foresters them-
selves have all raised their voices in support of the various schemes
that have been suggested, but the party for whose benefit this
praiseworthy movement has been set on foot, whose income from
VOL, XV. PART I. D
50 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
his woods is to be so greatly increased by it, and who is expected
to welcome the “‘new” forester with open arms—where is he?
How is it that in a House of Commons, the majority of which
consists of landowners, any debates on the question of a school of
forestry, or the recommendations of the select committee, have
been dismissed in a few words, and with apparent indifference 4
If anything like unanimity prevailed on this point, surely land-
owners as a body would have both the will and the power to
carry through such a comparatively small undertaking. Only
within the last few weeks, while the Agricultural Land Rating
Bill was passing through committee, woodlands were excluded
from the provisions of the Act with but one dissentient voice.
This does not look as if proprietors were so very anxious regard-
ing their woods after all, although there are doubtless exceptions
to this state of indifference. yeryone who read or heard the
eminently practical address of the esteemed President of the
Society, Mr Munro Ferguson of Novar, which was delivered at
last year’s annual meeting, must feel that in him we have a
friend and powerful ally in the cause of scientific forestry. But
even that gentleman, in spite of the brilliant example he sets to
his brother landowners, appears to have little faith in the advance
of estate forestry nowadays.
The best means we have of testing the truth of these assertions
is by the demand which exists for men with the amount of
technical knowledge supposed to be necessary or desirable. If
proprietors really wanted their woods managed on sound sylvi-
cultural principles, there would be a strong inducement held out
to the practical forester to qualify himself for such work, for in
men, as in other commodities, the class of article most in demand
will always rule the market. But, so far as I am able to judge,
so long as a man has sufficient experience of the practical working
operations of woods, and has proved himself thoroughly trustworthy
and capable of managing men, his knowledge of scientific forestry
is rarely called into question. Of course, it must be admitted
that it has hitherto been impossible to get men with anything
but practical experience, and consequently the demands of the
past afford no criterion of those of the future. But it must also
be remembered that the average Briton, whatever position he
may occupy, has not yet adopted the motto, “Practice with
Science,” with anything like enthusiasm. Science pure and
simple he has a great respect for, but when he finds anyone who
IS BRITISH FORESTRY PROGRESSIVE ? 51
‘has practical work to do with a smattering of it, he shakes his
head, and remarks that “theory” is all very well, but give him
experience. On estates the purely practical man is favoured, for
several reasons. The principal one, however, is apparent when
we consider what the duties of an estate forester are. Theo-
retically, they are the management of woods and the superin-
tendence of the staff employed therein. Practically, they are just
what the proprietor considers most expedient for the economical
working of the estate. If the woods are of small extent, other
duties are often entrusted to the forester, such as attending to
roads, fences, draining, and sundry other work peculiar to an
estate, according as its character and other circumstances render
a grouping together of certain duties advisable. A knowledge of
scientific forestry is consequently considered by most proprietors
a superfluity, and although I should not like to say that the
possession of it was a disadvantage to a candidate for an appoint-
ment, I don’t think it would be likely to help him very much.
The class of men wanted on the majority of estates nowadays are
not specialists, but jacks-of-all-trades, who can turn their hands to
anything and turn up their noses at nothing. If a young forester,
after studying forestry and the allied sciences, is willing to begin
work on this understanding, and put his science in his pocket till
it is asked for, all well and good. But if, on the contrary, he
puts on an air of superiority, substitutes scientific language for
his mother-tongue, and falls into that lamentable condition
peculiar to the immortal Jack Jones, it would have been better
for him to have remained as Nature intended him to be, Any-
one acquainted with the average estate labourer in the south of
England will know that any attempt to alter his methods of taking
that gentle exercise which he euphemistically terms ‘ work,” or
to introduce new tools, is simply labour in vain, and a little tact
and judgment are of more use than a great deal of science.
Under present conditions, it is only the young forester, who
has a genuine affection for his profession, and to whom the
receipt of so much per annum is not the sum total of his
ambition, that can benefit by a scientific education. Every bond-
fide forester is more or less a naturalist, and beyond the mere
stock of facts furnished by a study of such subjects as botany,
chemistry, zoology, etc., it will enable him to make accurate
observations—an advantage which needs no recommendation.
Bat in the present condition of British forestry, the number of
52 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
landowners with appointments to fill who are desirous of secur-
ing the services of scientifically-trained men is limited, and
therefore our young foresters of the new school must not give
way to despondency if, on finishing their science course, they do
not at once find the opportunity of putting modern sylvicultural
methods into practice. Nor need they, under any circumstances,
expect to have a perfectly free hand in the management of their
employer’s property. But even if they have frequently to act in
a manner which is not in conformity with good sylvicultural
practice, it cannot be doubted that the knowledge which educa-
tion has given them must, on the whole, have a beneficial influence
on the woods placed under their charge.
As for the prospect of estate forestry being encouraged by
loans to planters, I cannot put much faith in it. As already
pointed out, the planter derives no actual benefit from his work,
and in most cases suffers personal loss, and I do not see how this
loss would be obviated (although it would doubtless be diminished)
by aloan. Interest would have to be paid upon it in any case,
and a proprietor who planted a deer forest or grouse moor would
simply change his position from that of a rent-receiver into that —
of a rent-payer for someone else’s benefit. Some assert that the
private ownership of land forms no great obstacle in the way of
economic forestry, and point to the Continental forests owned by
private individuals. Bat I am afraid they forget that the tradi-
tions and conditions are totally different in the two cases. In the
first place, these forests are regarded as such, and game is not the
only objective consideration. In the second place, they exist, and
have existed for centuries, and the owners have come to regard ~
them as constituent elements of the estate. In the third place,
forestry is a recognised institution, and Governments and legis-
lation keep an eye upon it in a fatherly spirit. With us, no
such advantages are present. To begin with, we have no forests
on an extensive scale, our woods are valued according to their
game-producing powers, and whenever a landowner converts a
barren waste into a productive property, he is promptly taxed for
it. Forestry and the utilisation of waste land concern the
nation at large, and not merely an individual or a particular class,
and I see no reason why a proprietor should sacrifice his own
interests for the good of a public who are quite able to carry on
work of this kind for their own benefit if they choose. Un-
fortunately, the British public wants a good deal of education on
IS BRITISH FORESTRY PROGRESSIVE 2 by:
this point, and [I noticed that the Minister of Agriculture
himself expressed an opinion, when replying to the Scottish
deputation on Forestry last year, that State forests might
possibly do estate owners an, injury, by adding an element of
competition into the growing of timber in this country. The
facts, in my opinion, rather lead to an opposite conclusion, viz.,
that an increased production of timber would tend to enhance its
value by placing the home-timber trade on a sounder basis, and
inspiring greater confidence in the minds of merchants regarding
a steady supply. At any rate, action by the State or other public
body is the only means by which a rational system of forestry
can ever be properly established in this country, and the only
way to bring this about is by united action on the part of all
interested in the matter. There ought to be no great difficulty in
enlisting the sympathies of all societies which have the welfare of
the land at heart, and in this connection it is gratifying to note
what has been done by the Highland and Agricultural Society to
promote forestry. But considering the intimate connection between
agriculture and forestry in any part of the country, I do not under-
stand why a national society like the Royal Agricultural Society
of England should pay little or no attention to this subject. State
forestry would do far more for rural England, Scotland, or Wales
than many minor industries encouraged by that Society; and
although the latter may have no power in itself to carry on such
work, yet its sympathy and support in such a cause would carry
great weight. That we are likely to see State forestry established
on a large scale is hardly to be expected for many years to come
at least, but when once a beginning has been made, the most
elaborate dreams and aspirations may ultimately be realised.
In conclusion, I only wish to say that if my opinions and views
on British forestry and its future prospects are regarded as too
pessimistic, no one will be better pleased to be assured of this
than myself. That an improvement in the detailed management
of woods (in Scotland, at least) will result from the educational
work so ably carried on by Professor Somerville, Colonel Bailey,
Professor Bayley Balfour, etc., during the last few years, I cannot
but believe, and the only question is, ‘ Will proprietors of wood-
lands do their share in promoting economic forestry?” for upon them
depends everything, not so much as regards actual operations, as
the principles and motives which underlie them. How this aspect
of the case affects the question, I have already tried to make clear,
54 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
VI. On the Rearing of Natural and Artificial Undercover
jor Game. By AtexanpER M‘Rag, Forester, Castlecomer,
Kilkenny Co., Ireland.
Practical forestry of the present day embraces a field of opera-
tions which is at once wide and varied. In the main the forester
is expected to raise and manage plantations so as to produce the
best possible quality of timber at the least possible expense; but
at the same time, on the great majority of our estates, he must
also provide ample facilities for sport and the preservation of game.
On large estates, where the plantations are extensive, and of all
ages, and in all stages of growth, the task of providing cover is not
very difficult, especially if the older plantations are well stocked
with underwood, which is well managed on the rotation system.
By this method the supply of cover is continuous, and if the locality
is a good one, and the underwood produced is of good quality, the
revenue will also be continuous, a phase of the question which is
somewhat important in these times of depression.
But if good sport is required on small estates, where the planta-
tions consist of mere slangs and long narrow strips, with here and
there a wood containing several acres, it becomes absolutely
necessary to preserve and encourage all natural undercover, and
also to introduce covert plants suitable to the soil and situation.
The reason for this is obvious. On small estates it is very diffi-
cult to keep game, and especially pheasants, from straying into
the enemy’s camp unless good, comfortable covers are provided for
them.
By way of following the subject up from the beginning, we shall
suppose ourselves on an estate where the renovation of the game
covers is an item of importance. The first step will be to examine
the condition and position of the covers, and the next to decide—
after consultation between the proprietor, the gamekeeper, and the
forester—which of the covers is first to be operated on. We shall
suppose the plantation chosen consists chiefly of hardwoods of
timber size, with a fair sprinkling of overgrown underwood. It
will be necessary to commence operations by making a careful
examination of the trees forming the standard crop. If they are
moderately thin, and distributed pretty equally over the ground,
little need be done; but where the standards stand thick it is
advisable to thin them out, care being taken to regulate them so as
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL UNDERCOVER FOR GAME. 55
to leave the best specimen trees, by cutting out all the poor trees
and everything that is crushed up. All the tall, lanky underwood
should also be cut out, so as to get a fresh growth from the stools.
By these means an additional supply of ght and air will be
obtained, and the conditions will be much more favourable for all
sorts of undergrowth. If any of the underwood is of a thick, bushy
habit of growth, it is advisable to cut it off from 3 to 4 feet above
the level of the ground, thereby forming nice compact bushes at
once.
Elder bushes, if not too lanky, can be made into splendid cover
by cutting them about half.through near the ground, and afterwards
bending them down. ‘They will then throw up a mass of young
shoots from the root and all along the stem; while fern, bracken,
briers, and other rubbish will grow up through them, forming a
good hide for game. Hazel, birch, alder, oak, thorn, beech, elim,
etc., can all be treated in the same way, provided rabbits are not
very numerous.
When the felling has been completed, the standard trees ought to
be pruned. If this operation is properly carried out, and all the
dead, broken, and superfluous branches neatly cut off, it will
greatly improve the appearance of the job. If, after having removed
the timber and all the useful brushwood, planting is decided on, all
the remaining rubbish ought to be burned up so as to effect a clear-
ance. It must be kept in mind, however, that a good many
gamekeepers prefer to have some rubbish littered about the bottom,
and there is no doubt it is useful for nesting, etc.; but if any
rubbish is left where planting is to be carried on, it should be
piled round the stems of the standing trees, so as to leave all the
open ground available for planting. At this stage all drains in the
cover should be put into proper working order, and the fences
repaired where necessary.
The foregoing operations should be completed, if possible-
between the months of November and March, because if done then
the underwood will throw up a much stronger growth from the
stools than it would do if cut during the growing season.
If there should be a fair quantity of oak to fell during the
thinning, it would likely be advisable to clear out all the under-
wood and other trees first. The oak could then be felled during
the peeling season—for a few tons of bark are a consideration—
and the clearing up could be done afterwards, in readiness for
planting next season. Rabbits should be kept well down for a
56 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
year or two after cutting up, so as to give the underwood a fair
start.
If a piece of cover, such as a heading corner, or a portion of a
wood that seems well adapted as a preserve for pheasants, is
required to be specially good, it is advisable to enclose it with wire
netting for a few years, so as to exclude rabbits and hares. A
greater variety of plants can then be used in the composition of the
undercover, and the stuff gets a chance to settle and make a fair
growth before being molested.
PLANTING.
Having completed the preliminary operations, we shall now
proceed with the planting, which may be carried on any time from
November to March, according to circumstances.
The more open spaces which show a good bit of headroom should
be planted with evergreens of an upright habit of growth, such as
spruce, Douglas fir, or common yew, and a few Scots fir or other
varieties of pine. These should stand from 8 to 10 yards apart,
and if given sufficient headroom they will soon develop and form
splendid roost and shelter. If grown close they will run up too
quick, and lose their lower branches at too early an age.
Common spruce is really the best tree for the purpose, because it
can be obtained cheap, and generally does pretty well when trans-
planted into an old plantation, while pheasants are very fond of it
for roosting.
Well furnished young plants, about 6 feet high, are the most
suitable for this purpose, if they can be obtained from young
plantations on the estate, or from the home-nursery. They ought
to be lifted, and conveyed carefully to the place of planting, so as
to have the balls as large as possible. The pits should always be
dug large enough, in fact, a good deal too large for the present
requirements of the plants. Large stones and old roots can then
be disposed of, and the soil will in consequence be rendered more
favourable for the reception of the rootlets. This rule should be
insisted on in all cases of underplanting, because it is impossible
to trench the ground, and large pits are therefore the only
alternative. When the standards have been planted, the ground
should be filled up, to about 6 feet apart, with such a mixture of
covert plants as may be considered most suitable for the position
and circumstances.
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL UNDERCOVER FOR GAME. 57
The common rhododendron can nearly always be used in under-
planting, and is a splendid plant for the purpose. It is not
particular as regards soil, and soon forms a good, thick, dark cover;
one great point in its favour being that rabbits and hares do not
interfere much with it.
The following would be a good mixture for ordinary cases, viz.,
one-third Rhododendron ponticum, one-third hazel, and one-third
common evergreen privet. For ordinary cover these plants recom-
mend themselves, because they can be obtained cheap, and when
once settled, they soon make considerable growth. I have found
it quite customary to plant masses of rhododendron alone for cover,
the plants being so close together, that in about five or six years
they are all growing into each other, and three or four plants are
then occupying the ground which ought to be filled by one.
When rhododendrons are so thick together, it is very difficult to
get game out of them, and as a rule pheasants do not seem to like
them. A mixture of other stuff, such as hazel and privet, helps to
keep them open and dry.
In regard to rhododendrons, a good deal of money could be
saved on many estates by making use of the hundreds of seedlings
which come up around the old bushes. In fact, I have seen
estates where, with a little care and management, rhododendrons
for cover purposes need never have formed an item on the nursery-
man’s bill. Privet could soon be grown in any quantity from
cuttings, while hazel might be bought as seedlings, and afterwards
grown in the home-nursery, strong and bushy, just to the mind of
the planter. d/ahonia is also a very good cover plant, and can be
obtained very cheap ; it is a valuable addition to covers of a semi-
ornamental nature.
In damp places alder should be used pretty extensively, as it
stands a good deal of cutting, and grows freely. -A whole host of
other plants might be used, such as Rosa rugosa, yew, laurel,
holly, box, ete., but as a rule they are far too expensive for
general cover purposes. I would only just mention, that for covers
in exposed situations on the sea-coast, nothing succeeds better than
the sea buckthorn and the tamarisk.
For successful cover planting the plants used should not be too
large; while in the nursery they should be transplanted rather
frequently, so as to ensure their being well furnished with fibrous
roots, and encourage them to assume a compact bushy habit
of growth. Long lanky stuff, such as we often see used,
58 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
whether bought or home grown, is not worth the trouble of
planting.
MANAGEMENT.
For the first two or three years after planting it may be
necessary to clear the young plants a little, because after the
thinning and pruning there is sure to be a much thicker growth
of grass, bracken, briers, nettles, or other rubbish, which would
be apt to choke the young plants, or at least retard their
growth.
Undergrowth for game cover should never be allowed to get too
tall and lanky. As soon, therefore, as the tops begin to run up, it
is advisable to go round and switch them off about 3 to 4 feet high;
this encourages a thick bottom-growth, and saves the standard
evergreens from being lashed and weakened. It also gives the
beaters a better chance of working the game out, while the guns
have more uniform sport, because the birds rise gradually, instead
of all running forward under a mass of top-growth, and rising in
flocks at the heading corner.
In regard to switching the underwood, it would be advisable to
divide it into sections, and do a part every year, each section being
gone through about once in four or five years, according to growth,
etc. It is best to do the switching in winter, and especially during
hard weather, because the branches and young shoots thus cut off
take up the attention of the rabbits, and help to keep them from
gnawing the roots and stems of the trees and plants. Covers so
treated, if started on while young, may be kept in good condition
for many years.
If there are any young plantations, or portions of plantations, on
the estate composed chiefly of spruce, say from six to twelve years
old, they can be converted into splendid covers in the following
manner :—The best trees should be picked out and left standing
from 8 to 10 yards apart for standards. The leaders should then
be cut out of all the intermediate plants, about 3 feet above
the ground, and the rubbish trampled down underneath. The
standards will then have plenty of room to develop, and will form
nice specimen trees. They will also help to retain the unbroken
appearance of the plantation when viewed from a distance. The
topping should be done while the plants are still clothed to the
bottom with fresh green branches. The plants so treated will
throw up several leaders, and an oceasional switching is all that
NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL UNDERCOVER FOR GAME, 59
will be required to make them spread and keep them from running
up too high,
This forms an excellent cover for pheasants and foxes, as it is
always so dry and comfortable ; with a little care and patience it
can be produced on any estate at a merely nominal cost, and if
properly looked after, will last for a long time. Where rabbits and
foxes are the main objects in view, the very best cover for preserv-
ing them is, without doubt, gorse or whin. Of course, if there is a
good supply of natural grown whins, little need be done, except
an occasional cutting or burning, just to keep them in good condi-
tion, and this should be done on the rotation system—say a patch
every year, so as to keep up a regular supply of cover. The burn-
ing or cutting should always be done before the plants get too old
and weak, because if left too long, the roots are apt to die out.
On a good many estates, and especially in the principal hunting
districts in the midlands of England, good patches of natural gorse
are rather rare, consequently it is quite a common practice to raise
them from seed.
In connection with the selection of a site for an artificial gorse
cover, the following points might be observed :—
The site should be of a hilly nature, composed of light sandy soil
—say the worst piece of ground in the district.
It should not be in too close proximity to arable land, because a
large number of rabbits can soon do enormous damage to grain or
root crops, and they prove a constant source of annoyance to the
farmer.
An ideal site for a gorse cover would be in the middle of a large
park adjoining the mansion-house. There is then plenty of food
for rabbits, and it is handy for shooting, while in the hunting season
it is rather interesting to watch the ‘‘draw” from the windows or
pleasure-grounds.
If the soil is light and sandy, gorse-growing is almost a certain
success, provided the seed is of good quality. If the proposed site
is old turf, it is advisable to plough it a fair depth in the autumn,
and let it lie all winter, so as to let the turf rot as much as possible.
In the spring, the ground should be worked pretty well, so as to
kill as many of the weeds as possible, and then the seed may be put
in early in April, just like an ordinary cereal crop. If the ground
is very dirty, the seed should be sown in drills, say 20 to 24 inches
apart. Cleaning can then be attended to during the summer
months, thereby giving the crop a fair start for the first season. If
60 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the seed is good, about 20 lbs. per acre is sufficient for cover
purposes. The patch should be fenced so as to exclude cattle and
sheep. If the gorse occupies a rather prominent position, the
effect on the landscape might be rendered more pleasing by plant-
ing some nice specimen spruces, or other conifers, at intervals of 12
to 15 yards apart. These plants would, however, require to be
encl sed with wire netting, so as to protect them from the rabbits.
If properly managed, the gorse will form splendid rabbit cover in
two years from time of sowing.
Artificial gorse, as a rule, is very apt to run up tall, instead of
assuming the compact, bushy habit peculiar to the natural growth,
and especially if it is grown thick on a pretty good soil. In this
condition it is very liable to be blown down, or crushed with snow,
and the one-half smothers the other in a very short time. This
might be prevented by going over it when about two years old, and
switching off all the long leaders with a sharp hedge-bill, repeating
the operation every year, which would tend to encourage a thick
growth, and allow the gorse to come up very gradually.
Of course it will be apt to’ run out in course of time, so that
cutting or burning will have to be attended to, as in the natural
growth, but if kept comparatively low, it may last for many years.
If a patch of gorse is grown on one side of a plantation, it forms
a valuable addition to the game cover. It makes a splendid head-
ing corner, the birds being forced gradually out of it, and there is
generally capital sport among the rabbits. Heather and bracken
are both good natural undercover, but they are generally qualified
to look after themselves.
All masses of game cover should always be well intersected with
shooting tracks, so as to give the guns every opportunity of reach-
ing the game; and sometimes, in very thick places, it is necessary to
cut little zig-zag paths for the beaters, so as to enable them to work
the game out properly.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS. 61
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY
OFFICIALS.
1. Report on the Meteorology of Scotland for the Year ending
September 1896. By R. C. Mossman, F.R.S.E., Honorary
Consulting Meteorologist.
The following remarks are deduced from the bi-diurnal observa-
tions made at sixty-seven stations of the Scottish Meteorological
Society, the data being already reduced by Dr Buchan, and
published quarterly as an appendix to the Registrar-General’s
returns. Other sources of information, such as the monthly
abstracts issued by the London Meteorological Office, have also
been utilised. It is hoped that some scheme will be inaugurated
during the coming year whereby the relations of climate to
forestry will be shown in their more immediate and _ practical
bearings. In the meantime, the following statement, summarising
the more salient features of the weather experienced over Scotland
during the twelve months under review, is submitted.
October 1895.—The weather of October was very changeable.
The month opened with a continuation of the phenomenal warmth
of September, the temperature at many places exceeding 70° in
the shade on the first two days of the month. Cold, arctic con-
ditions, however, set in about the end of the first week, with the
result that the mean temperature of the month was nearly
4° below the average. The depression of temperature was
relatively greater in the south than in the north of the country,
being greatest in Galloway. Rainfall was a little over the
average, but was distributed throughout the country in a
capricious manner. In the counties of Roxburgh and Berwick
more than double the average precipitation was recorded, while
the deficit was considerable over nearly the whole of the western
districts. Bright sunshine was in excess of the average.
November 1895.—The weather throughout the greater part of
the month was very unsettled, gales and heavy rains being
62 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
frequent. The mean temperature was above the average over the
southern counties, and also in the Hebrides; but a deficit was
recorded in the vicinity of the Caledonian Canal, and at some
places situated on the coast from Dunrobin to Banff. The rain-
fall was 15 per cent. below the normal, the deficiency being
greatest to the north of the Grampians, especially at those
places to the westward. On the other hand, the precipitation
exceeded the average by 50 per cent, at places on the east coast,
as well as in one or two widely scattered districts. Bright
sunshine was in excess of the average at northern and western
stations.
December 1895.—The weather of December was extremely
unsettled. Gales were frequent, and were accompanied in many
cases by snow and hail showers ; while thunderstorms were a very
usual concomitant, especially on the western seaboard. The
temperature was just the average, there being a slight defect at
some south-western stations, but over the greater part of the
country the values were quite normal. The rainfall was above
the average over the eastern districts, the excess being most
marked in the counties of Aberdeen and Banff. Over the west of
Scotland, on the other hand, there was a considerable deficiency,
which was most noticeable in Sutherland. Sunshine was scanty,
few places having more than 10 per cent. of the possible duration.
January 1896 was characterised by a temperature nearly 3°
above the average, the mild weather being accompanied by a
remarkably high barometer, which in some places reached the
phenomenal elevation of 31:10 inches on the 9th of the month.
Rainfall was very deficient, save in the counties of Ross, Suther-
land, and Caithness, where it exceeded the average by from 40 to
50 per cent. The smallest rainfall was recorded at stations to the
south of the Moray Firth. Slight falls of snow were experienced
between the 21st and 23rd, which soon melted. Sunshine was
very prevalent in the north-east, Aberdeen being the sunniest
station in the British Isles.
February 1896 was dry and mild, in marked contrast to the
corresponding month of 1895. The mean temperature was 3°
above the average, the excess being much the same over the
greater portion of Scotland. The mean rainfall, taking the
country as a whole, was two-thirds of the normal, but was above
the average in the north-west, the wettest station being Fort-
William, with over 8 inches, Bright sunshine was considerably
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS, 63
less than the mean, the defect being greatest at Aberdeen, which
had only one-third of the average.
March 1896.—Very unsettled weather prevailed throughout the
greater part of the month, falls of rain, sleet, or snow being of
frequent occurrence. The temperature was high, a result of the
predominance of winds from the west and south-west. Rainfall
was much in excess of the average at places on the west coast
open to the prevailing winds, but in the north-eastern counties
there was a marked deficit. Bright sunshine was slightly below
the normal, the maximum amount being recorded in Aberdeenshire.
April 1896.—Changeable showery weather characterised the
first half of the month, during which time showers of snow,
sleet, and hail were of frequent occurrence, whilst thunderstorms
were often observed. The mean temperature was 3° above the
average, the excess being greatest at places in the east, situated
some little distance from the sea. Rainfall exceeded the average
in the west and north, but was below the normal in the east.
Sunshine was fairly abundant, except in the northern districts.
May 1896.—The weather of May was exceedingly dry and
warm, a severe drought being experienced over nearly the whole
country, while abnormally high temperatures were of common
occurrence. The mean temperature was 4° above the average,
the greatest excess being 6° at Ochtertyre, and the least, 2°:5, in
the Shetland Isles. Rainfall was less than half the normal,
taking the country as a whole, while in many places the down-
fall amounted to only one-quarter of the average. There was a
slight excess in the north of Sutherland and in Orkney and
Caithness. Bright sunshine was very abundant.
June 1896.—The weather of June was characterised by great
variability, being on the whole changeable, with an excess of
rainfall, a deficiency of sunshine, and, rather curiously, a high
temperature. The mean rainfall exceeded the normal by 37 per
cent., and, as frequently happens, was distributed over the
country in a capricious manner. The temperature was 3° above
the normal in the south-western districts, but cool weather pre-
vailed in the north. Bright sunshine was below the average.
July 1896.—The weather during this month was in an
unsettled state generally, and particularly so from the 25th to
the 27th, when gales were experienced. Fine and warm con-
ditions prevailed about the middle of the month. The temper-
ature was above the mean at stations on the east coast, but in
64 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
other districts there was a small deficit. The mean rainfall was
in excess of the average, but was rather under it in the northern
counties generally. Sunshine was deficient in all the districts.
August 1896 was characterised by dry, cool, and sunless
weather. The mean temperature was a degree and a haif under
the average, the deficiency being greatest in the northern and
least in the western districts. The unequal distribution of the
rainfall over the country was a striking feature, Stornoway and
Scourie having double the average precipitation, while only one-
third of the normal quantity fell to the south-east of the
Cheviots.
September 1896.—The mean temperature this month was
slightly under the average, the rainfall nearly 33 per cent. above
the average, and the sunshine deficient to an unwonted extent.
The temperature was slightly below the average at eastern, but
above the normal at western stations. The mean rainfall was
nearly 40 per cent. above the average, the greatest excess being
on the east coast of Scotland.
The year ending September 1896.—The year under review
was characterised by a temperature about 1° above the
normal, by a rainfall just the average, but falling on thirteen
days more than the average, and by a great deficiency of sunshine,
equivalent to 23 per cent. of the average. The first half of 1896
was exceptionally warm and dry, although bright sunshine was
less than the mean in most districts, owing to the prevalence of
polar winds. The summer of 1896 was cool and wet, with little
sunshine, although August was decidcdly better than for many
years past.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS. 65
Abstract of Observations of Temperature, Rainfall, and Sunshine
as recorded at Sixty-seven Stations of the Scottish Meteoro-
logical Society during the Year ending September 1896, and
compared with the Averages of the previous Forty Years.
Mean Temperature. Mean Rainfall. que aoe
s6 12 | 38 (li Seales ald cnlvwaeth as
| 418s) 82 | 2 | 82 [BO] ba | ok | Sa
= | 28 | 82! 28 | 3a fa Poa!) ga | se se
| 22 |22| 42 | 82 | 22 128 | BE | Se | 22
ne i ee ° ° Ins Ins | Hrs Hrs
October 1895, | 42°8 | —3°6713°2| +1°3| 4°61) —0°56 18 | +1 104 | - 1
November ,, | 41°38) +1°2]10°5| +01] 4:44] +062] 18] +2 54 | —19
December ,, 37°4| —0°4} 8:9] -—0°7| 4°38] +0°41 19 | +3 31 | —26
January 1896, | 39°7 | +2°6710°2| +1°0| 2°53) —1°37 15 | -2 48 | -13
February _,, 41°4} +3:0] 9:9] —0°2|] 2°00) —1:06 MA ee 51 | -—34
March > | 41-2 | +1°8913-5 | +1°5| 4:12) +1°327 21) +6 | 111|-18
April ao 47-0 | +2°9114°3} —0°0} 2°03) —0-11 15 | +3 137 | —24
May 4 53°0| +4°0419°6 | +4°2} 0°98] —1°30 727 B26r e380
June An 56°2) +1°4714°8; —1°0|] 3°39] +0°91 17) +4 140 | —75
July es 56°6 | —0°5414°9 070} 3°89] +0°72 16} +1 144 | —58
August ,, |55-0| -1:6]14°5| 0-0] 2°75| -o-90] 16| 0 | 136 | —40
September ,, 52°4| —0°-4]12°1}) -1°7] 4°87 | +1°33}] 21] +5 76 | —66
oo 47-0 | +08] 13-0 | +0°4 | 39°99 a +13 | 1258 |-339
2. Report by R. Srewart MacDovueatt, M.A., B.Sc., Honorary
Consulting Entomologist.
Since the declaration of my appointment as Honorary Consulting
Entomologist to the Society a few months ago, I have received
queries relating to the Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniperda), and also
an interesting communication regarding the Squirrel (Sciwrus
vulgaris).
THe Pine BEETLE.
This is one of our very worst pests in Scotland—one that every
forester has opportunity of becoming acquainted with, and as, in
order to cope successfully with it or to proceed against it at all
intelligently, a knowledge of its round of life is quite necessary, I
purpose giving a general account of its life-history, and means of
prevention and remedy.
The mature beetles always come out of their winter-quarters at
VOL, XV. PART I, E
ay
,
'
66 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the end of March and the beginning of April, and after pairing,
the female, under cover of the bark scales, begins to excavate her
tunnel in some sickly standing pine, or in a stump, or in felled or
fallen timber—preferably of the genus Pinus. As a rule, the place
chosen has thick bark, although I have repeatedly found the
tunnels where the bark was quite thin. The tunnel crooked to
begin with, but throughout the greater part of its length vertical
(Somerville has well compared its shape to a golf-club), is com-
pleted in from four to five weeks, and along its sides, in little
excavated niches, the hundred or more eggs are laid. The tunnels
average 3 to 4 inches, although they are often longer, one I cut
from a tree two summers ago having a length of 114 inches. From
the eggs hatch out grubs, which begin to gnaw tunnels in the
cambial region. These grub-tunnels are at right angles to the
mother-tunnel, and ultimately become winding, increasing in size
with the growth of the larve. When full-fed, each grub pupates
(passes into a resting stage) in a little cell formed in the bark at
the end of its tunnel. The perfect beetles appear in June and
July, according to the order of egg-laying, in some seventy-five to
eighty-five days from the laying of the eggs. The earliest issuing
beetles start breeding at once, with the result that a second brood
of beetles appears in September. In unfavourable weather condi-
tions there may be only one brood in a year, but with the weather
conditions favourable, Somerville has proved beyond dispute that
in Scotland two generations appear in the year.
Taking the favourable weather conditions, the following may
stand as the Calendar for the Pine Beetle :—
|
Noy. 1895-| End of | April and |
March1896.| March. May. June. | July. August. September| October.
eras aaa =a ome emer |
Beetlesin| Beetle | Larve. | Pupa Eggs. | Larve. | Larve. | Beetles. |
winter jand eggs. Beetle. | Larve. | Pupa |
quarters. | | Beetle. |
The second generation of beetles, which emerges in September
and October by boring their way through the bark from their pupal
cell (the flight-holes giving the bark an appearance as if riddled
with small shot), make their way to the young shoots of the pine,
and bore into these—not for egg-laying, but for feeding purposes—
a little ring of resin marking the entrance hole. These bored
shoots can be found in large quantities below the trees after a gale.
Repeated attacks of the Pine Beetles, and loss of these shoots, soon
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS, 67
alter the shape of the tree, and result in the scraggy straggling tops
so familiar to those acquainted with piniperda attack, which
appearance has earned for the beetle the name of Wood-gardener or
Forester.
It is only exceptionally that the beetles winter in the shoots,
their winter-quarters as a rule being in moss or in cracks in the
bark, or in holes bored into the bark at the base of the tree.
Without going more into detail, I have said enough to show the
application of certain general principles with a view to protection.
There must be careful oversight of the wood on the part of
the forester, who should make it an axiom to remove from the
wood as quickly as possible all felled or blown pine timber. It is
not always convenient, or perhaps possible, to remove quickly, but
it cannot be too strongly insisted on that such felled logs, stumps,
etc., if left unbarked, are favourite places for egg-laying, and every
such unbarked stem is a direct invitation to the beetle on the part
of the forester, and an encouragement to a future plague. A
glance at the Beetle Calendar will suggest the dates before which
removal of timber had better take place, or when barking should
be done.
A cutting out of sickly trees and their removal is also advisable.
As a remedial measure once the pests have got to work, no
means can compare in efficiency with the system of “ catch-trees.”
From February or March onwards till the autumn let there be
a series of such traps, to be examined at regular intervals, and
peeled, and the bark burned. These “ catch-trees” may be sickly
pines standing in the forest and marked, or else trees felled here
and there at intervals for the purpose. In such trap-trees or logs
the pine beetles will breed, and in the peeled and burnt bark eggs
and larve will be destroyed. There must be careful and systematic
revision of the traps, else the remedy may prove worse than the
disease. The traps must not be left too long, a new series being
prepared say every month. How fruitful in destruction to the
pests this method of “catch-trees” is, I can testify from much
experience of their use. I have in my collection a piece of bark of
Scots pine which I stripped from one such “catch-tree.” It
measures 28 inches long by 12 broad, and in it I count 30
mother-tunnels, and allowing 100 eggs for each, no fewer than
3000 beetles might have escaped from this piece alone.
Description of the Beetle.—A little over ¢ inch in length.
Glossy black in colour, although red-brown on first emerging.
68 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Antenne and legs reddish-brown. On examination with a lens,
the wing-covers show longitudinal finely punctured stripes. The
spaces between these stripes have a number of little knobs carrying
bristly hairs. These little knobs, however, are absent at the hinder
end of the second space on each side of the middle line.
The grub or larve is about a quarter of an inch long, with a
fleshy, bent, legless body, whitish in colour, and a yellow-brown
head.
THE SquirReL (Scowrus vulgaris).
In the month of August I received an interesting communication
relating to the habits of the Squirrel from Mr D. Robertson,
forester, Dunrobin. From Mr Robertson’s letter I quote the
following :—‘‘ Some days ago I noticed that large numbers of blown
Scots fir trees, full of the grub of the Pine Beetle (Hylesinus
piniperda), were being peeled, and the grubs eaten by some bird
ormammal. At first I was inclined to think it the work of birds ;
but to-day, having a few hours to spare, I went on a tour of
discovery, and to my surprise I found that the peeling and the
destruction of the grubs was being done by squirrels. I watched
six of the squirrels at work, and got quite near to several, and saw
them quite clearly. They ran along the fallen trees, passing over
those which were quite old, and in which there were no grubs;
but when they came to a tree in which grubs were numerous they
began operations, pulling off the bark immediately above the grub-
galleries and eating the grubs. The squirrels were always followed
by three kinds of small birds, the wren, the bluebonnet, and I
think a chaffinch. The squirrels usually began operations near the
top of the trees, and worked towards the base, until the bark got
too strong for them to break. Since seeing the above, I am
beginning to think there is some good in Mr Squirrel after all.”
Mr Robertson then goes on to ask if this is a common occurrence.
I replied at the time that this was quite a new observation, not
that the squirrel should eat insects (I know of his taking cock-
chafers), but that of set design he should strip only those trees
which were grub infested, and at the places of infestation. In diet
the squirrel is both vegetarian and carnivorous ; indeed, it may be
described as omnivorous, as will appear below.
Perhaps the chief food of the squirrel may be said to be the
“seeds” of trees—acorns, beech-seeds, hazel-nuts, and _filberts.
The seeds of conifers are specially liked, the cones of pines,
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY OFFICIALS. 69
larches, spruces, etc., being robbed of their seeds. My own
observations would lead me to think that spruce seed is a favourite.
I have picked up scores of spruce (Picea eacelsa) cones pulled off
and destroyed by squirrels, and now and again have come on
a spruce stump on whose cut surface lay several cones that had
afforded a repast for the squirrel. The cones are damaged in a
characteristic way, as all the scales are pulled off bodily except
a few at the top. Cones damaged by Crossbills (Lowia curvirostra)
show quite a different appearance.
Buds of trees and also young shoots are destroyed, and much
harm may be done by the squirrel barking pines and larches. The
bark may be removed here and there in patches, or the tree may be
quite “ringed,” the squirrel hanging on to the wounded bark by its
sharp claws, and licking the sap on the exposed places.
Galls are also taken by the squirrel, the oak gall (Cynips
Kollari) for example. In Roslin Glen this summer I found some
of the galls of the spruce gall aphis (Chermes abietis), which
had been picked to pieces by squirrels.
When the squirrel comes to the ground, he may do harm by
scratching up sowed seeds or very young plants. Truffles are
hunted for by scent, and Mr J. E. Harting has noticed squirrels
breaking up and eating the large white fungus (Boletus edulis).
Now and again the squirrel takes eggs and young birds. Abroad
it has been noticed that in places much frequented by squirrels, the
song birds show a marked decrease in a few years, and I have in
my notebook authenticated records of birds (sparrows and starlings)
being killed and eaten by them.
In view of this very bad record, the economic zoologist’s verdict
in the case of Sciwrus vulgaris must be “Guilty”; and even if the
taking of a few galls and insects, and his beauty (and the squirrel’s
grace and liveliness in the wood will never fail to cover a multitude
of his sins), are pled as extenuating circumstances, should squirrels
be very numerous the forester must forget the wsthetic and use
his gun.
70 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
NOTES AND QUERIES.
Lear-Mou.Lp.
The leaf has been called the laboratory of the plant. It is in
it that the great process of reduction goes on by which wood is
made, and it is there that a host of other vegetable matters are
elaborated under the action of sunlight. The raw material for
this manufacture is chiefly carbonic acid, got from the air, and
water brought up to the leaf from the soil; but the process of wood-
making could not advance one step if this water did not contain,
dissolved in it, inorganic substances which had been dissolved out
of the soil by the root, or found by it already in a state of solution.
The destination of these inorganic substances is, in the first place,
the leaf, where they take part in the formation of complex organic
matters which are required for the flower and fruit, and in the
latter they are for the most part stored up to serve as nourish-
ment for its young—the embryos wrapped up in the seed.
Although the final destination of these inorganic matters is not
the leaf itself, yet a very considerable proportion is unavoidably
retained there, having been unable to find its way back into the
stem or into the root, where the surplus store of material is usually
preserved for future use. Thus it happens that when the dead
leaves fall in autumn, they convey to the earth a very notable
amount of the materials which plants require as food. These, in
the living leaf, are in the form of organic salts chiefly; but as the
organic matter of the leaf decays, they are left in the form of
inorganic salts, viz., phosphates, sulphates, carbonates, etc., of
potash, soda, lime, magnesia, and other bases, These are some-
times described as the mineral constituents of the leaf, and some-
times the ash constituents, for they are found in the ash when
the leaf is burned. A very important constituent of leaf-mould
that is not found in the ash is the nitrogenous matter. It exists
in the leaf as albuminoid matter, but during the process of con-
version into leaf-mould, it is more or less completely converted
into ammonium salts and into nitrates. The process of conversion
into leaf-mould is a slow and complicated one, and the products
NOTES AND QUERIES. 71
vary according to many circumstances, and notably according to
the greater or less exposure of the mass to the air. The outside
of a heap of leaves has a brown colour, and is undergoing a
somewhat simple process of slow combustion or decay under the
action of the oxygen of the air. In the deeper layers the colour
of the vegetable matter is dark brown or black, and therein
changes of a more complicated kind, called putrefaction, are
proceeding. In all these changes the action of living micro-
organisms takes an important part. The conversion of the dead
leaf, whose form we can recognise in the dark-coloured formless
mould, is one in which the organic matter of the leaf is chiefly
concerned. It is partly oxidised; the carbon being converted
into carbonic acid, and the hydrogen being converted into water.
These volatilise and escape into the air, and as they do so the
layer becomes gradually more and more consolidated. The mineral
matter remains behind, and becomcs relatively more abundant as
the volatilisation of organic matter proceeds. Much interest
attaches to the nitrogenous matter of the leaf, whose fate varies
much according to circumstances. Some of it decomposes in such
a way as to give off its nitrogen as free nitrogen gas. Some of
it escapes as carbonate of ammonia, while the greater part of it
remains behind as nitric acid, in combination with lime or other
base.
The composition of leaf-mould is thus very variable, but some
notion of its value can be had from knowing the composition of
the dead leaves from whose decay it is produced. As regards
nitrogen, the dry dead leaves of some of the more common forest
trees have on an average about one per cent., viz.:—
Per cent. Nitrogen.
Beech leaves, . ; j : : 0:8
Oak leaves, : i . d : 1-0
Spruce Fir, 5 : : : ; 13
Scots Fir, F : : : : i
Larch, . J : : c : 0:9
That is a large amount of nitrogen, averaging twice as much as is
contained in ordinary well-made farmyard manure. That it is
not so active as farmyard manure is due to its not being sufficiently
rotted to enable any of the nitrogenous matter to be converted
into soluble substances, such as ammonia salts or nitrates, but
72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
these substances are gradually formed as the processes of con-
version into mould proceed.
As regards the mineral constituents of leaves and forest litter
generally, it will be seen from the following table that the leaf is
very rich in manurial constituents :—
Average Composition of Forest Litter in parts per 1000 of
Dry Matter.
sy
Senet a oD = & <= 5
Leaves of 2 = E 3 et ge 2 cee J
= S S) = oS Og, | SF] so =
Ay & R a = | re) at jas al
| Beech, .. .. | 56| 3:0] '-6 | 25-0] 3°6 | 1°5.| 3-0 | 1°0 | gum
| Oak, L . | 49] 16 | 3 | 24-01 2:0] -3 | 4:0 | 2°2 | 15
Tarchays, ‘ 40 1°8 5 8739/27 Sa) On|) des 6 || 23
| Scots Fir, : 15 15 6 6:0 | 1°5 5 (a 5 | 2
Red Spruce, . AD | 156°) °6 12020) }>223") 1-00) 21 °7 |G)
| White Spruce, . 38 | 2°6 5 | 24°0 | 25 | 10 | 2:8] 10) 28
| Mosses, . NBL TV a B68) ee ee
| Ferns, . . | 67 | 24:0|2:7| 8314-7] 111 5-5 | 2°3 | 14
| Heather, . Se | | eS Bee | 1-0) 125. 1-0 ees
| Wheat Straw,. | 54] 70] -7| 3°:0|11°3! ‘3 |] 2°6 | 1°3 | 36
| Barley ,, . | 48| 11:0] 2°0| 4°0|1:2| -3 | 2-1 | 1°8 | 25
| Oat aca Ps | 47 |10°4]1°4] 4:012°0| -7| 2°01] 1°5 | 28
Along with the leaves, there is given in the table the composi-
tion of mosses, ferns, and heather, which form a large proportion
of forest litter; and there is also given, for the sake of comparison,
the composition of the straw commonly used as farm litter.
Jt will be seen that the litter produced by the leaves of forest
trees is distinguished by the large amount of lime, and the com-
paratively small amount of potash it contains, thus differing from
the straw of cereals, which is rich in potash and poor in lime.
Poorest of all in ash constituents is the leaf of the Scots fir.
The leaves of the oak and the beech are relatively rich in manurial
constituents, and it is to the large amount of phosphoric acid and
nitrogen that the former owes its reputation as a source of good
leaf-mould.
It is evident from the above analysis that the removal of forest
litter, for the purpose of making leaf-mould, which is now a con-
siderable industry here as well as on the Continent, must result
NOTES AND QUERIES. 73
in the gradual deterioration of the forest land. Doubtless forest
trees have the power of extracting nourishment from a larger
area and a greater depth of the earth than have agricultural plants,
but the nourishment so obtained is small in comparison with
that which they get superficially from the mould formed by the
accumulation of their own leaves. This leaf-mould is the natural
manure of forest trees, and should not be removed, It is not
alone the manurial constituents of leaf-mould that make it of
value ; the physical effects it produces are of perhaps even more
importance, and chief among these is its power of absorbing and
retaining water, and of regulating the temperature of the soil,
whereby the trees are sheltered from extremes of heat and cold
and of wetness and drought.
Below the moist covering of leaf-mould, in all stages of forma-
tion, there is a mild, moist atmosphere, rich in carbonic acid,
whose effect is to hasten the disintegration of the subjacent rock,
whereby it is caused to yield up its mineral matter, and contribute
to the formation of a soil whose fertility is slowly but steadily
increasing. A. P. Arrxen, M.A., D.Sc.,
Honorary Consulting Chemist to the Society.
THe CONNECTION BETWEEN GEOLOGY AND FORESTRY.
In the practice of forestry it is inevitable that questions should
arise in which an acquaintance with geological science should
prove a valuable assistance. The forester, like the farmer, applies
his labour to the soil, and only if that soil be suitable will his
labour be repaid. It is important, then, for him to understand
the methods by which the soil is formed, and the geological
agents which effect the decomposition of the solid rocks. And
as the soil depends on the rock which underlies it, different rocks
yielding different soils, the forester must often require to know
on what formations his land is situated, a point which only a
geologist can satisfactorily settle. Of rocks, as of soils, a chemical
analysis is often of the greatest value; but without a geological
examination much of its value is lost, and it may even prove
misleading. The same chemical substances, in very much the
same proportions, may exist in two rocks which yet are entirely
different for all practical purposes. It is only by a very gradual
74 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and complex series of changes that the minerals of the rocks
become transformed into soluble matters which are adapted for
plant-food and the insoluble matters which form the basis of the
soil, The farmer, by the process of tillage, can facilitate those
changes, and modify in some measure the natural processes. But
the growth of the forest is slow, and the forester must rely in
a far greater degree on the slow operations of nature for the
nourishment and growth of his trees. A knowledge also of the
conditions which favour the preservation of the soil when formed,
and prevent its removal by running water and other agencies,
will in many cases be of value. The growth of the forest in
itself greatly promotes the accumulation and preservation of the
soil, while the rapid deforesting of a district may result in such
injury that the subsequent growth of trees may be rendered
almost impossible.
In another way, also, the nature of the underlying rocks affects
the forester, for some are loose and open, others, such as boulder
clay, are compact and almost impenetrable. Such rocks prevent
the downward passage of the surplus water from the soil. They
are damp, cold, and stiff, and require artificial drainage. They
offer such resistance to the progress of the roots as greatly to
hamper the growth of trees after a certain size has been attained.
This influences also the holding power of a tree, and the ease
with which it will withstand a storm.
The geologist, by his study of a district, is often in a position
to offer useful advice on questions of water supply. The drainage
of water from the soil depends on the nature and structure of
the underlying rocks, and this determiaes also the possibility of
obtaining water supplies by boring. The underground circula-
tion of water depends on circumstances which only a careful
geological examination can bring to light.
Other questions, to which I shall only briefly refer, as in-
fluencing opinion as to the geological forces at work in any
area, are situation and exposure, prevalent winds and rainfall,
exposure to frost, to floods, and to storms; and the importance
to the forester of the accurate knowledge of such conditions as
these can hardly be overestimated.
Joun 8. Fiert, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M.,
Honorary Consulting Geologist to the Society.
NOTES AND QUERIES. 15
SEASON AND THE GROWTH OF TREES.
The year 1893 and 1896 will long be remembered in the south
of England on account of their remarkably dry summers. In
1893 drought set in at the beginning-of March, and continued
practically without a break until the early part of July, when
a few days showery weather revived vegetation wonderfully,
although it again suffered from the intense heat of the following
August. In the present year (1896) the dry weather com-
menced about the end of March, and continued until August
19tb, although thunder showers and _ occasional sprinklings
totalled up to about an inch of rain throughout that period.
These remarks only apply to the locality in which they are
written, as the great feature of the 1896 drought was its
extremely partial character, neighbouring counties, and in some
instances neighbouring parishes, receiving widely different amounts
of rain. Taking the rainfall for the whole of the two seasons,
however, an important difference may be noted. The drought of
1893 succeeded one of the wettest Februarys on record, and
the ground at the commencement of the dry weather was fully
saturated. That of 1896, on the contrary, followed an exception-
ally dry autumn and winter, and although the month of March
was rather wetter than the average, the rainfall for the ten
months, commencing November 1895, was greatly below the
average. These two years were separated by a damp and grow-
ing season in 1894, and one with a dry spring and wet July and
August in 1895.
With the idea of ascertaining, if possible, what effect these
four seasons have had upon the growth of trees, so far as the
breadth of the annual ring is concerned, a number of trees
belonging to four different species—oak, beech, Scots pine, and
larch—were tested by means of Pressler’s ‘growth borer.” The
maximum and minimum ring breadths in each section are alone
given, while the ring showing the maximum or minimum zone of
summer wood is indicated by a thick or thin line respectively.
The trees were bored about four feet from the ground, and
on the north side. The results are given in the following
table :—
| SPECIES.
|
I. Scots Pine,
Il. Scots Pine, 1
»)
93 a
99 3
99 4
» 5
23 6
3 7
” 8
” 9
»» 10
III. Larch, 1
bi) 2
7)
2? v
3°? 4
PP) 5
» 6
3° 7 |
33 8
9° 9
5 10
(eV arch:
2?
V. Scots Pine, 1
oF CO bP
1
2
99 30
4
5
120
120
100
20
TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULLURAL SOCIETY.
YEAR.
ri = REMARKS.
1893. 1894. 1895. 1896.
| * .
max. min Crowns free. Soil
se. ae sandy. Shaded
‘ | by undergrowth
WIS Gib of Elder, Syca-
nun max. MOre,, eybics
ties =e Moderate humus
— z ‘ layer.
min. max
max. min
min. max.
min, | ms)
max, min.
max. oe Crowns free. Soil
5 4
== ae nandy. pete
ae eine grass covered.
: —— |, No humus layer.
max. ES Separated from
max. min. preceding 10 by
ae Sain: fence, and grass
— : fed by sheep
max. | min, and deer.
shies
max.. | min
max. min,
max min.
Soe ees
min. max Crowns free. Soil |
ee min thin loam, over- |
: lying rock on '
| max. min side of hollow.
) max, min Shaded by under-
—— aril : wood, brambles
max min , : ?
= ivte ties “lattiee
max. min humus.
max. min.
max min.
min. max.
min max.
max. min, Sandy soil. Plant- |
ies Ep ation thinned in
: spring of 1895.
max. min,
max. | min.
eons Z
max, min.
min. max. Sandy soil. Plant-
ata ae ation thinned in
- =— spring of 1895.
min. max,
max min,
max. min.
NOTES AND QUERIES.
-~I
~J
SPECIES. AGE.
1893. 1894.
mVaAS arch, . 1} 20 max.
a 2 min.
5p 3 max.
HE q max
» 5
Va.Scots Pine,1 | 20 min. max,
a5 2 max
oe 3 max
43 4 max,
as 5 max.
VI. Oak, 1 min.
A 2 min.
55 3 min.
” 4 min.
a 5 min,
8 6 max. min.
» 7 min.
i 8 min.
” 9 ‘
5 10 min,
VII. Oak, LTO) min.
cr, 2 max.
" 3 min.
9 4 max. min.
Pe 5 max.
VITA. Oak, 1] 110
” 2
> 3 -
rh 4 min.
» 5
VIII. Beech, 1 | 120 min. max.
6 2 min,
» 3
9 4 | min.
; a min.
— ear
VIilla.Beech, 1 | 110 max. min,
Pe 2" min.
5 3 | min
ae 4 | min.
5 | max.
= REMARKS.
1895 1896.
min. | Sandy soil. Not
has thinned for
: some years.
min
min.
max. min.
Sandy soil. Not
min. thinned for
- some years.
min.
min
min.
max. Standards in cop-
max. pice. Soil stiff
max. loam. Crowns
max. full. North
max, aspect. Coppice
cut in 1894-95,
max. |
max. |
max. min. |
max.
max, Sandy soil. Trees
min. drawn up among
max. Beech. Thick
humus layer.
min,
max. min. | Standards in cop-
max, min. pice, on sandy
max. min. soil. Coppice
max. cut in winter of
max. min. 1895-96. Crowns
full, and exposed
to south.
Sandy soil. Stems
max. clean and close,
ieee iL with perfect leaf
s oe canopy, and
max | thick humus
max layer.
Sandy soil. Stand-
i ing in narrow
—— belt. Stem
LD fairly clean.
max. Surface grassy.
min.
From the above it will be seen that the season has had a decided
effect on the growth of the majority of those tested. Lots I. and II.
1 No summer wood,
78 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
are of especial interest, as showing what is evidently the influence
of the humus layer in counteracting or modifying the effect of
variations of season. While no particular year, for instance, is
especially marked as promoting or retarding the growth of those
where this layer exists (Lot I), the years 93 and 96 are par-
ticularly conspicuous by the maximum growth of the majority
taking place in the former, and the minimum in the latter year in
Lot IL, where the surface is grassy and exposed to sun and wind.
In the larch (Lot III.) the year ’96 also exercised considerable
influence, with a similar result to that noticed in Lot II., but the
maximum chiefly occurs in the damp season of ’94. In the
unthinned larca (Lot IVa.) the minimum is found in four trees
out of fivein 96, The remaining lots call for no special comment.
The most striking fact in connection with these trees, however,
is the almost invariable decrease in the production of summer
wood in ’96, while the dry summer of 793 rather favoured the
formation of this zone than otherwise. In eighteen trees out of
twenty larch and Scots pine of twenty years of age, the minimum
breadth of this zone occurred in ’96; while in fourteen out of the
same number the year ’93 produced the greatest bulk of summer
wood. As with the total breadth of the ring, so with the summer
wood zone, season had no predominant influence in the case of the
ten Scots pine, the roots of which were protected by a humus
layer; while with those not so protected the majority attained
the maximum breadth in ’93 and the minimum in’96, In the
larch (Lot ILI.) the maximum and minimum ring breadihs and
summer zones coincide.
Coming to the hardwoods—beech and oak—it is apparent that
the same climatic influences produce different results in these trees
to those noticed in the conifers. In the trees examined of both
these species, the (popularly termed) growing season of 1894 is
conspicuous by reason of the small amount of wood produced in
that year in eight out of the ten oaks in Lot VI. growing on stiff
soil, and in three out of the five growing among beech on light
soil. The maximum breadth occurred in seven trees in the former
lot in 1895, and in that year in the whole of Lot VIJa., while in
those standing among beech 793 shows the best result. It must
be noted, however, that the oaks in ’93 were visited in spring by
a strong attack of the oak-leaf roller moth, and it is very likely
that those in question suffered from this attack, and the natural
course of growth would be disturbed. ‘This is the more probable
NOTES AND QUERIES. 19
when the growth of those standing among beech, which un-
doubtedly escaped the attack, is seen to be an exception to the
remainder in regard to ring breadth in that year.
With the beech somewhat similar results are seen, the minima
prevailing in ’94, and the maxima in 795. While the breadth of
the summer zone increases with the breadth of the ring in the
oak, the wood rings in the beech show little relation between
breadth and summer wood zone, and resemble the conifers a good
deal in this respect. In those trees (beech) growing with a thick
humus layer, 793 appears to have produced the greatest quantity
of summer wood ; but in no tree in this lot does it coincide with
the maximum ring breadth. In three out of these five the
maximum was produced in 93, and the mivimum occurred in
Lot VIilTa. in four trees in 96.
Although the limited number of trees examined precludes any
definite conclusions being arrived at from the above facts, yet
they enable us to gain some insight into the effect of different
seasons upon the same and different species of tree. In Scots
pine and larch the fact is pretty clearly demonstrated that the
effect of any one season upon the breadth of the wood-ring and
the development of summer wood is greatly determined by the
nature and condition of the soil. Comparing the two dry seasons
93 and ’96, it is seen that the former produced the maximum
growth in ten out of twenty Scots pines on deep sandy soil, while
the minimum occurred in exactly the same number in’96. In
the larch on the loam, ’94 gave the majority of maxima in breadth
and summer wood, and ’96 the majority of minima. In the larch
on sandy soil, ‘93 again comes out favourably, ’96 unfavourably.
The great difference in the results of these two seasons can only be
accounted for by the fact that soil moisture was sufficient in ’93
(on all but the thin soil in which Lot III. grows) and deficient in
96, owing to the rainfall of the previous winter.
With the hardwoods the dry spring of 95 appears most con-
ducive to growth, and the damp summer of ’94 least so, probably
owing to increased power of assimilation and higher soil tempera-
ture in the former, and the reverse of these conditions in the
latter year.
A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire.
, Adj ae ¥-. bY PAP ae Syne
hades witha
4 ay
‘yl ee
ie
\) Se
6 yeni
| if bod |
it aden more
. | ot Ua il
eT QL ae
Te 4
yoygsl ie Me © cd? papi’ ja?
7
v
a i> @4
=» «)) Gag
4 4 uy SE Pe ae
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL =
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VOL. XV.—PART IL.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER,
ROBERT GALLOWAY.
— OOOO eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeelellElTETeNGeeTeTeeTOOTOTOTO ee eae ees ea
EDINBURGH: .
PRLN TED. EO ~ THE. SOC a revys
SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET.
MDCCCXCVII.
A ee eeeeeeOeOEOSSS ES
BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT.
THOMAS METHVEN & SONS,
NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
@ TO THE QUEEN, 9
NVITE the attention of intending Planters to their large
Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees
and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and vigorous
condition, and well suited for successful transplanting.
Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs.
Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood.
Trees and Shrubs for Sea=Side Planting.
Thorn and other Hedge Plants.
SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES for producing immediate
effect on LAWNS and AVENUES.
RHODODENDRONS—all the Best Varieties. Ms
FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds.
P ROSES—all sorts worthy of cultivation.
SAM PLAS. Om APE LiCA TIOA-
SPECIAL PRICES FOR LARGE QOANTITIES.
+o
Seed Warehouse: 15 PRINCES STREET.
Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, AND FETTES.
EDINBURG HEL.
i”
ADVERTISEMENTS.
STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY: Priced List Free on Application
DOUGLAS & FOULIS
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LIBRARY
9g Castle Street, Edinburgh
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION FOR TOWN AND COUNTRY
FOR THE NEWEST BOOKS
4 Vols. | 6 Vols. | 10 Vols. | 15 Vols. | 30 Vols. |
1 Month ee G- Sy2 r2/- | 2af= |
3 Months 15)— alll oe TS] 21/- 30/- | 60/-
6 Months 25/- 32/- 42/- 55/- 110/— |
12 Months 42/- <p ae 4 105/- | 210/- |
|
and Three Volumes for every additional Guinea per annum
Subscriptions may commence at any date and are payable in advance
Library Catalogues, English and Foreign, gratis to Subscribers
SPECIAL TERMS FOR BOOK CLUBS
DOUGLAS & FOULIS’ Catalogues of Surplus Library Books
are issued on or about the following dates in each year :
February 1, March 15, May 1, June 15, September 1, October 15, and December 1,
and sent gratis and post free to any address at home or abroad.
| DOUGLAS & FOULIS, BOOKSELLERS AND LIBRARIANS, 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH
IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS.
To effectually destroy Weeds use
SMITH’S PATENT
POWDER WEED KILLER,
BEST AND CHEAPEST.
Also in ie 4 Gallons 6s. 6d., Carriage Paid.
Write for Full Particulars to
MARK SMITH, LTD., LOUTH, LINCOLNSHIRE.
a
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Fis e Telephone—
<a: sq, WESTERN No. 78 EDINBURGH.
Telegrams—
. “HOTHOUSE,” EDINBURGH.
eS
TEAK WOOD HOUSES A SPECIALITY.
All Latest Improvements Adopted.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS
of every description erected, either
in Wood or Iron, in any part of
the Kingdom.
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
and
HEATING ENGINEERS,
Pavilions, Summer Houses,
Band Stands, Boat Houses,
and all kinds of
Wooden Buildings.
oe ra Registered Office and Works—
UPPER GROVE PLACE,
EDINBURGH.
London Office—8 CAMDEN ROAD, N.W.
Branch—43 VICTORIA ROAD, GLASGOW.
Coast |)
all
its Branches Efficiently Executed.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
FOREST, FRUIT, 0.
AND ALL OTHER
“ox TREES AND PLANTS.
EVERGREENS, ROSES,
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
23 HERBACEOUS PLANTS. &.
STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN,
JOHN DOWNIE,
fees, ee LANCE SS. goeh Ree eek,
EDINBURGH.
Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155,
Grown from carefully selected
i seed—robust, hardy, and finely
rooted—
In our New Grounds at
THE CASTLE NURSERIES, LIBERTON.
merokK SONS & CoO.
1 WATERLOO PLACE, EDINBURGH.
Established prior to 1770.
Address for Telegrams, “‘ Dicksons, Edinburgh.” Telephone No. 1066,
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, and SHRUBS,
Fine Plants of all the best Varieties. Clean, healthy, and well grown.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES FREE.
FORESTRY AND GARDENING TOOLS
of every description.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Hstablished 1801.
SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES.
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses and Fruit Trees.
JAMES DICKSON & SONS,
32 HANOVER STREET and INVERLEITH ROW,
BD DIN SB. DO BOGE.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
JAMES DICKSON & SONS received the highest awards for ‘‘ Conifers”’ and
‘*Hardy Plants” at the International Chrysanthemum Exhibition, Edinburgh,
1889; and again at the great Chrysanthemum Exhibition of 1890.
Grown from Seed collected in the
North of Scotland, on high-lying
erounds, and under the exposure of
a rigorous climate.
Hardy Ornamental Conifers,
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs,
Plants for Game Coverts, Hedges, &e.
All are Fibrous-Rooted, Robust, and Grown Unsheltered.
SENT TO ALL PARTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
SPECIAL OFFERS FOR LARGE QUANTITIES, and Carriage Rates Reduced.
CATALOGUES POST FREE.
BENJAMIN REID & CO.
FOREST-TREE NURSERIES, ABERDEEN.
Vide Loupon’s ‘‘ ENCYCLOPADIA OF GARDENING” (5th Edition, published
in 1827).—‘‘The Aberdeen Nursery, Messrs Reid, an old and respectable
establishment, chiefly devoted to the culture of Forest Trees, and especially to
Seedlings of Scotch Pine, Larch, Fir, and Thorns.”
ADVERTISEMENTS.
DAVID W. THOMSON'S
FOREST TREES.
An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees,
comprising
SCOTS FIR,
LARCH FIR,
SPRUCE FIR,
SILVER FIR,
ABIES DOUGLASII,
and other trees in great variety, and in splendid condition.
FOREST TREES, ETC., PLANTED BY CONTRACT.
VINES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.
My Stock of the above includes all the best Varieties grown, in
fine condition for removal.
Qrnamental Trees and Shrubs, Rhododendrons, kte.
In fine condition for removal, having been all recently transplanted.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS
AND
CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS.
See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1898, Post Free on application.
Wurseries—WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD.
Seed UWlarebouse—
24 FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
Telegraphic Address—“‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE CELEBRATED “ACME”
WEED KILLER
For Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives,
Stable Yards, Moss on Stonework, etc.
: Saves more than twice its cost in Labour. No Smell.
One application will keep the Walks clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.
Mr W. G. HEAD, Superintendent of the Crystal Palace Gardens, says:
—‘‘ We were so satisfied with your WEED KILLER and its price, that we have
used it absolutely. I have every confidence in recommending it.”
STRENGTH, 1 in 25. 1 gallon to be mixed with 25 gallons of water.
PRICES :—1-gal. 2/-, tin 3d.; 2-gals. 3/9, drum 1/6 ; 3-gals. 5/6, drum 2/-;
5-gals. 7/6, drum 2/6; 8-gals. 12/-, drum 4/6; 10-gals. 13/4, drum or
cask, 5/-; 16-gals. 21/4; 18-gals. 24/-; 20-gals. 26/8; 40-gals. 50/-.
Casks from 10-gals. and upwards charged at 5/- each.
When ordering 1, 2, or 3 Gallons, 9d. for carriage must be remitted.
Carriage Paid on 5 Gallons and upwards.
DOUBLE STRENGTH. 1 gallon to 50 gallons of water.
4-cal. tins 2/- (tin included); 1-gal. 3/6, drum 9d.; 2-gals. 6/6, drum 1/6 ;
3-gals. 9/3, drum 2/—; 5-gals. 14/-, drum 2/6; 8-gals. 21/4, drum 4/6 ;
10-gals. 25/6, drum or cask 5/—; 16-gals. 40/—; 18-gals. 45/—; 20-gals. 50/-;
40-gals. 90/-. Casks from 10-gals. and upwards charged at 5/- each,
Carriage Paid on 2 Gallons and upwards to any Station or Port in
Great Britain, and on 5 Gallons to any Station in Ireland.
Drums and Casks allowed for in full when returned, carriage paid,
within two months.
“ACME” POWDER WEED KILLER.
SOLUBLE IN COLD WATER.
Sizes, Prices.
No. 1. Sufficient to make 25 Gallons, . 1/9 per tin.
” 2. ” ” 50 ” . 3/3 ”
” 3. ” ” 100 ” . 6/- ”
ee ” pa ¥ aLEO 7 . 8/6 ‘,
? 5. ”? ” 250 ” . 13/- 0
Tins Free. Carriage Paid on No. 3 Size and upwards.
When ordering No. 1 tin, 44d. must be remitted for postage, and for No. 2 tin Td.
SPECIAL QUOTATIONS FOR LARGER QUANTITIES.
SOLE PROPRIETORS AND MANUFACTURERS—
The Acme Chemical Company, Limited,
TONBRIDGE, Kent, & Carlton Street, BOLTON, Lancs.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Alfred Clifford's PATENT EEL TRAP.
Highest Awards { Bronze Mepat AND Diptoma oF Honour, Truro, Cornwall, 1893.
for Traps— \SILvVER MrpAL AND DipLomMa oF Honour, Scarborough, 1895.
Under the immediate patronage of the Fishmongers’ Company.
The Mayor of Scarborough when presenting the Medal ssid he had in use
several of the Traps, and that they were giving him great satisfaction, and that
he should always speak highly of them.
Patronised by His Grace the Duke of Portland, the Earl of Ashburnham,
Sir Rose Price, Bart., Sir Joseph Bailey, Bart., Etc.
Sir Rose Price, Bart., Sir Joseph Bailey, Bart.,
says: Ht Nie, waters says:
“It isa capital Trap.” Wowie fu rae “They answer very nicely.”
\ ALFRED,
en
Warranted to catch Eels in any quantity, and in any water; easy to enter, cannot
return; with Bait Box and Instructions for Irresistible Bait, which it only requires
once a fortnight, made of galvanised iron, will last for years, and will catch enough
Eels in a few nights to repay its cost. There is no trouble in baiting, and it can be
thrown in any suitable part of theriver. It will catch Hels all the year round. The
Trap is fitted with woven wire Bait Box and Safety Pins, also Steel Needle-pointed
Entrance Wires, which make it impossible for the Hels to withdraw. It will catch any
quantity of Hels where the old wicker or iron Traps are useless ; only requires the bait
placed in the box and thrown in the water. Full instructions with each Trap.
“Sir,—The Eel Traps you sent to Sir Joseph Bailey have been most successful. We caught
sixty-eight Eels yesterday morning, the two traps having been left down for two nights.—
Yours truly, HeRBERT C. BaiLey.” [The above Traps were one 5 ft., and one 4 ft.]
“East and West Mills, Bridport, 28th August 1895.—Dear Sir,—The Trap answers very well
indeed, we caught upwards of thirty Eels last night, the first time we put it in. I expect to
catch a good many first dirty water, as the runners begin to come down the stream this time
of the year up to November.— Yours truly, Joun Fow.ER.”
“‘ Avon Castle, Ringwood, Hants.—The Eel Traps I had from you have proved an enormous
success; I occasionally get between forty and fifty, one trap one night.—J. TURNER TURNER.”
ALFRED CLIFFORD’S (Patent)
Reliable RAT, STOAT, WEASEL, and other VERMIN TRAP.
It is one of the best Traps for catching Vermin, Animals, and Birds that has ever
been invented. It has a trap door in centre of floor, and when set is perfectly level
and cannot be noticed. The bait only requires to be laid on the floor of the Trap;
immediately the animal puts its weight on the hinged floor the doors close. It has a
clear space right through, thereby causing no suspicion whatever. Strongly made in
galvanised iron, and painted. For catching Rabbits, Game, and such like, the floor
can be taken away, and the natural earth will form the floor, The Trap can be taken
to pieces in a few seconds, and packed into a small space; it will catch dozens where
other traps are useless. The Traps can also be used for catching laid-up Ferrets, by
placing them in front of the holes; also made large enough for catching Fox, and such like.
Converted from Government rifles into
12-bore breechloader shot-guns. For
general shooting, long range, and great Seen. LONG DISTANCE KILLER,
penetration, they cannot be surpassed,
Hundreds of testimonials have been received. Price 19s. 6d., packing 6d. extra.
When exhibited at the Royal Aquarium, London, 1894, The Rod and Gun said: ‘‘The
Reliable Long Distance Killer for Rook, Rabbit, Pigeon, and general shooting, is reliable.”
T. W. SkinnER, Head Gamekeeper, The Wood, Ubberston: ‘‘I received the Gun and like it very
well indeed.” A. Rump, Esq., Glenarde, Galway: ‘‘I am highly pleased with it, both as regards
its killing powers and straight shooting.” Send for Illustrated Price List and Testimonials.
Traps and Sporting Articles of every description.
Address: A. CLIFFORD, Patent Works, Hawley, KENT.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
A. & J. MAIN & CO., Lrp.
TRON and WIRE FENCING SPECIALITIES.
MAIN’S “SPECIAL” CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING.
a
This Fence, as now made on MAIN’S “ Break-Joint” system, and
with Flanged Standards and Patent Earth-Plates, is undoubtedly
the best bar fence in the market; it is also the cheapest if its
durability is taken into account.
WIRE FENCING with tron Standards and Patent Earth-Plates.
Main’s Corrimony Wire Fencing.
Ornamental Iron and Wire Garden Fences.
Wrought-Iron Entrance and Field Gates, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
MAIN’S GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
Specifications and Estimates on Application.
BEST QUALITY GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING.
ZID
325) For Rabbits,
Made from 4
TOO
Superior eesscsssecstese Poultry, &c.
)
Wire, well ess
galvanized, 5 Special
‘9
5 : Quotations
\)
of full gauge aro
and correct #0 for
mesh. Quantities.
EDINBURGH—Corn Exchange Buildings.
LONDON—77a Queen Victoria Street, E.C,
DUBLIN—11 Leinster Street.
Special Notices to Members.
HONORARY SCIENTISTS.
THE Covuncit desires to direct special attention to the appoint-
ment of Honorary Scientists of the Society recently made, with
the object of affording to Members the opportunity of obtaining
gratuitously scientific information upon subjects connected with
Forestry.
The names and addresses of the present Honorary Scientists
will be found on page 5 of the Proceedings appended to this
Part.
Members wishing for information should write direct to the
Honorary Scientists they desire to consult, sending full particulars
regarding the subject of inquiry, and also, if possible, any
Specimens, such as pieces of stem, twigs and leaves, fruits and
seeds, fungi, insects (in all stages of transformation) and their
food-plants, etc., that bear upon and would help to elucidate it.
The replies sent to Members by the Honorary Scientists will,
if of sufficient interest, be published in the Zransactions of the
Society.
FORESTRY NOTES AND QUERIES.
The Council begs to remind the Members that a few pages
of the Zransactions have been set apart for suitable Notes on
subjects of interest connected with Forestry, which have come
under the personal observation of Members, and that they are
invited to send contributions. Notes should be short and duly
authenticated.
It is hoped that advantage will be taken of this invitation by a
large number of Members, and that much valuable information
will thus be preserved and made available to every Member of
the Society.
The Council also invites Members to submit Queries on
Forestry Subjects, which, if suitable, will be inserted in the
Transactions.
Notes and Queries may be sent to the Secretary at any time;
but unless they reach him before the end of October, they cannot
be inserted in the next issue of the Zransactions,
THE SOCIETY’S CABINET OF LANTERN SLIDES.
The Council has resolved that the Society’s Cabinet of
100 Micro-Photographic Slides—illustrative of the Structure of
Timber, and suitable for the purpose of Lectures with Lantern
Exhibitions—may be lent to any applicant who is willing to
comply with the printed Conditions, copies of which can be
obtained from the Secretary.
NEW MEMBERS.
The Council has prepared and printed a Memorandum
containing particulars regarding the past and present work
of the Society, which, it is hoped, may lead to the introduction
of New Members. The Secretary will send copies of this
document to any of the Members who may ask for them, and
will forward a copy to any person likely to join the Society
whose address may be sent to him by a Member.
The Secretary will receive applications for Membership at
any time. See Form of Proposal and Conditions of Membership
on opposite page.
ROBERT GALLOWAY,
Secretary.
5 St ANDREW SQUARE,
EDINBURGH.
MCFARLANE & ERSKINE,
Lithographers, Engravers, and Letterpress Printers,
19 ST JAMES SQUARE,
DLN BU RG Ee
Having an efficient Staff of first-class Artists and Printers,
execute every description of
ARTISTIC & COMMERCIAL WORK, ————_—eec
= AND BOOK, LAW & GENERAL PRINTING,
WITH ACCURACY, ECONOMY, AND DESPATCH.
Special attention paid to Orders for Black and Coloured Plates
for Scientific Works,
and Coloured Illustrations required by Seedsmen.
Printers to the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Royal Physical Society, ete.
‘ased jyxou ves diysuaquiajy JO Suoijipuog soy
‘SsorppW | LU UING ‘uorydiiosqng | ‘sseippy pue uoleUsisaq “OUIVNT [NT
; ; jl] 10 | —— :
‘Ad Gasodoug | [enuuy | “dIHSUGANAY WOU ALVAIAGNV,()
“HDUNGNIGA ‘osenbgs Moipuy 1g S$
‘AJOID0G [eANJNIA0Gg1y YSIWI0OIG JeAoY
‘AUV.LAYDAS AHL
O} poeudnjed pues ‘tesododlgq siy pues eyepipueyg ey} Aq poubis oq oy
‘dIHSUHGWAW AOA TVSOd0Ud AO WaAOd
"AqO190G pvangzpnr1a0gape Ysiqjors jvdoy
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society.
Conditions of Membership (excerpted from
the Laws).
III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of
promoting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election
as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :—
1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per
annum, and others, subscribing annually ; . One Guinea.
2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed
4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, and others,
subscribing annually ; . Half-a-Guinea.
3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land- Serady aiid others, sub-
scribing annually : é . Six Shillings.
4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant- eideers ant others, sub-
scribing annually - 5 : g . Four Shillings.
IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each
year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member’s
subscription is due on the day of election.
V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvansactions. Any _
Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for three
years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such
Member shall be eligible for re-election till all his arrears are
paid up.
VI. Any eligible person may become a Zzfe Member of the
Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :—
1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, ; F ..) LIOs TOMO
2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and others, : 5 &) Se
3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, . : 3 200
VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has
paid Ave Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zz/e Member on
payment of Zzwo-thirds of the sum payable by zew Life Members.
XII. A Candidate for admission into the Society must be
proposed by at least one Member, and shall, ox payment of the
Annual Subscription or Life Composition, be immediately admitted
a Member of the Society, subject to the confirmation of the
first General Meeting thereafter. Any Member of the Society
proposing a new Member shall be held to be responsible for his
first year’s Subscription.
inuet) ; L- 2 ae pal
! PRT
pmo L wi l/l fh tiers : Y Hj bietpn hae yanl Agena |
A a8 Soo ee is url cht ar hegiiee 7o0 ae
7 Opee
BineloM stniea. ; sleet i Mia
“peel ee eT ee ae ri ee ail
Sthe
. ‘ ' Aad
a \ ’ nN Ls pd 46 — A TT 7 a rt
' Fi gtaait fe ED NS AC Oy 40 Muara atid
a TDoA it nT lot ZL ee ae
‘eo iii iy ot 0 wat? Ty ey er le T eee
we = :
abt pee UY @ Meath wil] ih ies ie epee! |. aw x) ereyter?
balk tart lel dgrrga.| ain eid 1) lide tages
arora Y-alitteoria) se) La Sa alse a!) 40h dee Bt
ie : b ‘ ’
4 F Sh rwealt alipank 2 ib) eile bas
”»,
i
me Oe lth
ee RUA R UMN imei re] Lyte fro Died d, h, wecut oat
:) mat. Pet Der’, bout waa 9 23 cere mr el
. ot ected steel 7)
f | a a a ¢ }
4° potent? Woe pont? aie ot «ied
OME a Mabieing?4 pendinl guava nin od th ghys ae
nig yeins fa nd te ces poh ne ays
aa nap ee te Pe ma a
son
Le) oe ia Piet 7"
¢ Chr Ly
a! Liye oe”
’ ae
Lj
, aa rT .*
Vt AOo
(Ths
Oui \ Ok Sh Be we 8
Th eat) i he Meee Se, WD ry
Whee A 7) Ov ub e
| ; y Py “\ ha)
ost ww i : uu fepas uted ag iinde | i
DINO ot whys une dietitian a ae singlets 2?)
PORE, Wes tintin ek He grldotdes MRS
tT)
CONTENTS.
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any statements or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors,
VII.
AVN
nw
XII.
XIII.
Address delivered at a General Meeting held on 16th August
1897. By R. Munro Fercuson, M.P., President of the
Society, .
Forestry Education. By Dr WiL.1AM Scuticu, C.1.E., Professor
of Forestry in the Engineering College for India, Coopers Hill,
. Forestry in Scotland in the Reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty
Queen Victoria. By Matcotm Dunn, The Palace Gardens,
Dalkeith,
. Experiments with Tree Seeds. By WILLIAM SoMERVILLE, D.Cic.,
D.Sce., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Agriculture and cr wee
thee Gallene of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne,
. Report by the Judges on Essays on ‘‘ The Best Form of, and the
Best Method of Establishing, an Experimental Forest Area in
Scotland, for the Exhibition of and for Instruction—Theoretical
and Practical—in Scientific Forestry,”
On Establishing an Experimental Forest Area in Scotland, for
Instruction in the Theory and Practice of Scientific Forestry.
By ArrHur C. Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood, Wilts
(*‘Moon Raker”),
On Establishing an Experimental Forest Area in Scotland, for
Instruction in the Theory and Practice of Scientific Forestry,
By D. F. Mackenziz, Factor, Mortonhall, Midlothian (‘‘ Nil
Desperandum’”’), P ‘
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS,
NoTEs AND QUERIES,
PAGE
81
89
109
133
148
155
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoYAL ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VII. Address delivered at a General Meeting held on 16th August
1897. By R. Munro Fereuson, M.P., President of the
Society.
I find myself called upon once more to rise like some hardy
perennial which owes something like an apology for continued
reappearance in exactly the same place. It is therefore some
consolation to find so many giants of the forest about me, and to
be able to report to the general meeting that the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society is growing well.
Our printed Zransactions maintain their high excellence, to
which we are recently and largely indebted to Professor Schlich, who
gave us so admirablean address. Our next volume should include
a portion of the ‘‘ Essays on Forestry Education,” plus a criticism
on them by Professor Somerville. Then, to look farther ahead,
as it is understood that a working plan has been drafted recently
for the Forest of Dean by an eminent member of H.M. Indian
Forest Department, and that it is likely to be put into immediate
operation, I would suggest that we invite its author to give us an
account of these proposals at our winter meeting. Many of the
scientific foresters who have lately come to Scotland have observed
the absence of working plans in estate management. An address
therefore from this officer, whom I had the pleasure to meet,
upon the first regular plan of the kind made in this island, would
be of great value for our publications, as well as a pleasure to
those who hear it.
It must be the desire of us all to maintain our printed Z7ans-
actions at a high level, since it is through them that we appeal
VOL. XV. PART II, L
82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
to a much wider public than that of our membership ; and as the
organisation that has most effectively sought to promote good
forestry, we ought to appeal to a wide circle: from that point
of view the papers or essays which we print are the chief part of
our work, and I sometimes wonder whether the account of our home
excursions might not be limited to a critique, of which that of
Professor Schwappach was so brilliant an example, or else that it
should be printed separately. For if an excursion to Germany is
worth a full record, that of a trip to the South of England might
be dealt with in less than a hundred of our pages, The mere
details of a home trip scarcely earn immortality; and while these
domestic incidents, no doubt, interes) many members of the
Society, they would be read by few of those whom we include, or
hope to include, amongst our general readers, They will want to
know what the Society has to tell or to do in the direction of
securing a firm basis for the profession of British Forestry.
Another item of our affairs might be reconsidered. It is
whether Edinburgh is always the best centre for annual or
general meetings? Mr Dewar of Beaufort, and other Highland
foresters have spoken to me strongly in favour of Perth; they
would engage to attend at Perth, they say, when they could not
come to Edinburgh. I know that this point has been discussed,
but with the aid of the Forth Bridge, Perth has become ‘very
accessible to all Scotland. It is for us a natural centre, and
without expressing any opinion of my own, let me suggest that,
in the interests of Highland Forestry (which is no mean part of
the whole), the matter is worth attention.
There has been a correspondence regarding Sir Robert Menzies’s
proposal that another Forestry Exhibition should be held, but
the feeling of your General Purposes Committee was that this
suggestion should be reserved until the approach of the jubilee of
the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society in 1904.
Various subjects lying before the Society have been in abeyance
pending the Essay Competition, which was arranged to try to
collect the widest range of opinion regarding the provision of
forestry education. The competition has not been so successful
as could have been wished ; but upon the essays, and the judges’
report drafted by Professor Somerville, considerable discussion
should arise. Out of all this must come the definite recommenda-
tions of the Society upon the provisions it deems necessary for
the instruction of foresters, which will, no doubt, in due course
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 83
be thoroughly prepared and finally adopted. For this purpose it
will be necessary to reappoint a strong committee. When we
have definitely adopted our scheme, we shall have to put forth
our whole effort to secure for it the greatest possible amount
of support.
Some disappointment may be felt that nothing has as yet
resulted from our interview with the President of the Board of
Agriculture. I cannot, however, share in that disappointment,
and I can say so without being reasonably suspected of enter-
taining any undue regard or respect whether for the Department
or for the Government. Because no Government can give without
some pressure, and in these days Government seems to give in
proportion to the pressure which is brought to bear upon it,
apparently on much the same principle as the people who bestow
their alms upon the sturdiest of the sturdy beggars on the street.
No one can accuse the present Board or Government of being
niggardly with the public purse, and if none of the golden shower
has descended on us, it is because we are unable to make enough
noise or to command sufficient support. This Society has been
enthusiastic over a Forest School and an Experimental Area, but
as we are only a limited number of more or less trained men, an
army fashioned on the long-service system, we shall find that
we have to add to the ranks and create our reserves.
Suppose we now review our forces, and weigh the feeling
which prevails amongst the various classes interested in forestry
education :—
1. Working foresters have shown their bent of mind by availing
themselves liberally of such instruction as Edinburgh can provide,
and of their zeal there can be no question.
2. Some rising factors also, despite the one-legged condition of
the Chair of Forestry, have not neglected the University lectures;
but since factors flourish wherever thistle-down blows, it may be
rash to assume too much from their moderate attendance upon
Colonel Bailey.
3. Timber merchants are well aware of what a steady supply
of home-grown timber would mean for their trade. They could
get much of what they need lying at hand instead of having to
seek it abroad. It is by no means certain, moreover, that they
still get the quality of foreign fir to which we have been for a
while accustomed, and ere long there may also be a more serious
question of scarcity.
84 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
4. There are the plant-growers. It has been often and
eloquently declared when agriculturists are gathered together,
especially after dinner, that the interests of owner and tenant have
been, by the wise dispensation of Providence or otherwise, so
wonderfully made and luxuriantly intertwined as to be indistin-
guishable the one from the other. However that may be, the
interests of nurseryman and forester are, if more independent,
even less likely to clash. Their common interest lies in the
maintenance and extension of the forest area and of arbori-
culture generally, in the making of it popular and therefore
profitable. It is said that nurserymen regard the practice of
natural reproduction in forests as repellant. Experience, how-
ever, does not show that natural reproduction diminishes the need
for plants, but rather that anything which adds to the value of the
forests, or to their area, will add proportionately to that of the
nurseries. The better plantations pay, the more of them will be
planted. Some foresters may grow their own plants as a matter
of convenience rather than of cost, but the shrinkage of nursery
area of late years gave cause for general concern, and we note the
more recent extensions of it with satisfaction. Nurserymen are
amongst the best supporters of advanced forestry, and theirs is
probably the best-managed department of our business.
These, then, are some of those upon whom we can rely in
support of the work of this Society, and through whom we may
expect to awaken some measure of public interest in the growth of
trees, whether for beauty or for commerce, sufficient to prepare
the way for a successful foray upon the Treasury. But these are
not all, nor does everything depend upon Government grants.
5. There is another important class to be considered, for of those
interested in forestry, the Landowners can, if they like, do most
of all. It is on them that we are entirely dependent for capital,
whether in land or in money, though capital is with them less
nowadays than it used to be. Forestry is far more dependent
upon the lairds than is agriculture, yet it is the last which has
been first in their favour. The proprietors of Scotland who have
done so much to stimulate practical scientific agriculture have
done practically nothing for commercial forestry. They have
distinguished themselves in forming the most beautiful pleasure-
grounds in the world; that, however, is rather landscape garden-
ing than forestry. Almost every proprietor who emerges from
the hunting age is an hereditary—often a leading—agriculturist,
PRESIDENTS ADDRESS. 85
but we have yet to find the estate having as a policy the treat-
ment of timber lands with the same methodical care which is
being bestowed upon similar lands under crop, and too often if
a real planter arises in one generation, his projects and his planta-
tions do not long survive him in the next.
The Laird of Dumbiedykes, ere he soughed awa’ to a tune which
boded ill for his future, made one effort to escape punishment in
the dying behest to Jock which has become our motto. Sir
Walter, who gained immortality with spade as with pen, does not,
however, record that Jock ever “stuck in a tree,” while Dumbie-
dykes had to confess that “his father tauld him sae forty years sin’,
but he’d ne’er fand time to mind him.” The industry which needs
the higher training and the more elaborate treatment has been
treated, whether in the estate office or in the Board of Agricul-
ture, as a matter appertaining to estheticism, to enjoyment, to
ancestral homes, rather than to business or to the working-men—
as a question of private whim, rather than of public importance.
Still, if proprietors have not been so keen to advance scientific
forestry as they have been to ensure scientific farming, they need
not be too seriously blamed. They have not had the same
advantage of trained assistance in the one asin the other. Scottish
agriculture has not been the creation of one class, else Scotland
would not be farmed as she is to-day.
The proprietor who hands over the management of agricultural
lands to factor or tenant may occasionally come to regret his
selection, still, with the most ordinary care, he need seldom find
himself in harness with any man who would not be taken to be a
fair good manager or farmer all the world over. But while we
could boldly say so much before the whole world, we should be a
good deal more diffident in expressing the same view regarding
the management of our woodlands. When the Scottish proprietor
has no knowledge of how to make his plantations pay, he may
often find it hard to discover his instructor ; and though of good
foresters there are not a few, too many of them have been obliged
to buy their knowledge at their employers’ expense, for lack of
opportunity to acquire it at school or college in a manner at once
more rational and economical.
Then, besides the question of management, the proprietor
suffers further difficulties and discouragements which have been
frequently acknowledged before the Society. The planter must
feel that if he should be privileged to enjoy the fruits of
86 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
his labour it will not be in this world, where the delay in
collecting his returns is so considerable. There is the uncertainty
as to whether his schemes will not end in every kind of way save
that which he intended, supposing that they survive the dangers
which greatly beset trees of tender years. He may feel uncertain
as to whether his successor will get a footing in the timber market
which has been handed over with so rare a thoroughness to the
foreign grower. There are the tolls on transport which the
wisdom of Parliament has so largely left to the discretion of
railway corporations. There is the conservatism which has been
so slow to apply machinery to the manufacturing and transport of
grown timber. Further, there is the modern tendency to think
more of oneself and less of ancestor or posterity, which results in
increased observance of the precept that “ilka herring should hing
by its ain head.” The depression in landward rents has probably
strengthened the respect accorded to this homely testimony to the
expediency of rational selfishness. There are the claims of sport,
and so forth. With all this, it will not be easy to stimulate
owners to make larger outlays. I adhere, therefore, to the theory
that any considerable extensions of woods is not possible in our
time unless undertaken by the State. Still, even without press-
ing men to plant more, we can at least impress upon them the
advantage of planting and selling well.
There is, indeed, no occasion to throw stones at either pro-
prietors or foresters; both have had to work under methods
almost wholly empirical, so, rather giving all credit for active, if
desultory effort, let us draw the necessary conclusions from the
results before us, and then let us drive these conclusions home.
It is clear that whilst Scottish land management has been con-
spicuously successful in extracting returns from agricultural land,
it has less to show to its credit in the forest area. If it has
sufficed for agricultural production, it is proved to be unable
to grapple effectively with timber growing. And this is not
surprising, for a crop which takes one or two centuries to gather
is not managed like a field of turnips. The farmer reaps many a
crop during his tack, the forest survives many a master before it
is brought low. Think what a farm would be like if it had a
fresh tenant once a month, each taking his own line without
giving much thought to what had been done, to what he was
doing himself, or to what was to be done after him—yet such
a system would hardly be a caricature of much of our timber
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. 87
management as it is carried on without records or working plans.
At Raith we have a Plantation Book begun by one of my forbears
in 1724; it was elaborately kept until 1828, but having been
then abandoned, the information it contains becomes curious
rather than of practical utility. It makes me, however, the more
confident in believing that forestry, to have a chance under
private management, must have its records and working plans
kept like title-deeds and posted up like ledgers. Then our
forestry will be level with agriculture in so far as details of
management are concerned.
Meanwhile we have no encouragement from the State. I
need not recapitulate what has been done to train foresters in
lands where forestry pays, nor the success of foreign Govern-
ments and communities in setting up a practical standard of
forestry in national or communal foresis,—a standard which I
believe to be invaluable.
I once wrote a review article to maintain that communal
ownership of land established side by side with private property
was best calculated to develop national resources and social
amelioration. The two systems being then in competition, the
best would prevail in whatever direction its results would show
it to be the best. I should be inclined to believe, for example,
that communal farming would not be a practical success in our
time, while, on the other hand, I believe that private forestry,
as left to itself, will be generally a failure until the State takes
in hand both instruction in forestry and the ownership of forests.
Once State forests were started there should be an immediate
improvement in the timber management of private estates. But
to pursue the subject further would be going too far ahead. Our
present and special business, outside of our ordinary routine, is
the establishment of a Forest School coupled with an Experimental
Area. This we advocate wholly apart from the policy of State
forestry, as to which there may be divergence of opinion, whilst as
to education and experiments there can be none.
Now, to gain the requisite provision for forestry education, I pin
my faith upon this Society as the best available instrument.
There may be more power in the little finger of the Government
than in all our loins, but then that little finger is not likely to be
lifted. There may be more science in the head of any professor
amongst those who have so readily and effectively aided us than
in all the laymen of this Society, yet we are the medium through
88 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
which their learning and science can best pass to invigorate the
movement towards a higher standard of training.
This Society is thoroughly representative, harmonious, and
flourishing ; we are a travelled body with recent Germanic experi-
ence and with other transmaritime undertakings both east and
west either in our immediate or prospective consideration. We
should be able to command public confidence.
I have keenly watched the growth of our Society, because, once
it became clear that no Government would move upon the report
of the select committee on forestry alone, it seemed to me on
looking round that the most likely if not the only remaining lever
was the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. I believe that
the whole immediate future of forestry lies with the success of
our efforts now. We are the living organisation through which
the support of followers of the noble art of forestry can best be
centred to promote the cause. I certainly do not despair of the
future, for the advance of technical and secondary education, if
slow, is sure. Meanwhile we have to keep our lamp burning,
its light will be needed ere long when we have educated a
sufficient body of opinion to realise that we ourselves must be
educated if a great national industry is to flourish, an industry
which the exhaustion of forests abroad may render ere long one
of supreme importance at home.
The process of educating people up to the point of giving us
education may be irksome, but to spend time in vain regrets
would be unworthy. I for one am confident that none of us will
relax in our efforts nor cease in our demands until we have
secured some provision for training foresters, so that we may
overcome the waste and vacillation and ignorance that so beset an
industry which, in its scope, may yet rank in Scotland alongside
of agriculture itself.
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 89
VIII. Forestry Education.» By Dr WiuuiAm Scarica, C.LE,,
Professor of Forestry in the Engineering College for India,
Coopers Hill.
About eight years ago this Society paid me the compliment
of electing me an honorary member. While most cordially
appreciating the honour, I have for some time past felt very
uncomfortable, because I have up to date not been able to show
in a tangible way to what extent I consider myself under an
obligation to you. Hence, when our worthy President invited
me to address you to-day, I seized the opportunity most eagerly,
trusting that the remarks which I shall be able to offer to-day
may in some small degree contribute to the furtherance of the
aims and objects of the Society; and I further trust that the
present occasion may be only the beginning of my becoming
more closely connected with the work of the Society, than has
been the case in the past.
Our President left it entirely to me to choose a subject upon
which to address you. I considered the matter, and I arrived at
the conclusion that I could not do better than to offer a few
remarks upon the question which, I know, has of late been upper-
most in your mind, namely, “ Forestry Education.” This subject
is all the more congenial to me, as I have for many years past been
associated with the education of foresters, and if I know anything
at all, I ought to know something about the requirements of
forestry education.
Is Berrer Forestry Epucation WANTED ?
The first point which demands our attention is—Whether a
case for better forestry education, than has hitherto been obtain-
able in this country, has been made out ?
Gentlemen, forestry is an “industry,” and, like all other
industries, it is subject to the law of demand and supply. Until
a recent time the demand was for arboriculturists and not sylvi-
culturists. That demand was admirably met by the corps of
gentlemen who attend to the arboriculture on the various estates
of this country. To expect that these gentlemen should suddenly
1 An address delivered at the forty-fourth Annual Meeting, held on 27th
January 1897.
90 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
turn into experienced sylviculturists, to suit a demand which
only lately has sprung up, is hardly fair. Until recent times the
economic question was, as far as the bulk of British woodlands
is concerned, of minor importance, since these woodlands were
maintained chiefly for other objects, such as beauty of landscape,
or the production of fine specimens of trees grouped in picturesque
fashion over the estates, or for game coverts. Iam sure I may
safely say that these requirements were admirably met by Scottish
wood managers. But of late, however, a change has come.
Agriculture has fallen low, and the rent-roll of many proprietors
has been seriously affected. The economic or financial importance
of woodlands, and the profitable utilisation of waste lands, have
come more into the foreground. Hence the increased demand for
skilled sylviculturists as wood managers who are fully acquainted
with the economic aspect of the industry. This is all very well,
but forests which have hitherto been managed for other objects
cannot suddenly be converted into what I call ‘ economic forests.”
The change takes time, and if proprietors are beginning to get
impatient, they have clearly only themselves to blame. The
transition from the one condition to the other takes a consider-
able space of time, and it demands the greatest skill of the sylvi-
culturist to effect it without loss to the proprietor; in fact, it means
in only too msny cases the gradual utilisation of the woods now
existing to the best advantage, and the production of new woods
which will meet the requirements of modern economic forestry,
and not of arboriculture. The thing can be done, but the. opera-
tion requires the training of wood managers on lines somewhat
different from those hitherto followed in this country.
To understand the difference between the two things more fully,
it will be well if I touch for a few minutes on the principal causes
why the timber now produced in Britain cannot compete with
that imported from abroad, On this subject so much has been
written and said of late that I can compress what I have to say
into a few sentences. Indeed, the 7ransactions of this Society
during the last two years are a very storehouse of information on
the subject.
You are aware that the general drawback, from which forestry
in this country labours, is the absence of a regular demand for
home-grown timber. You also know that, until a comparatively
recent date at any rate, most Government contracts for works of
construction contained a clause to the effect that no home-grown
Oty
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 91
timber would be allowed to be used. If we take these broad
facts into consideration, it is easy to perceive that the explanation
may be condensed into the following two statements :—(1) The
home-grown timber is, generally speaking, inferior in quality to
that imported from abroad; (2) it comes into the market at
irregular intervals and in fluctuating quantities. Exceptions
exist, but here only the average conditions can be considered.
These drawbacks can be removed only by improved sylvicultural
methods, and a systematic management of the forests. You all
know now that the plantations in this country have been too
heavily thinned during the first half of their life. By such a
procedure you can, perhaps, secure an increased average production
per year and acre, but at the cost of quality. Here I mean the
quality of timber now produced does not fetch the same price as
that imported from abroad. However much we may demonstrate
that the timber grown in this country is of as good or even better
lasting quality, still the eating of the pudding is the proof thereof.
The fact remains as stated above.
I need hardly remind you that, in the case of most estates in
this country, cuttings are made at irregular intervals. Sometimes
a proprietor prefers his woods to the cash which he can realise
from them ; in others, exceptionally large quantities are cut all
at once to meet a special demand for money ; and last, but not
least, frequently enormous quantities of timber are thrown down
by an exceptionally strong gale.
All these things are detrimental to a profitable utilisation of
the material. Under such conditions a regular market cannot
be developed, nor rational and cheap methods of converting
the material be employed. The whole thing is haphazard, and
neither the proprietors nor the timber merchants derive the full
benefit which the industry is capable of yielding. This state of
things can be remedied only by a systematic working of the
forests, so that annually the same, or approximately the same,
quantity of timber is offered for sale. Timber merchants, knowing
this, will make their arrangements accordingly. A regular
demand for the produce, and a well-organised trade in home-
grown timber, will be developed. Improved means of extracting
the timber, better means of communication, and high-class saw-mills
will make their appearance, leading to a considerable reduction
in the cost of extraction and conversion. In the same degree,
an increased surplus is realised, the greater part of which will,
92 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
following the law of gravitation, find its way into the pockets of
the proprietors of the forests.
In order to bring this about, the first and foremost requirements
of our forest estates is, then, that they should be managed according
to well-considered plans of operations, technically called working
plans, which lay down the cuttings to be made for a series of
years, thus leading to the method of a sustained yield. But
working plans do more than this, they provide for the systematic
and orderly performance of all other work to be attended to,
such as the general method of treatment, the execution of
regeneration, thinnings, construction of roads, etc., in short, for
the whole business connected with forest management.
And this brings me to the next point, namely, the interference
caused to an orderly systematic management by violent gales.
No doubt this is a great source of annoyance in a country situated
like Scotland. Although the forester cannot altogether prevent
such disasters, he can do much to reduce their extent, partly by
grouping the woods of different ages in a reasonable manner,
and partly by mixing shallow-rooted species with deep-rooted
ones.
Most strong gales come from a fairly fixed direction; in this
country generally from a direction oscillating between north-west
and south-west, in so far as deviations are not caused by the
configuration of the locality, such as mountain ranges, deep
valleys, etc. It is also well known that gales do special damage
if they rush into the open front of the wood, or one which has
suddenly been too heavily thinned. If, therefore, a cutting has
been made by which the western front of an adjoining wood
standing on the lea side is exposed, it is as likely as not that the
next heavy gale will throw it down. If, on the other hand, we
arrange the cuttings so that they begin in the east, and proceed
gradually towards the west, we avoid offering to the wind
specially favourable conditions for causing havoc. The wood
at the western edge having grown up gradually under constant
exposure to the western gales, will have developed strong edge
trees, especially if they have been somewhat heavily thinned during
early youth, and they will, in the majority of cases, resist gales.
Hence they should not fall under the axe until all the woods
behind them have been cut over.
Mixed Woods.—Again, it is highly desivable that shallow-rooted
species, like spruce, should be mixed with species which have a
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 93
firmer hold on the soil. In this respect I remember a remarkable
instance. When I was a forest student I joined an excursion to
the Thiiringian forest under the guidance of my old teacher, Dr
Gustav Heyer. There we were one day shown an old wood of
spruce and silver fir, about 140 years old. On examining the
wood we found all the trees in rows running from west to
east, and every edge tree on the west was a silver fir. It is well
known that nobody thought of planting or sowing in rows
180 years ago in those out-of-the-way places, so that the wood
was evidently the result of natural regeneration. Hence the
only possible explanation was, that the silver firs along the
western edge stood as well as the trees behind them ; where the
edge trees were spruces, they had in the conrse of time been
blown down, carrying the trees behind with them. Thus the
whole wood appeared as if it had been planted or sown in lines.
As already stated, the forester cannot prevent all accidents of
this class, because sometimes woods are blown down, even if all
possible precautions have been taken, especially as gales are
occasionally perverse, and blow from the east; but anyone who
cares to visit, for instance, the kingdom of Saxony, will be
astonished to see what the skill of the forester can do in this
respect. The Saxon State forests have, for many years past,
been managed on the financial principle, and they yield a revenue
far higher than those in any other State known to me. Now,
the best paying tree in Saxony is the common spruce, as it yields
heavy crops, of which up to 80 per cent. are classed as timber,
and which is used for a variety of purposes in construction, and
also for the manufacture of paper pulp, an article becoming more
and more important to the forester and forest proprietor.
Spruce, as you know, is very liable to be thrown by wind, in
fact, more so than almost any other of our forest trees, and yet
in Saxony spruce woods flourish. Indeed, the damage done by
gales is wonderfully small. This is achieved by managing each
forest charge according to a well-considered working plan, which
lays down the general grouping of the different age classes, so
that no cutting causes an open front to be exposed in the direction
from which the strong winds generally blow.
I cannot follow up this subject on the present occasion, but I
desire to add that, in my opinion, there are, for British wood
managers, no more interesting forests and forest management to
be seen than in the hilly parts of Saxony; and if any of you
94 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
should again go to Germany, do not return without having paid
a visit to the forests in the vicinity of Schwarzenberg in the
kingdom of Saxony.
NATURAL VERSUS ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION.
And now there is one more point on which I should like to
offer a few remarks before I proceed to forestry education proper,
and that is the question of natural versus artificial regeneration.
You have been told on various occasions, and by various authorities,
that you must study natural regeneration, so that you may regener-
ate your woods without expense, and without exposing your soil
to the effects of sun and air currents. Indeed, some people have
gone so far as to declare that the salvation of the forest industry
in this country depends on the introduction of the system of
natural regeneration. The question which I should like to ask
is, ‘‘ Have the advocates of this theory not gone a little too far?”
In answering the question, I shall begin by telling you that the
cleared areas in the splendid spruce woods of Saxony, of which
I have just spoken, are nearly all restocked by planting, and not
by natural regeneration, although it is well known that spruce
is one of those trees which is easy to regenerate naturally. And
you must have seen numerous instances on your visit to North
Germany where planting, especially in coniferous woods, has
been practised. The fact is that each of the two methods has its
advantages and disadvantages, and it depends entirely on the
local and special conditions with which you have to deal whether
the one or other is preferable. The principal points for considera-
tion in this respect are the species to be grown, and the conditions
of the locality. Where a tender species, like the beech or silver
fir, is to be regenerated, which may suffer from frost or drought
while young, a shelter-wood over the young crop is indicated. In
these cases regeneration is generally effected naturally by the
seed shed by the shelter-trees. But even this is not a necessity.
The same, and in many cases even better results can be obtained
by planting, and especially by sowing under and between the
shelter-trees. For it is evident that the seed can be better cared
for if placed by the hand of man, and the regeneration is likely
to be more even, than if the distribution of the seed is left to the
accidents of nature. In the latter case sometimes two, three, and
more seed-years must be awaited before a full new crop is secured,
os ees
> , FORESTRY EDUCATION. 95
thus involving a serious loss of time. No doubt this is in some
cases compensated for by a rapid increase of the volume and value
of the shelter-trees, but this does not occur in all cases. In not
a few cases, after having waited for a number of years without
obtaining a new crop, or only a partial one, artificial regeneration
has, after all, to step in and complete the crop, or even do the
whole work. There can be no doubt that the successful conduct
of natural regeneration under a shelter-wood requires the highest
skill of the forester; and if the regeneration of a mixed wood is
in question, the process may justly be called an “art,” which only
the greatest attention and skill can lead to a successful issue.
In the case of hardy species, especially if they are light-
demanding from early youth onward, artificial regeneration is
generally indicated, and leads to more satisfactory results than
natural regeneration. Amongst this class of trees may be
mentioned the larch, birch, Scots pine, and even the Weymouth
pine, and in many cases also the spruce.
Then the soil, and especially the climate of a particular locality,
have a decided influence upon the choice of method. Where the
quality of the soil and the nature of the climate are unfavourable,
a shelter-wood is indicated, so as to prevent a deterioration of the
productive factors of the locality, or the springing up of a noxious
growth of weeds. Where the climate is favourable, and especially
where a too rapid drying up of the soil is not to be feared, as in
most parts of this country, artificial regeneration may safely be
‘resorted to. In this respect you will, no doubt, have found a
decided difference between North Germany and Scotland. In this
country I should not hesitate for a single moment to regenerate
larch, Scots-:pine, Weymouth, and even spruce by artificial means.
As to the comparative cost, it is generally asserted that sowing
or planting requires a certain outlay, which is not necessary under
natural regeneration, but it is only too frequently overlooked that
under the latter process much time may be lost, and after all
“time is money.” Hence it cannot be said off-hand that the one
method is cheaper than the other. Do not let me, however, be
misunderstood. There are many cases in which I should adopt
natural regeneration; all I mean to say is, that there are others,
in which artificial regeneration is just as good, and not a few
where it is better.
From the above remarks we are justified in concluding that
there is no reason why just as good timber as that now imported
96 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
from abroad should not be grown in this country, provided
improved sylvicultural treatment and a systematic working of
the forests are introduced.
-
Our TimBeR Imports.
The next subject, then, before me is to inquire whether there is a
sufficiently large field open to us for extended action. An examina-
tion of the tables of imports and exports which are issued annually
show that the nett imports represent a sum of money by no means
to be despised. Taking, for instance, the returns for the years
1890-94, it will be seen that the average annual imports, in-
cluding wood-pulp timber, came to 7,600,000 tons, representing a
value of £19,000,000, of which sum about four millions went to
the colonies and fifteen millions to foreign countries. By going
back some years, it will also be seen that the average imports
have increased by about £2,000,000 during the last eight years.
Here, then, are facts which claim our attention, and we may
well ask ourselves, whether, if not the whole, at any rate a con-
siderable portion of that timber could not be produced, at paying
rates, in this country? A detailed examination of the returns
shows that, as far as the climate is concerned, about seventeen
millions worth of the timber could be grown at home, leaving
about two millions for timber which comes from species which
have no chance of thriving in these islands. Of the 17 millions,
no less than 14} millions represent coniferous timber, while the
other 24 millions are made up by oak and other hardwoods.
And what are these conifers? They are—(1) Baltic red pine,
or our own Scots pine; (2) Baltic white pine, or the common
spruce; (3) American white pine, the bulk of which consists of
Weymouth, a tree which, introduced into this country about
one hundred years ago, has been proved to be quite at home
with us, yielding heavy crops of timber.
All this timber could be grown in these islands, and, as far as
Scotland is concerned, the conifers would require special attention.
But have we the land for the purpose? To produce all the timber
mentioned above, we should require at least five million acres.
Are they available? A definite answer to this question could only
be given after a detailed investigation, taking one county after
another. But a general idea may be obtained by looking at the
official Agricultural Returns. There we find that there are in
FORESTRY EDUCATION. * 97
the three kingdoms—(1) Waste land not used, about 13} million
acres; (2) mountains and heath lands used for rough grazing,
124 million acres, making a total of 26 million acres. Of this
area about one-half is situated in Scotland. No doubt a fair
proportion of the waste lands could be used for afforestation, but
it must not be overlooked that the greater part of it is unfit for
the purpose. Taking both kinds of land together, I do not
hesitate in saying that much more than five million acres are
fit for afforestation. At the same time, we must remember that,
apart from rough grazing, by far the greater portion of the area
is used for shooting, at any rate all that part which is fit for
planting, and that shooting rents are high. I am told that
they run from 6d. to 2s. 6d. and 3s. an acre. Hence these
lands cannot be dealt with wholesale up here in the north. The
income derived from shooting, including deer forests, is so con-
siderable, that the proprietors are very touchy and suspicious
in respect of anything that might affect this important source
of income. Still, I am satisfied that, under proper arrangements,
‘a considerable portion of the lands in question could be planted
without interfering to an appreciable degree with shooting rents.
In the case of deer forests especially, I believe that afforestation
of the lower portions of the area would be likely to increase their
value in this respect, while gradually an increasing revenue from
the planted areas would be secured.
But I go a step further, by saying that in all cases where a
proprietor is the owner of both land under wood and of waste
land fit for planting, he can put a certain portion of the latter
under forest without sacrificing a single shilling of his present
income, while building up a higher rental in the future. I think
it is worth my while explaining this by an example :—
Supposing a proprietor has 100 acres of woods, with a regular
distribution of age gradations from 1 year up to 100 years old.
In the ordinary way he would cut every year | acre of 100 years
old wood, which would give him, say, £75 income. Supposing
he has now another 100 acres of waste land, which brings him 3s.
an acre a year from grazing or shooting, or £15 a year, and he
proposed to put it under wood in the course of 25 years; he
would have to spend £3 an acre for planting, or £12 a year. Let
us also assume he had to sacrifice his grazing and shooting income
at once over the whole area, so that he would have to find £27
every year. This he would find by cutting every year about
VOL. XV. PART II, M
98 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
14 acre of mature wood; in other words he would, during the
25 years, cut about 9 acres more than the ordinary area. In this
way he would gradually press down his rotation from 100 to 91
years. On the other hand, he would have another 100 acres
planted with young woods ranging from 1 to 25 yearsold. Then,
as the thinnings begin to yield some return, he would gcadually
reduce his cuttings of mature wood until he has raised the rota-
tion again to 100 years, and from that moment he would enjoy a
considerably enhanced income, because he would then cut over
2 acres every year, thus realising £135 a year instead of the
previous £75. You will observe that I have based my example
upon unfavourable conditions, because the owner need not lose the
grazing or shooting rents all at once over the whole 100 acres.
In this way a scheme could be worked out for every estate,
according to its proper conditions.
Dogs 1T Pay To PLANT?
But we must not forget to ask the question—Would it pay
to plant? Great difficulty is experienced in getting hold of
reliable data regarding the receipts and expenses of British wood-
lands. I have succeeded in securing these in a few instances,
and they, coupled with my personal experience as a practical
wood manager, have enabled me to show that, here in the north,
land which is capable of producing on an average 1} ton of ©
coniferous timber per acre annually, can be profitably afforested if
it does not yield an annual soil rental of more than 7s. 6d. per
acre. The calculation is made with 24 per cent. compound
interest throughout, and on the supposition that the thinnings
are sold for pit props, and the final crop for construction, both at
current rates. I shall, of course, not weary you with further
details of this question, but assure you that the calculation has
been based on moderate expectations.
In this connection I should like to give you a few figures
regarding the Saxon forests which I have already mentioned to
you. The forests of Schwarzenberg have an area of 46,000 acres,
and are situated from 1000 to 2500 feet above sea-level. The
annual yield from them is 3,640,000 cubic feet of wood of all
kinds. Of this 3,045,000 cubic feet are timber, equivalent to
51 cubic feet English measure, by the quarter girth, per acre over
the 46,000 acres of their area, The total receipts are £70,488,
FORESTRY EDUCATION, 99
and the expenses are £24,239, leaving a nett revenue of 20s. 1d.
per acre. If you calculate out the price, you will find that it is
not a high price they received for their timber. The woods are
mostly of spruce, the trees having beautiful clean, cylindrical
stems, 60 to 75 feet in height; but you will find that they only
realise 44d. per cubic foot. In Marienburg the price was a little
better—the nett revenue being 27s, per acre.
It seems to me that, taking all these matters into consideration,
as well as the fact that large and suitable areas are available for
planting in Britain, a large sum of money might be kept in this
country which is at present sent out of it for the commoner kinds
of timber, and that a strong case can be made out for extended
action as regards the afforestation of waste lands in the country.
Who 1s To ProvipE Forestry EDUCATION 2?
Supposing now that we are all at one as to the need of improved
forestry education, the first question is—Who is to provide it,
whereby a staff of wood managers would gradually be educated,
who are well versed in modern economic forest management ?
The efforts of this Society and others interested in the matter
have, up to date, been only partially successful, and the demand
has gone forth of late that the State should do something to
further the business. A deputation of this Society had, as you
are aware, an interview some time ago with Mr Long, the
President of the Board of Agriculture, and the latter promised
to see what he could do. This opens a question about which I
should like to say a few words.
The State as such has, no doubt, duties to perform in respect
of forestry, but its action must be limited by what is wanted in
the interests and for the welfare of the nation as a whole. The
nature and extent of the measures which the State should take
in this respect depend chiefly on (1) the special requirements of
the country; and (2) the nature of the proprietorship of the
forests.
Where forests are required for their indirect effects, or where
the means of import and of distribution over the country are
deficient, the State might be called upon to interfere. But these
cases do not apply to Great Britain and Ireland, at any rate, not
at present. Generally speaking, these islands do not require
forests for climatic or similar reasons, and, owing to their rich-
100 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ness. of coal, their sea-bound condition and extensive railway
system, all parts of the country can be easily supplied from
abroad. In this respect, then, State action could hardly ; be
justified, especially in a country like this, where free trade and
private enterprise are the very foundations of national life.
Referring now to the second point, I must mention that, apart
from about 100,000 acres of Crown forest lands, situated almost
entirely in the southern half of England, there are no State
forests. On the other hand, we have about 2,700,000 acres of
private forests, and almost the whole of the 26,000,000 acres of
land of which I spoke a few minutes ago belong to private parties
and not to the State. Hence it is to the proprietors that we
must look for assistance in the first place, though the State should
give a helping hand.
In this respect the action of Continental countries has some-
times been misunderstood. We have often seen it stated that
France has two forest schools, and Germany some ten; but then
the former country possesses upwards of 2,000,000 acres of State
forests, and upwards of 4,000,000 acres of forests belonging to
communes, which are, by law, under the management of Govern-
ment forest officers. Germany has some 11,000,000 acres of State
forests, and about 6,000,000 acres of communal forests, managed
by State forest officers. These forests represent a capital value
of several hundred million pounds, and the revenue derived
from them forms an important item in the State budget. It
is, therefore, but natural that in these countries the Government
should take care to give their forest employés the highest possible —
training in their profession, it having been recognised for a long
time past that a high-class training of the forest managers means
a high return from the forests,
The Government of India, as you are aware, has for the last
thirty years acted on the same principle, thanks to the enlightened
views pressed upon that Government by Sir D. Brandis. That
Government is the proprietor of more than 100,000,000 acres
of State forests; and it has established two forest schools, one
at Coopers Hill for the training cf the European part of the
staff, and another at Dehra Dun, chiefly for the training of
natives of India.
And yet instances are not wanting where private enterprise
has done as well, and I cannot do better than refer you to the
measures taken by the private forest proprietors of Bohemia and
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 101
Moravia in Austria, who established the following forest
schools :—
(1) Weissmasser, in 1855, by the Bohemian Forestry
Society, and taken over in 1862 by an Association
of Landed Proprietors.
Graf Waldstein, Wartenberg, attached an area of 3000
acres of forest to the School for the practical instruc-
tion of the students.
(2) Eulenburg, in 1852, by the Moravian-Silesian Forestry
Society.
(3) Lemberg, a similar institution, existing since 1874.
All three train forest managers for private woodlands.
(1) and (2) are entirely self-supporting; (3) has an annual
grant from the State.
The above facts indicate that, as far as this country is con-
cerned, we can expect only limited assistance from the State.
Considering the large imports of timber, and a certain amount
of uncertainty regarding future supplies, the State’s action might
reasonably be expected in the following four directions :—
(1) Assistance in the equipment of forest schools and
training grounds,
(2) Management of, at any rate, a number of Crown forests
on systematic economic principles.
(3) Advances at moderate interest (24 per cent.) to landed
proprietors who are desirous of planting.
(4) In some cases—for instance, where additional work is
wanted in congested districts—surplus areas might
be acquired and put under forest.
At the same time, we cannot close our eyes to the fact that, as
the proprietors of forests are the people most interested in the
systematic management of their woodlands, it rests, in the first
place, with them to afford the means for a proper education of
their agents, if they really want it, though, of course, the State
will do well to help.
Assuming this to be the case, why should we not be able to
do as much as has been done, for instance, in Bohemia and
Moravia? I do not expect any landed proprietor in this country
to make a present of a large tract of forest land, nor is this
necessary ; but would it be too much to expect that the proprietors
102 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
should, between them, provide the means towards the cost of
forestry education in this country? Supposing, for the sake of
argument, they determined to take up the matter in real earnest,
and to contribute one penny per acre of actual woodland annually,
say for the next ten years, we should have for Scotland alone a
sum of £3600 a year, as there are some 900,000 acres of woods.
And if only one-half of the proprietors joined such an association,
it would still have about £1800 annually at its disposal, a sum
quite sufficient to pay for the desired forestry education, apart
from any help which the State may be willing to afford. Or if
they only gave jd. per acre, it would still be £900 a year. Iam
sure there is nothing so very startling in these proposals, which,
after all, ran on the same lines as those adopted in many other
cases in this country. At any rate, they are thoroughly in accord-
ance with the foundations of national life in Britain.
How 1s Forestry EpUcATION TO BE ARRANGED ?
Assuming, then, that the necessary funds for a proper start
became available, the next question would be—How the course of
education should be arranged? Perhaps the best way of explain-
ing my views on this point will be to tell you shortly what we
have done and are now doing at Coopers Hill College, and then
to indicate my views as to what course should, in my opinion, be
followed to suit the requirements of this country.
More than thirty years ago, when Sir D. Brandis arranged for
the education of candidates for the Indian Forest Department, he
informed the home authorities that, as there were no forests in
Britain managed on systematic economic principles, the training
must be done on the Continent. He arranged, accordingly, that
one-half of the candidates should be sent to France, and the other
half to Germany. At the same time he suggested that some of
the English Crown forests should be taken under systematic
management, so that they might, in course of time, become avail-
able as training grounds for British forest students. Of the
latter suggestion no notice was taken.
In the year 1883, when the Secretary of State for India had
decided to start forestry education at Coopers Hill College, I
induced the Government of India, in my capacity as Inspector-
General of Forests to that Government, to point out to the home
authorities that, if forestry education in Britain were to become
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 103
a living thing, the first step to be taken should be to place the
principal Crown forests under systematic economic management.
In making this proposal, both Sir D. Brandis and myself had
in our minds’ eye the idea that such a step would be beneficial,
not only for the candidates of the Indian Forest Department,
but also for students who wished to devote themselves to the
management of forests in this country and in the colonies.
However, for the second time, no notice was taken of the pro-
posal, and a start was ordered to be made at Coopers Hill
without proper training grounds in this country. When I was
subsequently deputed to organise the forestry branch at Coopers
Hill College, I had no choice but to propose that our students
should go to the Continent for the principal part of their practical
training. Gradually the arrangements were perfected, and they
are now as follows :—
ARRANGEMENTS AT Coopers HILL.
1, The students join the College in September, and remain
under tuition for three years, divided into nine terms.
2. During the first seven terms they study at the College,
being instructed in the auxiliary sciences, including Botany, and
in the theory of forestry. During this time they visit all in
teresting forests in the vicinity of the College, one day a week
being set aside for this purpose, and at the close of the first vear
they are taken for a fortnight to Brittany, principally to study
the treatment of beech and oak woods, partly pure, but chiefly
mixed with each other. In this way we enable the students to
follow and understand the study of the theory of forestry. At the
end of seven terms, the students are sent to Germany and placed,
in batches of two, with specially selected Prussian forest officers,
under whom they work for five months, so as to see and learn to
understand all the operations carried on in a well-arranged and
well-managed forest district. Then they are all brought together,
and under the guidance, until lately of Sir D. Brandis, and now
of myself, they visit a selected number of specially interesting
forest districts in South Germany. After that they are con-—
sidered fit to be sent to India, and to enter the forest service of
that country.
In arranging this course of study, we were guided by the
following considerations:—(1) Theoretical and practical training
104 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in forestry must go hand in hand; (2) the student must become
thoroughly acquainted with the work in a systematically managed
forest district; (3) the student must study varying conditions,
over and above those found in any one district, so as to acquire a
sufficiently ripe judgment, which will enable him to decide on
the correct measures to be taken in any conditions which he may
meet with subsequently in his work.
Before applying what I have said to the case of Scotland, I
must clear the ground a little more. The demand for better
forestry education has gone forth, but I have nowhere seen it
clearly stated what is really wanted. There are a large number
of foresters in Scotland who look after the woods on estates of
varying extent. Some proprietors have only a few hundred acres,
or even less, while others own areas up to many thousands of
acres. The former employ a forester or woodman, whom they
pay hardly more than any untrained industrious labourer can
earn; and even in the case of the latter the emoluments of
their wood managers reach only a very moderate figure. Now,
every labourer is worthy of his hire, and before a young
man makes up his mind to devote several years of his life,
and a not inconsiderable amount of cash, in acquiring a
thorough knowledge of a profession, he must see his way
towards obtaining afterwards a position and emoluments which
make it worth his while to proceed. No man in his senses would
go through a systematic course of study if all he could look
forward to at the end of it were a salary of say £70 a year.
But then a proprietor will say—How can I afford to give more,
if I have only a small area of woods to be looked after? The
fact is that we require two distinct classes of foresters, the
ordinary working forester, and the wood manager, or forest expert
if you like the term better. The former would be in charge of
the ordinary current works, while the latter lays down the
method of treatment, and supervises the execution of the work.
Every proprietor would have one or a number of working
foresters, according to the size of his woods, and a wood manager
or a share of one. If his estate is of sufficient extent he will
engage his own wood manager, and if he owns only a small area,
he will secure the occasional services of one. There are endless
examples where a land agent manages a number of estates, and
there is no reason, as far as I can see, why the same should not
be the case as regards wood managers. In that case they would
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 105
secure an income commensurate with the sacrifices which they
have made in educating themselves.
The working forester would be a practically trained man, who
_ need not necessarily, at any rate not at present, visit a forest
school, unless he desires to work himself up to the position of
a wood manager. The future employés of the latter class require
superior training. Unless you keep this distinction clearly in
yiew, all your attempts are likely to lead to disappointment,
On looking over what has been done up to date, I find that
there are three distinct means of acquiring a theoretical knowledge
of forestry—(1) The training of working foresters at the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh ; (2) the lectures given in connection
with the Department of Agriculture of the University of Edin-
burgh ; and (3) those given in the Edinburgh School of Rural
Economy. Over and above, I see it stated that it is intended
to start forestry instruction at various other places.
- Although I have considerable hesitation in expressing an
opinion, owing to my incomplete knowledge of the local con-
ditions, still, as an outsider, I cannot help thinking that energy
and money are likely to be wasted by running on too many lines
all at once. For some time to come your chief energies should,
in my humble opinion, be directed to the education of the future
wood managers, while the working foresters will, for the present
at any rate, do well to seek their training in well-managed forests.
In my opinion, you would do better if you, at the start, were to
concentrate operations, so as to make one definite scheme a reality,
and that scheme should be to perfect the education of your future
wood managers, or under whatever title they appear upon the
scene. In other words, I should advocate one centre of instruc-
tion, consisting of (1) theoretical instruction in connection with
a university or agricultural college, where instruction in the
auxiliary sciences is already provided ; (2) woodlands where the
practical instruction can be imparted, because in forestry theory
and practice must go hand in hand.
As regards the first point, theoretical instruction,—a_ beginn-
ing has been made in this very city, where my friend Colonel
Bailey is delivering lectures on forestry. The arrangement needs
only further development, and to be put on a proper footing, so
as to bring the subject of forestry, as regards its importance, on
a par with other branches of learning.
The difficulties are much greater in coming 1o the practical
106 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
training, viz., the provision of forest districts in which the
practical part of the instruction can be conducted. To meet
this difficulty, some members of this Society have proposed to
start a model forest under the auspices of a joint-stock company.
Now this is a novel idea, which at first sight may recommend
itself to some people, but for myself, I confess I do not think
much of it, for several reasons. For one thing, the buying of a
tract of land and planting it up would be equivalent to postpon-
ing progress for about another generation, during which time
not much more could be learned in it, except what can be seen
in hundreds of the forest estates existing in this country. For
I need hardly point out to you that, as far as planting opera-
tions are concerned, our Scottish foresters may proudly enter the
arena, never minding whom they meet therein. Indeed, in this
respect, Continental foresters may learn a good deal by coming
to Scotland.
For immediate use we require something more, and that is a
considerable area of actually existing forests, which can at once
be placed under systematic management and regular sustained
working. There is no necessity that these should at once be put
into apple-pie order, All that is wanted is that a plan of
operations, or a so-called working plan, should be drawn up for
each, under which the forest (while safeguarding the interests of
the proprietor) is gradually, and in the course of a number of
years, led over into a model forest. There would be an annual
return at once, which would gradually increase to the highest
possible yield which could reasonably be expected from the
area. Operations like those involved in such a conversion would
be the very thing for the instruction of students, and this all the
more, as they would, when entering upon independent activity,
in all probability have to introduce and conduct similar opera-
tions. Any forest area which is fairly stocked would therefore
do for our purpose, provided it offers a sufficient variety of
conditions. For the latter reason it would be best to have
several forests, situated in different parts of the country.
Nowadays all parts are easily accessible, so that those estates
could be conveniently reached, but it would be a distinct
advantage if one of them was sufficiently close to the place
where the theoretical instruction is given, so that it can be
visited by the students in the course of a day, while at the
others the students would pass through a regular apprenticeship.
FORESTRY EDUCATION. 107
WHERE ARE THESE Forest Estates To BE Founp?
As continuity of action, extending over a long period of time, is
required, nothing would be more proper than that the State should
take up the matter ; Crown forests should be used for the purpose.
There are something like 100,000 acres of forests under the manage-
ment of Her Majesty’s Commissioners of Woods and Forests,
who act under the control of the Lords of the Treasury. -These
forests are the property of the Crown, and they are leased to the
State during Her Majesty’s life. Whatever arrangements may
be made hereafter, they represent areas in which the temporary
wishes or necessities of the owner are not likely to interfere with
the management, and they are therefore eminently fitted for
continued systematic management. Unfortunately, none of these
forests are situated in Scotland, but if we look at Great Britain
as a whole, I think a renewed effort should be made to bring the
principal Crown forests, in so far as they do not serve as Royal
shooting grounds, under systematic economic management. I
am inclined to think that the Commissioners of Woods and
Forests would not be unwilling to consider any proposals in this
respect, if it is made clear to them that systematic economic
management does not mean cutting the woods down, but, on the
contrary, leading them over into a condition in which they will
give an increased yield and revenue.
There being no State forests in Scotland, I think the Govern-
ment would not go out of its way if it were to buy an estate, a
considerable proportion of which is already under wood, and to
affiliate it with the Forestry School at the University of Edin-
burgh, with a duly qualified wood manager in residence on the
spot. This wood manager, under the advice of the Lecturer on
Forestry and a duly constituted committee of control, would have
to draw up a working plan of the area, giving full details of the
objects to be aimed at, and the manner in which they will be
utilised. This area could at once be utilised for the practical
illustration of many of the theories set forth in the lecture-room,
and it would also afford opportunity for the training of working
foresters. Proposals for the establishment of such a training
ground are, I understand, now before the President of the Board
of Agriculture, and I trust he will see his way towards providing
the means for its utilisation.
But can we not achieve something more? Could we not
108 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
persuade a few, or even one, of the great landed proprietors of
this country to make the experiment of placing their forests under
systematic economic management? Let me assure them they
need not fear for the esthetic beauty of the estates. True
forestry is not barbarous; on the contrary, the proprietors would
soon find that their estates would be just as beautiful as before,
besides improving in yield capacity and additional cash in their
pockets. Nor need forestry interfere with the income from
shooting, at least not more than what would be fully covered by
additional receipts derived from the sale of forest produce. Of
course,we must not forget that this is a century which marches
ahead at a quick pace, while forestry is an industry which pro-
ceeds but slowly. Haste has no place in forestry. Still, there is
no reason whatever to doubt, as I have already shown, that an
estate can be subjected to systematic forest management without
curtailing the revenue hitherto derived from it, while giving
promise of a considerabiy higher revenue in the future. At the
outset, occasional visits to suitable Continental districts would
probably be necessary, but they may be reduced in the same
degree as the systematic management of the home estates
improves, until they would become unnecessary. The sooner the
latter stage is arrived at the better, because, apart from political
considerations, these visits are a source of great inconvenience and
expense.
And now, gentlemen, I fear I have kept you long enough.
The subject of forestry education is one in which I take a great
interest, and I only trust that the realisation of your aims in this
respect may be accomplished at an early date. National and
private interests of considerable magnitude are involved in their
realisation, which I hope will not be put back for another
generation,
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, 109
IX. Forestry in Scotland in the Reign of Her Most Gracious
Majesty Queen Victoria. By Matcotm Dunn, The Palace
Gardens, Dalkeith.
In taking a survey of the progress of forestry in Scotland
during the sixty years which have passed of the reign of Her
Majesty Queen Victoria, it cannot but be evident to every close
observer that a very substantial advance has been made within
the period. Not only have numerous new species and varieties
of trees and shrubs been introduced, many of which are of the
greatest value to the arborist, and many improved methods and
appliances adopted in the management and working of our wood-
lands; but a much deeper interest has been taken by the public
in forestry questions during the past twenty years, and especially
in the improvement of the education and training of foresters,
with the view to a greater and more profitable development of
our forests. Considering the condition of Forestry in this country
in the first quarter of the present century, it may be safely
asserted that it has made much greater progress within the period
of Her Majesty’s reign than either of the sister arts— Agriculture
and Horticulture, much as they have undoubtedly advanced
during the same period. It may also be noted that Forestry, as
it is known and practised in Britain at the present time, is almost
entirely a creation of the Victorian era.
It is true that the trees chiefly employed in the formation of
plantations when Her Majesty ascended the throne sixty years
ago were of the same species as those now in vogue, and which
will probably remain popular with planters for ages to come, not-
withstanding many fine newer introductions. Plantations formed
in Scotland in the early part of this century, before the Queen
began to reign, were as a rule wholly composed of three species
of the Conifere—Larch, Zaria europea; Scots Fir, Pinus
sylvestris; and Norway Spruce, Picea excelsa; and five species
of broad-leaved trees—Ash, Prawxinus excelsior; Beech, Fagus
sylvatica ; Scots Elm, Ulmus montana; Oak, Quercus Robur ;
and Plane or Sycamore, Acer Psewdo-platanus. All other species
of trees cultivated in Britain at that period were seldom planted
as forest trees, but were almost entirely confined to the embellish-
ment of parks, pleasure-grounds, and gardens, where their value
as decorative objects in the landscape was the first consideration,
110 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
British AND Earty Intropucep Exotic TREEs.
The primeval forests of Britain are believed to have been
mainly composed of Oak, Quercus Robur, and Scots Fir, Pinus
sylvestris; the former predominating on the rich lands of the low
country, and the latter on the poorer soils of the moors and
exposed uplands. The remains of both are found in abundance,
and often in a wonderful state of preservation, after the lapse of
many ages, at the bottom of peat-bogs, which have grown up over
them to a depth of many feet in the course of centuries. About
a dozen other species of large trees, 30 or more feet in height, and
with a stem of a foot or more in diameter at 5 feet up,—including
Alder, Alnus glutinosa; Ash, Yraxinus excelsior; Beech, Fagus
sylvatica; Birch, Betula alba; English Elm, Ulmus campestris ;
Scots Elm, Ulmus montana; Hornbeam, Carpinus Betulus;
Lime, Tilia ewropea; Poplar, Populus alba and others; Spanish
Chestnut, Castanea vesca; Sycamore, Acer Pseudo-platanus ;
Willow, Salix alba and others,—are considered to be indigenous,
or have been introduced at such an early period that all record is
lost of the date, and they are now as much naturalised in Britain
ag any native tree.
Of smaller British trees, indigenous or naturalised in far back
ages, there is a greater number, and some of them produce timber
of considerable value, beside being among the most useful and
effective of ornamental and fruit-bearing trees. In this section
are the Apple or Crab, Pyrus Malus; Aspen, Populus tremula ;
Bird Cherry, Cerasus Padus; Box, Buus sempervirens; Buck-
thorn, Rhamnus catharticus; Bullace, Prunus msititia; Elder,
Sambucus nigra; Gean, Cerasus Avium; Goat Willow, Salix
caprea; Guelder Rose, Viburnum Opulus; Hazel, Corylus
Avellana; Hawthorn, Crataegus Oxycantha; Holly, Ilex Aqui-
folium; Maple, Acer campestre; Medlar, Mespilus germanica;
Pear, Pyrus communis; Plum, Prunus communis; Rowan, Pyrus
aucuparia ; Sea-Buckthorn, Hippophe Rhamnoides ; Service-tree,
Pyrus Sorbus; Sloe, Prunus spinosa; Spindle-tree, Huonymus
europeus ; Strawberry-tree, Arbutus Unedo; White Beam, Pyrus
Aria; Wild Service, Pyrus torminalis ; and Yew, Taxus baccata.
Among the more notable indigenous or naturalised shrubs,
the following may be mentioned :—Barberry, Berberis vulgaris ;
Black Currant, Aibes nigrum; Bladdernut, Staphylea pinnata ;
Bog Myrtle, Myrica gale; Broom, Cytisus Scoparius; Butchers’
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 111
Broom, Ruscus aculeatus; Dogwood, Cornus sanguinea; Goose-
berry, fibes' Grossularia; Heath, Hrica cinerea and others;
Juniper, Juniperus communis; Mezereon, Daphne Mezereum ;
Mistletoe, Viscwm album; Osier, Salix viminalis; Privet,
Ligustrum vulgare; Raspberry, Rubus Ideus; Red Currant,
Ribes rubrum ; Rose, Rosa canina and others ; Tamarisk, Tamarix
Anglica; Spurge Laurel, Daphne Lawreola; Wayfaring-tree,
Viburnum Lantana; and the Whin, Ulex europea.
The chief of the ligneous climbers and trailers that are natives
of Britain are the Bramble, Rubus fruticosus; Brier, Rosa
arvensis and others; Honeysuckle, Lonicera Periclymenum; Ivy,
Hedera Helix ; and Traveller's Joy, Clematis vitalba. These lists
comprise all the ligneous British plants that are of any economic
value, or which are of service to the forester, and previous to the
fifteenth century they probably were the sole occupants of their
kind—trees and shrubs—of our forests and woodlands.
With the advent of the sixteenth century a taste for tree-
planting appears to have sprung up. In the reigns of James V.
and Mary Queen of Scots, 1513-1567, we find royalty and
the nobility beginning to display an interest in arboriculture, by
planting the domains around their castles and mansions with the
best of the trees and shrubs at their command. Trees are still
extant, and in vigorous health, which are historically, or tradition-
ally, closely connected with these Scottish sovereigns, and around
old Scottish family seats are seen many venerable trees that were
undoubtedly planted in those early days by the arborists of the
period. The resources of the native trees and shrubs, as given in
the above lists, would appear soon to have failed to satisfy the
tastes or wants of our arboricultural ancestors, and then exotics
began to be introduced from European countries and other acces-
sible parts of the world. From about the middle of the six-
teenth century we possess tolerably authentic records of the
introduction of the hosts of exotic trees and shrubs that so
beautifully adorn our gardens and pleasure-grounds, and form a
large and important part of our planted woodlands. The earliest
of these, Turner’s Herbal appeared in 1548, and in it is recorded
that on or before that date the Norway Spruce, Abies excelsa ;
Stone Pine, Pinus pinea; Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens ;
Oriental Plane, Platanus orientalis; Savin, Juniperus Sabina ;
Sweet Bay, Lawrus nobilis; and Spanish Broom, Spartiwm
junceum, were among the plants introduced from Europe. The
112 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Walnut tree, Juglans regia, was introduced about 1562; the
Holm, or Evergreen Oak, in 1581; and before the end of the
century the following trees and shrubs had been added to the
introductions, as recorded in Gerard’s Herbal,—Silver Fir,
Abies pectinata; Maritime or Cluster Pine, Pinus Pinaster ;
Arborvite, Thuja occidentalis; Laburnum, Laburnum vulgare ;
Laurestine, Viburnum Tinus; Lilac, Syringa vulgaris; Mock
Orange, Philadelphus coronarius; Judas Tree, Cereis Siliquastrum ;
Phillyrea, Phil/yrea latefolia; and about sixty other ligneous
plants of lesser growth.
Some of the most interesting to the arborist of the trees and
shrubs introduced in the seventeenth century need only be here
noted, the first and perhaps the most important being the
European Larch, Larix ewropea, which, according to Parkinson, in
his Parnasus, was introduced before 1629, but by whom is not
recorded. The same authority also records that about that time the
Horse Chestnut, Wsculus Hippocastanum; Hickory, Carya alba;
Black Walnut, Juglans nigra; Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana ;
Common or Oherry Laurel, Cerasus Laurocerasus; Alaternus,
Rhamnus Alaternus ; Pyracantha, Crategus Pyracantha ; Ameri-
can Bird Cherry, Cerasus serotina; and Virginian Creeper, Ampel-
opsis hederacea, were introduced; and by the middle of the century
the Occidental Plane, Platanus occidentalis ; Deciduous Cypress,
Taxodium distichum; False Acacia, Robinia Pseudo-Acacia ;
Portugal Laurel, Cerasus lusitanica; and Poison Oak, Rhus
Toxicodendron, had appeared in Britain. The last half of the
century saw the introduction of about eighty species of ligneous
plants, many of them being obtained from the eastern States of
North America, then British colonies, and long a fertile source
of new trees and shrubs. A few of those most useful to the
arborist are the Scarlet Maple, Acer rubrum; American Nettle
Tree, Celtis occidentalis ; and Butternut or White Walnut, Juglans
cinerea, in 1656; the Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipiferum, in
1663; Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana, in 1664; the Con-
stantinople Nut, Corylus Colurna, in 1665; Cedar of Lebanon,
Cedrus Libani, in 1676; the Aleppo Pine, Pinus halepensis,
Pheenician Juniper, Juniperus phenicea, Scarlet Thorn, Crategus
coccinea, Dwarf Aimond, Amygdalus nana, in 1683; Magnolia
glauca, M. longifolia, and Aralia spinosa, in 1688 ; Scarlet Oak,
Quercus coccinea, and Cockspur Thorn, Crategus crus-galli, in
1691; Balsam Poplar, or Tacamahac of North America, Populus
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 113
balsamifera, and Babylonian Willow, Salix babylonica, in 1692 ;
Cork Oak, Quercus Suber, Dwarf Chestnut, Castanea pumila, and
Candleberry Myrtle, Myrica cerifera, in 1699; and the Honey
Locust, Gleditschia triacanthos, White Spruce, Picea alba, and
Black Spruce, P. nigra, in 1700.
The eighteenth century saw about five hundred species of ligneous
plants introduced to Britain, of which North America contributed
about three-fifths, Europe one-fifth, Asia about eighty, including
half-a-dozen species from Japan, a country which in later times
has been so fertile in fine trees and shrubs, Africa about a dozen,
and South America three species. Of that large number of trees
and shrubs, only a few of the most useful call for mention,
beginning with the Weymouth Pine, introduced by Peter
Collinson from North America in 1705. The White Ash,
Fraxinus americana, in 1723; Catalpa syringefolia, 1726;
Azalea nudiflora, A. viscosa, and others, Rhododendron maximum,
Andromeda racemosa, Kalmia latifolia, and Magnolia grandiflora,
all from North America, in 1734; Turkey Oak, Quercus Cerris, Sugar
Maple, Acer saccharinum, 1735; Hemlock Spruce, Abies (7'suga)
canadensis, White Cedar, Cupressus thyoides, and the American
Larch, Lari microcarpa, in 1736; Red or Champion Oak,
Quercus rubra, Black Jack Oak, Q. nigra, and Live Oak, Q. virens,
in 1739; Pinus Cembra in 1740; Kentucky Coffee Tree, Gymno-
cladus canadensis, in 1748; Arclanthus glandulosa, 1751; American
Lime or Basswood, 7Z%lia americana, Biota orientalis, and
Juniperus thurifera, in 1752; Maidenhair Tree, Genkgo biloba,
1754; the Striped-bark Maple, Acer pennsylvanicum, and other
Maples, 1756; Lombardy Poplar, Populus fastigiata, 1758;
Corsican Pine, Pinus Laricio, 1759; Rhododendron ponticum,
1763; Red Beech, Fagus ferruginea, 1766; Cottonwood of
America, Populus canadensis, 1769; Black Italian Poplar,
Populus monilifera, 1772; Pyrus spectabilis, 1780; Aucuba
japonica femina, 1784; Pinus montana, 1789; Pinus
Pallasiana, 1790; and the Chilian Pine, Araucaria imbricata,
and Thuja plicata, 1796. The last two fitly close the list of
the best of the ligneous introductions of the eighteenth century.
A new era was commencing, in which the farthest corners of
the world would be ultimately ransacked by intrepid travellers
and explorers in search of useful trees and shrubs. With a few
important exceptions, the trees which had been introduced
hitherto had not proved valuable to the planters of timber-
VOL, XV. PART II. N
114 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
producing forests, however useful many of them were to the
ornamental planter and the landscape gardener.
Towards the end of the century, travellers and collectors of
plants began to push their way into most of the accessible parts
of the world, and to freely ransack them of their treasures in the
way of trees and shrubs that promised to thrive in the British
climate. Among those fearless and enterprising travellers, Scots-
men hold a prominent place, as the introducers to the British Isles
of many of the finest of hardy exotic trees and shrubs. Without
going farther back than the period we are now dealing with, a
few of those intrepid countrymen of ours may be mentioned.
Archibald Menzies, a native of Perthshire, was born in 1754, at
Weem, in Strathtay, and accompanied, as naturalist, the famous
Captain Vancouver on his voyage round the world in the years
1790-96, bringing home with him, in the latter year, Araucaria
imbricata from Chili, and Thuja plicata from British Columbia.
John Fraser, a native of Inverness, who travelled widely over the
Eastern United States and the West Indies in search of new and
useful plants, and, between 1784 and 1811, introduced many trees
and shrubs from those regions to this country, including Abies
Frasert in 1811, which was named after him. John Lyon, a
native of Forfarshire, also travelled much in the Eastern States
of America between 1802 and 1812, and collected many new and
rare species of trees and shrubs, which he introduced to Britain
chiefly through Loddiges & Sons, then eminent nurserymen at
Hackney, London. And last of the noted band, but most inde-
fatigable of all the pre-Victorian travellers and plant-collectors,
David Douglas, who was born at Scone, near Perth, in 1799, and
travelled in various parts of America for the Royal Horticultural
Society of London from 1823 to 1833. He sent home to Britain
within that period more hardy trees, suitable for forest culture
for commercial purposes, than all the plant-collectors who had
gone before him, or any one that has come after him. Beside the
now popular Douglas Fir, Abies Douglasii, which was one of his
first introductions from the north-west coast of America, and most
worthily commemorates his name, he introduced upwards of fifty
hardy trees and shrubs, many of which have proved to be of
special value in forestry, and all are exceedingly useful in gardens
and pleasure-grounds. Amongst Douglas’s introductions were
such fine stately trees as Abies amabilis, A. Douglasii, A. grandis,
A, Menziesti, and A. nobilis; Pinus insignis, P. Lambertiana,
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 115
P. macrocarpa, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, and P. Sabiniana ;
Acer circinatum and A, macrophyllum. Of the smaller trees and
shrubs, mention may be made of the Mahonia, Berberis Aqui-
Solium, Garrya elliptica, Gaultheria Shallon, Arbutus procera,
Amelanchier florida, Ribes aureum, R. niveum, R. sanguineum,
Caprifolium Douglasii, Clematis Douglasii, Spirea ariefolia, and
many others more or less noteworthy and useful to the orna-
mental planter.
Through ‘these and other channels, about eight hundred species
of exotic trees and shrubs were introduced to Britain in the early
years of the present century, before the Queen’s reiga began in
1837, all of which were supposed to be sufficiently hardy to grow
in the open air in some part of the British Isles. A few only of
the most notable trees may be mentioned beside the introductions
from America by Douglas, Fraser, and Lyon already referred to.
The Himalayan Spruce, Abies Morinda, was introduced from
India in 1818, by Dr Govan of Cupar, Fife ; and the first plants
of it were raised from seed at Hopetoun, by Mr James Smith,
gardener to the Earl of Hopetoun, after whom it was called Abies
Smithiana, by Dr Wallich, who himself introduced from the same
regions, between 1822 and 1829, the beautiful Silver Fir, Abies
Webbiana, Cupressus torolosa, Juniperus recurva, Pinus excelsa,
and P. Gerardiana, all very beautiful conifers, requiring a warm
and sheltered position, however, to thrive well in Britain. The
Indian Cedar, Cedrus Deodara, was introduced by the Hon. W.
Leslie Melville in 1831 ; the Pyrenean Pine, Pinus pyrenaica, by
Captain Widdrington, in 1834; the Austrian Pine, Pinus
austriaca, by Lawson & Son, Edinburgh, in 1835; and the
Indian Silver Fir, Abies Pindrow, by Dr Royle, early in 1837.
Forest-Tree NURSERIES.
Early in the eighteenth century, public nurseries for the rearing
of young forest trees to meet the increasing demands of planters,
and for the propagation and distribution of the newly introduced
trees and shrubs, began to be established in Scotland. The first
nursery formed in Scotland was started in the year 1729, by
Robert Dickson, at Hassendeanburn, near Hawick, Roxburgh-
shire. This enterprising gentleman was the common progenitor
of the numerous race of Dickson who have established nurseries
in various parts of the United Kingdom, until the name has
116 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
become, in the forest-tree nursery trade, as familiar to foresters
and others as a household word. At the beginning of the Queen’s
reign, those public nurseries for the rearing and sale of trees and
shrubs had been established by a Dickson, or some other enter-
prising sept, in every important business centre in Scotland. At
Edinburgh they were numerous, and are so to this day, and they
were also to be found at Aberdeen, Perth, Dundee, Inverness,
Forres, Glasgow, Stirling, Kilmarnock, Ayr, Dumfries, Kelso,
and many other places, which shows that the demand for young
forest trees had arrived at considerable commercial importance at
that period.
Earty LITERATURE OF FORESTRY.
It may be safely said that until the advent of the Victorian era
the literature of British forestry was of a meagre character ; but
such of it as was of any value in practical forestry was mainly the
work of Scottish authors. Evelyn’s Sylva appeared in 1664, and
it is still a popular book with ardent lovers of trees. The Earl of
Haddington, in 1760, published a small Zreatise on Forest Trees,
but it was of little use for practical purposes, and is chiefly valued
for its rarity, and as the production of a famous planter of trees,
A useful book, and one that was much valued in its day, was a
Treatise on Forest Trees, by William Boutcher, a nurseryman at
Comely Bank, near Edinburgh, published in 1772. Another
useful treatise, The Practical Planter, by Walter Nicol, appeared
in 1779, and a revised edition of it, by Mr Sang of Kirkcaldy,
in 1812. Monteith’s Forester’s Guide followed in 1819, and Sir
Henry Steuart’s Planter’s Guide in 1829, may be said to com-
plete the list of useful books on practical forestry prior to the
commencement of the present reign in 1837.
Forestry APpPpLIANCES—TooLs AND IMPLEMENTS.
The appliances at the command of the Scottisl forester in pre-
Victorian times, for the execution of his work, were almost confined
to the axe, saw, pick, and spade, and the various forms of those use-
ful cutting and digging tools in vogue at the time for particular
purposes, The means of transport were limited to the drag-chain,
and the timber cart or waggon drawn by horses or bullocks. The
friendly aid of the spring floods in the nearest river was invoked
to float the timber to a seaport, often many miles distant. No lines
of railway, light or heavy, steam cable, or electric; no traction
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 117
engines and portable saw-mills; no penny post, no telegraph,
and no telephone; few books, and no forestry periodicals; no
Arboricultural Society, nor meetings to discuss questions of
interest to foresters; in short, few or none of the improved
methods and appliances were then available which we are now in
the habit of considering as absolutely indispensable for the efficient
performance of the duties of a forester. He might plant woods
and grow the timber to the highest perfection, but for want of an
easy access to a market where forest produce was in demand, the
trees would scarcely pay him for cutting them down. If at any
time a greater quantity was cut than met the local demand, it was
a serious undertaking for the forester to seek for and find a good
market for the surplus, Letters travelled slowly, and postage was
high, and the cost of travelling from one part of the country to
another by stage-coach, or perhaps, in outlying districts, by a
lumbering carrier’s cart, was almost prohibitory when added to
the loss of time, and unless the forests were so extensive as to
induce moneyed men to embark in the timber trade, and lay con-
venient to good water communication, their owners reaped a poor
return from the sale of the produce. From a variety of circum-
stances, these primitive methods were on the wane when Her
Majesty began to reign, and at the end of sixty years, in 1897,
they have been generally supplanted by vastly improved methods
and facilities.
THE VICTORIAN ERA.
At the ascension of Queen Victoria to the throne of these
realms, in the year 1837, a general upheaval was taking place
among the arts and sciences. Old things were passing away,
or fast becoming reorganised under the teachings of science and
the beneficial influences of the spirit of inquiry and improve-
ment that were abroad, and before half the period had passed
during which Her Majesty has reigned, the old order had practi-
cally disappeared, and the new ruled in its stead. The general
use of steam power, and the consequent development of railways
and steamboats, which were in their initiatory stages in 1837, was
undoubtedly one of the most potent of all the influences which
tended to the rapid advancement of all branches of rural, as well
as of urban industries. In 1837, Wheatstone and Faraday were
busy at the invention of the electric telegraph, which has assumed
such a wonderful development in the course of the Queen’s reign,
118 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
almost annihilating time and space. It and its junior electric
invention, the telephone, have quite revolutionised the rapid
transaction of business and the development of trade throughout
the civilised world. Another, and not the least important factor
in the wonderful progress of the industries of the country in the
past sixty years, was the invention of the penny post by Sir
Rowland Hill, and its inauguration in 1840, when letters under
half an ounce in weight were carried at a uniform rate of one
penny. The weight of the letters was increased to one ounce
in 1871, and, in commemoration of the Diamond Jubilee of the
Queen in the month of June last, the weight was further increased
to four ounces for one penny—an immense boon to the public.
The beneficial results of the development of these and other
important inventions in the course of Her Majesty’s long reign
are seen on every side and felt in every line of life, and have
proved a great stimulus to the progress of forestry in this country.
PLANTING OF FORESTS.
The formation of extensive woods, or forests, was carried on
in Scotland with great enterprise and public spirit by landowners
in the last half of the eighteenth and the early part of the present
century, so that when the Queen ascended the throne in 1837,
many large tracts of land that were bare, treeless wastes, in the
previous century, were well clothed with thriving plantations.
During the same period, and especially towards the end of the
last century, when the extensive natural pine forests in Strathspey
were cut over, much of the natural woodlands were entirely
cleared of their crop of timber, and some of the Jand then cleared
remains still an unafforested waste. Most of it, however, has
been restocked with timber, either by natural or artificial seeding,
or by planting. Among the most noted of the earlier planters
of forests in Scotland were the Dukes of Athole in Perthshire,
who, in the forty years immediately preceding Her Majesty’s
reign, planted of Larch alone about 9000 acres, as well as some
thousands of acres of Scots Pine and Norway Spruce, the two
latter being also extensively planted in the Moray and Strathspey
districts by the Duke of Gordon and the Earl of Seafield.
After a lull of a short period at the commencement of the
present reign, those extensive planting operations have been
carried on all through it with more or less continuity; and
judging from the extent and generally flourishing condition of
\
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 119
our forest-tree nurseries, which annually raise seedlings enough
to plant many thousands of acres, and for all of which there
seems to be a steadily growing demand, it is natural to believe
that our forests are spreading in their extent, and yearly adding
to their acreage. Statistics, so far as they are available and their
accuracy can be depended upon, prove this to be correct, and for
at least the past three decades, the forest areas in Scotland have
had upwards of 4000 acres added to them annually, over and
above the restocking of woodlands that have been cleared of their
crop of timber. In the future the rate of increase is likely to
be much greater, when the improved methods now being developed
show their success, and the true principles of forestry are better
understood and generally practised.
Forest-TREE NURSERIES.
The institution of home nurseries on large estates is an important
feature in connection with the planting of forest areas in Scotland
during the present reign. They are a considerable advantage to
the planter, where extensive planting operations are being carried
out in a systematic manner; but although they are found on
most estates of any pretensions from a forestry point of view,
they do not seem to materially affect the increase and expansion
of the public nurseries. In every populous and improving district
in Scotland, we now find established one or more well-stocked
and thriving commercial nurseries ; in fact, some favoured centres
may be said to be crowded with them. The annual output of
forest and ornamental trees and shrubs from the whole of these
nurseries must be something marvellous; but we have no trust-
worthy statistics available to show how many millions of plants
they distribute to the public in the course of a season.
Through the enterprise and public spirit of the nurserymen,
a vast addition has been made within the past sixty years to the
numbers of our choicest and most beautiful trees and shrubs,
Much improvement has also been made by them in the methods
of rearing a healthy and vigorous stock of plants and placing them
on the market in the best condition, thus adding materially to
their value and success when the trees are planted in their
permanent position, and, with due care on the planter’s part,
rendering failure almost an impossibility. The rearing of a clean
and vigorous stock of trees is one of the most important functions
r
120 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
in Forestry, because the future success of a plantation depends
largely upon it. A low price for the plants should never induce
anyone to plant weak, sickly, or insect-infested trees or shrubs of
any description.
PLANT-COLLECTORS.
The search for hardy trees and shrubs in foreign countries, and
their introduction to Britain, received a great impetus from the
success which Douglas attained in introducing so many stately
conifers, and other valuable plants, from North America, in the
decade immediately preceding the Queen’s reign. In fact, although
Douglas gathered his spoils in California, Oregon, and British
Columbia, and introduced them to Britain through the Royal
Horticultural Society, before Her Majesty ascended the throne,
their dissemination throughout the country, and their rise into
popular favour and demand, may be said truly to belong to the
Victorian era.
Stimulated by the history and success of those notable intro-
ductions of Douglas and other earlier travellers, plant-collectors,
as they were called, were sent abroad, or went on their own
account, to ransack every accessible spot in temperate regions,
to discover plants that might be worthy of introduction to this
country. To name even a tithe of the useful and interesting
plants introduced to Britain by the plant-collectors in the sixty
years of Her Majesty’s reign, would far exceed any reasonable
limits of a paper of this kind, and mention will only be made of a
few of the leading collectors and the most notable of the trees which
they introduced, taking them generally in chronological order.
In the year 1837 Dr Royle sent home from India the hand-
some Indian Silver Fir, Abies Pindrow, which is, however, only
hardy in a few of the mildest spots in Britain, In that and
a few following years he introduced to Britain a few other Indian
or Himalayan trees, but none of them are of any value to the
forester. In 1838 Mr A. B. Lambert introduced the Monterey
Cypress, Cupressus macrocarpa, from Monterey, California, a
beautiful ornamental tree of rapid growth in mild localities,
and one of the best of the Coniferze for maritime planting, as it
resists the effects of salt spray better than most other trees. In
1839 the beautiful Eastern Spruce, Picea orientalis, was intro-
duced from Asia Minor; and that fine ornamental tree, the
Spanish Silver Fir, Abies Pinsapo, which thrives so well on chalky
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 121
or strongly calcareous soils, arrived in the same year from the
mountains of Spain.
With the beginning of the “forties,” a period of great activity
set in among collectors and introducers of hardy exotic plants,
and before the decade closed, many rich additions were made to
our trees and shrubs. When David Douglas lost his life in the
Sandwich Islands in 1834, the Royal Horticultural Society after-
wards resolved to send another collector to America, and Karl T.
Hartweg, a native of Baden, in Germany, was selected in 1836
to proceed to Mexico to travel over the mountains and higher
parts of that fine country, in search of new plants that would
thrive in the climate of Britain. He spent about seven years in
Mexico and other parts of Central America, and discovered many
fine trees, chiefly Conifers, but most of them have proved too
tender for the climate of the British Isles, unless it be in some
of the mildest spots, such as Fota Island in the County of Cork,
where such beautiful Conifers as Abies religiosa are seen in
luxuriant growth. In 1845 Hartweg visited California, and
during the next two years sent home a few new trees, the most
conspicuous being the Redwood, Sequowa sempervirens, which
had been discovered by Menzies about fifty years previously,
and also seen by Douglas and other plant-collectors, but had
not been successfully introduced until Hartweg sent it home
to the Royal Horticultural Society in 1846.
Again the Royal Horticultural Society, ever active in searching
the world for new plants, turned its attention to the Far East,
and despatched thither in 1843, as their pioneer collector, Robert
Fortune, another Scotsman, from Berwickshire, who gained much
well-deserved celebrity for his great perseverance and success in
travelling through the “ Flowery Land,” China, and introducing
therefrom many rare and beautiful plants, including some of the
choicest and most interesting occupants of our gardens and
pleasure-grounds. In the first year of his travels through China,
in 1844, he sent home from Shanghai the now well-known Japanese
Cedar, Cryptomeria japonica. In 1846 he introduced the Chinese
Golden Larch, Larix Kempferi; Fortune’s Fir, Abies Fortuner; the
Chinese Funeral Cypress, Cupressus funebris ; and the Lace-bark
Pine, Pinus Bungeana. In 1847 Torreya grandis from Northern
China; and from the same country, in 1849, the two species of
Plum-Fruited Yews, Cephalotaxus drupacea and C, Fortune.
Proceeding to Japan in 1860, when that interesting country
122 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
was first opened to foreign travellers, Mr Fortune, then
collecting plants on his own account, was the means of
introducing some of the finest Japanese trees and shrubs that
are now such favourites with the decorative planter; the hardy
Conifers again forming a leading feature in his introductions.
Among them were the Japanese Cypresses, Retinospora obtusa,
R. pisifera, and numerous fine varieties of them; Zhwiopsis
dolobrata variegata, and the curious Umbrella Pine, Sciadopitys
verticillata. He was also the introducer of many free and showy
flowering plants and shrubs from both China and Japan, but
they belong more to the garden than the forest, and need not be
specified here.
Among plant-collectors, William Lobb, a Cornishman, will
ever occupy a high niche as the introducer to Britain of the
Mammoth Tree of California, Wellingtonia gigantea. He first
went out to South America in 1840 as plant-collector for Mr
Veitch, nurseryman, Exeter, and sent home many valuable
tropical plants from Brazil and the adjacent countries. After-
wards crossing the continent from east to west, he visited the
great forests of the Chilian Pine, Araucaria imbricata, in
Southern Chili, and collected a large quantity of its seeds,
which he brought home in 1844, and thoroughly established the
tree in Britain. It had been introduced fifty years before by
Archibald Menzies, but was still rare. Trees raised from Lobb’s
seed are to be found in every part of the United Kingdom, the
most of the largest specimens originating in that importation.
Visiting South Chili again for Mr Veitch in 1847 to 1849, he
introduced from that country and Northern Patagonia, in 1848,
such fine shrubs as Hscallonia macrantha, Desfontainea spinosa,
Berberis Darwiniti, Philesia buxifolia, and the beautiful climber,
Lapageria rosea; as well as, in 1849, such interesting Conifers
as Mtzroya patagonica, Libocedrus tetragona, Podocarpus
nubigenus, and Prince Albert’s Yew, Saaxe-Gothea conspicua.
Proceeding to California in 1849, Lobb sent home to Mr Veitch
large consignments of cones and seeds of many of the discoveries
of Douglas, Hartweg, and others who had explored the country
before him, and the plants raised from those seeds made some
of the scarce species common and popular. In a country so
often and so closely traversed by keen-eyed collectors, Lobb’s
original discoveries were not numerous; but his introduction of
the Wellingtonia to Britain in December 1853, from the Calaveras
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 123
Grove, on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, in
California, will ever render his name famous among the intro-
ducers of exotic trees.
The African or Mount Atlas Cedar, Cedrus atlantica, was
introduced to Europe in 1841, from Northern Africa; the
Chilian Arborvitea, Libocedrus chilensis, in 1847; and the
handsome Abies Nordmanniana, from the Crimea, in 1848.
At the commencement of the second half of the century,
a few noblemen and gentlemen formed at Edinburgh the
Scottish Oregon Association, for the purpose of exploring the
north-west of America, with a view to introducing to Britain the
trees and other plants, particularly Conifers, found in those
temperate regions. The Association appointed John Jeffrey, a
native of Fifeshire—who had been trained as a gardener, like
nearly every other famous plant-collector, including Douglas,
Fortune, Lobb, and Hartweg—as its collector, and despatched
him in June 1850, by way of Hudson’s Bay, from whence he
crossed the continent in the winter to British Columbia, and was
ready to begin his collecting operations in the spring of 1851.
A keen and indefatigable worker and explorer, he collected and
sent home during his first year, 1851, a splendid consignment of
seeds, especially those of the Conifer indigenous to the regions
he explored, including such grand species as Prince Albert’s Fir,
Abies Albertiana; A. concolor, A. magnifica, A. Pattoniana, and
Pinus flexilis, all introduced for the first time by him to Britain.
Next year, 1852, there were among his original introductions
such fine things as Cupressus Macnabiana, Pinus Balfowriana,
P. Jeffreyi, which commemorates his name, and Thuia gigantea ;
and in 1853 Libocedrus decurrens, a distinct Conifer, but for some
years afterwards much confounded with Thwia gigantea, The
latter has borne several synonyms, and has recently been declared,
on high authority, to be the original Thwia plicata. The large
quantities of seeds sent home by Jeffrey, and distributed by the
Oregon Association, proved generally fertile, and many thousands
of the newer Conifere from North-West America were raised
from them, and planted freely in the pleasure-grounds, parks,
pineta, and woods in Scotland, where they now form numerous
stately and handsome trees, adding fresh interest and beauty to
the landscape, and some of the species are promising to become
in time valuable forest trees.
One of the most beautiful and hardiest of the Cypress tribe,
124 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the Yellow Cypress of British Columbia, Cupressus nutkaénsis,
was discovered at Nootka Sound by Archibald Menzies, in 1794,
but was not introduced into Europe till 1850, when it reached
St Petersburg, and eventually arrived in Britain. Another
interesting Conifer, the Japanese Thuia, 7'huiopsis dolobrata, was
introduced in 1853 by Thomas Lobb, a collector of plants in the
East for Mr Veitch of Exeter. From Japan, in 1854, Dr Siebold
sent to Europe the Japanese Hemlock Fir, Abies T'suga; Pinus
densiflora, and P. Massoniana, the two commonest pines in
Japan, and very similar in their characteristics.
In 1854 William Murray sent to Messrs Lawson & Son,
nurserymen, Edinburgh, from North-West America, the Cypress
named after the head of that firm, Cupressus Lawsoniana; and
also introduced from the same regions, Abies Hookeriana, which
so closely resembles Jeffrey’s Abies Pattoniana that they are now
considered synonymous.
In the year 1860, immediately after the Island Empire of Japan
was opened to travellers, John Gould Veitch, a member of the
eminent nursery firm of James Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, London,
—the Exeter branch of which had'been so actively employed intro-
ducing new plants, and especially of the newer Coniferz, in the
forties and fifties,—resolved to visit that far-off land, to collect
whatever he met with of interest to cultivators in this country of
trees, shrubs, and other plants. Arriving in Japan about the
same time as Mr Fortune, they covered a good deal of the same
ground, and introduced to Britain simultaneously, in 1861,
many valuable plants. With characteristic aptitude and energy,
Mr Veitch practically cleared the ground he traversed, and left
little of value for future travellers to gather up. Among the
many fine acquisitions for which the lovers of Conifers are mainly
or solely indebted to him for introducing, are Abzes aanensis,
A. Alcoquiana, A. firma, A. polita, Cryptomeria elegans, Larix
leptolepsis, Pinus koraiensis, P. parviflora, Retinospora obtusa,
R. pisifera, R. plumosa, R. squarrosa, Sciadopitys verticillata,
Juniperus rigida, and many other trees and shrubs, evergreen
and deciduous, all brought home from Japan in 1861, These
and other introductions from the islands of Japan have generally
proved hardy and thrifty plants in Britain, and add greatly to the
beauty and interest of our ornamental grounds and shrubberies,
if but few of them have yet shown themselves to be serviceable
to the forester, as trees to cultivate for their timber.
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, 125
The introduction of Abies Nwmidica from Algeria, and Picea
Englemanni from the Rocky Mountains, in 1864; Abies brachy-
phylla from Japan, in 1870; and Abies Mariesti, A. Sachalinensis,
A, Veitchiz, and Picea Jezoensis, in 1879, the last four by Charles
Maries, a collector who explored the forests of Japan in search of
new trees and shrubs for Messrs Veitch & Sons, Chelsea, must
close the list. Nothing of special interest to the forester has been
brought from abroad since that period, showing that the old fields
have been closely gleaned, and that fresh ones must be discovered
before the arborist can expect many new species of trees to be
again introduced to Britain from their native habitats abroad.
It is worthy of notice, before leaving this subject, to observe
how largely the Coniferee predominate among the hardy trees
introduced during the Queen’s reign ; and those that are likely to
become profitable forest trees are entirely Conifers. No species of
broad-leaved tree introduced within the period gives promise of
special qualities as a timber tree. Most of them are, however,
exceedingly interesting to the arborist, and of great value to the
landscape-gardener for the embellishment of domains, public and
private parks, and the pleasure-grounds around country seats, or
the smaller areas of city mansions and villas. The wealth of
richly-tinted foliage possessed by many of them, their graceful
habits and brilliant flowers and fruits, give a richness and charm
to ornamental grounds and gardens which could not be produced
in their absence,
Forestry LITERATURE.
In no branch of the subject has there been such a marked
advance, especially in recent times, as in the literature of British
Forestry. It has been already shown that, at the commencement
of the Queen’s reign, it was poor in quantity, and generally of a
mediocre character. Within a few years afterwards, the public
press began to take special notice of arboriculture, and since the
Gardeners’ Chronicle was established, in the year 1841, it has
devoted particular attention to the subject, and has acquired
a high reputation as an authority upon trees and shrubs, and
especially in regard to the introduction of new species and
varieties. Other journals and magazines dealing with rural
affairs have treated the various branches of forestry more or less
exhaustively in the course of the years that have passed, and
several attempts have been made to establish a periodical dealing
126 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
exclusively with Forestry, but so far they have not met with the
needful support from the owners of woodlands, foresters, and
others who are directly interested, to command the success which
their efforts merited. Twenty years ago, in 1877, the Journal of
Forestry was established by J. & W. Rider, of London, amid con-
siderable enthusiasm in the ranks of the profession, and promised
well for a time that it had come to stay. After a stout fight to
maintain itself, and its removal from London to Edinburgh, to
be published in the centre of Scottish Forestry, it too had to
succumb, in 1886, for want of support, like all other periodicals
which have tried to occupy the field and supply British foresters
with up-to-date literature and the newest information about their
profession. No attempt has since been made to establish a
forestry periodical, although the need for it is evident to everyone
who has given a thought to the subject.
Turning from the periodical literature to the books on forestry
and cognate subjects which have appeared within the past sixty
years, we find that one of the most important works on trees and
shrubs in the language—J. C. Loudon’s Arboretum et Fruticetum
Britannicum, or “The Trees and Shrubs of Britain ”—was first
issued in May 1838, less than two years after Her Majesty
ascended the throne. Its appearance marked a great step in
advance of all that had gone before, and supplied arborists with a
valuable compendium of the history, characteristics, cultivation,
and uses of all the trees and shrubs then grown in the open air in
Britain. The comprehensive nature of this standard work may
be judged from the fact that the letterpress, with about 2600
small engravings illustrative of the text, occupies 2700 closely
printed pages, forming four large octavo volumes, with four other
volumes of plates illustrating the habits and peculiarities of
typical trees. The second and last edition of this splendid work
was issued in 1844, and, so far as was then known about trees and
shrubs, it has not been improved upon to this day.
In 1842 an abridgment of the Arboretum et Fruticetum
Britannicum was published by Mr Loudon, under the title of
“Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs,” which has passed through
several editions, and is still a popular book with arborists, as it
gives the gist of the standard work at about one-fourth of the
price. The text is freely illustrated with woodcuts, and it forms
a large octavo volume of about 1240 pages.
At this period appeared another highly important work on the
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA. 127
science of plant-culture—Dr John Lindley’s Theory and Practice
of Horticulture. It deals exhaustively with the origin and
growth of plants, and the various methods of raising, propagat-
ing, and cultivating them in accordance with the principles and
teachings of science. A perfect storehouse of clear and concise
information on the principles of science applied to cultivated
plants, trees, and shrubs, the book is worthy of the careful study
of every forester, farmer, and gardener in the country.
Selby’s History of British Forest Trees was issued in 1842
—a beautifully illustrated work, giving the history of British
trees, with their treatment for effect in the landscape, and in
plantations for commercial purposes.
In the year 1847 there appeared Zhe Forester, by James
Brown, which long maintained the position of the leading work
on British Forestry. It passed through five editions, and three
years ago it was thoroughly revised and brought up to date
by Dr Jobn Nesbit, of the India Forest Service, and is much
appreciated by practical men.
Nothing else of special importance to forestry appeared in
the latter half of the forties, but from 1851, the year of the first
Great International Exhibition held at London, onwards to the
present time, there has been a steadily increasing flow of forestry
literature from the British press. At the present rate of
increase it bids fair to become soon as abundant as the
forestry literature of France, Germany, and other foreign
countries, where, from the necessities of their case and the force
of circumstances, they have been compelled to give earlier and
closer attention to a system of forestry founded on sound prin-
ciples. The number of books on British forestry which have
appeared since 1851 is far too numerous to permit us to review it
in detail, and a mere list of the principal works and their authors,
with the years in which they appeared, in chronological order,
must suffice.
1851. Coniferous Trees in britaan. Knight & Perry.
1853. English Forests and Forest Trees. Ingram, Cooke, & Co.
1856. Trees and their Nature. Dr A. Harvey.
» Forest Trees of Britain. C. A. Johns.
1858. The Pinetum. George Gordon.
1859. British Timber Trees. John Blenkarn,
1860. Pinetum Britannicum. Peter Lawson & Son.
128 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
1863.
1865,
1866.
1870,
1875.
1876.
”
1877.
1879.
1880.
1881.
>
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1889.
Firs of Japan. Andrew Murray.
The New Forest. John R. Wise.
Remarkable Trees of Scotland. Highland and Agricultural
Society.
Arboriculture. Grigor, Forres,
Pinacee. “ Senilis,’ Lyndhurst.
Trees and Shrubs for English Plantations. Augustus
Mongredien.
Handy Book of Ornamental Conifers. Hugh Fraser.
Notes on Forestry. C. F. Amery.
Cultivated Plants. F. W. Burbidge.
The Tree Lifter. Colonel Greenwood.
Handbook of Hardy Trees and Shrubs, etc. W. B.
Helmsley.
Tree Planting. Arthur Roland.
English Trees and Tree Planting. W.H. Ablett.
Manual of the Conifere. James Veitch & Sons.
Manual of Injurious Insects. Miss E. A. Ormerod.
Elements of Sylviculture. George Bagneris.
The Larch. Christopher Y. Michie.
Woods and Forests of Perthshire. Thomas Hunter.
Modern Forest Economy, and other works on Forestry.
Dr J. C. Brown.
Forestry and Forest Products: Report of 1884 Forestry
Exhibition at Edinburgh.
Manual of Forestry, vol. i: Introduction to Forestry.
Prof. Wm. Schlich.
Timber and Some of its Diseases, Prof. Marshall Ward.
Familiar Trees. Prof. George 8. Boulger.
. Timbers and how to Know Them. Prof. Wm. Somerville.
. Manual of Forestry, vol. ii: Practical Sylviculture.
Prof. Wm. Schlich.
. Conifere : Report of 1891 Conifer Conference, at Chiswick,
London. Royal Horticultural Society.
Timber and Timber Trees. Thos. Laslett and Prof.
Marshall Ward.
. Flowering Trees and Shrubs and Practical Forestry. A.D.
Webster.
British Forest Trees. Dr Jobn Nisbet.
. Studies in Forestry. Dr John Nisbet.
Diseases of Trees. Prof. Wm. Somerville.
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, 129
1894, The Forester. James Brown and Dr John Nisbet.
1895, Manual of Forestry, vol. iii.: ‘ Forest Management.”
Prof. Wm. Schlich.
Manual of Forestry, vol. iv.: “ Forest Protection.” Prof.
Schlich and W. R. Fisher.
1896. Manual of Forestry, vol. v.: ‘ Forest Utilisation.” Prof,
Schlich and W. R. Fisher.
1897. Yews of Great Britain and Ireland. Dr John Lowe.
”
The above list is not exhaustive of the treatises on Forestry
subjects which have appeared in the Queen’s reign, but it includes
the most useful and important, and is sufficient to show that our
Forestry literature has made great progress in the period. The
completion of Dr Schlich’s standard work, Manual of Forestry,
about a year ago, as appropriately marks the close, as Loudon’s
great work, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum, marked the
opening of the Queen’s ‘‘ Diamond ” reign.
We can only refer in a few words to that invaluable section
of Forestry literature comprising the 7ransactions issued by this
Society, “‘A Forester’s Library” in themselves ; and many other
valuable papers in the Z7’ransactions of the Edinburgh Botanical
Society, the Highland and Agricultural Society, and others of the
learned societies. A vast amount of the science and practice of
forestry is to be found faithfully recorded in these and similar
publications of the Victorian era.
Forestry EDucATION.
The education of British foresters in the science and art of
their profession is entirely a creation of the past sixty years.
Indeed, it may be truly said that no attention was given to the
question until 1854, when the Scottish Arboricultural Society
was instituted by a small band of intelligent and far-seeing
foresters, who were anxious and determined, so far as lay in their
power, to raise the status of their profession, and place Scottish
forestry on a sounder basis as an important section of rural
industry. How far their views may be ultimately carried out
time alone can tell; but all through its existence the Society has
kept Forestry education prominently before it, and employed
every means at its command to press it forward. A great im-
pulse was given to the question in 1884, when the International
VOL. XV. PART II. a)
130 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Forestry Exhibition was held at Edinburgh. The contributions
to that great exhibition from all parts of the civilised world
clearly showed to the public mind how deeply interested were the
leading foreign countries, India, and even the smallest of our
colonies, in maintaining their forests in a high state of produc-
tiveness, and how thoroughly educated and trained in systematic
Forestry were the men whom they entrusted with the management
of forests, and the utilisation of their products.
A series of lectures on Forestry subjects, delivered by experts,
was one of the educational features of the Exhibition, and the
stimulus that was given thereby to the public interest in the
question, led to the promulgation of several schemes for the
education and training of foresters. The chief among those
schemes was the creation of a Chair of Forestry in the University
of Edinburgh, and a considerable sum of money was raised for
that special purpose, but it still remains unaccomplished. After
much delay, and no small amount of effort by this Society and
others interested in the question, a Lectureship of Forestry was
established in Edinburgh University in the autumn of 1889.
Dr William Somerville being appointed lecturer, he delivered
the first course of one hundred lectures to a considerable body of
students during the session 1889-90. On Dr Somerville being
appointed Professor of Agriculture and Forestry at the Durham
College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne, he was succeeded in the
Forestry Lectureship in Edinburgh University by Colonel F.
Bailey, R.E., who has since carried on the class with much
success. Forestry education also forms one of the important
branches of rural economy taught in the Royal Botanic Garden
at Edinburgh, under the direction of Professor I. Bayley Balfour.
In the curriculum of most of the universities in this country
Forestry now finds a place; and it is taught in a more or less
systematic form at all of the leading centres of education. Still
it is felt that this country does not yet afford the complete
training to foresters which prevails in all the principal states
of continental Europe, and until that is accomplished by the
establishment of a fully equipped forest school, with a proper
forest area attached to it for practical work and scientific experi-
ment, foresters cannot rest satisfied with the provisions made to
qualify them for filling important positions in their profession,
however grateful they may feel at the substantial advance made
during the Queen’s reign.
FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND IN THE REIGN OF QUEEN VICTORIA, 131
Forestry APPLIANCES.
Here the march of improvements in tools, implements, and
other Forestry appliances, is perhaps more marked than in any -
other division of our subject. Even in the shape and quality of
the commonest articles—the spade, pick, axe, and saw—a great
improvement has taken place, and the number of new and better
implements and appliances for performing the various operations
in Forestry, are seen everywhere in daily use. Hand-tools gener-
ally are light, clean, and well made of the best materials, and
specially adapted for every class of work. The implements and
appliances used for horse-power are far in advance of those
employed two generations ago, and improvements in their design
and construction are regularly appearing.
It is, however, in the domain of mechanical power, and
contrivances for saving manual and animal labour, that we
find the greatest advance on pre-Victorian times. The general
employment of steam as a motive power has been coeval with
Her Majesty’s reign, and it has worked quite a revolution in all
branches of Forestry by the cheap and powerful help it supplies.
Steam is now the motive power of traction engines that can
haul the heaviest load, with the greatest ease, which our roads
can carry. It is applied to the heavy work of felling, hauling,
and sawing of timber; the driving of machinery of every descrip-
tion for the manufacture of timber, and for its transport by
railway on land and by steamship at sea. It is also usefully
employed in clearing land of surface stones and tree roots, and
reclaiming the soil for tree-planting. It cuts out canals and
roads, and breaks stones to macadamise the latter. Asa portable
motive power it still stands unrivalled ; although it is hard to tell
what electricity may do in the future, when it is better developed,
to supersede steam. At present it is too costly and unmanage-
able to enter into serious competition with steam as a motive
power. As a stationary motor, water is the cheapest of all, and
might be with great advantage more often employed where steam
is used. A good head of water and a turbine wheel develop
great power at little cost for upkeep. The employment of the
water in our rivers for floating timber from far inland districts to
seaports has almost become one of the lost arts since the use
of steam became general in this country. It might easily be
reorganised and improved, to the advantage of all concerned,
132 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Forest PRODUCE.
After all the trouble and cost of raising forests of timber trees
for commercial purposes, the labour of the forester will be in vain,
unless the produce is of first-rate quality, and put into the market
in its best condition. Straight, clean timber, sound and free
from knot and blemish of every kind, thoroughly ripe or matured,
well seasoned after being felled, and cut into dimensions most
suitable for the market, is the material that will return the best
profit to the owner of the forest. A considerable advance has
taken place in this branch of Forestry during the long reign
of the Queen, but there is still much room left for improvements
being effected on many of the details in the course of the
twentieth century. The various species of trees that are most
in demand for timber, and which thrive best on given soils,
aspects, and altitudes; the most profitable ages and sizes at
which to fell the trees and dispose of their timber ; the economic
utilisation of the bye-products, and particularly of the small wood,
which is now generally allowed to go to waste, are a few of the
points that will pay for more careful thought and closer attention.
CoNCLUSION.
In conclusion, it appears to me that when we have passed in
review all the conditions under which the forester pursued his
calling in the year 1837, and contrasted them with those which
prevail among us in this year of grace 1897, all will agree that,
although much needful improvement has still to be effected, an
immense amount of progress has been made in Forestry in
Scotland during the sixty years in which Her Most Gracious
Majesty Queen Victoria has reigned over these realms.
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS. 133
X. Experiments with Tree Seeds. By WittiAM SoMERVILLE,
D.C&c., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Agriculture and
Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
In the spring and autumn of 1893, and in the spring of 1894,
I took the opportunity of arranging a number of experiments
with tree seeds. Some of these experiments have been quite
successful, and have given interesting and useful results, while
others have failed for various reasons, but chiefly owing to the
unusually severe frost of the 20th and 21st of May 1894, which
killed such large numbers of the young seedlings of certain species
(e.g., Spanish Chestnut, Sycamore, Norway Maple) as to make it
undesirable to record the results in this paper. The experiments
with Birch and Alder were also a failure, owing to the unsatis-
factory way in which the seeds germinated ; and as I have since
had occasion to be dissatisfied with the results of birch-seeding—
which has also given trouble to other propagators—it would be
useful to the Society if some member gave an account of a method
of dealing with this seed that has proved successful.
How DEEP MAY SPRUCE SEEDS BE COVERED ?
During the second week of May 1893, nine plots or beds were
laid down in duplicate, and were at once sowed with the seed
of the Norway spruce. Each plot measured 34 square feet, and
received 14 ounce of seed. By means of a suitable series of wooden
frames, the seed was buried exactly to the depth indicated, the soil
used for the purpose being a fairly strong loam, In the spring
of 1894 the plants were lifted and counted, with the following
result :—
| Depth of Number of Trees produced.
Plots. Covering of
sia oo “A” Series. | “B” Series, ToraL.
Inches.
1 0 14 11 25
2 4 558 | 484 992
3 4 308 325 633
4 2 78 | 166 244
5 1 50 95 145
6 14 26 | 33 | 59
fh 1$ 1 | 4 5
8 12 0 0 0
9 2 0 0 0
134 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
It will be seen that both series of plots give consistently the
same results. The largest number of plants was got when the
seed was covered with soil to the depth of only } inch. When
the covering was increased by another } inch, a large proportion
of the plants never succeeded in struggling through the soil at
all, the total number being reduced from 992 to 633, Further
additions to the depth of the covering were accompanied by a
steady reduction in the number of plants, until, when the seeds
were buried to the depth of 1} inch, no plants whatever appeared
above the surface.
While these results indicate how careful one should be in
regard to the depth of covering of spruce seeds (and no doubt
the results might also be applied to other tree seeds of semilar
size), they also show how extremely necessary it is to have
the seeds actually covered, and not left lying exposed upon
the surface of the ground. Where this method of sowing was
practised, I obtained a total of only twenty-five plants, and
this notwithstanding the fact that the seeds were thoroughly
secured by a net against the attack of birds.
How DEEP MAY ACORNS BE BURIED !
In the spring of 1894 seven rows in duplicate were each
stocked with fifty acorns of uniform size, which were buried at
depths varying from 4 to 6 inches. A year later the plants
were counted, with the following results :—
|
| Number of Plants produced.
Plots. z oie
‘*A” Series. | ‘‘B” Series. | TOTAL.
Inches.
1 4 25 11 | 36
2 1 32 31 63
3 2 42 28 70
4 3 27 26 | 538
5 4 32 25 57
6 5 18 14 32
7 6 15 13 28
|
In this case the best results were got with a covering of
2 inches, a depth which gave seventy plants per one hundred
seeds.!
1 The term ‘‘seed” is here, and elsewhere in the paper, used in the
popular sense.
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS. 135
DRILLING versus BROADCASTING SMALL TREE SEEDS.
A series of beds were stocked with the seed of the spruce,
which, in certain cases, was sowed in rows, and, in other cases,
broadcast. The testing of these two systems of seed-distribution
was expected to prove interesting, the one (drilling) being
almost universally practised on the Continent, while the other
(broadcasting) is the common system in this country.
The figures which our experiment furnished cannot be regarded
as reliable, the disturbing cause in this case being surface cater-
pillars, which are the larvz of various species of Noctuide, such as
the Heart and Dart and Great Yellow Underwing Moths. In
the autumn succeeding the spring in which the seed had been
sowed, we began to notice that the stems of many of the young
spruces were bitten through, the upper part of the plant being
found lying on the ground or suspended by a thread of bark.
At first we suspected that the damage was due to mice; but on
turning up the soil to the depth of a couple of inches, we found
that the depredators were brown or slaty coloured fleshy cater-
pillars, about 14 to 2 inches in length, and furnished with eight
pairs of feet. These so-called surface caterpillars are almost
omnivorous in their tastes—so far as a vegetable diet is con-
cerned—and are well known to gardeners as attacking turnips,
lettuce, cabbages, cress, and a variety of other plants. During
the day they lie coiled up and concealed in the soil or underneath
clods, stones, etc., while at night they crawl to the surface and
feed upon the stems and lower foliage of plants. Although they
ruined our experiment, they were the means of demonstrating one
advantage of having seedlings in rows, for, where the young trees
were growing in this way, it was a simple matter to turn over
the soil between the rows and destroy the pests, whereas nothing
could be done where the seed had been broadcast. Sixty-six
caterpillars were thus collected on the 33 square yards of drilled
seed-bed, the removal of these pests being doubtless the reason
why the drilled beds produced 1150 plants, as against 516 on
the beds that had been broadcast.
How sHoutp Acorns BE LAID IN THE GROUND.
This experiment, and those that follow, were started in the
autumn of 1893, and the results were determined in the spring
of 1897, when the plants were three years old.
136 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Six hundred average-sized acorns were selected, and divided
into 6 lots of 100 each, the average weight per 100 being 11 oz.
Three duplicate rows were sowed with 100 acorns each, which, in
one case, were placed with the thin end lowest, in another case
the thin end was highest, while in the third case the acorns were
laid flat. As the stem and root both come from the thin end of
Fic. 1,—Plants produced by Acorns that had been placed with their
thin end lowest.
the acorn, it follows that where this end is lowest the root will at
once get freely down into the soil, but the stem will have to curve
round and get past the fruit; where the thin end is highest the
stem will get freely up, but the root will have some difficulty in
getting down; and where the acorn is laid flat, both root and stem
will have equal opportunity of pursuing their natural path. The
accompanying illustrations show that, even after three years’
~ EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS, Loi
growth, the effect on the plant of the original position of the seed
is still conspicuous. In Fig. 1, which shows three typical plants
produced by acorns placed with the thin end lowest, the stem
and root are in a straight line, so that no curve is noticeable at
the base of the former as a result of its having to find its way
round the fruit, In Fig. 2, which shows plants that originated
Fic, 2.—Plants produced by Acorns that had been placed with their
thick end lowest.
in acorns placed with the thin end uppermost, a distinct twist
is apparent at the junction of the root and stem, the former
having had to bend itself round in order to get down. Where
the acorns were laid flat there is also a slight twist upon many of
the resulting plants (Fig. 3), though this is not so pronounced as
in Fig. 2.
When three years old, the whole of the plants were lifted, great
care being taken to get the roots out fairly entire. The length of
138 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the stem and root of each plant was determined, while each lot
was weighed after washing and drying. The results are shown in
Fic. 3.—Plants produced by Acorns that had been laid flat.
the accompanying Table, which gives the average figures for the
duplicate plots :—
Average = aes + hel J . 4
Plots. Position of the Acorns. No. of Plants aber Height Average Lene
Produced, of Stem. of Root.
Inches. Inches,
1 Thin end lowest, . 90 5°8 20°1
Z Thick ,, 91 6°0 19°2
3 Laid flat, : : 93 6°0 19°8
Weight per
100 Plants.
lb.
2
OZ.
14
12
12
Gj
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS. 139
Judged by the tests indicated in the Table, the plants produced
by the three systems of depositing the acorns closely agree with
each other in every respect. The number of plants obtained per
100 acorns varies only between 90 and 93; the average length of
stem does not vary more than 0:2 inch; while the root-length and
weight also show close agreement. Evidently, therefore, it is
only in the matter of straightness of stem that the position of the
acorn in the ground can exert any influence, and although the
twist on the stem (Fig. 2) has had no appreciable influence on the
height or weight of the plant, it cannot be regarded as a desirable
feature, and might possibly prejudicially affect the value of the
timber in the mature tree. One would therefore appear to be
justified in concluding that acorns should not be planted with
their thick end lowest ; while, as regards the other two systems,
there is practically nothing to choose except on the score of con-
venience, when the preference would be given to laying acorns on
their side, as, in fact, is usually done in actual practice.
Wuat INFLUENCE HAS THE SIZE OF THE SEED ON THE VIGOUR
OF THE PLANT?
This experiment was carried out with acorns which were in
all cases laid flat. Four duplicate lots of one hundred acorns
were selected, which gave the following weights per hundred :—
Plot 4. Large acorns, ; : . 14 oz.
Plot 3. Medium acorns, . ; : ~ wlvlees,,
Plot 5. Small acorns, , : -, noe,
Plot 6. Very small acorns, . : cele,
These were sowed early in November 1893, and, when the
plants were lifted at three years of age, the following results
were got :—
Average | Average ; :
Number of feito) ae | Average Weight
Blaniac. ean of | ee | per 100 Plants.
Peer Ree ha B.S ok see
Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | 1b. oz. | Ibe oz.
Large acorns, . .| 98 109| 65 | 81| 188 | 2162 12 | 3 15
Medium acorns, ,j| 87 99 4°8 | 7°3 | 18°2 | 2-5 2-8 | 3. 4
Smallacorns, . .| 89 90| 4:0) 6:2|)161|1777|/1 14).2 1
Very small acorns, . | 84 75 | 36 | 5°5 | 15-8|185|1 10)1 11
| |
140 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
It will be seen that in each of the four tests applied, the results
come out in favour of the large seed. In the first place, it is
interesting to note that in one case the hundred large acorns
have produced 109 three-year-old plants, which shows that a very
considerable proportion of large acorns contain more than one
seed, As a matter of fact, the ovary of the oak contains six
ovules, and the fruit is therefore potentially capable of containing
six seeds, but, as a rule, only one of the ovules develops into a
seed, though, as the above figures show, the case where an acorn
holds two seeds is not so rare as is usually supposed. At the
lowest computation, 9 per cent. of the “ B.” series of large acorns
have been double-seeded ; but as it is fair to assume, firstly, that
all the acorns did not germinate, and, secondly, that some of the
plants succumbed to various influences during the three years of
growth, the actual percentage of double-seeded acorns is no doubt
even larger than the figures indicate.
The size of the acorns has apparently affected the length of
stem more than the length of root, though this may be more
apparent than real, owing to the difficulty of getting long roots
out of the ground entire.
Four average plants produced by the four sizes of acorns are
represented in Fig. 4, which shows the gradual reduction in
vigour of the plants as a consequence of the reduced size of
the seed.
Although it is unquestionable that a much larger number of
plants will be got by sowing, say, a stone of small seed than by
using a similar weight of large seed, it is more than likely that
the large seed will prove the more profitable in the end.
Although this experiment furnishes no definite information
regarding the final results at the end of fifty or one hundred years,
it is extremely probable that, under similar conditions of soil,
exposure, etc., the plants that were strongest at three years of
age will provide the largest and most valuable timber trees. It
would appear, however, to be more necessary to be careful in the
selection of large seed, and therefore of vigorous plants, for the
stocking of a mixed than of a pure wood. Suppose that, in the
former case, young oaks are introduced at intervals of 20 feet or
so, with the object of leaving them to form the final crop after
the nurses, or thinnings, have been removed, In this case it is
the manifest intention of the forester that every oak which
he plants shall stand till the end of the rotation, and if—as
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS. - 141
is likely — the vigour of the original seedling materially in-
fluences the vigour of the resultant tree, the careful selection of
the seed, as regards size, becomes a matter of the very highest
importance,
For a pure wood, selection of seed is of less importance, so long
as the seed employed contains a fair proportion of large individuals.
Fie. 4.—Plants produced by large, medium, small, and very small Acorns,
in the order given.
When a wood is stocked with seedlings all of the same species
and of similar age, though varying somewhat as regards size and
vigour, competition for air, light, and growing space generally,
will at once begin, with the result that in a few years the vigorous
plants will be spreading their crowns more or less above the level
of their neighbours, while the weaker ones will be partially over-
142 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
grown and suppressed. The latter will from time to time be
removed in the thinnings, and although these will be valuable in
proportion to the size of the stems that furnish them, the effect
upon the financial returns as a whole will be less than if the
volume of the final felling were also seriously reduced. Of course,
if the whole of the seed used to furnish the plants for a pure
wood is of small size, the loss will be quite as great as, in fact
rather greater than in the case of the mixed wood; but if the
seed is a mixture of small and large individuals, natural differ-
entiation, aided by artificial thinning, will secure the largest
stems—that is, the produce of the largest seed—for the final
crop.
In a year when nearly every oak is bearing a crop of acorns,
one finds that the size of the fruit varies much on different trees.
If the tendency to bear large fruit is in any sense hereditary, and
if small fruit means slow-growing trees, it follows that in a
natural forest the trees that reach maturity and bear seed—
that is, that propagate the species—must chiefly belong to the
large-fruited varieties. In the course of time one may therefore
expect to find an increase in the average size of the fruit or seed
of any species of tree, but where the duration of the generation
is to be reckoned in hundreds of years—as, for instance, in the
case of the oak grown in natural forests—the inquiry becomes
one that is almost paleeo-botanical in its character, and possibly
may never have been undertaken. ,
When young trees are being sent out from the nursery, it is a
common practice to retain those that are of small size, so that the
further growth of two or three years may make them of a more
attractive size. Suppose, for instance, that 70 per cent. of all
the plants in a bed of five-year-old oaks are 3 feet high, and are
sent out, while the 30 per cent. which are less than 3 feet in
height are transplanted into a fresh plant-bed and retained.
Let it be further supposed that it is not till they are seven years.
old that the plants originally rejected reach an average height of
3 feet. The question then comes to be—Are young trees of
varying age, but of the same size, all alike suitable for planting, or,
in other words, are one thousand of the above-indicated seven-
year-old oaks as valuable as the same number of the younger age?
For my own part I doubt if they are, and, further, I think it is
probable that if such slow-developing individuals are alone
depended on to represent any particular species in a wood,
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS. 143
whether pure or mixed, they may occasion very serious loss to
the owner. The danger, in fact, lies in the selection or classifica-
tion that has been made in the nursery, sensible though it
would at first sight appear to be. Had all been planted out at
the age of five, whatever the size, the small individuals would
soon — at least in pure woods— have been suppressed and
removed, but the final yield would not have been affected, seeing
that it would have consisted of the originally more vigorous
trees. But where one plants nothing but naturally feeble
plants—even though these, through being older, may be of
normal planting size—one has not the opportunity of select-
ing naturally strong individuals at the periodic thinnings, so
that both the intermediate and final returns may be seriously
reduced.
It is perhaps worth pointing out that in a seed-bed of ordinary
density the plants that lag behind in development do so because
the seeds from which they sprang were of less than average size,
and not because, with an equal chance to start with, they have
happened to get the worst of the crowding. No doubt, when a
feeble plant finds itself amongst vigorous neighbours it tends to
become relatively still more feeble, but that crowding in itself
is not the primary cause of debility in certain individuals is
evident from the results of the experiment just cited. The acorns
were in all cases placed exactly the same distance apart, so that
each plant had an equal amount of growing-space. But as small
plants require less growing-space than large ones, it follows that
the conditions of growth for the small plants of Plot 6 were
relatively more favourable than for the larger ones of Plots 5, 3,
or 4, and yet, in spite of such advantage, the small-sized plants
have done but little, if anything, to overtake the plants which
originated in the larger seed.
An experiment with seeds of three degrees of size was also
carried out in duplicate in the case of the horse chestnut, and
furnished results similar to those obtained with acorns. In this
case the weights for fifty of the seeds were :—
Large chestnuts, ; 2 Ibs. 8 oz.
Medium chestnuts, . i ; bows 0k aight
Small chestnuts, Mohs eich Ge
144 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The results were as follows :—
| | Average Average *
| Number a = Average Weight
Height of || Length of =
of Plants. Sa. | Raat per 100 Plants.
| A) Bs A. B. A. IBS Mile pas B.
| Ins. | Ins. | Ins, | Ins. | Ib. oz.| Ib. oz.
Large chestnuts, . 38 | 38 | 16°6 | 91 | 21°2 | 28°0
Medium chestnuts, | 34 | 41 | 14°3 | 8:0 | 23°6 | 28:1 | 21 5 11 14
Small chestnuts, . 28 | 40 | 11°0| 6:4 | 25°6 | 248/17 1)| 8 8
Although there is not absolute regularity in the results, the
variations are not more than may be looked for in garden
experiments. The most important test, namely, the stem-measure-
ments, gives quite concordant results. It may be mentioned that
variations between the “A.” and ‘ B.” series of plots, here and
elsewhere, are accounted for by the fact that the duplicate plots
were always in a different part of the garden, and were consequently
subjected to somewhat different conditions of growth.
May THE FoRMATION OF A Tap-RooT IN YouNG OAKS
BE PREVENTED 2?
Foresters and nurserymen are well aware how troublesome in
many ways is the long bare tap-root that is characteristic of
seedling oaks, Spanish chestnuts, walnuts, etc. Such a root-
system makes transplanting difficult and uncertain, and repre-
sents a form which is the exact opposite to what is wanted,
namely, a dense fibrous mass of rootlets. By means of frequent
shifiings and root-prunings in the nursery, the formation of the
tap-root may be largely suppressed, and the production of lateral
roots encouraged; but as such operations are costly, and frequently
attended by a considerable death-rate, any simple form of treat-
ment that will improve the root-formation must be of considerable
practical value.
In the autumn of 1893 a few hundred average-sized acorns
were spread out on a moist earthen floor, and covered by a damp
sack, In three weeks a large proportion of the seeds had protruded
their radicle or young tap-root to the distance of 2 or 3 inches,
and, when this stage had been reached, 200 of such acorns were
selected from the heap and divided into two duplicate sets of
100 each. By means of a knife, or pressure between the finger
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS. 145
and thumb, the radicle was removed or “ pinched back” to within
a quarter of an inch of the seed, after which the acorns were
planted. At three years old the plants were lifted, when it was
found that, instead of having a single large tap-root, most of them
were provided with two, three, or more (up to six) smaller roots
(Fig. 5), and although these were still but poorly furnished with
Fie. 5.—Plants produced from Acorns that had been allowed to germinate
before sowing, and whose radicles had been pinched back.
lateral rootlets, and persisted in going straight down into the
soil, they cannot but be regarded as an improvement on the
typical form of oak-root as seen in Figs, 1-4.
As the accompanying Table shows, the treatment may possibly,
in one set of experiments (the ‘‘B.” series), have had a slightly
prejudicial effect on the germination and on the height-growth,
though in the other series no such effect is visible. The root-
VOL, XV. PART II. P
146 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
measurements and the weight per hundred show considerable vari-
ation under the two systems, but as the root modifications are of
the nature of an improvement, while the aggregate weight is largely
influenced by the curtailment of the development of the massive
tap-root, the figures in the respective columns cannot be said
to tell against the system. The following figures deal with the
results of using acorns of approximately the same size, which
were in every way treated alike, except as regards the shortening
of the radicle.
-.
Average Average E c
Number ‘ = | Average Weight
of Plants. aa pera per 100 Plants.
| Mere. | |B, c| ace oe, Ke B.
| Ths. | Ins. Ins. Ins. Ip, oz: | Thietez,
| Radicle not shortened, | 87 | 99 | 4:8 | 753. 18°25) 21:5. | 22 eel ee
| Radicle shortened, .| 87 | 81 | 4:8! 6°5|17°5|141] 115! 2 9
| |
Can AsH SEED BE INDUCED To GERMINATE IN THE
First YEAR?
The seed of the ash is one which, when sown in spring, lies
dormant for a year. It is therefore generally “stratified,” that
is, buried in the soil in a layer or stratum, or mixed with soil in
a heap, or treated in some similar way, and finally sowed in the
seed-bed after the lapse of a year. But it is evident that this
delay of a year in the germination of ash seed must in all cases
be undesirable, and various methods of treatment of the seed
have been tried with the object of stimulating germination in the
first year. Some considerable measure of success is said to have
attended certain of these methods, two of which were put to the
test in the College garden. In one case the seed was steeped
in spring for an hour in water, at a temperature of about
120° Fahr., while in the other case it was stored in damp sand
throughout the winter and sown in spring. It may be men-
tioned that another lot of untreated seed was sowed on November
3rd, while a further supply was stored dry during winter, and
sowed in spring. The result was that in no case did a single plant
appear in the year succeeding that in which the seed ripened, so
that this experiment furnished only negative results.
Some propagators are said to have succeeded in obtaining a
large proportion of plants in the first year, by pulling the ash
EXPERIMENTS WITH TREE SEEDS, 147
seed before it has quite lost its green colour, and sowing it at
once. This period will usually be reached about the end of
October, an1 we have this year arranged an experiment to test
the point, but with what success remains to be seen.
I have recorded the results of these simple experiments, not so
much for the information that they convey, as in the hope that
they may encourage some of the younger members of the Society
to take up similar work. There are many simple problems of a
forestal character, whose solution only requires the careful avoid-
ance of disturbing factors of growth, scrupulous accuracy in all
weighings, measurements, and record-keeping, and a little patience,
but which are yet capable of adding considerable interest to the
routine of a forester’s occupation, and of furnishing results of no
small practical importance.
148 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
XI. Report by the Judges on Essays on “The Best Form of,
and the Best Method of Establishing, an Experimental Forest
Area in Scotland, for the Exhibition of and for Instruction
—Theoretical and Practical—in Scientifie Forestry.”
Four essays were received in competition for the prizes offered
in this subject. This number may appear to be small when the
unusual value of the prize is taken into account; but, although
the subject appeals to all, it is not one that many foresters may
feel competent to deal with, so that the number of competitors
need not cause any disappointment.
In judging the essays, we have been careful to keep certain
points steadily in view. In the first place, we have considered
that no scheme, however attractive, could be regarded as valuable
unless it appeared to be capable of practical application. We
have also looked out for originality of conception in the drafting
of the scheme, as manifestly the movement would not be
materially advanced by a mere restatement of previous argu-
ments and suggestions. It has appeared to us desirable that, in
estimating the cost of acquiring an area of land for the object
in view, reference should as far as possible be made to concrete
cases, and this, we are glad to say, has been done by one of the
essayists. With these remarks we shall proceed to state our
opinion of the essays individually.
No. 1, sy “ Novice.”
After dwelling on the necessity of attempting to stem the tide
of rural depopulation, and on the desirability of providing a
training-ground for young foresters, the writer advocates the
suggestion that a limited liability company should be formed to
acquire at least 2000 acres of suitable land, with convenient
buildings, at a cost of from £20,000 to £30,000. He looks to
the landlords to subscribe the nost of the capital, and suggests
that an appeal for subscriptions should be made through this
Society, as well as by personal canvass, The writer does not
submit either estimates or evidence, and we do not recommend
his essay for a prize.
REPORT BY THE JUDGES ON ESSAYS. 149
No. 2, By “South Esx.”
This essayist is strongly of opinion that forestry can be
demonstrated to pay much better than is frequently believed,
and bis main object in acquiring an area of land for sylviculture
would be to show how this can be done. He considers that the
Government should provide the funds, but appears to have but
scant hope of assistance from this quarter. He has also a good
deal to say in favour of a joint-stock scheme, but doubts if the
money can be raised in this way. Having but little faith in
these two proposals, he suggests that a landlord who contemplates
planting on a considerable scale in the near future should be asked
to allow the work to be done under the direction of a committee
of this Society. He indicates the belief that such a landlord
exists within a few miles of Edinburgh; and expresses the
opinion that most landlords would be glad to allow the whole or
a part of their sylvicultural operations to be managed by the
committee, in consideration of the valuable scientific knowledge
that would thus be gratuitously placed at the service of their
estate. The area of land proposed to be dealt with is 1000 acres,
which would be stocked at the rate of some 40 acres per annum,
involving an aggregate expenditure of £5800, which, of course,
would be borne by the landlord.
It appears to us that, so far as it goes, the idea is worth
considering, though not as a substitute for the class of forest or
forests that the Society has in view. This scheme altogether
Jacks several qualifications—such as continuity of tenure and
freedom of action—which are absolutely essential to the success
of any scheme with which this Society should identify itself.
But, as providing some means of offering extended educational
facilities to the young men in attendance at forestry classes in
Edinburgh, it would be a distinct gain to have an area of private
woodland in the neighbourhood of the city worked upon a definite
system, where improved processes of stocking, mixing, thinning,
cropping, and utilising could be demonstrated. Such a woodland,
being possibly more accessible to this important educational centre
than the other forest areas in contemplation, would be a valuable
supplement, and need in no way interfere with the larger scheme.
Though containing this idea, the essay does not otherwise reach
the standard that we have set up, and we do not therefore recom-
mend it for a prize.
150 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
No. 3, By “Nit DespERANDUM.”
The reasons that this writer adduces for the necessity of estab-
lishing a model forest area and a forestry school are :—
(1) The presence in this country of wide areas of compara-
tively unproductive land that could be made to return
a much improved nett revenue if placed under a system
of rational sylviculture.
(2) The rapid growth of our requirements for structural
timber.
(3) The rapid diminution in the extent of virgin forests
abroad,
(4) The necessity of a proper training-ground for young
foresters.
After some pertinent remarks on the duty of the State in
providing facilities for forestry education and the development
of commercial forestry, the writer proceeds to show that an area
of land suitable for the objects in view may be obtained by lease,
by feu, or by purchase. If the land were obtained on lease, a
tenancy of one hundred and twenty years, with a mutual break
at eighty years, and periodically thereafter, is suggested. An
interesting form of lease is given—probably the first of the kind
that has ever been drafted in this country—which provides that
the timber on the land which is leased shall either be paid for by
the incoming tenant (in this case probably a limited liability
company), or shall be managed by the tenant without restraint,
and the nett proceeds of the sales handed over to the landlord.
All forests created or buildings erected by the tenant are to be
taken over by the landlord by valuation at the end of the lease,
by which time, as the writer says, ‘a good deal will have
happened, and a good deal of knowledge gained.” In our opinion
there are many insuperable objections to the leasing of land
or woodlands for experiments, demonstrations, or education in
forestry. The temporary acquisition of land in this way would
probably mean its abandonment at a time when the woods had
been got into a state of the highest value from an educational
point of view, and this prospect alone is much too serious to make
the leasing plan feasible.
Although the writer dismisses the system of feuing land at, say,
ls. 6d. per acre per annum, without a word of commendation, it
seems to us that the proposal is quite as worthy of attention as that
REPORT BY THE JUDGES ON ESSAYS. 151
of leasing; although as, in our opinion, neither mode of acquisition
is satisfactory, we need not further pursue this part of the subject.
In discussing the question of the purchase of an estate for the
purposes of forestry, the writer points out that the area may or
may not possess woods and buildings to start with. In the event
of an area of purely pastoral or waste land being obtained, at a
price of 36s. to 40s. per acre, plans are given for a suitable set
of buildings in the Scottish style of architecture, at an estimated
cost of £3000. In our opinion these plans should have included
a biological laboratory and a forestry museum, though otherwise
they would appear to be well adapted for the requirements of a
school of about twelve pupils.
The essayist gives the preference—and in this we agree with
him—to an estate containing a considerable proportion of wood-
land, and possessing buildings that could, if necessary, be adapted
at a small cost to the needs of a forest school. He points out that
many suitable estates can be purchased for £3 or less per acre,
and appends a list of several that are at present in the market.
He more particularly recommends that an effort should be made
to secure a property with which he is acquainted in the north of
Scotland, comprising some 20,000 acres, of which 3240 acres
consist of thriving woodland, which he values at £32,000. Of
the rest, 2800 acres are tillage, and the remainder mountain land,
much of which is suitable for planting. The nett rental is a little
over £3000, while the price asked is £85,000. Allowing £15,000
to make the place suitable for the object in view, the writer
thinks that £100,000 would meet the requirements of the case,
and fairly set the model forest area and school agoing.
The great difficulty with “Nil Desperandum,” as with some
others, has been the discovery of ways and means of raising the
necessary funds, and this he proposes to do in one or other, or all,
of the following ways :—
(1) By selling Government ground-rents in London, the said
rents having been at one time purchased with money
realised by the sale of Scottish Crown lands.
(2) By this Society making a universal appeal to Scotsmen,
through the medium of lord - lieutenants, provosts,
mayors, and other influential personages.
(3) By appealing, more particularly to the small subscriber,
through the newspapers.
(4) By a yearly grant from Government.
152 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
He concludes by recommending that the institution should be
placed under a department of the Government, and managed by
a resident director and consultative committee, which would com-
prise, amongst others, the Council of this Society.
While this essay does not break fresh ground, nor really
greatly advance the subject of the creation of model forests, it
has a good deal to recommend it. It provides a set of plans of
buildings for a forest school and other offices that it is to be hoped
will be wanted some day, it contains the detailed description of
five Scottish properties containing over 80,000 acres which may
be purchased at about £3 per acre, and it offers some useful
suggestions regarding the administration of the institution For
these reasons we think that this essay should be published, and
the writer rewarded with a prize of Five Guineas
No. 4, By “ Moon Raker.”
This writer starts with an interesting sketch of the history and
present position of Scottish forestry. He recognises the beginning
of organised attention to forestry in the introduction and extensive
cultivation of the larch by a Duke of Athole about the middle of
last century, and he proceeds to show, and with manifest reason,
that the acclimatisation of this tree in Britain has been by no
means an unmixed benefit. The larch, more than any other
forest tree of importance, is intolerant of crowding and shading,
and planters soon found that early and frequent thinnings were
an absolutely essential condition of its successful growth,
Probably, without giving much thought to the subject, foresters
concluded that the sylvicultural treatment best adapted for the
larch would also be equally suitable for other trees, with the result
that our home-grown wood is a drug in the market, woodlands
are unprofitable, and forestry generally is a somewhat discredited
industry.
In endeavouring to place British forestry on a sounder basis,
the essayist very wisely deprecates any drastic or sweeping reform
to start with. While no one doubts that the so-called Continental
system has reached an almost ideal state of perfection, it would
be most unwise to clamour for the cut-and-dry importation of this
system into Britain. Landowners have not to choose between
this and that system, but have got to reckon with existing woods,
mismanaged it may be in the past, and at present neither profit-
: REPORT BY THE JUDGES ON ESSAYS. 153
able nor satisfactory, but still woods that represent a large capital
sum, and which financial, climatic, and esthetic considerations
alike demand shall not be suddenly improved out of existence.
The writer regards the purchase of an estate containing at least
1000 acres as the only feasible method of acquiring the necessary
area, and, like “ Nil Desperandum,” he gives the preference to
one containing a considerable area of woodland to start with. He
submits the plan of what he regards as a suitable estate situated
in Perthshire, but whether this estate is actually for sale or not
is not stated. He also furnishes the plan of a set of buildings
which, though somewhat restricted, are well arranged.
He regards the following as the main objects of the institution :—
(1) The demonstration of economic forestry.
(2) The instruction of practical foresters and estate agents in
the scientific management of woods.
(3) Experiments and researches in connection with the
principles underlying the practical operations of
forestry.
To meet these requirements, the buildings would have to
include a lecture-room, museum, library, reading-room, laboratory,
and office, besides the necessary domestic accommodation. These,
he believes, could be erected for £750; but even if galvanised
iron were largely used, as he suggests, it is to be doubted if this
sum would sufiice. ;
His estimate of capital expenditure is as follows :—
Purchase of 1000 acres, .. y £ 028 5,0002000)'O
Outlay on buildings, fences, and nursery, 1,000 0 0
250 acres of growing timber, 7 10,000: 10-00
Total, . £16,000 0 0
His estimate of annual expenditure, neglecting theoretical
instruction, and also disregarding any revenue from the estate,
is as follows :—
Supervision, : i , «<b DO, O 20
Labour and plants, : ; : 150 0 O
Rates and taxes, etc., . : 2 : 50 0 0
Total, . £350 0 0
In our opinion the essayist has been too parochial in his
estimates for the realisation of a scheme whose scope is distinctly
154 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. «©
national; and although he remarks that we must mould our
desires, not according to what we should like, but in accordance
with what we are likely to get, still this consideration must not
lead the Society into abandoning the reasonable ideal that it has
already set up. It is in dealing with the question of finance
that this essayist has given us least satisfaction. Not only is his
scheme too contracted, but he would also resort to borrowing to
raise the comparatively small sum that he regards’ as requisite.
He suggests that the Government should lend the purchase price
of the growing stock (£10,000), while the other £6000 required
could be got by a voluntary assessment by Scottish landowners
of 2d. per acre of woodlands, or otherwise by a popular appeal
in the usual way.
This essay we consider to be superior to the last, though not
of sufficient merit and originality to be worthy of the full amount
of the first prize. We would therefore recommend that the
writer receive a honorarium of Ten Guineas, and that the essay
be published,
In concluding our Report, we cannot refrain from expressing a
feeling of disappointment that the competition has failed to throw
any fresh light on the important subject of practical demonstration
and instruction in scientific sylviculture. It seems to us that the
arguments used at the conference with Mr Long in October 1895
have not been improved upon; and it must be a disappointment
to many to find that the country is still unprovided with the
model forest area that is capable, as we believe, of benefiting our
national sylviculture to an extent that is out of all proportion to
the expenditure involved. It now remains with the Society to
take what steps it deems desirable to secure the success of a
practicable scheme, and if this means a fresh efforts and more
exertion, the ultimate attainment of the object in view will be a
fitting reward,
R. C. Munro FErcuson.
WILLIAM SOMERVILLE.
EDINBURGH, 16¢h August 1897.
[Since this Report was presented, both Prize Essays have been
condensed, that by Mr Mackenzie having also been somewhat
modified. The Council have not thought it necessary to reproduce
the Plans which accompanied the Papers. }
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. 155
XII. On Establishing an Experimental Forest Area in Scotland,
for Instruction in the Theory and Practice of Scientific
Forestry. By Artaur C, Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood,
Wilts (“ Moon Raker ”’).
INTRODUCTION.
If we consider for a moment as to what period the present
system of Scottish forestry owes its existence, we shall probably
find that the introduction of the larch by the Duke of Athole, in
or about the year 1738, gave the chief impetus to that planting of
bare or heath-covered ground which has resulted in the present
system of managing plantations in Scotland. Before that period
Scotland appears to have been sparsely wooded, and with the more
or less unsettled state of the country, planting was not carried on
to any extent. But with the introduction of the larch, landowners
saw a means of deriving a good return from poor land, and adding
to the amenity of their property, by planting that tree, which not
only proved the means of increasing the woodland area, but also of
originating a system of sylviculture, which, while undoubtedly
suited to the requirements of the larch, has been applied to
every other species in Scottish plantations with questionable
results.
Another feature of Scottish forestry may also be traced to the
introduction of the larch to a great extent, viz., clear-felling without
subsequent replanting. Rightly or not, the larch is regarded as a
tree which ought never to follow on, or be planted on ground which
has recently been cleared of a crop of the same species. As a result
of this, ground cleared of larch is frequently left unplanted for many
years, and sometimes abandoned as a woodland area altogether.
These latter cases are partly due to the fact that the herbage under
larch is comparatively good, and the grazing rent from a larch
plantation frequently equals, if it does not exceed, that from
adjoining hill pasture. After clearing off a crop of trees, therefore,
the question arises whether this rent should be sacrificed, and the
ground replanted with a less profitable species, or remain as rough
pasture land. Irregular clearing and planting of this kind intro-
duces several objectionable features into Scottish forestry. Amongst
these may be mentioned the uncertainty which exists regarding the
nett annual value of woods on an estate, and the impossibility of
156 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
knowing how much of the income is made up of capital, and how
much of interest thereon in the shape of the realised value of the
total annual growth. Another and perhaps even greater evil which
accompanies this spasmodic felling and lack of organisation, is one
which most Scottish planters know to their sorrow. After a con-
siderable outlay in planting and management, it is no uncommon
thing for owners of promising young plantations to find the latter
wrecked by one of those periodic gales to which our islands are
liable. Plantations standing on thin soils will always be
exposed to this danger; but there is little doubt that a proper
distribution of age classes in a large plantation would greatly
diminish, and in many cases altogether prevent, the bad efiects
of these gales.
To remedy the state of matters complained of above, systematic
management is absolutely necessary, and this can only be attained
by the adoption of an organised policy or plan of operations, which
shall exist so long as the woodland area of an estate remains as
such. Systems of management which change with each forester or
proprietor can never produce satisfactory results, for in such changes
the aims of the planter are lost sight of by the thinner, and the
final cutting is effected quite independently of the relation borne
by that particular unit to the woodland area as a whole. There
are doubtless many difficulties in the way of introducing a uniform
system of working the woods on an estate which would be accepted
by all parties. If we could fix the normal proportion of woodlands
on an estate, and induce proprietors to maintain that proportion,
the advantages of organisation would be at once apparent. But
with the vast extent of waste or semi-waste land which exists on
most estates, any obstacle in the way of afforestation would be
undesirable; and when the wooded area constantly varies, the
determination of a normal stock is impossible. Under such
circumstances, the application of correct principles of forest
organisation to estate forestry must always be attended with
considerable difficulty, until the country has developed the various
methods of economical land utilisation which have been adopted
with such success in one or two parts of the Continent. All we
can do at present is to render our systems of sylviculture as perfect
as existing conditions will permit, and trust to time and the
development of economic laws to gradually raise Scottish forestry
to a higher level as a national industry.
As means to so desirable an end, steps which are now well known
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. 157
to most have been taken within the last few years to disseminate
correct theoretical information on economic forestry amongst the
various classes connected with the management of landed estates.
But in spite of these aids to improvement, it is felt by those who
have paid much attention to the subject, that too wide a gap exists
between the real and the ideal to enable the theories taught by
these means to be applied to estate forestry without the creation of
many necessary conditions which do not already exist. No oppor-
tunities exist at present for demonstrating in the actual forest what
is taught in the class-room or text-book, except it be by such opera-
tions as are already practised in estate forestry ; and many are apt
to regard the theoretical instruction thus imparted as of little value
in after life. Whether this be the case or not, however, there is
little doubt that the advocates of economic forestry, as well as those
who wish to qualify themselves for its practice, are at a great dis-
advantage in having no suitable ground on which the arguments
advanced by the former can be put to the test, and where practical
experience can be gained by the latter in the more advanced stages
of forest management.
By devoting an area entirely to economic timber production, the
true position of forestry as a profitable industry can alone be
demonstrated, for when combined, as it invariably is, on estates
with many conflicting objects in view, no evidence for or against
it can be considered satisfactory. It is doubtful if the necessary
conditions for the practice of economic forestry will ever be entirely
fulfilled on private estates, and until they are, estate forestry,
whether considered successful or the reverse, cannot be held up as
an object-lesson on economic forestry. In spite of the public spirit
and generosity which landowners as a class have always shown in
promoting rural industries, we can hardly expect them to sacrifice
their own immediate interests entirely in creating an ideal state of
matters in their woods for public edification, If we want to see
ideal forestry practised, we must go to an estate where timber-
growing is the one and only form of land utilisation. Such estates
only exist in the form of state or corporation forests, and in Scotland
these are practically non-existent. But there is little doubt that
their gradual creation is the only means by which Scottish
forestry can be permanently improved ; and as great undertakings
have often small beginnings, it is the object of this paper to
discuss, however imperfectly, what form that beginning should
take.
158 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Tue Best Form oF AN EXPERIMENTAL Forest AREA.
In dealing with the question as to the best form an experimental
area should take, it is necessary to keep the main objects to be
attained steadily in view. Forest science, in the abstract, is so
comprehensive a subject, that any attempt to embrace it within
the compass of a necessarily limited scheme, would lead to no
definite result being obtained for many years. By placing a
judicious limit to our ambition at first, we are better able to
inaugurate a scheme based on the principle of steady progression ;
and by building upon existing foundations, an element of security
may be introduced which is not likely to fail us at a pinch. Our
chief aim should be the improvement of the existing systems of
forestry in Scotland, rather than the introduction of novel methods
of managing woods which have little prospect of being generally
adopted ; and in discussing the subject, we may divide it into three
parts, as follows :—
1. The demonstration of economic forestry to landowners, and
the public generally.
2. The instruction of practical foresters and estate agents in the
scientific management of woods.
3. Experiments and researches in connection with the principles
underlying the practical operations of forestry.
1. Demonstration of Economic Forestry.
What is wanted in this direction is a practical demonstration of
forestry, free from the defects mentioned in the introduction to this
paper. As we saw, systematic organisation is the chief thing
needed to transform the forestry of the present into a profitable
branch of estate work. We must show landowners that the various
assertions made regarding the benefits of scientific forestry are not
the mere theories of text-books and lecture-rooms. We must prove
beyond dispute that forestry is of greater value to an estate as a
source of income than as a means of raising and sheltering game,
or its artistic effect upon the landscape. In order to do this, we
must make our forest area pay, for that will be probably the first
point to which critics will draw attention. We must endeavour to
show that much, if not all, personal loss could be avoided by strictly
economic methods, which have in view the increase of the future
value of woods. At the same time, little inducement can exist for
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA, 159
landed proprietors to improve the value of their estates in this
respect, until the public generally realise that any such improve-
ment is rather a public than a private gain, and that the afforesta-
tion of practically waste land, and the economical working of
existing woodlands, affects favourably the wealth and well-being
of the country generally. Until this fact is recognised more fully,
and the public are willing to bear their share of the initial expense
of what is essentially a national industry, woodland and estate
proprietors have a reasonable excuse in declining to take up work
of this kind, State forests not only find employment for a numer-
ous class, but, as a source of profit, ultimately relieve the taxpayer’s
pocket, and their establishment in this country on an adequate
scale is quite as much needed as is the case in France or Germany,
where the recognition of the fact has been succeeded by good
results. If we can prove, therefore, that forestry in Scotland can
be made a profitable industry, the cause of State forestry will be
materially strengthened, for without such proof, those in authority
are hardly justified in going to much expense in the matter.
2. The Instruction of Practical Foresters and Estate Agents
in the Scientific Management of Woods.
At the present time, more progress has been made in this matter
than in the application of the principles taught to practical forestry.
Any facilities, however, which have thus far been provided are of
a purely theoretical character, which are, of course, insufficient in
themselves to complete the training of a practical forester. The
latter, however, who works his way up by taking a share in the
manual labour of estate woods, is usually well posted up in the
practical details of his calling, and the mere fact of the theoretical
and practical parts of his training not being contemporaneous,
would not in itself be a serious drawback. But, as already pointed
out, the practice of forestry in Scotland is not always based on
such sound principles as to constitute the forest department of
every estate a suitable training-ground for a young man who
aspires to a highly technical acquaintance with economic forestry.
In addition, the practical forester, and, to a much greater extent,
the student of the forestry class in Edinburgh University, are at a
great disadvantage in having no suitable training-ground in advanced ~
forestry. Many of these students ultimately become land-agents,
and in that capacity have considerable influence upon the system
160 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
of wood-management adopted on the estates under their charge.
A sound acquaintance with the principles of scientific forestry
is, therefore, of the first importance, for, acting in most cases as an
intermediary between proprietor and forester, a sympathetic interest
in the latter’s work could remove many administrative obstacles
over which the forester has no control. With theoretical acquaint-
ance with forestry only, however, his interest in the subject is in
danger of being lost, after the mental efforts necessary to pass, say,
an examination have been relaxed. Frequent excursions to a
properly managed forest during the course of theoretical instruc-
tion would undoubtedly leave an impression upon his mind not
easily effaced, and this defect in the Edinburgh University forestry
course would be almost entirely removed. It could also be used
as an adjunct to the Botanic Garden course, by arranging for
students attending the latter to put in a few months’ work in
the forest, and thus get acquainted with those features which are
not general in estate plantations.
It might, however, be arranged to divide the course into two
parts, one of which would include the more scientific subjects, and
be taken in Edinburgh, while the other, including sylviculture,
mensuration, etc., could be gone through in the forest itself, the
students, at the same time, assisting in the working of the latter at
a fixed rate of wage. Short courses in sylviculture, ete, could also
be provided for young foresters unable to take the full course, and
no doubt many proprietors would be willing to defray, or assist
in defraying, the cost of such visits, for the benefit of their
employés and the woods under their charge.
3. Experiments and Researches in Connection with the Principles
underlying the Practical Operations of Vorestry.
Special care and attention are necessary in laying out this branch
of work, if time and money are to be strictly economised. Research
and, in most cases, experiments are only indirectly remunerative,
and much expense and labour may be incurred for years before
definite results are obtained. For the first few years, therefore, we
should confine ourselves to elucidating those points which have a
strictly local bearing, or which have some definite relation to
practical Scottish forestry. Amongst such may be named :—
Comparative rates of growth of indigenous and exotic forest
trees under varied sylvicultural conditions. — While British
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA, 161
landowners have lost few opportunities of experimenting with
exotic trees with regard to their hardiness and suitability for our
climate, little has been done in testing their behaviour under
strictly sylvicultural conditions. What has been done, however,
enables us to predict with comparative accuracy what species are
and are not likely to succeed in this capacity, and the problem
remaining for such an area as ours to solve consists in demonstrat-
ing that system of sylviculture best suited to their habits and
peculiarities. Not only exotics, however, but indigenous trees
also require investigation into their rate of growth under different
systems of thinning under varying conditions of growth. While
the carefully drawn-up “yield tables” of German foresters are
accessible, and to some extent available in this connection, climatic
differences render it difficult to draw a safe comparison between
Continental and Scottish plantations, and until we gain reliable
data of our own in the matter, the vexed question of light or heavy
thinnings cannot be satisfactorily settled. Then, again, the effect
of a humus layer upon the fertility of plantation soils, and the
necessary means to obtain that layer, should receive attention.
Various sylvicultural mixtures suitable for different soils and situ-
ations are worthy of consideration, and, in short, any questions
regarding the improvement of sylviculture gererally should be
taken up and answered, if possible.
With regard to species dealt with, much must depend upon the
soils and situations of the area, but we should advise that the
number be practically confined to those which have already proved,
or are likely to prove, of special value in Scottish forestry. Any
tendency to convert the area into a mere station for acclimatisation
experiments should be checked, for, as already said, such stations
practically exist on every estate in the country.
The raising of improved strains of forest trees by careful
selection of seed from approved types.—Considering the great
progress made in agriculture and horticuiture in the way of
improving upon wild forms of plant-life, there seems to be an
opening in this direction with regard to forest trees. It is well
known that individual trees of the same species vary greatly
in their habit of growth, and in commencing or finishing their
growth ; but we believe that no definite observations have yet been
made as to the extent to which these peculiarities are transmitted
from the parent tree to the seedling. Yet it is obvious that
a plantation in which the most desirable type of tree predominates
VOL. XV, PART II. ‘ Q
162 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
must be much more profitable to the owner than one in which the
majority of the trees are of a bushy habit, or are liable to begin
growth under the influence of short spells of warmth, as is often
the case with larch. Carefully arranged observaticns might, there-
fore, do good service to practical forestry by clearing up this
question. These are a few of the objects of research which, in our
opinion, have a distinct bearing upon practical forestry, and which,
at the same time, require no expensive process for their fulfilment.
Many others of a similar nature could be named, but enough has
been said to afford an idea of the general scope of research work
suggested.
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF AN IDEAL EXPERIMENTAL
Forest AREA.
In considering the various features which a suitable area should
possess, we shall assume that it is desired to attain the whole of
the objects named above. The first thing we have to settle is
Geographical Position.
This must be partly decided by the extent to which the forest will
be used in connection with existing educational institutions, actual
and possible. Considered as an appendage to the forestry classes
in Edinburgh, the nearer to the latter city the better. But we
take it that it is more desirable to first of all establish a forest area
which shall combine the several functions already enumerated, and
this being so, the needs of purely academic institutions cannot
alone be considered, but also those of the majority of practical
foresters, estate owners, etc., who would regard the area as a con-
venient object-lesson and source of information.
As a necessary condition for its position, we should consider as
indispensable a sufficiently inland locality, out of the reach or
influence of strong sea-breezes, which have an injurious effect upon
many trees. Latitude is of less importance than elevation; but,
considered as a national experimental area, the more it approached
the central districts of Scotland the better, both in respect to the
convenience of all concerned, and the collection of data for reliable
yield tables. It need scarcely be said that proximity to a railway
station is of great importance, for if situated in a remote and almost
inaccessible district, its value would be greatly decreased.
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. 163
Physical Features.
These should be as nearly typical of the class of land specially
adapted for afforestation as possible. The chief physical features
of Scotland consist of low hill ranges, rising in the Grampians and
southern Highlands to the dignity of mountains. With the low-
lying tracts of fertile land forestry has little to do, but enormous
scope exists for its development on the hill-sides and elevated land
which possess little value for agricultural purposes. There are
large tracts, however, which, owing to elevation, or the absence or
character of the surface-soil, are quite unfitted for growing a
profitable crop of timber, and no useful purpose would be served
by experimenting with such land. The planting enterprise of
Scottish proprietors in the past has placed us in the position of
knowing pretty accurately the conditions necessary for the successful
growth of a plantation in Scotland. With this knowledge before
us, we may describe land favourable for profitable afforestation as
that forming the sides of hills at moderate elevations, and possessing
a healthy surface-soil, or loose and porous subsoil of not less than
18 inches or 24 inches in depth. Whether the site selected should
occupy the breast of a mountain, or the entire area of one or more
smaller hills or tracts of undulating ground, will probably be decided
by force of circumstances. The former would probably be most
favourable in many respects. On a mountain side the conditions
of growth are usually more uniform than where the ground rises
and falls alternately, and where the aspect or exposure is continually
changing. The removal of timber from a slope having a steady fall
in one direction is more easily effected than from ground broken up
by hills and valleys, and this has some influence upon the value of
the timber when felled. On the other hand, varied localities allow
a greater variety of species to be used, and on an experimental area
this may be an advantage, providing it does not interfere with the
regular succession of age classes and systematic working of the
forest. For Scots pine and larch, good natural drainage is a
desirable feature, and the presence of running streamlets and
brooks usually indicates a healthy soil
Soil.
This is usually divided into subsoil and surface-soil. On the
class of land we are dealing with, what lies on the surface closely
approaches, in composition and texture, the subsoil of more fertile
164 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
tracts of land, although, where covered with grass or heather, a thin
skin of turf or peat may be present. Generally speaking, however,
the stratum in which the roots have to collect plant-food is a bed
of more or less disintegrated rock, varying in depth and texture
with the rock from which it has been formed. The harder the
rock, the thinner we usually find this penetrable layer to be, while
on soft rock, which easily breaks up by chemical and mechanical
agencies, fresh portions of the solid rock are more easily detached,
and become part of the subsoil. This difference in the character of
rocks is of considerable importance in growing timber trees. The
length of time which trees take to mature, and the persistent and
far-reaching character of their root-systems, enable them to thrive
where smaller and shorter-lived plants could scarcely subsist.
While, therefore, the geological formation on which a soil rests
may be practically without importance, it determines, in a great
measure, the rate at which the transformation of rock into soil
proceeds. As is well known, unprotected soils resting on sloping
ground are often washed away by heavy rain at a faster rate than
the weathering process of the rock beneath goes on. A thin soil,
on easily weathered rock, is consequently of more value for timber-
growing than the same depth of soil on a hard and imperishable
foundation, because the presence of the trees not only prevents or
retards denudation by rain, but also assists in the weathering process,
through their roots penetrating cracks and fissures, and there acting
both mechanically and chemically on the upper and loose strata.
By far the greater part of the semi-waste land which calls for
afforestation rests on metamorphic rocks composed of gneiss and
mica-schist, both comparatively slow-weathering rocks. The latter
of these, however, being of a more slaty texture, is frequently loose
and crumbly, and a large proportion of this land is well adapted for
the growth of coniferous timber, the valleys being frequently suit-
able for agricultural purposes. While we do not consider it
absolutely necessary that the geological character of the area
should be minutely defined, it would nevertheless be an advantage
to have it on land answering in every particular to the description
roughly given above. As it is principally the Highlands of Scot-
land which most need development, we should be affording a
practical test of their suitability for afforestation by placing our
forest upon the same class of soil as that formed from the rocks
peculiar to the Highlands, although this, as all other matters, may
be affected by circumstances,
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA, 165
The soil of the selected area should, in any case, be of such a
nature as to allow a normal rate of growth to be made by the
species represented on it. For Scots pine, larch, Douglas fir, and
most conifers, a porous gravel is suitable, the first-named being less
fond of moisture than the other two. As these trees are really of
most economic importance in Scotland, at least two-thirds of the
soil should be adapted to their growth, while, if possible, the
remainder should be of a better nature, so as to accommodate oak,
beech, ash, etc. Very thin soils, or those containing iron-pan,
should be avoided as much as possible, while peat-bog is also ill-
adapted for the purpose in view, as we already know that cases of
profitable forestry are not found upon soils of this class.
Elevation and Exposure.
As a general rule, the greater the elevation the thinner the soil.
If the conditions as to the latter are observed, therefore, there is
little danger of too great an elevation being reached for profitable
timber growth, which usually has its upper limit at 1200 or 1500
feet above sea-level in Scotland, according to species and exposure.
On a southern aspect, trees ascend to greater heights than on
northern exposures; but in a climate like that of Scotland, with an
excess of cloud and moisture, a sunny aspect undoubtedly produces
better ripened wood, and ultimately better timber, than one on
which the direct rays of the sun rarely fall. On undulating
ground exposures vary, of course, but on a limited area the ground
usually has a tendency to slope one way or the other, and we should
pronounce in favour of a southern, south-western, or south-eastern
aspect—preferably the first or last, as a south-western slope has
always to bear the brunt of prevailing winds and gales. With a
southerly exposure, the growth of oak and beech would be
possible at a higher elevation, and the productive power of
the area increased generally.
Size of Area.
Financial considerations compel us to limit the size of our area
to the smallest dimensions compatible with the objects in view.
Organised working, on the assumption of a perpetual yield being
one of our guiding principles, too small an area would allow too
little play in regard to fellings and revisions of working plans,
166 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
while the costs of supervision and maintenance would be propor-
tionately higher on a small than on a large area. ‘Taking every-
thing into consideration, a compact area of 1000 acres would be
quite small enough to accommodate the number of species and
systems of sylviculture necessary to give a fairly complete picture
of scientific forestry on an economic scale. A larger area than this,
on the other hand, would increase the initial cost aud working
expenses of the undertaking, possibly without a commensurately
higher yield or income, while large areas are not favourable to
intensive forestry, which is always most economical on enclosed
land.
Condition of Ground when Acquired.
We have already referred to the class of land in question as
heath-covered, chiefly because it is from such land that the lowest
agricultural returns are usually obtained. But we have also to
consider whether the area should be in its original rough and
unimproved condition, or whether it should be partially or entirely
stocked with timber. If our area were simply intended for the
benefit of a coming generation alone, and had no function to per-
form during the next thirty or forty years, it would doubtless be
cheaper and simpler to acquire a tract of waste land, and plant it as
time, opportunity, or expediency allowed. But in such a case the
land would be of very little value as a means of instruction to the
present generation of estate owners or foresters. The introduction
of a desirable system requires some recognition of existing wood-
lands, for we cannot draw an arbitrary line between the plantations
of the future and those of the present, and apply one principle of
management to the former and another to the latter. Just as the
inspection of a model farm is often of little assistance to a tenant
farmer whose surroundings are totally different, so an estate pro-
prietor probably regards scientific forestry as entirely out of place
on his own estate, and we may pardon him if he fails to see at first
sight how the ideal state of matters he reads of in text-books can
be brought into touch with the state of his own woodlands, without
revolutionary changes being made for which he is little disposed.
If this scheme is to be of real service to the present generation,
therefore, we must demonstrate the practicability of transforming
existing plantations, with all their weak points, into an organised
forest area, and to do this effectually we must start work under
conditions similar to those prevailing on most estates which possess
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA, 167
woodland areas already. In many other respects the absence of
woods at the outset would detract from the educational value of the
area for a considerable time, for it is obvious that the majority of
sylvicultural operations cannot be practised until the plantations
have reached a mature age. For these reasons we should strongly
recommend the acquisition of an area a certain proportion of which
is already under wood, and in a fit condition for demonstrative
purposes. The exact age and composition of the woodland must
be decided by circumstances, but at least one-fourth of the total
area should be stocked, and preferably with timber between middle
age and maturity, for reasons which will appear later on. All
bridges, fences, and buildings of any kind which would add to the
cost value of the estate, without being likely to prove of subsequent
utility, would be undesirable features. The area should possess as
many natural boundaries as possible, so that the cost of fencing
may be reduced as much as possible; and it would also be an
advantage to have it detached from land used for grazing cattle, as
expensive fencing would not then be required. The land should
be as compact as possible, without running out into narrow arms or
projections, which would add to the boundary line without increasing
the area to a proportionate extent. It is hardly likely that an area
which fulfils all the above conditions will be readily obtained,
although there ought to be no great difficulty in finding one which
agrees in its most essential points with the one thus outlined.
Equipment of the Area.
Regarded as an institution for practical and theoretical instruction
in forestry, the area could not be considered complete unless pro-
vided with some accommodation for the delivery of short courses of
lectures, a library and reading-room, museum, etc., while a forester’s
house and other offices would also be necessary. The formation of
a nursery would be an indispensable undertaking ; together with
seed-kilns, store-houses, etc., all of which are necessary if forestry
is to be taught in all its branches. Fences, gates, drains, etc., we
may take for granted, but as their presence would be determined by
circumstances, we need not specify them in detail.
The lecture-rooms, etc., might be erected cheaply with timber
and corrugated iron roofing, and match-boarded inside. If so
constructed, they would be comparatively inexpensive, and would
possess the advantage of being capable of easy replacement at a
168 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
future date by a more imposing structure, should circumstances
render it desirable. The house and outbuildings should be sub-
stantially put up, and the best materials used in their construction,
as, whatever development the area may undergo in course of time,
they would still be serviceable without great alteration.
For the nursery itself we may allow an area of about an acre,
being sufficient to provide plants for the extent of ground likely to
be planted annually. It may also be desirable to erect a few
frames or a small green-house, for the purpose of raising tender
seedlings, or for carrying on simple experiments in plant growth.
Suitable System of Management during first few Years.
Although no definite system of management can be laid down
which would be of any use in dealing with a concrete case, yet we
may briefly discuss a policy of administration which would fall
into line with the various conditions already assumed to exist on
the suggested type of area.
In preparing a working plan for such an area, a careful exami-
nation of soil, situation, etc., should be made, in order that the
various parts, which closely resemble one another in these respects,
may be allotted to their respective working classes.
In a normal condition of stocking, these working classes would
each contain a complete series of age classes, and the problem
which presents itself is how best to bring the area into its normal
condition without undue delay on the one hand, or incurring
financial loss on the other. By paying too much attention to
existing conditions, and the maturity or immaturity of the original
stock of timber, the normal condition may not be attained in
several rotations. On the other hand, to ignore the existing stock
of timber and its condition, by keeping the ideal too closely in view,
an unreasonable loss may be experienced by allowing timber to get
over-ripe in one case, or cutting it when immature in another.
The aim of the forest organiser is usually directed towards giving
the annual fellings a direction contrary to that of the prevailing winds,
which in Britain usually blow from the south-west. Felling and re-
planting should therefore commence at the east side of the stocked
area, and proceed steadily westward ; but as we may have to modify
our method of working to suit existing conditions, it will probably
be better to stock all bare ground as soon as possible, and in such
a way that the stock of timber during the second rotation may be
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. 169
practically normal. In practical forestry, an uninterrupted grada-
tion of age classes in a continuous line does not exist ; soil situation
and conformation of ground rendering absolute regularity an
impossible feature. We need not concern ourselves greatly, there-
fore, as to the precise order in which the various bare portions of
ground are planted up, as by planting 40 acres or so of these parts
annually, the whole of the ground may be completely stocked in
about fifteen years. If we allow for re-planting and under-planting
10 acres of cleared and thinned ground, we have a total of 50 acres
to plant annually.
With regard to felling, much must be regulated by the age of
the standing timber; but to complete the idea so far kept in mind,
let us assume that the average age is about forty years, and that a
certain proportion is already ripe enough to cut, we may allow for
the clear-felling of 5 acres annually, at which rate the whole of the
original stock would be cleared off in fifty years. But in order to
make the most of this stock, a system of selection felling might
also be introduced throughout the whole of the standing wood, and
all ripe, sickly, and dead trees taken out at regular intervals. It
might also be advisable to clear small patches or clumps where
such trees predominate, and re-plant with quickly maturing species,
which may be again cut over with the surrounding wood at the
proper time. In the same way thinly stocked ground could be
under-planted on the same principle, and by such means we
could increase the yield during the first temporary rotation,
without complicating matters for the second or normal rotation
later on.
Until more than half the ground has been planted, it may be
possible to let the bare ground for grazing purposes until required,
as this would prove a source of income at a time when most
needed.
The above method is one which we consider applicable to most
estate plantations, and, therefore, likely to suit those with which we
may have to deal.
Tue Best MeEAns oF ESTABLISHING A Forest AREA.
In dealing with this part of the question, we may assume that
the typical area we have described is the one to be acquired, as
we shall thus be in a position to treat our various points in a
more definite manner.
170 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
We may treat this part under three heads, as follows :—
1. The best means of acquiring the land and administration of
the area,
. The amount required to carry out the scheme.
. The best means of raising that amount.
co bo
1. The Best Means of Acquiring the Land, ete.
Two methods present themselves as feasible in this direction —
direct purchase, and taking it on lease for a long period, The
latter method, however, in view of the nature of the undertaking,
appears to us unsuitable, and need not be further discussed. The
only satisfactory method would be direct purchase of the area
by the proper authority responsible for its acquisition. This
authority, in our opinion, ought to consist of trustees of the sum
subscribed from various sources in aid of the project, and who
would be appointed by the public bodies under whose auspices it
would be developed. Amongst such we may assume that the
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society and the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland would occupy prominent posi-
tions, while the general public would be represented by the
Board of Agriculture. In addition to these trustees, the bodies
above named should appoint a committee entrusted with the duty
of finding and selecting a suitable area, and which should consist
of experts or authorities on forestry and forestry education.
With regard to the modus operandi adopted by such a committee,
we should suggest that a circular should be issued by them to the
land-owning members of the above-named societies, setting forth
as Clearly as possible the kind of area required, and inviting the
owners of such areas to enter into communication with them with
a view to sale.
When the area bas been finally selected and acquired, the same
committee should be reappointed to arrange for its being worked
in accordance with adopted principles. This committee should
constitute a board of management, before whom all administrative
matters in connection with the technical and financial working of
the forest area should come, and who should issue a report yearly
or half-yearly, showing what progress has been made in the
organisation of the area, and the state of its finances.
The above committee should be composed, as much as p)ssible,
of ex officio members representing the educational institutions in
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. L7a
which forestry is a subject of instruction, and its appointment
should hold good for as long a period as possible, so as to give a
definite policy and continuity of method to the working of the
area. A committee of three, with power to add to their number,
would be quite sufficient if unanimity is to be secured.
2. The Amount required to Carry out the Scheme.
The chief points requiring consideration here are the purchase
of the area and growing stock, and the outlay on the working
expenses of the forest.
The purchase of the area requires an amount which is more
easily reckoned if we separate it entirely from fixtures and
growing stock, so that nothing but the unimproved value of the
land remains to be accounted for. The annual value of such land
as that which has been described varies from 1s. 6d. to 5s, per
acre, according to the character of the pasturage, proximity to a
town or farm-house, etc. From the situation specified for our
area, we ought to allow for not less than an annual value of
3s, per acre, and we must also take into account the fact that
a selected area of comparatively small extent would be valued
rather higher than a large tract taken over entire.
If a part of the ground were sufficiently good for the growth
of hardwoods, the value of this would probably be greater than
3s. per acre, but it ought not to exceed 5s., if belonging to the
class of land we are keeping in mind. The total cost of 1000
acres, at twenty-five years’ purchase, of the above annual values,
would be—
Allowing 800 acres at 75s. per acre, . . £3000
BOO) ae siate BADSs ay 1250
£4250
The cost of the growing stock will probably prove the most
formidable item to be dealt with, but the actual sum required
depends, of course, upon the age of the plantations and their
density. The cost of standing wood, of an average age of forty
years, bought at its market value, would vary with situation,
species, and rate of growth, and would also be affected by the
previous treatment of the plantations. But assuming that the
plantations are stocked with Scots pine, and are of normal
deasity, and that the sylvicultural locality corresponds to that of
172 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Class IIT. in the pine forests of North Germany, we are able to
take Schwappach’s yield tables as the basis of our valuation.
According to these tables, the value of one acre of Scots pine, of
the age and on the locality above named, is £35, which is probably
quite up to the average value of either pure Scots pine woods or
a mixture of Scots pine and larch at that age in Scotland. At
this rate 250 acres would represent a value of £8750, or in round
numbers, and allowing for cost of transfer, etc., £10,000.
It is evident that this estimate can only be regarded as an
approximate one, as the probability of finding an area stocked
exactly as is here assumed is but remote.
The outlay on the area, after purchase, would be occasioned
by the erection of the buildings, etc., already referred to,
fencing, formation of nursery, etc. The buildings, if erected as
suggested, would probably involve an outlay of £750 or there-
abouts, according to situation, nature of ground, etc.
The cost of fencing would depend upon those already existing
and their condition, but we may reasonably allow for about two
miles, which, at 1s. per yard, or £90 per mile, would amount in
round numbers to £200, which ought also to provide for gates.
toads, bridges, etc., beyond those already existing, would prob-
ably be unnecessary for the first few years.
The laying out of the nursery would involve trenching, levelling,
making of walks, and fencing, and would require an initial out-
lay of at least £50.
The annual working expenses for the first ten years would be
chiefly incurred in supervision, planting, and rates and taxes, the
cost of felling and thinning being d-ducted from the sales of
timber and poles. The cost of supervision would be practically
included in the forester’s salary, and out-of-pocket expenses of
the board of management. A competent forester could not be
obtained under £100 per annum, with house, fuel, etc., and this
would hardly be sufficient to secure a man versed in the higher
branches of practical forestry. A total expenditure of £150 per
annum ought, however, to cover all costs of supervision likely to
be incurred during the first ten years, or until the area has been
placed in proper working order.
For planting, say, 50 acres annually, we should allow at the
average rate of £2 per acre, which would include both planting
bare ground and under-planting thinly stocked parts of the
wooded portion. The cost for the first year or two would
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. 173
probably exceed this rate, as the plants would have to be pur-
chased until they could be raised in the home nursery, but after
that it should not exceed the sum named. In addition to the
actual cost of planting, some expense would be incurred in
maintenance and repairs, but if things are in fair condition at the
outset, however, charges under this head should not exceed £50
per annum during the first decade, but would, of course, be
greater as the area of young woods increased.
Summarising the various items of expenditure above mentioned,
we have as follows :—
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE.
1. Purchase of area—
800 acres at 75s. = £3000 O 0O
BS vial Be 9 i= 1250.6. 0
Expenses of purchase, 750 0 0
£5,000 0 0
2. Outlay on buildings, ; ) TSO SOY
3. Fencing, . : é 200 0 0
4, Formation of nursery, . : 50 0 O
£6,000 0 O
ANNUAL EXPENDITURE!
1. Supervision, : : elp0 0 0
2. Labour and plants, . : : fs. OO
3, Rates, taxes, and sundries, ; 50 0 0
£350 0 0
Growing stock, . ‘ ; » O000) Wea
Total, : . £16350 0 0
3. The Best Means of Raising the required Sum.
In suggesting any scheme by which the sum named may be
obtained, we must consider the various quarters from which
sympathy with the object in view is most likely to be forth-
1 No allowance is made for annual expenditure on theoretical instruction,
as this should be covered by fees and grants.
174 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
coming. As possible subscribers to the scheme, we have—(1) the
Government and public bodies ; and (2) private individuals.
In discussing the probability of Government aid, we have only
the experience of educational institutions of a similar nature to
guide us.
As the special grant annually voted towards education of this
kind is in Scotland distributed through the Scottish Office, it is
to that department of the Government we must look for whatever
assistance we are likely to obtain in that direction. The Office
has at its disposal annually a sum for assisting work of this kind,
and a small portion of it is already given towards assisting
forestry education at Edinburgh University, and in the Botanic
Garden.
Moreover, thanks to the enterprise of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society, the Board of Agriculture has already been
sounded on this particular matter, through a deputation to its
President, organised by the Society in 1895, From the reply
then given to the representations made, we are in the position of
knowing the views of the Department on this question, and, as
will be recollected, its President declared himself in sympathy with
the wishes of the Society as regards the establishment of experi-
mental areas in Scotland, providing the expenditure incurred
did not prove a serious obstacle in the way of their acquisition.
To what extent the Government would be willing to aid us was
not, however, clearly indicated, But if we may take the promise
made with regard to the proposed endowment of a Chair of
Forestry as any criterion by which the extent of possible aid may
be gauged, we may look forward to the Government meeting us
half-way, by granting one-half of the estimated cost, provided the
other half is subscribed locally. Of course, the most simple and
satisfactory way would be for Government to acquire the necessary
land by purchase, and hand it over to the proper authorities to be
worked as a State forest, the proceeds from which would be paid
into the Imperial Exchequer, less cost of working. But it may
be possible for Government to first render us more valuable
assistance, at less expense to itself, in another direction, for we can
hardly expect a large pecuniary grant being made to a hitherto
novel and untried scheme.
As we saw in our estimate of expenditure, the largest item is
that incurred in the proposed purchase of the growing stock. No
doubt this sum alone could be easily raised by effecting a mortgage
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA, 175
on the timber and land combined, but it is probable that the rate
of interest borne by the mortgage would be higher than the area
could conveniently pay without over-taxing its resources.
The security offered in the shape of a crop of growing timber
would probably be assessed much below its real value, and it is
hardly likely that we should obtain an advance through ordinary
channels at a lower rate than five per cent., and this would be
much higher than we could expect the growing stock to produce
as interest on its capital value for a long-sustained period. By
raising the sum required on such terms, we should be incurring
an annual debt for probably many years at least, and possibly
encumbering the area with a perpetual burden. But if we were
able to obtain the necessary advance at a rate of interest not
exceeding 3 per cent., we ought, with good management, to be
able to meet our liabilities for the time being, and gradually pay
back the amount borrowed. If, therefore, Government would
lend us the purchase-money of the growing stock at 3 per cent.
interest, with an additional | per cent. as a sinking fund bearing
interest at 24 per cent., our greatest difficulty would be removed,
and in fifty years’ time the loan would be paid off. While such a
means of assistance would be both of great service to the area
itself, and certainly no loss to the Treasury, it would not alto-
gether bar the way towards further Government aid if we were
fortunate enough to get it. A sum of about £6000 on capital
expenditure would still have to be raised, and a good deal of time
and energy would have to be expended before we could get such
an amount together unaided by Government. No doubt we might
expect valuable assistance from such public bodies as the High-
land and Agricultural Society, but, in our opinion, too much
reliance need not be placed upon assistance from these latter bodies
in the initial stages of the undertaking, although we may possibly
get something in the way of annual grants after a time. In any
case, we ought to succeed in raising £3000 from Government and
public bodies combined if the scheme is promoted in a national
and unprejudiced spirit.
The reception likely to be accorded the project by private sub-
scribers will probably depend in a great measure upon their direct
or indirect interest in it. The best and surest way of enlisting
public sympathy would be by having all, or nearly all, preliminary
matters arranged before we make any serious appeal to the public
purse, so that those who are asked to subscribe may be assured
176 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
that something definite is within reach of being accomplished
before all interest in the scheme has died out. It is quite possible
that subscriptions might be more readily obtained from private
subscribers by inviting them to make up the sum required for the
growing stock on the terms suggested for the consideration of the
Government; but it appears to us that the introduction of a
feature of this kind into the scheme might deter Government and
public bodies from assisting us with a due amount of freedom, Our
best and safest course seems rather to appeal to the generosity of
those who wish to see forestry promoted in Scotland on a sound
basis. If every Scottish estate-owner contributed at the rate of .
2d. per acre of woodland in his possession, no less than £7000
would be raised, which would entirely cover the cost of land and
buildings on the estimated basis. The mere fact of this alone
ought to convince landowners that the efficient education of their
foresters could be provided for at no great cost to themselves.
Moreover, a sum universally subscribed to by Scottish landowners
would be the best means of convincing Government that the
scheme was being supported by those most interested in the
matter. Without reckoning on universal support from this
quarter, however, we think that all classes connected with landed
estates should contribute the greater part of the necessary sum to
be raised from private individuals, if only to prove that a desire
for such an experimental area was general.
Providing for Annual Expenditure.
Until the income from the timber produced equals the cost of
maintenance, a reserve fund would be necessary to meet the annual
charges. These amount in all to about £800 a year, half of which
is made up of interest on £10,000 at 4 per cent. Now, the grow-
ing stock for which the latter amount has been raised practically
constitutes such a reserve, and if part of this stock is already ripe,
we should at once be able to realise it for the purpose in question.
Let us assume that we are able to cut five fully-stocked acres
annually, which contain on an average 5000 feet of mature timber,
valued at 4d. per foot. This would bring us in £400 per annum
for a period of fifty years, at the end of which our loan would be
paid back, supposing the age of the timber to be so graded as to
enable this to be done. But as in actual practice this would be
very improbable, we should endeavour to realise this growing
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA, berg
stock to the best advantage, independent of any definite annual
amount, and allow so, much annually to assist in meeting the
necessary expenditure, and keeping any surplus back for a reserve
fund to meet past or future deficiencies. From thinnings and
partial clearings another £200 might be obtained, which would
still leave us £200 to make up. The value of shooting and
grazing rents might possibly amount to £100 of this, which would
practically bring our annual income and expenditure within
measurable distance. As a matter of fact, it is not probable
that these two amounts would approach each other so closely,
but there is nothing impossible about their doing so under the
supposed circumstances. But we must also bear in mind that
the capital value, and ultimately the annual yield, would tend to
increase after the bare ground on the area became stocked, and a
slight excess of expenditure over income may be expected for the
first few years without great anxiety.
We have allowed nothing in our estimate of annual expenditure
for interest on the capital value of the land and fixtures, If these
items of expenditure were provided for in the manner suggested, no
expenditure under this head would be necessary; but if we regard
our scheme as an experiment in economic forestry, the accumulat-
ing value of this interest should be ultimately covered by the
returns, although the latter cannot be expected to do this for
many years. We have allowed nothing for depreciation of stock
and fixtures, as we consider that the cost of planting bare ground
should be considered as a set-off to this item, coming, as it should,
under the head of capital expenditure, rather than working
expenses.
In carrying out such a scheme on the lines indicated above,
many modifications would doubtless have to be made to suit the
circumstances of the case. Our chief endeavour has been to
sketch out a project which, while worthy of the spirit in which it
ought to be conceived, would, at the same time, reduce the cost
to the lowest point consistent with the importance of the objects
in view. Forestry is an industry which requires more time than
any other in which to develop, and we cannot, therefore, expect
that such an area, if established, would at once be brought into
such a state of perfection as to satisfy every critic. But its chief
value would consist, as already indicated, in its being a means of
demonstrating the various ways in which Scottish forestry may
VOL. XV. PART II, R
178 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
be improved upon without introducing violent changes, which
estate proprietors would be little inclined to sanction on their
estates. If an experimental area can accomplish this much, it
will at least justify its existence, and, with a fair measure of
success, ought to form the nucleus of a system of similar areas
throughout Britain that would eventually bring British forestry
nearer to the desired condition, if it did not reach as high a
standard of perfection as that practised on scientific methods in
other countries.
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST ARFA. 179
XITI. On Establishing an Experimental Forest Area in Scotland,
for Instruction in the Theory and Practice of Scientific
Forestry. By D. F. Macxkenziz, Factor, Mortonhall,
Midlothian (‘* Nil Desperandum ”).
It is now generally admitted that the extension of our forest
areas is of sufficient importance to warrant the establishment of
“experimental areas for the exhibition of, and for instruction—
theoretical and practical—in scientific forestry.”
In a country like Scotland, with a large area of land producing
less than 3s. per acre per annum, but highly suitable for the pro-
duction of valuable timber under proper management, and with a
very large and annually increasing consumption of timber, the
available supplies of which from abroad are gradually diminish-
ing, it is of the utmost importance that such an institution should
be established without delay.
Our consumption of timber indicates that our necessities have
increased by leaps and bounds, due, no doubt, to the constant in-
crease of population and wealth. This necessitates a corresponding
increase in our timber imports, as there is no corresponding increase
in the extent of timbered land in the country. The reasons for this
are, to a great extent, the prevalent idea that land under timber
does not pay, and the fact that fairly large returns are got for the
land for sporting purposes, the owners forgetting, or perhaps not
knowing, that timber and certain kinds of game are compatible.
It is quite evident that the existing state of matters is lost
sight of by the Government, or is not sufliciently appreciated by
it. The large expenditure of capital required and sent out of the
country at present for the purchase of timber, amounting, as it
does, to over sixteen millions annually, is surely worth the
expenditure of one-sixteenth of one year’s outlay, so as to enable
us to help ourselves.
As a nation, we have been fortunate in maintaining our com-
mercial prominence; but it is the view of some who may be trusted
to see a little way into the future of our supply of timber, that it
is time for us to take a new departure, so as to be prepared for
any altered conditions in our timber supplies from abroad which
may and are likely to arise. In order that we may be so far pre-
pared for such altered conditions, the question we have now to
consider is, What steps are necessary to be taken? Clearly, in
view of a great extension of our forest areas in the near future,
180 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the first step is the establishment of proper machinery for the
instruction of those interested in. acquiring a knowledge of
forestry, so as to provide for ourselves what is at present pro-
vided for us by others, and thus save a great sacrifice of capital,
and consequent loss to the bread-winners of this country. It
is certainly the duty of the State to provide facilities for the
obtaining of such knowledge, because it is required in the
interests of the whole community. This is not a question of
personal or landed interests. It is one which affects statesmen,
capitalists, tradesmen, producers, manufacturers, and private
individuals alike. It is the duty of statesmen to economise
the national resources, but, so far, a mine of wealth has been
neglected in leaving our waste lands practically barren and
unproductive. Under proper instruction, and with the means
provided, a great and beneficial change could be effected.
Taking all circumstances into account—circumstances well
known to the leaders in arboricultural and sylvicultural affairs—
it is not an easy matter to define the best method of creating such
an institution as is required for practical demonstration in all
branches of forestry and kindred subjects; but it is quite easy to
lay down an ideal or theoretical plan. What is required, how-
ever, is one, the details of which can be carried out in practice,
The writer believes the following would go a long way to meet
the requirements of the case.
In Scotland, with very little Crown land available, and such as
there is unsuitable, land for such a purpose can best be had in
the usual way, viz., by a simple commercial transaction between
a willing seller and an equally willing buyer.
There are several ways in which land may thus be acquired for
the purpose under review, viz. :—
1. The purchase of a property having an area of wooded land
with the trees in a forward state, and a considerable
further area suitable for the profitable growth of
timber.
2. The purchase of an area of waste land, of a quality capable
of producing timber.
3. The feuing of suitable land, with or without burdens, the
feu-duty not to exceed 1s, 6d. per acre per annum,
4. The leasing of land and woodland, or of waste land only,
to “farm.” The lease to be for say one hundred and
twenty years, with mutual breaks,
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST AREA. 181
There can be little doubt that the first is the most desirable
method, and, moreover, there would be no difficulty in finding a suit-
‘ able property. There are several in the market at present offered
at good value. The following example of those suitable properties
is now being advertised for sale:—“ A great sporting domain, with
a magnificent castle. Extent of estate, 19,448 acres. Average
bag, four seasons—1018 grouse, 4 red deer, 4 fallow deer, 19 roe deer,
872 pheasants, 365 partridges, 75 duck, 75 hares, 1769 rabbits,
26 snipe, 36 woodcock, 16 pigeons, 12 blackgame, and 6 various.
Good salmon fishing in river. Excellent trout fishing in lochs.
Rental over £3000, exclusive of castle and shootings. Large
quantity of very valuable timber. Valued in 1890 by two ex-
perienced valuers at £115,000. Price, £85,000.” This appears
to be in every way a most suitable and desirable property, and in
fact is known to be such by the writer. The writer knows
the property well, and he values the woods at £32,000. These
extend to 3240 acres, the greater portion consisting of Scots fir
and larch; but there are to be found clumps and _ single
specimens of most if not all of our forest trees, including
exotics. There are excellent buildings upon the property,
suitable for the purposes of such an institution. There are
also over 2800 acres of good agricultural land, very suitable
for carrying on experimental agriculture, if such should be
added to the institution. The gross rental is £3651, the
public burdens nearly £500, and the nett return £3151 or
thereby. This yearly income would naturally decrease as the
area put under timber increased, but quite sufficient would be
left to maintain the establishment for a long time.
The property is beautifully situated in the north of Scotland,
and is easy of access by rail and water.
It will be observed that the price asked is a moderate one,
which, after deducting the value of the woods, amounts to 56s. per
acre. A portion of the woods is “ripe” for cutting, and might
be converted into money should a favourable opportunity present
itself.
There are many other properties offered for sale besides the
above, very suitable, and at a fair value, whether acquired for
afforestation purposes by the State, timber growing companies,
or syndicates. One or two are offered at a valuation of 3 per
cent. on their present rental for a definite period. When the
means are limited, this system of purchase might be tried. There
182 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
is no lack of land suitable in every respect for experimental forest
areas, the only drawback at present is the want of means where-
with to purchase. The writer is convinced that the system here
advocated would be successful if attempted boldly. The sum
required is £100,000.
With regard to Method 2, land of this description can be had
at from 36s. to 403. per acre. At that price, however, the land
is dear, and the method is less satisfactory than Method 1, even
although the necessary buildings are left out of consideration,
and they would cost a considerable sum. Assuming that Method 2
was decided upon, buildings would require to be erected and
fitted up suitable for the proper management of the establishment.
The plans submitted herewith show, hypothetically, what the
writer considers the necessary buildings for such an establishment.
The sketches show the principal’s, assistant forester’s, coach-
man’s, and carter’s houses. The ground plan so far explains
the position of those several houses. The ‘‘school” consists
of lecture-room, class-room, chemical laboratory, and library.
These plans can be extended indefinitely, by simply extending
the area under buildings to the length required for any additional
rooms, such as a forestry museum, etc. The following is merely
an outline specification, as to enter into full details here is quite
unnecessary. All that need be said is, that the rooms are to be
heated by hot water, and to have ceilings of an average height of
12 feet. On the first floor there will be accommodation for twelve
pupils, with an assistant’s bedroom. The principal’s house will
consist of parlour and dining-room, with kitchen accommodation
on the ground floor, and bedrooms, with bath, etc., on the first
floor, with hot and cold water laid on.
Tae building to be of local stone rubble walling, with freestone
rybats, sills, and lintels; all corners to be of hammer-dressed and
pick-scappled stones to a rounded form, and all the walls exter-
nally to have one coat of cement plaster, and be afterwards rough
cast with cement; wall-head line to have embrasures or battle-
mented finish—these stones to be of concrete, cast to forms. The
roofs to be of Limmer asphalt upon the ceiling joisting, which
will require to be kept a little stronger, and have tapered pieces
nailed on top, and all covered with 4-inch flooring, and afterwards
laid with Limmer asphalt to the proper specification.
Regarding cost, if the materials can be got locally near the
building, the work should be completed for a sum of £3000.
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FORESY AREA, 183
With regard to Method 3, it may be found suitable for some
case under peculiar circumstances, but it has nothing more to
recommend it, than that it would be better than a lease of
land, or Method 4, which should not be adopted unless there is
no chance of carrying out any of the others, from want of means
or any other cause.
As has already been said, land suitable for the purpose in
every way may at present be obtained without any difticulty,
except that of finding the money wherewith to acquire it and to
equip the establishment. Indeed, it is in the want of money that
the whole difficulty lies, and the writer has now to suggest several
ways of obtaining it.
1. The suggestion made by the President, Mr Munro Ferguson,
that the Government having sold Crown lands in Scotland, and
invested the proceeds in London ground -rents, etc., these should
be sold, and suitable land purchased with the proceeds. This
is an admirable suggestion for a legitimate disposal of the
Scottish funds in question.
2. Failing the success of No. 1, another method is by an appeal
to patriotic Scotsmen throughout the world by the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society, through the Lord Mayor of London, and
all Lord-Lieutenants of counties, Provosts, and Mayors, and also
Her Majesty’s representatives abroad; the appeal to be signed
by the President of the Society and as many influential members
of Parliament as may be pleased to attach their names thereto.
3. An appeal signed in the same way, and by the same gentle-
men, made through the newspapers, on the penny subscription
principle, and of course intimating that small subscriptions would
be acceptable. Such a course would meet with general satisfac-
tion, and, with the influence and patronage of the press and
members of Parliament, the scheme would undoubtedly be a
success.
4, By a yearly grant from Government through the Board of
Agriculture. There is no doubt that the teaching which might
be given by an institution, as is here contemplated, would prove
to be on the lines of “Higher Education,” while the Board of
Agriculture might well and easily supply the means, if for no
other reason than the fact that forestry is the “‘handmaid” of
agriculture.
The writer feels certain that an appeal on one or all of the
above lines would be certain of obtaining the money, more especi-
184 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ally if the appeal was made in this, the most auspicious year of
the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria. A more fitting monu-
ment for Scotland to commemorate her Diamond Jubilee could
scarcely be conceived, and if the institution was to be established
in Scotland, there is little doubt but that the Scottish people
throughout the world would freely respond.
It should be made known to “the man in the street” that Her
Majesty is a keen arboriculturalist, and a great lover of the sylvan
beauties of Scotland and other countries; and it is just possible
that Her Majesty might be graciously pleased to lend her name
and influence in order to obtain the funds in the manner
indicated.
The writer has given this subject of forestry teaching long and
careful attention, and he has come to the conclusion that if an
institution is to be thoroughly successful, agriculture must be
added to it. Scotland, and especially the north of Scotland,
would be greatly benefited by such an arrangemen*. A director
capable of giving instruction in both branches could be assured a
better salary.
Whether land be taken by purchase, feuing, or leasing, it should
be in a situation and of a quality thoroughly adapted for experi-
mental purposes in all the branches of sylviculture, and generally
such as would lend itself readily to the practical teaching of
Aisthetic, Descriptive, Economic, Historic, Legal, and Sanitary
Forestry. Such facilities would readily attract others than those
desirous of learning the art for a living. Such an institution, too,
under proper direction, would be suitable for training students
for the Indian Forest Service.
It might not be out of place to state shortly what, in the
opinion of the writer, might be the constitution of the staff. If
the funds for the purpose were supplied by Government, the
institution might be under the Minister of Agriculture, Secretary
for Scotland, or Board of Education, having a resident lecturer
or director, who would be assisted by a committee of gentlemen
having a thorough knowledge of forestry and kindred subjects,
such as lecturers on forestry, etc., in the various universities in
the kingdom ; and the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricul-
tural Society. The committee should be purely consultative, and
the resident director should be the convener. The director
should be thoroughly conversant with the Continental methods,
and with all branches of sylviculture, forestry, and arboriculture,
ON ESTABLISHING AN EXPERIMENTAL FOREST ARBA. 185
scientific and practical; and if agriculture be added, he should be
well acquainted with that subject, and be capable of imparting
his knowledge to others. The director should have at least one
assistant capable of teaching and leading in the “ out-door”
demonstrations, and several others under him, such as a capable
working forester, sawmiller, nurseryman, and a joiner. The
director should have the full control of the establishment,
including the teachers, for whom he should be held responsible,
such responsibility to include the exercise of discipline, arrange-
ments from time to time regarding the teaching, and the engaging
and dismissal of the servants of the institution. He should also
be responsible for all sales and purchases in connection with the
establishm ent.
In conclusion, the writer is of opinion that the key of the
scheme is the finding of the means wherewith to purchase land
suitable for the purpose, and thinks that, failing the Government
taking the matter up heartily in either of the ways indicated,
steps should be immediately taken to obtain the funds from the
public, either through the agency of the press or the county and
municipal authorities throughout the country, or through all
combined. If such steps are taken, the success of the scheme is
assured.
186 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY
SCIENTISTS.
1. Report on the Meteorology of Scotland for the Year ending
September 1897. By R. C. Mossman, F.R.S.E., Honorary
Consulting Meteorologist.
The following generalised abstract of the weather experienced
over Scotland during the year ending with September last, has
been largely deduced from the data given in Dr Buchan’s
quarterly reports to the Registrar-General. The monthly abstracts
issued by the London Meteorological Office have also been
utilised.
October 1896.— Unusually cold-weather prevailed during nearly
the whole month, the depression of temperature being greatest
over the southern parts of the country, and least in the Shetland
Islands, where the ameliorating influence of the ocean was well
marked, Northerly and easterly winds predominated ; showers
of snow being of frequent occurrence. A good deal of rain fell,
and was distributed over the country in a very irregular manner.
Over the western districts the amount was on the whole decidedly
below the normal, but on the east coast, from Aberdeen to Berwick,
more than double the average was precipitated. Bright sunshine
was slightly below the average, the deficit being most marked over
the south-eastern counties. On the other hand, there was a slight
excess in Lanarkshire, while the amount recorded at western
stations approximated closely to the average.
November 1896,—The weather during November was unusually
dull and dry, with a mean temperature slightly in excess of the
normal. The mildest weather was experienced in the west and
north, but cold conditions prevailed in the south, where, at
inland places, the depression amounted to 2°. The rainfall
was only half the average, taking the country as a whole, but at
many places less than a fourth of the average was registered.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS, 187
There was an excess at Stornoway and at a few other stations in
the far north. Bright sunshine amounted to but two-thirds of
the normal, the deficit being most marked in the vicinity of
Edinburgh, where less than 10 per cent. of the possible was
recorded.
December 1896.—The characteristic features of the weather of
December were a great amount of rain, little sunshine, and a
large number of thunderstorms. The mean temperature was just
the average over very wide districts, but there was a decided
depression in Galloway, amounting to nearly 2°, Rain-
fall was in excess of the average in all districts excepting the
Shetlands and Skye, where but half the normal downfall was
recorded. Oa the other hand, it was more than double the mean
in the Tweed valley, and in parts of Perthshire and Berwick.
Bright sunshine was barely half the average, but there was a
slight excess in the valley of the Caledonian Canal.
January 1897.—During the first week rather mild weather
was experienced, with heavy rain in many places, but there-
after very cold conditions predominated, with frequent snow
showers. The mean temperature was 3° below the average over
nearly the whole country. Rainfall was less than half the
normal, the deficit being considerable except at a few widely
separated stations in the north and east. At some places in
Aberdeenshire double the average fell. Bright sunshine was in
excess in the west and north, but dull weather was experienced
in the east.
February 1897.—The weather of February was very variable,
with considerable falls of snow, and very low temperatures during
the first week. After the 4th milder conditions set in, and the
mean temperature of the month rose 1° above the average, taking
the country as a whole, but as much as 3° at some south-western
stations. Towards the close of the month very mild weather set
in, the thermometer on the 22nd exceeding 60° at some places in
Aberdeenshire. Rainfall was slightly under the average, the
deficit being most apparent at places on the east coast, where only
a quarter of the normal downfall was recorded. Sunshine was
very deficient in the west and south, but there was a slight excess
at Aberdeen.
March 1897.—Very unsettled weather prevailed during nearly
the whole month, with frequent falls of snow, sleet, and rain, and
several heavy gales. The mean temperature approximated to the
188 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
normal over the greater part of the country, the most noticeable
feature being the rather high nocturnal values, brought about by
the densely overcast skies. The mean rainfall was nearly double
the average, very large amounts being precipitated in the counties
of Inverness (West), Perth, and Renfrew. In Strathspey, on the
other hand, it was slightly below the mean. Very gloomy
weather predominated, the sunshine being little more than half
the average.
April 1897,—The weather of April was very changeable, and
showed but little improvement on that of the preceding month.
During the first half, snow and sleet fell in many places. The
mean temperature was 2° below the normal, the deficiency being
most marked at inland stations; at coast stations, on the other
hand, the temperature did not vary much from the average. The
rainfall was about the average, there being a deficiency at stations
on the coast, more particularly those in the extreme north and
south of the country. There was a slight excess in the counties
of Sutherland, Ross, and Lanark. Bright sunshine was slightly
below the average, but there was a decided excess at Stornoway,
which was the sunniest station in the British Isles.
May 1897.—The weather of May was characterised by change-
able conditions at the beginning and end of the month, but in the
middle of the month it was fair and dry. The mean temperature
was below the average, the greatest deficiency being in the north-
east of Aberdeenshire. Rainfall was in defect over the counties
of Peebles, Berwick, Galloway, Fife, and the Lothians, where, on
the mean, only half the average was recorded. There was a con-
siderable excess over the extreme northern and north-western
districts. Bright sunshine was very generally in excess of the
average.
June 1897.—The weather of June was of a most remarkable
character, being cold, wet, and sunless to an unprecedented degree.
The protean character of the weather was evinced by the great
variability of temperature, the greatest, with one single exception,
during the last fifty-seven years. The mean temperature was
slightly under the average, there being an area of relative warmth
over central Scotland and at Stornoway, which had three times as
much sunshine as many stations on the east coast. Rainfall was
more than double the average at places in the south of Scotland,
but there was a marked deficit in the north-west, the total fall at
Stornoway being only 15 per cent. of the normal. Very sunless
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS, 189
weather prevailed, especially in the Edinburgh district. In the
far north, as has been shown, there was a slight excess.
July 1897.—July, in marked contrast to the previous month,
was favoured with remarkably fine dry weather, the mean
temperature being high, the humidity low, and the rainfall con-
siderably under the normal. On the east coast rather cool
weather prevailed, but in the interior, where the air was very
dry and the sunshine strong, temperature exceeded the normal
by 2°. Rainfall was above the average over the Hebrides and at
a few stations on the north-western coasts; but there was a
great deficiency in the Lothians, where, at some stations, only
one-fifth of the average was precipitated.
August 1897.—An unusually low barometric pressure was the
principal characteristic of the month of August, but in spite of
this the mean temperature was very high, and the mean humidity
a little under the average. The rainfall, however, was much
above the normal, and the sunshine deficient. ‘The mean tempera-
ture was much the same over the country, but was, as is usually
the case, relatively higher at inland than at coast stations. The
rainfall was a quarter more than the average, but was very
irregularly distributed over the country, there being a deficiency
to the north of the Grampian range. Double the mean quantity
fell at many places in the counties of Perth, Forfar, Dumbarton,
Renfrew, Dumfries, and Kirkeudbright. Thunderstorms were
unusually frequent, with the result that most of the rain fell in
the daytime.
September 1897.—The means of the various climatic elements,
taking the country as a whole, approximated closely to their
averages, the only marked departure from the normal being the
mean temperature, which was decidedly below the mean, the
defect being principally brought about by the low nocturnal
values. The distribution of the rainfall was extremely irregular,
there being a decided excess over the western districts, and in
Banffshire, Orkney, and Shetland. Less than half the average
fall was measured over large tracks of country, Aberdeen, Edin-
burgh, and Haddington having the smallest amounts.
The Year ending September 1897.—The year under review was
characterised by a temperature half a degree below the average,
by a rainfall 5 per cent. above the average, falling on seventeen
days more than the average, and by a marked deficiency of sun-
shine, equivalent to 20 per cent. of the average. The early
| April ie
ike Mean Temperature. Mean Rainfall. | aes
leg Baebes ut.) ad | ES Leo Vesa)
| a Ad Ar As BoE Ad ies As ra Ad
| z FS ° ° Ins. Ins. | | Hrs. | Hrs.
October 1896, | 42°2| —4:2]12°6|} +0°7| 462) +0°57 18 | +1 83 | — 22
November ,, 141°5| +09] 9:8! —06] 1:90) —1°92] 13] -38 46 | -—27
| December ,, | 37°6| —0°2] 9°3] —0°3| 5°61| +1°64]} 21) +5 32 | — 25
| January 1897, | 34:2) —2°9] 9:2 OcOn ee 14; -38 52a—= 9on
February ,, 39°4 +1°04101 070; 2°84) -0°227 15] O 56 | —29
March ; | 40°4| +1°0710°4) —1°6] 4°89} +2°09] 24) +9 | f2a\—5il
| 41°9| —2°2414°8| +0°4) 2°17) +0°03 14 | +2 140 | -21
Vas | 1-7) 166 | +1°2| 2°29! o-oo] 14] 47 | tes ee
a | 54°38) —0°5914°5| —1°3] 4°10) +1°62] 16] +3 120 | — 96
~ | 58-2) +1°1116°8| +1'°9| 2°44) -0°73] 12) -8 238 | +39
August Ae 58:9 | +2°3114°8| —0°4| 4:59) +0°96 19 | +3 | 153 | -—438
September ,, | 51°0| —1°8]15°3| +1°5| 3-46| -O0-08] 18 | +2 | 118 | -24
Means and \| 45.6) _9-6]19-8| +0-1| 40-66| +181] 198 |+17 | 1295 |-319 |
Maas) }e0 ie + es +t aa
190 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
summer was cold and wet, but July and August were characterised
by warm, sunny weather. September, over the greater part of
the country, proved an ideal month for harvesting.
Abstract of Observations of Temperature, Rainfall, and Sunshine
as recorded at Sixty-seven Stations of the Scottish Meteoro-
logical Society during the Year ending September 1897, and
compared with the Averages of the previous Iorty Years.
2. Report by Witu1aM SomMeRvVILLE, D.dic., D.Sc., F.R.S.E.,
F.L.S., Honorary Consulting Cry ptogamist.
During the past year two inquiries have reached me regarding
damage to trees by fungi. The first was from Mr William Forbes,
Swinton, Yorkshire, under date 30th July 1897, and refers to an
attack of Z'rametes radiciperda. Mr Forbes’s attention was first
called to the disease by his noticing certain larches in a mixed
wood, five years old, assuming a sickly appearance, and finally
dying after an interval of two years. The soil is a sandy loam
resting on gravel, and the disease was most prevalent at a place
where the bed of the river Ure is only 10 feet below the level
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 191
of the surface of the wood. The present wood succeeded another
that was felled eight years ago, and in which the larches, but not
the hardwoods, suffered from red-rot.
Usually the fructification of this fungus is found*in the form
of a white porous encrustation (tawny underneath) girdling the
stem, partially or entirely, just above the surface of the ground,
but so close to it that grass, moss, dead leaves, etc., are enveloped
in its tissue. Where conifers, and especially Scots firs, are seen
to be dead or dying here and there throughout a wood, the cause
in the majority of cases—and especially on replanted land—will
be found to be 7. radiciperda. A tree attacked by this fungus
is soon brought into an unhealthy condition, and so attracts
numerous forest insects, whose work may be mistaken for the
cause instead of the result of the trouble; but there is no doubt
that the fungus is, in the majority of cases, the true primary
cause.
Such trees should be at once removed and burned. Not only
are they a centre of infection for the disease, but they also
constitute breeding-places for many injurious insects which may
afterwards move on to healthy plants.
Mr Forbes’s proposal to restock with hardwoods is a good
one, as the fungus in this country shows a marked prefer-
ence for conifers, which should not be planted on infected
ground.
The other inquiry came from Mr George Leven, St Quinox,
Ayr, who, in sending a young Douglas fir about 4 feet high,
writes :—
“ My attention was drawn to it to-day while passing through
the wood by its rather unhealthy colour, and on examination I
found it evidently attacked by a fungus; and the peculiar thing
is, that the affected part is about half-way up the plant and has
a compressed appearance, owing to the cortical tissues being dead
at that part. You will observe that the part above the wound is
dying, while the lower part is fairly healthy, and has developed
two or three dormant buds this year. The A. Douglasit in
question was planted along with others in an old wood, where a
few standards had been left, in March 1896. A few more plants
of the same species are dead or dying, and show the same appear-
ance as the one forwarded.”
The plant was found to agree with Mr Leven’s description. A
patch, about 4 inches long, and extending round the stem about
192 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
2 feet from the apex, was dead and shrunken, and the whole of
the plant higher up was evidently in a dying condition.
Reference to Tubeuf’s book on “ Plant Diseases” shows that
the cause of the disease is almost certainly a minute fungus,
Phoma pithya, Sace., regarding which but little is known, and
which has probably not previously been recorded in this country.
All that can be recommended in the way of cure or prevention,
in the meantime, is the careful removal and destruction of the
diseased parts. As the point of attack of the fungus appears to
be some distance from the ground, it is possible that, when the
diseased portion has been removed, the plant may continue to
grow in a bushy fashion; and such a tree may be regarded as
better than none at all, though on this point individual opinion
must give the decision. If the seat of the disease is below all
healthy branches, then even partial recovery is impossible, and
early removal becomes very desirable.
3. Report by R. Stewart MacDovuaeatt, M.A., B.Sc., Honorary
Consulting Entomologist.
During the past year the inquiries have been few, but so
interesting that one feels sorry not to have had more requests for
information. Most of the queries related only to the identifica-
tion of insect specimens which were sent to me, interesting
specimens being received from Mr A. C. Forbes, Calne, Wilts ;
Mr Mitchell, Dunraven, Glamorganshire; and Mr J. Clark, Haddo
House, Aberdeen.
The only communications which indicated pestiferous attack
were those dealing with the Small Brown Weevil (Pissodes
notatus) and the Pine Beetle (Hylesinus piniperda), both of
which pests I dealt fully with in the last issue of the Z’ransactions.
Pissodes notatus was sent to me both from South Wales and
from Aberdeenshire, and I feel certain that this pest is much
more common, and does much greater harm, than is generally
believed. From my experiments with this beetle (a record of
which I will publish in next year’s 7’ransactions), I have clear -
proof that, in supplement to the remedies suggested last year, an
excellent means of offence against notatus is to collect the beetles
found feeding on the pines during the summer months, but in
greatest number in the spring and autumn.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS, 193
One gentleman, in writing to me for information on the Pine
Beetle (Hylesinus piniperda), sent me an interesting account
of its ravages in his part of Scotland, and from his letter
I quote the following :—“ The beetle has made fearful ravages
among the fir-woods here during the past three years, in trees
from one hundred years old downwards to plantations three years
planted, particularly in the neighbourhood of a ‘blow-down,.’
Some plantations here, from fifteen to twenty-five years old, are
completely eaten up, presenting a very sad picture, and not a
single fir plantation has escaped the attacks of the beetle.”
In combating Hylesinus piniperda, while some benefit will be
derived by removing from the trees the shoots bored for feeding
purposes by the adults which have issued from the pupal condi-
tion, care being taken that the beetles do not escape in the
process (which they are very apt to do), and by collecting these
blown shoots in autumn and winter, yet, as I wrote in my last
year’s report, “once the beetles have got to work, no remedial
measure can compare in efficiency with the system of ‘catch-
trees’ or traps. From February or March onwards till the
autumn let there be a series of such traps, to be examined at
regular intervals, and peeled, and the bark burned. These ‘ catch-
trees’ may be sickly pines, standing in the forest and marked, or
else trees felled here and there for the purpose. In such trap-
trees or logs the pine beetles will breed, and in the peeled and
burnt bark eggs and larvee will be destroyed.” Where the bark
is thin, and the later stages may be on the outside of the wood,
means should be employed to kill these after stripping.
But prevention is always better than cure, and never can this
principle receive greater justification than in relation to the Pine
Beetle. All thinnings, therefore, and all felled and blown timber,
must be removed as quickly as possible, or else barked, for if
these be allowed to remain, they are all just so many invitations
to piniperda to come and breed.
In such careful oversight, and in the adoption of catch-trees and
traps, the forester will find, beyond all comparison, his best means of
dealing with the Pine Beetle. The great principle is, “attack in
the beginning,” for insect onsets cannot be properly combated
when they have reached a certain degree of intensity.
In Aberdeenshire Mr Clark has found the squirrel busily at
work destroying piniperda grubs and pup, from the beginning
of July till the end of September. These it finds by stripping the
VOL, XV. PART II. 8
194 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
bark, and then taking the larvee or pupe found on the outside of
the wood. Curiously enough, where the bark is thick and the
larve and pupe are contained therein, the squirrel remains
ignorant of the fact, and passes these over. As bearing out my
advice last year in my notes on the squirrel, Mr Clark, after men-
tioning the grub-destruction by the squirrel, hastens to add,
“ squirrels, however, must be kept under, for I have taken from a
wood over ten thousand fir trees killed by squirrel.”
Specimens of the Steel-blue Wood-Wasp (Sivrex juvencus) were
sent from Dunraven, and the borings of the Giant Wood-Wasp
from Aberdeen, so a note on these two pests may be timely.
DESCRIPTION OF INSECTS.
Sirex gigas, the Giant Wood-Wasp.—This insect varies much
in size, from over half an inch to one inch and a half. The
smaller male has all the rings of the abdomen reddish-yellow,
except the first and the last, which are black. The female has
the first two and the last three segments of the abdomen yellow,
and the rest black.
Spruce and silver fir,and sometimes larch and pine, are attacked
by this species, old timber being preferred.
Sirex juvencus, the Steel-blue Wood-Wasp.—Here also the
males are smaller, and the colour varies. The females are blue,
while abdominal rings 4 to 7 of the male are yellowish-red.
Pine, in the pole stage, is chiefly resorted to by this species, but
there are also recorded attacks on spruce and silver fir.
These two species of Hymenopterous insects are not uncommon
in Britain, and imported coniferous timber often harbours them.
It is the larval stage which is injurious, the tunnels made in solid
timber by the larvze often rendering the timber useless for technical
purposes. The mature insects are large and striking, and, from
the humming noise of their flight, invite attention.
The life-history is as follows:—The female, by means of a long
and strong ovipositor, bores a hole through the bark into the
alburnum or sap-wood of standing sickly trees or on blown or felled
timber. This she does very quickly. One egg is deposited in
each such boring. From the egg hatches out a grub, which when
full grown measures over an inch in length. It is cylindrical
and whitish, with three small pairs of thoracic feet, and strong
biting jaws. A spine on the last segment is very characteristic.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTIS'S. 195
The tunnel made by the larva is curved or circular. The young
grub bores in the softer sap-wood, but as it grows goes deeper, and
in the second season curves outwards again towards the surface,
so as not to leave too great a thickness of wood to be bored
through by the imago when ready to escape. The tunnel may
be as long as 8 inches, and the hind part of the burrow is
stuffed with frass. When full fed the larva makes a chamber in
which it pupates, and when the wood-wasp is fully developed, it
gnaws the round hole by which it emerges. The generation lasts
never less than two years, and is often longer, there being a
number of cases on record where the wasps have issued from
worked timber forming floors, etc.
The jaws of the larve are very strong. They are known to
have bitten through lead-piping, and Blandford relates that at
the time of the Crimean War bullets were found to have been
penetrated by larve which had emerged from the unseasoned
wood of the ammunition-boxes. The same authority tells of the
boring of the larve of S. gigas from the timber supports into
the lead chambers of sulphuric acid works, with a loss of acid.
PREVENTION AND REMEDY.
Remove attacked sickly trees, and so prevent spread and
infection. It is wise, too, to cover over any wounds and barked
spots, otherwise suitable places for oviposition, with some mixture
which would deter the insect from egg-laying.
Mr Mitchell of Dunraven, Glamorgan, has taken up enthusi-
astically inquiry into what species of injurious insects may be
conveyed to South Wales in driftwood. Might I cordially
recommend this research to foresters in other parts of the
country well situated for the purpose, as a work of much scientific
interest, but also for its possibilities on the practical side. In
the history of insects all over the world, many of the most injurious
forms in a country have often not been native, but have been
introduced. Twenty years ago a French entomologist introduced
into New England, United States, for purposes of experiment, a
few specimens of the Gipsy Moth (Liparis dispar). A few escaped
from confinement, and in spite of warnings issued, this insect has
so multiplied that its polyphagous caterpillars have stripped the
leafage of the trees of half a State, and necessitated the spending
of some hundreds of thousands of dollars on exterminative
196 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
measures, In another connection, I myself this year have had
sent to me from different places in Britain, as doing considerable
harm, two pests imported with plants from Asia, and another
introduced in the same way from Central America.
Keeping in mind this possibility of the introduction of injurious
forms from other countries, with their chances of gaining a foot-
ing and spreading, I am always grateful to receive any specimens
from driftwood or imported timber or saw-mills.
NOTES AND QUERIES. 197
NOTES AND QUERIES.
Drirtwoop AND INsect ATTACKS.
This year our insect visitors have been both numerous and
varied.
Hylurgus piniperda has, as usual, come ashore in pretty large
numbers, As early as 13th March one log had a gallery with
fifty ova already deposited, but with both parent insects dead
inside. Not till a month later did any more appear, and then
three logs arrived, with about fourteen or fifteen galleries each,
and about fifty eggs in each gallery. At least, I destroyed ova
and galleries to these numbers, but on visiting the same logs
about three weeks or so later, I found them quite fully stocked
with larve, so there must have been some more bore-holes hidden
in the fissures of the bark which had escaped me at first. This
time I burned al// the bark, instead of only those parts in the
immediate vicinity of the galleries. The amount of damage to
young pine shoots possible by such a swarm is not pleasant to
contemplate, not to mention the possibility of more deadly attacks
later on. There were fourteen live insects in the galleries—some
singly, some in pairs, and some with one dead and one living in
the boring. These probably owed their preservation to their
being in the upper end of the gallery when the log was immersed,
the compression of the air on the ingress of the water preventing
their being touched by the sea-water. One entrance hole had
been filled up with sand for quite an inch, and one of the
imprisoned beetles (both were alive) was actually burrowing its
way out through it, and had already got about half-way, when I
found it.
The next in importance, in point of numbers actually seen, was
Bostrichus bidens. Of these there have been a good many—so
many, in fact, that I gave up counting them. They came first
about the end of July, and afterwards in September. This insect
seems to have got a hold of the woods in this locality, for I found
198 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
it last year, and again, in considerable numbers, this year. Two
small Austrian pines, about 10 feet high, which were blown
over in spring and left as decoys for Pissodes notatus, fulfilled
that office for Bostrichus bidens instead, the stems and branches
becoming thickly infested with them. It has also appeared on
Pinus Laricio and P, strobus in various portions of newly planted
woods ; and on a neighbouring estate—Coed-y-Mwstyr—I found
some Austrians which had been transplanted last season owed
their sickliness and death to its depredations, along with others.
These latter were growing about eight miles inland, and in the
direction of the prevailing wind, so may have had their first
swarms from the sea, or possibly from the pitwood carried past on
the railway, which is but a short distance away. The double
generation of Bostrichus bidens makes it very troublesome, and
its habit of burrowing in the sap-wood for pupation renders the
ordinary barking of the tree of little avail. The only way to get
rid of it is to burn the tree, stem, bark, and branches, and the
veriest twig.
On the logs bearing the B, bidens there were also several work-
ings and specimens of Bostrichus stenographus, of which several
were alive, and had just reached the adult stage.
About the same time, several specimens of Lamia aedilis, the
Timberman Beetle, came ashore. This, though, according to Mr
MacDougall, not of first importance as an injurious insect, since
it lays its eggs only on dead wood, is very interesting, from the
fact of its antenne being three to five times as long as its body,
and from its making a squeaking noise when disturbed. ‘The
noise is something like that made in cutting a piece of cork,
only much more faint, and appears to be caused by the creature’s
rubbing the front part of the middle segment of the thorax against
the hind part of the first thoracic segment.
Pissodes notatus is our worst enemy here, and the more so as
the supply is undoubtedly kept up from the driftwood. I have
seen no live full-grown beetles washed ashore this year, but have
found exit holes, and dead imagos, and live larve and pupe
several times. On one log there were no fewer than 104 pupal
chambers hollowed out, but fortunately the bark had been removed
by the action of the water, and all the inhabitants were missing.
I found this insect also on the estate above mentioned, and in
Roath Park at Cardiff, where it had done considerable damage to
recently planted Austrian pines.
NOTES AND QUERIES. 199
In conclusion, I should like to express my indebtedness to Mr
MacDougall for much kind assistance and information in relation
to the various insects found during the year.
ARCHIBALD MITCHELL, Forester,
Dunraven Castle, Glamorganshire.
Notes on Pissodes notatus OCCURRING AT DUNRAVEN,
GLAMORGANSHIRE.
After Mr MacDougall’s exhaustive account of the genus Pissodes
in last year’s Z'’ransactions, perhaps the following notes with regard
to P. notatus may be interesting.
The trees attacked here are chiefly the Corsican pine, Pinus
Laricio, though it often occurs on the Black Austrian, and some-
times on the Weymouth pine. I have found hand-picking a very
good means of lessening the attack. The beetles are usually found
on sickly plants—those barked by rabbits or weakened by the
feeding of the insects the previous year. ‘The latter are easily
distinguishable, because of the resin exuding from the puncture in
the cortex. If these are looked over once or twice a week in early
spring, before much egg-laying can have taken place, a good many
beetles may be gathered, and many trees, otherwise doomed to be
the birthplace of further swarms, may recover. September and
October are also good months for hand-picking. It takes some
practice to be able to pick out the insect among the needles and
bark scales, the general colour being so similar. The 15th of
April is the earliest I have found the beetles out on the branches.
A favourite place for the larval borings is the pith of the last
two or three years’ growths. The thinness of the cortex there
seems to induce the larve at an early stage of its existence to bore
right through the wood into the medulla. It continues its boring
either up or down the pith, where at length it forms its pupal
chamber. It sometimes happens that an attacked tree is met
with when there are no means at hand for burning it. In such a
case, the readiest method of extermination is barking the tree and
destroying the insects inside; but all such trees should also be
split down from the top, and it is surprising how many beetles
will be met with in the pith.
200 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The lower branches of Austrian pines, up to thirty or forty
years old, are here also favourite breeding-places. These branches
are from 1 to 3 inches in diameter, and sickly on account of their
close environment by their neighbours; and though little or no
damage is done to the trees actually attacked, still there is the
possibility of the swarms next attacking the adjoining young
plantations. I have found many trees here, 3 to 4 feet high,
bearing between fifty and sixty insects.
ARCHIBALD MITCHELL,
In August 1896 Mr G. W. Constable, Traquair, Innerleithen,
forwarded to me an insect which had been found in cutting up a
larch tree, twenty-five to thirty years old. The insect proved to
be a very fine specimen of a female Sirex guvencus, whose occur-
rence in Scotland is very rare, so rare, indeed, that it would be
interesting if members who have met with the insect would record
the fact in this page. Mr Constable reports that the estate
foresters at Traquair have only once or twice previously seen
the insect, though on the present occasion three specimens were
obtained.
T may also mention that in the same month a specimen of the
female Sirex gigas was sent to me from Wolsingham, in the
valley of the Wear.
W. SoMERVILLE,
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
VOL. XV.—PART ITI.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER,
ROBERT GALLOWAY.
EDINBURGH:
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY.
SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET.
MDCCCXCYVIII.
NURSERYMEN AND SEEDSMEN
@pn—. >. <TO THE QUEEN! 5. ae
NVITE the attention of intending Planters to their large
Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees
and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and vigorous
condition, and well suited for successful transplanting.
Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs.
Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood.
Trees and Shrubs for Sea=Side Planting.
Thorn and other Hedge Plants.
SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES for producing immediate
effect on LAwNs and AVENUES.
RHODODENDRONS—all the Best Varieties. es
FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds.
x ROSES—all sorts worthy of cultivation.
SAMPLES OWN APPLICGCATzG re
SPECIAL PRICES FOR LARGE QUANTITIBS.
+e¢ =
Seed Warehouse: 15 PRINCES STREET.
Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, AND FETTES,
EDINBURGH.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY: Priced List Free on Application
env
DOUGLAS & FOULIS
ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LIBRARY
9 Castle Street, Edinburgh
TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION FOR TOWN AND COUNTRY
FOR THE NEWEST BOOKS :—
EES
4 Vols. 6 Vols. | 10 Vols. | 15 Vols. 30 Vols.
1 Month ae NG 8/- 12/- 24
3 Months 15/- 18/— 21/- 30/- 60/-
6 Months 25/- 32/- 42/- 55/- 110/—
12 Months 42/- 55/- 70/- 105/— 210/-
and Three Volumes for every additional Guinea per annum
Subscriptions may commence at any date and are payable in advance
Library Catalogues, English and Foreign, gratis to Subscribers
SPECIAL TERMS FOR BOOK CLUBS
DOUGLAS & FOULIS’ Catalogues of Surplus Library Books
are issued on or about the following dates tn each year;
February 1, March 15, May 1, June 15, September 1, October 15, and December 1,
and will be sent gratis and post free to any address at home or abroad
| DOUGLAS & FOULIS, BOOKSELLERS AND LIBRARIANS, 9 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH |
IMPORTANT TO GARDENERS.
To effectually destroy Weeds use
SMITH’S PATENT
POWDER WEED KILLER,
1 Tin makes 25 Gallons of Liquid.
No Charge for Packages. 4 Tins, Carriage Paid.
Write for Full Particulars to
MARK SMITH, LTD., LOUTH, LINCOLNSHIRE.
a
ADVERTISEMENTS,
Hy Special Appointment to H.R.H. The Prince of Wales.
Telephone—
WESTERN No. 78 EDINBURGH.
Telegrams—
‘*HOTHOUSE,” EDINBURGH.
All Latest Improvements Adopted.
HORTICULTURAL BUILDINGS
of every description erected, either
in Wood or Iron, in any part of
the Kingdom.
Pavilions, Summer Houses,
Band Stands, Boat Houses,
and all kinds of
Wooden Buildings.
HOTHOUSE BUILDERS
and
HEATING ENGINEERS,
Registered Office and Works
at
EDINBURGH.
London Office—8 CAMDEN ROAD, N.W.
Branch—43 VICTORIA ROAD, GLASGOW.
HEATING and VENTILATING WORK in all
its Branches Efficiently Executed.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
FOREST, FRUIT, ou.
AND ALL OTHER
“ot TREES AND PLANTS.
EVERGREENS, ROSES,
DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
=3 HERBACEOUS PLANTS, &.
STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS,
SEEDS ror FARM Anp GARDEN,
JOHN DOWNIE,
A A 4. sae Sv oS4PRE ET,
EDINBURGH.
Telegraphic Address —‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155,
Established 1801.
SEEDLING AND TRANSPLANTED FOREST TREES,
Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses and Fruit Trees.
JAMES DICKSON & SONS,
32 HANOVER STREET and INVERLEITH ROW,
Pde NS OR GH.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
JAMES DICKSON & SONS received the highest awards for ‘‘ Conifers” and
**Hardy Plants” at the International Chrysanthemum Exhibition, Edinburgh,
1889; and again at the great Chrysanthemum Exhibition of 1890,
ADVERTISEMENTS.
DICKSONS: &°GOi
1 WATERLOO PLACE, EDINBURGH,
Respectfully draw attention to their
New Nurseries at BRIDGEND, LIBERTON,
which contain a magnificent stock of
FOREST TREES, grown from carefully selected seed; strong,
hardy, and well-rooted.
ORNAMENTAL CONIFERA, EVERGREEN and DECID-
UOUS SHRUBS. The finest collection in the country.
FRUIT TREES, ROSES, and VINES. Thousands of strong,
hardy, clean, well-rooted plants to select from.
CLIMBING, GREENHOUSE, and other PLANTS. A full
collection of the best varieties in cultivation.
DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES FREE.
FORESTRY” AND “GARDENING, TOOES
of every description.
Grown from Seed collected in the
North of Scotland, on high-lying
ra grounds, and under the exposure of
a rigorous climate.
Hardy Ornamental Conifers,
Evergreen Trees and Shrubs,
Plants for Game Coverts, Hedges, &c.
All are Fibrous-Rooted, Robust, and Grown Unsheltered.
SENT TO ALL PARTS OF THE UNITED KINGDOM.
SPECIAL OFFERS FOR LARGE QUANTITIES, and Carriage Rates Reduced.
CATALOGUES POST FREE.
BENJAMIN REID & CO.
FOREST-TREE NURSERIES, ABERDEEN.
Vide Loupon’s “‘ ENcycLopzpIA OF GARDENING” (5th Edition, published
in 1827).—‘‘The Aberdeen Nursery, Messrs Reid, an old and respectable
establishment, chiefly devoted to the culture of Forest Trees, and especially to
Seedlings of Scotch Pine, Larch, Fir, and Thorns.”
ADVERTISEMENTS.
DAVID W. THOMSON’S
FOREST TREES.
An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees,
comprising
SCOTS FIR,
LARCH FIR,
SPRUCE FIR,
SILVER FIR,
ABIES DOUGLASII,
and other trees in great variety, and in splendid condition.
FOREST TREES, ETC., PLANTED BY CONTRACT.
VINES, ROSES, AND FRUIT TREES.
My Stock of the above includes all the best Varieties grown, in
fine condition for removal.
Qrmamental Trees and Shrubs, Rhododendrons, te.
In fine condition for removal, having been all recently transplanted.
CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS
AND
CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS.
See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1899, Post Free on application.
fAurseries—WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD.
Seed Wlarebouse—
294 FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
Telegraphic Address—‘‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
THE CELEBRATED “ACME”
WEED KILLER
For Destroying Weeds on Garden Walks, Carriage Drives,
Stable Yards, Moss on Stonework, etc.
Saves more than twice its cost in Labowr. No Smell.
One application will keep the Walks clear of Weeds for at least Eighteen Months.
Mr W. G. HEAD, Superintendent of the Crystal Palace Gardens, says:
—‘‘* We were so satisfied with your Wrrp KiLuER and its price, that we have
used it absolutely. I have every confidence in recommending it.”
STRENGTH, 1 in 25. 1 gallon to be mixed with 25 gallons of water.
PRICES :—1-gal. 2/3 (tin free); 2-gals. 4/3 (tin free); 3-gals. 5/6, drum 2/- ;
5-gals. 7/6, drum 2/6; 8-gals. 12/-, drum 4/6; 10-gals. 13/4, drum or
cask, 5/—; 16-gals. 21/4; 18-gals. 24/-; 20-gals. 26/8; 40-gals. 50/-.
Casks from 10-gals. and upwards charged at 5/— each.
Carriage Paid on 5 Gallons and upwards.
DOUBLE STRENGTH. 1 gallon to 50 gallons of water.
ul. tins 2/— (tin included); 1-gal. 3/6, drum 9d; 2-gals. 6/6, drum 1/6 ;
3-gals. 9/3, drum 2/—; 5-gals. 14/-, drum 2/6; 8-gals. 21/4, drum 4/6 ;
10-gals. 25/6, drum or cask 5/—; 16-gals. 40/—; 18-gals. 45/—; 20-gals. 50/-;
40-gals. 90/-. Casks from 10-gals. and upwards charged at 5/— each.
i
5-GE
2-5°
Carriage Paid on 2 Gallons and upwards to any Station or Port in
Great Britain, and on 5 Gallons to any Station in Ireland.
Drums and Casks allowed for in full when returned, carriage paid,
within two months.
“ACME” POWDER WEED KILLER.
SOLUBLE IN COLD WATHR.
Sizes, Prices.
No. 1. Sufficient to make 25 Gallons, . 1/9 per tin.
» 2 %9 ” 50 i im SO e
eae i ig 100 % . 6/- 5
» 4 9 ~ © ¥150 : . 8/6 rr
nite . aay »250 r . 13/- Re
Tins Free. Carriage Paid on No. 3 Size and upwards.
SPECIAL QUOTATIONS FOR LARGER QUANTITIES.
SOLE PROPRIETORS AND MANUFACTURERS—
The Acme Chemical Company, Limited,
TONBRIDGE, Kent, & Carlton Street, BOLTON, Lancs.
ee eats aon sian
IRON ano WIRE FENCING SPECIALITIES,
MAIN’S “SPECIAL” CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING.
ih.
) i i if i y
This Fence, as now made on MAIN’S “ Break-Joint” system, and
with Flanged Standards and Patent Earth-Plates, is undoubtedly
the best bar fence in the market; it is also the cheapest if its
durability is taken into account.
WIRE FENCING with tron Standards and Patent Earth-Plates,
Main’s Corrimony Wire Fencing.
Ornamental Iron and Wire Garden Fences.
Wrought-Iron Entrance and Field Gates, &c.
ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION.
MAIN’S GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING
FOR ALL PURPOSES.
Specifications and Estimates on Application.
BEST QUALITY GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING.
Made from : For Rabbits,
Superior BeaeagaNs < s Poultry, etc.
Wire, well Bx f
galvanized, a ses Special
of full gauge ' ees eeceee ry Secececess Quotations
and correct vie i om anes for
mesh. " a Quantities.
GLASGOW— Clydesdale Iron Works, Possilpark.
EDINBURGH—Oorn Exchange Buildings.
LONDON—77a Queen Victoria Street, E.C.
DUBLIN—11 Leinster Street.
BAYLISS JONES & BAYLISS’
ya FENCING, apes Bes. TREE
GUARDS.
Se
Or
yx
——
=
a ee
fa
ee
Con ane Ke
= Socios
<_
SUPERIOR
JET VARNISH.
COMBINED Averages From 1s, 3d. per gal.
about |
MESH ; 20 per cent. |
GALVANIZED & Cheaper
3 than
WIRE Ordinary
NETTING, 5 Netting.
. if “hay ip nin crite ab Casks included.
= a Write for Price List. Carriage Paid.
WROUGHT | WROUGHT-IRON
WIRE GAME- “PROOF hee? = 52 W. | Di DOG KERRE se
Var
RAR aTL |
LI eine ieee 1
fo | > ane
4s : a) Lists Free,
Also POULTRY and
ARD. | LAWN-TENNIS FENCING.
ILLUSTRATED GATALOGUE OF ALL KINDS OF HURDLES, FENCING, GATES, &C., FREE.
“VICTORIA WORKS, WOLVERHAMPTON.
LONDON OFFICES AND SHOW ROOMS—139 & 141, CANNON STREET, E.C.
Please mention this Publication.
ADVERTISEMENTS.
Hardily Grown
Hardy Trees
and Shrubs.
#@- Our Nurseries being high and exposed, and the soil
being particularly suitable for producing good roots, our
plants can be removed to any district with safety.
OUR SEVERE CLIMATE.—0On 18th February 1892, our ther-
mometers registered 7 degrees below zero, and in several places in the
immediate neighbourhood the temperature fell as low as 10 degrees below
zero; on 6th January 1893, zero was again reached ; and on 6th January
1894, whilst zero was reached in our Nurseries, some thermometers in the
neighbourhood fell to 2 degrees below zero; whilst the intensity of the
1895 frost was so general and protracted that it is needless to give separate
readings. Need we therefore say how hardy our Nursery Stock is ?
SEED DEPARTMENT.
We continue from year to year to bestow great care in the selecting,
growing, and re-cleaning of the different seeds for the Farm and Garden.
Our yearly increasing trade in these is the best evidence of the good
values we have been giving, and nothing shall be wanting on our part
to continue to merit, and still further to increase, the confidence placed
in us.
Descriptive Priced Catalogues, Post Free.
LAING & MATHER,
Seed-Growers and Nurserymen,
KELSO-ON-TWEED.
FOREST AND ORNAMENTAL TREES.
HEDGE AND UNDERWOOD PLANTS.
DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
FRUIT TREES AND ROSES.
Holding a LARGE STOCK, in excellent condition for Transplanting, we
offer them at very moderate prices, which will be quoted, including Free
Delivery, on learning the Sorts and Numbers required. Catalogues post free,
EDWARD SANG & SONS,
Wurserymen and Seed Merchants, KIRKCALDY.
b
By Royal Appointment.
> fy! ig gti _2awrwsient Hus | hee to
ae i
a alt i ‘tee att) bein Hseoqxs bra, dpitt aie esse ‘bo! 4
Sun 2téc1 booe anidisbotq, 10F ;oldesive ~halusttisg |
wintna dbiw foiteld “is oF boyamey, od mao &
Aont wo Ere ts urido't wet nO: LATAMEIO Iss Vea
| ad! ai roopky Lrerenind: fad pees woled obaagnt beer <1: OY
i = wioad gay wf Of ee wit Ae fat ured? pitt Baars remy hat af ms ts ity
erat ran wan: mo neg — + tte naw o14e (CURT ial Uso g st
' ws ht eniehrocurio vile 14 .ROETO my “ine at bationesyt et of vi a
ab} i” aL aetdi oda telitke sox wdled eidtgeh 2 ot Tol hi vont
OFA OF TD & if heolhaer et Ht dad? boteariorg hire Levi ou te
| bak ds weenie i iro ylvwnd ord Arora Ay ot bine
TAS MTHARHG CUsde
udHoelededs qi oi trey woled of iasy 62a AT AoE
nabhat) fide atedl od} tot ebasa 3 ih odd Yo pcigesis-at bag aay
Ban ib lo snunhive 4 fs TRY at -n yoed aso wy
boscly sAnehil hosnds seavipat et radish dlits hor d trot. 2 on it E
te aot Th
S974 teot 2 Supolsis9 a ae
| SSHTAM & D D Vil Aa .
ASinvyTeinV bos er9woins bos
ot ke: OHAawWT-V0- 02.1
SAAT JATMAMAMIAO! OUA Te
| © STWAJS DOOWAIGUU._ OMA 3003" ee
& 2HUAH2 WIIAVAIVS. OVA Bue
.23¢08,. OWA e33AT. TA” ae:
hs
ow ritstely aie’ T rol 1h ‘iibavs té@albeone «ttt YWRDOTH soar i gat ;
oars it oh + On
mal unibuloal Tesorp wf ftw ibidw - oh
RPT tag Yer: of Ws) Jw Maisie A tine
eV OR. DAA a
wasaoKnDr 4 ABI
a
TRANSACTIONS.
CONTENTS.
The Society, as a body, is not to be considered responsible for any statements or
opinions advanced in the several papers, which must rest entirely on the authority
of the respective authors.
XIV. Establishment of State Model Forests for Scotland,
Letter to Right Hon. W. H. Long, M.P.,
XY. Working Plan for the Pit-Wood Working Circle, Raith Estate.
By Colonel F. BAILEy, assisted by GEoRGE U. MACDONALD, .
XVI. Recent Investigations in Prussia in Regard to the Quality of
Timber. By Professor W1LLIAM SOMERVILLE, M.A., D.Sc.,
D.Cc., .
XVII. Mr H. C. Hill on the Forest of Dean. By Colonel BArLEy,
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS,
Nores AND QUERIES,
List OF MEMBERS, corrected to December 1898.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RoyAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PAGE
201
221
223
279
292
301
317
Special Notices to Members.
HONORARY SCIENTISTS.
THE CounciL desires to direct special attention to the appoint-
ment of Honorary Scientists of the Society recently made, with
the object of affording to Members the opportunity of obtaining
gratuitously scientific information upon subjects connected with
Forestry.
The names and addresses of the present Honorary Scientists
will be found on page 8 of the Proceedings appended to this
Part.
Members wishing for information should write direct to the
Honorary Scientists they desire to consult, sending full particulars
regarding the subject of inquiry, and also, if possible, any
Specimens, such as pieces of stem, twigs and leaves, fruits and
seeds, fungi, insects (in all stages of transformation) and their
food-plants, etc., that bear upon and would help to elucidate it.
The replies sent to Members by the Honorary Scientists will,
if of sufficient interest, be published in the Zyansactions of the
Society.
FORESTRY NOTES AND QUERIES.
The Council begs to remind the Members that a few pages
of the Zvansactions have been set apart for suitable Notes on
subjects of interest connected with Forestry, which have come
under the personal observation of Members, and that they are
invited to send contributions. Notes should be short and duly
authenticated.
It is hoped that advantage will be taken of this invitation by a
large number of Members, and that much valuable information
will thus be preserved and made available to every Member of
the Society.
The Council also invites Members to submit Queries on
Forestry Subjects, which, if suitable, will be inserted in the
Transactions,
Notes and Queries may be sent to the Secretary at any time ;
but unless they reach him before the end of October, they cannot
be inserted in the next issue of the Zvazsactions.
THE SOCIETY’S CABINET OF LANTERN SLIDES.
The Council has resolved that the Society’s Cabinet of
100 Micro-Photographic Slides—illustrative of the Structure of
Timber, and suitable for the purpose of Lectures with Lantern
Exhibitions—may be lent to any applicant who is willing to
comply with the printed Conditions, copies of which can be
obtained from the Secretary.
NEW MEMBERS.
The Council has prepared and printed a Memorandum
containing particulars regarding the past and present work
of the Society, which, it is hoped, may lead to the introduction
of New Members. The Secretary will send copies of this
document to any of the Members who may ask for them, and
will forward a copy to any person likely to join the Society
whose address may be sent to him by a Member.
The Secretary will receive applications for Membership at
any time. See Form of Proposal and Conditions of Membership
on opposite page.
ROBERT GALLOWAY,
5 St ANDREW SQUARE, Secretary.
EDINBURGH.
Foolscap 8vo. Price 2/-
TIMBERS, AND HOW TO KNOW THEM. By Professor Harrie,
Translated from the German by Dr WILLIAM SOMERVILLE,
Professor of Agriculture, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
“‘ The book is brief, clear, accurate, well-illustrated, and cheap. Its appearance in an English
version will be welcome to a large number of students of forestry, who will readily recognise
the care and completeness with which Mr Somerville has done his work.”—Scotsman.
EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS, 10 Castle Street.
MCFARLANE & ERSKINE,
Lithographers, Engravers, and Letterpress Printers,
19 St JAMES SQUARE, EDINBURGH,
Having an efficient Staff of first-class Artists and Printers,
execute every description of
ARTISTIC & COMMERCIAL WORK, * - ¢
=e + ¢ AND BOOK, LAW & GENERAL PRINTING,
WITH ACCURACY, ECONOMY, AND DESPATCH.
Special attention paid to Orders for Black and Coloured Plates
for Scientific Works,
and Coloured Illustrations required by Seedsmen.
Printers to the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, Royal Physical Society, ete.
Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society.
FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP.
To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned
to the SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 5 St
Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
( Fuli Name,
Designation,
Degrees, ete.,
Candidate's 4 Address,
Signature, .
Signature, .
Proposer’s
Address,
| Signature, .
Seconder s
Address,
Life, or Annual Subscriber,
9s sae wenn nner eeerer ee Sen ee sn ae ee ates
[CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over.
2
CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws).
III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro-
moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an
Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :—
I. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per
annum, and others, subscribing annually : . One Guinea.
2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed
4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, and others,
subscribing annually . 7 . Half-a-Guinea.
3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, i einen sub-
scribing annually - a . Six Shillings.
4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant- Gardeneta and iether! sub-
scribing annually = “ : . Four Shillings.
IV. Subscriptions are due on the Ist of eae in each year,
and shall be payable in advance. A new Member’s subscription
is due on the day of election.
V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvansactions. Any
Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for three years
shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member
shall be eligible for re-election till all his arrears are paid up.
VI. Any eligible person may become a Zzfe Member of the
soe on payment, according to class, of the following sums :—
. Large Proprietors of land, and others, : . £10 Io B
2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, and athens: ; 5-5, 2
3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, and others, . 2 3 se
VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid
five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zzfe Member on payment
of Two-thirds of the sum payable by zezw Life Members.
XII. A Candidate for admission into the Society must be pro-
posed by at least one Member, and shall, 0” payment of the Annual
Subscription or Life Composition, be immediately admitted a Member
of the Society, subject to the confirmation of the first General
Meeting thereafter. Any Member of the Society proposing a new
Member shad/ be held to be responsible for his first year’s Subscription.
Resolution adopted at the Annual Meeting held on 26th January
1898, for the temporary alteration of Law XII.:—
‘* Every nomination for Membership of the Society must be made in writing,
and must be signed by the proposer and at least one seconder;
such nominations shall be submitted by the Secretary to the next
meeting of Council, and shall thereafter lie on the table until the
immediately succeeding meeting of Council, when they shall again
be read over and accepted or declined, as the Council deem best in
the interests of the Society. The Council shall at such subsequent
meeting pass the accepted nominations to the effect that the Treasurer
may accept the Annual Subscription or Life Composition, on payment
of which the Candidate shall be admitted a Member of the Society,
subject to the confirmation of the first General Meeting thereafter.”
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
XIV. Establishment of State Model Forests for Scotland!
OPINIONS OF FRENCH AND GERMAN EXPERTS ON OUR PRESENT
Practice IN Forestry.
In 1881, M. L. Boppe, Inspector in the French State Forest
Service (now Director of the French Forest School and C. I. E.),
accompanied by M. Bartet, Sub-Inspector, visited some of the
more important of our Scottish woods, and wrote a report,’ in
which he expressed surprise that, of our vast uncultivated lands,
so small an area as 734,490 acres was classed as woodland—and
he said :—“ As foresters of the Continental School, accustomed
to live amongst forests regularly managed, and having for their
sole object the production of timber, we had no little difficulty in
understanding the widely different motives which actuate forest
cultivation in this country.”
Coming from a country where Natural Regeneration is such
an important feature of forest management, the French visitors
“were also struck by the monotonous regularity in the height and
age of the trees—unmistakable sign of their artificial origin and
want of methodical management. . . . And Nature, in spite of the
immetse resources at her disposal, is quite powerless to modify the
1 Adopted at a meeting of the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural
Society on 25th May 1898, as embodying the views of the Society on this
subject.
2 Transactions, Vol. XI. Part 2.
VOL. XV. PART III. T
202 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
work of the planter, or repair the errors committed by woodcutters.
When, under such circumstances, the time arrives for the trees to
be cut down, or should they be uprooted by a hurricane, the forest
disappears in its entirety, owing to the total want of young growth,
which is necessary as a link between the old forest and the new
one which ought to be created. Such, at least, appears to us to be
the case in all the forests that we visited in the valley of the Tay
and its tributaries, and farther north, near the foot of Cairngorm.
Not far from a mansion to which are attached some of the
pleasantest recollections of our tour, we saw the remains of a noble
forest, which some twenty years ago had been cut down and con-
verted into railway sleepers. The sight of the huge stumps,
blackened by time, with their gnarled roots twisting themselves
over the ground, gave us the idea of some vast charnel-house.
This scene of utter ruin was indeed a sad spectacle, though the
present proprietor is doing his best to again cover his estate with
timber ; with a better system he might have been spared both time
and expense.”
Fifteen years later, in 1896, Dr Adam Schwappach, Professor of
Forestry at Eberswalde, in Prussia, came over at the invitation of
the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, and he also wrote a
report,! in which he expressed himself as follows :—
“The main difference in the management of woods in Scotland
and in Germany is found in the manner of thinning. The specimens
of thinning that I met with at Dunkeld, Scone, and Airthrey were
entirely opposed to what we would consider good practice in
Germany. . . . It seemed to me during my short visit, that
woods are greatly over-thinned in Scotland, and are too much
managed like the trees in a park. The great mistake that Scottish
foresters make is to start thinning too early, in order to give the
trees sufficient room to develop large crowns, and to grow rapidly
in thickness. The object would appear to be an attempt to induce
the woods to furnish some saleable produce, such as sleepers, at
the earliest possible age.
‘“‘ However desirable early returns may be from the point of
view of the landlord or of the forester, the fact must not be lost
sight of that they are obtained at a great sacrifice. Trees grown
in woods managed in this way have not the opportunity to clean
their stems naturally of dead branches, and therefore it is necessary
1 Transactions, Vol. XV. Part 1.
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 2038
to incur considerable expenditure on artificial pruning—an opera-
tion which is practically out of the question on a large scale. The
thinnings obtained at a very early age are of such poor quality
as to be of little or no value. Growth in height is interfered
with to an extraordinary extent, and the production of a well-
shaped bole becomes almost an impossibility. Further, when a
wood is thinned to its utmost extent it does not contain a reserve
supply of trees to serve as substitutes for those that have lost
their leaders, or are otherwise defective. This matter is of special
importance in Scotland, where the squirrel does an amount of
damage to trees that is unknown in Germany: in consequence of
the removal of the bark from the upper part of the stems, the
trees develop misshapen crowns, and are greatly reduced in
value. . |.
“Tt cannot be too much emphasised that strong and early
thinning prevents the production of the maximum mass of timber,
and at the same time makes the formation of valuable timber
impossible. If the commencement of strong thinning were delayed
for other ten or twenty years, the woods would give a permanent
yield of timber fit for sleepers, while the main crop would develop
into heavy timber suitable for all structural purposes. Instead of
removing well-formed trees in the early thinnings, one ought to
fell only such as are badly shaped, and I am afraid that this
system is at present too little practised.
“* At Scone Palace I inspected a very fine oak-wood, from ninety
to one hundred years old. The trees were showing vigorous
growth, and one can only regret that the ground was not more
fully stocked, as would have been the case under a different system
of management, and which would have resulted in the production
of finer and more valuable stems.
“ Between Callander and Balmaha I saw numerous woods of
oak coppice on the lower slopes of the hills. These woods are
managed on a rotation of twenty-one years, and furnish tanning
bark and light timber, the latter being partly used for firewood.
On the steep slopes with a shallow soil the system of coppicing
is to be commended, but, with tanning bark as the main object,
the manner of thinning appeared to leave much to be desired.
Tanning bark should be as smooth on the surface as possible, and
the stems which furnish it should be long and clean. I found,
however, that owing to severe thinning about the seventh and
204 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
fourteenth years, the bark was coarse and inferior in quality, and
the stems were short and branchy. It also appeared to me that
many of the stools were too old, and should have been replaced
by fresh saplings.”
The above are the opinions of eminent experts of two different
schools of forestry, and Dr Schlich of Coopers Hill College has
repeatedly confirmed their views. In the address on Forestry
Education,! which he delivered to the Society in January 1897,
he says :—
“ You are aware that the general drawback, from which forestry
in this country labours, is the absence of a regular demand for
home-grown timber. You also know that, until a comparatively
recent date at any rate, most Government contracts for works
of construction contained a clause to the effect that. no home-
grown timber would be allowed to be used. If we take these
broad facts into consideration, it is easy to perceive that the
explanation may be condensed into the following two statements :—
(1) The home-grown timber is, generally speaking, inferior in
quality to that imported from abroad; (2) it comes into the
market at irregular intervals and in fluctuating quantities.
Exceptions exist, but here only the average conditions can be
considered. ‘These drawbacks can be removed only by improved
sylvicultural methods, and a systematic management of the forests.”
Writing on the Timber Supply of the British Isles,? Dr Schlich
gives as one of two impediments to the afforestation of waste lands
‘that a more complete knowledge of systematic forestry is required
by those engaged in the formation and management of woods,
worked on economic or commercial principles.”
CAUSES OF THE ExistiInG ConDITIONS.
Many reasons may be given why we have in the past exposed
ourselves to criticism of the above nature. We have, within our
own shores, vast supplies of coal and peat fuel, also of iron, which
is largely used for purposes of construction, while our islands offer
remarkable facilities for the importation of timber from abroad.
Hence the want of a plentiful supply of wood from home sources
has not yet been seriously felt ; and proprietors of woodlands, many
of whom have in past years maintained their woods principally as
1 Transactions, Vol. XV. Part 2.
* Indian Forester, June 1897.
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 205
game-coverts and to increase the beauty of their estates, have not,
generally speaking, wished them to be managed on strict com-
mercial principles, with a view to profit ; and thus, especially during
periods of agricultural depression, funds for the improvement and
extension of woodlands have rarely been available. Game, in
one way and another, has had a powerful influence on the rural
economy of this country, and inter alia it has been the means
of inducing landlords generally to keep their woods less dense than
is consistent with good sylvicultural practice. Unfortunately this
tendency has been encouraged by the fact that the two timber
trees which have received most attention in this country during
the last century or more—the oak and larch—are intolerant of
crowding, and the result has been that foresters have come to
look upon an open (really over-thinned) condition of woods as a
desirable feature under all circumstances, and with all species.
This view has been responsible for much of the discredit into
which our home-grown timber has fallen: for without normal
density a plantation or forest cannot produce timber of first-rate
quality. The greater attention recently given to improved
methods of sylviculture, as enunciated in the class-room and in
current literature, has doubtless had some influence in checking
the tendency to over-thinning, but no amount of theoretical
instruction can ever effect so much improvement as_ practical
demonstration in a sample forest. Many foresters would readily
modify their system of management in conformity with the
principles of modern sylviculture, if they had the opportunity
of witnessing the application of these principles in actual practice ;
nor indeed would they be justified in changing their methods
unless they had the opportunity of studying both the application
and the results of other systems.
On this subject M. Boppe says :—
“Tt would certainly not be fair to hold the Scottish foresters
responsible for the present regrettable state of affairs, for, though
they have for the most part admitted the inefficiency of the present
system, they are powerless to effect any improvement so long as
the landowners and general public have not learnt to appreciate
the manifold advantages to be derived from a regular and method-
ical management. They have to struggle against many adverse
interests and hindrances, such as grazing and shooting interests,
questions of routine, pecuniary exigencies, and the fancies of
sportsmen from all parts of the world.”
206 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
This is undeniably true, the wood-managers and foresters having,
as in duty bound, loyally and conscientiously carried out the policy
of their employers.
VIEWS HELD HERE ON CONTINENTAL FORESTRY.
In countries, such as France and Germany, where forests owned
by the State and managed on economic principles cover vast areas,
the sylvicultural systems pursued are based on the observation of
facts, recorded throughout a long period of time by competent men
of science specially trained to the work in schools maintained by the
State for the purpose, In those countries correct views on systematic
forestry are much more commonly held than they are here. With
us the subject is but little understood, and comparatively few
people, even amongst those whose interests are the most affected,
realise the degree in which forestry is truly a science. The recent
publication in our language of scientific works on sylviculture has
drawn considerable attention to the question of wood-management ;
and a body of members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural
Society made, in 1895, a most instructive tour in the forests of
Northern Germany; but it cannot be expected that the mere study
of books, with rapidly made visits of this kind, can, useful as they
are, alone lead to a full comprehension of Continental methods, and
to an adequate appreciation of the conditions under which one or
other of them may be employed in a particular locality. Hence
these methods and their application are sometimes imperfectly
understood, and any suggestion that our woods might be treated
under them meets with objections, some of which at least would not
be raised if a fuller knowledge of Continental methods prevailed.
But there is no doubt that a conviction is rapidly gaining ground
that all has not been quite right in the past ; and a strong desire is
now very generally evinced that practical proof should be given of
the extent to which methods of treatment successfully employed in
other countries are really applicable to our forests.
ReEFoRM Is NECESSARY.
All doubts as to the sylvicultural methods most suited to the
woods of our country should long ago have been set at rest by
practical demonstration of what can here be done in the way of
profitably growing high-class timber under various conditions.
Though a limited quantity of timber of first-class dimensions and
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 207
quality is produced in this country, it cannot be denied that our
home-grown wood is, for the most part, inferior in quality to that
imported from abroad; and this is so far generally recognised that
home-grown produce, even of the best quality, is but little used
in Government or in private works of construction. Indeed, until
recently, the use of such timber for the erection of buildings under
the Land Improvement Act, 1864, was not permitted without the
special sanction of the Board of Agriculture, and even now it is
thought necessary to prescribe that when thus used it must be of
suitable dimensions and be cut from trees that are sound and of
proper age and size. Again, the Postmaster-General, having been
recently requested to try home-grown Scots fir as telegraph posts,
replied,—‘“ The results . . . show that Scots fir is less strong than
the Norway red fir in general use by the Department. It is,
moreover, less straight, and less free from large and rough knots.
Apart from the question of the comparative merits of the Scots and
Norwegian fir, the difficulty and delay experienced in obtaining
even small parcels of Scots fir suitable for telegraph poles renders
it necessary for the Department to resort to the Norwegian market
in order to obtain adequate supplies.”
Dr Schlich, in his exhaustive paper! on the Timber Supply of
the British Empire, has pointed out that, while the annual value
of our imports has risen by about £2,000,000 during the past
eight years, the permanence of our supplies from abroad is very far
from being assured; and thus we may before long find ourselves
face to face with a scarcity which must lead to an enhancement of
the price of timber. It may also be mentioned as a significant fact
that timber has maintained its price during recent years better
than almost any other raw material, and this can only be ascribed
to the more accessible supplies of foreign timber having been
appreciably exhausted.
Again, the forest question has much greater importance in Scot-
land than in England ; for the agricultural returns show that out of
a total area of mountain and heath Jand used for grazing, amounting
in the United Kingdom to about 124 millions of acres, nearly 94
millions are in Scotland; while out of a total additional area of
nearly 9 millions of acres of unused waste land and inland water,
about 44 millions are situated in Scotland. It is not known what
proportion of these vast extents of country are suitable and available
1 «¢ Forestry Education,” Transactions, Vol. XV. Part 2.
208 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
for planting ; but it may safely be assumed that the existing woods,
plantations, and nurseries, which cover little more than 900,000 acres,
might be increased to at least four or five times their present area.
And such extensions would no doubt for the most part be effected in
the Highlands, the more remote and poorer part of the country, where
the increase of wealth and prosperity accompanying the extension
of woodlands is already very noticeable, and where many hundreds
of thousands of acres might be rendered as productive under timber
as much of the agricultural or pastoral lands in England, which
yield a nett income to their owners of not more than 5s. to 10s. per
acre. We may, therefore, feel reasonably confident that the intro-
duction of remunerative sylvicultural methods will not only lead
to an important improvement in the quantity and the quality of
the produce of our existing woodlands, but that the area under
forest crops will be largely added to, and that we shall thus
become less dependent than we are at present on supplies coming
to us from foreign countries.
WHY WE REQUIRE MopeEt Forssts.
There seems no reason to doubt that the owners of waste lands
which might be suitably and profitably afforested would be much
more willing to plant them than they now are, if a practical object-
lesson could be presented demonstrating the methods by which a
fair return on their outlay could be assured; and the sooner such
a demonstration can be provided, the better for the landowners _
and for the country at large.
We require a Model Forest then, first of all, that we may be in
a position to offer to proprietors, their wood managers and foresters,
a practical proof that the principles of modern economic forestry, as
taught and practised in France, Germany, India, and other countries,
are equally suited to our islands. It is, of course, well understood
that the application of these principles does not involve hard
and fast methods of treatment; and that French and German
foresters regulate important matters, such as the density of plant-
ing and the degree of thinning, in accordance with the objects
in view and the conditions prevailing in the locality they are
dealing with. We want to show that improved methods of treat-
ment, under our own conditions of soil and climate, would lead
to results similar to those obtained in other countries where the
scientific principles of economic forestry have long been followed.
Dr Schlich, in his address on Forestry Education, says,—‘‘ We are
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 209
justified in concluding that there is no reason why just as good
timber as that now imported from abroad should not be grown in
this country, provided improved sylvicultural treatment and a
systematic working of the forests are introduced.” This cannot be
doubted. M. Boppe speaks of the ‘ marvellous timber-producing
properties ” of our soil and climate, and the ‘‘ wonderful aptitude
of (our) soil to forest vegetation, favoured as it is by a regular
climate and the constant humidity of the atmosphere.” He found
growing, both singly along the roadside, and collectively in the
forests, ‘‘ magnificent specimens of oak, maple (sycamore), elm, ash,
beech, and lime, which by the vigour of their growth and the rich
colouring of their foliage, bore testimony to the favourable con-
ditions of soil and climate under which they grew.” Speaking of
the Dunkeld woods, M. Boppe says, “‘ From a forest point of
view, the results obtained by these two species (Scots fir and larch)
are truly marvellous;” and he adds, “It is, therefore, a matter
of regret that nothing has yet been done to place forest manage-
ment in Scotland on a sound economic basis.” It appears unlikely
that it ever will be placed upon a sound basis throughout the
country until we have a Model Forest in which we can demonstrate
methods and point to results.
The Model Forest is also required as a station of experiment and
research into matters connected with the development and char-
acteristics of the various species when grown in this country, such
as would indicate the correct sylvicultural treatment to be applied
to them, and would enable our teachers of sylviculture to base their
instruction on data obtained in this country, instead of relying on
figures the result of observations conducted elsewhere. Volumes
I., I1., and IL. of Schlich’s ‘Manual of Forestry” necessarily
bristle with such figures; but, useful as they are, it cannot be
denied that they lose much in value for the British forester,
through having been obtained in countries and under conditions
with which he is not personally familiar. The time has long since
arrived when the applicability or otherwise, to our own geological
and climatic conditions, of Continental systems, figures, and results
should be thoroughly tested; and this can only be done in woods
unhampered -by the restrictions that are necessarily associated with
private ownership.
Again, we want a Model Forest as a field of practical instruction
for students. Dr Schlich writes,—‘ Something more is wanted
than theoretical instruction, Instruction in the field must also be
210 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
provided. There must be forests which are managed on the right
lines, where students find the theory of economic forestry practically
illustrated.” M. Boppe expresses himself as follows :—“ The science
of forestry is, however, a science of observation based upon facts
which must be studied both from a practical and theoretical point
of view. It is therefore absolutely necessary that a forest school
should have attached to it a forest which has for some time past
been under scientific management, serving, so to speak, as a natural
laboratory for experiments, and without which the best theoretical
teaching in the world would be of no avail. This is especially the
case in England, where the young men, by reason of their national
character and their mode of education, are accustomed to pay more
attention to facts than to theories; here the teacher of a technical
profession, resting solely on theories, would command very few
disciples. It is therefore a matter of regret that, among all the
forests visited by us in our travels, there is not a single one suitable
for the teaching of sylviculture on that broad basis so essential
when the pupils are called upon to apply it in all quarters of the
globe.” Those who have for some time past endeavoured to carry
on instruction in forestry without a practical training-ground of the
kind above indicated, can best appreciate the want of it. The
owners of Scottish woodlands have certainly been most generous in
granting facilities for the visits of students or of organised parties
of foresters, but it will be readily understood that, in this country
‘forests which have for some time past been under scientific
management” are rare, and that even the best managed of private
forest estates lack that continuity of aim and action which
alone can produce woods suitable in every respect for educational
purposes.
Forest ScHOOLS.
To train for the superior staff of the French State Forest
Service, officers who are to be charged with the administration of
about 11,500 square miles of State and Communal forests, a
National Forest School is maintained at Nancy, with a staff of
thirteen professors and assistant professors, who teach sylviculture,
working plans, geology, mineralogy, entomology, botany, forest law,
political economy and forest statistics, surveying, forest engineering,
and agriculture. The school is accommodated in spacious buildings,
embracing residences for the staff and students, halls of study,
recreation rooms, model rooms, museum, library, and chemical
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 211
laboratory; and an area of 7500 acres of forest in the neighbour-
hood is under the control of the Director of the school as a field
of practical instruction, as well as for purposes of experiment and
research. In the German Empire there are eight superior State
forest schools which are equipped on a like scale; and in nearly
all countries of the European continent, schools of a similar kind
are maintained for the training of officers for the Government forest
service. A considerable portion of the Windsor Crown Forest is
managed, for purposes of practical instruction, by the professor of
forestry at the Indian Engineering College, Coopers Hill, near
Windsor ; while the Forest of Dean will, it is understood, shortly
be brought under systematic management, and will thus also
become available for instructional uses. But the students of the
Forest Branch at Coopers Hill College still receive a considerable
part of their practical training in State forests of France and
Germany, which have been subjected to rational treatment for a
long period of years.
Forests used as the main practical training-ground for students
are always placed under the control of the Director of the school.
Speaking of the area that should be provided for instructional
purposes in this country, M. Boppe says :—
“This accessory forest must necessarily be incomplete at first,
but would be perfected in time; but the essential point is that
it should be placed under the absolute control of the officers of
the school. This can only be done by choosing a State forest.
If it should be considered desirable, also, in order to render the
teaching more complete, the State ought to purchase or lease in
Scotland a forest suitable for the purpose.” The chief reason for
this is that if the estate were managed merely as an ordinary
forest, it might not, and almost certainly would not, serve in the
best possible way as a field for practical instruction. To meet
the latter requirement, work must be carried on so as not only to
furnish an object-lesson in economic forestry, but also to illustrate
in the fullest manner the course of lectures given to the students ;
and on this account the work carried on in a school forest will
always be of a more varied nature than that in an ordinary forest,
and its details must be arranged, as far as possible, so that the
course of theoretical ihstruction may run hand in hand with it.
These conditions would not be fulfilled unless the Director of the
school had control of the forest. If the control were not in his
hands, constant friction between him and the manager could
212 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
hardly be avoided, especially as the practical instruction given to
the students would necessarily often take the form of a criticism of
the latter’s work.
Tue Forest ScHOOL IN EDINBURGH.
If we had a sufficiently large area of State forests in Scotland,
with a proportionately strong staff of Government wood-managers,
a State Forest School, such as the above, would be a necessity; but
existing circumstances hardly appear to warrant the immediate
foundation of an independent school, at which, in addition to
forestry proper, the necessary auxiliary subjects, such as botany,
chemistry, geology and mineralogy, entomology, engineering, etc.,
must be taught by a special staff of instructors. Candidates for
the Indian State Forest Service will continue to be trained at
Coopers Hill; and although an independent forest school in Scotland
would no doubt receive support from young men seeking Colonial
appointments, the number of these and of students who might
be expected, at the present time, to enter it with a view to
employment in this country, would not be sufficient to provide
funds for the maintenance of an independent establishment.
The only plan now feasible seems to be to teach forestry in
some university or college, where instruction in subjects necessary
to the complete understanding of the course is already obtain-
able: and this is what is now being done in Edinburgh. It is
true that such an arrangement has many important drawbacks.
First of all, it is not to be expected that the Model Forest, in which
the practical part of the course is given, can be situated in close
proximity to the class-rooms, where the students assemble to hear
lectures. And again, in a university or college, the auxiliary
subjects are necessarily taught without that special reference to
forestry which is so desirable, and which can only be secured at a
special school. In such an institution students would be taught
forest botany and forest entomology; geology and mineralogy
would be treated with special regard to the formation and _ pro-
perties of soil in reference to tree growth; chemistry in relation to
the nutrition of plants, and the utilisation of forest produce ; and
the engineering course would deal with simple surveying, timber
measurement, the construction of forest roads, bridges and build-
ings, with saw-mills, forest tramways, timber slides and other
labour-saving means of moving timber, rather than with engineer-
ing in its general aspect. Education of this highly specialised
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 213
type implies forestal conditions that are correspondingly advanced,
and under existing circumstances a simpler form of academic
instruction will suffice.
In Edinburgh, at the present time, three courses of lectures on
forestry are given, viz.:—
First.—That delivered daily, during the winter session, at the
University, usually to a small number of students who are
following other courses, and who for the most part wish to qualify
themselves as factors or estate managers. The class has been
attended by a few sons of landed proprietors, a few men who
contemplated seeking a career in the Colonies (though it is not
known that any of these have left the United Kingdom), and
by others whose aim, directly or indirectly, was associated with
the management of land, and who selected forestry as one of
the alternative subjects provided for the degree of Science
in Agriculture. In addition to class-room lectures, these
students are given such practical instruction as is found possible
in neighbouring woods, saw-inills, nurseries, timber - yards,
creosoting works, etc., the owners of which have courteously
made them welcome. The course of lectures on Forestry at
the University was opened by Professor William Somerville in
the autumn of 1889; and since then the number of students
enrolled has been 107.
Second.—Lectures delivered by the University Lecturer at the
Royal Botanic Garden, to a class which during the past winter
numbered thirty-one students, of whom sixteen were foresters and
the remainder were gardeners. The curriculum embraces evening
classes in chemistry, physics, meteorology, geology, surveying,
mensuration, entomology, botany, forestry (about forty lectures),
and horticulture, and it extends over three years. The students
are employed in a paid capacity during the day, and are therefore
prevented from participating in excursions. Their practical training
in sylviculture proper is obtained either before they enter, or after
they leave the Garden.
Third.—A. course of lectures in forestry was commenced this
year at the Heriot-Watt College—where the University Lecturer
has addressed a class of thirty students on one evening a week
during the past winter session. The members of this class were
for the most part clerks and law apprentices, who were qualifying
themselves for situations as land agents, factors, estate architects,
clerks of works, superior bailiffs, foresters, gardeners, nurserymen,
214 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and seedsmen: and among their other subjects of study at the
College may be mentioned botany, entomology, mensuration and
bookkeeping, agriculture, agricultural chemistry, building, land
surveying, and geology. They were employed in the city and
neighbourhood, and could not attend day-classes, or follow courses
of study elsewhere.
Such is the work now being carried on in Edinburgh, where,
during the current year, sixty-four students have attended courses
in forestry given by the University Lecturer, and were, for the most
part, also studying auxiliary subjects at the institutions where the
lectures in forestry were given. The course at the University is
fuller than the other two; but its value would be very greatly
enhanced if a Model Forest for practical instruction were available.
Few of the students of this class have sought to follow the career
of wood-manager; but their object has evidently been to obtain a
knowledge of forestry that would be useful to them in occupations
connected with land. It may, however, reasonably be hoped that
as proprietors come to realise the advantage of bringing their woods
under a regular system of management, the prospects of wood-
managers will improve, and that young men who may desire to
follow this career will attend the University class as the best means
for obtaining professional instruction available in Scotland at the
present time: the establishment of an independent school of
Forestry will no doubt follow sooner or later, as future develop-
ments may indicate.
It would probably be an advantage if the evening classes at the
Royal Botanic Garden and the Heriot-Watt College could be
amalgamated. But there can be no doubt that in existing
circumstances these classes meet a want. To men who have
already been employed in woods, or who intend to become agents,
factors, or foresters, an insight into the principles of economic
forestry cannot fail to prove an advantage. It will be some time
before the sole charge of the woods on estates in this country is
placed in the hands of expert wood-managers ; the foresters are the
men on whom, for the present, the majority of the proprietors will
rely for the management of their woods. Experience has shown
that the foresters now in charge of Scottish woods take a most keen
and intelligent interest in the subjects dealt with in the class-rooms,
are quick to appreciate improved modifications in practice, and to
grasp new ideas presented to them.
It can hardly be doubted that the lectures given in Edinburgh
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 215
during the past nine years have, amongst other influences—such as
the Arboricultural Society’s tour in Germany, had an effect on the
opinions held by persons in this country who are interested in
forest management, and that they have done much to remove the
prejudice with which, until the last few years, innovations were
generally regarded,
Location oF THE MopeL Forests.
At the present time, Edinburgh is the only place in Scotland
where lectures on forestry are given; and there does not appear
to be any immediate necessity for the establishment of lecture-
ships at other centres. Itis the best policy to concentrate our efforts
in one place, and to leave nothing undone to improve the facilities
for teaching here, rather than to dissipate our strength in attempts to
sustain the machinery of instruction in several places. Dr Schlich
entirely supports this view, for he says in his article on Forestry
Education; “In my opinion, you would do better if you, at the
start, were to concentrate operations, so as to make one definite
scheme a reality, and that scheme should be to perfect the
education of your future wood-managers, or under whatever title
they appear upon the scene. In other words, I should advocate
one centre of instruction, consisting of (1) theoretical instruction
in connection with a university or agricultural college, where
instruction in the auxiliary sciences is already provided ; (2) wood-
lands where practical instruction can be imparted, because in
forestry theory and practice must go hand in hand. As regards
the first point,—theoretical instruction,—a beginning has been
made in this very city [Edinburgh] . . . The arrangement needs
only further development, and to be put on a proper footing, so
as to bring the subject of forestry, as regards its importance, on a
par with other branches of learning.”
Part of the recognised training for a young forester consists in
the spending of a year or more in a commercial nursery, and
Edinburgh offers unusual facilities in this respect, nor can any
other town in Scotland offer educational conditions of the nature
of those provided at the Royal Botanic Garden.
Tn view of the fact that students, while attending the forestry
classes in Edinburgh, are either following other courses of study at
the same time, or are employed in the city, it is essential that a
Model Forest for their practical instruction should be provided
216 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
within such a distance of Edinburgh that they may be able to
visit it and return on the same day, as is now done by the students,
who visit woods in the Lothians, Fife, and other places, But it is
most desirable that the conditions under which we are to work
should be as varied as possible, and there is no reason why the
whole area should be situated in a single locality. The wants
of the Edinburgh students would be met by the provision of a
model forest situated within easy reach by them, and a second area
might subsequently be obtained in some other part of Scotland. It
will not suffice to acquire bare land only, with a view to planting
it, as this would involve waiting for a long series of years before
anything but planting, sowing, and the management of young
crops could be practically dealt with. What we want is to obtain
control of growing woods, or at any rate of areas which carry a
large proportion of growing woods, of all ages, and of as many
species as possible. We should ultimately be able to deal with
various kinds of soil, and various slopes, altitudes, and exposures
in two different parts of the country. The examples of forest
management thus obtained would serve as models or object-lessons
to all interested in sylviculture, whether as students, forest owners,
or foresters.
WoRKING PLAN.
One of the first matters to be attended to, on acquiring an area
to be converted into a model forest, would be the construction of a
working plan, which would lay down once for all the general lines
of management to be followed, and would prescribe in some detail
the work to be done during the first few years. Such a plan would
be preceded by a more or less detailed survey of the growing stock
on the ground, by observations of the rate of growth of the several
species, and of the resulting annual increment per acre, present and
to be expected, under the improved system of management to be
adopted. This would enable the annual yield to be determined
with due regard to the existing condition of the stock, and a
programme of fellings would then be drawn up. Such a plan must
form the basis of all systematic forest work. Without it, continuity
of aim cannot be secured, or even hoped for, throughout the life
of a generation of trees, which may exceed the working lives of
several successive generations of foresters; neither can there be
any security that the forest capital will not be drawn upon by
fellings in excess of the annual production of wood.
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND, 217
THE MANAGER.
To carry out the scheme above indicated, in such a manner that
the model forests may answer all the purposes for which it is sought
to establish them, the services of a manager of the highest pro-
fessional attainments must be secured. On him will depend the
success of an undertaking which must assuredly have far-reaching
effects on the management of woodlands in this country, and may
lead to an important increase of their area. He must be a man
thoroughly versed in the theory and practice of economic forestry
as followed in other European countries ; and it is important that
he should not be a mere student from some Continental school, but
should have had considerable experience in practical work, He
must be familiar with the French and German languages, so that
he may be able to keep himself abreast of the most recent develop-
ments of Continental forestry. He must undertake the researches
which are to be carried out in the model forests, and be familiar
with the results obtained by other workers. It will be his duty to
prepare working plans, and to inaugurate a system of records which
will bring out clearly the results of his system of management,
and enable the fullest possible use to be made of them by the
proprietors, wood-managers, and foresters of the country. It is
believed there would be no difficulty in securing the services of a
thoroughly qualified man, if a salary, commensurate with the ex-
ceptional nature of the work he would be called upon to perform,
were provided,
RELATION OF THE MANAGER TO THE EDINBURGH
Forest ScHoo..
Reasons have been given why the forests assigned for the
practical instruction of students must be placed under the control
of the Director of the Forest school. M. Boppe’s opinion
“that it (the model forest) should be placed under the absolute
control of the officers of the school,” has been previously
quoted; and Dr Schlich thus expresses himself in his paper
on Forestry Education :—‘‘ There being no State forests in
Scotland, I think the Government would not go out of its way
if it were to buy an estate, a considerable proportion of which
is already under wood, and to affiliate it with the Forestry
School at the University of Edinburgh, with a duly qualified wood-
manager in residence on the spot. This wood-manager, under the
VOL, XV. PART III, U
218 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
advice of the Lecturer and a duly constituted committee of control,
would have to draw up a working plan of the area, giving full
details of the objects aimed at, and the manner in which they will
be utilised. This area could at once be utilised for the practical
illustration of the theories set forth in the lecture-room, and it
would also atford opportunity for the training of working foresters.”
The model forests would presumably be under the Board of
Agriculture ; and it would be necessary to place the lecturer, or
head of the forest school, at Edinburgh, in such relationship with
the manager as would ensure the forests being made to answer his
instructional requirements in the fullest manner.
BoarD OF VISITORS.
A board of visitors should be appointed, who would report direct
to the Board of Agriculture any suggestions that they might, from
time to time, desire to make regarding matters affecting the
management and use of the model forests.
PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT.
Subject to the limitations above indicated, the manager would
have control of the model forests. He would reside in or near
them, and would be assisted by a suitable staff of assistants
and workmen. Houses for the accommodation of the manager,
foresters, and woodmen, if not found in the area acquired,
might, no doubt, be purchased or hired in convenient situations.
The manager’s residence should include his office, and the
forester’s house should contain a room set apart for the use of the
manager and other officials during their visits. All that would
be needed—at least in the first instance—in the way of accom-
modation for the students would be a large room in the forest
nearest to Edinburgh, in which they could take shelter, and be
addressed by their instructor should bad weather come on during
their visits.
Witt tHE Mopet Forests BE a FINANCIAL SuccEss?
Dr Schlich has calculated that land capable of producing, on
an average, 14 tons of coniferous timber annually, can be profitably
afforested with Scots pine if it does not yield an annual soil
rental of more than 7s. 6d, per acre. Of course this estimate is
based on the assumption that the forest grown on it will be
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND, 219
managed on true economic principles; and there is no reason to
doubt that areas can be found for the proposed model forests
which will more than answer the above. description. But in
considering the amount of profit we may reasonably expect from
them, several important facts must be borne in mind. In the first
place, work will be laid out not solely with a view to the profitable
production of timber, but also with the object of affording practical
instruction to students ; and it may thus be necessary to undertake
work and incur expenditure which would be saved if the forests
were not required to fulfil this purpose. Secondly, it would be
necessary, especially at first, to undertake a good deal of work of
an experimental kind, which would not at once yield a direct
return; and the compilation of data regarding matters for which
we now have to rely on figures derived from observations con-
ducted abroad would cost money, but would not be immediately
remunerative. Lastly, the nature of the work required renders
it essential that a man of very special attainments should be
employed as manager, and his salary must therefore be fixed at
a comparatively high rate.
ESTIMATES.
In regard to the funds necessary for the acquisition of the land
and trees required for conversion into a model forest, it may be
said that the cost of 1500 to 2000 acres of suitable land within
reach of Edinburgh, and including some 500 acres of growing
woods, averaging forty years in age, would not exceed £40,000.
The nett annual income from such an estate would not be less
than £1000, and might be as high as £1500; and this, with an
annual grant of £500 from Government, should be sufficient to
meet all the charges of maintenance. To meet the necessities of
the Edinburgh Forest School, it is imperative that this land
should be obtained with the least possible delay.
PROVISION OF CAPITAL.
Tn conclusion, it is necessary to consider the source from which
the required capital can be provided. Why, it might be asked,
should the land be acquired at all? Could not a proprietor be
found who would be glad to profit by having his woods brought
under systematic treatment, and would thus permit them to be
used for all our purposes? The answer to this suggestion is, that
however ready a private proprietor might be to place his woods at
220 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
our disposal, we could not rely for our purposes on any privately
owned estate, as we could never be sure that any system of
management which we might introduce with the proprietor’s
approval, would be continuously followed ; nor could we even feel
confidence that the forest itself would not be withdrawn from our
use at any moment. The ownership of private estates changes by
succession or sale, and successive owners may desire to alter the
object of management ; while, in any case, they do not all take the
same interest in their woods, nor have the same degree of knowledge
as to how they should be treated; and circumstances may even
constrain a proprietor to follow a course which he knows is not
that best calculated to improve his property. ‘‘ But,” it might be
urged, ‘‘even so, the woods of Scotland are the property of private
owners, who would benefit by any improvement the model forests
might lead to. Let them provide the needful funds.” At first
sight this may seem a strong argument against the State coming to
our assistance. But private owners can hardly be expected to
respond readily to a suggestion of this kind until it has been
proved to them what measure of financial success may be looked
for here under improved methods of management. The practical
demonstration of this prospect is one of the principal objects we
have in view when desiring to establish model forests. Then again,
proprietors are not by any means the only class who would benefit
by the introduction of system into our management ; for if it could
be proved that profits are assured, and if this led to an extension of
the wooded area, our supplies of timber would be better secured
than they now are, and employment would be given in country
districts to a large number of people who would be very glad to
obtain it.
We may thus approach the Minister of Agriculture, feeling
assured that our cause is a good one, and may urge that he will
induce the Government to aid us in these our first efforts towards
the improvement of the position of forestry in this country, by
providing the sum necessary for the acquisition of a State Model
Forest in connection with the Forest School at Edinburgh. The
difficulties which oppose themselves to private action in this direc-
tion are so strong, and the importance of the forest question in
Scotland is so great, that we feel confidence in submitting that of
all enterprises to which the State can offer aid or encouragement
in the public interest, Forestry is that which has the strongest
claim for consideration by the Government.
ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE MODEL FORESTS FOR SCOTLAND. 22]
Letter addressed to the Right Honourable W. H. Lone, M.P.,
President of the Board of Agriculture, etc., enclosing copies
of the foregoing paper :—
Sir,
On 23rd October 1895 you were good enough to receive
a Deputation from the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society,
which submitted to you the views of the Society on certain
matters connected with Forestry in Scotland ; amongst them was
the desirability of acquiring a State Forest Area for Experimental
and Educational purposes.
In compliance with the wishes you expressed on that occa-
sion, the President of the Society forwarded, in November 1895,
memoranda by certain Members of the Council, which set forth
their individual opinions as to what the necessary expenditure by
the State might be, in connection with the proposed Forest Area.
But the whole question has recently been fully considered by the
Society, whose views are embodied in the printed note which we
are now authorised to submit for your favourable consideration.
In this note you will find quoted the opinions of distinguished
foreign experts that the sylvicultural practices prevailing in Scotland
are open to adverse criticism; it is explained how these practices
arose, and why it is now a matter of great importance that reforms
should be introduced; and it is shown to be impossible to hope
for such reforms unless practical demonstration can be afforded, by
means of model forests, of the results which improved methods
lead to,
After a brief statement as to the nature of the instruction given
in the State Forest Schools of other countries, and as to the
provision of practical training-grounds as necessary adjuncts of
such schools, the opinion is expressed that existing circumstances
hardly appear to warrant the immediate foundation of an inde-
pendent school in Scotland, and that the only plan now feasible is
to improve and develop the courses of instruction in Forestry now
conducted in Edinburgh, by the provision of a State Forest within
easy access from the city; such a forest, while serving as a model
for landed proprietors, agents, and factors throughout the country,
and as a station of experiment and research, would also be avail-
able for practical training in connection with these courses.
It is estimated that a capital expenditure of £40,000, with an
222 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
annual grant of £500, would suffice to provide the required area ;
and the concluding section of the note shows why privately owned
forests would not answer the object in view, and why the Society
is therefore compelled to ask the Government to aid it in these its
first efforts towards the improvement of Forestry in this country,
by providing a State Model Forest in connection with the Forest
School in Edinburgh.
We trust that you will consider our representations favourably,
and will use your influence to induce Her Majesty’s Government
to accede to the petition of the Society.
We have the honour to be,
SIR
Your obedient Servants,
(Signed) FRED. BAILEY, President.
3 R. C. MUNRO FERGUSON, J/on. Secy.
* R. GALLOWAY, Secy.
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 223
XV. Working Plan for the Pit-Wood Working Circle, Raith Estate.
By Colonel F, Bar.ey, assisted by GEorGE U. Macpona.p.
INTRODUCTION.
As the Working Plan for Raith is the first such plan drawn
up and brought into operation in Scotland, it may not be out
of place to explain briefly in what a Working Plan consists, and
to give the reasons which render a plan of this kind necessary
for all woods to be worked for profit.
Tt has frequently been stated that home-grown wood can
never compete with imported timber, because the soil and
climate of these islands are alike incapable of producing either
the quality of material or the quantity per acre that can be
grown in the countries from which we draw a large proportion
of our supplies. On this subject Dr Schlich! says :—“ In the
jirst place, British timber cannot compete with the imported
timber, because, as at present grown, it is of inferior quality,
being generally shorter and less clear of branches and knots.
Moreover, conifers generally grow too quickly in Britain, because
the woods are too heavily thinned while young; hence the
individual trees increase too rapidly, and produce timber
inferior to that of the same species imported from the Baltic,
and grown in crowded woods. Secondly, the home-grown timber
is brought into the market in fluctuating quantities, so that
neither a regular timber trade, nor superior methods of working
up the material, nor forest industries, have a chance of developing
and thriving. In short, the whole business is far too haphazard.
Economic forestry, to be successful, must be conducted on true
sylvicultural principles, and the yield must be so regulated
that, approximately, the same quantity of material may be
brought into the market every year; in other words, the
principle of a sustained and well-regulated yield must be re-
cognised. Then, and then only, can adequate financial results
be expected from forestry.”
There can be no reasonable doubt that the above represents
the truth of the matter, and that our frequent failures to obtain
satisfactory financial results are not due to defects in our soil and
climate, but rather to the non-observance of sylvicultural rules,
1“ Manual of Forestry,” vol, iii., preface, pp. vi. and vii.
224 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and to want of system in working. Forest management, like any
other business, must be conducted on true economic principles
if it is to be successful; success cannot be looked for unless
continuity of aim, and persistent action towards the attainment
of that aim, are maintained throughout the entire life of the
crop of trees; and in view of the considerable number of years
which must elapse between the planting of a wood and the time
when it is fit to be cut down, even when timber of comparatively
small size is grown, such continuity of aim and action are
impossible unless all work be regulated by a plan or scheme,
setting forth the object of management, and indicating at least
the broad outlines of the measures needful to its realisation.
In the absence of such a plan, it is inevitable that each successive
proprietor or manager should follow his own line, which is sure
to depart more or less from that of his predecessors, simply
because no settled scheme of management exists which all are
bound to follow. Haphazard work, and the frequent changes
involved therein, have a most prejudicial effect on crops of
trees; under such treatment, when the time arrives at which
they should yield a substantial and long-awaited profit to their
owner, they are often found in a disappointing condition. And
this is not necessarily due to the negligence or incapacity of
all or any of the successive proprietors or managers; in many
cases it is due solely to lack of system. Woods treated un-
systematically are, after the lapse of forty or fifty years, not
infrequently found poorly stocked, incapable of satisfactory
improvement, and adding but little to their value by the
growth of successive years. Such woods do not occupy the
ground profitably. It is manifestly in the interest of the
owner that the ground which he devotes to the production of
timber grown for profit should be kept fully stocked, and should
be made to produce up to its full capacity; for there is then
less necessity to restrict the areas which he desires to treat
as game-coverts or as ornamental woods. Moreover, in propor-
tion to the value of the produce they yield, fully-stocked woods
are more cheaply fenced, worked and controlled, than woods of
less density occupying a larger area; while, at the same time, the
quality of their produce is greatly superior.
It is with a view to gain the advantages and avoid the
drawbacks above alluded to, that a working plan should be
framed for all woods to be managed for profit; and in order
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 225
that the nature of such a plan may be fully understood, certain
matters with which it deals will now be explained.
A Working Plan, then, is a plan or project which, in the
words of the late Mr D’Arcy, “sets forth the purpose with
which a forest should be managed, so as to best meet the
interests, and therefore the wishes, of the owner ; and indicates
the means by which this purpose may be accomplished. In
other words, it is a forest regulation prescribing the application
of certain cultural rules, and the execution of certain works,
in order to produce a given desired result. . . . Both the
object sought, and the means by which that object can be
attained, depend on a variety of facts relating to the forest
and its management ; and, in order that the prescriptions con-
tained in the Working Plan may be fully understood, it is
necessary that these facts should be stated, and the manner
in which the prescriptions have been deduced from them
explained.” These facts, deductions, and prescriptions are
recorded in a report which forms the Working Plan.
The stock grown on the ground constitutes the Yorest Capital,
which yields annual interest in the form of a certain amount
of new wood laid on to each of the individual trees composing
the crop; and this amount may be taken out every year, in
the form of a number of trees of equivalent volume, without
diminution of the capital; for the timber removed is replaced
by the growth of the next year. Indeed, if the forest capital
be complete, the proprietor of the day is not only entitled to
the wood-interest as his legitimate liferent, but he ought to take
it annually or periodically, in order to maintain the organisa-
tion of the woods, and by so doing he will act in the best interest
of his estate. But before determining the form in which the
wood-interest, or Yield, of the forest is to be taken, it is
necessary, when working for profit, to consider the kind of
material that can most profitably be grown, and the size
at which the trees first begin to yield it. It then becomes
possible, with due regard to the rate of growth of the trees
from that age onwards, to determine the age at which the
crop should be cut down and utilised, the ground being then
re-occupied by a young crop, which in its turn will be cut at
a like age. This age indicates the length of the ‘“ Rotation.”
But it will be readily understood that, if a crop of a certain
fixed age is required annually, and if its volume or the area it
226 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
occupies is to be the same year after year, the entire crop of
the wood from which it comes must be made up of a series of age-
classes equal in number to the years of the rotation ; and also
that the age of these classes must run regularly up, without a
break, from one year to the number of years in the rotation.
To take a simple example:—Suppose it be desired to cut annually
one acre of oak-coppice twenty years of age. To enable this to be
done, there must be on the ground just before the cutting in any
year, a series of twenty crops, each standing on an acre of ground,
and running through all ages fronr one to twenty years. Under
no other conditions can the desired yield be obtained ; for if the
crops be older than this scale indicates, some of them, when
their turn to be cut arrives, will be above twenty years of age ;
and if they are younger, the converse will occur. Where such
a series of age-classes exists, the classes standing on equal areas
of similar productive power, and the ground being completely
stocked, the forest is said to be normal; and if each annual
felling-area be restocked as soon as the crop has been removed
from it, the 20-acre wood will, in the absence of disturbing
influences, yield in perpetuity an annual crop of one acre of
oak-coppice twenty years of age. In other words, it will give
a Sustained Yield of that amount.
The advantages of organising woods worked for profit on the
lines above indicated cannot be questioned. In the absence of
such organisation, it is not possible for the proprietor to be sure
whether he is taking from the property more or less than the
amount to which he is entitled. On the one hand—and such
instances are common—he may refrain from legitimate cutting
through fear of taking too much ; and, on the other hand, acting
in the most perfect good faith, and in complete ignorance that
he is doing so, he may diminish the stock to a point at which
the annual increment, or the amount of new growth put on each
year is seriously lessened, while the producing power of the soil
is at the same time greatly impaired. The latter is an even more
common occurrence than the former; and this is attributable, in
the majority of cases, to the absence of a working plan clearly
indicating to the owner the fellings he is entitled to make.
Instances are known in which proprietors hesitate to fell woods
which are long past maturity, and have for many years past
ceased to yield a fair increment, merely because they do not wish
to expose themselves to remarks. But on any estate where the
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 227
woods are organised under a plan, suggestions of overcutting
could not have the smallest force ; and where such a plan exists
the estate need not, through the well-founded sensitiveness of
the proprietor, suffer loss occasioned by the woods standing after
they have ceased to grow profitably. Then again, the organisa-
tion of woods with a more or less equal annual out-turn of well-
known classes of produce, has a most favourable effect on the
local markets, and renders possible the foundation in the
neighbourhood of industrial undertakings connected with forest
produce, which an uncertain supply of the raw material on which
they depend would not encourage. Lastly, on the estate, every
one concerned knows what is to be done, arrangements for
work and sales can be made in advance, the workmen are more
regularly employed, and mechanical means for transport can be
effectively organised, with the result that work in all its branches
is better and more cheaply performed. It may be added that
the proprietor is likely to take a more lively interest in his woods
if they are worked on a settled plan, which he can understand
and see carried out, and if he is satisfied that they are being
made to yield the maximum revenue derivable from the soil, than
if they are managed in a casual, haphazard fashion, and render
uncertain returns.
THE WORKING PLAN.
SITUATION, GEOLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE EstTATE.
The estate of Raith, the property of Mr Munro Ferguson,
M.P., is situated on the north-eastern shore of the Firth of
Forth, in the parishes of Auchterderran, Abbotshall, Kinghorn,
and Kinglassie, which form part of the county of Fife. The
woods to which the working plan relates are at distances varying
from two to five miles from the sea at Kirkcaldy.
The region within which the woods lie belongs geologically
to the Carboniferous system. The strata consist of a great series
of sandstones and shales with accompanying limestone—these
stratified rocks being invaded here and there by basalt. Over-
lying all comes a ragged sheet of boulder-clay or til, partially
filling the hollows and depressions, and thinning off upon the
slopes and acclivities. Towards the sea-coast, where the ground
is low and flat, the él is concealed below bedded clays and sand,
the latter generally occurring at the surface.1_ The area occupied
1 The above description of the geological characteristics of the property
was kindly furnished by Professor James Geikie.
228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
by the woods is for the most part undulating and devoid of
marked elevations or depressions; the altitude above sea-level
ranges between 150 and 500 feet. The soil of 3884 acres con-
sists of sandy or loamy clay of good to moderate depth; 260
acres are peaty soil, of which 60 acres are of inferior quality ;
there are 130 acres of peat-moss, and 30 acres of poor, rocky
ground. It may be said that for the production of Scots fir and
spruce, the soil is on an average fully up to Quality II. (second
best out of five), according to Weise’s scale.
The mean annual temperature, taken during a period of forty
years at six places in Fife, averaging 155 feet above sea-level,
is 46°:6, the lowest mean monthly temperature, 37°:5, occurring
in the month of December. The mean temperatures during the
months of March, April, and May are respectively 40°:0, 44°°5,
and 49°-1. From observations taken during a continuous period
of seven years at Nookton, which stands at an elevation of 80
feet above sea-level, and at a distance of two miles from the
coast, it is seen that spring-frosts are of common occurrence
up to the second week in May. Autumn-frosts are often
experienced after the middle of September; indeed, they not
infrequently commence earlier in that month, and frost in July
was once recorded. The mean annual rainfall taken during a
period of eighteen years at eight places, averaging 250 feet above
sea-level, is 31°6 inches; it is well distributed. The winds
prevailing in this part of the county of Fife blow from the
south-west and west, easterly winds being also common, especi-
ally during the month of May.!
GENERAL ‘DESCRIPTION OF THE Woops.
The total area included in the working circle consists of 808}
acres, made up of twenty-six woods, separated from each other by
agricultural land. Of this area, 621 acres, or more than three-
fourths, are stocked with a mixture of Scots fir (pine) and spruce
as the main crop, to which, in a large number of cases, a varying
proportion of hardwoods (deciduous trees), such as oak, beech,
Scotch elm, plane (sycamore), poplar, birch, and others, has been
added. Of the remainder, 414 acres are stocked with Scots fir,
for the most part mixed with hardwoods ; and 28 acres carry
spruce, also, in some cases, mixed with hardwoods; while the
The paragraph relating to meteorology was compiled from documents
furnished through the kindness of Dr Buchan.
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 229
crop on 71 acres consists of hardwoods as the main crop ; and
47 acres are not yet stocked, but are to be planted during the
coming season. The average ages of the crops forming these
woods range from one year up to about eighty-five years.
Speaking generally, the younger woods, up to the age of
sixteen years, which cover an area of 573} acres, are fairly well
stocked, and in good condition; but the same cannot be said
of the older woods (2354 acres), which bear very thin and
irregularly distributed crops of inferior quality. In consequence,
without doubt, of too early isolation, the trees composing these
thin crops are deficient in height, and taper rapidly from the
butt; while, owing to the unrestricted development of side-
branches, their timber is knotty; and, as they were given
excessive growing-space in their youth, they then formed un-
duly wide annual rings, composed mainly of soft tissue. To
frame a reliable estimate of the growing stock in these irregular
woods, it would have been necessary to undertake an enumera-
tion survey over their entire area, but circumstances did not
appear to warrant this. Such a survey was, however, made
of three plots, which were selected as being the best of their
kind, and the following was the result :—
1. One acre of mixed spruce (?) and Scots fir (4) in Bankhead,
average age fifty years, contained 359 trees, yielding, by quarter-
girth measurement, 2455 cubic feet.
2. A similarly constituted crop of half an acre in Bairns-
bridge, average age fifty-eight years, contained at the rate of 382
trees, measuring 3114 cubic feet to the acre.
3. An acre of mixed Scots fir (#) and spruce (4) in Bairns-
bridge, average age fifty-eight years, carried 387 trees, measuring
2844 cubic feet.
The above figures may be said to represent something like
one-half of a full stock ; and it is probable that the older woods,
taken together, do not, on an average, contain more than from
one quarter to one-third of the timber that might be growing
on them. From the above facts, it is evident that these woods
are not now yielding to their owner anything like the annual
increment, or annual growth of new wood, which he might
reasonably expect to receive from the soil on which they stand ;
and also that the quality of the wood produced is inferior, In
consequence of these drawbacks, which, though now irremediable,
are due to avoidable causes, the woods do not occupy the ground
230 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
profitably ; and it may be concluded that their removal should
be carried out as soon as this can be effected with due regard to
other considerations, and that the ground should then be re-
stocked with a young crop, which, under different treatment,
will yield a larger quantity and a better quality of timber.
INJURIES TO WHICH THE WOODS ARE SUBJECT,
No very serious damage has been done by strong winds during
recent years, except in Ballfield and Fostertonden, where a con-
siderable portion of the crop was thrown down in 1893-94. In
Bairnsbridge some trees were blown down at the same time.
In some places the young crops have suffered a good deal
from spring-frosts, as in Sandalhall, Cardenden Colliery, Tully-
lumb and Torbain Moss, Here, and in Muirhead, the drainage
should be seen to.
Planting work has been rendered difficult by a dense growth
of weeds in Torbain Moss, Raithmuir, Sandalhall, Rough Park,
and Muirhead ; and immediate measures should be taken, which
must be continued for a few years, to protect the young stock
from damage and thus give it a fair start.
The young plantations have suffered considerably from attack
by the Pine Weevils (Hylobius abietis and Pissodes notatus).
Those which have been most injured by these pests are in Square
Wood, Hyndloup, Tullylumb, Torbain Moss and Muirhead.
Ground game has caused much damage to the young stock
in Hyndloup, Tullylumb, Torbain Moss and Muirhead ; and the
rabbits must be kept down if these plantations are to make
progress,
Fires ignited by sparks from railway engines have done some
harm in Clunie Strip ; while Clunie Muir and Rough Park stand
at considerable risk of similar injury, and precautionary measures
in regard to them have been suggested in Appendix B.
MARKETS FOR THE PRODUCE.
The bulk of the timber of all species cut on the estate is sold,
in the form of round logs, to local merchants, who convert the
Scots fir and spruce into roofing-boards, scantlings, cask-staves,
etc. The sales are usually conducted by auction, but timber is
sometimes sold by private contract. Tops, down to a diameter
of 6 inches, and branches are severed ; the best parts of these are
then cut into pit-wood or fence stakes, and the whole of the refuse
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 231
is cut into firewood to supply Raith House and local demands.
The rates per (quarter-girth) cubic foot, obtained at temporary
depots formed near the felling-areas, for the various kinds of
timber, are now as follows :—Scots fir, from 4d. to 6d., according
to size of log ; spruce, from 3d. to 5d.; oak and ash, about 1s. 6d. ;
elm, 1s. 3d.; beech, 6d. to 10d., according to size of log; plane
(sycamore), 2s. to 6s., according to size of log. Round, hand-
pointed stakes for sheep-nets, about 2 inches to 23 inches in
diameter, are sold at 7s. per hundred stakes ; larch is preferred
for this purpose, but straight clean poles of Scots fir, spruce, or
hardwoods are also used. Firewood sawn into billets sells freely
at 8s. per cart-load, delivered within a radius of two miles from
the saw-mill ; this price representing a clear profit of 2s. per cart-
load. The timber used for estate purposes consists principally of
fencing “stobs” (posts) of larch, and “bars” (rails) of Scots fir.
A 10 horse-power traction engine is employed to drag the
logs to depot, and to saw up posts and rails for fencing.
THe Coat-Minine InpDustRY IN FIFE.
The Fife coal-mines, from which are raised annually about five
million tons of coal, consume a yearly average of approximately
the following amount of pit-wood, viz.:—
Equivalent in
solid cubie feet
4-girth
}
|
| Linear feet. (
| measurement).
Imported wood, almost entirely spruce
and Scots fir, coming ere from
Baltic ports, . ; ‘ : 23,750,000 | 1,484,375
Home - grown wood, chiefly Scots fir
and _ spruce from the north of
Scotland, : : 4 ; 1,250,000 78,125
Totals, . : : 25,000,000 1,562,500
The description of wood preferred for the mines consists of :—
Round fir “props,” which run from 23 feet to 6 feet in length ;
the most suitable diameter being 3 inches at the smaller end.
Round fir “bars,” which vary in length from 6 feet to 9 feet ;
they should have a diameter of from 4 inches to 6 inches
at the smaller end.
232 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
Sleepers, which measure from 2 feet 6 inches to 2 feet 9 inches
in length, with a cross-section of 5 inches by 24 inches, and are
sawn from butt-ends which are too thick for props or bars. By
far the larger quantity of timber used is in the form of ‘“ props.”
The wood delivered to the mines from the Raith Estate is, for
the most part, beech, elm, and other hardwoods of rough quality,
sawn out of tops and branches into pieces from 2} feet to 4 feet
in length, and 3 inches by 3 inches in cross-section. The miners
do not much like this class of wood, as it is comparatively heavy,
and is difficult to handle on account of splinters. They prefer
the imported wood, because, being better seasoned, it is lighter,
it has a smoother surface and a more uniform thickness, it is
more free from knots, and it is also stronger, on account of the
narrowness of its annual rings. They prefer spruce, because
that species excels Scots fir in most of the above qualities. For
imported round spruce and Scots fir props and bars, delivered
at the mines, the average rate now paid amounts to 4s. 13d. per
hundred linear feet, which is equivalent to 8d. per (quarter-girth)
cubic foot. Wood of the same species, brought for the most part
from the north of Scotland by sea, in the form of pit-lengths
cut from round poles, and partially squared with the axe, to
reduce bulk and weight during transport, is paid for at an
average rate of 3s. per hundred linear feet, delivered at the
mines; this rate amounts to about 6d. per (quarter-girth) cubic
foot, which would represent a price of 5d. in the Raith woods.
This timber is not so well seasoned as that which is imported
from abroad, and it is therefore heavier; it is also of a much
rougher quality. For the rough sawn wood from the Raith
Estate, the price now paid at the pit’s mouth amounts to about
2s, Td. per hundred linear feet, or about 5d. per (quarter-girth)
cubic foot, which represents from 3d. to 33d. in the forest. A
few years ago, the prices.paid were higher than this.
Tu1is WorkKING CIRCLE TO BE DEVOTED TO THE PRODUCTION ©
or Pit-Woop.
In view of the large local demand for pit-wood, it has
been decided to devote this working circle of 808} acres to
the production of that class of timber; and the ground will
ultimately be stocked with crops of spruce, where it is suitable
to that species, while elsewhere Scots fir will be grown. The
rotation has been fixed at 40 years, at which age it is assumed
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE, 293
that the trees will have attained a diameter of 63 inches at a
height of 4 feet 3 inches from the ground. As soon as the
working circle has been brought into a normal condition, —that
is to say, when the stock is complete, when each of the 40
age-classes occupies approximately an area of 20! acres, and
when, consequently, each of the successive annual fellings will
extend over that area—it is estimated that the average annual
yield will amount to about 60,000 (quarter-girth) cubic feet
of timber. This forms but an insignificant fraction of the
million and a half cubic feet of pit-wood which are annually
consumed in the coal-mines of Fife; and the market may
therefore be looked upon as amply assured. But should a
decrease in the local consumption of this class of produce be
anticipated, it would be quite simple, at any time, to increase
the length of the rotation, and to allow the crop to grow on for
the production of sawn timber, for which there will always be a
large demand in the country.
List oF Woops AND DETAILED DESCRIPTION.
In Appendix A will be found a list of the woods comprised
in the working circle, regarding which it should be explained
that the figures 1, 2, or 3, indicating the Quality of each locality,
have a merely relative signification; they are not intended to
imply specific powers of production. The figures 1, 2, 3, or 4,
in the column referring to the Density of the Growing Stock
in the older woods, have, however, a somewhat more definite
meaning. As it had been decided not to undertake a complete
enumeration survey, Mr Macdonald formed a rapid estimate
of the growing stock in each wood, which enabled the following
classification to be adopted, namely :—
Density No. 1 representing a stock of under 800 (}-girth) cub, ft, to the acre,
a No. 2 re from 800 to 1600 on) AS i
” No. 3 ” ” 1600 29 2400 re) ” ”
wae UNO. 4 a a stock of over 2400 sp i 5
This classification is considered sufficiently accurate for present
purposes.
In the Detailed Description of the Woods, which will be
found in Appendix B, certain facts are recorded relating to
the locality in which each wood, or compartment of a wood,
grows; they also contain a brief description of the growing
stock; and they indicate special points in regard to the
VOL. XV, PART IIL. x
234 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
suggested treatment, which are not of such general application
as to find a place in the body of the Report,
ExisTiInG AGE-CLASSES,
The subjoined Table shows the area now occupied by crops
of various ages :—
l
| Ages of Crops on the ground ierest Totals. ree) _— =
in 1898 | tion. Deficit.
A, Tue YounGER Woops. |
Bare ground, . 474
Birch, etc., to be restocked, 13
1 year, ; : ° s 164
2 years, . : : - | 1634
B45 vi: tpeltin mash) % i
A, ras é : : - 922
ial a5 : 62¢
Total 5 ames end cataiee! He: 398
9 years, . : : 5 34 |
10%; : : 15 | |
Total 6 to 10 ute ; ra 18} J
lp Total 10 years and under, ie pee Cala 202 +2144
| 11 years,,... ; 3 : 23 |
1ae%. 124
1Sias 8
Le 703
Roads, : 4
Total 11 to 15 years : tai 984
16 years, .. : 584
Total 16 to 20 Ags : a 584
le Total 11 to 20 years, pS Pala us 202 -45
A. otal for Younger Woods, att - nl | 1SbOE ’ ‘i
B. THE OLpER Woops.
25 years, . : 63
Total 21 to 25 years, . ves 64
30 years, . i 85
Total 26 to 30 aad ‘ oe 83 |
III. Total 21 to 30 years, . ee ” 15 | 202 | aes
| S5.years, . . é 64
Total 31 to 35 years, ‘ i 64
| 386 years, . : 32
(MLO! s, ; 4
Total 36 to 40 years, ‘ Bai 36
45 years, . : 544
50) ss ,, : : ; : 242
CU't ;; ; : ; , 184
B55 ; : 2 ‘ 29
es , : : : 14
SO™ : : : : 36
85 ,, : : 13
| Total —_ 40 aoe : 7 Wd fee
IV. Total above 30 years, pea hare eee Be +173
B. Total for Older W saan P[FerIy a] Tangy
Granp Torat, : vee ve 8083
1 The areas of the woods and their compartments were furnished by the Estate Office.
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE, 235
An inspection of the Table shows at once that the stock in the
middle-age classes is deficient, especially in that ranging from
the 21st to the 30th year, and that tliere is a correspondingly
large excess in the younger classes, especially in that of 5 years
and under. If the distribution were not thus abnormal, the
crop on one-fortieth part (equal 20 acres) of the total area would
be felled during the current year, and a similar area would be
felled in every succeeding year, until the whole of the ground
had been cut over. But existing conditions, as indicated in the
Table, evidently render that plan impossible; for if it were
followed, the older woods would all be felled during the first
11 years; and the oldest of the younger woods, having then
attained an age of only 26 years, would not have developed
sufficiently to fulfil the object of management. Hence it becomes
necessary to spread the cutting of the older woods over an
increased number of years, during which period the younger
woods will have more nearly approached the desired age of
40 years. It has therefore been decided to extend the cutting
of the older woods over the first half (20 years) of the rotation,
and to leave the younger woods to be cut during the second
half-rotation, at the commencement of which the oldest of them
will be 35 years of age. It would of course have been per-
missible to increase this age by spreading the cutting of the
older woods over a period longer than 20 years; but it was not
considered necessary to do this. If, after the lapse of the first
10 years, it does not seem likely that the oldest of the younger
woods will be fit for felling in the 21st year of the rotation, the
annual cutting-area for the remainder of the older woods must
then be reduced, so as to make those woods last longer.
It will be evident that under the arrangement herein pro-
posed, the age-classes of the working circle will not be in a
normal condition at the end of the first rotation. Indeed, they
will not be normal even at the close of the second rotation;
but they will then so nearly approach that condition that they
may be treated as normal. The present irregular condition of
the stock in regard to age-classes is not due to over-felling, but
rather to the energy with which planting has been carried on
during the last five years.
ANNUAL FELLINGS IN THE OLDER Woops.
The total area of the twenty-two older woods is 2354 aeres ;
236 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
and as they are all to be cut over within the space of 20 years,
it follows that the average area available for each year’s felling
is slightly over 113 acres. But the density of the stock is
very unequal, and inconvenient variations in the annual yield
would result from dividing the woods into twenty equal annual
felling-areas of that size. Hence, the figures in the 6th column
of the subjoined Table (which represent the relative densities of
the crops in the various woods!) have been made use of to
enable the areas of the relatively poorly-stocked and relatively
well-stocked ground to be, respectively, increased or reduced in
inverse proportion to the density of the crops they carry; the
annual yield has thus been more or less equalised. Then, as
a precaution against the spread of attack by beetles, it has been
arranged that fellings on contiguous areas shall not be made
at shorter intervals than four years ; for example, the fellings in
No. 40, Dundonald Muir, will be made in the 3rd, 7th, 11th,
15th, and 19th years; and similarly for No. 21, Cardenden,
No. 26, Bairnsbridge, and others. It has further been decided
to avoid leaving small plots of detached woods standing’after the
main portion of them has been cut over. The Table of Fellings
has been drawn up so as to give due weight to all of these
considerations, which, it will readily be understood, do not admit
of an exactly equal annua! yield being provided. The arrange-
ment proposed is that which appears the best under the cireum-
stances, though it unavoidably involves considerable variations
in the areas to be annually replanted.
1 See p. 233.
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 237
TABLE OF ANNUAL FELLINGS—lst to 20th year.
The Older Woods—2354 acres.
Average Annual Felling-Area—114 acres.
3
ae
Se Annual Fell- |"754| Average
er eG oacoriin Namus or Woops, ing-Areas. | Gm % Age.
© = | which to be Witt COMPARTMENTS, 5 eps
$2 felled. | SES
tA BOG j
eats In When
Total.|Detail. a 1898. f elied:
Acres.| Acres |
Ist, | 1898-99, | 16 (a). Clunieden, . iv Aa i 1 65 | 65
7 (b). Fostertonden, on 7 2 | 70 | 70
| 4 (a). Ballfield, 263 | 123 | 1 | 80 | 80
2nd, | 1899-1900, 21 (b). Cardenden, en ee ee
34 (d). Haugh Brae, 9 Utah 2 60 | 61 |
3rd, | 1900-1, 42, Gomorrah, = 54 | 2 60 | 62
| 40 (a). Dundonald “Muir, fe tie ea 4 | 36 | 38
4th, | 1901-2, 3 (a). Clunie Mains Strips, | 2 2 80 83
9(c). Sandalhall, 34 | 2 80 | 83
24. Cardenbarns, . 5 1 60 | 63
27 (a). Beaton’s Wood, in 5 2 60 | 63
29. Torbain Quarry Belt, 162 | 14] 2 60 | 63
5th, | 1902- Ae Clunieden, . 7 1 65 | 69
7 (0). Fostertonden, as 7 2 70 | 74
4(a). Ballfield, 264 | 124 | 1 80 | 84
6th, | 1903-4, | 21(b). Cardenden, 7s |. 72,4. | 4m 150
7th, | 1904-5 10(c). Begg Strips, oA eee 32 | 1 50 | 56
| 40 (a). Dundonald Muir, | 103} 63 | 4 36 | 42
8th, | 1905-6, | 8. Fosterton Plantation,| ... 64 4 50 57
22(b). Sunnyside, 114) 5 2 | Dey | ow
9th, | 1906-7, 4(b). Ballfield, De ee 80 | 88
16 (6). Clunieden,. a TH. \i 42 Goad
7(c). Fostertonden, .|164| 34] 38 50 | 58
10th,! 1907-8, | 21(b). Cardenden, 4 | 74) 4 45 | 54
11th,} 1908-9, | 40(a). Dundonald Muir, | 65 | 63]! 4 36 | 46 |
12th,| 1909-10, | 26. Bairnsbridge, . . | 8 | 84] 4 45 | 56
13th,| 1910-11, | 16 (6). Clunieden, . en PaRe 7%.| 2 65 | 77
8. Fosterton Plantation,| 13¢ | 64] 4 50 | 62
14th,} 1911-12, | 21(b). Cardenden, | 74 | 74 | 4 | 45 | 58
15th,| 1912-13, | 40(a). Dundonald Muir, | 63 | 63 | 4 36 | 50
16th,| 1913-14, | 26. Bairnsbridge, . 8 8 4 | 45 | 60
17th,| 1914-15, | 23 (b). Tullylumb, ae 44 | 3 35 | 51
36. -Muirhead Quarry, fe 2 2 35 | 51
28. Bankhead, 103} 4 4 40 | 56
18th,| 1915-16, | 21 (0). Cardenden, B she 4 | 45 | 62
19th,| 1916-17, | 40 (a). Dundonald Muir, | 63 | 63 | 4 36 | 54
20th,| 1917-18, 1(c). Raithmuir, ane 84 | 2 30 | 49
41. Dundonald Sq. Wood, 15 64 | 2 25 | 44
Total Acres, [2354 _
238 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The question was considered whether, seeing that the average
annual felling-area was only 114 acres, the fellings should be
made biennially instead of annually, in which case, of course, the
average felling-area would be 23 acres. But it was thought
better to adhere to annual fellings ; and this for several reasons,
the chief of which is the great importance of providing pit-wood
regularly for the mines, so that their owners may come to rely
on Raith as a source of supply. Were it not for this considera-
tion, the yield might be taken periodically instead of annually,
the usual fellings being postponed for a year or two, as might be
suggested by a temporary fall in prices. Similarly, the yield might
be anticipated to take advantage of unusually high prices; but
in the latter case there could be no more cutting until the felling
account had been adjusted. It may here be added that should,
unfortunately, any considerable number of trees be thrown by
wind on ground not included in the felling-area of the year,
or should unforeseen fellings have been made in consequence of
injuries by fire or otherwise, a corresponding reduction in the
area of the current fellings should be effected, in order to adjust
the felling account. Fellings will always be commenced on the
side opposite to that from which the prevailing strong winds
blow ; and successive annual cuttings will proceed against wind,
so that, in any wood, the trees felled last will be those on the
windward side. The fellings will thus proceed, as a general
rule, from E. or N.E. to W. or 8.W. But where the whole of
a block is not felled in a single year, strips of wood will be left
standing on all margins, and these will be removed with the
fellings of the last year in that block.
In the case of woods stocked with conifers, the crops will be
clean-felled ; but where hardwoods form the main crop, or where
trees of those species are found scattered through coniferous
woods, such of them as are likely to improve sufficiently by
remaining throughout a second rotation will be left standing.
These trees will usually be isolated, and they will not interfere
with the new crop, especially if it be of spruce ; but where they
stand in groups, so as to form too dense a cover, the ground
under them will not be planted. (See Appendix B, No. 16,
Clunieden, b.)
FELLINGS IN THE YOUNGER Woops.
The total area of the younger woods is 573} acres ; and since
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE, 239
it is proposed to fell them during the second half (20 years) of
the rotation, the average annual felling-area during that period
will be about 284 acres, or 84 acres above the general average of
20 acres, which will ultimately be adopted for the entire rotation.
But, in view of the fact that five-sevenths of the area of these
younger woods are in the classes up to 10 years of age, it will
probably be desirable to fix an average felling-area below 284
acres for the early years of the second half-rotation, and to
increase it subsequently to a figure proportionally higher than
28} acres. As it is not considered advisable at the present time
to make detailed arrangements for a longer period than 20 years,
no table of fellings for the younger woods, corresponding to that
drawn up for the older woods, has been included in this report.
Such a table must, however, be made before the expiry of the
first 20 years of the rotation, due regard being had to the
condition of development in which the various woods are then
found, and to the necessity of avoiding too frequent fluctuations
in the yield, as well as of separating the fellings on contiguous
areas by an interval of years, as a precaution against attack by
beetles.
It is thus seen that during the first rotation of 40 years
the yield of the working circle will be a progressive one,
beginning with the crop on a small average felling-area of
poorly stocked woods, rising in the 21st year to that on a
much larger and better stocked area, and attaining its maximum
a few years later. That is due to the irregular nature of the
present crop, and it cannot be avoided. The yield will of
course come down more nearly to the general average of the
crop on 20 acres after the end of the first rotation.
PLANTING AND SOWING.
As before stated, the ground will ultimately be stocked with
crops of spruce, where the conditions are favourable to that
species, while elsewhere Scots fir will be grown; but in order
to give additional value to the stock, a few larches will be added
to the spruce or to the Scots fir, wherever the local conditions
are suitable. When choosing between Scots fir and spruce,
preference will be given to the latter species, because heavier
crops of it can be grown than of Scots fir, while the mine-owners
are at least equally willing to take it, if grown with narrow
240 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
annual rings, such as are produced in dense woods. As a
general rule, the system of clean-felling and restocking with
nursery plants will be followed; but direct sowing has been
suggested in the case of Ballfield, on account of the shallow
and rocky nature of the soil.
It is desirable to restock the ground immediately after the
removal of the old crops, when it will be clear of weeds; and,
in addition to this advantage, the exposure of the soil for an
unnecessarily long time will be avoided, there will be no loss
of yield through the ground lying fallow, and the stock will have
the fullest opportunity of growing to the required size within the
period of the rotation. Against attack by beetles, especially
Hylobius abietis and Pissodes notatus (Pine Weevils), the pre-
caution has been taken to separate fellings on contiguous areas
by intervals of time, amounting to not less than four years; but
where beetles appear, measures must be taken against them,
such as extracting the stumps, which may be sold as firewood,
or covering the stumps with earth immediately after felling,
and trapping and collecting the insects. In this connection,
as well as to save time and allow the new crop to grow up
even-aged, it will be a matter of great importance to fill up
vacancies promptly, so as to get the whole of the young crop
as quickly as possible over the stage at which it is particularly
liable to injury. If, in spite of the above measures, the attacks
in the young plantations are found to be very severe, the ground
may be burnt over immediately after felling, and a field crop
raised before it is restocked. This usually has the effect of
destroying or driving away the insects.
Spruce plants will be put out 4 feet apart (2700 plants to
the acre); while, in the case of Scots fir, the planting distance
may be 34 feet, or about 3550 plants to the acre. Where larch
is introduced, it will be planted at intervals of about 25 feet, so
as to give about 70 larch trees to the acre; and where this is
done, the number of spruce or Scots fir, as the case may be,
will of course be correspondingly reduced. The Japanese species
of larch should be tried, though it has already been attacked
by disease in some parts of Great Britain. Plants of all
three species should have well-developed roots. The ordinary
method of “notching” in the plants is applied with difficulty
in some parts of the estate where the sod is very thick, and
plants put in thus are often too deeply buried. Experiments
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 241
should be made to ascertain the method of planting that is
best suited to the locality, having regard to the expense involved
in its adoption.
THINNING.
As the stock in the older woods is already too light, no
thinning of green trees will be needed in them. But, from time
to time, dead and dying trees should be removed, so as to realise
their value, and to reduce the risk from fire and from dangerous
insects, whose breeding-places they form; in Cardenden (6) and
Dundonald Muir work of this kind must soon be undertaken.
The general rule for thinning the younger woods and new
plantations will be as follows :—The first thinning will be made
as soon as the development of the crop has produced a number of
dead, dying, and suppressed poles. These will then be removed,
together with any others that may have become injured or mis-
shapen. It is not yet possible to say precisely at what age the
first thinning will become necessary; the oldest of the younger
woods, planted 16 years ago, do not yet show signs of requiring
it. They appear to have been planted at 3 feet intervals, and not
to have been thinned, except in the case of Cardenden Colliery,
where diseased larch, with some birch, were removed six years
ago; and in Powguild, where some spruce and larch were taken
out in 1894 and 1895; but it is probable that a good many
deaths occurred, and that the vacancies thus caused were not
effectively filled up. Thinnings of the above degree, which will
reduce risk from fire and insects, should be repeated as often
as may be found necessary—possibly every 3 to 5 years—until
about 10 or 15 years before the wood is to be felled, ae., until
about the 25th or 30th year in the case of crops that are to
stand throughout the full rotation of 40 years, but up to an
earlier year in the case of crops which, in the first rotation,
are to be felled before that age. If, towards the conclusion of
these thinnings, parts of the wood should be found where the
growth has been so equal that but few of the individual trees
have outstripped their neighbours, and where the even crop is
consequently too dense and the growth in diameter too much
retarded, a portion of the trees will be thinned out, in order to
afford more growing space for those left. When the above group
of thinnings has been carried out, it will probably be desirable to
make a somewhat heavier thinning (A), in order to enable the trees
242 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
to develop their diameter-growth more rapidly. The object now
in view will be to lead the trees to the attainment of the desired
diameter before the time for their removal arrives, while main-
taining as many of them on the ground as is possible, consistently
with the fulfilment of this allimportant condition. If it should
appear that one such thinning will produce the desired effect,
the crop may then be left until the time for felling arrives ;
otherwise, an additional thinning (B) will be made 3 or 4 years
later. But the degree of the thinning (A) should not be
increased with the object of avoiding the necessity for the
thinning (B), to which there is no objection; for all thinnings
should be cautiously made, and the crop must at all times be
kept as dense as is consistent with the attainment of the desired
dimensions. Should it be found necessary to thin, on an aver-
age, four times in each felling-area of 20 acres, then it would
follow that, in addition to the fellings of the year, thinnings
would be made annually in four other felling-areas, 7.e., over an
area averaging 80 acres.
Where larch forms part of the crop, it will receive special
attention, with a view to retaining as many as possible of these
trees to the end of the rotation. When the time for felling
arrives, all larch trees which promise to stand and develop
profitably during a second rotation will be spared; when
removed at 80 years of age, they will form a valuable element
in the yield. It is hoped that by introducing larch, scattered
at comparatively wide intervals in a crop of evergreen trees, a
considerable portion of them may escape the disease, which will,
at any rate, not spread so easily as if the crop contained a larger
proportion of this species. Dead side-branches of Scots fir and
larch may be knocked off during dry summer weather or during
frost; they will be of small size. For spruce, however, it will
probably be necessary to use a saw. In either case, dead
branches must always be removed flush with the stem or not
at all.
The mixture of Scots fir and spruce prevailing in the younger
woods is one to be avoided in future. In nearly all crops thus
constituted, the leading shoots of a large proportion of the spruce
are now suffering severely from being rubbed by the upper side-
branches of the Scots fir, which grow more rapidly in youth;
and unless measures are at once taken to free the heads of the
spruce, by lopping the side-branches of the Scots fir, the spruce
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE. 243
will in some places be lost. This is a matter requiring immediate
attention.
Treated in the manner above suggested, the woods of this
working circle will, without any doubt whatever, yield pit-wood
of at least as good a quality as that which the mine-owners
now import from abroad, and for which they pay at an average
rate of 8d. per (quarter-girth) cubic foot at the pit’s mouth.
EXPECTED YIELD AND FINANCIAL RESULTS.
Of the 808} acres composing the working circle, 137 acres
have been under cultivation, and, thus employed, are capable of
yielding a nett annual rental of 9s. per acre; 4794 acres are
suitable for rough grazing, yielding a nett annual revenue of
4s, per acre; while the remaining 192 acres are waste, yielding
nothing if not stocked with trees. The average annual cash
surplus derivable from the whole of this land, if not afforested,
is slightly under 4s. per acre, which is a maximum figure.
The Older Woods.
Precise data have not been obtained as to the yield that may
be expected from the older woods during the first 20 years of
the rotation. But the rapid valuation made of these woods
(see p. 233), which now average about 55 years in age, and
will average about 65 years when they are cut down, leads
to the belief that the 2351 acres which they occupy will not,
even after the crops have put on their annual increment during
an average of 10 years, give a higher all-round final yield of
more than 1500 or 1600 (quarter-girth) cubic feet of timber per
acre, worth perhaps £30. There will be no further thinnings in
these woods. There is no record of what the thinnings already
made have yielded ; but assuming them to have realised half the
value of the final crop, and allowing £4 for the original planting
and fencing, and 3s. an acre yearly for tending and management,
rates and taxes, etc. over the whole area, then these woods will
have produced a nett annual revenue at the rate of 9s. 4d. per
acre, representing, with compound interest on all items, an annual
soil rental of 1s. 5d. per acre over the entire area they occupy.
The Younger Woods and New Plantations.
It may be assumed that, at the age of 40 years, the stock
244 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
on one acre in the younger woods and new plantations will
be as follows :—
Spruce—
Number of trees, . : , : .. 900
Mean height, . . : ; . 55 feet
Mean diameter at 4 feet 3 has from
the ground, ; . 64 inches
which represents a volume of 4000 Coren girth) cubic feet of
wood, down to 3 inches in diameter.
Scots Fir—
Number of trees, . ; P ; Rare ti. |
Mean height, . : é : . Ol feet
Mean diameter, . , . 63 inches
representing a volume of nearly 3250 cubic feet.
If it be further assumed that the two species will occupy
equal areas, the average volume of the annual final fellings
over the entire working circle will amount to 3600 cubic feet
per acre. An estimate, based on the above data, could be fully
justified ; but in order to provide for contingencies, and to be
on the safe side, the figure has been reduced to 3000 (quarter-
girth) cubic feet, amounting to 60,000 cubic feet per annum on a
felling-area of 204 acres (taken as 20 acres).
Tt has been said (p. 232) that the rate now paid for imported
spruce and Scots fir timber, delivered at the mines, amounts
to 8d. per (quarter-girth) cubic foot ; and that the corresponding
rate for rougher timber of these species brought from the north
of Scotland is 6d., which represents a nett price in the Raith
woods of 5d. The value of high-class timber is much more likely
to rise than to fall; and 7d. per (quarter-girth) cubic foot is a
moderate estimate of the price that will readily be obtainable at
the mines for the class of timber now to be grown; this repre-
sents a rate of 6d. per cubic foot in the woods. At that price,
the value of the final fellings on an acre, at the age of 40 years,
will amount to £75; and seeing that the market is amply
secured, that poles thinned out of woods 25 years old and
upwards will yield some pit-wood, while larch that has stood
throughout two rotations will enhance the value of the stock
to an important extent, and that all waste wood is saleable as
fuel, the returns from these woods may be safely estimated as
follows :—Allowing £75 as the value per acre of the final crop of
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE, 245
3000 cubic feet, £5 for the additional value of the larch, and
£12 for thinnings, including fuel; providing for expenditure
on planting and fencing at £5, and for tending, management,
and payment of rates and taxes, etc. at 3s. per acre per annum
over the entire area ; the younger woods and new plantations will
yield a nett annual revenue of slightly over £2 an acre. If this
sum be reduced by 25 per cent., as a further allowance for unfore-
seen contingencies, we are left with an annual surplus of 30s. an
acre, which, with compound interest on all items, represents an
annual soil rental of 14s. 10d. over the whole area these woods
occupy. The expected annual surplus is therefore more than
three times that to be obtained from the older woods, and
represents at least 74 times the average cash surplus derivable
from the land if it had remained under cultivation and graz-
ing. The normal annual felling-area of 20 acres should then,
under the extremely favourable conditions prevailing at Raith,
render a sustained yield of at least 60,000 (quarter-girth) cubic
feet of pit-wood, having a nett annual value of not less than
£1200. The returns during the second half of the first rotation,
i.e., from the 21st to the 40th year, will be on an average higher
than this, because, although some of the crops will not have
reached the full age of 40 years, the average felling-area during
that period will be 28} acres as compared with 201 acres.
Winb-BreAks (SHELTER-BELTS).
Wind-breaks, or shelter-belts, have been recommended for
the more exposed sides of several of the woods. Where
possible, such belts should be at least 40 yards wide, and they
should be worked in two strips, one being from 30 to 40 years
younger than the other, so that at least one-half of the belt may
always be young enough to offer an effectual screen against the
wind. The outer edge of each strip might be formed of hard-
woods, such as oak, beech, plane (sycamore), and Norway maple,
the branches of which might be shortened so as to reduce leverage,
and thus enable the trees to offer a firm resistance to the wind.
With these might be planted Corsican pine and mountain pine;
and behind the latter a line of spruces, which should be allowed
to branch low and develop their roots, and which might be
headed off when they attain a height such as to endanger their
stability. The first requirement from a wind-break is that it
should stand up; and the individual trees composing it must be
246 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sacrificed to the extent necessary to enable it todo so. If they
also yield some timber, that is an advantage. But the hardwood
trees in the inner strip need not be lopped until the outer strip
is about to be cut down; it will be better to allow them, while
under protection by it, to develop their roots fully.
Controt Books.
The work done each year, its cost, and the revenue from sales,
should be recorded in such a way as to enable the results of
management to be clearly seen, and to form a guide in future
revisions of the Plan. The quantity and value of wood used
for estate purposes should also be shown, and a due proportion
of the cost of forest management on the estate should be charged
against this working circle. With some modifications, the two
forms suggested in Mr Hill’s Working Plan of the High
Meadow Woods are admirably suited for the above purpose.
(See Appendices C and D.) The forest year may run from
Ist September to 3lst August. A diary should be kept to
facilitate the making of entries in the Control Book at the
end of each year,
CoNCLUSION.
Mr George Prentice, Factor, has cordially co-operated in the
preparation of the working plan, and has at all times readily
supplied information required from the Estate Office. The
author is glad to acknowledge the advantage he has gained
from the advice of Dr Schlich, especially in regard to the
_ estimate of the yield to be expected from the younger woods
and new plantations.
The Plan has been accepted by the proprietor, and is now
in operation. |
APPENDICES.
“Ub]q FULYLO AA UL JOU—SpoOOM pALY JO SA.10v OT
*yeorg-puim guoueisod sosor {iT
66°S68T Ut pajguryd oq OF,
‘Uv SULYAO AY UT JOU—SoADL ¢
*66-S68T UL doNAds YGIA poxyoojsat aq OF,
“UB SUTYAIOAY UL JOU—Yo.arq JO soo Fey
*yRorlg-pulm yuouRted satoe TT
*ywarq-purm queuecasod so10v FT
*(4[0q-A99[9Y8) YvoAq-puIM quOUTLAEd SarOB $zZ
|
bes
“Od
“QT “MAXX
@°GAXXX SCL PL MAXX
"GAXXX $ GT ‘PT WUAXX
"GT “MAXX SPT “MAXX
G
al Re
Spoom DAe
gl
“oc
“GT “MAXX
RRR
"9 “AXEX
‘od
ig *AXXX
*p CAXXX $@ *AXXX
"GL ‘HAXX”
‘p ‘AXXX [QT ‘Maxx
‘op ‘od
*@ “AXXX $GT ‘IIAXX
“op ‘od
‘op ‘od
"OT WAXX SGT ‘UAXX
"GT WAXX
‘od
‘od
"GT ‘MAXX
__ GT “MAXX
"GL ‘WAXX
“OC
“Pl “WAXXx
“CT WAXX ETT “TAXX
GT ‘MAXX
“QT ‘WAxx {TT ‘MAXX |
‘op “od
‘op "OL
"QT ‘HAXX {TT Taxx
‘TT “WAXX
“SMUVINAY
“UMOYS
Alv Svore ayy YOTUM
Wo dey soURUpAO cz
aly Jo sjaeyg
“ysoq
fF ‘ON
“BpOOAY
Woplo ut
yo09S
SUIMOLD
yo
Aqisuaq,
OATIRIOY
*S68T
ur
o3V
uve |
ou pue sound UIA eGUCApIVET
q
. *spoompivy pue SL JOG al il : * “rapatantg | 9T
¥ i : ‘sonids puv IY 8109 | Bee s *‘yaeq qsnoy | GT
* ‘spoompaey pus ‘aanads “ay sqoog eo op ee aT ee
oe a aes pur aysjoog | &% Et Ba "+ sdraqg amyl | eT
{Se ss Spee seh g0N | &. 1 Sat °9
Pre +4 a SOREON, pur 1 syoog g_ | Ris SF _‘sdiyg ueyqyod | ZL
‘ : * ‘syxvo May @ WGI ‘oI VA g q
ae ae sinless Os ems
‘spoompaey, pur ‘aonuds Sy sj00g re a p |
3 : ‘ % “IY $}00§ § #9 iY
a en =. ae q
ee ea a Se ae
‘ : : : * “yooaq pueaysjoos | & fe a
: : ; * Sonadg A FET q
: oa Sou ‘gonads ‘ay sy0og C. | oe ean i Bee
m : : Oe ‘oonads * “Uy syoog |Z Fal (| * ‘WoreyuRTg UoWeysog | 8
. . . “op ‘od G f¢ 0
: : * Sonids puv spoompavTzT e PL q
ee OT svpsnocy * ‘gonads “uly SJ09g e Ez alee : ‘WAPO}.L9480q =!
; ee: * ‘eondds ‘ay sjoog | zg | fe | | ** “moqaegsoq seyseq | 9
"ttt teonads “ay sjoog |g fat | Samer |g
* ‘gonads pur ‘IY sjoog *spoompavyy | oT} SGC
. : * “qouq ‘aonids ‘1y 8300 T G7. nme . * “preyed |
: ; : ; * _ ‘yvo AporyO |g Z y | * ‘sdraqg sum omy | g
: Teli ge ee “ Sontag og lo mes > ‘ppleE Snoy woysog” |Z
“= * “qujdod ‘uye ‘wepre “ty syoog ee |e ae
: : * “yourq faonads ‘ay syoog ‘A $e a
: > Iy svpsnoq ‘eonads ‘xy syoos A + q
‘ : : “sonads pur wy sjoog I fo, |» | ° . + SMe yy I
Q
“4s0q 6
€ ON E
‘soloodg judioutg ae *SsoloV 5 “dOOA, TO ANVN Bas
Aqyenh E ’
DATZLIOY 5
‘ ‘HTOUIQ DNIMHOAA GOO A\-LIG WH NI GASINdKOD SGOOA, AO LSIT—VY XLIGNUddV
“Ue SULYIO A UI JOU—sSpoompazey so10¥ 9
66-S68T UT pequed aq OF
“yeaig-pulm jusueutted sore FL
“66-8681 UI AY s300g 14TA payooqsaa aq Oy,
Ned SUTYIOM Ut ou—-spoompary oaov F
"66-868 Ur pazuetd aq oF,
“66"REST UL paxoojser aq 03 ‘saaoe ¢
“66"SEST UL paguryd oq oF,
“66-681 Ul pagueyd aq of,
“URI SULIAO AA UI JOU—SpooMpaey Jo sasoe Fog
“6B-S6ST Ul payurid aq oF
$808 ‘POL
a “Q “AXXX S| oe Pee Om TON 8 | fer |" | ° ° ‘yaeg peoqyoeg
POE | Sb i aes 2 a oe : ‘peoayoryg
se DENIES ces | SOB oo nt ‘spoompaeyg Ayergo | _§ | $9 Se ‘qust0u105)
* ‘GAREX| 1g Go|: ; ‘aonids puv ay sjoog | | $9 | |‘pooay aaenbg preuopunq
‘op od j : : ‘Ig sjoog pur vonadg i ral q
“Q (AXXX ‘ G "AXXX F 9g 7 . ¢ ‘gonads pue au $4009 G ae GS D - q “IIMA pleuopundg
= 7 ane z “epeoy
G "AXXX | ae ies puv ay syoog eS Foe . ; “primsmog
x Ri. 02¢-4 Olah ae: ‘gonads pur ay sjoog g g : - ‘diyg primsmog
Ca mete ss (2 ee ee eee ‘gonads pur IY syoog g Gon : > ‘uamquecy
= ‘GraxEx | -Z ce | - ‘spoompary par ‘eonads ‘ay syoog (G Gee — fAqaen® prey yy
__ (9 "AXXX !@ ‘AXXX A GOEE RE SECRIER pue ‘aonads ‘ay syoog I G as * ‘Hprayamyqy
od a 09 ‘spoompreH | =@ | 1 p
‘od cas cain oak: ‘LOST UI petty dor | f | & | 2
9 ‘AXXX E rah otis Sa sp 9
{OE Ce Se'c A NG 9.6 tf Y ‘avig ysueyy
: ‘OT (AXXX Fe isio) , ¢ “spoompiey pus iy syoog (on Tt ea ‘Ayyvq yoouy
‘OL “AXXX :Q ‘AXXX (ij Se “op ‘od ¢ | ¥¢ es
vs "9 “AXXX OL Spee ena yy fsonads puv ay sjoog | = =| G |__| *‘sqfog yseqq [ruses
‘od ue : * — *peyooqs yad JON G 6 oe
wal G ; ; * “qoveq puB IY s}00g & ¥¢ g
Q "AXXX] 7" meyer ria 33 ' _ ‘ojdeur puv ag sjoog | § | 8 | 27]: : ‘T[LUISAeyS
= Vid AXxX G Y “abies > ‘qoreiueld pexryl g al : eo ‘yavg Aaten?) ureqioy,
: *LCAXXX |G OOR is : : qi et : ‘I2O G ¥1 ‘qeg Arend wreqtoy,
. Sparse | piel Lop rise : ‘sonads puvagsjoog | ¢ | FF aa - ‘preqyueg
od oa Blin swomele : ~~ ‘sonadg ¢ . q eas sy ae
ie ent Poe aweme | IZ | 09 ; : : ; : ‘_ *¥20 e Go| *pooM SWoyvag
"9 “AXXX P CP : = ‘sonads pur ay sj0oC g for ee ‘sopliqsured
a 1*°9 'S °G SAXXX Z : ; : ‘sonads pure iy syoog I fog F dulled : ‘sso, UIVq.IOT,
fee _ 9 AXEX | T_|.209 *_ ‘spoompaey a eke lleva) a ‘sty Uaplep
Q CAKXE <2) SAREX. fetes “pexooys qo JON ¢ g ee .
ig T'S 2 oa emt ee fare (cee “apes * %onidg Aan i q
eK ige 858s ie Sth _ °° ‘aonids puw rg syoog | Z| FG bi it Na ; * ‘quinpAy[Ny,
‘0d he ites : : * — “payooys yok JON “a eT 9
iG, AXEX | BG | OF | - i ; * ‘spoompaeyy G G Q
‘s “AXXX $G *AXXX_ eee sae i . ; tae i nee on ars le e . ‘apisAuung
"% "AXXX eS "pay04s oA JON @ z es ie
"9 “AXXX g 7 * ‘omg | ¢ | # 2
‘op ‘od P cP : ; “op ‘od § 8g | @
OmARES, 7 CARE |) oT |: pines ‘gonads pur 14 syoog g og | 2 : * “mepuepie9
a ee oe i ae ‘spoomprey pue ‘sonads ‘ay sjoog |Z
ori A
panies
ed ae
eS
OF
68
8&
eae
9s
gg
GE
>
‘solOW 06 “HIONWHLIVY—"l ‘ON
*payeys astMaeyjo sseyun
‘sgoy}0 oy} 03 sorfdde yuowyardutos ysiy ayy Jo WorydLtosep ot] ‘s] MOTUZARAULOD ALOU LO OAL} JO S}SISUOD POOM ¥ ALOT] \\ — "97047
‘SdOO\, AHL dO NOMLAINOSACT
; ‘gonads pur ay sq0og oy YFLM UoTZ @ Aqyenty
ra -CLOOSSE UI SB[Snog oy} Jo ssoasoad oy} yo} oF ‘(p) Jo yeyy uvyy eTqvot
5 SUysocozUr oq [[LM 4 “woz Surmfur o1v yeyy wy -1ad atow pure saodoap [log
3 sjoog oy} Jo soyouRaq oly Hurmez1oys Aq Worpoo4 "pjo savas ZL ‘sepsnog “TINOs 07 adoys aTJUAX) *pooMm
eS -oad aambat Mou oonids oy} JO spooYs Surpvoy oT AMOS TFTA ‘gonads pue ay sjoog | oy} Jo uorsod uteysve-Yynog p q
4
‘poqordutos aq prnoys ‘opis 4soa\ oly *T Aqrpeney
5 UO JET UL pootourUtod ‘(4[aq-1oZ[9Ys) Ywocq-pULA ‘pls JSaM WO PULA 07 poesodxG
| ay ‘200 Ye YIM JTwOp oq p[NoYs opis YINos ; “LEST pure ‘968T
p oY} UO TOATG OY, *SLaJIWOD oY} JO 4So.LoFUT otf} UT CEST UL pourerp vale ot}
= Aressooou soviooeq sty} ocotpar Yourq oy} Ave yuo ‘apis yynos uo AT[e | JO palyyz-ouo qnoqy *ato}s
a 0} puv ‘spoom Joyo outos ut quasatd ye op Lory -oodsa ‘ypottq WaAos-jfos AURUL are -pues Wo Surysot ‘[losqns
a) se ‘oonads oy} Jo syooys Surpeoy oy} oanfur oy | otoyy, ‘stvod p MoU ase osR.loAy pues pure Avpo YILA ‘ssoul
. urSeq Loyy pmnoys ay s}oog oy Jo soypueAq-apIs | “AY sjoog YI JEST UL dn payyy | Wo *EAoT JsouuTe puny
= roddn oy} uoqoys 0} ydaoxe ‘soate Surmuryy | sorourova ‘uryy L10a do.o $suvok J "400J OO OF JooJ NOS JO UO
a JO] oUt} oY} [UN ouop oq uo oLoM Burgon | ‘vonads owos yy “(ourd) ay szoog | -BAdjfo UR yw spURys ATHUAYPTEY to. ”
= 4 MT ara oe NS . Petad J!
5
e ‘SHILULY PUB “FUOUTPBOLT, Loy sOTysessng (86ST Wt Eni: enya) “AqITROO'T JO SUOTJIPUOD "S010 eeanien
val
fo)
a=]
ty
fo)
nm
zi
)
=
1S)
a
wn
Zi
<
os
a
‘d XIGNUddV
250
251
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
‘g Aqrpengy ‘pros
ay} JO YQnos oyy WO 4som
“1ajgJoYys B Sv pUd 4SaM 7B TOIEq ALOT) ‘pjo svok og ‘Azyenb =| pure ysvo Surmuna ‘drys [aaoy
‘oonds YqIM yur[diepun pur ‘s9014 1oleyUt eAoway | 1ood Jo spooaprey jo dos uryy VY | Jsoue uy “jooy ogg ‘uoreARTA |Z
‘Ue[d UI saloy GZ ‘SdIULG SNIVJT AINDIQ—'S “ON
| *g Aqipengyy *Avyo
| Amro], doaq = *[oAey] ysouly
| ‘(q) Sure oruNTO—gE “ON JO
| ‘][PM | LoJPOYS Jopun pur Ysvoa oypy
| AtoA Sutop pur “gggT poyurtd aonadg | 07 sory “yooy QOE ‘MorRAcTA g
‘soloy € ‘AIT HOAMOY NoLVoq—'z ‘on
‘Opis som
ey} UO paysi[qeysa aq plNoys yeerq-puLM reas _ aetdod pur ‘ue ‘pre ATpedtoutad
-iod Y ‘sdnois ur pueys 0} pomore oq Avu | ‘spoompavy yyIM gggT ut dn poT[y
Aoyy etaya soovyd ur qdeoxe ‘ssurauryy Sutmp — sorouwvova { sav gc ode oSvioae “plo
peaoulat o [[IM Spoomprey ayy Jo Aueur ATqeqorg | suvak g 07 Z ‘IY sjoog Jo uoryeyURTY
"qooy GZ JO S[RAIojUT ye pozuRyd ‘savok 0g
-19jUL Suteq your, ‘oontds YAM poexyoojser oq | ‘asy ‘youtq pur ‘sonads “ry szoo9
Seu punois oy} pure ‘oun Aue ye popjay oq Avy jo doao ozozduoour pue ySnoa L193,
@ Aqrpenty
*10]JOM
PEIPMOULOS YN “41 OF LeTTUITG
‘(q) Jo qsom puke yynos 4V
% Append
‘WT 07 aeptus pure “(q)
quourjaedutod Jo saa oy OF,
fl
§8
TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
252
‘apis ysaa ay} uO paammbeaa
SI YRoiq-pula quourutod yp ‘spRAdoyUT apt
qe your, YQIa ‘uMos Apreprurts oq Aut Ty sjz0og
oq STYY UIATIA, ‘sSoyoyed ur ourpd pue ‘Ro
‘yoood YIIM UMOS oq PTHOYS Soprs Soar pure y4L0U
ayy Suoye ‘apra spared 0% uvyy sseT you ‘47eq
VY ‘“punoj atoya 4Joy Sutoq spoomp.arey sursruio0ad
jo sdnoas { ow Aue ye porjoy oq Avut doszo pyo oy,
‘tye pur ‘aurtd ‘yoooq sve} v ar
OY, "PULA AY} poJSIsol sey 41
OLY A [TOM oop sey donadg ‘ouo0s
snyg sey doa oy} JoJTRy-euo0 ynoqy
‘sopIs ySaM pue YILOU ayy Wo ATTR
-woodsa ‘puta oy Aq soovyd Aweut ut
poaarepo ueeq sey doo oy ynq {plo
sivok 9g qnoqe ‘aonids pur 1 sjoag
"T Append
‘ysoM pue Y4ZIOU ay} Woy
SpULM SnoLesuep 03 pasodxe
you, ‘deep aeyaou pus
‘sanvyd ut morpeys AdoA [10g
. "gSaai 07
adoys o]}U0d B sey qnq ‘oAeT
Ajarey ST poomM oY JO woTy
-lod W10YJAOU IO LOYStY oYT,
199} OSH OF 9097 00E ‘WOHVATA | 9%
Dp
‘saloy Fog
‘d1d1ATIVG—F ‘ON
‘QTOILO SULYAOM
pooM-Iq oY} UL popnpout oq Jou [TIM yuoewy4aed
“10D SIT, ‘1oJTPOYS pazoye 07 ATyUoYsNs uMOAS
sey drys Ulojsve otf} 1oqye WII 4yvop ALreprurts
oq prnoys diys u1ojsoa oY, “ULSTeUL UW.10jsve
ayy uo oonids Jo Mor ev yy ‘dis oy Jo opis
qsoM oy} wo (atoutrods) ourtd pur ‘Pooeq ‘Ro
YGiA 3ooqsor pure ‘syRo PlVpURYS OT} JO 4soq oy
Suruniad pure SuLaes ‘9048 oY IOAO yn ‘oTqrissod
SV MOOS SV TIA J[vop oq pTNoys diay4s Uloysve oY,
‘sdiys OM} UT YRoIq-pura quouviidod v sv qeory,
‘SILO pur “YUOUZoI]T, LoJ suOsosoNg
‘ArOpORSTPeS Ng Suryy
-Aue Sutoq qynser oy ‘oonads pue
Uy sjoog YIM poquepdiepun uoseq
OAL SYVO POUMO.L-MOT JO sprepueyg | YINos pur you Suruuns duyg
(‘S68 UI 4eYY St UoATS oS y oy.)
‘dorg
*pvold ot} JO ysve OY] OF
§Z
*AqIpRoO'T JO suOTZTPUO|
‘soloW
“que UL
-qredut0g
‘PINUYUOI—SATULY SNIVIY TINATO—'S ‘ON
253
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
*(1#% ‘d vas) sazod
pessorddns pur ‘Surkp ‘peop jo requinu v jo
woryonpord oy} ut poqpuset sey doro oy] Jo YyAoIs
oY} SB UOOS Sv apRUL oq TIM SUIUUIYZ 4sIy oT,
‘solo O14
wouy syteds ysurese uoroojord v se ‘oury Avayret
ey} Swope pasret oq prnoys spoompaey jo yfoq y
“YI WoqvoIyy
eri IY 8}OoG oy} JO sayouRIg oY} SurtoqLoYs
q eontds oy} aAeTfet 03 dopo Ul ‘sTRAtoqUt
WIOYS YW poOOM oY} 4ISIA 0} Arvssodou oq [TTA
FE STU} Joao 07 pus f MoYRJOL oY Jo pus oY} 04
uorsodoid onp ut omm4xtu oy} UreJUTeUT 0} aTqr
“USOp SI 4] *adU0 4B 0} Uses oq PTHOYs sIyy pur
‘sonids oy} Jo syooys Surpeay oyy Sutan{ur st ay
sjoog oy} ‘sdnoas ur you axe sotoads 0M oy} ot0Y AA
‘suvok
Maj JXOU oY} Suutnp Aressooou oq
[UM SUTUUIYY 7eq4 WoryRotput 10y{40
AUB O10T[} ST JoYZIOU Sse013 possard
-dns io ‘Surt{p ‘prop jo AqyyUenb ‘g Aqipenty ‘soprs
etqveoyyou Aue jo woryonpo.d yynos pue ysom Uo pur
oY} UL pozuset yok you sey voue | 0} pasodxm -Avmpret Woy
-4SIXO TOF opHsnAzs oy} nq ‘Ar1ojoRy | oY 0} Opts 4see-YINOS UO
-siyes Ayisuog ‘soovyd ur sdnows | posodxe yon ‘yydep poor
Suru1oy soreds oj oyy ‘word ‘AvpO Aop~noq Fs wo [Los
“Un OINYXTPL “plo stwok gt ‘oonads | yrog ‘odozs useyynos op Us
pue ay syoog jo uonvzuryd poxty | AtoA “qooy OZZ ‘UoNRAcTy|| ZT
|
‘SalOY JI “UIA AINAIQ—"g¢ ‘on
‘aps ysaa oy} Uo paamnbot
SI Yword-purm quourumoed YW ‘sTeAsezUL opt
4B poonpodzur oq [ITM youey ‘ssvas osrvoo YAU
pet9A00 ST pUNods oy} “pus ysvo oY} 4v SB ‘oLOTTM
yt Suyurd pue ‘syods morpeys exoum ay uo
qt Surmos ‘oteyaosyo oourds ostet pue { punoss
AYor alow pue sep oy} uo soyoyed ur ay
Spoog Mog = ‘otut? Aur ye popay oq Avett doro pro oy,
"T Aprpenty
‘diys UWtoyynos oy} UL puR
‘stvof | GQsvo oy} spreao} punois
0S ynoqe ‘asy ‘ly sjyoog pur | 109J0q pUe JoAdT odOU oULOg
aontds poos AyTarey owos st ator} ‘ornsodxe WLOYINOS B
puNnors JoAey, atour ayy UG ‘ontea | Sutavy ‘fyoor L19A pur dooqs
OU LO 9]}}IT JO Soot} YIIA poyxoojs | 4aed qsout oyy Loy st punows
Ayuryy st odops usoygnos doojs oy, | ey} ‘noryazod uroysnos oyy up| $¢
9
254 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
“GU UJIAL poXTULe} UL
Surg yorry Moy v ‘ato Mose LY sjoog pue “xyRatq
-pUIM OY} ULYYIM puUNoAs Aor oy} wo repdod yueyq
‘a1oyz ourtd pue yro queyd : yZLoU oy} WO UrRaL}s
ay} SuUoTR Yroiq-pura v UrejUTeTY “YINos puv
YIAoW WO saat} toyn0 ydaoxe ‘dots pyo oyy Avave yup
‘SUIUUIYY SAY Of} JO SULT} OY} [IQUN poyvorput
oyun, Suryjou fay sjoog wow oonrds yoopoig
qyoyt oq Avur ‘Yse oy} Jo owos puv ‘sound oy} Jo
uorsod v ‘Morze}01 Yuasaad oYy JO pus oY} 9B YVYy
atqeqord st 4] “Ay SJoog oy} ysurEde woroojoud
sorambet oontds oy, “peaoulet oq Mou prnoys
JOpUIVULOL OY, ‘86-ZEST JO 1PUIM oYy SuLmMp quo
pouUTY] OL0M TOY} JO JSOUL pUR ‘sAefTHOD oT{} Jo
sjooys Surpee, oy} Sutmfur Aysnorsos oq 07 punoy
otom ‘yyMors pidea toa opeur qorya ‘sxepdod oyy,
*soaloV 0G
*qUATOLOUL
penuuvou ATpeoroead spperk ou pur
‘pura yytou Xq poseurep youu dog
‘suvok Qf ‘ody ‘your, pue oonads
autos YIM spoomprey Jo dos uryy W} eyg Jo uonwod ypRxywe oy,
‘uepnsett ApIsuogq™ *“WAUeT
Sutop ore yorya ‘ouerd pue yoood
jo splepurys plo Mey py ‘saved [TT
‘Sy ‘sep[Snocy pu ‘uo ‘yse ‘owed
Sunok owtos yA ‘oontds pure cy szoog | ep uwex)
‘NICNOLUALSOJ—"2Z ‘ON
‘suvak § ‘ody
"IUOY YSNOAYY pa.tozyvos Yoood pur
‘gueyd ‘yse ‘repdod yg ‘eontds
pue ay sjoog poxtur jo dos cepnsoaty | “4oaF OOS OF 409 OST “UOYVao[|
*g Aqrreney
"g Aqipenty
yo ‘Avpo Apwes uo snumy
ysouy Jo yydep poos punoas
wysry ug ‘edoys AyAeyyL0u
*ttos Ayeod
"ooJ 00S “WOLZRAdT|
cg Aqyeng’y “26ST ul pourerp
SPM JOM SB YORAM ‘WoL.to0d
LOMOTOYT, “Yoorgyeseq surf]
-tepun Jo uorsodumodap ory
woLy Surypuset ‘Avpo Apurs wo
[tos Aurvoy Jo yooy ev ynoqy
‘qSaM-Y4AOU 07 ado]s opQUex)
(‘S68 UL JBY} SI WOAIS oS omy)
‘doip
>-
“AqITROO'TT JO SUOTJIPUOD,
‘soloy f¢
‘NOLULLSOT AALSVA—'9 ‘ON
‘poom |
al 2
Bz »
£8
| queur
Sa.10V -qarduog
255
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
‘youad
urd URUL & Wey FYStey oy 07 du “woys oy} OF
asopo ‘pounad AT[HJorvo oq prnoys sowed qesunok
ayy JO aTqeNTeA oLoul oY, ‘Stajtuoo oY ornfur
Aoyy oroya ysv pur ‘ourpd ‘youq 1oplo oy} Jo
soyouriq oy? woytoyg ‘sonads soanfur yt e1oyA
IY s}Joog oy Jo soyourrq oy} woytoyg ‘sdnoas
ur Moas AvUt FF otoyparosyo { steyTUos oyy Surmmfur
SI qT oloyM Youtq Sunok 9aowtot to Yowq ssot(]
‘pounad ATpeq spooa
-plvET “Ay sjoog eyy Wosy WoL}004
-ord spoou aonads of} pus ‘s.toj1u09
ayy 07 Anat s_qetopiswoo ouop set
Youq oy, “Yourq pur “yse ‘sounyd
Jopfo oulos puR “YoITG UWMOS-j[as
autos osye { pro savod ZT souryd pue
syRO OOS YIIM “IY sjoog pue sonadg
‘@ Aqrpend
‘YOM oq OF pourpouy ‘Avo
Apuwes op Wo ureoy YoRyq
MOT[VYG ‘punois [eAoT
100} QOS OF 109F OG “WOIVRASTA
“OPIS Ulo}SaA OY}
LO poyYsTTgeyse oq plnoys yrotq-pura quourutrod y
‘S[RALO}UL OpIA ye poyuvypdroyzut oq AvUt
Yoley {J[VyY Wioyynos oy} WoO TY syoog pue F[ey
TOY}AIOU oy} WO donAds YYLA poxojsat Woy SuTeq
punois oy} ‘opqissod se woos sv Yo porve[o oq
PIMoYsS FL pur “YMOAS o794T] NG SULRUL ST doto oy, pue ay sjoog poxrut
‘saloy FIZ “IIVHTIVGNVS—'6 ‘ON
| ‘pasvastp youu
youryT ‘stvok og ynoqe ‘easy “puo
Nos oy} 7e AYoryo ‘spoompaey, pue
| YodeT oUlos osTR ale lo, “puo
you ye oonids Ayeryo £ sonads
jo dow urnyy
*z Aqipen?y
‘apis 4Soai WO pUIM 07 pasodx@
‘qpeseq SutAyLopun
jo uorisodumoosp v8 wolf
Sunset ‘Avjo Aputes 10A0
[los Aurvoy JO Joos vB ynoqy
‘YqIOU oY} 07 edoys opus
AWA YAM “4oo] OES SWOTPVAOTY,
‘soloy ESL
‘sooryd uado ut poxtumtezut oq Avut youeyT “pozueyd
-lapun eq you [IIA yoryar ‘doso pro eyy Jo sdnoas
aavoy ‘soovpd ur Lavoy 00} Woy} SI LoA00 0} JT
pure {sooq} Loftoyur [fe eaower osodind styy 104
‘oonids YIM Suywepdiopun oy APUaIoyyus Jno uty, | Jdooxe
| ‘suvok OG ‘AsV
‘Aqrpeub ood Axa Jo oie $90.1} 0} JO
4sour ynq {dostop st doto oy} yey
(gq) quowyxeduios sapquiesoy | -odxaq
‘NOILVINVIG NOLUALSOJ—'*8 ‘ON
‘e Aqrpen’y “4svo-t[}.L0u ans
tp )
ECL
fe a)
‘noydtod ute}svo Ol],
=
256 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
‘sprvk ZZ Jnoqe ‘qYNos pur
‘gTOIIO BUTYIOM “You sunt yorym ‘drys jo
POOM-ITG oY} OJUT oUOD YOU [IM vole SITY, waprm ‘Avo Apurs ‘snorod
‘asn jo oq ABUL yey} Seet} opIsjno Aue Surdooy ao TROL Ysely Jo yydap poos
‘atqtssod se woos sv drys (uiojsvo) aomur 04g ‘pyo suvad og Vv ‘Yqtou 03 adoys opUex)
adTOMIUMOD + ‘*Sdi148 OMY UL Yeaiq-puIA wv se yeaty, | ynoqy ‘spoompzery jo doso uryy ATA — “Joo} OSE 07 Joo} NOG ‘UONRAdT| «FT | »
|
| | “¢ Ayrpondy
‘UR[q Ul say $g¢ ‘sdIULG 9NaqT—‘OL ‘ON
‘gonads ygia dn | ‘GZ Aqyengy “pooa oy} pue qt
yurtd pwe ‘apqissod sv woos sv qsor ayy Ave yuo | ‘savak Og ‘adY “spooaM | waaagod ‘peor Jo opis YoU
SApIs 1oyNO IO YYNOs oY} UO saat} pazoajes ove] | -pley pur zy sqjoog jo doszo ur AroA | Suope Surmuns diys motu y | F¢ 2
‘Md WAOISINO oAvy Aoyy [YUN
worjoajzoud poot [pI sued Sunof
| 04} pure ‘spoad jo YAMoIs Suo01ys
AIA BSTOLYT, ‘“Yourq waos ATpea ‘% Aqypeng |
-ngeu ‘Sunok Aq potdnooo st a1ov we ‘ysouy Aq Aanfur 03 o[qeiy
‘spoom =| J[BY FROQY ‘géEST ur (szuvpd avo | [[4s st doto oy ynq ‘26gT
oy syurjd Sunok yoojotg ‘wedo surerp deoy | g-aweak Z) oonids yim du poyurfg | Ul pourerp sea punois oy. FeT q
: . ; UL YRYY St WAALS OSV at - “quoul
SHIVA pu “JUOUYRaLy, OJ sMOYsassug (‘8681 ur4 1 dom PY OU) AyrpRoorT JO suoIpUOD *SolOW gedaan
“PINUNUOImTIVHTVAONVS—'6§ ‘ON
257
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE,
*9[0A10 SULYAOM POO AA -FIq Pl} UL popnpoUL JON
‘sdoad-qid roy oonads YyIA pexoojs oq Woy prnoys
punois sy, ‘apqvores etour eutoveq ABUL seed} at[}
Way A\ ‘Os IO SIBOA JIPSTO LOYJOUR LOF PULYS OF POMOTLL
‘ese oseioay ‘ppo savok FI 09 2
‘savod OT
| qnoqe “Yorttq WAOS-Jfas “WSNOL YATAL
g Aqipenty ‘pues og tyr
uo Surjsot yeod pu sso Jo |
109} OMT, *“YQNOs ayy 07 adojs
oy RLIPOU B SRY TOTAL “YQLOU
ayy 07 drys ev ydooxe ‘TaaoT
109} OGE OF Joey QOE “Oy
aq Aeur yy ‘anyea quosoad opjqtt Jo st dow ey, peyxooqs ATuryy gated qsour ey} Aog | -eaopy ‘uoriod uroysve oy, | $41
‘UR[g Ul saloy g ‘SSO, DNTG—'IT “ON
|
‘twoddestp [[LM spooapzey eyg Jo Auvut | |
que ved} STZ dapun { satoeds 0} pAR5ar yNoYIIAr ‘snsuny e Aq poyorqye oq ‘e AY
‘g0ar} seq oY} IMOAR] ‘paammbad st SUTUUTY Wo A, 03 stvodde sonadg ‘sarod QT ‘osy -jen?) *4SoA\ pure 4svo SUNT 4
“AT[uyorva souryd pue syvo oyy Jo yseq oy} euntg | auetd ‘wpe ‘Yse ‘yuo “onards “uy sjoog ‘spared JT uoqe drys Jo yyprM | EL
"S[RALOIUL OPI 7v
PeXTWUI9ZUL SUTo Yole[ “Wy s}Oog YIM poxo03s
punois oy} pur ‘yoseq do ‘aud ‘yevo YALA
dn pay eq plmoys espey yse oy. Ut sotouRoe A
‘Q[OULO SULYIOM
pooM-Id ef} OFUT oUlOD JOU TIM voIe STY,
‘asn Jo oq AU yey} saery optsyno Aue Surdeey
‘gqqissod se uoos se dys (Uiejsve) IOUT oT}
aoMOWOD ‘SAIS OA UL Yvalq-pUIM ¥B Sv 4RaLT,
‘OPIS JSAM
ay} Wo Yse Jo eSspey IepNseat ue
SI oloyy, “plo saved Og ‘sip s}00g
MOF BANG Juasatd ye HUIYJOW sored
"po sarod Og
qnoqgy ‘spoompaey jo dor uryg A194
"eg Aqrpendy
‘spavd FZ qnoqe drys JO TAPIA | EE
‘eg Ayenh
‘spared ZZ quoqe drys jo YIPI «FL.
258 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
‘IY $JOOY YIM Jopureutor oy pue ‘oonads
YPM PALYZ LOMOT OT, “66-8EST UE popup oq [TEA\
*pourejzat aq Av
wey} Jo dnots v otoya ‘puso YQtou ayy ye qdooxo
‘pattaq1oys ac PlRoys seyoursg Tey} 10 ‘poaoute.t
aq prnoys Aoyy ‘seyt09 aut Sunnfur ove sxepdod
aol AA
“UY SJOOg otf} ysurese Woroe}0ad spoou oonadg
*z Aqypenty *Avpo aadaap v |
| SVY J[VY LOMO] OT, —“BLBseq
| SutAp1eapun jo cwortsodutoa
-op oy wow Suypuser ‘Cvpo
Apues Morppeys Frey seysry
*O[OMLD SULYIOM POO AA -JIq Of} OFUL toZWe VOU [ [LA
BAIR SI, ‘yYoood pure
‘oonads
YQIA punoss oyg gueidot pur ‘uoyRrjoa pooa-qrd wv
qnoysno1yy purys Av se sowed pue syvo yous
ATuo Suravoy ‘atqissod se woos sv punois oy} ave[O
‘ourtd “yro YALA 390980XT |
OL ‘You 09 odoys opuex
| “payooys qok JOU pUNO.L — "4o2] OO 0F 909J GZ WOHWATT | FOL q
| ‘e Aqrpenty “pura
‘suvak eT ‘asp ‘syRo oy 4saM 09 posodxq “Yow
_ Aypewodse ‘pounad ATpeq woeeq erry 04 adojs oywtepour RB YALA
SpooOMpley ey], “puoe YQAou oyy qe | “YsoM-YQNOS pUR 4svo-YL0U
aeydod SNOAOUTNU IIIA pu SAOTTLM | Suruuna ‘opr spared Og guoqe
puv ‘typo ‘ourpd ‘qorep owos qin =| digs yp ‘Aepo Apwes wo ureoT
onids pue ay syoog Jo wonrzuryg | ysotydooq? “yoo 00g ‘Morwaocry | FZ »
‘SaloV ‘SdIULG NVHLO(—'SL ‘ON
“OLVG MOU ST "RO *Z Aq
Jo dowo uryy & potato ‘APQUedat [HUE -LeNy ‘you ey} uo edojs oy, | = a
‘suvok QT ‘ose osvioay ‘our pue
‘yvo ‘YpoAIq JO spalepURys OULOS o.1e
| exot], “touUryy Youur st dow your %
ay guq ‘woryatod utoysva og ArT | -kqyendy ‘mortod utoqsom OY) = 8 q
| “quoUL
‘SYMVULOY PUL UOLUQVALT, LOY SUOLJSESSNG
(‘86ST UL FVYy SI WAALS OD oly) |
*doag ‘APITROOTT JO SUOTZTPUOD
“‘ponuyjuoo—ssoW ONAI—'LL ‘ON
iad & -qred w09,
259
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE,
"SLoJIOD 97} yoooAd 07 YRatq-puIA v
SB OST JOR [[IM Joq sIy, ‘“Moryezurtd oyy Jo ysor
dU} PARS 0} Jap1o UL ‘UIT out apIsHuoTe Spoomp.ey
JO Jaq ey} ejetduioo pur ‘poom oy} Jo atzuoo
ay} UI ‘AVA\TIVI OY} Iwo IY sjoog oy} UMop INO
‘sxefdod PUL SAMOT[IA of] WOT s.aztw09
“uorqod
UtoJSOM oy} Ur Yoyed ew quang
Apvorpe sey seurste oy} Woiy aly
*poaowtat aq
MOU JOUTIRD TOIL Jnq ‘osezWRApR
-sIp @ SI Yor Jo aouesord ot[y
‘sotoads 1040 poe ‘yoarq “Yyse “wus
jo spaepueys snot oulos o1e 9.10}
uoriod utojsvo oy up ‘sdnoas
ut Apoyo ‘stepre pur ‘sxepdod
‘SMOT[IM JIM ‘pro steoA eT ynoqr
"¢ Aqrpengy
‘ally JO YSll Jvats st ox0yy
pue ‘AvAyret Jo opis yyLou
uo sary ‘sqied ataMo] oY
UL JOM JRYAMoULos ynq ‘[tos
doap pooy, *yyatou 03 odoyts
a}RLopoU [RlotOs YIM “SUT
yjoq pur “I sjoog oy moi aonads ayy yoojorg | ‘vonids pue wy sjoog Jo uoTyRzUR[G -Je[NpUy “4oey QOS ‘UoKNwaoty | Fe
‘soloy £o ‘diutg AINATIO—'FT “ON
*O[OULD SULYLOM POO AA -BIq tf} UL ‘aonrddoa
pepnpour oq youuro 4r f ywatq-purAr quoweuttod ssoponyeaA ellos Yat ‘pro saved
B Se poyoojsal pUe patwo[o oq P[MoYs punols oy], | OL ‘see1} ooo ysnot jo doo uy V ‘g Aypeng *(v) 04 weprutg | FT
‘dois Sunok oyy |
YI YORU SULLeptopUL 10yqgryT oyy
Syooeq puB YO Jo sprepuRys Mey Bo
ale aLOYT, “Aly 8JOOY oy} WO ays
you soop sonids oy3 Apyuonbesuoo | %
pue ‘sdnoas at qaed ysour oy} «10J beulene ‘auoysuTM wo ARpo
aie aonids pur Ig s}oog oy, "YJNOs | Su0IYG “yoo} QOS 0} 300} 00ST
ATLAIYXO OY} FB OAR] OOS atv ALO, —- ‘ WOTPRAET A _ UHtoU 04 adoys
“IY 83008 YFTA poyooysaa oq PTROYs punows | ‘savok op ‘oSe oftioay ‘wioyyAouoy ayjuey ‘asp omg oF
a} UOTZeIOL oY JO pus oY YW ‘SeALle Suruuryy | -ut pro saeaX g ‘uorz0d utoyqnos oy | peeqtoaty wWoly prot orqnd
4S oY} of ory oY TUN UO MOAT qsntu doxo ay, | Ut ppo sawod eT ‘oonads pur wy syoog jo apts ysvo uo diys Moen) EL
‘uR[qd ur saty FT
|
“SdIULQG ULN— "Sl ‘ON
260 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
‘apis UlojsaM oly Suope patmbaa
SI YveIq-puIM JuouRutod Y ‘poquepd oq Av
donids ‘IF SOOY IOJ astap 00} sl apeYs oy} oL0T AL
‘a[qissod sv WOOS SB AY SJOOG TYLA peyoojsar pure Jo
pareeyo oq [TM dot a3 ‘suordeoxe osayy YQIM “nq
‘poulejzal Sat} PTO oY} Jo autos syst togartdoad oy, |
*9[OILO HUTYIOAL
PpOOM-Wq 9} UI papnyour oq Jou TIA vate sty,
"ysl
YBaId AIOA JV PULIS aSTALOYJO [[LA YOUpA ‘poor
dF JO Sar oY} OF ory WOT MOTQOoQ0Ad B sv ‘ABAT TRI
ay} Suoye ayqissod sv uoos sv pastet eq prnoys
—youg ‘opps ‘rejdod ‘mozpra—spooapaey Jo 4oq
Vo ‘ymsoa [ptm Amur snottos ostatoyjo ‘s1wod
MeJ B IO} WOTZUE}ZR osojo pux guonbay oamboa
[TM pur ‘spoom pu ssvid ostop Jo YZMOID YSrY
ve Xq peyoyo Sureq ‘soorrd ut ‘ore sqyurpd Sunod apy,
‘poprey-seqs Sureq woyy
jo Auvut ‘yo Surppey eave sp
oy ynq ‘TjeAd ouop sary
ea, ‘plo stwak gg ynoqy
OOMPIVY,
I szoog
"tpooaq
pur ‘ourtd ‘yse ‘yeo ‘tye ‘yo.reT |
‘gonads ‘1y sjoog Jo poom uedo {10 A | “2A OOE 03 3005 OGZ UONRAgy Fl
"‘SOIOW 6Z
‘“NACAINAIN— OL “ON
°g Append, *ysoay
0} pesodxe pur yom ‘Avo
Apurs Suoys ‘uoys0d poaoT
pues “ysty “uteysoa oy,
‘sdnoas yeube wr eueyd pure
‘Wipe ‘YRO ATM oFe sivod OM} poyUryg
“MHOT}RIUL
td ayy jo
a[pprlut oyy qnoqe ‘punows swysry
ey} Uo peyuexyd wy pur quuyseyo
-asLoy JO Sdnoas [pews OA} av 19], |
“Ol
qsurese uorneoaid v sv ‘paysnoyd
qdexy, ueeq sey ‘ABATIVI OY} UOT
spark og pue ‘apr qooy cy diys y
‘sontds pur IY sjoog YIM pezursg |
‘aloe ot}
02 squetd QQe¢g ynoqr—pjo sivok Z
(*S68T Ul YeYQ SI WeATS 9
‘dog
DV OL)
“URT d
UL SALW Z/
‘e Aqyenty “peor orjqud oy
JO opis Aton oy} Suoype Sura
“unt ‘opr spied oot diys y
G AU
-jeng) ‘soursue ABATTeL WOT]
oly 0} posodxe YOuNTT ‘96ST
ul poureaiq ‘Avayrer Aq
| You uo pur ‘apis ysve Supe
goa, ‘Aupo Apurs ‘pavy uo
| Suysat Yros Aywod ‘morpeyg
| ‘Ytou 03 oadojs yysTTg
‘302J 0OE 09 409} OGG “UONLae]y
“AqIROOTT Jo SMOTZIPUOD
‘MUVd HOMOY—'GT "ON
oT
GL
‘S0.10V
|
|
q
“yueuL
-q.red ato)
261
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
‘puUIA ysuTeSe woTpoyord v sv ‘Sopts
qsoM pur YyLou oy} WO pourezureM oq p[noys
spoompaey ayy, ‘ese AyT18e Ayoatyeredii09 & 4
Avessooou aq ATqeqord [[IM Suraaryy “9048 sunos
ayy jo Aystop yuosaad oy} Jo aouenbastoo UT
‘sanvd o[qe}IMS UT STBATA}UL opt 7B paonporzUl
aq MOU WAAG FYSTUL SoyoIe] MET VW ‘pooar-g1d 10]
parmbes st Yoram ‘y spoog ay} Jo 4setoqzUT oy} UT
paoglios aq [EM Sspoompavy oy esey} episyno pur
‘pouLIo} aq [LAr wtat{} Jo sdnoaS aos ‘to S905 oUIy
se ‘Ajqeqorg *AqMoIIp B seynqT4Stt09 ‘sooeyd U1
SsnosotINnu 918 TOT AM ‘SpooMp.lel] ot oO aouasard colt
. « Aba
‘suvok 7 ‘asv ostaAY *]]94
sastmioad ynq ‘Ayosopo ATLtessoooutin
poquepd sea Torta. “ty syoog TFT
o8e sara ooiyy dn poly eto sero
-unoe A “sTIAeem Aq 9e}4e 07 “Pres
ist qt ‘Surmo ‘pores yrvd ysout oy}
1oy sey dodo styg, ‘“spooaparey jo
sotoods Auvur pur ‘ourd uvwyqsny “Uy
TOATIS ‘qoary ‘aonads “ty szoog TATA
o8e sinaXk xis porurypd sear punots otf J,
‘SaIOV §2B
‘qoOM BAVAOS— "LT “ON
“Ig svpsnog aand
YJIM pexyooys oq FYSTUA punois oy} Jo uoyaod VW
‘payurpdiapun oq JOU paotl asat{} ‘soovyd ur punoj
are spaepurys Jo sdnois ‘apr woeeq svly aa.15ep
sty} jo Surmuny 8 wey JT ‘savaA AYIOJ LOJ
sAOIAUIT PUR PARIS 0} pozoodxo JOU ST YOITA 4Je]
aq pmMoys ead} ON ‘SprepUyS sv Jo] Suyoq $90.1}
Suistuioid ysour pwe ysoq oy} + Woxe} oq osno0o
jo yp ‘Auear iw toy} YOryM Jo ‘sde1} AOLOF
“uy ‘dogorapun we sB_ poysitqeysa eq OF aonads
ayqeua 0} AYuoroyus Surmuryy Aq euop oq Avut
sty} pue { erqissod sev woos sev doio Meu B doNpory
“UL 0} aTqeaisop ST JI ‘seoUBIsUINOITO asoy} TOpUf)
“kyrowdvo [[Qy spt 07 dn ATAvou Surppers you st [10s
ay} pur ‘aq pTNOYs FF Fey MOTEq YORUT ST aoe
gad JuetuoroUT TeNUUR oy} “YZMOIS pood Suryear
pue AyAeoy axe 9013 oyy Jo AUeUT ysnoyy ‘aiox |
\
‘sunak ag ‘any “aq
plmoys 41 yey Ar\opq TPoNUT st yt ING
‘(m) quomyredtmoos UL Weyy 10} R018
st Ajistep oy, ‘“Yore] pood autos
pue ‘oonids poos AtoA otlos TIM
‘SpuLy oAoqe ot7} JO Spoompzrey Ayetyo
‘z Aqyent “Joa 0} SuLUTpOUL
qsiopy ‘Aevpo Apues uUryy
a1ayMosTa § puUvS OFT TO
qrod Med ‘apts YBIOU Wo TOG
‘adozs Apratycou apzWeD £10 A
109} OSE 0F 199} OOS “WOTPBATY
‘e Aqpene) “Joa ST [IOS ot}
saortd uy ‘sopts doozs qetpAt
-oULOS YIM “YZIou pue 4svo
-Yqdou 0} JsoM-YNos SurauNA
woyiod wag oO oULAvI OY L,
TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
a
262
“IY 8300g oY4 AsuTRSe poqoozoad oq ysnut oonads oY,
“Ayprdea Sur
“MOLD SI ‘pro siwok PL MOU ST TOUpA
‘doio oy, ‘posvastp AyTpeq sea 41
asneoaq ‘ase Jo sivof G 4B JNO 4NO
udeq Suravy soreds styy Jo ysou
‘quasar vB ate a.1oty Wety YOAV] oot
Auvut AT[VUISIIO a19M atopy, “Yse
pure ‘ypoooq ‘yRo “YyoOIR] Moy B TIM
‘gonads pur ay sjyoog Jo dowo poxrut y
%
Ayipeng’y *spvoa Aq patdnooo
aie sation §g% <AvpO ontq
waao Avpo Apues daap AToze
Topo] ‘adojs AT Aoyg..ou
Sys ya ‘easy Aparey
‘199] OOF 0} 109F OGE ‘UoRAdA | Fae
‘soloy §Ze
“AIvssadoU oq [LA SuUUTY atoyoq osdvyo
qsnut sive owlog 0} Uwaes oq plnoys odvureap
aL ‘syuryd peuoyrppe ur 4nd 07 07%] 003 ou st
YW “AY sqoog oy} ysurese oonads oyy yooqoad Apav]
“TWUIS PUB | 19}4BT OY} JO soyouRAg oy Suruoqzaoys
Aq ‘spoompaey oy} ysurese satayruoo ayy 4ooqoAg
“SYAVULOY PUB GUOUIZVaLT, Lo] sMOTYsOS sug
‘saloy §G
jo aby
‘one svok
XIS Jno wayRZ atam ‘ULIeY Sutop
AIOM TOTAL TOA oulos puR “YO.1R]
pasvastp owog ‘sivaf gt ‘dow
‘uolIpuod AYQTReyUN ue
UL ST TOYA ‘YoIep OF oTqepTUsuN
Aros AqpwoorT = ‘aonads oxy Sutantar
SI Ay S}OoY oy} puUR ‘sdaytMOD oYy
pommlur oavy soyoutq pure ‘suepdod
‘SMO[[IM og, ‘“sureip jo yur
pur Surmuyy-taa0 07 Surmo “Quy sty
003 doig ‘wya pue ‘yro ‘ouryd
‘yourq Sueypdod ‘aozptm Sourd weoIis.0p
‘youey AMZ B YALA ‘aonads pwr uy szoog
‘NIGUVO MEN—'6L ‘ON
*@ Aqyent
‘ysoy 03 yoolqug ‘saoryd
UL Jom 03 4stopy “yydop
ayetapour jo weoy Apues
JYSvT = ‘YyYALou oyy uo ureaays
03 Ayues Surdojs ‘SurdT
“MOT = *499J--00Z
(6ST Ul JVYQ SL WOAIS OSV oT)
*doag
“AUDITION NYAGNAGUVI)— "ST “ON
UOTYRAOTH
"6
§¢
19 Bg
wy. -qaeduiog
263
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
“aUULOd
0} savok autos doy VaYVJLopUN oq [TM SuruUTyy
qsay oy} yeyy AjoyTUN 41 siopuot do1o oy} jo
WOTJIpUOD oY, ‘sepsnog jo woryeyueyd B WLOF OF
gourd quaT[ooxe WR aq P[NOA Wo]s ay} Jo opts [INOS
ay "Uo sMoss doso of] SB S}LOU Tot]} WO pozCo.l}
aq Jsnut spoomprey potoqyeos LoY}O OL ‘sotoods
asot} YJIM poxoojs woeq oavy JYSTUL punois MOT
ay} Jo epoyM oy, ‘sdnoas urroy Ao} o.to1pM ydooxa
paurezor oq you ATqeqoad [LEM Aoyy oto} WaAO puw
‘SUIUUTY} UL posaoutot oq [[LA sivjdod pur SMoy[IM
ayy jo ysour yeyy AToytT St 4 ‘KoypVa ayy jo
wlojj0q ayy 4V ydooxy ‘vonads ayy Jo WotopUT Of}
Ul pozRery ATIVTTUNIS oq plNoys Ty spoog oy} puv
‘sraftu09 oY} Joojord 07 ‘Aressadot alot pouozLoys
aq prnoys avpdod pue AMoz]Ia ey} Jo soypurtq OL
|
“Af 8}099
‘oyy qsurese uoroojoid soatmbot
gonads ayy pue ‘saoe[d UL saazrutoo
ayy Surmfur ore repdod pue MOTTE
‘savok g{T ‘a0Vy
‘peol olf} opissuoye oondds sarzuoyW
Moy B pue ‘spoompcey PUR TOIT
Moy B TIM foontds puv cy 8jO9g Jo
doxo uryy AYsot pure avpnsatat At9A
(qe soovjd ut yom
‘e Ayrpenty “Wes
ayy Jo uorqy10d W18}soM-T]4.L00
IO (MOT OY ST (7) Juout
-qyaediog =" puIM WOd} pote,
-foys youu Ato A — *UL07}0q,
+ MOTAC
daop ‘doz qe doap Ajarey
fauojspues SurAyiao Avo
Apurg ‘doojs sopis y}oq
uo sodotg joa} OG 0} 402J
00g ‘Koeacpy ‘toyVA Jo
trays ve Aq pastoAvty pure
Qsam-YQtou 0} 4svo-T[ZNOS
WWI] SUMTUNA UeLS 10 BULARI
‘saloy F8L ‘“NUANaduvO—'TZ ON
‘syiqqva Aq Aanfur coyycny
qsuiwse pozoojoad oq ysuut doi ayy, “Worzezo.L
puooses v soy ydox aq Ayqeqoad [TPA Woy, JO 4Soq
oy} ‘Moro Juosard oy} JO pus oy} ye puB * PUTA
‘apIa spavd OE OF SL SE Fd OF
arayM “YZHos ayy uo ydeoxe ‘api
spark ZT ore yor ‘szfoq ut do.to
WIBUL OY} YJIM paxTUe Wed oABt]
‘TOIBE YIM ‘spooaptety ‘apts 4Soar
ayy Jo J[ey Utorynos ayy wo ydooxg
‘sotoods oules
ay? YIM ose savok om} poyojs
-al SBAL ‘TIAooM Aq pure szIqqet
fq pokoysap [sour ‘pyo svat
ayy Woy siaytMOD ayy Joozord [ILM Spoompzey oT,
‘gonads pur ty sjoog jo uoyeyueyd
% Ayyendy, “FSO
‘YL MOTE AUOJSpURS TIAL
‘Aepo Jom YS B SutATI0ao
Aeyo AwweoT UY, ‘Pao
qsompy “oar NCE “NowaoTy | FLT
‘galoy $1. ‘aNOTaNAH—‘0%] ‘ON
TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
264
3
-rvak yxou payooys ATALIUIS 9q 0} | FOMOT UT JOAX "oor woyorq
‘a[olld SuTYIOM — | ST [VY AoYJO vy} fspoomprey yy |
pooM-Itg ayy ut Faas aq qouuro quowjred | poyoojys moeq sey yTJojTeyynoge pue |
uo wreo, Apurs ‘moryeyg
‘qsaM-YZ10u 03 adoys eTyWeXy |
-“wi0d sTyZ “poom-qid aof UMOIS Suteq you doo ayy, | ‘porvopo ATQWo0a1 Waeq se] puNoIS oy, | "199] OCH 09 409J OOP ‘UoTyRAoT | Fag D
‘Uv[qd UL saloy $9 ‘“ACISANNAG—'ZZ ‘ON
: : is = Beate eee a le
|
| ‘tadaaqs adoys ynq |
| (m) quotyredur0d sayq ULoseyy
“66-S6ST UI Uy SJoog YATM pozuryd aq OF, ‘ale | ‘pula 4saM-YQIou olleIyxe JV) Z| p
| | ‘¢ Aqyeny
-sasodimd Surooys 10f (gq) |
“968T UI aoudds YWLA poqzue[g | guewyaedutoo Jo qno yno sdiyg | -2z o
“OQOBPURA
| -pR YQLM poaottiad oq Fst Yor | |
‘soaay possorddns pur ‘surtp ‘prop
Aue poos v pur ‘punors ayy wo ‘¢
pooam usr ‘pwap JO [wap pood ® st Ayrpengy *(#) yuewyreduoo
ao], “S[OAOT LOYSTY 917} Ye IY SJOIg | jo asoyy aTquUIaset sMOTyTpPOD
“paaouiar aq prnoys seeay pessaid =| pure ‘1oMoy oY} 4R spreaotd oonadg | yeooy oy, = “dtays yeatoutoy |
-dns pue ‘Sur{p ‘prog ‘peppe oq qysiu yore] ‘plo savok ep ynoqy “yeo pure ‘yse | ayy JO pue 0} [][TUISMeT
autos ory 03 ‘aonads YIM pajurider punoas ‘tua ‘ourtd pareqqzeos yim ‘vonids | wos ‘Mets oy} jo uworj,A0C
ay} pure ‘omy Aue 4e Yo pareepo oq yystut dor oy, | pur ay syoog Jo doso avpnSormt Lio, | w10ysve-yynos io ‘1oddn oy] gs q
2 = +. Si e:F ——— = i —— ——— ————_$_ $$$ | ~~~ = - —-—
cry REST ETTAAT RAS °
‘SIRI PUR “QUdUIYReTT, LO} SUOT]SEDSNY (8681 Ut aces ae ony OU) “APL[ROOTT JO SUOT]TPUOD © saaIDN, quate
“panurjuoo—NAANUCUVO— "1% “ON
265
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
90U0 YW YGIAM 4[vap oq pyuoys uorao0d
UloYy}IOU oy, ‘poysipqejso st dow oyy [YUN
dn poetry ATrpeeds oq prnoys syurpq pur { syiqqva
Aq osvurep wo dosto oyy yoojoad 0} opeut oq
plMoys 4loyo wy *07 Woas oq prnoys oseuLerp oy,
“66-S68T Ul Uy 800g YIM poqueyd aq OL |
‘soovrd uodo
UL poppe oq FSU yoiwy “pourezoa oq ospe Avur
SOUT] pees Yse peinyeu jo sdnoas Surstuosd ynq {ay
81009 YqIM dn poqueyd oq wey pruoys punors oy,
‘Spivpueys se qjo] Sureq sour~d Sunok 10 syvo
Suistuoid ‘quetueauo0o se woos se porfey oq Av
sauoy FI
‘suvod G ‘anv ooRloAy ‘ll 8}09g
yim avo styy dn poeypy syuerg
‘sooeyd Ul syURTq o[qRiopisuoo Sut
-AvoyT pur ‘urqy At0A oto ArK10A9 oq
oy doavd ot} Susneo ‘asvurep yoo
auop AAR S[LADOM pUR szIqqery
‘pjo sawod oT ‘{aonids May e YQIM
‘uy sjoog jo Ayoryo ‘uoryepuetd y
Aqrjen’dy
*Suoly
-10d 10949. UL 4SO.1J 07 OTYRIT
‘dps JSvo UO papoou suTRAC]
*purs wo SutdyT weoy Ayead Jo
SOYOUL QT Jnoqge “{LogG
Apare iy
700} OSE
*[OA0T
“WOTJVAOTH
¥G
“OLB
‘soyoqed ur dn Sursutads
aIW YS JO SSUITpoos [BINgeN “pro
sivok OG yhoqe ‘yRO pur ‘Tyo0eq
‘ourjd wy ‘Yse YI poeyooig
-jeng ynq (0)
| OSTM.LOTO
$ [OAQT
*z Aq
0} IepTUIS
qsouly
‘poom JO opts 4saA\-T]JA01 UO
‘dooqyg
% Aqrendy
‘aamsodxa
IO NOG
al
q
N
VOL, XV. PART III.
266 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
‘41 dapun
poqueyd oq jou [[IM sonids pue “joy eq TILA. yRo
jo dnoas ayy ‘eonads Jo dosozepun we of YoIY} 004
puvys Sutureuer syeo ayy “aed Aue ur ‘prnoyg
‘Jam 00} JOU SI [IOs olf} etaya ‘seoetd uado
UL S[RAIOJUT apIM ye pexTU Suteq yore, ‘eonads
YIM quefdiepan pue ‘syvo IOMejul [fe sAouloYy
|
/sdy sepsnog Mey W
stvok 0g ynoqe ‘syvo pavpuRys Aol W
‘8681 Ul paqurfd ota
‘UIeUUa “plo
‘eg AyyenhH ‘syed
JOMOT UL yam ‘uo, Assout
daap ‘[lIog ‘adoys ur1eyQ10U
apex) = “JOO QOS “UOTPVATY
‘soloyV ¢
‘SNUVANTACUVO— FS ‘ON
“66-8681 Ul pexooys aq OT,
“I s}00g
YPM pexoojsat oy usy} prom punois ayy pure
‘gurty Aue ye yno awmoo 4ystut oonads Jo yoqurd omy
“aed
‘Suryooy-Ayypeoy Area ON
‘pro savak ge ‘aonads Jo satov ¢ ynoqy
‘SylVUlaYy pure “YUatM}veLy, 1oy suoT|sessug
(‘8681 UI 4eYY St WaAId ad ey)
‘doig
*panu1juoIi—AWOTATTOL— '§G “ON
}
| SOIOUT QT ynoqe ‘TLoGg
|
|
‘¢ Aqrpenh ynq
(q) queutzrediuod sayquieseyy |
‘g Aypeng) “surg
-1od 10}49M UI 4SOAJ 07 BTQRVIT
‘apis Jsva WO papaou sured
‘pues uo sutdyT ureoy Azad Jo
*[OAQT
Ayre «= “Jaay. OGG ‘UOTIRADTY,
“AYIPBOOTT JO SUOTJIPUOH
q
‘salay
“78 UL
-qardutog
267
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE,
‘poppe Sureq yore, owmos ‘eonids
IIIA pexoojser oq prnoys punors oy} pur ‘a[qe
-orjokid se moos se poAowtar oq prnoys doxo pyo ety,
| yontm dog ‘pro sweat gp ynoqe
‘apis SOM
aly UO pattIo} Weq svy yeaaq-pura W
‘qYyStoy Yoel pue ‘Ayourrq oie
seat ayy ATQUenbasuoo ! UTY 004
‘gonads pue ag sjoog jo doio pox
‘&
Ayyent) “purar ysoar ayy Aq
auop Uda sey sovurep outt0g
‘jNO pare eq plnoys
suIRIp p[Q ‘seovyd ur 4aM 04
SUIUTPOUL “4SIO{ “attozsotut]
SutAy1ao AvpD wo ‘“UeOT
Apurg *4sam-Y[}LOW ot} 04
Ayques Surdoys ‘punors [oaoy
Ayeg “qooy Ogg ‘uoyeaopy | £9T
‘saloy FOL ‘HOCIUASNUIVY—'9Z ‘ON
“66-8681
ut sonids yytm pojuryd oq [ITM satow Gg eset],
‘07 UWaes aq PTNoYsS
asvulvIp 9, “YIALOIS Sunod oY} YIM oloJ10} UL 04
PeMoTTV eq Jou pTNoys spose Jo yAMoIs LAvoy ou,
‘poystyqeqso AT[nZ st dow ot TUN ‘sondds YIM
dn pay ATrpeeys eq prnoys syxurtq pue ‘sqrqqea
Aq aseuep wo pejoojoid aq prnoys dors ony,
‘YMos otladyxe
ay} ye Ol, YoIIq UIYY JO sotow 9ATT
‘qqnorip Aiea Sut
-y00]sa1 patopuarl sey Jayjeoy pue |
ssvis JO YyMors Lavy oy, *4.veqs
B SJOH 4I JI MOIS Wed 901} STA 9RIY
MOYS “Vale 9TOYA 9} IAAO puUNoj
‘satoads sty} jo sdumnys pur ‘zou109
{SoM-YQNOS oy} 4B SUIPURyS ore IT
sjoog plo ynq £ teq4eq op 04 ATaXIT
st sonids pure ‘{jea ApAtey Sutop AY
sjoog Sunox ‘sonids YIM ggg Ut
dn paquetg ‘[Ios yom pure ‘jracaa
‘guns Aq poseurep yonut {ose steak
Moy poyurtd ‘up syoog jo dow urqy,
‘T Append) *sjso.y
uumjne pur suttds 0} ofqery
“TaYZRaY, YJIAL patoaoo syz.red
Io ‘avpans Ivau Surpuyys
IajeM pus ‘AorT]eYys surerp
am AIA SJIVT “pues oFTTpAL
wo yead pauldoj-j[VFT [Ae]
Ajaregq — “qoay GE ‘aoryeaoty | Fog
‘saloy f0G ‘SSOJT NIVAUOT—'sz ‘ON
TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
268
‘gonads YIM paysojsor oq prnoys pumors ayy
pur ‘apqissod sv woos se paT[ay eq prnoys doto oy,
‘dota oy} YHNo1yy poto}yvos
aie syvo Moy YW ‘opis wW1osom
UO snoleWMU atom I sjoog pur
‘TIajsevo TO snocotmNUM aitout sonadg
‘plo savoX QF qnoqe ‘aonads pure ay
sjoog Ayouvaq ‘Moy Jo dor xepnsoity
sormbat
‘g Aqyengyy “Surureap
TIUIOD W989. AA.
‘auoysoulty = Sutt{yiaao Ayo
uo ‘yydap oye10pout jo UrROT
Apurs ysorg *t[}10u 07 adoys
aTqM9
{00 OOP “WOLRAOTY
P
‘SXIDOV P “dVEHHUNVYY—'SZ “ON
‘gonads Sunok oy YALA yNO Yd aq [TIA
sivtdod oy, ‘soords uedo orour oy} Ut Your, Moy B
Suippe ‘sonids yy yuepdiopun pure ‘soroads 10440
jo splvpurys []B pur ‘sprvpuRys JLo LOTIaJUT JNO NV |
‘so1oe F ‘doro 1asunod
oy} Jo vaty ‘opIs yynos oy uo
peor ayy yxou saejdod jo dnoas
B st odoyg, ‘sdnoas ur Ayysour
‘po stvok ZT “Ty sjyoog pur sonads
YIM peT[y Weeq oARy sparepaeys
jo sdnois oy} WooMyod STBAsozUL ot],
‘sorov Gg ‘dor 1op[o oy} Jo vary
‘soTPULIG PRP SNOAOUNT YI ‘saa1q
Surpraids ‘paumo.so- Moy are asayy Jo
Aur “yorry, pure “uy szoog ‘yooeq
jo sprepurys ouros yim ‘sdnoas
ut ‘pjo sivok O9 Joqe syro pavpuryg
‘SYAVULOY PUB “WOMUZRaL], Loy SUOT]SADING
(*S68T UI 4RYY SI WATS OSV otL],)
“org
"S010V 6
‘dOOM S.NOLVAG—'JZ "ON
‘e Aypentyy “Avpo Auurroy
doap ‘Tog ‘yQAou 07 adojs
quay, = “Jooy OOF “WOIRAa[|
oo
q pues vo
“A{ITBOO'T JO SuOTJIPIO_
|
‘saloy|
|
“quaTU
-qand tog
69
2
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
|
| ‘eg Aqrpengy poaoy |
| AT[e19UeS peor Jo 4sva-yynos
“OULD YSBI-YJLOU OY} UI AY sjoog uordog “Aepo Aurvoy daaq |
oy} YIM pextm odeur Avon ‘yqaou 03 adojs 4yySsITs YIM |
8 D
‘Opis JSom ayy ye Aressaod0u SI yvalq-purMm VY | ‘plo strok Z ‘IE syoog YIM payooyg | 190] OOF 01 100] OGE ‘MOTYRARTH
‘sa1V FOZ “WIWSMVHQ—'TE ‘on
‘stvod QF ye pooa-jrd autos pypoté [PIA
‘¢ Aqpenty “YQLou 03
qt ey epyeqord st yy ‘dopaaep sotoods [eaaaos | ‘spoompaey pure sonads ‘yorry
odojs apfjuex, ‘Avo apqvout
-dod ‘daag = -qoay ef ‘uoeacpy | FT
oq} Se ‘sjMteur sjr mo pozvery oq ysnut dors oy, | —Seet] poxtur jo ‘¢ pase ‘uoyezyurd y
‘SO1IDY FL ‘MUVd AYUVAY Nivauoy—'og ‘on
“yBo 0} poqinsun aq 07 saredde pio g Aqyendy
“Moped ‘pro sired FT ‘oonads Sutdp ‘auogsuIyM Ssutkyieao Ayo
is : ; ~ tH SHOPS FEM ‘pjo saved Qg9 ‘Aytenh rood | deoq ysam-yyaou 0} edojs
‘saloy FL ‘Ligg ANUVAY NIvato,—'g6z “ON
970 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
‘suvok [BI9A0S IO} papaou oq OU
[TA Surauryy, ‘sxeyraoo oy} eanfur 07 pomorye eq
you plnoys siopye Sunok oy, ‘pura oy} Woy
IO}PIYS SV SApIs JSaA PUB YILOU UO sear} 1o4NO
DALOSAIG ‘SMJTMOO OY} YGIM oloftozur AoyZ etoyAr
yoood pue Yse oy} Jo sayourtq WozIoYG “Woy}s
‘lapye jo
Yjaois pemngeu ‘Sunof wv saovid
ur pue ‘yovoq pue ‘Yyse ‘yRo Jo
sprvpurys Qt ‘dor uy Area ‘plo
‘eg Aqrpengy “Avo Suoyg
‘yqtou 07 edojs yYySI[g *qooy
OOF 0} Joa OGE “WorBAcly
“‘pRol oY} 0} SprBagsaa [ [TUL
-SMCYG Woy Sutuund ‘spared
ay} 0} asop ‘YO oY} Jo SayouRA Jamo] Yo ountg | siwod OT ‘oonads Moy v YIM “ty sjoog Gg IPI aSeioae ‘diys | ¢ iy
‘sol0y $8 ‘SLIGG ISH\\ TIINSMVHS—'Z§ ‘ON
‘% Aqrpenty
*19}[AYS LOJ apis 4SaM oyy *QUOJSOIUIT WO Hurysoa ‘yydap
uo poquerd oq [TA wo pur Yooad aos ynq fay ayvtopout jo ‘Avpo Apurg
$1009 YJIM depureutet oy} pure ‘aonids YIM punows ‘yqtou 03 oedojs ozRilepoyy
ayy JO J[BY-oulo YNOoGY "G6-S6ST Ut pozurtd oq TILA ‘payo0zs yok JOU PUNOLs) | “}09J OOF OF 309} OOS “WONVAT| | a
; *YBOId-PpUIA B SB |
OTUBOOTAIOS 9 [ITA OTA nq ‘vere
ay} UL pepnypoUr you st you ‘supLy
-2UL]T P[O ey} Iwou Yoovaq Jo atov F
qnoqr jo dnors v st ato, “6681 Ut
4 peYoozs oq 07 J[RY 1ayAO oY} “ZGRT UL ‘e Aqrpenty ‘eaoy, ysowye
pexoojs Jley-euo ynq {(”) 0} rBpUTIg | prot Jo 4see-YQIoOU UoTlog | Fg q
“gy 2 . 3 (‘8681 UT 4BY} SI WaAId ody oY) | : : *yueuL
SyIVWoY pue ‘UoULVoI], 10} suOI|SEssug dog AyI[BoO'T JO SUOTJIPUOD solv 4zedui09
“panurjuoo— TTINSMVHS— "Tg ‘ON
271
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
*Q[OIIN SULYIOM Poo A\-Jq OYJ UL papnpour eq Jou
[IM Bore styy, “Your, pue owed yt quepdiezuy
‘QOD SULYIOM poo -Itg IY} UI papnpout
aq JOU ][IM vale SI, ‘“Yoooq pur oued YT
pexo0js oq prnoys odojs usoyynos ayy, “Youey Moy
B SUIppr pue ‘oTqvqjins st [los oy} atoya ‘ouryd Sur
-qurdaoqut Aq pousyySueys oq yystur yooys Sunod
ay} pus ‘erqissod se uoos sv yno qos aq 4ySuU
doi oY} JO aTppIUt 919 UL SuTUTRUOL SpavpUeys OIL],
‘URL Ul saloy $e
AOS ALB L9G} JNq SaAoge 0} ARTIUUIg
‘Os[e sotpoiey Sunos
“OT PPIUt ot]} UT Moy B puR
‘saspa YQnos pur yQtou eyy uo Ay
| sjoog puR Yooeq Jo spavpueys TATA
‘pjo savaf @ ‘yoveq jo dor uly. VW
‘% Aqrenty *yqaou 03
|
|
adojs ajuaxy) ‘uortod utaqsey
‘@ Aprpengy
"J[BSeq = peyeISoJUISIP uo
weo, Apues ulyy, ‘yQrou
oY} Uloly puta 0} posodxa
yout Area YsaM-Yynos pie
qysvo-YQouU Surmunt esprit
VY ‘edojs wiey.10u apyues
TFTA “Jooy OO 0} Jooy OCF
UOTVARTY = “woraod 10980 \\
‘avuq HOOVET—'FsS ‘ON
"Ig sjoog quepd pue ‘atqissod sev woos sv qjaq | Jo doar oyaydmoour Atea wv satqItRD | *
‘po surat cg “ay syoog pure ‘yRo
‘ya “Yyoeeq —spooMpiey AOLMdeyur
‘soloy FL
‘AHLVAMOONY—'Ee ‘ON
*YROI-PUIM JUoUBULIEd B OUT paj.teatod oq
Avut diyjs sty} ‘worezor quosed ayy Jo pus oyj IV
‘op ‘od
‘g Aqrpendy
‘poom AYIeqyoouy utol 07
YNos Suruuns ‘opt spared OE
‘QAoqe oq} Jo WOTPeNUI}UOO
|
|
|
Z
ZAqpenty ‘eovy W1eyQNOos aU, | EL
T&
TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
272
“PUL JsULVse Worpoojord vB
SU SapIS ISOM PUR INOS UO SpooMpceYy ULEPUTe PT
‘1osuep JO yno UMOAD oavy AoYY [YUN Woryoojoa1d
aumbet TIM ora ‘spurpd Sunod oy opys oF
POMOTTR 0 JOU YSN oSeq.oYy osuvoo oy, ‘urese dn
PLY oq plnoys sorourova ‘poroaduut you oary do.zo
Sunok oy} Jo suoryasod ys1om oy} ucangue yxou Aq JT
“UY
s}09g YAIM pojurtdea pue ‘our Aue qv qno oq AvP
“IY SJOOg FULT
“oNNq.oY
ayy Aq poayoyo Sureq awoyy jo
JOHURP ST 210} PUB ‘TTOA Sutop you
are uorjtod styy ur syuepd Sunok
mL ‘worsod yeyueo 10 10940
ay} ut oonads pur 4soM pur qsvo
oy} UO AY sjoog YIM ‘one savok
OM} poyurtdeat sea punois oy,
‘saATAInS loo styy Jo ATUO uoT.o0d
-old []VWIS B ‘PLAVAA pUe syIqqva Aq
youjye 0} SUIMG ‘Yoooq pur ‘ysv
‘ounld ‘yortq outos osre £ oonads
pur ay sjoog WIM ZEST UL poyooig
‘SaLOy G ‘dVTHUINI— "eg “ON
‘stwoA Q9 posy
‘SUIPULYS [YS st (9) yuouryceduro0s
JO aA7U9d OT} UI Salow JTBE BV PUR 9UG |
‘pacowlat Waeq |
ApQuedat sey spoompavy jo doa oxy,
(CS68T UL IBYQ SI UaATS OSV ot)
“doag
*panurzjuoom—uVU HOAVET—'PE ‘ON
"LT Aqtpengy ‘adeq.oy as.cvo0o
youu st otoyy pur ‘Ssuruedo
atmber suremp goa qaed
[RayueH “pues o7ry Ar WO yrod
uryy [log *yeaeyT ATpRorgorad
punouy qooy OGp ‘UOrpeao;sy G
‘op od cal p
GAN
-jen?) ‘uoytod wtejsaa ory
UI WRY} JOpIA st oto odoys
WoyyNos oyy, “WNos 04
adojs daagg + -‘noratod utoqsey Zz 2
erat ss is “7, UOL
AjI[RoO'TT JO SWOTTPUO|D SALW -sandta0(
273
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
"O[OALD GULYLOM POO AA -4Lq OF JO QUO [PVF [PLA
qi WoT ‘YRarq-puUIM QuoURUIed RB OJUT poztoATtOd
aq prhoys driays oy} ‘uoLJoL sIyy Jo puso oy YW
“UY, 8JOOY ay WOT, pazooy
-ord oq prnoys sonads oy} pure ‘ Aressaoou atotpAr
poeaoural 10 yorq possaip eq prnoys saerdod oy,
“AY S}OOG oY] WoAy SULIOYNS
St oondds ayy pur ‘saoztttoo ayy 07
wIBYy eutos Surop st aepdog “pro
savod QT ‘“Wroquaoy pur ‘vepdod
‘qovoq ‘aonids autos YIM “uy szoog
‘SOXLY € ‘“dALLLG ATINNMOT—"8g ‘ON
“U. $ZOOY oy wUOLy
‘toppod Tout sonadg AYA PRoy
“un pure aood ay syoog pure your
"plo savod PT FHOqY “SMOTLLA oULos
aontds 0 We ‘MOT[IM 9T[} WOT] SLoJTUOD oYY Jooj0Aq | puv ‘oonads ‘Yyouey ‘arp szoog yo doa
L a JOU, {OCBT “UE 810909 J ©)
"S[BALOJUL OPI 4B YOLe] YYLAL
pur ‘sonids YIM pex904set oq prmoys punoas oy
‘g Aqrpenty *Avypo onyq «ayyxys
wv SurtApioao ‘Kujo Autvoy jo
SOlPPUL GT OF soyout ZL WNoqy
‘qSOM-TLOTL =spareaoz odoys
[FU —*900J OOP “UOKPRad[y
‘YqNos pue yytou ApAwou Suru
“UNL OpIa spard Og qnoqr diyg
‘¢ Apryen’y
‘aaoqe doap AyTozRiepout
‘sqivd_ tomoz, ut deep [tog
‘oansodxe uleyuos YI
uma oy} Jo xueq dooys uC
J00J OOF 01 Jooy OGE “MOKRAoyy
“SOIOY G “NAUNANAC— "JS “ON
4G
“yse pur ouryd otios yt ‘oonads
pue ‘afqissod se moos sv potjey oq prnoys dozo oy, | pue ay szoog jo dow aood ‘uty y
‘saloV Z
‘AUUVAL) CVAHUINW— ‘9g ‘ON
|
% Ayyenyy “yydep
ayelopout Jo pIog *Atvenb
euoyspues plo we Jo oqts
ayy “punors woyorq yerpAr
“90S UO “Qao} QGP ‘MOTYRASTH
|
|
a
274 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
*punows otf} wo Burs] ‘sFurauryy 4sr| |
wo esnjot ‘poom prap jo AyWUeNd
arqetepisuoo WY ‘ssausord youu |
Suryem jou dor “Suraurz-10ao | Jo yydap ayBlepoll vw SutAy
‘JNO padvofo oq PNoYs poom pwap og ATaSAvT onp ATqeqord syoayoq | -twwao ‘Jtos. Aprhour yousq
ONL “S[Ratozur opia ye pappe eq prhoys yorep | “yystey Suryovp‘uedeyssrut‘Ayouraq | Jo woAvp uryy, “You oyy
‘aonids YIM poyoozsod oq P[NOYSs punoss oy} pur ‘uoraun stuag “plo sawed ge | 04 adoys e]jues YILM ‘ToAeT
‘erqissod sv woos sv taao yno oq prnoys domo oyy, | ‘aonads pur ay sjoog yo dos uy y Apuweg oa} OOF “wonwacr | ze v
Re | |
‘Z Ayyenty ‘pues aorppak
‘SOLOY FF “UINT GIVNOGNAQ—'0F ‘ON
[SSS
*N0
4NO OUT} OURS 9] 4V O1OM SOTOILT
passoiddns auiog = unyy ppeuopung =|
UL poequeideat pur peaotwiat ato |
soonids Jo daquinu v ‘oSv saved oay
qnoqy ‘aonids ayy Jo sjooys Sut *e Aqt
~pvey oy} Suramar st ag sjoog ey, | -enty ‘spvor Xq patdnooo aae
‘PUL JsuTeSe ‘FIP Utoysva oy} UO BRYA UeYy | satovony, ‘ABI ont cays
SIOJTUOD OY} OF WoToo}oad B sv YOR LoYJOHO} [IM | LeEMBot oxowl st Jyey usozsoa a0 |v Surkjaoao ‘Aupo Aamwoy Jo |
AoyL, ‘Sopls esoy} UO spoompavy oy} ose requiem — awd ayy uo dots oy, ‘savak FT — | sayput ey 07 sayur gr qnoqy
pur ‘sopis Jsaa pUv TAOU ot} WO oSpey oy} uray | ‘osy ‘yse puv ‘ourrd ‘yoitq May vB ‘qsva-YQtou oy ATQUeS Surdojs |
“ULB “AY Spoog otf} Woasy oouo 4v oontds oy} JooIorg | YA ‘oonads pur uy syoog Jo oANyXTPL | punory “qooy QOF ‘uoyeaopy | FOF
' ! ate | (86ST Ut yeuy st WoATs ody ey) eee
SYVWMY pure “UoULZVary, 1OJ suoTsessng | dato Aqrpeoory Jo suoytpuog | ‘sony emone
}
|
|
‘saloW FOP ‘AIINOMOG—'6s ‘ON
275
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
‘pUd SOM olf} YB POULAIOJ oq PTMOYS Ywotq-pulMm W
*S[PAIOTUL OPI 4B Yorey Surppr ‘oonrds YITM qT yUel_T
‘quotesour codord v Surpyeté Mou Jou st punoas ory
sv ‘a[qissod sv MOOS SB $921} JOJO [TB AAOWAL puR
*TU94S OY} 0} OSOTO SolpOURIG AOT Atay} Yo Surunad
‘gourtd pue syro Surstutoad eave ‘apisut ot}
*syvo Pood ATATRT aULOS ae atoTA YN
‘€qyyenb rood AtoA JO sooty ayy Jo
Auvw pure ‘uryy Suryvods ATpRtoues
‘doig ‘espa ynos uo ‘plo savok
GZ yuoqe ‘ay syoog oulog ‘siwad
(09 qnoqe ‘easy ‘sonads pur ToIry
| May B YYIA ‘yooeq pure ‘yse ‘owed
‘e Aypenty *ULBOT
Apues ‘daap ‘ysaaj [log *4sva
“YOU OF 4SoA-YQNOS TWO
adojs aQUES B YALA SuTUUNI
‘apra spied gg Sursetoar
Uo soTOURAG MOT AtoYyy Surddoy ‘sespa wo soe} ovary | ‘pa ‘yvo—spoompaey Apgoryo dorg | drys yp ‘joo OOF “UoTZRAcTy | Fe
|
‘soloy $g ‘HVYWUONOD—'GP ‘ON
|
‘J[VY, Utojsve oy} Ut oonads |
pur JY Wlosaa oy} UT AY sJoog YIM payoojs | ‘suvak GZ ‘ase osRloAy
-ol oq toy AVI puNoIS oy, ‘exour oye MoUs = “KYouaq pur ‘urqy “vepnsoaat doap ‘@ Ayyeng ‘Leo
0} uosod aoSuno0k oy} MOT[R 0} Jopxo ut ‘tesuoT | “pro sawod ZZ Qnoqe uorsod [eryued Jam Suowys uo wreoy Aokvjo
sivok U0} IO JYSIO oULOS PULJS JI 4o[ 0} AoqJoq | ay UT ynq ‘pro sawad Og Jnoqe yqaed | Jo Jooy B qnoqe fyoaoy ATATEY
aq [[EA 4E NG Saou 4B qNO oq FYsU yavd Topo oY ysout oy} 1oy ‘oonads puw ay s}oog punoty “jooy Ogg ‘UoYMasTy) F9
‘saloy $9 ‘GOO AUVAYG GIVNOGNAG—'TF ‘ON
| ‘opIs
| qSaM-YILOU OY} FR IOATG pUB Tose
| eulos ate aloyy, “ay syoog YITA
soovyd ur pue ‘osonads YIM 968T
ur dn pojurpd speatozuy = *sseasoad
aLIU] Inq ope oavy eseyy, “ppms
-MOg wo poyurpdsuesy ‘YySty Jooy
G 0} Jooy p ‘vontds YILM ‘pax903s
‘quosoid 48 ollop oq MOU Wed ALOU SuIIJON | ATUIYZ svar pUNOIS of} E68 UT ‘op ‘0g GL q
‘OPIS 4S
oY} WO Yeatq-purm v sv payurpd oq [[LM spoompaey
joosury y yey aeddn ayy mt aontds pur Jey
JOMOT OY} UL Lf $}09g TIM GE-SEST UL poyooys oq OJ,
enUere |
‘soto
P[PY 1of poureap useq seyT
‘auoysattty SutApiaao ‘Avo
ysyytys ‘daap AToyR.tapout ‘[Iog
‘SpuIM ysaM 0} posodxa
‘adoys Aptayatou deaqys ATo1e
-1apoyy
*saloy
mich
€1 “HuvVd AVAHANVG— ‘fF ‘ON
Joa} OCF “WOLpwAdTy
‘Q[OILD SULYALOM
pooM-Hd ef} UL papnpour oq jou [[IM.vore oy,
*‘JUSTMAAWOD SB WOOS Sv pURY UT Wax} oq AvUT J[VY
W19}sevo OU,
"RaLq-PULM
quaroyjout AoA B SULIOJ 41 OTT
“woo yuasaid szt Uy ‘wTa pue Yyse
Ayetyo ‘spoompiey pue vonids may
B YIM poxtut ‘pro stvak ce ynoqe
‘my sjoog Ayouriq “4104s Jo doo
uly} B SoLieo JJ ‘uepreg MON
JO Worjoa}01d oY} OJ YRorq-puIA wv
se yore 0} patmbat st yor ‘opr
“yearq-purm yuoweuttod v se yeoty, | spied OP qnoqe 4feq atoul vw st STYY, | UTYL,
“T Aqrpengy “pura
qSoM 0} pasodxm ‘aseurerp
Aq paaoidum aq poy,
‘ARTO YS IA [LOS Jo IOAVT
*J02F 00P
“UOIYVADTA
76 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
al
)
| “que uL
(‘S68 UI IVI} SI WATS ad oy)
-q.1ed tog,
“dog “AYROOTT JO sMOT]LpPUOD
*sa.l0V
‘SYIVUoY pue “UoWQRELy, oF suOTsaH Sng |
(‘Ue[g WI JON) ‘“dvoumovig—‘eF ‘on
277
PLAN FOR THE PIT-WOOD WORKING CIRCLE, RAITH ESTATE.
| J q : ‘Tapuapaeg e ‘OUTTA URATQ od q : ‘lapuapleg *
“avodk 4Se] WOL ln z D * ‘digg surey omg | €0-Z06L | es “ - | 80-2061
“weak 4Xxou | |
[yun pouod |
-ysod =diyg | ey - |
suey atunyt9 Gea | od j D Lig suleyy o1mnytO |
|
NG a | “Teqrepueg od Té 2 " “Treqrepueg |
| & q ; qqumyp aT, | OG & g ; ‘quimpATuy,
soa Sq : * TRBLLOTUOL) | | &G a : * 17R.110TH0X)
| |
| e.g y) ‘dig ssogq | ZO-LO6T |*Surppay uretQ| ¢ H) : ‘dig 8Seq | ZO-LO6I
= — = {
|
&9 D : ‘UN preuopung | [0-006T |surpjey uestg| 9 D ‘My preuopung | 10-006T
| | ae c. 4 :
“Hoya | ‘Ssooxy eye] | -auop y.10M ‘Rania *199}0'T *peqiosead
*s) *sa.10 ual “dOOM AO aAWV yoryM Se ‘saloV queu “dOOM dO ANYN | Ory
SyIvVulay es SIV Pe anes MA N | tay aeox jo alnqeN -yedwog Oy Aw X
“uvid Jo suorstvord | “qno paldaeo ATjenzoe yao, ‘uel Suryszoy oy Jo suoIstaoig
YIM paredutos 4no pales y.10
‘ALVISH HLIVY FHL dO ATOUNIQ ONIMAOM, GOOM-LId AHL YOd (T ‘ON WOT) MOOG TOMLNOD
0 XIGNHddV
978 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
0 0 0€
0 0 04
0 OLS
OPFOR On
(= (0) x6
O06
0 0 08
“KOMe
WaATY see |
(a) efi 0
yt 0
0 S12 0
OMOR Sra nO
ee. PONS p
“‘syreway | "41044 JO 4809
son polg
jo
anyeA
Or
|
|
—————— —Kj_]c— | cr \ cr
|
“SUT
Bra) i@)
OOL | :
|
OP
‘suTeYO | ‘suTeyO
“Sul | Saryeut
-UIBIG, | -pBory
008
“SHIOM J9TIO
0%
|-SuLMog
10 Sul
| -pUrtd
|
|
|
ot
ST
Ot
0g
*Speo]
-qIvQ
“poo
-ollg
|
"4y O1qno |
Ur qUuaTe
-ainby
*poom-jg
000‘9T |
000 ‘ZI
“4903
IWOUlT
000T
| ‘ayes |
| uo pasn |
| TOQUALL, |
i
*S5UIgqNY Jo y[NsSeyy
‘ALVLISG HLIVY AHL JO AIOUIQ ONIMYOA GOOA\-LIQ FHL od (%
‘dad XIGNdddV
-000‘8T
|
‘qporqng | “yw orqny
“p[os
JaquaLy,
|
|
|
|
, “topund UL sa10B
‘{UOUIISVUBU TOF
sasieyo jo orryg
* Sya0 4 Aras
. . ‘SsOy
urleqdoy, UI Suraresq,
: ‘tapalunytpD
Ul opeut spRoy
a . . Trey
|" -Tepurg url Surura[g
* “poo
‘orenbg ul Suuey
ES EDO
arenbg ur sure,
‘(2)
uapuapieg wo
peaoular poom pra
* ‘yaeg soy ul
galoe QZ SUTUUIYT,
* pymMsaog ur
salov “OZ SuluUIyy,
“94R480
Iaquity,
. “pjos
taquiy ‘(~) ple
wo 8 6pesn
Fg ‘Surypey - weeyD |
“YAO M Jo
uolydritosaq pur aig
‘ON WHO,[) MOOG TOMLNOD
SHI pal!
“Teak
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER. 279
XVI. Recent Investigations in Prussia in Regard to the Quality
of Timber.' By Professor WILLIAM SomERVILLE, M.A., D.Sc.,
D.Cie.
Since 1890 Professor Schwappach of Eberswalde, and Professors
Martens and Rudeloff of the Technical Mechanical Experimental
Institute of Charlottenburg, have been engaged upon a laborious
investigation into the specific gravity and resistance to crushing
or pressure of timbers grown in Prussia, which has furnished
results that cannot fail to be of interest and value to foresters in
this country. The timbers under experiment comprised Scotch
Fir, Norway Spruce, Silver Fir, Weymouth Pine, and Beech. It
was determined to confine attention only to resistance to pressure,
or crushing lengthwise, as a test of quality; for it has been found
that, of all tests, this is the one that can be most easily applied,
and gives most reliable results.
The extensive character of the work may be gathered from the
numbers of trees that were submitted to investigation :—
Scotch fir, : } r ‘ 135
Norway spruce, : : : 60
Silver fir, : 5 : 12
Weymouth pine, ; : : 11
Beech, . . ; : : 44
Total, 262
Each tree examined was selected from amongst, at least, four
hundred, and was always a stem whose diameter was exactly the
average of all the others. The tree, having been felled, was
marked into lengths, the measurement of the lowest length being
1 metre, while the others were generally four times as long, At
these various distances complete sections of the stem were taken,
and it was these sections, or discs, that furnished the material for
the determinations. (A metre measures nearly 3 feet 3} inches.)
The accompanying figure shows the method of sampling the
section. The stem having been cut through at any particular
distance, the section thus made was marked in the manner
indicated, the two portions A, B being intended for the pressure
1 «Untersuchungen iiber Raumgewicht und Druckfestigkeit des Holzes
wichtiger Waldbaume,” by Dr Adam Schwappach. Berlin, Verlag von
Springer, 1897 and 1898.
280 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
determinations, while those marked a, b, ¢ were designed to
be used for ascertaining the specific gravity. The portions to
be used for determining the pressure were square on section,
and, the side of the square having been ascertained, the stem
was cut through at that distance from the first section, so
that, when the shaded portions were ultimately sawn out in the
laboratory, they formed true cubes. Seeing that the radius of the
stem at any section was always taken as the length of the diagonal
of the surface of the cube, the dimensions of the cube were always
in direct relationship to the thickness of the tree. The portions
of timber with which the specific gravity was determined always
corresponded to periods of growth of 30 years each; that is to
say, @ would comprise the wood formed before the 31st year,
b the wood formed during the period from the beginning of the
31st to the end of the 60th years, and so on. This plan was
first suggested by Prof. R, Hartig, and is now generally adopted
in investigations similar to those under discussion. Evaporation of
moisture between the forest and the laboratory was largely avoided
by coating the sections with vaseline, and packing them in parch-
ment paper. Before testing for shrinkage, the wood was steeped
for 48 hours in water, so that its original volume was restored.
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER. 281
The specific gravity was determined in Friedrich’s Xylometer, an
instrument which gives readings to 1 c.cm. (= '; cub. in.). Before
immersion in the xylometer, the dry wood was first coated with
linseed oil, the object being to prevent absorption of water and
consequent swelling, which would, of course, have interfered with
the accuracy of the determination. Resistance to crushing was
determined by Pohlmeyer’s 100-ton testing machine, or, if this
failed to crush the specimen, Hoppe’s 500-ton machine was
brought into requisition. Before testing, the wood was periodi-
cally weighed, and when two consecutive weighings gave the
same figure, the specimen was said to be “air-dry,” and in the
desired condition for investigation. As further indicating the
extensive character of the inquiry, it may be mentioned that
the Scotch fir alone necessitated 4856 volumetric determina-
tions, 2428 weighings, and 1247 pressure determinations, the
tabulating of which gave employment to two calculators for
six months,
The specific gravity of water is taken as 1, so that the specific
gravity of timber, being generally less than that of water, is
generally a fraction of 1. The specific gravity of a specimen of
timber being given, one can at once calculate the weight of a
cubic foot, by multiplying the weight of a cubic foot of water
(62:5 lbs.) by the specific gravity of the timber in question, Thus
the weight of a cubic foot of pine, whose specific gravity is 6, is
62°5 x 6=374 lbs. The resistance to crushing is stated by Prof.
Schwappach in terms of a kilogram per square centimetre. I
have, however, converted these terms into “pounds per square
inch,” by taking 1 kilo. = 2:2 lbs., and 1 square inch = 6:45 square
centimetres,
The following is a short summary of the main conclusions that
Prof. Schwappach and his colleagues have arrived at,
I. Wits THe Scotcu Fir.
The sp. gr. depends on (a) the quality of the situation ; (d) its
geographical position; (c) the height from the ground of the
point from which the specimen is taken ; (d) the age of the tree ;
and (e) the relative development of the spring and autumn
wood.
The sp. gr. decreases more or less steadily as a tree is followed
from the ground upwards, but it shows a tendency to increase
VOL, XV, PART III, 2A
282 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
immediately underneath and within the crown. The average
figures for 33 trees over 90 years old are here given,
Height on stem. Average sp, gr.
1 metre ‘O17
4S. cds ‘519
eo) ene ‘466
DD es 3g “445
16a. 435
yt 439
24, 444
These figures show that the sp. gr. falls rapidly up the height of
8 metres, and that the decrease is much less marked between
this point and 16 metres. Higher up than this there is a slight
recovery.
The sp. gr., in the case of timber grown on the better classes
of soil, is at its maximum between the 30th and 60th rings,
probably culminating about the 60th year.
Thus, in the case of 64 trees from Brandenburg :—
|
Limits of Age of - | Sp. Gr. of the Wood between the Rings.
Tree, in Years. |
| 0-30 | 31-60 | 61-90 | 91-120 |121-150 151-180\181-210
31- 60 “454 486 The A uO ah Tex: 25
61- 90 “490 490 “E80 es
91-120 *475 "498 a7 | “AOE | ace
121-150 515 | °520 “504 "484 464 ik ied
|. Over 150 489 | °524 “544 512 471 “441 427
| |
The effect of the improved sp. gr., under the influence of
formation of duramen, is well seen in the column which refers
to the wood of the 31st to the 60th rings, both inclusive. In the
case of a tree 31-60 years old, there could, of course, be but little,
if any, duramen in these rings, and the sp. gr. is a low one,
namely, 486. With trees up to 90 years of age there would be
more pronounced formation of duramen in the 30 rings in ques-
tion, and now the sp. gr. is ‘490. In the case of still older trees
(91-120 years), the duramen would be well formed in the 31st to
60th rings, so that the sp, gr. is now ‘498, and rises in older trees
to ‘520 and ‘524.
The condition of things is distinctly different in the case of trees
grown on the poorer classes of soil. Here the heaviest wood igs
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER. 283
always found in the portion comprising the Ist to the 30th rings,
and steadily decreases as the section is followed towards its peri-
phery. This variation in the sp. gr. of the wood from high and
low class soils, doubtless stands in intimate relationship to the
volume of the lumina of the cells. On poor soils growth is very
slow in early youth, and therefore the cells are small and the wood
is close-grained. Later on, when the shading of the ground is
more complete, better growth results, the cells and their lumina
becoming larger, On high-class soils growth is relatively faster
in early youth, and slows down when crowding becomes severe.
The close relationship, though in inverse proportion, between
rate of growth and sp. gr. in trees of the same age grown on soils
of equal quality, is well illustrated in the case of 20 selected trees
30 years of age. Ten of these, from West Prussia, showed an
average volume of 5:79 cubic feet and a sp. gr. of -505, while the
other ten, from Saxony, averaged 27°96 cubic feet with a sp. gr.
of -448. The slow-grown trees had thus a sp. gr. about 12 per
cent. in excess of the others.
The close relationship between the quantity of autumn wood
and the sp. gr. is clearly shown in these investigations. With
scarcely an exception, the highest sp. gr. for any section corre
sponds with the highest percentage of autumn wood. There is,
however, no general correspondence between ring-breadth and
sp. gr., that is to say, a broad ring may or may not be lighter
than a narrow ring, though, on the whole, it is no doubt lighter.
The relative proportion of autumn wood to spring wood generally
decreases as a stem is followed up, which partly accounts for the
best wood being found in the bottom section. The figures for one
tree may here be given :—
Height from Rings formed Auonade breadth per cent. of Ring |
Ground in between g Ring Hb occupied by | Sp. Gr.
Metres. the Years. Twenty-fifths of | autumn Wood.
an Inch,
1 PO=PE-20 66 larson ‘511
31-60 3°8 47°7 "530
61-90 2°9 49°1 560
8 0-30 9°3 23°7 434
31-60 3°8 | Bye 477
61-90 2°3 | 31°2 477
In this connection Schwappach specifically states :— “Any
influence, natural or cultural, that increases the percentage of
284 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
autumn wood increases the sp. gr., and, concurrently, the quality
of the timber.”
The latitude has considerable influence on the sp. gr. of timber,
and, in the case of the Scotch fir, it may be said that heavier
timber is produced in the north of Germany than in the south.
This is in agreement with the accepted views of British foresters
on the subject, who are well aware that Baltic pine is of higher
quality than pine grown in, say, the south of England. As
Hartig has pointed out, the rapid transition from winter to
summer, that is characteristic of high latitudes, is unfavourable
to the development of spring wood, so that, in timber from such
regions, the autumn wood is relatively very abundant.
If Scotch fir timber grown in any particular district, but on
different classes of soil, be examined, it will be found that the
better the soil the heavier the timber. This presupposes, of
course, that the forests in each case are of normal density, or
otherwise the trees grown on the good soil would show so much
more rapid growth that this factor might upset the influence of
the quality of the situation per se. The worst timber of all was
found to be that grown on peat.
As regards shrinkage, it was found that the wood of young
trees shrinks more than that formed by old trees. Thus the
average shrinkage of the timber of a 30-year old pine is about
15°7 %, whereas the wood formed between the 30th and 60th
years of a 60-year old tree shrinks only to the extent of
11:1 % Where, however, the degree of shrinkage of the wood
in a complete section of a 60-year old tree is investigated, it is
found that the wood of the inner 30 rings shrinks appreciably
less than the wood of the outer 30 rings, a fact that is doubt-
less due to the formation of duramen in the centre of the tree.
But for this, the inner wood of trees grown on good soil would
shrink more than the outer. The variations in shrinkage in
wood produced at different periods from 30 to 150 years are
very small.
Resistance to crushing is influenced by factors similar to those
that affect the sp. gr., though not always in the same way or to
the same extent. Timber taken from near the base of a tree is
usually more resistant to a vertical load than specimens taken
higher up the stem, the power of resistance diminishing rapidly
up to the height of 5 metres (about 164 feet), and much more
slowly afterwards; in fact, in a stem 25 metres long, it may be
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER. 285
said that the timber between the heights of 5 and 20 metres
shows practically equal resistance.
Timber produced by old pines is much stronger than that of
young trees. Thus, again taking the average of the Branden-
burger stems grown on a good situation, we have the following
figures :—
Resistance to crushing in Ibs. per square
inch at the height of—
1 Metre. |» 9 Metres. 16 Metres.
Trees from 61-120 years,. . 7154 a 5418
y) over 120 Sameera ct’ 7921 | 7024 6256
|
It has already been pointed out that there is an intimate
relationship between sp. gr. and the development of the autumn
wood, and the same is true in regard to the strength of timber.
Expressed as lbs. of pressure per square inch, an average of 10
stems shows that :—
When the ¥ of autumn wood is under 30, the resistance is 5792
2? yr) ” 2? 31-35 ” ? 6469
? 2? ”? re) 36-40 2 7 7295
over 40 - as 7959
» 2) 23 2?
Timber furnished by trees growing on the better classes of soil
is distinctly stronger than that produced by poor soil.
The close relationship between sp. gr. and resistance to crush-
ing is thus expressed by Prof. Schwappach :—
“1, The quality of the locality being constant, the sp. gr.
that corresponds to a definite degree of pressure-
resistance will be lower in the case of old trees than
of young.
“2, The age being constant, the sp. gr. that corresponds to
a definite degree of pressure-resistance will be lower in
the case of timber from good than from poor soil.
“The converse is also the case, so that we may say :—
«3, The more favourable the conditions of growth, the lower
may be the sp. gr. for any definite amount of resistance
to pressure.
286 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“ And further :—
“4, For any definite sp. gr. the cell-walls do not exhibit
uniform rigidity.”
The limits of variation in the sp. gr. determinations of air-dry
specimens of Scotch fir were found to be :—
(a) In the case of definite periods of growth, from ‘778 to
‘299, so that a cubic foot might weigh as much as 48°6
lbs., or as little as 18-7 lbs.
(b) In the case of complete transverse sections, from *677 to
326, the weight per cubic foot here varying between
42°3 lbs. and 20:4 lbs. The limits of variation in the
determination of pressure in lbs. per square inch were
found to be 10,049 and 3051.
Under these circumstances averages can be of little value, but
Prof. Schwappach indicates an approximate average sp. gr. for
whole stems of mature trees of ‘500, and a pressure-resistance of
about 7000 lbs. per square inch.
Comparing recent American work in timber physics, Prof.
Schwappach comes to the conclusion that, in regard to pressure-
resistance, good Scotch fir timber is equal to much of the so-called
Pitch Pine of commerce. This is more particularly the case
where the pitch pine is derived from P. taeda, Linn., and P. mitis,
Mich., though Scotch fir does not come up to the strength of the
timber of P. cubensis, Gries., or P. australis, Mich.}
Il, Witu THE SPRUCE.
In the case of this tree the heaviest wood was found to lie
somewhat higher up (5 metres) than in the case of the Scotch fir.
Except at that region of the stem the sp. gr. varies but little.
The 60 stems investigated showed no constant relationship between
the age of the tree and the sp. gr. of the timber. Some, in fact
the majority, produced the lightest timber in youth, and showed
a gradually improved quality as a higher age is reached; others
showed lighter timber between the ages of 40 and 50 years than
1Jn the Allgemeine Forst und Jagd-Zeitung for November 1898,
Mr B. C. Fernow maintains that Prof. Schwappach is claiming more for
Prussian Scotch Fir than it deserves, and argues that the Prussian and
' American methods of sampling give results unfavourable to the American
timbers, In the December issue Prof. Schwappach adheres to his original
contention, An International Commission, under the joint presidency of
Prof. Wijkander, of Gothenburg, and Prof. Schwappach, will, in 1899, deal
with the whole subject of Timber Investigation.
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER. 287
either before or after that period ; while in others the best timber
of all was produced in early life, and a gradually deteriorating
quality in the later stages. In this connection the determinating
factor would appear to be the system adopted in regenerating or
establishing the forest. If the forest has originated by planting
on a clear-felled area, the young trees will show very rapid
growth at an early stage, and such timber will be of low sp. gr.
If, on the other hand, the wood has been renewed by natural
seeding under a shelter-wood, the young trees will have made but
slow growth in youth, and the timber will be heavy.
The spruce exhibits a much greater tendency to vary, both as
regards sp. gr. and pressure-resistance, than the Scotch fir, Trees
from the same forest frequently give most contradictory results,
a fact that had previously been emphasised by R. Hartig. The
sp. gr. of spruce timber from a first-class situation may be as high
as that of good Scotch fir, though in the case of timber from poor
soils there is a marked difference in the two trees in regard to
this physical property. It is thus unsafe to attempt to generalise
from investigations on a few stems, a very large amount of work
being necessary to furnish a reliable average.
Shrinkage is most marked at a height of 4 metres (14 7%), and
gradually, though slowly, decreases towards the crown, where it
amounts to 11-12 7.
Where the wood of sections from mature trees was examined,
it was found that the central wood shrank least, and the outer
wood most, though the difference is not more than 2 7%, and gener-
ally even less. Resistance to pressure is at a maximum where
the sp. gr. is highest ; in fact, the general relationships between
these two properties, that have already been indicated as holding
good for the Scotch fir, have also been established for the spruce.
The limits of variation of sp. gr. in the case of definite periods
of growth were found to be 621 and ‘261; while, in the case of
complete sections, the variations were ‘563 and ‘371. Prof.
Schwappach gives ‘460 as the average sp. gr. for the whole
timber of a spruce tree 100-120 years old (-500 for the Scotch
fir); and an average pressure-resistance of 6500 lbs, per square
inch (about 7000 lbs. for the Scotch fir), the limits being 8772
and 4657,
Tit. Wirn tue Sitver Fir,
The twelve trees of this species submitted to investigation
were all taken from two forests in Thiiringia that had yielded
288 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sixteen of the spruce trees. A strict comparison of the relative
properties of these two species was thus rendered possible, and
this constituted an important detail of the inquiry.
In the case of the silver fir the heaviest timber was found
in the lowest section of the stem, a gradual fall in the sp. gr.
occurring as the bole was followed up to the crown.
As regards age, it was found that the older the tree the heavier
the timber (sp. gr.=°395 for a tree 30 years old, ‘416 for a tree
120 years old). Where sections of trees 120 years old were
examined, the lightest timber was got near the centre (395), the
sp. gr. gradually rising as the periphery was approached (-424).
The shrinkage was found to decrease slightly as the stem was
followed towards the crown (12°1 % at 1 metre, 11:5 Y% at 17
metres), while it increased as the periphery of a section was
approached (10°8 % within the 3lst ring, 12:1 {%{ between the
90th and 121st rings). The average per cent. of shrinkage for
whole stems is put at 11°8.
Resistance to pressure agreed closely with the sp. gr, Thus,
timber taken 4 metres or less from the ground withstood crushing
better than timber situated higher up.
The limits of variation in sp. gr. in nie case of the silver fir
were found to be :—
(a) For definite periods of growth, . ‘488 and ‘315.
(6) For whole sections, : : . ‘477 and °354.
The limits of variation of resistance to pressure in lbs. per —
square inch of cross section were 8300 and 3915,
As an average for the whole stem of a mature tree, Prof.
Schwappach suggests :—
Sp. gr. = 410.
Resistance to pressure = 5675.
These figures indicate a lower technical quality for Thuringian
silver fir than for ordinary spruce.
LV. Witu tHE Weymouts PIne.
The trees of this species submitted to investigation came from
two plantations, about 100 years old, situated in Silesia.
As in the case of the Scotch fir, the highest sp. gr. was found
in the lowest section of the stem (‘391 at 1 metre, °370 at 12
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER. 289
metres). The two species also agree in regard to the lightest
timber being produced by young trees, the maximum being
reached about the 60th year.
Where complete sections were examined, the sp. gr. was found
to increase from the centre outwards (°333 within the 31st ring,
*382 between the 60th and 91st rings). This shows that the
increase in sp. gr. in wood formed after, say, the 60th year is
more than sufficient to counterbalance the increase in sp. gr. due
to the formation of duramen.
In regard to variations in shrinkage, the timber of Weymouth
pine agrees in general with the foregoing species, thus :—
Shrinkage at 1 metre= 8:8 7.
Me Weed eg ee
Shrinkage of the inner 30 rings= 7:9 7.
< Tie eebCr Es og a LE 7,
lI
The average shrinkage is put at 9°1 %, which is considerably
less than that of the other conifers examined, and makes Wey-
mouth pine specially suitable for certain purposes.
Resistance to pressure was greater in the lowest section than
in any other.
The limits of variation in sp. gr. were found to be :—
(a) For definite periods of growth, . ‘467 and ‘322.
(6) For whole sections, . ‘423 and 327.
The average for the whole of the timber of mature trees is
placed at °370.
The limits of resistance to pressure in lbs, per square inch of
section were 7746 and 4457, the average being 5960,
V. With tHe BreEcu.
Here, also, the heaviest wood was found near the base of the
tree, a more or less gradual reduction in sp. gr. taking place as
the stem was followed up to the crown.
When complete sections were examined, it was found that
the sp. gr. decreased from the centre outwards, Thus, on the
average, 34 trees showed that the wood comprised by the Ist to
the 30th rings had a sp. gr. of 705, that comprised by the 61st
to the 90th rings a sp. gr. of ‘663, while the sp. gr. of the wood
of the 121st to the 150th rings was °632.
290 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The shrinkage rose and fell with the sp. gr., being 15:2 %
where the sp. gr. was °705, and 14:4 % where the sp. gr. was
‘632 (see above). For general use a shrinkage of 15 7/ in beech
timber may be taken as a sufficient approximation.
Resistance to pressure was found to be at a minimum at about
two-thirds of the height of the tree, and at a maximum about
4 metres from the ground. In the case of this tree the points
of maximum pressure-resistance and maximum sp. gr. do not
quite coincide, though the variation is only insignificant. Prof.
Schwappach says, ‘From the figures before us it would appear
to be a matter of indifference, for practical purposes, which part
of a beech tree is selected to furnish a beam of timber.”
Resistance to pressure, however, varies much in trees of
different ages, being at its maximum (about 8456 lbs, per sq. in.)
in trees 80-85 years old, and at its minimum in trees of an age
of 200-220 years (about 6610 lbs. per sq. in.).
The quality of the locality and the latitude of the situation
were found to have but little influence on the strength of beech
timber.
The limits of variation in the sp. gr. of beech timber were
found to be :—
(a) For definite periods of growth, . tao BGM Oa.
(6) For whole sections, ‘ ; . 749 and °562.
As regards resistance to pressure, the limits were—a maximum
of 12,713 lbs., and a minimum of 4825 lbs, per sq. in.
For well-grown trees the following averages may be taken :—
Sp. gr. = ‘670.
Resistance to pressure = 7660 lbs, per sq. in.
One of the most satisfactory features of these investigations of
Prof. Schwappach’s is the closeness with which the results agree
with those obtained by other workers, notably Prof. Robert
Hartig.! The latter confined himself to determining specific
gravities, but Schwappach’s work shows that what holds true for
this physical property will generally apply to pressure-resistance.
This technical property of timber is but one of many, but it is
the one that may be relied upon to give the most accurate results,
If ordinary care be exercised in selecting the cubes to be operated
' For some of Hartig’s results, see Zvans. High. and Ag. Soc,, 1890, p. 26.
RECENT INVESTIGATIONS IN REGARD TO QUALITY OF TIMBER, 291
upon, knots may be largely or altogether avoided, whereas tests
on the breaking, bending, flexibility, etc., of timber, necessitate
the use of pieces of wood of such dimensions that the avoidance
of knots is practically impossible. It is probably unnecessary to
point out that pressure-resistances obtained with cubes selected
with due regard to the avoidance of knots, will vary greatly from
results that would be obtained with oblong blocks or beams, as, for
instance, a pile or a pillar. But where the object is to compare
the strength of different species of timber, or of timber grown
under varying conditions, or taken from different parts of a stem,
cubes selected on a definite system, such as that adopted by Prof.
Schwappach, would appear to be best suited for the purpose.
There is ample room for similar work on British timbers, and
more particularly with the view of comparing their technical
properties with those of imported timber ; but we shall probably
have to wait some time for its execution.
292 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
XVII. Mr H.C. Hill on the Forest of Dean. By Colonel Barney.
In July 1897 Mr H. C. Hill submitted to the Commissioners
of Woods and Forests two reports relating to the management
of the Forest of Dean; some points in these reports will be
extracted in the following note :—
WorkKING-PLAN Report ror THE High Mrapow Woops.
These woods, covering an area of 3285 acres, were purchased
by the Crown between the years 1817 and 1824. Regarding the
composition and condition of the crop, it is stated that ‘ while
two-thirds of the area consisted of old woods, the remaining one-
third, or 1000 acres, more or less, were planted between the years
1825 and 1850, and are now therefore aged from forty-seven to
seventy-two years.
“The planted areas are still readily distinguishable by the
regular rows of oaks, often of but mediocre or poor growth, and
an underwood of hazel only, or of mixed ash and hazel. So far
as is known, the original planting was done with a mixture of
larch, Scots pine, and oak, and reports refer to a vigorous growth
of the oak due to the larch and pine nurses, such as might have
been looked for. That vigorous growth, however, was not long
maintained, and one of two things happened. Either, with a
view to more branching oaks, the nurses were removed too soon
and the oaks isolated, or, what is perhaps more probable, the
nurses were allowed to overtop the oaks and to dominate them
for a time before being removed, and at the time of their removal
the oaks were heavily thinned. This would well account for the
stunted growth of the planted oaks in Marian’s Wood, for instance.
The proper course would have been to remove the larch and pine
only gradually as they overtopped the oaks, and to have intro-
duced an underwood of beech, instead of trusting to self-sown
hazel, before thinning the oaks ab all.
‘“‘The old woods are fairly complete, but they are irregular in
their composition. Speaking generally, they are composed of
oaks from middle-aged to mature, and some younger oaks, ash,
and larch standing over a coppice of beech, hazel, ash, lime, wych
elm, etc., in which many oaks have been planted, and recently
some larch also.”
On the subject of the past and present system of management,
MR H, C. HILL ON THE FOREST OF DEAN. 293
Mr Hill writes that it ‘‘may be described as a periodic thinning
out of the oak overwood, with which was combined the removal
of larch and pines, and the cutting over of the underwood. From
this latter, oaks and larch, and in recent years ash, cherry, and
even a few beeches have been stored as standards, At the same
time, oaks and larch have been freely planted in open spaces.
“The operations, however, have not been carried out over
regular annual felling areas in any regular succession, nor do
they seem to have been governed by any fixed rotation. It was
considered desirable to cut over the underwood when the planted
oaks were in danger of being smothered by it, and the thinning
out of the oaks in the overwood was most conservatively limited
to the removal of only unsound or over-mature trees, with the
result that the best parts appear as high forest of old and middle-
aged oaks over a coppiced underwood, poor in composition and
growth, while elsewhere the overwood has been more freely cut,
and the coppice is vigorous and well intermixed with seedlings
of ash and oak, or planted oaks and larches.
“There has been an absence of a definite and clear method
of treatment by which the development of the overwood or the
coppice, as the case might be, would be the object aimed at either
entirely or within certain limits. The operations have not gone
on with regularity from year to year, or been carried out on the
ground with order and sequence, with the results that the markets
have been unevenly supplied, and the growing stock has been
made irregular, to the detriment of its greatest production and
most economical utilisation.”
The ojbect of future management is thus set forth :—‘ With
the demand for cordwood practically gone, and the capability of
the woods to produce fine timber, it is considered that the aim
in view should be the production of timber in greatest quantity
of the kind and quality commanding highest prices. This object
can best be attained by a high forest treatment, and the conver-
sion of the woods from their present more or less ‘ coppice-with-
standard’ condition into ‘high forest’ has to be considered.
It has been said that while two-thirds of the area consist of old,
well-stocked woods, the remaining one-third is composed of in-
complete oak plantations, aged from forty-seven to seventy-two
years, with an underwood of hazel. While the original woods
can be readily converted, the plantations are ill-suited for con-
version to high forest, and since they are found chiefly grouped
294 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
together in the southern enclosures (known as Knockall’s and
Marian’s), there is no difficulty in treating them separately from
the larger group of original woodland.”
Under the above circumstances, Mr Hill proposes to under-
take the conversion of 2286 acres of the present coppice-with-
standards into high forest, and to apply a more regular treat-
ment—as coppice-with-standards—to the 999 acres comprised in
the Knockall’s and Marian’s Woods. In both cases, the com-
position of the crops will be improved by planting after each
cutting. Excluding Bircham Wood, 44 acres, the author divides
3241 acres into four working circles, two of which comprise
2242 acres under conversion to high forest, and two comprise
the 999 acres to be worked as coppice-with-standards. He has
formed this number of working circles with the objects of distri-
buting the work, and the annual supply of produce, over four
different localities; of securing the advantage of moderate-sized
felling areas, which here will not exceed from 20 to 25 acres
each; of facilitating, in the working circles under conversion,
the selection of areas to grow on at once into high forest; and,
lastly, of giving greater elasticity and freedom to future manage-
ment when the conversion has been effected.
Two blocks, aggregating 678 acres, of the working circles
under conversion have been set aside to grow on at once into
high forest, and the remaining 1564 acres will for the present
continue to be treated as coppice-with-standards, on a rotation
of thirty-five years. It is proposed that, after the expiry of the
first and of each succeeding period of thirty-five years, further
areas shall be set aside to grow into high forest, until, in the
course of time, the conversion of the whole of these two working
circles has been gradually effected. The 678 acres now set aside
will, in the meantime, have become fit for regeneration as high
forest, and ultimately the rotation for these two working circles
may be fixed at one hundred and fifty years.
The rotation for the two working circles to be treated per-
manently as coppice-with-standards, has, for the present, been
reduced to twenty-five years, on account of the prevalence of
hazel in the crop.
A felling is to be made annually in each of the four working
circles, with an additional intermediate thinning in the areas set
aside to grow into high forest.
Mr Hill thus forecasts the condition of the High Meadow
MR H, C, HILL ON THE FOREST OF DEAN. 295
Woods after his proposals have had full effect:— ‘In the
‘coppice-with-standards’ working circles the underwood will be
found massed together in similar aged groups, its composition
being improved by planting, and the substitution of timber-
growing species for hazel. The overwood will have been cleared
of old branching trees past their prime, and in their places should
be a more regularly distributed reserve of standards of younger
age and more promising appearance.
“Tn the area under high forest will be found a complete wood
of oak, ash, larch, and beech, aged from fifty to sixty years,
surmounted by a valuable reserve of old well-grown oaks, one
hundred and sixty to two hundred years old. Its regeneration
and replacement by seedling oaks and beeches will probably be
possible within the ensuing thirty years.”
He gives a tabulated statement showing the fellings and inter-
mediate cuttings to be undertaken during the first period of
thirty-five years. He then offers suggestions regarding sowing
and planting, the forest staff, and other matters; and he con-
eludes his report with an estimate of the financial results of his
proposals, and with the prescription of Control Books for the
record of yearly work in each of the working circles. Detailed
descriptions of the various blocks of forest are contained in an
appendix.
Report ON THE Forest OF DEAN, WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR
its MANAGEMENT.
After giving a general description of the forest, the author
states that the main crop consists of oaks raised in plantations,
over 10,833 acres of which the age of the trees ranges from
eighty-one to eighty-eight years. Generally speaking, the oak
forms a pure crop, but some other species are met with, The
whole of the woods of the above age are said to be very open;
they have all been more or less heavily thinned, and they are
urgently in need of under-planting or under-sowing.
Regarding the past management of the forest, Mr Hill writes:
— Going back to the last century, it is recorded that in 1787
the forest carried a mixed crop of oak and beech in the proportion
of two beeches to one oak, and this clearly indicates the conditions
under which the fine oaks for which the forest was renowned were
produced, They are identical with those under which, in the
296 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
present day, oaks of the finest size and quality are being grown
and utilised in France and Germany, as well as in other parts of
Europe, where it has always been recognised that oak only
thrives after an early age (thirty-five to fifty years) and attains
good dimensions when associated with some auxiliary species,
which will aid in forming a complete leaf canopy, and by pre-
serving the soil from the deteriorating influence of wind and sun,
ensure the maintenance of its fertility. Lea Bailey, where beech
was not exterminated, well exemplifies these conditions. The
small value of beech as compared with oak, and its tendency to
outgrow the oak and suppress it, probably explain the attempts
to substitute woods of pure oak for the original mixed woods.”
Elsewhere he observes that the effect of uncovering and exposing
the ground has been to render the stiffer qualities of soil almost
sterile, and to cause even the best soil to sink to the level of
mediocrity.
The work of planting these woods was extremely well done,
but in those days it was believed that closed forests became fit to
be thrown open to common rights when the young trees had
“grown up sufliciently.” ‘At the same time, it was thought
right to thin heavily. And the system of heavy thinnings,
inaugurated in 1840 or 1850, was accepted as proper, became the
custom, and was unfortunately pursued over a number of years,
till the plantations were reduced to the condition of open park-
like woods, with isolated branching hide-bound oaks of little or
no promise as regards the production of timber of fine size and
quality. The plantations were not only heavily thinned, but
everything in the shape of underwood was cut out, with the
result that the trees stood far apart, and the exposed soil became
covered with a turf, fern, and brambles. The object in view was
apparently to give to the oaks room to develop branches and
produce crooked and curved timber for naval purposes. The fact
that the fine timber which was then being felled had grown under
quite different conditions, with 66 per cent. of beeches to complete
the leaf canopy and maintain the soil’s fertility, was lost sight of.
The law of nature, under which pure woods of oak cease to thrive
after the early stages of growth, was disregarded, and finally any
natural filling up of the woods and completion of the leaf canopy
was prevented in the majority of the enclosures by their being
thrown open. Had an underwood of beech been introduced, the
thinnings would have been justifiable; and had the leaf canopy
MR H. C. HILL ON THE FOREST OF DEAN. 297
been allowed to become complete with oak and beech, the opening
of the enclosures would not have resulted in such serious harm.
It is an easy matter to point out, now that the results are
apparent, the mistake that was made. In these days, too, we
have the experiences of other nations in growing oak to guide us,
as well as examples in the Forest of Dean itself, showing clearly
the conditions which are favourable, and which it is desirable to
establish. Fifty years ago there was the laudable ambition to
grow a maximum quantity of crooked oak rather than the less
valuable beech, and though there may have been the recognition
of the light-loving nature of the oak, there was also the erroneous
idea of admitting sunlight on the boles. On the whole, and not
without some reason at the time, conditions essential for the
growth of fine oak timber came to be overlooked.”
Mr Hill thus discusses the future management of the forest :—
“Tf the Forest of Dean is to be maintained permanently as a
forest, the chief object ought to be to place the 11,000 acres,
which the Crown has the right to enclose, under favourable
conditions of growth, in view to the establishment of a complete
crop of mixed beech and oak in high forest, with scattered larch,
chestnut, sycamore, and other trees. If this is done, the natural
character of the famous forest will be restored and handed down
to posterity, and the fine oak timber for which the forest is
renowned may again be grown, and eventually harvested with
other woods in the shape of a regular annual yield. The lower
value of beech as compared with oak should in no way prevent
its being grown in proper proportion, because it is only by the
aid of the beech that fine oak can be grown, and the increased
price commanded by the latter over that of oak grown in pure
open woods will more than compensate for the low price of the
beech.”
“With the exception of the Lining Wood of 80 acres and some
parts where oak is making no growth, the whole of the woods
will have to be tended on to a maturity, which they will not
attain for some fifty or sixty years.
“Tn the oldest woods, where a naturally-grown underwood
exists, as in Russells, Chestnuts, and Lea Bailey enclosures, rest
only is required to allow it to grow up and complete the woods.
The oaks are already too far apart, and for the next twenty years
these may be allowed to grow on to a more useful girth. In the
VOL. XV, PART II, 2B
298 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
small Acorn Patch, Yew Tree Brake, and parts of Park Hill, the
underplanting of beech is recommended, but to be successful,
strong three-year-old plants must be put out.
“In the fifty to fifty-six years old plantations there is some
underwood coming naturally, but it is desirable to introduce
beech generally by planting or sowing.
“Tn the twenty-five to forty years old plantations the sowing of
beech mast will, as a rule, succeed, and an underwood once estab-
lished, the overwood may be gradually thinned, so as to give to
the oaks and larches that light which they demand to develop
good crowns, but which must not be given by uncovering the soil.
“In the re-enclosed areas, which may aggregate 6335 acres
before the limit is reached, and of which 660 acres have already
been fenced in, it has been decided to cut out the worst of the
oaks, reserving or storing the more promising to form a shelter-
wood. Under this some natural growth of oak and ash may
be expected to appear, and, if not allowed to be smothered by
fern, it will survive. Larch, and oak, and chestnut, as well as
sycamore and willow, have been freely planted.”
“ Under the oaks, and generally where there are not natural
seedlings or planted groups as above, beech should be thickly
sown or planted. This work of fencing 6335 acres, cutting out
the bad oaks, and planting, as now projected, will be heavy and
costly, and it is thought that twenty years may well be given to
its accomplishment.”
°
.
“The chief object is to restore the natural condition of the
wood, as a complete mixed crop of oak and beech, and thus to
secure a better development of the oaks. It may be urged that
the oaks are not of sufliciently good shape and promise to ever
furnish fine timber, and doubtless this is true to the extent that
they will never develop such stems as were found in the old crop
of the last century, but they will increase in girth and yield full-
sized marketable timber, whereas now they would only give the
less valuable undersized (flittern) wood and pit wood. It is
advantageous, therefore, to keep them for themselves (7.¢., for
their own sakes), while they will form a necessary shelter to the
young beech, and favour the growth of the other plants in the
openings.
“Arrangements should be made to re-close periodically, at
MR H, C. HILL ON THE FOREST OF DEAN. 299
intervals, the equivalent of 300 acres a year, and to clear off
inferior trees and plant as above.”
The second work to be undertaken is the introduction of an
underwood of beech or (exceptionally) of hornbeam, and possibly
of spruce, in existing enclosures. Beech may be under-sown,
with every prospect of success, in the 884 acres of woods, forty
years old or younger, exclusive of the Lea Bailey enclosure, and
also in some of the older woods; but elsewhere the beech must
be planted.
“Thirdly. The Lining Wood of 80 acres, which contains
mature oak, should be enclosed, and its natural regeneration
undertaken. The wood has only to be slightly thinned by the
removal of the oaks and beeches with the lowest crowns (except
some young oaks in groups, which may be reserved to grow up
with the new crop). Then, on an acorn crop appearing, the soil
should be hoed up, and a crop of young oak will result. This
should be rapidly uncovered by two or three successive fellings of
old wood at intervals of three or four years, according to the
state of the young crop. Some beech may be naturally produced
with the oak, and, indeed, the young crop will be probably mixed
from the beginning. In that case, care will be necessary to see
that a sufficient number of oaks grow clear of the beech. Should
the young crop be chiefly oak, it will be an advantage, as beech
can be readily introduced twenty to thirty years later.”
Fourthly. Certain areas where the oaks are not thriving should
be cleared and replanted with conifers, preferably with spruce.
Or, alternatively, these areas “might be cleared of all but the
more promising growth, which might be kept in single trees or
in groups of trees, and underplanted with spruce or beech. The
cleared parts could be planted with Scots pine and small groups
of larch. The latter are not likely to thrive in quantity or
beyond a limited age, and therefore the main crop should be
Scots pine.”
Fifthly. Small blank areas in the forest, caused in most cases
by fire, should be restocked.
Thinnings are not recommended until an underwood of beech
has been established. ‘It will then be a simple matter, and a
safe operation, to give more space to the oaks and larches, and
remove any defective stems in the younger woods. Any holes
made in the leaf canopy, which may not be quickly filled up by
the crowns of the overwood, will be effectively closed by the
300 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
underwood of beech growing up in the place of the removed
stems. Cleanings will be necessary in order to free the heads of
the oaks, larches, sycamore, and chestnuts planted in the newly-
enclosed areas. The first care will be to see that they are not
smothered by the fern, and later they may be helped by cutting
out any growth that may be overtopping them, and by a
trimming of the epicormic and other branches of the trees in
the shelter-wood that do not exceed 3 inches in diameter or form
part of the crown.”
Mr Hill concludes his report with ‘suggestions regarding
nurseries, roads, the organisation of the staff, and other matters.
He gives an estimate of the financial results to be looked for,
and recommends a form of Control Book for future use.
Detailed descriptions of the various blocks of forest are given
in an appendix.
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS, 301
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY
SCIENTISTS.
1. Report on the Meteorology of Scotland Sor the Year ending
30th September 1898. By R. C, Mossman, F.R.S.E.,
F.R.Met. Soc., Honorary Consulting Meteorologist.
The following condensed abstract of the meteorological condi-
tions experienced throughout Scotland during the year under
review has been compiled from the bi-daily observations made
at sixty-seven stations reporting to the Scottish Meteorological
Society. These observations have been reduced and otherwise
corrected by Dr Buchan, and published in the form of an
appendix to the Quarterly Returns of the Registrar-General for
Scotland. Other sources of information, such as the monthly
reports of the Meteorological Office, London, have also been
utilised,
October 1897.—The weather of October was upon the whole
very dry, with a high mean temperature, due to an excess of
southerly winds. The mean temperature was 1°°6 above the
average, the excess being largely due to the high day temperatures,
brought about by the clear skies and strong solar radiation.
Temperature, as compared with the average, was distributed over
the country with remarkable uniformity; but was a little lower
at stations near the east coast than at places facing the Atlantic,
The mean rainfall was 2:47 inches, or 39 per cent. short of the
average, being below the normal in all localities, although the
deficit was very slight at some places in the extreme north-west
and north of the country. Snow and sleet showers occurred in
the north of Scotland on the 12th, but with this exception wintry
weather was all but absent. Bright sunshine was in excess of the
average all over the country, and especially so in the counties of
Inverness and Perth.
November 1897.—The outstanding feature of the meteorology
of November was its very high mean temperature, the highest
yet recorded for November. The days were 3°'5 and the nights
4°-5 above the average, the nocturnal warmth being thus specially
noticeable. The excess was most marked at inland places, where
302 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
it amounted to 5°:0 and more; but in Shetland the mean tempera-
ture was only one degree above the average. Throughout the
month anti-cyclonic conditions prevailed; but the spell of tranquil
conditions was broken by a severe gale from the west, veering to
north-west, on the 28th and 29th, much damage being done by
the high tides. Rainfall was below the average except in the
Hebrides, but the deficit was not of a very pronounced character
anywhere. The distribution of bright sunshine was very irregular,
Stornoway and Glasgow being just the average; Fort Augustus,
Fort William, and Braemar having a slight excess; and Aberdeen,
Edinburgh, and Marchmont a defect. At the commencement of
the month snow or sleet fell in the more northern districts.
December 1897.—Throughout December there was a marked
excess of southerly winds, the mean temperature being thus in
excess of the average, and the rainfall in many places double the
average. Mean temperature was distributed over the country in
a singularly unequal manner. ‘In the space enclosed within a
line drawn through the Minch, Gairloch, Ballachulish, Kingussie,
and the mouth of the Spey, the mean temperature was under
the average, the deficiency being 1°°9 at Lairg, 1°°7 at Nairn,
and 1°-0 at Fort William, Fort Augustus, Inverness, Dunrobin,
and Gordon Castle. In every other part of Scotland it was above
the average, the greatest excess being fully 2° in Shetland and
Orkney, and to the south of the Forth and Clyde, where it was
from a degree to a degree and a half in excess of the average.”
Rainfall was 35 per cent. above the average, but in some places
in the north and east it was below the average, the greatest defect
being 43 per cent. at Lairg. In many inland situations there was
a great excess, Bright sunshine was just about normal taking the
country as a whole, but there was a slight excess in some places.
January 1898.—The most remarkable feature of the weather
of January was its phenomenally high mean temperature, the
average of 44°-6 recorded in Edinburgh being the highest during
one hundred and thirty-four years, All over Scotland there was
a noticeable absence of snow and frost, the only snow reported
falling in the extreme north on the 21st. At no place did the
temperature fall below 22°:5, while no frost was recorded at
fourteen of the stations. The mild weather was more pronounced
at southern than at northern stations, and, what is rarely the case
in winter, at inland than at coast stations. The mean rainfall
was 20 per cent. below the average, but was distributed over the
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 303
country with great irregularity. Owing to the prevalence of
strong west-south-west winds, the rainfall over the western parts
of the country was greatly in excess of the average, but in that
part of the country lying to the south of the Grampians there was
a marked deficit. Bright sunshine was below the average very
generally, but there were slight excesses at Strathpeffer Spa,
Stornoway, Fort Augustus, and Braemar.
February 1898.—The weather of February was extremely
changeable, with frequent snow showers during the first week,
and also in the second half of the month. The mean temperature
differed but little from the normal, but there was a slight excess
in the south-west of the country. The mean rainfall was 27 per
cent. above the average. There was a great deficiency from the
South Esk in Forfarshire to the Tweed, but in the north and west
there was a decided excess, more than double the average being
precipitated in many localities. Over the west of the country
generally the only fair days were from the 21st to the 24th.
Sunshine was normal, but there was a great excess in the north-
east, Aberdeen being the sunniest station in the British Isles.
The excess was also well marked in the east, especially in the
neighbourhood of Edinburgh. There was a deficit in the north
and west, but the absence of sunshine was not of a very pro-
nounced character anywhere.
March 1898.— Although the mean temperature of March was
just the average, a good deal of cold and changeable weather
was experienced, with frequent falls of snow and sleet. Nowhere
over the country did the excess or defect of temperature amount
to more than a degree. The mean rainfall was slightly under
the average, taking the country as a whole, but varied greatly in
different districts, there being a marked excess in the north-west.
Only from one-fourth to one-half the average fell over wide areas
south of the Grampians. An extremely heavy downfall took
place over the West Highlands from the 16th to the 18th.
Bright sunshine was just the average, and the percentage of the
possible varied but little in different parts of the country.
April 1898.—The weather of April was chiefly remarkable for
a high mean temperature and excess of rainfall, the month being
the wettest April experienced since 1872. Southerly winds pre-
vailed, with the result that the warm air from the Atlantic raised
the mean temperature over the western districts, including the
outlying Hebrides, to from 2° to 3° above the average. Over
304 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the greater part of the country the excess of temperature was
almost wholly occasioned by the unusual warmth of the nights.
The mean rainfall was 68 per cent. in excess of the average, more
than twice the normal quantity being recorded at Aberdeen,
Braemar, and Ochtertyre. There was a slight deficiency at some
places on the west coast, as also in Midlothian. There was a
deticiency of sunshine over the country generally, the smallest
amounts recorded being 22 per cent. of the possible at Edinburgh
and Glasgow, Stornoway being the sunniest station, with 33 per
cent. Gales were rather frequent for the time of year at the
exposed northern stations.
May 1898 —The weather of May was characterised by a mean
temperature slightly under the average, a mean rainfall a little
above the average, and an average amount of sunshine. Tem-
perature was just normal in the south-west from Ayrshire to
Skye, but inland situations had a mean temperature two degrees
below the average, the greatest defect being in east Inverness,
and in Berwick, Roxburgh, and Peebles. On the 11th and
12th, the 16th, and even on the 31st, showers of snow and sleet
were reported at some of the northern and north-eastern stations.
Rainfall was very irregularly distributed over the country, being
below the normal in the counties of Berwick, Fife, Galloway,
Perthshire, and the south of Inverness-shire. At many places in
the north, as well as in the extreme south, twice the normal
quantity was precipitated, the northern stations being Kirkwall,
Deerness, Thurso, Dunrobin, Tarbetness, and Perth. Bright sun-
shine was in excess at most of the northern and western stations,
but slightly below the mean in the east and south-east, more
particularly at coast stations. The percentage of possible ranged
from 42 per cent. at Fort William to 32 per cent. at Edinburgh
and Strathpeffer Spa. Over most of the country the values were
fairly normal.
June 1898.—The weather of June was changeable and showery,
the meteorology of the month being without feature, all the climatic
elements, taking the country generally, approximating very closely
to their normals. The mean temperature was about half a degree
under the average, the greatest deficiency being one degree over
places to the east of a line intersecting Kelso, Dundee, Aberlour,
and Inverness. There was a slight excess, amounting to about a
degree, in many of the inland counties. The mean rainfall was
7 per cent. less than the average, but was very irregularly dis-
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 305
tributed over the country, there being a decided excess in the
Outer Hebrides, while only half the average fell “over a wide
district, bounded on the west by a line drawn from Dundee
through Kingussie to Cromarty.” Bright sunshine was very
generally below the average, the only place reporting an excess
being Fort Augustus. Stornoway reported just the average.
July 1898.—Although the mean temperature was slightly
under the average, the month was noteworthy as having the
lowest mean humidity on record, while the rainfall was also
exceptionally small. The north of the country was relatively
much colder than the south, but in some districts there was a
slight excess, amounting to half a degree. The mean rainfall
was just half the normal, and in many places only one-quarter of
the average fell, but in Orkney there was a slight excess. Strong
winds were of rare occurrence, there being only one gale recorded,
and that in the far north. Bright sunshine was in excess of the
average, except in the Hebrides.
August 1898.—The characteristic features of the weather of
August were a mean temperature a little less than a degree
above the average, a rainfall 20 per cent. above the average, and
a normal amount of sunshine. There was an excess of westerly
winds, due to pressure being relatively higher at southern and
eastern stations than at places in the north and west. The mean
temperature was slightly below a degree above the average, the
excess being greatest in south-western districts open to the
Atlantic. The excess was more marked near the coast than at
inland places. The rainfall was distributed over the country
with great irregularity, being under the average ‘“‘to the east
of a line drawn from Dunrobin to Fort Augustus, Kingussie,
Braemar, and Cupar, and in the counties of Berwick, Peebles,
and Selkirk.” At coast stations on the east there was a great
deficiency. At all places open to the westerly winds, rainfall
was above the mean.
September 1898.—The weather of September was characterised
by an unusually high mean temperature, with a mean humidity
slightly under the average, and a rainfall just the normal. The
mean temperature was 3°:2 above the average, a value exceeded
only by the Septembers of 1865, 1890, and 1895. The weather
was eminently anti-cyclonic throughout, and it is to the dry
atmospheric conditions, clear skies, and strong sunshine character-
istic of anti-cyclonic conditions, that the high temperature is to
306 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
be attributed. The excess of temperature was greatest at inland
and eastern stations, but the average was exceeded by only a
degree in Shetland. The week ending 10th September was
phenomenally warm, the nocturnal temperature, accompanied by
great humidity, being a very noticeable feature. In the vicinity
of Edinburgh this was the warmest week since June 1826. The
mean rainfall was 5 per cent, above the average, being below the
normal in Shetland, in Clydesdale, and at eastern stations from
the Moray Firth to the Cheviots. Over the part of the country
not embraced by the above districts the rainfall was in’ excess,
which was greatest at Airds, Inveraray, and Dollar, where nearly
double the normal quantity was collected. Bright sunshine was
very generally in excess of the normal.
Abstract of Meteorological Observations made at Sixty-seven
Stations of the Scottish Meteorological Society for the Year
ending 30th September 1898, and compared with the Average
of the Forty Years 1856-1895,
| Temperature. Rainfall. Sunshine,
| ———
| Mean Diff.from, Total Diff.from Total Diff. from
| Temp. | Average.| Inches. Average.| Hours. | Average. |
October 1897, 48°0 +1°6 2°47 | — 1°58 103 | =a |
November ,, 44°6 +4°0 3°24 — 0°42 38 — 54
December _,, | 38°6 +0°8 5:37 +1°40 39 hip we
January 1898, 42°9 +5°8 3°14 | -—0°76 36 -18 |
February _,, 38°2 —0°2 3°90 | +0°84 75 - 7
March 45 23 2°27 — 0°53 114 - 4
April 5; | 45°6 +1°5 3°61 +1°47 107 — 48
May Sy 47°7 -—1°3 2°62 + 0°34 175A ae
June - 54°4 —0°4 2°32 | — 0°16 170 | —-44
July + | 56°5 —0°6 1°52 — 1°65 ' 181 +10
August f 57'3 +0°7 4°36 +0°73 140 | —15
September ,, | 56°0 | +3°2 | 3°73 | +0°19 | 126 - 2
|. Year; 47°4 +1°3 88°55 | —0°13 1300 | —199 |
2. Report by WiLL1AM SomervILLE, M.A., D.C&c., D.Sc.,
E.R.S.E., F.L.S., Hon. Consulting Cryptogamist.
During the past year several inquiries have reached me, but
these, with one exception, had reference to damage induced by
insects, and were passed on to the Hon. Entomologist. The only
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 307
case of fungoid disease was brought to my notice by Mr Alexander
M‘Rae, of Co. Kilkenny, and proved to be the ‘“‘ Cluster Cup” of
the Hawthorn (Roestclia lacerata). This interesting fungus
resembles Rust of Wheat, in that it requires two species of host-
plant whereon to complete its development (Heterecious Para-
sitism), the alternation of generations in this case being between
the Hawthorn and the Juniper. The cluster cups of the Haw-
thorn occupy swollen patches of the shoots, leaves, and fruit,
and on bursting emit numerous yellowish spores, The parasite
is very common, but cannot be said to be of much economic
importance. Removal of infected parts would certainly be desir-
able in the case of ‘‘specimen” trees, such as the Red Hawthorn
on which Mr M‘Rae found the diseased shoots.
3. Report by R. Stewart MacDoveatt, M.A., D.Sc., Honorary
Consulting Entomologist.
Interest in entomology among the members of the Royal
Scottish Arboricultural Society seems to be on the increase, for
this has been my busiest year, queries about insects and their
work having been received from England, Scotland, Ireland, and
Wales. In addition to other insects, I have sent replies relating
to the work of the following species :—
Scots Fir. — Pissodes notatus, Pissodes pint, Bostrichus
bidens, Bostrichus lineatus, Tomicus acuminatus,
Hylesinus palliatus, Hylesinus ater, Hylesinus pina-
perda, Stirex juvencus.
Spruce.—Hylesinus palliatus, Bostrichus lineatus, Hylobwus
abietis.
Spruce Cones.—Phycis abietella.
Larcu.—Hylesinus palliatus, Bostrichus lineatus, Sirex
gigas.
Oak.— Xyleborus Saxesenti, Cynips Kollari, Tortrvx
viridana.
Asu. — Hylesinus fraxini, Hylesinus crenatus, Sphina
higustri.
Breecu.— Ptilinus pectiniformis.
Bireu.—Cossus ligniperda.
Pear.—Diplosis pyrwora.
Hotty..—Phytomyza thes.
308 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Following my usual custom, I choose out for more detailed
notice such of the pests as were complained about.
Gos TIGRINA (De Geer).
This is an interesting case, which exemplifies the helpfulness
of the entomologist in detecting swindles.
Mr David Glen, forester to Lord Sefton, advised a friend, who
had bought some timber as English-grown oak, that his purchase
consisted really of “‘American” oak. One of the logs on being
split showed much insect injury, the wood being traversed by
large tunnels which rendered part of it useless. A specimen of
the timber, with a large beetle present in it, was sent to me from
Croxteth by Mr Glen. The beetle, which was alive in the log,
and which as grub had bored the tunnels, was a large, handsome
Longicorn. It proved on examination to be Goés tigrina, a North
American species. As this beetle is not found in our country, it
was clear that the buyer of the timber had not got the English
oak he bargained for.
PIssODES NOTATUS,
the Small Brown Pine Weevil, is injurious both as imago and
grub, but chiefly as the latter. The mature weevil in its feeding
pierces the bark with its proboscis, so that a badly-attacked
young pine looks as if a person had taken a needle and made a
number of little punctures with it on stem and branches. The
proboscis pierces through to the cambium of the stem, and into
the outermost part of the youngest wood. In healthy pines little
bead-like drops of resin issue from the punctures. The grub
tunnels in the bark, and between the bark and the wood, and
where the bark is thin the outermost part of the youngest wood
may be also gnawed away.
The favourite breeding-places are young pines from three or
four to eight years of age, but trees in the pole stage are also
frequented. Scots fir, Austrian pine, Corsican pine, and Wey-
mouth pine are all used as host-plants. In exceptional cases
spruce and larch may be attacked.
The female lays her eggs in holes in the bark, several, it may
be, together ; and as the grubs when they hatch bore in different
directions, the tunnels may have a star-like pattern. A trail of
brown bore-dust remains behind to map out the path of the
larva, The full-fed larva gnaws out a hole in the splint-wood,
and in this hollowed-out bed, protected by a cover of sawdust
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 309
and wood-chips, the pupation stage is passed. A favourite place
for the beds is immediately below the whorl of branches, where,
in an infested plant, one is almost always sure to find several
clustered together. When the beetles are ready to escape, they
bore a circular hole through bedcover and bark.
In the Transactions for 1896 I stated that the contradictory
statements concerning the generation of P. notatus might have
their explanation in the long life of the individual beetles, and
that perhaps notatus would have to be added “to the not very
large list of insects which possess the power of recopulation and
repeated egg-laying.” This suspicion has been fully verified, and,
as a result of experiments conducted at the Royal Botanic Garden,
extending over three years,! I have proved the following :—
(1) The Pissodes have a remarkably long life in the imago
stage. This long life is characteristic of both sexes.
(2) Copulation and egg-laying are not single acts which, once
accomplished, terminate the life of the individual, but
both may be often repeated. The same individuals,
which have paired and bred in one season, may, after
hibernation, still further proceed to a new season’s
reproduction.
(3) Hibernation takes place in the month of November, and
ends in March or April, according to the season.
(4) Egg-laying takes place in all months, from April till
September inclusive.
(5) As adult beetles may be met with during all this period,
the length of time necessary for individual develop-
ment loses some of the significance it up till now
has possessed in relation to exterminative measures,
because a comparatively limited flight-period being
disproved, corresponding limited and definite swarm-
periods can no longer be relied on.
(6) Still, limiting our view to one cycle and the earliest
laid eggs of that cycle, the generation is typically a
yearly one.
(7) There may, however, be three generations in two years.
(8) As the first imagos issuing in the summer, as a result
of eggs laid earlier in the same year, are not immedi-
ately able to proceed to an efficient copulation, but
1 For an account of these experiments, see the Forstlich-naturwissenchaft-
lichen Zeitschrift, May and June parts, 1898.
310 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
require some time for ripening, even in a year favour-
able as regards temperature and weather conditions,
there is little likelihood of there being two generations
in a calendar year.
On these conclusions we found the following preventive and.
remedial measures :—
A great means the forester has in proceeding against this pest,
once it has got to work, is the preparation of catch-trees or decoy-
stems. These will be sickly plants or trees left here and there in
nursery or plantation, or plants can be artificially weakened and
left standing, or an older tree can be cut down and allowed to lie
as a breeding-place. In consequence of the long-continued life
and egg-laying, such trap-plants must be arranged, and visited
and renewed, at intervals throughout the whole year, from March
till October inclusive.
These catch-trees or traps must be barked or removed before
the enclosed brood has reached maturity, and their contents, in
the shape of larve or pupz, destroyed. My experience is that,
where ripe larvee have been exposed to the light and weather by
a removal of the bed-coverings, they rarely complete their develop-
ment, yet it is safer not to give them the opportunity. Where
the barked stems are not removed, special care must be taken
that beds deep in the wood are not overlooked, but their contents
destroyed. (This must specially be attended to in the case of
P. pini, whose beds can be found deep in the alburnum.)
As thin twigs may be used for breeding in, these, if not removed
and burnt, must be slit up for the destruction of enclosed grubs
or pups. Their yielding to pressure, here and there, will be a
guide to their having been tunnelled.
I am certain, from my experiments, that where notatus is
plentiful (and in such cases perfectly healthy plants can be
attacked and will succumb), collecting the imagos would prove
very serviceable. This measure could be certainly adopted in
nurseries with good results. The beetles would require careful
looking for, however, owing to their protective coloration ; but
favourite places for them are below the whorls, at the bases of
the bifoliar spurs, and lying between the buds. I have pointed
out that imagos may be found during many months, and new
imago issue also, yet the intervention of winter will give rise to
a certain seeming periodicity of imago appearance. Collecting,
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS, 311
then, will probably be most successful in the spring time, when
the over-wintered beetles and earliest-issuing renew or proceed to
their egg-laying, and also from August onwards, when escape will
be at its height.
Where the beetles have not yet got a footing, a timely and
vigorous rooting out of all suppressed or sickly pines will go far
to prevent injurious attack.
As guides denoting attack we may mention :—
(a) The bead-like drops of resin that issue from the wounded
bark.
(6) The drooping of the plants, with a reddening of the
needles.
(c) The little proboscis punctures,
(d) In young or smooth-barked parts, on the finger being
passed over the bark, little risings may be felt, or
little ridges may be seen. These mark the places of
larval tunnels or pupa beds.
In another experiment I have proved that notatus breeds also
in pine cones.!
P. pint chooses for its egg-laying grown stems. At present I
am experimenting with this beetle, and so far have indication that
it is characterised by the long life and egg-laying of notatus.
Woop-Wasps.
Judging from the specimens sent and correspondence in the
North British Agriculturist, observance of wood-wasps has been
more frequent than usual. Wood-wasps are among the largest
and most striking of Hymenoptera. They belong to the family
Uroceride, characterised in the case of the females by a well-
marked ovipositor. The two species of forest importance in our
country are Stree gigas, the giant wood-wasp, which attacks
spruce, silver fir, larch, and rarely pine ; and Sirex juvencus, the
Steel-blue Wood- Wasp, which lays chiefly in pine but also in
larch. These are thus distinguished :
Sirexz gigas.—Female may reach a length of 14 inch, but is
often smaller, specimens having been taken as small ag a little
over half an inch. The head and body are black, except the
first two and the last three segments of the abdomen, which are
yellow. The abdomen ends in a spine, below which is the con-
spicuous projecting ovipositor, consisting of a boring apparatus
* See Transactions of the Royal Physical Society, 1898,
312 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
enclosed in two horny side sheaths. The male is smaller, and
has the rings of the abdomen reddish-yellow, except the first and
the last, which are black.
This year I have had S. gigas females sent to me from the follow-
ing places:—Inchture, by Mr Gillespie, from a silver fir ; Yorkshire,
in larch ; and two specimens from Edinburgh, one caught flying
about in the street, and the other in a room which it had entered
by an open window. These specimens were got in August and
September. I also got specimens of attacked spruce from Perth-
shire and Fife.
Strea juvencus.—While in this insect, as in the last, there are
variations in colour, the female is typically blue, with reddish
legs, while the smaller male has rings, four to seven of the
abdomen yellowish-red, The size varies from 4 inch to 14 inch,
and the spread of wing from # to 2 inches. Specimens of jwvencus
which I bred out from a pine log received this year from
Mr Clark of Haddo gave the following measurements :—Males,
}? inch, % inch, 1 inch, 1} inch; female, measured to tip of
ovipositor, 13 inch,
Now and again doubt is thrown on the fact of jwvencus being
a British insect, but while it is certainly imported in timber,
there is no doubt whatever that juvencus breeds in Britain.
In last year’s Transactions it was reported from Dunraven
(Glamorganshire) and Innerleithen. I have records in my notes
of its capture from two localities in Midlothian, viz., Cramond
and Roslin; while this year Mr Clark has taken many specimens
at Haddo, Aberdeen, and Mr Leven has sent it to me from St
Quinox, Ayr. Mr Philip notes a capture in County Galway.
In her “Manual of Injurious Insects,” Miss Ormerod reports it
from Gilgarron, near Whitehaven.
An extremely interesting find is that of Mr Mitchell’s at
Dunraven. Last year Mr Mitchell sent to me an Ichneumon
Fly with the following note :—‘I found it apparently sending its
ovipositor into the bark of a larch post which contained Sirea
> This Ichneumon was Rhyssa perswasoria, a most hand-
some insect, which is parasitic on Sirea juvencus larve. LRhyssa
bores with its long ovipositor into a tree where the wood-wasp
larvee are at work, and lays an egg in the tunnel of the wood-
wasp. When the Rhyssa grub hatches, it proceeds to feed on
the grub of the wood-wasp, which is thus destroyed. The
ovipositor of /thyssa is very long, and sometimes this Ichneumon
larvee.’
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 313
is captured fixed to the tree, from which it has been unable to
withdraw its ovipositor.
The Dunraven specimens of jwvencus were from an Austrian
pine, and the Haddo specimens from a large dead Scots fir felled
about January 1897.
The life-history of the Szvex species is as follows :—The female,
by her long and strong ovipositor, bores a hole through the bark
into the alburnum or sapwood of standing sickly trees or blown
or felled timber. This she does very quickly. Mr Mitchell, who
kept some jwvencus in captivity, watched them boring and laying
their eggs. In some notes sent on to me he describes his obser-
vations :—‘‘On closely examining the bark, and still better the
timber under the bark, the holes made by the ovipositor are
easily found. They are usually single or in groups of two or
three, and have a small raised collar round them, the result of
the accumulation of bore-dust between the bark and the wood.
They are sometimes as much as } inch deep, including + inch of
bark. The usual depth for the most successful hatching is about
+ inch or slightly over, 7.e., as deep as the second or third layer
of wood. The wood-wasp about to deposit first wanders all over
the log, the point of the ovipositor in its sheath dragging against
the bark, and the antennz working vigorously until a suitable place
is found. The actual operation of boring takes about four minutes.
When the borer is full down there is a halt for a moment, and a
heaving sort of movement, during which, presumably, the egg
is passed. The insect, in the six or seven days of its life, makes
from a hundred to about one hundred and fifty borings.”
At each boring one egg is laid, from which comes a whitish
grub, which, when full grown, measures over an inch in length.
It is round, and has three pairs of very small thoracic feet, and
strong, biting jaws. A spine projecting from the last segment is
also characteristic. This spine, and the cylindrical shape of the
larva, will serve to distinguish it from the larve of the Ceramby-
cide, or ‘‘long-horned ” beetles, which are somewhat flattened and
have no spine.
The hatched out grub, “after following the same layer of wood
for about three-eighths to three-quarters of an inch, increasing
rapidly in bulk meanwhile, then turns inwards towards the
centre of the tree,” and later on curves out again towards the
surface, so as not to leave too great a thickness of wood to be
bored through by the imago when ready to escape. As the larva
VOL. XV. PART III. 2¢
314 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
progresses, the part of the tunnel behind is left stuffed with bore-
meal. When full-fed, the grub pupates in a chamber at the end
of its tunnel, and when the wood-wasp is fully developed it
gnaws the circular hole by which it emerges. If too great a
thickness of wood separates the adult wood-wasp from the out-
side, the insect dies. In my specimens, in several instances, the
adults ate their way out through half an inch of wood (indeed, I
am inclined to believe that this is a fairaverage); but on splitting
the pine log in November (all my specimens having issued in
August from the log kept in the open air) I found two dead
juvencus ata depth of | inch. The flight-time of the adults is
from July on to August and September. Wood split in the
winter, however, has revealed living adults, which might probably
have issued in the next spring.
There is a lack of experimental evidence as to the length of
time elapsing from the egg-laying till the appearance of the adult
insect. It seems certain, however, that the generation is never
less than two years, and it certainly is often longer, there being
cases on record where the adult wasps have issued from worked
timber forming floors, etc.
The larve are known to have bitten through lead piping. It is
related that at the time of the Crimean War, bullets were found
to have been pierced by larvee which had emerged from the
unseasoned wood of the ammunition-boxes; and Blandford tells
of the boring of S. gigas grubs from the timber supports into the
lead chambers of sulphuric acid works, with a loss of acid.
Preventive and Remedial Measures.—For egg-laying sickly
grown trees are chosen, or such as have been accidentally
wounded. These should be uprooted and removed. I am
sorry to say that it is not very uncommon to find trees lying
in the wood with many exit-holes showing all down the stem,
whence scores of wood-wasps have issued to their work of
destruction, Attacked stems are often rendered useless for
technical purposes, the wood being quite honeycombed with
larval galleries. Felled barked trees allowed to lie are also used
as breeding-places.
DipLosis PYRIVORA (Riley), the Pear Midge.
This insect, the Cecidomyia nigra of Meigen, appears un-
fortunately to be spreading in Britain. In the month of June
I received some pears sent by Mr A, C. Forbes, Bowood,
REPORTS BY THE HONORARY SCIENTISTS. 315
Wilts, attacked by a pest which had “destroyed the greater
part of the crop in the gardens.” . On dissecting the pears,
which were about the size of marbles, and rotten, I found many
larve of the pear-midge. ‘The life-history is“as follows :—The
adult midges issue from their cocoons in the soil early in the
year, from, in some cases, the end of January on to April and
even later. The females lay their white eggs in little masses
inside the blossom of the pear, usually before the flower
expands, the blossom being pierced for the purpose by means
of the ovipositor. Schmidberger, quoted in the Journal of
the Board of Agriculture for September, thus describes the
process of egg-laying :—‘‘I found the first gall-midge in the
act of laying its eggs in the blossom; this was on the 12th of
April. It had fixed itself almost perpendicularly in the middle
of a single blossom, and having pierced the petal with its
long ovipositor, it laid its eggs in the anther of the still closed
blossom. The eggs are whitish, longish, pointed on one side,
transparent, and from ten to twelve in number.” The eggs
quickly give up their maggots, which proceed to feed on the pear.
The number of maggots inside the attacked pear varies. In
twelve pears picked at random from Mr Forbes’s specimens, the
numbers were 16, 21, 28, 5, 9, 15, 19, 15, 17, 23, 16,10. In
the case of the smaller numbers, some of the maggots had already
left the pears. As a result of their feeding, the pears grow no
bigger than small marbles, and their interior is quite rotten.
The shrivelled, misshapen character is a guide to the attack.
The full-fed larvee leave the pears while these still remain on the
tree, or they fall to the ground with the pears which they leave
later. From a second supply of pears which Mr Forbes kindly
sent at my request near the end of June, the maggots were
leaving in hundreds, and very interesting it was to see them
skipping about as they lay on my table. This active movement
is characteristic of certain species of Cecidomyide, and may be
well seen in the case of the maggots of C. tiliw, which are found
inside the galls so common on twigs and flowers of the Lime.
Having left the pears, the larve enter the soil, where they are
supposed to lie for some considerable time before pupation, which
takes place in a thin cocoon. The adults appear in the next spring.
Description of Midge.—One-tenth of an inch long, and blackish
~in colour, The antennz are brown coloured and very long. The
legs are also long. The females, besides having longer antenne
316 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
than the males, have a conspicuous ovipositor. The larve are
legless, and have fourteen segments; they are yellowish in
colour, and have on their under-surface, at the head end, the
brownish so-called “breast-bone” or “ anchor process,” thought
to aid the insects in feeding.
Remedial Measures,—The insect can cause great losses. In
the letter acquainting me with the attack, it was mentioned that
seldom was a full crop of pears got because of the pest. There
is this to encourage growers, however, that where proceeded
against vigorously success can follow. Such a case is reported
by Professor J. B. Smith, of New Jersey, who, in a report in
1894, mentions severe attacks, but writes in 1897 that, in the
previous badly attacked localities, the pest seems to have been
stamped out, Dr Smith, as a result of experiments, recommends
‘treating “the ground below the trees with a heavy top dressing
of kainit, one ton to the acre, applied between the middle and
end of June.” This, applied immediately after rain, and before
the larve have made their cocoons, will cause their death. The
game authority recommends ploughing the infested ground, say
in July, so that the maggots which escape crushing will be buried
too deeply for the future midge to make its way above ground.
If circumstances render this measure impracticable, the principle
of burying the grubs should not be lost sight of. The pear midge
can only be satisfactorily combated when, as larva or pupa, in
the ground. Picking up and picking off the infested fruit would
be an extremely useful measure. The attacked pears can be
known by their withered, discoloured, and cracked appearance.
The foregoing embodies most of what is known about Diplosis,
but anyone wishing to read further can consult Zhe Hntomologist,
vol. xxi, for an article on Diplosis, by R. H. Meade, Esq. ;
Bulletin 99 of the New Jersey Agricultural College, by Dr J.
B. Smith; Miss Ormerod’s ‘“ Handbook of Orchard and Bush
Fruit Insects,” This is Miss Ormerod’s latest book, and I
cordially recommend it to members, It is published by Messrs
Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., price 3s. 6d. See also Jowrnal of the
Board of Agriculture, September 1898.
In concluding this Report, I wish to thank Mr Clark, Mr
Mitchell, and Mr Forbes for sending me material which I wrote
for, and also Mr Mackenzie of Mortonhall, who twice very
kindly send me some fresh pine logs for an experiment, which
I may give some account of, in the next year’s Z7'ransactions.
ue
—_
~~]
NOTES AND QUERIES.
NOTES AND QUERIES.
THe DETERIORATION OF WIRE FENCES.
Fifty years ago wire fencing was almost unknown, now it has
become an absolute necessity, and may be styled the fence of the
period—to the almost utter neglect of hedges and stone dykes.
What has no doubt tended to the general adoption of wire
fencing is its comparative simplicity and being easily erected,
and few now care to wait ten years on a hedge growing.
What I wish to direct attention to more particularly is the
injurious effects caused to wire fencing by using barbed wire.
As is well known, barbed wire is generally used as a top or second
wire, to prevent stock from over-reaching or rubbing against
the fence. And though the huntsman abhors it, still it cannot
be denied that barbed wire is a great advantage in protecting
wire fences from destruction by cattle. Nevertheless, paradoxical
as it may appear, this very barbed wire not only renders a fence
more effective, but also tends to hasten its decay.
Hitherto barbed wire has been manufactured in a somewhat
imperfect manner, on account of the barbs being cut from wire
after being galvanised, thus exposing a large amount of wngal-
vanised surface to oxidation, which sets up galvanic action, and
the rapid decomposition of the zine coating, and the general
deterioration of the wire. This not only affects the barbed wire
itself, but all the wires immediately under, and the results are
very apparent where old ungalvanised wire fences have been
re-erected with a barbed wire on the top—the drip from the
barbed wire causing rapid oxidation and decay of the under
wires. As a further proof of this, it may be noted that in
some instances, according to the direction of the line of fence
and the trend of the prevailing winds, some of the wires may
be comparatively free from oxidation, while in others it is very
apparent, according as the drip has fallen on the upper or lower
portion of the fence; and these effects are rendered still more
318 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY.
conspicuous if in close proximity to the sea air; and I have no
hesitation in saying that a vast extent of old wngalvanised wire
fences, the wires of which were comparatively good, have been
rendered useless in consequence of the injurious effects referred to.
The only way to obviate this is to have the wires all galvanised,
and to have the barbed wire galvanised after the barbs are
twisted into the strands, and thus render the wire free from oxida-
tion as far as possible. This would probably make the wire a
little more expensive, but the extra cost would be infinitesimal
when compared with the advantages from having a properly
galvanised wire.
The subject is of vital importance to all connected with estate
management, and is worthy of more attention than it has yet
received,
James Kay, Wood Manager, Bute.
Additional Note by Mr Kay :—
I understand that a newly patented method of galvanising has
recently been adopted at the works of the Sharon Hill Galvanising
Company, Darby, Pa. A most interesting paper on the process
was read by Mr George Reese at a meeting of the Franklin
Institute about twelve months ago. Unfortunately the paper is
too lengthy to be here reproduced, and I simply give the following
extracts :—
“The process is effected by what is termed a centrifugal
separator and the galvanising bath. The chief advantages of this
method are that it is only necessary to subject an entire bundle
of wire for a few seconds of time to the action of the centrifugal
separators instead of drawing a small number of strands through
wipers at the slow speed of not more than one foot per second,
as in the old wiping process. The bundles are finished as fast
as they can be raised to the proper temperature and coated in
the galvanising bath, hence the tonnage output is enormously
increased,
“Among the new articles produced by this method is barbed
wire, which is galvanised after it has been twisted into shape and
formed into bundles. When wire is galvanised before being
barbed and twisted, much of the coating cracks and peels off, and
the points of the barbs, where they are not coated, become blunt
by rusting, This new article can not only be produced much
NOTES AND QUERIES. 319
more cheaply, but is also more durable, and, as the points of
the barbs are completely coated, it retains its efficiency much
longer than by the old method.” James Kay,
MANAGEMENT OF BrrcH SEED.
Professor Schwappach has very kindly sent me an account of
the system that he follows with regard to the raising of young
birches; and as the information is sure to be of interest and value
to members of the Society, I append a translation :—
“The seed must be gathered and sown as soon it is ripe, which,
in this district, occurs in the beginning of August. The seed-bed
must be prepared on moist, but not wet, open soil. The seed is
sown broadcast, and, having been very lightly covered with sand,
is firmly rolled. The slightest excess of covering will prevent
germination. The bed is then kept sufficiently moist by a cover-
ing of sparred frames or branches, though, if the weather is very
dry, watering may be necessary. When the tiny seedlings appear
in a few weeks, the covering must be removed. Late in autumn
the bed should be lightly covered with spruce leaves to protect the
plants against frost.
“Since I began to practise this system, I have never failed to
obtain satisfactory results.” WILLIAM SOMERVILLE.
Phoma pithya, A Funcus on tHE Dovue.as Fir.
A Note read by Georce Leven, Forester, St Quinox, Ayrshire,
ab the Annual Meeting held in January 1898.
The Douglas fir is generally believed to be free from disease
in this country, and it has been planted largely on some estates
as a probable successor to the larch. I cannot speak of its
qualities as a timber tree, but undoubtedly it is liable to attack
by at least one fungus, which affects it in some respects as Peziza
Wulkommit does the larch. I am unable to quote an authority
on this disease, although I understand it has been observed on
the Continent, and with your permission I will give my own
observations on it,
320 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. |
The specimens now exhibited will illustrate my remarks, You
will observe some of them are quite dead, while the others are of an
unhealthy colour. The fungus had destroyed the cortical tissues,
in the former case, right round the stem, while above and below
this compressed part the cambium had been actively engaged, for
at least one growing season, trying to heal over the wound, but
had failed to do so, with the result that death ensued. In the
case of the unhealthy plants, the fungus has only destroyed the
cortical tissues on a part of the circumference of the stem, while a
callus has been formed round the wounded part. This is one
point of resemblance to the larch disease, and a further point is
that the original point of attack seems to be at the junction of a
branch with the main stem.
One other specimen has the leaders destroyed, and I am
inclined to believe that this is due to an entirely different fungus
(Botrytis Douglas ?). In nurseries, when this happens, it is
usually attributed to frost, but I question if it is nob oftener due
to this fungus, as I have seen sheltered and unsheltered plants
alike lose their leaders, I have seen the Douglas fir quite hardy
700 feet above sea-level in the inland counties, while it loses its
leading shoots readily 70 feet above sea-level near the seaboard,
even in sheltered localities. The moist climate in the latter case
favours the development of the fungus, while the drier air inland
keeps it in check.
We have planted a large number of Douglas fir each of the
last three seasons, and fully 10 per cent. of them have been cleared
out because of fungoid disease. If there is much of this in this
country (and there may be more than we are aware of), something
might now be done to stamp it out ; and even if it may be classed
among the “interesting observations” just now, thirty years
hence it may prove “a widespread calamity,” as Professor Gayer
says of Hysterium pinastri in Germany, which began with an
attack on two-year seedling Scots pine, and, after the above
lapse of time, is attacking Scots pine of nearly all ages,
[See the remarks of the Society’s Honorary Cryptogamist on
this subject, pp. 191, 192 of this Volume. |
y
rd)
t
ROYAL
SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY,
EXCURSION TO THH UPPER FORTH
AND LOCH LOMOND DISTRICT.
FIRST DAY.
THe Council of the Society having arranged to hold the
Nineteenth ANNUAL Excursion in the romantic and well-
wooded district lying between Stirling and Loch Lomond, a
large number of the members and their friends came from all
parts of the country to join in it. For the first time in the
annals of the Excursions, a distinguished representative of German
Forestry was present, in the person of Professor Adam Schwap-
pach, of the Forestry Academy, Eberswalde, Prussia, who was
most cordially welcomed by the members, many of whom were
delighted to renew their acquaintance formed with the Professor
in the German forests, through which he had conducted them
with such marked success during the Excursion of last year.
The rendezvous for the start was the ancient royal burgh of
Stirling; the main body of the Excursionists arriving there from
Edinburgh via the Forth Bridge, in saloon carriages specially
provided for the Excursion by the North British Railway
Company. When the whole party had mustered at Stirling, it
was found to exceed one hundred in number ; and every member
was supplied with a handy itinerary and map of the district to
be traversed. Among others present were :—Charles Adamson,
Leven; Professor Bayley Balfour, Edinburgh; Robert Baxter,
Dalkeith Park; David Brown, Chevet Park, Yorks; R. Brown,
Castle Craig, Dolphinton ; Charles Buchanan, Penicuik ; Richard
Cairns, Balruddery, Dundee; Mungo Chapman, St Ninians,
VOL, XV. PART I. F
9
Stirling; Wm. Clark, Edinburgh; James Cook, Arniston ;
Bernard Cowan, South Shields; W. 8. Curr, Ninewar; Alex.
Dingwall, Perth; A. Douglas, Baldersby Park, Thirsk ; Robert
Douglas, Edinburgh; Malcolm Dunn, Dalkeith; Wm. Erskine,
Oaklands, Trinity; D. T. Fish, Edinburgh; Robert Forbes,
Kennet, Alloa; F. Foreman, Eskbank ; James Forgan, Bonskeid,
Pitlochry ; George Fraser, Edinburgh; Simon Fraser, Luss ;
R. B. Fyffe, Lindertis; Robert Galloway, 5 St Andrew Square,
Edinburgh, Secretary; Wm. M. Gilbert, Edinburgh; G. H.
Gorrie, Dalkeith; Wm. P. Hay, Loanhead; Robert Henderson,
Penicuik ; Wm. Henderson, Balbirnie; George Jack, Dalkeith ;
James Kay, Bute; D. P. Laird, Edinburgh; George Innes
Macdonald, Elgin; A. M‘Gregor, Penicuik; Wm. Mackenzie,
Novar; George Mackinnon, Melville Castle; Wm. Mackinnon,
Edinburgh; D. L. Mackintosh, Ballikinrain, Balfron; John T.
M‘Laren, Polmaise, Stirlng; Wm. M‘Laren, Altyre; William
Malloch, Perth; Henry Methven, Edinburgh; John Methven,
Edinburgh ; John Methven, Blythswood ; John Michie, Balmoral ;
Alex. Milne, Edinburgh; J. K. Milne, Lasswade; Wm. Milne,
Foulden, Berwick ; Malcolm Morgan, Crieff; John Murdoch, Dal-
keith ; W. C. Orkney, Moncreiffe ; A. D. Page, Culzean; Walter
Page, Myregornie, Kirkcaldy; George Paxton, Kilmarnock ;
Henry Philp, jun., Dunfermline; John Philp, Dunfermline;
Alex. Pitcaithley, Scone; W. Priest, Eglinton Castle Gardens ;
Wm. Proudfoot, Raith; A. D. Richardson, Edinburgh; Thomas
Ritchie, Callander; James Robertson, Panmure, Carnoustie; James
Rodger, Scone; Edmund Sang, Kirkcaldy; Professor Schwappach,
Eberswalde, Prussia; John Scott, Gordon Castle, Fochabers; A.
Simpson, Alloa Park; Andrew Slater, Haystoun, Peebles; Dr W.
G. Smith, Edinburgh ; James Tait, Penicuik ; M. Temple, Carron
House, Falkirk; D. Thomson, Dunfermline; Wilson Tomlinson,
Clumber Park, Worksop; James Waddell, Leven; Robert
Wallace, Leith; John Watson, Leith; James Watt, Carlisle;
James William Watt, Carlisle; James Welsh, Edinburgh;
William White, Loanhead; Alex. Williamson, Edinburgh ;
and George Williamson, Leven.
After breakfast in the Station Hotel, the party mounted half-a-
dozen well appointed breaks, and left Stirling soon after 9 o'clock.
The Excursion was favoured by excellent weather, and although
there was a sharp autumn feeling in the air, the drive through
such an interesting country was much enjoyed. The route lay
ce)
over the Forth by Stirling Bridge, and through the rustic village
of Causewayhead, nestling in the shadow of the precipitous Abbey
Craig, crowned by the Wallace Monument standing out conspicu-
ously in the clear sky.
AIRTHREY CASTLE.
A drive of about two miles brought the party to the beautiful
estate of Airthrey, the property of Donald Graham, Esq., lying
snugly at the southern base of the Ochil hills, and well sheltered
by fine thriving plantations. The handsome castellated mansion,
erected in 1791 from a design by Adam, stands on a fine site in
a charmingly wooded park, and commands superb views of the
richest landscape in Scotland. It was the chief seat of the
Abercrombie family for about a century, and came into possession
of the present owner a few years ago. The estate is famed for its
Mineral Wells, springing out of the hill immediately above the
fashionable watering-place, the Bridge of Allan, much resorted to
from all parts of the country for the benefit of its mild and
salubrious climate.
The party entered the park by the South Lodge, and drove along
the main avenue to the Castle, a lovely winding lake lying
on the right, and the Ochils rising abruptly on the left, with
their slopes well clothed with woods. Some very fine old trees
were noted in passing; more especially the beeches, oaks, limes,
and sycamores, many of which seemed fully a couple of centuries
old. Near the Castle were noticed a number of fine thriving
young silver firs, and numerous grand examples of broad-leaved
trees, many of them growing in groups of three, and presenting
a rich massive appearance. On approaching the Castle the party
were met by Mr Dempster, the factor on the estate, Mr Murray,
the forester, and Mr Rutherford, the gardener, who gave them a
hearty welcome, and acted as their guides through the policies
and woodlands. ‘To the north in front of the Castle, some fine
sycamores and beeches attracted attention. Several of these grand
trees were measured, and one of the largest sycamores, which rose
to a height of about 75 feet, was found to girth 9 feet 3 inches at
5 feet up. Another splendid sycamore standing near girthed
8 feet 6 inches, and had a clean cylindrical bole of about 40 feet
in length. A fine group of old limes was pointed out, standing
a little east of the Castle, which were said to have been trans-
+
planted when of a large size, as an experiment, about one hundred
years ago; and their vigorous aspect at this period betokened the
success of the experiment.
Turning off sharp to the left up the hill on the way to the
Hermitage Wood, the largest oak tree on the estate was seen and
much admired. Its massive trunk girthed 11 feet at 5 feet up,
and its stately head rose aloft to a height of fully 80 feet. On
entering the Hermitage Wood, it was seen to be planted chiefly
with larch, ash, and sycamore. The plantation was formed twenty-
five years ago, and has been twice thinned, the last thinning being
done about four years ago. The hardwoods have thriven well,
and promise to yield fine timber when they reach maturity. The
larches have also grown well where not affected with “blister,”
but unfortunately on the southern slope of the hill they are badly
infested with the disease, and a number perish every year from
its attack. On reaching the summit of the hill a magnificent
view was obtained over the valley of the Forth, extending as far
as the eye could reach from Ben Lomond to North Berwick Law.
Descending the hill by a steep winding path through fine
thriving plantations, the party again mounted the carriages, and
after awarding a cordial vote of thanks, proposed by Mr John
Methven, of Edinburgh, to the proprietor and to his representa-
tives for their kindness, resumed the journey by driving back to
the South Lodge.
KEIR.
Leaving Airthrey behind, and passing through the Bridge of
Allan, beautifully situated at the southern base of the Ochils,
Keir, the next place to be visited, was soon reached, and the
policies entered through a handsome gateway. Here the party
were met by Mr Young, factor to Archibald Stirling, Esq., the
proprietor of Keir, and by Mr M‘Millan, forester, and Mr Lunt,
gardener, who spared themselves no trouble in order to show the
members all that was possible in the time allowed for the inspec-
tion of this most interesting estate, which has been for many
generations in the possession of the Stirlings of Keir. After
driving for some distance along the grand avenue, a halt was
called at the foot of a steep hill, and a visit paid to an ancient
burial-place in a sequestered spot, closely screened from view by
yews, cypresses, and other evergreens, appropriate to such a quiet
a]
)
Cy
resting-place. Returning to the avenue, the party walked up the
hill, admiring on all sides the thriving condition of the trees and
shrubs, strong evidence that their requirements were fully met in
the soil and climate at Keir.
Arriving at the stately mansion through a fine lime-tree
avenue, the artistic taste and skill of the late Sir William Stirling
Maxwell, Bart., were revealed on every side. Spacious terraces
and flower-gardens surround the mansion, and the extensive
ornamental grounds are noted for their wealth of choice trees and
shrubs, especially those of the coniferous family, and the great
skill displayed in their arrangement—the art of the landscape
gardener being exhibited in some of its choicest aspects,
Proceeding through the grounds, notice was particularly taken
of the use to which Cupressus sempervirens was put in the
decoration of the front of the mansion-house. It was trained up
between the windows, from the ground to the top of the wall,
in closely cropped columns, about 2 feet in diameter, and formed
a unique ornamental feature. Near the mansion-house were seen
some beautiful specimens of Cupressus macrocarpa, 55 feet high,
and among other examples of the newer conifers specially noted
were Abies Pinsapo, 30 to 35 feet high; A. Nordmanniana, 15
feet high ; Cryptomeria Japonica, 40 feet in height, and with a
spread of branches of 25 feet in diameter; Abzes nobilis, 60 feet
high ; Pinus insignis, 50 feet high ; andaWellingtonia, 45 feet high.
Among the older trees were a hoary Spanish chestnut, supposed
to be five hundred years old, and 15 feet in circumference, and two
“original” larches, 12 feet 9 inches and 11 feet 6 inches in girth—the
latter being 80 feet high. A number of fine oaks were also met with.
Everything seemed to grow well in this well-sheltered spot; and
on the admirable condition in which the gardens were found—
extending as they do to something like 45 acres—Mr Lunt
was warmly complimented. In the course of the walk the
members halted at a spot called ‘The Globe,” shaded by beeches,
through openings in which the most charming views of the
surrounding country can be seen, the prospects embracing Ben
Lomond, Stirling Castle, the Wallace Monument, and the river
Forth.
While driving along the road to Doune, the party left their
carriages to visit the Keir nurseries, which are about 2 acres in
extent, and have been quite recently established. There Mr
James Watt, J.P., Carlisle, in a few well-chosen words, moved
6
a hearty vote of thanks to Mr Stirling for his kindness in allowing
the Society to visit his estate, and to the officials already named,
who had so efliciently shown the party its beauties, and most
interesting arboreal features,
DOUNE CASTLE.
Passing through an interesting country for a few miles, and
through the village of Doune, noted for its ‘‘trysts” or stock
fairs, Doune Castle was reached, and the party were there met by
Mr M‘Lachlan, factor to the Earl of Moray, and an interesting
visit of inspection was made to the ancient and royal pile.
In the words of Scott: ‘‘This noble ruin holds a commanding
station on the banks of the river Teith, and has been one of the
largest castles in Scotland. Murdoch, Duke of Albany, the
founder of this stately pile, was beheaded on the Castlehill of
Stirling, from which he might see the towers of Doune, the
monument of his fallen greatness.”
After the death of Albany the Castle became royal property,
and subsequently passed into the hands of the Earl of Moray,
half-brother of Queen Mary, and still belongs to his successor in
the earldom, who bears the title of Baron Doune. The Baron’s
Hall has recently been restored, and the ruined pile put into
tasteful order. The extensive Perthshire estates of the Earl of
Moray extend from this to Loch Katrine, covering an area of
about 40,000 acres of an exceedingly picturesque country, much
of which is richly clothed with plantations and natural woods,
especially in the Trossachs district, where the oak coppice woods
are a prominent feature. Afterwards, in the Woodside Hotel,
near the Castle, the company were hospitably entertained to
lunch by the Earl of Moray. Mr M‘Lachlan presided.
Professor BayLtey Batrour proposed the health of the Earl of
Moray. He was sure they would all join him in a hearty vpte
of thanks to the Earl of Moray for the way he had entertained
them there that day. The interest of the Earls of Moray in
arboriculture was not a new thing; and they welcomed the
interest which the present Earl had shown in the Society by his
hospitable reception of them on this occasion. In the last
century, one of the Earls of Moray was a great tree-planter both
at Darnaway and at Doune, and a number of the trees they had
=
/
seen that day in the neighbourhood of the old Castle were
probably the result of his labours. He hoped the present Earl
would continue to show an interest in the affairs of the Arbori-
cultural Society. They had also to thank Mr M‘Lachlan for all
the trouble he had taken in carrying out in so admirable a
manner the Earl’s wishes concerning the entertainment of the
Society.
The toast was received with great enthusiasm.
Mr M‘Lacutan in reply, said the Earl of Moray desired him
to say how sorry he was that he was not able to be present on
that interesting occasion. He had to go north on business; but
His Lordship desired him to state that he should be pleased at
all times to assist in promoting the interests of the Arboricultural
Society. Since he came into the title and estates, the Earl of
Moray had shown a lively interest in everything connected with
the advancement of the country. He was sure His Lordship
would be much pleased to hear what an excellent company had
been there on that occasion, and how everything had gone off in
such a satisfactory way.
BLAIR DRUMMOND.
The splendidly-wooded parks of Blair Drummond, lying
pleasantly along the shores of the Teith, to which the party
next repaired, were found well worthy of a visit. Under the
genial leadership of the factor, Mr Ballingall, who has been on
the property for forty years, the company spent a delightful
couple of hours. The number of big trees to which attention
was directed was remarkable. The oaks and beeches were especi-
ally noteworthy. One of a long line of old beeches by the Teith
was 15 feet 3 inches in circumference ; but two larger than that
were taped nearer the house, and gave respectively a girth of
16 feet and 18 feet 9 inches. The latter, standing in the park,
had a magnificent spread of branches 33 yards across. The
largest of a series of oaks measured was 16 feet 10 inches in
girth ; it had a clean bole of 25 feet, and its height was said to
be over 100 feet. Forty years ago, when Mr Ballingall came to
the estate, this oak measured 14 feet 6 inches, so that in the
period in question it has added 2 feet 4 inches to its girth, and it
still shows signs of vigorous growth.
A grand sycamore measured was 19 feet in circumference at
8
5 feet up. A black Italian poplar was 100 feet high, and hada
clean bole of 50 feet to the first branches. Its girth at 3 feet up
was 14 feet 7 inches. An oak alongside of it was 15 feet 5 inches
in circumference, and on the slope near the house was one
of the finest oaks met with—a splendidly-grown tree, about
100 feet in height and 11 feet 3 inches in girth. An interesting
clump of trees was shown, which had been planted by the
celebrated Benjamin Franklin when he came to Keir to visit
Lord Kaimes in the end of last century. The clump consists of
an oak, an elm, two sycamores, and a laburnum.
The planting of many of the older trees was said to have taken
place about the year 1717; and Lord Kames, one of the ancestors
of the present proprietor, Colonel Home Drummond Murray, had
also a hand in improving the estate. On a mound, commanding
a wide extent of country, is an obelisk, now greatly hidden by
trees, erected by this celebrated Lord, with a curious inscription
worth quoting—‘ For his neighbours as well as for himself was
this obelisk erected by Henry Home. Graft benevolence on
self-esteem, and the fruit will be delicious.” In the shrubberies,
pushing their way vigorously, were seen several specimens of the
Japanese larch, Larix leptolepis, a recent introduction to this
country, which gives promise of becoming an excellent forest tree,
and superseding European larch, L. europea, which in so many
places suffers so much from disease.
From the neighbourhood of the obelisk just referred to, there
was pointed out a splendid wood of Scots fir, which was planted
seventy or eighty years ago by the great-grandfather of the
present proprietor. They looked a straight-stemmed and healthy
race, with the sun shining on their red bark.
Before leaving, Mr M. Dunn, Dalkeith, proposed a vote
of thanks to Colonel Home Drummond Murray, and to
Mr Ballingall, and Mr King, forester, for their courtesy to
the Society.
LANRICK CASTLE.
A smart drive of half an hour along the banks of the Teith
brought the party to Lanrick Castle, where the proprietor, Sir
Robert Jardine, Bart., entertained them to a very acceptable tea.
The great arboricultural feature of the well-kept policies was the
beautiful specimens of the Albert firs, Abies Albertiana, which
9
were found in a state of great perfection. What added additional
pleasure to their inspection was that they were shown to the
company by Mr Begg, the gardener who reared them from seed
brought from America in 1861. One grove of them on the north
side of the Teith was particularly attractive. The trees, ranging
from 58 to 62 feet—one had shot up to 67—were clothed to the
very ground with the freshest foliage, and the drooping habit of
several of them lent them additional grace. The greatest girth
of any of these trees was 5 feet 9 inches, and with one exception
these Albert firs were all over 5 feet in circumference. A
Douglas fir planted at the same time was 57 feet high and 7 feet
in circumference.
The respective keights and girths of the Albert firs measured
were—(1) 67 feet high, 5 feet 2 inches in girth at 4 feet up, the
height at which they were all measured; (2) 62 feet high, and
4 feet 10 inches in girth; (3) 58 feet high, and 4 feet 10 inches
in girth; (4) 60 feet high, and 5 feet 9 inches in girth; (5) 58
feet high, and 5 feet 4 inches in girth; (6) 62 feet high, and
4 feet 10 inches in girth ; (7) 62 feet high, and 5 feet 7 inches in
girth. A good Menzies fir was 65 feet high, and 7 feet in girth.
Thanks were voted to Mr Begg, and to Mr Dinwoodie, the forester,
for their services, and to Sir Robert Jardine for his kindness in
opening his grounds to the Society.
THe DINNER.
The party reached Callander at 8 o’clock, and immediately
thereafter sat down to dinner in the Dreadnought Hotel. Pro-
fessor Bayley Balfour presided, and had on his right Mr M‘Michael,
the town-clerk of the burgh, and on his left Professor Schwappach.
The croupier was Mr Malcolm Dunn, Convener of the Excursion
Committee.
There was a pleasing exchange of compliments between the
chairman and the German guest, and in the speeches that were
made in the course of the evening, reference was made anew to
the necessity of the Government taking up the question of
afforesting the waste lands of the country, and of establishing
experimental forest areas.
Professor BayLey Batrour said they might take the fact of
Professor Schwappach’s presence there as a recognition on the
10
part of those who were experts in forestry, that the Royal
Scottish Arboricultural Society was working for the same ends
as they were doing in Germany.
Professor SCHWAPPACH expressed his great admiration of the
noble parks and beautiful trees they had seen, but gave it as his
opinion that from the point of view of the commonwealth, the
forest trees should be grown on different principles than that
generally adopted in Scotland. He also thanked the Society in a
very cordial manner for the hearty and hospitable reception they
had given to him.
Provost Murpocu, Dulkeith, proposed the toast of the
Magistrates and Council of Callander, which was replied to
by the Town-clerk, who in turn submitted the toast of the
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society.
“The Owners of Estates visited” was proposed by Mr M.,
Dunn, and replied to by Mr Lunt, Keir. ‘Our Friends” was
proposed by Mr Bucuanan, and responded to by Mr Munro,
Penicuik. ‘Kindred Societies” was given by Mr A. Mitnz,
and replied to by Mr Cowan, South Shields; while the “ Press”
was proposed by Mr Kay, Rothesay, and replied to by Mr W. M.
Gilbert of the Scotsman.
SECOND DAY.
CALLAN DER.
To accomplish the programme for this day, it was necessary to
make an early start from Callander; and to obtain a view of the
objects of interest in the vicinity of this charming summer resort,
the members had to be astir betimes.
The lofty Ben Ledi, purpled in heather, presented a splendid
view in the bright rays of the morning sun, as groups of the
members perambulated the town and its neighbourhood before
breakfast. A pleasant hour was thus spent in visiting two
interesting antiquities—Tom Mac-chessaig, a curious mound on
the north bank of the Teith, and close to the old kirk and
burying-ground, and the “Roman Camp,” also on the bank of
11 ‘
the river at the other end of the town—and in viewing Callander
Crags, wooded nearly to their summit, the romantic Pass of Leny,
and the Falls of Bracklin. Breakfasting at 7 o'clock, all were
ready to start at the appointed hour, and mounted the carriages
prompt at 7.30 a.m. for a twelve miles drive to Loch Katrine,
through classic Scottish scenery.
LOCH KATRINE.
The route from Callander to the point of destination at
Buchanan Castle in the afterncon, lay through a country over
which the great Wizard of the North has cast a magic spell in
“Rob Roy” and “The Lady of the Lake.” The whole district is
mainly owned by the Earl of Moray, the Earl of Ancaster, and
the Duke of Montrose; and from a forestry point of view
is noted for the wide extent of the natural coppice woods,
chiefly of oak, and numerous plantations on the rugged hill-
sides, and in the romantic glens intersecting the district in all
directions.
After leaving Callander and passing the bridge of Leny, at the
mouth of the Pass of Leny, richly clothed with natural oak and
hazel, the road sweeps round the base of Ben Ledi, and runs for
some miles through the estate of the Earl of Moray, which joins
the Earl of Ancaster’s estate in the Pass of the Trossachs. On
such a lovely morning the grandeur of the Highland landscape
was seen at its best, culminating in the unrivalled scenery of the
Trossachs, which has been said by an eminent authority to
“beggar all description.” Passing Ben Ledi, “‘Samson’s Putting
Stone” was seen high on the mountain on the right; while on
the left were observed Bocastle with its ancient ruined fort;
Coilantogle Ford, Loch Vennachar (‘lake of fair valley”), with
the Wood of Lamentation on its north bank, Lanrick mead,
“‘ Duncraggan’s Huts,” the Brig o’ Turk, Loch Achray (“a lovely
loch”), and on through the richly-wooded Pass of the Trossachs
(“bristled territory”), with Ben A’an and Ben Venue to right
and left,—
‘* Mountains that like giants stand, to sentinel enchanted Jand,”
with
** Crags, knolls, and mounds, confusedly hurl’d,
The fragments of an earlier world.”
12
Of the scenery of the Trossachs and the approach to Loch
Katrine, Sir Walter’s oft quoted lines admirably describe it :—
** Boon Nature scatter’d, free and wild,
Each plant or flower, the mountain’s child.
Herve eglantine embalm’d the air,
Hawthorn and hazel mingled there;
The primrose pale, the violet flower,
Found in each cliff a narrow bower;
Foxglove and nightshade, side by side,
Emblems of punishment and pride,
Group’d their dark hues with every stain
The weather-beaten crags retain.
With boughs that quak’d at every breath
Grey birch and aspen wept beneath ;
Aloft, the ash and warrior oak
Cast anchor in the rifted rock ; -
And, higher yet, the pine tree hung
His shatter’d trunk, and frequent flung,
Where seem'd the cliffs to meet on high,
His bow athwart the narrow’d sky.
Highest of all, where white peaks glanced,
Where glist’ning streamers waved and danced,
The wanderer’s eye could barely view
The summer heaven’s delicious blue;
So wondrous wild, the whole might seem
The scenery of a fairy dream.”
For some miles the route lay through natural copse interspersed
with plantations of mixed woods, showing everywhere how well
adapted the district is for forestry operations on an extensive and
well-organised scale. Larch, Scots fir, and spruce all presented
a healthy and thriving aspect, and the hardwood trees—such as
oak and birch, which are indigenous; ash, elm, and sycamore—
were growing with vigour in the deeper and richer soils of the
lower parts of the country.
The rustic pier at the foot of Loch Katrine was reached about
9 o’clock, and the party at once stepped on board ‘‘The Lady of
the Lake” steamer, which was in waiting to take them to
Stronachlachar pier, about seven miles distant on the left shore
of the loch. The waters of the loch were clear, cool, and
sparkling in the bright morning sunshine, as “The Lady of the
Lake” steamed away from the pretty rustic pier, and stood out
into the middle of the bay, affording the party a splendid view of
the bewitching Highland scenery. Towering high on the left
15
were the rugged, copse-clad steeps of Ben Venue. There were
seen on the side of the rugged Ben, Coir-nan-Uriskin, or the
Goblins’ Cave, where the bold Sir Roderick Dhu had “stood
leaning on his heavy sword” listening to Fair Ellen’s “angel
voice” singing the plaintive “Ave Maria”; and higher up still
“the wild Pass of Beal-nam-bo,” or ‘‘ Pass of Cattle,” described by
Scott as ‘‘a most magnificent glade overhung with aged birches,
the whole scene composing the most sublime piece of scenery that
imagination can conceive.” Tacking to the right between Ellen’s
Isle and the ‘‘Silvery Strand,” a fine view was obtained from the
deck of the steamer of both those famous and lovely spots as the
“ Lady of the Lake” steamed slowly past. Heading to the left,
a straight run was made up the Lake to Stronachlachar in glorious
summer weather ; Ben Lomond towering high on the left with its
massive rounded crest; and the sharp rugged peaks of the
Arrochar hills rising right ahead.
Arriving at Stronachlachar Pier, carriages were in waiting to
take the party across the hills to Loch Lomond, a distance of
about five miles. Toe route lay through the heart of the
MacGregors’ country, with Loch Arklet sparkling in the sun-
shine on the left, under the shade of ‘“‘the mighty Ben Lomond.”
A little beyond the loch one of Rob Roy’s houses, and Helen
MacGregor’s birthplace were seen ; and while descending the steep
Pass of Inversnaid, the ruined fort was noticed in which General
Wolfe, the hero of Quebec, once commanded in troublous days.
The descent to Loch Lomond at Inversnaid was steep, and rather
trying to the nervous on the top of a high coach ; but the scenery
was grand, and fears were forgotten on board the capacious lake
steamer, where the party were soon seated to an acceptable
luncheon after their early start and long journey through the
fresh highland air.
Loch Lomond is about 22 miles long, and 5 miles broad at the
widest part, and contains thirty islands, some of them of consider-
able size, others mere islets, and mostly well-wooded. The total
area is 21,000 acres, and the surface of the loch is but 23 feet
above sea-level. It has a depth of only a few fathoms over the
greater part of the south or widest portion; but between Inver-
snaid and Tarbet, the bottom sinks to 105 fathoms, and at that
great depth the water is said to maintain a steady temperature of
42° Fahr. all the year round. It is locally famed for three
wonders—“ Waves without wind, fish without fin, and a floating
14
island.” <A peculiar swell of the loch after a storm accounts for
the first; and the second is said to be a species of viper which
swims from island to island; while the third is supposed to have
been an ancient crannoge, or floating habitation, or island, which
has long ago grounded, or entirely disappeared. From its large
size and beautiful scenery, Loch Lomond is styled the ‘‘ Queen of
Scottish Lakes,” and well deserves the title.
From the deck of the steamer, as she left Inversnaid, a good
view of the beautiful waterfall formed by the Arklet was seen on
the left. Tarbert, the landing-place for Loch Long, lay on the
right, and on the opposite side, but about a mile further on, was
observed Rob Roy's cave, immediately under Ben Lomond.
Rowardennan is the landing-place for those who wish to climb
the lofty Ben. Further down on the right, amid rich woodlands,
Luss was seen; and opposite it Inch-Lonaig—the Island of Yew
Trees—which for some generations past has been used as a deer
park by the Colquhouns of Luss, and still contains many very
fine old yews. It is said that the trees were first planted by
Robert the Bruce, for the purpose of supplying bows for his
archers. Keeping the islands on the right, Balmaha Pier was
goon reached, where the party disembarked. On a promontory
due south of the pier Ross Priory was pointed out, where Sir
Walter Scott wrote “ Rob Roy.”
Previous to landing at Balmaha, the company were photo-
graphed in a group on the deck of the steamer. Afterwards,
forming up on the deck, they sang ‘“‘Auld Lang Syne,” and then
said good-bye to Professor Schwappach, who, with Professor
Bayley Balfour, set out by the West Highland Railway for a
trip in the Highlands.
BALMAHA.
A visit was paid, by means of row-boats from Balmaha, to
“the Isle of Nuns, or of Old Women ”—Inch-Cailliach,—of
which Scott says: “A most beautiful island... . The church
belonging to the former nunnery was long used as a place of
worship for the parish of Buchanan, but scarce any vestiges of
it now remains.” The old burying-ground around the church
was for centuries the last resting-place of the Clan Alpine, as
well as of numerous Buchanans, Grahams, and other local septs.
1
Or
‘t The shaft and limbs were rods of yew,
Whose parents in Inch-Cailliach wave
Their shadows o’er Clan Alpine’s grave,
And answering Lomond 's breezes deep,
Soothe many a chieftain’s endless sleep.”
There grew the wood from which was made ‘‘Clan Alpine’s
Fiery Cross” of Scott’s ‘‘ Lady of the Lake.” The island is now
richly wooded, the greater part being covered with very fine oak
coppice.
At Balmaha the party were courteously invited by Mr
Turnbull, of Messrs Turnbull & Co., Glasgow, to visit the
Pyrolignous Acid Works, which have been going at the side of
the loch for more than a hundred years. The invitation was
gladly accepted, and here, to their great delight, the Foresters
found a chemical factory distilling valuable substances from
peeled oak coppice wood, which abounds in the district, but
which of late has fallen so much in value. The wood is brought
in sailing smacks from the coppices on the shores of Loch
Lomond, and stored here for use. After being cut into suitable
lengths, it is put into ovens and heated to the distillation
point, when it gives off fumes which are condensed and become
pyrolignous acid. This, purified by lime, gives a wood spirit
which is used in the manufacture of methylated spirits. The
remainder of the material becomes in turn acetate of lime and
acetate of soda. From the latter, acetic acid is made, and from
the acid comes an acetone which is now largely employed in the
manufacture of smokeless powder. The charcoal, no longer of
use for gunpowder, is ground down and sold for a variety of
purposes. After a considerable time spent in the inspection of
those most interesting works, Mr Turnbull hospitably entertained
the party to refreshments.
BUCHANAN CASTLE.
The party now set out for Buchanan Castle, the chief arbori-
cultural feature of the day’s proceedings, under the guidance of
Mr Murray, private secretary to the Duke of Montrose; Mr
M‘Callum, forester on the Buchanan estates; and Mr Crosbie,
gardener. Those gentlemen, who had met and welcomed the
Arborists on landing at Balmaha, courteously acted as their
guides during the afternoon, a duty which they performed in
16
the most pleasant and satisfactory manner. On the way the
Montrose Homes for Sick Children, erected and generously main-
tained by the Duchess of Montrose, attracted much attention
from their pretty, comfortable, cosy appearance, the beau-ideal
of a health-restoring home to a sickly child. The kirk and
manse of Buchanan were passed, and the home nurseries, full of a
fine healthy stock of both forest and ornamental trees and shrubs,
were inspected.
Near the Castle the party were received and cordially welcomed
by their Graces, the Duke and Duchess of Montrose, and hospit-
ably entertained by them to luncheon in a large marquee erected
on the lawn. Afterwards the party were courteously shown
over the Castle by His Grace, who conducted them to the top
of the stately square tower, whence a most magnificent view
of the splendid landscape, amidst which it stands, was obtained.
The Castle, which is stored with valuable family heirlooms
and rich works of art, is a handsome modern structure in
the Scottish Baronial style, standing on a commanding site,
surrounded by noble woodlands and parks extending to about
1500 acres.
With His Grace leading them, the party proceeded to make a
closer survey of the beautiful grounds, and the numerous hand-
some trees and shrubs with which they are richly adorned. On
the south front of the Castle, and close to the walls, the Tasmanian
“Blue Gum,” Lucalyptus globulus, has been freely planted, and
had a charming effect, although, as His Grace informed the party,
it was more on account of its valuable sanitary properties than
its beautiful appearance that he had planted it so near to the
Castle. The vigorous and healthy look of those rather tender
exotics spoke volumes for the salubrity of the climate and the
capacity of the soil at Buchanan for the sustenance of tree life.
Further evidence of this was seen all over this noble domain, in
which hardy trees and shrubs grow with great luxuriance, and
many grand specimens have attained to a large size and stately
proportions.
On the lawn between the Castle and the gardens were seen
many fine specimens of the newer Conifers, including very
handsome and thriving examples of Abies nobilis, A. Nord-
manniana, A, Pinsapo, A. cephalonica, A. concolor, A. Douglasu,
A. Menziesii ; Thaja gigantea ; Cupressus Lawsoniana, C. Nut-
kensis, C. macrocarpa; Pinus cembra, P. monticola,; Cedrus
17
deodora, C. atlantica; Wellingtonia gigantea, and numerous
others, all thriving and forming very ornamental subjects.
In an interesting walk through the wood in the Douglas Glen,
and through the shrubberies, the immense height of all the trees
was a subject of general remark. Great interest was taken in
the Douglas firs, which have been planted in large numbers, and
are now a feature of the woodlands. In one part of the park the
party inspected a plantation of 6 acres solely composed of Douglas
firs, which, planted thirty-eight years ago, have now attained to
an average height of 70 feet. One of the largest gave a girth of
6 feet 6 inches at 5 feet up, and all over they stood about forty
trees to the acre. Several grand individual Douglas firs were
measured, and were much admired. One of these, with a fine
silvery tint, was 9 feet 9 inches in girth; another, opposite the
stables, was 12 feet 7 inches in circumference, and 90 feet high ;
and a third was 11 feet 4 inches in girth, and 95 feet high, all
girthed at 5 feet up. In the same locality were an ancient yew
12 feet in girth at 3 feet up, and a great oak 17 feet in girth at
5 feet up. Numerous other fine trees were seen during the walk
through those splendid policies, in which, besides the Conifers
_ already mentioned, the larch, Scots fir, spruce, and silver fir thrive
splendidly, as well as the ordinary broad-leaved trees, the oak,
ash, beech, elm, lime, and sycamore, all exhibiting great vigour,
and furnishing many notable specimens,
Visiting the gardens under the charge of Mr Crosbie, extending
to about 10 acres, they were found replete with all the appliances
for meeting the wants of the ducal family. The hothouses were
full of excellent grapes, peaches, and other hothouse fruits, plants
and flowers of all kinds in first-rate condition for the purposes
they had to serve. The kitchen-garden exhibited skilful manage-
ment, resulting in abundant crops of fruit and vegetables. In
a neatly laid out garden in front of the greenhouses was seen
the original plant of the Buchanan Royal Lady Fern, Athyrium
Filixfemina Victorie, now a veteran plant of about half a
century old.
Assembling in a group in the pretty flower-garden, with two
handsome specimens of the Chilian pine, Arawcaria imbricata,
as a background, the party were photographed by Mr Paxton,
of Kilmarnock, a member of the Society, and a noted amateur
photographer. Before the company parted here, to make their
way to the railway station at Drymen, Mr Dunn gave appropriate
VOL. XV. PART I. G
18
expression to the feeling of every member who had participated
in the inspection of the noble domain in regard to the kindness
of the Duke of Montrose, and a ringing cheer was raised for His
Grace before the party left his charming territory.
On the way through the domain to the station, Mr M‘Callum
pointed out two grand specimens of park beeches, fully 100 feet
high, and with boles girthing respectively 17 feet and 13 feet at
5 feet from the ground. A fine example of the Abele, or white
poplar, was also noticed, which girthed 13 feet in the stem, and
stood about 70 feet high.
Reaching Drymen station, the party returned from there,
via Stirling to Edinburgh, in the saloon carriages furnished by
the North British Railway Company, and thus concluded the
Excursion of 1896. Favoured by good weather, the two days’
Excursion, admirably arranged by the Secretary, Mr Robert
Galloway, was a great success.
EXCURSION TO ARNISTON, MIDLOTHIAN,
19th SEPTEMBER 1896.
By the kind permission of Robert Dundas, Esq. of Arniston, the
members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society had the
opportunity, on Saturday, September the 19th, to inspect the
rich arboreal treasures in the demesne and woods on the Arniston
estate. Owing to the late period of the season at which the
Excursion was arranged, only a short notice could be given to
the members, who, however, turned out in good numbers to
represent the Society, and to take part in the most interesting
inspection of the splendid trees and woodlands at Arniston in
the afternoon.
Leaving the Waverley Station at 1.25 p.m., under the guidance
of the Secretary, the party travelled by rail to Gorebridge, picking
up a number of members at the stations on the way. On arriving
at Gorebridge, the party were met and heartily welcomed by Mr
19
James Cook, landsteward on the estate, who officiated as leader
for the afternoon, and performed his duties in such an admirable
manner as to leave nothing further to be desired on the part of
the visitors. The introductions over, Mr Cook at once marshalled
the party and led them off on what proved to be a long and
highly interesting walk through the extensive and beautiful
policies. From start to finish the interest never for a moment
flagged, in spite of several heavy showers which would have
damped, if not extinguished, the ardour of the most enthusiastic
arborist amidst scenes of less attractiveness.
Among those present were—Messrs Charles Buchanan and
Robert Henderson, Penicuik ; George Mackinnon, J. K. Milne,
and John Tod, Lasswade ; John Williamson, Loanhead ; Robert
Baxter, Malcolm Dunn, George Jack, and John Murdoch, Dal-
keith; John Watson, Peter Loney, William Mackinnon, D.
Young, North British Agriculturist, David T. Fish, G. H.
Burrells, Frank Machray, and the Secretary, Robert Galloway,
from Edinburgh; Thomas Simpson, Duddingston; Mungo
Temple, Carron House, Stirlingshire; and George Williamson,
Leven, Fife.
The family of Dundas is one of the oldest and most distin-
guished of the county families in Scotland. A branch of the
family acquired the lands cf Arniston by purchase, and founded
the family of Dundas of Arniston in the year 1571, and the
estate has been held in unbroken succession by the family to
the present time. At first the estate consisted only of the Mains
of Arniston, but now extends to upwards of 10,000 broad acres
in Midlothian, about 1000 acres being covered with plantations
and woodlands. Lying at a considerable altitude on the northern
slope of the Moorfoot Hills, it was naturally cold and exposed,
but the vast improvements which have been carried out, with
great skill and intelligence, have converted it into one of the
most fertile and best cultivated estates to be found in the upper
districts of the Lothians.
Entering the policies by the lodge near to the station at Gore-
bridge, the party walked for some distance down the valley of the
Gore Water, a tributary of the South Esk, noting on either hand
many well-grown trees, prominent among which were some fine
examples of the black Italian poplar. The valley traversed was,
till about a generation ago, the site of one of the Jargest manu-
factories of gunpowder in Scotland; and the extensive ruins of
20
dams, powder mills and stores, and works for the protection of
the neighbourhood, in the unfortunate event of an explosion,
were objects of much attraction.
Turning up a ravine to the left, and passing through an arch
beneath the public highway, near to the Lion and Elephant
Gate, the principal entrance to Arniston domain, the party found
themselves within the extensive park, which stretches away for
about 2 miles to the southwest. Gaining the main drive, from
the Lion and Elephant Gate to the Mansion-house, at a spot
overhanging the valley of the South Esk, a beautiful view was
got of the richly-wooded glen, with the river, pure and limpid,
rippling over the rocky bottom, deep in its verdant bosom.
Standing a little back, on the left, from the drive, a fine thriving
grove of Oaks was pointed out ; which, it was said, were raised
from acorns obtained from the Duke of Portland’s estate in
Sherwood Forest, and the plantation has been named the
‘“‘Portland Grove.” Near the grove, but on the opposite side of
the drive, are two mounds a little distance apart, known as
‘“Dead Man’s Land,” which are supposed to be ancient burial
places, but are now covered with sturdy oaks, apparently some
centuries old, and possessing very little of the free growth and
fine clean stems of the Portland oaks. Two veteran oaks were
noticed on the right close to the drive, where they probably have
stood for ages, and looked like enduring for generations to come.
Nearing the vicinity of the Mansion-house, some of the oldest
trees still extant on the estate were met with; and the dendro-
meter and tape-measure were immediately requisitioned. The
first to be measured was a grand old Ash tree, once a stately
object, but now bearing marks of storm and decay. At 5 feet
up the stem girthed 15 feet, and still carried a fair head of
branches. This tree had formed one in an avenue. A little
farther on were seen some more ashes of nearly equal girth, and
numerous grand sycamores, which were much admired. One of
the largest sycamores was girthed, and found to be 16 feet 3 inches,
at 5 feet up, with a crown rising to a height of over 100 feet.
About 60 yards off in the park, on the right, stood a venerable
oak, which was said to be the oldest oak at Arniston, and once
marked the boundary of the policies in that direction in olden
time. It is still a very picturesque object, and like all others of
the fine old trees about Arniston is tended with the greatest care.
It girthed 10 feet in the stem, and still exhibits a fair amount
21
of vitality, and, if the elements spare it, it may remain a notable
landmark for ages to come.
The party next proceeded by the east avenue to inspect the
** Wilderness,” a special feature of landscape decoration in vogue
two centuries ago, of which the most eminent exponent was
Le Notre, the distinguished French landscape gardener, who
laid out Versailles for Louis XIV., about the middle of the
seventeenth century. The Wilderness at Arniston dates from
towards the end of that century, and is laid out immediately to
the south of the mansion ; the avenues and straight lines of trees
radiating in all directions from the centre of the house, and giving
most charming views of the landscape and distant objects from
the windows. Much of the original design has long ago dis-
appeared, but the main lines are still in evidence—in spite of the
interference of ‘‘Capability Brown,” and the ravages of time—
and afford a splendid example of the excellent taste, and an
indication of the carefully-planned details of the landscape
gardener of two hundred years ago. Stately limes, beeches, and
elms compose the main features of the Wilderness; and in less
numbers are seen fine specimens of oak, ash, Spanish and Horse
chestnuts, cedars of Lebanon, Scots fir, larch, and Silver fir;
as well as trees of lowlier stature, like the holly, yew, and arbor-
vite ; of which evergreens the hedges and dividing lines were
usually formed. These latter have entirely disappeared, only
their ancient lines being marked here and there by a grand old
holly or yew. The effect, however, according to our modern
ideas and tastes, is rather heightened than spoilt by the clearance
of the undergrowth of trimly-clipped yew hedges and other minor
details.
The measuring of the girths of the numerous gigantic trees
growing here was seen to be an almost endless job, and only a
few of the more prominent could be noted. First, a stately old
Silver fir, standing on the lawn, near the front of the mansion,
was a feature of great interest, as it was supposed to be one of
the earliest introduced to Scotland. It was still a fine tree,
although the hand of time and stormy winds were telling upon
it. Several splendid examples of Scots fir were noted, one of
which girthed 10 feet 6 inches, at 5 feet up, and stood at least
100 feet high. On the west of the lawn stood a stately beech,
about 112 feet in height, with a smooth cylindrical bole which
girthed 11 feet. A little to the westward, near the brow of the
22
Esk valley, a grand specimen of larch was measured, and showed
a girth of 12 feet, at 5 feet up, with nearly 50 feet of a clean bole
to the first branch. This grand tree leaned considerably off the
perpendicular, but was in vigorous health, and could not be easily
matched, as a timber tree, in this country. A number of other
splendid larches, with clean stems 60 to 70 feet in length, were
observed in the grounds and on other parts of the estate, all
well-grown and generally free from blemish of any kind. The
opinion was freely expressed that the district was peculiarly well-
adapted for the growth of this most profitable of forest trees.
Some of the finest larches in the Wilderness were found by the
dendromoter to be about 120 feet high, and were computed to
contain between 200 to 250 cubic feet of timber, exclusive of
top-wood and branches.
In the grounds just outside the Wilderness, a group of oaks
and poplars, planted by Mr Dundas about forty-five years ago
as an experiment, were pointed out as an example of the rate
of growth of each species, An average oak—Q(Quercus robur
pedunculata—had a stem-girth of 4 feet 6 inches, at 5 feet up;
stood about 50 feet high, and contained about 12 cubic feet of
timber; while a poplar, Populus monilifera, or the “ Black
Italian Poplar,” had a height of about 100 feet, a girth at 5 feet
up of 9 feet 6 iuches, a clean bole of 45 feet, and was estimated
to contain about 90 cubic feet of timber. The difference in value
between oak and poplar timber, compared with their rate of
growth as there shown, formed a nice problem for discussion, the
prevailing opinion leaning towards “ quick returns.”
A short walk along the ridge between the Esk and the garden
glens, brought the party to the rustic Moss House, standing on
the extreme point of the ridge and overlooking a landscape of
rare beauty, with a lovely stretch of the richly-wooded glen of the
South Esk, lying immediately in front and far below. Towering
conspicuously amid the greenery of the glen, were some very tall
and shapely Norway spruces, of a peculiarly fastigiate habit, and
thickly clothed from base to apex with compact branches, the
trees standing erect like gigantic emerald pillars. Along the
slopes of the glen, and in its sheltered nooks, were seen many
fine healthy examples of the rarer coniferz, indicating by their
vigour, depth of colour, and well-furnished branches, the happy
circumstances in which they grow, and promising at an early
period to rival, and perhaps excel the Norway spruces in stature
23
and beauty. Rhododendrons form a principal part of the under-
growth, and in their season of flowering must produce a rich and
pleasing display, especially near the Moss House, where some of
the finest hybrids have been introduced and are thriving well.
Descending from the coign of vantage at the Moss House by
a winding path to the bottom of the glen, a stately specimen of
Norway spruce was measured, and the stem found to girth
8 feet 8 inches at 5 feet up, the dendrometer indicating a height
of 110 feet, and the branches having an average diameter of
15 feet, from the ground right up to within less than 20 feet
of the apex. Vigorous young specimens of conifers were seen
on all sides, among which the beautiful silvery variety of Abzes
nobilis was specially noticed, as being one of the most vigorous
and fastest growers, and many of the specimens were bearing
on their upper branches, with the characteristic precocity of the
species, a heavy crop of the conspicuous cones.
Crossing the Garden Burn by a rustic stone bridge, erected in
place of another swept away by a heavy flood in September 1891,
the walk was followed up the side of the South Esk, which is
also spanned a little higher up by a substantial rustic stone
bridge, giving access to Temple hamlet and its venerable parish
kirk, rich in its memories of the Knights Templars of the Middle
Ages. In passing along the bottom of the glen, it was noticed
that a considerable area had been planted with rhododendrons
within the past few years, and from the progress they had made,
they would soon add a pleasing feature to the scene, with a rich
display of flowers in their season. A fine specimen of the Douglas
fir, thirty-five years old, was found to girth 7 feet 6 inches at
5 feet up, and to be nearly 80 feet in height. Near the rustic
bridge over the Esk was seen a beautiful specimen of the best
variety of the copper beech. From that point up the glen, for
nearly 200 yards, to the boundary of the policies at Temple
bridge, was a striking plantation of conifers, consisting chiefly
of arborvites and cypresses, among which predominated Thuja
gigantea and Cupressus Lawsoniana, with lesser numbers of
Abies Albertiana, A. nobilis, Pinus cembra, Thujopsis borealis,
Wellingtonia gigantea, and several others, all healthy and thriv-
ing, and exhibiting in a marked degree the erect fastigiate habit
displayed by so many of the conifers in this glen.
Turning to the left, and taking the walk along the brow of the
valley, the party soon reached the Garden Glen, where, close to
24
the walk, was seen a handsome young specimen of Abies nobilis
that had lost its leading shoot twelve years ago, when about
5 feet high. A side shoot was then tied up to the broken stem
by Mr Dundas, and it has so completely taken the place of the
original shoot that it was impossible to identify the exact point
from which the side shoot had sprung. The tree has now a
shapely stem fully 25 feet in height. A fine tree of Abzes
Albertiana, in the bottom of the ravine, was thriving luxuriantly,
and upwards of 50 feet high; while an Abies Pinsapo, near the
top of the bank, was a beautiful example of a slower-growing
conifer, about 15 feet in height, and 10 feet in diameter of
branches.
Approaching the gardens, the party were met and heartily
welcomed by Mr Colin M‘Taggart, who has been gardener at
Arniston for about thirty years. Under his guidance the
visitors inspected the flower-garden, lawn, and shrubberies, all
in a perfect state of keeping, and displaying much skill and
taste in their management. Among the first objects on the
lawn to attract attention was a grand old specimen of the Cedar
of Lebanon, with a wide-spreading, umbrageous head overhanging
the pretty burn that wimples, as clear as crystal, through the
lawns, and loses itself beneath the shrubs in the glen. The
massive stem of the cedar girthed 17 feet at 5 feet up, and the
branches were bearing numerous cones nearing their full size.
Should these cones ripen fertile seeds at this high altitude, over
500 feet above sea-level, it will be a notable instance of the
beneficial influences of the past fine season. Another grand old
cedar stood at the opposite end of the lawn—a taller tree, about
65 feet high—with a fine stem of lesser girth, and also bearing
cones on its upper branches. Numerous other fine trees and
clumps of choice shrubs adorned this lovely spot, where the party
would have lingered long had time permitted. After a glimpse
at the tastefully arranged flower-garden, and a hurried run
through the well-stocked and admirably-kept hothouses and
kitchen-garden, in which the grapes, apricots, and hardy flowers
were specially admired, the party had to make off with Mr Cook
for a further inspection of the extensive policies.
In a few minutes the south avenue was entered, beneath as
stately rows of magnificent beech trees as ever graced the approach
to a family mansion of modern times, They were considered to
be a grand example of the skill and taste of the school of land-
25
scape gardening founded by Le Notre, and their vigorous health
at the end of a couple of centuries, which bears token of
the care displayed in their management, may carry them safely
on for generations. On the west side of the avenue the trees
have evidently been pollarded in their youth, and from their
stout, short trunks, about 8 feet high, they throw up numerous
massive limbs to an average height of about 90 feet, which form
grandly umbrageous heads. One of the largest, and, counting
from the south entrance gate, the third tree in the row, girthed
14 feet of stem at 5 feet up, and threw aloft eight giant limbs
thickly canopied with healthy foliage. The trees in the row on the
opposite, or east side of the avenue, have been allowed to grow
naturally, and have formed shapely boles of considerable length,
carrying well-balanced heads of branches, thickly clothed with
foliage. The stem of the second tree from the gate girthed
12 feet 2 inches at 5 feet up, with about 25 feet of a clean,
straight bole to the first branch. Altogether, that avenue, when
once seen, was not likely to be forgotten.
A little distance outside the south entrance, the estate saw-mill
and timber-yard were seen, but time would not permit a lengthened
inspection, and the party retraced their steps along the south
drive towards the mansion, near which, in the park on the right,
a fine old walnut was seen, about 50 feet high, with a stem girthing
12 feet, but hollow and decaying in the centre. What attracted
most attention from the party was the heavy crop of walnuts
which the old tree was bearing, and speculation was rife among
them as to whether the nuts would ripen this season at such a
high altitude. A gigantic beech, with a remarkably twisted bole,
of about 10 feet in girth and 40 feet in length, was estimated to
be 117 feet high; and a fine old cedar, with a wide-spreading
head, much damaged by storms, and girthing 14 feet 6 inches at
the usual point 5 feet from the ground, was the last of the grand
trees around the mansion to be inspected.
The company were then invited to enter the mansion, where
they were cordially received by Mr Dundas in the library. In
the course of a most interesting speech welcoming the party to
Arniston, Mr Dundas gave a brief history of the family, and the
efforts each generation had made to adorn their ancestral home
and beautify the landscape around it; the first of the great
improvements, including the laying out of the grand avenues,
being begun as far back as the year 1668, by Robert Dundas,
26
second Lord Arniston. Mr Dundas also kindly exhibited a
series of beautifully-executed old plans, showing the embelish-
ments proposed and the extent to which they were carried out
by several generations of the Arniston family, lucidly explaining
to the party the various details, and pointing out, through the
windows of the room in which they were examining the plans,
the lines of the great avenues and the leading features of the
landscape as depicted on the plans. Needless to say, every word
spoken was listened to with rapt attention, and everyone felt
deeply grateful for the reminiscences and historical incidents so
graciously placed before them by the learned ria highly-esteemed
proprietor of stately Arniston.
Leading the way to the dining-room, Mr Dundas hospitably
entertained the company to tea, to which, after their long walk
through the policies, they did ample justice. Tendering their
most grateful thanks to Mr Dundas, and bidding him good-bye,
the company, on reaching the open air, raised a ringing cheer for
the Laird of Arniston and his fireside, and with refreshed vigour
set to work to complete the inspection of the remainder of the
policies and woodlands before darkness set in. Striking into the
spacious Hast Avenue, extending to a total length of 2 miles, it
was found to have a width of about 30 paces between the lines of
trees, with a smooth, well-made road, about 12 feet wide, in the
centre. It may be here noted in passing that all the roads and
drives in the extensive policies were seen to be in the same clean,
orderly condition, with a hard smooth surface falling slightly to
the side to cast the rain, and in the best condition for carrying
the traffic. Reverting to the East Avenue, the first portion
nearest the mansion, comprised a row of handsome old lime trees
on the left, with stout trunks and well-clothed shapely heads
towering to a great height, and forming the beau-ideal of avenue
trees. On the right, the avenue was formed of huge elms, many
of them sadly damaged by storms or natural decay, and presenting
a rough and irregular aspect, in contrast to their graceful confreres
across the avenue. Passing the Home Farm, the trees forming
the avenue change to oaks, chestnuts, and sycamores of a later
date than the elms and limes; and anon beautifnl lines of young
lime trees are seen forming the avenue on both sides, until the
East Entrance Gate is reached, Here the policies were left behind,
and the party started to examine the plantations extending for
about 2 miles to the Carlisle road, but their inspection was much
27
marred by a heavy downpour of rain, which sent many of the
party to seek shelter where they could easiest find it. Enough
of the plantations were, however, seen to show that they were in
excellent condition, and full of a fine regular crop of timber,
mostly oaks and other hardwoods, with here and there some fine
thrifty larch, spruce, and Scots fir. The foresters among the
party declared that they would have preferred to have seen the
ground well stocked with a crop of larch, considering the splendid
manner in which the samples they saw were thriving. The
lowering skies and the shades of evening brought the party back
to the Hast Gate, where before parting with them, the warmest
thanks of the members were cordially tendered by Mr Buchanan
to Mr Cook and Mr M‘Taggart, for their courtesy and invaluable
services during the afternoon. A smart walk of about 2 miles
brought the party again to Gorebridge Station, whence they
reached their homes by train in due time, all thoroughly satisfied
with the afternoon’s work, and grateful to Mr Galloway, the
Secretary, for the completeness of the arrangements he had made
for their comfort and convenience in the limited time.
_
AY
m4 AY \ptewt eid Pay ns = Sree GMA), eiosit &
SAL Ye TRurs? ease 27 iy ld eee 4 ip eo 4 gaat
, t vrs 1? 20 lee 4Pi. Chin A jo ae “ . ecare-aivw
rg iM Co ee eT se rh \fomel ) ed en cate
THA LP A A fhe dry a 73 fi Lace (Ma tu pA
PIP HA Posten wrth @ Weeebarly Bega heb Ae ‘set
_ ain ‘ aenP t ety aes : nS ih | is ir
ST SU. (tie? ala) Patt were areca | nwigneee
> i mye a vr : Teds rvs) aan via
ie! CellC ob BL Sek 7 he write pase
Ge 5 Li oa ii ' ji ob wriie th) ’
Ning mL. em bewy liuiieiae @ open 7
. Wignipadiiluese @y iH'A tena rt “705. i= it aka ©
as | Mi ivke Ste Deal: 4 iKccpogl oe ue
et Myantys' « wi. e% { fj >, Val Pele ly
fe Ee i ae 5; i i) 2 . Aiea ro rigor Ss eveh
Kiet» TA | © awa
Sede ids ; rs met 2 Se En ae » yest a;
e im | vii ajis : (2 © eee
¢
f
‘ 4a
, ” "
yes
i
; : ”
‘ ‘;
, =e. (9
. i >
i > je ae. 2
‘ Ad a bow _ ay i 6 eae
Pes ei aia
F i
3 i a
oval Deottish Arboricultural Society.
PaTron—HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
1.—FORMER PRESIDENTS.
YEAR.
1854. JAMES Brown, Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean.
1855. Ditto, Wood Commissioner to the Earl of Seafield.
1856. Ditto, ditto.
1857. The Right Hon. Tur EArt or Ducts.
1858. The Right Hon. the EArt or STArr.
1859. Sir Joun HAtt, Bart. of Dunglass.
1860. His Grace THE DuKE of ATHOLE.
1861. Joun J. CHALMERs of Aldbar.
1862. The Right Hon. Tur EArt or AIRLIE.
1863. The Right Hon. T. F. Kennepy,
1864. Ropert Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.
1865. Ditto, ditto.
1866. Ditto, ditto.
1867. Ditto, ditto.
1868. Ditto, ditto.
1869. Ditto, ditto.
1870. Ditto, ditto.
1871. Ditto, ditto.
1872. Huau Ciecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie.
1873. Ditto, ditto.
1874. Jonn Hutron Baurour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of
Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
1875. Ditto, ditto.
1876. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blairadam, M.P.
1877. Ditto, ditto.
1878. Ditto, ditto.
1879. The Most Hon. Tur Marquis or Lorurayn, K.T,
1880. Ditto, ditto.
1881. Ditto, ditto.
1882, ALexanpER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Regius Professor
of Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
1883. Hucu CiecHornN, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie.
1884, Ditto, ditto.
1885. Ditto, ditto,
YEAR
1886. Sir Herbert Evstace MAxwett, Bart. of Monreith, M.P.
1887. Ditto, ditto.
1888, The Right Hon. Tur Earn or Hopreroun, Hopetoun House, South
Queensferry.
1889. His Excellency The Right Hon. Taz Eart or Hoperoun, Governor
of Victoria, Australia.
1890. IsAAc BAyLEy Batrour, M.D., Se.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in
the University of Edinburgh.
1891. Ditto, ditto.
1892. Ditto, ditto.
1898. Ditto, ditto.
1894. R. C. Munro Frreuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House,
Kirkealdy, Fife.
1895. Ditto, ditto.
1896. Ditto, - ditto.
2.—LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to December 1896.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Date of
Election.
1873. Branpis, Sir Dietrich, K.C.S.I1., Ph.D., Zz-Inspector General of
Forests in India, Bonn, Germany.
1886. CAMPBELL, Sir James, Bart. of Aberuchill, Redhill, Lydney,
Gloucestershire.
1886. Hooxrr, Sir Joseph D., M.D., K.C.S.1., The Camp, Sunningdale,
Berks.
1886. Jack, Edward, St John, New Brunswick.
1886. Jonorn, The Maharajah of, Johore, Malay Peninsula.
1894, LoGAN, Charles B., W.S., Commissioner to the Countess Dowager of
Seafield, Coulnakyle, Grantown, Strathspey.
1869. LorntAn, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.T., Newhbattle Abbey,
Dalkeith (also a Life Member by composition).
1886. Luszock, Sir John, Bart, M.P., D.C.L., High Elms, Down,
Kent.
1886. MicnaEt, General, C.S.I., Bangor Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.
1889, SarGeNnT, Professor C. S., Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard
College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
1889. ScuticH, Dr William, Professor of Forestry in the Engineering
College for India, Coopers Hill, Surrey.
1895. ScuHwaAppacH, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia.
1886. Sourney, Hon. Robert, Cape Town, Cape Colony.
1881. TEMPLE, Sir Richard, Bart., G.C.S.I., The Nash, Worcestershire.
1886. Tokai, Tokio, Japan.
Date
of LIFE MEMBERS.
Election.
1875.
1883.
1874.
1883.
1883.
1887.
1896,
1884.
1886.
1877.
1896.
1866.
1877.
1884.
1871.
1877.
1857.
1896,
1867.
1873.
1879.
1879.
1896.
1895.
1882.
1890.
1883.
1877.
1872.
1879.
1876.
1892
1875
1865
1880
1884
1867
1876
1877
ACLAND, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., of Killerton, Exeter, Devon.
ApAm, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of Blairadam, 3 New Square,
Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C.
Appineton, The Right Hon. Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow,
Bucks.
ALEXANDER, John, Florence House, Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo,
Ceylon.
ATHOLE, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole.
Bai.ey, Colonel F., R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University,
7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
Barrp, J. G. A., M.P., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, S. W.
Batrour oF BurRLEIGH, The Right Hon. Lord, Secretary for Scot-
land, Kennet House, Alloa.
BauFour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife.
Bautrour, Isaac Bayley, Sc.D., M.D., F.L.8., Professor of Botany,
Edinburgh.
BALvArrp, The Hon. Lord, Scone Palace, Perth.
BARRIE, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon.
Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks.
Bares, Cadwallader John, Langley Castle, Northumberland.
Bex, William, of Gribdae, Kirkcudbright.
Botckow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Middlesboro’-on-Tees.
BortHwick, Wm., Forester, Dunnichen, Forfar.
Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire.
Bruce, Thomas Rae, Old Garroch, New Galloway.
Brypon, John, Forester, Rothes, Elgin.
Buccievucn, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
BucHANAN, Charles, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik.
CARMICHAEL, Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart., M.P., of Castlecraig,
Dolphinton, Peeblesshire.
CARRUTHERS, Alex. Currie, Solicitor, 7 Howe Street, Edinburgh.
CHOWLER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
CHRISTIE, John, of Cowden, Dollar, Clackmannanshire.
Curisti£, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers.
Cuay, J. Spender, Ford Manor, Lingfield, Surrey.
CLERK, Sir George D., Bart. of Penicuik, Midlothian.
Colquhoun, Andrew, 75 Buchanan Street, Glasgow.
Cowan, Charles W., of Logan House, Valleyfield, Penicuik.
. CowANn, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh.
. Craig, Wm., M.D., C.M., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place,
Edinburgh.
. Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland.
. Curr, Henry, Factor, Pitkellony House, Muthill, Perthshire.
. Curriz£, Sir Donald, K.C.M.G., M.P., of Garth Castle, Aberfeldy.
. DatexetsH, John G., of Ardnamurchan, Brankston Grange, Stirling.
. Dauevetsu, Laurence, of Dalbeath, Rutland Square, Edinburgh.
. Dewar, Daniel, Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness.
Date of
Election.
1896.
1883.
1872.
1895.
1867.
1875.
1876.
1881.
1879.
1888.
1869.
1874.
1885.
1881.
1890.
1869.
1884.
1866.
1881.
1856.
1884.
1874.
1880.
1867.
1882.
1880.
1874.
1884.
1871.
1876.
1876.
1869.
1884.
1882.
1890.
1892.
1894.
1896.
1876.
1868.
1874.
1881.
1883.
1881.
Dovetas, Alex., The Gardens, Baldersby Park, Thirsk, Yorkshire.
Dunpas, Charles H., of Dunira, Dalchonzie, Crieff, Perthshire.
DunpaAs, Robert, of Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
DunpAs, Captain Robert, Yr. of Arniston, Kirkhill, Gorebridge.
Dunn, Malcolm, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
Eastwoop, James, The Gardens, Bryn-y-Neuadd, Bangor, Wales.
Epwakrps, William Peacock, S.S.C., 21 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
Exuiot, Walter, Manager, Ardtornish, Morvern, Oban, Argyle.
Fatconer, Dr John, St Ann’s, Lasswade, Midlothian.
Fereuson, R. C. Munro, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife.
Fisu, David T., 12 Fettes Row, Edinburgh.
FirzwIturaM, The Right Hon. the Earl, K.G., Wentworth, Rotherham,
Yorkshire.
FLEMING, J. B., ‘‘ Beaconsfield,” Kelvinside, Glasgow.
Forges, Arthur Drummond, Millearne, Auchterarder, Perthshire.
Forbes, William, Forester, Swinton, Masham, Yorkshire.
ForGan, James, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
Fovuis, Thomas, Publisher, 9 S. Castle Street, Edinburgh,
France, Charles S., 11 Bridge Street, Aberdeen.
GitcHrisT, Wm., Forester, Leuchars, Elgin.
GoueH, William, Wood Manager, Wykeham, York.
GraHAM, Wm., of Erins, Tarbert, Lochfyne, Argyle.
GRANT, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Tolleross, Glasgow.
Grant, Sir George Macpherson, Bart., M.P., Ballindalloch Castle,
Banffshire.
GrRIMOND, Alexander D., of Glenericht, Blairgowrie, Perthshire.
HAmILton, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot.
Hare, Colonel, 32 Palmerston Place, Edinburgh.
HeErpert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland.
Heywoop, Arthur, Sudbourne Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
Horr, H. W., of Luffness, Drem, Haddingtonshire.
Horne, John, Director, Forests and Gardens, Mauritius.
Horspuren, John, 131 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Hursa, Louis, of Possingworth, Hawkhurst, Sussex.
Incuis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire.
Jonas, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 4 Whitehall, London, S. W.
KENNEDY, James, The Chesters, New Kilpatrick, Glasgow.
Kerr, John, Farmer, Yorkston, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
LAMINGTON, The Hon. Lord, Lamington, Lanarkshire.
LANSDOWNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley
Square, London, S.W.
Leicester, The Right Hon, the Earl of, Holkham Hall, Wells,
Norfolk.
LESLIE, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glasslough, Ireland.
LeEsLiz, The Hon. George Waldegrave, Leslie House, Leslie, Fife.
LEYLAND, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland.
Loney, Peter, Estate Agent, 22 George Square, Edinburgh.
LoNsDALE, Claud, Rose Hill, Carlisle. y
Date of
Election.
1880.
1875.
1881.
1891.
1875.
1874.
1895.
1884.
1879.
1872.
1893.
1880.
1895.
1879.
1879.
1880.
1895.
1895.
1876.
1894.
1893.
1871.
1880.
1881.
1896.
1892.
1882.
1889.
1896.
1895.
1894.
1878.
1896.
1856.
1887.
1878.
1876.
1855.
1873,
1876.
1879.
Love, J. W., clo Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South
Australia.
Love.ace, The Right Hon. the Earl of, East Horsley Towers, Woking,
Surrey.
LumspeEn, David, of Pitcairnfield, Perth.
LumspEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
LuTTRELL, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire.
MACDONALD, Ranald, Factor, Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire.
MaAcDovucGa.L, Robert Stewart, M.A., B.Sc., 9 Brougham Street,
Edinburgh.
Macpurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth.
M‘Intosu, Dr W. C., Professor of Natural History, University of St
Andrews, 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews.
MAckenzi£, Donald F., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edinburgh.
MACKENZIE, James, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
MACKENZIE, Sir Kenneth, Bart., Conon House, Dingwall, Ross-shire.
MACLACHLAN, John, of Maclachlan, 12 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh.
M‘LAREN, John, Marionville, Sciennes Gardens, Edinburgh.
MacRircuig, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh.
MALcouM, Lieut.-Col. E. D., R. E., 18 Queen’s Gate Place, London, S. W.
Mann, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire,
MARGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds.
Martin, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire.
MAvGHAN, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham RB.S.O.,
Yorks.
MAXWELL, Sir John Stirling, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws.
MaxweE Lt, W. H., of Munches, Dalbeattie, Kirkeudbrightshire.
MesHam, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire.
Mricure, John, Forester, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeenshire.
Miter, Sir James Percy, Bart. of Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire.
Mine, J. K., Kevock Tower, Lasswade, Midlothian.
MircHELt, Francis, Forester, Harleston, Northamptonshire.
Morrat, James, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Murray, William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Nisset, J., D.(ie., 145 Norwich Road, Ipswich, Suffolk.
OrKNEY, William C., Overseer, Moncreiffe, Bridge of Earn, Perth.
PITcAITHLEY, Alexander, Forester, Jeannie Bank, Scone.
Pitman, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
PortsmMouTH, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon.
ProFrerit, Dr Alexander, Her Majesty’s Commissioner, Balmoral.
PuNcHARD, Frederick, Underley Estate Office, Kirkby Lonsdale, West-
moreland.
Rak, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire.
RAMSDEN, Sir John, Bart., 6 Upper Brook Street, London, W.
RicHarpson, Adam D., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Rircu1e£, William, of Middleton, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
RoBErTsoN, Donald, Forester, Danrobin, Golspie, Ross-shire.
VOL. XV. PART I. H
Date of
Election.
1866.
1890.
1883.
1872.
1854
1894
1877.
1882.
1893.
1889.
1883.
1873.
1892,
1880.
1883.
1865.
1887.
1877.
1880,
1855.
1872.
1883.
1872.
1878.
1871.
1869.
1889.
1867.
1896.
RoBERTSON, Jas., Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie, Forfarshire.
Rosrnson, William, 37 Southampton Street, Strand, London.
Rotio, The Hon. Wm. Chas. Wordsworth, Master of Rollo, Duncrub
Park, Dunning, Perthshire.
RosEBERY, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
RUTHERFORD, James, Agent, Kirkleatham, Redcar, Yorkshire.
SanDERSON, Wm., Talbot House, Ferry Road, Leith.
Scott, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres.
SHAW-STEWART, Michael Hugh, M.P., of Carnock, 7 Charles Street,
Berkeley Square, London, S. W.
Smiru, Thomas Valentine, of Ardtornish, Morvern, Argyleshire.
SmyTHE, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth.
SmyTuHE, Francis Henry, Strathearn, Nottingham Road, Natal.
SoMERVILLE, Dr William, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture
and Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle.
Spror, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow.
Srarr, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wig-
townshire.
Stewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Taggart, Bart., M.P., of Southwick, Kirk-
cudbrightshire.
SUTHERLAND, Evan C., of Skibo Castle, Dornoch, Sutherland.
SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.
TALBERT, Peter, Forester, Glenericht, Blairgowrie, Perthshire.
Taytor, Andrew, 11 Lutton Place, Edinburgh.
TrRRIs, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire.
Tuomson, Alexander, Trinity Grove, Trinity Road, Edinburgh.
THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Trotter, Colonel, R.A., The Bush, Roslin, Midlothian.
TroTTER, Colonel H., of Mortonhall, Edinburgh.
Urqunart, B. C., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire.
WALKER, Colonel I. Campbell, Late Conservator of Forests, Forest
Office, Madras.
Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, of Wemyss and Torrie, Fife.
Wi1p, Albert Edward, Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India.
Witson, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
The Names printed in italics are those of Members whose present Addresses
are unknown. Any information regarding those Members will be gladly
received by the Secretary.
Law V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Transactions while their
Subscriptions remain unpaid. Any Member whose Annual Subscription to
the Society remains unpaid for three years shall cease to be a Member of the
Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till he shall
have paid up his arrears.
Date of
Election.
1895. Aspot, Thomas, Forester, Firknowe, Peebles.
1892. ApAmson, C., Merchant, Leven, Fife.
1881. Arruiz, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Cortachy Castle, Forfarshire.
1878. AITKEN, Andrew Peebles, M.A., Sc.D., Professor of Chemistry,
Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh.
1891. ALEXANDER, Jas., The Gardens, Revesby Abbey, Boston, Lincolnshire.
1865. ALLAN, John, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
1895. ANDERSON, Duncan, Forester, MHeadfort House, Kells, Meath,
Ireland,
1895. ANDERSON, John G., Forester, Sutherland Estate, Dornoch.
1887. ANNAND, John F., Overseer, Kildrummy Castle, Mossat, Aberdeen-
shire.
1883. ARGYLL, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., LL.D., D.C.L., F.B.S., F.G.S.,
Inveraray Castle, Argyleshire.
1860, Austin & M‘Astan, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow.
1880. BaLpDEN, John, Dilston, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.
1892. BaLLINGALL, Neil, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife.
1867. Barriz, David, Forester, Comlongan Castle, Annan, Dumfries.
1895. Barrie, James Alexander, Assistant Forester, Lilleshall, Newport,
Salop.
1889. Barron, John, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby.
1874. Barron, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts.
1892. Barty, Rey. D., The Manse, Kirkcolm, Stranraer.
1871. Baxter, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
1894. BAxTER, Wm., Estate Office, Mertoun, St Boswells.
1894. Brrcu, George, The Grange Gardens, Bishops Stortford, Herts.
1883. Bru, Andrew, Forester, Culford, Bury St Edmunds.
1895. Bennet, J. B., C.E., A.M.I., 24 George Street, Edinburgh.
1890. BerripeE, W., Forester, Stoneleigh Abbey Farm, Kenilworth.
1889. Berry, Francis, Forester, Williamston, Torphins, Aberdeenshire.
1893. Berry, James, The Strand, Berwick-on-Tweed.
1896. Brruune, William, Grocer, Lundin Mill, Fife.
1869. Bissett, William S., The Gardens, Moncreiffe House, Perth.
Date of
Election.
1896.
1889.
1883.
1854.
1872.
1892.
1895.
1876.
1887.
1883.
1889.
1860.
1896.
1878.
1893.
1895.
1883.
1893.
1895.
1895.
1873.
1894,
1896.
1895.
1896.
1894.
1887.
1896.
1896.
1895.
1890.
1895.
1865.
1896.
1894.
1895.
1892.
1892,
1884.
1887.
1890.
1896.
Buarr, David, Factor, Ballikinrain, Balfron, Stirlingshire.
Buiatr, Peter, The Gardens, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
BLAKE, Jas., Forester, Mortonhall, Liberton, Midlothian.
Boa, Andrew, Land Steward, Dalton House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Boa, Andrew, jun., Sub-Agent, Great Thurlow, Newmarket, Suffolk.
Bonn, Thomas, Forester, Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire.
Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge,
Yorkshire.
Bootu, John, 39 Mozartstrasse Gross-Lichterfelde, Berlin.
BovutceEr, Professor, 18 Ladbroke Grove, London, W.
Boyp, John, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow.
BritTon, Horatio A., Timber Merchant, Shrewsbury.
Bropig, James, Land Steward, Glasslough, Armagh, Ireland.
Brown, David, Manager, Chevet Park Estate, Wakefield, Yorks.
Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert.
Brown, Robert, Forester, Castle Craig, Dolphinton, Peeblesshire.
Brown, Walter R., Assistant Forester, East Terrace, South Queensferry.
BrownineG, John M., The Gardens, Dupplin Castle, Perth.
Brownz, Alexander, Wood Merchant, Earlston, Berwickshire.
Bruce, Peter, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, Blair Athole.
BrvoE, William, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
Bucuan, Alexander, A.M., F.R.S.E., LL.D., Secretary of the Scottish
Meteorological Society, 42 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.
BucHan, R., Overseer, Guy’s Cliff, Warwick.
Buist, David, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Butst, Robert, Overseer, Newbyth, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
BurRELLs, George Henry, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Casry, Tom, Nisbet Hill, Duns.
CADELL, George, National Club, 1 Whitehall Gardens, London, S. W.
Cairns, Richard, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee.
CALLANDER, Henry, of Prestonhall, Dalkeith.
CAMERON, R. M,, Architect, 24 George Street, Edinburgh.
CAMPBELL, Alexander, of Auchindarroch, Lochgilphead, Argyle.
CAMPBELL, Alexander, Forester, Ayton, Abernethy, Perthshire.
CAMPBELL, James, of Tillichewan Castle, Dumbartonshire.
CAMPBELL, James Alex., M.P., of Stracathro, Brechin.
CAMPBELL, John, Timber Merchant, Inverness,
CHAPLIN, William, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
CHAPMAN, Andrew, Breckonhill, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
CHAPMAN, Mungo, Torbrix Nurseries, St Ninians, Stirling.
CurisTIE, Alex. D., The Gardens, Ragley, Alcester, Warwickshire.
Ciark, Alexander, Belleville, Linlithgow.
CLARK, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
CLARK, George Fraser, C.A. Apprentice, 24 St Andrew Square,
Edinburgh.
Date of
Election.
1891.
1892.
1892.
1896.
1893.
1882.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1887.
1894.
1879.
1895.
1858.
1894,
1874.
1875.
1867.
1893.
1876.
1895.
1895.
1887.
1896,
1894.
1893.
1895.
1891.
1884.
1869.
1894.
1865.
1857.
1892.
1892.
1884.
1895.
1895.
1895.
1891.
1893.
1893.
1882.
1887.
CLARE, John, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
CLARK, John, jun., Assistant Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
CiarK, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh.
CocksurN, Alex. K., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Coutins, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.
Coutins, Robt. T., Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
Connor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longniddry.
ConsTaBLE, Geo. William, Estate Agent, Traquair, Innerleithen.
Conway, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
Coox, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Cook, James, jun., Estate Office, Craigielaw, Longniddry.
Coupak, Robert, Forester, Ashford, Cong, County Galway, Ireland.
Cowan, Bernard, Superintendent, Harton Cemetery, South Shields.
Cowan, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay, Argyleshire.
Cowik8, John, Forester, Meikleour, Perth.
Cowper, R. W., Gortanore, Sittingbourne, Kent.
Crass, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire.
CRABBE, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Forfarshire.
Craic, John, Banker, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
Crop, James, Assistant Forester, Kelly Castle, Arbirlot, Arbroath.
Crozigr, Johu D., Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
CRUICKSHANK, Allan Macdonald, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
CumMInNG, Allan, Blairnachdar, Blair Athole.
CUNNINGHAM, Andrew, Seedsman, 98 Mitchell Street, Glasgow.
CunnINGHAM, W. M., Nurseryman, Elgin.
Curr, W. S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk.
CUTHBERT, James, Assistant Forester, Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
DaeutsH, John, Rothley Lake, Cambo R.S.O., Northumberland.
DALZIEL, James, Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
DANIELS, Peter, Forester, Slindon Hall, Arundel, Sussex.
Daruine, David C., Nurseryman, Aberdeen.
Davipson, John, Agent, Greenwich Hospital Estates, Haydon Bridge-
on-Tyne.
Davipson, John, Forester, Aldbar, Brechin, Forfarshire.
Davipson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire.
Davipson, William, Assistant Forester, Aldbar, Brechin.
DrEANE- Drakk, Joseph Edward, Stokestown House, New Ross,
Ireland,
Dick, Joseph, Forester, Wentworth, Rotherham, Yorkshire.
DiINGWALL, Alexander, Wine Merchant, Glendoig Villa, Perth.
DINGWALL, George, The Gardens, Belmont Castle, Meigle.
Donatp, A. S., Forester, Philiphaugh, Selkirk.
DonaLpson, George, Timber Merchant, Leven, Fife.
DonaLpson, James, Timber Merchant, Tayport, Fife.
Dovetas, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick,
Dovetas, Robert, 64 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
10
Date of
Election.
1892.
1867.
1895.
1896.
1862.
1896.
1873.
1894.
1896.
1885.
1893.
1894.
1887.
1896.
1873.
1894,
1895.
1880.
1894.
1893.
1893.
1891.
1869.
1895.
1893,
1890.
1878.
1891.
1892.
1892.
1889.
1892.
1895.
1857.
1892.
1896.
1895.
1878.
1874.
1893.
1896.
Dow, R., Forester, Douglas Castle, Douglas, Lanarkshire.
Dow, Thomas, Forester, Bretby, Burton-on-Trent, Derbyshire.
DrummMonp, David, Wholesale Stationer, 15 Victoria Street, Edinburgh.
DrummMonp, George T., Forest Tree Seedsman, Stanley, Perthshire.
Drummonn & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling.
Duncan, David, Forester, Guynd, Arbroath, Forfarshire.
DurwarD, Robert, Manager, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire.
Doururz, W. G., Forester, Bargany, Girvan, Ayrshire.
EASDALE, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Avoch Mains, Avoch, Inverness.
EppincTon, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire.
Exper, William, Forester, Cholmondeley Park, Malpas, Cheshire.
EmsLikz, William, Finnery, Kemnay, Aberdeensbire.
ERsKINE, William, of Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh.
Ewart, James Cossar, Professor of Natural History, University of
Edinburgh.
Ewi1ne, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen.
FARQUHARSON, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip.
Frerauson, John, Assistant Forester, 7 Haddow Street, Hamilton.
Frreusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhaungh, West Linton.
Fernie, Robert, Assistant Forester, Keith Hall, Banffshire.
Finzayson, Alexander, c/o James Dickson & Sons, Inverleith Nurseries,
Edinburgh.
Frnztayson, Malcolm, Solicitor, Crieff, Perthshire.
Firtu, W. M., Timber Merchant, 19 Montpelier, Edinburgh.
FisHer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
FirzpaTrick, James, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
FLEMING, Rev. Hugh, The Manse, Mordington, Berwick.
Fores, Arthur C., Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire.
Forses, Robert, Overseer, Kennet, Alloa.
ForEeMAN, Frederick, Nurseryman, Eskbank, Dalkeith.
ForeGan, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife.
Forcan, William, Assistant Forester, Kden Hall, Langwarthby
R.S.0., Cumberland.
ForstEr, William A., Forester, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham.
Fraser, George, 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
Fraser, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh.
Fraser, P. Neill, of Rockville, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
Fraser, Simon, Forester, Boiden, Luss, Dumbartonshire.
FrATER, John, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Fyrre, Robert B., Land Steward, Lindertis, Kirriemuir.
GALLETLY, James, Overseer, Bonhard, Perth.
GALLOWAY, George, Estate Offices, Woodhouses, Whitchurch, Salop.
GALLOWAY, Robert, Secretary, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
GAMMELL, Sydney James, Yr. of Drumtochty, Fordoun, Kincear-
dineshire.
11
Date of
Election.
1895
1870.
1887.
1894.
1894.
1893.
1880.
1893.
1893.
1893.
1891.
1868.
1887.
1867.
1873.
1893.
1893.
1892.
1896.
1883.
1890.
1894.
1879.
1880.
1889.
1892.
1890.
1896.
1895.
1894.
1893.
1880.
1892.
~ 1896.
1889.
1869.
1866.
1871.
1893.
1883.
1893.
1896.
1894.
Grorer, Alfred W., Land Agent, Tedbury Park, Tidenham, Chepstow.
GILBERT, James, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie.
GiLBEeRT, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Office, Edinburgh.
GILLESPIE, James, Forester, Lochton Lodge, Inchture, Perthshire.
GiLmMour, Captain Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Midlothian.
GiLroy, John, 26 Ravensdoune, Berwick-on-Tweed.
GuEN, David A., Forester, Croxteth Park, Liverpool.
GLEN, Thomas, The Gardens, Worth Park, Crawley, Sussex.
Go.pin, George, Eskdale Lodge, Dalkeith, Midlothian,
Gorpon, John G., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Gorriz, G. H., Estate Office, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
Gossip, James, of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness.
Grant, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
GRANT, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire.
Grant, James, Forester, Heath, Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
GRaANtT, John B., Forester, Downan House, Glenlivet.
GRANT, Peter, Assistant Forester, Ovenstone, Forfar.
GRANT, Peter, Forester, Hornby Castle, Hornby, Lancaster.
Gray, Henry, 22 Young Street, Edinburgh.
GREEN, Arthur A., 20 Annandale Street, Edinburgh.
GREENWOOD, C. H., Assistant Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts.
Grimes, Ernest, Assistant Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts.
Happineron, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Tyninghame, Prestonkirk,
Happon, Walter, Solicitor, Royal Bank, Hawick.
HANKINS, Charles, Forester, Wordwell, Culford, Bury St Edmunds.
HannaH, George, Forester, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire.
HArpIg, James F., Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles.
Har.ey, Andrew M., Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Harrower, David K., Timber Merchant, Knowe Park, Bo’ness.
Harvey, James, The Gardens, Mortonhall, Liberton.
Harcuer, Bertram, Assistant Forester, Lilleshall, Newport, Salop.
Havetock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.
Hay, John, Overseer, Dollar’s Estate Office, 6 Henrietta Street,
Kilmarnock,
Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Loanhead, Midlothian.
Hayes, John, Overseer, Dormont, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
HAYMAN, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Henperson, Arch., Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s
County.
HENDERSON, John, Overseer, Vogrie, Gorebridge.
HENDERSON, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian.
Henverson, W., The Gardens, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife.
Henperson, William, Forester, Gosford Demesne, Markethill, Co.
Armagh, Ireland.
Henkel, C.C., F.I.1., J.P., Conservator of Forests, Umtata, Cape
Colony.
Henrie, Robert, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip,
12
Date of
Election.
1895.
1895.
1866.
1896.
1874.
1892.
1880.
1876.
1895.
1893.
1891.
1895.
1896.
1870.
1893.
1893.
1895.
1896.
1895.
1896.
1883.
1878.
1888.
1893.
1867.
1870.
1896.
1876.
1896.
1882.
1887.
1896.
1870.
1894.
1879.
1894.
1895.
1876.
1890.
1895.
Hix, Claude, of Messrs John Hill & Sons, Spot Acre Nurseries, Stone,
Staffordshire.
Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath.
HocartuH, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire.
Hoce, Thomas, jun., Assistant Forester, Witley Court, Stourport,
Worcestershire. .
Home, Edward, Assistant Forester, Whiterig, Ayton, Berwickshire.
HonEyMan, Thomas, Factor, Clunes, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge.
Hopetoun, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Hopetoun House, South ~
Queensferry.
Huu, Frank, Forester, Lilleshall, Newport, Salop.
Ineuis, A. M., Nurseryman, Forres,
IneLis, John, Forester, Kelly, Wemyss Bay, Renfrewshire.
Incuis, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran.
Innzs, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Loch Park, Drummuir, Keith.
Innes, Alexander, Forester, Stourhead, Bath.
IRELAND, J. 8., Nurseryman, 39 Montgomery Street, Edinburgh.
Irons, John, Estate Bailiff, Thorney, Peterborough.
Jack, George, 8.S.C., Dalkeith, Midlothian.
JAMIESON, Andrew, Overseer, Carnbroe, Bellshill.
JARDINE, R. W. B., Yr. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
JOHNSTON, Alexander, Forester, Mount Teviot, Jedburgh.
JOHNSTON, Alexander, Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Somerley, Ringwood, Hants.
JOHNSTONE, Adam, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh, County Wicklow.
Jones, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire.
Jonrs, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert.
Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estate, Rothesay, Bute.
Keir, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire.
Kerr, David, jun., Assistant Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
KeELMAN, John, Forester, Esslemont, Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
KENNEDY, Peter, Forester, Countlich, Ballinluig, Perthshire.
Kennepy, Walter, Forester, New Tarbet, Parkhill, Ross-shire.
Kerr, R. D., W.S., 50 George Street, Edinburgh.
Kerr.Es, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth,
Kidd, James B., Forester, Dunrobin Estates, Glolspie.
Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds.
KINCAIRNEY, The Hon. Lord, 6 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.
Kine, William G., King’s Mills, Elgin.
Kirkwoop, William, The Gardens, Byethorn, Corbridge-on-Tyne.
Kyrxe, R. V., of Penywern, Mold, Flintshire.
Larrp, David P., Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
Larrp, John, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
13
Date of
Election.
1896.
1895.
1896.
1873.
1874.
1880.
1895.
1893.
1879.
1896.
1894.
1895.
1892.
1896.
1894.
1894.
1870.
1893.
1894,
1887.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1894.
1882.
1896.
1890.
1896.
1878.
1896,
1893.
1895.
1894,
1880.
1885.
1895.
1892.
1875.
1887.
1891.
1867.
Latrp, Robert, Narseryman, 17a South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Lairp, William, Forester, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire.
LAIRD, William J., Assistant Forester, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire.
Lauriston, Alexander, Rufford Nursery, Ollerton, Newark, Notts.
Leicu, William, of Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.
LEISHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburghshire.
LEITHEAD, William, Forester, St Clair Cottage, Memsie, Fraserburgh.
LEVEN, George, Forester, Auchencruive, Ayr.
Linpsay, Robert, Windsor House, Ferry Road, Edinburgh.
Lowe, W., Timber Merchant, Meldrum’s Mill, Dunfermline.
LumspeEn, Fredk. R., Newburn, Largo, Fife.
LyAtt, John, Land Steward, Pinkie, Musselburgh.
MAcBEAN, Simon, Forester, Bunchrew, Inverness.
M‘Braru, David, Assistant Forester, Blairnachdair, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.
M‘Cauutum, Edward, Forester, Falkland Palace, Fife.
M‘Ciownis, John, The Residency, Zomba, British Central Africa.
M‘CorquopatE, D. A., Bank of Scotland, Carnoustie, Forfarshire.
M‘Cousriz, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Ireland.
M‘Cuttocu, Christopher, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip.
M‘Cuutocu, James, Forester, Gala House, Galashiels, Selkirkshire.
Macpbona.p, George, Assistant Forester, Innes House, Elgin.
M‘Donatp, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
Macpona.D, John, Assistant Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie.
M‘Doueaut, Adam, Forester, Sudborne Hall, Wickham Market,
Suffolk.
M‘Dovaca tt, Alex., Assistant Forester, c/o Little & Ballantyne, Carlisle.
M‘Far.ANng, John, Forester, Tarbet, Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire.
M‘FARLANE, Peter, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
M‘Grecor, Alex., The Schoolhouse, Penicuik, Midlothian.
M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld.
M‘Grecor, Dunean, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee.
Macergcor, John C., Assistant Forester, Spoutwells, Dunkeld.
M‘Hartts, J. W., The Gardens, Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield, Hants.
Macuray, Frank, Assistant Forester, c/o Thos, Methven & Sons,
Nurserymen, Inverleith, Edinburgh.
M‘Inwraitu, Wm., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
MacIntosu, Angus, Overseer, Brookman’s Park, Hatfield, Herts.
MacInrosu, William, Drummuir Estate Office, Keith.
Macintosu, W. L., The Gardens, Ballikinrain, Balfron.
M‘Kay, Allan, Manager, Saw Mills, Friockheim, Forfarshire.
Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder.
Mackay, Peter, Forester, Kilvrough Estate, Park Mill, Swansea.
MACKENDRICK, James, Forester, Ballynahinch, Toombeola, Co.
Galway, Ireland.
MackEnzik, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh.
14
Date of
Election.
1867.
1894.
1896.
1892.
1883.
1892.
1878.
1879.
1878.
1893.
1865.
1892.
1874.
1883.
1895.
1896.
1893.
1892.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1890.
1892.
1895.
1884.
1894.
1893.
1895.
1895.
1884.
1893.
1896.
1886.
1891.
1895.
1879.
1889.
1873.
1877.
1869.
MAcKEnziz, John Ord, of Dolphinton, W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
MACKENZIE, John R., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
MAcKENZIE, Wm., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
MAcKENZIE, W. A., Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry.
M‘Kinnon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade.
M‘Krnnon, William, Nurseryman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
MackintTosu, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness.
M‘LaAreEn, Charles, Land Steward, Cally Lodge, Dunkeld.
M‘LareEn, John T., Factor, Polmaise, Stirling.
M‘LareEN, William, Forester, Altyre, Forres, Morayshire.
M‘LE.iAN, Duncan, 7 Kelvingrove Terrace, Glasgow.
M‘LENNAN, William, Factor, Inverlochy Castle, Kingussie.
M‘Leop, Angus A., Superintendent of City Gardens, 14 Royal Exchange,
Edinburgh.
M‘Leop, John, of Dickson & Turnbull, 26 George Street, Perth.
Macmitian, John D., Forester, Ampton Hall Estate, Bury St
Edmunds.
M‘NavucutTon, Wm., Forester, Inver, Dunkeld.
M‘Nicoll, John, Assistant Forester, Skelmorlie, Ayrshire.
MacOwan, Daniel, Assistant Forester, Hornby Castle, Lancaster.
MacrHerson, Alex., Assistant Forester, Knipton, Grantham.
M‘Puerson, Arch., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
M‘QureEn, John, Proprietor of the Scottish Border Record, Galashiels.
M‘Rag, Alexander, Forester, Castlecomer, Ireland.
M‘Rar, Alexander, c/o J. M. Bennett & Sons, Ardwick Station, Hyde
Road, Manchester.
M‘TavisH, John, Assistant Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie.
Marin, Adam, Forester, Loftus R.S.O., Yorkshire.
MA.iocu, William, 50 South Street, Perth.
MaArsHALL, J. Z., Timber Merchant, Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire.
Martin, David, Overseer, Fettes College, Edinburgh.
Martin, Robert, Forester, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage,
Peebles.
Massie, William H., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place,
Edinburgh.
Maruer, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso.
MAxtToneE, John, Forester, Abercairney, Crieff, Perthshire.
MAXwELL, Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, M.P., Wigtownshire.
MAXWELL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole.
MAXWELL, James, Factor, Screel, Castle-Douglas.
MeIkty, R. A., Ri Cruin, Lochgilphead, Argyleshire.
MeEtvitLe, The Right Hon. Viscount, Melville Castle, Lasswade.
Menzigs, George, Agent, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
MeTuHvEN, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street,
Edinburgh.
MeTuHVEN, John, of Thomas Methven & Sons, Leith Walk Nurseries,
Edinburgh.
15
Date of
Election.
1892.
1865.
1895.
1893.
1893.
1894.
1893.
1882.
1895.
1891.
1890.
1894.
1895.
1893.
1869.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1895.
1895.
1894.
1894,
1894.
1890.
1894.
1890.
1895.
1876.
1895.
1892.
1892.
1896.
1892.
1894.
1893.
1896.
1885.
1895.
1893.
Meruven, John, The Gardens, Blythswood, Renfrewshire.
Micuiz, Christopher Young, Forester, Cullen House, Banffshire.
Micuiz, James, Assistant Forester, Knowsley Prescott, Lancashire.
Micuare, William, Forester, Gulworthy, Tavistock, Devonshire.
MippurMass, Archibald, Forester, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth.
Mitt, George, S.S.C., 44 Frederick Street, Edinburgh,
Millar, K. W., Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Perth.
Mitne, Alexander, of James Dickson & Sons, 32 Hanover Street,
Edinburgh.
Mine, James, The Gardens, Whitslade, Broughton, Peeblesshire.
Mine, R. W., Forester, 9 Etterby Street, Stanwix, Carlisle.
Minne, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed.
Minsom, Isaac, Gardener and Steward, Claydon Park, Winslow,
Bucks.
MircHeE.t, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge.
Mircuett, Archibald, Forester, Dunraven Castle, Bridgend, Glamor-
ganshire.
MITcHELL, James, Overseer, Aldie Castle, Fossoway.
Morrat, Edward, Forester, Madeley Estate, Staffordshire.
MoncrEIFFE, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth.
Moncor, John, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Morcan, Malcolm, Wood Merchant, Comrie Street, Crieff.
Morrison, Hew, Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library.
Morton, David, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Morton, David, Overseer, Cally, Gatehouse, Kirkcudbrightshire.
Moss, Edward, Assistant Forester, 41 Surrey Road, Darnall, near
Sheffield.
MuvrruHEAD, George, F.R.S.E., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
Munro, Alexander, Overseer, Ballinacourte, Co. Tipperary, Ireland.
Munro, Donald, Forester, Coul, Ross-shire.
Munro, Donald, Assistant Forester, Yester, Gifford, Haddington.
Munro, Hugh, Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk.
Murpocu, Graham W., Science and Naturalist Editor, Vorkshire
Weekly Post, Milnthorpe, Westmorland.
Muvrpocn, John, Ironmonger, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
Murray, Alexander, Forester, Murthly, Perth.
Murray, Hon. A. W. C. O., Master of Elibank, Hay Lodge,
Peebles.
Murray, John, Forester, Airthrey Castle, Bridge of Allan.
Nein, Archibald, Forester, Warkton, Kettering, Northamptonshire.
NELSON, Robert, Assistant Forester, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees,
Dumfriesshire.
Neuson, Thomas, The Gardens, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth.
Newsiecine, John W., Nurseryman, Dumtries.
Newton, George, Factor’s Assistant, 28 Charlotte Street, Edin-
burgh.
Nicou, James, Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire.
16
Date of
Election.
1895.
1891.
1875.
1893.
1894.
1879.
1894.
1895.
1887.
1869.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1892.
1874.
1893.
1892.
1896.
1895.
1892.
1870.
1894.
1893.
1895.
1896.
1892.
1896.
1896.
1896.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1896.
1895.
1883.
1893.
1893.
1887.
1895.
1867.
Nicot, James, Assistant Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire.
Nicou., John, Solicitor, 20 George Street, Edinburgh.
Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean, Maybole, Ayrshire.
Paces, Walter, Farmer, Myregornie, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Paton, George, Assistant Gardener, Mortonhall, Liberton, Midlothian.
Patron, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
Patrrerson, George, Forester’s Office, Leinster Street, Athy, Co, Kildare,
Ireland.
Paxton, George, Richardland, Kilmarnock.
Paxton, Thomas A., Forester, Newbattle, Dalkeith.
Preesies, Andrew, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford, Surrey.
Puitip, William Watt, Assistant Forester, Balmoral Castle, Aberdeen-
shire.
Puripr, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline.
Puitp, John, Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline.
Pirrigz, George, Wood Merchant, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
Puarr, Colonel Henry, Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan, Carnarvonshire.
Porter, John, Farmer, Nesbit Hill, Duns, Berwickshire.
Ports, G. H., Fettes Mount, Lasswade, Midlothian.
PRENTICE, George, Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Priest, W., The Gardens, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
Prouproot, William, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Rarrray, Thos., Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire.
Rep, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife.
Rep, Rev. John, The Manse, Foulden, Berwickshire.
Ker, S., Forester, Bowmont Forest, Kelso.
Reip, William, Assistant Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
Rircwiz, Alexander, Forester, Cavens Estate, Kirkbean, Dumfries.
Rrreuiz, Thomas, Nurseryman, Callander, Perthshire.
Roserrson, Duncan, Forester, Strathord, Stanley, Perthshire.
Rosertson, George, Assistant Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
Ropertson, George D., Assistant Forester, Carolside, Earlston.
Rogerson, Sir Henry, Pali Corwen, North Wales.
RoBeRrTSON, James, Assistant Forester, Old Blair, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.
Rosertson, John, Assistant Forester, High Street, Dunkeld.
Ropertson, Peter, Assistant Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie, Forfar-
shire.
Rogsertson, Thomas, Forester, Knockboy, Recess, County Galway.
Rosertson, William, Assistant Forester, Ringwood, Birnam, Perth.
RopcEr, James, Assistant Forester, Field Farm, Weston Longville,
Norwich.
RomMANEs, James, C.A., Meadowbank, Dalkeith.
Ross, John, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire.
Rove, James, Forester, Florence Court, Inneskillen, Ireland.
RussELL, John, Manager, Craigie House, Ayr.
ib
Date of
Election.
1893.
1870.
1894,
1875.
1896.
1895.
1870.
1892.
1883.
1881.
1894.
1890.
1894.
1890.
1870.
1893.
1893.
1887.
1893.
1894.
1868.
1873.
1894,
1871.
1883.
1886.
1895.
1895.
1870.
1895.
1883.
1896.
1896.
1885.
1895.
1896.
1875.
1893.
1876.
1889.
1893.
1893.
1892.
RvurHERFORD, James A., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury, Berks.
RUTHERFORD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburghshire.
Samson, David T., Seafield Estates Office, Grantown, Strathspey.
Sane, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy.
Sane, Edward, Solicitor, 29 Queen Street, Edinburgh.
Scuater, Alexander, Seed Manager, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Scorr, Adam, Forester, Southwick Park, Fareham, Hants.
Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire.
Scorr, D. P., National Bank of Scotland, Hilltown Branch, Dundee.
Scort, James, Forester, Woollaton Hall, Notts.
Scort, J. H., Cedar Villa, Muirpark, Eskbank.
Scort, John, Assistant Forester, Highclere Estate, Newbury, Berks.
Scorr, John, Forester, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, Morayshire.
ScrimeeEour, John, Overseer, Shanes Castle, Antrim, Ireland.
SHANKs, John, Forester, Kildrummy Castle, Mossat, Aberdeenshire.
SHaw, Andrew, Victoria Saw- Mills, Perth.
SHaw, William, School House, Ballingry, Lochgelly, Fife.
Simpson, Anthony, Forester, Alloa Park, Alloa.
Srmeson, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Perth.
Simpson, James, of D. & W. Croll, Nurserymen, Dundee.
SLATER, Andrew, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight.
Smiru, G. B., Wire Fence Manufacturer, 100 West Regent St., Glasgow.
Smiru, Henry, Forester, Duncombe Park, Helmsley, Yorks.
SmirH, James, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton-Buzzard, Bucks.
Situ, James, The Gardens, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
Situ, John, Surveyor, Romsey, Hampshire.
SmitH, John, Cabinetmaker, Peebles.
Smith, Robert, Forester, West Park Estate, Damerham, Salisbury.
Smiru, Thomas, Nurseryman, Stranraer, Wigtownshire.
SmirH, Thomas, Overseer, The Lodge, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring,
Herts.
Situ, William, Chemist, Stockbridge, Edinburgh.
SmitH, William, Assistant Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
Smit, William G., Ph.D., Lecturer on Plant Physiology, Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Spiers, David, Overseer, Mugdrum, Newburgh, Fife.
SrEvENS, Thomas, Solicitor and Land Agent, Lincoln’s Inn Fields,
London. ’
STEWART, James, Assistant Forester, Spoutwells, Dunkeld.
Srewart, J. M., Hale Park, Salisbury, Hants.
Stewart, Richard, Loxwell Farm, Derryhill, Calne, Wilts.
Stewart, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Tarbert, Lochfyne, N.B.
Srori£, Robert, 92 High Street, Dalkeith.
Sroriz, William, Forester, Holme Lacy, Hereford.
Storie, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks.
SUTHERLAND, John D., Estate Agent, Oban, Argyle.
18
Date of
Election.
1869.
1892.
1895.
1892.
1894.
1894.
1891.
1895.
1893.
1893.
1869.
1871.
1895.
1883.
1896.
1895.
1893.
1894.
1870.
1893.
1893.
1894.
1893.
1893.
1872.
1893.
1889.
1894.
1894.
1891.
1866.
1895,
1894,
1884,
1895.
1895.
1883.
1891.
1882.
Tait, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Tait, James, Builder, Penicuik, Midlothian.
Tait, Wm. A., Factor, 13 Brandon Terrace, Edinburgh.
Taytor, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Perth.
TAYLOR, James, Forester, Gilston, Colinsburgh, Fife.
Tempe, M., The Gardens, Carron House, Falkirk, Stirlingshire.
TENNANT, Edward P., The Glen, Innerleithen.
Terras, Alexander, Forester, Dalgetty Castle, Turiff.
TxHomson, David, Agricultural Engineer, Woodhead Street, Dunfermline.
Tuomson, David W., Nurseryman, 24 Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Tomson, Lockhart, S8.S.C., 114 George Street, Edinburgh.
TomMLINson, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts.
TuLio, James, 2 Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
Unpverwoop, Henry E., Sub-Agent, Fornham, St Genevieve, Bury St
Edmunds, Suffolk.
Verirou, Archibald, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Vert, Alex. C. D., 8.S.C., 2a Hill Street, Edinburgh.
WADDELL, Jas., Merchant, Leven, Fife.
Waker, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire.
Watt, G. Y., Land Agent, Grange House, Darlington, Durham.
Wa.tace, David P., Forester, The Saw-Mills, Filleigh, Molton, S. Devon.
Wattace, Robert, Timber Merchant, 31 Leith Walk, Edinburgh.
Warp, James, Forester, Keith, Banffshire.
Watson, John, Timber Merchant, Annandale Street, Edinburgh.
Watson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh.
Wart, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle.
Watt, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle.
Watters, Dennis, Forester, Wester Elchies, Carron, Strathspey.
Warrers, Frank, Forester, Cameron South Lodge, Alexandria,
Dumbartonshire.
Wesster, Charles, The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
We su, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
WeELsH, William M., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
Waite, William, Farmer, Edgefield, Loanhead.
Whitehead, Amos, Assistant Gardener, Mortonhall, Liberton, Mid-
lothian.
WHITTON, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow.
Wieut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Innerwick.
WicHToN, John, Forester, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham.
WILKIE, Charles, Assistant Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington.
WItk1£, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles.
Wi.urAmson, A., Wood Manager, The Warren, Eridge Hamsell,
Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
bg
Date of
Election.
1894.
1889.
1890.
1895.
1887.
1883.
1892.
1893.
1895.
1894.
1868.
1875.
1896.
Witramson, Alex., M.A., LL.B., 2 Osborne Terrace, Edinburgh.
Wiuuiamson, A. T., 7 Kew Terrace, Edinburgh.
Witiamson, George, The Links, Leven, Fife.
WILLIAMSON, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian.
Witson, George, Forester, Penrice Castle, Reynoldston R.8.O., Wales.
WINNING, John G., Estate Office, Branxholm, Hawick.
WINTON, Thomas, Timber Merchant, Dundee.
WIsrEMAN, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin.
WIsEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres.
Woop, William, The Gardens, Newton Don, Kelso, Berwickshire.
WYLLIE, George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
Youne, William, Forester, Morriston Cottage, Earlston, Berwickshire.
ZIMMERMAN, Henry W., Assistant Forester, Rosehaugh, Inverness.
Mf ? ’ DpY)
i
J
i . ar
- ww
a
” a
“pit atin pay eh eee lh
Oates gee ee) hee ae oe
x {Ae ives rik’ 1G eee? opin ciel
: anlizilits heats ee i 9 a dtilal 4 ear) nlP ‘
PA) RA ippaldo tial apne a t,o ene oe. <i
Sorell wtlidies vt ih) eh Oats i
e
he A
Aoval Scottish Arboricultural Society.
Instituted 16th February 1854.
PATRON.
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
The Forty-third Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society was held in the Hall, 14 Sourn Sr
ANDREW STREET, EDINBURGH, on Wednesday, 29th January 1896,
at 2.30 p.m. KR. C. Munro Frercuson, Esq. of Raith and Novar,
President of the Society, occupied the Chair.
MINUTES.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the Society, held on
26th July 1895, which had been printed and circulated amongst
the Members, were held as read, and unanimously approved of.
ELECTION OF New MEMBERS.
The election of the following thirty-seven Candidates for
Membership, whose names had previously been submitted to the
Council, was duly confirmed, viz.:—
Life Members.
BALVArIRD, The Honourable Lord, Scone Palace, Perth.
Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire.
CARMICHAEL, Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart. of Castlecraig, Dolphinton,
Peeblesshire.
MILER, Sir James Percy, Bart. of Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire.
Murray, William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Or
Ordinary Members.
BETHUNE, William, Grocer, Lundin Mill, Fife.
Buist, David, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
VOL. XV. PART I, I
10
15
20
25
30
35
2
Burst, Robert, Overseer, Newbyth, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
BuRRELLS, George Henry, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh. .
CLARK, George Fraser, C.A. Apprentice, 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
Cockpurn, Alex. K., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edin-
burgh.
Conway, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
Drummond, George T., Forest Tree Seedsman, Stanley, Perthshire.
Duncan, David, Forester, Guynd, Arbroath, Forfarshire.
EAspALz, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Avoch Mains, Avoch, Inverness.
Ewart, James Cossar, Professor of Natural History, University of
Edinburgh.
FRATER, John, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
HENKEL, C. C., F.I.1., J.P., Conservator of Forests, Umtata, Cape Colony.
InnEs, Alexander, Forester, Stourhead, Bath.
KETTLES, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth.
Larrp, William J., Assistant Forester, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire.
LEITHEAD, William, Forester, St Clair Cottage, Memsie, Fraserburgh.
Lowe, W., Timber Merchant, Meldrum’s Mill, Dunfermline.
M‘Beatu, David, Assistant Forester, Blairnachdair, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.
M‘Doveatt, Adam, Forester, Sudborne Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
M‘FARLANE, Peter, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld.
M‘QuEEN, John, Proprietor of the Scottish Border Record, Galashiels.
MAxTONE, John, Forester, Abercairney, Crieff, Perthshire.
Murray, Hon. A. W. C. O., Master of Elibank, Hay Lodge, Peebles.
Puixp, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline.
Puitp, John, Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. .
RosBertson, James, Assistant Forester, Old Blair, Blair Athole, Perthshire,
Ropertson, Peter, Assistant Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie, Forfarshire.
SmirH, William, Assistant Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
Veircu, Archibald, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
ZIMMERMAN, Henry W., Assistant Forester, Rosehaugh, Inverness.
Report BY THE COUNCIL.
The Secretary read the Report of the Council on the work of
the Society during the past year, which, amongst other matters,
referred to the Reports contained in the Transactions of the
Excursion to Germany, and of the proceedings of the deputation
from the Society to the President of the Board of Agriculture in
October last. He also directed the attention of Members to the
space set apart in the Zransactions for ‘‘ Notes and Queries,”
and invited contributions from Members for insertion in the next
part. The Report was approved of,
3
FINANCES OF THE SOCIETY.
1894.
The Treasurer read the Report by the Auditor on the
Accounts for the year 1894, which showed that the receipts had
been £200, 2s. 7d., and the payments £214, 5s. 2d., being an
excess of payments over receipts of £14, 2s. 7d. At the end of
1894 there was a balance in favour of the Society of £71, 9s. l1d.,
and the arrears outstanding amounted to £69, 3s. 6d. The
Report was approved of.
1895.
The Chairman suggested that as a full abstract of the Accounts
for 1895, duly attested by the Auditor, had been printed and sent
to each Member previous to the Meeting, the Accounts should be
held as presented and read. This was agreed to, and, on the
motion of Mr We su, the Accounts were unanimously approved
of. The following is a short abstract of the Accounts :—
INCOME. | EXPENDITURE.
1. Ordinary Subscriptions, . £189 18 6 | 1. Printing and Station-
lyse BE pe Ale
Less Receipts
for Advertise-
: : ments, etc., . 2815 1
3. Donations, : ; : 20) vf. 0 ECAR bel
2. Life Subscriptions, . ; SoG
2, Prizes, j . sues 2K)
4, Bank Interest and Mis- 3. Subscription to Forestry
Chair Endowment
cellaneous, 7 ess Fund, ; P Sy Oy
4, Expenses of Management, . 94 7 1
AGS “9
Balance of Income over Ex-
penditure, . : 5 CON Amr
£297 7113 1 £297 7 3
The total funds of the Society at 3lst December 1895
amounted to £142, 10s. 10d., and the arrears of subscriptions
to £28, 16s. 6d.
ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
Mr Munro Fercuson was unanimously re-elected President ;
Colonel F. BAtLey was unanimously elected a Vice-President ; and
Dr SomeERvVILLE, who had been elected an Interim Vice-President
in room of Dr CLEGHORN, deceased, was re-elected. The following
4
Members were duly proposed and seconded to take the place of
the five Councillors who retired by rotation, viz.:—Messrs
Matcotm Dunn, ANDREW SLATER, JoHN METHVEN, JOHN
MaciacHian, JouHn T. M‘Laren, ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, and
JAMES Forean. Messrs Dunn and Sater, who were two of the
retiring Councillors, were unanimously re-elected, and after the
other names had been voted upon, the following were declared
elected, viz.:—Messrs M‘Laren, Meruven, and PITcAITHLEY
Mr Rosert Baxter, whose tenure of office did not expire till
next year, intimated his resignation, when the following were
proposed and seconded, viz.:— Messrs JoHN MAcLACHLAN,
Donatp RosBertson, and James F. Harvie. On a vote being
taken, Mr Harpie was elected the Interim Councillor. The
Secretary and the Auditor were re-elected. Professor BAYLEY
Batrour, Professor Somervitte, Mr Joun Micuiz, Mr JAmMEs
Kay, and Mr James Morrat were elected Judges ; and Professor
Bay ey Batrour, Mr Dunn, Mr Metuven, Professor SoMERVILLE,
and Colonel BaiLey were appointed the Committee on
Transactions.
The Office-Bearers elected for the year 1896 were therefore as
follows :—
PRESIDENT.
R. C. Munro Fereuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House,
Kirkcaldy, Fife.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
D. F. MackEnzrg, Factor, Mortonhall, Liberton.
Isaac BAYLEY BALFour, Se. D., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany, Edinburgh.
James Morrat, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh,
WILiiAM SoMERVILLE, D.(c., B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of
Agriculture and Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
Colonel F. BarLey, R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University.
COUNCIL.
JAMES F, HARDIE, Overseer, Haystoun, Peebles.
ALEXANDER Mitne, Nurseryman, 32 Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
JAMES RoBeRTsON, Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie.
JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik House, Penicuik.
JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
JAMES Cook, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Davin Keir, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
5
GEORGE Mackinnon, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade.
W. M. Wetsu, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
MAtcotm Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
Joun T. M‘LArEN, Factor, Polmaise, Stirling.
Joun Meruven, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Scone.
ANDREW S.ATErR, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
Rosert GALLoway, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
AUDITOR.
Joun T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
JUDGES.
JAMES Morrat, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh (Convener).
Professor I. BAYLEY Batrour, University of Edinburgh.
Professor SOMERVILLE, Durham College of Science, Neweastle-on-Tyne.
JOHN Micutr, Forester, Balmoral.
JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute.
COMMITTEE ON TRANSACTIONS.
Professor I. BayLey BALFour, University of Edinburgh (Convener).
Ma.tcoitm Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
JoHN MeTuveEN, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
Professor SoMERVILLE, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
Colonel Bartey, R. E., Lecturer on Forestry, University of Edinburgh.
LOCAL SECRETARIES.
Scotland.
Dante Dewar, Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly.
JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
WitirAM M‘LEAN, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
C. Y. Micurn, Forester, Cullen House, Banffshire.
JOHN Micut®, Forester, Balmoral, Ballater.
JAMES Robertson, Forester, Panmure House, Carnoustie.
D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
England.
JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield, Herts.
JAmuEs BarrizE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington, Devon.
ANDREW Boa, junior, Sub-Agent, Great Thurlow, Suffolk.
Rosert T. Cottiys, Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
JoHn Davipson, Secretary, English Arboricultural Society, Haydon-
Bridge-on-Tyne.
6
FRANK HULL, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport, Salop.
JAMES RurHmrrorp, Agent, Kirkleatham, Redcar, Yorkshire.
D. Tair, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorks.
Ireland.
Roser Coupar, Forester, Ashford, Cong, County Galway.
PRESENTATIONS TO THE Socrety’s LIBRARY.
The Secretary reported that the following presentations had
been made since the General Meeting in July last :-—
1. Schlich’s Manwal of Forestry, vols. iii. and iv. From the
Secretary of State for India.
Six Copies of the Official Report of the Deputation to the
President of the Board of Agriculture.
3. Leaflet on the Magpie Moth, from the Board of Agriculture.
4, Provincial Government Crop Report, Nova Scotia, July 1895.
5. Transactions of Massachusetts Horticultural Society, part ii.,
1894.
Report of State Forest Administration in South Australia
for 1894-95.
7. Back numbers of the Society’s Zransactions, and Journal of
Forestry, etc., from Mr M‘Laren.
bo
S
Note.—Members may borrow from the Secretary any of the Books or
Pamphlets belonging to the Society, provided they pay the cost of trans-
mission, and guarantee their safe return within a reasonable time.
Tue CHAIR OF FORESTRY.
The Treasurer read the Auditor’s Report on the Accounts
for the year 1894 in connection with the fund for the Endow-
ment of a Chair of Forestry in the University of Edinburgh,
which showed that the sum handed over to the University Court,
as stated at last meeting, was £433, 10s., and that the outstand-
ing subscriptions then amounted to £87, 6s., of which £5, 5s.
was considered irrecoverable. He also presented the Accounts for
1895, which showed that £63, 3s. 8d., including the Society’s own
susbscription of £50, had been received, and that £150, 13s. 10d.
had been paid to the University Court, making a total sum of
£584, 3s. 10d. handed by the Society to the University towards
the Endowment of a Chair of Forestry. The balance outstanding
was considered irrecoverable, and should be written off. The
Reports were unanimously agreed to,
{i
Proposep ScuHoou or Forestry,
The President gave a Report from the Deputation of the
Society which had waited upon the President of the Board of
Agriculture, Mr Lone, on the occasion of his visit to Edinburgh
in October 1895. He also stated that after the meeting in
Edinburgh, Professor SoMERVILLE had prepared a Draft Scheme
for the establishment by the Government of a Forest area in
Scotland, which, with the suggestions made upon it by several
members of the Society, had been forwarded by him to Mr Lone,
and was being considered by the Board of Agriculture. Professor
Baytey Batrour, in supporting the statement made by the
President, said he hoped that the President of the Board of
Agriculture would see his way to give them the necessary aid
they so much wanted.
Tae Excursion or 1895.
In connection with this Excursion, it was reported that after
the return of the party from Germany, the President, Mr Munro
FercGuson, offered a prize of £10 for the best Essay on the
Excursion, and Mr Barron, Borrowash, and Professor SOMERVILLE
each offered £1, 1s. towards a second prize. Seven Essays were
received and submitted to the Judges, Professor SoMERVILLE and
Colonel BatLEy, who awarded the first prize to Mr ANDREW
Sater, Haystoun, Peebles, and the second prize to Mr DonaLp
Ropertson, Novar.
On the motion of Colonel Barney, the following resolution was
submitted and carried with acclamation, viz.:—That the best
thanks of the Society be conveyed to the Prussian Ministry of
Agriculture, Crown Lands and Forestry, for the valuable
assistance which it rendered to the Society during its recent
excursion to North Germany, to which assistance much of the
success of the visit was due.
Tue Excursion oF 1896.
Colonel BatLey reported that it had been resolved that this
year’s Excursion should be made to the district lying between
Stirling and Loch Lomond. It was expected that Professor
Scuwaprpacu, one of the principal organisers of the German
Excursion, would join the party, and it was proposed that a small
number of Members should join him in a somewhat more
8
extended tour. The Report was approved of, and the matter
remitted to the Council.
Ture NAME OF THE SOCIETY.
The following motion, which was notified by Mr ANDREW
StatTerR, Haystoun, at the last Annual General Meeting, fell to
be discussed and disposed of:—That the name of the Society be
altered from “The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society,” to
“The Royal Scottish Society of Forestry.” Mr Siater explained
to the meeting his object in desiring to change the name, and
moved the adoption of the motion, which was seconded by
Mr W. M. Wetsu. Mr D. F. Mackenzie moved the previous
question, which was seconded by Mr ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY.
On a vote being taken, the previous question was carried by a
very large majority.
LimevicHt EXHIBITION.
At the close of the business, a selection from the Cabinet of
Micro-Photographic Slides presented to the Society by Mr D. F.
Mackenziz, Factor, Mortonhall, was exhibited and explained
by Professor BayLey Barour.
Votes oF THANKS.
The thanks of the Society were awarded to Mr MAcKENZIE
for providing the lantern, etc., for the exhibition free of charge,
to Professor BayLtey Batrour for explaining the slides, and to
the President for presiding.
Tue ANNUAL DINNER.
In the evening the Members dined together in the Royal
British Hotel. Mr D. F. Mackenzirn, Senior Vice-President,
occupied the Chair, and Mr James Morrar acted as Croupier.
The guests of the Society on the occasion were Mr W. W.
Rosertson, Master of the Merchant Company ; the Rev. ANDREW
BenviE, St Aidan’s; Judge Corston; Mr James MACDONALD,
Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society; Mr Isaac
ConnELL, Secretary of the Scottish Chamber of Agriculture ; and
Mr D. Youne, Editor of the WV. B. Agricultwrist. The company
numbered about forty-five. Mr W. W. Rosertson proposed
“The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society,” and the Chairman
9
replied. A number of other toasts followed; and during the
evening several pianoforte solos, songs, and recitations were
rendered by members of the company, which were much
appreciated.
A General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society
was held in the Lecture Hall at the Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh, on Monday, 3rd August 1896, at 2 o'clock p.m.
D. F. Mackenzis, Esq., Senior Vice-President of the Society,
presiding.
MiANUTES.
The Minutes of, the Forty-third Annual General Meeting
of the Society, held on 29th January 1896, were read and
approved of.
APOLOGIES FOR ABSENCE.
The Chairman intimated that letters of apology for absence
had been received from the President, Lord Balvaird, and
Dr Somerville. He then read the President’s Letter, a copy of
which will be found in the 7’ransactions for the current year.
ELectTIon oF New MEMBERS.
The Election of the following thirty-five Candidates, whose
names had previously been submitted to the Council, was
confirmed, viz.:—
Life Members.
Bairp, J. G. A., M.P., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, S.W.
Dovetas, Alex., Gardener, Baldersby Park, Thirsk, Yorkshire.
LANSDOWNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley Square,
London, S. W.
Pitman, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
5 SHaw-Stewart, Michael Hugh, M.P., of Carnock, 7 Charles Street,
Berkeley Square, London, S. W.
Ordinary Members.
Buarr, David, Factor, Ballikinrain, Balfron, Stirlingshire.
Brown, David, Manager, Chevet Park Estate, Wakefield, Yorks.
Catrns, Richard, Gardener, Balruddery, near Dundee.
CAMPBELL, James Alex., M.P., of Stracathro, Brechin.
10 ConsTABLE, Geo. William, Estate Agent, Traquair, Innerleithen.
CUNNINGHAM, Andrew, Seedsman, 98 Mitchell Street, Glasgow.
10
GAMMELL, Sydney James, Yr. of Drumtochty, Fordoun, Kincardineshire.
Gray, Henry, 22 Young Street, Edinburgh.
Harwey, Andrew M., Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
15 Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Loanhead, Midlothian.
Hoee, Thomas, jun., Assistant Forester, Witley Court, Stourport,
Worcestershire.
JARDINE, R. W. B., Yr. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
Jounsron, Alexander, Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Kerr, David, jun., Assistant Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
20 KENNEDY, Peter, Forester, Countlich, Ballinluig, Perthshire.
Maccrecor, John C., Assistant Forester, Spoutwells, Dunkeld.
MAcKENZIE, Wm., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
M‘Navcuron, Wm., Forester, Inver, Dunkeld.
M‘PueErson, Arch., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
5 Moncur, Jolin, Assistant Forester, New Scone, Perth.
Netson, Thomas, Gardener, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth.
PRENTICE, George, Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Rep, William, Assistant Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
Ritcui£, Thomas, Nurseryman, Callander, Perthshire.
ROBERTSON, Duncan, Forester, Strathord, Stanley, Perthshire.
RoBertson, George, Assistant Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
RoBertson, John, Assistant Forester, High Street, Dunkeld.
Sane, Edward, Solicitor, 29 Queen Street, Edinburgh.
SrEWART, James, Assistant Forester, Spoutwells, Dunkeld.
5 Smiru, William G., Ph.D., Lecturer on Plant Physiology, Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh. —
tw
o
co
oO
co
o
Essays AND AWARDS.
Mr James Morrat, Convener of the Judges, then read the
Report on the Essays, and the following Awards were made in
accordance therewith,—the sealed envelopes accompanying the
Essays being opened by the Secretary, and the names of the
successful competitors announced to the Meeting.
JupDGES’ Report.
The Judges are glad to be able to report that thirteen Papers
were sent in this year, as against six last year, and that they
consider this year’s contributions to be possessed of a fair degree
of merit.
Crass I.
In Class I., for open competition, eleven Papers were lodged,
six being Essays on subjects given in the Syllabus, four on other
Arboricultural subjects selected by the writers themselves, in
terms of Section XVI. of the Syllabus, and one being a Paper on
11
the standing subject, No. V. of the Syllabus, namely, a Report on
the Plantations of which the competitor is the forester.
The following are the awards on the different Papers :—
I. On the Best Methods of Pruning Avenue and Park and Forest
Trees, keeping in view the Production of Timber and
the Landscape Effect; also on the Best Methods of
Renovating old Park Trees. (Motto, ‘‘ Economic
Arboriculture.”) By James Harvey, Mortonhall
Gardens, Liberton.
Although it cannot be said that this paper adds much to our
stock of knowledge, still it treats the subject in an interesting
way. The Judges recommend the award of the No. 1 Srwer
MepAL, offered for this subject by Mr W. M. Welsh, of Messrs
Dicksons & Co., Edinburgh.
IT. On the Valuation of Woods or Plantations for the purpose of
Transfer. (Motto, ‘“ Equality.”)
No award.
III. Report on the Plantations of which the competitor is
Forester. (Motto, ‘‘ Pioneer.”)
No award.
IV. On the Thinning of Woods. (Motto, “ Pyrus.”)
No award.
V. On the Thinning of Woods. (Motto, “ Perseverando.”) By
Joun F. Incuis, Forester, Kelly Estate, Wemyss Bay.
This paper lays no stress upon the different degrees of thinning
required for different species of trees, but still it contains some
useful guiding principles. The Judges recommend a Bronze
MEDAL.
VI. On the Thinning of Woods. (Motto, “A Forerunner.”) By
ALEXANDER Murray, Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
A sensible essay. Award, No. 2 Sitver Mepat.
VIT. On the Pine Saw-Fly. (Motto, “ Pinus.”)
No award,
12
VIII. On the Genus Pissodes and its Importance in Forestry.
(Motto, ‘“ Attack in the beginning.”) By R. Stewart
MacDovueauu, M.A., B.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
This is a very useful contribution to the life-history of a genus
of insects that has been altogether neglected in this country in
the past. Award, No. 1 Sitver MEDAL.
IX. On Forest Valuations. (Motto, “Profit.”) By ANDREW
SLATER, Haystoun, Peebles.
A useful though by no means exhaustive contribution to our
stock of knowledge of Forest valuations. It is specially welcome
begause it deals with a subject that is but little understood in
this country. Award, No. 2 Sirver MEDAL.
X. On the Nature and Management of Live Fences. (Motto,
**Cratvegi.”) By Francis Berry, Forester, Colquoich,
Inverkindie, Aberdeenshire.
This paper is discursive without being exhaustive. Award,
Bronze MEDAL.
XI. On a French Arboricultural Society. (Motto, ‘Scotland
for Ever.”) By Grorce Capeu. (late H.M. Indian
Forest Department).
An interesting paper, though involving no great amount of
labour. Award, No. 2 Sitver MEDAL.
Crass I.
In Class II., for Assistant Foresters only, the Judges regret
that only two papers were sent in, both being on subjects
prescribed in the Syllabus.
I. On the Rearing of Natural and Artificial Undercover for
Game. (Motto, “Straight Powder.”) By ALEXANDER
M‘Rar, Assistant Forester, Peplow Hall, Market
Drayton, Salop.
This paper deals with the subject of game cover in a very
thorough and practical manner, and is worthy of a No. 2 Sitver
MEDAL.
15
IJ. On the Best Method of Protecting Trees from Injury by
Ground Game. (Motto, ‘“ Protection.”) By Jamzs
GiLuesPI£, Lochton Lodge, Inchture, Perthshire.
Though containing nothing new, evidently written by a man
who understands his business, Award, Bronze MEDAL.
For and in name of the Judges,
James Morrat, Convener,
Epinpureu, 37d August 1896.
HonorARY OFFICES.
On the motion of Mr Dunn, the recommendation of the
Council that the following Honorary Offices be created, was
agreed to, and the following appointments were made for the
current year, viz.:—
Consulting Botanist, Isaac Baytey Batrour, M.D., Se.D.,
Regius Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Consulting Chemist, ANDREW PrErEBLes AITKEN, M.A., Sc.D.,
Professor of Chemistry, Veterinary College, Clyde Street,
Edinburgh.
Consulting Cryptogamist, WiLLIAM SomERVILLE, D.Cic,, B.Sc.,
F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Agriculture and Forestry,
Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Consulting Entomologist, Roperr Stewart MacDoueatt,
M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Entomology, Royal Botanic
Garden, Edinburgh.
Consulting Geologist, JouN Smita Fiert, M.A., B.Se., M.B.,
C.M., Lecturer on Petrology, University of Edinburgh.
Consulting Meteorologist, RopeRT CocKBURN Mossman, F.R.S.E.,
F.R. Met. Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh.
Excursion 1n 1897.
Mr Dunn reported that the Council recommended that in
1897 an Excursion should be made to Ireland, and it was
remitted to the Council to make the necessary arrangements.
He also mentioned that it was proposed to make another
14
Excursion abroad in 1898, probably to Norway and Sweden, or
France, and that the Council was making preliminary inquiries
on the subject. On the motion of Mr Dunn, a hearty vote of
thanks was accorded to Professor ScHwappacu, of Eberswalde
(who was present at the Meeting), for the valuable services
rendered by him to the Excursionists when in Germany last year.
LiprRARY AND MUSEUM.
The Secretary reported that the following presentations had
been made since the Annual General Meeting in January last :—
to
or
6.
oa
10.
ba:
List OF PRESENTATIONS TO THE SOCIETY’sS LIBRARY.
. Studies in Corsica, from the Author, J. W. Barry, Fyling-
dales, Robin Hood’s Bay.
Vol. i., 2nd edition, and vols. ii. and v. of Dr Schlich’s
Manual of Forestry, from the India Office.
Seven volumes of the late Dr Brown’s Works on Forestry,
from Miss Brown, viz.:—Modern Forest Economy ; The
Forests of England; Schools of Forestry im Germany ;
French Forest Ordinance of 1669; Finland, its Forests
and Forest Management ; Forests.and Forestry of Northern
Russia; and Water Supply of South Africa.
Kew Gardens Bulletins for 1891 to 1895 inclusive.
Guide to the Royal Botanic Garden, Glasnevin, and several
Pamphlets, chiefly relating to Mosses in Ireland, from
the Royal Botanic Garden, Dublin.
Reports of the Conservators of Forests for 1895, from the
Department of Agriculture, Cape of Good Hope.
Report of Forest Department, Madras Presidency, 1894-95.
Transactions of the English Arboricultwral Society, vol. iii.,
part 1.
. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute
of Science, vol. viii., part 4.
Report of the Secretary for Agriculture, Nova Scotia,
for 1895.
Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xviii., 2nd
edition, and vol. xix., part 3.
15
12, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England,
parts 1 and 2, vol. vii., 3rd Series.
13. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticuliwral Society for
1895, part 1.
14. Agricultural Returns for 1895, and Leaflets on the
Cockchafer, the Codlin Moth, the Onion Fly, and Foul
Brood or Bee Pest, from the Board of Agriculture.
15. Three Copies of a Pamphlet, by Sir D. Brandis, on “ Forest
Management and Forest Protection,” from the Author.
16. The following Books and Pamphlets from the New South
Wales Government Board of Exchanges :—
The Seven Colonies of Australasia, 1894.
Australian Timbers, by G. H. Warren, 1892.
The Forage Plants of Australia, by F. Turner, 1891.
Statistical Survey of New South Wales, 1893-94.
17. The following Reports, etc., from the Department of Agri-
culture, Victoria :—
Report of Public Works, 1893-94.
Report of Mines and Agriculture, 1894.
Report of Lands, 1894.
Report of Railway Commissioners, 1894-95.
Systematic Arrangement of Australian Fungi, by
D. M‘Alpine.
18. The following publications of the Smithsonian Institution,
Washington :—
The Internal Work of the Wind, by S. P. Langley.
On the Relative Intensity of the Heat and Light of the
Sun upon different Latitudes of the Earth, by
L. W. Meech, A.M.
On Certain Storms in Europe and America, December
1836, by Elias Loomis, LL.D.
Account of a Tornado near New Harmony, Indiana,
1852, with Map, by John Chappelsmith.
And several Pamphlets.
On the motion of Mr Dunn, a vote of thanks was cordially
accorded to the Donors of the various Books, Pamphlets, etc.
Note.—Members may borrow from the Secretary any of the Books or
Pamphlets belonging to the Society, provided they pay the cost of trans-
mission, and guarantee their safe return within a reasonable time.
16
Papers Reap.!
Dr ApaAm Scuwappacn, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde,
Prussia, who was introduced to the Meeting by Professor BAYLEY
Batrour, then read a paper on “The Importance of Density in
Sylviculture,” and the Secretary afterwards read a paper sent by
Mr A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood, Wiltshire, on the
subject, “Is British Forestry Progressive ?”
Vores oF THANKS.
Very hearty votes of thanks were then accorded to the Judges
for their Report, to Dr Scuwappacu and Mr A. C. Forszs for
their papers, to Professor Baytey BALrour for the use of the
Lecture Hall for the Meeting, and to the Chairman for presiding,
which concluded the Meeting.
IN COUNCIL.
ILLUSTRATIONS FuND.
Tne Council beg to direct special attention to this Fund, the
object of which is to obtain contributions to defray the expense
of illustrating the Society’s 7'ransactions.
Tue Society’s ALBUM.
The Council wish it to be known that the Society has an
Album for the Photographs of Members, and the Secretary will
be glad to receive contributions.
Members are invited to read short practical papers on any
subject connected with Forestry at the Annual General Meeting
in January, or at the General Meeting to be held at the time of the
Excursion. Those who intend to do so are requested to intimate,
in writing, the Title of their subject to the Secretary, not later than
14th December 1896 or 1st June 1897 ; stating the time they may
require for reading the paper.
1 These papers appear in the Zransactions.
17
SYLLABUS.
The following subjects are offered for competition in 1897:—
[The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Prizes to be
awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays.
All Essays and Reports intended for Competition must be lodged
with the Secretary not later than Ist June 1897. All Collections
of Cones, Seeds, and Rustic Work must be in the hands of the
Secretary not less than three days before the Annual General
Meeting, to be held on 27th January 1897. Hach Essay, Report,
Collection, or Article must bear a Motto, and be accompanied by
a sealed envelope bearing outside the SAME Morvo, and the Class
to which the Competitor belongs, und containing inside, a CARD
with the Name and Avpress of the Competitor.
Judges cannot compete during their term of office.
Successful Competitors may either have the medals or their con-
verted values, which are as follows:—Gold, £5; No. 1 Silver, £3;
No. 2 Silver, £2; Bronze, 10s. |
Crass I.—For Open ComPETITION.
I. For approved Essays upon the best form of, and the best
method of establishing, an Experimental Forest area in Scotland,
for the exhibition of and for instruction—theoretical and
practical—in scientific Forestry. (lst Prize, Twenty Guineas ;
2nd Prize, Five Guineas ; offered by the President, R. C. Munro
Ferguson, Esq., M.P., and the Society in equal proportions. )
Note.—Mr Munro Ferguson and Professor Somerville are the Judges in this
competition, and if in their opinion the Essays are not of sufficient merit,
the value of the prizes may be reduced, or they may be withheld.
IJ. For an approved Report showing the Financial Results of
the Cultivation of Woods and Plantations. (Zen Guineas offered
by Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Botany in the
University of Edinburgh, formerly President of the Society.)
It is not necessary that the names of the estates on which the woods
grow should be published, but the reporter must give the annual
value of the land previous to planting; statistics of the cost of
forming the plantations, including draining and fencing; the
expenses of management, the income derived, and the present
value of the Woods,
VOL, XV. PART I. K
18
III. For an approved Report detailing the methods employed
to bring about the Natural Regeneration of a Wood, and the
subsequent Treatment as regards Artificial Assistance, should
such have been rendered necessary owing to the Natural Sowing
having been irregular, insufficient, or too dense. (A Medal.)
The author must cite some particular case, and give the results of a
systematic attempt at natural regeneration, bearing in mind the
fact that a patchy imperfect restocking cannot be regarded as
satisfactory or successful.
IV. For an approved Essay on the best methods of converting
Timber. (Silver Medal offered by Wm. M. Welsh, Esq., of
Messrs Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.)
V. For an approved Essay on the Valuation of Woods or
Plantations for the purpose of Transfer. (A Medal.)
The writer to describe the method (a) of valuing matured woods,
(b) middle-aged woods, (c) park trees and others that may be,
in addition to their value as timber, considered as ornamental,
(d) young woods, and (e) coppice.
VI. For an approved Report on the Plantations of which the
competitor is Forester. Reporter to state the extent of planta-
tions, the kinds of timber grown, soil, situation, age, management,
etc. This is a standing subject. (A J/edal.)
VII. For an approved Report on the Present State and Future
Prospects of Arboriculture in Ireland. (A Medal.)
VIII. On the best Method of Procedure in growing a continuous
Orop of Timber in Woods or Plantations. (A Medal.)
The Essay should deal with the different kinds of Woods, the ages,
and proportion per acre of the trees at different stages, and whether
these have been raised by natural or artificial means. Reference
may be made to any system practised abroad which might prove
applicable in this country.
IX. For an approved Report, based on results, on the
advantage of Under Planting. (A Medal.)
X. For an approved Essay on the best method of Prevent-
ing the Inroads of the Pine Saw-fly—Lophyrus pimi of Curtis.
(A Medal.)
XI. For an approved Essay on any Disease incidental to
Forest Trees. A standing subject. (A Medal.)
19
XII. For an approved Report on the most advantageous
methods, not generally practised in this country, of Transporting
Timber. (4A Medal.)
The reporter specially to describe any means, other than by horse-power,
of moving felled timber from the interior of woods to their margins,
or to roads.
XIII. For an approved Essay on the best methods of utilising
Small-wood in the manufacture of Fancy-wood articles, Turnery,
Wood Wool, etc. (A Medal.)
XIV. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
XV. For an instrument or method for expeditiously obtain-
ing the diameter of trees at a given height, or for any other useful
invention or marked improvement on any of the implements
used in Forestry. Models or implements to be accompanied by
a report, (A Medal.)
Cuass IJ.—For Assistant FORESTERS ONLY.
I. For an approved Report, based on personal observation,
on the Propagation of Forest Trees and Shrubs. (A Medal.)
II, For an approved Report, based on personal observation,
on any disease affecting Trees, or injuries caused to Trees, by
insects or animals. (4A Medal.)
III. For an approved Essay on the Peeling and Harvesting
of different kinds of British Bark used in Tanning. (A Medal.)
IV. For an approved Essay on the best method of protecting
Trees from injury by Ground Game. (A Jedal.)
V. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
VI. For the best and approved Model in Rustic, or
Ornamental Woodwork, of any subject designed and executed
by the competitor. Model not to exceed six feet in length,
(A Medal.)
The Council invite the attention of young Loresters to the fore-
going subjects, as they wish to encourage their literary efforts.
ROBERT GALLOWAY,
5 Sr ANDREW SQuARE, Secretary.
EDINBURGH,
a
: ve ah ans ty “se bon
are viicly ee v4 Ni aca ie Seseuambert: wee be
| » felts sp iit WP ae \Chohi
ioe rte Got + hee a i sett A
' A wht ' ) tie bid ne hat! cata ie )
“ > ’ } *, ee
ee re Mie as SOU gh
a wt 1 ib bey, nee bitty a MEE
4 bY hi 7A
wa ae
: . tall Bi, jan
mei yeti wat ; ' weal bra VV AT? et 4
* ve Pree all
. Hiya} itty test ie
mt)
i’
te Maral eA men
—™ | ‘ i, AW
*« Las
- a ' +f he
aT i
a 4
ae as 3. hey hla, i Wiig
a) sha a tay AA eh!
ne
rt *
‘ ‘she. , ae
eae, alk a.
Scoitish Provident
nstiiution
INSTITUTED
1837.
INCORPORATED
18428
FIFTY-EIGHTH
ANNUAL REPORT
NEW ASSURANCES
£1,61 3,200.
PREMIUMS
£676,850.
TOTAL INCOME
41,052,900.
CLAIMS
£478,050.
THE FUNDS
AT 31ST DEC. 1895 WERE
49:3575500.
INCREASE IN YEAR £407,750)
THe PREMIUMS arE SO MODERATE
THAT, AT USUAL AGES FOR ASSURANCE,
£1200 OR £1250 MAY BE SECURED FROM
THE FIRST FOR THE YEARLY PAYMENT
WHICH IN MOST OFFICES WOULD BE
CHARGED (WITH PROFITS) FOR £1000 ONLY,
—EQUIVALENT TO AN IMMEDIATE AND
CERTAIN BONUS OF 20 TO 25 PER CENT.
THE WHOLE SURPLUS GOES TO THE POLICY-
HOLDERS ON A SYSTEM AT ONCE SAFE AND EQUITABLE
—NO SHARE GOING TO THOSE BY WHOSE EARLY
DEATH THERE IS A LOSS TO THE COMMON FUND.
THE SURPLUS AT LAST SEPTENNIAL INVESTIGA-
TION (1894) AMOUNTED TO £1,423,000, AND,
AFTER RESERVING £391,800 FOR FUTURE AC-
CUMULATION AND DIVISION, WAS DIVIDED AMONG
13,220 POLICIES ENTITLED TO PARTICIPATE.
MORE THAN ONE HALF OF THE MEMBERS WHO
DIED WERE ENTITLED TO BONUSES WHICH, NOT-
WITHSTANDING THE LOW PREMIUMS, WERE ON AN
AVERAGE EQUAL TO AN ADDITION OF ABOUT
50 PER CENT TO POLICIES WHICH PARTICIPATED,
THE ARRANGEMENTS AS TO SURRENDER, NON-FORFEITURE, FREE
RESIDENCE, LOANS ON _ POLICIES,
IMMEDIATE PAYMENT OF
CLAIMS, AND ALL OTHER POINTS OF PRACTICE, ARE CONCEIVED
ENTIRELY FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE MEMBERS, THERE BEING
NO OPPOSING INTERESTS IN A MUTUAL SOCIETY.
HEAD OFFICE: 6 ST, ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH
a=
bayieiE
.
Scottish Provident Institution.
TABLE OF PREMIUMS, BY DIFFERENT MODES OF PAYMENT,
For Assurance of £100 at Death—With Profits.
Age || Annual ANNUAL PREMIUM LIMITED TO Age
next Premium pay- Single next
Birth- || able during | Twenty-one Fourteen Seven Payment. Birth-
day. Life. Payments. Payments. Payments. day.
PAL | esil alas 33 2) OMG £3 411 £5 10 0 £33 0 1 21
22 SG 9) 7 MIE SG) 3p © By Jil 0" 33 5 10 22
23 1 17 #2 22 dle * 16 3 6 5 By 1 Al 33 ll 2 23
24 WA 7% PDs en 39 611 Osea! 33 16 5 24
25 1 1a 0 2°12 6 Seoid alto iy eS (0) 384 2 0 25
267 #8: 6 2135) 10 oe fe LO ay Tet a 34 8 2 26
27 Hal ae, 2a" 6 Op Oe by bay ala 34 16 1 27
28 Th aa Ae nb Sng: M5 bay ale il 385 4 9 28
29 20 eas Zell 3) LORS 518 6 35 14 1 29
*30 2 %6 2 eA: Sy ey 52: CRON es S364 aO *30 .
31 2 2 16 2 6 2 o) 12) 1 6 110 36 14 6 31
32 2@3 5 Pe ilyp al oe 2 64S 28 3 SDE 32
33 2.4 6 2S 0 3814 4 () Be By Ml 33
Sree ceo. der = 21k OF sO Balt 7 7) 38 9 7 34
Spit 246104) S OHO} aside G 10 0) I" “eo aang 35
36 aig faa 3) 715, V9) (eee 612 5 39 1611 || 36
37 Di Oem Sra a5) 12> 29 3 19 Il 615° 0 40 12 4 37
38 OPN et eatico 4 1S Bae, (I 4 8 oxi 38
39 OND ieee 1355509 a0 43 4 260% 420 G5 ee: 39
#40) 214.9) 3:7 5 |-4 52 | 7.38 7 |. 48° 940 SIG
Aull sapeatae 42 er 3 De 2 Aent: OD, io 73) 44 011 41
42 PA Ais) fell mont3 3" Gl Ue U poonby eam “ie 3) all 4419 9 42
43 Bi Galil |) Bailes a 411.5 if 3h 3} 45 19 3 43
44 Soe OVle to. lor to 4 13 10 G9 4619 7 44
45 3 O49 onli 616 416 4 si, (7 48 0 8 45
465 4\| 318 5 AO '0 Nash Ke Yea | Sit 36 490. Qiv§ 46
47 oy 4752, 38 Dain SG ao EXO) sy ts) 47
48 Sd oBtie—4-.-H- <8 Doe a4 813 2 Bly 39), av 48
49 ols aril 4 8 9 i ts oY Sle lel 52°14" 49
50 “Werle 7 412 1 5 120-4 92 2510 538 19 3 50
| |
Bie | eeeGs: By | als, Be 1-618 34 9 7 11,-| 55° 4° 5 Alleeon
52 An Ol 45 | 418 10 5 19 il Ons. 1 56) {9-00 52
Dow ile stalon oo Is) 15) 6G. jon il 918 3 iy Manor nth 53
54 417 8 Bye (98) 6 8 0 OMS 85 Yo MW Aim) 54
9) Dele ik ay AO Pe Cal27 LORS 16 60 0 8 55
(The usual non-participating Rates of other Offices differ little from these Premiums. ]
* A person of 30 may secure £1000 at death, by a yearly payment, dwring life, of £20 : lis.
This Premium would generally elsewhere secure £800 only, instead of £1000.
OR, he may secure £1000 by 21 yearly payments of £27: 13 :4—being thus free of payment after age 50.
t At age 40, the Premium ceasing at age 60 is, for £1000, £33 :14:2,—about the same as most Offices
require during the whole term of life. Before the Premiums have ceased, the Policy will have shared in
at least one division of surplus. To Professional Men and others, whose income is dependent on continu-
ance of health, the limited payment system is specially recommended.
BRANCH OFFICES:
GLASGOW, 29 St. Vincent Pl. BRISTOL, 31 Clare Street. MANCHESTER, 10 Albert Sq.
ABERDEEN, 166 Union Street. CARDIFF, 19 High Street. NEWCASTLE, 1 Queen Street.
DUNDEE, 12 Victoria Chambers. LEEDS, 35 Park Row. NOTTINGHAM, 27 Victoria St,
BIRMINGHAM, 95 Colmore Row. LIVERPOOL, 25 Castle Street. BELFAST, 10 Donegall Sq., N.
DUBLIN .. . 86 COLLEGE GREEN
LONDON OFFICE: 17 KING WILLIAM STREET, E.C.
HEAD OFFICE: 6 ST. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH.
Printed by R. & R, CLARK, LIMITED, Edinburgh.
NOW READY.
Third Edition, thoroughly revised to date.
THE WORLD-WIDE S@ Ss ee i ee
| ls )
A WONDERFUL PRODUCTION, z - J
[} a
CONTAINING 5 4 2
AN INTRODUCTION GIVING AN ACCOUNT OF GEOGRAPHICAL Disco@ AND POLITICAL a a 2
TERRITORIAL CHANGES IN THE NINETEENTH CpRyy a a °
By 4 3 a
| e
J. SCOTT KELTIE, é [ee 2
ASSISTANT-SECRETARY OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOciEty, 9 | ial
a. 2 z
Two Frontispieces—THE FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS, AND THE TIME opM™yATIONS. 3 e) 2
The following 112 Thoroughly Accurate and Carefully Coloured Plates of Maps, Hof Cittes, ete. -— j = <
Map Map n
North Polar Chart - S 2 4 é, 1 | Rumania and Bosporus - = 86) - . . “ 3 a 2
World, Mercator's Projection 2 5 2 | Bosnia, Servia, and Montenegro - : =. aey é 3 OS je | 3 Ss
World, in Hemispheres - - . 8 | Greeve : 38 Victoria - - 7 < 5 E
Europe, Political - - = : 4 | Corfa, Crete, Athens, and Cyprus « : 39 Z i a Oe Bi Dg <
Europe, Physical = - 5 = : : 6 | Caspian Sea '- 40 - : - 7 ral Ao w
England and Wales - 6 | Novaia Zemlia, Spitzbergen, Toeland, Franz Soset i Z 2 7 = ag a
Environs of London and Environs of Manchester T Land, Ete. $0 = 638 =
Iale of Mam, Channel Islands - ss 8 | “Asia, Political - : - - 81 3 =e) a
Bealls 5 3 7 3 : 2 ae pa
Enviro of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Dublin, and Belfast 10 : Mumania, North Borneo 5 ve) z
Ireland " . 7 - - - - 83 n
British Isles, Physical : - - - 1 India, North-West - - - - - Fiji Islands, Ete, 54 2 <tieey =
Spain and Portugal 18 | India, Nort - ° r : 85 o 5 9 i
Baleario Islands, Andorra, Environs of Madri India, Soutl : : = ‘ 88 z aoe 2
Gibraltar, Lisbon, and Canary Islands 14 | India, South-East : 4 re ° 28 z
France z > 38 | Burma, Ceyion, and Malay Peninsula : foundiand $8 o Sse, 5
The Riviera, Environs of Paris,andCorsiea = 16 | Turkey in Asia = = i 89 z = 2 Q
Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxemburg - 17 | Palestine - : Htoia, Ete, - - 90 =z NS we I
Environs of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels, Red Sea - : : : o ie) ~ oo fe]
Bern, Lake of Geneva, Ete. - 1s | Persia = : 3 rs) S 5 5
Switzerland - ‘ - : > 19 | Afghanistan and Baluchistan : = gg we os
Empire of Germany - = - - - 20 | Siam, Anam, Cambodin, Cochin China, Tong King - See tox [> =
South-West Germany 21 | China < : = ips ae 5S E
Environs of Berlin, Potsdam, Dresden, Stutt- | Russia in Asia - - - = ry 06 s
rt,and Munich - 22 | Islands of Japan - = | . oor a 2
Sweden and Norway - - 38 | Africa, Political - : -* é - fs =.
Denwark with Schieswig-Holstein. - 24 | Africa, Physical . | : . 99 BY
Environs of Copenhagen, Stockholn, Christi Algeria with Tunis - - Central America 100 i oS
ania, Faroe Isles, Etc. - - 25 larooco. - - fermudas, Trinidad 101 z 3 Le
Anstro-Hungarian Monarchy 26 | Lower Egypt, Sinia, Ete. - | British Honduras 102 (2) s =
iat of ieeextuecteticns oeeViennn and Buda- Suez Canal, with Plans of Suex anid Port Said 3 | 2 z > 103 Ez eS (2)
ue) Ee i a Abyssi ~ *- 5 | 7) eae 104 ° meee 5
Italy - North: t Africa - - - - | pages Islands 105 2 Do 5
Sardinia, San ‘Marino, Environs of Rome, Naples, Central Africa, West - - - aianns 108 r=] EE a
and Sicily 29 | Central Africa, East : | > 107 Q ae] °
Maltese Inlanis, Valette, snd Venice 2 - $0 | South Africa - - - 7 108 = a ie ©
European Russia - - - $1 | Cape Colony 7 109 Lo a
BalticSea- 82 | Sonth African Republic, _ Orange Free State, - =. yeh] 3 inte) si
St. Petersburg, Environs at St. Peterburg and Natal, Basuto Land, Eto. 72 forth Argentina ml ira | aie 2
Moscow - 83 | St. Helens, Cape Town, Aden, Ascension, Mauri- : o > 1g & oi i=
Black Sen - - - 3] tius, Perim Island, Madagascar, Socotra, W ON 5
Turkey in Europe and Bulgaria - = 35 Amirante, and Seychelles Islands | - 73 | 2 =) Y 9
=
AND COMPLETE INDEX TO 58,000 PLACES NAME $ OE g
Royal Quarto, 124 by 10 inches, Handsomely Bound in Cloth, Pri < cs a
= al | =) |
Q
HE PUBLISHERS have the greatest confidence in placing the WORLD-WIDE ATLAS bei@@public. For family use, z a) $
educational purposes, or for reference in mercantile offices, no such compendious yet handy AMMaps has ever emanated < 5p E
from any Geographical Establishment. w Ec w
RS IF YOU WISH A COPY OF THE WORLD-WIDE ATLAS FILL UP THE ORDER (HED TO THIS = | 8 2
AND SEND IT TO ANY BOOKSELLER. A = =
Residents Abroad can either procure the Atlas from the Local Bookseller or remit 8s, 2d. dire@ublishers for a copy, z | FS z
=e Q | ie}
COMPLETE CATALOGUE OF ATLASES, MAPS, GLOBES, WALL@TRATIONS, ETC. = = =
POSTED FREE HOE ANY 4 ADDRESS. a 2
se ° 9 fe}
Fe 2 e
o | a @
W. & A. K. JOHNSTC ' 3 Z
(ESTABLISHED 1525) e} in} a 8
Geographers to the Queen, Educational and General A y 1
EDINA WORKS, EASTER ROAD, AND 7 SOUTH HANOVER EDINBURGH. ) &
—SV1LV 30|M-G14OM S.NOLSNHOP—s
5 WHITE HART STREET, WARWICK LANE, LOND!
Royal Dcottish Arboricultural Society.
Instituted 16th February 1854.
PATRON.
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
THE ANNUAL MEETING.
The Forty-fourth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society was held in the Hall, 14 Sourn Sr
ANDREW STREET, EDINBURGH, on Wednesday, 27th January 1897,
at 2.30 p.m. R.C. Munro Ferauson, M.P., of Raith and Novar,
President of the Society, occupied the Chair.
MINUTES.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the Society, held on
Monday, 3rd August 1896, which had been printed and circulated
amongst the Members, were held as read, and approved of.
ELECTION OF New MEMBERS.
The election of the following thirty-six Candidates for
Membership, whose names had previously been submitted to the
Council, was duly confirmed, viz.:—
ANDERSON, John, Merchant, Forthbank, East Wemyss, Fife.
Barciay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C.
Bree, James, The Gardens, Lanrick Castle, Doune, Perthshire.
Bowtezs, William, The Gardens, Adare Manor, Adare, Co, Limerick,
5 Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co. Durham.
CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Tea Planter, Seacliff, Ardrishaig, Argyleshire.
Fert, John Smith, M.A., M.B., B.Sc., Lecturer on Petrology, University
of Edinburgh.
Forbes, James, The Gardens, Overtown, Dumbarton.
Hanon, Thomas, Solicitor, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
10 Harrower, William, Forester, Garth, Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
Huceir, James George, Overseer, Clova Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
LAvRIston, John, Assistant Forester, Clumber Park, Notts.
VOL. XV. PART II. a*
2
M‘DonaLp, James, Assistant Forester, Brodick Castle, Arran.
M‘DonA xb, William, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
15 M‘Kerrrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare,
M‘Lrennan, John, The Gardens, Castle Boro’, Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford.
M‘MicHAkEL, William, Solicitor, Callander, Perthshire.
Mar AnD KEtitis, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Alloa House, Atte!
MEIKLEJONN, John J. R., Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
20 MircHeELL, William, haeistane Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Morr, Henry, 3 Grange Road, Edinburgh.
Moon, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Millhaugh Cottages, Logie Almond,
Perth.
MossmMAN, Robert Cockburn, F.R.S.E., F.R.Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place,
Edinburgh.
Murpocu, Robert, Merchant, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
25 Mytes, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
PreARSON, James Montgomerie, of Over Letham, Estate Agent and C.E.,
Kilmarnock.
PEEBLES, James, Assistant Forester, Albury Park, Guildford, Surrey.
Reip, William, Assistant Forester, Dochfour, Inverness.
Rozsertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
30 Rozsertson, Andrew Newton, Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottages,
Lynedoch, Perth.
Rosertson, William, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
Rogson, Charles Durie, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
SrEELE, W. Craig, Nursery Manager, Westmoor, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
Srrwart, Charles, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth.
35 Witson, James, M.A., B.Sc., Fordyce Lecturer in Agriculture, University
of Aberdeen.
Yuates, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Durris Estate, Aberdeen.
Report BY THE COUNCIL.
The Secretary read the Report by the Council for the past
year, from which it appeared that the Membership was at that
date 699, being a nett gain of 39 during the year. Attention
was directed to Part I. Vol. XV. of the Zransactions recently
issued, which contains, amongst other valuable papers, the first
instalment of Reports and Articles by the Honorary Consulting
Scientists, who were appointed at the meeting held in August
last, and Reports of Excursions to the Forth and Locb Lomond
Districts and Arniston. The Report was approved of.
FINANCES OF THE SOCIETY.
As suggested by the Chairman, who said that a full abstract of
the Accounts for the past year had already been printed and
circulated amongst the Members, it was agreed that the Accounts
—_—
ls!
SSRs Ge SS
3
should be held as presented and read. In answer to Mr GrorcE
Fraser, Edinburgh, Mr Wetsu, the Convener of the Finance
Committee, mentioned that the advisability of apportioning the
accounts between Capital and Revenue, and the question of the
appointment of new trustees, and investment of the Funds of
the Society, were being considered by the Council. The Accounts,
of which the following is a short abstract, were approved of :—
INCOME. EXPENDITURE.
Ordinary Subscriptions, . £17013 0 1. Printing and Station-
ery; Bea ie
: Sait 2 Less Receipts
Life Subscriptions, . : 92 8 0 4c Adeadiee
Donation, . . . Ons mee ‘ ; ae eet £44 16 10
: 2. Prizes, : : : OP UNnO
Transactions sold, . . 612 6 | 3. Expenses of Management, . 76 1
Balance of Income over Ex-
Bank Interest, . : 013 9 penditure, . . *. 142 1410
£271 13 11 £271 18 11
The total funds of the Society at 3lst December 1896
amounted to £285, 5s. 8d., and the arrears of subscriptions
to £37, 19s. 6d.
Excursion Funp.
The Secretary next read the Accounts in connection with the
Excursions to Germany in 1895, and to the Forth and Loch
Lomond Districts last year, which showed that although there had
been a small deficit on the 1895 account, there was now a
balance in hand of £3, 8s. 9d. He explained that out of this
sum there would have to be paid the cost of the usual
presentation copies of last year’s Excursion Report, and that
the balance would be carried forward to next year. The
Accounts were approved of.
ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
On the motion of Colonel Bailey, Mr Munro Fereuson was
re-elected President. Mr ALExanpER Mune, Edinburgh, and
Mr Cuaries BucHanan, Penicuik, having been nominated as
Vice-Presidents, Mr W. H. Massie, Edinburgh, nominated
Mr James Kay, Bute, in opposition to Mr Minne. On a vote
being taken, Mr Mine received the support of a majority of
4
the Members present, and he and Mr Bucuanan were accordingly
declared elected. The following Members were proposed as
Members of Council, and unanimously elected, viz.:—James F.
Haropte, D. F. Mackenzie, W. A. MACKENZIE, JAMES ROBERTSON,
and D. P. Larrp. The Secretary and Treasurer and the Auditor
were re-elected. The following were elected Judges and a
Committee on Tvransactions:—Colonel Battey (Convener),
Professor Baytey Batrour, Professor SomMERVILLE, MALcoLM
Duny, JouHn Metuven, Joun Micutz, and James Kay. The
Honorary Consulting Scientists were re-elected. The Local
Secretaries were also re-elected, and it was intimated that the
Council was considering as to the advisability of increasing
the number of Local Secretaries, especially in districts remote
from Edinburgh. Mr Grorcr Paxton, Kilmarnock, a Member
of the Society, who photographed the groups of last year's
Excursion, was unanimously appointed Photographic Artist.
The Office-Bearers and Officials elected for the year 1897 were
therefore as follows :—
PRESIDENT.
R. C. Munro Ferecuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House,
Kirkcaldy, Fife.
VICE-PRESIDENTS.,
JAMES Morrart, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh, d
WiLiiAM SOMERVILLE, D.(ic., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of
Agriculture and Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
Colonel F. BArLey, R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University.
ALEXANDER Minne, Nurseryman and Seedsman, 32 Hanover Street,
Edinburgh.
CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik.
COUNCIL.
JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
JAMES Cook, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Davin Kerr, Forester, Ladywell, Dankeld.
GEORGE MAcKINNON, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade.
W. M. We su, Nurseryman and Seedsman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh,
Matcoum Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
Joun T. M‘LAREN, Factor, Polmaise, Stirling.
ANDREW SLATER, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight.
JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Scone Estate, Perth.
5
JAMES F, HARDIE, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles.
D. P. Larrp, Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
D. F. MAckenzi£, Factor, Mortonhall, Liberton.
W. A. Mackenzie, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry.
JAMES Ropertson, Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
RoBert GALLowAy, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
AUDITOR.
Joun T. WAtTson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
JUDGES AND COMMITTEE ON TRANSACTIONS.
Colonel Baitey, R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, University of Edinburgh
(Convener).
Professor I. BAyLEY BALrour, University of Edinburgh.
Professor SOMERVILLE, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
MaAtcoim Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
JOHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
JoHN Micutiz, Forester, Balmoral.
JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute.
HONORARY CONSULTING SCIENTISTS.
Consulting Botanist, IsAAcC BAYLEY BALFour, M.D., Sc.D., Professor
of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Consulting Chemist, ANDREW PEEBLES AITKEN, M.A., Sc.D.,
Professor of Chemistry, Veterinary College, Clyde Street,
Edinburgh.
Consulting Cryptogamist, WitL1AM SoMERVILLE, D.(€e., D.Se.,
F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Agriculture and Forestry, Durham
College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Consulting Entomologist, Roperr StEewart MacDovacatt, M.A.,
B.Sc., Lecturer on Entomology, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Consulting Geologist, JoHN SmirH FiEttT, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M.,
Lecturer on Petrology, University of Edinburgh.
Consulting Meteorologist, RopeErT CockBurN MossMAN, F.R.S.E.,
F.R.Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh.
LOCAL SECRETARIES.
Scotland,
DanreL Dewar, Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly.
JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
C. Y. Micure, Forester, Cullen House, Banffshire,
6
JouN Micute, Forester, Balmoral, Ballater.
JAMES RoBERTSON, Forester, Panmure House, Carnoustie.
D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
England.
JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield, Herts.
JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington, Devon.
ANDREW Boa, junior, Sub-Agent, Great Thurlow, Suffolk.
Rosert T. Couutins, Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
Joun Davipson, Secretary English Arboricultural Society, Haydon-
Bridge-on-Tyne.
Frank Hott, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport, Salop.
JAMES RUTHERFORD, Agent, Kirkleatham, Redcar, Yorkshire.
D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorks.
Ireland.
Rosert Courar, Forester, Ashford, Cong, County Galway.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST.
GrorGcE Paxton, Richardland, Kilmarnock.
LipRARY AND Museum.
The Secretary reported that the following presentations had
been made since the General Meeting in August last :—
PRESENTATIONS TO THE Socrety’s LIBRARY.
. Report of the Conifer Conference, 1891. From the Royal
Horticultural Society, London.
. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, vol. xx.,
part 2.
Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, London, vol. vii.,
parts 3 and 4,
. Transactions of the English Arboricultural Society, vol. iil.,
part 2.
Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
1895, part 2; 1896, part 1.
Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science,
vol. ix., part 1, 1894-95,
. Provincial Government of Nova Scotia Crop Reports, July
and November 1896.
7
8. Agricultural Returns—Statistical Tables, 1896. Board of
Agriculture,
9. Leaflets on Surface Caterpillars and Woolly Aphis or
American Blight. Board of Agriculture.
10. The Forester: Brown and Nisbet. Blackwood & Sons,
Edinburgh.
Note.—Members may borrow from the Secretary any of the Books or
Pamphlets belonging to the Society, provided they pay the cost of trans-
mission, and guarantee their safe return within a reasonable time.
EXCURSION IN 1897,
Mr Dunn, Dalkeith, reported the recommendation of the
Council, that the Excursion this year should be held in Ireland.
He explained that it was proposed to visit the places of interest
in and around Dublin, and afterwards Powerscourt, Coollattin,
and other places in County Wicklow, and probably Killarney.
The recommendation was approved of, and the matter was
remitted to the Council with powers.
Forestry EDUCATION.
At the close of the business, Dr Witu1Am Scuticna, Professor
of Forestry in the Engineering College for India, Coopers Hill,
Surrey, delivered an Address on “Forestry Education” a full
Report of which will be found in the Z'ransactions.
Vores or THANKS.
Votes of thanks were heartily accorded to Dr Scuuicu for
his Address, and to the President for presiding.
THE ANNUAL DINNER.
The Annual Dinner was held in the Royal British Hotel the
same evening. Mr Munro Fereuson, M.P., the President of
the Society, was Chairman, and Colonel Battey, Vice-President,
was Croupier. The guests of the Society were Dr Scuuica;
Rev. Dr Paut; Bailie Kintoch ANpEerson; Mr WILLIAM
ANDERSON, Treasurer of the Edinburgh Water Trust; County
Councillor Joun Dossier; Mr JAmMEs MAcDONALD, Secretary, High-
land and Agricultural Society ; Mr Isaac ConnELL, Secretary of the
Scottish Chamber of Agriculture; and Mr D. Youne, Editor of
the North British Agriculturist. The company numbered about
8
forty. Dr Scuuicw proposed the toast, ‘The Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society,” and the President replied. Colonel
BaILey proposed “The Corporation of Edinburgh,” and Bailie
Kintocw ANpERSsON replied. The President proposed “ Our
Guests,” and Dr Scuuicu replied. A number of other toasts,
songs, and recitations followed, and a pleasant and profitable
evening was spent.
THE GENERAL MEETING.
A General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society
was held in No. 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Monday,
16th August 1897, at 2 o'clock p.m. R.C. Munro Fereuson,
M.P., President, in the Chair.
MINUTES.
The Minutes of the Forty-fourth Annual General Meeting
of the Society, held on 27th January 1897, were read and
approved of.
APOLOGIES FOR ABSENCE.
The Secretary intimated that apologies for absence had been
received from Lord Balvaird, Mr W. M. Welsh, Mr John
Methven, Edinburgh, and Mr James Robertson, Panmure,
Evection oF New MEMBERS.
The Election of the following seventy-three Candidates, whose
names had previously been submitted to and approved of
by the Council, was confirmed, viz.:—
Life Members.
Buack, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare.
FOTHERINGHAM, W. Stewart, of Murthly, Perthshire.
Gouceu, Reginald, Forester, Woburn, Beds.
WALLACE, John A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer.
Ordinary Members.
on
ArmiT, James, The Gardens, Antrim Castle, Antrim.
Bipputpu, Lieut.-Colonel (retired), Armaghmore, Tullamore, King’s
County.
Brarp, John Barnes, Assistant Forester, Avoch, Ross-shire.
Broveu, D., The Gardens, Duntreath Castle, Strathblane.
Browne, Ernest de S. H., Land Agent, Brookfield, Tullamore,
OO
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
9
CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire.
CuisHom, Colin, Assistant Forester, Glamis Castle, Forfarshire.
Courar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire.
Craic, Rev. Graham, Rector of Tullamore, King’s County.
Curr, Wm. Henry, Factor, Pitkellony, Muthill.
DAILty, James, Assistant Forester, Kirklee, Riccarr-Johnstone, Holytown,
Lanarkshire.
Don, Alex., jan., Bank House, Fettercairn, Kincardineshire.
DoNALDSON, James Sidney, 33 Derby Street, Moss-side, Manchester.
Dorman, Arthur John, of Grey Towers, Newby, Yorks.
Dunne, Robert H. P., J.P., Brittas, Clonaslee, Queen’s County.
Fraser, Jas., Wood Merchant, Marcassie Sawmills, Forres.
GELLATLY, Thos., Assistant Forester, Gala House, Galashiels, Selkirkshire.
GEMMILL, Wm., Farmer, Greendykes, Macmerry, East Lothian.
GILLANDERS, A. F., Forester, High Legh, Knutsford, Cheshire.
Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian.
GRANT, Lauchlan, Solicitor, Perth.
Hauuipay, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay, Bute.
HAmitron-Octitvy, H. T. M., of Beil, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
Hart, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire.
Hay, Alex., of Ben. Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen.
Hoce, Thos., The Gardens, Woodside, Paisley.
Horm, Alexander, Coney Park Nurseries, Stirling.
Incu, Chas. F., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
InGLIs, Geo. Erskine, Estate Agent, Campbeltown, Argyleshire.
Kemp, David, 22 Young Street, Edinburgh.
Lewis, Thos. J., Artbog, Dolgelly, Merionethshire.
Litre, John, Land Agent, Hackness Hall, Scarborough, Yorks.
Lock, Hampton, Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Perthshire.
Low, John, Timber Merchant, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
MAckeEnzi&, John, Forester, Stenton, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
MacminLian, Duncan, Forester, Keir, Dunblane, Perthshire.
M‘Inryre, Malcolm, The Gardens, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire.
M‘Kenna, Robert, The Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, King’s
County.
M‘LAREN, Patrick M., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
M‘Letsu, John, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
M‘Leop, Geo., Overseer, Harviestoun, Dollar, Clackmannanshire.
MaArsHALtL, Alex., 150 Leadenhall Street, London, E.C.
Mitner-Homg, J. Hepburn, Caldra, Duns, Berwickshire.
Morean, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire.
Muwro, Hugh, Teacher, Penicuik, Midlothian.
Murray, John, Factor, Glenearn, Bridge of Karn, Perthshire.
PATTERSON, James Purves, Nursery Manager, Dollardstown Nursery,
Athy, Ireland.
PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks,
PEEBLES, Philip, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford, Surrey.
Perer, James, Land Steward, Berkeley, Gloucestershire,
10
55 Puri, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire.
Pootz, William, Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh.
Ricumonp, T. S., 25 Marchmont Road, Edinburgh.
Ropertson, David, Merchant, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
RopcEr, James, Factor, Keir, Dunblane, Perthshire.
60 RussELL, Rev. W. G., Rector of Gravhill, King’s County.
Suarp, Thomas, Forester, Monreith, Port-William, Wigtownshire.
Suertock, David, D.L., J.P., B.L., Rahan Lodge, Tullamore, King’s
County.
Smiru, Georga, Assistant Forester, Hope Cottage, Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire.
SroppaArt, James, Builder, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian.
65 Srvart, Robert, Forester, Elm Grove, Grantown, Inverness-shire.
Taytor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright.
TURNBULL, George, Estate Office, Tullamore, King’s County.
TURNBULL, Walter Scott, Estate Office, Geashill, King’s County.
Witson, William, Wood Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire.
70 Witson, William, Forester, Dingley, Market Harborough, Leicestershire.
Wutson, William, Assistant Forester, Philiphaugh, Selkirk.
Wyruiz, James, Bank Agent, Leven Street, Edinburgh.
Younc, Donald, care of Bennetts Limited, Hyde Road, Manchester.
ELECTION OF TRUSTEES.
The Hon. Lord Batvairp, Scone Palace, and R. C. Munro
Frercuson, M.P., were elected Trustees in room of Dr Hugh
Cleghorn of Stravithie, and Robert Hutchison, Esq. . of
Carlowrie, both deceased.
ELEcTION OF LOocAL SECRETARIES.
The Secretary reported that the Council, as empowered by the
rules, had elected the following additional Local Secretaries,
and their election was duly confirmed :—
Scotland.
Counties.
Aberdcen, . JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
JAMES WILSON, M.A., B.Sc., Fordyce Lecturer on Agri-
culture, Aberdeen University.
Argyle, . . Watrer Exxiot, Manager, Ardtornish.
JoHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban.
Ayr, . JouN Hay, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, Kilmarnock.
ANDREW D. Pagan, Overseer, Culzean, Maybole.
Banff, . . JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin.
Berwick, . Wm. Minne, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed.
Bute, . . Wm. Inecuis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick,
Clackmannan, RoBert Fores, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa.
Counties.
Dumfries, 5
East Lothian, .
Wife, « .
Forfar, .
Inverness,
Kinross,
Lanark, .
Moray, .
Peebles, .
Perth,
Ross,
Roxburgh,
Sutherland,
West Lothian,
Wigtown, -
Berks,
Bucks,
Cheshire,
Derby, .
Devon, . -
Durham,
Hants, .
Hereford, :
TCT IS,
Kent, .
Lancashire,
Leicester, =
Lincoln, 2
Middlesex, .
11
D. Crass, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie.
Joun Hayes, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie.
JoHN Newsiceine, Nurseryman, Dumfries.
W. 8S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk.
EpmunpD SaneG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy.
R. Carrns, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee.
JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis.
JAmMus A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness,
JAmzEs Terris, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam.
Joun Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell.
JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers,
Glasgow.
Wo. Giucurist, Forester, Leuchars, Elgin.
James F, Harpin, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles.
W. Harrower, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy.
W. A. Mackenzit, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry.
ALEX. PITCAITHLEY, Jeanie Bank, Old Scone, Perth.
Sir KennetH Macxernziz, Bart., Conan House, Conon
Bridge.
JoHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick.
R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso.
DonaLD Rospertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie.
JAMES Smitu, Hopetoun Gardens, South Queensferry.
JAMES Hocarra, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer.
H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill.
England.
W. Sroriz, Whitway House, Newbury.
JAMES SMITH, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton-Buzzard.
Wm. Exvprr, Cholmondeley Park, near Malpas,
Tuomas Dow, Forester, Bretby, Burton-on-Trent.
W. Micuiz, Bedford Office, Tavistock, South Devon.
Professor SOMERVILLE, Durham College of Science, New-
castle-on-Tyne.
ANDREW SLATER, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of
Wight.
Wm. Sroriz, Forester, Holme Lacy, Hereford.
Tuomas SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring.
R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne.
PETER GRANT, Forester, Hornby Castle, Hornby, Lancaster.
D. C. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot.
JAMES Martin, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham.
J. ALEXANDER, The Gardens, Revesby Abbey, Boston.
W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park.
Professor Bouncer, 66 Abingdon Road, Kensington,
London, W.
GrorcE CADELL, c/o The Secretary, Surveyor’s Institution,
Savoy Street, Victoria Embankment, London.
12
Counties.
Norfolk, H. Munro, Garden Cottage, Holkham.
JAMES RopGER, Forester, Morton Hall, Norwich.
Northampton, F. MircHe 1, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton.
Notts, WItson ToMLINSON, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop.
Surrey, . PHILIP PEEBLES, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford.
Warwick, W. BERRIDGE, Forester, Stoneleigh Abbey Farm, Kenilworth.
A, D. CuristIz, The Gardens, Ragley Hall, Alcester.
Wilts, A, C. Forbes, Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne,
Yorks, Wm. Forsss, Forester, Swinton, Masham.
ApAM MAIN, Forester, Rose Cottage, Loftus.
Wales.
Flint, R. V. Kyrxe of Penywern, Mold.
Glamorgan, .
ArcH. MITCHELL, Forester, Dunraven, Bridgend.
Gro. WILson, Forester, Penrice Castle, Reynoldston R.S.O.
Ireland.
Antrim, . JOHN ScRIMGEOUR, Land Steward, Shane’s Castle.
Galway, THOMAS ROBERTSON, Forester, Knockboy, Recess.
Kildare, RosertT M‘KeErrow, Manager, Carton, Maynooth.
Kilkenny, ALEX. M‘RAg, Forester, Castlecomer.
King’s County, Ancu., HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore.
Monaghan, JAMES Bropik, Land Steward, Glaslough.
Tipperary, Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh,
Wicklow, ADAM JOHNSTONE, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh.
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT.
Mr Munro Fercuson delivered the Annual Presidential
Address, which is printed in full in the Zransactions.
Essays ON AN EXPERIMENTAL Forest AREA.
Professor SOMERVILLE read the Report! of the President and
himself on the four Essays received on the following subject:
“The best form of, and the best method of establishing, an
Experimental Forest area in Scotland, for the exhibition of and
for instruction—theoretical and practical—in Scientific Forestry,”
and their recommendations were approved of, as follows :—
Motto, “ Novice.” No award.
‘South Esk.” No award.
“Nil Desperandum.” Mr D. F. Mackenziz, Factor,
Mortonhall, Midlothian. Prize, £5, 5s.
‘Moon Raker.” Mr A. C. Forses, Wood Manager,
Bowood, Calne, Wilts. Prize, £10, 10s.
1 The Report is printed in the Zvansactions.
13
The President intimated that although the whole of the twenty-
five guineas offered had not been awarded, he would pay the half
of that sum, and thus leave the balance of the Society’s half of
the sum awarded available for some other competition. The
President was cordia'ly thanked for his generosity.
On the motion of Mr Duyn, the Judges were thanked for
the trouble they had taken in the matter, and their Report was
remitted to the Council with power to frame an official scheme,
and to report at a future meeting,
OtTuer Essays.
In the absence of Colonel Bailey, Convener of the Judges,
the Secretary read their Report on the other Essays received,
and the following Awards were made in accordance therewith,—
the sealed envelopes accompanying the Essays being opened,
and the names of the successful competitors announced to the
Meeting.
Crass I.
I. On the best methods of Converting Timber. (Motto,
“* Economist.”)
No award.
II. On the best methods of Converting Timber. (Motto,
“Sawdust.”) By D. F. Mackxenziz, Factor, Morton-
hall.
Award, the Sitver Mepat offered by Mr W. M. Welsh,
of Messrs Dicksons & Co., Edinburgh.
III, On the Afforestation of Waste Land. (Motto, “‘Arboreous.”)
No award.
IV. On Forestry and Game Preserving. (Motto, ‘“Enthusiasm.”)
By ArcuiBaLD Mircue tt, Forester, Dunraven Castle,
Bridgend, Glamorganshire.
Award, a BronzE MEDAL.
V. On the Forest Institute of Vallombrosa. (Motto, “Thick
as Autumnal Leaves,” etc.) By Grorce CapDELL
(late Indian Forest Department).
Award, a Bronze MEDAL.
-
14
Cuass II.
I. On the Planting and Management of Hedges. (Motto,
“White Thorn.”) By James Guiuuespiz, Lochton
Lodge, Inchture.
Award, a Bronze MeDAL.
Excursion 1n 1898,
Mr Dunn, Convener of the Excursion Committee, reported
that the general feeling of the Council appeared to be in favour
of the postponement for another year of the proposed Excursion
to Scandinavia or France, and the matter was again remitted to
the Council for further consideration.
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM.
The Secretary reported that the following presentations had
been made since the Annual General Meeting in January last :—
List OF PRESENTATIONS TO THE SOCIETY’s LIBRARY.
1. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, London, vol.
viii., parts 1 and 2.
bo
. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, vol.
xx., part 3.
3. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1894.
4, Transactions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society, vol. xx.,
parts 2 and 3.
5. Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science,
vol, ix., part 2.
6. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
1895, part 3; 1896, part 2.
7. Report of the Secretary for Agriculture, Nova Scotia,
1896.
8. Agricultural Returns from the Board of Agriculture, 1896.
9. Leaflets on Rabies and Celery Fly. Board of Agriculture,
1896.
10. Reports of Conservators of Forests, Cape of Good Hope,
1896.
11. Two Papers on Forestry, by Hon. John D, Lyman, New
Hampshire, 1895 and 1897. ‘
12. Paper on Indian Forestry, by Sir Dietrich Brandis.
15
13. Abstract of Meteorological Observations made at Rothesay,
by James Kay, Bute.
14. Two Pamphlets, on Wheat Experiments and Tuberculin
Test, by Department of Agriculture, Victoria.
Note.—Members may borrow from the Secretary any of the Books or
Pamphlets belonging to the Society, provided they pay the cost of trans-
mission, and guarantee their safe return within a reasonable time.
Notices oF Morton.
Mr Dunyy, on behalf of the Oouncil, gave notice of the following
motions, which will fall to be discussed at next Meeting :—
1. That the Council be empowered to decide the class under
which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed.
2. That the Council be empowered to appoint Correspondents
in any part of the world.
ForESTRY IN SCOTLAND DURING THE SIxty YEARS OF
THE QUEEN’S REIGN.
Mr Duyn read a Paper on this subject, which is printed in
full in the Z’ransactions.
THe Queen’s DIAMOND JUBILEE.
The President read the Congratulatory Address which had
been presented to Her Majesty the Queen, on the occasion of
her Diamond Jubilee, and the Royal acknowledgment which
had been received, as follows :—
To the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty.
May it please your Majesty, we, your Majesty’s most faithful
and loyal subjects, the Members of the Royal Scottish Arboricul-
tural Society, venture, with profound respect, on this, the com-
pletion of the sixtieth year of your Majesty’s reign, humbly to
offer our dutiful and heartfelt congratulations, and to express our
continued and unswerving loyalty to your Majesty.
As an Association formed in the early part of your Majesty’s
reign, we participate with peculiar enthusiasm in the rejoicings
that mark this great occasion, and we would wish to avail our-
selves of this opportunity to lay at your Majesty’s feet an expres-
sion of our humble and sincere thankfulness for the many tokens
of Royal favour which your Majesty has been graciously pleased
to confer on our Society, and of the gratitude we have long felt for
16
the preservation, through your Majesty’s gracious care, of that
beautiful portion of the old Caledonian Forest which surrounds
your Majesty’s Highland home.
We pray that your Majesty may continue to experience those
blessings which have hitherto signalized your Majesty’s reign, and
that your Majesty may long be spared to enjoy, in peace and
happiness, the beauties of our Scottish forests.
R. C. Munro Fercuson, President.
Ropert Gattoway, Secretary.
ScoTTisH OFFICE,
WHITEHALL, S.W., 6th July 1897.
Srr,—I have had the honour to lay before the Queen the loyal
and dutiful Address by the Members of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society on the occasion of the completion of the
sixtieth year of Her Majesty’s reign.
Her Majesty was pleased to receive the same in the most
gracious manner, and I have it in command to acquaint you
that the evidence received from all parts of Scotland of the
attachment of her Scottish subjects to her throne and person
affords Her Majesty great satisfaction —I am, Sir, your obedient
Servant, Batrour OF BURLEIGH.
R. C. Munro FEereuson, Esq., M.P.,
Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
JUBILEE MEMORIAL TREE PLANTING.
On the motion of the Chairman, the following resolution was
put to the Meeting and unanimously carried, viz.:—
“That this Meeting of the Society approves of the recom-
mendation of the Council that Members of the Society should use
their influence with Town and County Councils and other Local
Authorities, as well as Landed Proprietors generally, to induce
them to plant specimens of ornamental trees, avenues, groups,
and woods of all sizes, during the ensuing season, to commemorate
in an appropriate manner the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Year.”
Votes oF THANKS.
Votes of thanks were accorded to the President for his Address,
the Judges for their Reports on the Essays, Mr Dunn for his
Paper, and the Chairman for presiding, which concluded the
business.
Wy
ILLUSTRATIONS FUND.
The Council beg to direct special attention to this Fund, the
object of which is to obtain contributions to defray the expense
of illustrating the Society’s 7’ransactions.
Subscriptions received in 1897:—
Professor Somerville, ‘ ‘ : 5 Fee)
J. K. Milne, Kevock Tower, Lasswade, 1
e Or
oo
THE SOCIETY'S ALBUM.
The Council wish it to be known that the Society has an
Album for the Photographs of Members, and the Secretary will
be glad to receive contributions.
Members are invited to read short practical papers on any
subject connected with Forestry at the Annual General Meeting
in January, or at the General Meeting to be held at the time of the
Excursion. Those who intend to do so are requested to intimate,
in writing, the Title of their subject to the Secretary, not later than
15th December 1897 or 1st June 1898, stating the time they may
require for reading the paper.
SYLLABUS OF SUBJECTS FOR ESSAYS.
The following subjects are offered for competition in 1898 :—
[The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Prizes to be
awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays.
All Essays and Reports intended for Competition must be lodged
with the Secretary not later than Ist June 1898. All Collections
of Cones, Seeds, and Rustic Work must be in the hands of the
Secretary not less than three days before the Annual General
Meeting, to be held on 26th January 1898. Each Essay, Report,
Collection, or Article must bear a Motto, and be accompanied by
@ sealed envelope bearing outside the sAME Morro, and the Class
to which the Competitor belongs, and containing inside, a Card
with the Name and ADDRESS of the Competiior.
Judges cannot compete during their term of office.
Successful Competitors may either have the medals or their con-
verted values, which are as follows: —Gold, £5; No. 1 Silver, £3;
No. 2 Stlver, £2; Bronze, 10s.]
VOL. XV. PART II. b*
18
Crass I.—For Open CoMPETITION.
J. For an approved Report showing the Financial Results of
the Cultivation of Woods and Plantations. (Zen Guineas offered
by Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.D., D.Sec., Professor of Botany in the
University of Edinburgh, formerly President of the Society.) |
It is not necessary that the names of the estates on which the woods
grow should be published, but the reporter must give the annual
value of the land previous to planting; statistics of the cost of
forming the plantations, including draining and fencing; the
expenses of management, the income derived, and the present
value of the Woods.
IJ. For an approved Report on the Gales of November 1893
and December 1894, their results and consequences. (A Medal.)
III. For an approved Report detailing the methods employed
to bring about the Natural Regeneration of a Wood, and the
subsequent Treatment as regards Artificial Assistance, should
such have been rendered necessary owing to the Natural Sowing
having been irregular, insufficient, or too dense. (A Medal.)
The author must cite some particular case, and give the results of a
systematic attempt at natural regeneration, bearing in mind the
fact that a patchy imperfect restocking cannot be regarded as
satisfactory or successful.
IV. For an approved Essay on the best methods of realising
Forest Products. (Silver Medal offered by Wim. M. Welsh, Esq.,
of Messrs Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.)
V. For an approved Essay on the Valuation of Woods or
Plantations for the purpose of Transfer. (A Medal.)
The writer to describe the method (a) of valuing matured woods,
(b) middle-aged woods, (c) park trees and others that may be,
in addition to their value as timber, considered as ornamental,
(d) young woods, and (e) coppice.
VI. For an approved Report on the Plantations of which the
competitor is Forester. Reporter to state the extent of planta-
tions, the kinds of timber grown, soil, situation, age, management,
etc. This is a standing subject. (A Medal.)
VII. For an approved Report on the Present State and Future
Prospects of Arboriculture in Ireland. (A Medal.)
£5
VIII. For an approved Report on the Present State and Future
Prospects of Arboriculture in the West of England and Wales.
(A Medal.)
IX. On the best Method of Procedure in growing a continuous
Crop of Timber in Woods or Plantations. (4A Medal.)
The Essay should deal with the different kinds of Woods, the ages,
and proportion per acre of the trees at different stages, and whether
these have been raised by natural or artificial means. Reference
may be made to any system practised abroad which might prove
applicable in this country.
X. For an approved Report, based on results, on the advantage
of Under Planting. (A Medal.)
XI. For an approved Essay on the best method of Prevent-
ing the Inroads of the Pine Saw-fly—Lophyrus pint of Curtis.
(A Medal.)
XII. For an approved Essay on any Disease incidental to
Forest Trees. A standing subject. (A Medal.)
XIII. For an approved Report on the most advantageous
methods, not generally practised in this country, of Transporting
Timber. (A Medal.)
The reporter specially to describe any means, other than by horse-power,
of moving felled timber from the interior of woods to their margins,
or to roads.
XIV. For an approved Essay on the best methods of utilising
Small-wood in the manufacture of Fancy-wood articles, Turnery,
Wood Wool, etc. (A Medal.)
XV. For an approved Essay on the erection and maintenance
of a Saw-mill and other wood-working Machinery suitable for
Estate purposes. (A Medal.)
The writer should describe the various kinds of motive power; the size
of the buildings and stores; the fittings required—benches, saws,
tools, timber carriages, etc., their maintenance and repair; and the
methods of dressing the various woods for the saws, and the manner
of sawing them to the best advantage.
XVI. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
20
XVII. For an instrument or method for expeditiously obtain-
ing the diameter of trees at a given height, or for any other useful
invention or marked improvement on any of the implements
used in Forestry. Models or implements to be accompanied by
a report. (A Medal.)
Cuass II].—For Assistant FORESTERS ONLY.
I. For an approved Report, based on personal observation,
on the Propagation of Forest Trees and Shrubs. (A Medal.)
II. For an approved Report, based on personal observation,
on any disease affecting Trees, or injuries caused to Trees, by
insects or animals. (A Medal.)
III. For an approved Essay on the Peeling and Harvesting
of different kinds of British Bark used in Tanning. (A Medal.)
IV. For an approved Essay on the best method of protecting
Trees from injury by Ground Game. (A Medal.)
V. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture, (A Medal.)
VI. For the best and approved Model in Rustic, or
Ornamental Woodwork, of any subject designed and executed
by the competitor. Model not to exceed six feet in length.
(A Medal.)
The Council invite the attention of young Foresters to the fore-
going subjects, as they wish to encourage their literary efforts.
ROBERT GALLOWAY,
Secretary.
5 Sr ANDREW SQuaARE,
EDINBURGH.
a
Scottish Provident
ow» Institution =e
1837
Family Provision
Iw the selection of an Assurance Office for the purpose
of providing Capital Sums at Death to meet Family
Settlements, Partnership or other Business Arrange-
iments, Estate Duties, etc., the ‘main question) alter
that of Absolute Security, is which Office will provide
this Fund on the most moderate terms, without sacrifice
of the valuable right to participate in the Surplus.
The system of the Scottish Provident Institution is
specially suited for such requirements. The Premiums are so
moderate that, at usual ages for assuring, 41200 or £1250 may
be secured from the first for the yearly payment which is
generally charged (with profits) for £1000 only—the £200 or
4250 being equivalent to an immediate and certain Bonus.
The Wuote Surpius goes to the Policyholders, on a system
at once safe and equitable—no share being given to those by
whose early death there is a /oss to the Common Fund.
The SURPLUS at last Septennial Valuation (1894) was £1,423,018. The
additions to policies sharing the first time, speaking generally, varied according
to class and duration, from 15 to upwards of 30 per cent. More than one-
half of the Members who died during the period (1888-1894) were entitled to
Bonuses which, notwithstanding that the Premiums do not asa rule
exceed the non-profit rates of other Offices, were on the average equal
to an addition of about 50 per cent to the Policies which participated.
The Accumulated Funds now exceed
Ten Millions Sterling.
LONDON: 17 KING WILLIAM STREET, E.C.
HEAD OFFICE: 6 ST. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH.
Scottish Provident Institution.
TABLE OF PREMIUMS, BY DIFFERENT MODES OF PAYMENT,
For Assurance of £100 at Death—With Profits.
Age | Annual | ANNUAL PREMIUM LIMITED TO
next | Premium — Single
Birth-| payable 20 15 10 5 Payment.
day. during Life.) pay . | Payments. | Payments. | Payments. | Payments.
=
=
d.
Q
th
an”
ols
i
ee
Q
PP OOW OMNIMNMON NWN PN CONNH ORADRM OCACHOM OR WOWSR
=
OO WONINITIMH”
bt
ry
CNWORMPN KF OMmMWHD Hebd
*
7
—
i"
="
pod
—
DOO DDDDD ODDNMDMDDM DHDDAMAIh
=
OP, Pe FRPP WH WWWWW WWWWN NNNNN NNNNNY NNNNNW
es
STO CO S100
Het
OOAWO WHOHD OH OPC FPODAOONKH APPAH AWNWO CFF ®Or -:
er
Ts)
wocrm oop
OOO, PPP EP PWWWW WWWWW WWWWW NONNNDY NHNNNNWN
rT
COMMIT AHO OW OO OMFMWON ONROIA AORN ONNWOW
WNOK DONOTOWH NAAQMUINM WOONOM COMMNNY KYHNKRNHE KNONbDn
H POM NIWHNMD COCHOMOH AONWO DOBNDO CWNODNHNWOS
“
AAQoor OrOwmon 41 HF PEEL RH LPP PO CtWW WWWWO WWW WA
1
ul
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
WeNONW Dd WrFHODOYH NATH WRN RP OrRANTW OCOODVNO FNONOW ONO
CO CONTI WTUAAA AAQDvor CLOWN Nr COLNE SE FP EEE PPP
=)
_
or
for)
—"
="
or
[The usual non-participating Rates of other Offices ditfer little from these Premiums.]
* A person of 30 may secure £1000 at death, by a yearly payment, during life, of £20: 16s.
This Premium would generally elsewhere secure (with Profits) £800 only, instead of £1000.
OR, he may secure £1000 by 25 yearly payments of £26: 10s.—being thus free of payment before age 55.
t At age 40, the Premium ceasing before age 65 is, for £1000, £32 :5s.—about the same as most Offices
require during the whole term of life. Before the Premiums have ceased, the Policy will have shared in
at least one division of surplus. To Professional Men and others, whose income is dependent on continu-
ance of health, the limited payment system is specially recommended.
BRANCH OFFICES:
GLASGOW, 29 St. Vincent Pl. BRISTOL, 31 Clare Street. MANCHESTER, 10 Albert Sq.
ABERDEEN, 166 Union Street. CARDIFF, 19 High Street. NEWCASTLE, 1 Queen Street.
DUNDEE, 12 Victoria Chambers. LEEDS, 35 Park Row. NOTTINGHAM, 27 Victoria St.
BIRMINGHAM, 95Colmore Row. LIVERPOOL, 25 Castle Street. BELFAST, 10 Donegall Sq., N.
DUBLIN . . . 36 COLLEGE GREEN
LONDON OFFICE: 17 KING WILLIAM STREET, E.C.
HEAD OFFICE: 6 ST. ANDREW SQUARE, EDINBURGH.
Printea Oy R. & R, CLARK, LIMITED, Lainsurvé,
Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society.
PatroN—HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN,
eee
1.—FORMER PRESIDENTS.
YEAR.
1854, JAMES Brown, Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean.
1855. Ditto, Wood Commissioner to the Earl of Seafield,
1856. Ditto, ditto.
1857, The Right Hon. Tue EArt or Duct.
1858. The Right Hon, Tue EArt oF STAir.
1859, Sir Joun HA, Bart. of Dunglass.
1860, His Grace Toe DuKE of ATHOLE.
1861. Joun J. CHAtMeRs of Aldbar.
1862, The Right Hon. Tne EArt or AIRLIE,
1863. The Right Hon. T, F. Kennepy.
1864. RopErt HutcHison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E.
1865, Ditto, ditto.
1866, Ditto, ditto.
1867. Ditto, ditto.
1868. Ditto, ditto.
1869, Ditto, ditto.
1870. Ditto, ditto.
1871. Ditto, ditto.
1872. Huen Ciecnorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie,
1873. Ditto, ditto.
1874. Joun Hurron Batrounr, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of
Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
1875. Ditto, ditto.
1876. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blairadam, M.P.
1877. Ditto, ditto.
1878. Ditto, ditto.
1879. The Most Hon. THE Marquis or LotutAn, K,T.
1880. Ditto, ditto.
1881. Ditto, ditto.
1882. ALEXANDER Dicxson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Regius Professor
of Botany in the University of Edinburgh.
1883. Hucn Crecnorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie.
1884. Ditto, ditto.
1885. Ditto, ditto,
1886. Sir HerBert Evstacr MAxweE Lt, Bart. of Monreith, M.P.
1887. Ditto, ditto,
VOL, XV. PART III. 2D
YEAR,
1888
1889
. The Right Hon. Taz Ear. or Hopetoun Hopetoun House, South
Queensferry.
. His Excellency The Right Hon. THE EArt or Hoperoun, Governor
of Victoria, Australia.
1890. IsAAc BAYLEY Batrour, M.D., Se.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in
the University of Edinburgh.
1891. Ditto, ditto.
1892. Ditto, ditto.
1893. Ditto, ditto.
1894. R. C. Munro Frereuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House,
Kirkcaldy, Fife.
1895. Ditto, ditto.
1896. Ditto, ditto.
1897. Ditto, ditto.
1898. Colonel F, Bartey, R.E. (retired), Lecturer on Forestry, University of
Date
Edinburgh.
2.—LIST OF MEMBERS.
Corrected to December 1898.
; HONORARY MEMBERS.
0
Election.
1873.
Branpis, Sir Dietrich, K.C.S.I., Ph.D., Zz-Inspector General of
Forests in India, Bonn, Germany.
1886. CaAmpBeLL, Sir James, Bart. of Aberuchill, Redhill, Lydney,
1898.
1886.
1886.
1894,
1869.
1886.
1886.
1889,
1889.
1895.
1886.
1881.
Gloucestershire.
Dunn, Malcolm, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith (also a Life Member
by composition 1867).
Hooker, Sir Joseph D., M.D., K.C.S.1., The Camp, Sunningdale
Berks.
Jonore, The Maharajah of, Johore, Malay Peninsula.
Locan, Charles B., W.S., Commissioner to the Countess Dowager of
Seafield, Coulnakyle, Grantown, Strathspey.
LorHt1an, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, K.T., Newbattle Abbey,
Dalkeith (also a Life Member by composition).
Luspock, Sir John, Bart., M.P., D.C.L., High Elms, Down, Kent.
MiIcHAEL, General, C.S.1I., Bangor Lodge, Ascot, Berkshire.
SarcEnt, Professor C. 8., Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard
College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Scuxicn, Dr William, Professor of Forestry in the Engineering
College for India, Coopers Hill, Surrey.
Scnwappacn, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia.
Souruey, Hon. Robert, Cape Town, Cape Colony.
TEMPLE, Sir Richard, Bart., G.C.S.1., The Nash, Kempsey, Worcester-
shire.
1886, ToKAI, Tokio, Japan,
Date of LIFE MEMBERS.
Election.
1875. AcLAND, Sir Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.P., of Killerton, Exeter, Devon.
1883.
1874.
1883.
1883.
1887.
1896.
1884.
1886.
1877.
1866.
1877.
1884.
1871.
1897.
1877.
1895.
1857.
1896,
1867.
1873.
1879.
1879.
1897.
1896.
1882.
1890.
1883.
1877.
1872.
1898.
1879.
1897.
1876.
1892.
1874,
1875.
1865.
1880.
1884.
1867.
ApAmM, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of rea New Square
Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C,
Appineton, The Right Hon. Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow,
Bucks.
ALEXANDER, John, 38 St Augustine’s Road, Bedford.
ArHour, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole.
BAILEY, Colonel F., R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University,
7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
Barrp, J. G. A., M.P., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, S. W.
Batrour or BuruercH, The Right Hon. Lord, Secretary for Scot-
land, Kennet House, Alloa.
Ba.rour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife.
Batrour, Isaac Bayley, Sc.D., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany,
Edinburgh.
BARRIE, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon.
Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks.
Bates, Cadwallader John, Langley Castle, Northumberland,
Bett, William, of Gribdae, Kirkcudbright.
Buack, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare.
Boutcxow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Marton Hall, Marton R.8.0O.,
Yorks.
Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge, Yorks.
BortHwick, Wm., Forester, Dunnichen, Forfar.
Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire.
Bruck, Thomas Rae, Old Garroch, New Galloway.
Brypon, John, Forester, Rothes, Elgin.
Bucc.ieucnu, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith.
BucHANAN, Charles, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik.
CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Seacliff, Ardrishaig, Argyleshire.
CARMICHAEL, Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart., M.P., of Castlecraig,
Dolphinton, Peeblesshire.
CHOWLER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
CurIsTIE, John, of Cowden, Dollar, Clackmannanshire.
CHRISTIE, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers.
Cuay, J. Spender, Ford Manor, Lingfield, Surrey.
CLERK, Sir George D., Bart. of Penicuik, Midlothian.
Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart, Ferguslie Park, Paisley.
Colquhoun, Andrew, 75 Buchanan Street, Glasgow.
Coupar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire.
Cowan, Charles W., of Logan House, Valleyfield, Penicuik.
Cowan, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh.
Cowrerr, R. W., Gortanore, Sittingbourne, Kent.
Craic, Wm., M.D., C.M., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh.
Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland.
Curr, Henry, Factor, Pitkellony House, Muthill, Perthshire.
Currik, Sir Donald, K.C,M.G., M.P., of Garth Castle, Aberfeldy.
DALeLrisH, John G,, of Ardnamurchan, Brankston Grange, Stirling,
Date of
Election.
1876.
1877.
1898,
1896,
1883.
1872.
1895.
1875.
1876.
1881.
1879.
1888.
1869.
1874,
1885.
1881.
1890,
1869.
1897.
1884.
1866.
1892.
1892.
1881.
1897.
1884.
1874.
1880.
1867.
1882.
1880.
1874.
1884,
1871.
1876.
1876.
1869.
1884,
1882.
1890.
1892.
1898.
1894.
1896.
1876.
1868.
1874.
DALGLEISH, Laurence, of Dalbeath, Rutland Square, Edinburgh.
Dewar, Daniel, Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness.
Diasy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire.
Dovetas, Alex., The Gardens, Baldersby Park, Thirsk, Yorkshire.
Dunpas, Charles H., of Dunira, Dalchonzie, Crieff, Perthshire.
DunpaAs, Sir Robert, Bart. of Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Dunpas, Captain Robert, Yr. of Arniston, Kirkhill, Gorebridge.
EAstTwoop, James, The Gardens, Bryn-y-Neuadd, Bangor, Wales.
Epwarps, William Peacock, 8.8.C., 21 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
Exuiot, Walter, Manager, Ardtornish, Morvern, Oban, Argyle.
FaLconer, Dr John, St Ann’s, Lasswade, Midlothian.
Fercuson, R. C. Munro, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife.
Fisu, David T., 12 Fettes Row, Edinburgh.
FITzwILutaM, The Right Hon. the Earl, K.G., Wentworth, Rotherham,
Yorkshire.
FiLemine, J. B., ‘‘ Beaconsfield,” Kelvinside, Glasgow.
Forses, Arthur Drummond, Millearne, Auchterarder, Perthshire.
Forbes, William, Forester, Swinton, Masham, Yorkshire.
ForGAy, James, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry, Perthshire.
FOTHERINGHAM, W. Stewart, of Murthly, Perthshire.
Fovuts, Thomas, Publisher, 9 8. Castle Street, Edinburgh.
FRANCE, Charles S8., 7 Belmont Place, Aberdeen.
FRASER, George, Factor, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire.
FRASER, Simon, Land Agent, Hutton in the Forest, Penrith.
GincHRIsT, Wm., Forester, Leuchars, Elgin.
Govan, Reginald, Forester, Wykeham, York.
GRAHAM, Wnmn., of Erins, Tarbert, Lochfyne, Argyle.
GRANT, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Tollcross, Glasgow.
GRANT, Sir George Macpherson, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Banffshire.
GrimonD, Alexander D., of Glenericht, Blairgowrie, Perthshire.
Hamitton, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot.
Hare, Colonel, 32 Palmerston Place, Edinburgh.
Herbert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland.
Heywoop, Arthur, Sudbourne Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
Horr, H. W., of Luffness, Drem, Haddingtonshire.
Horne, John, Director, Forests and Gardens, Mauritius.
Horspuren, John, 131 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Horna, Louis, of Possingworth, Hawkhurst, Sussex,
Incuis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire.
JoNAS, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 4 Whitehall, London, S, W.
KENNEDY, James, Doonholm, Ayr.
Kerr, John, Farmer, Yorkston, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Kinross, John, Architect, Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
LAMINGTON, The Hon. Lord, Lamington, Lanarkshire.
LANSDOWNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley
Square, London, 8. W.
Leicester, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Holkham Hall, Wells, Norfolk.
LESLIE, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glaslough, Ireland.
LESLIE, The Hon. George Waldegrave, Leslie House, Leslie, Fife.
Date of
Election.
1881.
1883.
1881.
1898.
1880.
1875.
1881.
1891.
1875.
1874.
1895.
1884.
1879.
1872.
1893.
1880,
1897.
1898.
1895.
1879.
1898.
1879.
1880.
1895.
1896.
1895.
1876.
1884,
1894,
1893.
1871.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1896.
1892.
1882.
1889,
1898,
1896.
1893.
1894.
1898.
1878.
LEYLAND, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland.
Loney, Peter, Estate Agent, 6 Carlton Street, Edinburgh.
LonsDALE, Claud, Rose Hill, Carlisle.
Lovat, The Right Hon. Baron, Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness.
Love, J. W., clo Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South
Australia.
LovELAcg, The Right Hon. the Earl of, East Horsley Towers, Woking,
Surrey.
LumspDEN, David, of Pitcairnfield, Perth.
LumspEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
LuTTRELL, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire.
MAcponaLpD, Ranald, Factor, Cluny Castle, Aberdeenshire.
MacDovucaut, Robert Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., 3 Mertoun Place,
Edinburgh.
Macpvurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth.
M‘Intosu, Dr W. C., Professor of Natural History, University of St
Andrews, 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews.
MAcKENzIz, Donald F., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edinburgh.
MACKENZIE, James, Forester, Rosehaugh, Avoch, Inverness.
MACKENZIE, Sir Kenneth, Bart., Conan House, Dingwall, Ross-shire,
M‘Kerrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co, Kildare,
MacKinnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth.
MACLACHLAN, John, of Maclachlan, 12 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh.
M‘LAREN, John, Marionville, Sciennes Gardens, Edinburgh.
M‘LAreEn, John, Gardener, Ballencrieff, Drem, East Lothian.
MacRircuts, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh.
Matcoum, Lieut.-Col, E. D., R.E., Achnamara, Lochgilphead.
Mann, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire,
MANSFIELD, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Scone Palace, Perth.
MARGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds.
Martin, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire .
Masstz, W. H., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
Maucuan, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham R.S.O.,
Yorks.
MaxweE Lt, Sir John Stirling, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws.
MAxweELL, W. H., of Munches, Dalbeattie, Kirkeudbrightshire.
Merxtg, R. A., Ri Cruin, Lochgilphead, Argyleshire.
Mesuam, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire.
Micuik, John, Forester, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeenshire.
MILLER, Sir James Percy, Bart. of Manderston, Duns, Berwickshire,
Mitnz, J. K., Kevock Tower, Lasswade, Midlothian.
MiITcHELL, Francis, Forester, Harleston, Northamptonshire
MorFFrat, James, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Murray, Hon. Alan David, Scone Palace, Perth.
Morray, William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Nispet, J., D.dic., 94 Lexham Gardens, Kensington, W.
Orkney, William C., Clerk of Works, Thoresby, Ollerton, Notts.
Paton, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock,
PircaITHLEY, Alexander, Forester, Jeanie Bank, Scone.
Date of
Election.
1896.
1856.
1878.
1876.
1855.
1873.
1876.
1879.
1866.
1890.
1883.
1872.
1894.
1867.
1896.
1877.
1882,
1893.
1889.
1883.
1873.
1892.
1880.
1883.
1865.
1887.
1877.
1880,
1855.
1872.
1883.
1872.
1878.
1897.
1891.
1866.
1871.
1898.
1869.
1889.
Prrman, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
PortsmoutH, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Eggesford, North Devon.
PuNcHARD, Frederick, Underley Estate Office, Kirkby Lonsdale, West-
moreland.
Raz, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire.
RAMSDEN, Sir John, Bart., Byrom Hall, Ferrybridge, Normanton.
RicHarpson, Adam D., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Rircute, William, of Middleton, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Ropertson, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie.
RogBertson, Jas., Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie, Forfarshire.
Rogrnson, William, 37 Southampton Street, Strand, London.
Roto, The Hon. Wm. Chas. Wordsworth, Master of Rollo, Dunerub
Park, Dunning, Perthshire.
Roseseky, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
SANDERSON, Wm., Talbot House, Ferry Road, Leith.
Scorr, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres. ;
SaAaw-Srpwart, Michael Hugh, M,P., of Carnock, 7 Charles Street,
Berkeley Square, London, 8. W.
Smiru, Thomas Valentine, of Ardtornish, Morvern, Argyleshire.
Smyruer, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth.
SmytueE, Francis Henry, Strathearn, Nottingham Road, Natal.
SoMERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Se., D.dic., F.R.S.E., Professor
of Agriculture and Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle.
Sprot, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow.
Sratr, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wig-
townshire.
Srewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Taggart, Bart., M.P., of Southwick, Kirk-
cudbrightshire.
SUTHERLAND, Evan C., of Skibo, Dornoch, Sutherland.
SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie.
TALBERT, Peter, Forester, David Street, Blairgowrie, Perthshire.
Taytor, Andrew, 11 Lutton Place, Edinburgh.
TrRRIs, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire.
Tuomson, Alexander, Trinity Grove, Trinity Road, Edinburgh.
THomson, John Grant, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey.
Trorrer, Colonel, R.A., The Bush, Roslin, Midlothian.
Trorrer, Colonel H., of Mortonhall, Edinburgh.
UrquHart, B. C., of Meldrum, Aberdeenshire.
Waker, Colonel J. Campbell, Late Conservator of Forests, Forest
Office, Madras.
WaALuace, John A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer.
WELSH, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
Wetsu, Wm. M., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.
Wemyss, Randolph Gordon Erskine, of Wemyss and Torrie, Fife.
Wuirr, J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee.
Wixp, Albert Edward, Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India, ¢/o
Henry S. King & Co,, 65 Cornhill, London, E.C.
Wixson, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
The Names printed in italics (in this and preceding list) are those of Members
whose present Addresses are unknown. Any information regarding those
Members will be gladly received by the Secretary.
Law V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zransactions while their
Subscriptions remain unpaid. Any Member whose Annual Subscription to
the Society remains unpaid for three years shall cease to be a Member of the
Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till he shall
have paid up his arrears.
Date of
Election.
1895. Assot, Thomas, Forester, Firknowe, Peebles.
1892. ApAmson, C., Merchant, Leven, Fife.
1881. Arruiz, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Cortachy Castle, Forfarshire.
1878. AITKEN, Andrew Peebles, M.A., Sc.D., Professor of Chemistry,
Veterinary College, Clyde Street, Edinburgh.
1891. ALEXANDER, Jas., The Gardens, Revesby Abbey, Boston, Lincolnshire.
1865. ALLAN, John, Forester, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.
1898. ALLAWAY, William, 13 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
1895. ANDERSON, Duncan, Forester, Headfort House, Kells, Co. Meath,
Ireland.
1897. ANDERSON, John, Merchant, Forthbank, East Wemyss, Fife.
1887, ANNAND, John F,, Overseer, Kildrummy Castle, Mossat, Aberdeenshire.
1898. ARCHIBALD, John, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
1883. ARGYLL, His Grace the Duke of, K.T,, LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
Inveraray Castle, Argyleshire.
1897. Armit, James, The Gardens, Antrim Castle, Antrim.
1898. ArmMsTRONG, Thos. J., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, Ardgour.
1860. Austin & M‘AsLAN, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow.
1898, Bain, Charles, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
1880. BatpEn, John, Dilston, Corbridge-on-Tyne, Northumberland.
1892. BanincatL, Neil, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife.”
1898, BANNAN, Andrew, Forester, Glenfarg Estate, Abernethy.
1897. Barctay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C.
1867. Barrie, David, Forester, Comlongan Castle, Annan, Dumfries.
1895. BARRiE, James Alexander, Assistant Forester, Lilleshall, Newport,Salop.
1889. Barron, John, Elvaston Nurseries, Borrowash, Derby.
1874. Barron, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts.
1892. Barty, Rey. Dr, The Manse, Kirkcolm, Stranraer.
1871. Baxter, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith.
1898. BrprorD, Surgeon Major Wm. Jas. Guthrie, Kierfiold House, Stromness.
1894. Brecu, George, The Grange Gardens, Bishops Stortford, Herts,
1897. Brac, James, The Gardens, Lanrick Castle, Doune, Perthshire.
1883. BELL, Andrew, Forester, Forglen, Turiff, Aberdeenshire.
1898. Bru, David, Seed Merchant, Leith.
Date of
Election,
1895.
1889.
1896,
1896.
1883.
1854,
1872.
1892.
1876.
1898.
1887.
1896.
1883.
1897.
1889.
1897.
1860.
1896.
1878.
1893.
1895.
1883.
1893.
1895.
1897,
1873.
1896.
1895.
1896,
1887,
1896.
1896.
1890.
1895.
1865.
1896.
1894.
1898.
1898,
1897.
1898.
1898,
1895.
BENNET, J. B., C.E., A.M.I., 24 George Street, Edinburgh.
Berry, Francis, Forester, Aden, Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire.
BETHUNE, William, Grocer, Lundin Mill, Fife.
Buarr, David, Factor, Ballikinrain, Balfron, Stirlingshire.
BLAKE, Jas., Forester, Mortonhall, Liberton, Midlothian.
Boa, Andrew, Great Thurlow, Suffolk.
Boa, Andrew, jun., Estate-Agent, Great Thurlow, Suffolk.
Bonp, Thomas, Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham.
Booru, John, 39 Mozartstrasse Gross-Lichterfelde, Berlin,
BortTHWICK, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
Bou.ceEr, Professor, 34 Argyll Mansions, West Kensington, London, W.
Bow es, William, The Gardens, Adare Manor, Adare, Co. Limerick.
Boyp, John, Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws, Glasgow.
BRAID, John Barnes, Assistant Forester, Beeley Rowsley, Derbyshire.
Britton, Horatio A., Timber Merchant, Shrewsbury.
Brovucu, D., Manse Road, Corstorphine.
Bropik, James, Land Steward, Glaslough, Armagh, Ireland.
Brown, David, Manager, Chevet Park Estate, Wakefield, Yorks.
Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert.
Brown, Robert, Forester, Boiden, Luss.
Brown, Walter R., Assistant Forester, Harewood, Leeds.
Brownine, John M., The Gardens, Dupplin Castle, Perth.
Brown ik, Alexander, Wood Merchant, Earlston, Berwickshire.
Bruck, Peter, Assistant Forester, Dirnsnean, Pitlochry.
Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co.
Durham.
Bucuan, Alexander, A.M., F.R.S.E., LL.D., Secretary of the Scottish
Meteorological Society, 42 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.
Buist, Dawid, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Burst, Robert, Overseer, Newbyth, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
BuRRELLS, George Henry, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh,
CADELL, George, National Club, 1 Whitehall Gardens, London, S. W.
Cairns, Richard, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee.
CALLANDER, Henry, of Prestonhall, Dalkeith.
CAMPBELL, Alexander, of Auchindarroch, Lochgilphead, Argyle
CAMPBELL, Alexander, Forester, Ayton, Abernethy, Perthshire.
CAMPBELL, James, of Tillichewan Castle, Dumbartonshire.
CAMPBELL, James Alex., M.P., of Stracathro, Brechin.
CAMPBELL, John, Timber Merchant, Inverness.
Carr, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 West George Street, Glasgow.
CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire.
CHALMERS, James, Assistant Forester, Tayinloan, Kintyre.
CHALMERS, Thomas, Nursery Manager, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
CHAPLIN, William, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh,
—
Date of
Election.
1892.
1892.
1897.
1884.
1887.
1890.
1896.
1891.
1892,
1892.
1896.
1893.
1882.
1895.
1896.
1896.
1887.
1894.
1895.
1858.
1875.
1867.
1893.
1898.
1898,
1898
1895.
1887,
1896,
1898.
1894.
1897.
1893,
1895.
1891,
1897,
1884.
1869.
1894.
1865.
1892.
1892.
1884.
1895.
1897.
CHAPMAN, Andrew, Breckonhill, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
CHAPMAN, Mungo, Torbrix Nurseries, St Ninians, Stirling.
CHISHOLM, Colin, Assistant Forester, Glamis Castle, Forfarshire.
Curistigz, Alex. D., The Gardens, Ragley, Alcester, Warwickshire,
CiLark, Alexander, Belleville, Linlithgow.
CuARK, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn.
CLARK, George Fraser, C.A. Apprentice, 24 St Andrew Square,
Edinburgh.
CLARK, John, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen
CLARK, John, jun., Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
CLARK, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh.
CockznuRN, Alex. K., Assistant Forester, 40 High Street, Peebles.
Couurns, Frederick, Assistant Forester, West Mill, Ware, Herts.
Couns, Robt. T., Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.
Connor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longniddry.
ConsTABLE, Geo. William, Estate Agent, Traquair, Innerleithen.
Conway, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
Coox, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Cook, James, jun., Estate Office, Craigielaw, Longniddry.
CowAn, Bernard, Superintendent, Harton Cemetery, South Shields,
Cowan, James, Forester, Bridgend, Islay, Argyleshire.
CraBsE, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire.
CRABBE, James, Forester, Glamis Castle, Forfarshire.
Craic, John, Banker, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
CricuTon, William, Manager, Castle Ward, Downpatrick.
Crompiz, Alexander T., Assistant Forester, Lintmill, Cullen, Banffshire.
CroMBIE, James, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy,
Crozier, John D., Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
CummMING, Allan, Blairnachdar, Blair Athole.
CUNNINGHAM, Andrew, Seedsman, 98 Mitchell Street, Glasgow.
CuNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, 19 Northumberland Street, Edinburgh.
CuNNINGHAM, W. M., Nurseryman, Elgin.
Curr, William Henry, Factor, Pitkellony, Muthill, Perthshire.
Curr, W.S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk.
Cuthbert, James, Assistant Forester, Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
DaeuisuH, John, Rothley Lake, Cambo R.S.0O., Northumberland.
DatLy, James, Assistant Forester, Kirklea by Mossend, Lanarkshire.
DauzizEL, James, Forester, Culzean Castle, Maybole, Ayrshire.
DANIELS, Peter, Forester, Slindon Hall, Arundel, Sussex.
Daruine, David C., Nurseryman, Aberdeen.
Davipson, John, Agent, Greenwich Hospital Estates, Haydon Bridge-
on-Tyne.
Davipson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire.
Davipson, William, Margam Park, Port Talbot, Wales,
DeaANE-Drakk, Joseph Edward, Stokestown House, New Ross, Ireland.
Dick, Joseph, Forester, Wentworth, Rotherham, Yorkshire.
Diesy, Reginald, Land Agent, Geashill Castle, King’s County.
Date
10
of
Election.
1895
. Drnewatt, Alexander, Glendoig Villa, Perth.
1897. Don, Alex., jun., Bank House, Fettercairn, Kincardineshire.
1891.
1893.
1897.
1897.
1882.
1887.
1892.
1867.
1898.
1898.
1896.
1862.
1896.
1873.
1894.
1885.
1898.
1893.
1898.
1898.
1887.
1898.
1896.
1873.
1894,
1898.
1895.
1880.
1893.
1893.
1891.
1869.
1897.
1890.
1896.
1878.
1891.
1892.
Donatp, Alex. S., Forester, 15 Haldane Street, Whiteinch, Glasgow.
DonaALpson, James, Timber Merchant, Tayport, Fife.
DorMAN, Arthur John, of Grey Towers, Newby, Yorks.
Dovexas, James, The Gardens, Charleville, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
Dovexas, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick.
Dove.as, Robert, 64 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Dow, R., Forester, Douglas Castle, Douglas, Lanarkshire.
Dow, Thomas, Forester, Bretby, Burton-on-Trent, Derbyshire.
Dow, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Lintmill, Cullen, Banffshire.
Downt1k, John, Beech-hill Nurseries, Murrayfield, Midlothian.
DrummonD, George T., Forest Tree Seedsman, Stanley, Perthshire.
DrummMonpD & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling.
Duncan, David, Forester, Guynd, Arbroath, Forfarshire.
DurWARD, Robert, Manager, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire.
Duthie W. G., Forester, Bargany, Girvan, Ayrshire.
EppINcTon, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire.
Epminson, Wm. D., Tweed View, Berwick-on-Tweed.
ELpER, William, Forester, Cholmondeley Park, Malpas, Cheshire.
ExLpEer, Wm., Engineer, Berwick-on-Tweed.
ErskinE, Henry, Seedsman, 80a George Street, Edinburgh.
ErskINE, William, of Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh.
Ewan, Peter, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
Ewart, James Cossar, Professor of Natural History, University of
Edinburgh.
Ewrne, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen.
FARrQuHARSON, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip.
FarquHArson, Dr Robert, of Finzean, M.P., Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
Frercuson, John, Assistant Forester, 7 Haddow Street, Hamilton.
Frreusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhaugh, West Linton.
Fintayson, Alexander, 60 Inverleith Row, Edinburgh.
FrxtAyson, Malcolm, Solicitor, Crieff, Perthshire.
Frrra, W. M., Timber Merchant, Rose Villa, Viewforth, Edinburgh.
Fisuer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, Yorkshire.
Fierr, John Smith, M.A., M.B., B.Se., Lecturer on Petrology,
University of Edinburgh.
Forsks, Arthur C., Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne, Wiltshire.
Forses, James, The Gardens, Overtown, Dumbartonshire.
Forbes, Robert, Overseer, Kennet, Alloa.
ForeMAN, Frederick, Nurseryman, Eskbank, Dalkeith.
ForcAn, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife,
1892. Forcan, William, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
1889. ForstEeR, William A., Forester, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham.
1898
1898
. Foster, James, jun., Kennet Village, Alloa.
. FrAspr, James, Assistant Forester, Innes House, Elgin.
ll
Date of
Election.
1895.
1857.
1896.
1895.
1878.
1874.
1893.
1896.
1898.
1897.
1897.
1895.
1870.
1887.
1898.
1897.
1894,
1894.
1880,
1893.
1893.
1891,
1868.
1897.
1897.
1887.
1867.
1873.
1893.
1893.
1892.
1896.
1885.
1898.
1898.
1879.
1880.
1897.
1897.
1889.
1892.
1897.
1890.
1896.
Fraser, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh.
Fraser, P. Neill, of Rockville, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
Frater, John, Assistant Forester, Ardross Mains, Alness, Ross-shire.
FyrFe, Robert B., LandSteward, The Cottage, Old Deer, Mintlaw Station.
GALLETLY, James, Overseer, Bonhard, Perth.
GALLOWAY, George, Estate Offices, Woodhouses, Whitchurch, Salop.
GaALtoway, Robert, Secretary, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
GAMMELL, Sydney James, Yr. of Drumtochty, Westhill House, Skene,
by Aberdeen.
GAULD, William, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
GELLATLY, Thomas, Forester, Meggernie Castle, Gallin, Glenlyon.
GEMMILL, Wm., Farmer, Greendykes, Macmerry, East Lothian.
GrorcE, Alfred W., Land Agent, Sedbury Park, Tidenham, Chepstow.
GILBERT, James, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie.
Gitpert, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Office, Edinburgh.
GitcurisT, Archibald, Ivanhoe Cottage, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian.
GILLANDERS, A. T., Forester, Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.
GILLESPIE, James, Forester, Lochton Lodge, Inchture, Perthshire.
Gitmour, Major Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Midlothian.
GLEN, David A., Forester, Croxteth Park, Liverpool.
Gotpi£, George, Eskdale Lodge, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
Gorpon, John G., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh.
Gorriz, G. H., Estate Office, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
Gossip, James, of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness.
Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Johnston Castle, Wexford.
Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian.
Grant, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Parkhead, Hopetoun, South
Queensferry.
Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire.
GRANT, James, Forester, Heath, Chesterfield, Derbyshire.
Grant, John B., Forester, Downan House, Glenlivet.
GRANT, Peter, Assistant Forester, Ovenstone, Forfar.
GRANT, Peter, Forester, Hornby Castle, Hornby, Lancaster.
Gray, Henry, 22 Young Street, Edinburgh.
Green, Arthur A., 20 Annandale Street, Edinburgh.
Grey, Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland.
Grove, Richard, Silverbank Sawmills, Banchory, Aberdeenshire,
Happincron, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Tyninghame, Prestonkirk.
Happon, Walter, Solicitor, Royal Bank, Hawick.
HAuuipAy, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay, Bute.
HamiitTon-Ocitvy, H. T. M., of Beil, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
HANKINS, Charles, Forester, Wordwell, Culford, Bury St Edmunds,
HANNAH, George, Forester, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire.
Hanton, Thomas, Solicitor, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
HARDIE, James F,, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles.
Har ey, Andrew M., Assistant Forester, Langford Lodge, Crumlin,
Co. Antrim,
12
Date of
Election.
1897. Harris, James, Manager, Luffness Mains, Drem, East Lothian.
1895. Harrower, David K., Timber Merchant, Knowe Park, Bo’ness.
1897. Harrower, William, Forester, Garth, Aberfeldy, Perthshire.
1897, Hart, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire.
1894. Harvey, James, The Gardens, Mortonhall, Liberton.
1893.
1880.
1897.
1892.
1896.
1889.
1869.
1897.
1866.
1871.
1893.
1883.
1893.
1898.
1896,
1895.
1895.
1866.
1897.
1896.
1897.
1874.
1892.
1880.
1898.
1876.
1897.
1895.
1897,
1893.
1891.
1895.
1896,
1893.
1895.
1898.
Hatcuer, Bertram H., Forester, Panshanger Park, Hertford.
Havetock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby, Uleeby, Lincolnshire.
Hay, Alexander, of Benjamin Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen.
Hay, John, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, 4 Craigie Road, Kilmarnock.
Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Rosebank, Loanhead, Midlothian.
Hayes, John, Overseer, Dormont, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
Hayman, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkeudbrightshire,
Hecerr, James George, Overseer, Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire.
Henpverson, Arch., Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County.
HENDERSON, John, Overseer, Vogrie, Gorebridge.
HENDERSON, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian.
HenpeErson, W., The Gardens, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife.
HeENpERSON, William, Forester, Gosford Demesae, Markethill, Co.
Armagh, Ireland.
Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh.
Henxket, C. C., F.L1., J.P., Conservator of Forests, Umtata, Cape
Colony.
Hix, Claude, of Messrs John Hill & Sons, Spot Acre Nurseries, Stone,
Staffordshire.
Hoarg, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath.
HocaArru, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire.
Hoae, Thos., The Gardens, Woodside, Paisley.
Hoce, Thomas, jua., Assistant Forester, Witley Court, Stourport,
Worcestershire.
Hom, Alexander, Coney Park Nurseries, Stirling.
Home, Edward, Assistant Forester, Whiterig, Ayton, Berwickshire.
HoNEYMAN, Thomas, Factor, Clunes, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge,
Horeroun, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Hopetoun House, South
Queensferry.
HuccGan, John A., Seed Merchant, 35 Market Street, Aberdeen.
Hutt, Frank, Forester, Lilleshall, Newport, Salop.
Incu, Charles F., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
Inctts, A. M., Nurseryman, Forres,
InGLIs, George Erskine, Estate Agent, Campbeltown, Argyleshire.
IncLtis, John F., Forester, Amisfield Estate, Goatfield Cottage,
Haddington.
Incuis, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran.
InnEs, Alexander, Forester, Innes House, Elgin.
Innes, Alexander, Forester, Stourhead, Bath.
Jack, George, 8.S.C., Dalkeith, Midlothian.
JAMIESON, Andrew, Overseer, Carnbroe, Bellshill.
JAMIESON, James, Forester, Crosswood Estate, Aberystwyth.
13
Date of
Election.
1896,
1895.
1896,
1883.
1878,
1888.
1893,
1867,
1870.
1896,
1876,
1897,
1896,
1887,
1896.
1894,
1879.
1895.
1898,
1876.
1890.
1895.
1896.
1895.
1896,
1873.
1897.
1874.
1880.
1895.
1893.
1897.
1898.
1898.
1879.
1897.
1897.
1898,
1898.
1897.
1898.
1894.
1898,
JARDINE, R. W. B., Yr. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
JOHNSTON, Alexander, Forester, Mount Teviot, Jedburgh.
JOHNSTON, Alexander, Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,
JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Somerley, Ringwood, Hants.
JOHNSTONE, Adam, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh, County Wicklow.
JONES, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire,
JonEs, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert.
Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estate, Rothesay, Bute.
Kerr, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld, Perthshire.
Kerr, David, jun., Assistant Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld.
KELMAN, John, Forester, Esslemont, Ellon, Aberdeenshire.
Kemp, David, 22 Young Street, Edinburgh.
KENNEDY, Peter, Forester, Countlich, Ballinluig, Perthshire.
Ker, R. D., W.S., 50 George Street, Edinburgh.
Kerrt.es, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth.
Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds.
KincArrneEy, The Hon. Lord, 6 Heriot Row, Edinburgh.
Kirkwoop, William, The Gardens, Byethorn, Corbridge-on-Tyne.
Ky.iacuy, The Right Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent,
Edinburgh.
Kynrkg, R. V., of Penywern, Mold, Flintshire.
LarrD, David P., Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
LairD, John, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Larrp, Robert, Nurseryman, 17a South Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Larrp, William, Forester and Ground Officer, Fyvie Castle,
Aberdeenshire.
Larrp, William J., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Lauriston, Alexander, Rufford Nursery, Ollerton, Newark, Notts.
Lauriston, John, Assistant Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts.
LeieuH, William, of Woodchester Park, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.
LEIsHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburghshire.
LEITHEAD, William, Forester, St Clair Cottage, Memsie, Fraserburgh.
LEVEN, George, Forester, Auchencruive, Ayr.
Lewis, Thomas, jun., Artbog, Dolgelly, Merionethshire.
Lrys, Wm. B., Assistant Forester, Innes House, Elgin.
LicHTFOOT, Francis P., Land Agent, Dunchurch, Rugby.
LinpsAy, Robert, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlothian.
Littte, John, Land Agent, Hackness Hall, Scarborough, Yorks.
Locx, Hampton C., Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Colenden, Stormont-
field, Perth.
Low, James, Temple, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Low, James, Assistant Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
Low, John, Timber Merchant, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Low, John, Seedsman, St Giles Street, Edinburgh.
LuMsDEN, Fredk. R., Newburn, Largo, Fife.
Lyncou, Francis, Gascoed Hall, Wrexham.
14
Date of
Elect
1892
1896
1894
1898
1870
1893
10n,.
. MacseAn, Simon, Forester, Bunchrew, Inverness.
. M‘Braru, David, Assistant Forester, Crossroad Cottages, Elveden,
Thetford, Norfolk.
. M‘Catuum, Edward, Forester, Falkland Palace, Fife.
. M‘Cautum, James, Forester, Doneraile, Co. Cork.
. M‘Corquopats, D. A., Bank of Scotland, Carnoustie, Forfarshire.
. M‘Covsrir, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Ireland.
1894. M‘Cunxocu, Christopher, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip.
1887
1893
1894
1897
1895
1897.
1896.
1894.
1882.
1896.
1890.
1896.
1878.
1896.
1893.
1895.
1894.
1885.
1895.
1898,
1898.
1892.
1875.
1887.
1891.
1897.
1867.
1897.
1867.
1892.
1896.
1883.
1892.
1878.
1879.
1878.
1897,
. M‘Cuutocn, James, Forester, Gala House, Galashiels, Selkirkshire.
. Macpona.p, George, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
. M‘DonAtp, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
. M‘DonaLp, James, Forester, Craigbarnet, Campsie Glen, Stirlingshire.
. Macpnonap, John, Assistant Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie.
M'DonaLp, William, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Hurford, Mills
Green, Frome.
M‘Dougall, Adam, Forester, Sudborne Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
M‘Doveatt, Alex., Forester, Tuncombe Park, Helmsley R.S.O., Yorks.
M‘FARLANE, John, Forester, Tarbet, Loch Lomond, Dumbartonshire.
M‘FARLANE, Peter, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Stranraer.
M‘Grecor, Alex., The Schoolhouse, Penicuik, Midlothian.
M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld.
M‘Grecor, Duncan, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee.
Maccreaor, John C., Assistant Forester, Spoutwells, Dunkeld.
M‘Harris, J. W., The Gardens, Strathfieldsaye, Winchfield, Hants.
Macuray, Frank, Ground Officer, Culloden, Inverness.
M‘InwrairH, Wm., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
MaclInrosu, William, Drummuir Estate Office, Keith.
Macrntosu, W. L., The Gardens, Ballikinrain, Balfron.
M‘Intyre, Malcolm, The Gardens, The Glen, Innerleithen, Peeblesshire,
Mackay, Aineas J. G., LL.D., Advocate, 2 Albyn Place, Edinburgh.
M‘Kay, Allan, 21 John Street, Forfar.
Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder.
Mackay, Peter, Forester, Taymouth Castle, Aberfeldy.
MACKENDRICK, James, Forester, Pallas, Loughrea, Co. Galway.
M‘Kenna, Robert, The Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore,
King’s County.
Mackenztg, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh.
MAcKENZzI&, John, Forester, Stenton, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
Mackenzit, John Ord, of Dolphinton, W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
Mackrnziz, W. A., Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry.
MacKENzin, Wmm., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
M‘Kinnon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade.
M‘Kinnon, William, Nurseryman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
MacxkinrosuH, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness.
M‘Laren, Charles, Land Steward, Cally Lodge, Dunkeld.
M‘Laren, John T., Factor, Polmaise, Stirling.
M‘LAREN, Patrick M., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
15
Date of
Election.
1893.
1897.
1898.
1874.
1897.
1883.
1898.
1897.
1895.
1896.
1894.
1896.
1896.
1890.
1892.
1895.
1884.
1894.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1893,
1895.
1893.
1896.
1886.
1891,
1895.
1896.
1889.
1877.
1869.
1892.
1895.
1893.
1893.
1882.
1895.
1898.
1891.
1890,
M‘LAREN, William, Forester, Altyre, Forres, Morayshire.
M‘LetsuH, John, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire,
M‘LENNAN, John, The Gardens, Castle Boro, Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford.
M‘Leop, Angus A., Superintendent of City Gardens, 14 Royal Exchange,
Edinburgh.
M‘Leop, Geo., Overseer, Harviestoun, Dollar, Clackmannanshire.
M‘Leop, John, of Dickson & Turnbull, 26 George Street, Perth.
M‘Manvs, Edmund, Timber Merchant, Randalstown, Co. Antrim.
MAcMILLAN, Duncan, Forester, Keir, Dunblane, Perthshire.
MAcMILLAN, John D., Forester, 3 Milton Road, Stowmarket.
M‘Naventon, Wm., Forester, Inver, Dunkeld.
MACPHERSON, Alex., Assistant Forester, Knipton, Grantham.
M‘PuHeErson, Arch., Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
M‘QuEEN, John, Proprietor of the Scottish Border Record, Galashiels.
M‘Rag, Alexander, Forester, Castlecomer, Ireland.
M‘Rag, Alexander, c/o Bennetts, Limited, Ardwick Station, Hyde
Road, Manchester.
M‘Tavisu, John, Assistant Forester, The Poles, Dornoch.
Matin, Adam, Forester, Loftus R.S.O., Yorkshire.
Mautocu, William, 50 South Street, Perth.
Mar AND Kewiig, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Alloa House, Alloa.
MARSHALL, Alexander, 150 Leadenhall Street, London, E.C,
Marsa#AtLL, John, Wood Merchant, Killiecrankie, Perthshire.
MarsHalL., J. Z., Timber Merchant, Bo’ness, Linlithgowshire.
Martin, David, Overseer, Fettes College, Edinburgh.
Marner, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso.
Maxtong, John, Forester, Abercairney, Crieff, Perthshire.
MAxweELL, The Right Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, M.P.,
Port William, Wigtownshire.
MAXWELL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole,
MAXWELL, James, Factor, Screel, Castle-Douglas.
MeErkLEJONN, Jolin J. R., Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire.
Metvit_e, The Right Hon. Viscount, Melville Castle, Lasswade..
MeTHVEN, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street,
Edinburgh.
Meruven, John, of Thomas Methven & Sons, Leith Walk Nurseries,
Edinburgh.
MetTHvVEN, John, The Gardens, Blythswood, Renfrewshire.
Micuir, James, Assistant Forester, Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire.
Micuik, William, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts.
MivptrMass, Archibald, Forester, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth.
Mine, Alexander, of James Dickson & Sons, 32 Hanover Street,
Edinburgh.
Ming, James, The Gardens, Whitslade, Broughton, Peeblesshire.
MILNE, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on-Tweed.
Mitnk, R. W., Forester, 26 Etterby Street, Stanwix, Carlisle.
Mitne, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed.
16
Date of
Election.
1897. Mitnr-Home, J. Hepburn, Caldra, Duns, Berwickshire.
1894, Mrtsom, Isaac, Gardener and Steward, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks,
1895. MircHE.t, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge.
1893. MircHEtt, Archibald, Forester, Dunraven Castle, Bridgend, Glamor-
ganshire.
1898. MircHELL, David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun.
1869. MircuHEty, James, Factor, Neuk House, Aldie, Fossoway.
1898. MircHEL1, James, Assistant Sawmiller, Philiphaugh, Selkirk.
1897. MitcHEeLL, Wm., Assistant Forester, Altyre, Forres.
1894, Morrat, Edward, Forester, Madeley Estate, Staffordshire.
1895. MoncreEIrFeE, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth.
1896. Moncur, John, Forester, Kilvrough Park Mill R.S.0., Glamorganshire.
1897. Moon, Frederick, Assistant Forester, 48 Pollok Street, Pollokshaws.
1897. Morcan, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire.
1898. Morgan, Hugh, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire.
1895. MorGan, Malcolm, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire.
1895. Morrison, Hew, Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library.
1894. Morton, David, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
1894, Moss, Edward, Assistant Forester, 41 Surrey Road, Darnall, near
Sheffield.
1896. MossmMAN, Robert C., F.R.S.E., F.R.Met.Soc., 10 Blacket Place,
Edinburgh.
1890. MurruEaD, George, F.R.S.E., Factor, Speybank, Fochabers.
1894, Munro, Alexander, Overseer, Ballinacourte, Co. Tipperary, Ireland.
1895. Munro, Donald, Assistant Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk.
1876. Munro, Hugh, Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk.
1897. Munro, Hugh, Teacher, Penicuik, Midlothian.
1892. Murpocn, John, Ironmonger, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
1897. Murpocnu, Robert, Merchant, Dalkeith, Midlothian.
1892. Murray, Alexander, Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
1896. Murray, Hon. A. W. C. 0O., Master of Elibank, Juniper Bank,
Walkerburn.
1892, Murray, John, Forester, Airthrey Castle, Bridge of Allan.
1897. Murray, John, Factor, Glenearn, Bridge of Earn, Perthshire.
1897. Myles, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
1898, Mytxrs, William, Assistant Forester, Beil, Prestonkirk, East Lothian.
1894. Neri, Archibald, Forester, Warkton, Kettering, Northamptonshire.
1893. Newson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees,
Dumfriesshire.
1896. Netson, Thomas, The Gardens, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth.
1885. Nrwpieeine, John, Nurseryman, Dumfries.
1895. Newton, George, Factor’s Assistant, 28 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.
1893. Nico, James, Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire.
1895. Nicot, James, Assistant Forester, Knowsley, Prescot, Lancashire.
1891. Nico, John, Solicitor, 10 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh,
1898. Nispert, J. L. More, The Drum, Liberton, Midlothian.
1897. NorMAND, Patrick Hill, Whitehill, Aberdour, Fife.
17
Date of
Election.
1875.
1893.
1879.
1894.
1897.
1895.
1897.
1897.
1869.
1897.
1897.
1898.
1898.
1898.
1897.
1895,
1896.
1896.
1874.
1897.
1892.
1896.
1898.
1895.
1892.
1897.
1870.
1894.
1896.
1897.
1897.
1892.
1896.
1898.
1897.
1897.
1896.
1896.
1894.
1895.
Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean, Maybole, Ayrshire.
PacE, Walter, Farmer, Myregornie, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Paton, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
PATTERSON, George, Forester’s Office, Leinster Street, Athy, Co.
Kildare, Ireland.
PaTrErson, James P., Nursery Manager, Dollardstown Nursery,
Athy, Ireland.
Paxton, George, Richardland, Kilmarnock.
PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks.
Pearson, James M., of Over Letham, Estate Agent and C.E.,
Kilmarnock.
Prssies, Andrew, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford, Surrey.
PEEBLES, James, Assistant Forester, Albury, Guildford, Surrey.
PEEBLES, Philip, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford, Surrey.
Perrson, George B., Land Agent, Baldersby Park, Thirsk, Yorks.
Prrrson, George H., Assistant Land Agent, Balderbsy Park, Thirsk,
Yorks.
Prrer, James, Land Steward, Berkeley, Gloucestershire.
Puiuip, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire.
Puruip, William Watt, Forester, Ballynahinch Castle, Toombeold,
Co. Galway.
Puitr, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline.
Purtp, John, Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline.
Puarr, Colonel Henry, Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan, Carnarvonshire.
Poor, Wm., Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh.
Ports, G. H., Fettes Mount, Lasswade, Midlothian.
PRENTICE, George, Factor, Raith, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Pricz, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick.
Prizst, W., The Gardens, Eglinton Castle, Irvine.
ProvupFoor, William, Forester, Clunie, Kirkcaldy, Fife.
Ratston, Andrew Agnew, Factor, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
Ratrray, Thos., Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire,
REID, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife.
REID, William, Assistant Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
RerD, William, Assistant Forester, Dochfour, Inverness,
Ricumonp, T. S., 25 Marchmont Road, Edinburgh.
Rircuig, Alexander, Forester, Cavens Estate, Kirkbean, Dumfries,
RitcHiE, Thomas, Nurseryman, Callander, Perthshire.
Rircuiz, Wm., Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottage, Lynedoch,
Perth.
Rosertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
Rospertson, Andrew N., Assistant Forester, Colenden, Old Scone,
Perthshire.
Rosertson, Duncan, Forester, Strathord, Stanley, Perthshire.
RoBERTSON, George, Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip.
Rosertson, George D., Assistant Forester, Carolside, Earlston.
RosERtsON, Sir Henry, Pali Corwen, North Wales.
VOL, XV. PART III. 25
18
Date of
Election.
1896.
1896.
1896.
1895.
1883.
1897.
1897.
1893,
1897.
1898.
1893.
1898.
1887.
1895.
1867.
1897,
1893.
1870.
1894.
1898.
1875.
1896.
1897.
1895.
1870.
1892.
1883.
1881.
1894,
1890.
1894.
1890.
1897.
1893.
1893.
1887.
1893.
1894.
1898.
1868.
1898.
1897.
1873.
RogerTson, James, Assistant Forester, Old Blair, Blair Athole,
Perthshire.
ROBERTSON, John, Assistant Forester, Glenfarg Lodge, Abernethy.
RoBERTSON, Peter, Assistant Forester, Keir, Dunblane.
Rogsertson, Thomas, Forester, Knockboy, Recess, County Galway.
RoBERTSON, William, Assistant Forester, Ringwood, Birnam, Perth.
RoBERTSON, William, Assistant Forester, Murthly, Perthshire.
Rozgson, Charles Durie, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh.
RopceEr, James, Forester, Morton Hall, Norwich.
RopceEr, James, Factor, Keir, Dunblane, Perthshire.
RopIMER, Charles §., Factor, Benmore, Kilmun, Argyleshire.
RoMANES, James, C.A., Meadowbank, Dalkeith.
Ross, Charles D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff.
Ross, John, Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry, Linlithgowshire.
RoyLE, James, Forester, Florence Court, Inneskillen, Ireland.
RussELL, John, Manager, Craigie House, Ayr.
RuUSSsELL, Rev. W. G., Rector of Gravhill, King’s County.
RUTHERFORD, James A., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury,
Berks.
RUTHERFORD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburghshire.
SAMsoN, David T., Seafield Estates Office, Grantown, Strathspey.
Samson, John, 9 Hill Street. Edinburgh.
Sane, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy.
Sana, Edward, Solicitor, 29 Queen Street, Edinburgh.
Scumipt, V. H. J., Forester, Dochfour, Inverness.
SctaTeR, Alexander, Seed Manager, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Scorr, Adam, Forester, Southwick Park, Fareham, Hants.
Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire.
Scorr, D. P., National Bank of Scotland, Hilltown Branch, Dundee.
Scort, James, Forester, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham.
Scort, J. H., Cedar Villa, Muirpark, Eskbank.
Scort, John D., Forester, Bingham, Notts.
Scort, John, Forester, Gordon Castle, Fochabers, Morayshire.
ScrimGEour, John, Overseer, Shanes Castle, Antrim, Ireland.
Suarp, Thomas, Forester, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire.
SHaw, Andrew, Victoria Saw-Mills, Perth.
Suaw, William, School House, Ballingry, Lochgelly, Fife.
Srmpson, Anthony, Forester, Bargany, Ayrshire.
Simpson, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Hardwick Hall, Sedgefield,
Durham.
Simpson, James, of D. & W. Croll, Nurserymen, Dundee.
StncLatr, William, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
SLATER, Andrew, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight.
SmituH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
Situ, George, Assistant Factor, Hope Cottage, Ruthwell, Dumfries-
shire.
Smiru, G. b., Wire Fence Manufacturer, Craighall Ironworks, Glasgow.
19
Date of
Election.
1871
1883.
1895.
1895.
1895,
1896.
1896.
1898.
1885.
1897.
1895.
1897.
1896.
1898.
1876.
1897.
1898.
1889.
1893.
1893.
1897.
1892.
1869.
1892.
1898.
1895.
1897,
1891.
1895.
1893.
1893.
1869.
1871.
1895.
1897.
1897
1898.
1883.
1896.
1895.
SmirH, James, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton-Buzzard, Bucks.
SmirH, James, The Gardens, Hopetoun, South Queensferry.
SmirH, John, Cabinetmaker, Peebles.
Smith, Robert, Forester, West Park Estate, Damerham, Salisbury.
SmitTH, Thomas, Overseer, The Lodge, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring,
Herts.
Smiru, William, Assistant Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin.
SmiruH, William G., Ph.D., Professor, Yorkshire College, Leeds.
SpencE, William, Assistant Forester, Clunie, Kirkcaldy.
Sprers, David, Overseer, Mugdrum, Newburgh, Fife.
STEELE, W. Craig, Nursery Manager, Westmoor, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire.
STEVENS, Thomas, Solicitor and Land Agent, 1 Ladbroke Terrace,
London, W.
STEWAR?, Charles, Assistant Forester, Scone, Perth.
STEWART, James, Assistant Forester, Baledyarno, Inchture.
Srewart, James, Land Steward, Moncreiffe, Bridge of Earn.
STEWART, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Tarbert, Lochfyne, N.B.
STODDART, James, Builder, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian.
Stoppart, William, Land Steward, Dartrey, Co. Monaghan.
StTorig, Robert, 92 High Street, Dalkeith.
Sroriz, William, Forester, Gulworthy, Tavistock, Devon.
Storir, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks.
Sruart, Robert, Forester, Elm Grove, Grantown, Inverness-shire.
SUTHERLAND, John D., Estate Agent, Oban, Argyle.
Tarr, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire.
Tait, James, Builder, Penicuik, Midlothian.
Tair, William, Assistant Seedsman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
Tarr, Wm. A., 13 Brandon Terrace, Edinburgh.
Taytor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright.
TENNANT, Edward P., Stockton House, Codford St Mary, Bath.
TrERRAS, Alexander, Forester, Dalgetty Castle, Turiff.
TuHomson, David, Agricultural Engineer, Woodhead Street, Dunfermline.
TuHomson, David W., Nurseryman, 24 Frederick Street, Edinburgh.
Tuomson, Lockhart, 8.S.C., 114 George Street, Edinburgh.
ToMLINSON, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts.
TuLLo, James, 2 Hanover Street, Edinburgh.
TURNBULL, George, Estate Office, Tullamore, King’s County.
TURNBULL, Walter Scott, Estate Office, Geashill, King’s County,
TwEEDIg£, Alexander, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry.
UnpbERwooD, Henry E,, Sub-Agent, Fornham, St Genevieve, Bury St
Edmunds, Suffolk.
VeiTcH, Archibald, Chattapore Tea Estate, Shamsherungger, South
Sylhet, India.
VerT, Alex. C. D., S.S.C., 2a Hill Street, Edinburgh.
20
Date of
Election.
1893. WADDELL, Jas., 73 Gorgie Road, Edinburgh.
1894. WaLksER, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire.
1870. Wau, G. Y., Land Agent, Grange House, Darlington, Durham.
1893. Waxuacg, David P., Forester, The Saw-Mills, Filleigh, Molton, S. Devon.
1893. WaALLAcE, Robert, Timber Merchant, 31 Leith Walk, Edinburgh.
1898, WANN, James J., The Gardens, Kennet, Alloa.
1893. Watson, John, Timber Merchant, Annandale Street, Edinburgh.
1893. Watson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh.
1872. Watt, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle.
1893. Warr, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle.
1889. WatrEerRs, Dennis, Forester, Wester Elchies, Carron, Strathspey.
1894. Warters, Frank, Forester, Cameron South Lodge, Alexandria,
Dumbartonshire.
1894, WepsreEr, Charles, The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
1895. WuirTe, William, Farmer, Edgefield, Loanhead.
1884. Wuirron, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow.
1895. Wieut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Innerwick.
1895. WicHTOoN, John, Forester, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham.
1883. WILKIE, Charles, Assistant Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington.
1891. Wikre, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles.
1882. WitttAMson, A., Wood Manager, The Warren, Eridge Hamsell,
Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1894. Wiiuramson, Professor Alex., M.A., LL.B., 11 Great King Street,
Edinburgh.
1890. Wriuiamson, George, The Links, Leven, Fife.
1895. Wriiiiamson, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian.
1887. Witson, George, Forester, Penrice Castle, Reynoldston R.S.O., Wales.
1896. Witson, James, M.A., B.Se., Fordyce Lecturer in Agriculture,
University of Aberdeen.
1897. Wixson, William, Forester, Dingley, Market Harborough, Leicestershire.
1897. Witson, William, Assistant Forester, Philiphaugh, Selkirk.
1892. Winron, Thomas, Timber Merchant, Dundee.
1893. WisEMAN, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin.
1895. WrisEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres.
1898. WisHART, John, Ellangowan, Venlaw, Peebles.
1894. Woop, William, The Gardens, Newton Don, Kelso, Berwickshire.
1868. WyLuIE, George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
1897, YEATES, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Durris Estate, Aberdeen.
1897. Youne, Donald, c/o Bennetts Limited, Hyde Road, Manchester.
1875. Youne, William, Forester, Morriston Cottage, Earlston, Berwickshire.
1896. ZIMMERMAN, Henry W., Assistant Forester, Rosehaugh, Inverness.
oval Dcottish Arboricultural Society.
Instituted 16th February 1854.
PATRON.
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE QUEEN.
THE ANNUAL MEETING.
The Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Royal Scottish
Arboricultural Society was held in No. 5 Sr ANDREW Square,
EDINBURGH, on Wednesday, 26th January 1898, at 2.30 P.M.
R. C. Munro Fereuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, President of
the Society, occupied the Chair.
MINUTES.
The Minutes of the General Meeting of the Society, held on
Monday, 16th August 1897, which had been printed and circulated
amongst the Members, were held as read, and approved of.
APOLOGIES FOR ABSENCE.
The Secretary reportéd that he had received letters of apology
for absence from The Lord Balvaird, and from Messrs James
Robertson and W. A. Mackenzie, Members of Council.
ELECTION OF NEw MEMBERS.
The election of the following sixy-two Candidates for
Membership, whose names had previously been submitted to the
Council, was duly confirmed, viz.:—
Life Members.
Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart., Ferguslie Park, Paisley.
Dicsy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire.
Kinross, John, Architect, Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
Lovat, The Right Hon. Lord, Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness.
VOL. XV. PART III. a*
5
10
15
20
30
35
40
=
oO
2
Mackinnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth.
M‘LAREN, John, Gardener, Ballencrieff, Drem.
Murray, Hon. Alan David, Scone Palace, Perth.
Wuitet,’J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee.
Ordinary Members.
ALLAWAY, William, 13 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
ARCHIBALD, John, Assistant Forester, Mess-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
BAIN, Charles, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
BANNAN, Andrew, Forester, Glenfarg Estate, Abernethy.
BortHwIck, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
Carn, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
CHALMERS, Thomas, Nursery Manager, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
Cromptg, Alexander T., Assistant Forester, Lintmill, Cullen.
CromBik, James, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
CUNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, 19 Northumberland Street, Edinburgh,
Dicsy, Reginald, Land Agent, Geashill Castle, King’s County.
Dovetas, James, The Gardens, Charleville, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
Dow, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Lintmill, Cullen.
Downi®, John, Beech-hill Nurseries, Murrayfield, Midlothian.
Epmrinson, Wm. D., Tweed View, Berwick-on-Tweed.
E.per, William, Engineer, Berwick-on-Tweed.
5 Ewan, Peter, Assistant Forester, Moss-side, Lynedoch, Perth.
FarquyHarson, Dr Robert, of Finzean, M.P., Aboyne, Aberdeenshire.
Foster, James, jun., Kennet Village, Alloa.
FRASER, James, Assistant Forester, Innes House, Elgin.
GaAvLD, William, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy.
Giicnrist, Arch., Ivanhoe Cottage, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian.
Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Johnstone Castle, Wexford.
Grey, Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland.
Harris, James, Manager, Luffness Mains, Drem.
Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh.
Kyuiacuy, The Right Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent,
Edinburgh.
Lrys, Wm. B., Assistant Forester, Innes House, Elgin.
Low, James, Temple, Gorebridge, Midlothian.
Low, James, Assistant Forester, Durris, Aberdeen.
Low, John, Seedsman, St Giles Street, Edinburgh.
LyncH, Francis, Gascoed Hall, Wrexham.
M‘Catuium, James, Forester, Doneraile, Co. Cork.
Micuik, William, Cullen, Banffshire.
MiLnk, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on-Tweed.
MorGan, Hugh, Timber Merchant, Crieff.
5 Mytes, William, Assistant Forester, Biel, Prestonkirk, Kast Lothian,
NorMAND, Patrick Hill, Whitehill, Aberdour, Fife.
PeEirson, George B., Land Agent, Baldersby Park, Thirsk, Yorks.
Prrrson, George H., Assistant Land Agent, Baldersby Park, Thirsk,
Yorks.
3
Price, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick.
50 Ratston, Andrew Agnew, Factor, Hopetoun, South Queensferry,
Rircuie, William, Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottage, Lynedoch, Perth.
Ropimer, Charles S., Factor, Benmore, Kilmun, Argyleshire.
Samson, John, 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh.
Scumript, V. H, J., Forester, Dochfour, Inverness.
55 Scorr, George, 7 Brazenose Street, Manchester.
Srncnair, William, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour, Fife.
SmitH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen,
SroppArT, William, Land Steward, Dartrey, Co. Monaghan.
Tair, William, Assistant Seedsman, 144 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
60 Tweepir, Alexander, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry.
Wann, James J., The Gardens, Kennet, Alloa.
WisHart, John, Ellangowan, Venlaw, Peebles.
ELECTION OF AN HonorRARY MEMBER.
Professor SOMERVILLE moved that Mr Matcotm Dunn, The
Palace Gardens, Dalkeith, be elected an Honorary Member of the
Society. The Professor said that in conferring this honour on
Mr Duny, the Society would mark its sense of the extraordinary
value of his services to the cause of Arboriculture, Horticulture, and
Forestry, not only in Scotland, but in Great Britain and Ireland,
and would at the same time give expression to the feelings of
every Member that no one had done more to advance the best
interests of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society than Mr
Dunn. Colonel Batiey seconded the motion, which was adopted
unanimously.
Mr Duny, who was present, cordially expressed his thanks to
the Society for the honour it had conferred on him, and sincerely
wished he might be able to do more in the future to merit the
high distinction.
REpoRT BY THE COUNCIL.
The Secretary read the Report by the Council, which gave a
summary of the work of the Society and of the Council during
the past year. Special reference was made to the Excursions to
Ireland and Dolphinton; the contents of the forthcoming Part of
the Zransactions ; the Reports of the Honorary Scientists; the
appointment of new Trustees; and the progress made with the
preparation of a scheme for the Establishment of State Model
Forests for Scotland. The Membership had increased from 699
to 788, being a nett gain of 89 during the year.
FINANCES OF THE SOCIETY.
The Accounts for the past year, which had previously been
printed and circulated amongst the Members, were held as read.
The following is a short abstract of the Accounts :—
INCOME. EXPENDITURE.
airares ant 3 q | 1. Printing and Station-
. Ordinary Subscriptions, . £214 19 0 | ceaaide “£75 210
Less Receipts
. Life Subseriptions, . eeorde L2tHO for Advertise:
| ments, . PDT L2G
. Donations, 4 : : L716. 4 ———— £5310 4
2. Prizes, 3 : : o>, SOanGEee
. Bank Interest and Miscellan- | 3. Expenses of Management, . 76 11 11
eous, : : : : 9 2 2 148 8 5
| Balance of Income over Ex-
penditure, . : ~ 169
a ——
£317 9 6 £317 9 6
The total funds of the Society at 31st December 1897
amounted to £454, 6s. ld., of which £399, 3s, 2d. had been
invested, in the names of the Trustees, in the purchase of £266
Caledonian Railway Co. 4 % Guaranteed Annuity Stock No. 2.
The arrears of subscriptions carried forward amounted to
£22, 6s. 6d.
On the motion of Mr W. M. Wetsn, Convener of the Finance
Committee, the Accounts were approved of.
Excursion Funp.
The Secretary mentioned that as the Accounts in connection
with the Excursion to Ireland in August last could not yet be
closed, the position of this Fund would be reported at a future
meeting.
A PLEA For A Forest AREA.
Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., in demitting the office of President
which he had held for the last four years, thanked the Council
and the Members for all they had done to make the Society a
success during his term. They had seen a good deal done during
the last three or four years. They had been not uneventful
years in the history of Scottish forestry, and he was proud to
5
think that he should have been associated with the Society when
sO many new ideas were coming in amongst them as to the
management of their forests. He believed that the Excursion
to Germany, and the manner in which their transactions had
been carried through, had made their mark upon the affairs of
the Society.
He thought they would find that the Society was yet only in
its infancy, and that it would rise to the great opportunity that
still lay before it. All Scotsmen liked to see things done in a
right way. If British agriculture was the first in the world,
he would be a bold man who would say that Scottish forestry
was first also. What first awoke his interest in the whole subject
of forestry, was this, that he felt that they were so much farther
ahead in the science of agriculture than they were in forestry,
and that there was such a great field for usefulness in that
direction. They had, for example, the whole great Highland
area. Most of it was fit for growing timber, and it was really
fit for no other productive occupation. The solution of the land
and the labour troubles there, was, he believed, within the scope
of the pursuit of their calling ; and it was to forestry they had to
look if there was to be any satisfactory ending to the economic
troubles in the northern part of Scotland. That was the only
way in which they could put a population on the land. They
would never have any large population on the land by creating
small holdings or large holdings, or by any agricultural occupa-
tion of the greater part of the Highlands. But there was hardly
any limit to the population they could bring up on the Highland
area if they had a properly developed system of forestry, and a
properly developed system of manufactures along with it.
He had the privilege of nominating his successor, and it was
with very great pleasure that he submitted the name of Colonel
Battey., It would not be easy to find any one more worthy to
fill this high office. His work would lie very much in the
direction of establishing some experimental area, which might
by degrees develop into a forest school. He had mentioned the
Highlands in order to draw attention to what he thought was
the great need for some experimental area and regular forest
school in Scotland. They could begin with the area, and go on
to the forest schoo], for without training their men thoroughly
they would not be in a position to go to any Government to ask
for any great national scheme of forestry. They had men who
6
could manage forests, no doubt, but there were many points they
needed to clear up. Many of these new ideas that had come
amongst them, needed to be tested to see how far they would
hold good in this country. Their Scottish foresters had shown
great readiness to take up new ideas. It was a marked character-
istic of the revolution going on of late in Scottish forestry, that
their foresters had so readily accepted new ideas, and had
endeavoured to turn them to the best account; but still, many
of these new ideas had to be put to the test, and they wanted
some place where that could be done. It could not be done on a
private estate. They must have an area where the experiments
would be continuous and successive. It was because he saw so
great a field open, and because he believed it could, with adequate
preparation, be suitably occupied, that he considered it an aus-
picious circumstance to move Colonel Baruey for their President.
The Colonel had given attention to this question, and he (Mr
Munro Ferguson) trusted Coloiel BarLey would be in a position
soon to give effect to his views upon it.
Colonel Baitey, in taking the chair vacated by Mr Munro
Fereuson, thanked the Members for the great honour they had
done him. It was a position he was proud to hold. During his
term of office, he should endeavour to promote the interests of the
Society, and if, in this matter of the forest area, in which they
were all so deeply interested, he could render any special service,
he should feel proud if that would mark his term of the
presidential chair. He might say that on this question, he was
authorised to state by the Council that a draft report had been
prepared by Professor Somerville and himself, which embodied a
scheme. They had hoped it might have been ready for presenta-
tion that day; but, in order that no time might be lost, he asked
them to give the Council power to deal with it, and to report to
next meeting.
The matter was remitted to the Council, with powers.
ELECTION OF OFFICE-BEARERS.
Colonel Battey having been elected President, Mr Dunn
moved that the office of Honorary Secretary be created, and
that Mr Munro Fereuson, M.P., be elected Honorary Secretary.
He explained that in this way Mr Munro Fercuson’s influence
among the proprietors of the country, Government officials and
Y
departments, and in Parliament, would be conserved to the
Society. The motion was carried unanimously, and Mr Munro
Fercuson cordially accepted office. Professor SOMERVILLE,
Mr W. M. Wetss, and The Lord Batvairp were elected Vice-
Presidents, and Messrs JAmMEs Cook, Rosrert ForBss, GEORGE
Mackinnon, R. V. Marner, and James Morrat, Members of
Council. The Secretary and Treasurer, the Auditor, the Honorary
Consulting Scientists, the Photographic Artist, and the Local
Secretaries were re-elected. Mr J. Ciarx, Haddo House, was
elected a Member of the combined Committee on Zvansactions
and Judges, in room of Mr James Kay, resigned. The other
Members of the Committee were re-elected.
The Office-Bearers and Officials elected for the year 1898 were
therefore as follows :—
PRESIDENT.
Colonel I’. BAatLey, R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University.
VICE-PRESIDENTS,
ALEXANDER Minne, Nurseryman and Seedsman, 32 Hanover Street,
Edinburgh.
CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik.
WILLIAM SoMERVILLE, M.A., D.Cc., D.Se., F.R.S.E., F.L.8., Professor of
Agriculture and Forestry, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-
on-Tyne.
W. M. Wetsu, Nurseryman and Seedsman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh,
The Lord Banvarrp, Scone Palace, Perth,
COUNCIL.
MAtcotm Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith,
JoHN T, M‘LAREN, Factor, Polmaise, Stirling.
ANDREW SuaterR, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of Wight,
JoHN Mrraven, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh.
ALEXANDER PITCAITHLEY, Forester, Scone Estate, Perth.
JAmeEs F, HArpIn, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Peebles.
D. P. Larry, Nurseryman, Pinkhill, Murrayfield, Edinburgh.
D, F. Mackenzis, Factor, Mortonhall, Liberton.
W. A. MackEnzI£, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry.
JAMES RopeRtTsoN, Wood Manager, Panmure, Carnoustie.
JameEs Cook, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge.
Ropert Fores, Overseer, Kennet, Alloa,
GEORGE MACKINNON, Overseer, Melville Castle, Lasswade.
R. V. Maraer, Nurseryman, Kelso,
JAMES Morrat, 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh,
8
HON. SECRETARY.
R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith House,
Kirkealdy, Fife.
SECRETARY AND TREASURER.
RoBERT GALLOWAY, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
AUDITOR.
Joun T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh.
JUDGES AND COMMITTEE ON TRANSACTIONS.
Colonel Barry, R.E., Lecturer on Forestry, University of Edinburgh
(Convener).
Professor I. BAYLEY BAL¥Your, University of Edinburgh.
Professor SOMERVILLE, Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Matcotm Dunn, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith.
JoHN METHVEN, Nurseryman, Edinburgh.
JoHN Micuig, Forester, Balmoral.
JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
HONORARY CONSULTING SCIENTISTS.
Consulting Botanist, ISAAC BAYLEY BALFour, M.D., Se.D., Professor
of Botany, University of Edinburgh, and Regius Keeper, Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh.
Consulting Chemist, ANDREW PrrBLEs AITKEN, M.A., Se.D.,
Professor of Chemistry, Veterinary Oollege, Clyde Street,
Edinburgh.
Consulting Cryptogamist, WILLIAM SoMERVILLE, M.A., D.dic., D.Se.,
F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Professor of Agriculture and Forestry, Durham
College of Science, Neweastle-on-Tyne.
Consulting Entomologist, Roperr Srewarr MacDoueatu, M.A,
D.Se., Lecturer on Entomology, Royal Botanic Garden,
Edinburgh.
Consulting Geologist, Joan SmirH Fieri, M.A., B.Sc., M.B., C.M.,
Lecturer on Petrology, University of Edinburgh.
Consulting Meteorologist, RopErr Cocksurn MossMAn, F.R.S.E.,
F.R.Met.Soc,., 10 Blacket Place, Edinburgh,
LOCAL SECRETARIES.
; Scotland.
Counties.
Aberdeen, . JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen.
JOHN Micui8, Forester, Balmoral, Ballater.
JamMES Wixson, M.A., B.Se,, Fordyce Lecturer on Agri-
culture, Aberdeen University.
Argyle, . . WALTER Evxiot, Manager, Ardtornish.
Joun D,. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban.
Counties.
Ayr,
Banff,
Berwick,
Bute,
Clackmannan,
Dumfries, .
East Lothian, .
nye, .
Forfar, .
Tuverness , 4
Kinross,
Lanark, . -
Moray, . ‘
Peebles,
Perth, 0 ;
ROSS: is :
Roxburgh,
Sutherland,
West Lothian,
_ Wigtown, C
Berks, . :
Bucks,
Cheshire,
Derby, .
Devon, . F
Durham,
Hants,
Hereford, ;
9
JoHN HAy, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, Kilmarnock.
ANDREW D. PAcu, Overseer, Culzean, Maybole.
JOHN Brypon, Forester, Rothes, Elgin.
Wm. Mitne, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed.
Wo. Inetis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick.
JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay.
RhosertT Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa.
D. Crass, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie.
JoHN Haves, Dormont Grange, Lockerbie.
JoHN NEwsiccina, Nurseryman, Dumfries.
W. 8. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk.
EDMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy.
R. Carrns, The Gardens, Balruddery, near Dundee.
JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis.
JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Panmure House, Carnoustie.
DANIEL Dewan, Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly,
JAmEs A. Gossip, Narseryman, Inverness.
JAMES Tgrets, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam.
JoHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell.
JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers,
Glasgow.
Wm. GitcuHrist, Forester, Leuchars, Elgin.
D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres.
JAMES F, Harpist, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles.
W. Harrowen, Forester, Tomnacroich, Garth, Aberfeldy,
W. A. Mackenzig, Factor, Faskally, Pitlochry.
ALEX. PITCAITHLEY, Jeanie Bank, Old Scone, Perth.
Sir KmNNETH MACKENZIE, Bart., Conan House, Conon
Bridge.
JouN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick.
KR. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso.
DonawtD Roverrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie.
JAMES SmirH, Hopetoun Gardens, South Queensferry.
JAMES Hocarra, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer.
H. H. WAtKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill.
England.
W. Srorin, Whitway House, Newbury.
JAMES SmirH, The Gardens, Mentmore, Leighton-Buzzard,
Wm. Exper, Cholmondeley Park, near Malpas.
Tuomas Dow, Forester, Bretby, Burton-on-Trent.
JAMES BArRRIE, Forest +1, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington.
Professor SOMERVILLE, Durham College of Science, New-
castle-on-Tyne.
ANDREW SLATER, Land Steward, Osborne, Cowes, Isle of
Wight.
WM. STorixz, Forester, Holme Lacy, Hereford.
Counties.
Herts,
Kent,
Lancashire,
Leicester,
Lincoln,
Middlesex,
Norfolk,
Northampton,
10
JAMES BArron, Forester, Hatfield.
THomAS Smiru, Overseer, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring.
R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne.
PETER GRANT, Forester, Hornby Castle, Hornby, Lancaster.
D. C. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot.
JAMES MArtIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham.
J. ALEXANDER, The Gardens, Revesby Abbey, Boston.
W. B. Haverock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park.
Professor Bouncer, 34 Argyll Mansions, West Kensington,
London, W.
GEORGE CADELL, c/o The Secretary, Surveyor’s Institution,
Savoy Street, Victoria Embankment, London.
H. Munro, Garden Cottage, Holkham.
JAMES RopGER, Forester, Morton Hall, Norwich.
F, MircHE.u, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton.
Northumberland,JoHN Davipson, Secretary, English Arboricultural Society,
Notts,
Salop,
Stafford,
Suffolk, .
Surrey, «
Warwick,
Wilts,
Yorks,
Flint,
Glamorgan,
Antrim, .
Galway,
Kildare,
Kilkenny,
King’s County,
Monaghan,
Tipperary,
Wicklow,
Haydon-Bridge-on-Tyne,
W. Micuirz, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop.
Witson Tomiinson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop.
Frank Hutt, Forester, Lillieshall, Newport.
Roserr T. CoLuins, Forester, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent.
Anprew Boa, junior, Sub-Agent, Great Thurlow.
Purtip Presses, Estate Office, Albury, Guildford.
W. BERRIDGE, Forester, Stoneleigh Abbey Farm, Kenilworth.
A. D. Curistre, The Gardens, Ragley Hall, Alcester.
A, C. Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne,
Wo. Forsss, Forester, Swinton, Masham.
ApAmM MAtn, Forester, Rose Cottage, Loftus.
D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster.
Wales.
R. V. Kyrxke of Penywern, Mold.
Aron. MircuE.., Forester, Dunraven, Bridgend.
Gro. WILSON, Forester, Penrice Castle, Reynoldston R.S.O.
Ireland.
JOHN ScrimGEouR, Land Steward, Shane’s Castle.
THomAS RoBERTSON, Forester, Knockboy, Recess,
XOBERT M‘KeErrow, Manager, Carton, Maynooth.
AEX. M‘RAg, Forester, Castlecomer.
Ancu. HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore.
JAMES Bropik, Land Steward, Glaslough.
Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh,
ADAM JOHNSTONE, Forester, Coollattin, Shillelagh.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST.
GEORGE Paxton, Richardland, Kilmarnock.
sb
ADMISSION OF MEMBERS.
Mr Duyy, on behalf of the Council, submitted the following
Resolution for the temporary alteration of Law XII. regarding
the Admission of Members :—
“That every nomination for Membership of the Society must
be made in writing, and must be signed by the proposer and at
least one seconder; that such nominations be submitted by the
Secretary to the next meeting of Council, and that they there-
after lie on the table until the immediately succeeding meeting
of Council, when they shall again be read over and accepted or
declined, as the Council deem best in the interests of the Society.
That the Council shall at such subsequent meeting pass the
accepted nominations to the effect that the Treasurer may accept
the Annual Subscription or Life Composition, on payment of
which the Candidate shall be admitted a Member of the Society,
subject to the confirmation of the first General Meeting there-
after.”
The Resolution was adopted.
LIBRARY AND MUSEuM.
The Secretary reported that the following presentations had
been made since the General Meeting in August last :—
List oF PRESENTATIONS TO THE Society’s LIBRARY.
1. “New South Wales, the Mother Colony of the Australias.”
From the New South Wales Government Board of
Exchanges.
be
Report of the Forest Department, Madras Presidency,
1895-96.
Report on the Forests of Western Australia, 1896. By J.
Ednie Brown, Conservator of Forests.
wo
4. Report of the Clerk of Forestry for Ontario, 1897.
Provincial Government Crop Report of Nova Scotia, 1897,
6. Kew Gardens Bulletin, 1896.
or
7. Transactions of the English Arboricultural Society, vol. i.,
parts 5 and 6; vol. ii, parts 2 and 3; vol. iii, part 3.
12
8. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, London, vol. viii.,
parts 3 and 4,
9. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, vol. xxi.,
part 2.
10, Report of the Council of the Royal Horticultural Society,
London, 1897-98.
11. Arrangements of the Royal Horticultural Society, London,
for 1898.
12. Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society,
5th series, vol. ix.
13. Report on the State of Agriculture in Scotland in 1878,
From the Highland and Agricultural Society.
14. Report on the State Forest Administration of South
Australia, 1895-96.
15. Report on the State Forest Administration of South
Australia, 1896-97.
16. Agricultural Returns—Statistical Tables, 1897. From the
Board of Agriculture.
17. Reprints :—
“Forestry in India.” By Lieut.-Colonel F. Bailey,
formerly Acting Inspector-General of Forests to the
Government of India,
“The Entomology of the Oak.” By A. T. Gillanders.
18. Pamphlets on Tuberculin Test and Wheat Experiments.
From the Department of Agriculture, Victoria.
19. MS. Tables of Imports of Timber, 1881 to 1896 inclusive ;
and Exports from Foreign Countries and British Colonies
during same years. From the Board of Trade.
Note.—Members may borrow from the Secretary any of the Books or
Pamphlets belonging to the Society, provided they pay the cost of trans-
mission, and guarantee their safe return within a reasonable time.
Excursion 1n 1898.
Mr Dunn suggested the Forest of Dean or the North of
Scotland as a suitable district for next Excursion.
The President mentioned that Mr Hill, of the Indian Forest
13
Service, had recently prepared a Working Plan for the Forest of
Dean, which would be published socn, and he recommended that
the Society should visit that district. The matter was remitted
to the Council, with powers.
Paris EXHIBITION In 1900.
Professor SOMERVILLE mentioned that there would be a Forestry
Section in the International Exhibition proposed to be held in
Paris in 1900, and suggested that the Society should consider
whether it should be represented in some way on that occasion,
and should visit the Exhibition and some of the State Forests of
France in the course of that year. The meeting agreed to leave
the matter in the hands of the Council.
Motions Disposep OF.
The following motions, which had been duly notified at last
General Meeting, were put to the Meeting and adopted without
discussion :—
1. That the Council be empowered to decide the class under
which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed.
2. That the Council be empowered to appoint Correspondents
in any part of the world.
Notices or Morvton.
Mr Duyn gave notice that at next General Meeting the Council
would move that Law XII., regarding the Admission of Members,
should be altered permanently in terms of the Resolution adopted
above.
Mr Crark, Haddo House, gave notice of the following motion,
which will also fall to be discussed at next Meeting :—
That the Society establishes at least four branches for
the benefit of its Members—one at Inverness, one at
Aberdeen, one at Perth, and one at Glasgow.
Papers Reap.
The following Papers were then read, viz. :—
1. “Grouping versus Mixing.’ By C. Y, Micute, Forester,
Cullen House,
14
2. “The Deterioration of Wire Fences.” By Mr James Kay,
Forester, Bute.
3. “A Plea for a Special Organ devoted to Forestry.” By
Mr AtexAnpdER M‘RaAg, Forester, Castlecomer, Co.
Kilkenny.
The Papers were remitted to the Council for consideration.
EXHIBITs.
Mr Georce Leven, Forester, St Quinox, Ayr, exhibited several
specimens of Douglas Fir affected by the fungus (Phoma pithya,
Sace.) referred to in the Report of the Society’s Cryptogamist
(Professor Somerville) on page 191 of Vol. XV. of the 7ansactions,
and read a short description of the diseased plants. Professor
SOMERVILLE mentioned that Mr LEvEN was probably the first
person to observe the disease in this country.
On the motion of the President, Mr Leven and Professor
SoMERVILLE were thanked for bringing such an important matter
under the notice of the Society.
OTHER VoTES OF THANKS.
Votes of thanks were also accorded to Mr Munro Fereuson,
the retiring President, for his services to the Society during his
period of office; to Messrs Micuir, Kay, and M‘Rag for their
Papers; to the donors of Books and Pamphlets to the Library;
and to Colonel Batuey, the President-elect, for presiding, which
concluded the business.
THE ANNUAL DINNER.
After the Meeting the Members and their friends dined
together in the Royal British Hotel. Colonel Baitny, the
President of the Society, was Chairman, and Messrs CuHaries
3UCHANAN and ALEXANDER MILNeE, Vice-Presidents, were
Croupiers. The company numbered about fifty. The guests of
the Society were Mr Jonn M‘Miuan, Treasurer of the Edin-
burgh Merchant Company; Rev. Dr Cnartes M‘Grecor, Lady
Glenorchy’s, Edinburgh; Bailie GuLLAND, Convener of the
Markets Committee of the Town Council; Mr James MACDONALD,
Secretary, Highland and Agricultural Society; Mr AnpzErson,
Proprietor, and Mr D. Youne, Editor, of the Worth British
15
Agriculturist. Mr M‘Mittan proposed the toast, “The Royal
Scottish Arboricultural Society,” and the President replied.
Mr Joun Meruven proposed, ‘‘The Lord Provost, Magistrates,
and Town Council,” and Bailie GULLAND replied. Other toasts
were proposed and duly honoured, and a number of songs were
excellently rendered by members of the company, which added
very much to the enjoyment of the gathering.
THE GENERAL MEETING.
A General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society
was held in No. 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Tuesday,
2nd August 1898, at 10 o’clock a.m. Colonel BAitey, President,
in the Chair.
CHANGE OF Pace or MEETING.
The Secretary intimated that, after the notices calling the
Meeting had been issued, it was found necessary to change the
place of meeting from the National Portrait Gallery, as originally
intimated, to 5 St Andrew Square, as advertised in the news-
papers.
MINUTES.
The Minutes of the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Society,
held on 26th January 1898, were held as read and approved of.
Evection of New MEMBERS.
The Election of the following twenty-one Candidates, whose
names had previously been submitted to and approved of
by the Council, was confirmed, viz.:—
Life Member.
Paton, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock.
Ordinary Members.
ArMsTRroncG, Thos, J., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, by Ardgour,
BepForD, Surgeon- Major Wim. James Guthrie, Kierfiold House, Stromness.
Bett, David, Seed Merchant, Leith.
Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 West George Street, Glasgow.
CHALMERS, James, Assistant Forester, Tayinloan, Kintyre.
CricnTton, William, Manager, Castle Ward, Downpatrick.
ErskIne, Henry, Seedsman, 80a George Street, Edinburgh.
16
Grove, Richard, Silverbank Sawmills, Banchory.
10 Hvecan, John A., Seed Merchant, 35 Market Street, Aberdeen.
JAMIESON, James, Forester, Crosswood Estate, Aberystwyth.
Licutroot, Francis P., Land Agent, Dunchurch, Rugby.
Mackay, Aneas J. G., LL.D., Advocate, 2 Albyn Place, Edinburgh.
M‘Manvs, Edmund, Timber Merchant, Randalstown, Co. Antrim.
15 MARSHALL, John, Wood Merchant, Killiecrankie.
MrtTcHELu, David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun.
MiTcHELL, James, Assistant Sawmiller, Philiphaugh, Selkirk,
Nisserr, J. S. More, The Drum, Liberton.
Ross, Chas. D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff.
20 Sprnce, Wm., Assistant Forester, Cluny, Kirkcaldy.
STEWART, James, Land Steward, Moncreiffe, Bridge of Earn,
ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT.
The President intimated that, owing to the Excursionists
having to start for the Forest of Dean earlier than was originally
intended, the time at the disposal of the Meeting was limited, and
it had been arranged to postpone his address on ‘“ Canada.”
He subsequently mentioned that he was preparing a Working
Plan for part of the Raith woods, which he believed would be
the first Plan of the kind prepared for a private estate in this
country, and which he hoped Mr Munro Ferguson would allow
to be printed in the 7'’ransactions. He then proceeded to make
a few remarks on the subject of Working Plans, with special
reference to the Plans prepared by Mr Hill for the Forest of
Dean and High Meadow Woods, which the Excursionists were
about to visit.
JupGES’ REporT oN Essays.
The Chairman, as Convener of the Judges, submitted the
Report on the Essays received in Competition, and the following
Awards were made in accordance therewith,—the sealed envelopes
accompanying the Essays being opened, and the names of the
successful competitors announced to the Meeting :—
Crass I.
I. On the Erection and Maintenance of a Sawmill and other
Wood-working Machinery suitable for Estate Purposes.
(Motto, ‘ Silva.”)
No award.
17
II. On the Spring Growth of Forest Trees, (Motto, ‘‘ Mercury.”)
By A. C. Forses, Wood Manager, Bowood, Calne,
Wilts.
Award, a Bronze MEDAL.
Crass IT,
I, On Planting and Propagating Trees. (Motto, ‘ Fir Cone.”)
By James GILvespi£, Lochton Lodge, Inchture,
Award, a Bronze MEDAL.
II. On the Thinning of High Forest Plantations for Profit.
(Motto, ‘‘ Worker.”) By Hampron C. Lock, Moss-side
Cottage, Lynedoch, Perth.
Award, a Bronze MEDAL.
Mopet or New Wire FEncrina.
The Chairman intimated that, owing to a misunderstanding, a
Model of a new kind of Wire Fencing, with relative Report and
Drawings, had reached the Secretary too late to be submitted to
the Judges and dealt with in their Report, and that the Council
had appointed a Special Committee to examine the Model, and
report upon it. This was approved of, and the matter was
-remitted to the Council, with powers.
State Mopezt Forests ror SCOTLAND.
The President reported that, as empowered by last Meeting
of the Society, the Council had adopted the Scheme for the
Establishment of State Model Forests for Scotland, which had
been prepared by Professor Somerville and himself, and had
sent it, with a covering letter, to the Right Hon. W. H. Long,
President of the Board of Agriculture. The Scheme has been
duly acknowledged by Mr Long, and was under his consideration.
Copies of the pamphlet, and of the letter to Mr Long, have also
been sent to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Secretary for
Scotland, all the Scottish Members of Parliament, selected
Members of both Houses of Parliament, all the newspapers of
importance in Scotland, and the leading Agricultural and Country
newspapers in England and Ireland.
VOL. XV. PART III. b*
18
EXcURSIONS.
Mr Duyn, Convener of the Excursion Committee, reported
that between seventy and eighty Members had intimated their
intention of taking part in the Excursion which was about to be
made to the Forest of Dean. He said that Ross-shire has been
suggested as a suitable district for next year’s Excursion. Another
suggestion was that, instead of having an extended Excursion,
they should visit a few places which could each be reached in
a day from Edinburgh, and that in order to suit the convenience
of all the Members, and to afford each an opportunity of being
present at one or other of the visits, the Excursions should take
place at different times in May, June, and July. The matter
was remitted to the Council, with powers.
Paris EXHIBITION in 1900.
The Chairman mentioned that, at the request of the Council,
Mr Munro Fercuson, the Honorary Secretary, was attending to
the interests of the Society in this matter, and that at present
there was nothing of importance to report.
Mr Duyw said it was understood that the Society would
visit France on that occasion, and added that as there would
be considerable difficulties to overcome in connection with the
arrangements, Members need not be surprised if they are asked
to give about six months’ notice of their intention of joining
the Excursion. ‘The matter was remitted to the Council, with
powers.
LIBRARY AND MUSEUM.
The Secretary intimated that the following publications had
been received since the Annual Meeting in January :—
List OF PRESENTATIONS TO THE Soctety’s LIBRARY.
1. Transactions of the Highland and Agricultwral Society
for 1891.
bo
Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society
for 1898, 5th series, vol. x.
3. Report of the Clerk of Forestry, Ontario, 1898.
19
4, Kew Gardens Bulletin, 1897.
5. Reports of the Conservators of Forests, Cape of Good Hope,
1897.
6. Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute
of Sctence, 1896-97, vol. ix., part 3.
7. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
1897, part 1.
8. Report of the Secretary for Agriculture, Nova Scotia,
1897,
9. Agricultural Returns from the Board of Agriculture, 1897.
10. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, London, vol. ix.,
parts 1 and 2.
11. Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, London, vol.
xxi,, part 3; and vol. xxii., part 1.
12. Reports of Conferences of the Scottish Chamber of Agricul-
ture, 1897.
Note.—Members may borrow from the Secretary any of the Books or
Pamphlets belonging to the Society, provided they pay the cost of trans-
mission, and guarantee their safe return within a reasonable time.
The Chairman remarked that such Models and Books as came
into the possession of the Society, and were not required by the
Secretary, might be of service to the Lecturer on Forestry in
connection with his class in the University, and suggested that
the Council should consider whether they ought to be sent to
him. The matter was accordingly remitted to the Council.
CLEGHORN Memorial LIBRARY.
The Secretary read the following letter, received by the
President from the Director of the Edinburgh Museum of
Science and Art, which it was agreed should be embodied in
the Minutes of the Society.
EDINBURGH MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ARt?,
11th March 1898.
Dear Sir,—As you are aware, a number of the friends of the
late Dr Cleghorn subscribed a sum of money, which they decided
should be devoted to the purchase of suitable books to be placed
20
as a ‘‘Cleghorn Memorial Library ” in this Museum, the expendi-
ture of the money being entrusted to Colonel P. Dods and myself.
The total amount available, viz., £197, 4s. 10d., was deposited
with Mr J. A. Wenley of the Bank of Scotland, by whom the
accounts for the books purchased were periodically paid. With
your kind assistance and advice, the whole Fund has now been
expended. There is no Committee of Subscribers to whom a
report can be made of the manner in which the money has been
spent. It occurs to me, however, that such a report may be of
interest to the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, some of
whose Members were among the chief contributors to the
Fund.
Full details of the titles and prices of the books purchased will
be found in Section VIIT., pages 165-200, of the enclosed Museum
Catalogue (recently published) of ‘‘ Books, etc., on Botany and
Forestry, including the Cleghorn Memorial Library.” The price
of each book is stated on the left-hand margin, and the totals are
carried on from page to page, the final total (p. 200) amounting
to £197, 4s. 10d., the vouchers for which are in Mr Wenley’s
hands. The books against which no price is marked were
presented to the Cleghorn Memorial Library.—I am, dear Sir,
yours faithfully,
R. Murpocu Samira, Maj.-Gen.,
Director Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
Colonel F. Bariey, R.E.,
President Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society.
Motions Postpone.
It was decided that the discussion of the Motions standing in
the name of the Council regarding the Admission of Members,
and of Mr Joun Ciark, Forester, Haddo, Aberdeen, regarding
the establishment of branches of the Society, should be postponed
till the Annual Meeting in January.
Votes oF THANKS.
On the motion of Professor SoMERVILLE, a hearty vote of
thanks was accorded to the Chairman, which closed the business
of the Meeting.
NOTICES BY THE COUNCIL.
ILLUSTRATIONS FUND.
The Council beg to direct special attention to this Fund, the
object of which is to obtain contributions to defray the expense
of illustrating the Society’s Z’ransactions.
Subscription received in 1898 :—
J. K. Milne, Kevock Tower, Lasswade, . LCi VEO
THE SOCIETYS ALBUM.
The Council wish it to be known that the Society has an
Album for the Photographs of Members, and the Secretary will
be glad to receive contributions.
THE READING OF PAPERS.
Members are invited to read short practical papers on any
subject connected with Forestry at the Annual General Meeting
in January, or at the General Meeting to be held at the time of the
Leeursion. Those who intend to do so are requested to intimate,
in writing, the Title of their subject to the Secretary, not later than
15th December 1898 or Ist June 1899, stating the time they may
require for reading the paper.
SYLLABUS OF SUBJECTS FOR ESSAYS.
The following subjects are offered for competition in 1899 :—
[The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Prizes to be
awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays.
All Essays, Reports, Models, or other Articles intended for
Competition must be lodged with the Secretary not later than Ist
June 1899. All Collections of Cones, Seeds, and Rustic Work,
intended for exhibition only, must be in the hands of the Secretary
not less than three days before the Annual Meeting, to be held on
24th January 1899. Each Essay, Report, Model, or Article must
bear a Morro, and be accompanied by a sealed envelope bearing
outside the sAaME Morro, and the Class to which the Competitor
belongs, and containing inside, a Carp with the NAME and
AppreEss of the Competitor.
Essays should be written on one side of the paper only; the
left-hand quarter of each page should be left as a blank margin.
The lines should not be crowded together.
Judges cannot compete during their term of office.
Successful Competitors may either have the medals or their con-
verted values, which are as follows: —Gold, £5; No. 1 Saver, £3;
No. 2 Silver, £2; Bronze, 10s. ]
CLass I.—For Open ComPETITION.
I. For an approved Report showing the Financial Results of
the Cultivation of Woods and Plantations. (Zen Guineas offered
by Isaac Bayley Balfour, M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Botany in the
University of Edinburgh, formerly President of the Society.)
It is not necessary that the names of the estates on which the woods
grow should be published, but the reporter must give the annual
value of the land previous to planting; statistics of the cost of
forming the plantations, including draining and fencing; the
expenses of management, the income derived, and the present
value of the Woods.
II. For an approved Essay on the best methods of realising
Forest Products. (Silver Medal offered by Wm. M. Welsh, Esq.,
of Messrs Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.)
III. For an approved Account of measures successfully adopted
for the Extermination of Insect Pests affecting Forest Trees.
23
(Two Guineas offered by John Methven, Esq., of Messrs Thos.
Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. )
Full particulars of the pests and treatment must be given, and also the
name of the estate.
IV. For an approved Report on the Gales of November 1893
and December 1894, their results and consequences. (A Medal.)
V. For an approved Report detailing the methods employed
to bring about the Natural Regeneration of a Wood, and the
subsequent Treatment as regards Artificial Assistance, should
such have been rendered necessary owing to the Natural Sowing
having been irregular, insufficient, or too dense. (A Medal.)
The author must cite some particular case, and give the results of a
systematic attempt at natural regeneration, bearing in mind the
fact that a patchy imperfect restocking cannot be regarded as
satisfactory or successful.
VI. For an approved Essay on the Valuation of Woods or
Plantations for the purpose of Transfer. (A Medal.)
The writer to describe the method (a) of valuing matured woods,
(6) middle-aged woods, (c) park trees and others that may be,
in addition to their value as timber, considered as ornamental,
(d) young woods, and (e) coppice.
VII. For an approved Report on the Plantations of which the
competitor is Forester. Reporter to state the extent of planta-
tions, the kinds of timber grown, soil, situation, age, management,
etc. This is a standing subject. (A Medal.)
VIII. For an approved Report on the Present State and Future
Prospects of Arboriculture in Ireland. (A Medal.)
IX, For an approved Report on the Present State and Future
Prospects of Arboriculture in the North of Scotland. (A Medal.)
X. On the best Method of Procedure in growing a continuous
Crop of Timber in Woods or Plantations. (A Medal.)
The Essay should deal with the different kinds of Woods, the ages,
and proportion per acre of the trees at different stages, and whether
these have been raised by natural or artificial means. Reference
may be made to any system practised abroad which might prove
applicable in this country.
XI. For an approved Report, based on results, on the advantage
of Under Planting. (A Medal.)
24
XII. For an approved Essay on the best method of Prevent-
ing the Inroads of the Pine Saw-fly—Lophyrus pint of Curtis.
(A Medal.)
XIII. For an approved Essay on any Disease incidental to
Forest Trees. A standing subject. (A Medal.)
XIV. For an approved Report on the most advantageous
methods, not generally practised in this country, of Transporting
Timber. (A Medal.)
The reporter specially to describe any means, other than by horse-power,
of moving felled timber from the interior of woods to their margins,
or to roads.
XV. For an approved Essay on the best methods of utilising
Small-wood in the manufacture of Fancy-wood articles, Turnery,
Wood Wool, etc. (A Medal.)
XVI. For an approved Essay on the erection and maintenance
of a Saw-mill and other wood-working Machinery suitable for
Estate purposes. (A Medal.)
The writer should fully describe the saw-mill or other machinery to which
his essay relates, giving estimates of out-turn and of cost.
XVII. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture. (A Medal.)
XVIII. For an instrument or method for expeditiously obtain-
ing the diameter of trees at a given height, or for any other useful
invention or marked improvement on any of the implements
used in Forestry. Models or implements to be accompanied by
a report. (A Medal.)
Cuass IJ.—For Assistant FoRESTERS ONLY.
I. For an approved Report, based on personal observation,
on the Propagation of Forest Trees and Shrubs. (A Medal.)
II. For an approved Report, based on personal observation,
on any disease affecting Trees, or injuries caused to Trees, by
insects or animals. (A Medal.)
III. For an approved Essay on the Peeling and Harvesting
of different kinds of British Bark used in Tanning. (A Medal.)
25
IV. For an approved Essay on the best method of protecting
Trees from injury by Ground Game. (A Medal.)
V. For an approved Essay or Report on any other subject
connected with Arboriculture, (A Medal.)
VI. For the best and approved Model in Rustic, or
Ornamental Woodwork, of any subject designed and executed
by the competitor, Model not to exceed six feet in length.
(A Medal.)
The Council invite the attention of young Foresters to the fore-
going subjects, as they wish to encourage their literary efforts.
ROBERT GALLOWAY,
Secretary.
5 St ANDREW SQUARE,
EDINBURGH.
VOL, XV. PART III. c*
is &
atitboasera “torino as
Me rece " be
Sedat welt ux no Yrogott 0 asad hovesda “ie 6
SLL. “Oe ¥ iain anit wr ath
Oren ete Gy kee Retna bas elle
fed tyro Att iit eniatlatta-6 ta vdeo
basal 9.08 toh -abty haste as \dorisbshali=. i
(A Mesa,
rae Ferrie? iparmily Wale “int any mates otto re nyt
oo\, ROT kee ead % RA WA aa eer e af
ies | Aries wah = a Antas wand aNs
r
\ ea fab Spr pvat Kaira 5 i ont fan cole
Ep ROMA D KAMA P BAIS iMeg at toh
es ee :
E " HAUS
CVE, Far wccapproved Vasey on ci ermominn as
: ‘ 4 - a5 - “<- x.
fhe) Geel) url othdr wat.voukicg Mechtinary ey
p aa
" ate a2 3% Le
a.
as eevifes axetil fwi! is idee ; at es
.
s whe ela 7 . = nn ul oi 3! Coe
‘i te eT ‘re epee sny Gli
wend A, ey ¢ Ae ‘ a. Ta
i i“ kh ror «fi si ertinedy | - Te r os ful jel Linigunm
pe Live aiameteg a trove Ag im Pew ent OTs cheap
ives > wares iprirewent ng of (eee
a o4 ahh P aroethw Mo tat3 cr (mal po! 2 das m iw Oxal
on’ 44 Beale
iwaesa b1 unk AWA ropeerrets 57.
i » 4) pevves hon & Las #f Ll prennat
ee te a of Vorest Tras wk, oeerba, LA
it Fire coproved Feapent, eeeg >. pee ae
a eb pies 4 Faw Lipig, Tf race, Of sj ope ecanaal 2.
Vipose bo eestor ‘A Yatel.j 7
CTL Wor at approved: Bey oe 5 and,
ot -(Cieeesss 4107)%-q! rite Bawt-cost lat eu
eb Y
ht
ITH ESTATE|
MAP OF THE
PITWOOD WORKING CIRCLE
To accompany the Working Plan
1898
Beale 6 inches to 1 Mila
wae s wie
Woods Ioclused in the Working Circe MD
Woods not included In the Working Circe A
AREA STATEMENT
wit
Ak)
Ui Pale
Ne
4 hy te he
weed at set
anes
. D208
aS
fe
5
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11