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Trees, Fruits and Flowers 


MINNESOTA 


1917 


EMBRACING THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 


FROM DECEMBER 1, 1916, TO DECEMBER 1, 1917, INCLUDING THE TWELVE 
NUMBERS OF “THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST” FOR 1917, 


EDITED BY THE SECRETARY, 
A. W. LATHAM, 
OFFICE AND LIBRARY, 207 KASOTA BLOCK, 


MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. 


LIBRARY 
VOL. XLV. “EW York 
BOT. 


MINNEAPOLIS 
HARRISON & SMITH O0O., PRINTERS 
1917 


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mae wate it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine iain 
is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the’ °‘S 
articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, RDE 
and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


W002 eeee 


Vol. 45 JANUARY, 1917 No. 1 


Hee eee 


Annual Meeting, 1916, Minnesota State Horticultural 
Society. 
A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


The fiftieth annual meeting of the society has now become 
history. This gathering was held under most auspicious circum- 
stances, everything combining apparently to make the meeting 
one of unprecedented success in the records of the society. Even 
the weather was favorable for this purpose, being one of the 
mildest weeks known in the early part of December in this local- 
ity. The attendance was all and even more than anticipated. 
The badge book, which represents the notification of those who 
will be present at the meeting, showed 421 names, of which 
eighty-three were ladies, that being a somewhat larger number 
than the badge book of 1915 contained. 

The West Hotel again proved itself to be an ideal place for 
our annual gathering, with the exception of course that the vari- 
ous exhibits had to be held in separate rooms, which necessarily 
interfered with a comprehensive view of what was displayed, 
thus losing an effect which is of large importance for exhibition 
purposes. The exhibition, however, was a creditable one, espe- 
cially the apple exhibit, which filled the two rooms assigned them. 
There were altogether 499 entries made, of which the larger pro- 
portion were for apples. A good many seedling apples were 
shown, many of them new, and three of them were considered 
of such importance that an effort is to be made to secure scions 
from them for testing at the fruit-breeding farm and trial sta- 
tions. The vegetable exhibit, while of excellent quality, was not 


as large as last year, probably on account of the extraordinarily 
(1) 


2 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


high price of vegetables, which interfered with the comparative 
attractiveness of the premium list. The flower show also was not 
equal to that of a year ago, but enough plants and flowers were 
displayed to handsomely decorate the hall and rooms so that 
everybody was satisfied with the general appearance. 

Besides the seventy-nine persons whose names: appear in 
the program, a large number of others assisted in various ways 
in making the meeting a success. We are especially indebted to 
those who gave their services so faithfully for four days as ushers 
and members of the reception committee. 

The utmost harmony and good will prevailed throughout the 
meeting. As far as the writer knows not an unpleasant word 
passed either publicly or privately. One of the choicest features 
of our gathering is the most agreeable social element displayed in 
so many ways. The presence of so large a proportion of ladies 
undoubtedly has much to do with this. 

How many were present at these meetings? This is a very 
difficult question to answer. Many were there for a single ses- 
sion or part of a session who were unable to attend longer, others 
were there for the whole meeting; several hundred certainly 
secured some good from this annual gathering. From outside of 
the state there was an unusual attendance, and every state, includ- 
ing Manitoba, with which Minnesota touches elbows, sent dele- 
gates and in most cases several visitors as well, so that there was 
a large number in attendance from abroad, some of these taking 
part on the program, and all of them adding increased interest 
by their presence and the part that they took in the discussions. 

Rev. Mr. Harrison, of Nebraska, was with us as usual at the 
opening session and delivered the invocation. Notwithstanding 
his advanced years he was able to present with his usual vigor 
the several addresses for which he was down on the program 
both at the state meeting and with the newly formed peony 
society. 

With one exception all on the program for Tuesday morning 
were present and delivered their parts, the missing member 
being detained at home, but having sent his contribution to the 
program. Tuesday afternoon the whole program of eleven parts 
were at hand promptly to perform the service announced. The 
Tuesday evening session was occupied by the State Florists. 

Wednesday forenoon the vegetable program was presented, 
concluding with a lively presentation of home canning. There 


ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 3 


was only one absentee from the program that morning. It held 
a large audience to the very moment of closing, considerably past 
the noon hour. Wednesday afternoon session was occupied first 
with spraying experiences and a discussion of orchard pests by 
some of the professors of University Farm, the last part of 
the afternoon belonging to the program of the Garden Flower 
Society, one of the most interesting branches of work presented 
at the meeting. 

Thursday forenoon is the official session of the society, with 
its annual reports, all of which, however, were passed for early 
publication to make room for the seven or eight practical papers 
on horticulture, which fully occupied the time. The reader would 
do well to look over again the program of these various sessions, 
which will be found on page 475 of the report of the society for 
1916. It is well worth studying, and especially when you know 
that all of these papers and the discussions following will be pub- 
lished during the year in the society monthly. Thursday after- 
noon at the outset there was found place for a presentation of the 
boys’ and girls’ club work in Minnesota, and two nice little talks 
from some of their prize winners. Then followed the election of 
officers, Pres. Cashman being re-elected, and two new members 
of the board being elected for the ensuing three years, Mr. Ed. 
Yanish, of St. Paul, as successor to Langford W. Smith, and H. J. 
Baldwin, of Northfield, as successor to John P. Andrews, who 
had served on the board with marked fidelity for twenty-three 
consecutive years. At this point was presented the names of 
eight persons, a list which was recommended by the executive 
board for honorary life membership on account of long and dis- 
tinguished service with the society as follows: 

Mrs. Anna B. Underwood, Lake City; Miss Emma V. White, 
Minneapolis; Mrs. Jennie Stager, Sauk Rapids; John Penney, 
Cushing, Wis.; Martin Penning, New Ulm; John W. Murray, 
Excelsior; P. Clausen, Albert Lea; H. J. Ludlow, Worthington. 

The remainder of the afternoon was occupied with the semi- 
centennial anniversary session, a full program as arranged being 
here presented—and it seems to me worth while to here repro- 
duce this program, as it needs special emphasis and should again 
be recorded for permanent preservation. The numbers on this 
program are likely to be all published in some one issue of our 
monthly during the coming year: 


4 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY SESSION. 
J. M. Underwood, Lake City, Presiding. 


Song—Trafford N. Jayne. 

Some History—A. W. Latham, Secretary. 

The Heroes of Minnesota Horticulture—Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea. 

Personal Recollections—A. J. Philips, West Salem, Wis. 

The Ladies of the Society—Mrs. Jennie Stager, Sauk Rapids. 

Greeting from University Farm—A. F. Woods, Dean. 

The Minnesota Society and the Northwest—Prof. C. B. Waldron, Agri. Col- 
lege, N. D. 

Looking Ahead—C. S. Harrison, York, Neb. 

To conclude with a lantern slide talk, “Veterans of Minnesota Horticulture. ‘4 

Slides prepared by Prof. LeRoy Cady. 


Friday morning session was given up largely to the plant 
breeders’ auxiliary, and as we had with us all of the leading plant 
breeders of the Northwest it was a thoroughly practical and 
profitable session. The reports of the fruit-breeding farm fol- 
lowed by discussions on this appealing subject made up a meeting 
of unusual interest. The last session of the annual gathering, 
Friday afternoon, is not to be considered as a weak one, as we 
always put onto the program of that session as good material 
as is found at any session of the meeting. As you read again 
this program you will note that this is the case. A large attend- 
ance was present at that session, and when the meeting closed, as 
late as 5:00 o’clock, after an hour given up to parting talks by 
many of the members, there were still one hundred in the audi- 
ence. 

I must speak especially of the Gideon Memorial contestants, 
four of whom delivered orations from the platform. Full par- 
ticulars in regard to this will be found in the Secretary’s Corner 
of this number. 

There are unquestionably many other things worthy of men- 
tion in this short account of the meeting, but where so large a 
number give splendid service to the society it becomes impossible 
to make personal mention. It is due, however, that I should 
speak of two of those on the program who came from a distance 
outside the state, delivering three addresses each without com- 
pensation by the society, and whose services were most highly 
appreciated: Prof. S. A. Beach, Horticulturist at the lowa State 
Agricultural College, and N. A. Rasmussen, President of the 
Wisconsin Horticultural Society, an expert market gardener and 
an institute worker in his own state. 


ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 5 


As usual the climax of the meeting was the banquet, at 
which 210 sat down. The program follows: 


T. A. Hoverstad, Minneapolis, Toastmaster. 
Grace—Rev. C.D. Blaker, Minneapolis. 


1. Song - Trafford N. Jayne, Minneapolis 
a! Sy, Pp Crosby, St. Paul_—“Would You be Happy? Do Something for Us.” 
3. Whistling Solo ~ - Bertha Maud Pratt, Minneapolis 
4. Miss Emma V. ieee Minneapolis—“A aunts at Your Expense.” 

5. Reading - - _ Bertha Maud Pratt 
6. Dr. E. F. Clark, Mirineapolis—“We Have the Earth—What is Left 

tor the Other Fellow?” 

7. Song Mrs. Grace U. Bergen, Minneapolis 
ewe. T. E. Archer—‘Right Adjustment is the Condition of Success.” 
9. Song * - Trafford N. Jayne 
10. Rev. John M. Walters, St. Paul—“The Fun of Being a Farmer.” 

11. Reading - - Bertha Maud Pratt 


12. N. A. Rasmussen, Pres. Wig: State ‘Hort. Society, Oshkosh—“Keep 
Smiling” any. Not? 


13. Song - Mrs. Grace U. Bergen 

7 LA Rev. C. D. Blaker, Minneapolis —“Friends Must Part, but We Meet 
Again.” 

15. Song - - - - - - - - “America” 


Some of our membership do not succeed in getting out to 
this annual banquet. If they want to know just what they miss, 
consult those who do come, and plan to be with us at this annual 
feast another year. 

The premiums awarded at this meeting amounted to $596.27, 
details of which may be found in another place in this number of 
our monthly. 


FRESH VEGETABLES DURING WINTER.—Few people realize the number 
of vegetables that may be kept in the fresh state for winter use. 

The essential conditions for the storage of all root crops, including 
such vegetables as potatoes, beets, carrots, horseradish, parsnip, winter 
radish, rutabaga, salsify, turnip, kohlrabi and also cabbage, are that 
they be kept cool and moist, away from air currents. Storing should be 
done as late as possible, avoiding freezing. 

These conditions may be met in several ways. The simplest for home 
use, where only a few of each are to be stored, is to place them in a box 
of moist sand or soil in layers and leave in a cool part of the cellar. 

Where larger quantities are to be kept, they may be put in what is 
known as an out-of-door pit. Only whole specimens free from disease 
should be used. The method is as follows: The vegetables are placed in 
a conical pile on the surface of the ground in a well-drained location. A 
covering of six to eight inches of straw or litter is then placed over them, 
and a covering of as much soil, commencing at the bottom and working 
toward the top. In severe climates a later covering of manure may be 
necessary as soon as the soil freezes. In this way, vegetables may be kept 
in perfect condition until well along in the spring.—J. J. Gardner, Col. Agri. 
College. 


6 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Building Proposed for Minn. State Hocticultural Society. 
A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


At the annual meeting two years ago a committee was 
appointed to urge upon the legislature the importance of a build- 
ing for the uses of the society and do everything possible to secure 
its erection. Our membership are familiar with the fact that a 
strong effort was made for this purpose, but on account of the 
prevailing sentiment in favor of stringent economy at that 
session it was finally decided, with the advice of members of the 


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SHEER UUW) 
FRONT ELEVATION 


Seale areet 


PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL MALL 


FOR. THE 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 


legislature who were giving special attention to this matter, to 
hold the vantage ground gained by the presentation of the case 
which had been made by the building committee and allow it to 
rest until the next session of the legislature. 

At the late annual meeting of the society the building mat- 
ter was again considered, and the building committee continued 
with instructions to endeavor to secure the necessary appropria- 
tion from the coming state legislature. This committee con- 
sisted of J. M. Underwood, of Lake City; S. P. Crosby and E. 
Yanish, of St. Paul; President Cashman and Secretary Latham. 
Since then S. A. Stockwell,. of Minneapolis, has been added to 
the committee. 

Plans for the proposed building were drawn two years ago, 
which are again reproduced in this article. The building is to 


BUILDING PROPOSED FOR MINNESOTA 


contain all of the features 
that seem to the committee 
to be desirable, and to be 
equally well adapted to the 
uses of the auxiliary socie- 
ties as to those of the state 
society. 


The proposed building, as 


noted in the plans, is 119 
feet long and 66 feet wide. 
It consists of two stories, 
the first one of which is in 
the nature of a high base- 
ment, the floor being three 
feet below the ground level. 
This floor is to be used for 
an exhibition room. The 
room is twelve feet high and 
sufficiently large so that all 
the exhibits of various 
classes made by the society 
can be shown in this one 
room at the same time. 
is sixty-four feet wide by 
eighty feet long and has a 
driveway in the rear so 
that teams can be driven 
directly 
when necessary in unload- 
ing heavy articles. 
ground floor at the front 
there are provided the nec- 
essary toilet conveniences 
and two large rooms which 
may be used for committee 
rooms or storage purposes. 
In the rear is located the 
furnace, coal bins and in 
one corner a stairway lead- 
ing up!into the auditorium 
above. 
arranged that either of the 


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STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 7 


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8 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


two front rooms provided in the basement could be fitted up for a 
kitchen and made available for banquet purposes if at any time 
societies using the building should have need of such accommoda- 
tions. 

The upper or main floor is approached from the front by a 
marble staircase, eleven feet wide, opening into an auditorium — 
the same dimensions as the ex- 
hibition room below, sixty- 
four by eighty feet, and suffi- 
ciently large to seat comfort- 
ably, with wide aisles, in ac- 
cordance with the require- 
ments of Minneapolis build- 
ing ordinance, eight hundred 
people. This room is abun- 
dantly lighted. The side walls 
are sixteen feet high, but in 
the center the ceiling is twen- 
ty-two feet high, the differ- 
ence in elevation being on ac- 
count of the curve of the iron 
trusses which support the 
roof, there being no posts in 
this room to obscure the (pas tesa A 
Vision. STAIR HALL 

The platform is ten feet 
deep and constructed in the 
usual manner in the rear of 
the building. On this floor, at 
the front, are also the secre- : 
tary’s office, library, cloak- 
room, closets, etc., an entirely 
convenient arrangement for the use of the officers of the society. 
The floors are concrete, and in fact the building itself is thor- 
oughly fireproof throughout and planned to be a handsome build- 
ing and finished in the highest style of art needed for such a 
structure. The walls are mainly of brick, the corners being cut 
stone, etc., the roof is of slate. As noted by the illustrations it 
is a building of the appearance of which the Horticultural Society 
may well be proud. 

The building committee has already at this date, December 
19th, held meetings with the Board of Regents and Civic & Com- 


AUDITORIUM 
64x60" 


SEATING CAPACITY 
800 PERSONS 


“c-o 


FIRST ATOGE PLAN 


BUILDING PROPOSED FOR MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9 


merce Association, Minneapolis, and is working in other direc- 
tions to advance this project. Very early in the session of the 
legislature a bill will be presented, probably the same that was 
presented last year, a copy of which will be found at the con- 
clusion of this article. There will be the usual hearings before 
the various committees, and before these take place it is hoped 
that the membership will take opportunity to either see person- 
ally the members of the House and Senate from their districts, or 
write them personal letters urging their support for this build- | 
ing, of which the Horticultural Society stands so much in need. 

There was a very strong sentiment in the last legislature in 
favor of this building, and we have much reason to hope that the 
efforts to be put forth this winter will be crowned with success 
if we can have the support of the membership, of which their 
loyalty in the past to any interest connected with the society gives 
us full assurance. 

Of course the building committee is not tied down to this or 

-any other particular plan, but the one presented here seems to 
combine all desirable features, though it may seem best later to 
make some changes either in the ground plans or elevation. 
Those of our membership who have copies of the report of our 
society for 1915 are referred to pages 124 and 83 of that volume, 
where the general situation in regard to the building and its 
needs are very fully presented. 

Here follows a copy of the bill to be presented to the legis- 
lature for passage. 

An act providing for the construction of a building for the 
uses and purposes of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society 
and appropriating money for the same. 

Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: 

Section 1. There is hereby appropriated the sum of $50,000 
for the construction of a Horticultural Building for the uses and 
purposes of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and the 
purchase of a site upon which to erect said building, the same to 
be located at a point midway between Minneapolis and St. Paul 
on or near the grounds of the University Farm or on or near 
the grounds of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society, the 
location to be determined by the executive board of the Minne- 
sota State Horticultural Society jointly with the Board of 
Regents of the State University if located on the ground of the 
University Farm, or jointly with the executive board of the Min- 
nesota State Agricultural Society if located on the grounds of the 
last named society. The executive board of the Minnesota State 
Horticultural Society shall select the site if the building is not 
erected on the grounds of either the University of Minnesota or 


10 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


of the Minnesota State Agricultural Society,—said building and 
site to be the property of the State of Minnesota. 

Section 2. Power is hereby granted to the Board of Regents 
of the University of Minnesota and to the executive board of the 
Minnesota State Agricultural Society to contract with the execu- 
tive board of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society for the 
erection of said building on the grounds of the University of 
Minnesota or on the grounds of the Minnesota State Agricul- 
ee See respectively, and for the management and control 
thereof. 

Section 8. Said building shall be constructed by the Board 
of Control according to plans and specifications to be provided 
by the executive board of said Minnesota State Horticultural 
Society, and when completed shall be under the administration 
and control of said society for the purposes noted; provided, if 
said building is located on the grounds of either the University 
of Minnesota or Minnesota State Agricultural Society the man- 
agement and control thereof shall be determined between the 
respective parties. 

Section 4. Should said site be provided by gift or otherwise 
then all of said appropriation shall be available for the construc- 
tion of said building as aforesaid. 

Section 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from 
and after its passage. 


“THE CANADIAN POPLAR is distinctly different from the Norway or the 
Carolina. _The two latter are very similar. The vein in the leaf of the 
Carolina Poplar is red. Of the Norway Poplar yellow or light pink. Their 
wood when dormant is very similar, the bark being gray and corrugated. 
The leaves are flat, the edges slightly notched, but the leaf of the Canadian 
Poplar is curly, the edges crinkle. As you look across them, when they are 
growing, it is very noticeable and would attract the attention of the ordi- 
nary observer. The veins of the leaf are generally yellow or pinkish, shad- 
ing into yellow. The bark, however, is green and smooth. It is a little 
slower growing than the Carolina or Norway Poplar. It is more hardy, as 
numerous testimonials from the Dakotas and other locations in the north- 
west prove. The top has a well developed head, but the growth of the tree 
is not so rapid that the head will be too heavy for the body and the winds 
break it down. It is equally as hardy as the Cottonwood, with a more 
attractive foliage and a more shapely well branched top. This tree is the 
only one that is sufficiently hardy and resistent to cold extremes and sulphur 
fumes to warrant its planting at Butte, Mont. In that city it is planted 
extensively and no other tree seems to take its place. Any trees that will 
live at Butte, Mont., will grow almost anywhere in the world.”—E. A. 
Smith, Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City. 


FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 11 


The Fifty-First Annual Convention of the Iowa State 
Horticultural Society. 


MRS. E. W. GOULD, MINNEAPOLIS, DELEGATE. 


Iowa may well be proud of its Horticultural Society and of 
its splendid exhibit of apples, pears, grapes and nuts recently 
shown in the State Capitol at Des Moines. 

Its rooms in this building are handsome and commodious, 
much like a large private library, where were easily accommo- 
dated the average of about fifty who were in attendance. Here 
the sessions of its annual meeting were held December 12, 13 
and 14. Just outside its doors in the rotunda of the capitol was 
staged the exhibition of fruits and nuts. 

Some of the many interesting papers and discussions were 
upon “Renewal Pruning to Promote Bearing,” “The Family 
Garden,” “The Past, Present and Future of our Native Plums,” 
“Our County Agent,” “Spraying and Cultivating,” “Fall vs. 
Spring Planting,” “Orchards of Wisconsin,” “A System .of 
Parks, National, State and County,” “The Oaks,” “Some Native 
Shrubs,” a fine talk by our own Prof. Cady; “Conservation of 
the By-Products of the Orchard,” “Forty Years Rose Growing 
in Iowa,” “The Peony,” “The Mission of Beauty,” by Iowa’s 
poet, Mr. Eugene Secor of Forest City; “Records of Fall Bearing 
Strawberries for 1916,” “Evergreen Windbreaks,” “Arrange- 
ment of Farm Buildings and Grounds”—all of which awakened 
lively interest and warm discussions. 

On Wednesday afternoon a speaking contest by six students 
of the Horticultural Department of the State College at Ames 
and selections by a male quartette from Iowa State College made 
up a very popular program, much appreciated. 

The exhibit of apples consisted of over four thousand plates 
of apples and about two hundred boxes. Words fail to describe 
the beauty and fragrance of these. A few pears were shown, 
also grapes and nuts. 

That Iowa and Des Moines are awakening to the importance 
of this exhibit and meeting is shown by the fact that committees 
from the Greater Iowa Commission and the Commercial Club of 
Des Moines waited upon the convention, bringing an invitation 
and proposition that they hold their 1917 meeting in their 
Auditorium down in the center of the city and combine with the 
State Florists and Gardeners to make an exhibit that will be 
much more accessible to the general public. They felt that such 


12 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


an exhibit should be seen by every man, woman and child in the 
city. Hach day of the convention I saw classes of pupils from 
their high schools studying the exhibit or listening to some dem- 
onstration by one of the college professors. This struck me as 
.a very fine thing, an idea that we might adopt with profit. 

The Commercial Club entertained the convention Tuesday 
evening at a theater party, and on Wednesday evening the annual 
banquet was held in a beautiful tea room. This was largely at- 
tended, the dainty menu and the eloquent and witty toasts com- 
bining to produce a most perfect evening. 

I found Des Moines a very beautiful city, with the begin- 
nings of a Civic Center, that, if carried out, will make it famed 
throughout our country, and its people, and those from the dif- 
ferent parts of the state, earnest, progressive and the kindest 
ever. Much credit is due Mr. Wesley Greene, the secretary of the 
Horticultural Society, for the very fine programs and general 
arrangements, contributing so largely to the success and pleasure 
of the meetings, and also to its cultured and genial presiding 
officer, Mr. W. B. Chapman. 


INSECT ENEMIES OF ROSES AND How TO COMBAT THEM.—In the path’ 
to easy success with roses lie numerous insect pests which, unless pre- 
vented, will devour leaves or suck juices, thus seriously impairing the 
vitality of the plants. The only way in which the rose gardener may 
prevent these attacks is by careful and insistent spraying with insecticides. 

Insects which most commonly affect roses, according to specialists of 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, are of two general types, those 
which eat the foliage, as rose slugs and the rose chafer, and those which 
suck the sap, as aphids, scale insects and thrips. The presence of leaf- 
eating insects is usually first detected through the discovery of partially 
eaten leaves or of skeletonized leaves; that is, leaves from which a portion 
of the lower or upper surface has been eaten, leaving the other surface 
as a transparent membrane, or leaves the fleshy part of which has been 
eaten clear through, often leaving merely the midrib and veins. The dis- 
covery of the enemy frequently follows. Protection from this sort of 
attack is afforded by hand picking or by covering both surfaces of the 
foliage thoroughly with some poisonous substance, as arsenate of lead. 
Wherever a garden hose is available, a strong stream of water directed 
against rose slugs on the foliage will knock them off and, in many cases, 
save the bush from further injury by them. The rose chafer is a rather 
difficult insect to control, and arsenical poisons applied at double the usual 
strength often fail to kill them before the damage is done. Frequent hand 
picking of the beetles and dropping them into a vessel containing water 
covered with a film of kerosene, or screening the plants with mosquito net- 
ting, especially the latter, often affords the only means of preventing their 
destructive work.—U. S. Dept. of Agri. 


WINTER MEETING OF WISCONSIN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 13 


Winter Meeting of the Wisconsin State Horticultural 
Society. 
J. F. HARRISON, EXCELSIOR, MINN., DELEGATE. 


The annual meeting, 1916, was held in the senate cham- 
ber of the beautiful new capitol building, which is just being 
completed at Madison, Wis. 

The exhibits were arranged around the outside of the bal- 
cony, or corridor, which runs around the center of the building, 
and it was a fine exhibit of all kinds of apples and vegetables, 
which certainly were a credit to the Wisconsin fruit growers 
and a great advertisement for the state. One exhibit which was 
of especial interest and attracted a great deal of attention was 
made by one of the ladies, and her exhibit consisted of apples 
served in fifty-seven different ways. An exhibit of this kind 
gives one some idea of what an orchard means to every farmer 
and his family. 

The program was very interesting and very instructive, very 
much like our Minnesota program, but I believe I got much more 
out of it, and the reason for this was I did not have so many of 
my friends to visit with, consequently I got the benefit of the 
whole program. 

The papers and talks on orchard diseases were some of the 
best I ever heard. They certainly have men who are well up in 
the business of fruit growing in Wisconsin, and I do not think 
there is any danger of orchard diseases getting possession of the 
orchards there. 

I noticed their professors are not only professors but are 
practical fruit growers as well. 

They also have a lot of young students who will be able to 
take care of the fruit industry and combat the diseases which 
may attack the orchards and will keep the horticultural society 
alive when its affairs are turned over to them. 

I think the students’ contest was one of the best I ever 
heard. 

Making my report as short as possible, I will say the meet- 
ing was so very good I want to go again. The Wisconsin State 
Horticultural Society is hard to beat and the members are all the 


same good fellows as our own. 


14 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


A Young Top-Worked Orchard. 


E. G. LEE, ST. PAUL. 


The theory and practice of top-working have been thor- 
oughly discussed before this society, and its purpose and advan- 
tages are well known. In relating the results of my efforts along 
this line, my purpose is merely to show how I have applied the 
principles of horticulture learned from the experience of others. 
I have obtained this information from many sources, studying 
the subject carefully for several years, but to the Minnesota Hor- 
ticulturist I am chiefly indebted for both knowledge and inspira- 
tion, and to Mr. Harold Simmons, of Howard Lake, for practical 
advice. 

In establishing a top-worked orchard, the problems faced 
might be classified under six heads: 1. Selection of a site. 2. 
The selection of the stock. 3. Planting. 4. Selection of scions. 
5. The grafting operation. 6. Care of the orchard. 

My land is in the Minnetonka district, about one-half mile 
from the Tonkawood station on the Deephaven trolley. To the 
southwest is Christmas Lake, directly west is the main lake of 
Minnetonka, and just north is Gray’s Bay. Between these bodies 
of water and my property is an extensive growth of heavy tim- 
ber, so that my trees are protected from the hot southwest winds 
of summer and from the cold northwest winds of winter. 

The land is rolling with a prevailing north and west slope. 
The highest point is seventy feet above the lowest, which gives 
plenty of air drainage. The big lakes and nearby swamps afford 
moisture content. The soil is virgin hard maple land, part of it 
cleared just before planting. There is a light loam on top, which 
does not bake, and a heavy clay underneath. 

In the spring of 1912 I planted eleven of my eighteen acres 
with young trees. I chose chiefly Virginia crab stock, but as I 
had difficulty in getting the number of trees of that variety I 
required, I used about 100 Hibernal, which I placed in a block by 
themselves. ‘There are advantages in both these stocks. The 
Virginia has a very hard wood and probably provides stronger 
crotches. It throws out new branches more vigorously than the | 
Hibernal, which would seem to indicate greater vitality, but its 
branches have a slight tendency to grow in. The Hibernal has 
a more spreading habit, which is a great advantage in placing 
scions properly. 

I could find only two nurseries in the state at that time with 


A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 15 


Virginia crab trees growing on their own grounds. I took all the 
good trees they had. 

At tree-digging time in the fall of 1911 I went into the nur- 
series and made my selection personally. I did not pick one in 
ten of the trees which I found in the nursery. There is consider- 
able difference in the size of trees of the same age as they appear 
in the nursery row. There is a reason for this. Trees differ in 
individual vitality the 
same as human beings 
do. I wanted the most 
vigorous trees and was 
willing to pay for them. 
The trees I paid the most 
for proved the cheapest 
in the end. 

When time would per- 
mit I stayed to see my 
trees dug and placed in 
the storage cellar, with 
my label on every tree. 
This is the only right 
way to do. The care 
with which a tree is dug 
from the nursery row 
has much to do with its Tree No. 344. Hibernal, set spring, 1915, budded to 
subsequent thriftiness. Wealthy August, 1915. Photo taken July, 1916. 

I have since experimented by buying four and five year old trees, 
and proved that this can be safely done if the trees are selected 
and the digging supervised. } 

By selecting my own trees, I was able to get trees with a 
proper branch system for top-working. By supervising the dig- 
ging, I was able to prevent unnecessary mutilation of the root 
system. I was also able to see whether the trees were infected 
with root gall and to reject those that were. Most of my trees 
were dug from the nursery by a crew with spades. This is 
better than a tree digger if the men are carefully watched. 
Otherwise there is not much difference. 

Now I am thoroughly familiar with the difference of opinion 
about root gall. Consider all the arguments on both sides, and 
this fact remains: Root gall is an infectious bacterial disease. 
A tree may have vitality enough to overcome the disease after 
having contracted it, but the man who plants an infected tree 


16 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


takes a big chance. Some trees that were dug after I left in one 
nursery were infected. I discovered this when I came to plant. 
I burned about fifty, some with galls as big as my fist. Where 
the galls were small, I cut them out, disinfected with bichloride 
of mercury and planted. But these trees have never done well, 
and I have since replaced a number of them. Where small shoots 
are seen coming up 
through the ground 
around the crown of the 
tree, root gall will gen- 
erally be found. It pays 
to investigate such cases. 


My planting was done 
with dynamite. A half 
stick of forty per cent. 
was exploded in each 
hole. The holes were 
marked twenty-five feet 
apart each way. The 
top soil was removed to 
a depth of about a foot. 
Then an iron crowbar 
was driven about two 
feet into the subsoil, a 
cartridge placed in the 
bottom, the hole packed 
with dirt and the fuse 
fired. If the cartridge is 
Tree No. 78. Virginia crab, top-worked to Jonathan. not placed deep enough, 


Photo taken July, 1916. most of the shot will be 
wasted in the air. After the dynamited hole was cleaned out, 


the top soil first removed was replaced in the bottom, and the 
tree set. The trees were taken from my storage cellar and car- 
ried about the orchard in a barrel half full of water on a barrel 
cart. Bichloride of mercury was dissolved in the water, to pre- 
vent the spread of any infection from one tree to another. 

The cost was about six cents per tree for dynamite. The 
total cost of planting that way was probably somewhat greater 
than by the use of a spade alone. But the work can be done very 
quickly by men who understand handling the explosive. 

I have since had planting done by spade, where it was neces- 
sary to replace trees, but, of course, in each instance the spot had 


A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 7 


been dynamited originally and thus offered no fair basis of com- 
parison. With the great difference in individual trees, a test 
between the two methods in order to be conclusive would have to 
be made on a large scale. . 

% It is customary to prune trees after planting. When trees 
are to be top-worked the following year, this should not be done. 
All the leaf surface possible should be encouraged the first season, 
to increase the size of the limbs. If the roots have been cut too 
much to support this leaf surface, the tree should not be planted 
at all. 


My orchard was interplanted with cultivated crops, and a 
hoe used around the trees up to the first of August each year. 

The first two years after planting the trees were hilled up 
in the fall, until I found this was not a protection from mice. I 
now use fine galvanized wire netting instead. I had a number 
of trees badly girdled before using the netting, and some had to 
be replaced. 

The first two years I painted my trees, trunk and branches 
with lime-sulphur in the fall. This did not deter mice and rab- 
bits, but I had no blight on my trees the following season, 
although thorn apple trees near my orchard blighted badly. 

The last two years I have not painted the trees, and I have 
had some blight to cut out. The past season has been the worst, 
although they have had less cultivation this year than at any 
previous time, owing to failure on the part of the man who under- 
took to do the work. 


In the spring of 1918, one year after planting, the top- 
working was started. Some top-working and budding has been 
done every year since. About one-third of the limbs were top- 
grafted the first year. W. S. Higbee, of Eden Prairie, did the 
work, and did it well. The weather was favorable, and only a 
small fraction of one per cent. of the grafts failed to set. 

Three-fourths of my 770 trees were grafted to Wealthy, the 
remainder to Jonathan and Delicious, changing every fourth row 
for cross-pollination purposes. I have since planted Stark Deli- 
cious trees on their own roots, and they have done well. I have 
also planted some Wealthy on their own roots for purposes of 
comparison later. My Wealthy scions came from the bearing 
orchard of Langford W. Smith. My Jonathan and Delicious 
scions came from the orchard of Harold Simmons, at Howard 
Lake, where they were cut from top-worked trees. As an expe- 


18 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


riment, I top-worked one tree to Northern Spy and one tree to 
Spitzenberg. The scions were secured through the kindness of 
Mr. John Bisbee, of Madelia, Minn., who cut them from his own 
top-worked trees. The Spitzenberg bore ten small apples this 
season, one year after 
grafting. All the limbs 
of this tree were grafted 
in one operation. The 
top is noticeably out- 
growing the stock. 

“When my trees were 
planted I photographed 
several individual trees 
in different parts of the 
orchard. Every year I 
rephotograph these same 
trees, to illustrate the 
growth each season. I 
have here some pictures 
taken this year, for those 
who wish to see their 
present size. 

In conducting my or- 
chard operations, I have 
endeavored to use the 
same systematic methods 
as I do in business. All 
of my trees bear zine la- 
bels, stamped with con- 
secutive numbers, and 

Tree No. 337. Flanted 1912. Virginia crab top-Grafted hung on large rings of 
to Wealthy. Photo taken July, 1916. heavy wire which will 
not cut into the bark. An individual record of each tree is kept, 
and all vicissitudes through which it has passed are noted on the 
record. Some have been injured in one way or another, by mice, 
borers, blight, or accident of some kind—all these show on the 
record to account for the present condition of each tree. I have 
blue prints, showing not only the contour of the ground, but the 
exact location of each tree by number. If I wish to replace a 
tree, I can send a man into the orchard with a blue print showing 
its exact location. 

I do all my own pruning. I always carry a jar of bichloride 


A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 19 


of mercury to disinfect my tools, and a can of white lead and raw 
oil to paint over large wounds. I prune now for wood growth 
and open centers. 

I always hold the spray rod myself. I have a Hays power 
sprayer, capable of 300 pounds pressure, run with a Cushman 
engine, especially rigged so it can be belted to the pump jack of 
the well without removing the engine from the rig when filling 
the tank. As the trees are not yet in bearing, one spraying in a 
season is enough. It is applied just at caterpillar time in the 
spring. I use a combined solution of arsenate of lead, lime- 
sulphur, and nicotine (black leaf 40). This year it took 150 
gallons of solution and one day’s time to spray the 770 trees. 

I have been at some disadvantage because I do not live on 
the place. Except for a cement storage cellar in which I lock my 
tools, there are no buildings on the land. The development of 
orchards for non-resident owners is not unusual in the Pacific 
Coast apple districts, but it is rather uncommon in Minnesota. 
As I can spend only one day a week in my orchard, I have expe- 
rienced some difficulty in getting my cultivating property done. 
At first I rented the ground on crop shares. Now I permit the 
use of the ground free on condition that my trees be hand culti- 
vated. Of course, I plan to live on the place, at least during the 
summer season, when the trees come into bearing. 

One of the conclusions to which I have come is that top- 
worked trees will be slower in attaining a given size. I have 
found no other expression of opinion on this point, though it is 
claimed that top-worked trees come into bearing earlier. It 
seems to me inevitable that cutting off the limbs for the insertion 
of scions, thereby reducing the foliage area, delays the growth 
of the tree. This delay is prolonged wherever scions fail to set, 
and as the setting is often a matter of propitious weather, there 
is always a proportion of risk when top-working is done on a 
large scale. But until the ideal seedling has been found, it must 
be our main reliance for ensuring hardiness in root systems, and 
quality and size of fruit. 

Before investing in Minnesota, I visited the big orchard 
projects of the far west, and I bought here, because, in spite of 
climatic difficulties, I considered it a better field from a commer- 
cial point of view, as well as a more desirable place in which to 
live. My orchard is still in the experimental stage, and while my 
experience is not yet conclusive, I am more than ever convinced 
that the outlook for commercial orcharding in Minnesota was 
never better than it is today. 


20 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Husser: I would like to know whether it is a good plan 
to dynamite say just a week or so before planting, or if the 
dynamiting should be done some months ahead so the fumes get 
out of the ground? 

Mr. Lee: I don’t think the fumes make any difference, I 
think they get out of the ground very quickly. I don’t think 
there would be any advantage in dynamiting beforehand. Es- 
pecially if a rain should come and pack your hole, it might be a 
disadvantage. 

Mr. Husser: Does root-gall spread from one tree to the 
other in an orchard? : 

Mr. Lee: That would be hard to tell; I don’t think anybody 
knows. I don’t think it does; I think it would be from contact. 
It might be spread by tools used on a diseased root and then on 
some other root. 

Miss Funk: I would like to know whether scions should 
be taken from old trees or young trees. 

Mr. Lee: The best advice I can find on the subject is to 
take them from bearing trees. 

Mr. Brackett: What advantage, if any, is there in using 
scions from top-worked trees? 

Mr. Lee: I don’t know that there is any advantage. I got 
them because that was the only kind that existed in Minnesota 
of those varieties. 

Mr. Powers: Where you have a tree that you are afraid 
isn’t going to live very long but it may live some years, and you 
think it would be well to put a new tree near it, would it hurt 
the roots of the old tree to dynamite not far away? 

Mr. Lee: You mean a large tree? 

Mr. Powers: Yes, sir; one you don’t think will live more 
than two or three years. 

Mr. Lee: I don’t think it would hurt the roots to dynamite 
in the rows. 

Mr. Powers: I mean, if you put it three or four feet away 
to one side, would it spoil the roots of the tree? 

Mr. Lee: That would be pretty close; it might injure them. 
It depends upon the size of the trees. You might injure the 
ends of the roots of a large tree near it. 

Mr. Powers: In a western paper it says with a tree that 
is not growing well to put sticks of dynamite three or four feet 
away and loosen the earth. 

Mr. Lee: It would depend on the soil. If you had a soil 
with a good deal of rock in it and with a hard-pan down a couple 
of feet it might be a good thing. 

Mr. Crosby: I wish to transplant some trees which I have 
to a new place. When shall I do it, in the fall of the year or 
when the ground is frozen? 

Mr. Lee: Why not transplant them in the spring? 

Mr. Crosby: Some of the trees are four or five inches 
in diameter. I am quite anxious to save them. 


A YOUNG TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. yA 


Mr. Lee: I have had no experience in that line. I think 
it could be done in the fall. If a trench was dug around them 
and the trench covered with mulch you could lift them in the 
_ spring. - 

Mr. Crosby:. How about when the roots are frozen in the 
winter time, wouldn’t that be best? 

Mr. Lee: I would move them early in the spring while 
still frozen. . 

Mr. Kellogg: Is there danger of forming a cistern in heavy 
clay soil under a tree that would be a damage to it, to hold water? 

Mr. Lee: How would you form such a cistern? 

Mr. Kellogg: The dynamited hole. 

Mr. Lee: I don’t exactly get your idea. There can be no 
cistern as long as there is no air, and it certainly don’t leave any 
air space if you fill the hole up afterwards. The hole isn’t as big 
as you think. The hole isn’t over three feet in diameter and the 
earth is loosened up around that hole for several feet further on. 

Mr. Brackett: I would like to ask if you would recommend 
the planting of Delicious in a commercial way here in this part 
of Minnesota? 

Mr. Lee: That is a very difficult question to answer. I have 
been experimenting along that line myself. I have a hundred, 
part of them on grafts and part of them on their own roots. 

Mr. Brackett: Do you consider them hardy enough? 

Mr. Lee: I think the roots are hardy enough, although the 
buds are very tender. They have light growth, and IJ think it is 
due to bud injury in the winter. 

Mr. Richardson (of Winnebago): I wish to say that some 
fifteen years ago I top-worked a Delicious and the tree is there 
all right, but it never has borne a single apple. What is the 
cause of it I don’t know, but there has never been an apple 
on that tree that I know of. I have done considerable top-work- 
ing in my life, and I have found that some varieties do well on 
one kind and some on another. I top-worked some scions of a 
seedling I had there on a Hibernal and some on a Virginia crab. 
Those top-worked on the Hibernal never bore, never amounted 
to anything, while about four or five rods away those top-worked 
on a Virginia crab bore very heavily. It is a question of adapta- 
bility of the trees perhaps. I don’t know the reason. I found 
another thing in top-working and in grafting; you don’t always 
get exactly everything like you put in. I will bring up this after- 
noon some specimens of the Allen’s Choice apples and you can 
taste them. The Allen’s Choice is a sweet apple. I did the top- 
working, and I did the root grafting, and it was grown on a red 
-crab tree, and I want some of you to taste the apples to see 
whether they are sweet apples. 

Mr. Sauter: Mr. Lee, isn’t there danger in dynamiting in 
an old orchard that the falling dirt will ruin the near-by trees 
by big chunks of dirt falling down upon the tops of the trees and 

spoiling them? 


22 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Lee: My experience is that the dirt doesn’t come down 
in chunks; it rains down in very small particles. 
ae Sauter: How do you put in your charge, do you cover 
it up? 

Mr. Lee: Oh, yes. I pack the hole, that is, the hole made 
with the crowbar; otherwise it would shoot like out of a gun. 

Mr. Sauter: I have a tree in my orchard, and I dynamited, 
and the big chunks of dirt came down and fell on some of the 
trees and ruined them. 

Mr. Lee: How much dynamite did you use for a charge? 

Mr. Sauter: Half a stick. 

Mr. Lee: Half a stick of forty per cent.? 

Mr. Sauter: Yes. 

Mr. Lee: How deep did you put it? 

Mr. Sauter: About a foot and a half. 

Mr. Lee: Have you got clay top soil? 

Mr. Sauter: Black loam soil. 

Mr. Lee: Of course, when I dynamited in my orchard there 
were no trees in it. I didn’t have any trouble with big chunks 
coming down, it was pretty well powdered up. 


THE FUTURE OF COLD STORAGE.—In the June issue of CoLD, under the 
above title, some of the present possibilities and improvements which have 
not yet been generally adopted, were discussed. To give some further idea 
of the scope of cold storage and some of its recent operations, let us con- 
sider a few of the things to which it has recently been applied; among 
them may be mentioned the following: 

Curing tobacco, tempering watch springs, in the manufacture of rub- 
ber, drugs, syrup, soap, ink, paint, vinegar, isinglass, etc., in oil refineries, 
sugar refineries, chemical works, mercerizing works, photo material fac- 
tories, in the manufacture of explosives, plows and other agricultural 
implements, optical instruments, electrical machinery, etc., in welding 
processes, for retarding growth of plants and vegetables, in laboratory 
work, hospital practice, shaft sinking and tunneling, for testing automo- 
bile parts, batteries, insulating material, paving material, etc. 

The United States Department of Agriculture has done some very 
important work in the educating of the general public to the advantages of 
cold storage and also in making practical tests in the storage of various 
products. One of their most recent efforts along this line has been to 
show that eggs should be kept under refrigeration from the time they are 
gathered until disposed of. This would mean that every farm producing 
eggs for market, should have a satisfactory refrigerator, and at present 
not one farm in ten has such. The Department of Agriculture points out 
that the loss of eggs from heat damage during the summer amounts to at 
least 25 per cent of the total. It does not require but little imagination to 
see that this 25 per cent in value of the egg crop would in a short time 
pay for suitable refrigerating facilities for protecting the eggs on their_ 
journey from the producer to the consumer. : 

One of the most recent developments is the storage of apple cider 
under refrigeration. It has been demonstrated that fresh cider well clari- 
fied may be cold stored for several months without chemical treatment and 
without important change. This means that it may be kept “sweet” for this 
length of time so as to be palatable and useful as a beverage. This in 
itself opens up vast possibilities as an outlet for surplus and low grade 
apples. 


AWARD OF PREMIUMS, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 23 


Award of Premiums, Annual Meeting, 1916, Minnesota 
State Horticultural Society. 


APPLES, 
= COLLECTION. 


C. Webster, La Crescent, Webster, score 85, $2.85. 
SI Matzke, South St. Paul, score, 90, $3.05. 
Geo. Strand, Taylors Falls, score 55, $1.90. 
Let I Tote La Crescent, score 70, $2.35. 
Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 65, $2.00. . 
Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score 68, $2. 30. 
P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score 50, $1.7 
W.S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, score ai, $1.05. 
Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 83, $2.80. 
LE ROY CADY, Judge. 


SINGLE VARIETIES. 


Lords L, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, second premium, 50 cents. 
Yahnke, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, second, 50 cents. 
Hibernal, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 

N. W. Greening, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 
Wealthy, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 
Longfield, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 
Gideon, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. 

Superb, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 
Walbridge, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 
Yellow Transparent, M. Oleson, Montevideo, first, 75 cents. 
Duchess, M. Oleson, Montevideo, second, 50 cents. 

Duchess, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first, 75 cents. 
Hibernal, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, third, 25 cents. 
Malinda, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, second, 50 cents. 
McMahon, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, third, 25 cents. 
Okabena, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first, 75 cents. 
Patten’s Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, 75 cents. 
Peerless, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, second, 50 cents. 
University, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first, 75 cents. 
Antonovka, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, third, 25 cents. 
Borovinka, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, second, 50 cents. 
Charlamoff, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, first, 75 cents. 
Peerless, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, third, 25 cents. 
Iowa Beauty, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, first, 75 cents. 
Yellow Sweet, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, first, 75 cents. 
Anis, D. T. Wheaton, Morris, first, 75 cents. 

Malinda, Henry Husser, Minneiska, third, 25 cents. 
Longfield, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 50 cents. 
Jewell’s Winter, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. 
Fameuse, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. 

Gideon, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 50 cents. 

Lords L, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. 

Yahnke, Henry Husser, Minneiska, third, 25 cents. 

Salome, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 75 cents. 

Wolf River, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 
Peerless, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 

Fameuse, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 

Utter, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 

Antonovka, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 
Yahnke, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 

McMahon, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 
Okabena, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, third, 25 cents. 

Jewell’s Winter, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, second, 50 cents. 
Scott’s Winter, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, second, 50 cents. 
Anisim, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, third, 25 cents. 

Malinda, Dewain Cook, Jeffers, first, 75 cents. 

Wolf River, Dewain Cook, Jeffers, first, 75 cents.” 

Wealthy, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. 

Patten’s Greening, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. 
Patten’s Greening, Frank Hatcher, Wayzata, second, 50 cents. 
Okabena, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. 
McMahon, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. 

Anisim, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. 

Duchess, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. 

Borovinca, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, first, 75 cents. 

Ben Davis, Pp. H. Perry, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. 

Yellow Transparent, P. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. ’ 
Tetofsky, P. H. Perry, eee first, 75 cents. 
Charlamoff, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. 
Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. 


24 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SEEDLING VARIETIES—Continued. 


N. W. Greening, W. P. Burrow, La Crescent, third, 25 cents, 
Wolf River, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, third, 25 cents. 
Fameuse, W. 8S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. 
Longfield, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, third, 25 cents. 

N. W. Greening, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 
Plumb’s Cider, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 
Brett, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 

Hibernal, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 

University, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, second, 50 cents. 
Gideon, Frank Hatcher, Wayzata, first, 75 cents. 

University, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. 

Jewell’s Winter, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, third, 25 cents. 
Anisim, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. 

Antonovka, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, second, 50 cents. 

Windsor Chief, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, first, 75 cents. 4 


R. S. MACKINTOSH, Judge. 
COLLECTIONS, TOP-WORKED APPLES. 


Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, score 43, $2.50. 
D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 48, $2.80. 
Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, score 52, $3.05. 
P. H. Peterson, Atwater, score 69, $4.00. 
Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 100, $5.80. 
Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 35, $2.05. 
Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 46, $2.68. 
J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 36, $2.12. 
F. I. HARRIS, Judge. 


PECKS OF APPLES. 


N. W. Greening, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 92, 70 cents. 
Wealthy, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 90, 68 cents. 
Walbridge, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 70, 52 cents. 
Scott’s Winter, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. 
Jonathan, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. 

Bethel, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. 

Daisy, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 60, 45 cents. 

Winesap, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 70, 52 cents. e 
Paragon, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. 
Malinda, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 75, 56 cents 
McMahon, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 75, 56 cents. 

N. W. Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 80, 60 cents. 
Patten’s Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 70, 53 cents. 
Wealthy, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 80, 60 cents. 

N. W. Greening, F. W. Powers, Minneapolis, score 50, 38 cents. 
Wealthy, F. W. Powers, Minneapolis, score 60, 45 cents. 
Wealthy, Miss Flora Moeser, St. Louis Park, score 60, 45 cents. 
Salome, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 80, 60 cents. 

Wealthy, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 75, 57 cents. 

Jewell’s Winter, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 80, 60 cents. 
Ben Davis, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 82, 62 cents. 
Peerless, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 50, 38 cents. 

Wealthy, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 60, 45 cents. 

Utter, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 70, 52 cents. 

Wealthy, Joe Baumgardner, Robbinsdale, score 80, 60 cents. 
Malinda, Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 80, 60 cents. 

Wealthy, J. K. McBroom, Exscelsior, score 88, 65 cents. 
Patten’s Greening, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. 
N. W. Greening, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. 
Lords L, Chas. Krause, St. Paul, score 70, 52 cents. 

Weaithy, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. 

N. W. Greening, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score 80, 60 cents. 
Wealthy, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score 65, 49 cents. 

Peter, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score 70, 53 cents, 

Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score 82, 62 cents. 

N. W. Greening, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score 82, 62 cents. 
J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, score 75, 57 points. 

N. W. Greening, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, score 85, 64 cents. 
N. W. Greening, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 82, 62 cents. 
Ben Davis, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 85, 63 cents. 
Snow, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 80, 60 cents. 
Blacktwig, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score 83, 63 cents. 
N. W. Greening, Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City, score 75, 57 cents. 
Seedling, Dr. O. M. Huestis, Minneapolis, score 75, 57 cents. 


GEO. W. STRAND, Judge. 


AWARD OF PREMIUMS, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 


BOXES OF APPLES. 


C. Webster, La Crescent, score .956, $2.30; second premium, $10. 
Wealthy Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .796, $1.90. 

N. W. Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .805, $1.95. 
Patten’s Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score 720, $1.70. 
ii beatae F. W. Powers, Minneapolis, score 716, 1.70. 

Apples, I. Harris, La Crescent, score .824, $2. 

Keep- alt June, Mrs. M. A. Knowles, Excelsior, poage 695, $1.65. 
Wealthy, J. K. McBroom, Excelsior, score .855, $2.10. 

Wealthy, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score .866, 82 10; third, $5. 
Wealthy, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score .784, 

Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score OT. 3 307 fiTSt, $15. 
Wealthy, J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, score .751. $1. 80. 

Wealthy, Jewell Nursery Cos Lake City, score .660, $1.60. 


Ww. G. BRIERLEY, 
RICHARD WELLINGTON, 
Judges. 


BARRELS OF APPLES. 


ee C. Webster, La Crescent, score .97, $2.95; first premium, $20. 
Ww. Greening, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .89, $2.75. 
ety, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, score .905, $2.75; third, $10. 
N. W. Greening, Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 895, $2.70; fourth, $5. 
Apples, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, score 76, $2.30. 
Wealthy, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, score .65, $1.95. 
Wealthy, W. P. Burow, La Crescent, score .965, $2.90; second, $15. 
J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, score .64, $1.95. 
Grimes Golden, Henry Vollenweider, La Crescent, score .805, $2.45. 
N. W. Greening, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, score "145, $2.30. 


W. G. BRIERLEY, 
RICHARD WELLINGTON, 
Judges. 


EARLY WINTER SEEDLING APPLES. 


No. 26, W. S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, score 65, $4.65: 
John Van Loon, La Crosse, Wis., score 60, $4.30. 
No. 29, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 85, $6.10. 
W. H. Horton, Alexandria, score 50, $3.55. 
M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 55, $3.95. 
A. Brackett, Excelsior, score 75, $5.30. 
Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 50, $3.55. = 
jhe P. Burow, ‘La Crescent, score 70 wir 

re: McKibben, Ramey, score 60, $4.3 
cre. A. Johnson, Minneapolis, score a "$5.35. 
M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 55, $3.95. 

CLARENCE WEDGE, 


CHAS. HARALSON, 
GEO. W. STRAND, 
Judges. 


LATE WINTER SEEDLING APPLES. 


Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, score 70, $2.25. 

No. 32, M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 62, Soi 

No. 11, M. Oleson, Montevideo, score 65, $2.10. 

Timothy Ryan, Hopkins, score 80, $2.60. 

Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 75, $2.40. 

P. H. Peterson, Atwater, score 65, $2. 10. . 

Louis Anderson, Gladstone, score 85, $2.70. 

Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 60, $1.90. 

Wm. Schmidt, Excelsior, score 88, $2.80. 

Henry Husser, Minneiska, score 65, $2.10. 

Rolla Stubbs, Maple Plain, score 60, $1.90. 

Mrs. M. A. Knowles, Excelsior, Soap 65, $2.10. 

Dewain Cook, Jeffers, score 75, $2. 

W.-S. Widmoyer, La Crescent, the sions 75, $2.40. 

J. S. Decker, Austin, score 45, $1.40. 

Eleni: Runck, New Ulm, score 60, $1.90. 

H. L. Runck, New Ulm, score 67, $2.15. 

No. 17, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 90, $2.90. 

No. 19, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 95, $3.10. 

No. 23, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 73, $2.35. 

No. 1, J. A. Howard, Hammond, score 55, $1.75. 

Arnt Johnson, Viroqua, Wis., score 85, $2.75. 
CLARENCE WEDGE, 
CHAS. HARALSON, 
GEO. W. STRAND, Judges 


25 


26 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


GRAPES. 


Collection, Sil Matzke, South St. Paul, first premium, $8. 
A. BRACKETT, Judge. 


NUTS. 


Hickory, D. C. Webster, La Crescent, first premium, $1. 
Butternuts, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls, fourth, 25 cents. 
Butternuts, D. T. Wheaton, Morris, first, $1. 

Hickory, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 75 cents. 
Walnuts, Henry Husser, Minneiska, first, 
Butternuts, Henry Husser, Minneiska, second, 75 cents. 
Hickory, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, third, 50 cents. 
Walnuts, F. I. Harris, La Crescent, third, 50 cents. 
Hazel nuts, Fred Zuercher, Excelsior, first, $1 

Black walnuts, Fred Zuercher, fourth, 25 cents. 

Black walnuts, W. S. Widmoyer, second, 75 cents:. 
Butternuts, W. S. Widmoyer, third, 50 cents. 


THOMAS REDPATH, Judge. 


PLANTS. 


Collection, 12 palms, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first premium, $10. 

Collection, 12 ferns, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first $10. 

Collection, 12 blooming plants, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first, $12. 

Collection, 12 ferns, Merriam Park Floral Co., Merriam Park, second, $7. 

ee haa 12 blooming plants, Merriam Park Floral Co., Merriam Park, 
second, ' 


CUT FLOWERS—ROSES. 


Red roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, second, $2. 
Pink roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first, $3. 
White roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, second, $2. 
Yellow roses, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, third, $1. 
Red roses, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, first, $3. 

Pink roses, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2. 

Yellow roses, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2. 

Red roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, third, $1. 

Pink roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, third, $1. 

White roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, first, $3. 

Yellow roses, N. Nielson, Mankato, first, $3. 


CUT FLOWERS—CHRYSANTHEMUMS. 


12 Yellow chrysanthemums, J. A. Webber, Excelsior, first, $4. 

12 Yellow chrysanthemums, John E. Sten, Red Wing, third, $2. 

12 any color chrysanthemums, John E. Sten, Red Wing, first, $4. 

12 Yellow chrysanthemums, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, second, $3. 
12 any color chrysanthemums, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, third, $2. 
12 pink chrysanthemums, A. Herzog, 3526 Penn Ave. No., Minneapolis, sec- 


ond, $3. 
CUT FLOWERS—CARNATIONS. 


25 red carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing, first, $3. 

25 pink carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing, third, $1. 

25 white carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing, third, $1. 

25 white carnations, John E. Sten, Red Wing. 

25 red carnations, Hans Rosacker, 19th Ave. & Stinson Blvd. NE., Minne- 
apolis, third, $1. ‘ 

25 white carnations, Hans Rosacker, 19th Ave. & Stinson Blvd. NE., first, $3. 

25 pink carnations, Hans Rosacker, Minneapolis, second, $2. 

Red carnations, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2 

Pink carnations, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, first, $3. 

White carnations, A. N. Kinsman, Austin, second, $2. 


BASKETS. 


Basket, Swanson Floral Co., Minneapolis, first, $10. 
WM. DESMOND, Judge. 


AWARD OF PREMIUMS, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 


VEGETABLES. 


Onions, red, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, second, $2. 
Onions, yellow, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, first, $3.50. 
Onions, yellow, S. O. Gates, Hopkins, second, $2. 
Onions, red, S. O. Gates, Hopkins, fourth, 50 cents. 
Onions, white pickling, Wm. E. Noack, R. 1, St. Paul, third, $1. 
Beets, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Cabbage, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. 
Carrots, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Celeriac, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. 
Potatoes, Frank Dunning, Anoka, first, $3.50. 
Pie pumpkins, Frank Dunning, Anoka, third, $1. 
Hubbard squash, Frand Dunning, Anoka, first, $3.50. 
Parsnips, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, second, $2. 
Salsify, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, first, $3.50. 
Hubbard squash, Isabella Atherton, Newport, second, $2. 
Parsley, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. 
Parsnips, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. 
Potatoes, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. 
Pie pumpkins,, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. 
Salsify, Daniel Gantzer, Merriam Park, second, $2. 
Hubbard squash, Daniel Gantzer, fourth, 50 cents. 
White turnips, Daniel Gantzer, second, $2. 
Onions, white, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, third, $1. 
Onions, yellow, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, fourth, 50 cents. 
Onions, white pickling, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, fourth, 50 cents. 
Carrots, Aug. Bucholz, Anoka, second, $2. 
Beets, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, second, $2. 
Cabbage, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, fourth, 50 cents. 
Lettuce, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. 
Onions, white, Fred Scherf, Osseo, second, $2. 
Cabbage, Jos. Baumgardner, Robbinsdale, first, $3.50. 
Onions, red, P. H. Peterson, Atwater, first, $3.50. 
Beets, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, fourth, 50 cents. 
Carrots, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, first, $3.50. 
Celery, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, second, $2. 
Onions, white globe, Fred Wilson, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. 
Celery, Fred Wilson, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. 
Onions, pickling, H. G. Groat, Anoka, second, $2. 
Beets, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. 
Cabbage, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Celeriac, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, second, $2. 
Onions, red, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Onions, white, Merriam Park, fourth, 50 cents. 
Onions, yellow, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Onions, pickling, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. 
Carrots, J. F. Olinger, Hopkins, fourth, 50 cents. ' 
Rutabagas, Daniel Gantzer, St. Paul, fourth, 50 cents. 
Rutabagas, Aug. Bucholz, Anoka, third, $1. 
Radishes, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, first, $3.50. 
Hubbard squash, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, third, $1. 
Parsley, Mrs. E. H. Haeg, Minneapolis, fourth, 50 cents. 
Rutabagas, Fred Scherf, Osseo, first, $3.50. 
White turnips, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, first, $3.50. 
Rutabagas, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, first, $3.50. 
Rutabagas, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, second, $2. 
Potatoes, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, fourth, 50 cents. 
Pie pumpkin, J. F. Held, St. Louis Park, fourth, 50 cents. 
Parsely, J. A. Webber, Excelsior, third, $1. 
Parsnips, H. G. Groat, Anoka, fourth, 50 cents. 
Parsley, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, second, $2. 
Parsnips, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Pie pumpkins, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, first, $3.50. 
Salsify, Chas. Kraus, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
White turnips, Chas. Krause, Merriam Park, third, $1. 
Potatoes, P. H. Perry, Excelsior, third, $1. 

J. V. BAILEY, Judge 


28 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Collegeville Trial Station in 1916. 


REV. JOHN B. KATZNER, SUPT. — 


We regret to say that our expectation of a good fruit crop 
did not verify. Everything looked so promising last spring: 
the winter was not too cold, the trees though late were full of 
flowers, and no late spring frosts interfered with setting a good 
crop of fruit. And yet our crop, as in many other places, was very 
small and inferior. We can only attribute this failure to the 
many rains and unseasonable cold weather during May and June, 
followed by the excessive heat of July and August. Most varie- 
ties of apples dropped their flowers entirely or set only a few 
fruits. To make things worse, blight set in when the trees 
started to grow vigorously in July, which in spite of all the cut- 
ting could not be kept in check. Many trees were simply ruined, 
and we were obliged to cut a large block of trees from the or- 
chard. It is most discouraging to see a promising orchard gradu- 
ally ruined by blight. Would it not be possible to breed blight 
proof apple trees just the same way as Prof. N. E. Hansen is 
doing with pears? 

The best bearing varieties this year were the Hibernal, 
Duchess, Anisim and Patten’s No. 108. All others bore very 
little fruit and quite inferior. Patten’s Greening was small 
and partly full of cracks, just like ripe plums crack after a rain. 
The apples were about three weeks later in ripening and their 
quality was not up to its usual excellence. This might also have 
been brought about by the adverse condition of the weather. The 
new varieties of apple trees obtained last spring from the State 
Fruit-Breeding Farm are all alive and made a good growth. We 
expect to find some good kinds among them. Besides these we 
have a few seedings of our own raising which look very prom- 
ising. 

Mr. Chas. Patten’s pear seedling is a wonderful grower. 
Grafts inserted on German stocks made a growth of more than 
five feet over summer. One being three years old may bear next 
year. As most of these trees were standing among the old plum 
trees, and the place is needed for the better arrangement of the 
orchard, they were taken out and heeled in over winter and will 
be planted in a small trial orchard next spring. We have six 
varieties of Prof. N. E. Hansen’s new hybrid pears, grafted also 
on German pear stocks. They are now two years old, and most 
of them have made a splendid growth; some are seven feet high. 
We like especially No. 10 for its fine, stocky growth, large green, 


COLLEGEVILLE TRIAL STATION. 29 


| 


beautiful leaf and few spines. They too have been heeled in over 
winter and will find their place in the trial orchard. In regard 
to blight they are so far immune, not a blighted leaf or branch 
was seen on the trees, although other pears standing around 
them blighted to the ground. They also seem to be perfectly 
hardy. Thus we have reasonable hope for successful pear-grow- 
-ing in Minnesota. 


Scotch pine on south slope three years after planting—at Collegeville. 


The old plum trees have done a little better than the apples. 
We got at least half a crop. Most of these old trees are now 
removed, and the plum orchard will get a new location. Of the 
new plums from the Fruit-Breeding Farm we cannot say very 
much yet. Most of the trees bloomed well but ripened only a few 
plums. The largest and best plum was again No. 8. The fruit 
was fully 134 inches long and almost that in diameter. Then 
there were Nos. 10, 20, 15, 11, 3 and 2. All of these were nice 
large plums, but not all of equal quality. No. 2 had the most 
plums, which were relished by many. We are waiting for a full 
crop, then we shall be able to pass better judgment on these new 
plums. We have lost a few trees, one each of Nos. 16, 20, 8, 3 
and 21, and two or three trees have been injured by storms. 


30 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Of all fruits the grapes have done the best. There were no 
frosts during May and June like last year, and the vines though 
kept back by cool weather finally came out strong for a full crop. 
The only disadvantage for doing their best was the short season 
for ripening their fruit well. Being about three weeks later than 
normal years, only the earliest varieties came to maturity. Late 
sorts such as the Concord never got ripe. The Concord too was 


a 


Man “ 


ea ia 4 ca Ht 


Scotch pine forest fifteen years old—at Collegeville. 


affected by mildew and produced very little fruit. All others did 
well; we gathered some five bushels of tame grapes. But the best 
bearing vine which ripened its fruit was the Alpha. It was just 
loaded with fine clusters of grapes. In the line of fruits we never 
saw a more beautiful sight than this vine. On one nine year old 
vine we counted eighty bunches. They were a surprise and an 
admiration to all visitors who had a chance to see them. We 
gathered ten bushels of grapes from the Alpha vines. The Alpha 
vines should be pruned every fall, otherwise bunches and berries 
would stay considerably smaller. That the Alpha is a hardy vine 
is shown by the fact that it was bearing this year at Thief River 
Falls, about 350 miles northwest of St. Paul. 


COLLEGEVILLE TRIAL STATION. 31 


As stated in a former report we planted a new bed of ever- 
bearing strawberries, No. 1017, in spring, to which were added 
the plants, also No. 1017, received from the Fruit-Breeding 
Farm. They were well taken care of but did not do nearly as 
well as the preceding year. They produced some berries but on 
the whole were not satisfactory. At the same time and from the 
same source some strawberry plants of No. 3 were set out. These 


Scotch pine forest twenty years old—at Collegeville Station. 


plants made a splendid growth and promise well for a good crop 
next year. 

Currant bushes have done fairly well and quite a quantity 
of berries have been picked from them. 

Not much was done in forestry, only a few hundred Scotch 
pines were set out. 

Our little nursery is in good condition, and the grafts of 
apples, pears and plums made a good growth. A few pear buds 
of No. 26485 from the U. S. Dept. of Agr. inserted on German 
pear stocks grew very well all summer, but in September they 
blighted to death. Apple trees have been removed from the 
nursery and made ready for next year’s planting. 


32 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The vegetable garden again furnished us all kinds of vege- 
tables and plenty of them during the season. It paid well for 
the work and care. As we had many rains during the summer 
months irrigation was not much needed for the best growth of 
plants. The root-cellar is now well filled with vegetables for use 
during winter. 

If there was anything worth while seeing at our place dur- 
ing the season, it was our floral planting. The artistic floral and 
foliage designs on our lawns were most beautiful. There were 
flowers of many kinds in profusion at all times. We admired in 
particular the peonies, dahlias, cannas, lilies and gladioli; of 
shrubs, the lilacs, spireas and mock orange. : 

This year has brought us meager returns not only in horti- 
culture, but in agriculture as well, for the labor and care bestowed 
on our orchards and fields. Another year may bless us with an 
abundance of fruit. 


WARNING. WHITE PINE. TREES BEING DESTROYED.—A disease known 
as the White Pine Blister Rust threatens the destruction of all the white 
pine and other five leaved pine trees in the United States. 

It has already appeared in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin, Minnesota and in Quebec and Ontario. 

There is no known cure for it. It kills the white pines infeeted and it 
spreads steadily. The spores or seeds are blown from diseased pines to 
currant and gooseberry bushes. They germinate on the leaves of these 
bushes. The leaves then produce millions of spores or seeds of the disease 
which are blown by the wind from the bushes to the pines, and even those 
several miles distant from the nearest bushes are infected, become diseased | 
and die. : 

The white pines in New England are worth $75,000,000; in the Lake 
States $96,000,000; in western States $60,000,000; and in the National 
Forests $30,000,000,000, or a total of $261,000,000. 

Unless the ravages of the White Pine Blister Rust are stopped these 
pines will be destroyed. 

The American Forestry Association urges people in all the regions 
where the disease has been discovered to destroy at once all currant and 
gooseberry bushes, diseased pines, and others exposed to infection. This 
will help to stop the spread of the disease-—American Forestry Association, 
Washington, D. C. 


APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 33 


Apples and Orchards. 
KE. A. SMITH, VICE-PRESIDENT, JEWELL NURSERY CO., LAKE CITY. 


The problem of marketing apples is as great as the problem 
of planting and caring for the orchard itself. Any information 
derived from practical experience should prove interesting and 
profitable to apple growers in the northwest. 

Size of Orchard and Varieties.—The writer believes that a 
mistake is often made in planting too many varieties in a com- 
mercial orchard. There should not be more than five varieties, 
each consisting of a sufficient number of trees so there will be a 
carload or more to market at a given time. The reason for this 
is, that apples can be handled in car lots more economically and 
the profit will be correspondingly greater. If shipped to com- 
‘mission men, they prefer them in car lots and can dispose of 
them at better prices in quantity, and will usually buy them at a 
given price on the tree or delivered F. O. B. shipping station in 
car lots. 

Among the varieties to plant, in locations similar to that at 
Lake City, the writer would select about 100 trees of the Duchess 
type, 100 of the Okabena, 600 of the Wealthy, 100 of the North- 
west Greening and 100 of some late winter apple. I use the word 
“type” in a broad sense, for it may be a matter of opinion rather 
than of merit as to which varieties are really the best and most 
profitable. The writer would not attempt to dictate in this 
regard, as the location must influence the selection. For instance, 
at Lake City and vicinity and along the bluffs of the Mississippi, 
the Northwest Greening is one of the most desirable varieties to 
plant, as it yields well in that locality and hangs on the tree well. 
The tree is vigorous and comparatively long lived, and there is 
never any trouble selling the apples at a good price. In some 
parts of the state, this variety is not a success. Therefore, the 
locality will have to be taken into consideration in determining 
‘what to plant. I do not, however, recommend the Northwest 
Greening for general planting. 

The advantage of planting the Duchess type, is, that the 
process of picking may be commenced early. By getting these 
varieties on the market early and in good shape, a good price can 
generally be realized. Then follows the Okabena. This variety 
of apple is always in demand and the market never glutted. The 
apple is attractive, is a splendid all around variety for the season, 
a heavy bearer and the tree is vigorous. These early varieties 


34 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


should not be allowed to ripen on the tree, but should be picked 
a little on the green side as they will ship much better and reach 
the market in better condition. Then comes the Wealthy. The 
weakness of this apple commercially is that it falls from the tree 
with the slightest provocation and many apples are lost, or on’ 
account of being bruised they must be graded low, bringing a 
correspondingly low price. The Northwest Greenings may be 
picked last. They hang on the tree well, pack splendidly and are 


iT 


ic 
er = 
ea 


E. A, Smith, Lake City. 


as attractive as any green colored apples that are put on the 
market. 

The writer has found there is a demand for crab apples at a 
good price, and a hundred crab apple trees would be found profit- 
able, as the fruit seldom sells for less than $1.50 per bushel and 
usually brings more. 

Apples for Live Stock.—We find in a recent article in one 
of the horticultural magazines, a correspondent advises that 
apples are the best conditioner for horses, cattle, sheep and swine 
that can be grown on the farm. The correspondent referred to 
stated that he was able to raise healthy hogs in the midst of a 
hog cholera epidemic with which surrounding herds were com- 
pletely annihilated. This correspondent writes that he fed his 


APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 35 


hogs liberally with.apples from the middle of J ee to the end ss 
the season, that the hogs were la wore 

directly exposed to infection E 
from other herds, but he did 
not lose one. This fact alone, 
fully established, means thou- 
sands of dollars to the farm- 
ers of the northwest and is a 
big asset for the apple. 

Commission Men.--We have 
heard a great deal about com- 
mission men disposing of ap- 
ples at such low prices there 
was no profit to the seller. In 
many instances the writer be- 
lieves that these low prices 
were made necessary because 
the apples were poorly packed 
or were of poor quality. We 
have found reliable commis- 
sion men prompt in their re- 
turns, anxious to please the 
customer and reliable in their 
reports. Their commission 
varies from ten to fifteen per 
cent. upon sales, depending 
upon conditions connected 
with the sale. 

Packing the Apples.—The 
ordinary farmer pack is the 
poorest of all. If the apples 
are faced, the work is often 
poorly done, the apples being 
thrown hit or miss in the bar- 
rel, thus reducing the best 
ones to the lowest grade price. 
In packing apples, the barrel 
pack is the most economical 
and the best for this section 
of the country. All grades of 
apples should be faced with 
two tiers and legitimately these may eae of the: past apples in 


“UIQ aye] YB ‘pavyouo yng SOD AreSINN [eof JO META [BI}IVd 


36 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the grade. The first and second grades should not contain apples 
smaller than 214 inches in diameter. The third grade may con- 
tain apples two inches in diameter. we 

Cost of Raising Apples.—In a recent magazine, I found the 
average expense per acre for an orchard in New York, including 
interest, taxes and every item of expense was $70.50 per acre and 
the net profit was $196.26 per acre. 

In the State of Washington, the average cost per bushel is 
24c to grow, 16c to harvest, 10c for the box, making the cost, 


Spraying in the Jewell Bluff orchard. 


F. O. B. orchard, 50c per box, to which must be added interest 
and taxes on land valued at $200.00 per acre before planting and 
$500.00 to $600.00 per acre after the orchard comes into bear- 
ing. Only the choice fruit is shipped, and this is usually sold at 
from 90c to $1.00 per bushel, F. O. B. shipping station. 

In Minnesota, choice Wealthy apples can be grown at a 
total cost of 50c per bushel and sold at an average of $1.00 per 
bushel on land worth not to exceed $50.00 per acre before plant- 
ing. 

Selling Price of Apples.—The third week in September this 
year apples were beginning to arrive from Maryland and that 
section of the country, and prices were quoted on such varieties 
as York Imperial, Jonathan, etc., at $2.40 per barrel, at shipping 
station. The freight would be 65c, which would make the net 
cost, laid down at St. Paul or Minneapolis, about $3.00 per bar- 
rel for southern apples. Also apples from Missouri and Kansas 


‘ 


.APPLES AND ORCHARDS. on 


were. quoted at $2.50 per barrel at shipping station, plus the 
freight of about 40c per barrel, making them net at Minneapolis 
$2.90, car load lots. At the same time the best quality of Wealthy 
apples were selling to the trade at $4.00 per barrel, F. O. B. ship- 
ping station, within a radius of 75 miles of the Twin Cities, and 
were selling at retail to customers in such varieties as Jonathan 
and Wealthy at 20c per dozen, 5c per pound and up, depending 
upon quality, making a retail price of $2.00 or more per bushel. 
Apples 21% inches and up average about 140 to the bushel. 

Best Location for An Orchard.—There are thousands of 
acres of land located on the bluffs and along the banks of the 
Mississippi and throughout the northwest, which are admirably 
adapted to growing apples upon a commercial scale. The bluffs 
which slope to the north and east are the best. At present most 
of them are covered with underbrush or a poor class of timber. 
Such land may be called practically valueless, so far as the pres- 
ent income derived from it is concerned. The timber, however, 
will usually pay for clearing the land. 

The Jewell Bluff Orchard.—The Jewell Nursery Company, 

of Lake City, Minn., endeavored to solve the problem of making 
such land profitable by clearing one of these steep bluffs. The 
cost of clearing the timber and digging roads on the side hill so 
that teams could traverse them, was estimated at $50.00 per acre. 
The orchard was planted largely to Wealthy, Northwest Green- 
ing and Virginia crab apples. The latter were planted for the 
purpose of top-working, which has since been done, being top- 
worked very largely to the Wealthy. Except for semi-hardy 
varieties, I can not say that I especially recommend top-working 
apple trees. The orchard now consists of about twenty-one acres 
and 1,900 trees. As the process of clearing and planting has 
extended over several years, not more than a thousand of these 
trees have come into bearing, and a number of these have only 
borne one or two years. It was this orchard that won two first 
prizes for the State of Minnesota at the Spokane National Apple 
Show in 1909 and 1911, in competition with twelve north central 
states, demonstrating the fact that Minnesota could grow as fine 
apples as can be grown anywhere. 

As the trees are located on a steep side hill, it is not possible, 
and not necessary, to cultivate the entire orchard, and so the sod 
is removed from around the trees for a space of about six feet 
in diameter and the earth is stirred two or three times during 


38 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the summer so it will not bake and also to conserve the moisture. 
Sheep are pastured in this orchard. 

Spraying.—Our first spraying, spring of 1916, was done 
early, before the trees started to bloom. The second spraying 
was done just after the trees had blossomed and before they had 
completely set their fruit. The third spraying was done in the 
early summer. The spray used for each of the three treatments 


Jewell’s Winter apple tree, in Jewell Bluff orchard. 


consisted of lime-sulphur, arsenate of lead and nicotine, the 
first spray being in proportion, 63 gallons of lime-sulphur to 
378 gallons of water. The second spray, 1314 gallons of lime- 
sulphur, plus 54 lbs. of arsenate of lead, plus 414 pints of nicotine 
to 450 gallons of water. The third spray consisted of 18 gallons 
of lime-sulphur, 72 lbs. of arsenate of lead, 6 pints of nicotine to 
600 gallons of water. 

We use a two-horse sprayer which requires one man to 
drive and two men to spray. The orchard is thus quickly cov- 
ered. The total cost of the spray material was $27.00. 

Yield, Receipts, Expense and Profit—wWe figured that we 
had about a 50 per cent. crop upon trees that were in bearing. 
Our orchard is divided into three sections. The first or early 
planting consists of about 500 trees, which average eight inches 


APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 39 


in diameter. The second section consists of 100 trees, which 
average five to six inches in diameter. The third section, and 
the last planted, consists of about 400 trees, which run two inches 
in diameter. Our total yield was 1,407 bushels. The total re- 
ceipts were $1,233.86. The total expenses were $746.28, leaving 
a credit balance and profit, not including interest and taxes, of 
$487.58. As four acres of this orchard are not yet in bearing, 
and four acres have just commenced bearing, the thirteen acres 
which are in bearing took care of and paid for the work upon 
the entire orchard. We believe that this expense more than 
equaled the interest and taxes for the year. Two hundred and 
forty-eight bushels of apples practically worthless for marketing 
were sent to the pigs. This was a very large proportion of poor 
fruit, the percentage of which we shall try to reduce the coming 
year. The real value of these apples for conditioning purposes is 
not known. 


SUMMARY. 


1. If thinning is necessary, pick those apples which are 
scabby or misshapen, as they will probably go on the dump pile 
anyway. If you are intending to sell the apples green, the best 
must be picked. 

2. Estimate the amount of the crop the latter part of July. 
Then order barrels sufficient to cover the estimate. 

3. Arrange with commission men, or others, for the sale 
of the apples before they are picked. Reliable commission men 
will do their best for you in marketing your fruit, but you must 
get it to them in good condition. 

4. To avoid bruising, use sacks for picking in, or baskets 
that are lined. 

5. Arrange for spraying. Have the material ready in 
time and have the work well done at the proper time. 

6. Have the tables lined, sides and bottom, where the ap- 
ples are sorted. 

7. Use a screw press for heading barrels. 

8. Face the top of the barrel with two tiers of the best 
apples in the grade. Do not use old or dirty barrels for ship- 
ping. 

9. A spring wagon should be used for hauling the apples. 

10. In Minnesota, the barrel is the best and most economi- 
cal form of pack. 

11. Apples are the best conditioner for live stock that can 
be found. 

12. An apple eaten each day will do much toward keeping 
the doctor away. 

13. Utilize the waste land profitably by planting an or- 
chard upon it. 


40 ' MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


14. If the fruit grower can establish his brand and secure 
a list of customers from year to year, selling them apples that 
will satisfy, he can get the retail price and increase his profit. 

15. The profitable result of growing apples is in securing 
a market, adopting intelligent methods in selling and in keeping 
down the overhead expense. 


Mr. Kellogg: I wish to ask: the result of the painting for 
blight; was there any good from it? 

Mr. Smith: We have tried it. I would refer that question 
to Mr. Underwood, who is present. 

Mr. Underwood: I suppose Mr. Kellogg refers to our paint- 
ing our orchard trees with a preparation, I think it was called 
Warnocks. Some man down in Missouri, I can’t remember so 
very much about it, anyway he recommended a paint that would 
prevent blight. I painted our trees with that preparation, and 
all I can say is we haven’t had any blight, but it takes more than 
‘one swallow to make a spring, and I am not ready to recommend 
it. I have heard that the preparation has been condemned and 
there has been some trouble about it, but I don’t know the par- 
ticulars about it. I know that our trees have not blighted since 
we put that preparation on. But we do not have much blight, 
it was only some Wealthy trees that had commenced to blight a 
little, and so we painted the trees. I shall try it some more. I 
have a little confidence in it, but I haven’t had the experience 
that would warrant me to say to this society, by all means get 
that Warnock paint and paint your trees if you have any trouble 
with blight. 

Mr. Powers: How do you paint them, put it on with a 
spray? 

Mr. Underwood: No, you scrape the roughness of the bark 
off from the body of the tree clear down to the ground and take 
the dirt away at the root of the tree and then apply it with a 
brush. It smells something like a petroleum product, I think it 
has that appearance. I don’t know whether any one else know 
anything about the paint or not. 

Mr. Ludlow: Will that paint keep off mice and rabbits? 

Mr. Underwood: I don’t know that. I want to say right 
here that the way to keep the rabbits and mice from girdling your 
trees is to get rid of the rabbits and mice. Don’t have any rab- 
bits and mice, then you won’t have any girdling, and it is easily 
done. 

The President: Tell us how you do it. 

Mr. Underwood: Our president gave us a splendid remedy 
at one of our meetings. He said to put some corn shocks around 
your orchard, have something for them to eat there and then put 
some poison in, I think. Anyway, that is what I would do. That 
will keep the rabbits away. But we have a man that works for 
us in the nursery a great deal, an old gentleman, and in the win- 
ter time he doesn’t work and he hasn’t anything else to do. He 


APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 41 


goes around in our orchards and the way that man catches rab- 
bits is really a wonder. He snares them, and we pay him 10 
cents a piece for the ears, and then he has the rabbit left. I 
don’t know whether he does anything with the skins or not but 
he certainly has a good many rabbits to eat. If you believe in 
eating meat at all a rabbit is good eating. The way we do to 
get rid of mice is to put a can at every tree in the orchard with 
a little poisoned grain in it. Lay the can down on its side, and 
the. mice will get it. If you haven’t any mice in your orchard 
there is no danger. 

Mr. Anderson: How do you poison the grain? 

Mr. Underwood: Soak it in strychnine. 

Mr. Harrison: One of the best remedies to get rid of mice 
and rabbits from the trees is to get some of the cheapest soap 
you can find and rub it up and down on the tree. The rabbit is 
a kind of a dainty fellow, and he don’t like soap. 

Prof. Hansen: I would like to ask Mr. Smith if he would 
recommend any apple earlier than the Duchess for commercial 
planting? 

Mr. Smith: The Yellow Transparent and the Tetofsky are 
very generally used in this section of the country. They are 
early apples, but they are poor shippers. Whether to plant them 
in a commercial orchard is a question. I can’t say I would. There 
are other fruits which take the place of the early apple. You 
have the early crab and have small fruits, and by the time 
they, and some of Hansen’s new fruits, are through you are 
ready for the apple. 

Mr. Horton: You spoke about planting trees of a late win- 
ter variety. What would you recommend? 

Mr. Smith: If I should recommend any I might recommend 
several, but I think that is for the party to decide in the locality 
where he lives. 

Mr. Underwood: Malinda. 
Mr. Smith: No Malinda for me. So there is a difference of 
opinion. 

Mr. Underwood: I don’t know why we should not grow the 
Malinda. It is better apple than the Ben Davis, a perfect keeper, 
and it is a prolific bearer. I want to tell you that eleven miles 
from Philadelphia is a large commercial orchard, several hun- 
dred acres and a great many thousand trees, and what apple do 
you suppose they grow the most of? It is the Ben Davis, and I 
would rather have the Malinda any time than the Ben Davis. 
The Malinda is a good apple. One of our members who isn’t 
here now says that he depends upon his children to tell whether 
apples are good to eat. They go down and get all the Malinda 
apples they can get, and he says if it is good enough for the chil- 
dren it is good enough for him. 

Mr. Vollenweider: In regard to the Malinda and Ben Davis. 
The Ben Davis is a red apple and the Malinda a yellow apple, and 
the people all take to a red apple in preference. 


42 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Smith: In connection with the Malinda apple, I speak 
of it from a commercial standpoint. I find it is not a favorite in 
the market and doesn’t bring a high price. It comes in competi- 
tion with the late keeping varieties, and it does not*compare 
favorably with those in looks and in price. 

A Member: I would like to have that subject of a late 
apple discussed here since we have time. In our part of the 
country along the river shore we can raise better kinds than the 
Malinda. The Malinda with me runs rather smaller than the 
market favors. We tried some Salomes, and they did exceed- 
ingly well. It is a nice tasting apple and it has a nicer color. 
The tree looks hardy enough along the river. It is a late apple. 
I would give preference to the Salome. About the other late 
varieties of apples which were mentioned this morning, like the 
Stark Brothers Delicious, it is a question whether it will ever be 
a success. It seems they don’t develop a big enough apple for 
the commercial orchard. 

Prof. Hansen: I would say I was very much interested in 
Mr. Smith’s statement, and I thought maybe I was working along 
the wrong line; that is, for extra early apples. Some years ago 
I spent a day in Winnipeg, Canada. There were some of the 
Yellow Transparent apples, very large, wrapped in paper in a 
small crate. They sold well, and ever since then I have thought 
there was a market for a very early apple. I worked a little in 
that line to get an extra early apple ahead of the Duchess. If 
there isn’t any market for such an apple I worked along the 
wrong line. I know the Yellow Transparent blights badly in 
places and also that the Tetofsky is more of a home apple, not a 
shipper. It seems to me there is a chance for an early apple. 
The Yellow Transparent would fill the bill if it didn’t seem to 
blight in so many places. 

Mr. Smith: In partial answer to Professor Hansen’s ques- 
tion regarding the early apple: « There isn’t a great demand for 
it in the market, for the reason that it is apt to decay and perish 
very quickly. There is a competitor in the shape of the Duchess 
picked nearly ripe. That makes splendid sauce, and that is 
about the principal use we make of the apple at that time. Sol 
don’t believe that commercially the early apple would be very 
desirable. I think in this country we want a late apple, not an 
early one. 

Mr. Underwood: May I add a word in regard to the early 
apple. Mr. George T. Powell, who, you remember, was with us 
a few years ago, told us that the apple that he made the most 
money from was the Wealthy, and he picked it early. He 
recommends picking them early, that they are an early apple. 
Last winter I talked with Mr. John Collins, who has the large 
commercial orchard I spoke of eleven miles from Philadelphia, 
and he says that the apple that he makes the most money off of 
is his Wealthy, because he commences picking them early. Now, 
the idea is, your Wealthy and your Duchess bear too full, the 


APPLES AND ORCHARDS. 43 


trees are loaded too much, and they fall off. Pick the largest 
apples, pick them early and put them on the market, and you will 
get a good price for them. That thins the tree out so that the 
apples that are left have a better chance to develop. That is one 
way to get early apples; pick the largest apples off the trees as 
soon as they are ready to pick, and they are bought readily for 
green apples. Green apple pies, you know they are good, and 
green apple sauce you know is good; and they bring a good price. 

Mr. Vollenweider: I have Duchess in my orchards, and I 
favor the Duchess. I do like Mr. Underwood says. I go to 
work and thin my Duchess and barrel them up and ship them to 
Minneapolis. They sell there for $3.75 a barrel. That gives me 
a better chance on the others, and they come along, and I get a 
good price for them. Last year when the Chicago markets were 
flooded with apples they told me I would lose money to ship my 
apples down there, but I did so and they brought me $3.75 a 
barrel when I couldn’t have sold them at home for twenty-five 
cents a bushel. I thought I would set out some more Duchess 
because I like them as well as any other kind. 

Mr. Hall: I would like to ask Mr. Smith to tell us how to 
raise the best apples for exhibit purposes. 

Mr. Smith: In 1909 and 1911 here is what we did. When 
we picked our apples, we picked three barrels of the very finest 
apples that were in the orchard. These were wrapped in paper 
at that time, and about three weeks later the apples were again 
picked over and the best picked out of those, from which we 
succeeded in getting one barrel. These-were shipped by express 
to Spokane, and those were the apples which took prizes in 1909 
and 1911. This year we picked a box of the finest Wealthys 
we had and sent them to cold storage. I unpacked them yester- 
day. They had evidently been weighed down with about a ton 
of something else, and every apple was jammed. The apples were 
all right, but the method of handling has probably prevented 
them from being prize winners. So, as careful as you may be, 
someone else may spoil all your care. 

Mr. Hawley: I wanted to know as to the method of pro- 
cedure of thinning, when you do it and how much thinning you 
do, whether it would be advisable or not. 

Mr. Smith: We commenced to thin our apples the latter 
part of August. We sent some to market too soon. They ought 
never to be thinned until they begin to be colored a little, else 
you will get a very low price. As soon as they begin to color a 
little, if you wish to market them that way, pick the biggest 
and the best. 


44 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Fruits for Minnesota Planting. 


List adopted by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, 
Dec. 8, 1916. For the guidance of planters. 


APPLES. 


Of the first degree of hardiness: Duchess, Hibernal, Patten’s Green- 
ing, Okabena. : 
Of the second degree of hardiness: Wealthy, Malinda, Anisim, lowa 
Beauty, Lowland Raspberry, Jewell’s Winter, Milwaukee. 
Valuable in some locations: Wolf River, Yellow Transparent, Longfield, 
Northwestern Greening, Tetofsky, Peerless, Salome. 
Most profitable varieties for commercial planting in Minnesota: 
Wealthy, Duchess, Okabena, Anisim. 
Recommended for top-working on hardy stocks: Wealthy, Malinda, 
ea Greening, Stayman’s Winesap, Grimes Golden, Milwaukee, McIntosh, 
alome. 
Varieties for trial: Eastman, Evelyn, Windsor Chief, Gilbert, Superb. 


CRABS AND HYBRIDS. 


For general cultivation: Florence, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Sweet 
Russet, Transcendent. 
Varieties for trial: Faribault, Dartt, Success. 


PLUMS AND HYBRID PLUMS. 


For general cultivation: De Soto, Forest Garden, Wolf (freestone), 
Wyant, Stoddard, Terry, Surprise. 

Most promising for trial: Compass Cherry, Hanska, Opata, Sapa, 
Stella, Waneta, Omaha. 


GRAPES. 


First degree of hardiness: Beta, Janesville, Hungarian. 
Second degree of hardiness: Moore’s Early, Campbell’s Early, 
Brighton, Delaware, Worden, Concord, Moore’s Diamond, Wyoming Red. 
‘Red varieties: King, Sunbeam, Miller, Loudon, Minnetonka Ironclad. 
Black and purple varieties: Palmer, Gregg, Older, Columbian, Cum- 
berland. 
BLACKBERRIES. 


Ancient Briton, Snyder, Eldorado. 
CURRANTS. 


White Grape, Victoria, Long Bunch Holland, Pomona, Red Cross, Per- 
fection, London Market. - 


GOOSEBERRIES. 
Houghton, Downing, Champion, Pearl, Carrie. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


Perfect varieties: Bederwood, Enhance, Lovett, Splendid, Glen-Mary, 
Clyde, Senator Dunlap, Minnesota No. 3. 

Imperfect varieties: Crescent, Warfield, Haverland, Marie. 

Everbearing varieties: Progressive, Superb. 


ORNAMENTAL FRUITING SHRUBS. 


Valuable for trial: Dwarf Juneberry, Sand Cherry, Buffalo Berry, 
High Bush Cranberry. 
NUT FRUITS. 


Shellbark Hickory, Black Walnut, Butternut. 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Goup, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


December 6th, 1916.—The Minnesota Garden Flower Society has just 
completed a most busy and profitable year. We have a paid membership of 
174 and two honorary members. Sixty-eight of these are new this year. 
Analyzing our membership list we find sixty-two live in St. Paul, sixty-nine 
in Minneapolis, nine belong to the Nemadji Club, thirty-four are scattered 
outside the Twin Cities. Thanks to Mrs. Boardman, we have one member 
in Chicago and two in Pennsylvania. So our fame is spreading. Sixteen 
have already paid dues for 1917. 

Our program committee issued the year’s program early. It was 
planned to have a meeting each month, alternating between St. Paul and 
Minneapolis. There have been six program meetings during the year; two 
in Minneapolis, three in St. Paul and one between the two, at the Agricul- 
tural College. One informal flower show, held in Minneapolis, May 22nd; 
the big June flower show with the Horticultural Society, June 23rd; two 
garden meetings, both in Minneapolis; and a greenhouse meeting. 

At the president’s suggestion, the experiment of serving tea and cakes, 
after the indoor meetings, has been tried with great success. In no case has 
the expense exceeded 50c, and the pleasure and sociability of the meetings 
has been greatly increased. The club owes thanks to the social committees 
ts the two cities for this service, since it has meant quite a bit of work for 
them. 

A garden photographic contest is being held now. Six contestants have 
entered photographs. Prizes are to be plants, given by Mrs. Sawyer, Mrs. 
Tillotson and Mrs. Gould. 

Our page in the Horticulturist has been kept up by Mrs. Gould, our 
president; and she is to go to Des Moines as the delegate from the Horticul- 
tural Society to the Iowa Horticultural Meeting. 

Seeds were given to members at the March meeting and the September 
meeting. 

The club is under obligations to Mr. Theodore Wirth, and Mr. Meyer, 
of the Minneapolis Park Board, and to Professor Cady, of the Agricultural 
College, for the seeds given out in September and for many other courtesies. 

We have published no leaflet this year, but instead have given each 
member a copy of Mrs. Boardman’s “Pronouncing Handbook.” 

Our society has been asked to give one day’s program at the “Farmers’ 
Short Course,” given at the Agricultural College the first week in January. 
Our day will be January 6th. 

Miss Anne McKibbin has offered us the use of about seventy lantern 
slides showing Italian gardens, which will probably be used then. 

Through an arrangement with Secy. Latham, it has been possible for us 
to give plant prizes to our members, for securing new memberships. 

There have been no formal papers given at our meetings during the 
year.—Mrs. M. L. Countryman, Secy. 


The January meeting of the society will be held January 6 at the Farm 
School, Room 20, Horticultural Building, at 10 a.m. and 1:15 p.m. Lunches 
can be procured on the grounds. We hope this meeting will be largely 
attended. 

The year’s program, we trust, will be ready for publication in the Feb- 
ruary Magazine. Watch this page for it. 

Our meetings during 1917 will alternate between St. Paul and Minne- 
apolis as heretofore and will be held on the second Friday of each month, 
exceptions being noted on this page. 

Our Nemadji branch has had a most active and successful year, having 
held fourteen meetings, one of which was a banquet at which the husbands 
were entertained. Flowers were sent to hospitals and members’ gardens 
visited by the society. This shows what a civic and social asset a branch in 
any of the smaller cities may become. Nemadji, we feel very proud of you 
and wish we had many branches a es splendid work you are doing! 

45 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


COMPETITION FOR THE $1,000 Prize.—Another competitor has appeared 
for the $1,000 seedling apple prize offered by this society, Mr. Arnt. John- 
son, of Viroqua, Wis., the seedling entered being grown from seed of the 
Malinda planted nine years ago. It is claimed to be a long keeping winter 
apple, even into June. Scions will be sent for testing to the fruit-breeding 
farm. 


VALUABLE SEEDLING APPLES.—Amongst the various seedling apples 
exhibited, and to which prizes were awarded at our late meeting, were three 
that the judges decided were of sufficient value to ask further information 
about and endeavor to secure from them scions for testing at the fruit-breed- 
ing farm. These are known as Nos. 17 and 19 by J. A. Howard, Hammond, 
and a seedling without name or number from Wm. Schmidt, Excelsior. 


OUR REPRESENTATIVE ON THE STATE FORESTRY BoARD.—One member 
of the State Forestry Board is appointed on recommendation by this society. 
Hon. Henry C. Oldenburg, of Carlton, has occupied this position for a con- 
siderable time, and upon the solicitation of the officers of the board the 
executive board of this society endorsed his reappointment as our repre- 
sentative. 


MINNESOTA CROP IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION.—This state organization 
will hold its annual meeting in the Fairmont High School building, February 
13-15 next. A large exhibit of corn is assured. It may be that some of our 
members will desire to attend this meeting and take part in this competitive 
display. If so, they should address the Secretary, Prof. C. P. Bull, Univer- 
sity Farm, St. Paul, Minn., for full information. 


SEE THE PINK S.iip.—Please do not fail to note the pink slip inside the 
front cover page of our monthly. Whether you have paid membership fee 
or not you will be interested in reading this over. It is our present plan to 
place this slip in every issue of every magazine sent out during the year. 
As it will be changed from time to time to keep abreast of the movement 
of the society it might be well for the member to read this month by month. 


DELEGATES TO IOWA AND WISCONSIN.—This issue of our monthly con- 
tains the reports of the delegates to the Iowa and Wisconsin State Horti- 
cultural Societies, both of which meetings were held at the same time, 
December 12-14, the week following our annual meeting. As these societies 
are so closely akin to the Minnesota Society in the character of membership 
and the kind of work being done, we have a special interest in them as co- 
workers and are glad to come in touch with them in this fraternal way. 


ARE You A MEMBER OF THE PRESENT STATE LEGISLATURE?—If so, will 
you not please write to Secretary Latham promptly to that effect. In the 
effort about to be made to secure from the State Legislature a home for the 
society we should like especially well to interest directly those members of - 
our society who belong to the present legislature. As this notice may 
escape the attention of some member of the legislature, will not other 
members of the society who know of any of cur membership who are in the 
legislature notify Secretary Latham also to that effect? 

(46) 


SECRETARY’S CORNER. 47 


MEETING OF THE SOUTH DAKOTA STATE Hort. Socy.—As we go to press 
the date and place of meeting of this society are not yet known, but any one 
interested in finding out might address Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, 
S. D. Prof. Hansen, always in attendance at our meeting, is secretary of 
that society, which fact alone insures an interesting program. The repre- 
sentative of this society at that meeting will be Mr. M. R. Cashman, of Owa- 
tonna, from whom we may expect an interesting report in the February 
number. 


WHO SHOULD BE MEMBERS?—We are very ambitious to reach more 
people with the work of the society and do more good, and there surely 
must be some of your acquaintances, dear fgllow member, who would be 
profited by a connection with this society. Won’t you please send to Secy. 
A. W. Latham, 207 Kasota Blk., Minneapolis, Minn., on a postal card, a list 
of such friends and acquaintances, either near or far, whom you would like 
to nominate for membership in this society, and the secretary will do his 
best to secure their names on our membership roll. Such co-operation as 
this in some form is absolutely necessary to insure success in our purpose to 
enlarge the field in which the society is operating, and we feel assured of 
having it. 

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE SHIPPERS VIOLATE LAw.—lInspectors have found 
several interstate shipments of packages of fruits and vegetables, such as 
grapes, tomatoes, and berries, which contain no statement on the packages 
as to the quantity of contents. The net weight amendment to the Federal 
Food and Drugs Act requires that all packages of foods which are shipped 
into interstate or foreign commerce must be marked plainly and conspicu- 
ously with a statement of the quantity of the net contents, either by weight 
or measure. Shippers who violate the law by failing to mark the quantity 
of the contents of each package of fruits and vegetables they ship into inter- 
state commerce are liable to criminal prosecution. Several shippers have 
already been cited to hearings under the Food and Drugs Act for violating 
its provisions in this respect. 


AUXILIARY SOCIETIES AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.—Aside from what 
societies were spoken of incidentally in the brief report of the meeting, to be 
found on the first pages of this issue, there were also with us meeting in 
the same building at various times during the week, the Minnesota Bee- 
Keepers’ Society, L. V. France, Secy., University Farm, St. Paul, and also 
two other newly organized ocieties, the Minnesota Ginseng Growers’ Asso- 
ciation, F. C. Erkel, Secy., Rockford, Minn., and the Northwest Peony & 
Iris Society, F. C. Christman, Secy., 3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. 
All of these associations are in a flourishing condition and doing the best 
kind of work along their respective lines. For the convenience of those of 
our membership who would be interested to become members of these auxil- 
lary societies the addresses of the secretaries have been given, with whom 
you could communicate. 


A JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL SocieTy.—As the result of a conference 
between the officers of this society and the extension workers at University 
Farm an arrangement has been made which is likely to result in the organ- 
ization of a Junior Horticultural Society, to be made up of such members 
of the Minnesota Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Clubs throughout 


48 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the state as would be interested to receive our literature, plant and seed pre- 
miums, and contest for prizes to be offered for best work along their club 
lines. It is planned also to offer to these young people in a general way the 
expense of a visit to the next annual meeting of the society for the ten 
ranking members in a prize contest, five of whom will appear upon our 
program in recital of their experience in growing and canning garden prod- 
ucts. The details of this plan are not yet fully worked out, but-undoubtedly 
will be without difficulty as the movement develops. 


_ HORTICULTURAL PROGRAM AT UNIVERSITY FARM.—Farmers Week at 
University Farm, located at Midway between Minneapolis and St. Paul, this 
year will be January 1-6. Every branch of agriculture will be given atten- 
tion at this gathering. The large corps of professors and instructors at the 
Farm School, assisted by practical workers in the field, make up a course of 
study almost ideal. We hope that many of our members may have the 
opportunity of spending the week at the Farm and secure the fullest benefit 
from this splendid service. 

Horticultural subjects will be discussed as follows: Orcharding, Tues- 
day, January 2, 1:15 to 4:00 p. m.; Small Fruit Growing, Wednesday, Jan- 
uary 3, 1:15 to 4:00 p. m.; Vegetable Growing, Thursday, January 4, 10:00 
a. m. to 12 noon, 1:15 p. m. to 4:00 p. m.; Garden Flowers, Friday, Janu- 
ary 5, 10:00 a. m. to 12:00 noon, 1:15 p. m. to 4:00 p. m. 

Lunches can be had at the boarding hall there, and to a limited extent 
we peerelaes those in attendance can find accommodations for the night 
as well. 


GIDEON MEMORIAL CONTEST 1916.—There were four students from Uni- 
versity Farm who delivered addresses at the annual meeting as contestants 
for the prizes awarded in connection with the Gideon Memorial Fund. The 
following three students were successful in this contest, viz.: 


Robert McGowan, School of Agriculture, first prize, $12.00. Subject, 
“The Codling Moth.” 

Henry Kaldahl, College of Agriculture, second prize, $8.00. Subject, 
“Roses for the Border.” 

Robert C. Shaw, College of Agriculture, third prize, $5.00. Subject, 
“Windbreaks.” 

These addresses were given before an audience of about one hundred 
fifty members of the Horticultural Society, were all well rendered and 
proved to be a very interesting feature of the meeting. 

The following gentlemen acted as judges: 

Prof. F. W. Broderick, Winnipeg, Man. 

Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D. 

Prof. Thomas McCall, N. W. School of Agri., Crookston. 


THE PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—On page six of this number 
will be found an article descriptive of the horticultural building which it is 
hoped to secure from the action of the present State Legislature, and a brief 
account of what has been done so far to bring this about. The attention 
of every member of the society is especially called to this subject, and par- 
ticularly so as an appeal will soon be made to the membership to use their 
utmost endeavors to secure action on the part of their representatives in 
the legislature favorable to this end. The plan as at present developed con- 
templates the erection of this building on that part of the University Farm 
grounds which is near the Como-Harriet street car line, so that our meet- 
ings and exhibitions may be readily accessible to the thousands of attend- 
ants, young men and young women, at the Farm School, and further that 
the Farm School may have the advantage of the use of the splendid halls 
this building contains for any useful purpose connected with their work at 
such times as the Horticultural Society does not need them. Some agree- 
able co-operative arrangement will be made between the Horticultural 
Society and the management of the University Farm looking to these ends. 
Think of this matter, dear fellow member, and plan to render all the assist- 
ance possible that this first year following the semi-centennial celebration 
of our society may see it provided with a suitable home, to which the splen- 
did work of the society fully entitles it. 


‘(aded aytsoddo 99g) *}ya, amteryxo 04) 4% Surpuejs uosperey ydug 


‘NNIW ‘HOISTHOXY ‘WAVY ONIGHAUG-LINUY ALVIS 
VLOSHNNIJ AHL LV ‘¢ ‘ON AYUAUMVALG ONINVAP-ANOL AO MOOTA V NI DNIMOIA ANNA 


A While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the 

articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, 
aid this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


Tee eee ee 


Vol. 45 FEBRUARY, 1917 No. 2 


C00 eee 


Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm in 1916. 
CHAS. HARALSON, SUPT., EXCELSIOR, MINN. 


December 5, 1916.—Owing to peculiar and unusual condi- 
tions during last winter and spring, a large per cent of the fruit 
buds on plums were killed more or less, and this applies to the 
native plums nearly as much as to the hybrids. Some trees blos- 
somed quite freely but were in a rather weak condition to set 
fruit, which accounts for the small crop of plums. However, 
some varieties bore a light crop of good fruit, and we had approxi- 
mately seventy bushels of plums; with a fair crop we should 
have had several hundred bushels. 

Apples were also a light crop, and standard varieties as well 
as seedlings bore very little. Fruit was not up to size and crip- 
pled to a great extent, even where thorough spraying was done. 

Small fruits such as strawberries, raspberries, gooseberries 
and currants were up to the usual standard and bore one of the 
best crops we ever had, and the fruit was large, perfect and 
firm. The weather was fine during the ripening season, with 
plenty of moisture all through the strawberry season. At the 
first two pickings, with careful sorting and packing twenty- 
seven berries would fill a quart box in good shape. 

A great many improvements have been made at the Fruit 
Farm during the past two years. A substantial and comfort- 
able modern living house has been built at a cost of approxi- 
mately $4,000, an addition to the greenhouse 20x100, a steel 
water tank with seventy-five barrel capacity for water supply, 
a machine shed 20x30. A sewer and drainage system has been 
installed, which was very much needed. The old farm house has 


been made partly modern. 
(49) 


50 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The grounds about the buildings have been improved to 
some extent by planting shrubbery, a collection of roses, peonies, 
iris and several other varieties, all planted last spring. 

Plant breeding has been carried on, mostly with apples the 
last year, and from the results of this work we have a quantity 
of seed saved for planting next spring. The varieties used in 
these combinations were Hibernal, Duchess, Wealthy, Okabena, 
Windsor Chief, Jonathan, Grimes Golden, King David, Delicious, 
Fallawater and several other kinds. 

Topworked trees of some of the best seedlings and standard 
varieties have made a rank growth this summer and are in good 
shape for a crop another year. There was no blight during 
the summer, and apple trees of all kinds are in a good healthy 
condition. 

Minnesota No. 3 strawberry made a good showing this year 
again and is probably one of the best commercial varieties to 
plant in Minnesota. The plants are hardy, very productive, and 
it is an all around good market berry. In our final selection this 
year of strawberries we have several varieties that are equal to 
Minnesota No. 3 and probably will prove better in some respects, 
namely, Nos. 920, 924, 935, 758, 1228 and several others. One 
of these new varieties will be sent out for trial next spring. 

Minnesota No. 1017 everbearing strawberry has done better 
than any other variety, Progressive included, at the Fruit Farm 
this summer, but reports from other places would indicate that 
the foliage rusts badly and therefore is not adapted to all kinds of 
soil and locations. This variety has been way ahead of anything 
else for a number of years at the Fruit Farm. 

Out of 3,000 everbearing strawberry seedlings about 200 
were selected a year ago last summer, and among these we hope 
to get some valuable varieties as soon as we can make the final 
selections. 

In Minnesota No. 4 raspberry I think we have one of the 
best commercial varieties to plant in Minnesota. The plants are 
hardy, make good strong canes, are resistant to disease, propa- 
gate very rapidly and are very productive. Its season is about a 
week later than the King, berries large and dark red, stand up 
well in shipping, and it is an all around good market berry. 
Minnesota No. 1 raspberry is a week earlier than No. 4, berries 
much the same and reported by some fruit growers to be satis- 
factory in every respect. It will not make quite as many canes 
as No. 4, which probably is an advantage to some growers, as it 
is less work to thin them out. 


MINNESOTA STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. 51 


We have two varieties of everbearing tHep yee nee which I. 
had not paid much attention to until 3 
a year ago. They fruited last fall a 
year ago and again last fall. These 
two varieties are promising, plants 
are productive and berries large. 
Stock is being propagated for dis- 
tribution later on. 

Two varieties of grapes are being 
propagated as fast as material will 
permit. They are both seedlings of 
the Beta grape. One is a red grape 
about the size of Wyoming Red, the 
other is black and about the same size. 
The vines are hardy and rank grow- 
ers, fruit equal to commercial vari- 
eties in quality. 

The plum hybrids were a disap- 
pointment this year, some varieties 
bore a light crop and some no fruit 
at all. Burbank X (crossed with) 
Wolf, Nos. 4, 6, 9 and 21 did the best. 

Of the new hybrids which fruited 
this year for the first time [ will 
mention One especially. It is a cross 
between the sand cherry and apricot. 
This seedling bore a fair crop this 
year of medium sized fruit, or about 
the size of the De Soto plum, fruit 
almost black when ripe with purple 
flesh, very small pit, fruit firm and 
quality good when fully ripe. This is 
the first one of the apricot hybrids 
that has proved of any promise. An- 
other one is a cross between Compass 
cherry and Satsuma plum. The fruit 
of this is of fair size, good quality, 
color purplish blue with purple flesh. 

Several hundred second generation 
seedlings, supposed to be from a cross 
of Compass cherry and pin cherry, nal 
fruited heavily this year but were not Re pumeer ae 
of much value with the exception of one, which has a black 
cherry, very firm and of good quality, the size of a Bing cherry. 


52 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The tree grows more of a bush form than a tree, and the fruit 
ripens about first of August. If this variety proves hardy it 
may be of some value in some locations for its fruit and also for 
ornamental purposes. Another hybrid which fruited this year 
is Compass cherry with Climax plum, one of Luther Burbank’s 
introductions. Fruit dark red color, with green flesh, medium 
size and fair quality. This tree is an upright grower and with- 
out thorns; it is hardy and makes a fine tree. It was sent out as 
premium last spring to some members. Other hybrids fruited 
more or less but will require more time before I can report on 
them. 

Among several thousand gooseberry and currant seedlings 
fruiting this summer we have selected about 200 plants for 
propagation in a small way for further trial. All bushes not 
coming up to a certain standard have been discarded, dug up 
and burned, to make room for other plantings later on. 

A block of about four acres were planted to approximately 
6,000 apple seedling trees last spring. These were grown from 
seed of N. W. Greening, Wealthy, Scott’s Winter, Bethel and 
other varieties—seed secured from D. C. Webster’s orchard at 
La Crescent, Minn., also from a quantity of seed from our own 
plant breeding work. 

We had very little fruit from the Malinda seedlings, planted 
some eight years ago. However, a few trees bore some very 
promising fruit of good keeping quality, and among them is one 
highly colored, of fair size and a good keeper, quality very good. 
The interesting part of it is that the apple is pink clear to the 
core. 

New fruit plants to members of the Horticultural Society 
were sent from the Fruit Farm last spring, consisting of hybrid 
plums, Minnesota No. 4 raspberry, No. 3 strawberry, No. 1017 
everbearing strawberry. I have no record of how many plants 
were sent, but they ran up into the thousands. We ran short of 
plum trees and No. 4 raspberry, and No. 1 raspberry was substi- 
tuted where members had more than one lot of the No. 4 rasp- 
berry, and it was also substituted for plums in some cases. 

Some of the new strawberries were exhibited at the horti- 
cultural summer meeting last June, also plums, grapes and some 
seedling apples at the State Fair last September. 


The President: I know you will want to ask Supt. Haral- 
son some questions about these interesting things that he is 
working with. I was going to ask him if he has done anything 
with the cherry. . 

Mr. Haralson: I did quite a little last spring with both 
the sour and the sweet cherry crossed with the Compass cherry, 


MINNESOTA STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. 53 


and we have quite a bit of seed for planting in the spring. I am 
going to work it pretty hard another year. 

Prof. Waldron: We have some notes on Minnesota No. 3 
as compared with fourteen other varieties of strawberries for 
the year 1916. It was a poor year, very wet, a cold spring, and 
the highest yield we got was at the rate of 4,000 quarts per acre. 
That is very big for strawberries, as you know. The Minnesota 
No. 3 led the list, at 4,042 quarts per acre; Haverland, second, 
3,742; Perfection, third, 3,358 quarts; Brandywine, fourth, 3,232; 
Fendall, 3,000; Warfield, 2,851, down to Dunlap . 

Mr. Clausen: I would like to ask if Mr. Haralson has any 
reports about No. 1017. 

Mr. Haralson: No reports especially. The only point I 
heard about it was that some people claimed it had rust and was 
not satisfactory on that account. Of course, this year was 
rather trying, and it might do better another year. As far as 
fruiting is concerned it has given satisfactory results. 

Mr. M’Broom: There are quite a number who have diffi- 
culty with the 1017. It is rather erratic. I know with me 
quite a lot of my plants didn’t make a runner, and others spread 
over a lot of ground. It is a matter of soil and location. I 
would like to know what location is suitable for that plant. 

Mr. Gardner: I want to say that I set out some of the 
1017 this spring on my pl&ce, set them out in a patch where I 
had fifteen or twenty other kinds. I would take people through 
there, and there was not a time that ever I took anyone down 
across that row but what we found nice berries on those little 
plants.. Quite a number spoke about having blight; I haven’t 
had a single case of it. 

The President: Mr. Gardner has rather a heavy black soil. 

Mr. Gardner: Where these berries are it is first class 
limestone soil, and where that patch stands it is down ten feet 
to solid rock. All that land is limestone soil except on the east 
side it slopes off into black soil prairie, so we have a few acres 
of black soil prairie land. There wasn’t any blight on that 
plant. There is only one thing that didn’t strike me favorably. I 
don’t exactly like the looks of the berries—the shape of them. 
If they were as large as they are and shaped like the Progressive 
-I would like them better. 

Mr. Clausen: I have been growing it for a couple of years, 
the 1017, and I haven’t found it bothered with rust at my place. 
I had it on different soils, but I think the way to grow it is in 
hills. I have grown some in hills this summer, and they gave 
me lots of fruit, probably more than most of them. I feel like 
saying to the horticulturists here, don’t be too quick to condemn 
a new kind of fruit until you try it thoroughly. That is the 
trouble with a good many of us, if they don’t do good one year 
we give them up. I want you to try until you are sure. 

Mr. Kellogg: My boy had this 1017 growing for two years, 
but the last year the drouth was so severe that all his small fruit 
failed, and I cannot make a good report, but from what I saw 
at the farm it is ahead of anything we have ever had. I have 
great faith in it. 


54 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. © 


Mr. Bartlett: We have been raising the 1017 for two years 
now, and I have noticed the same tendency with it which Mr. 
McBroom speaks of, that is, a tendency of part of the plants to 
produce runners and part of them fruit. I have found that part 
of them wold send out a lotof {gam ere 
runners with no fruit at all, and 
some of them almost killed SAE Gc 
themselves before the end of the whip dba tior 
season bearing. I have noticed Bs ies ‘is 
the same tendency near our SN ae 
place and also at the Fruit- ‘ 
Breeding Farm. I think one 
thing which we ought to keep 
in mind in connection with that 
fruit is the fact that it is a very 
heavy feeder and requires more 
fertilizer than the other ever- 
bearing varieties, and possibly if 
we gave this phase of the situ- 
ation the right amount of atten- 
tion we would overcome the ten- 
dency the plant has of killing 
itself by overbearing. I don’t 
think too much can be said in 
favor of the No. 3 strawberry 
or the No. 4 raspberry. We have 
tried them out extensively on 
our place, and they have given 
the best of results, and I believe 
there is no question but what the 
No. 3 strawberry will supersede 
the Dunlap strawberry, and the 
No. 4 raspberry will very soon 
take the place of the King and 
the other varieties which we 
have been growing. 

Prof. Beach: The No. 4 rasp- 
berry grown at Ames, plants 
sent us by Supt. Haralson, we 
find hardy and vigorous and pro- 
ductive and the fruit holds up 
well. It evidently would be a 
good market variety, of good 
flavor. 

Mr. Husser: We found the 
No. 3 strawberry to be a very 
healthy plant; the berry stands 
up very well, nice, bright color, — 
and they are solid, but I don’t « xo 36" Gio? 2a 
think they come up in produc- _ spring for first time. 
tion to the Senator Dunlap. But that will not discourage us to 
keep them another year or two. Maybe the peculiarity of the 


MINNESOTA STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. 55 


season has something to do with it, so that it didn’t produce as 
well as the others. We had some rust in parts of some rows and 
not in other parts of the same rows. We think that was due to 
the water. It is where the water didn’t run off so good in the 
spring time that we had the rust. 

Mr. Black: I am inclined to think that in testing these 
new varieties we lose sight of one thing we should take into 
consideration, and that is the difference in the soil and also the 
cultivation and the different treatment that they get. I realize 
from my own experience in testing strawberries we must take 
that into consideration.. A year or two ago I had Progressives 
in two different places. They were the same kind of plants. In 
one place they made an abundance of plants, in the other place 
it was the exception where the plants threw out runners, but, as 
one speaker has said, they almost bore themselves to death with 
berries where they didn’t throw out runners. I am satisfied that 
was brought about by the condition of the soil. When it comes 
to the comparative yields of the different varieties we must take 
into consideration this difference of soil. I have had Dunlap on 
quite heavy soil where it did fine. When the variety was first 
introduced I condemned it for a number of years; I had planted 
it on light soil and it didn’t do so well. In fact, the first year it 
was almost a failure as to yield, but the second year it made a 
pretty good yield. 

The President: What variety of all the plums that you 
have originated do you regard the most promising for general 
cultivation in our state? 

Mr. Haralson: Well, as far as I know, the No. 6 and the 
No. 12 are the best. There are some others that may be just 
as good. J intend to make a final selection, though, but I want 
to hold it off another year. 

Mr. McBroom: In regard to the strawberry question I 
want to explain that I had a rather heavy soil, very heavily 
manured, before planting the No. 1017. Right beside them on 
the same soil I had the No. 3. They made a heavily matted, 
fine looking green row of new plants. While the No. 1017 did 
what I said, they didn’t do as well as the No. 3. 

The President: No. 3 seems to be making good su far as I 
have heard from it. 

Mr. Arrowood: I have been planting No. 3 strawberries I 
got from Mr. Haralson about two or three years ago and they 
have been doing splendidly; nothing better for a June plant. 
The No. 1017 didn’t make runners with me; I planted them in 
hills, but they are great bearers; they bear well. We have a few 
hills, and we send them out to the agricultural departments of 
our schools, and they are planting them in pots, keeping them in 
the class rooms. They report they are doing fine and will bear 
in the house. We have a plant in our house that has got fifteen 
or sixteen ripe berries on it. The No. 4 raspberry is one of our 
best berries. We have almost half an acre and got a large crop, 
and the berries sold at 20 cents a quart right on the ground. 
Our soil is what we call jack pine soil, rather high land. It is a 
sandy loam with a heavy hardpan about two feet down. 


56 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Annual Examination of Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding 
Farm for 1916. 


J. F. HARRISON, EXCELSIOR, 8S. A. STOCKWELL, MINNEAPOLIS, COMMITTEE. 


At the request of Mr. Latham, our secretary, the under- 
signed visited the Minnesota Fruit-Breeding Station at Zumbra 
Heights as a committee of inspection for this society on Septem- 
ber 16, 1916. 

As is known to all of us, the past summer was one of unusual 
severity on all kinds of fruit. We had a very wet, backward 
spring followed by the most severe drought that ever visited this 
section of the state. Consequently, the work at the Breeding 
Station has been very seriously handicapped. Nevertheless 
much has been accomplished. 

We found that the farm consists of seventy-eight acres; 
sixty-five acres are under cultivation and planted to various 
kinds of fruits and berries. The remainder of the farm is used 
for a meadow, and there is some timber still standing. There 
could be used to very great advantage at least twenty acres more 
of good land, and we earnestly urge the incoming State Legis- 
lature to provide the necessary means to obtain this land while 
it can be had for a reasonable price. We think it is not too much 
to say that the state’s investment in a fruit-breeding station will 
repay any outlay that the state may make. 

The last legislature made an appropriation for a superin- 
tendent’s dwelling, at a cost of about $4,000; a steel water tank, 
a sewer system and an additional greenhouse. The greenhouses 
are, of course, necessary for plant breeding during the winter 
and early spring. 

It is the practice of the superintendent to start about the 
first of January to force the blooming of the plants he desires 
to breed. This lengthens the season for breeding purposes very 
materially. 

Something like 6,000 apple seedlings were planted last 
spring for fruiting. As is known to the society, the fruits that 
are developed at the station are sent out (for testing) to the 
members of the society. Of course, there are a great many 
trees and plants discarded as worthless. . 

They have at the present time close to 40,000 seedlings of 
various fruits growing on the place. 

Mr. Haralson, the superintendent, thinks he has a very 
wonderful everbearing strawberry in Minnesota No. 1017. It 


ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM IN 1916. oy 


has been sent out to various members of the society, who un- 
doubtedly by this time will have determined its merits. 
Minnesota No. 3, a June bearing strawberry, ranks among 
the very best. It is being sent out as fast as it can be produced. 
There are other varieties coming on which promise well. 
Minnesota No. 4 is a raspberry of great promise. It is 
hardy and upree and very productive. 


a 


- 


New residence of superintendent at State Fruit-Breeding Farm. 


Reports from Minnesota No. 1 (raspberry) are gratifying. 

Two varieties of everbearing raspberries are to be sent out 
for trial as soon as enough stock is produced. They have as yet 
not been given a number. 

Some excellent plums have been developed, the best vari- 
eties of which are Nos. 6, 9, 10, 12 and 21. 

A number of excellent varieties of grapes are coming along 
satisfactorily. 

Beside the above the superintendent has a number of prom- 
ising gooseberries and currants. 

We found the station in good condition. It is wonderfully 
well cultivated, and everything about the place indicates intelli- 
gent and orderly administration. 


58 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The station is exceedingly fortunate, we believe, in its 
superintendent, Mr. Charles Haralson. We are confident that 
his work for the state will be unsurpassed by any other of the 
excellent men who are doing so much for the world by breeding 
new and better varieties of fruit. 

We urge upon the society and the legislature most cordial 
and sympathetic support in every way of Mr. Haralson’s work. 

Mr. Stockwell: I want to express my appreciation of the 
work of this society ; I have mentioned it on one or two occasions 
before. I am a native of Minnesota, my father was a New 
England farmer, a New York school teacher and came to Minne- 
sota in 1856. One of the things that these pioneers suffered 
most from was the lack of fruit. They used to send to Massa- 
chusetts and get barrels of apples in the fall at great expense, 
and then they were doled out to us boys as long as the barrel 
lasted. My father spent hundreds of dollars trying to introduce 
fruit onto his Anoka county farm without success, and it was our 
opinion, and the opinion of people generally, that Minnesota could 
never be a fruit state. Now, less than fifty years after, I am 
sent as a delegate and member of this Horticultural Society to 
inspect the fruit-breeding station that is doing such wonderful 
things for the state of Minnesota. To my mind the work that 
has been done by this society is of higher consequence to the 
state of Minnesota than all the work of all the empire builders, 
financiers and captains of industry that the state has ever had. 
(Applause). I never come to these meetings and look at the 
vanishing old guard without a feeling of sorrow and also a feel- 
ing of gratitude for the splendid men and women who have made 
Minnesota a fruit growing state, because to my mind when we 
are really civilized we will eat more fruit and grow less of other 
things and we will cut out alcohol entirely. (Applause). 

The President: I think we all agree with Mr. Stockwell 
that Superintendent Haralson is one of the most useful citizens 
of the state of Minnesota. (Applause). 


$300,000,000 A YEAR WASTED BY WEEDS.—According to the United 
States Department of Agriculture, the annual waste due to weeds is esti- 
mated at $300,000,000 for the whole United States. In certain states where 
diversified farming is the exception and not the rule, the waste is said to 
approximate $40,000,000 per year. What the waste is in Colorado cannot 
be accurately estimated but it is undoubtedly true that considerable waste 
occurs. In the intensively cultivated sections the waste is not very large 
because of the clean culture needed for certain crops. In sections where 
grain crops are very popular, the waste is quite large. 

The principal ways in which weeds affect farming are through direct 
damage to the crop, cutting down the yield, cheapening the product, and 
lowering the value of land.—J. D. Marshall, Colorado Agricultural College, 
Fort Collins, Colorado. 


A SUCCESSFUL CABBAGE FIELD. 59 


A Successful Cabbage Field. 


E. C. WLLARD, MARKET GARDENER, MANKATO, MINN. 


Friends have told me that I make a mistake in selling plants 
and in telling how I do things. But for several years one of my 
specialties has been early tomatoes. Every year I have sold 
plants and told how to get them to fruit early, and still our 
income from plants and fruit grows larger each year. So I con- 
clude that, while there may be 
some loss through the compe- 
tition of my customers, it is 
not as great as some people 
imagine. Moreover this paper 
is not addressed to the men 
who would grow ten, twenty 
or forty acres of cabbages, 
but to the one who might 
grow a few dozen or hundred 
for his own use. 

The matters of first impor- 
tanee are seed and soil. Buy 
the best cabbage seed you can 
find. If you cannot find out 
what is the best any other 
way, test it. Get supplies large 
enough to last you two or 
more years from two or more 
reliable seed houses. Plant 
some from each lot, note 
which gives the best germina- 
tion, the best plants, the heavi- E. C. Willard and daughter Julia. 
est yield, the freest from rot in the field, and the best storage 
properties if stored. 

The ground for cabbage should be manured and plowed in 
the fall or early spring and cultivated every ten days until set- 
ting time. The seed for early varieties may be planted in hotbed 
or greenhouse or boxes or pans and set in the light of a sunny 
window in the dwelling house in February or March. Care must 
be taken that the plants have light enough and not too much 
heat or they will grow spindling. The stockier the better. As 
soon as the plants show their first true leaves they must be trans- 
planted about one inch apart in flats or beds, and as soon as the 


60 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


weather permits they can be set in the open ground. While the 
plants are in greenhouse or hotbed careful attention must be 
given to watering and ventilation. They should be watered spar- 
ingly and should be ventilated every warm, sunny day, and also 
on cloudy days if the beds are warm enough. Too much water 
and too close an atmosphere cause spindling plants, also they are 
conditions which are favorable to the growth and spread of 
diseases, and the plants so grown, being soft, are very liable to 
disease. 

Before the plants are taken from hotbeds they should be 
hardened by exposure to the outside air. The sash should be 
left off both day and night, but can be put on in the case of a 
very cold night. 

Seed for the late crop should be planted May first, either by 
hand or with a garden drill, in soil which has been put in as fine 
mechanical condition as possible with a rake or with a smoothing 
harrow and plank drag. As soon as the young plants come up 
they should be cultivated with a wheel hoe or other tool and 
thereafter every ten days or two weeks. 

In June the plants should be dug and set. It is better done 
by the twentieth, although some seasons later planting will do. 
We prepare the ground as for a seed bed, then mark both ways 
thirty or thirty-six inches by twenty-one for Holland or Danish 
Ball Head. Then, if a wet time, we make holes at the intersec- 
tions with a dibble or even with the hand and set the plants. 
If it is a dry time or not likely to rain within a few hours, we can 
set with a hand machine which waters as the plants are set. 
Care must be taken to pack the dirt about the roots with the 
feet as one moves along the row. Plants to be set this way 
should be straight and not over large. If we set by hand we 
must first make holes with the dibble, then pour a little water 
in the holes, then set the plants quickly before the water all 
disappears if possible. A man can well do the setting and two 
boys the other work, including the digging of plants. If the 
field is large, the best way is to use a two horse planter. This 
requires a driver and one or two boys to drop plants into the 
machine. This must be the cheapest way to set, and, while I 
have never used a horse planter, I think, from observation, it is 
the best way. Fields set this way seem more uniform than hand- 
set fields. The secret of it is this. In setting with water, the 
settling away of the water brings the roots and fine soil closely 
together and makes the plants ready for a quick start. In hand 
setting with water one does not get the conditions just right. 


A SUG€CESSFUL CABBAGE FIELD. 61 


Your cabbage will not do much if not started right, and, to 
repeat, there are four important points, soil prepared as for a 
seed bed, good plants, moisture and the packing of the earth 
closely about the roots. 

If the ground is dry, or as soon as it is dry, the plants 


‘should be cultivated, and after that every week or ten days. 


They will respond well to hoeing, but usually it is not necessary 
to do much hand hoeing. If while the plants are still small, they 
are hoed with the wheel hoe once or twice across the rows, hand 
hoeing will be eliminated. Cultivation with the rows can be done 
with a wheel hoe if the plot is small. If the plot is larger it can 
be cultivated with a horse and five-shovel and fourteen tooth 
cultivator. 

We have never considered it necessary to spray our cabbage, 
but many do, and it is better to do it. For the aphis, spray with 
kerosene emulsion, for green worms use paris green or arsenate 
of lead. 

We have never used commercial fertilizers, and so can only 
advise regarding barnyard manure. Use it freely, as the cab- 
bage is a gross feeder. 


APPLE STORAGE.—The results of the investigations in the handling of 
northwestern apples for and in cold storage have been so consistent and 
conclusive that this phase of work may be considered completed. The results 
brought out particularly the importance of picking apples of various 
varieties at the proper stage of maturity, of careful handling in all har- 
vesting and storage operations, of prompt cooling, and proper storage 
temperatures. During past seasons the growers have frequently suffered 
very large financial losses from either too early or too late harvesting of 
apples of certain varieties, such as Jonathan, Rome Beauty and others. 
The work has demonstrated clearly that the storage life of apples can be 
prolonged from weeks to months by picking at proper maturity, and has 
shown how the grower may know when his fruit is of proper maturity for 
best results in storage. In connection with the investigations of the cold 
storage of Yellow Newtown apples in the Watsonville district of California, 
the most important discovery is without doubt the relation of tree vigor 
to the keeping quality of fruit in storage. Experiments extending over 
two seasons have clearly shown a marked and consistent difference in the 
keeping quality of fruit from different trees, particularly trees that for any 
reason differ in vigor and general healthfulness. During the past season 
the possibilities of common, or air-cooled, storages in different sections 
were carefully investigated. The results of these investigations have 
clearly shown the practicability of such storage under some conditions and 
the economic saving resulting to the industry in the use of houses properly 
constructed and managed.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 


62 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Everbearing Strawberry Field. 
A. BRACKETT, FRUIT GROWER, EXCELSIOR, MINN. 


Mr. Brackett: 1 ish to say a few things about something 
that came up before I scart on everbearing strawberries. I have 
had at least fifty years’ experience in growing strawberries, and 
I don’t think it would pay to try to irrigate strawberries in Iowa 
or Minnesota. I know a gentleman, and a great many of you 
no doubt know him, out at the lake who has spent hundreds of 
dollars putting in an irrigating plant that he never got a dollar 
from, and it stands there idle today. I know this, that straw- 
berries very often are injured in the winter by root killing and 
will only bear one crop of berries, that is, just one picking, and 
then they will dry up. In my first experience with that root 
killing I thought it was the drought, and I tried irrigating, but 
I couldn’t revive those plants. If your strawberry plants have 
gone through the winter and have roots that are perfect, haven’t 
been injured by winter, I have never seen a year so dry in Minne- 
sota but what they would mature a crop of berries if the ground 
was well fertilized and well mulched. The expense of irrigating, 
no one appreciates that until he has tried it. You have got to 
keep that up all the time. Lots of years you won’t need it. This 
year during the severe drouth it might have been a small advan- 
tage on the everbearing; I know of one irrigating plant at Excel- 
sior; I don’t think the man got any benefit from the use of that. 

Now, we can’t say whether a crop of strawberries or a 
crop of corn or any other crop will pay us by just one year’s 
experience. If that was a fact the corn raisers of Minnesota in 
1915 would have told you that corn did not pay. It wasn’t a 
paying crop that year. The wheat raisers in Dakota, many of 
whom didn’t cut their grain, if they should base their opinion on 
this year’s crop would tell you it doesn’t pay to grow wheat. We 
have got to take several years to decide on whether it is a paying 
crop or not. There are no doubt lots of people who have tried 
everbearing strawberries, and if you should ask them now 
whether they thought it would pay they would tell you no. For 
some reason they didn’t get any berries; I know lots of them 
didn’t get berries enough to pay for the plants, but it wasn’t the 
fault of the everbearing strawberries. 

You don’t need to irrigate the strawberry plant if you handle 
it right. Now this year I anticipated it might be dry, and as a 
precaution I mulched my strawberry bed in the fall of the year, 
and I mulched it heavily. Some people will say, “You smother 
your strawberries out.” For the last fifty years I never saw any 
strawberries smothered out. Last year if they would smother 
out mine would have smothered out, because we covered them 
heavily with slough hay, and then I put on fifty loads to the acre 
of stable manure. Then we had two or three feet of snow on 
top of that last year. 

The present season of 1916, with the severe drouth in the 


latter part of the season, has been very hard on a great many 


EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY FIELD. 63 


fields of everbearing strawberries, which goes to prove that you 
cannot decide by one year’s test as to the profit of any particular 
crop. Beds of strawberries that were on rather poor ground 
and not mulched or cultivated proved a failure in our locality. 
The spring was very favorable, having plenty of moisture, and it 
looked very much as if there would be a large crop, with a 
probable price of about 10c per quart, but on account of the 
drouth the crop sold readily at $3 per crate of 24 pints. 

There is no question in my mind as to the everbearing 
strawberry taking the place to a great extent of the June bearing 
berries for home use or commercially. They require a different 
culture from the June berries to carry a crop during the entire 
season. I will give you my mode of handling them, which has 
been very successful this summer. I was quite certain that if 
we had a dry summer the berries would be few and small, and I 
prepared for it by mulching heavily with slough hay quite early 
in the fall. I then gave them a coat of stable manure from the 
horse barn, on top of the hay, at the rate of fifty loads to the 
acre. I am well aware that some of you will say there will be 
danger of smothering the plants, but in my lifelong experience 
I have never seen any plants smothered out. I have heard people 
claim they had their plants smother, but in all cases that came 
under my observation the plants were injured either by winter 
or by some cause other than smothering. It is true that if 
the covering is left on late until the plants have started to 
grow that they would be injured, but with the everbearing 
strawberry the covering should be removed early, and by re- 
moving early they blossom early, and if the blossoms should be 
killed by a late frost it would be an advantage, for by the second 
time they come into bloom the plants would be better established 
to mature a crop of berries. 

With the heavy mulching of hay and the additional covering 
with manure I conserved the moisture and had a continuous crop 
of berries from July 1 until October 14, on which last named 
date I picked 314 crates of berries. My total receipts were 221 
crates from three-quarters of an acre, which brought me $3 per 
crate, or $663. 

There are several varieties of the everbearing strawberries 
on the market, but I consider the following the leading varieties: 
the Progressive, the Superb and the Americus. My first experi- 
ence with the No. 1017, which was originated at our experimental 
State Fruit-Breeding Farm, was not very satisfactory, but know- 


64 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ing they had made such a fine showing there I planted it again 
this year on a heavy rich soil thoroughly manured, and they 
bore a good crop of fine large berries. I think it very essential 
that all everbearing strawberries have the rows thinned down to 
about six inches wide, with plants six inches apart, which gives 
larger and finer berries, and the plants are better able to stand 
the dry weather than they would be if left in a matted row. 

The United States government sent out an expert to investi- 
gate the everbearing strawberry throughout the United States. 
He stopped at my place last spring. He went through Iowa and 
Missouri and worked west to the Pacific Coast, spent the sum- 
mer in his investigations and came back over the same route 
and was at my place again this fall. His verdict was that where 
people had planted the everbearing strawberry on suitable 
ground and taken the right care of them they had proved a great 
success. When they are as extensively grown as the June bear- 
ing varieties we cannot expect the fancy prices that we are now 
getting. 

A Member: I would like to ask Mr. Brackett if he cut out 
the old plants this spring and got a spring crop off of his berries 
from the new plants? 

Mr. Brackett: It is a very good plan to take out the old 
plants for this reason: Everbearing strawberries bear up to 
the time the ground freezes up, and I think I had at least 
twenty-five bushels of green berries on my plants this fall that 
were frozen up. This heavy crop has weakened them to some 
extent while the runners have not been weakened so bad. You 
want to uncover your strawberries early; let them get started, 
and then if the frost comes along and kills the blossoms it don’t 
hurt them at all, they will go ahead and new roots will get started 
and there will be another set of blossom stems. It doesn’t 
hurt them to get frosted that way, while with your common 
berries if they get uncovered too early and get killed that is the 
end of your crop. 

A Member: I would like to ask how to treat the everbearing 
strawberry for plants, if you want to get plants from it. 

Mr. Brackett: I will tell you how I do it. I plant my ever- 
bearing plants early in the spring. They will start out runners, 
and we let them do that. Those runners nearly all of them will 
bear, and in the spring—or next spring, as I told you—I take up 
all those runners except just to leave that little narrow row, only 
six inches wide and plants six inches apart. You can keep an ever- 
bearing strawberry bed year after year if you take care of it, and 
you can grow June-bearing berries if you take care of them, but 
show me the man that will do it. Not one in five. They will let 
the weeds grow up, intending perhaps to do the weeding at some 


EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY FIELD. 65 


future time, but it is neglected and finally the weeds will ruin 
the patch. It is easier to plow those under and plant a new bed 
than it is to take care of the old ones. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I would like to ask the speaker if for a 
period of years he has irrigated half a field of strawberries and 
let the other half go. 

Mr. Brackett: I irrigated the whole bed, and it all went. 
All the irrigation in the world wouldn’t have helped them; they 
were root-killed in the winter. 

Mr. Rasmussen: If you had irrigated half and let the other 
half go you could have compared them. How do you know what 
the result would have been? 

Mr. Brackett: Because I watched Mr. Endsley, of Lake 
Minnetonka, who put up a $2,000 plant, pumping from Lake 
Minnetonka, and only used it two years, and if he hadn’t had 
plenty of water he wouldn’t have used it that long. 

A Member: What kind of everbearing strawberries are 
there? 

Mr. Brackett: There are probably fifty or a hundred varie- 
ties of the everbearing strawberry. The Americus, the Progres- 
sive and the Superb are the three leading varieties. The Pro- 
gressive is probably the most popular, you will hear it recom- 
mended very highly, but the Americus has done the best for me. 
ee whether that is on account of my soil or what it is, I don’t 

now. 

A Member: You have the clay soil? 

Mr. Brackett: Yes, sir. 

A Member: Isn’t there a difference in getting results on 
sandy soil by irrigating than to irrigate on heavy soil ? 

Mr. Brackett: Yes, sir, there is a difference. On sandy 
soil you are much more liable to get root-killing. Now you will 
find a great many strawberry patches killed out next spring by 
root-killing because they have gone into winter quarters dry. 
The ground is dry, and you will have injury to them, and you no 
doubt will have injury to the raspberries and apple trees if they 
are dry and no mulch around them, by root-killing. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Wouldn’t it have been a good idea to irri- - 
gate them so they would not have gone into winter quarters dry? 

Mr. Brackett: Now, Mr. Underwood has an orchard down 
there of several hundred acres. I want to ask him if he irrigated 
this fall so they do not go into the winter dry. 

Mr. Underwood: I can’t irrigate, they grow on a side hill 
where I couldn’t possibly irrigate, but Mr. Brackett knows I lay 
great stress on having moisture in the ground. I irrigate them 
in this way. Every tree has a little channel cut around it up 
above it, and the water that falls runs into the basin where 
the tree sets, and they get their irrigation in that way. This 
moisture that is needed, if you can’t get it from the side hill in 
the way I do, you get irrigation anyway. Don’t let them go into 
the winter dry. 


66 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. © 


Mr. Brackett: How did your ditch work this fall when we 
didn’t have any rains? 

Mr. Underwood: We had rains. And another thing I wish 
you would tell me, how would we have got any strawberry plants 
to sell this next year if we hadn’t irrigated our strawberries all 
through that dry season? They just stopped growing and we 
irrigated them and they went on growing, and we have got some 
plants, and I am sure we wouldn’t have had any if we hadn’t 
irrigated. 

Mr. Brackett: We have had as dry a year as we have 
known, and on my everbearing strawberries I will guarantee I 
have a hundred thousand runners I can take up. 

Mr. Latham: What kind of,a location does that strawberry 
bed stand in? 

Mr. Brackett: It is in a very favorable location. As I told 
you, it is on timber land, on land that had grown big hard maples 
and basswood. There was a great deal of leaf mold there and I 
fertilized it very heavily. It lays low with the hills above it, and 
I think probably it is one of the very best. If it hadn’t been I 
wouldn’t have bought it. 

Mr. Latham: Takes the water from the hillside? 

Mr. Brackett: It takes the water from the hillside. 

Mr. Latham: It is irrigated naturally. 

Mr. Brackett: That is the kind of soil you want to plant 
your strawberry bed on, irrigated naturally and not artificially. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Mine is a low, clay soil, and I put on lots 
of manure. The gentleman spoke about irrigating apple trees. 
We happen to have a few Wealthy trees in the raspberry patch 
that are absolutely the same as the ones outside of the raspberry 
patch. We watered them, and the fruit was one-third larger and 
hung on during the season while the others fell off. 

Mr. Smith (Oregon): If you have ground that does not 
contain natural moisture to produce vigorous plants and does 
not hold moisture during the season, why it would certainly pay 
to give them a drink when they are thirsty. The kind of land 
has just as much to do with it as the method of cultivation. The 
gentleman here from Wisconsin, Mr. Rasmussen, described his 
method of growing strawberries. Just across from the famous 
Hood River strawberry growing district, which probably grows a 
larger amount of strawberries than any other section, just across 
on the sandbar, the sandy land on the bank of the Columbia 
river, a man for the last fifteen years has been practicing the ~ 
same method as that of Mr. Rasmussen in growing strawberries, 
and seven years during that time he has won the highest price for 
the first perfect crate of strawberries. I have to talk irrigation 
frequently, but understand this: I always say when you can reach 
moist dirt with your finger you don’t need to irrigate. But when 
your plants need irrigation give them a drink. Mr. Brackett 
happens to have some place where the land does not need irriga- 
tion, but where it does need it you will find it a decided advan- 


EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY FIELD. 67 


tage. In other words, it is an advantage to have water to give 
your plants when they need it if the Lord don’t furnish it. 

Mr. Brackett: He ought to have added, if you can afford to. 

Mr. Hawkins: I want to say I visited Mr. Brackett’s straw- 
berry patch. - He called me up over the telephone and he said the 
Americus was doing better than the Progressive, and I wanted to 
see that with my own eyes before I would believe it. I went there 
and when I came there, it was some time in September, and the 
patch was literally red with berries. I looked up to see why his 
patch was doing so well, and there was six inches of manure be- 
tween the rows, and, more than this, you could make a mud ball 
in September. So I think he has plenty of irrigation. 

Mr. Gust Johnson: I would like to ask how long the ever- 
bearing strawberry will bear without water on your land. Have 
you ever tried that? 

Mr. Brackett: It bears until it freezes up in the fall before 
it quits. 

Mr. Kellogg: If the strawberry bed went into winter dry, 
would you water it in the winter or would you depend on mulch? 

Mr. Brackett: I have protected mine by mulch. It would be 
too big a job to water it unless you have the water so you can 
control it perfectly. 


FRUIT IMPROVEMENT THROUGH BUpD SELECTION.—The work of keeping 
performance records of select trees of the Washington Navel and Valencia 
oranges, Eureka, Lisbon and Villa Franca lemons, Marsh grapefruit and 
Dancy tangerine has been continued during the year. Deciduous-fruit 
performance records on select trees of Carman, Elberta, Hale and Belle 
peaches and Baldwin, Ben Davis and Northern Spy apples have also been 
kept. In addition to these records, a tree census has been obtained, showing 
the conditions of established commercial orchards in regard to the uni- 
formity of type of trees and fruits borne by such trees. More than 200,000 
select fruit-bearing buds from citrus trees with known performance records 
have been placed in the hands of cooperators who are to permit the depart- 
ment to secure progeny records from the trees so propagated. These buds 
are not only for the propagation of nursery stock, but in many cases for the 
top-working of unprofitable trees in established plantations. Recently, in 
co-operation with the California Fruit Growers’ Exchange, a systematic 
campaign has been undertaken to eliminate all of the inferior strains of 
grapefruit in California by top-working trees of such strains with select 
buds from trees of the Marsh variety with known performance records, 
thus reducing the grapefruit production of the State practically to the basis 
of a single variety. Each year sees an increase in the number of citrus 
growers in California who adopt the commercial tree performance record 
system for locating trees of unprofitable character, either because they bear 
little fruit or because they bear fruit of a strain not well suited to com- 
mercial use. A second commercial nursery has been established during the 
year in California for the purpose of propagating trees from wood borne 
by record individuals.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 


68 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Evergreens. 
REY. C. S. HARRISON, RETIRED NURSERYMAN, YORK, NEB. 


Plenty of evergreens judiciously planted will check the 
fury of Old Boreas as he sweeps down from the north and give 
you a cozy shelter from his wrath. They bring the greenness of 
summer into the heart of winter. Animals greatly appreciate 
their protection, and when the sun shines on cold winter days you 


will see them sunning themselves on the south side of: the ever- 
green hedge. 


In our bleak northwest, where cattle are fatted in the open, 
often the protection they get is simply a wire fence—a poor 
shelter when the blizzard rages. A very expensive fence, too, it 
proves, for the loss of flesh on a hundred steers in a long, cold 
spell would build sheds enough to protect them. We can at. least 
have evergreen barns. 

Lumber is high and will be higher, and attention is now 
given to a more comfortable shelter than all out of doors. 

Take young bull pines grown from Black Hills seed, four 
years old and twice transplanted, and make a double hedge—rows 
_ ten teet apart and ten feet apart in the row, breaking joints. 
Have your hay and straw stacks in the center. Give your young 
trees the best of care. Build a fence inside to protect the trees 
from the stock till they get sufficient size, and give them the best 
of cultivation. Don’t depend on the weeds to care for them. 
When well established they grow from twelve to eighteen inches 
a year, and sometimes they make two feet. So it won’t take long 
for a fine shelter. 

If you want to move your farm 200 miles south, then plant 
a lot of evergreens and stay right where you are. When it is 
thirty below, put your themometer in the open and down it goes. 
Now take it into the evergreen grove, and up it goes five degrees. 

Plant for winter effect. Have a foliage garden to look at in 
the cold weather. Evergreens vary much in their tints and color- 
ings. The scopularum, or silver cedar, is cone-like in form, much 
like the Irish juniper, as it shimmers and sparkles in its silver 
frostings. The Douglas spruce has a dozen different shades and 
forms. 

The concolor is the most beautiful of all evergreens, retain- 
ing its form and color down to old age. The Scotch pine is 
light green. The ponderosa has a deeper color. The picea 
pungens stands guard in your yard like a faithful sentinel in 


EVERGREENS. 69 


royal robes of silver and sapphire. So on a clear winter day you 
look out on your grove, and you have one of the finest foliage dis- 
plays that winter can give you. 

Raise your own evergreens. There is no bugaboo about it. 


Colorado Silver Blue Spruce. 


Get a little book issued by the Webb Publishing Co. and it will 
tell you all about it. I have sent a good many pounds of bull pine 
seed to the sand hills of Nebraska, and they had fine success rais- 
ing them in the open. I sent a lot to a man in Morris, Manitoba, 
and he has one of the finest evergreen groves in the province, and 
he was simply a wheat farmer.. For myself, I had a bed, without 
a screen, in a slightly sheltered garden, where for five years I 


70 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. © 


raised a fine crop of bull pine seedlings, transplanting every 
spring and reseeding the same bed, and I never failed of a good 


stand. 


Some years ago I conceived the idea of raising evergreens in 


Engleman spruce. 


central Minnesota and so 
we started a nursery at 
Paynesville. We cleared out 
the brush and planted in 
the leaf mould. Having 
shelter on the south side, 
when directions were fol- 
lowed we had splendid suc- 
cess. Bull pine, concolor, 
pungens and Douglas 
spruce, all came up through 
that congenial leaf mould 
and did splendidly. Then a 
larger area was cleared and 
about $300 worth of seed 
planted. But some way 
they were not weeded in 
time. Twenty dollars spent 
in weeding at the right time 
would have saved $1,000 
worth. of seedlings. The 
seed came up all right and 
the weeds came also. Twice 
I went up in June and 


i | found the weeds two feet 
' tall and thick as they could 


stand. I pulled them up 


= and, of course, pulled up 
about five little evergreens 


to every weed. 

Now an evergreen, large 
or small, makes its push in 
early June. If well cared 


for it comes up good and stocky. If weeds are allowed to grow 
they become weak-kneed and fall over, and it is hard to ever get 
them up again. Fora persistent lack of timely weeding I threw 
up the job, but first I demonstrated a fact which should be a 


valuable asset to all this northwest, 


that with a very little care 


EVERGREENS. 71 


and timely attention a man can raise all the evergreens he can use 
for about two cents apiece. 

So brush up, clear out a patch of hazel brush if you have it 
and raise your own. Plant in some sheltered spot—in your lati- 
tude it might be best to use a screen, but anyway raise your own. 

I once took off my hat and made a bow to myself, twenty-five 
years ago. At Franklin, Nebraska, I had an experiment station. 
This town is near the 100th 
meridian and on the verge 
of the semi-arid regions, 
and during half the seasons 
you can leave the “semi” 
out and call it arid. Then 
sometimesthe sirocco rages. 
At one time the wind was 
blowing like a blast from 
the furnace—mercury 112. 
I had white pine, white 
spruce, Black Hills spruce 
and Scotch pine in the nurs- 
ery, also a lot of bull pine, 
. and every tree went down 
but the bull pine. That 
seemed to laugh at the per- 
formance and appeared to 
say “give me some more.” 

I planted perhaps an 
eighth of an acre in straight 
rows, six feet apart. 
Twenty-five years after I 
visited them and was sur- 
prised at the result. The 
trees were about four to six 
inches through, straight as 
arrows and twenty feet tall. But pine, 2 years old, twice transplanted. 
There was a canopy of green above, for the branches had met. 
The ground was covered with a carpet of needles. It was then I 
paid my respects to myself. I wished I had planted forty acres, 
and I would have had a mecca which would have been a resort 
in summer when the green canopy would have been a shelter 
from the sun, and the breezes would fan the visitors as they 
reclined in the shade on that soft carpet. 


72 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Some hints. Raise your own evergreens. Take care of 
them. Transplant when two years old in a nursery near your 
house. Cultivate well. Let them grow two years, then trans- 
plant again and let them stand two years. Then you have a fine 
lot of matted roots. 

Take the time when it is cool and the ground is moist. 

Your main dependence 
should be the bull, or pon- 
derosa, pine. Always get 
seed from the Black Hills, 
for we have found seed 
from the foot hills of Colo- 
rado won’t do. Prof. Green 
found that out to his sor- 
row. 

Don’t plant Norway 
spruce, black spruce or 
Eastern white spruce or 
white pine on your Western 
prairie. 

The pinus aristata and 
pinus flexilis will do well. 
So will the mountain pine 
if you want a dwarf for 
your yard. Engleman 
spruce will do well if you 
can put it where it can be 
protected from the two 
o’clock sun. The pinus con- 
torta, or lodge pole pine, 
which is the main tree 
growing in the Yellowstone 

Black Hills spruce. National Park, ought to be 
tested. It is very hardy, growing where there are frequent 
frosts all summer, and it can pack the most trees on an acre of 
any tree you ever saw. 

But put your main dependence on the bull pine. I know 
them, have raised them by the hundred thousand. Amateurs 
have raised in several instances 5,000 from a pound of seed and 
the seed costs $2.00 per pound. They are the identical tree the 
good Lord invented for all our bleak Northwest. 

The most beautiful tree that grows is the concolor, or silver 


EVERGREENS. Ko 


fir of the Rockies. The picea pungens grows ragged at thirty 
years of age and is thrown on the brush pile. 

The concolor, like the Christian, grows more beautiful with 
age. I have seen them seventy-five feet tall and four feet 
through, glistening in robes of emerald and silver. 

The trouble has been with sowing seed from the lower alti- 
tudes of Colorado. The pungens grows at an altitude of 10,000 
or 11,000 feet and often the concolor grows beside them. Now 
if you could find an honest seed collector who would secure seed 
for you from those higher altitudes you could raise something to 
depend on. Then growing at this high altitude is the beautiful 
sub alpina, which ought to grow well in the north. 


Radish Growing. 
CHAS. HOFFMAN, MARKET GARDENER, WHITE BEAR. 

Radishes are grown more or less all through the year. In 
winter greenhouses produce them, and later towards spring they 
are raised in hotbeds and cold frames until still later they are 
raised in the open. 

To produce good, crisp radishes three things are essential, 
abundant moisture, rich, mellow soil and good seed. These three 
conditions being present, it only lacks one other feature to insure 
success, and that is, right seeding. 

In the small turnip-shaped varieties about twelve to eighteen 
seeds to the foot of row should give good results, provided the 
seed shows high germination. If it does not, it should be sown 
somewhat thicker. The summer varieties, like White Strasburg, 
should be sown thinner, as they form a larger plant, six to twelve 
inches to the foot, insuring a good result. Winter radishes, like 
the various Black Spanish sorts, should not have more than six to 
the foot to have well developed roots. Sow seed from one-fourth 
to one-half, or even three-fourths inches deep later in summer. 
Of all radishes only the small turnip-shaped is the commercial 
article, all other kinds having only local and limited sale. Of 
the turnip-shaped, both the red and the white tipped are about 


‘in equal demand. We usually cultivate them but once, and that 


as they are forming their second or third leaves. When they 
reach about. three-fourths in size we pull them, tie them in 
bunches of from six to twelve, wash clean with a soft brush and 
market next morning. It pays to have them as attractive as one 
can have them, and to that end one should make a sowing about 
every week, as the third or fourth pulling does not compare with 
the first or second, neither in looks nor in quality. 


74 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Secretary's Annual Report, 1916, Minnesota State 
Horticultural Society. 


A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


The society year, just closing, while it has not been from an 
economic standpoint as successful for the average horticulturist 
as could be desired has nevertheless been a most successful one 
for the society, the membership having touched high water mark, 
and in many other ways the society has demonstrated its value 
to the horticultural interests of the state. 

This being the semi-centennial anniversary meeting of the 
society emphasizes especially the growth of membership during 
the fifty years of its life, beginning with a membership of ten in 
1866, with 264 in 1891, at the age of twenty-five years, the first 
year of my service as secretary, and 3,837 at the present time, 
indicating well the increasing growth and usefulness of the 
society. The close of this year finds 3,454 names on the annual 
membership roll and 383 names on the life membership roll, mak- 
ing a total membership of 3,837 for the current year, an increase 
of 425 memberships at this date over the preceding year. There 
has been a material increase in the life membership roll of 383, 
consisting of thirty-two names, four of these honorary members, 
viz.: Chas. Haralson, S. H. Drum, F. W. Kimball, J. R. Cummins, 
and as far as we know no decrease, as no deaths that have come 
to the,attention of the secretary have occurred in the ranks of 
this large life membership roll during the year. Of this mem- 
bership a considerable proportion is to be credited to the 
auxiliary societies, of which there are now seven connected with 
the society, the total number of such memberships amounting to 
957. Several of these societies are very active and doing most 
excellent practical work in their special fields. It would be well 
to encourage the organization of such auxiliaries at any points 
where there are two or three members who are willing to sacri- 
fice something to organize and maintain such a local society. 
Occasional local meetings throughout the year, a plan pursued 
by some of these auxiliaries, adds greatly to their neighborhood 
usefulness. 

The Farmers’ Institutes have not contributed this year as 
much as usual to this membership roll. The changed conditions 
under which these institutes are held have diminished the oppor- 
tunities for extending to the farmers of the state the opportunity 
to avail themselves of the advantages of this society, which, we 


SECRETARY’S ANNUAL REPORT, 1916. 75 


believe, is to be much regretted. Twenty memberships have 
come into our roll this year from this source. 

The nurserymen have contributed also somewhat, although 
not so largely as in many previous years, the total number of 
names from this source amounting to 134. These are member- 
ships that have been given by the nurserymen to purchasers of 
their nursery stock. 

A special interest this year is connected with the distribu- 
tion of plant premiums, and an unusual number of our member- 
ship have asked for them. There was offered a selection of eight 
varieties of assorted premiums which were made up and handled 
by Prof. Cady from the University Farm Station. Prof. Cady 
also had charge of the mailing of small-lots of strawberry and 
raspberry plants which came to him in bulk from the fruit-breed- 
ing farm. The larger portion of the plant premiums were new 
fruits from the fruit-breeding farm, consisting of hybrid plums, 
No. 3 June-bearing strawberry, No. 1017 everbearing straw- 
berry, and No. 4 raspberry. Eight hundred and twenty members 
called for the hybrid plums, 857 called for the No. 4 raspberries, 
687 for the No. 3 June-bearing strawberries and 1,478 members 
called for No. 1017 everbearing strawberries. 

The exhibits at the annual meeting last year considering the 
character of the season were very satisfactory, the premiums on 
fruits, vegetables and flowers altogether amounting to $604.00. 

The display at the summer meeting was almost entirely of 
flowers, strawberries receiving only a very small amount. This 
exhibit surpassed any that the society had ever made, we believe, 
the total amount awarded at that time being $178.75, towards 
which the Minnesota Garden Flower Society contributed $65.00. 

The trial stations of the society have increased in number 
by the addition of two stations, one at New Auburn, under the 
management of R. S. Hall, and another at Deerwood under the 
management of L. P. Hall, and one has been discontinued, at 
Madison, under the management of M. Soholt, it occupying prac- 
tically the same territory as the older station at Montevideo. 
These stations are all well equipped, especially with new fruit 
from the fruit-breeding farm, and many of Prof. Hansen’s new 
fruits are also being tried there. Their reports should be studied 
carefully by our membership as they appear in the monthly, and 
much valuable information may be received in this way. 

The Orchard Prize Contest, inaugurated in the spring of 
1914, is proceeding. There are twenty-three persons entered in 


76 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


this contest and that number of orchards were planted. We have 
not heard from all of them this season. Twelve have so far 
reported, and undoubtedly we shall hear from the others. As 
far as known the orchards are generally in good condition. 

It will be necessary on account of the increase of the cost of 
printing paper to ask for a somewhat larger appropriation from 
the state legislature for printing purposes at the coming session. 
The appropriation for the uses of the society has been for some 
years $3,000 per annum, and the printing appropriation $3,500. 
An increase of $500 for the printing appropriation is absolutely 
necessary to take care of our large issue of magazines and reports 
under the increased prices prevailing. 

The library has had quite a good many accessions this year, 
in all 149 volumes, ‘this bringing the number of volumes in the 
library as registered up to 3,449. The titles of the books which 
have been added to the library in 1916 will be found on page 509 
of the report of the society for that year. The most important 
addition has been a set of twelve volumes of Luther Burbank’s 
“Methods and Discoveries,” an elegant affair which we were for- 
tunate in securing for thirty per cent. of the regular price. We 
have found it necessary to purchase several new book cases to 
accommodate this large increase in our library. 

The society has never been stronger in its working member- 
ship, nor had a more hopeful outlook than at present, and we 
anticipate an increased interest in its work and a continually 
enlarged membership. The finances of the society are in excel- 
lent condition as indicated by the secretary’s financial report 
and the treasurer’s report to be published later. 


ONE day last summer I saw a man in town with two bushels of the 
largest and finest-looking currants I ever saw. He sold them at eight cents 
a quart as fast as he could measure them out. Everybody declared they - 
were a new variety, and he could have taken several orders for cuttings. 
When he was done I told him that I knew they were the old Cherry cur- 
rant, and asked him how he grew them so large and fine. He said he had 
them planted along the east side of a six-board fence, so that they were 
shaded from the afternoon sun. Then he manured the bushes heavily with 
coarse barn-yard manure applied in the fall. That’s all there was to it. 
Ordinary Cherry currants went begging at five cents a quart, and his were 
snapped up at eight cents as fast as he could handle them. 


—_— = > 


COMPULSORY SPRAYING FOR FRUIT INSECTS AND DISEASES. 17 


Compulsory Spraying for Fruit Insects and Diseases. 
K. A. KIRKPATRICK, HENNEPIN COUNTY AGENT, WAYZATA. 


Wide experience and observation in teaching, and extension 
work in a number of states, have led the writer to believe that 
neglected orchards or fruit plantations are a real menace to any 
community that is attempting commercial fruit growing. The 
same might also be said regarding poorly handled truck crops in 
a section devoted to truck growing. Inasmuch as every com- 
munity has organized means for dealing with human and ani- 
mal diseases or with any other problems that are of grave pub- 
lic concern, it would seem that all communities engaged in 
specialized farming, such as commercial berry growing, orchard- 
ing or truck growing, must very soon put in effect measures to 
maintain compulsory spraying and approved care of all planta- 
tions in those neighborhoods in order that the highest community 
efficiency may exist. Only when the community is reaping 100 
per cent. results from its efforts can individual property be at 
its best therein. 

Undoubtedly the point will be raised that any compulsory 
procedure would be radical and smack of paternalism in public 


affairs. There are a few people in our midst who want to wal- 


low in and swallow a brew of “spread eagle” independence. 'To- 
day our only hope in the industrial or the farming world is 
inter-dependence. Where hundreds of people are gaining their 
living out of a specialized crop it is certain that the majority of 
the better class of growers will not long tolerate the shiftless, 
careless individual who is a real danger and a profit-loser to them. 
The time is coming when such inefficiency, either from choice or 
necessity, will be barred out of the community, call it paternal- 
ism or any other name that we may wish. It is certain that the 
progressive growers in any such communities will quickly wel- 
come any plan for controlling neglect in their midst if such plan 
can be shown to be practicable. 

Can we show practicability in any suggestion for compul- 
sory measures in the State of Minnesota? It will not suffice to 
advocate the system followed in western states, where there are 
horticultural associations with strong county organizations 
through which a horticultural inspector works. These men get 
nominal to splendid results, depending upon their own ability 
and the type of people with whom they have to work. If any 
compulsory measures are to be adopted in Minnesota it is 


78 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


believed that too much local responsibility for carrying them 
out may not be given, while on the other hand, any great show- 
ing of authority from outside the community will not be brooked. 

If any measure of a compulsory nature in protection of 
fruit or truck crops are to be entertained by all parties con- 
cerned in the state, it is believed that the initiative for them 
should come from local parties. Progressive men in communi- 
ties devoted to these specialized industries must self-act to the 
extent of sounding out sentiment, laying out the proposed bound- 
aries for areas to come under such measures and in making pre- 
liminary arrangements for getting any plans into execution. 
The enforcement of measures after they have been initiated and 
approved by any locality should be left wholly with state or out- 
side forces. 

It is evident that any compulsory spraying or crop pest con- 
trol measures along the lines laid down above must be of local 
application in our state. The following outline has suggested it- 
self to the writer after conference with many growers and with 
several departments at University Farm. Much thought has 
been expended on this plan, but we trust that this meeting will 
pick the project to pieces and reassemble it as may seem best 
to them. In fact it is only hoped that this presentation may 
lead up to agitation that in the course of a few years will get 
the results suggested in the heading to this paper. 

First: It is believed that any measure of a compulsory 
nature should not apply unless at least 15 per cent. of the tillable 
area in any certain district may be shown to be cropped. with 
tree or bush fruits or Some other specialized crop warranting 
such action. . 

Second: 25 per cent. of the acreage in such specialized crop 
or crops should be represented in a petition for a hearing signed 
by the owners of this acreage. 

Third: Such petition should describe and define the area 
in which it is proposed to have a compulsory spraying measure, 
and after the signatures of the owners indicated above have been 
appended it should be filed with the Director of the State Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station along with a request for a prelimi- 
nary survey for the district in question and a public hearing in 
the matter within two months from the date of the petition. 

Fourth: After the above procedure has been complied with 
the director of the Agricultural Experiment Station shall direct 
the state nursery inspector to conduct a public hearing on a 


a 


COMPULSORY SPRAYING FOR FRUIT INSECTS AND DISEASES. 79 


properly advertised date at a centrally accessible point in the 
proposed compulsory spraying district. At this hearing all local 
parties should be privileged to appear to uphold or oppose action 
on the measure. 

Fifth: At this hearing the president of the County Farm 
Bureau or similar county farmers organization, one county com- 
missioner, one representative from each of the Horticultural, 
Plant Pathology, Economic Entomology and Agricultural Exten- 
sion Divisions of the State University Agricultural Experiment 
Station should be present. 

Sixth: After supporting and opposing arguments have 
been heard, a vote of local parties present, each of whom should 
be an owner or operator of a plantation in the district in question, 
should be taken on the action. If 60 per cent. or more favorable 
votes should be cast, such voting would authorize the declaration 
and publication of the territory covered by the petition as State 
Compulsory Spraying District No. ; 

Seventh: When this action shall have been accomplished, 
the director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station shall 
authorize the state nursery inspector to declare and publish the 
action describing the district and defining its boundaries. 

Eighth: The next step might well be the election of five 
local directors each of whom should be a property holder and 
resident within the district in question to constitute a local 
board of administrators to administer the control measures in 
the district. This board, in conference with the state nursery 
inspector and the director of the State Agricultural Experiment 
Station, shall estimate the cost of the biennial control inspection 
of the district. In recommendation from the local board of con-- 
trol directors, one-fourth of the amount necessary for each ensu- 
ing year shall be included by the county board of tax levy on the 
tax levies against property included in the compulsory spraying 
district as outlined in the published declaration noted above. 
Three-fourths of the estimated amount for each year’s control 
inspection shall be appropriated from state funds and be included 
in the state nursery inspection budget of expenses. 

Ninth: The state nursery inspector and his deputies shall 
have charge of the enforcement of the compulsory spraying 
measures. They shall have police power and may order planta- 
tions handled along approved methods endorsed by the State 
Agricultural Experiment Station, such action to be taken by the 
owner within a prescribed period, or if an owner or operator 


80 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


refuses to take such action may order the destruction of the crop 
or plantation by plowing or grubbing and burning.’ In case the 
owner or operator refuses to take such action, the inspector with 
his deputies may hire the work done and the actual cost of such 
destruction shall be paid out of the county contingent fund and 
shall constitute a lien against the property on which the crop or 
plantation was growing, and if not paid before shall be collected 
with any penalties at the time of the first transfer of such 
property after the destruction was ordered and carried out. 


Beautifying the Home Grounds. 
J. M. LINDSAY, AUSTIN. 


This sounds good, looks good, and when put into practice 
would be a great deal better. A man will build a three to five 
thousand dollar house with all the latest improvements and per- 
haps have only $.50 to $1.00 worth of some shrubs or flower. A 
well-arranged lawn should include a nice hedge, some shrubs, 
roses, bulbs and vines, with a few ornamental trees to complete 
the beauty of the home. A three to five thousand dollar house 
without these flowers reminds the sight-seers of a man that 
put up a lot of posts, thinking they would keep the stock in 
without the wires. 

Minnesota would be second to California as far as having 
beautiful lawns is concerned if the practice was more general. . 
People visiting California are delighted with the beautiful lawns. 
This subject is one of the principal ones talked of on returning 
from California. We can have the lawns look just as beautiful 
here in Minnesota if we would plant out in abundance as you 
see in California and with less expense. There are so many 
hardy shrubs, bulbs, roses and vines that could be planted in a 
lawn that take very little care. There is a great amount of labor 
each year preparing annual beds. They are all right, but there 
is less labor with the perennial beds. ; 

Plant a purple leaf barberry hedge and complete the lawn 
with hardy shrubs, such as spireas, snowballs, flowery almonds, 
iris, hydrangeas, phlox, high bush cranberry, clematis and 
flowery vines. Do this if you would have one of the prettiest 
lawns in Minnesota. ; 


USE FOR THE PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 81 


Uses for the Proposed Horticultural Building. 
A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


In the January, 1917, issue of our monthly there appeared 
on page 6 an article speaking in regard to the needs of the soci- 
ety for a home, accompanied by plans and descriptions of the 
proposed building. The members of the society are fully assured 
of their needs for such a building, as never in all the fifty years 
of its life has it had a really suitable place for its annual gather- 
ings, one which provides a suitable hall for the meeting of the 
society and an exhibition hall large enough and well enough 


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seale eaFreet 


PROPOSED HORTICULTURAL HALL 


FOR. THE 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 
arranged so that the exhibition in all of its classes may be 
installed in a way to impress those who might see it. 

The proposed building, to be located at University Farm, 
would provide all of these facilities and many more. It would 
not only be an ideal place for the annual meeting of the society 
with its large exhibits of all classes of horticultural products and 
an equally valuable one for its summer gathering with its 
immense showing of outdoor flowers, but it would provide equally 
good accommodations for all of its auxiliary societies in connec- 
tion with their meetings, many of which are held with much 
greater frequency than those of the state society. The Garden 
Flower Society holds a number of meetings during the year, 
alternating between Minneapolis and St. Paul, and with this cen- 
tral location all of these meetings could be held in the horticul- 


82 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


tural building. The Bee-Keepers hold one or more meetings 
annually. The Forestry Association one or more, the State Flor- 
ists Society hold frequent meetings and a number of exhibitions 
during the year. This midway location would accommodate the 
florists to a nicety. The Vegetable Growers have lately organized 
a State Vegetable Society, which would find this building and its 
exhibition halls a convenient place for their purposes. 

Besides the Horticultural Society and its auxiliaries there 
are also a large number of other state societies devoted to various 
branches of agriculture and stock breeding, a dozen or more of 


=I 


ANTE ROOM 


SEATING CAPACITY 
800 PERSONS 


AUDITORIUM 
64x80" 
| am | ome | 
STAIR HALL 


i. 
FIRST FLOOR PLAN 
Scale ecommerce 6 Fect 


Mm. ANTE ROOM 


Ground floor plan of proposed Horticultural Building. 


them, all of which would find a welcome place for gathering in 
this proposed building. The Farmers Home Week at University 
Farm, where the building is to be located, would also occupy the 
halls the building provides, and a variety of other uses would be 
found for it in connection with the varied interests developing 
and fostered at University Farm. In fact such a building as 
this is greatly needed. Nothing of the kind can be found in 
either of the Twin Cities, and located centrally as this would be, 
at University Farm, there would undoubtedly be calls for it that 
would provide rental for other uses than those noted above. 
Where hundreds of conventions from all over the country meet 
in the Twin Cities some at least would be especially well accom- 
modated by such a building in the midway district. 

This matter is now pending before the state legislature, and 
the attention of our membership is called to it that they may 
assist in every possible way to secure the enactment of the nec- 
essary legislation to provide for the construction of the building. 


HANDLING AND STORING GLADIOLUS BULBS. 83 


Handling and Storing Gladiolus Bulbs. 


G. D. BLACK, ALBERT LEA, MINN. 


Gladiolus bulbs are not dead or inanimate things like clods or 
stones. They are alive and will give us more and better flowers 
in return for good treatment, just as surely as do our domestic 
animals give us more and better eggs and milk when we give 
them the proper attention. 

Taking care of the bulbs during their dormant state, from 
the time they are har- 
vested until they are 
planted again, has not 
been given the attention 
that it deserves. It is 
not reasonable to expect 
best results from a bulb 
that has lost part of its 
vitality during this time. 

What I shall say on 
this subject will be based 
on my personal experi- 
ence. 

We commence digging 
about the middle of Sep- 
tember. We first harvest 
the small bulbs that have 
grown from bulblets. It 
is not necessary that 
these become ripe before Golden King gladiolus, originated by G. D. Black. 
they are dug. 

We prefer that they do not grow too large, so that we may 
be able to plant them next spring with our planter. If they are 
larger than three-fourths of an inch they must be planted by 
hand. 

These small bulbs are usually dug by loosening them with a 
spading fork, so they may be easily pulled up and broken from 
the tops into a sieve which will retain the bulbs and permit the 
soil to be shaken through. As we grow these small bulbs in such 
large quantities we do this work with a machine of our own con- 
struction. 

We next harvest the early varieties of the large bulbs and 
leave the latest varieties until the last. These should also be 
loosened with the spading fork so that they may be lifted easily 


84 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


from the soil. Large growers use a digger drawn by a horse, 
which runs under the bulbs without turning them over. 

If the bulbs are just ripe enough, the tops can be easily 
broken off without injury to the bulbs, but if they are tough they 
should be cut off close to the bulb with a sharp knife. 

The roots and old, shriveled bulbs can be pulled off easiest 
about a month later, before they become too dry. These should 
always be removed before the bulbs are planted again. 

A small quantity of 
bulbs may be stored in a 
market basket and placed 
on a Shelf or hung from 
a joist in the cellar. If 
there are a number of 
different varieties that 
you wish to keep sepa- 
rate, they should be put 
in paper bags when dug. 

' For storing large quan- 
tities we use crates eigh- 
teen by forty-eight inches 
in size. The bulbs should 
not be more than three or 
four inches deep in the 
crates or baskets, as they 
are liable to sprout or 
become mouldy if the air 
cannot circulate among 
and around them. 

They should always be 
kept dry and cool. A fur- 
nace room is. usually too 
dry and warm, a wet cel- 
lar is too moist. A cellar 
which keeps potatoes 
G. D. Black alongside his exhibit of gladioli, at well 6 usheNe ee riety 

"~~ “Freeborn County fair. ‘ w if the potatoes are kept 

on the floor and the bulbs overhead. A cool closet that does not 

freeze is better than a very warm or damp cellar. 

They will keep in best condition in a temperature ranging 
from thirty-two to forty degrees, with just enough moisture in 
the air so that they will not shrink much. Too much moisture 
will cause them to sprout, which will weaken them as much as 


HANDLING AND STORING GLADIOLUS BULBS. 85 


- when they become too dry. This is the reason that gladiolus 


bulbs imported from Holland are seldom satisfactory. 

If the temperature and humidity of the air in the storage 
cellar can be properly controlled, I do-not know any reason why 
gladiolus bulbs may not be kept in the cellar through the summer 
and used for forcing in the greenhouse. They could be planted 
in September and October, or at least two months before the new 
crop of bulbs are sufficiently cured to be available for this pur- 
pose. We have accidentally demonstrated this to our own satis- 
faction. In the autumn of 1915 we found two lots of about 100 
each in the cellar on the crates that had been overlooked at plant- 
ing time. 

One of the varieties, the Marie Lemoine, had grown new 
bulbs on the old bulbs, while on the crate in a dry cellar, without 
forming roots or tops. The other variety, No. 121, did not form 
new bulbs, but were somewhat shrunken. We saved both lots 
and planted them last spring. 

The new bulbs of Marie Lemoine which formed in the cellar 
the previous summer produced only a few spikes of bloom. The 
bulbs of No. 121, which had remained in the cellar for two win- 
ters and one summer, grew and bloomed just as well as bulbs of 
the same variety that were a year younger. 

A few days ago I found a few bulbs of Mrs. Francis King 


in the bulb cellar at Albert Lea that had formed new bulbs, while 
in a perfectly dry state. I have these bulbs here as proof of my 
veracity, as I will admit that I should have been very slow to 
believe this story until I had the actual experience. 

Some time in April, 1915, we sent a small package contain- 
ing four bulbs to a customer in New York. About a month later 
he wrote that he had not yet received the bulbs, and we refilled 
his order. In April, 1916, just about a year after we had sent 
the first package, he received it and returned it to me, remark- 
ne that a history of its journey for a whole year might be inter- 
esting. 

A neighbor of mine who is a railway mail clerk says that 
small packages and letters are sometimes left in the mail bags 
when being emptied, and it is a rule that when ten empty bags 
accumulate in a car they are made into a bundle and sent to 
Chicago or some other large terminal. It is supposed that this 
small package of bulbs was stored away in a bundle of mail bags 
for about a year before it was discovered and sent on to its des- 
tination. Upon examination we found that one of the bulbs in 
this package had grown a new bulb about an inch in diameter. 
We planted the new bulb that probably grew in a mail bag and it 


' produced a small spike of bloom. I hesitated quite a while before 


writing about this incident because it is almost unbelievable to 
those who have not had much experience with the gladiolus. 


86 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Flowers for Everybody's Garden. 
A. S. SWANSON, FLORIST, WAYZATA. 


Make a garden like this and buy, say, 50 cents worth of ae 
seeds to start with the first year, and the annuals I am going to 
recommend will all ripen seeds here; and if you save just a very 
few of the very best and most perfect flowers which first open 
for seed and harvest them when ripe, you will have as good, or 
perhaps better seeds than you can buy. 

There is no reasonable excuse why everybody’s garden should 
not have a wealth of beautiful flowers, just as good and charming 
a setting for a home as has any millionaire, because happily the 
best annuals are among the loveliest of flowers and will compare 
in every respect with the choicest of the more tender species 
which must be raised in greenhouses and given extra care and 
attention if they are to amount to much. 

In the first place I would name Zinnea Elegans, the strong 
growing strain. This splendid tropical looking, robust growing 
plant with its rich, glossy green foliage grows to a height of 
three feet, crowned on every branch with flowers four inches or 
more across, and sometimes as much in height, in shades of all 
colors except blue. This splendid plant is eminently fitted for 
and worthy a place in everybody’s garden, not only because of its 
charm, but perhaps even more because of its sturdiness, whereby 
it will take care of itself when once planted and will thrive under 
most any conditions, though it must not be deprived of the sun- 
light. 

Next in order I would put the African Marigold (Tagetes), 
the Eldorado. It is a splendid, large-flowering, robust growing 
plant, will grow three feet or more in height and give a wealth 
of its golden and orange flowers through the summer until cut 
down by frost. Next in order I would put Phlox Drummondi 
Grandiflora. This charming plant is also of such robust habit 
and strength it will almost care for itself after being planted, and 
the wealth of flowers it will produce is really remarkable, and it 
will produce them all through the summer if not allowed to bear 
too much seed, in almost endless variety of colors, shadings and 
markings of the flowers, which is one of its greatest charms. 

These three species of flowers should not be missing from 
anybody’s garden. I do not care how large or imposing or how 
small or humble it is, they are just as much at home in one as 
the other. While they may be raised from seed sown outdoors 


FLOWERS FOR EVERYBODY’S GARDEN. 87 


in the place they are expected to bloom, very much better results 
will be achieved by sowing the seed the 1st of April in what a 
gardener terms a cold frame. This is easily constructed with 
four boards, say about six feet long, about twelve inches wide, by 
simply nailing the ends together and making a square frame, 
though one side should be a little higher so as to give a slope to 
the cover or roof, enough to readily shed the rain if covered with 
glass, which is much the best; six inches will be sufficient, but 
if cloth or canvass is used for covering twelve inches is not too 
much. 

Place this frame in a warm, sunny place—a southern slope 
is best—in such position that its highest side will be the north 
side, so the frame will slope towards the south. Put in about 
three inches of good, loose soil—a light soil that is not apt to bake 
or form a crust is much the best—have this firmed down and per- 
fectly level. Sow your seed in little drills across the frame about 
four inches apart and sow thinly. If after the plants are up they 
are crowded, thin out to at least two inches between each plant 
or transplant. When sowing do not cover the seed more than 
one-half inch. I should perhaps have stated the soil must be 
fairly warm before seed is put in and not too wet. This may be 
easily accomplished by having it exposed to the sun a few days 
before. Of course it must be sheltered from frosts, cold winds 
and heavy rains and looked after with water when dry—but do 
not coddle them or nurse them too tenderly. Give them plenty of 
air and sun, and when the weather is anywhere near comfortable 
let them be exposed to the elements, so as to make them sturdy 
and strong. About the middle of May set them out in their per- | 
manent quarters, or where you want them to bloom. This should 
be done during cloudy or rainy weather, or otherwise towards 
evening. Give each plant a good drink of water pretty soon 
after planting if moved with a clump of soil adhering to the 
roots, which may easily be done by giving them a good watering 
a few hours before transplanting if at all dry. 

The Zinnas and Marigolds should be planted fourteen to 
eighteen inches apart, depending on the soil, the better and richer 
the soil the more space should be given to each plant. The 
Phlox should be given about a square foot each. Now if this 
transplanting is done with some care, and the soil is in fair condi- 
tion, the plants should not need any watering at all, the natural 
rain should be moisture enough. For their well being, keep the 


88 ' MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


surface of the soil stirred occasionally and keep it clean from 
weeds, and if the season is not a very wet one a light mulch of 
stable litter applied about the first of July will be all the care 
they require. You will be very much surprised at the results, 
the wealth of grand flowers you will have until frost cuts them 
down. 

Besides these we have quite a variety of Dwarf Sunflowers, 
which I consider very charming and worthy of a place in any- 
body’s garden. I like especially the single varieties. They have 
a very refined and artistic appearance. Growing to a height of 
about four feet, with numerous slender branches always supplied 
with a wealth of flowers, they are very desirable to place in the 
background or for filling up odd corners. They may be raised 
and given the same treatment as recommended for the Zinnias 
and Marigolds. 

Very many of our prettiest and loveliest annuals may be 
sown right in the beds where they are to bloom, and they thrive 
and develop best when not disturbed by transplanting. In this 
class I should place Calleopsis at the head. This is a splendid, 
easily grown plant which thrives and flourishes under almost any 
condition. They come in a great variety of colors, from rich 
erimson garnet and velvety brown to golden yellow, and are very 
free flowering, being literally covered with charming flowers, of 
which single plants will produce thousands through the summer. 
When sowing do not sow too thick, and when up thin out to at 
least six inches between the plants. As an all around desirable 
and easy plant to grow, which will give most pleasure for the 
little cost and trouble in sowing them, I think I would place 
some of the Poppies next in order. The charming Shirley 
Poppies at ieast should not be missing in any garden. The 
main quality I like them for is their earliness; they will be in 
their glory before most annuals are ready to show color, and 
though they do not last all summer they richly pay for their place 
.while they are with us. When through their beauty they may be 
removed and their place taken by their slower sisters, like Cen- 
taureas, which take more time for their toilet; or to develop 
their beauty they may be so sown as to fill the place of the Pop- 
pies by having the rows alternate. 

There is quite a variety of Centaureas worthy of a place 
in anybody’s garden. Centaurea Cyanus (Cornflower) comes in 
a great variety of colors from white to darkest blue. Centaurea 


FLOWERS FOR EVERYBODY’S GARDEN. 89 


Imperialis (Royal Sweet Sultana), is another class of beautiful 


sweet scented artistic flowers in pink, rose, lavender, purple and 
white. Centaurea Suaveolens (Yellow Sweet Sultan, or Grecian 
Cornflower) is the only variety which produces yellow flowers, 
and they are very sweet too. 

Another one of our bright, pleasing annuals of very easy 
culture is Caculia (Tassel Flower, or Flora’s Paint-Brust) which 
produces its beautiful scarlet red, tassel-shaped flowers in great 
profusion all summer. Gaillardia (Blanket Flower) is another 
charming annual of easy requirements and should be given a 
place in every garden, producing, as it does, its large, brilliant 
and showy flowers from early till late with the minimum of care 
or attention. 

Sweet Alyssum, Candytuft, Ageratum and Mignonette are 


‘plants easily grown, and are general favorites as much by 


reason of their fragrance as anything else. They are all rather 


‘low growing and should be given a place on the outside of the 


flower bed as a border. Nasturtium is another well known and 
generally appreciated flower which should, however, not be - 
mixed with any other flowers but a separate place reserved for 
it. In a dry place, not too rich soil, they will bloom best. The 
seeds must not be sown until the soil is warm, say after the first 
of May. 

All the other annuals mentioned should be sown early as soon 
as the soil is in condition to work, that is as soon as it is dry 
enough in the spring so as to make it mellow and not sticky. Do 
not touch your soil in the garden before it is in condition. 
Nothing is gained by it and very often much time lost, and your 
plants will never do well if planted when the soil is in a wet or 
sticky condition. Portulacca, called Sun Plant because it loves 
a sunny exposed position, may be sown on a sunny slope, where 
nothing else will grow, and will cover the ground with a carpet 
in many of the richest colors and be a source of delight to every- 
body. 

I could mention many others which are worthy of a place in 
everybody’s garden of just as easy culture, but what I had in 
mind when writing this was to try to induce some one who has 
not tried to raise flowers to make a trial by pointing out the way, 
and show how little is needed and how easy it is to have at least 
some of the really good things there are in the floral kingdom. 
Anyone who will make a start with some of these I have men- 


90 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


tioned will not be satisfied without adding a few more to the 
collection year after year. And when you have learned how to 
raise some flowers, with success be not afraid to try others of the 
hardier, robust growing species, such as Hollyhocks. While 
these are not strictly annuals, most of the single varieties which 
are the best for this climate will if treated as recommended for 
Marigold bloom the first summer, though not until late. If they 
have time to ripen any seed they will propagate themselves, and 
you will have plenty of seedlings another year which will be 
sure to bloom; and there is no showier or brighter flower in the 
whole list than these stately plants with their large, ce 
satin flowers in all colors except blue. 

Some varieties of Tobacco (Nicotiana), such as Sylvestris 
_and Affinis, are well worthy of a place in any garden—plants 
must be raised in the cold frame however. 

Of flowers that may be sown right in the bed for best results 
Eshscholtzia, the California Poppy, with its bright yellow flowers 
and distinct foliage, is well worthy of place. Of Lupines the 
annual varieties are very easy to raise and very pretty, and so 
are the annual Larkspurs (Delphinium). 

Petunias, such as Haward’s Star and Rosy Morn and other 
single varieties, are very beautiful and will make a bright spot 
under trees or other shady places, where sunloving plants do not 
thrive. Sow them in cold frame and transplant, the same treat- 
ment as for Asters will give best results, and they will thrive 
best in partly shaded situations. 

I could be tempted to include many more in my list, but am 
afraid I have made this paper too long already. Before I leave 
off let me warn you when sowing flower seed in the garden not 
to cover them too deeply as a very slight covering will suffice for 
most of them, and remember, the smaller the seed the less cover. 
A good plan is to sow in very shallow drills and cover with a 
little loose sandy soil, just sprinkled over the finer seeds. The 
coarser seeds may be covered one-fourth to one-half inch. Many 
failures that have perhaps discouraged many who tried to raise 
flowers from seeds is because of too deep planting and soil being 
too heavy. The tiny seed sprouts were unable to pierce the crust 
and consequently failed to appear. Another admonition: do not 
be afraid to thin them out when they appear too thick, give them 
plenty of room to develop if you want best results. 

While I advocate rather long narrow beds or borders as 
being the best place to raise flowers, do not understand that I 


~~ a ee 


FLOWERS FOR EVERYBODY’S GARDEN. 91 


thereby want them to be straight lines or square cornered beds. 
No! Make them with curved lines and rounded corners and 
as crooked as you will, and the better and more natural they will 
look. And the same in placing your different plants. Don’t have 
each variety in straight lines; for best effect plant rather in 
irregular patches, letting the different kinds run into each other 
without any preceptible boundaries. The effect will be more 
pleasing and results more satisfactory. 

One plant which I really have overlooked that ought to be 
perhaps the first one planted in any garden is Sweet Peas. This 
is such a general favorite that of course it must be in everybody’s 
garden. It is of such easy culture and so satisfactory in every 
way that no one should have any trouble raising them or having 
an abundance of flowers from them. The mistake most common 
is to sow them too thickly and in poor soil. They love a rich, 
deep soil, and for the best result the soil should be broken up 
eighteen inches deep and if of a poor, gravelly nature put several 
inches of stable—not horse—manure in the bottom. Plant the 
seeds as early as the conditions will allow (I have planted as 
early as the fifteenth of March one year) and plant four inches 
deep. Sow thinly or thin out to at least eight inches between 
each plant and let them well cover the ground before giving 
them any support, at which time a good mulch of old manure 
should be applied first. The best possible support is stout brush 
trimmings from plum trees, and have this about four 
feet high and strong enough so it will not break down. Treated 
this way you will soon have the brush all covered and a solid bed- 
of charming flowers, and if in a good, open situation and all 
flowers picked off so they do not produce seeds they should be a 
joy all summer. 

That’s a point to be remembered about all annuals—do not 
let them set seeds, or they will soon stop producing flowers. And 
remember to have your soil in good condition before sowing or 
planting so the plants may have a chance to get down deep in 
the ground with their roots, so they will be able to withstand the 
hot, dry spells of weather we occasionally get. My idea is that 
annuals for best results should never have any artificial water- 
ing, and if the soil is right they will not need it, but a good plan 
is about the time they commence to bloom to apply a mulch of 
some kind. And I would also add to not plant your annuals in 
little raised mounds, as is often seen. This is the worst possible 


92 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, ~ 


place for most of our best annuals to thrive in a climate like ours, 
where the rainfall is no more than what is needed and should by 
all means be preserved. Have your beds level with the surround- 
ing lawn or ground, so as not to deprive the beds of their natural 
share of the precipitation. 


Mrs. Boyington: I was so happy to hear our friend note the 
real reason that takes the farm boy and girl away from home 
that I just have to say something about it . We have had teach- 
ers all over the country studying the question how to keep the 
boys and girls at the farm. I found out something the other 
day. When the farm mother is perfectly happy in her farm 
home and surrounded by beautiful things of life, she will keep 
her boys and girls there. It is the farm mother that sends her 
boys and girls to the city because she is not willing that they 
should live under the conditions that she has lived under, and I 
think Mr. Swanson has just put the blame where it belongs. 
(Applause.) 


“THE BLIGHT BACTERIUM, Bacillus amylovorus, discovered many years 
ago by Dr. Burrill, is the cause of the blight of pear and quince and twig 
blight of apple. It lives over in the blight cankers, especially upon the 
larger branches or trunks of the blighted trees. In this respect there is 
evidence that the pear is a large source of survival infection; also the 
quince, and as has been proved, the blight cankers on apple. With the 
beginnings of growth conditions in spring, just -before blossoming time, 
these living cankers exude the zoogloea of the bacterium, and these exuda- 
tions may be carried by any agency visiting first the bloom and subsequently 
other new growth. For this reason the advice to cut out and burn the 
blighted parts and all possible sources of surviving infection is founded 
on the right sanitation principle, and must ultimately be one of the means 
of reducing our trouble from blight.”—-A. D. Selby, Bulletin Ohio St. Hort. 
Socy. 


. THE CURRANT WorRM.—Most everyone is familiar with the spotted cur- 
rant worm about three-quarters of an inch long, that is sometimes capable 
of stripping a bush of its leaves in a few days. Many growers wait until 
they see the worms before they spray, and to their surprise find consid- 
erable damage done. Timely application of Arsenate of Lead (1 oz. of the 
paste form to a gallon of water) will prevent their depredations. The eggs 
of the first brood are laid when the currants are in blossom, so that the 
first spraying should be applied as soon as the blossoming period is over, 
especially on the lower leaves. This year the proper time to have sprayed 
would have been about May 20th. The eggs of the second brood were 
hatching June 21st, about the time the currants are full grown. If the 
worms of the second generation are abundant fresh hellebore should be 
used at the rate of 4 ounces in 2 gallons of water. Black currants do not 
seem to be attacked. 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
: Edited by Mrs. E. W. GouLp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


NOTICES. 


The committee named to judge the pictures in The Minnesota Garden 
Flower Society photographic contest awarded 

First prize, Class I, Rev. H. D. Pomije, Olivia, Minn.; 

Second prize, Class I, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, St. Paul; 

First prize, Class II, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, St. Paul; 

Second prize, Class II, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, St. Paul; 

First prize, Class III, Mrs. C. E. Braden, Excelsior. 

No second prize awarded. 

Judges—Mrs. J. E. Richardson, Mrs. N. S. Sawyer and Mr. G. C. 
Hawkins. 

The premiums, all of which are plants, will be sent to the winners in 
the spring. 

A special premium of a year’s subscription to the Garden Magazine 
will be awarded the member who secures the greatest number of new 
members from the beginning of the year till the close of our June flower 
show. In case the winner in this contest is now taking the magazine, either 
the subscription will be extended another year or another magazine or a 
garden book will be substituted. One of the very best ways to interest 
your friends in this society is to bring them to our meetings, show them 
our magazine and call their attention to the plant and book premiums 
offered by the Horticultural Magazine in the 1917 numbers. This contest 
will be open to members of the Horticultural Society. Send all new names, 
with a choice of premiums, to our secretary, Mrs. M. L. Countryman, 213 
South Avon Street,-St. Paul, remembering that plant premiums cannot be 
selected after April 1st. 

February 9th meeting of society at Public Library, Minneapolis, corner 
10th and Hennepin, 2:30 p.m. All about starting the garden and ordering 
seeds. Very important meeting. 


Owing to the scarcity of seeds because of the war, all seed orders 
should be sent in as early as possible, as the supply of certain kinds is 
limited. If you do not receive catalogues regularly, postals, asking for 
copies, should be sent to the different seed houses at once. Making out the 
seed order and planning the garden should all be finished before the end 
of the month. 

Some of our members are contributing seeds of choice flowers for our 
annual seed distribution. This is most welcome this year, as on account of 
the war, seeds are going to be high, of limited quantity, and hard to get. 
If you have any to contribute, please send them to either Mrs. Countryman, 
213 South Avon Street, St. Paul, or to your president. 

In the January Garden Magazine, Mr. G. W. Kerr, in an article on 
selecting flower seeds, suggests this border of annuals, the seeds of which 
will cost about two dollars. Each packet would contain enough seeds for 
from five to ten people if they were planted and treated carefully. So 
several could club together and greatly reduce the expense of this 36x6 ft. 
border, or order the convenient small packages some of our seed houses put 


up. Following is Mr. Kervr’s list: 
(93) 


94 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Back rows in irregular clumps, in the order given—scabiosa, azure, 
Fairy; celosia, Magnificent; centaurea, Americana; nicotiana, affinis 
hybrids; zinnia, Mammoth; arctotis grandis; rubekia speciosa bicolor. 

Middle row in irregular clumps or masses in order given from left to 
right—phlox, rosea alba maculata; gypsophila elegans; antirrhinum, Cot- 
tage Maid; hunnemania; calendula, Lemon Queen; centaurea imperialis; 
phlox carnea, gaillardia picta lorenziana. 

Front row, arranged in masses, in order named—alyssum, Little Gem; 
mignonette, Goliath; petunia, white bedding; eschscholtzia, Golden West; 
ageratum, dwarf blue; thunbergia; dianthus chineusis; eschscholtzia, Fire 
Flame; portulaca, Parana. 

There is so much interesting and practical in this January number it 
would pay each of our members to have this number. 

If you have old seeds on hand they should be tested as soon as possible 
so as to know whether they are good before making out your order. The 
best way is to sow them in a shallow box of finely sifted soil, giving them the 
most favorable conditions possible; that is, keep moist and warm. Count 
the number of seeds sown, and the number that germinate, and then you 
will know just what percentage will grow, and how good your seed is. If 
you have no earth the test can be made by putting several thicknesses of 
blotting paper or cotton wadding on a plate; lay on your seeds, keep warm 
and moist (it must not be allowed to dry out). It is well to keep it covered 
with a glass. Results can be as carefully noted as with the earth test. 

This is the month in which it is well to go over all the garden tools, 
making sure they are quite ready and fit for use. Shallow boxes—about 
two inches deep—should be ready for starting seeds in. It is very important 
that these have good drainage. It is a great convenience to have a supply 
of labels ready, also some of those convenient and very cheap paper pots in 
which to transplant the little seedlings before putting into the open garden. 

Make your garden on paper. This will save much time when the actual 


out of door work begins. 
Are you feeding the birds these cold days? 


MINNESOTA GARDEN FLOWER SOCIETY PROGRAM, 1917. 


February 9, 2:30 P. M.—Minneapolis Public Library. Fertilizing the 
garden, hotbeds, cold frames, transplanting and care of seedlings. Use of 
catalogues. 

March 9, 2:30 P. M.—Wilder Building, St. Paul. Kinks in starting 
seeds, roses for Minnesota, their culture and care, garden arrangement 
(with slides). 

April 13, 2:30 P. M.—Minneapolis Public Library. Distribution of 
trial seeds, with talks on special varieties; special purpose plants; plants 
for shade, poor soil, dry situations, bogs; cutting; fragrance; rock gardens; 
ground cover; “Honey,” good white flowers. 

May—St. Paul. Non-competitive flower show and plant exchange. 
Special topic, Iris. 

June—Annual flower show with Horticultural Society at Earm School. 

July—Minneapolis. Picnic at Wild Flower Garden, Glenwood Park. 
Personally conducted by curator. 

August—Piecnic at Como Park, St. Paul. Visit to garden. Talk by 
superintendent of garden. : 

September 14—St. Paul, 2:30 P. M., Wilder Building. Bulbs and their 
artistic planting. Succession of bloom in bulb garden. Fall planting. | 

October 12, 2:30 P. M.—Minneapolis Public Library. Fall covering. 
Heeling in. New varieties especially successful. Reports on seeds. 

November—Chrysanthemum show, Como Park Greenhouses. 

December—Annual meeting with Horticultural Society. Dates to be 
announced later. 


—— ee 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


: 


rrr errr 


“Tuer PLums, No. 20, received from the station two years bore about 
fifteen plums this year, and will say that I think them better for eating 
than the Opata and a really fine looking plum. Purple skin and a dark red 
meat, fine and sweet.”—M. L. Gibbs, Echo, Minn. 


Ir You SEND CHECK in payment of annual fee in the society add to it 
a sufficient amount to cover the cost of collection, and take early oppor- 
tunity to tell your banker what you think of this change in the time-honored 
method of doing business which involves so much expense and annoyance. 


-You better send a dollar bill anyway. It will come through all right. 


Give THEM WATER.—“Tell them to give all trees and shrubs enough 
of a drink in the fall after the leaves are down to last them all winter and 
keep on telling them until they believe it—and then we’ll have less trees 
freeze dry over winter. This a good fruit country, because it rains in the 
fall. The middle state are too dry in the fall. You must irrigate.”—C. J. 
Manner, Jerome, Idaho. 


PLANT PREMIUMS ALL PosTPAID.—An important feature of the distri- 
bution of plant premiums this year is the fact that they will all be sent out 
prepaid by parcel post, so that the recipients will not be put to any expense 
in connection with receiving them. Last year many of them went by express 
collect, but we found it a very expensive way of sending them, and have con- 
cluded this year that the society would bear the expense of distribution, so 
all the member pays is his annual fee to secure a share of these valuable 
new fruits and other plants offered. 


New FRvuITS FOR DISTRIBUTION.—Have you read over carefully the 
list of “new fruits” that are being offered as premiums to our membership 
the coming spring? They include not only the more valuable of those offered 
last spring, but also some new ones, the most interesting of which are 
premium No. 14, the No. 1 raspberry seedling, a week earlier than No. 4, 
that is doing so wonderfully well everywhere; also premium No. 17, which 
is a June-bearing strawberry, No. 935, a larger fruit than No. 3, also offered, 
and somewhat later. Supt. Haralson considers it an extraordinary variety. 
Premium No. 20, a collection of scions of the new hybrid plum trees, should 
attract the attention of every one who knows how to topgraft and has any 
plum trees to graft on. There are twenty lots in this list of premiums, and 
each member can select two lots. All this is given to a member, besides the 
annual volume and the magazine for the year. 


Our HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—The “building committee” has been 
very busy up to this date, January 19th, endeavoring to get the building bill 
in shape so that it might pass the legislature and be enacted into law. A 
number of meetings of the committee have been had with various mem- 
bers of the legislature, until at the present time the matter stands something 
as follows: It has been decided between our friends in the Senate Finance 
Committee and members of the building committee that in order to secure 

(95) 


96 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the necessary appropriation for such a building it will have to be constructed 
for the Board of Regents of the State University, and under their manage- 
ment and control though on plans practically along the lines suggested by 
the Horticultural Society, as the purpose of its construction is to provide 
suitable accommodations for this society and other similar societies who 1nay 
desire to avail themselves of them. It will contain the two necessary halls, 
one for the meeting, the other for exhibition purposes, suitable offices for 
the society, etc., everything necessary to make the building a complete plant 
for the purposes designed. Any objections on the score of possible uncon- 
stitutionality are removed by this change in the form of legislation. Our 
president, the building committee of our society and the executive board 
are practically agreed on accepting this change in our plans, and will press 
the measure along this line in full assurance that we shall meet with success. 

Nevertheless it will be necessary for the members to render assistance, 
which they can do to the greatest advantage by corresponding with their rep- 
resentatives in the legislature. 


PASSING OF CAPT. A. H. REED.—The death of Captain Reed, which 
occurred at his home at Glencoe, Minnesota, Sunday, January 21, removes 
from our midst one of the most picturesque and at the same time one of the 
most loyal members the Horticultural Society has ever had. 

He became a member of the society first in the year 1884, lending his 
strong influence from that time on till almost the day of his death for 
whatever appealed to him as being for the best interests of the society. 
For many years up to the last two years he was a regular attendant at our 
annual meetings, taking considerable part in the discussions, and he im- 
pressed his personality very strongly upon all who came in contact with him. 

For many years Captain Reed conducted a society trial station on his 
farm at Glencoe, and during a considerable portion of that time maintained 
a local Horticultural Society in his town. This station at his request was 
discontinued a year since on account of a severe accident with which he met | 
and which probably contributed to his death. 

A biography of Captain Reed was published in the report of this 
society for 1909, to be found on page 440 of that volume, and with it appears 
an excellent portrait of this sturdy soldier and pioneer of our state. A 
frequent correspondence passed between Captain Reed and the writer, the 
last communication from him being only a short time ago in which he 
expressed as he ever did his interest in the society and its work. 


SECKEL SEEDLING PEAR TREE NO. 1. 


Originated by Chas, G. Patten, and now growing on his experiment grounds at Charles City, Ia. 


(See opposite page.) 


qe whe it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 
is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the 
articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, 
and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


rp 


SE ee ee ee ee TMU OME UOMO OOOO UMN TTT 


Vol. 45 MARCH, 1917 No. 3 


Fee ee eee eee 


Origin and Development of Hardy, Blight-Resisting Pears. 
CHAS. G. PATTEN, BREEDER OF NEW FRUITS, CHARLES CITY, IA. 


In the spring of 1884, almost a third of a century since, - 
it was my good fortune to begin planting a close group of pear 
trees at Charles City with the purpose of originating trees which 
would endure the rigors of our northwestern winters. 

The investigation was started with two trees of the Long- 
worth pear, which variety originated with Mr. Longworth, at 
Dubuque, Iowa, and which has since proven to be the most hardy, 
strictly American pear that has come to the knowledge of ex- 
perimenters for a long period of years. Close to this tree I 
set the Russian pear Bessemianka, which was supposed, at 
that time, to be very hardy and good in quality. On the west 
of the Longworth, I also set a small sweet pear, the early Berga- 
mot. As soon as this and the Bessemianka began to fruit, they 
developed blight and were cut out, leaving only so much of the 
latter as supported a graft of the Lincoln, a large pear, fairly 
hardy and nearly free from blight. 

The following summer found me in a physical break down, 
and I spent the winter in California and there learned of the 
excellent Winter Nelis pear. On my return the next spring, 
a letter awaited me from Mr. O. A. Bardall, of Grundy Center, 
Iowa, who had become interested in my writings, inviting me 
to come and see a pear tree that he had which was then five 
years old. 

The two previous winters were of marked severity and 
had destroyed a large part of the apple orchards of the north- 
west, Iowa included, but this pear tree at Grundy Center was 


as sound as though no winter had passed over it. I learned 
(97) 


98 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


from Mr. Bardall that this was a Chinese sand pear which was 
imported by “John S. Collins and Sons,” of New Jersey, and 
supposed by them to bear a large sized fruit but of only cook- 
ing quality. Mr. Bardall had a few one-year trees growing, 
and two years later I planted one of these between the two 
Longworths, which I had set about twenty feet apart. Close 
to these I set a Seckel and an Anjou. The Seckel is early and 
of the highest quality, and the Anjou good and late in season. 

Up to this time, I had never seen blight on the Longworth 
and have seen very little since. I had learned by reading and 
correspondence with pear growers, mainly in eastern Wiscon- 
sin, northern Illinois and in Iowa, that these good pears were 
reasonably hardy and most free from blight. Thus had I 
grouped together a combination which I hoped would produce 
hardy, blight resisting pears for the northwest, and it now 
seems certain that such a result has been obtained. 

In the fall of 1895, I had about one hundred and fifty 
trees as a result of this experiment. The same fall ill health 
again sent me to California for the winter. These trees were, 
unfortunately, transplanted between older apple trees, which 
considerably retarded their growth, and a railroad cutting 
through my ground necessitated the removal again of quite a 
portion of them and with some loss also, but there are now 
about one thousand two to four year selected seedlings, mainly 
for use as stocks, and nearly as many cross-bred trees, mostly 
two years old, from the original one hundred and fifty trees. 

The first tree of this Chinese specie was set in my old 
experiment grounds thirty-two years ago. It is probably 
Pyrus sinensis. About a dozen varieties have been top-grafted 
on it. Five or six still remain. 

Another specie, brought to this country from China eight 
years ago, is being experimented on with intense interest in 
California and Oregon with the hope of securing stocks which 
are resistant both to blight and the woolly aphis, on which to 
graft their commercial pears, the common pear stocks or seed- 
lings being subject to both of these enemies. This new specie 
is known to botanists as Pyrus calleryana and is supposed to be 
representative of several allied species in China. 

The historical part of this work so far may seem tame and 
quite uninteresting, but I feel sure that it is crowded full of 
promise for the future of pear growing throughout a large 
portion of the United States. 


. oe 


ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY BLIGHT-RESISTING PEARS. 99 


The original Chinese trees on my grounds seems as hardy 
as the best oak but not as adapted to our year round climate 
as some of my seedlings, which I do not doubt will endure fifty 
degrees below zero. The old tree, in our hottest summers, loses 
a-part of its foliage, but not so with seventeen out of twenty 
seedlings which I have. They have splendid foliage and are 
thoroughly adapted to our climatic conditions. 

About three years ago, I sent Rev. John B. Katzner of 
your society some scions of one of them, and he wrote me in 


Cluster of fruit on Warner pear on Chas. G. Patten’s experiment grounds. 


June last that the mercury sank to forty degrees below zero 
last winter and that he believed my tree would stand forty-five 
below, and I feel sure that I have hardier trees among them. 
One, dominant in Seckel characters in tree and fruit, is in first 
bearing this year, and is very promising in fruit and for future 
breeding work. 

So much for the extreme hardiness of these trees, and now 
what I believe to be of more far reaching benefit to our coun- 
try generally in this breeding problem is their freedom from 
that most destructive enemy of the pear, “the blight,’ which 
sometimes sweeps whole orchards as a fatal epidemic. In 
1915, when the blight was severe in several places on my 


100 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. _ 


grounds, out of about two thousand select and cross-bred 
seedlings not more than twenty-five were struck with blight. 
Two out of twenty trees, five to seven inches in diameter, had 
only one small limb touched by it—either in 1914 or 1915, 
when several seedlings of Pyrus communis, our common pear 
seedlings, three to four inches in diameter, standing close to 
these naturally crossed Chinese, were so killed by it that they 
were dug out. 

It is almost impossible for us who do not live in parts of 
this country where pear growing is on a commercial scale to 
comprehend the enormous losses sustained by the growers from 
this blight disease, such as sometimes sweeps over our Siberian 
crab trees. Prof. M. F. Barrus, of the Department of Plant 
Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in a bulletin 
issued last January writes, “Fire blight is without doubt one 
of the most destructive diseases of pears in this country;” 
“the losses from this disease amount to millions of dollars every 
year;” “large blocks of nursery pears are at times absolutely 
destroyed by it.” 

It is most destructive to pears and quinces though affect- 
ing the apple to some extent, as we of the west are aware. The 
articles quoted offer no remedy except cutting out the blight 
vigorously but add that careful cultural methods will help to 
keep the disease in check. Prof. Barrus says: “When blight 
infection becomes general in an orchard, efforts at control by 
removal of infected areas may be unavailing.” 

From the “California Fruit News” of San Francisco, 
October 28, 1916, I extract the following: ‘Pear blight is one 
of the worst enemies of the pear industry of California and | 
the Pacific Coast. Great efforts were made in this state to 
check the spread of pear blight and find some effective remedy 
or control, but little has been accomplished so far except in 
cutting out and burning of infected trees,” and adds, “Many 
of our agricultural experiment workers through the United 
States Department of Agriculture and the University of Cali- 
fornia have devoted much time to work and investigation of 
this problem.” 

Referring again to this new species, identified as Caller- 
yana, which has for the last few years been under test at 
Oroville, California, and which seems practically resistant to 
blight, I learn that it came from Hongkong, which has a tropical 
climate, and it is of very questionable value for cold regions, 


ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HARDY BLIGHT-RESISTING PEARS. 101 


though we hope it will be of great value for the Pacific Coast. 

I am indebted to Mr. F. C. Reimer, superintendent of the 
Oregon Experiment Station, for information and extent of effort 
and interest which attaches to securing blight resistant stocks 
through a large number of the wild species of pear from China. 
This effort dates only a few years back, while the work at 
Charles City to breed hardy and blight resistant trees be- 
gan thirty-two years ago, with a Chinese pear naturally crossed 
with some of our best and nearest non-blighting American and 
European pears. 

The size of the fruit of the specie which I have, though 
small, is far larger than this new specie, which is only the 
size of a large garden pea. 

I have here a few views which will help to show the status 
of the work at the Charles City Station. The first one shown 
is of a tree which I denominated Seckel. No. 1, a seedling 
of the Seckel which has borne for the last five years in succes- 
sion, this last year about two bushels. For two years, 1914 and 
1915, this tree was surrounded with blight, both on the ap- 
ple and the pear, and was not touched by it. The fruit is a 
half larger than its parent Seckel. It is good in quality, hangs 
well to the tree and is an early bearer, as some budded limbs 
indicate. Top-worked on this hardy Chinese stock which I 
have, it should be a success in this latitude (at Minneapolis), 
as the winter climate here and at Charles City are nearly the 
same. 

The next view is of a Warner pear, top-worked on the 
Orel, which has borne more or less generally a heavy crop for 
some six or seven years past and has never blighted. It was 
blown down on September 5th by a sixty mile wind with its 
very heavy weight of fruit. This is but one of several experi- 
ments with varieties top-worked high up on these blight re- 
sisting stocks which have proven quite a success. 

The Bezi de Lamott on the old Chinese tree and Winter 
Nelis on Orel, as also Vermont Beauty, are excellent pears 
and their uniting smoothly when top-worked on these. hardy 
stocks is of much value. 

The last view shows the worker and some of his work. 

The study of this fruit breeding problem and the great 
economic and aesthetic value which attaches to it, led the writer 
to prepare a paper for the American Pomological Society which 
met at Tampa, Florida in 1911 on “the adaptation of-the pear 


102 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


to the Mississippi Valley States.” Long continued work with 
this fruit and the cumulating knowledge of the destructive 
blight has still further impelled me to the study of the sub- 
ject and an endeavor to learn of varieties which have in them 
the hereditary power to breed a race of pears suited to the 
demands of our climate, and it 
only now awaits the active and 
material support of the states to 
hasten the adaptation and devel- 
opment of this most delicious 
fruit to the great northern basin 
of the upper Mississippi, and in 
fact to a large part of the United 
States. 

It is interesting to note the 
difference there is between the 
Seckel Chinese crosses which 
were bred from the group of 
trees before mentioned, which 
are now twenty-four years old, 
and the smaller parallel row of 
trees, seedlings of the Keiffer 
hand-crossed with Winter Nelis. 
The latter are now seventeen 
years old. They were crippled 
by every hard winter, so that 
most of them died either with 
cold or blight, while the former 
with one exception, which has 
been removed, are apparently as 
rea hardy as any forest tree and 
Se eee a Se Ma 20s have never shown a blighted 
Chas. G. Patten in his seedling orchard. twig. 

In conclusion permit me to add that I think that you will 
happily join me in the knowledge of the discovery so long 
ago of this highly adapted wild pear, and of the auspicious 
development which has already been secured through its use 
in adapting this highly delicious fruit to this great northern 
basin of the upper Mississippi. 


NEVIS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 103 


Nevis Trial Station in 1916. 


JAS. ARROWOOD, SUPT. 

The apple crop was very light. Too much rain in the spring 

and wind almost destroyed it, excepting a few seedling apple 

trees that seemed to stand the storms and bore a fair crop. The 

plum crop was very scattering, though all trees were in a good 
healthy condition. 

In regard to small fruits, strawberries, raspberries, cur- 


A wedding party at Mr. Arrowood’s. He stands by the post at the right. 
A glimpse of his orchard adjoining. 


rants and gooseberries, they were all good and sold to a ready 
market at home at a good price. 

The Hansen sand cherries are doing fairly well and seem 
to bear a good fair crop. 

In regard to my prunes, they are all first-class and bore a 
good crop of fruit this year. 

The Oregon sweet cherry is doing remarkably well; it bore 
some fruit. While the fruit may not be as large as some of 
the other commercial cherries, we believe it will be a success in 
Northern Minnesota and will be a good substitute for the cherry. 
It shows every indication of hardiness and is a great beauty. 

We would say in regard to the strawberry that Number 3, 
bred by Mr. Haralson at the Central Station, is a wonderful 
berry and a leader among all June bearers. 


104 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The everbearing strawberries are not as good as we ex- 
pected, although they bore fairly well. We believe that the Num- 
ber 3 can be turned into a fall bearer as we kept the blossoms 
picked off on one plant until after the 20th of July. Then we 
let it grow, and it bore fruit until winter. 

Mr. Wedge, in a few back numbers, suggested that Number 
3 should be named after a late Mr. Elliot. Not but what we 
feel that Mr. Elliot deserves many good things, but we would 
suggest that it be named after the originator. 


Mr. Jas. Arrowood in his hardy plum grove. 


We have an acre of raspberries. About one-half are Sun- 
beams and one-half were bred by Mr. Haralson at the sta- 
tion. They are all very good and are worthy of a place in every 
garden. 

We would suggest that there should be more raspberries 
and strawberries than there are planted. 

Our trees are all going into the winter in good shape. We 
would say that all seedling trees that have been bred here are 
leading the old stock of apples and plums. 

I am firmly of the opinion that Northern Minnesota never 
will succeed in the apple business only through the seedling prop- 
osition. I find that a great majority of our seedlings are mak- 
ing a better and stronger growth and ripen up their wood 
in better shape than the old varieties. 


JEFFERS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 105 


Jeffers Trial Station in 1916. 


DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. 


The spring and summer of 1916 were cold with too much 
rainy and cloudy weather until some time in July, when it 
turned very hot, and the dry weather has continued up to the 
time this report is being made out—November 27th. 

We sprayed our trees several times with lime-sulphur solu- 
tion; still there was considerable scab on some of the fruit and 
foliage of some varieties of apples, especially Wealthy, Duchess, 
and Pattens Greening. Yet we had many other varieties that 
were practically free from apple scab. The apple crop was 
very heavy; most growers in this section had absolutely no 
market for their apples, either of the summer or fall varieties. 

There are several varieties of apples we have on trial that 
we believe worthy of special mention. Anisim is one of them. 
There is also the Starr apple from Vermont. This variety was 
sent me quite a number of years ago by Mr. Edson Gaylord. 
It is an improved Patten’s Greening, especially as to quality 
and freedom from scab, cracking and rot fungus. An expert 
would be bothered to tell them apart on exhibition without 
sampling their eating quality. The Wolf River and N. W. 
-Greening also seem to be varieties that are making good at 
this station. 

The Hibernal is a success as far as quantity of fruit is 
concerned, but the quality is so poor for eating out of hand that 
it is considered of no value here, where better varieties are 
grown. 

The King David is a promising little, hard, red apple that 
-fruited full this season. The Red Queen, an old Russian variety 
I received from Prof. J. L. Budd, about thirty years ago, we 
consider one of the most valuable varieties we have growing at 
this station. Season about with Wealthy, but free from apple 
scab. 

The varieties of fruit from the State Farm we report on 
as follows: 

Strawberries.—Minnesota No. 3 very fine, ranks up with 
Dunlap in every respect, of better quality. 

Minnesota, No. 1017 (Everbearing) very good. We had 
plenty of fresh strawberries all summer and fall, until after 
frosts, in spite of the dry season, all grown on plants set last 
spring. However the new runners did not set any fruit. 


106 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Grapes.—Minnesota No. 1, Minnesota No. 2, Minnesota 
No. 3, and Minnesota No. 7, were not very good, and I think 
should be discarded, but Minnesota No. 3, Minnesota No. 4, Min- 
nesota No. 6 and Minnesota No. 8 bore a very good crop and 
appear to be worthy of further trial. 

Of plums from the state farm, but little can be said except 
that they seem all of them to be not very productive. Nine- 


e 


Corner of a Minnesota plum orchard. 
teen trees, nine varieties, set the spring of 1913, have 
not as yet borne or, rather, perfected a single specimen of 
fruit. These trees have been growing four seasons on well 
manured and well cultivated land in a well sheltered location. 

The plum trees from the state farm we set one year later, 
twenty-one trees, nine varieties, only perfected one specimen. 
It was found on Minnesota No. 20. 

Two varieties of hybrid plums were sent me by C. G. Patten 
spring of 1914. They were European and Americana crosses. 
They were labelled “Purple,” and “Purple D” and bore freely the 
past season. Trees appear very hardy, fruit only of medium 
size, very firm fleshed or, rather, hard, even after falling from 


JEFFERS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 107 


the trees to the ground. One variety is very dark skinned, the 
other more on the purple order, but both varieties have the 
genuine markings of the European class of plums. 

Of those varieties originated and sent out by Prof. Hansen, 
the Watesa, Huya, Tapa, Zekanta and Yuteca, all Americana 
varieties, all bore good crop. We consider the Yuteca the most 
valuable variety on account of the large size of the fruit as 
well as its habit of bearing regularly. Of the Hansen hybrid 
varieties the Waneta is very promising. Ona couple of grafts set 
in the spring of 1914 we got some plums that for size and 
quality rank with the finest we have ever grown. 

The Hanska bore freely, but owing no doubt to too much 
dry weather during late summer, the fruit was undersized and 
not of as good quality as it had been other seasons. The other 
apricot crosses, with perhaps the exception of the Yoka, do 
not seem to be worthy of any further trial. They appear to 
lack productiveness. : 

The Cheresota was very full of fine fruit. Wohanka and 
Opata gave about one-third of a crop; the other sand cherry 
hybrids did not produce any fruit to speak of. 

Now a few words about the black fleshed sandcherry hybrids. 
As a class they seem to lack hardiness. The Sapa holds its own 
only a year or two and then weakens. The Enopa and Etopa 
kill back considerably every winter. The Wachampa seems to 
be the only one of the black fleshed varieties that gives at this 
station any promise of hardiness. 

Of Theo. Williams hybrid plums the Emerald, Stella and 
B. A. Q. still hold their record for productiveness and size of 
fruit. The B. A. Q. is of rather low grade quality. The Emerald 
however, is in my opinion of the best quality for eating out of 
hand of any plum we have ever sampled. Terry and Wyant 
bore full. 

We think spraying our plum trees last spring several 
times with lime sulphur solution helped us to get our plums 
sold on the farm at $2.00 per bushel. The sandcherry plums we 
sold at 10 cents per quart. 

The plum crop was almost a total failure all over this 
part of Minnesota. The ground is the driest I have ever known 
it to be at this time of the year. 


108 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Sauk Rapids Trial Station in 1916. 


MRE. JENNIE STAGER, SUPT. 


The spring started propitiously. The pussy willows bloomed, 
and our hearts sang with the birds in the hope of a plenteous 
harvest of fruit. The plum trees were loaded with blossoms, 
other fruit buds were coming on, and the air was filled with 
the fragance exhaled from the opening flowers. Then, un- 
heralded, came a strong north wind which stilled during the 
night, and when we looked for our blossoms in the morning they 
were gone with our hopes. But for some unaccountable rea- 
son our apple orchard escaped, thereby giving a good amount 
of fruit. 

All of the raspberries sent from the Central Experiment 
Farm bore well. Number six and number seven had excep- 
tionally large fruit. There were a few berries on the everbear- 
ing ones sent last spring but not enough to judge what they 
will amount to. 

Strawberries did fairly well. I planted last spring six 
new kinds that are highly extolled in the nursery books and, as 
we had good growing weather, have a fine, clean bed of plants, 
and I am hoping some may prove extra good. The two-year-old 
everbearers were better at raising plants than berries, but 
the young plants taken from that bed and planted last spring 
showed plenty of fine, large berries in the fall. 

Of currants and gooseberries, we had a small crop. One 
small plum tree about as tall as myself, sent from the Experi- 
ment Farm two years ago, had six plums on as large as a crab 
apple, and of good flavor, and seemed proud of her exploit. 

Of vegetables here, potatoes did quite well. Cabbage and 
cauliflower poor, Lima and some other beans did not get ripe. 
Tomatoes were large. At our fair I had a plate of Mansfield 
tree tomatoes that weighed two pounds and over, each speci- 
men. Also some of Livingston’s that weighed as much. 

Roses were plentiful. I took first premium on Black’s 
gladioli, of which I had a perfectly gorgeous bed, and alto- 
gether we had nothing to complain of. 


1915 Birp CouNT IN NoRTHWEST.—One hundred and twenty-four pairs 
of birds nest and raise their families on the average farm of 108 acres in 
the northeastern states, according to estimates based upon the second 
annual bird count conducted by the Biological Survey of the U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture.—U. S. Dept. of Agri. 


ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 109 


Orchard Spraying in 1916. 


HAROLD SIMMONS, FRUIT GROWER, HOWARD LAKE. 


The season of 1916 will be remembered by apple growers 
of Minnesota as the season of seasons, demonstrating the ab- 
solute necessity of spraying if one is to conduct apple grow- 
ing as a business to success. 

In the past three or four years I have visited quite a 
number of Minnesota orchards, and the feature that has im- 
pressed me most is the lack of systematic pruning and uni- 
formatory among the trees of different varieties. 

Whether it is a lack of knowledge or just plain indifference 
on the part of the man that suffers the trees to occupy land 
that might .be employed to better advantage, I am unable to 
tell. They seem to be trusting to the “powers that be” to 
furnish them a crop of fruit, whether they make any effort to 
obtain it or not. I should think that the past season would 
have shown them the futility of trying to grow commercial 
apples without employing up-to-date methods in pruning, spray- 
ing, etc., and that it would stimulate them to make some effort 
along those lines. 

We have sprayed our orchard for eight years consecutively 
to the best of our knowledge and ability, and the necessity for 
doing so seems to be emphasized more and more as the sea- 
sons roll by. 

We sprayed the orchard for the first time the past sea- 
son as soon as the petals had all fallen, using commercial lime 
sulphur and arsenate of lead, five quarts of lime sulphur and 
two pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water. 

We used an extra fifty pounds pressure this season, run- 
ning the machine at 250 pounds instead of 200 pounds, as in 
past seasons. With the extra pressure the work is apparently 
done better and much quicker. 

We deferred the job as long as possible on account of 
wet weather. We finally had to spray in order to catch the 
open calyx for the arsenate of lead. It rained two or three 
times during spraying and was cloudy for several days after. On 
account of the rain the spray dope did not stick well, yet the 
foliage was injured quite badly and the spraying did not check 
the fungus. 

Owing to the wet, cloudy weather, it was nearly three 
weeks after the first spraying before we could spray again. 


110 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The second spraying we used no arsenate of lead, just the lime 
sulphur solution, same strength as before. The weather con- 
tinued cloudy with very little sunshine for some days after. 
Investigation later showed that we had not checked the 
fungus (scab), but the foliage on some trees was so badly 
used up that I was afraid to spray again. A still later examina- 


Cushman power sprayer, running at 200 lbs. pressure, in Mr. Simmons’ orchard. 


tion showed that the fungus was almost entirely confined to 
the leaves. The fruit seemed to be particularly free from it. 
During picking time this was borne out to a surprising extent. 
We had some scabby fruit, but a very limited quantity, and 
that was largely among Pattens and N. W. Greenings. 

My experience and observations for the past season have 
impressed me about as follows: 

The Greenings are much more susceptible to the fungus 
than are red or parti-colored varieties, and the thicker and 
more dense the trees the harder it is to do an effective job of 
spraying. Open headed, well pruned trees are sprayed to better 
advantage, take less material, they dry out quicker, lessening 


ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 111 


the liability to damage from burning, fruit is easier picked, color 
better, and it is invariably larger. 

I feel that the long continued cloudy weather during the 
spraying period was largely responsible for the injured foliage. 
I also believe that our orchard is pruned harder than any 
other in the state, it is an annual affair with us, and yet at 
every apple harvest I am impressed that we have too much wood 
in the trees. This problem of pruning calls for more judg- 
ment than any other operation in the orchard. 

If we could do all the pruning in the summer, with the 
trees in full foliage, it would simplify matters tremendously. 
But for various reasons that cannot be, and we have to do our 
pruning in the winter and early spring. It is the seeing the 
tree without foliage and at the same instant realizing what it 
will look like next summer, that calls for the exercising of one’s 
best judgment. 

The past season the man that sprayed sufficiently to con- 
trol the fungus did so at the expense of his trees, and if he 
did not injure his trees he did not control the fungus. 

Mr. Powers: Is it advisable to prune any time during the 
winter ? 

Mr. Simmons: It is considered that later in the spring it is 
better but for myself, with so much of it to do, as soon as the 
apples are out of the way I start to prune, and I prune all winter 
long. I don’t see that it makes any difference. 

Mr. Powers: Do you use the powdered arsenate of lead? 

Mr. Simmons: We use the paste, simply because it mixes a 
little easier. 

Mr. Powers: I want to ask another question and that is 
about lime-sulphur. You know there is a dry solution made 
down at St. Louis ,and the liquid—which do you consider the 
best? 

Mr. Simmons: Iam unable to say, I always use the liquid 
myself, never used the other. I have used bordeaux. 

Mr. Bingham: We have used a great deal of the paste and 
also the dry arsenate of lead. I find no difference in the two in 
controlling the apple codling moth or any of the insects except 
perhaps the paste may stick a little better to the foliage. The dry 
is much more economical to use, it doesn’t waste if you have it 
left over, while the other is injured by mixing, and I think the 
arsenate of lead as made today is made very fine and is perhaps 
more economical to use than the paste. You are paying freight 
on 50 per cent. water, and in the paste you are not having any 
loss if left over during the winter, and it mixes very readily with 
the spray. 

Mr. Baldwin: I have found in the matter of spraying the 
hardest proposition I was up against was to get at the principle. 
what do I spray for, and I have that one question asked me, I 


ibs MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


presume, hundreds of times from different individuals, to know 
really what they are spraying for. I made quite a study to find 
out how I was going to get at the codling moth, and I find from 
the very best and most reliable sources that the codling moth lays 
it eggs on the leaves and never on the apple itself. We are apt 
to think that it lays its eggs down in the calyx of that little, small 
apple, which is not a fact at all. I would think that the second 
spraying that the gentleman has spoken about, wherein he leaves 
out the arsenate of lead, to my mind would be a mistake, for the 
codling moth lays its eggs on the leaf, and we want to get the 
worm if we possibly can when it first hatches on the leaf, get it 
on the foliage before it gets to the little apple. My experience 
shows that after they get into the blossom end of the apple we 
want to get the spray into the blossom end. There are three or 
four days it is open to receive this spray. That is the time they 
all concede we ought to spray, but we do not expect the worm to 
be in there for some little time. It wilk take twenty-four days 
from the time they come out in the spring and go through the 
mating period and nine days before the worm will hatch, and we 
have got to have the spray there then. The second spraying can 
be done more carelessly and with less force then the first spray- 
ing, because all we can hope to get is the worm that hatches on 
the leaves. It will be the same number of worms, but we will get 
them on the leaves. It is no use spraying the fruit because if 
we don’t get the poison down in the little calyx while it is open 
we will never get it there, and we will not get the worm. 

Mr. Bingham: I would like to say that there is one point 
that is very well taken. In all of our spraying operations we use 
arsenate of lead in every spraying because we feel that the 
expense incurred for a pound of arsenate of lead powder to a bar- 
rel of fifty gallons of spray mixture is well expended, because 
that assures us of getting all the insects that are affecting the 
foliage as well as, as the gentleman says, the codling moth. We 
put it in every spray on the cherries and apples up until, per- 
haps, the last one, which is only for fungous diseases. 

Mr. Simmons: In Minnesota I think it is a rare thing for 
us to have more than one brood of the codling moth, and by spray- 
ing and spraying thoroughly so that the spray will drop under 
the tree, any time from the time the petals fall to eight or ten 
days after, if the job is done thoroughly, I don’t see the necessity 
of putting any more arsenate of lead on the trees. We have done 
that for years, the first spraying, and it has always controlled the 
moths. If you don’t have rain during the operation of spraying 
it is an easy matter. If the spray material gets thoroughly dry 
on the tree before the rain commences and the spray dope will » 
still be sticking on the tree when you get through in the field, I 
think the second arsenate of lead application is thrown away. 

A Member: I want to get clear in mind, when do you spray 
first? When the petals are falling? 

Mr. Simmons: When the most of them are down. 

A Member: When do you spray the second time? 


ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 113 


Mr. Simmons: Generally speaking, in about two weeks. 
A Member: How about the dormant spray? 
Mr. Simmons: I never use it. 
A Member: In the spring what is it that kills the foliage, 
the lime-sulphur or the arsenate of lead? 

- Mr. Simmons: Lime-sulphur when it doesn’t dry good is 
liable to kill the foliage, but that is only occasionally. The injury 
two years ago was very slight, but I think, ordinarily speaking, 
where you get the spray dope to dry out fast on the trees there is 
no danger of injury when it is used the generally advocated 
strength, five quarts to fifty gallons. 


Mr. Simmons’ orchard in full bloom. 


Mr. Baldwin: Relative to the second spraying with arsenate 
of lead. I have used that and used it exclusively, never using a 
bit of paris green, for twelve or fourteen years. When I spray 
potatoes I spray them when they are half grown, and then 
the next lot just as soon as they get new foliage. The bugs would 
never think of touching the old foliage, they are after the new 
foliage. We spray the first time before the leaves are half leaved 
out, and the worms know the difference between the young leaves 
that are succulent and the old ones. If we don’t put poison in 
the second spraying we have a lot of leaves the worms are going 
to attack, and there is just the place we want to get them. I 
think we ought to spray the second time to get the worms; they 
are not going to eat the old foliage that has the poison on. 

Mr. Bingham: I would like to ask the gentleman why he 
sprays the second time if he does not consider the addition of 
arsenate of lead of any particular advantage. We know that 
lime-sulphur in all sections does not control fungous diseases. 
Why do you spray the second time if you don’t use the arsenate 
of lead with new foliage coming on all the time? 


114 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Simmons: We have never used more than two sprays. 
It has heretofore killed the fungus, this year it didn’t. 

Mr. Bingham: Do you find bordeaux any better to control 
diseases ? 

Mr. Simmons: I have never used bordeaux mixture. 

Mr. Bingham: I would say that we have found a very great 
difference in the use of lime-sulphur and bordeaux. I believe that 
lime-sulphur this year was a very expensive spray in many sec- 
tions. Even at the price of blue vitriol you could better afford 
to pay twenty cents a pound for vitriol and use bordeaux mixture. 
We carried on an experiment a few years ago with the use of 
lime-sulphur and with bordeaux. We had several different plots, 
and I also did lime-sulphur spraying on my commercial orchard. 
We had about $500 damage on the lime-sulphur scalding. Our 
experiment showed that hot weather would cause lime-sulphur 
injury. We had the experiments side by side; from the bordeaux 
there was practically no injury and from the lime-sulphur there 
Was considerable injury. The bordeaux rust is not an injury 
when it comes to market, but when we have the scalding in con- 
nection with heat we have trouble. 

Mr. Simmons: Where is your orchard located? 

Mr. Bingham: Straight east of here, a little south, on the 
shore of Lake Michigan in Wisconsin. 

Mr. Simmons: Climatic conditions are very different, you 
have a great deal more moisture than we have here. 

A Member: Do I understand that the arsenate of lead or 
bordeaux is a very good spray for a novice, that is, one who has a 
very few trees; for a general all around spray isn’t bordeaux and 
arsenate of lead good? 

The President: We have found it good. Who will answer 
the question? 

Mr. Smith: My experience in spraying is this, that one of 
the first things, if you are going to have any success or satisfac- 
tion out of the spraying, is to know what you are going to spray 
for, and next, the best time to do it. Now, I just came in and 
heard the gentleman talking about spraying for codling moth 
just after the blossom falls. We found that that is very effective, 
and probably three years out of five if that spraying is done thor- 
oughly enough with 200 or more pounds pressure it will get all 
the codling moth, just spraying with the arsenate of lead alone. 
And you will get better results if you spray with arsenate of lead 
alone, spraying for codling moth, than if you mix anything else 
with it. 

So far as the lime-sulphur and the bordeaux is concerned, 
there is a general misunderstanding in regard to those two 
sprays. Lime-sulphur kills whatever it touches. It is a corrosive 
and kills whatever it touches. We had a good deal of controversy 
at one time at a horticultural meeting in regard to the matter of 
using salt with the lime-sulphur and the man advocating it said 
that it would stay on longer. ‘Well,’ I said, “lime-sulphur kills 
whatever it touches.” ‘Yes.’ ‘“‘When?” ‘When it touches,” he 


ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. 115 


said. “Then will it be any better if it stays on longer?” ‘Laugh- 
ter.) 

Lime-sulphur is a corrosive that kills any fungi, insect eggs 
or insects that it touches. It kills them then when it touches 
them, not tomorrow or next week or anything of that kind. Bor- 
deaux mixture is a fungicide that prevents the growth of fungi, 
and no fungi will grow there as long as there is any bordeaux 
mixture present. One is a preventive and the other is a destroy- 
ae opent; that is the difference between the two. Isn’t that 
right? 

Mr. Simmons: Yes, sir. 

Mr. Smith: There are insects that eat for a living, like the 
codling moth and a number of beetles and bugs. Arsenate of lead 
is a good agent to destroy those because if they taste of it they 
die, and arsenate of lead will remain for a long time where you 
put it if itis properly prepared. Lime-sulphur will destroy any- 
thing that it touches, and we use that for such things as do not 
eat for a living but do sucking for it. I have been asked hun- 
dreds of times: ‘What shall I spray my trees with?’ The 
answer is: “What are you going to spray for?” and I am entirely 
out of sympathy with the idea of mixing sprays. Know what you 
are going to spray for and the best time to spray for that thing, 
and then spray for that and you will do a good job. This going 
hit or miss style—I know one man that went to the trouble of tak- 
ing every kind of spray material that he saw listed and mixed 
them all up together and sprayed with it just after his trees were 
leaved out. The very first thing is to know what you are spray- 
ing for, and then you can get from the bulletins of your experi- 
ment stations the calendars that will show the period when it is 
best to spray. 

I was a little surprised yesterday when they were discussing 
the brown rot in plums that somebody didn’t say, “Spray with 
lime-sulphur.” I had thirty acres of Italian prunes in 1906; they 
were very badly affected with brown rot and a great many of 
those brown-rotted prunes were left on the ground. I got all the 
information I could on the subject, and the following spring just 
after the blossoms had fallen I sprayed thoroughly with a mild 
solution of lime-sulphur, with the result we didn’t have any 
brown rot. Now, I would have thought perhaps that wasn’t 
worth much except for the fact that just over the hill, half a mile 
from there, there were some trees that were not sprayed, and 
they had as much rot on them as they had had the year before. 

What the gentleman said about this rusting and blistering, 
and so forth,—weather conditions have a great deal to do with 
that. I think you can spray with bordeaux mixture when the 
trees and fruit are dry without much danger of getting any rust 
from it, but I would never undertake to spray a valuable apple 
orchard with bordeaux mixture when it was windy and rainy 
because you are then liable to get the rot from that. (Applause.) 

The President: Very much obliged to you, Mr. Smith. 


’ 


116 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — 


Mr. Baldwin: Don’t you think we are lacking in one thing? 
You go into the great fruit districts, and there they make spray- 
ing absolutely compulsory. Inasmuch as our president has some- 
thing to do with legislation, I should like to have something done 
in that way whereby we can absolutely make our neighbors spray. 
I think that could be pushed to the front like it is in other com- 
munities, where they will go into a man’s orchard and cut it down 
by law, in the real fruit regions, if he don’t spray. It seems to 
me that in this age when we have so many farmers’ organizations, 
if they would get busy in the winter time and organize in such a 
way, they could say: “Here, we will hire a man to do the spray- 
ing, we will get a good sprayer and then we will see that every 
tree, or fruit tree, in our locality is sprayed in a professional way 
by this man who knows how.” He can get his spray material at 
wholesale cost, and then get on a business basis. When we spray 
in our orchard, and our neighbor does not spray, his rubbish 
comes over in our orchard, and it makes it pretty hard for us to 
keep clean. (Applause.) 

Mr. Claussen: I agree with my brother here, but for some 
of us it might be too late. That is the trouble. It isn’t like 
threshing or something like that. I always had the same opinion 
as Mr. Baldwin. 

I want to ask a question. Is there any danger after spraying 
to let animals in there to eat the grass, where you have clover? 

Mr. Bingham: I would like to say one word in regard to the 
remarks made by the gentleman. We know that bordeaux mix- 
ture and lime-sulphur are both good for the same purpose, being 
fungicides. Now, the lime-sulphur in its concentrated form, as 
used in a dormant spray, will kill the eggs of certain insects and 
also the aphis, perhaps, but the lime-sulphur during the summer 
will not control the aphis. Furthermore, I don’t believe that it 
is absolutely necessary for one man to complain very seriously 
if his neighbor does not spray. We know that the codling moth 
does not spread over a great area, and that you can grow good 
apples right beside an orchard that is neglected, if you do your 
work thoroughly. There may be the border row that is affected, 
and a fence between the two orchards will prevent any effect at 
all. Fire blight is different, that will spread in the general direc- 
tion of the wind, but those fungous diseases do not travel very 
far in any direction. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I would like to say something as to the 
value of bordeaux mixture as a general spray. We use it on all 
our fruit trees, berry bushes, strawberries, celery, squashes, 
melons, beans, potatoes, about half the vegetables we grow, as a 
preventive, keep them covered all the time to keep diseases from 
them. Lime-sulphur is not safe to use on the tender plants. If 
you have a general run of spraying you will find the bordeaux 
mixture far more satisfactory, and we always add arsenate of 
lead to get rid of any insects that come along. 

A Member: Do you do it on rose bushes? 


ORCHARD SPRAYING IN 1916. nay (eae 


Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, try to keep them covered, and you 
will find out you will not lose the foliage. It is a preventive, you 
get it on before the trouble starts. 

Member: Put the arsenate of lead in with it on the rose 
bushes ? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, it is not necessary to, but we 
always mix it and the expense is so little we have the arsenate 
all the time. 

Mr. Underwood: There was a question asked whether there 
is any danger of the spray poisoning anything. We have tried 
to mow our orchard with sheep and have sixty or seventy-five 
sheep running in our orchard for the purpose of keeping down 
the grass. We have sprayed our orchard four times and never 
saw any symptoms of the sheep being affected at all. 

A Member: I will say that I have been raising apples and 
had calves in the same orchard, and I raised a crop of apples and 
a crop of calves in the same field. 


Annual Meeting, 1916, N. E. Iowa Horticultural Society. 


R. E. OLMSTEAD, EXCELSIOR, DELEGATE. 


The Northeastern Iowa Horticultural Society met in their 
32nd annual meeting at Oelwein, November 15th and 16th. The 
officers of the society were all present, and the meeting opened 
as scheduled. The exhibition of fruit was very good, about 300 
plates of apples being shown. Considering the season this was 
a very good display, in fact some of the fruit was very fine. 
The meetings for both days were especially profitable for one 
interested in horticultural work. The people of Oelwein did 
not attend the sessions very much. Mr. Geo. G. Platte had 
done some fine work in Oelwein in soliciting members to the 
association, securing some forty or fifty members. The papers 
and addresses on the whole were very excellent in character, 
and each one showed thought and study. 

Holding the meetings at different cities and towns is prob- 
ably a good piece of missionary work, as the tendency is to 
create an interest in the study and work in horticulture in each 
town in which the society meets. For those reasons it is doubt- 
less a wise provision made whereby the society meets in different 
towns in its section of the state. 

With twenty or thirty good, live horticulturists in session 


118 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


there is always plenty of material brought forth for a discus- 
sion. This meeting was no exception, and the members each 
and every one seemed alert and equal to the occasion. 

But one evening meeting was held, that being in the high 
school auditorium. Music furnished during the evening by the 
Girls’ High School Glee Club and also two numbers by the Boys’ 
High School Glee Club were especially fine. 

Mayor Cole welcomed the horticulturists at Oelwein in a very 
fitting address. This was responded to by Mr. G. D. Black, form- 
erly of Independence, Iowa, but now of Albert Lea, Minnesota. 
A duet by Mr. and Mrs. Leo was well received and was re- 
sponded to with an encore. . 

Your delegate from the Minnesota State Horticultural So- 
ciety gave at this meeting an illustrated talk on birds. The im- 
pression that your delegate brought from the meeting was to 
the effect that the meetings might perhaps be better advertised 
so that the people of the town in which the meeting is held 
would know that there were some papers and discussions very 
much worth while, that they were educational and helpful, and 
that they ought to have a larger hearing. 

The Northeastern Iowa Society was very well represented, 
there being some one from practically each of the larger towns 
of that section. Mr. Wesley Greene, of Des Moines, read a 
very fine paper on insects, and in fact, every address and paper 
given at this meeting was well worth listening to, and your 
delegate was very glad to be a listener to the splendid pro- 
gram. 

That the Northeastern Horticultural Society of Iowa is 
doing some good work goes without saying. They are a live, 
wide-awake, stirring body of men and only good things can 
ultimately come from these gatherings. 


WATER REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS.—The study of the water requirement 
of plants has been continued during the past year with a view of determin- 
ing the crops and varieties most efficient in the use of water. The differ- 
ences exhibited in this respect by the principal crop plants are remarkable. 
Millet, sorghum and corn are the most efficient in the use of water. Wheat 
and the other small grains form an intermediate group, while alfalfa and 
other legumes have the highest water requirement. Alfalfa uses about 
three times as much water as millet-in the production of a pound of dry 
matter when the two crops are grown side by side. _ Varieties of the same 
crop show in some instances marked differences in water requirements, so 
that the careful study of different varieties from this standpoint is a 
matter of decided economic importance in connection with the agricultural 
development of dry-land regions.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 


ANNUAL MEETING, 1916, SOUTH DAKOTA STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 119 


Annual Meeting, 1916, South Dakota State Horticultural 
Society. 


M. R. CASHMAN, OWATONNA, DELEGATE. 


I arrived at Watertown on the morning of February 16 and 
proceeded to horticultural headquarters at the Lincoln Hotel. 
There I met several horticultural acquaintances from Minne- 
sota and South Dakota, including our old friend Professor N. E. 
Hansen, who is secretary of the South Dakota society. 

The sessions started promptly Tuesday morning at 9:30, 
and with a very few preliminaries the program was soon in 
full progress. I might mention that I was elected an honor- 
ary member of the society and took an active interest in the 
proceedings throughout the sessions. 

Prof. N. E. Hansen, secretary, is to be congratulated upon 
the splendid numbers included in the programs for each and 
every day. The papers given were not only interesting for 
their contents but showed professional knowledge of the sub- 
jects discussed. 

The state of South Dakota, even more so than Minnesota, 
has a varied degree of climatic conditions. In the extreme south- 
ern portions horticulturists experience little difficulty in growing 
many of the semi-hardy varieties of apples, while in the central 
and northern sections none but the hardiest varieties can with- 
stand the severe winters. 

There was a very nice display of fruit exhibited in the 
lobby of the Lincoln Hotel. This display represented three 
sections in South Dakota; one which included such varieties as 
Jonathan, Haas, Salome and Malinda came from the vicinity 
of Vermillion, South Dakota. Another exhibit, from Big Stone, 
which is just west of Ortonville, Minn., displayed Wealthy, Pat- 
ten’s Greening, Northwestern Greening and Anisim. This col- 
lection was grown and exhibited by B. J. Tippet, of Big Stone. 
Another very remarkable display was exhibited by Mr. John 
Robertson, of Hot Springs, South Dakota. The orchard from 
which this fruit was gathered is planted on an elevation of 4,200 
feet above sea level. 

These exhibits showed conclusively the possibilities of fruit 
growing in South Dakota. Mr. H. J. Ludlow, of Worthington, 
Minn., was on the program, and his paper was as usual very 
interesting and afforded much information on scientific orchard- 
ing. 


120 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY. . 


Another paper which was received very enthusiastically 
was that of Judge L. R. Moyer, of Montevideo, Minn., on “Best 
Methods in Scientific Improvement.” I would be glad to see 
this paper printed in The Minnesota Horticulturist—for the 
subject was handled in a very masterly manner. 

Professor Beach, of the State College of Iowa, was present 
and gave several very interesting talks on the marketing of 
fruits and vegetables. Prof. Beach has a great fund of knowl- 
edge on horticultural lines, and his presence always makes this 
kind of meeting very interesting. 

South Dakota is doing much to encourage tree planting 
in the prairie sections, and to this end they offer a tree bounty 
for six years for any planter setting from one acre to twelve 
acres of trees. This tree bounty is calculated to encourage the 
planting of timber and shelter belts over the prairie sections. 

Honorable E. C. Issenhuth, of Redfield, S. D., appeared 
before the society and read a very fine paper on the “Planting 
of Groves in the Prairie Sections.” Mr. Issenhuth recommended 
that the state bounty law be amended to extend the period of 
payment to twelve years instead of six years. To this end, he 
was made chairman of a committee to draw up such a resolu- 
tion and present it to the state legislature. Hon. Issenhuth 
presented this resolution, which was approved by the society 
and undoubtedly will be incorporated as an amendment to the 
state bounty law of South Dakota. 

The Brookings College, of South Dakota, was well repre- 
sented, and Prof. N. E. Hansen gave several very interesting 
lectures on the progress being made in South Dakota through 
the work of the college. He certainly has the support of every 
South Dakota horticulturist, and it is well that he should, for 
he has put South Dakota on the map as the greatest plant- 
breeding state in the Northwest. His recommendation to en- 
large the work at Brookings through increased state aid was 
enthusiastically received. It is evident that if sufficient funds 
are furnished the plant-breeding department at Brookings that 
Prof. Hansen will soon bring out many more new fruits and 
grains that will mean millions to the northwestern states. 

Your delegate enjoyed the trip to Watertown very much 
and, judging from the enthusiasm and interest shown at the 
horticultural meeting at all the daily sessions, predicts for South 
Dakota a very bright future in its horticultural work. 


OPENING UP THE FRUIT FARM. 121 


Opening Up the Fruit Farm. 
D. E. BINGHAM, FRUIT GROWER, STURGEON BAY, WIS. 


Let us take it for granted that your secretary in putting 
this topic on the program, as he did, had reference more par- 
ticularly to the tree fruit farm. While the same conditions apply 
in many instances, in some they differ. For instance, straw- 
berries, and some of the other 
small fruits, will grow and do 
well on good orchard land and 
will also grow well on land 
not good orchard land. 

It seems to me one of the 
first points to consider in 
opening up the fruit farm is 
selection of the soil, for this 
is a long time investment, and 
the soil must have a good 
foundation. There is danger 
of disappointment if the sub- 
soil is too sandy, or too wet, 
a hard-pan, etc. Trees will 
not do well for long on soil of 
such character. We prefer a | y 
good clay loam with a good || 
clay subsoil of such a nature 
as to insure good drainage. If 
we could have some gravel or 
lime rock in the subsoil all the 
better. 

Suppose we have such a soil, D. E. Bingham, Sturgeon Lake, Wis. 
we have other facts to consider also before it is a good orchard 
site. Air drainage is important. There should be nothing to 
obstruct the free movement of the air, and the site should have 
sufficient elevation to insure good drainage. 

The soil should not be too rich in nitrogen. Land that would 
produce a good crop of corn might produce too much wood 
growth. This must be determined by observing the crops and 
the growth of the trees; if inclined to be excessive, the fertility 
should be reduced by cropping. 

Planting. The varieties for the orchard, either for cherries 


122 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


or apples, differ with different localities and different individuals. 
We all have our notions, and that coupled with the difference in ~ 
location widens the list of varieties commercially. Four to six 
varieties for forty acres is sufficient. 

I am going to select four varieties and these all red apples, 
Snow, McIntosh, Dudley and Wealthy. (This for eastern 
Wisconsin, Secy.) These all have faults, and it is hard to find a 
variety that hasn’t some faults. To those who object to the four 
I have mentioned I might suggest three or four more, Wagener, 
Salome, Seek-no-further and Liveland, all with some color. 

One must consider the variety somewhat in determining the 
distance apart to plant. In the Northwest we can plant closer 
than in a milder climate. Our trees bear young and consequently 
do not reach the size they do in the East and the Southeast. 

We plant Wealthy twenty feet; McIntosh, Snow and Dudley 
twenty-five feet, Wagener twenty feet, Salome twenty-five feet, 
Liveland twenty, but if planted in with other varieties twenty- 
five feet. Were all these varieties to be planted in alternating 
strips of several rows each, across a piece of land, twenty-five 
feet would be the distance I would use. 

Method of Planting. Our method is first to stake out our 
land, twenty-five feet square, lining up the stakes so they are 
in perfect rows, leaving twenty-five to thirty feet margin at the 
ends for convenience in turning later on. We use the tree placer, 
of which I have a model. This device insures perfectly straight 
rows with all sorts of workers. : 

Holes are dug amply large and deep enough to take in the 
roots without bending. Long roots are removed or shortened in- 
to reasonable length for planting. By using a tree placer and 
placing it against the stake, then tipping the point back, it can 
stay in position until the hole is dug and the tree placed in the 
hole straight up. Then the point is again tipped down, and the 
tree comes where the stake was. 

Nursery Stock. In either cherry or apple a two year, five to 
six foot tree, well branched, medium low head, is about the ideal 
tree. The reason I choose a two year tree is that the roots are 
sufficiently large to be woody enough to allow a ready formation 
of callouses, while the roots on the one year tree will be prin- 
cipally bark and very much slower to callous. 

Fall Dug Against Spring Dug Stock. I prefer fall dug stock 
stored with roots in dirt, not in moss or three-fourths of the 


OPENING UP THE FRUIT FARM. 123 


roots may dry out during the winter. We want the mangled end 
of the roots to heal over, and, what is more important, we do not 
prune the roots of fall dug 
stock we plant in the 
spring. If they are pruned 
at all it should be done 
when stored and not after 
they come out of storage, as 
nature has healed the 
wounds, and you should not 
make new ones. 

We should plant early, 
as soon as land is in good 
condition to work and be- 
fore the trees have burst 
into leaf. Should the ter- 
minal buds be open, the 
tree should be pruned as 
soon as planted to take off 
that source of evaporation 
and keep the tree dormant 
as long as possible. Our 
best success is where the 
pruning and planting are 
done early and the trees re- 
main dormant till roots 
have started to grow. 

Pruning. Our rule in 
pruning is three-fourths of 
the top should be removed 
in a systematic manner, 
spacing the limbs right for 
after years and _ leaving 
only a few buds, cutting 
side branches shorter than 
the leader and to an outside 
or a side bud, though this 
is not absolutely necessary 
to the future shape of the 
tree. 


‘SIM ‘ABQ UOdISINAS 4B ‘WIV SsUlg "| 'q JO pxBvyoIO AI1OYGO UL poys sulyoId JUSTUZAUOD VW 


EPIL TS PT EE Ry 


The second year we can rearrange the head somewhat, and 
after that the good work should continue every spring. 


124 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Cultivation. Should crops be grown in the orchard, the cul- 
tivation conforms to the necessities of the crop being grown. 
Plowing in the spring and six or seven harrowings constitute 
pretty fair orchard culture. At all events use level culture, that 
is, do not ridge the tree rows one year and level them down the 
next. Always level culture. The gang plow, reversible disc, 
common cutaway disc, spring tooth, are what we use. 

We consider early cultivation important at least every other 
year. On land that is to be built up we use the following method: 
cultivate till June tenth, then sow clover, a mixture of alfalfa, 


Mr. Bingham in his low growing cherry orchard. 


red clover and sweet clover, if you please. Leave this till June 
1st of the following year, then plow it under. Continue cultivat- 
ing till August. The next year cultivate till June tenth and 
repeat. ; 

Winter Protection. When the orchard is young and on an 
exposed location the snow sometimes blows off and winter injury 
results. To avoid this if the orchard is being cropped one should 
sow a strip of oats or allow weeds to grow along the tree row to 
catch the snow. We have used buckwheat, weeds, oats and 
clover. After the orchard gets older the danger resulting from 
no cover crop is less. When there is evidence of field mice the 
trees should be mounded in the fall. 

A Member: Have you had any experience in using dyna- 
jews to blast the holes? Will the trees do better in dynamited 

oles? 


o Palais « a 


Cc 


OPENING UP THE FRUIT FARM. 125 


Mr. Bingham: That is a question that has been discussed 
a good deal. We don’t use it simply because our soil is of such a 
nature we wouldn’t gain anything by it. In a place where there 
is danger of poor drainage you can open it up down through that 
layer. I believe Mr. Kellogg asked the question whether there 
wouldn’t be a cistern formed if you dynamite a hole. I think 
there is some danger if you don’t break that soil clear to a.certain 
extent. If it is clay so the water doesn’t penetrate readily, it is 
more apt to be a water hole. 

A Member: When you plant your trees do you set them per- 
pendicular or leaning? 

Mr. Bingham: We set them straight up as soon as we can. 
Those are our instructions, to plant them straight. 

A Member: Do you plant them any deeper than they were 
in the nursery? 

Mr. Bingham: Usually about the same depth, or perhaps 
a little deeper. You must use your judgment. If a tree has a 
shallow roots we don’t like to plant it so deep. 

A Member: I would like to make a remark about the trim- 
ming of the roots at the time of planting of the tree that is dug 
in the fall. I remember once I planted some apple trees, and a 
portion of them didn’t seem to start to leaf out or grow until 
late in July. SoI pulled them up with the intention of throwing 
them away. But I found the roots alive, and they were starting 
at the ends where they were cut. Some of them had partly de- 
cayed. So we cut them off, and we planted them in water and in 
a short time they grew. After that I always cut the roots in the 
spring. 

Mr. Bingham: I believe that the cut ends of the roots should 
be allowed to callous over before planting. It seems to me a fool- 
ish move to take off the callous that it has taken all winter to 
form. The ends of the roots should be calloused. 


CEDAR RuST ON APPLES.—Cedar rust on apples continues to attract 
considerable attention and has been severe in certain localities. One of the 
striking things, however, in orchard pathology has been the fact that in 
many of the large commercial orchard districts of the eastern Appalachian 
Mountains, where cedar rust threatened the destruction of the value of the 
orchards, complete or partial eradication of the cedar trees in the vicinity 
- of the apple orchards, usually within a radius of one mile, has completely 
solved the problem in the most practical, simple and permanent way and at 
a very slight expense. While the destruction of the red cedars is to be 
regretted, this tree in the vicinity of apple orchards has come to be a 
veritable pest tree, and where the cedar-rust fungus has been specially 
abundant the necessity for its destruction has been amply demonstrated by 
the repeated experiences of the past few years.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 


126 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Bridge Grafting Fruit Trees. 


(A Method of Saving Trees That Have Been Girdled by Mice or Rabbits or 
Seriously Injured by Blight or Other Diseases.) 

To be effective, bridge grafting should be done in the 
spring before growth starts, though sometimes it can be done 
after growth starts if dormant scions for the purpose can be 
secured. 

Prepare the wound in the tree by cutting away all dead 
tissue and thoroughly cleansing the injured parts. If possible, 
sterilize by washing with a solution of bichloride of mercury, 
copper sulphate, or some other antiseptic. The irregular edges 
of the bark above the girdled tract or wound should be cut back 
into an even edge, far enough from the wound to make certain 
that healthy cambium is under the bark. 

For the grafting, select scions from wood of the previous 
season’s growth, either branches which grew the preceding sea- 
son or water sprouts that are only a year old. The scion should 
be a little longer than the space which is to be bridged, so they 
will arch slightly over the central part of the wound. 

Bevel the scions at each end on the same side of the scion 
with a long sloping cut so that the wedge-shaped ends thus 
formed will be relatively thin and permit their being thrust 
well under the bark without danger of separating it unduly 
from the cambiumeat the points of insertion. The placing of the 
scions will be facilitated if the bark at the margins of the wound 
is slit for a short distance at the points where the ends are to 
be inserted. 

Importance of Uniting Cambium.—In placing the scions 
it is of the greatest importance that the cambium of the scions 
which is exposed in the sloping cuts at the ends be brought into 
intimate contact with the cambium that lies under the bark at 
the margins of the wounded area. The union of scion and 
tree can occur only where the cambium layers of the two come 
together. The scions may be secured in their proper positions, 
if need be, by driving a small nail through each end into the 
trunk. This will aid in drawing the cambium of scion and 
trunk closely together. 

The operation is completed by thoroughly covering the area 
occupied by the ends of the scions and the margins of the 
wound with grafting wax, strips of waxed cloth, or by some 
other means that adequately will prevent these parts from 


BRIDGE GRAFTING FRUIT TREES. 127 


drying out. Some operators cover the entire wound, scions 
and all, with melted wax. Where the bridged portion is below 
or near the ground, many operators conserve moisture by cover- 
ing the grafts with earth. 

Bridging From the Ground.—Where the wound is so large 
as to make ordinary bridge grafting impossible, another method 
of bridging may be used. Two-year-old trees are planted about 
the base of the injured tree and their tops grafted into its trunk 
above the girdled space, which has first been cleaned as in 
the other method. As the tops of the small trees are too large 
to manipulate readily in the manner described for scions, V- 
shaped vertical grooves extending through the cambium are 
cut just above the wounded area in the bark of the tree to be 
treated. The tops of the small trees are shaped to correspond 
with these grooves. The two are then accurately fitted to- 
gether in such a manner as to bring the cambium of one into 
contact with that of the other. Small nails may be driven 
through the tops of the trees into the trunk, to hold the parts 
firmly together. The wounds incident to joining the tops of the 
small trees to the trunk of the large one should be well covered 
with wax, to prevent drying out. Sometimes cord is tied 
around the trunk to aid in holding the tops of the young trees 
in proper position. 


INVESTIGATIONS OF TEMPERATURES OF FRUIT IN TRANSIT.—The results 
of fruit-handling investigations during the past few seasons show that the 
most important factor in determining the condition of either fruits or 
vegetables in transit and after arrival on the market is the temperature 
maintained in refrigerator cars during transportation. All fresh fruit is 
alive, and the life activities continue with greater or less rapidity until it 
goes into consumption; the temperatures maintained in transit determine 
to a great degree both the rate of ripening and the development of fungi 
and other decay-producing organisms. 

The investigations during the past season have had mainly in view the 
improvement of refrigerator-car equipment, especially as regards insulation 
and facilities for free air circulation. The results of the work thus far 
have shown that through certain modifications in the ice bunkers, through 
the use of racks or false floors, and through better insulation, it is entirely 
practicable to increase the efficiency of refrigeration and to haul larger 
loads of fruit than formerly and with a lesser ice consumption.—U. S. 
Dept. Agri. 


128 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Perennials for Busy People. 
MRS. H. B. TILLOTSON, EXCELSIOR. 


Every home should have a garden—it is needed just as 
much as the walks and the lawn. Not only will it help the 
looks of the house, it will contribute to the health and happiness 
of its inmates. 

I am going to try and tell you how to have a garden with 
the least possible expenditure of time and labor. I am go- 
ing to try and convince you that one-half hour spent in good, 
honest work in the garden each day, after it is well started in 
the spring, will give you all the flowers you can use in your 
home: and have some left for your friends. 

If we are to have but half an hour each day in our garden, 
time is the most important thing to consider. The garden then 
should be near the house, and in sight of the rooms where we 
spend most of our days, so the flowers may be seen from the 
windows and studied for future arrangement. If you wish to 
walk through the garden, or rest in your spare moments, it can 
be easily reached. (By the way, have a seat in a convenient 
spot). Select a bright, sunny location, well drained, away from 
trees, of you can, as trees are greedy feeders and seem to know 
where there is plenty to eat. Their roots reach out much further 
than their height. 

Any soil that will grow corn or potatoes will grow flowers. 
If some fertilizer is at hand, and you have some one to spread it 
around, you can grow better flowers, but this is not necessary 
with the general run of farm soil. 

To start your garden, have your ground spaded up in the 
fall if it is possible; early spring will do if you cannot manage 
before. Plan everything out on paper now, in January. There 
is really as much pleasure in planning a garden in the winter 
as in working in it in the summer. 

Send for catalogues and look all of them over. Such a 
glorious lot of flowers. You will want them all. Carefully 
select things that come up every year and need to be planted 
but once.. Many times you can get flowers from seeds (and save 
money) just as quickly as from the purchased roots. Order early 
and be ready when the spring opens. 

I would advise you to buy roots of the peony, iris, bleeding 
heart, trollius, dictamnus, or gas plant; lily-of-the-valley; and 
gypsophila, or baby breath; all fine things to have, but the seeds 


PERENNIALS FOR BUSY PEOPLE. 129 


take from one or two years to germinate and several years be- 
fore they are in good bloom. 

Great help may be had in planning a garden from books 
and magazines. If you happen to take the “Garden Magazine,” 
mvch knowledge is to be gained through it’s reader’s service 
department, of which you may take advantage. However the 
one book that will give the most information is Mabel Cabot 
Sedgwick’s “Garden Month by Month.” It is a complete dic- 


View of Mrs. Tillotson’s flower garden from her summer home at Excelsior, 
Lake Minnetonka. 


tionary of hardy plants, which tells their color, height, time of 
bloom, preferred soil and location. You can get it in most 
libraries, and by renewing it can be kept a month, long enough 
to give you a good start. 

There are only three things that I can think of that posi- 
tively must be planted the year before; these are candidum, or 
Madonna lilies, and Oriental poppies, which should be planted 
in August; and the peony, after September 15th. 

After you have started your seeds early in boxes, pans or 
a hotbed—if you are fortunate enough to have one—and the 
little plants are ready to set. out, select a cloudy day for trans- 
planting if you can find one. If you cannot find one, soak the 


130 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. _ 


little seedlings thoroughly for two days, make them fairly drunk 
on water, then take them up, put some more water in the hole 
where they are to go, spread out the roots and firm them in 
tight. They will grow without spading. I have forgotten how 
many thousand plants a good smart person can set out in one 
hour. 

The following suggestions will save much time and labor: 
Plant in straight rows, or in groups at regular distances apart, 
so that when you are cultivating you can take a long pull on 
the hoe. Have a narrow hoe, four inches wide, a plain blade 
on one edge and two prongs on the other. With this you can 
get into all small places. 

Do not let the weeds get ahead of you, or the ground bake 
hard. You can cultivate 630 square feet of surface in one-half 
hour. It sounds big, but I can prove it. Once a week is enough, 
unless the sun shines out very hot after a rain; then you would 
have to go over it to keep the ground from baking. 

Now what kind of flowers shall we plant? Let us take first 
the early things that establish themselves and live from year to 
year. First comes the scilla, in blue and white; and the crocus 
in purple, white and yellow. They make fine borders, increase 
rapidly and disappear as the summer advances. Arabis, or rock 
cress, white with its silver grey leaves; and phlox sublata, white 
or pink, its foliage like green moss, come next and stay after the 
blossoms are gone. Darwin tulips come in many beautiful colors 
and will increase for several years. Narcissus poeticus will do 
the same thing. These are not gone before the iris are in bloom. 
From the early little purple iris (Pumilla) to the stately and 
gorgeous Japanese, there is a period of nearly two months of 
bloom. The German iris are absolutely hardy, come in exquisite 
colorings, grow almost any place and once planted are good for 
many years. I can give you the names of a few good ones if you 
care for them. They are Pladia Del Matica, Madam Chereau, 
Fairy, Silver King, Her Majesty and H. Darwin. 

Next is the peony, so well known it needs no description, just 
as hardy as the iris and just as easy to grow. You can hardly 
kill it, and it responds quickly to kind treatment. Once estab- 
lished it is good for ten or fifteen years. With hardy phlox 
planted between, that particular spot in the garden will be in 
bloom nearly all summer. 

Pyrethum, or Paris daisy, blooms in May and comes in all 
shades of pink to deep red. Columbine, rocket, sweet william, 
hollyhock, Shasta daisy, delphinium and garden heliotrope are 


PERENNIALS FOR BUSY PEOPLE. 131 


all sturdy growers and will take care of themselves. Coreopsis 
and gaillardia begin to bloom in June and keep it up until frost. 

Canterbury bells and foxgloves are biennials, but really 
deserve a place in your garden just for their beauty. If you 
start the seeds early in the spring and transplant in June, about 
half of them will bloom the next summer. This is just as well, 
because the rest of them will bloom the following year, and the 
first ones will seed themselves down, thus establishing your suc- 
cession. 

Of the late flowers, that is, from August on, there is the 
dahlia and the gladioli, classed as perennials in some books. The 


_ Beautiful white peony plant on home place of A. W. Richardson, Howard Lake 
hardy aster, golden glow, Chinese lantern plant, pyrethrum uli- 
ginosum, boltonia, platycodon and mallow are all fall flowers 
Delphiniums wil! bloom the second and third time if cut back 
each time as soon as the flowers fade. Sometimes you can coax 
the hardy chrysanthemum to bloom late in September, but it is 
uncertain, depending entirely on the season. 

There are some shrubs that deserve a place in the perennial 
garden, to be used as a background, or to cover up unsightly 
spots. Among these are the lilac, snowball, mock orange, spirea 
Van Houttii, hydrangea and the rugosa rose. 

There are a great many splendid perennials that I have not 
mentioned, not because they do not deserve a place in the hardy 
garden, but because I know the ones I have talked about give 
the best results, for the least expenditure of time and labor. 


a2 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mandan, N. D., Trial Station in 1916. 


W. A. PETERSON, SUPT. 


December 4, 1916.—From a horticultural standpoint the 
season of 1916 was a rather favorable one, even though the rain- 
fall up to date is more than an inch below normal. _ 

There was no late spring frost, and the first fall frost did 
not appear until September 15, when the temperature went down 
to 23 degrees Fahrenheit. This sudden drop did considerable 


A Mandan, N. D., home—the Virginia creeper a success here. 


damage to poplars from cuttings as they were then still growing. 

The winter injury that took place at this station during the 
winter 1915-16 was thoroughly stated in the 1916 mid-summer 
report from this station. 

This summer there has been severe injury from poplar 
beetles, especially to our trees grown from cuttings. This insect 
infested poplars and willows alike. Some poplars, especially the 
silverleaf, are practically immune to injury from this insect. 
During August almost continuous spraying with lead arsenate 
was done to keep this pest in check. ‘A power sprayer has been 
purchased, so the work can be done more effectively in good time 


MANDAN, N. D., TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 133 


next year. Ash and boxelder and elm from seed made a fair 
growth this season. 

All windbreak combinations as well as all species demon- 
stration blocks of trees have made an excellent growth, both new 
and older plantings. 

All fruit plants, both in permanent plantations, as well as 
in the nursery, have made excellent growth. An extensive exper- 
iment with apple grafts, using various stocks, was started this 
year, and a good stand was secured with the grafts. In the 
nursery and orchards oats as a cover crop was seeded August 


Early tomatoes, trained and staked, at Mandan, N. D., Station. 


first, and this was twelve to fifteen inches tall when killed by 
frost September 15th. 

All apples and plums in the orchard were protected in fall 
with veneer tree protectors and a liberal mulch of old hay and 
strawy manure. 

Vegetables again were a very decided success. Especially 
most excellent results were secured with onions, early tomatoes, 
egg plants, cucumbers and watermelons.. It is our firm convic- 
tion that the cost of living on the farm can be materially reduced, 
and the quality raised, by growing all the vegetables under the 
best system, and canning and storing them for winter use. 

All ornamental plants did well. Perennials seem to be 
especially desirable for this section. 

The plant-breeding work is being continued and enlarged 
at a rapid rate. In fact this is rapidly becoming the main work 


134 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


of this station, and the possibilities along this line are really very 
gratifying. 

Some of the more uncommon material collected for this 
work this year includes the following: 


3 bu. of native hazelnuts in this vicinity. 
8 bu. native plums. 
15 bu. native bullberries. 
1 qt. native bullberries from absolutely thornless females. 
7 absolutely thornless male bullberries. 
17 absolutely thornless female bullberries. 
5 white fruited Juneberry, native. 
1 pk. native H. B. cranberry. 


Also liberal amounts of seeds or plants, or both, of black 
caps, gooseberries, currants, strawberries, choke berries, sand 
cherries, thornapples and grapes. 
| Messrs. Peterson and Pfaender, of this station, took an 
extended trip in September to Ottawa, Arnold Arboretum, 
Rochester, N. Y., Geneva, N. Y., and other points where large 
collections of fruits and seeds of Asiatic native species of fruits 
were collected, especially of pears, apples, plums and thornapples. 

Arrangements were made for securing extended lists of 
plant-breeding materials from these various sources. 

Another trip was made in September to the home of Max 
Schulz, of New Salem, N. D., to inspect and gather informa- 
tion on the top-working of apple trees. Mr. Schulz has, as far 
as we know, the only large collection of successful top-worked 
trees in North Dakota. He is successfully growing such varie- 
ties as Delicious, McIntosh, Bismarck, Milwaukee and other, top- 
budded onto Hibernal trees. 

On the whole this season has been a very successful one. 
Complete records are kept on all work done. Failures (of which 
there are also a good percentage) are recorded as well as suc- 
cesses. We wish to invite all horticulturists who can do so to 
visit us. 


Too CLosE CuTTING A1pS DANDELIONS.—There seems to be a tendency 
with people who pride themselves in keeping their lawns looking well 
trimmed to cut the grass too short. This is not a good practice, for two 
reasons: First the lawn dries up more rapidly when the grass is cut short. 
Second, when short, it is in the right condition for infection with dandelion 
and plantain seed. 

If the roller of the lawn mower is lowered as far as possible, the grass 
will not be cut so short, will not dry up so fast, and seed that blows in will 
not come in contact with the ground but will be held up by the grass-blades 
and will not germinate. A lawn looks as good if not better if not cut so 
Se ee P. Hopkins, Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo- 
rado. 


COMPARATIVE VALUE OF PEDIGREE PLANTS. 185 


Comparative Value of Pedigree Plants. 
PROF. C. B. WALDRON, HORTICULTURIST, AGRI. COLLEGE, N. D. 


I am not going to talk on pedigree in plants, but I am going 
te tell something of the work we have been doing relative to try- 
ing out this term what you have seen in horticultural literature, 
and especially in advertisements, as to pedigree strawberry 
plants. I needn’t call any names; some of you people are familiar 
with the firms. 

We bought a considerable number of strawberry plants four 
years ago from nurserymen all over the United States, some that 
used the term pedigree plants and others that did not. Our soil 
at Fargo is very uniform, and these were grown in small plats, 
side by side, and, of course, given identical treatment. They 
were well known varieties, like the Warfield, Dunlap, Lovett, 
William Belt, etc. We have been selling the fruit of them, and 
this year we got a pretty good productive test. We found a very 
great difference in strains of the same variety. 

In the Warfield, for instance, we found certain plots that 
would give us only 42 grams of fruit to the plant, in other plots 
we found that the plants would average as high as 155 grams to 
the plant of the same variety. With the Lovett we found a 
greater difference, from sixteen grams to the plant up to 146 
grams, and so on through. With Senator Dunlap we found 
certain strains running as low as eighty grams to the plant, and 
from there up to 122. 

Well, here is the thing we are looking for, to find out if any 
of these so-called pedigree plants are any better producers than 
the common plants that we bought from nurserymen that did 
not advertise the term pedigree. You are familiar, I suppose, 
with some of the firms in this country that have been using the 
term ‘“‘pedigree’’ in connection with strawberry plants for quite 
a number of years. One of these firms that was making the 
greatest use of it evidently has been doing so without very good 
authority, because in the case of the Senator Dunlap this par- 
ticular firm’s plants gave only 81 grams to the plant, while an- 
other firm which has never made any claims for pedigree plants, 
their plants gave 122 grams to the plant of the Senator Dunlap, 
the average through the plot. 

The Warfield plants from this same firm that has adver- 
tised pedigree plants so persistently gave forty-two grams to 
the plant, while another hard-working, honest nurseryman, who 


136 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


never made any claims for pedigree plants, supplied plants that 
gave 155 grams to the plant. 

So at the present writing the claims that are being made for 
superiority in these so-called pedigree plants are not founded on 
facts. When it comes to trying them out, you do not get any 
such results as they claim for them. Of course, as Professor 
Beach points out, there is a possibility of bud variation. If it has 
ever occurred in strawberries I don’t. know of it. There is a 
possibility in strawberries, but. when a man gets it he will 
know it. 

I am not going into the abstract question of pedigree in 
plants, as I said in the beginning. That has already been dis- 
cussed some. I discuss it with my students, but 1 want about a 
month for that subject usually, five lectures a week and four long 
weeks, before I can get them to get much of a grasp of the 
abstract theory of pedigree in plants. 

In the Missouri case, in the work with strawberries, at the 
beginning of these experiments they started with two plots. The 
plants of one plot were propagated from six very productive 
plants which produced nearly four times the fruit of the six 
plants giving very low production from which the plants in the 
second plot were propagated. Each year propagation was made 
by bud or runner selection from the least productive plants of 
the one plot and the most productive plants of the other. These 
were planted and started in new plots. This brought the most 
productive plants in one plot and the least productive in the 
other. This was continued for fifteen years. They always 
selected the poorest producing plants from one plot and the best 
from the other. 

At the end of fifteen years the same range of variation has 
continued to exist. You can go into the second plot and get high 
producing plants and go into the high producing plot (so called) 
and get poor producing plants. Thus you have no pedigree by 
selection from bud propagation. . 

A few minutes ago one of the speakers called attention to 
the Minnesota 1017 strawberry, that certain plants made runners 
and others not. There is a difference in the individual plants. 
Some have the habit of overbearing and others make runners, 
and that is an individual difference. After five years of careful 
selection, using the least productive plants in one plot and the 
highest productive plants in the other, we will have the wide 
range of variation in plants from the same plot. 


COMPARATIVE VALUE OF PEDIGREE PLANTS. 137 


You might get pedigree plants in two thousand years or 
something less, you might get a strain that would eliminate the 
. variation between the individuals, but up to this time it has not 
come. 

With apples, not many years ago we had a very skillful 
horticulturist with us who advised us to get our scions from 
the best bearing trees. Well, that may be good advice and it 
may not be. The man who gave the advice was one of the best 
horticulturists of this country. We all recognize that fact. 
Whether he was entirely right in this particular is another mat- 
ter. In Missouri experiments with apples, scions were propa- 
gated from two different lots. The scions in one lot were taken 
from a Ben Davis apple tree which had been an exceptionally 
poor producer. Those from the other lot were taken from a Ben 
Davis apple tree which produced the largest and best apples. 
The propagated trees yielded three crops. The report doesn’t 
say how many trees were originally put in, but I should imagine 
that a dozen or so trees were grafted from scions in each one 
of these plots, one all grafted with scions from the poor pro- 
ducing trees and the other grafted with scions from the good 
producing trees. 

These trees had yielded three crops at the time these con- 
clusions were taken. During this time there was no perceptible 
difference in size, color, grade or quality of the fruit from these 
two lots of trees. Impartial observers have been unable to make 
a distinction as to quality between apples produced in the one 
lot or the other. The yield from the low-producing parent is 
slightly less than those from the high-producing parents, but the 
indications are that there is no more variation between the two 
lots than there is between individual trees in either plot., 

Now that is as much as we know of the subject at the pres- 
ent time. (Applause.) 


MUSKMELON HANDLING.—Investigations in co-operation with the Bureau 
of Chemistry were inaugurated in 1916 for the purpose of determining the 
proper time for picking muskmelons and the best methods of handling the 
crop. The work in California during 1916 demonstrated the necessity of 
more careful handling. A large percentage of the deterioration in transit 
and on the market was traced directly to rough handling in the field and in 
the packing and loading sheds. When melons are picked before ripening, 
the deterioration is less than in riper fruit, but a large part of the crop 
reaches the eastern market in a condition unfit for consumption.—U. S. 
Dept. Agri. 


138 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Second Congressional 
District. 


S. D. RICHARDSON, WINNEBAGO. 


Apples.—Very heavy in some places, very poor in others. 
Some places trees failed to blossom. Why in some places they 
did not bear and in others bore heavily, under the same condi- 
tions apparently, is something I can neither understand nor give 
any reason for, only record the fact. 

Cherries were a failure. 

Plums.—Fair crop in some places and failure in others. 

Grapes.—Beta was a good crop but not enough vines planted 
to amount to much of acrop. What few of other varieties, where 
they were properly cared for, were a good crop, but they require 
more care and work than the average person will give them. 

Blackberries.—Not many raised. In some places where they 
were covered they were a good crop. 

Raspberries.—Same as with blackberry, only in some places 
the canes were badly diseased. 

Strawberries.—Were a good crop, everbearers especially. 

There has not been much nursery stock planted, but where 
it was planted results were good. There has not been much 
blight reported. In some localities there was some reported after 
the extreme hot weather of later season. 

Have grown blighters and non-blighters so close together 
that the limbs intermingled but never saw blight caused only 
by two causes—extreme hot weather or injury to the roots of 
the tree, and have effectually banished blight from the ground by 
deep tile drainage. 

Do not know of any spraying being done, only in the vicinity 
of Mankato, where it was attended with good results. 

All fruits seem to be going into the winter in good condi- 
tion, although in some localities the subsoil is quite dry. 

In some few places apples scabbed badly. 

The list of fruits recommended by our society are doing 
well, also the Surprise plum where it has other varieties to fer- 
tilize it properly. Also the N. W. Greening, Salome, Allen’s 
Choice, as hardy, long keeping winter apples. 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gou.p, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


Mr. C. N. Ruedlinger, landscape gardener and city forester, has pre- 
pared for this society a list of trees, shrubs, vines and flowers that 
should be planted for fall and winter effect. Each one will add to the 
attractiveness of the home grounds, either through late flowering, ber- 
ries, green leaves or colored twigs. These were discussed at length at 
one of our fall meetings. The list is so valuable that it is printed be- 
low and will prove helpful to those who make new plantings this spring. 


PLANTING FOR FALL AND WINTER EFFECT. 

Shrubs With Attractive Berries—Snowberry, white; Coral berry, 
or Indian Currant, red all winter; Common Elder, black; Buckthorn, 
black; Elder Leaved Buckthorn, black; Burning Bush, red and yellow, 
September; Common and Purple Barberry, purple all winter; Japanese 
Barberry, bright red all winter. 

Dogwood, Cornus stol, white; alter, dark blue; alba, blueish white; 
sericea, blueish white. All colored twigs in September. 

Thornapple, red; Hydrangea pan.; Sumach. 

Wild roses: Rosa Blanda, scarlet; Rosa Lucida, red stems and red 
fruit; Rosa Humilus; Rosa Rubrafolia, scarlet. 

Rugosa Roses. 

Arrowwood, Viburnum deutatum, black; Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum 
lantana, red, turning black; Sheep, or Nanny, Berry, Viburnum lentago, 
blueish black; H. B. Cranberry, Viburnum opulus, scarlet red, Coton- 
easter acutif, foliage and berries all winter; Aronia nigra, foliage and 
berries all winter. 

Vines. Bittersweet, orange yellow, Wild Grape, Clematis paniculata 
Akebia, carry green leaves well into winter; Woodbine; Matrimony Vine. 
All attractive berries. 

Trees Turning Color. Norway Maple, late green turning yellow; Hard, 
or Sugar, Maple; Red Oak. 

Trees with attractive foliage and twigs. Silver Leaved Poplar, Birches, 
Yellow, or Golden, Willow; Ginnala Maple, foliage bright red; Tartarian 
Maple, foliage bright red. 

Trees with attractive fruit. Gleditschia-Locust, seed pods; Gymnoc- 
ladus, Coffee Tree, seed pods; Catalpa, seed pods; Mountain Ash, seed 

ods. 
: Evergreens for City. These will not be killed by the smoke. Koster 
Blue Spruce, Colorado Blue and Green Spruce, Douglas Spruce, Red Cedar, 
Creeping Cedar, Mugho Pine. 

Evergreens for Country. Douglas Spruce, Colorado Blue and Green 
Spruce, Koster Blue Spruce, Red Cedar, White Spruce, Norway Spruce, 
White, or Silver, Fir; White Pine, Swiss Pine, Red, or Norway, Pine; Aus- 
trian Pine, Buell Pine, Hemlock, Arbor Vitae Thuja, Arbor Vitae Pyra- 
midal Thuja. 

i Low Evergreens. Mugho Pine, Mountain Pine, Ground Juniper, Sabina 
uniper. 2 

Perennials. Giant Daisies, Hardy Asters, Gaillardia, Boltonia, Lark- 

spur, Phlox, Helenium, Helianthus, Veronica, Liatris, Japanese Lantern 


Plant. 
ROSE SEED. 

We have been able to secure seed of the rose, Polyantha Multiflora 
Nana, or Little Midget Rose. It is a tiny, double rose borne in clusters. It 
blooms the first year from seed but attains a greater perfection the second 
year. As the seed should be sown in March, it will be given to our members 
at the meeting of March 9th at the Wilder building, St. Paul. Seed will 
be sent by mail to those of our members who send the secretary stamped * 
addressed envelopes. 

(139 


BEE-KEEPER’S COLUMN. 


Conducted by L. V. France, University Farm, St. Prul. 


APRIL BEE-KEEPING PROBLEMS IN MINNESOTA. 


In the preliminary 1916 Beekeeping Survey of Minnesota, conducted 
by the University, Division of Bee Culture, we find some interesting infor- 
mation concerning April beekeeping problems in Minnesota. One hundred 
fifty-seven reports gave information on the particular point of what were 
the greatest April beekeeping problems. 

Bad weather, cold, rainy, cloudy, and windy, seemed to be the greatest 
evil, as 35.7 per cent. of the reports indicated. Twenty-five other reports 
named conditions that may be directly influenced by bad weather condi- 
tions, as to build up colonies; to keep them warm; to keep colonies strong, 
spring dwindling; to guard against sudden temperature changes; cold in 
April and few plants in bloom until in May; and to keep bees in the hives 
sunny, cold days. Seven reports considered proper windbreaks a spring 
problem as typified by this answer; to keep hives out of cold winds by 
windbreaks; the brood gets cold and queen stops laying. Over half, 56 
per cent., of the reports thus accuse bad weather as being the greatest 
April beekeeping problem. 

Food and feeding followed next in apparent importance, as 18, or 11.4 
per cent., of the reports indicated. Eleven of these reports were classified 
as “lack of food”; six, ““To keep bees supplied with stores,” and one report, 
“Bees are O. K. if honey lasts through April.” 

Robbing is a spring problem of importance. Thirteen reports, 8.2 
per cent., gave robbing as their greatest April beekeeping problem. One 
answer tells its own story. “No April problems if I feed with narrow 
entrance.” 

Lack of pollen was of sufficient importance as a spring problem to 
claim first attention to six reports, 3.8 per cent. This lack of pollen proba- 
bly is of very much more importance than indicated by these few reports. 

“No April problems,” is definitely reported by six parties. 

Miscellaneous interesting important answers follow: When to put on 
summer stands; queenless colonies; to overhaul the hives; trying to handle 
bees in cold, damp weather; lack of knowing what to do and experience; no 
thought to any spring problems; time to care for them; spring dwindling; 
rush of farm work causes bees to be neglected; because of farm work some 
die from robbing or starvation—many perish when searching for water; 
cover the hives to protect brood from chills; keep the hives sheltered—see 
that bees get water and pollen; ignorance is my chief problem; no problems 
if fall feeding is adequate; I never face them, turn my back and keep out of 
the way—I think you have asked a lot of unnecessary questions; short of 
food, old bees die too soon, cold, rainy weather, dwindling, robbing, starva- 
we WHAT SHALL I DO IN APRIL? 

If the bees are all right in the cellar do not take them out until there 
is plenty of pollen available close by, willow, soft maple, etc. Many bees 
will be lost hunting for pollen when none is available close by. If the bees 


demand removal from the cellar before pollen is available, keep the bees 
(140) 


BEEKEEPERS’ COLUMN. 141 


at home busy carrying in rye flour from a warm nook in the edge of the 
beeyard until pollen is available. 

Give the bees combs of pollen if you have any if there is no pollen avail- 
able outside the hives or the weather is too bad for the bees to get it. 

At the edge of the beeyard in a warm nook somewhere provide good 
clean water. Have mercy on the bees! Don’t let them fly far away in the 
cold for water. Many perish on such trips. Contract entrances so only 
two or three bees can pass at a time. 

Examine your bees the first warm day after removal from the cellar, 
and if they have not food enough to last till May 20th give them at once 
enough warm sugar syrup or, better, combs of honey saved from last year 
to last until June’ 1st. Don’t be afraid to give a colony too much food, 
they won’t dump it out of the hive or waste it. 

To prevent robbing keep all entrances very small, keep a hive open the 
shortest length of time possible and don’t spill any sugar syrup or honey 
outside of any hive anywhere. If robber bees pounce into a hive when it 
is opened, close it immediately and wait three-quarters of an hour or so 
before proceeding and let the bees quiet down. If a very weak, worthless 
colony has begun to be robbed, remove everything from the hive but 
one comb containing a little honey, contract entrance to one bee space and 
let the robber bees gradually take it. Usually the little honey will be 
robbed out and the robbers will be satisfied. If the whole hive being 
robbed is removed, the robbers may attack in force the next adjacent colony. 

Protect your bees from cold, bad weather until about May 15th or 20th 
by wrapping each hive closely with several thicknesses of heavy wrapping 
or building paper or tar paper, leaving the entrance open of course. The 
bees are used to the protection afforded by the cellar from the cold and 
wind. No wonder unprotected colonies in Minnesota in April do not “build 
up” and an unknown number actually dies. Their “overcoats” are removed, 
and they are set on their summer stands in that condition, with the larger 
per cent. of the population made up of already old bees, to withstand sudden 
extreme temperature changes and the spring winds and storms. 

This spring, 1917, if you cannot protect all of your colonies, try it out 
on every other colony in your beeyard. See if it pays in honey returns. 

Queenless colonies should be united with good colonies by placing above 
the good colonies with a thickness of newspaper between and protecting 
the entire two stories with paper. The second story may be removed in 
about four or five days. Keep the colony protected. In August see that all 
colonies have laying queens, and the queenless colony problem in the spring 
will practically disappear. 

Also see that all colonies in late September have a great abundance of 
food, either good light colored honey or sugar syrup. Honey is best of 
course. “A little too much honey in the fall is just right next spring,” is a 
rulg of a certain successful beekeeper which it would be well to follow in 
Minnesota. 4 ; 

A small number of colonies well cared for in the spring will usually — 
bring more honey returns with less work than a large number with little 
or no care. ates : 

April beekeeping problems will probably vanish if good laying queens 
and proper food is supplied in the fall, the bees are wintered in a good 
cellar and sufficient protection to May 20th, and possibly a pollen substitute 
for a few days is provided. Give the “protection” a good trial this spring 
and see if it pays in honey returns. ; 

(Part of the “Preliminary Report of the Survey of Minnesota Bee- 
keeping,” given at the December, 1916, meeting of the Minnesota Bee 
Keepers’ Association.) 


By R. S. MackintTos#, Horticultural Specialist, Agricul- 
tural Extension Diviston, University Farm, St. Paul. 


JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB. 


For a number of years the Agricultural Extension Division, co-operat- 
ing with the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has been conducting 
contest work with boys and girls in Minnesota. Many successful state 
wide and local contests have been held and much interest aroused among 
the young people. At many fairs, farmers’ club meetings, and other 
gatherings, the boys and girls have been given demonstrations in bread 
making, canning, selecting seed corn, and other interesting and‘ valuable 
lines of work. Last year there were 10,940 Minnesota boys and girls 
enrolled in all projects, divided as follows: bread 3,500, corn 2,300, po- 
tato 1,260, pig 680, and gardening and canning 3,000. When one realizes 
the number of persons interested in these activities, he must be im- 
pressed with the magnitude and importance of interesting the young 
folks in such valuable work. 

The Minnesota State Horticultural Society has taken a deep interest 
in the boys and girls who are taking hold of gardening and canning 
work. One hundred dollars in prizes are offered by this society in 1917, 
mostly in the form of free trips to the next annual meeting of the society, 
to aid and stimulate more boys and girls in garden activities. Doubt- 
less this is the most important work ever undertaken by this society in 
actively supporting the young folks in horticultural work. 

In connection with the prizes offered, provision has been made for 
the organization of the Junior Horticultural Club as one of the af- 
filiated organizations of the Horticultural Society, membership to con- 
sist of such of these enrolled in the gardening project maintained by 
the Agricultural Extension Division of the University of Minnesota, 
boys and girls who pay the annual fee of fifty cents, through their local 
or state leader, for membership in the Junior Club. In return, each will 
receive the monthly magazine, the Minnesota Horticulturist, published by 
the Horticultural Society, and some seed or plants free. This means 
that each will receive much more in value than is contributed. Besides 
the general horticultural articles in the magazine, there will be a special 
page devoted to timely gardening notes for the members of the Junior 
Horticultural Club. 


BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ GARDENING AND CANNING PROJECT— 

Outline of garden and canning contest: 

Boys and Girls—Age 10 to 18, inclusive. 

Project: To grow a garden of a few standard varieties of vegetables 
and to learn to can and market the products. Size of garden from one 
square rod to one-tenth of an acre. 

What the club members must agree to do: 

1. Follow carefully all instructions sent, especially those relating 
to management of club plat, care, marketing, and canning products. 

2. Keep an accurate financial account of all items of expense and 
receipts. Keep a record of interesting points connected with all work. 

Fill out the regular crop blank, using pen and ink, and send 
to local leader or state leader before November 1st, 1917. (The local 
leader must forward all reports received to the state leader by 6 p. m., 
November 15, 1917). 

4. Give a written story, “My Garden Work.” 

Basis of awards: 


1. Quality of products produced.......... 30 
2. Quality of products canned ............ 25 
3. Cost of growing and canning products.. 25 
4,* Story My Garden’ WorkZ7-) eee 20 

100 


Send enrollment of clubs and names of new members and write for 
further information to T. A. Erickson, State Leader of Boys’ and Girls’ 
Clubs, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. 

(142) 


SECRETARY’S CORNER 


JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB.—Your attention is called especially to 
page 142 of this issue. It will be found very interesting reading—a new 
field of work opened up in connection with the Society. 


REporRT FOR 1902 WANTED.—There is a call from the library of the 
Agricultural College at Amherst, Mass., for a copy of the 1902 report of 
this society. This is one of the issues of which our supply is entirely ex- 
hausted. Is there any member of the society who would like to furnish us 
this volume? Address the secretary. 


SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER PAGE.—When you do this you will observe 
that the table of contents is no longer there, but you will find it instead 
on the inside back cover page. In place of this we have printed on the 
inside front cover page the material that heretofore has appeared on a pink 
slip in that vicinity. Dear fellow-member, please give this matter careful 
attention and let us hear from you promptly. 


Don’t REMIT BY CHECK.—Are you aware that nearly all checks that 
are sent in here in payment of memberships, except those on the Twin Cities 
and Duluth, cost this society from three to ten cents each to collect? You 
can safely send a dollar bill for this purpose or for three cents secure a 
postal order, but if you send a check be sure to add to it an amount suffi- 
cient to cover the cost of collecting. Your banker can tell you how much. 


REPORTS FRoM No. 1017.—Good reports are coming in from those who 
are testing the everbearing strawberry seedling, No. 1017, originated at the 
State Fruit-Breeding Farm. 

“The 1017 bore an immense lot of fine berries last summer and fall, 
and it seems impossible to improve on them.”—J. W. Skinner, Beltrami Co. 

“Of the plants of No. 1017 I got in 1915, three lived through the win- 
ter. It was very dry here in 1914 and 1915. It shows that 1017 is a hardy 
plant.”—W. H. Tomalin, Sask. 


LirE MEMBERS.—There has been considerable number of members 
added to our life membership roll the current year, in all 21, including 
those taken at the last annual meeting. Undoubtedly there are others who 
are considering the matter, and for their information it is stated here that. 
anyone who has paid $1.00 as an annual fee for the year 1917 who wishes 
to change to a life membership may do so, and the $1.00 already paid will 
be credited on the life membership fee, making a further payment of $4.00 
sufficient for the first semi-annual payment, or $9.00 if paid in full. 


Not ENOUGH ANNUAL REPoRTS.—The annual volume of the society, 
entitled “Trees, Fruits and Flowers of Minnesota,” is limited in its issue 
to three thousand copies, considerably less than the number of our member- 
ship, and besides we have to reserve at least three hundred copies for 
exchanges, public libraries, life members, etc. Fortunately a considerable 
percentage of the members are not particular about receiving this volume, 
and it is required that members who do receive it distribute the magazines 

(143) 


144 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


. received the year before amongst those who would appreciate them—it not 
being necessary to keep them as the bound volume contains them all. Under 
the circumstances then we do not send out the annual volume, except when 
it is directly asked for. To members in Minneapolis it is never mailed 


except by personal request, the members calling at the office for them as 
convenient. 


WILL You RENEW YOUR MEMBERSHIP ?—Of course we are very desirous 
that all members of the society for 1916 should renew membership for the 
year 1917, and experience proves that the larger proportion will. If, how- 
ever, you have definitely decided that you will not renew, won’t you, please 
send a card to this office immediately giving us this information so that we 
may stop sending you our monthly, it being our practice to continue the 
names of the members of the previous year on the mailing list for the 
current year until we hear from them to the contrary. Please give this 
matter prompt atention, either remitting the annual fee or notifying us of 
your purpose to discontinue membership. 


OuR HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—We regret not having any information 
to give as to progress of the legislation which has been started in our State 
Legislature for the securing of this building. The matter is in the hands of 
the committees of the two Hoyses, and since the issue of the February 
Horticulturist nothing whatever has been done in either committee as far as 
we are informed. The Executive Board of the society and the Building 
Committee stand ready to appear before the Legislative Committees in 
furtherance of this object whenever an opportunity is given to us, which 
we hope will not be much longer postponed. This does not mean that we 
consider the situation by any means hopeless. We are entirely confident 
that the building will be eventually secured, if not at this session of the 
Legislature, certainly at some other not so very far away, and the chances 
of its being at the present session we consider most excellent. 


APPLE SEED AND ROSA RUGOSA SEED.—The society has on hand a con- 
siderable quantity of apple seed secured from the choicest fruit displayed 
at the late annual meeting. All of the hardy varieties are included in the 
mixture. Besides this mixture we have a considerable quantity of seed 
from the Northwestern Greening apple, which can be furnished separately. 
The Rosa Rugosa seed on hand was secured from selected bushes of the 
Rosa Rugosa seedlings growing at the State Fruit-Breeding Farm. Any of 
this seed will be furnished at ten cents per package and directions for care 
and planting will be sent with each order filled. There is no more interest- 
ing pursuit connected with horticulture than growing and bringing to 
fruitage seedlings of this sort. One never knows whether it is to be the 
finest fruit ever grown or something of an ordinary character—at least it 
gives promise of being a hardy tree and especially so if it has never been 
moved from the place where the seed was planted. Seedling apple trees 
have a tap root which goes down to perennial moisture. Transplanting such 
a seedling cuts off this root. Don’t transplant your apple seedlings if it can 
possibly be avoided. ; 


“MOYS 0} SUIZOG Spnq JNA oY} JO 1OTOO sy} SV pasn Suroq sf pve] Jo o}VUssSAv pUB INYd[Ns-owLT 


‘TAVd ‘LS ‘WHVY ALISHHAING LY NOILVYAdO NI YAAVUdS TANUVEA 


me ve it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleading or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the 
articles published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, 
and this fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


SO errr TMM LLM LLM MMM MMMM 


Vol. 45 APRIL, 1917 No. 4 


Se eer TTT MMU LLL LLL OM LMM 


Some Insect Pests of the Orchard. 


A. G. RUGGLES, ASSOCIATE ENTOMOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 

When we see nice fruit and hear people talk on the raising 
of good fruit, it does seem more or less of a sacrilege to come 
here and disturb your peace of mind and advocate a war. It 
Seems a shame that we must talk about such notoriously bad 
things as insects. These seemingly insignificant little animals, 
however, are capable of doing and are always present waiting 
to “do us ill.” It is only when our “fool luck” is with us that we 
are able to raise good fruit without a fight. It is a fact acknowl- 
edged by every one who has studied the problem at all that in- 
sects take a toll from the orchardist and gardener of at least 
twenty per cent. of his crop every year. Ina neglected orchard 
in an old fruit growing region, or in an abandoned garden, you 
have probably all seen the ninety per cent. or even 100 per cent. 
destruction. It is the man who has the fight Spirit in him who 
is going to win. It is the offensive army that always has the 
_ advantage, and to take the offensive we must be prepared. To be 
prepared one must first recognize the enemy as an enemy, and 
then must know the kind of ammunition to use, whether it is to 
be gas, poisons or cultural methods. 

About 500 species of insects have been recorded as feeding 
on the apple alone. Fortunately, only a few of these are very 
injurious. A number of the extremely injurious ones have not 
yet reached the state, or if here are not numerous enough to do 
damage, though undoubtedly they will later. Hence the need 
of preparedness, the only alternative being to quit the business. 
Knowledge of the enemy, timeliness and thoroughness in spray- 
ing or cultural methods are the requisites for success. 

I shall only mention four of our greatest insect pests of the 
apple and plum, namely: codling worm, plum curculio, scale 


insects, plant lice. 
(145) 


146 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — 


The Codling Worm is always with us. East or west, north 
or south, this is the worst pest of the fruit of the apple tree. 
Like many other bad pests, it is an imported variety, not a native 
of America. In working against this insect we literally take the 
offensive, because the valuable spray is given ten days or two 
weeks before the insects appear. The worms have a habit of 
finding the blossom end of the fruit and starting their operations 
from that end. The moths that lay the eggs fly a week after the 
blossoms drop, and the larvae hatching from these work their 
way through the closed bracts of the blossom and begin feeding 
in the calyx cup. If we should spray at the time these worms are 
working, our poison would do no good, because we could not 
reach their feeding grounds. The time to spray is just as the 
petals have fallen, and while the calyx cup is wide open. The 
material to use in the spray is arsenate of lead. 

The Plum Curculio. The damage done by this insect is by 
the adult. When working on apples they disfigure the fruit, 
while in plums they produce worms, which feed upon the pulp, 
causing the fruit to drop. These forms hibernate as adult insects 
and come out fairly hungry in the spring, when they often eat 
the opening buds and young leaves. As the fruit begins to form 
the females begin depositing their eggs in the crescent-shaped 
marks that you all. have noticed. About the first of August; or 
about the time the plums begin to show color, adult beetles are 
seen again. At this time they feed on the fruit, making nice 
openings for the spores of brown rot:and other diseases to enter. 
Spraying with arsenate of lead at the time these forms are feed- 
ing and egg laying will keep the insects in check. 

Scale Insects. There are three very important scale insects 
found in Minnesota, the San Jose scale being the most dangerous. 
This insect has been found in a few places in the state but has 
not yet secured.a good foothold in any orchard. The Oyster 
Shell scale and the Scurfy scale have been present here for a num- 
ber of years, and often we see large trees badly damaged or killed 
by them. Scale insects are sucking forms of insect life. Besides 
this they have an armor-like or scale protection. This makes 
them doubly hard to combat. However, the dormant spray of 
lime sulphur will control the pests. The action of this material 
is somewhat different on the different scales. With the San Jose 
scale, where the insect goes through the winter under the scale, 
the lime sulphur softens the edge of the scales and along with 
other chemical actions practically suffocates the insects. The 


_——— 


SOME INSECT PESTS OF THE ORCHARD. 147 


Scurfy scale and the Oyster Shell scale on the other hand pass 
the winter as eggs under this armor-like covering. The lime 
sulphur when applied to these forms seems to loosen the scale 
from the bark, which allows the wind to blow them off along with 
tneir numerous eggs. 

Plant Lice, or Aphides. These forms winter as eggs on the 
twigs. The little black, shiny specks seen around the buds on the 
twigs and the lenticels on the bark of the trunk during the dor- 
mant season are the eggs of these forms. In the spring these 
hatch and, reproducing very rapidly, are able to do a lot of 
damage by sucking the nourishment from the growing leaves 
and the blossom buds. In our experimental work we have found 
that a nicotine product, called sulphate of nicotine, is an almost 
perfect plant louse insecticide. It has given much better results 
than kerosene emulsion, whale oil soap, or any other of the con- 
tact insecticides. Unfortunately this product cannot be made at 
home. It is acommercial product, and is put on the market under 
such trade names as “Black Leaf 40,” “Black Leaf 20,” ‘Nicoti- 
cide” and “Sulphate of Nicotine.”’ 

Combination Sprays. It is very fortunate that we do not 
have to spray for insects and diseases at separate times. Almost | 
always it is best to make a combination of fungicide and insecti- 
cide. Lime sulphur used at the summer strength, (1 to 40) isa 
fungicide. Arsenate of lead, used at the rate of 214 pounds to 
three pounds of the paste, or 114, to 114 pounds of the powder, in 
a fifty gallon barrel of liquid, is an excellent insecticide for biting 
insects. These two can be combined making an excellent spray. 
If plant lice are present when this spray is to be used one-half a 
pint of Sulphate of Nicotine can be added to the spray liquid in a 
fifty-gallon barrel. In a combination of this kind, therefore, we 
have a material that will kill the disease, a material that will kill 
the eating insects, and a material that will act on the sucking 
insects. This is as near the ideal spray as we can hope to get. 

The number of sprays to use during a season would probably 
average three. Unless scale insects are present we never recom- 
mend the use of the dormant spray of lime sulphur. For scab, 
plum curculio and plant lice this combination spray should be 
used first as the blossoms begin to show color. The second spray 
should be given just as the petals have fallen, and the third spray 
should be given three or four weeks later, or in case of plums 
just as the fruit begins to show color. 


148 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Concentrated Lime Sulphur. This material can be made at 
home, as has been shown in a number of the past reports in the 
Horticulturist. It is much simpler to buy it on the market, but 
in any case the material should be tested before used. The mate- 
rial sent out by any of the most reliable firms if left uncovered 
will change its composition more or less. To test one should have 
what is called a Baume Specific Gravity Scale, or Hydrometer. 
These can be purchased for $1 or $1.50 from any large drug com- 
pany, such as Noyes Bros. and Cutler, St. Paul, or Bausch and 
Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. To get the right amount of 
dilution, one must have a dilution table such as given in any 
bulletin or book where lime sulphur is discussed. For instance, 
if a Baume reading was thirty-two degrees, and you are going to 
use a dormant spray, you would dilute one part of the liquid with 
eight parts of water; if you are going to use a Summer spray, 
you would dilute one part of the lime sulphur with forty parts 
of water. The following table will show the amount of dilution 
to use with a reading anywhere from fourteen degrees to thirty- 
five degrees: 


; 
DILUTIONS FOR DORMANT AND SUMMER SPRAYING WITH LIME SULPHUR. 


Amount of dilution. 
Reading on Hydrometer. Number of gallons of water to the gallon 
of lime sulphur. 


: For For 
Degrees Baume. San Jose Scale. Summer spraying 
Dormant. of apoles. 

BB nth ahs ats ie te Oh meth aoe TN aa 
oy age erate Pala Baht det atee gor h wiaitene 431), 
SOU Wo ee Rone LIL SR Ooh tii 411, 
Rs Pa ome Sy! 6 Gee Oke uP ee BALE 4 
By Puna eee Ys Aare a ts 373), 
BO Sass ones 1 Re Ha A ye 361), 
BOL Pat dwt 2G Aa eae eee cm |. 341), 
BR 4 ao BNE ithe go BI,k ie a 323), 
Vf SP  SOE SPE Ae eee 8 1 
PT Sele ea ane Ok: BoA acs cee 291 
Deir cee: Wane BO ee 273), 
21 i SCRUM ORM aris OR Serta Ads rire fu 
FAS Ct le Pa ee MATES f Ap Sit! See ene 241), 
Ce vat ae eat Atha. cna siite ane 223), 
71 EM Oars aera B87, ten kit Gee ae 211), 
2] See ae SIL. {2 eee 193/, 
TOG ee eas 31) eee 181, 
GS PR eee clabela's be. on SCR ne ane ee 1 
ny med 8) LG ee ae a ae 28 PA eens 16 
16s eee eee ae 2G so PS 15 
15; ces eee D1)... i eee 14 


SOME INSECT PESTS OF THE ORCHARD. 149 


Mr. Kellogg: I wish to ask if the plum curculio does not 
hatch before any foliage comes out? 

Prof. Ruggles: The plum curculio winters over in an adult 
condition. They do not do any damage until the fruit is present, 
but they do feed a little upon the opening bud and the young 
leaves, so the only way you could get them is to put the arsenate 
of lead spray on the leaves and buds, so they will eat it. The 
dormant spray will not do much good. 

Mr. Kellogg: Could you kill them better then than after- 
wards? 

Prof. Ruggles: Better as the fruit begins to form. 

Mr. Baldwin: Most of us buy the commercial lime-sulphur. 
Is there any reason why we should not insist on their giving us 
the readings of the strength? 

Prof. Ruggles: Almost all the reliable firms do that. The 
specific gravity readings are given on the container and tell you 
what dilution to make, and most of them tell the whole truth. 


LAWNS.—The proper time to reseed the lawn is a much mooted ques- 
tion. It is the practice of the writer to get busy as early in August as con- 
ditions will allow. Constant attention is the price of a good lawn, and one 
must patch up the bare spots as soon as possible. One of the reasons set 
forth against August seeding of lawns is that we usually have a spell of 
dry weather at this time. We can, however, expect rains in early Septem- 
ber, and by seeding near the end of the month there is not much chance 
of failure. Last year I seeded a lawn in August, and for several nights 
thereafter it rained hard. A splendid lawn was the result. Weed growth 
is practically completed by this period of the year, so one does not find so 
many weeds in an August sown lawn as is usually the case with spring 
sown ones. 


CRANBERRY CULTURE.—‘The proper soil for, the culture of this berry - 
is a peaty alluvial soil. A peat bog, if not too deep, or any black land on 
which wild bog cranberries now grow will present a suitable home for the 
cultivated berry. Beds are sometimes made on an ordinary, very sandy 
loam, but such soil requires the annual application of commercial fertilizer, 
which is not required on black soil. Moreover, ordinary soil runs more to 
»weeds than a peat soil does. A wet soil with the water just below the sur- 
face should be selected. If land of this character is ditched and drained 
until the water recedes to within twelve inches of the surface the results 
will be satisfactory.”—Canadian Horticulturist. 


Increase the vitality and the fruit-bearing ability of squashes, pumpkins 
and melons by restricting the vine growth. As a rule the vines tend to 
spread a great deal more than is necessary. Prevent this spreading by snip- 
ping off the tip ends of the vines, ogee with a sharp knife, close to, but 
just beyond a leaf stem. 


150 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Montevideo Trial Station in 1916. 


LYCURGUS R. MOYER, SUPT. 

Perhaps there is no class of trees more enjoyed by the flat- 
headed borer than the Hansen hybrid plums. The bark seems 
to be especially juicy and attractive to them. One must watch 
the trees continually and dig out the pests, or very soon the trees 
will be gone. 

Among the Minnesota plum hybrids, No. 10 is very prom- 
ising. It ripens early, and in quality seems to be equal to the 
Surprise. Its fruit is large and fine looking. 

No. 81 is a much later plum, but it is of good quality too and 
of fine appearance. 

Trees of No. 8 and No. 10 have been fiercely attacked by 
the plum borer as well as have the sand cherry hybrids. One of 
the puzzles is how to protect these low growing trees from the 
depredations of the cottontail rabbits. The rabbits are a worse 
pest than the borers. 

Ohta appears to be the best of the red raspberries. It is 
reasonably early, large, of fine quality and a good yielder. It has 
been laid down and covered every winter, so that we do not know 
how hardy it is. 

Minnesota No. 8 raspberry is a late berry ad promises to be 
valuable; but this year a period of dry, hot weather came on as 
it was about to mature its crop, and the result was a failure. 

When Minnesota No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 raspberries were 
sent out, they were sent under restriction, no plants to be dis- 
tributed. The plants were set in the open prairie, but protected 
_ by a tall hedge of lilac bushes on the west and by a thick growth 
of pines on the east. The rows became very much matted, the 
plants crowding each other in the row. They were not laid down, 
but were drifted under by an early snow and remained deeply 
covered all winter. They bore no crop. They have now been 
thinned out, and part of the rows have been covered with earth 
and part with half rotted straw. If they do not do better next 
year we Shall discard them. 

At this writing it does not seem probable that the everbear- 
ing strawberries will ever be very successful in Southwestern 
Minnesota. These strawberries ripen at the time of the year 
when we are very apt to have a drought, and unless the grower 
has means of watering at hand he is likely to see his crop dry 
up and perish. That was the case with the crop on Minnesota 
No. 1017 this year. 


pA 


MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION IN 1916. Bsa 


In 1905 we received from Prof. Green twelve apple trees 
budded on Pyrus baccata (Malus baccata). No. 1, Hibernal died 
in 1905. No. 2, Patten’s Greening, is a healthy tree, 19 feet 
high, with a spread of 12 feet, but the leaves have been somewhat 
atiected by the cluster-cup fungus. Two juniper trees are dis- 
tant about thirty feet to the east and two others dbout sixty feet 
to the west. No. 3, Oldenburg, died in 1905. No. 4, Wealthy, is 
20 feet high and has a spread of 12 feet. It shows sunscald about 
18 inches long on the south side, and suffers greatly from shot- 
hole fungus. Two junipers stand about sixty feet to the north- 
west, and two more about the same distance east. The junipers 


Winter picture of a splendid evergreen windbreak at the Montevideo Station. 


were full of the characteristic “apples” last winter, but do not 


-show any this winter. No. 5, Oldenburg, died in 1905. No. 6, 


Charlamoff, died in 1907. No. 7, Patten’s Greening, is a very 
healthy tree, with a height of eighteen feet and a spread of 18 
feet. It produced about three bushels of apples last summer. 
No. 8, Patten’s Greening, is a healthy tree, about as tall as the 
other, but with not quite so wide a spread. It produced about 
two bushels of apples last summer. No. 9, Wealthy, became loose 
about the roots some years ago and had to be staked up. It has 
since been damaged by rabbits above the wood-veneer protection. 
It is about twelve feet high and has a spread of four feet. The 
fruit on the tree did not mature. No. 10, Hibernal, is healthy, 
with a height of fifteen feet and a spread of sixteen feet. It 
produced about three bushels of apples. There is a small sun- 
scald near the ground on the southwest side. No. 11, Hibernal, 
died in 1905. No. 12, Oldenburg, is about twenty feet high, and 
has a spread of 12 feet. It produced about a bushel of fine apples, 
but it has blighted this year all around near the ground and will 


152 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


die. This trial, which has now continued for eleven years, seems 
to show that Patten’s Greening is most congenial on crap-apple 
stock, and that Hibernal comes next. Wealthy might have done 
something had it not been for the juniper trees that served as 
the winter host for the gymnosporangium. The trees all 
received garden cultivation, but the result does not show the 
Pyrus baccata stock is better than the root-grafted trees with the 
common piece-root stock. In the case of the Oldenburg tree the 
stock seems to have blighted, although there was very little 
ener in the orchard except on one tree from Ames, marked 
mG.) re 

No. 327 Ames is evidently a seedling of the Hibernal. It is 
equally hardy, bears well, and produces a large, sour, juicy apple, 
better in quality than the Hibernal, and not so subject to scab. 

No. Snd. 1, Ames, comes in a week or two later than the 
Oldenburg, bears a beautiful looking apple, one-fourth larger 
than the Oldenburg and of much better quality than the Okabena. 
The trees show a little blight. 

Since Anisim has come into bearing with us, it has become 
a favorite eating apple. It is small, but in quality it compares 
favorably with a Washington Jonathan. In a cool cellar it will 
keep until January. 

Opinions differ as to whether our wild high bush cranberry 
is different from Viburnum opulus of Europe and Asia. The 
American form of the shrub was called Viburnum americanum 
by Miller as long ago as 1768. It seems to be absent from the 
southwestern part of the state, but it was collected by Taylor at 
Glenwood about thirty years ago. I have seen it growing in 
the woods on the “Leaf Mountains” in Otter Tail county, where 
it is a beautiful shrub. It is worthy of cultivation anywhere. In 
the old volumes of ‘‘Garden and Forest” reports were made about 
a form of this shrub raised from seed obtained from the moun- 
tains about Pekin. We presume it was this form that was sent 
out by Prof. Green some years ago as Viburnum pekinensis. As 
growing at this station Viburnum pekinensis seems to be a 
larger and more luxuriant bush than Viburnum opulus. It has 
larger and longer leaves. When touched with the frosts of 
autumn its leaves turn to a coppery red. The large cymes of 
bright red fruit combine well with the leaves and make the plant 
a striking object. 

Caragana pygmae is a native of Siberia and Thibet. Coming 
from a dry, cold climate it is well adapted to our Northwestern 
prairies. It belongs to the section of the genus having but four 
leaflets. It is‘a low spreading bush well adapted to foundation 
planting. It is readily propagated by root sprouts or seeds. 

Caragana frutex was formerly called Caragana frutescens. 
It is a slender, upright shrub growing to about half the height 
of Caragana arborescens. It also has leaves with four approxi- 
mate leaflets. It makes an attractive screen growing to the 
height of about six feet. It is native from Southern Russia to 
China and is hardy at Montevideo. 


RASPBERRY CULTURE. 153 


Raspberry Culture. 
A. 0. HAWKINS, NURSERYMAN AND FRUIT GROWER, EXCELSIOR. 


Raspberries may be planted in rows six feet apart and three 
feet in the row, or they may be planted in rows five feet apart and 
four feet in the row, so that they may be cultivated both ways. 
They may be planted either late in the fall or early in the spring. 
Fall planting is preferable when the ground has been soaked with 
heavy rains. There is no danger of winter killing when roots 
freeze up in wet ground. A fall like the one just past (1916) was 
very injurious to the raspberry plants, as the ground froze up 
with entirely too little moisture in the soil. Nothing but plants. 
of one season’s growth should be used, and care should be taken in 
selecting plants that are free from root knot and crown gall. 
Before planting the canes should be cut back to within eight or 
ten inches from the root, so that the vitality of the plant will go 
into the new growth which comes from the root. Set the plants 
with the crown about one inch below the surface of the ground 
and tramp the soil down firmly over the roots. Cultivate shallow 
once a week until about the middle of September. The best cul- 
tivator to use is a harrow-tooth cultivator with a sixteen-inch 
sweep. A sweep wider than sixteen inches is not desirable. As 
soon as the plants are through fruiting, cut out all the canes that 
have fruited and burn at once. If this is neglected insects and 
diseases will sooner or later ruin the plantation. The writer has 
not found it profitable to keep a raspberry patch more than three 
years. Planted in new ground they yield the most. Where the 
soil is not rich it should be made so by applying a heavy coat of 
manure between the plants as soon as they are planted. One 
good application will be enough for three years. Fertilizer 
applied after the first year will have a tendency to bring the 
feeding roots too near to the surface of the ground and make the 
canes too soft to stand winter injury. In this state most varie- 
ties need winter protection. Cover all the canes with earth any 
time after October fifteenth. 

The following varieties need winter protection for best 
results: King, Marlboro, Cuthbert, Columbian, care Queen 
and all the Black Cap varieties. 

Varieties that are doing well without winter protection are: 
Number Four, Idaho and St. Regis. By far the best variety ever 
fruited by the writer is Number Four. This variety originated 


154 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


at the state experimental station at Excelsior, Minn. The bush 
is perfectly hardy and is a tall, vigorous grower. Fruit is much 
larger than King or Miller. Color is a light crimson, firm and of 
good quality. It is a good canning berry, a good shipper and 
productive. It does not cling to the stem like Loudon and does 
not drop or crumble like the King. 


A Member: Will you please repeat the name of the rasp- 
berry you speak of? 

Mr. Hawkins: Minnesota No. 4? 

The President: That is one of Mr. Haralson’s new crea- 
tions. Any other questions? 

Mr. Sauter: He said that he covered up the King. We do 
not cover them. I think they are just as hardy as the No. 4. 

Mr. Hawkins: I think at two or three years old they are not 
as hardy. Three years is all I think it is profitable to grow them. 

Mr. Rasmussen: My experience is different. I think at 
eight to ten years they would be in their prime. 

Prof. Dorsey: I might say that up at Bay Lake, Professor 
—_——_——— has a raspberry bed that has been in sixteen years, 
and they do not show any inclination to decrease in yield. Fif- 
teen years ought to be a conservative figure for the yield of a 
raspberry bed. 

A Member: How many years have you had the No. 4? 

Mr. Hawkins: I have only had them three years. 

Mr. Kellogg: You cover the whole cane? 

Mr. Hawkins: Yes, sir. 

A Member: The speaker spoke of the Columbian raspberry 
as needing cover in this section. For three years my Columbians 
have produced a cane eight or ten feet high, and no protection 
whatever except a few trees not far away. They have borne 
immense ¢rops, so much so I have taken a fancy to the purple 
caps and ordered some new canes. I would like to know if the 
Haymarket and the Black Pearl are hardy. I like the purple 
caps; I find the Columbian hardy. 

Mr. Hawkins: Don’t they kill back to the snow line? 

A Member: No. 

Mr. Hawkins: They generally do with me. 

Mr. Black: I just want to say that my experiments have all 
been made down at Independence, Iowa,—this is at least 150 
miles south of here—and I found that the Columbian raspberry, 
unless it is a very mild winter, would kill to the snow line at least 
two winters out of four. During a mild winter they will stand 
it, but take an average cold winter, and they kill to the snow line 
with me down at Independence. 

Mr. Rasmussen: How about spraying your raspberries? 

Mr. Hawkins: We have never tried that. ; 

Mr. Rasmussen: We use two or three sprayings of bor- 
deau mixture. We think it is more necessary on the raspberries 
than on anything else. 


i 


RASPBERRY CULTURE. 155 


Myr. Brackett: I agree with Mr. Hawkins on the No. 4 rasp- 
berry. It has done so well with me that I have plowed everything 
else under. Some of the neighbors that have planted it have 
been greatly pleased. I will venture to say that if you get our 
No. 4, from the Experiment Station, you will never grow any- 
thing else. (Applause.) 

A Member: Another man and I put out two thousand plants 
of the St. Regis, which had been recommended to us. This fall 
we didn’t get any fruit. I would like to know the experience of 
fruit growers this season. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I think they are the finest bush in the 
world, but they grow no fruit buds. 

Mr. Hawkins: We had avery hot spell, and I think that was 
the reason they didn’t set any fruit buds. 

A Member: How many crates do you pick an acre, on good 
land? 
Mr. Hawkins: On good land it would be about two hundred 
crates to the acre. 

The President: You notice that Mr. Hawkins emphasizes 
good land. Good land goes a long ways when it comes to grow- 
ing all that kind of fruit. 


Duluth Trial Station in 1916. 


W. J. THOMPSON, SUPT. 


~ No new work was started. The orchard of apples, plums 
and cherries selected from the society list for our region, and 
set out in 1915, was carefully pruned and cultivated through the 
summer. Good growth was secured. The worst loss in 1915- 
1916 winter was observed in the Hibernal and Anisim stock. 
Experiments in blasting holes for trees gave no noticeable differ- 
ences in quantity of growth as yet, but it was a great labor saving 
device. Fully one-half time was saved, besides the rather hard 
pan type of clay was thoroughly broken. Rutabagas were grown 
between the trees during the summer. This fall a cover crop of 
rye was seeded after disking the land thoroughly. It is planned 
to turn these under for green manure and follow with rutabagas 
in 1917. 


LOWERING Costs or Potato PRODUCTION.—Fifty years ago an acre of 
potatoes yielding 110 bushels required fifty-five hours of man labor. Now 
an acre yielding 220 bushels requires but thirty-eight hours,—thanks to 
the potato planter and digger. One man with a good planter can open the 
rows, distribute the fertilizer, drop the tubers and cover them over an area 
of three to five acres each day. Planters are now being used in many com- 
munities and a greater area covered. Best methods of cultivation and fer- 
tilization assist in reducing the cost per bushel of growing potatoes, at the 
same time increasing the yields.—Henry G. Bell. 


\ 


156 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


Some Native Shrubs and Their Uses. 


ERNEST MEYER, ROSE GROWER, MINNEAPOLIS PARK BOARD. 


Through our woods, especially along the edges, around low 
places and swamps, along roads and railroad right-of-way, or 
wherever the trees have been cut down for some reason or other, 
or the ground is too rough for cultivation, or neglected for other 
reasons, we find an abundance of native shrubs suitable for the 
decoration of our home grounds, equal and often superior to the 
horticultural varieties. 

Whoever is able to distinguish the different kinds in their 
dormant state may collect enough of them for his plantings, if 
time is no object and facilities for transportation are at hand. 
Otherwise, they may be bought at some of the nurseries; espe- 
cially the ones that are also catering to landscape work. 

Of course, one is apt to hear the remark, “I wouldn’t have 
that in my yard, it grows all over the woods.” A remark that 
sounds just as much out of place to me as, for instance, “I 
wouldn’t have such and such an article. Why, it was made right 
here in town.” The types of all shrubs are native somewhere, 
and why should we despise the ones that grow all around us more 
than the ones that come from China or Japan? People who live 
in the suburbs and in the country, and the farmer who is wise 
enough to improve his place by the judicious planting of shrubs, 
trees, vines, evergreens and flowers, be it for the sake of just 
making his place more beautiful or to add to its future value, or 
for both reasons, will achieve better results and create a more 
harmonious effect by using our native shrubs and vines. 

The nurserymen and landscape architects, laying out big 
country estates, are making some use of them, but do not always 
use the full collection, probably because some of them are rather 
scarce and difficult to procure. This, however, should not excuse 
our nurserymen from having them, even if they should have to 
keep their own stock plants to propagate from. By using such 
shrubs for the planting out of their own yards and buildings, 
they would give, also, an object lesson to prospective customers. 

The most common and most widely distributed shrub is the 
Meadow Rose. It is, at the same time, one of the best all around 
shrubs. It thrives in either sunny or shady exposure, and in 


almost pure sand, but, of course, it also responds to good treat- 
ment. In June and July it is loaded with pink blossoms two to - 


two and one-half inches in diameter, and later in the season, and 


Pw a 


SOME NATIVE SHRUBS AND THEIR USES. 157, 


even in the winter, adds a touch of color to the landscape with its 
abundant crop of rose-hips and its red twigs. 

Another shrub for winter effect is the Red-Twigged {eas 
wood, found in low and moist places, also helping considerably to 
brighten up the sombre aspect of our tamarack swamps in the 
winter time. It adapts itself to any kind of soil if not too dry 
and is often used for hedges, but there 
is other material better adapted to this 
purpose. It is valuable in shrubbery 
planting and blooms most all summer. 
Before the last of the flowers have dis- 
appeared, the white berries already add 
to its decorativeness. 

Almost identical, but of a more up- 
right growth, is Bailey’s Dogwood. 

More stately and bold in appearance, 
and of a very distinct habit, is the Alter- 
nate Leaved Dogwood. Its branches are 
arranged in irregular whorls, forming — 
flat, horizontally-spreading tiers, espe- 
cially noticeable in winter time. It is 
equally attractive, with its white blos- 
soms and, later on, with its metallic blue 
berries. 

A lower grower, and already, for this 
particular reason, a valuable shrub, is 
the Panicled, or Gray, Dogwood, a well 
shaped shrub, with good, healthy foli- 
age. It thrives in both sunny and shady 
positions, is a prolific bloomer and fruit 
bearer, and its white or bluish-white 
berries are borne on red stems, form- 
ing a rather ‘pretty contrast. 

Further, we have the Silky Dogwood, A branch Sfiand cherry in fruit- 

with purple branches and dark blue ber- 22¢ # Wonderfully prolific bearer. 
ries, and the Round, or Big Leaved, Dogwood, with light blue 
berries on light purplish, brown spotted twigs. 
The family of the Viburnums furnishes us with a consider- 
able number of fine shrubs, as, for instance, the well-known High- 
bush Cranberry, with its pretty white flowers, its brilliant red 
fruit and its gorgeous fall coloring. 


158 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


The Sheepberry, or Nannyberry, and the Black Haw are two 
similar kinds. The former distinguishes itself by its larger size, 
larger leaves, and longer pointed end buds, from the latter. They 
are among the most conspicuous shrubs when in bloom. The 
shiny leaves take on a beautiful color in the fall, and at the same 
time the bushes are loaded with bunches of big, bluish-black 
berries. 


Flower cluster on native sheepberry (viburnum lentago.) 


The Withe Rod has flowers and fruit almost like those of the 
preceding species and is even more useful, being a lower grower. 
The same is true about the Dockmackie, or Pursh. It grows in 
abundance wherever it has a chance but is seldom offered in the 
trade. 

Less conspicuous for their fall coloring, but more so for their 
fruit and general appearance, are the Arrowwood, Big Arrow- 
wood and Hobble-Bush. 

Our earliest flowering shrub in the spring is the Red-Berried 
Elder. In fact, it is so early that it suffers from heavy spring 


=o a 


SOME NATIVE SHRUBS AND THEIR USES. 159 


frosts occasionally, to the detriment of the otherwise profuse crop 
of red, showy berries, which ripen in June. The Common Elder 
blooms during the summer and fall months, and its immense 
bunches of shiny black berries can often be seen, together with 
late flowers, at the same time and on the same bush. 

Probably the most conspicuous and popular ornamental 
shrub when in fruit is the Wahoo, or Burning Bush. In fact, it 
is so attratcive that it is just as apt to be torn to pieces for its 
fruit as the Lilac bush for its flowers, by children or by thought- 
less and ignorant grown-ups. The brilliant hue it attains in the 
fall is responsible for its name. | 

The Buffalo Berry also is of a striking appearance with its 
fine silvery foliage and its numerous small, orange-colored, edible, 
but rather acid, fruit. So is the Black Alder, Winterberry, or 
Deciduous Holly, with its load of orange red berries. Their flow- 
ers are inconspicuous. 

Among shrubs that are handsome, both when in flower and 
in fruit, is the Hawthorn, or Thorn Apple, with its abundance 
of decorative fruit, which is mostly red; but a yellow fruited one 
is fairly common in this vicinity. 

The Juneberry, with its snow white blossoms, silvery young 
foliage and edible fruit, blooms at the same time as some of our 
small flowering trees, like the Sand Cherry, Choke Cherry, Black 
Cherry, Pin Cherry and the Wild Plum. The Wild Crab is 
somewhat later. 

Two of the best shrubs, comparatively little known, are fie 
Black Choke Cherry and the Red Choke Cherry. They have very 
pretty flowers and red or black berries, respectively. Both would 
be worthy of the name “burning bush,” with regard to their fall 
coloring. 

Two summer flowering shrubs are .the white flowering 
Meadowsweet and the pink flowering Hardhack, the latter being 
particularly desirable on account of its pink flowers, most of the 
wild shrubs blooming white. 

A valuable shrub for general planting is the Prickly Ash, 
with its graceful shiny leaves and its spicy-smelling decorative 
seed. It is, next to the above mentioned Hawthorn, one of our 
best defensive hedge plants. 

The common Staghorn Sumac, that lights up our country- 
side as with fire in the fall months, is too well known to need 
description. 


160 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Less known are the Hoptree, or Waferash, with big leathery 
leaves and curious bunches of seed, the False Indigo with its 
racemes of blue flowers and finely cut foliage, to be found along 
our lake shores, and the Button Bush, with its cream white flower 
buttons and its healthy, shiny leaves. 

A shrub fairly hardy here, but not native any closer to us 
than Pennsylvania, is the White Fringe. It is so handsome that 


High bush cranberry in blossom. 


I will include it here, and thereby maybe boost its dissemination. 
Its foliage is broad and heavy, the whole plant closely resembling 
the Himalayan Lilac. Its flowers resemble wisps of finely cut. 
pure white paper, and, also, its shiny dark blue fruit is very deco-. 
rative. 

Wherever there is room for any undergrowth in the woods, 
or in a neglected pasture, we find the Hazelnut, probably only 
conspicuous in its fall coat. The same is true of the Witchhazel,. 
except that the latter is more interesting on account of its. 
flowers appearing late in the fall and hanging on long after the: 
leaves have dropped off, and its seed not ripening until the next. 
season. 


SOME NATIVE SHRUBS AND THEIR USES. 161 


The Ninebark is a big, wide-spreading shrub with pinkish- 
white flowers and reddish bunches of seed. It is useful for all 
kinds of plantings where it may have lots of space to develop. 

The Western Fly Honeysuckle and the American Bladdernut 
are two more shrubs that are not as plentiful in the trade as they 
deserve to be. 

The shrubs mentioned so far are mostly tall growers, say 
from four to thirty feet, but the following few may be used where 
lower ones are needed: 

The Snowberry; the Indian Currant, or Coral Berry; the 
Wolfsberry ; the Scrubby Cinquefoil, showing its numerous bright 
yellow flowers all summer; the Wild Black Currant, and the Wild 
Gooseberry. The Wild Honeysuckle, with its small yellow 
flowers, to be found in the densest woods and also in open spaces, 
reaches a height of from twelve to eighteen inches only. Then, 
there is the Leadplant, for hot, gravely soil, and, last but not 
least, the New Jersey Tea, which lights up whole hillsides with 
its pale lilac-blue flowers. It will thrive anywhere and can stand 
to be mowed and burnt down every year with impunity. 

Two shrubs that are really natives of Europe but have 
escaped cultivation, and are to be found growing wild here, can, 
on the strength of that, be used in wild plantings; the Common 
Barberry and the Buckthorn, both of them also making good 
hedge plants. 

A few shrubby native vines are the Virginia Creeper; the 
Bittersweet, with white flowers and a profusion of orange colored 
berries; the Wild Clematis, or Virginbower; the claucus Honey- 
suckle, the Catbriar and the Wild Grape. 

We have here enumerated about fifty kinds of shrubs, a half 
dozen shrubby vines, and a half dozen small flowering trees, 
native to this and the surrounding states—to be sure, a goodly 
number to select from for a small planting and enough varieties 
for a big one, if they are all used. 

Now, of course, with this I do not mean that horticultural 
shrubs or natives of other countries should not be planted. Far 
from it. They all have their uses, especially on city lawns and 
in city parks, but what I do mean to say is that shrubs like 
Hydrangea and Van Houttii Spiraea, planted along a woodland 
drive, would clash with their surroundings and look hopelessly 
out of place, while our native shrubs are appropriate anywhere 
and nowhere out of place. 


162 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Hotbeds and Cold Frames Nine Months in the Year. 


N. A. RASMUSSEN, MARKET GARDENER, OSHKOSH, WIS. 

I think that yesterday some may have got the impression 
that I was irrigating and watering for experimental purposes in 
connection with the University, but if you got that impression I 
want to change your minds. I am growing strawberries and 
gardening for profit, and the hot- 
beds and cold frames I am now 
going to speak about are part 
of the business in which I make a 
living. They are not run for plea- 
sure, although it is a pleasure to 
do work of that kind, but pri- 
marily as a matter of profit. It is 
the same with the strawberries 
we spoke of yesterday. I water 
them -because I noticed that I 
could get better crops by so do- 
ing. That is why I irrigate and 
not for experimental purposes or 
because I am connected with the 
University. 

You have just been speaking 
about the high price of manure 
and the cost you are up against. 
We are paying about a dollar a 
load for manure besides the 

hauling, consequently we made 

N. A. Rasmussen, market gardener and = 

institute worker. up our minds we couldn’t afford 

to run hotbeds only two months in the year but had to extend 
them over a longer period of time in order to pay for the expense 
and work we are putting on them. We make a practice of run- 
ning them about nine months in the year. Another thing we had 
to do was to cut down the amount of manure we used. We used 
to have the beds on top of the ground entirely ; we didn’t care how 
much manure it took. We needed the manure for the garden 
anyway, and we didn’t think the loss was so big, but now we dig 
down and use pits altogether. We take a common frame and set 
it on top of the ground and then dig down about a foot, using the 
dirt we dig up to bank with and protect it so that the wind will 
shoot over it. We make the frame higher on the north side, thus 
giving it a slant. We use the manure after it has been forked 


a 
: . _s 


HOTBEDS AND COLD FRAMES NINE MONTHS IN THE YEAR. 163 


over, filling within ten or twelve inches of the top, then adding 
four to six inches of dirt. What we don’t need for plants we sow 
to radishes at the start, and these radishes will be out of the way 
at the time our lettuce plants are ready for transplanting. There 
is more money in growing lettuce than radishes, but we can get 
a crop of radishes off with no extra expense other than the seed. 

We follow the lettuce with tomato plants, and practically all 
our muskmelons and cucumbers are started in the cold frames or 
hotbeds. We call them cold frames after we have taken out a 
crop of radishes and lettuce. They are all hotbeds to begin with. 
We take out the cucumbers and melons about the last days of May 
or the first of June—it may be about the 4th or 5th of June if 
the weather isn’t favorable for planting before that time. 

We then start with celery. All our celery plants are grown 
in the south part of the bed. We sow a row crosswise along the 
south side because we get a better stand of celery. At the time 
our cucumbers and melons are out our celery plants are ready to 
transplant. We put them about six to eight inches apart in the 
cold frames. We reserve one or two beds for head lettuce, as our 
trade demands some of this the entire summer. All we need to 
do with this celery after it is planted is to cultivate once or twice 
and water very frequently. We use a hoe with an extra long 
handle so we can stand up straight and not have to bend over. 
We cultivate it once or twice. All we need then is to water it. 
It takes a large amount of water but not as much as though it 
were out in the field. 


A Member: How do you prevent rust? | 

Mr. Rasmussen: We haven’t had as much rust in the 
frames as out in the field—or blight either. We take this pre- 
caution, we spray. We spray practically everything we grow, 
and every time we use bordeaux mixture for anything else we 
soak the celery, give it a good spraying, making the spray a little 
bit strong with blue vitriol. 

A Member: How many dozen of celery plants do you put 
in a sash? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Seven rows, four by nine, I think is what 
we get in a three by six sash. It depends somewhat on circum- 
stances. The earlier ones we plant a little closer. We put an 
extra row in this season. There isn’t much competition, and the 
trade will stand for that size of stock. A little later when celery 
is more plentiful we start out with one plant less, and we start 
with six rows. You have got to regulate that entirely by what 
your trade wants. 

A Member: That will be six rows and six inches apart in 
each row? 


164 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Rasmussen: I think we start the earlier ones with 
seven rows, the very first, and then drop down to six, and for 
real fancy we drop to five. 

A Member: What variety do you raise? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We grow mostly the White Plume and 
some of the Golden Self Blanching. After taking out the crop 
of lettuce we spade up the entire manure with the dirt, so it is 
about three-fourths manure and one-fourth dirt. 

A Member: How long before celery is ready to cut after 
transplanting the last time? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I think we get our first cuttings about 
the 1st of September. Well, some of it is earlier than that, say 
about the 20th of August. We sometimes hurry it along. If 
some of it is getting too large we let it go but try to hold it back 


A 


Celery growing in Mr. Rasmussen’s hotbeds and cold frames. 


as much as we can without injury. We sort our plants as we 
go along, using the first sash for the larger plants so as not to 
have them come on at the same time; we spread them over a 
period of time. One great advantage is that your celery is 
absolutely free from dirt grown in this way. 

A Member: Doesn’t your celery grow spindling when 
grown under cover? 

Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, we never cover it at all. When 
grown in this rich manure condition it is very easy to control the 
moisture. I think that is where you get away from the blight. 

A Member: About how deep is your hotbed where the cel- 
ery grows? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Our frames are twelve inches on the 
south side and eighteen inches on the north side. 

A Member: Then you spoke of digging out. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Then we dig out about a foot. The frame 
is set flat on the ground and we dig out about a foot of dirt for 
the first sash we start for lettuce plants and tomatoes. We start 
probably the last of February. We have it more shallow after 
that. ; 


4 


oe 


HOTBEDS AND COLD FRAMES NINE MONTHS IN THE YEAR. 165 


, A Member: In wet seasons don’t your beds get too wet? 

Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, we are careful about the drainage 
and don’t let the water settle on the plants. 

A Member: What is your subsoil? 

Mr. Rasmussen: A very heavy clay right where the beds 
are. There is gravel underneath, which makes a good under 
drain. 

A Member: How about shade in these deep beds? 

Mr. Rasmussen: They are really not deep. In the first 
place we bring the manure up within twelve inches of the glass. 
We let the bed slant a little bit with the slant of the glass and 
then we have about four to six inches of dirt. 

A Member: Do you use the closed sash for the celery? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Not very often. We do at first planting, 
of course, when we first set them, use the cloth sash. We have 
canvas sash we can handle easier, and we use them until the 
plants are well established and form their own shade. 

A Member: How far apart do you transplant them? 

Mr. Rasmussen: The first planting we hold about an inch 
and then reset from four to eight inches apart, according to the 
size of the stalk we want to get. We will follow the celery with 
radishes, which will come on about Thanksgiving. 

A Member: Do you practice shearing the celery plants if 
they get too spindling? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Not at any time, except when we are 
transplanting we cut them off sometimes. 

A Member: Do you cut the roots as well as the tops? 

Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, we never do. I think they get — 
broken off a good deal with the dirt. We do that sometimes 
without thinking of it, but we do not make a business of it. 

A Member: What do you shade your plants with? 

Mr. Rasmussen: If we use glass we put on a solution of air 
slaked lime but as a rule we use the canvas because they are 
lighter to handle; we use them all the time we are transplanting. 

A Member: Wouldn’t it be better for you to build concrete 
frames? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I suppose we will have to come to it. I 
like the boards because they seem to hold off the cold more than 
the concrete would, but we will have to come to concrete. 

A Member: Isn’t it expensive to have to remove that 
manure before you put down new beds? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We run our beds east and west in long 
rows, and we have room for a horse and wagon to go through. 
We had to get away from hand work. 

A Member: Your land isn’t as high as ours. 

Mr. Rasmussen: You have to have space enough to pull 
your sash back and forth sometimes? 

A Member: Yes. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I think labor is getting as high priced 
as land. 

A Member: Do you ever take up your hotbeds? 


166 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Rasmussen: Never take them up until they rot and we 
have to replace them. In the first place they were an eyesore, 
I didn’t like the looks of them. But I found out I could use them 
longer, I found they paid for the labor. 

A Member: Does celery grow tender after a frost? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I don’t know, we don’t want the frost to 
catch it. 

A Member: I generally let a couple of sharp frosts go by 
before I pick mine, and the tops will drop down. 

Mr. Rasmussen: We are growing for the market, and they 
wouldn’t want it in that condition. I don’t think it is necessary 
to let it freeze. 

A Member: How do you store your celery? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We don’t store any, for this reason. I 
never saw the time but what it would bring as much money in 
the fall as it would in the winter, at least, there is not enough 
difference to make up the loss. 

A Member: Too much extra labor and too much waste > 
when you store it? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We can’t afford to store it. 

Mr. Baldwin: Iam very much in favor of cement frames. 
I have them entirely on my place and have had them for years, 
and I wouldn’t trade my frames for all the boards there are in 
the lumber yards of Minneapolis. I think anyone that would put 
them in would never go back to the wood frames. With the aid 
of shutters I can use mine all the year around. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Do you not have trouble with the water 
running down and freezing? 

Mr. Baldwin: I don’t have any trouble with that at all. 

A Member: Is celery more profitable than cucumbers? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I think it is. 

Mr. Baldwin: It depends on where you are. if you have 
got to pump water from a well 80 or 100 feet deep it will make 
some difference. 

Mr. Rasmussen: My well is 240 feet deep; it is ninety feet 
down to water. I pump with a gasoline engine to an elevated 
tank. 

A Member: Do you have any idea how much water you 
use? 

Mr. Rasmussen: No, but I know it doesn’t take much gaso- 
line to run a horse and a half pump, and it doesn’t take any more 
water to grow celery in hotbeds, don’t think as much, as it does 
out in the open. We can’t get good celery without watering out- 
side. I think water is the cheapest plant food we have, even if 
we have to pump it from a deep well. 

A Member: Do you find it necessary to shade your lettuce 
with burlap shades practically all the time? 

Mr. Rasmussen: No. Of course, the head lettuce when we 
are growing it in July needs considerable shading, especially 
after a heavy rain when the sun comes out strong. We shade it, 
or it will start rotting. 


THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 167 


The Need of Fruit-Breeding. 


PROF. S. A. BEACH, HORTICULTURIST, AMES, IOWA. 


The late James J. Hill, some years ago, put out a statement 
rezarding the prospective development of this country and the 
significance of land ownership, in which he included an estimate 
as to the increase in population in continental United States. It 
is a statement which I have often thought of and often quoted. 
Mr. Hill was a brainy, clear sighted man, and one who could see 
and appreciate things of fundamental importance. This state- 
ment regarding the prospective increase of population in conti- 
nental United States was made some years ago. The fact that 
up to this date the prophecy has been fulfilled gives us all the 
more confidence in the reliability of this estimate for the future. 
The time set in this statement for the United States to pass the 
100,000,000 mark was 1915. We actually passed the 100,000,000 
mark in 1915. This estimate included the statement that by 
1950 we should have 200,000,000 people in the United States. 

Inevitably along with this increase in population is to go a 
corresponding increase in land values. Land and hunger is to 
increase. As we have frequently said in discussing this matter, 
it is important that we do not forget that while there is a crop 
of babies every year there is only one crop of land. The time has 
gone by when men can go out west and get good cheap land with. 
- which to compete with the farmers of this region. A generation 
or more ago the pioneers came in here to take up cheap land. 
Where do their sons go to get cheap land? They go into the arid 
or semi-arid regions to the westward, or they go away off into 
the Canadian Northwest. But even in the Canadian Northwest 
they have to pay a much higher price for land than the Minne- 
sota pioneers paid when they came into this state. The day of 
cheap land has gone by. In meeting these conditions which we 
are beginning to face, and which our children must face, it is 
important that we provide for ourselves and put into the hands 
of our children the very best possible agricultural materials, so 
that we and they may be better able to succeed in the inevitable 
struggle which must be made with the rest of the world in order 
‘to maintain the type of civilization which we wish America to 
stand for. 

We must more and more, I believe, meet strong competition 
as means of transportation are developed, new channels of trade 
are established and closer contact is made with all the world. 


168 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ 


Experiment orchard grounds at Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa. 


We must compete more and 
more with the six-cent a 
day labor of India and the 
very cheap labor of those 
other countries where it 
does not cost as much to 
live and to maintain 
churches and schools and 
all that goes with our type 
of civilization, as it does 
here in America. 

And while we are making 
progress in farm manage- 
ment, in the development of 
farm machinery, in an un- 


derstanding of the rotation 


of crops in a scientific way, 
in the use of fertilizers eco- 
nomically, we must also 
have, if we are to win this 
battle, the very best plant 
materials that _ scientific 
plant breeding can give us. 
We cannot afford to follow 
a hit or miss policy hoping 
to stumble upon the im- 
proved varieties of plants 
that are needed. On the 
contrary, we must go at it 
in the same scientific way 
in which Germany and the 
other countries have gone 
at the matter of preparing 
for this terrible conflict 


which is going on in Eu-. 


rope. We have another 
kind of conflict on. We must 
win. To win we must pre- 
pare for it by systematical- 
ly planning to put into our 
hands and into the hands 
of our children the very 


—_ 


i tes ee 


THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 169 


best plant material with which to produce the crops of grain, 
fruit and vegetables which are to maintain our agriculture and 
all of those other things which rest upon the foundation of our 
agriculture. 

To be of greatest benefit to this region, the work must be 
done in this region. 

One matter of importance, as I see it, and one reason why 
the work which you are doing is significant, is this: that the 
plant materials and particularly the fruit materials which you 
need to use here must be largely developed here; or if they are 
brought in from other regions they must be thoroughly tested 
here, for the purpose of showing to what extent they are adapted 
to this environment. Many varieties which are valuable and 
excellent in other countries or in other parts of this country can- 
not do well under our climatic conditions. Our best fruits in the 
future will be originated here. 

Illustrating this point I wish to call your attention to the 
apple list for Minnesota and adjoining territory. I took the 
trouble just a few weeks ago to send out some circular letters of 
inquiry in the Mississippi Valley. I started out with the idea 
of including the territory from Lake Michigan to the Missouri 
River, but I -didn’t get the responses from Wisconsin that I 
desired. However, the responses which I did get represent, I 
think, pretty well the territory from Dubuque, Iowa, up the river 
to Minneapolis and then westward to the Missouri River. I 
took a few representative nurserymen in that region and asked 
them to give me a list of the kinds of trees that they have been 
propagating for the past five years, which in a general way, I 
take it, means the kind that people here are planting most. 
Possibly some of the kinds which show up now.in small numbers 
may later develop to greater importance. Doubtless newer kinds 
have not yet come to their full recognition. 

Imagine, if you can, the apple trees in this entire region 
which have been planted during the last five years combined into 
one orchard a thousand miles long. The reports from these 
nurserymen as to what they have been propagating indicate that 
in this thousand miles of apple orchard the varieties would stand 
about as follows: 

220 miles of Wealthy; 118 miles, Duchess of Oldenburg; 
117 miles, Northwestern Greening; 93 miles, Patten Greening; 
69 miles, Hibernal; 40 miles, Okabena; 39 miles, Malinda; 35 


170 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


miles, Anisim; 26 miles, Yellow Transparent; 22 miles, Long- 
field; 21 miles, Iowa Beauty; 20 miles, Jewell Winter; 19 miles, 
McIntosh; 19 miles, Wolf River; 142 miles other scattering 
varieties in smaller numbers. Total, 1,000 miles. 

Examine the above list as to the origin of the varieties 
named. With practically but one exception they have either 
originated in the region extending from Lake Michigan west- 
ward to the Missouri River, or they are Russians. 

First on the list is Wealthy, which I believe to be a cross 
between some red Siberian crab apple and the Rambo. Look at 
its basin and note the resemblance in color markings and in form 
to the Rambo. I suggest that Mr. Elmer Reeves, who is here, be 
asked to make a statement of what he knows about the real origin 
of the Wealthy that you may place it on record in the report of 
this society as a correction of the old statement that it was grown 
from seed brought from Maine. 

At any rate, whatever its parentage, the Wealthy originated 
from seed sown by Peter M. Gideon at his home in Excelsior, 
near Minneapolis. 

Northwestern Greening, the next on the list, originated in 
Waupaca county, Wisconsin. 

Patten Greening, the next, is from Duchess of Oldenburg and 
originated at Charles City, Iowa, by Mr. C. G. Patten, whom I 
am glad to see here with us today. 

Hibernal is a Russian. 

Okabena originated here in Minnesota from seed of Duchess 
of Oldenburg. 

Malinda was brought as a little seedling tree from northern 
Vermont to Minnesota, where it was first introduced into culti- 
vation. 

Anisim is a Russian, as also are the next two on the list, 
Yellow Transparent and Longfield. 

Iowa Beauty originated with Mr. C. G. Patten, in northern 
Iowa. What is its parentage, Mr. Patten? 

Mr. Charles G. Patten: The Golden Russet. 

Mr. Beach: Jewell Winter originated in north central Iowa; 
McIntosh originated in Canada. Wolf River should be classed 
with the Russians; it originated in Wisconsin. Evidently it is a 
seedling of the Russian apple Alexander. 

Out of this list of fourteen best apples for this region, five 
were imported from Russia and the others, excepting McIntosh, 
were developed here, and most of them have the blood of Siberian 


THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 171 


crabs or Russian apples, if apples can be said to have blood lines 
of descent. 

The point I am trying to make is that of all the varieties 
which we now have those which are best for Minnesota are kinds 
which either have been introduced from Russia or which have 
been developed here, and the best of them have been developed 
here. 

We must do right here the fruit-breeding work which is to 
benefit us. We must develop our improved varieties here, out 
of the plant materials already here and any others which we can 
gather through the help of Professor Hansen and such other 
explorers from any part of the earth where good and useful 
plant material may be found. It is on this improved material 
that we are to build our most successful horticulture in the 
future. How is this to be done? 

Methods of Improving Plants.—The lines along which plant 
breeding can be developed are indicated by the methods used in 
propagating plants. We know that propagation of plants is 
either by sexual or by asexual methods. Take the apple for 
illustration. We have propagation from seed. This may repre- 
sent either one or two parent varieties. Then there is propa- 
gation by means of budding or grafting, which signifies the per- 
petuation of that particular variety by division into separate 
parts; it is simply a continuation of the original individual from 
which the buds or scions were taken. And so, although apple 
varieties do not come true from seed, we may multiply the trees 
of any variety indefinitely by propagating its buds or cions. 

Again we have the development of new types from seed as 
the result of hybridizing, i. e., crossing the parents to produce 
the seed. 

Very seldom do we have—but we may have—the origination 
of new varieties asexually as graft hybrids. In other words, 
there is such a thing as a graft hybrid, although just what its 
nature is botanists have not decided. 

Finally, we may have a new variety originating as a sport. 
For example: I have in mind a Concord grape vine on one side 
of which came out a branch which bore fruit almost twice as big 
as the ordinary Concord, a giant Concord, so to speak. When 
the giant Concord clusters were self-fertilized and the seed prop- 
agated it gave us a distinct line of seedlings as compared with 
the seedlings grown from the normal type of Concord produced 
by the other side of the same vine. Here was a new variety that 


LiZ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


originated as a bud sport. It came originally from a bud on one 
side of that Concord vine which grew into the cane that bore the 
giant Concord fruit. Something had so fundamentally changed 
the nature of that original bud as to affect not only it, and the 
cane which grew from it, but also the seed which the giant Con- 
cord produced. 

Not only may we have the development of new varieties as 
bud sports, they may come also as seed sports. For example: 
we may get a smooth skinned peach, which we call the nectarine, 
originating from the pit of a peach. This is a case of a sport 
originating from the seed. 

Finally we may have new varieties originating as selected 
strains, either from seed selection or bud selection. By a long 
process of gradual selection and change a new variety may be 
developed in this way. For example, some lettuce growers of 
Rochester, New York, starting with Henderson’s Gold Ball let- 
tuce, after many years produced a selected strain which was 
somewhat different from the original type with which they 
started. Through a series of generations extending for. over 
twenty years they developed a lettuce gradually -by selection 
towards the type which they wanted. At the end of that time 
they had a variety which was distinct enough from the old Hen- 
derson Gold Ball so you could properly call it a distinct strain. 

So, also we may develop selected strains asexually, as for 
example, strains of violets, Madam Salleroi geraniums or, per- 
haps, of potatoes, or of other plants which are propagated by 
division of parts. Selecting the propagating material, buds or 
scions or cuttings, or whatever it may be, through a succession 
of asexual generations, we may thus sometimes succeed in de- 
veloping something different from the original type, which may 
be called an improved strain. 

The Work Should Have State Aid.—We must study scien- 
tifically these processes of reproduction and origination of im- 
proved types in order to make the greatest progress. The work 
which men like Mr. Patten is doing is a splendid type of work. 
It is the kind of work that ought to be perpetuated. Mr. Patten 
has but the life of an ordinary man in which to do his work; the 
state is perpetual; it will live on year after year, generation 
after generation. We expect that centuries from now the people 
of Minnesota will be growing apples and grapes and other good 
things here in this region long after we and our children’s chil- 
dren have passed away and have been forgotten. It certainly 


ee ee ee a ee 


= 


THE NEED OF FRUIT-BREEDING. 173 


is the wisest kind of statesmanship to provide most liberally for 
the support of this kind of work by the state, on land owned 
by the state and by state employed specialists who have had the 
best training, thorough experience and thorough scientific study 
that they can receive. The splendid work of individual effort 
has accomplished much—these remarks are in no sense to be 
construed as a disparagement of such work—but the state can 
perpetuate the effort in a way the individual cannot do. 

In this rather rambling discussion I have tried to show 
these things: 

1. The need of fruit-breeding work for Minnesota and for 
this whole region from Lake Michigan westward into the semi- 
arid districts of this great central plain. 

2. The greatest advance in securing new and improved 
plants for this region must come through work done in this 
region. In order to get the “survival of the fittest’? the plants 
must be developed and tested under the climatic conditions which 
exist here. 

3. Scientific methods must be followed systematically and 


_ persistently in order to achieve the highest degree of success in 
-fruit-breeding for Minnesota. 
4. In addition to the work of individuals and horticultural . 


organizations, state aid is needed to secure most efficient prog- 
ress and permanent success. 

I wish in closing to commend most heartily the fruit-breed- 
ing work which Minnesota is doing, a work which, I believe, 


- has been accomplished largely on the initiative and by the sup- 


port of this splendid society. The society is doing a good thing 
for this state and the adjoining regions in helping to put fruit- 
breeding work upon a sound and permanent foundation, estab- 
lishing and supporting it so that it may make most permanent 
and most efficient contributions to the progress of horticulture in 
this splendid agricultural region. 

Mr. G. C. Hawkins: I would like to ask, what is this theory 
in regard to sports. I am in floral work. We have a bed of 
yellow and brown gaillardia, and out of this I have a sport, one 
plant that is pink and white, distinctly pink and white, from the 
ee brown and yellow. I would like to know your theory about 

is. 

Mr. S. A. Beach: I may say that we have more than one 
kind of sports. That is to say, we have a sport which may affect 
Simply what we call the body of the plant, so that it shows in- 
creased growth or different color or shape or size, or something 
of that kind. Is that change to be permanent or not? We don’t 


174 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ 


know. We put it to the test. We propagate it. If it holds 
true under sexual propagation then we call it a mutation, that is 
the scientific word for a permanent sport. Whether what you 
have is an ordinary sport affecting the body of the plant only or 
whether it is a more deep-seated change which will affect the 
sexual reproduction and can be reproduced from seed, in other 
words, whether it is a mutation or not, can be told only from the 
subsequent history of its pure bred seedlings. What it is that 
causes that mutation we do not know. For instance: there has 
been some scientific work done along that line by Dr. MacDougall 
of the Carnegie Desert Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona. Dr. Mac- 
Dougall injected some weak solutions of certain chemicals into 
the seed cavities of certain plants, at the time when the ovules 
were being fertilized from the pollen tubes. The result was 
that he got some mutations. He got certain changes, and those 
changes perpetuated themselves by seed. However, he couldn’t 
tell beforehand what changes he was going to get. All he knows 
is that he did, by putting in certain disturbing factors, cause 
changes to occur in the seed and in the plants grown from such 
seed. Just what it is that has acted as a disturbing factor in 
changing the colors of these flowers you mention we don’t know. 

Mr. Arrowood: We had a hollyhock that grew up so high 
(indicating) and the center was of a light yellow. All the 
sprouts around it from the ground up bore black flowers. There 
were ten of them, and every one had black flowers and the center 
was yellow. If you can explain that I would like you to. 

Mr. S. A. Beach: That is of the same nature as where you 
find a certain branch coming out from a peach tree, growing out 
of a bud, of course, in which a change has taken place in the bud. 
As that branch comes out and bears fruit you may find that it 
bears nectarines, and the other branches bear the ordinary 
peaches. In other words, what you have there is a bud sport. 
We can’t tell what caused it. 

Mr. Arrowood: If we save seed from this plant next year, 
will it produce the same thing or will they be different? 

Mr. S. A. Beach: That can be determined by testing. Care 
must be taken to make the test sure. You must be sure that the 
flower is protected from any outside pollen. In other words, it 
must be self-fertilized. Then plant the seed, and it may repro- 
duce this new type. If it does, you have what we call a muta- 
tion. The only way I know of to determine that is by actual 
trial. : 
Mr. Kellogg: I wish to object to the Wolf River being 
called a Russian. There may be a little Alexander blood in it, 
but it has more of the Wisconsin blood in it than Russian. 
(Applause). 

Mr. S. A. Beach: I stand corrected, but it establishes a 
point I wish to make, that the variety was developed in this 
region. 

F Professor N. E. Hansen: It is a seedling of the Alexander, 
which was named after Emperor Alexander of Russia. 


GRAND RAPIDS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 175 


Grand Rapids Trial Station in 1916. 


OTTO I. BERGH, SUPT. 


The variety test of bush and tree fruits at this station has 
been enlarged considerably the past year. The plantings were 
made the latter part of May, as soon as the frost had gone out 
of the ground sufficiently. The cool and wet weather through 
June was exceedingly favorable for starting a new plantation, 
and the new stock made an exceptionally good growth and is 
going into the coming winter in fine condition. A very low 


TT 


Residence of superintendent at Grand Rapids Trial Station. 


percentage of the new plantations died during the summer where 
the stock was received in good order. 

-The new plantations include the following fruits: 

Grapes.—Campbell’s Early, Alpha, Hungarian, Dakota, 
Suelter and Worden’s Early. All of these made fair growth, 
and in the case of Campbell’s Early there were vines producing © 
as many as four bunches of fruit. 

Raspberries.—Herbert, Minn. 30, Minn. 31, Shipper’s Pride, 
Golden Queen, Marlboro, Worthy, Shaffer, King, St. Regis, Cuth- 
bert, Miller, Minnetonka Ironclad, Sunbeam, Gregg and Colum- 
bian. All of the above varieties made a very good growth and 
produced considerable fruit during August and early September. 

Blackberries.—Wilson Early, Snyder, Stone Hardy, Eldo- 
rado, Early Harvest, Blower, Watt, Erie, Iceberg, Ward, Mer- 
sereau, Kittatining and Ancient Britain. The most of these 


176 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


varieties made exceptionally sturdy growths, some vines exceed- 
ing six feet in length, a few of which produced ripe fruit. 

Dewberries.—Premo, Lucretia and Austin, all of which 
made a good growth and bore some fruit, which ripened the 
latter part of August. 

Gooseberries.—Red Jacket, Champion, Downing, Houghton, 
Keepsake, Portage and Josselyn. Compared with other bush 
fruits the gooseberries 
made the least growth; 
however, in a few in- 
stances fruit was pro- 
duced. The berries were 
of exceptionally large 
size. 


Currants. — Victoria, 
North Star, Lee Prolific, 
White Grape, Red Dutch, 
Long Bunch _ Holland, 
Wilder and Black Cham- 
pion. In most cases these 
made satisfactory 
growth. 

Strawberries.—A few 
plants of the following 
strawberries were in- 
cluded in our variety test 

Spring in the air at Grand Rapids Trial Station. this year: Bederwood, 
Brandywine, Chesapeake, Clyde, Enhance, Enormous, Early 
Ozark, Haverland, Lovett, Senator Dunlap, Marshall, Sample, 
Wm. Belt, Wolverton and Warfield. This stock was in poor con- 
dition when planted; however, where the stock was in good con- 
dition the results were very encouraging. 

Tree Fruits.—A new orchard of tree fruits was set out this 
year in a more exposed location, which will afford better soil and - 
air drainage than there was in the location of the old orchard. 
The new orchard is located on a hill west of the station buildings. 
This change was made in order to safeguard the new plantation 
against blight and other diseases which have almost destroyed 
the old orchard. The soil condition in the old orchard is also 
very poor in that there is considerable seepage from the hillside 
where it is located, which we believe is the main cause of a lack 
of success in the past in growing tree fruits at this station. 


GRAND RAPIDS TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 177 


The new orchard includes the following fruits: 


Plums. 
No. in Condition at begin- 
No. poor condition ning of winter. 


Variety. trees. when planted. Weak. Dead. 
Semeresota ............ 12 0 0 0 
ne ae 12 5 1 2 
MIR os ew ¥en ees 12 i) 3 2 
Me ak ew 12 2 0 0 
i 12 0 0 0 
ess oa 12 0 0 0 
Se 12 0 0 0 
RN oven le 5 Gu wl. 5 ore 12 0 0 1 
Wachampa ...... Se ae Aes 0 0 0 
EAE cS sc ewes 12 4 iP if 
Brrprise .. 02.0... 5 1 0 0 
MIME ue 13 1 0 2 
PE et 12 0 2 0 
MIA ice S es Shei ee o's 11 1 0 1 
ee 12 0 0 0 
ee ae 13 5 1 2 
WWIRECSSA on... se eee a 4 | a; 
Compass Cherry...... 12 0 0 0 
Apples. 
ete ee oe ke es 13 0 1 1 
ch 12, 4 0 0 
Jewell Winter ....... Le 0 2 0 
Pera). ls were ee 10 0 0 0 
Meee i Slee 12 6 ih 0 
iianiameil ........... 14 4 0 0 
Meerous .. .... 2. Ge. 13 5 0 0 
Pam avid ........ 2. 12 6 1 3 
Crab Apples. 

i 12 0 0 1 
Early Strawberry .... 12 4 0 2 
Sweet Russet ........ 12 t ) 0 


University Seedling Apples. 

Minnesota.—No. 36, 1 tree; No. 100, 1 tree; No. 79, 1 tree; 
No. A-1, 1 tree; No. 81, 1 tree; No. 269, 1 tree; No. 104, 1 tree; 
No. 82, 1 tree; No. 20, 1 tree; No. 20-G, 1 tree; No. ?, 4 trees; 
No. 132, 1 tree; No. 272, 1. tree; No. 135, 1 tree; Malinda, No. 
29, 2 trees; No. 3, 2 trees; No. 38, 2 trees; No. 12, 1 tree; No. 32, 
1 tree; No. 7, 1 tree; No. 12, 1 tree; No. 35, 1 tree; No. 17, 1 tree; 
No. 18, 1 tree; No. 13, 1 tree; Gilbert Winesap, 1 tree. 

The total number of trees planted was 369, of which fifty- 
nine were in poor condition when planted, either from dry roots, 
dry tops or both. Three hundred and fifty lived throughout the 
season, twenty-one made a weak growth, and nineteen died dur- 
ing the summer, leaving 329 out of 369 trees to go into the winter 
in good condition. 


178 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Paynesville Trial Station in 1916. 


FRANK BROWN, SUPT. 


I am much afraid that this report will not be as optimistic 
as some of the preceding reports have been, as fruit was so 
nearly a failure in central Minnesota. 

One thing has been again demonstrated to the people of this 
section, and that is, we cannot grow apples without spraying, 
that is, no apples fit for market. 

Top-worked trees bore more fruit and better fruit than the 
trees handled in the ordinary way, a dollars and cents demon- 
stration that it pays to top-work, at least a part of the trees in 
the home orchard. 

Plums, except a few varieties, were a total failure; the Han- 
sen hybrids were beautiful, especially the Opata and Sapa, and 
the quality of course was excellent. 

Of the plum trees sent here from the Central Station, were 
two trees of No. 12 that this year bore for the first time. The 
fruit was of the very best and the trees heavily loaded. We shall 
watch these trees very carefully in their future development. 
We might add that they are very thrifty. 

No. 21 also bore some very fine specimens of fruit, with a 
very decided apricot flavor, but so far it has been a tardy bearer 


with us. 
Of the raspberries sent to this station, No. 4 has won the 


way to the front rank. It is a large berry, very firm, making it 
good for shipping. It separates easily from the stem, seems to 
be hardy, and the quality of the fruit is good enough for anyone. 

Minnesota No. 3 strawberry is still at the head of all the 
June bearing berries. Not only is the plant healthy and strong, 
and the fruit well up from the ground on long stems, but the 
fruit is all that could be desired in a strawberry. It is firm and 
a good shipper; it is a large berry, some of the best specimens 
measuring one and three-fourths inches in diameter and ripe to 
the center, with no green tip, as the Senator Dunlap has. Under 
the auspices of your superintendent it has been tested on various 
soils, and in different localities, and so far has the unqualified 
approval of all. 

The plants and trees sent here from the Central Station the 
spring of 1916 all lived and made a good growth. The raspber- 
ries, Nos. 30 and 31, supposed to be of everbearing habits, grew 
very well; No. 31 bore a few berries of a fair quality. This 


—— a - 


PAYNESVILLE TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 179 


number has a strong cane and good foliage, but of course the first 
season is a small test. 

I have neglected to speak of the everbearing strawberry No. 
1017. Itis one of the best plant makers of the everbearers, and 
the fruit is fine, but this last season it did not produce as much 
fruit as the Progressive. I think it worthy of further trial. 

Fruit buds have ripened up in good shape, and in that re- 
spect the outlook is good, but the ground is freezing up so dry 
that there is much danger of root-killing, a fact that we had all 
better take notice of ere it is too late. 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Fourth Congressional 
District. 


B. WALLNER, JR., 200 DODD ROAD, WEST ST. PAUL. 


The Fourth District cannot boast of any extraordinary hor- 
ticultural feat this year. 

The yield of small fruits was fair considering the adverse 
conditions caused by the severe drought in the latter part of the- 
season. The apple crop was good notwithstanding the fact that 
the weather was far from favorable. The plum crop was almost 
a complete failure. I attribute this to the cold, wet weather 
during pollinization period. Grapes were fine, an abundant crop 
was gathered in our immediate vicinity. 

I specialize mostly in small fruits; currants constitute my 
main crop. The yield was not as abundant as usual, but the ber- 
ries were of exceptionally fine quality. I enclose report in detail. 

Apples.—Average 70% 1916, good 1917. 

Plums.—Average 5% 1916, good 1917. 

Cherries.—No crop. 

Grapes.—Average 85% 1916, good 1917. 

Blackberries.—Average 5% 1916, good 1917. 

Raspberries.—Average 85% 1916; drought reduced size of 
fruit at end of season; good 1917. 

Strawberries.—June bearing 85% to 90%, Everbearing 20% 
1916 and fair 1917. Poor plant stand in unfavorable location. 

Other fruits.—Currants 80% ; gooseberries 90% 1916, good 
1917. 


180 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


About normal planting of nursery stock. Suffered to some 
extent from drought towards end of season. 

Slight amount of blight. Cut it out. 

Most of the large commercial orchards were sprayed with 
good results. 

Plum fruit buds were badly injured 1916. All plum vari- 
eties affected. Soil condition good 1915; foliage hung on late 
in 1915. 


Soil now very dry. Fruits went into winter last fall in fair 
condition. 

Lists of varieties of fruits of all kinds doing best in our 
locality: Apple.—Wealthy, Duchess, Patten Greening, North- 
western Greening, Florence and Strawberry crabs, Okabena. 
Plums.—De Soto, Forest Garden, Surprise. Grapes.—Beta, 
Brighton, Concord, Campbell Early, Delaware. Raspberries.— 
F. B. Farm No. 4, King, Cuthbert, Miller, Minnetonka Iron Clad. 
Currants.—Wilder, Victoria. Gooseberries.—Pearl, Downing. 
Strawberries.—Senator Dunlap, Bederwood, Warfield, Clyde. 
Everbearing.—Progressive and Superb. High bush cranberry. 

The results of this season prove that we should not spe- 
cialize on one crop. 


HAVE A GARDEN THIS YEAR.—That the majority of people have over- 
looked or forgotten the value of gardens in recent years is indicated by the 
slowness with which the idea of vacant lot and back-yard gardening in 
cities has sprung since the rapid rise in the prices of food products. Vege- 
tables and especially canned goods are unusually high in price and gardens 
will do more than ever before to cut down the cost of living. Properly 
cared for, the small plot or garden will supply enough vegetables for the 
average family. Good seed, proper cultural methods, plant food, either in 
the form of manure or fertilizers and a few garden tools are all that are 
needed to make a start in the gardening industry for home use. 


ESSENTIALS OF GROWING GOOD VEGETABLES.—Nothing is more impor- 
tant in growing good vegetables than to have a fairly rich soil with which 
to work. The soil that does not need enriching to produce at its best is 
seldom found, and success comes proportionately to the amount of fertilizers 
and manures that is applied when all other factors are given efficient atten- 
tion. Make the soil rich, prepare the seed bed properly, use good seed, keep 
down the weeds and supplement the natural supply of rainfall with sprink- 
ling when necessary to secure good vegetables during the coming season. 


ANNUAL REPORT, 1916, VICE-PRESIDENT, FIRST CONG. DIST. 181 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, First Congressional 
; District. 


C. E. SNYDER, PRESTON. 


The apple crop was light through the First District. It was 
an off year. Where trees were sprayed the apples were good 
and smooth, where not sprayed they were scabby. There was 
no blight nor much of any other disease than scab. About enough 
was raised for the local demand. No carloads shipped from this 
district this year to my knowledge. 


A well shaded residence street at Preston. 


Plums were a light crop generally but of good quality. Cher- 
ries none to speak of except Compass. Raspberries about one- 
half crop except in a few localities where the crop was fine. 
Strawberries, June sorts, were less than half crop owing to win- 
ter injury most everywhere. New set beds of Progressive gave 
good returns all fall. Currants a fair crop and gooseberries a 
great big crop. Grapes not many. 

Considerable nursery stock was planted this spring and re- 
sults are good. Not so many apple trees as formerly, but heavy 
planting of small fruits and ornamental shrubbery of all kinds. 
A great impetus to landscaping and ornamental tree, shrub, rose 
and flower planting is going on here. 

Fruit trees and all other fruits are going into winter in tip 
top condition, well ripened and plenty of moisture. The growth 
was not rank but good and solid. 


182 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The fruit list adopted by the state is all right except there 
are more varieties we can grow here in this favored corner. We 
like the Malinda and believe it belongs in the first degree. Many 
trees in this district over thirty years old and as good as ever. 
It is surely as hardy as Okabena and not subject to blight. 
Northwestern Greening is mentioned favorably in all the reports 
to me. It is all right down here. Delicious I have been grow- 
ing from root grafts for about eight years, and after last winter 
think it no hardier than Ben Davis, Fameuse or Golden Russet. 
Salome is about as hardy as the Wealthy. Patten Greening is in 


The Root River at Preston, delightful parking opportunity. Is it being improved? 


demand when men from the south want apples. It is such a 
great pie and sauce apple, the tree is so dependable, such a young 
and prolific bearer of big apples. When the buyer from St. 
Louis came here last year he asked for one hundred or two hun- 
dred carloads of “those Patten Greenings.” Commercially it _ 
belongs right beside the Duchess and Wealthy and will turn out 
more carloads than either of the very best dessert apples in 
existence. 

A summary of the reports put to the top Carrie gooseberry, 
Perfection currant, King and Older raspberries, Dunlap and 
Warfield strawberries ; Progressive, fall bearing ; De Soto, Wyant, 
Stoddard and Hansen plums, Concord and Worden grapes. In 
roses the hybrid Rugosas are in favor, being free bloomers all 


ANNUAL REPORT, 1916, VICE-PRESIDENT, FIRST CONG. DIST. 183 


summer and not much if any winter protection needed. The 
little hedge plant, Berberry Thunbergi, is in great favor, also 
Hydrangea Arborescens and Spirea Anthony Waterer and Van 
Houttii. 

Quite a number here spray their orchards, and it will soon 
become general, as the results are so manifest. Buyers look up 
those orchards first. The lesson has begun to sink in. We need 
vinegar, cider or evaporating factories to use up the cull apples. 
All the large growers deplore this waste. Spray or no spray, 
there are bound to be off-fallings caused by wind, drouth, neglect 
or something. There is a new everbearing raspberry down here, 
that we call Gilbertson, that surpasses anything else in the 
raspberry line in size, productiveness, also of good quality and 
about as hardy as King. Wherever we observed them this sea- 
‘son they were loaded with great fruit all the fall, from plants 
set this spring. 


CO-OPERATIVE METHopS Not A CurRE-ALL.—‘“Fruit growers in the east 
have long looked upon the great fruit growers’ organizations of the Pacific 
Coast States as being almost models of all that fruit growers’ organiza- 
tions should be. The thorough manner in which they have safeguarded 
every step from the pruning and spraying of their trees and the thinning 
of the fruit to the packing of the product in neat, attractive packages, just 
so many apples, uniform in size and color, to the box, has been pointed out 
as the explanation of their ability to outsell—not undersell—eastern fruit 
in the eastern markets. It has come as somewhat of a shock, therefore, to 
many eastern growers to find that in spite of their apparent perfection of 
method, all things are not well with the fruit growers of the western coast 
states. In fact, it has seemed at times as if their situation could hardly be 
worse. The very prosperity brought about by their early successes has led, 
in a large measure, to their undoing. This success created a false optimism, 
which resulted in over plantings, excessive land values, increased cost of 
production, and ruinous competition between different co-operative organiza- 
tions. This condition, in turn, culminated in glutted markets, and such low 
prices for fruit that thousands of fruit growers have been ruined and large 
areas of fruit trees cut down and the land devoted to other crops.”—Cana- 
dian Horticulturist. 


UNIVERSAL FERTILITY SERVICE.—How about starting universal fertility 
service? All boys on the farm, and all men, too, are eligible to join. The 
requirements are that you do your share toward maintaining the fertility 
of the soil and promote agricultural preparedness by using the best methods 
of handling your soils and crops. Your experiment stations and agricul- 
tural colleges will furnish soil fertility ammunition in booklets and pamph- 
lets. Bigger production is needed and to secure it better methods of farming 
are urgent. 


184 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Samuel Cooper, Founder of American Race of Everbearing 
Strawberries. 
CHAS F. GARDNER, OSAGE, IOWA. 

We are sure the members of our society will be pleased to 
See the portrait of this man, who is the founder of the American 
race of fall bearing strawberries. He is now eighty years old 
and is spending the winter in Florida (February 19, 1917). He 
will be back home April 1. He had the misfortune to lose his 
wife, who died last June. 
His daughter is with him 
at Eau Gallie, Fla., tak- 
ing care of him. He has 
been more or less under 
the doctor’s care for over 
a year, but now seems to | 
be improving. 

His first discovery was 
in the autumn of 1898, 
when he found growing 
in the row of Bismarck 
plants, set the previous 
spring, a plant that had 
made sixteen runner 

Samuel Cooper, now in his 81st year. plants, all of which had 
either ripe or green fruit or blossoms on them. The old 
plant was heavily laden with fruit. The first public exhibit of 
this fruit was at Buffalo, N. Y., at the Pan-American Exposition. 
He called his first variety “Pan-American.” See Iowa State 
Horticultural Report, Vol. 45, 1910, page 274. 

With this start he commenced to grow seedlings by crossing 
the best varieties and making selections. In this way he pro- 
duced the Cooper, a very valuable variety for crossing but not 
an everbearer. The following named seedlings were all fall 
bearers: Autumn, Onward, Forward, Advance, Superb, Peerless 
and Productive. 

Twelve years ago or more several experienced horticultur- 
ists took up the work by purchasing plants of Mr. Cooper and 
making judicious crosses and selections, until now there are per- 
haps 100 valuable varieties on hand which will be found worthy 
of culture. 

All the varieties that I have heard of, or seen, which have 
any value whatever for this latitude can be traced back to some 
of Mr. Cooper’s plants. We hope he may recover his health and 
live many years yet, to enjoy the great benefits which are accru- 
ing from his wonderful discoveries. 


STORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WEALTHY APPLE. 185 


Story of the Origin of the Wealthy Apple. 


E. M. REEVES, WAVERLY, IOWA. 


I am glad to tell you the story, if you desire it.. I do not 
wish to upset any cherished ideas you have in regard to the 
Wealthy, the one most prominent apple, I believe, of the whole 
list. Take it the whole world over, I don’t know of another apple 
that is as prominent and favored in so many places. 

We all know that Peter Gideon had some peculiarities. We 
all have them, and it is our peculiarities that get us into trouble 
sometimes, and sometimes they make us prominent. Mr. Gideon 
had his peculiarities, and one of them was that when he was 
going to do anything of any moment he consulted the spirits, and 
they guided him in whatever he was going to do. The general 
idea is that he consulted the spirits and sent down to one of the 
states in New England and got a small quantity of crab apple 
seeds and planted them, and from that planting grew the 
Wealthy. It will take a few moments for me to tell the story, 
and then I will tell you what I believe, and I have good reason 
for the belief I have. 

When I was about eleven years old a cousin of mine moved 
from Excelsior, Minnesota, to Waverly, near my home, and I 
was with him a good deal from that time on. He was a young 
man, and he had homesteaded near Excelsior and had worked for 
Mr. Gideon at various times, and he lived in his family and 
worked for him at the time Mr. Gideon obtained the seed from 
which the Wealthy was grown. He helped plant the seed and 
cared for the little trees during the first summer of their growth. 
In the fall he helped Mr. Gideon take up the row of seedlings 
that he had grown, and they buried them for the winter. The 
next spring he helped Mr. Gideon again in the planting of those 
little seedlings. 

One little incident he tells concerning the matter is that this 
Wealthy tree had a little branch or sprout that grew close to the 
ground, or just barely under the ground, and had formed a little 
sort of root on the lower end. Mr. Gideon cut off that branch 
and stuck it in a potato with the idea of making another Wealthy 
tree. He had not named the tree yet, but he was going to have 
two trees of the same sort, but this second tree was destroyed. 
This cousin told me the entire story of the origin of the Wealthy 
apple at the time that he moved to Waverly and insisted upon the 
facts, but we thought very little of it then. 


‘ 


186 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


A few years later Peter Gideon attended a meeting of the 
Northern Horticultural Society of Iowa at Hampton; that was. 
the winter of 1885, about. I could not be sure of the date with- 
out consulting the reports. On the way over to the train I 
picked out Mr. Gideon from having seen his picture and got into 
conversation with him at the depot. I tell this.so you will under- 
stand some of the circumstances that followed. At the depot 
where we got off the train at Hampton there was snow on the 
platform, ice and snow from the platform down to the rail track. 
Mr. Gideon missed his big buckskin mittens after he got off the 
train and got back on the car to get them. He had to hurry and 
the train started before he stepped off, and as he stepped off onto 
the platform, being somewhat old then, the platform took his 
feet from under him, and he started to roll under the train. I 
was young and active, and I reached down with both hands, got 
hold of his overcoat and pulled him back safely out of reach of 
the wheels. 

Afterwards, realizing the danger he had been in and his 
narrow escape, he seemed to attach himself to me, and we were 
together most of the three days of the meeting. We took a room 
together at the hotel and lying in beds that were close together 
we talked most all night. You know, I realized the importance 
of Peter Gideon’s work, and I was glad to talk with a man who 
had done as great a work as Peter Gideon had in giving us the 
Wealthy apple. 

It was a wonderful thing for me to talk to Peter Gideon, 
just as it should be a wonderful thing for us to talk with any of 
these men who wear the bronze buttons. In a few years we 
won’t have the chance any more. During the course of our con- 
sersation I asked Mr. Gideon about the origin of the Wealthy. 
“Well,” he said, “I will tell you the real story of that.” He 
said: “I haven’t told people right about that.” I asked him 
why, and he said it was none of their business anyway. So he 
told me this story: 

His wife’s father, Mr. Hall, lived in Illinois and planted an 
orchard entirely of Rambo apples, nothing else in the orchard. 
Then a few of the trees died, and he planted a large red crab 
apple, presumably the Hyslop. Many of us know the Rambo 
apple, and I think we all know the Hyslop crab. When these 
crabs got to bearing and the Rambo also were bearing, Mr. Hall 
sent a small box—I think it was a small chalk box—filled with 


STORY OF THE ORIGIN OF THE WEALTHY APPLE. 187 


these crabapples and wrote to Mr. Gideon to plant the seeds of 
those crabapples to see if he could not grow something that 
would bear fruit in the cold climate of Minnesota. Mr. Gideon 
saved the seeds from those crabapples himself, kept them until 
spring and planted them. This cousin of mine helped him with 
this work, with the planting and care of them, and it was. from 
that planting that he grew the Wealthy apple. 

Mr. Gideon told me this and insisted upon its being the 
fact, and it looks very plausible to me. I believe it fully. After 
going home. from Hampton I went to my cousin and asked him 
again to tell me the story of the origin of the Wealthy, and he 
repeated it. At that time I was perhaps thirty years of age, or 


near that, and he told me the same story that he had told when I 


was a small boy without my prompting him or in any way inter- 
fering with his narrative. 

So, friends, I fully believe that that is the real origin. You 
take a quantity of the Wealthy apples and compare them with 
the Rambo apples, as I had a chance to do at a meeting three 
weeks ago, and you will see a strong resemblance between the 
Rambo and the Wealthy. If you take some of the Wealthy trees 
where they are not growing the most vigorous, you will find 
some apples that have a crispness and the inside coloring like 
you often get in the Hyslop crabapple. Then also the seedlings 
from the Wealthy indicate somewhat its origin. Take it alto- 
gether I believe that that is the real history of the Wealthy. 

Mr. Philips: You claim that the Wealthy is a seedling of 
the Hyslop fertilized with the Rambo apple? 

Mr. Reeves: That was Mr. Gideon’s story. 

Mr. Philips: That does not hurt the Wealthy any. 

Mr. Reeves: It does not hurt the Wealthy a bit—not a bit. 
The Rambo is a good apple; it is a mighty good apple. 

Mr. Philips: I used to eat it sometimes when I was a boy. 

Prof. Beach: Did Mr. Gideon say that that was the Hyslop 
crabapple that the seeds came from? 

Mr. Reeves: He didn’t seem to be sure, but he thought it 
was. As to its being the Hyslop he was not sure, but it was a 
large red crabapple. 

Prof. Hansen: Is that orchard there yet? What part of 
Illinois ? } 

Mr. Reeves: This was a long time ago. I have no knowl- 
edge of it, but I presume it is not there any more. 

Prof. Hansen: Somewhere in southern Illinois? 

Mr. Reeves. I could not tell you. (Applause). 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gouup, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


Seed distribution.—At the meeting to be held in the Public Library, 
Minneapolis, April 13th, our trial seeds will be given out. As fine seeds 
are very high and hard to get, it will be necessary to limit the distribution 
of these to our members, so please bring your 1917 membership cards with 
you that day. Seeds will be given out from 1:30 to 2:30, and will be given 
on new memberships or renewals made on that day also. 

Plant exchange.—Send lists of plants you have to exchange and those 
you wish, to our Secretary, Mrs. Countryman, 2138 So. Avon St., St. Paul, at 
once. The lists will be posted at the April meeting, and exchanges can be ar- 
ranged for between members. The May meeting will be regular exchange 
day, but if you have any to exchange the lists should be sent at once. 


NOTES ON MR. NESOM’S TALK ON “ LIME IN THE GARDEN. 


An acid soil is one in which there is a deficiency of lime. Sandy and 
peat soils are most apt to be acid. Apply a slip of blue litmus paper to 
damp soil. If the paper turns pink the soil is acid and needs lime. 

In every ton of hard wood ashes there are from 600 to 1,000 pounds of 
lime and from 40 to 60 pounds of potash. 

Crushed limestone is the most common form of lime applied to the soil. 
As it is slow in acting, it should be applied, if possible, in the fall at the rate 
of five pounds to ten pounds to every five square yards. This costs about 
two dollars a ton. Quick lime is faster in action and also more concen- 


trated, one pound of the quick lime being equivalent to two of limestone. 
It is better to use in the spring than the limestone. It should be raked into 
the soil early in the spring so that the rains may carry it down. 

Experiments have been made with lime in the home garden. Of fruits, 
currants, Cuthbert raspberries and strawberries were improved by the 
use of it; black cap raspberries, blackberries and cranberries were injured 
by it. Nearly all vegetables were improved by its use, those most benefited 
being asparagus, beets, celery, lettuce, onions, parsnips, peppers and 
salsify. 

The flowers most improved by lime were sweet alyssum, candytuft, 
poppies and mignonette; those improved but in lesser degree were fox- 
gloves, goatsrue, balsams, nasturtiums, columbines, gysophila and sun- 
flowers. Flowers that preferred acid soil and were injured by lime were 
indigo, marigolds, Japanese bell flowers, nicotiana, salvia and catch-fly. 

When making cold frames or hot-beds, five handfuls of hardwood ashes 
can be added to each frame the size of the ordinary sash. 


MIXED FERTILIZER FOR THE LAWN. 


Five pounds steamed bone meal, six pounds dried blood, two pounds 
nitrate soda, two pounds air dried fine soil. Use one pound per five square 
yards. Apply as a top dressing early in the spring. 


MIXED FERTILIZER FOR GARDEN. 


Five pounds nitrate soda, eight pounds dried blood, eighteen pounds 
acid phosphates, six pounds air dried soil. Apply as a top dressing early 
in spring at the rate of one pound to every five square yards. 

When transplanting one teaspoon bone meal can be mixed with the 


earth around each plant. 
(188) 


BEE-KEEPER’S COLUMN. 
Conducted by Franois JaGER, Professor of Apiculture, 


University Farm, St. Paul. 


The University Division of Bee Culture this year plans to supply 
Minnesota beekkeepers with untested three banded Italian queens at 50c 
each and tested at $1.00. Not more than four untested and one tested 
queen will be sent to any one beekeeper. Cash with order must be sent to 
“The Cashier, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota.” Orders will be filled 
in rotation as received. Queens will be delivered as soon as conditions are 
right for raising good queens. Orders specifying that queens must be 
delivered on a certain day cannot be accepted. 

The University Division of Bee Culture is not in the queen rearing 
business, but is attempting to raise the standard of stock of bees in Min- 
nesota by supplying to Minnesota beekeepers a few high “blooded” queens 
at cost of production, for breeding purposes. 

There is no foul blood anywhere near our queen rearing apiary. To 
date, March 15, 1917, 67 queens have been ordered. 

Notices of bees for sale and those wishing to buy bees should be sent 
in to the “Division of Bee Culture, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota.” 


JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB. 
By R. S. MacxkrnrosH, Horticultural Specialist. Agricul- ©) 


tural Extension Division, University Farm, St. Paul. 


_ Greetings to the boys and girls who have enrolled in the Junior Garden 
Club. We are starting out to produce something and the motto is: “Make 
the Better Best.” The motto means that we are going to do our best to 
grow the most and best vegetables and to market or can them in the best 
way possible. Thousands of boys and girls are working under this motto 
this year and in the South, where the season opens early, they are now at 
work. In Minnesota we cannot start so early, but we shall start just as 
soon as the time comes. 

The soil in the garden needs special attention, because it is in it and 
from it we shall get the fine vegetables. A sandy loam is probably best 
for most vegetables, but we must use what we have. Just as soon as the 
frost is out, and it is dry enough, plow or spade ground thoroughly to a 
depth of eight inches. If it is not rich enough, a three-inch layer of rotted 
manure may be applied before spading or plowing. A small garden can be 
spaded in a half hour or so. Keep the surface raked or cultivated after 
each rain to prevent its drying out. : 

Before the land is ready to work a plain and accurate plan must be 
worked out, so that you will know where every seed or plant is to go. 
George Washington, while president, managed his Virginia farms in a 
very careful manner. He had rotation plans made for several years in 
advance, so that he knew what was to go in each field on each farm each 
year. Our young gardeners should make a good plan. It will be useful 

(189) 


190 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


next fall when the story of “My Garden Work” is written. Do not fail to 
make a record of everything done, for it will make it easier for you to 
write a good story. The plan shown here is for a garden a rod square, 
the smallest sized garden allowed. It is hoped that each garden will be 
larger and more vegetables grown. If you will notice the plan carefully 
you will see it calls for the growing of seven kinds of vegetables. 


gtiow NumMBERS DISTANCE BETWEEN Rows 1N INCHES 
IZ 
/. Raoisy ANO CARROTS FoLLowED BY TomaToes 
(3 
—2 ——EARLY PEAS 
/ 
—3 ——EARLY Peas a 
18 
44-——RF DISH AND CARROTS ForctoweEp BY Toma TOES 
eA at 
o—Eariy Peas ‘a 
1&)% 
6—__ Farry Peas Ne 
/5|— 
7—Lettruce FoLrowep By TOMATOES 
: 18 
—3 ——Earuy BEETS 
q EarrY BEETS is 
/3 
JOo—Lerruce Fo.troweo BY lomaAToES 
13 
W—Earry S¥Ring BEANS 
pe 8 
/2—Earty STRING BEANS 
J), 


A ——_—§_"§ 16 & Feces ———___—_———_3 


Just before the seeds are to be planted the garden should receive 
another raking. This time all lumps, stones and rubbish should be raked 
off and the surface left perfectly even. This takes some time and skill. 
At the corners and the ends of rows drive stakes into the ground even 
with the surface. Two nicely pointed stakes and some strong twine are 
needed to use in marking the rows. When through work wind the twine 
on the stakes and put away in a safe place. This is a good motto: A 
place for everything and everything in its place. Therefore, keep the hoe, 
rake, spade and line in their places when you are not using them. Keep 
all tools clean and sharp. A good adage is: It is just as easy to learn 


JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB. 191 


to do a thing right as it is to learn to do it PONS, Suppose we keep this 
in mind all the time. 

The seeds of radish, lettuce, carrots, beets, and peas may be planted 
just as soon as the soil is ready. Beans cannot be planted with safety 
until about corn planting time. Tomato plants should not be set until 
about the first of June. The time for planting depends upon the season, 
consequently it cannot be given exactly. 

* Starting tomato plants. If the tomato is selected as one of the chief 
crops it is necessary to think about the plants to be used. If you are to 
grow them at home the seed should be bought right away and planted in 
a box. The box, commonly called a flat by gardeners, is any kind of a 
box in which seeds are planted or plants set before transplanting to the 
field. A flat 12 by 16 inches and three inches deep is about right. Bore a 
few holes in the bottom to allow the surplus water to escape, cover each 
hole with a piece of paper and then fill the flat with nice garden soil. If 
the soil is heavy it should have sand mixed with it to make it lighter. Sow 
the seeds in drills about one-quarter inch deep. Cover the flat with a pane 
of glass and keep in a warm, light window. When the first true leaves 
appear transplant the young plants into another flat, setting them about 
two inches apart. 

Sowing the seeds in the garden. Stretch the line from stake to stake 
on row one. You will want to have the rows straight, so pull the line 
tight. With a clean hoe, spade, or other tool open a narrow trench about 
one inch deep. Do not move the string, for if you do the row will be 
crooked. Mix the radish and carrot seed and carefully scatter them along 
the bottom of the furrow, dropping from fifteen to twenty-five seeds to 
each foot of row. Cover carefully by pushing the soil back over the seeds 
and do not cover more than one-half inch. Slightly firm the soil a, little 
with the back of the rake or hoe. The radish seed will germinate in a 
very few days, but it will take ten days or more for the carrots to start. 

For rows two and three, dig the trench two inches deep and sow about 
a dozen seeds to each foot of row. Cover about 1% inches deep. Rows 
4, 7, 8,9 and 10 are treated the same as number one. The beans are 
planted the same as the peas, except that they should not be planted until 
the soil is warm or about the time corn is planted. In rows 1, 4, 7 and 10, 
tomato plants are to be set three feet apart. All the carrots and beets 
should be used or canned before the tomato plants grow large enough to 
use all the space. 

Good varieties of vegetables for small gardens: Tomato—Bonnie 
Best and Earliana; Radish—Scarlet Globe or White Tipped; Lettuce— 
Black Seeded Simpson or Grand Rapids; Peas—Alaska or American 
Wonder; Beet—Detroit Dark Red or Eclipse; Carrot—Oxheart ¢ or Danvers 
Half-Long; Bean—Refugee or Wardwell. 


ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP, 1917.—At the time of writing this note, April 
20, the annual membership roll.for the current year stands at 2,431, the 
number at this date being 157 more than the number standing on the mem- 
bership roll in 1916 at the same date. This does not necessarily mean that 
the membership at the close of the year will be larger than for the year 
1916. We can hardly hope for an increase over that maximum number, 
although we are working to that end. 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


PROSPECTS FOR THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING.—The building committee 
was in session on Friday last, the date of the great storm, in the afternoon 
with the Finance Committee of the Senate and in the evening with the 
Appropriations Committee of the House. There were present at this meet- 
ing, representing the society, Pres. Cashman, Messrs. S. B. Crosby, of St. 
Paul; E. A. Smith, of Lake City; Ed. Yanish, of St. Paul; John P. Andrews, 
of Faribault; Dean A. F. Woods, of University Farm, and the secretary. 
Every member of the committee present had some part in this appeal for 


the Horticultural Building, and from the character of the reception which 
was accorded us we are hopeful that our request will be granted and the 
building constructed the coming year. The need of such a building for 
the general uses of other societies beside our own is evidently fully recog- 
nized, and we feel sure eventually our request will be granted. 


A VALUABLE SEEDLING ORCHARD.—John Bisbee, of Madelia, has a 
seedling apple orchard of a number of acres. I do not know how many 
nor how many trees it contains, but I understood him to say when he was in 
the office a few days since, showing me a number of long keeping varieties 
of apples which originated in his orchard, that he had seven hundred trees 
that ought to have borne last year, something over a hundred that did bear. 
One seedling, very much like the Baldwin in appearance, of which however 
he does not consider it a seedling, of medium size and dark red color, very 
firm and solid in the middle of March, having been kept in an outside cellar, 
is evidently an apple of considerable value. He reports that the apples 
never blow off from the tree. As to quality it is sub-acid and by no means 
a bad eating apple, certainly a good variety to build from, and we under- 
stand Mr. Bisbee is saving seed from this as from others of his valuable 
seedlings—and the fact that he is now seventy-eight years has no bearing 
whatever on his continuance in his work in growing seedlings, which he will 
undoubtedly continue to do as long as he stays with us. We are promised 
a full exhibit of seedlings from his orchard at our next annual meeting and 
anticipate it will be a splendid collection. 


PASSING oF L. R. Moyer.—With great regret we note the passing of 
our dear friend and fellow-member, Lycurgus R. Moyer, which occurred 
March 14, following a very short illness from pneumonia. Few men have 
been held in higher esteem for their service to the public than Mr. Moyer. 
At the time of his death he was president of the village council and actively 
interested in every subject of importance to the welfare of the community in 
which he lived. He had operated a trial station for a great many years 
at his home in Montevideo, and the reports of his experiment work there 
have appeared regularly in our periodical, the last one which he will make 
for us being published in this number. Like all of his reports it contains 
matter of very much interest and deserves careful reading on the part of 
every one of our members. 

Mr. Moyer’s name appears first on our membership roll in the year 
1889, and he has been a member continually since that date. The card 
index of the services of our membership kept in this office shows that 
few members have contributed as much to the work of this society as he. 
The matters of special interest of which he has written are largely about 
some phase of ornamental horticulture, and his place in our society in that 
field ranks first all these years without question. In this phase of our 
work he will be especially missed. In the year 1895 Mr. Moyer was elected 
a member of the Executive Board of the society, a place which he filled 
with singular fidelity for seventeen years. We hope to publish a suit- 
able biographical sketch of this much endeared member, who has now 
passed on to his reward. 

(192 


\ 


LycurGus R. MOYER. 


Late of Montevideo, Minn. 


(See opposite page.) 


While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


Wee eee 


Vol. 45 MAY, 1917 No. 5 


Tee ee 


IN MEMORIAM—L. R. MOYER 


Passed March 138, 1917. Aged 68 Years. 


In gathering material for this tribute to the memory of our 
departed brother and co-worker, there was sent me copies of the 
newspapers published in his home town, and I found that I could 
not do better than to incorporate extracts from what these writ- 
ers from his home said about him as a result of a long personal 
acquaintance. From the “Montevideo Leader” I have taken the 
following, which describes so very fully, certainly better than the 
writer could do, the character of this man of unusual public spirit 
and devotion to the common good. 


“Our friend and neighbor, L. R. Moyer, has passed from this 
life and our people are in deep sorrow. For more than forty-five 
years has he been closely identified with the social and business 
life of this community and from a mere hamlet has seen Monte- 
video grow and develop into a beautiful and prosperous city. 
During all these years he has been its steadfast friend and sup- 
porter, ever watchful of its good name, ever ready to serve its 
best interests. Always has he stood for the things that are worth 
while—for true character, temperance, education, good govern- 
ment, good morals, right living and a genuine, heart-felt Chris- 
tianity. Always when our people have gone to him for counsel or 
advice have they found him solicitous for their welfare and anx- 
ious to be of some real service. 

“Modest and unassuming to an extreme, he filled every sta- 
tion to which he was called with marked ability and discharged 
every duty with true fidelity. No other man has so strongly im- 

(193) 


194 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


pressed himself upon this community or exerted so great an influ- 
ence for the good of all. In a thousand ways has he served our 
people so faithfully as to merit their recognition of him as our 
most distinguished citizen. He has passed from the activities of 
this life but his good deeds will live as a precious memory in the 
hearts of a grateful and appreciative people.” 


From the “Montevideo Commercial” I have taken the fol- 
lowing brief outline of Mr. Moyer’s useful life: 


“L. R. Moyer was born on a farm in Niagara County, New 
York, October 29, 1848. His early education was at a district 
school near his home. Later he entered a high grade school in 
Lockport, N. Y., and so devoted was he to his studies that his 
health thereby became impaired, and he came to Hudson, Wis., in 
the fall of 1868. Taught school for one winter near Lakeland, 
Minn. After spending one year at Duluth he came to the Minne- 
sota Valley on foot, having walked all the way from Benson, 
arriving here in August, 1870, when all there was to Montevideo 
was a log hotel and a small dwelling on the site of Chippewa 
County State Bank. His occupation at that time was that of a 
civil engineer, which consisted mainly in land surveying. He 
soon filed two choice tracts of land, one he took as a homestead 
and the other as a promotion claim. The latter he owned at the 
time of his death, near Camp Release Park. 

“He was admitted te the bar in 1875, and the same year the 
firm of C. H. Budd and L. R. Moyer was formed, which for many 
years was known as Budd & Moyer. In 1875 the firm did some 
banking business and in 1877 with a third partner organized 
Chippewa County Bank. In that small bank building the begin- 
nings of the Montevideo Public Library were carried on with a 
few magazines and a small collection of books. Mr. Moyer was 
elected soon after to the office of County Surveyor, which office 
he held for thirty years and was also for twenty years of this 
period Judge of Probate. He served several years on the public 
school board and has been for many years a trustee of Windom 
College, formerly Windom Institute. He was a life member of 
the Minnesota Historical Club and the State Horticultural So- 
ciety. Was a member of the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science and of the Torry Botanical Club. He de- 
voted much time to the study of botany and has one of the finest 
herbariums to be found anywhere. He was president of Chip- 
pewa County State Bank at the time of his death, and was one of 
the directors since its organization as a State Bank. He was a 
member of Sunset Lodge No. 109, A. F. & A. M. and a charter 
member of the Montevideo Fire Department and was president 
of the City Council. 

“Lycurgus R. Moyer, lawyer, banker, naturalist and poet, son 
of Amos F. and Cornelia Rose Moyer, married Anna Wightman, 


IN MEMORIAM—LYCURGUS R. MOYER. 195 


of Mauston, in 1876. Six children were born to this union. 
Waldo and Burrows died some years ago. Sumner, Amos, Cath- 
erine and Rose survive.” 


Judge Moyer, as we commonly term him in our society, be- 
came a member of the association, at least his name then first 
appears upon the membership roll, in the year 1889, the second 
year preceding my connection with the society as secretary. My 
acquaintance with Judge Moyer began at that time, and with the 
official relationship which he maintained with the society up to 
the time of his death there existed also a close acquaintance, 
which was ever a pleasant and, to myself at least, a profitable one. 

During all these years Mr. Moyer conducted a trial station 
for the society, and, considering the extensive field that his trial 
service covered, I am sure that no one will be offended at this 
statement that the most important trial station reports, including 
both fruits and flowers, that were published by this society came 
from his pen. In support of this statement, I call your attention 
especially to his last report, to be found in the April number of 
our monthly for this year. The card index of the contributions 
of our members to the work of the society shows that Mr. Moyer 
had contributed sixty-four articles, most of them reports from his 
station, though aside from this there were a number of especially 
valuable articles on some phase of ornamental horticulture, in 
which Mr. Moyer was especially interested. 

In the year 1895 Judge Moyer was elected a member of the 
Executive Board, which position he filled with distinguished 
fidelity up to and including the year 1913, in all eighteen years. 
At his age and state of health we anticipated his being with us 
for a long period of service yet, but we must bow to that inscrut- 
ible wisdom which determines events from a standpoint alto- 
gether beyond our reach.—Secy. 


196 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - 


The Successful Orchard. 


PROF. S. A. BEACH, HORTICULTURIST, AMES, IA. 


Orchards, as I see it, divide naturally into at least three 
classes. We often hear the home orchard spoken of in distinc- 
tion from the commercial orchard, but I wish to make a distinc- 
tion in the different kinds of home orchards. 

Domestic orchards :—First of all I recognize what I like to 
call the “domestic orchard.” It should be called the domestic 
orchard when it is planned and operated primarily for the simple 
purpose of supplying the family with fruit. ‘We have many home 
orchards that do more than that, so the words “home orchard” do 
not mean quite the same as the words “domestic orchard.” The 
domestic orchard should exist on every farm and, so far as pos- 
sible, at every home. I should like to see every home in the sub- 
urban districts, and even in the cities, supplied with fruit trees, 
wherever they have room enough to grow trees. I should like 
to see them devote some time to the domestic orchard. I believe 
this would tend to do two good things. It would tend to put the 
man, the children of the family and the wife and mother in 
familiar touch with one of the most interesting parts of God’s 
creation,—plant life. It would help to rest their minds and give 
them fine recreation aside from what they might get on the base- 
‘ ball field or the football field or on the golf links or in the club or 
sewing society. Resting and re-creating their mind and body 
thus in a natural way, it would tend, I believe, toward the de- 
velopment of more simple and wholesome standards of life and 
thought. 

I firmly believe that the One we look to as the ideal man did 
this very thing. Read in the gospels the accounts of His life. 
He was something more than a carpenter that simply was busy in 
his shop. As His work took Him back and forth among the dif- 
ferent families of His home community where carpenter work 
was needed, He not only did His work but kept His eyes open to 
see the things of nature. He talks most interestingly about vine- 
yards. Some of the most important lessons which He left with 
His disciples were those in which the vine was taken as the illus- 
tration of the truths He wished to impress. Again He pictures 
for us the person who thought he had no further use for the un- 
fruitful tree, but his gardener put in a plea to let it stand one more 
year till he could fertilize and stir the soil and give it one more 
chance to fruit before cutting it down. We have also His refer- 


THE SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD. 197 


ences to fig trees, olive trees and lilies of the valley. All this 
goes to show that this man, whom we look to as the ideal man, 
had His eyes open to nature and that He was a close observer of 
plant life, of that part of God’s creation which is exemplified in 
the trees and the fruits, the farm crops and the flowers. 

I believe, then, that every home, whether it be in the city, in 
the suburban districts or in the country, is distinctly the loser if 
it has not about it some cultivated form of plant life. I am told 
that in New York City some of the ladies of the most exclusive 
families are becoming enthusiastic over roof gardens and win- 
dow gardens, if they cannot get any ground upon which to grow 
flowers. These ladies are taking this up as a fad perhaps, but 
it surely is a most wholesome fad. They will be better persons 
because of their love and care for flowers. 

Commercial orchards:—But to return to the “successful 
orchard”’; that is what we started to talk about. First, as I have 
_ said, we may put into one class all domestic orchards. At the 
other extreme is the orchard which is designed primarily as a 
commercial proposition and where everything bends to that pur- 
pose. In some cases they have no other crops on the land. They 
do not even grow the hay or the alfalfa which they need to feed 
their teams or even their cow. The whole place is planted to 
fruit. That is the purely commercial orchard. 

Farm orchards :—But we have a great many orchards on 
farms, and I take it that our Minnesota farm orchards will come 
in here. We have a great many orchards on our farms which are 
something more than domestic orchards and something less than 
strictly commercial propositions. Let us try to get before our 
minds a composite picture of this class of orchards as they are 
scattered over Minnesota. Hundreds of them are less than an 
acre in extent; others may run from three to five or even ten 
acres. They are our farm orchards. What can be done towards 
making these farm orchards more successful? I wish to take 
up that proposition first before taking up the practical question 
of trying to establish a new orchard. I believe it is a good prin- 
ciple to follow, to first make the best we can out of what we 
already have in our hands and then go on from that to some- 
thing better. 

One of the finest things that this Horticultural Society is 
doing, and one of the finest things that the State Agricultural 
College is doing, is to stimulate greater interest along the lines 
of making these farm orchards better orchards. I firmly believe 


198 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — 


if the owners of these orchards could be induced in some way to 
give them the right care and the right management that inside of 
two years Minnesota could double the value of her orchard output, 
and show a very high percentage of increase in yield and quality 
_ of fruit in a short time. I believe this could be done if only the 
people who have the care of those trees would give them the kind 
of care and management which is necessary in order to make 
an orchard successful. 

I should like to bring to your attention as illustrating this 
point of view some concrete examples from our own experience. 
In your sister state to the south, we are engaged in extension 
work among the farmers, as you are. Notwithstanding the fact 
that we are growers of corn and of hogs and of cattle, we are 
becoming increasingly interested in Iowa in the production of 
good orchards. One of the ways in which we are doing this is by 
carrying on demonstrations in orchard work in different com- 
munities over the state. 

One of the plans is to work together with the extension 
poultry expert and arrange dual orchard and poultry demonstra- 
tions. If they can’t get the folks interested in one they may in 
the other. When the subject of spraying comes up it is shown 
that the spray pump can be used to spray the poultry house to 
rid it of lice and vermin, and also to spray the orchard trees to 
protect them from the insects and diseases that prey upon the 
orchards. At the same time the young man can use it to wash 
the buggy on Saturday afternoon preparatory to the customary 
use of it on Sunday. It can be used to wash windows and 
porches and for various other purposes. So they induce people 
to take an interest in getting a spray pump. 

When that is done they have made a long step in advance. 
Why? Because one of the reasons why orchards are not more 
successful is because of the insects and diseases that prey upon 
them. If we can only put in the hands of our people a method of 
controlling those insects and diseases and give them confidence 
that they may control them if they will, we can get more of them 
to produce good fruit. Fruit is absolutely the best thing we can 
get out of any orchard. We cannot produce good fruit if we 
leave the orchard a prey to every insect and every disease that 
comes along. It must have our assistance. 

Let me tell you about one of these demonstrations. This 
orchard is located in west central Iowa, where there is a vast 
stretch of fertile country, similar to what you will see here in 


’ 


THE SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD. 199 


Minnesota in the corn districts, which are primarily given over to 
the growing of corn and hogs and cattle. In the midst of that 
level prairie is a farm which has an orchard of a little less than 
four acres. It was planted by a man who had an enthusiasm for 
trees. It passed into the hands of the present owner, perhaps 
eight or ten years ago. The orchard was planted from 1891 to 
1894, and so is about twenty-two to twenty-five years old. 

In 1915 our men first succeeded in interesting the owner in 
putting on a joint demonstration on pruning and poultry for the 
benefit of the neighborhood. They held an orchard meeting and 
got the'neighbors to come in and see how to prune the trees. 
After that they sprayed the chicken house. The owner finally 
became so much interested that he decided to use the orchard for 
a demonstration in spraying. So they sprayed certain trees and 
left others unsprayed for comparison. They sprayed three times. 
In all the years before 1915 the owners had gotten enough apples 
out of that three and one-half-acre orchard to supply the family, 
and one year they had fruit to sell. But, as the result of spraying 
this season they had a gross return in money of over $600. 

Naturally the owner became interested. He discovered all 
at once that was the best three acres he had. In 1916 he wanted 
the demonstration again. I had the privilege of running down 
there one Saturday when the apple harvest was on. He had 
invited in all the countryside to his orchard. He had left a few 
trees unsprayed. I think I never saw a worse attack of scab and 
insects than I saw on some of those trees. I don’t dare tell you 
the difference between the sprayed and the unsprayed trees be- 
cause you wouldn’t believe me, but I can say it was a remarkable 
difference. This year he had gross returns of about $800 out of 
that orchard. The varieties were just the ordinary varieties 
gotten from our local nurseries in central Iowa from 1891 to 1895. 

A Member: Was that fruit sold locally? 

Prof. Beach: That fruit was sold locally and without pack- 
ing. He put up only about 100 barrels. Aside from that it was 
sold to the farmers who are more interested in growing corn than 
they are in growing apples. I saw one box of Jonathans that 
Saturday that was auctioned off to one of the farmers. He paid 
at the rate of over $2.00 a bushel to get that box of selected apples. 

We believe that if we can get a few locations like that in 
every county it can’t help but stimulate interest among our peo- 
ple in taking better care of their orchard trees. 

I wish to give you another illustration. I have here some of 


200 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the blanks which we send out asking them to give us returns on 
their orchards. I have here the blank which we received from a 
gentleman by the name of Charles O. Garrett. He has an orchard 
farm east of Des Moines about thirteen miles. We asked him for 
his report for 1915. Mr. Garrett was brought up onafarm. He 
has gradually given more and more attention to fruit growing 
and less attention to general farming. These are some of the 
questions we asked: 

Q. How many acres did you have in apples in 1915.2? Ans. 
“Forty acres.” 

Q. What was the yield per acre? Ans. ‘‘Two hundred 
bushels to the acre.” Mr. Garrett is one of the most progressive 
of our orchard men. 

Q. Did you prune? “Yes.” 

Q. Did you spray? “Yes.” 

by 2: 3 What did you spray with? “Lime sulphur and arsenate 
of lead. 

Q. How many times? “Three times.” 

Q. Net returns per acre? “$150. Net returns for the 
orchard $6,000.” 

In contrast with that, are the replies from a man who has a 
farm of about 1,500 acres, but who is interested in stock rather 
than in the orchard. His father, however, did plant out a twenty- 
acre orchard of Jonathans, which are now fine trees of bearing 
age. The orchard was cultivated until the trees were about 
twelve years old; they are now about twenty years old. 

Q. How large was the crop in 1915? Ans. “Four hun- 
dred bushels on the twenty acres.” 

Q. Total gross returns per acre? Ans. “Five dollars.” 

Q. Cost of production? Ans. “Nothing.” 

Q. Did you prune? “No.” 

Q. Did you spray? “No.” 

You see he was not interested in the orchard. I believe in 
the hands of Mr. Garrett there might have been turned off at 
least $3,000 from that twenty acres of Jonathans. 

I could give you a great many other illustrations of this kind, 
gentlemen, but these must suffice. They will call your attention 
to the fact that we can make our orchards more successful if we 
adopt the right methods. . 

First of all I would say it is desirable to have good varieties. 
You may not be able to get the very best varieties to live here, 
but you can get good varieties that are hardy enough to stand in 
this climate. 

Second. The management of the soil should be such as to 
make conditions favorable to the vigorous and healthy develop- 
ment of the roots. Should the orchard happen to be in a dry 


THE SUCCESSFUL ORCHARD. 201 


location be sure to incorporate an abundance of vegetable matter 
in the soil so that it can better hold moisture.: If necessary give 
it as thorough cultivation as you would corn. Don’t be afraid to 
manure it; that is one of the best things to do, not simply for its 
fextilizing value but also for the good it does in increasing the 
capacity of the soil to hold moisture by increasing the humus in 
the soil. The roots should have a steady supply of moisture and © 
not be smothered at one time with stagnant soil water and dry 
at another. If needed, tile the land. 

I know nurserymen who will rent, say, eighty acres to plant 
to nursery trees. They are located on a stiff clay loam. The 
very first thing they do on this soil is to put through it tile drains 
two rods apart. These nurserymen cannot afford to grow trees 
on soil where part of the time the roots would have too much 
moisture and part of the time not enough. They rent it for five 
years at an annual cash rent of $12 to $18 an acre. They must 
make their location the very best possible by attending to the 
condition of the soil as well as to the condition of surface drain- 
age and air drainage. Orchardists should do likewise. 

Then it is desirable if you are laying out a new orchard to 
have it located accessible to the market. Statistics show that 
the man who is located a mile from market can haul six loads of 
fruit to market a day with one team, whereas the man who is 
located seven miles from market will haul less than two loads, 
about one and nine-tenths on the average. That makes a lot of 
difference. The questions of labor and of supplies and all such 
things enter into the problem; so the accessibility to market and 
the haul that you are obliged to make are things worthy of con- 
sideration if you are planting a commercial orchard. 

In regard to varieties, if you have not the right kinds you 
may be able to remedy that by top-working to desirable kinds. I 
was on Mr. Wedge’s place a few years ago, at Albert Lea, and 
saw Hibernal and a lot of other trees top-worked to Windsor. 


The trees were so loaded that some of the branches touched the 
ground. The Windsor is a red winter apple of good quality. The 
grafts were none of them more than five years old. They ran 
somewhere from three to five years old. If you have varieties 
in your orchard that you don’t like you can often change them to 
advantage by top-working to some better kind. 

Last of all, I should say that whether or not we have a suc- 
cessful orchard will depend not upon its location, not upon its 
purpose, not upon its accessibility to market, but upon the study 
and the intelligent care which the man behind the orchard gives 
it. It depends in the final analysis upon the man. 


202 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Two Thousand Pounds of Honey in 1916. 


MRE. J. A. DE LAMATER, MINNEAPOLIS. 
READ BEFORE 1916 ANNUAL MEETING MINN. BEE-KEEPERS’ SOCIETY. 


First I shall have to go back to the season of 1915, as the 
work you do with bees each season helps or hinders them the 
next year. 

In the spring of 1915 I had nine colonies that produced 700 
pounds of honey. After the honey flow was over, I increased 
to twenty-four colonies, using nearly all my drawn combs, buying 
some queens from the Minnesota University, Division of Bee 
Culture, and raising some during the honey flow. By feeding 
sugar syrup for winter stores, all weighed sixty pounds or over. 
I took twenty-four colonies from the cellar April 4, 1916, but 
found that four colonies that I had not re-queened were weak 
and so combined them, leaving twenty colonies to commence the 
season of 1916. I used Minnesota bottoms and flax board on top 
of hive, wrapped all with heavy paper, and then put on a telescope 
cover. The bees were then protected from the cool mornings 
and nights of spring and fall. When taking bees from cellar, I 
mark any that seem light and give them a comb or two of honey 
that I have saved for that purpose. When weather is warm I 
equalize my colonies and clip my queen’s wings on one side. 

About May 11, 1916, I found my bees needing more room, as 
they had from seven to nine combs of brood. Then I took a 
super of drawn combs and put below the brood nest, putting a 
comb of brood with the queen and one frame of honey in the cen- 
ter, then the rest of the brood in the second story, wrapping both 
with wrapping paper. In about two weeks I changed the supers 
around, putting the brood below and the empty combs and honey 
on top, cutting out any queen cells. I carry them along in this 
way as far into the clover flow as possible, giving the queen both 
the hive body and super to lay in. About June 11 the bees were 
making preparations to swarm, with white clover yielding. Take 
a super of empty combs if possible, or frames of foundation, and 
put the queen with one frame of green brood and one frame of 
honey in the center of this super, putting it next to the bottom 
board and queen excluder on top, then another super on top with 
empty frames, with one frame of honey in the center, as this is’ 
where the honey is to be stored. Bore a three-eighths-inch hole 
in the center of this super so the drones can get out, then put the 
rest of the brood on top, making three supers above the queen 
excluder (if there is brood for two more supers). The nurse 


TWO THOUSAND POUNDS OF HONEY IN 1916. 203 


bees will be taking care of brood in third and fourth supers, and 
field bees will be attracted to the lower brood chamber, where the 
queen has plenty of room to lay. 

Now you must look for queen cells in the third and fourth 
Supers and cut them out, or you can use them in making increase 
if you wish. You will find as fast as the brood is hatched your 
supers will be filled with honey, and if more are needed put the 
empty one next to the brood chamber. 


Apiary at St. Paul, on place of J. Alf. Holmberg. 


Leave honey on the hive until well ripened. With this 
method I only had three swarms, and this season was a hard one 
in which to control swarming. My bees also drew out over four 
hundred combs this season. 


WHat AsouT YouR BACKYARD?—The soil is probably hard and unyield- 
ing as lacking in plant-food. If you want to have a garden or even a lawn, 
you'll have to get to work early next spring, or sooner, if the ground isn’t® 
frozen. Spade thoroughly. Work over the upper three inches with hoe 
and rake. Break all clods fine, take out stones and rubbish, and add a dress- 
ing of manure. Work it into the soil well, until it is like part of the soil. 


Arrange to add your fertilizer early and work it well into the soil. First, 
however, get the soil in good physical shape by the above method of prepara- 
tion. 


204 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The Magic of Flowers about the Home. 


MRS. W. C. LINDERMAN, MARENGO, ILL. 

I wonder why we cling to the old theory that to make our 
surroundings beautiful one must be rich as Croesus, when all that 
we need to do in God’s beautiful out of doors is to just assist dame 
nature a wee bit, and the surroundings of the most humble habi- 
tation will blossom like the rose. This is not just a beautiful 
theory. I have put it all into practice, and I offer my own little 


The house and grounds, “Lilac Lodge,’’ purchased in March, 1908. 


effort as proof and will invite you to come into my garden at 
Lilac Lodge, Marengo, Illinois. 

First, I want to show you one acre of land, a house on a hill 
bleak and barren, not a vine to shelter its unbeautiful lines. It 
looks like an old lady without the softening films of a veil to hide 
her wrinkles. The only redeeming thing about the place was at 
the back of the house, where two rows of lilac bushes over a hun- 
dred years old stood as shield and guard. The rows were about 
one hundred feet long and completely grown together, though 
originally planted about forty feet apart. It was little work for 
the good man of the house to trim down these old bushes, thus 
making a long avenue between that in May, with purple plumes 
falling on either side to the ground, forms a vista fit for dreams. 
At the end of this avenue we set up four ten-foot posts, and a 
bundle of lath made a triangle of lattice on top of the frame. We 
painted it all white, placed a white garden seat underneath it, 
then went to the roadside a mile away and dug up two Lombardy 
poplars to plant in the background. We named it after Marie 
Antoinette’s “Temple of Love,” in far off Versailles. 


0 ee 


THE MAGIC OF FLOWERS. 205 


At the head of this avenue we built a framework eighteen 
feet long and twelve feet wide, covering all with heavy wire. On 
the sides we planted woodbine and wild grape, and in three years 
this had made almost a solid growth of living green over the en- 
tire framework. In front of this pagoda, if I may be allowed the 
name for so crude a structure, we planted sumach with beds of 
ferns underneath. We took the fallen branches of a silver poplar 
to make a rustic railing for steps, etc., and let me assure you that 
combined with the wonderful perfume of the wild grape, the ten- 
der white and blue wood violets in the spring, it was a bower of 
beauty, while in the autumn the woodbine and the sumach pro- 
duced a mad riot of color. In the heat of the day, ’tis like 
Arthur’s island valley of Avalon, a place to say to a weary soul, 
“take thy rest.” Such a setting is a rebuke to all unkind thoughts. 

Now, will you go with me to the west side of the house, where 
live a wonderful old couple whose knowledge of garden lore is 
past all finding out. The second year after we had purchased 
adjoining homes, they asked me what I thought of a rose hedge 
as a dividing line, suggesting rose bushes. I was enthusiastic. 
In four years that hedge was a feast to the eyes, and though I 
have seen rose hedges in California, England, Scotland and Italy, 
yet never have I seen a more luxuriant growth or profusion of 
bloom than our dividing line rose hedge. In the corner I grouped 
golden elders, with their lovely creamy bloom in June, turning 
in the fall to rich purple berries, making a banquet for the birds. 

A few feet from this hedge we drove in four posts, used ' 
laths for the latticed roof and woven wire for the four sides, and 
planted around it “Jackmanti Clematis’ for early blooming and 
the “Paniculata Clematis” for later blooming, whose small, beau- 
tiful white clusters form a most attractive bower. A tiny wild 
climbing rose, that now is a joy to the eye, runs in profusion over 
the sides and roof. 

I make it a point to name after the donor everything given 
me for my garden, which gives one’s friends a personal interest 
in the grounds. I covered the floor of my wee house with white 
gravel, took the old trunk of a tree for a table, for ’tis there we 
love best to have our four o’clock tea, or it is a place in which our 
young guests may linger, two by two, for “There’s nothing half 
so sweet in life as love’s young dream.” 

In the center of my lawn, oh joy! is my fish and bird pond. 
*Tis but one year old. My friends scoffed at me. ‘The man of 
wrath” said, “It could not be done.” A landscape man told me 


206 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


it must be built scientifically, that it must be drained, etc. Well! 
I have found that the best way to do in gardening is to listen to 
what everyone has to say and then do as you have a mind to. 
Yes, to be sure one makes many mistakes, but should never make 
the same one twice. Truly the difference between anticipation 
and realization is never more keenly realized than by the amateur 
gardener. Well, to go back to the pool. I had to have it. I 
had just reached a point that I could no longer endure without it. 
I had a hole dug, between two slender cutleaf birches, oblong in 


“Lilac Lodge’”’ in 1816—eight years later. 


shape, about six feet by ten, and three feet deep. I superin- 
tended this work, gaining in avoirdupois and spirituality all the 
time. 

I used the dirt to fill in garden beds that had sunk away. I 
had the hole filled in with about four inches of cinders, using two 
bags of cement. I put a border of stones all around the pond, 
dug a crescent-shaped bed around the back side of it, planted 
dogwood and tamarix, also used wild ferns and candytuft and 
“snow on the mountains,” keeping all in white and green. I 
filled the pool from the hydrant with my garden hose, and when 
it became necessary to clean it I used the same hose to siphon it 
out, took a broom to clean the bottom and then refilled. Three 
times from spring to October is all that is necessary to empty the 
pool. Little boys brought me minnows from the creek, that 
sported and lived in happiness all summer, while the birds came 


THE MAGIC OF FLOWERS. 207 


by dozens for their bath and drink. I never knew, before the 
arrival of my pool, that we had such a wonderful variety of 
birds in Illinois, and, would you believe it, two brown thrushes 
did me the great honor to nest and bring up their family not 
forty feet from their bathing place. 

What lessons Nature teaches us, O restless women! Get out 
into the wide spaces, for nothing is more interesting than a 
garden, or more absorbing than watching the birds. I am won- 
dering if birds have memories. With all the other joys of spring, 


Rose hedge at ‘Lilac Lodge.”’ 


will they come back, think you, to my pool this second year, mat- 
ing, nesting, with their glorious melody? After the nests are 
built, and little families have come, all bird songs seem to wane. 
Perhaps they are like the humans for, after matrimony, come 
greater responsibilities, and oftimes ‘‘a moan comes with the > 
music.” 

We had another idea which should be exploded, that aquatics 
are but for the lily ponds of the rich. In the bottom of my pool 
I put a box of rich dirt, covered it all around with stones, and 
planted it with ‘water poppy” and “water hyacinths.” Planted in 
May, they bloomed all summer. This summer I shall plant some 
of the hybrid lilies. That little gem of water shining out of the 
emerald grass is visited all day long, not only by the birds,- but 
by little children, bless them, and even the dogs stop in their mad 
race to quench their thirst. The friends that scoffed, now pause 


208 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - 


to rest; for water in the yard, and an open fire in a room, act like 
magnets, drawing all congenial things to them. 

All around the house proper I have planted woodbine that 
now reaches the roof. I trained it on heavy wire so that no 
dampness could injure the frame house. The lattice work and 
window boxes for the porch are home made. At the end of the 
front walk, at either side, I have two electric light posts. I was 
in favor with the gods, for the posts (colonial columns, eight feet 
high) were cracked and thus unsalable at the lumber yard. They 
were set in cement to prevent decay, painted white, and on the. 


The present gateway to “Lilac Lodge.’’ 


top were placed two large electric light fixtures that had been dis- 
carded and laid in the attic for years; when lo, and behold, with 
my lights trimmed and burning I feel like the Goddess of Liberty 
lighting the world. 

On each side of our drive we put two slender tree trunks 
and made an arch on which we painted “Lilac Lodge.” At each 
side we again planted the woodbine. In two years you could not 
see the framework, and “Lilac Lodge” has to have its whiskers 
trimmed twice a year to be readable. 

It was from this arch we cut our driveway. The cutting out 
of the sods was by far the greatest expense of all I have had on 
the place. We cut a circular drive ten feet wide and one hundred 
feet long around a heart-shaped flower bed, the edge of which is 
planted with dwarf barberry, the center being filled in with 
shrubbery. 


THE MAGIC OF FLOWERS. 209 


For all walks and driveways I bed heavily with ashes from 
the furnace, roll till it is packed tight and cover with a thin layer 
of crushed rock. The ashes keep white, and one can add a little 
rock each year, thus making the cost most meager. 

On the east side of the house at the foot of the vines, I have | 
a rugosa rose hedge. It is lovely with its beautiful foliage, but I 
would never advise planting hedging too close to the house. 

For three years this hedge sulked like a spoiled child, and 
sulky flowers are no more to be desired than sulky people, from 
both of which “‘good Lord, deliver us.” 

On the eastern side of my lawn, at its farthest point, is my 
little rose garden. The most successful are the hybrid teas. Be 
it remembered that roses should not be put with other flowers. 


They have the artistic temperament, and for all such we willingly 
make apologies for bad behavior; we also admire them most and 
love them best. 

For my background of the rose garden, I took two discarded 
clothes line posts, set them sixteen feet apart and united them 
with long strips of wood. At the lumber yard I found some odd 
wooden brackets which I painted white. At one post I planted a 
Crimson Rambler, at the other a yellow climbing rose, and there 
you have a pocket edition of the Parthenon—plus roses. 

On the front edge of the lot next to the road, banking the 
archway and in clumps, I have used spirea Van Houttii and 
Japanese purple barberry. 

I am bounded on the east by a most undesirable condition, 
consisting of an unused lot, whose owner believes in letting 
nature take it course. I have planted everything I could think 
of to screen off this grass and weed grown nuisance. I have used 
sumach, tamarix, mock orange, princess feather, flowering quince 
and snowballs. This year I shall put in front of it all a hedge of 
hydrangea. Do not expect that man of wrath, whether he be son, 
father, husband or brother, to always be in the most gracious 
mood when you ask him to assist you. Oftimes the bit of help 
you get is under protest, but good help, with here a little and 
there a little, will remove mountains. When it is all done the 
’ chances are that the dear man will say as he looks about him with 
all the complacency of the cat that just swallowed the canary, 
“Ain’t nature grand though?” In his more sober moments I 
fancy he will say, ‘“Behold it is good, we builded better than we 
knew.” If one had not one dollar to spend we could still have 
beauty about us, with nature’s bounteous gifts in the woods, by 
stream and roadside, to be had, without money and without price. 

To oversee my own gardening has not been so much a neces- 
sity as a pleasure. It is not my vocation, but my avocation. 
Nowhere can earth’s mortals come in so close a touch with the 
infinite as out of doors and with a garden. “For him there is no 
unbelief who plants a seed and waits to see it push aside the sod.” 


210 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


Ginseng Troubles. 
A. 0. GILBERTSON. 

Anyone growing ginseng on a large scale surely has plenty 
of trouble, even though he makes a fairly good success of the 
business. 

Perhaps it would be of interest to the members of this asso- 
ciation for me to give a general outline of what we have been 
trying to do in the way of cutting down overhead expense in 
connection with the growing of ginseng on an extensive scale. 


We have, at the present time, five and a half acres of gin- 
seng under artificial arbors. We also have a tract of thirty-two 


acres of natural timber that we have been working with, putting 
it into condition for planting, and we have, at the present time, 
growing on this timber tract, about twelve million plants of 
different ages, the bulk of them being one- two- and three-year- 
old plants. 

One of our main troubles in growing ginseng in the natural 
shade has been the weed question, and to overcome this difficulty 
we have found it the most economical to summer-fallow the tract 


at least three years previous to the planting of the roots. In this 
way we entirely do away with the expense of weeding even one 
and two-year old seedlings. We also find that we save the 
expense of preparing the beds for planting, as the continued 
working of the soil in this way, for two or three years, leaves 
the ground exceedingly mellow. Another advantage we have 
found is that it retains the moisture a great deal better. 

After a great deal of experimenting to find some tool that 
would work the ground satisfactorily, without coming in contact 
with the roots of the trees, the writer hit upon the plan of cut- 
ting down an ordinary pulverizer to the size of six disks. This 
makes it possible, by using only one horse on the machine, to 
work in between the trees, even though they are very close 
together. Our plan is to go over the field twice, going crossways 
the second time. We also have a special harrow, that we have 
made, to follow up the disk. : 

These four operations, two operations with the disk and 
two operations with the drag or harrow, clean out perfectly all 
the weeds, with the exception of a few, once in a while, next to 
the trees. We go over the ground in this way six or seven times 
during the season. 

In going over the ground, the first time or two with the 
disk, we have a man follow up with a grub hoe, cutting out any 
large roots that are near enough to the surface to interfere with 
the disk. In this way we have been able to work up a perfect 
seed bed at a very reasonable cost per acre. 

After having overcome the weed difficulty, our next trouble 
was the transplanting of the plants. This we have found very 


GINSENG TROUBLES. 211 


expensive under the old method, especially when one has to set 
out plants into the millions, but we have been able by our method 
to cut down this expense to about 20 per cent of the original 
cost under the old method of using the dibble. One man with the 
tool that we use can transplant in one day from 10,000 to 12,000 
plants and do it easily, besides doing it better. 

The plants, when they are ready to be dug for market, can 
also be dug at a great deal less expense when planted under our 
method. 

We are, at the present time, drying about four tons of trans- 
planted roots. These plants were from ten to twelve years old. 


Ginseng growing in the natural shade—at F. C. Erkel’s. Rockford, Minn. 


We also harvested our first crop of wild roots from our timber 
tract this fall, about 800 pounds green. We have found it no 
small task and expense to clean so large a quantity of roots, 
especially where they are grown in our soil, which is quite heavy, 
and for this reason do not clean readily. 

For washing the roots, the best we have found is an old 
style barrel churn. In using the churn however, one should be 
careful to fill the churn good and full with roots, but only about 
half full of water. In this way the roots will not be bruised in 
the least, from the fact that they are allowed to move around, 
but rather the water works through the roots with the motion 
of the churn. 

We have also found it necessary to use a power sprayer in 
spraying our arbors. Our power sprayer is a machine assem- 
bled by us. I might also mention that we use nothing but Pyrox 
in spraying our plants. 


212 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Improvement of Vegetable Varieties by Selection. 
RICHARD WELLINGTON, ASST. HORTICULTURIST, UNIVERSITY FARM. 


In order to obviate any misunderstanding it is well to define 
at the outset the word “variety” as it is commonly used and to 
discuss its status in the light of modern plant breeding. Bio- 
logically speaking, it is ‘“an individual or group of individuals of 
a species differing from the rest in some one or more of the char- 
acteristics typical of the species, and capable either of perpetu- 
ating itself for a period or of being perpetuated by artificial 
means.” According to this conception a variety is an entity in 
itself, that is, all individuals within a variety possess identical 
transmissible characteristics. Unfortunately this is not the case, 
as many investigators, as well as practical growers, have proven. 
However, this knowledge furnishes us a working basis to carry 
on selection experiments. 

The methods of improving varieties by selection must neces- 
sarily depend directly upon the three methods of propagation, 
namely, asexual, cross-fertilization and self-fertilization. 

Asexual plants are those which are not propagated in a 
sexual manner, such as the potato. Theoretically speaking, no 
deterioration, or running out, should take place where this kind 
of propagation is practiced, but practically it does, as plants be- 
come diseased and decrepit by various causes and transmit their 
weaknesses to their progeny. When degeneration in potato vari- 
eties takes place rapidly, as it does at University Farm, prob- 
ably due to adverse soil conditions, no amount of selection, as has 
been conclusively proven, will bring them back to their normal 
state. Such being the case, it is necessary to secure new seed 
each year to obtain the maximum results. On the other hand, if 
degeneration takes place slowly then it is advisable to eliminate 
the weak plants and save only the strong ones, and in this way the 
general field yield may be increased. 

Cross-fertilized plants are those whose flowers are so con- 
structed that either insects or wind can easily distribute the 
pollen. Examples of these are the squash, pumpkin, melon, 
cucumber, lettuce, onion, corn, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, etc. 
Naturally on account of this crossing many weak strains are pre- 
served by the stronger. Corn is one of the best illustrations of 
this phenomenon, as many experiments have proven conclusively. 
By self-fertilizing individual plants and by breeding up strains 
from these many are found to be poor yielders and others good 


ee ah |, ae 


IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE VARIETIES BY SELECTION. 


213 


yielders. In one case the crossing of two medium yielders iso- 


lated from one variety of 
corn gave a much higher 
yield than that obtained 
from the field run. Sup- 
posing that all the weak 
strains were sifted out of 
every commercial variety, 


and only the strong ones 


left for intercrossing, then 
our yields should be mate- 
rially improved. At the 
University Farm many 
strains of Hubbard squash 
have been isolated and un- 
doubtedly many, if not all, 
of them will yield less than 
the field run. On the other 
hand they are remarkably 
uniform, and perhaps a 
cross between two of the 
highest yielding strains 
would give a more uniform 
and productive squash than 
we have at the present time. 
Isolation of strains is also 
being carried on with the 
greenhouse cucumber, head 
lettuce and onion with the 
same object in view. 
Self-fertilized plants are 
- those plants whose flowers 
are of such a nature that 
they usually fertilize them- 
selves. Illustrations of such 
plants are the bean, pea, 
tomato and perhaps the 
eggplant and pepper. Such 
plants differ from the cross- 
fertilized ones in that they 
do not carry along a lot of 


“WIB APISIOATU JV—S}JOOSUI LQ UWOL}VZI[I}AejJ-SSO1IO JUIAIId 0} Y}O[O aBsedayO Y}IM_pesdA0d syuR[d uBog 


BEN 


] 


weak strains by crossing. However, each ee of this class of 


214 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


plants contains many different strains, some being superior to 
others in productiveness or other characteristics. This fact is 
based on numerous experiments at several experiment stations, 
including our own at University Farm. Selections of the 
Refugee bean, 1,000 to One, the Alaska pea, and several vari- 
eties of tomatoes, have given many distinct strains, varying 
greatly in their yielding capacity. It may be of interest to note 
that this past dry, hot season has upset some of our natural 
expectations. For example, Earliana No. 10, a high yielding 
strain of tomatoes, was out-yielded by a supposedly inferior 
strain, but on the other hand it produced ten more fruits per 
plant and ripened its fruits earlier. It is apparent that the large 
number of fruits ripening during the intensely hot, dry weather 
caused this decrease in yield, but it is expected that, if we have a 
normal season next year the strain No. 10 will again take the lead. 

From all facts at hand it seems that one of the most impor- 
tant lines of investigational work with vegetables is to separate 
all the commercially grown varieties into their integral compo- 
nents, eliminate the weakest of them, and preserve only the 
strongest and most productive. Unfortunately, this work must 
be continued indefinitely, for weaknesses and other deteriorations 
continually work their way into varieties. We undoubtedly need 
new fruit varieties for our climate, but this statement does not 
apply to vegetables, as we already have plenty of good varieties. 
It is, however, essential to keep our varieties up to their highest 
’ standard. Such work requires lots of money, time, and land, 
which we do not have, but this should not discourage us, but on 
the contrary make us more eager to secure the necessities which 
will make our work more proficient. 


QUANTITY AND QUALITY IN POTATOES.—‘Take care of your yields and ” 
the quality will take care of itself,” says H. J. Lurkins, Michigan’s well- 
known potato grower and authority, and county agent of Berrien County. 
Mr. Lurkins has grown an average of 454 bushels of potatoes to an acre 
on a 25-acre field. Hence, his word should carry some weight. Mr. Lurkins 
believes in planting none but the highest grade of seed from carefully 
selected stock grown in a seed plot. He manures his ground heavily a year 
ahead of the time it is put to potatoes. He plows it early in the spring and 
re-enforces the manure with a suitable well-balanced commercial fertilizer. 
He says the potato is a lazy plant and must have its plant-food close at 
hand, if best crops are to be secured. Mr. Lurkins grows 2,000 to 10,000 
bushels of potatoes every year. His yields are high and his quality is 
always the best.—J. W. Henceroth. 


SUCCESS IN ORCHARDING. 215 


Success in Orcharding. 
AN EXERCISE LED BY J. Fs» HARRISON, ORCHARDIST AND FARMER, EXCELSIOR. 


I think, in order to be a successful orchardist, the first thing 
tc take into consideration would be—if I were starting out again 
—the location of the land. I would also want to take the market 
situation into consideration, because I don’t think you could make 
a success as an orchardist unless you do. I presume that is the 
reason, if I am at all successful, because those two things were 
there anyway, whether I took them into consideration or not. 
I didn’t have experience enough to take those things into con- 
sideration, but the market, of course, developed later from our 
fruit association. 

Then I think the next thing to take into consideration is the 
planting of the orchard and the variety of trees and, of course, 
that should include also the care of the orchard, which would be 
spraying and pruning. You cannot make a success as an or- 
chardist nowadays unless you do spraying and also pruning. 

The next thing would be variety, and there would be only 
two varieties for me now. If I was planting out a commercial 
orchard now I would plant a few Duchess and the rest would be 
Wealthys. If I was going to plant an orchard of 500 or 600 
trees, or a thousand, I believe I would put in about a hundred 
Duchess. The Duchess always sell well because when the mar- 
ket for the Duchess opens up, along in August, everybody is 
apple hungry, and they always sell for a good price. My Duchess 
that I sold this year brought me a good price, a dollar and a 
half a bushel. I should certainly be careful about getting too 
many varieties. That is where I made my mistake. I was for- 
tunate enough to put in more than half Wealthys, and other 
varieties would have gone begging for a market but for the 
Wealthys, and they have always sold the other varieties. 

You have got to take the variety that the public is acquainted 
with and that the public wants. If you take all these things into. 
consideration there is no question about your success as an 
orchardist. 

Another thing, your orchard is like lots of other things, you 
have got to enjoy it. There is no use of a man going into the 
livestock business unless he enjoys it. If he enjoys it, it is a 
source of pleasure to him—and it is the same with the orchard. 
I know I enjoy my orchard; I have reason to enjoy it. 

Once in a while I tell the boys this: When I was a boy—that 


216 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


is, about the time that Peter 
Gideon was starving to death 
trying to propagate an apple for 
this locality, of course, an ap- 
ple with us was a thing we 
very seldom enjoyed. I remem- 
ber going to school in Chanhas- 
sen in a log schoolhouse, and the 
two Murray girlS were our 
teachers. I sometimes tell the 
boys that so they will appreciate 
the orchard. I have four boys 
and four orchards set out for 
them, and if they ever take to 
that and want to farm there is 
enough there for the four of 
them. I was going to say that 
those Murray girls used to bring 
an apple with them to school, 
eastern apples, and several of us 
boys there at school used to take 
turns in getting the peelings. I 
tell you, those peelings were fine 
to me, and sometimes we got the 
core. You know I made up my 
mind I would have an orchard 
for my boys. And once in a 
while when you see them, after 
they have eaten ten or fifteen 
apples, and they begin to throw 
away a great deal of the apple, I 
tell them, “When I was a boy 
that would have been awful good 
‘stuff to me,” and they would say: 
“For heaven’s sake, never tell 
about the peelings.” This is the 
first time I have told anything 
about the peelings and being 
glad to get them. 

Now, they say that no class 
of people disagree among them- 
selves as much as horticulturists. 


"3RE JO OULOY UIE] [vapr YY, 


‘IOIS[OOXW JO [INOS so[rur OMY ‘UOS[IIeH “yy 


“HUTT 


ne ee Rigs ne ge et 


SUCCESS IN ORCHARDING. 217 


Each one has his own opinion about different kinds of fruits, and 
what satisfies one horticulturist don’t always satisfy another. 

There is another apple I am going to speak about, and that 
is the Northwestern Greening. This society has not recom- 
~mended it, but I think it is a profitable apple and would make a 
profitable orchard. Of course, I have heard people say that after 
they bear a few years they will die out. I only had a half a dozen 
of those and still have four of them, and one of those trees bore 
ten bushels this year. I sold those to a commission man and he 
said those would bring $6.00 a barrel, or $2.00 a box. Another 
thing in favor of the Northwestern Greening, I think it would be 
a good thing to top-work them; I believe we could do that. 

What I was going to say about the advantage of them is the 
picking. They never fall off so you are obliged to pick them. I 
have seen them hang on the trees all winter. The apples are all 
perfect. While it might not be adapted to this particular locality, 
we do know they do raise them very successfully in the southern 
part of the state and Wisconsin. Some horticulturist may have 
tried a tree in this locality or farther north and it may have 
winter killed, while in the southern part of the state a tree may 
have done well and been very profitable, and I think this is the 
case with the Northwestern Greening. They have them here on 
exhibit every winter meeting, and they make a great showing. 
They make a great showing in a barrel or box after being opened 
up, and people have found them to be a fine baking apple. Along 
in the spring of the year they are fine, they are a fine cooking 
apple, they make fine pies and sauce, and they keep in any ordi- 
nary cellar. 


Mr. Underwood: This year the Northwestern Greenings, 
were perfectly sound, but some years they spoil in the core. I 
wondered what the trouble was. 

Mr. Richardson: It is the characteristic of the Northwest- 
ern Greenings, if the cellar is too warm, to turn brown in the core. 

Mr. Underwood: These were on the trees. 

Mr. Harrison: I have a root cellar on the north side of the 
house. It is a cement cellar with a flat top, reinforced with iron 
and about fourteen inches of dirt. 

A Member: How do you ventilate? 

Mr. Harrison: Ihave two four-inch soil pipes, one that goes 
down just through the ceiling and the other runs down to the 
bottom of the cellar so that it takes the foul air. They are at 
the further corners of the cellar. I put a screen in the pipes to 
keep the mice from coming in. The apples are kept in boxes 
and barrels. 

Mr. Soholt: I would say in regard to the pruning of the 


218 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Northwestern Greening, they are easy to spoil and later on, of 
course, they rot. If you don’t prune them right after a few 
years they will spoil. 

Mr. Harrison: Of course, you can spoil any trees if you 
do not properly prune them. Another thing I found would make 
-a man successful in orcharding, if he had trouble with the old 
orchard. This idea was not altogether original with me. I 
bought a piece of ground with twenty-five trees on it that were 
thirty-five years old. Istarted in to prune that orchard, I did not 
cut it all to pieces, but I pruned it quite well, and I got from the 
young growth that came on those old trees just as fine fruit as the 
young trees had. You know it is the generally accepted conclu- 
sion that the young trees have the finest fruit. I found there 
was just as good fruit on the old trees thirty-five years old on the 
new growth as there was on any of my young trees; in fact, some 
of the finest fruit I ever saw. 

This was four or five years ago, and I kept pruning a little 
each year, and I noticed this year—I only sprayed once—I have 
finer fruit on those twenty-five or twenty-six trees than the. 
fruit of any other trees I have. I find they do that in the west; 
every year they cut out some of the old wood and that furnishes - 
new wood, and they say that is the way they keep their fruit. 
You know what fine fruit we get from the west; those trees are 
old, and that is the way they get it. 

A Member: What can you grow on sand hills? 

Mr. Harrison: If I was living in a sandy country I would 
have an orchard, I know I would, and I will tell you what I would 
do. I would dig a hole big enough to put in two good loads of 
yellow clay and I would mulch the tree, and I am satisfied I would 
grow apples. I would try that. You know we haul clay a long 
ways. You can afford to haul clay four or five miles to a sandy 
country to grow an orchard, and everybody ought to have an 
orchard. (Applause). 


BORDEAUX ON POTATOES.—The use of Bordeaux not only prevents blight, 
but also stimulates potato vines to greater starch production. This is 
brought about by a prolongation of the life of the vines. Three successive 
sprayings during one season will prolong the life of the vines for two weeks. 
This length of time during the most important period of the life of the vines 
means an appreciable increase in yields. In years when blight has not 
occurred, sprayed fields have yielded a profitably larger crop than unsprayed 
fields. 

An even distribution of Bordeaux on the surface of the leaves is highly 
important. To obtain the best results the spray machine should provide a 
constant high pressure and the nozzles should give a fine, mist-like spray. 
Sometimes 50 gallons of Bordeaux per acre is sufficient. If more is neces- 
sary it should be used when blight is severe. 


A VEGETABLE GARDEN FOR EVERY HOME. 219 


THIS YEAR! 
A Vegetable Garden for Every Home. 


R. S. MACKINTOSH, MINN. AGRI. EXTENSION DIVISION. 


The greatest attention should be given to the home garden, 
especially this year of greatest stress, in order that vegetables 
produced may be used to take the place of the more stable food 
products, as grain and corn. It is urged that enough be grown 
to supply the table during the summer and sufficient amount 
canned, preserved or dried for two years. 

We may know where our food supply is for today, but we 
do not know where it is for a year from today. It is a well- 
known fact that the quickest way to replenish our short supply 
of food is to raise vegetables. 

The Minnesota Experiment Station has gathered consider- 
able information. regarding the cost of living on certain farms 
for a period of years. The average cost of growing the potatoes, 
vegetables and fruits in the garden was only $6.87 for each per- 
son per year. This included all the labor, taxes, seeds and other 
expenses connected with the garden. In a survey made by the 
United States Department of Agriculture it was found that, of 
the total food cost, the value of fruits was 6.4 per cent, and of 
vegetables, 11 per cent or a total of 17.4 per cent. The cost was 
less in the groups using the most vegetables. In the high meat 
consuming groups the total food cost was from $20 to $25 per 
person per year more than in the high vegetable consuming 
groups. If even $10 per person per year can be saved by the use 
of more vegetables it means a great saving on the 160,000 farms 
in Minnesota. These figures easily take the “sting” out of such 
statements as these: “Fruits and vegetables can be bought 
cheaper than they can be raised,” or “the garden is the most 
unprofitable part of the farm.” 

The size of the garden depends upon the number to be fed 
and the fertility of the soil. In most cases all the vegetables, and 
some of the fruits, can be grown on half an acre. No doubt a 
garden 50x200 feet, well fertilized, tilled and planned so as to 
use every available square foot, will be large enough to supply 
the vegetables for an average family of five persons. It is better 
to have a small garden well tilled than a large garden in weeds. 
In a small garden most of the cultivating can be done with a hand 
cultivator, for it is always ready, while with horse cultivators 
perhaps the work cannot be done at the right time. One of the 


220 >MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


important factors in the success of a garden is to have all work 
done at the right time and in the right way. 

The varieties, amount of seed needed and notes regarding 
the time of planting, distance between rows and plants are given 
below in tabular form. The time of planting is relative rather 
than accurate, for one must use his best judgment in the matter. 

Several plantings at ten-day intervals should be made of 
radish, lettuce and sweet corn to provide a succession; a second 
planting of beets, carrots, turnips and rutabagas in late July to 
provide young roots for winter use. Two or more plantings of 
peas and string beans will provide fresh supplies of these im- 
portant crops. 

GARDEN PLANTING TABLE. 


—Distance— 
i= eet 3 
Amount When $ « Sau a.0 
VEGETABLE. VARIETIES. of seed to z oe BES soy 
needed. plant. 820 839 Ga 
; aPinmad AAs 
Beans, String Wardwell, Bountiful, Refugee 1 Qt. May 15 18 4 2 
Beans, Pole Valentine, Kentucky Wonder 1 Qt. May 25 36 24 2 
Beet Detroit, Eclipse, Egyptian 2 OZ (ADT AO mas 3 ab 
Brussels Sprouts Dwarf, Long Island 1 Pkt. Apr. 15° 13) eae 
Cabbage, Early Wakefield, Winningstadt 1 Pkt. Apr. 15 24. 46 al 
Cabbage, Late All Seasons, Danish Ball 1 Pkt. June 1 36 18 Plants 
Carrot Chantenay, DanversHalfLong 1 Oz. Apr. 10 12 2 
Cauliflower Erfurt, Snowball 1 Pkt. May 1 24 ib Plante 
Celery, Early Golden, White Plume 1“ Pkt. Apri 15 324 6 Plants 
Celery, Late Winter Queen, Giant Pascal 1 Pkt. June25 36 6 Plants 
Celeriac Erfurt 1 Pkt. May 25 24 6 % 
Cucumber Boston Pickling, White Spine 1 Oz. May 15 48 36 ul 
Egg Plant N. Y. Spineless, Black Beauty 1 Pkt. June 1 24 18 Plants 
Endive White and Green Curled 1 PEt. Apr. Laas 6 i 
Kohl Rabi Vienna 1 Pkt. Apr. 15 18 2 % 
Lettuce, Leaf Grand Rapids, Simpson 1° Oz. Apr.) 10.18 4 I, 
Lettuce, Head Boston, Hanson 1 Pkt. Apr. 10 18 6 i 
Muskmelon Gem, Osage, Montreal 1 Oz. May 25 48 48 1 
Onion White, Yellow and Red Globe 2 Oz. Apr. 10 16 3 % 
Onion Sets Any color or kind Ot. Apr 10% 26 2 3 
Parsnip Hollow Crown, Guernsey 1-Oz. Apr) thy ee 2 % 
Parsley ‘Moss Curled 1 Pkt. Apr. 10 16 2 % 
Peas, Early Alaska, American Wonder 1 Qt. Apr. 10 24 2 2 
Peas, Late Telephone, Champion of Eng. 1 Qt. Apr. 20 36 4 2 
Pepper Bell, Ruby King, Cayenne 1 Pkt. June 1 24 18 Plants 
Pumpkin, Pie Long or Round Pie 1 Pkt. June. 1. 725eb0 1 
Radish, Early Scarlet Globe, Icicle 2:0z. Apr.clo0i ots 2 % 
Radish, Winter California, Spanish 1 Pkt. Apr..25 > 24 6 % 
Rutabaga Purple Top, Yellow Swede 1 Oz: Apr. 10: -24e we 
Salsify Sandwich Island 1 Pkt. May 10 16 2 % 
Spinach Long Standing, Bloomsdale 1107) “Apr tones 2 % 
Sweet Corn Bantam, Crosby, Stowell 2 Qts. May 15 30 18-30 1 
Squash, Summer Scallop, Crookneck 1 Pkt. May 20 48 24 % 
Squash, Winter Marrow, Hubbard 1 Oz. May 20% Tai -% 
Swiss Chard Lucullus lt PEt. Apr: 2bi 224 6 1% 
Tomato Earliana, Bonny Best, Stone 2 Pkt. June 1 48 48 Plance 
Turnip Purple Top, Egg 1°Oz) “Aprscl0 aes 2 % 
Watermelon Dark Icing, Tom Watson 1 Oz... May 25..72 60 1 


SUMMER CARE OF STRAWBERRIES.—On the care which the strawberry 


plantation receives during the growing season will depend to a large 
extent the kind of crop there will be next season. The more runners that 
can be placed with hand and trowel so that the plants will root quickly and 
be evenly spaced, the better. Very often there are too many plants in one 
place and not enough in another. Where plants are crowded and much less 
than six inches apart, the crowns do not develop well and the fruit is liable 
to be small. It is important to keep the plantation free of weeds and the 
ground cultivated as long as possible, as late growth, in the case of straw- 
berries, will result in better plants. A light covering of clean straw is 
desirable when the ground freezes in the autumn, to prevent alternate thaw- 
ing and freezing in the winter or following spring.—W. T. Macoun. 


——_— 


ECONOMY IN SEED POTATOES. 221; 


Economy in Seed Potatoes. 
A. D. WILSON AND R. S. MACKINTOSH, AGR. EXT. DIVISION, UNIVERSITY FARM. 


Potato seed is scarce and high in price and many persons 
ave asking if it is not possible to use less seed per acre this year. 
Repeated experiments show that in normal times it is best to use 
seed pieces weighing from one to two ounces, which means using 
from ten to twenty bushels of seed per acre. Experiments also 


show that good crops may be secured by planting pieces as small 
as one-half ounce in size, or even by planting the eyes dug out of 
tubers to be eaten. 

For Field Planting.—By using medium sized or small pota- 
toes and by cutting into small pieces by hand (pieces about one- 
half ounce in size), six bushels may be made to plant an acre. 
It will be necessary to plant such small pieces with a hand regu- 
lated planter, or by hand. Special care should be exercised to 
prepare the soil especially well and not to plant until conditions 
are favorable, because these small pieces cannot withstand ad- 
verse conditions as well as full sized pieces. 

Scab and Other Diseases.—Scab is prevented by soaking seed 
for one and one-half hours in a solution made by mixing one pint 
(one pound) of forty per cent formaldehyde with thirty gallons 
of water, or by dissolving four ounces of corrosive sublimate in 
thirty gallons of water in a wooden vessel. The corrosive sub- 
limate is more effective but is very poisonous when taken inter- 
nally, although it does not harm the hands or clothing. It must 
be used with care. It is a crime to allow disease and insects to 
reduce the yield of potatoes: Hence, spray for bugs and blight 
this summer. 

For the Garden.—Eyes and seed ends of potatoes used for 
the table may be saved and planted by hand in the garden. The 
most satisfactory way is to plant these eyes or small seed pieces 
in soil in a shallow box kept in a warm, light place in the house, 
and the plants set in the garden as soon as soil and weather war- 
rant, or from May 20 to June 20. It is not advisable to plant 
these small pieces outside until the soil and weather are warm. 

Begin now to cut off the “seed” end of the tubers used each 
day for table use and put into a box of soil. The box should be 
three to four inches deep, fourteen to sixteen inches wide, and 
twenty to twenty-four inches long. Fill with fine garden loam 
and keep in the house in as light and warm a place as can be 
found. Be careful to select the best potatoes for this purpose. 

The land should be given more attention this year. It 
should be plowed six to eight inches deep and thoroughly har- 
rowed, especially just before planting. This makes the soil fine 
and in best condition for the seed-pieces or plants. When ready 
to plant, open a furrow about three inches deep and put the 
pieces from twelve to fifteen inches apart and cover with two 
inches of soil. From this time on keep the surface of the soil 
loose by constant cultivation. 


222 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


Spraying Mixture. 
PROF. A. G. RUGGLES AND PROF. E. C. STAKMAN, UNIVERSITY FARM. 
Arsenate of Lead. 


This is probably the best “all around” stomach insecticide 
yet discovered. It is either a homemade or commercial prod- 
uct. The homemade material is not often satisfactory; hence 
we prefer the commercial material. 

Of the ordinary prepared paste found on the market, use 
3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; of the commercial powdered 
form use 114 pounds to 50 gallons of water or the fungicide. 

The formula for sweetened arsenate of lead to be used on 
cabbage or radish maggot is: 


Lead arsenate: paste: aca... wat. SES 34, ounce 
New: Orleans molassesiit.t.ii00). 7 ales eee 14 pint 
WEG Wires pce Ee eceerel. expen ieee rae ee 1 gallon 


If rains wash the mixture off during the time the flies are 
active, (May 1-20 and July 1-20) spraying must be done over 
again. 

Lime-Sulphur. 

Lime-sulphur is both an insecticide and a fungicide. It 
was first used as a sheep-dip and then came into use as a scale 
insecticide. Since that time, many improvements have been 
made in its formula. 

The concentrated lime-sulphur is both an insecticide and 


a fungicide. At the rate of one gallon to nine of water, it is 
used only when the trees are dormant, at that time killing 


principally the scale insects. At the rate of one gallon to forty 
of water, it is primarily a fungicide, and is used with arsenate 
of lead when trees are in foliage. The following is the formula, 
although it probably is much better to buy the commercial 
product on account of its constant chemical properties: 
50 lbs. fresh unslaked lime 95% pure. 
100 lbs. sulphur thoroughly and finely pulverized. 
Water to make fifty gallons. 

After proper mixing, this must boil 45 to 50 minutes. 

See table for proper dilution of concentrated lime-sulphur 
following on second page. 

A resin mixture is often needed to make Bordeaux mixture 
or other spray compound stick to a smooth surface, such as 
raspberry canes when spraying for anthracnose. The resin 
lime mixture is made as follows: 


SPRAYING MIXTURES. 223 


Pulverized resin, 5 pounds. 
Concentrated lye, 1 pound. 

Fish oil (or other animal oil), 1 pint. 
Water, 5 gallons. 

Place the oil, resin and one gallon hot water in an iron 
kettle and heat until the resin softens. Then add the lye and 
stir thoroughly. Now add the four gallons of hot water and 
boil until a little will mix with cold water giving a clear amber 
colored liquid. Make up to five gallons and keep as stock. 

In using this in Bordeaux mixture, make the 40 gallons 
as per formula, then take two gallons of this resin-like stock, 
dilute to ten gallons and add to the Bordeaux mixture or to 
lime-sulphur. 

Resin-fish oil soap, a commercial product, can be used 
instead of this “sticker.” 


Potassium Sulphide—(Liver of Sulphur.) 

This is a fungicide employed when it is undesirable to have 
the foliage discolored. It is especially effective against mildew 
on gooseberry and rust on carnations. A fresh solution is yel- 
lowish brown. 


Poermula—Potassium Sulphide ........:... 3-5 OZ. 
Water acs oc cee cae ba te 10 gals. 


Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol.) 

If trees are to be sprayed when dormant it is not necessary 
to go through the tedious process of making Bordeaux mixture. 
A solution one pound blue vitriol in 15 to 25 gallons water makes 
an excellent fungicidal spray at that time. 


Soap Solution. 

An excellent spray for soft-bodied insects, like plant lice, 
is made by boiling one pound laundry or Ivory soap in 12 to 15 
gallons water. When the soap is thoroughly dissolved it is ready 
it: This sprayed when warm is preferable to using the liquid 
cold. 

: Nicotine. 

The nicotine in tobacco has great insecticidal value. The 
commercial extracts which are nicotine sulphate are excellent. 
“Sulphate of Nicotine’ and “Black dwarf 40” are two of the 
many trade compounds. They are the best plant lice insecticides 
yet discovered. They can be combined in many of the other com- 
bined spraying mixtures. 


PREPARING BORDEAUX MIXTURE FOR SPRAYING. 

‘4 pounds of Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol). 

4 pounds of good Stone Lime. 
| These are to be dissolved separately, each in 25 gallons of 
water ; then pour the two together into a fifty-gallon barrel, stir- 
ring thoroughly. This is the proper mixture for spraying apple 
trees. It is usually considered unsafe to spray plum trees with 
more than three-fourths of this amount of copper sulphate. 


224 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The best way to dissolve the copper sulphate is in a cloth bag 
suspended in the water. It should not come in contact with metal. 

For a combined insecticide and fungicide add three pounds 
arsenate of lead paste, or 114 pounds of the powdered arsenate of 
lead, to each fifty gallons of Bordeaux mixture or diluted lime- 
sulphur. 
Concentrated Lime Sulphur. This material can be made at 
home, but it is much simpler to buy it on the market, though 
in any case the material should be tested before used. The mate- 
rial sent out by any of the most reliable firms if left uncovered 
will change its composition more or less. To test one should have 
what is called a Baume Specific Gravity Scale, or Hydrometer. 
These can be purchased for $1 or $1.50 from any large drug com- 
pany, such as Noyes Bros. and Cutler, St. Paul, or Bausch and 
Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. To get the right amount of 
dilution, one must have a dilution table such as given in any 
bulletin or book where lime sulphur is discussed. For instance, 
if a Baume reading was thirty-two degrees, and you are going to 
use a dormant spray, you would dilute one part of the liquid with 
eight parts of water; if you are going to use a summer spray, 
you would dilute one part of the lime sulphur with forty parts 
of water. The following table will show the amount of dilution 
to use with a reading anywhere from fourteen degrees to thirty- 
five degrees: 

DILUTIONS FOR DORMANT AND SUMMER SPRAYING WITH LIME SULPHUR. 
Amount of dilution. 


Reading on Hydrometer. Number of gallons of water to the gallon 
of lime sulphur. 


For For p 
Degrees Baume. San Jose Scale. Summer spraying 

Dormant. of apples. 
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BAN Sh ce IGeR AE 9 tae Ragan tl | eee Ae 431/, 
BB tO EDEL Behe BU TsO: OO, Ske 4114 
BOS PORT ER Sa ey leek oar tt ee 
Sa OSes rere TUNA e FAN eee 373), 
SO. UA ees (igs 1 ea 361/, 
DQ ues ah Mere GARNI i ee 341, 
sec lilsihinedet ales Gl pk cache ee 323), 
DT hrs HIB, GASH OL Aerie Bae coe eee 31 
Bg ore OC Pim Bayo Sisk hc aera 291% 
Brith. bh. EAc heater 51, so0ch eee 273), 
DAG Su ee SS Site (Pere Wet eT a eee 
DOr RABI oY EMR A Wee 6s ohn inane 2A1/, 
DO iat a ts aici dy ei tae Alico. 344 Cae 223), 
ON ORS ER AE 38) Ne ae 211, 
Ae a: aes a a NM) i 1934, 
190, Sees Oe os SIS Se ae 181/, 
18s SR ea a eee eae i 
PTS EM SAOS Dog Sits SR ee 16 
TOs POA EGE Dy. ti Raat ies toe ae 15 
Us Bayar De B17) 9 Ante Gene 14 
PAL? RES RA) Ra aes eae are 1234, 


225 


SPRAYING MIXTURE. 


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SUMMER MEETING, 1917. 


Premium List, Summer Meeting. 1917. 


No Duplicating of Varieties Permitted. 


OUT-DOOR ROSES. 


1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. 
Collection—three blooms of each named 
variety, to be shown in separate vases $5.00 $3.00 $1.00 $0.50 


Collection of named varieties—three 
blooms of each, in separate vases, am- 
SPEIRS OMULY A seteratons lersnnccalshtaamerevenstats teeta te ametale 5.00 3.00 1.00 50 


Three named varieties, white—each va- 
riety in a separate vase, three blooms 
of each, each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 50 


Three named varieties, pink—each variety 
in a separate vase, three blooms of each,- 
each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.00 -50 


Three named varieties, red—each variety 
in a separate vase, three blooms of each, 
each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.00 -50 


Collection of Rugosa and Rugosa Hy- 
brids—each variety (consisting of one 
cluster of blooms on a single stem) ina 


SOP ALALC A MASE wereld slapelote lees etalaia's folate etoltie 2.00 1.00 -50 
Most beautiful rose in vase............ A 1.00 
Largest roSe iN VASE... .eeeeeseseeeces 1.00 


Seedling rose to be shown by the origi- 
nator. (Not previously exhibited in 
competition.) Bronze medal donated by 
the American Rose Society. 


The following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and 
shown in separate vases, three to five blooms in each vase. 


Prince Camile deRohan, General Jacqueminot, Margaret Dickson, M. P. 
Wilder, Jules Margottin, Magna Charta, Paul Neyron, Madam Gabriel Luizet, 


Baroness Rothschild, Anna de Diesbach, Ulrich Brunner, John Hopper, Rosa 
Rugosa (pink and white), Baron deBonstetten, Karl Druski, Madam Plantier, 
Grus an Teplitz. 


Each, 1st prem., 75 cents; 2nd prem., 50 cents; 3rd prem., 25 cents. 


PEONIES. 


1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. 
Vase of Festiva Maxima, 6 blooms.. $2.00 $1.00 $0.50 
ee “flesh or light pink << ss es ed 


“ec “ “se “ << 


#8 “medium or dark pink 
‘ 


‘< “ white «6 se “eé “ 

ac “e red ae “ “ee ae ae 
Collection—three blooms of each named 

variety in separate vVaseS........-s.005 $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00 
Collection—three blooms of each named 

variety in separate vases, amateurs only 6.00 4.00 — 2.00 1.00 
Seedling peony, three blooms............ 3.00 2.00 1.00 .50 


Collection—one bloom of each variety, 
shown each in a separate vase; for ama- 
teurs owning no more than ten varities 2.00 1.00 .50 


(226) 


ee rtt—O—‘CS;C 


ia<- 


Nir ees ars beat le om 1 


PREMIUM LIST, SUMMER MEETING, 1917. 


ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS. 


Vase of Canterbury Bells ....... Retace cs $1.00 $0.50 
oe Se CONLAUPEA Mote wt tcle « mraietelatavsiefetetelotare 3 ibe * 
% MEM OTUIMDING fete ae ce cic lore acetate mtoie fe fs ‘ 
is LOUD a we cia tend oletulececn Bevel heletoye fe se ss “e 
BS ROUT VUE la vocalles« invoke sie anpsige AM be a fs 
oe “ Evening primrose (Oenothera).. Ne é Le 
4 more et=me=N0t (0... cess ae atevel there ef “ a 
e RADE CES SUL OIV'G oh ccurtieiss choral er'sveh 8! biais, ele eke evens 8 “ s 
A PmGalllardias 2.0. . dae the < Me are if ae ss 
+ BAUS DUIDISSS Fs! a fenciw ave btsre¥p iene giom she e § 
Li SLC CLANG? POPPIES see's se ordiewis sees 3 LM < 
REEL LLCS) | (ai ae; o:) 0% asera, tllalaoleielalye ache oie laje ate it ae a 
sf “LUT ay ba eas asic enetets eushels sec "S hy . 
‘2 PPMP ILTLES © oii bi wid tos oe blebs te ahs 'w wher Wiel ave 4 es ee 
y PN TIMILEAL, DODDIECS . .iycicle ss eusce) oeucumns es ae 
Me MeOrien tal “DOPDICS Se vets. oscie sine os a cs 
Le MUSA ATISLES: |e aisia.elel sien DshanNerailate stepeetahers sf a Se 
cs Pee Perennial cCOrEOPSIS) *., 0. .')5.4,+ «sie one os @ 
se PREMIO EMT (ahs i ce eio eva wieneere es ae 3 a Le 
we MUS CA (CAISTOCS), «.sipisieres oye be viele e 0s eH Ly 
£ BSNVICC Ey WALLLATI: io.0:0 siei's iol die ete vie. « e¥Eyc LC 4 Se 


Collection—named perennials, in separate . 
SUR ce Seti, Sac ce Bisiel eres wel elendtera Sere $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 


Collection of annuals and perennials in 
separate vases (not to exceed 12) by 
amateurs who have never taken pre- 


MeMgURES “ON? LO WETS 2.0. 62 ck ee ois so ele selnanee 4.00 3.00 2.00 
Collection—named iris, in separate vases, 

SOPPUCATEVS I CACH » .5 5. 0) sielleis sw é die evleidiee efe wise 3.00 2.00 1.00 
Collection of wild flowers, in separate 

PINE NER A Hest avaita’ ondierehe seliole.s jones) oimiviensueys, wipaaha 4.00 3.00 2.00 
Collection of flowers by children......... 2.00 1.00 .50 


Vase of any kind of flowers not named 
in this list. (An exhibitor may make 
any number of entries desired under 


PERE GIA EGS) 11s) nhe)-)s alee’) a « Oh tH eins oP) ciate TNeD a 2.00 1.00 50 
Vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect 1.50 1.00 .50 
Basket of outdoor-grown flowers, ar- 

Pete Peee ye CX MIDICOL sc. 2c ole eee sla es ses 3.00 2.00 1.00 

STRAWBERRIES. 


One quart of each variety to be shown on plate, not in box. 


ist prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 


Collection (not less than six varieties).... $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 
Collection of three named varieties...... 3.00 2.00 1.00 


ist prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 
$1.50 


227 


4th prem. 


$1.00 


1.00 


4th prem. 
$2.00 
.50 


The following varieties of strawberries to be entered sepaiately: 


1st prem. 2d prem, 3d prem. 


Bederwood, Dunlap, Crescent, Splendid, 
Clyde, Warfield, Lovett, Enhance, Glen 
Mary, Haverland, Minn. No. 3, Progres- : 
sive, Superb, Americus, each............ $1.00 $0.75 $0.50 


Best named variety not included in the 
Pea EMS Leet ores cde iy os uiiave setae Sei epee allay ajeintal ele 2.00 1.00 50 


Seedlings, originated by exhibitor........ 3.00 2.00 1.00 


4th prem. 


$0.25 


GARDEN HELPS 


7 Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. GouLp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


GROWING GARDEN FLOWERS FOR THE MARKET. 


It is a decided surprise to find how large a number of garden flowers 
can be used for the market, but it is no small trick to have at all times an 
abundance of bloom of the various colors and various styles. One never 
knows when the call will come for a yellow luncheon, a pink wedding, a red 
porch party or white church decorations. And so there must always be 
tall flowers and short flowers, and white flowers and colored one. But one 
garden gorgeous to behold this week may reach the end of its season and be 
entirely despoiled of its glory next. Is its successor ready? There would 
be little trouble if all the crops lived up to the February garden plan specifi- 
cations; but alas, the Iceland poppies, or the early sweet peas, or the daisies, 
or the asters, or the dahlias, or something else are sure to be put out of sorts 
with environment—and then what for a substitute? The only safety lies 
in planning superabundance of bloom (especially as then you'll have some- 
thing to give away—which is half the fun of having a garden). One day in 
desperation over a shortage of flowers between crops, in the middle of the 
summer, I said: “We simply must have flowers to burn.” And my 
aunt, a great literalist, asked, in surprise, “Why, what do you want to burn 
them for?” 

Perhaps you would like to know what flowers we use. As we have no 
regular greenhouses, our first Spring arrivals come from the cold frames 
where they were started the summer before. Most important of these are 
the pansies, particularly when they can be induced to long stems. They are 
very popular for table decorations, corsage bouquets and hospital messages. 
A sweet, sad little story came to us last year. A friend ordered a hospital 
bouquet for a friend of hers, and, by chance, along with other flowers, I put 
in some pansies. When the box reached the hospital, the sick woman was 
unconscious, but later she rallied enough to see the flowers and recognize 
the pansies. She wanted those separated from the others and put in a vase 
by themselves, close at hand. A little while afterward, she became uncon- 
scious again for the last time. But it was a pleasure to her friends to know 
that her last thoughts could be of her beloved pansies. 

Along with the pansies come forget-me-nots (star of love and Eliza 
Fan Roberts), lilies of the valley, violets, Iceland poppies and trolius. A 
friend receiving some Iceland poppies one year, the first of May, said, “How 
did you get such summery flowers as these out-of-doors in this cold 
weather?” Trolius is truly wonderful but is exasperatingly lacking in am- 
bition about filling the earth with its kind. Maybe its seeds will come up 
two years after planting, and most probably they’ll not. So few people 
know this lovely and comparatively rare flower that its name is something 
of a curiosity. Some people have called it “petrolius” and others have nick- 
named it “Tango Rose.” 

Bleeding heart, a real old-fashioned favorite, comes early, the colum- 
bines, also. The Rocky Mountain variety, with its big blue and white flow- 

(228) 


mms rn | ined 


GARDEN HELPS. 229 


ers, people here seem to like best, but some of the pink varieties can hold 
their own well. ~ Valerian, or garden heliotrope, is sweet, as its name 
betokens, and pyrethrum, or “painted daisies,” give one of the showiest 
gardens of the whole year. After being cut they sometimes become quite 
languid on a warm day, but I am always sorry when their season makes 
its adieu. 

Mention should surely be made of the flowering trees and shrubs, apple, 
plum and cherry blossoms, lilacs, honeysuckles (the least satisfactory for 
decorations), bridal wreath and mock orange, all have their place in a 
garden flower business. 

Iris is lovely for decorative purposes, both in and out of the garden. 
Peonies speak their own praises. There is a steady demand for marguerites 
and their successor, Shasta daisies, throughout the summer. Sweet william 
is reasonably well liked, but it can easily glut the market. Oriental poppies 
are gorgeous and will hold up for a day or two after cutting. Perennial 
larkspur is a standard crop, and we are coming to like the annual. Lichnis 
is worth growing because it furnishes a good red for Fourth of July, if for 
nothing else. 

Sweet peas when they behave well run into money quicker than almost 


‘any other flower, but they are mighty notional, and if weather conditions 


are not to their mind they are not slow in complaining. One always needs 
a good supply of madder, meadow rue, gypsophila (annual and perennial), 
and flowering spurge. All will serve in turn. 

Gaillardia for a general purpose garden flower is scarcely excelled. It 
begins blossoming in June and yields heavily straight through to freezing 
weather in November. It is an excellent keeper and is bright and decora- 
tive. Coreopsis is a standard yellow. Achillea at its best and when massed 
fills many of the requirements for a standard white. 

Pinks and forget-me-nots make the dantiest bouquets imaginable. 
Mignonette is popular, fully as much perhaps for the associations connected 
with its name as for its own quaint worth. Shirley poppies make a beauti- 
ful garden, and, like the Oriental poppies, will serve in the house for a day 
or two. Snapdragons can be used extensively if you can make them grow 
freely—likewise garden lilies. 

Gladioli should have successive crops all summer and fall. Cosmos is a 
standard. Everybody knows what asters may or may not be. Golden glow 
can be used in moderation—some of the best sunflowers quite extensively. 
Dahlias are more or less satisfactory as cut flowers. Autumn daisies 
(pyrethrum uglinosum) are especially fine for showy big decorations. 
Bollonia also has a place. Zinnias, marigolds, wool flowers and mourning 
brides (scabiosa) are excellent fall bloomers. Michaelmas daisies are inter- 
esting and sometimes are of use. And for winter keeping, straw flowers and 
Chinese lanterns have everything their own way.—Sabra M. Ellison, 
Okipee Farm, Minneapolis. . 


N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY, 


3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. 


How many of our members made a planting of peonies or iris last year 
that can be expected to bloom this season? Spring is the best time to plant 
iris, but the fall season is the proper time to plant peonies. 

There is certainly a great source of satisfaction in planning your 
garden so that it may contain new varieties each season that may possibly 
be strangers to you. It is not too early to become familiar with the location 
of large representative collections and plan an excursion of investigation 
with a view of bettering the collection you may already possess. A great 
number of the recent productions of both the peony and iris are wonderful 
and greatly excel some of the older varieties. Others, of course, are not 
to be compared with the varieties that have been in existence for many 
years, but which are comparative strangers to most of us. 

It is a pleasure to report a satisfactory growth of the ‘society, but our 
aim is high and our ambition is to enroll many more members this spring. 
We want each member of our society to become a missionary to the cause 
and send us at least one application for membership or, failing in this, the 
names of parties to whom we may write with a view of interesting them 
to join us in our work. Can we depend on you for this? The larger our 
society becomes, the more we do for you. 

Have you labeled or properly marked your plantings so there will be 
no danger of injury to the tender shoots as they are about to burst through 
the ground? If you have them protected with a covering, extreme care 
should be exercised in removing same if the season is well advanced. 

As soon as possible this spring, start constant and thorough cultiva- 
tion, using care not to work too close to your plants, as it is only by thor- 
ough cultivation and care that you may expect the most out of them. Re- 
member that any plant must be firmly established and planted where con- 
ditions are satisfactory in order to obtain the best results. 

One of the chief aims of our society is to familiarize each member with 
the different meritorious varieties of peony and iris and to encourage their 
cultivation, propagation and improvement, and we will gladly welcome any 
inquiries or suggestions that you may have to make along this line. 


Don’t fail to read Mr. Bonnewitz’s paper, ‘““A Business Man’s Pleasure 
With His Peonies,” which will appear in the columns of the Horticulturist. 
It is intensely interesting and brim full of enthusiasm, and was heartily 
received when read before our society at our mid-winter meeting. We want 
more enthusiastic members like Mr. Bonnewitz. 

We have in preparation material for another bulletin that will be issued 
in the near future. Each of our members will receive a copy as soon as 
completed. 

The committee appointed to arrange for a flower show this season will 
doubtless have something definite to report in the near future. 

Be free to write your experiences in the growing of peonies and iris, 
whether they have been successful ones or failures. If failures we feel that 
we can help you, if successful your experience may be helpful to others. If 
you have propagated new varieties, send us descriptions so that we may 
advise others of your efforts. We want to make this a real, live society in 
keeping with the Horticultural Society of Minnesota, of which we are an 
auxiliary Phone No. 37658. 

(230) 


PREMIUMS ON FLowers. An advance copy of the list of premiums 
to he offered on flowers at the coming summer meeting of the society is 
to be found in this number, and prospective exhibitors will see the wisdom 
of consulting this list promptly and acting accordingly. 


Notre ESPECIALLY in this number first the article on “growing vege- 
tables this year” on page 219, on “economy in seed potatoes” on page 221, 
the new spraying calendar on pages 222-5. These are articles of special 
importance bearing on the extraordinary efforts being made this year to 
increase the vegetable and fruit products of the country. No true horti- 
eulturist should fail to plant a large garden, and no true fruit grower 
should fail to spray the orchard and other fruit plants most thoroughly, 
following for this purpose the calendar provided herein. 


JAPANESE BARBERRY HARMLESS..-The common barberry, Berberis vul- 
garis, and its commercial varieties, together with some of the less common 
species of barberry, are unquestionably instrumental in spreading rust. 

However, the Japanese barberry, Berberis thunbergii, has no connection 
as far as has been determined with the wheat rust. It has been tried at 
this station, as well as at many others, for a number of years, and it has 
never been found to have rust. In any law providing for the eradication of 
barberry, the Japanese barberry should be exempt.—E.. C. Stakman, Head 
of Section of Plant Pathology, University Farm. 


HAVE You A VEGETABLE GARDEN?—There are extraordinary reasons 
why every member of the Horticultural Society should do his part in grow- 
ing a crop of vegetables large enough for home consumption and some to 
spare for the neighborhood and plenty to can for a two years’ supply. It is 
not too late when this is received for you to plant a garden, and especially 
in growing vegetables for use for next fall and winter. On other pages in 
this monthly you will find practical articles on vegetable gardening, some 
sound advice from experts in this field, also something about potato growing. 
We rely upon the members of the Society to do their share in this real 
national crisis. 


VISIT THE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM.—A good time to visit the State Fruit- 
Breeding Farm, at Zumbra Heights, is in the strawberry season, somewhere 
about the middle of June. At that time there will be a large field of No. 3 
strawberries in fruitage and considerable quantities of a large number of 
other varieties of strawberries, both June-bearing and everbearing. There 
will be very many other things besides this of interest to be seen; scores 
of thousands of apple and plum trees will have blossomed and set fruit as 
well as quantities of all other varieties of fruits that can not be raised in 
this climate. The visitor will be especially interested to see crosses of the 
plum and apricot which we are informed should be in fruitage this year. 
Take a half day of and visit the Fruit-Breeding Farm. It can be reached 
by Minneapolis & St. Louis Railroad from Minneapolis to Zumbra Heights 
station. The farm is about one-quarter mile south of the station. 


PLUM TREE PREMIUMS DESTROYED By Mice.—Something over one hun- 
dred members of the society we know are very much disappointed not to 
receive the plum premium, No. 19, a cross of Compass Cherry and the 
Climax plum, offered to our membership as one of the plant premiums this 
spring. These trees were carefully dug and proverly heeled in for winter 
keeping in the storage cellar at the Fruit-Breeding Farm. Usual precau- 
tions were taken against injury by mice, but unfortunately they were not 
successful, as all of this lot of trees had the bark eaten off by mice and 
were entirely destroyed. Supt. Haralson did the best he could under the cir- 

(281) 


232 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - 


cumstances in putting in some other things, which in themselves are intrin- 
sically as valuable. It is too bad so many should be disappointed in this 
way, but there is no help for it. 


No HoRTICULTURAL BUILDING THIS YEAR.—The present State Legisla- 
ture has seen fit to refuse the request of the Horticultural Society now for 
the second time, but we do not feel so badly about this as they also refused 
practically all of the requests of the State University for buildings, which 
in the judgment of the Board of Regents are imperatively needed, on ac- 
count of the high price of labor and building material, and extraordinary 
demands arising out of war conditions for unusual expenditures. Every 
item of expense which could be cut out without seriously crippling the state 
institutions has been refused by the present legislature. As previously 
noted, hearings were had before both the Finance Committee of the Senate 
and the Agricultural Committee of the House by the Society Building Com- 
mittee, assisted by a number of members of the Executive Board. We are 
informed that the majority of the Finance Committee were favorable to- 
wards our proposition, but the House Committee decided against us. No 
appeal was made to our membership to endorse this proposition, following 
in this the wishes of the members of the legislature who were endeavoring to 
secure this building for us. We are not discouraged but hopeful. The situa- 
tion is better for us than two years ago, and we hope successful efforts may 
undoubtedly be made with the State Legislature two years later. 


PASSING OF A. J. PHILIPS AND OLIVER GIBBS.—Since the issue of the 
last number of the Horticulturist two others of the old members of the 
society have been taken from us, Mr. A. J. Philips, of West Salem, Wis., 
and Oliver Gibbs, of Melbourne Beach, Fla. Mr. Philips had been a regular 
attendant at our meetings for so many years now that he had become well 
known to all of the members who are present at these gatherings. His prac- 
tical experience in horticulture and his quaint and humorous way of pre- 
senting any subject in which he was interested brought him especially into 
prominence. There will be a strong personal note in his loss which will 
touch each one of us who has had the opportunity of knowing Mr. Philips 
and profiting by contact with his personality. 

Mr. Philips was sick at home and then at the hospital at La Crosse in 
all about three weeks. His death occurred March 22 last. His name first 
appears on the membership roll of this society in 1876, more than forty 
years ago, and from personal knowledge of the earliest meetings of the asso- 
ciation and its active membership at that time it is more than likely that 
he attended meetings at an earlier date and was a member of the society, 
the earlier rolls of the association being kept in an imperfect way, which 
make the exact date of membership an uncertainty. 

Oliver Gibbs came into the society at about the same time. His name 
appears on the roll first however in 1880. Both Mr. Gibbs and Mr. Philips 
--ere made honorary life members only a few years later. Mr. Gibbs was 
always very prominent in the councils of the association up to the time of 
his removal to Florida, where the last decade of his life was spent. Very 
few members have contributed more in a practical way to the work of the 
association than these two whose names are grouped together in this notice. 
Mr. Gibbs was secretary of the society during three years, having been 
appointed to fill a vacancy in 1882, and only resigning on account of the 
duties devolving upon him as superintendent of the exhibit of the state of 
Minnesota at the New Orleans Exposition. On account of his absence from 
the state most of the time for the past ten or twelve years, and his blindness, 
which for some years has been practically complete, the membership of late 
years have seen very little of Mr. Gibbs, but the work that he did during 
his active years for the association had large value and contributed more 
than can be told in this note to the permanent life and growth of the asso- 
ciation. A biographical sketch of Mr. Gibbs was published in the report of 
this society for 1901, accompanied by his portrait taken at that time. A 
biography of Mr. Philips is found in the report of this society for 1898. In 
later numbers of this monthly, some time during this year, “in memoriam” 
sketches of the lives of these two prominent members will find suitable place 


a 


Te ¥ 3 we. 
“e mm ass. 
com 


sat 


BALSAM FIR AND EUROPEAN LARCH PLANTED ALTERNATELY, AT OWATONNA EXPERIMENT STATION. 


3. 


« 
« 


No. 


(See opposite page.) 


While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


C0 


Vol. 45 JUNE, 1917 No. 6 


Tee 


Owatonna Trial Station, Annual Report, 1916, 


THOS. E. CASHMAN, SUPT., OWATONNA. 


The trees and plants at the Owatonna Station have gone into 
the winter in good condition, as there was sufficient rainfall to 
give them the necessary moisture. 

I am sure the public generally will be interested in the condi- 
tion and appearance of the different varieties of evergreens and 
European larch planted at the station in the years 1886 and 1887 
by the late E. H. S. Dartt. That the readers of the Horticulturist 
may realize the size they have attained and the condition of the 
white and Norway: spruce, Scotch pine, European larch after a 
period of thirty-one years, I have had several photographs taken. 

No. 1 shows white and Norway spruce planted ten feet 
apart; the trees are planted alternately. The white spruce are 
the largest and best looking trees, with the exception of one, 
which is the third tree from the right in the picture. 

' About twelve years ago, I was visiting the Station with Mr. 
Dartt, and he called my attention to those trees. He said, “You 
will notice I have planted white and Norway spruce alternately. 
This planting will prove some day that the white spruce will in 
time outgrow, will always look better, and will outlive the Nor- 
way spruce.” He said, “I will not live to see those results accom- 
plished, but perhaps you will.” He said, “You will notice now 
that the Norway spruce are considerable larger than the white 
spruce, but this will not always be.” And sure enough, the old 
gentleman’s predictions have come true. The trees now are 
standing from thirty-five to fifty feet high, and with the excep- 


(233) 


234 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — 


tion of one instance the white spruce are considerably larger 
than the Norway. 

The white spruce carries a beautiful green luster the year 
around, while the Norway presents a dull and somewhat naked 
appearance in winter. Although the Norway are in good condi- 
tion and making a fair growth each year, they seem to be unable 
to hold their own with their more beautiful neighbors. 


No. 1. White and Norway spruce planted alternately ten feet apart. 


No. 2 shows Scotch pine planted a year later. They are large 
trees, very healthy and provide a good windbreak, but not nearly 
as attractive nor ornamental as either the white or Norway 
spruce. 

No. 3 shows the balsam fir and European larch planted alter- 
nately. In this case also, with one exception, the larch are much 
the largest trees. All are in good, healthy condition. While the 
larch loses its foliage in winter, it is a beautiful, symmetrical 
tree and one of the best trees for ornamental purposes. 

All of those trees would saw into barn timbers after 
thirty-one years of growth and prove conclusively that any of 
those varieties will yield large profits if grown for lumber pur-_ 
poses; and while they are growing into money as a saw log, they 
far more than compensate the owner for the money invested and 
the land they occupy on account of the protection they afford for 


——a 


WINTER REPORT, 1916, OWATONNA TRIAL STATION. 235 


buildings and occupants of the farm, as well as live stock, from 
wind and storms. 
The naked trees seen back of the evergreens in photograph 
No. 1 are Norway poplar about ten years old. They also have 
grown to be large trees and will soon be ready for the sawmill. 
Those trees are planted on various kinds of soil. Some on 


No. 2. Scotch pine, 


very heavy black soil where the ground is inclined to be wet. 
Part on clay hillsides, others on a rolling piece of ground that 
has a thin clay subsoil underlaid with a gravel bed, which shows 
that these varieties will do well in most any kind of soil that is 
not too wet. 


WILD PARSNIP A DEADLY PoIsSON.—Wild parsnip is not the common 
garden parsnip that has escaped from cultivation and grown wild. The 
latter has a more yellowish flower and a tap root. What is commonly called 
“wild parsnip” is the Wyoming water hemlock (Cicuta occidentalis), which 
greatly resembles the garden parsnip but has a whiter flower, the leaflets 
finely toothed along the margin, and a cluster of roots. 

Every year we have reports of children being poisoned by eating the 
roots of wild parsnip, and parents will do well to caution their children 
against touching any wild plant that has an umbrella-shaped top that 
looks like the garden parsnip.—Colorado Agricultural College. 


236 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Raspberry Diseases in Minnesota. 
G. R. HOERNER, ASSISTANT IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 


Many varieties of raspberries have been brought to a high 
state of development in this country. Co-ordinately with the 
development of the host plant, so have raspberry diseases de- 
veloped. The extent of this development has been such that a 
thorough study of these diseases, with the end in view of com- 
bating their ravages, has become a necessity if the successful 
growing of this excellent fruit is to continue. 

The first federal report on raspberry and loganberry pro- 
duction in the United States in 1899 shows an estimated national 
planting of 60,916 acres, with a production of 76,628,107 quarts. 
Minnesota is credited with 1,115 acres and 1,252,930 quarts. 

The last available federal statistics, for the year 1909, esti- 
mate the national planting at 48,668 acres, with a production of 
60,918,196 quarts, at a valuation of $5,132,277. Of this total 
Minnesota grew 1,388 acres, producing 1,340,469 quarts, at a 
valuation of $178,689. 

For this short period of ten years these figures show a 
decline in the United States of 12,248 acres devoted to the crop 
with a consequent decrease in production of 15,709,911 quarts. 
Estimating the value at the same rate per quart as in 1909, there 
is a reduction in financial returns of approximately $1,335,342. 

Although Minnesota’s total acreage and yield increased, 
there was an actual decrease in production of an average of 158 
quarts and a consequent loss of $20.54 per acre. 

No later figures being available, it is impossible to state 
whether the acreage and yield has increased proportionately, 
whether the yield per acre has been reduced or whether the 
actual number of acres devoted to this crop is on the decline 
as a result of the effects of disease. 

However, Mr. E. C. Magill, recently of Wayzata High 
School, in a report on a survey of the raspberry industry in 
Hennepin county for the past season, states that in four main 
berry growing districts only one is increasing its acreage. 
Many fields in the remaining three districts are said to have been 
already abandoned and others in such poor condition that the 
plants should be taken out. 

A number of varieties have been grown in Minnesota with 
varying degrees of success, and although weather conditions and 
poor cultural practices may be responsible for some decrease in 
yield, failure to recognize the importance and serious nature 


RASPBERRY DISEASES IN MINNESOTA. 237 


of insect pests and plant diseases causes a high percentage of 
the reduction in quantity and quality of the fruit produced. 

The following diseases are the most important in Minnesota, 

Gray Bark, or Spur Blight. This is a fungous disease popu- 
larly so named because of the visible external effects on canes and 
spurs. I class it of first importance because of its widespread 
occurrence, the extent of the damage and, until recently, the 
slight attention that it has attracted. 

The Hopkins, Long Lake, Maple Plain and Excelsior dis- 
tricts, in Hennepin county, are all infested, some fields show- 
ing as high as 100% of the canes diseased. The districts about 
Mankato, Bay Lake and Aitkin are all suffering from the de- 


ae Loe h 


sop Wee 


— 


Gray bark, or spur blight, of red raspberries. 


structive effects of this disease. It has been reported from 
Douglas, Pine, Wabasha, Mower, Washington, Renville, Ram- 
sey and Cottonwood counties as well. 

Not only has the reduction in yield- been great in the last 
few years, but in many places the effects are so marked that 
the growers are seriously considering the abandoning of pres- 
ent plantings altogether. 

Some growers believe gray ‘bark to be most severe in older 
plantings or on canes weakened by winter injury. There has 
not been enough opportunity to collect conclusive evidence on 
this and other points under our conditions. The effect of winter- 
killing on various varieties, and the susceptibility of these same 
varieties to disease, must be investigated. Correspondence on 
this point with the Experiment Station will doubtless be of 
mutual benefit to grower and investigator. 

_ The first appearance of the disease, early in July, is char- 
acterized by bluish or brownish patches, either at the base of 


238 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


green canes, or near leaf bases or buds. The fruit-bearing 
laterals are wilted down, become dry and fall off. Later in 
the year, beginning about the latter part of August or the first 
part of September, these bluish areas of the bark become grayish 
in color, and the outer bark finally cracks and peels off. 

The worst features of the disease are, first, the reduction 
of fruit bearing laterals and, second, the cracking of the bark, 
allowing loss of water needed for the ripening fruit. A de- 
tailed study of the disease is at present in ‘progress. Some 
varieties seem more subject to the ravages of the disease than 
others. <A partial solution to the problem may lie along the 
line of varietal resistance. The work at present under way 
will of course take this question of varietal resistance into con- 
sideration. Spraying experiments have been carried on the 
past season, but data obtained were not extensive or complete 
enough to warrant very definite conclusions. In Colorado, 
however, spraying experiments have been financially profitable. 
It is reported that an increase of 240% of the yield was secured 
and an increased financial return of about $165.00 per acre. 
Until more definite recommendations can be given for this 
state, growers are urged to cut out and burn affected canes 
immediately after picking is over, and, further, to keep the 
young canes in the spring well covered with 3-3 or 4-4-50 resin- 
lye-bordeaux (see foot note) up to the time the berries be- 
gin to ripen. A similar spray, should be applied in the fall, 
after the old and diseased canes have been removed. 

Anthracnose.—This is also a fungous disease, extremely 
common and destructive to black, red and purple berries alike. 
It affects both canes and leaves. 

On the canes ashy gray, sunken areas, with purplish bor- 
ders, may be formed in great numbers. On leaves and leaf 
petioles, small gray spots with purple borders are quite com- 
mon. The effect of this disease is not only to reduce the vital- 
ity of the bush generally but causes as well injury to the buds, 
either by killing them outright or so weakening them that the 
laterals resulting are either weakened or never mature. Often- 
times the partly formed fruits dry up and drop off. At times 
the ripe fruit may be damaged. 

To control, cut out and burn all affected canes as soon 
as the picking season is over. Early in the spring when the 
young canes are but several inches high, one or two applica- 
tions of 4-4-50 resin-lye-bordeaux mixture usually proves ef- 


RASPBERRY DISEASES IN MINNESOTA. 239 


fective. In planting new areas practice rotation where possible; 
that is, do not set out new plants on a field that for one or 
two years previously has grown diseased canes. 

Young plants that are set out in new plantings, of course 
should be absolutely free from disease. 

Crown Gall.—This is a bacterial disease which usually at- 
tacks the plants thru the soil on the roots or at the crown. 
Large, irregular, tumor-like growths are produced, usually on 
the roots, though sometimes on parts above the surface of the 
ground. All types of berries are affected, tho there seems to 
be some varietal difference in certain localities. Under all cir- 


Anthracnose of raspberries. 


cumstances, however, the presence of the disease in any quantity 
eventually will mean ruin to the productiveness of the plant- 
ing. 

The disease is very common and is spread largely by means 
of nursery stock. Infected soil may remain so for years. 
The bacteria causing the trouble may be spread throughout a 
patch by cultivation. Badly diseased plants are of little value 
and serve as a center of infection. They should be removed 
and burned. The greatest precaution should be taken not to 
set out plants that show any signs of the disease, nor to set 
out healthy plants on land that has grown diseased plants 
previously. 

Yellows, or Curly Leaf.—This disease, so far as is known, 
is not caused by a parasite. Heavy, flat soils and the presence 
of crown gall often cause a yellowing of raspberry plants 
and are no doubt often mistaken for curly leaf. Close observa- 
tion, however, will enable one usually to distinguish the true 


240 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


curly leaf from ordinary, poor conditions in the plants which 
have a similar appearance. In some districts the disease has 
been causing considerable damage. The affected plants are 
usually shorter than the healthy ones. The plant may be very 
bushy in appearance. The leaves are usually smaller than 
normal and yellowish in color or mottled, with green and yel- 
low patches alternating. The parts of the leaf between the 
veins are quite often raised, giving the leaf a peculiar curled 
appearance. The exact cause of this condition is not known 
though diseased plants seem to incur in groups in the field. In- 
vestigations are being carried on in co-operation with the Horti- 
cultural Department to determine whether it is capable of spread- 
ing through a field and whether it can be transmitted by the use 
of cuttings from diseased plants. We do know it affects the gen- 


Crown gall of raspberries. 


eral vigor of the plants and, consequently, materially reduces 
the yield. : 

Raspberry plants should be obtained from localities where 
the disease is not serious and planted in well drained, not too 
heavy soil of medium texture. Judicious applications of barn- 
yard manure may be of value. If possible, applications of 
water during dry weather may be of assistance. If, however, 
in spite of these precautions, plants show marked signs of the 
trouble, they should be pulled up at once and burned to prevent 
a possible infection of nearby healthy plants. 

Gray bark, or spur blight, anthracnose, crown gall and yel- 
lows, or curly leaf, then comprise the list of the more important 
diseases of the raspberry in Minnesota. 

Investigational work on these diseases is well under way. 
All of the information which is needed before definite control 
measures can be prescribed is not yet available. The Section 
of Plant Pathology of the Department of Agriculture at the 
University is making a determined effort to get this informa- 
tion. It solicits the co-operation of berry growers. They can 
render valuable service by reporting diseases, submitting speci- 


RASPBERRY DISEASES IN MINNESOTA. 241 


mens, and giving original observations as to the prevalence of 
diseases, the damage they cause, and the effect of soil and 
weather conditions on the seriousness of these diseases, together 
with the financial losses they occasion. 

Information will be sent out as it becomes available. In 
the meantime it is important to recognize the fact that diseases 
_are important limiting factors in raspberry production and 

that until more specific recommendations can be made the fol- 
lowing procedure is advisable: 1. Set out healthy plants. 2. 
Practice proper culture. 3. Cut out and burn all infected 
canes. 4. Spray. 

No one method is sufficient, such as spraying alone, with- 
out proper regard to destruction of infected material in the 
field. The importance of this last point cannot be too fully 
emphasized. In raspberry disease control, as in everything else, 
an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Do not wait 
until your patch is diseased before taking the necessary measures 
to keep it disease free. Definite action toward complete disease 
control should be begun immediately. 

Mr. Bussey: I would like to know the cause of what 
we might term leaf riddlers. Along the middle of the sum- 
mer the upper part of my raspberry bush leaves were riddled 
like some flies had been at work, but I could not see any traces 
of flies working. 

Mr. Hoerner: I have seen the condition you mention. 
There may be two things that cause it. If it shows shothole 
effects, as if the leaves had been punctured with fine shot, it 
may be caused by a leaf blight. Or it may be a worm that 
chews very rapidly. It is‘ hard to see, but if you shake the bush 
you will shake it off. This worm is the larva of a fly—but that 
is out of my field. 

A Member: It is possibly a grasshopper; they will eat 
most anything. 

A Member: Does the root gall affect anything else be- 
sides the raspberries? 

Mr. Hoerner: Yes, sir. It is true that the same bacteria 
that causes crown gall on raspberries also affects apple trees and 
various kind of trees, causing the same kind of a gall on the trees, 
although it is true that infected galls from the raspberry will 
affect the raspberries easier than they will affect apples. 

Mr. Sauter: Last spring a man to whom I sold some 
nursery stock showed me some apples that had the same thing 
as the raspberries. 

Mr. Hoerner: It is exactly the same organism, and some- 
times you find a hairy root condition on the apple trees caused 
by the same thing. 


242 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Sauter: What variety of raspberry is more apt to get 
this kind of disease? 

Mr. Hoerner: I would not want to make an exact state- 
ment for this reason: the only information we get is from 
growers, and it may be due to cultural practises. 

Mr. Pfeiffer: Are black raspberries more susceptible 
than the red to these diseases? 

Mr. Hoerner: As far as we know, spore blight does 
not affect the blacks and purples, simply the reds; crown gall 
affects the blacks as much as the reds, and anthracnose is as 
apt to be on the black berries as the red. 

Mr. Underwood: I think we are more scared than hurt 
about diseases. It seems to be the province of some people 
to all the while be climbing hills and crossing bridges and 
thinking that something is going to happen that is not right. 
Now, you know we had a great big scare about infantile paralysis 
this last summer, and they had posted up in our towns that 
you must not let your children go out on the street, you must 
keep your children at home and all that, when the facts are 
that all they needed to do was to take care of their children, 
feed them right and see that they slept right, that they were 
well taken care of, and they would not have infantile paraylsis. 
It was proved that infantile paralysis was not an infectious 
disease at all, and an eminent physician in New York City 
said he would undertake to cure a hundred cases of infantile 
paralysis without any medicine whatever, just by the process 
of right living. Live right and you will not be sick, take good 
care of your raspberries, and they will not have any disease. 

It is the care of the raspberries that counts, and all this 
hullabaloo about root gall and hairy root and all that is alto- 
gether unnecessary. If you will plant the raspberries, take 
good care of them, on good land, you will not have any trouble. 
We grew raspberries until we could not sell them. We had so 
many raspberries we had to plow them up, we could not get a 
market for them, and we never thought anything about this 
disease. We have been at it for years and years. So do not 
get scared. It tires me to hear the diseases and troubles of life 
emphasized. We have not any diseases, and we have not any 
troubles if we just live right. (Applause). 

Prof. Stakman: I do not want to start a discussion, but I 
want to take exception to what has been said. If any are skeptical 
about the specific nature of these diseases and about their organic 
causes and the germ theory, I wish they would come and stay 
with us at the University Farm, and we will undertake to 
treat them cordially and instruct them about the real nature 
of disease. What the gentleman has said about the raspberry 
is absolutely true, and the speaker who has just addressed you 
has tried to impress that fact, and it is true that the right 
care would prevent the disease. Any progressive fruit grower 
in any part of the country where fruit growing is on a com- 


ler ks Gs! 4 


BE: etiens > OI 


RASPBERRY DISEASES IN MINNESOTA. 243 


~ mercial basis must take into account that good practice con- 
sists in preventing disease. The whole fruit growing com- 
munity is alert to the problem that if one man lets his orchard 
run wild or his raspberry patch run wild, it is going to injure 
all the rest of them. i 

I do not want you to understand that we are harping on 
theories, but you talk to a great many fruit growers when the 
limiting factor in production is disease, and when you prove 
that that disease can be controlied by very simple methods if in- 
telligently applied, you will have to admit there is something in 
this. We must take the prevention of disease into consideration 
as well as the mere culture of the plants. 

A Member: I naturally expect any one dealing in diseases 
and their remedies to talk that, but if we are looking for real 
things and going up higher we will look for the fruit and the 
production of them.. I think too much of an important feature 
is being made of disease. I think we ought to look for the 

fruit and the growth of things. 

Prof. Stakman: If the gentleman will undertake to 
spend a half an hour with me I will show him why it is we 
are trying to control diseases. The object is not to advocate 
some pet scheme of our own. We are not interested because 
we make our living—we hardly make that. The reason we 
are interested is, it is our duty to do it, and we are interested 
in the increase in yields. It is a financial proposition with the 
grower and not for us, and if this gentleman will spend some 
time with us we will prove it is a financial proposition. I would 
like to hear from some one who has had actual experience, I 
do not like this going back to the dark ages. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I never had a chance to attend the Uni- 
versity, and I had to call them to my place. If it had not been 
for them I do not think I could have gone very far. They gave 
me advice as to my irrigation system and as to spraying, and 
enabled me to save my crops. | 

Mr. Gust Johnson: I have been around a great deal 
over this state, and as to this disease it is a fact that it is a 
disease of the cane, and it is easy to prevent it. All these 
diseases can be cured or prevented by spraying, no question 
about it, it has been proved time and again. It is better to 
cure them than to dig them up and burn them. To dig them 
up and burn them is like killing a man when he is sick. 

Mr. Brackett: There is no question but what we have 
got to fight diseases. Some years here we could not grow 
a crop of potatoes unless we killed the potato bug. No man 
that pretends to raise apples would grow them without spraying 
them. But I believe with Mr. Underwood that there are a 
good many bugaboos, that we need not be afraid of, that are 
put out by people who have an interest in doing so. 


Foot note: Full directions for making this resin-lye-bor- 
deaux mixture will be found in Secretary’s Corner in this issue. 


244 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


Strawberries with Jrrigation. 
N. A. RASMUSSEN, PRES. WIS. STATE HORT. SOCIETY, OSHKOSH, WIS. 


I do not think that in a commercial way we can afford to 
grow strawberries without water. In a small garden on the 
farm it is easy to get water to them, and in a commercial way 
you can grow them anywhere if you have water piped to the 
bed, and it is but a small extra expense if you have a well that 
supplies the water. We are surrounded by water on all sides, but 
_ the only water we can get control of is that down below, and we 
ought to have it on the strawberry bed. 

But before I go on about strawberry culture with irriga- 
tion I am going to speak a little on some mistakes we are apt to 
make. Most any soil will raise strawberries, and it has been 
said soil that will raise corn will grow strawberries. It will, but 
it will not grow crops worth while. We should have our land 
in the best of condition if we expect the best results. Clover 
sod, with a heavy application of barnyard manure plowed under 
in the fall or early spring, planted to potatoes or beans, kept thor- 
oughly cultivated and free from weeds, makes an ideal place 
for strawberries the following year. 

In the selection of plants, I think is where we are apt to 
make mistakes. I think we should select our plants much as 
the dairyman selects his cows. He takes one cow, perhaps, or 
a few good cows, as the foundation of his herd; we should 
take individual plants for the foundation of our strawberry 
bed. Go into the field soon after planting time, look for the 


plants that have thrown out extra large, strong fruit stems, © 


with runners not too numerous but large and strong; stake off 
and take your new plants from there. You will find that some 
plants will throw out several times as many runners as others; 
my idea is that the plant that will produce too many runners 
runs to runners instead of fruit. You may find some that run 
to fruit and will have practically no runners. We think by 
thus selecting the plants the strain is improved somewhat. 

We grow practically one variety, the Senator Dunlap. I find, 
however, that they will not do well in all sections, but in most 
cases where they have been tried they have proved success- 
ful. We set the plants with a two horse planter, the same 
as is used for setting cabbage and tobacco, and find they do 
far better than when set by hand, and also find this saves a 
great deal of expense. We set the plants 18 inches apart in 
the row and four feet between the rows. We cultivate with a 


a a 


STRAWBERRIES WITH IRRIGATION. 245 


fine tooth cultivator, always using the rolling coulter attached 
to the side of the cultivator, as this does away with dragging 
and bunching the runners. It also cuts off the surplus runners, 
which on our rich land are apt to be very numerous. 

One drawback to strawberry culture is the running out of 
a variety, so to speak. Care should be exercised when digging 
plants to dig only those showing strong characteristics of the 
variety and to dig only good, strong, healthy plants. The two 
greatest troubles, however, are the leaf rollers and the hot, dry 


Pumping station in Mr. Rasmussen’s garden, supplying piping system for 
strawberries and celery. 


weather, and these ills may both be cured with the same simple 
treatment. 

It costs the average grower about $50 to plant, cultivate 
and care for an acre of strawberries. I contend this is not 
sufficient, we should give them better care, and for an additional 
$25 an acre we can, take it right through, double our crop. 
Some years we have saved our entire crop by protecting our- 
selves against leaf rollers, also drought, by watering, using the 
sprinkler system. The only way we can entirely control the 
leaf roller is by watering. They seldom start before picking 
begins, and this is just the time the water should be applied. 
Four or five days of continued hot, dry weather often ruins a 
crop or, rather, ends it, while if irrigating is done the season 
is prolonged to its natural length and the quality of the berries 
is fine throughout the season. 


246 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


We pump from an ordinary well, and the pump throws an 
inch and a quarter stream. First we pumped directly to the 
field, which worked very well except that it is too hard on the 
engine and pump. We now use an elevated tank and find that 
works better. I prefer to have the water come directly from 
the well rather than have it pumped up and allowed to stand 
in the tank and grow warm. It is better for irrigating, and the 
pickers can drink the water, there being faucets all over the 
patch. We find that the plants like it better; the cooler the 
water the better they will respond and the more effective it 
is on insect pests. You can’t hurt the plants on a hot day with 
this water if you do not strike them with a heavy stream but 
use a sprinkler. 

We divide the patch into two sections and run a pipe through 
the center, placing a bib or faucet about every sixty feet, and 
then use common garden hose and lawn sprinklers, watering 
half the patch daily, which is also the part we pick each day. 

We plan to water as soon as they have been picked, using 
just water enough to revive the foliage. An inch and a quarter 
stream of water for an acre of strawberries is as much as we 
have had to use in the driest season, and I think we nearly 
doubled the size of the fruit through the entire season. The 
last berries, as a rule, are small, but I think with irrigation 
they are fully as large as the first; at any rate, they are no 
smaller and usually command a better price. 

Mr. Hoyt: How many crops do you pick, and can you 
keep up with irrigation a continuous picking of crop from your 
strawberry bed? Will they bear continuously, year after year? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We have never had a loss since we 
have started to irrigate. We planted berries this year, and as 
we were short of land we grew spinach and radishes between the 
rows. We pick a bed only one year,.and after having been 
watered the land is in good shape for plowing. We plow im- 
mediately after the picking season is over and plant to beans, 
cabbage or cucumbers. 

Mr. Gardner: I did not quite understand your statement 
of the amount of water you use. 

Mr. Rasmussen: We have an inch and a quarter stream 
pumped with gasoline engine into an elevated tank. - This is suffi- 
cient for an acre and a quarter of strawberries. 

Mr. Gardner: How big is your tank? 

Mr. Rasmussen: About thirty barrels. 

Mr. Gardner: Would you lay that pipe right along the 
row? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, we lay it right on the ground, 


—— oe 


| 


STRAWBERRIES WITH IRRIGATION. 247 


on top of the ground, so that when the strawberry patch is 
finished we change it to the raspberries or gooseberries. 

Mr. Gardner: You have got it so you can shift it easily 
from one place to the other? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes. 

Mr. Gardner: Have you had any experience with overhead 
irrigation? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I have not. The Skinner overhead system 
is better and more practical, but it costs considerably more 
money. ; 

Mr. Kellogg: How many acres have you irrigated from 
that pump? 

Mr. Rasmussen: One acre and a quarter of strawberries 
and two of raspberries. 

Mr. Kellogg: What power is that engine? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Horse and a half engine. . 

Mr. Brackett: In making your plant selections, do you find 
those individual plants remaining constant in the production of 
runners? 

Mr. Rasmussen: No, sir, but I think I can see improvement 
in the strain. I do not find as many of the plants that have too 
many small crowns. : 

Mr. Brackett: Do you spray? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, we spray once with bordeaux 
mixture when the first blossoms appear. 

A Member: How high up is the tank? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We have a 25 foot trestle. It is on 
the highest point of our land. We have to figure to have a 
twenty foot pressure, anyway. 

Mr. Kellogg: How would you work it on ten or twenty 
acres? 

Mr. Rasmussen: You would have to have a better well, 
to begin with. 

Mr. Brackett: Those plants you have then are pedigreed 
plants you raise from the runners? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I do not know how I am going to get 
the pedigree. 

Mr. Brackett: I know of some people who are advertis- 
ing perigreed plants, and I was at a meeting in which that 
was discussed. There was a gentleman there who had been in 
the strawberry business a great many years, and he said he 
got some of those pedigreed plants and planted them. He 
also planted some Dunlaps that had been grown in an old 
orchard and had been neglected for ten or fifteen years, and 
he took out some of these plants and planted them beside the 
pedigreed plants, and he couldn’t see any difference—and I 
don’t think there is the least difference. A Wealthy apple tree 
is a Wealthy apple tree anywhere in the United States, because 
it is the whole tree that Peter Gideon originated. A Dunlap 
strawberry plant is a part of the first Dunlap that was ever 
grown. It has been produced by an offset, and it is a part of the 


248 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


old plant, and I don’t believe you can improve it or you can 
run it out. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Go to a dairyman and he might tell 
you a cow is a cow, but there has been quite an improvement in 
cows. If you go at it right you can improve strawberries; I 
advise you to try it and find out the difference. 

Mr. Pfaender: I agree with Mr. Brackett, I do not be- 
lieve that bud selection improves the plants to any appreciable 
extent. I know that at the Central Experiment Station there 
were a large amount of Wealthy trees. They took some buds 
from the best trees and some from the poorest and some medium, 
and they set out an acre, thirty trees of each class. This orchard 
is about ten years old, and there is practically no difference in 
the yield of those three clases. 

Mr. Rasmussen: It may be true with the apple, I have 
not tried it. I do not think I can get anything out of that 
plant but a Dunlap, but I think I would get a better one. 

Mr. Hawley: I would like to ask a question, if you found 
any difference in plants selected from the main first runner 
instead of laterals? Are they better and why? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I have tried it, but I have never been able 
to find any difference. 

Mr. Hawley: There is a difference in the size of the plant? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir. 

Mr. Hawley: Does not that continue the next year? 

Mr. Rasmussen: I do not think so. I like them better 
to plant, they are nicer to handle, but I do not think you are 
improving them. They come quicker and are stronger, but I 
do not think the runners will give you better fruit. 

Mr. Hawley: Why do you consider the berries unprofitable 
after one year? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Because I do not think we can get 
enough; there would be more difference in the yield in an 
acre of strawberries the second year than the cost of cultivat- 
ing a new bed? We figure we will never be satisfied with 
less than $500 gross returns from an acre. We ought to be 
able to get, like last year, over $1,000. On an old patch I 
never knew them to run over $350. 

Mr. Sauter: Which is your best variety? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Dunlap. 

Prof. Wellington: Professor Whitten, of Missouri Uni- 
versity, had been selecting strawberries for improvement, but 
his experiments have been negative. 

Mr. Rasmussen: We try to improve the strength and 
growth of the plants, and thereby we get better fruit. 

A Member: Have you ever, in sprinkling your berries 
in the day-time, noticed that the drops of water falling on 
the flowers would focus the light on the leaves and in that way 


burn the leaves? 
Mr. Rasmussen: Not if you use the spray and leave 


, 


STRAWBERRIES WITH IRRIGATION. 249 


it on long enough to cool the plants before you take the water 
away, but you must leave it there long enough to cool them. 

Mrs. Franklin: I want to say that we only have a small 
patch, about 20x30 feet possibly, of strawberries, and the second 
year we got over fifty quarts more of strawberries off it than we 
did the first year? How do you account for that? 

Mr. Rasmussen: In the home garden I would not advise 
replanting every year. You can take care of them in such nice 
shape that you can keep them three or four years. We are apt 
to talk too much on the commercial side of it. 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Third Congressional 
District. 


JOHN K. ANDREWS, FARIBAULT. 


In this district nearly all fruits excepting strawberries were 
quite deficient in quality and quantity. Very wet, cold weather 
in June, followed by a hot, dry July and August, are what our 
fruit growers attribute this deficiency to. 

Of apples we had in most parts a fair crop, but of a poorer 
quality than usual, excepting where the trees were sprayed. 

Plums.—Ranged from nothing to a very light crop. 

Cherries.—About the only cherries we raise in this district 
are the Compass cherries, which bore some this year. 

Grapes.—A light crop of good quality. 

Blackberries were a decided failure on account of the very 
hot, dry weather in July and August. 

Raspberries.—Reports on these are very uneven, ranging 
from no crop to a very good one. 

Strawberries.—The cool, moist weather in June was very 
favorable for strawberries, which returned a good yield, No. 1 in 
quality. Most patches were reported October 15 to be in good 
condition for 1917. 

Not much interest is taken by planters in general about con- 
trolling blight or in spraying the orchards. Wherever spraying 
is practiced the growers seem satisfied that it is the proper thing 
to do. The difference between sprayed and unsprayed orchards 
was very marked this year, the unsprayed fruit in many places 
being worthless. 

Our trees and bushes, came through last winter in good 
shape and were ripened up well this fall, ‘but the ground is 
extremely dry, and it seems very probable that we may have 
some winter injury to some of our less hardy trees and bushes. 


250 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Nursery Legislation in 1917. 
F. L. WASHBURN, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 


The amendment to the Horticultural Inspection Law is now 
a law, passed by the legislature recently adjourned. This enables 
the entomologist to better combat White Pine Blister Rust and 
other dangerous insects and plant diseases when occasion arises. 

He is also authorized to shut out from Minnesota trees, 
plants or shrubs from states infested with insects and diseases 
new to Minnesota. 

In virtue of this authority we have just issued the following 
quarantine notice dealing with White Pine, Stone Pine, Limber 
Pine and all other five leaf pines. 


State of Minnesota 
Office of the State Entomologist 


Quarantine Notice No. 1 White Pine Blister Rust. 

The fact having been determined by the Federal Horticul- 
tural Board, the Bureau of Plant Industry and state authorities 
that a dangerous plant disease, known as White Pine Blister 
Rust, exists in the states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, 
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Wisconsin, affecting white pine, 
limber pine, stone pine and all other five leaf pines, and since we 
are endeavoring to stamp out this disease in the limited area in 
which we believe it occurs at this time in Minnesota, and since 
it may be introduced into Minnesota through shipments of nurs- 
ery stock of the above varieties from infected states, an absolute 
quarantine is hereby established prohibiting the shipment into 
Minnesota from the aboye named states of any and all species 
of five needled pines. 

Until further notice the foregoing quarantine shall become 
and be effective on and after April 30th, 1917. 

This quarantine is established under the authority con- 
ferred on the State Entomologist by the amendment to Chapter 
206, laws of 1913, said amendment having been passed by the 
State Legislature at its 40th session. 


a a 


A BUSINESS MAN’S PLEASURE IN HIS PEONIES. 251 


A Business Man’s Pleasure in His Peonies. 
LEE R. BONNEWITZ, VAN WERT, OHIO. 


One of my business associates finding me at work in my 
peony garden asked with surprise, ‘““Mr. Bonnewitz, why are you 
doing this kind of work?’ And I am sure he did not understand 
my reply when I said, ‘‘“My dear sir, I am working in these 
peonies now so that when I am eighty years old I shall have 
grown into a happy, likeable old gentlemen. It has taken some 
observation, and a little of my own home made philosophy, to 
enable me to realize that success in business will not necessarily 
bring with it a happy old age, and that he who realizes his con- 
nection with God’s animate world can be happy at any age.” 

And so I am realizing pleasure in the culture, care and ob- 
servation of my peonies, from the first days in early spring, 
when they so confidently thrust their heads through the earth, 
until the winter winds call me to lay the ripened stalks as a cover- 
ing for the new buds for the coming spring. 

The real peony enthusiast can see beauty in the plants as they 
first appear, and I well remember my exclamation of surprise 
as I one day saw a,tiny clod of earth thrown into the air, and 
saw a peony plant occupy the spot from which the earth had been 
thrown. That peony had brought its own spring with it. 

One of my peony loving friends tells me he can recognize some 
varieties in his neighbors’ gardens just by their appearance as 
they first greet the light. I have not yet arrived at this effi- 
ciency of observation, but he gets a pleasure out of his efforts 
to correctly name the varieties at this early time in their exist- 
ence. 

I have read of a grower who layered her peonies in the days 
of early spring, while the stalks were young and pliable, and who 
succeeded in growing a root upon the bloom stalk at the point 
where it was covered. It gave me pleasure to try that experi- 
ment last spring, and while I did not succeed yet it will give me 
pleasure to try it again next spring. It is the uncertain things 
which keeps our interest aroused. 

As the buds appear we notice that some of them are round 
like a ball, some are pointed like a rose bud, and others are flat. 
One of my friends tells me that “Pleas” varieties have buds 
which come to a sharper point than any of the English or French 
varieties. It will be a pleasure for me to see if my observations 
confirm the truth of his statement. The buds on Kelway’s 


252 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Queen appeal to me for their particular kind of beauty. If I 
remember correctly, for nearly a week before the flower opens 
there are tracings of pink and white in a geometrical pattern 
which I have noticed on no other bud. 

What a pleasure it is for us who live in Ohio to realize that 
Edulis Superba will not fail us on Decoration Day, for it never 
has. And how we do wonder whether M. Jules Elie will keep 


““Mons Jules Elie’? peony and stone bird bath. 


faith with us and march in the Decoration Day parade, and make 
more glorious the resting place of our Nation’s heroes. 

I always advise my friends who are thinking of planting 
any peonies to include at least one M. Jules Elie, for I think the 
growing of this one variety has made more peony enthusiasts 
than any one other thing in the world. Its beauty can be appre- 
ciated more easily than that of any other variety, and its cultiva- 
tion has seemed to me to serve the purpose of inculcating in the 
beginner his faith in his own ability to grow fine peonies. 

I know at least twenty varieties that I prefer to it now, but 
it gives me more pleasure to see one of my friends purchase an 
M. Jules Elie than it does to know of his buying a Therese or a 


A BUSINESS MAN’S PLEASURE IN HIS PEONIES. 253 


Lady Alexandria Duff, for I know with the first he is getting the 
right start, and that he will grow into the desire to own the 
rarer sorts. 

It is a pleasure to own a fine, mature plant of any of the 
world’s best peonies, but it gives me more pleasure to own three, 
four, or five of a variety, because I can then give each of them 
individual treatment, and I can see how each one responds to 
the treatment given. 

It was a pleasure to see some wonderful Jubilees develop in 
my own and in my neighbor’s gardens, and to suddenly make up 
my mind to show those peonies at the New York show last June. 
It was a pleasure to meet other amateur peony growers at the 
show, and to become acquainted with the professional growers 
who attended the business meeting of the society. 

I do not need to tell you of the pleasure I had in seeing and 
studying the hundreds of varieties which were staged in the 
show, for I suppose at no other place in the world could so many 
different varieties be seen in one day. It was a pleasure to see 
that some of the very best flowers were exhibited by amateurs, 
and it was delightful to see how each amateur’s face glowed with 
pleasure as his flowers excited favorable comment. I liked to 
listen to each one of them as he told me of his garden and his 
favorite peony. 

It was a pleasure to find some of my flowers among the prize 
winners, and to make up my mind to strive for a place among 
the prize winners next year. But the greatest pleasure of the 
whole show was the delightful friendships formed through our 
mutual interest in this lovely flower and the fact that these 
friendships have been cultivated through correspondence in the 
ensuing months. We look forward with great pleasure to the 
next peony show, for we have promised to meet the same friends 
and hope to make other new and lasting friendships. 

Returning home is always a pleasure, but this return was 
particularly enjoyable, for I gave three extra days to it so I 
could visit the peonies at The Cottage Gardens, Queens, Long 
Island, and also Mr. Farr’s peonies at Wyonising, Pa. These two 
great peony fields were revelations to me, and it was a great 
satisfaction to meet the expert growers who are responsible for 
the correct cultivation and selection of varieties. They. gave 
their time to me willingly, and I tried to express my apprecia- 
tion, for a visit to these extensive fields under the guidance of the 
grower is a long step in peony education. 


254 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Each one of you know my pleasure on my return to my 
own garden, for you experience the same pleasure when you 
return to your gardens. When I left my garden was beautiful 
with the early varieties; on my return it was the later varieties 
which made me glad that I possessed a garden of my own. Maud 
L. Richardson and Enchanteresse were appreciated not only for 
their beauty, which causes me to class them as extra high grade 


A vase of “‘Jubilee’’ peonies. 

varieties, but also because they added an extra week to the peony 
season. 

One Thursday in June, it pleased me to get a letter from my 
St. Paul friend and peony lover, Mr. D. W. C. Ruff, telling me 
how fine his peonies were blooming, and the following morning, 
while working in my own garden, the thought suddenly came to 
me, that it would be delightful to see the famous peonies of the 
great northwest. It took but a moment to begin to put the 
thought into action, and in less than three hours I was on my 
way to the Twin Cities, and Saturday morning found me in the 
most beautiful peony garden I had ever seen. LeCygne, La- 
France, Solange, LaLoraine, Alsace Loraine, Sarah Bernhardt, 
Madam Jules Dessert, Therese, Rosa Bonheur, Primevere, Mont 


A BUSINESS MAN’S PLEASURE IN HIS PEONIES. 255 


Blanc, Mignon, M. Martin Cahuzac, Evangeline, and dozens of 
others of the world’s finest varieties were blooming as I had never 
seen them before. I was so delighted with Mr. Ruff’s garden 
that I spent two days in it, and I really wanted to stay a week. 

Monday found me in Faribault, and although I did not get 
to meet Mr. Brand, I was delighted to find his wonderful Eliza- 
beth Barrett Browning, and his splendid Mary Brand. His 
Martha Bulloch was a wonder in size, but the charm of E. B. 
Browning leads me to believe it will be recognized as one of the 
world’s great peonies. It gives me great pleasure that all three 
of these varieties have a home in my garden, and if they blossom 
in Ohio as they do in Minnesota it will be a pleasure to exhibit 
them in our Eastern shows. 

It is no doubt a wise arrangement which prohibits an ama- 
teur peony grower from selling roots, but in my case it has given 
me great-pleasure to give them away, and in some cases I find 
an added pleasure in planting connected with my love for peonies 
The greatest of all pleasures connected with my love for peonies 
is to find that my friends are learning to appreciate and love 
them too. There are certain friends I meet every week, and we 
always talk about our peonies. I am glad to see them, and I feel 
sure they are just as glad to meet me and to talk the latest 
peony news. 

I occasionally meet flower lovers who have not yet learned 
what a wonderful flower the peony is. A root of an extra fine 
variety sent to them postpaid at the right time, with proper 
planting instructions, not only makes a new peony enthusiast but 
strengthens our friendship. It has many times given me pleas- 
ure to send a root of a rare and fine sort to some other enthusi- 
ast of whom I have heard, and it will be a great pleasure at some 
time to have his opinion of my peony. 

Not the least of my peony pleasures comes when I am divid- 
ing some particularly fine plant to find that I can make three, 
four, five or a dozen plants where I only had one. It seems I 
have only begun to tell you of the pleasures of a single peony 
season, for I have not told them all by any means, but I realize 
you have more important things to discuss than peony pleasures, 
and so I will close with a reference to the pleasure I find in many 
growers’ well written peony catalogues. This kind of a pleasure 
is available fifty-two weeks in a year, and while it is true I have 
a fair library for a business man I have no books which are 
more often in my hands than the catalogues of the well known 
peony growers of the United States, and of Europe. 

Peony pleasures are health giving, life giving, love giving 
pleasures, which not only broaden our views of life and happi- 
ness but also give us length of days. 


256 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Secretary's Financial Report, 1916. 
A. W. LATHAM, SECRETARY. 
DISBURSEMENTS. 
Postage! f7 Poeceas owas ee oft a ee sate Rie bes ee eee eee $714.51 
Office trentawy Bytes cece ste ee tah and SRR Rac ant chek Sea Oe cae et oe ean 420.00 
Telephone atm ass tT ee ow ie a ee 49.23 
PPR GITU HA IOOES ods ont 5, « “se Tiayace hae = agavele iadegannie''e 2 doyeee eesbanae i 81.83 
OCR SI OMIES 2's. 9x > anal 2 wlan aye sapne eiriern cae ink» eke len eae 25.00 
Plant premiums ).. ask. s cdsids ieee ons aah pee 168.06 
AMBISGATCE IN OLTGEs, 4 fis soc aim sels te.o etojnra 2 aoe a ne oe ee 757.75 
PE RUPAIT SS silks cs orelkag Sst bee a eibinee Ga ote tee, Se allah eteigt eth me cea 417.44 
Eixpenses annual meeting, 191b >. 25..6..<.6iioo ss ee ae ce ae 566.75 
Expenses annual meeting, 1916. 26. io. & 20 9b ai. Deo nels 16.15 
Fixpenses Summer ‘meeting, LOL ......:. 6.25454. d¢ s+ na eee i: 29.55 
Banquet L9iG! :\. 0% visi sie Aalwiclea a e'ne ta cals ois Binge Aen 221.00 
Reporting annual ‘meeting, SVS: . 5.6 Sis no cs © sass) oe ale 145.00 
Expenses, viee-présidents 204 )s Wiis sq er WSs Aa De be 6.05 
Expenses, superintendents trial stations.....................-4- 30.72 
Hixpenses, delegates, .ete., TOUG 4 i). 2 hase. Sesion e oaliele set) er 145.87 . 
Assistant..lilbrariiams ti... opts tee il deaie clamcae aust tr oasiene oan tee ee 20.00 ' 
Discounts) on) memberships! im WOVG le yc 2. ae rise een 722.30 
Discounts on memberships in 1917...............02200000- le 4 
Examining officers’ , books!) ..1.). .w.ic0 7 s<0 nes vee tes oo 10.00 } 
Collecting. checks.) 3.3 Sk Maen lor ee alee, See 2 5.40 
BABA yes Cs. Nelle in RS ee Sk a ie ee ee 49.05 
Hennepin County Savings Bank, ... 35. ...4...0:.2.- + «9.5 900.00 j 
Mreasurer’s Salary s A915. 27 .rstelee slew els sosiece ei =eecel oboe che oe 25.00 
Expenses; executive board) oo... hoe se eile ble hs te 6.00 
Minnesota, Horestry.: A'ssociation.-. —. ccs oe etre cies eee 53.25 
TERNS IS Oe os aia) bas Sabb ate ls Peakore td Se es tame Rea pee the ee 30.57 . . 
I BEDVICT a Vale) seas DESEO ag 8 Ac DA EA oleae h ey Nes eee cnt ty hots S.."3 oe 413.71 4 
$6,079.49 
RECEIPTS. 
Balance: 5 oie ds Peli k < elers SSG ad PURER Stated eae wea Sacto ete $112.13 
G: W. Strand, “Treasurers 2.722 She eo cts saele Beane ea 800.00 
Life membership fees irs hk kh AEB See ae 1a Seve! ape an 300.00 
Books’ Sold 3.06 ik ee Pe SES Be Laces eee 24.50 
: Ontts gold ted Fon OFS OPE a iE Le se A ee 21.21 
_ Banquet tickets sold at $1.00 each............. PR Pa a ii 174.00 
Garden Flower Society, account of premiums................+... 65.00 
Annual 'membership fees for 1915.22. ic..5 8S tj oe nearer 32.00 
Annual membership fees for 1916.00.) 52.005. 2% ek on eee 3,193.00 
Annual membership: fees for 1917... 3 fh0.0ol SAE 315.00 
Apples sold, annual meeting, 1916. '.. 20). 2). che ate opel ie ne me 33.75 
Hennepin Co. Savings Bank, drawn out in 1916 ............... 750.00 
Hennepin Co. Savings Bank, drawn out in 1914 ............... 200.00 
Plant ‘premiiurig® se. Peale aie oes al. Os dnetela Aleisha Pe wea na 51.00 
7.90 


Sundries oii. g SE-oos eae ee EE Se chaos oe 
$6,079.49 


SECRETARY’S FINANCIAL REPORT, 1916. 257 


GENERAL STATEMENT, DECEMBER 1, 1916. 


Balance in Hennepin County Bank, savings acct., Dec. 1, 1915.... $188.62 
Deposited in Hennepin County Bank in 1916.................... 900.00 
eC Ti ALG Sse Liste a Cee uae Me Pe Rie clereowt Gv OG aces caw 20.78 
$1,109.40 

MMMREDEE SITLL OLO Ct. Foig 2 Le, Pace Sec e eNO s ctiels als bt Outs A. Y 750.00 
DCL ATS SA VITIOS, ACCOUPE 5) aieisstinis alle vs acnaned or Bid vete LesapdbS iene ined « $359.40 
Pann nd, Anchudine interest, ...... sds <5 Hs.sb ees colon eeia nes 146.29 
DET SOCTOLATY S (ACCOUNE... hos cog ta dhnge cs isle ele dic.ewbie ts wea 413.71 
Ree MRED TINT OA SUE OM scc54 aa eller erunseleuccoietal anickctosaie Ghapel eam'Ain elele evens 4,705.09 
Iii p Tees aha oe ee RT Tie GR Rae ieee es $5,624.49 


Annual Report of Treasurer, 1916. 


GEO. W. STRAND, TAYLORS FALLS, TREAS. 


RECEIPTS. 
1915. 
MEIMPESEANGe ON NANG. 06 3/0 2s os os weve s elgpa cleo eee ee alerae $4,906.00 
Dec. 1. Farmers Mechanics Bank, interest to October Ist..... 85.94 
1916. 
Feb. 23. Semi-annual allowance, State Treas................. 1,500.00 
June 22. A. W. Latham, receipts 11/30/15 to 6/15/16.......... 4,112.82 
Aug. 29. Semi-annual allowance, State Treas................. 1,500.00 
Oct. 1. Farmers & Mechanics Bank, interest to date......... 160.90 
Dec. 1. A. W. Latham, Secy., receipts 6/15/16 to 11/29/16.... 623.48 
$13,889.14 
DISBURSEMENTS. 
1915. 
ea Order 245, Premiums Annual Meeting, 1915.......... $604.00 
gan. 3. Order 238, A. W. Latham, revolving fund........... 800.00 
Mar. 1. Order 239, A. W. Latham, first quarter salary....... 450.00 
June 38. Order 240, A. W. Latham, second quarter salary..... 450.00 
June 22. Order 241, A. W. Latham, exp. secy. office 11/30/15 to 
YUE WB Fa Po Paades ch hae os Mk fal Rass AUS in erat RSA Oh ah ee Mee 4,112.82 
July 1. Order 244, Premiums Summer Meeting............. 178.75 
July 1. Order 242, Minnesota State Forestry Association.... 65.00 
Sept. -1. Order 2438, A. W. Latham, third quarter salary...... 450.00 
Dec. 4. Order 246, A. W. Latham, fourth quarter salary..... 450.00 
Dec. 1. Order 247, A. W. Latham, Secy., exp. 6/15/16 to 
OL G4 hiss Welt yes, die ewe tam nat uum im astra bk ow 623.48 
Balance: Onna nd sii. staapee te ee aac Pho tere. cea 4,705.09 
$13,889.14 
STATEMENT OF DEPOSITS. 
Security National.Bank, (open account). o.idince es reece eee nue $582.10 


Farmers & Mechanics Bank (savings account)................. 4,122.99 


$4,705.09 


258 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Canning Fruits and Vegetables. 


R. S. MACKINTOSH, AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DIVISION, UNIVERSITY OF 
MINNESOTA. 


In all well managed gardens there should be enough fresh vegetables 
to supply the table during the summer and to can for winter use. It is true 
that carrots, beets and similar vegetables can be harvested in the fall and 
stored in cool cellars, but they are often woody and are not so palatable as 
they are earlier in the season. Vegetables should be fresh and crisp when 
canned. 

Under modern methods it is comparatively easy to preserve a supply 
of vegetables. The simplest and best way of canning vegetables is known 
as the cold pack method. This means that the material is properly prepared 
and washed, then blanched in steam or boiling water and immediately cooled 
in cold water. The heat shrinks the material, while the cold bath hardens 
the tissue and sets the color. The product is packed in jars or cans while 
cold; hence the name, cold pack. Salt is added to each quart and the jar 
filled with boiling water. The best quality of rubbers should be used. The 
covers are put in place, tightened enough to prevent contents running out 
when turned upside down but permitting bubbles of air to escape in heating, 
and the jars put into the cooker and heated. The length of time required 
for the different vegetables is given in the table. The final heating of the 
vegetable and the sterilizing of the jar, rubber, cover and product are done 
at one operation. This process eliminates the use of any canning powders 
or preservatives and is easy, simple and safe. It is the method used by the 
boys and girls in the nationwide canning work under the leadership of the 
United States Department of Agriculture and state colleges of agriculture. 


EQUIPMENT. 


There are three kinds of equipment in use which, for convenience, may 
be grouped under three heads: (1) Homemade, commonly called hot water 
bath outfits, as pails and washboilers provided with a false bottom to keep 
the jars away from the fire. (2) Waterseal outfits, in which one or two 
covers are used to aid in maintaining a higher temperature. (3) Steam 
pressure outfits, which raise the temperature considerably above the boiling 
point. 

The homemade outfits are fairly satisfactory but require considerably 
more time properly to sterilize the material. It is a good plan to practice 
with a homemade outfit before buying a commercial one. In all outfits it is 
necessary to have a false bottom, at least one inch above the bottom of the 
vessel, to prevent the glass jars from breaking and to permit the water to 
circulate freely. Metal racks are best because they do not float. Wood 
can be used if weighted or held in place in some way. The water seal and 
steam pressure outfits are made especially for the purpose and require less 
time than the homemade. Thousands of these canners are in use, and there 
is no reason to doubt their practical value. In selecting an outfit, care 
should be taken to get one that is satisfactory in every way. Do not depend 
entirely on descriptions furnished by the manufacturers. 


es er Cr 


CANNING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 259 


The time required for sterilizing the various vegetables is as follows: 


Hotwater Water- Steam 


Bath seal Pressure 

Vegetable— Outfit. Outfit. Outfit.* 
Spinach, beet tops, Swiss chard and other greens. 90 60 50 
Carrots, beets and other roots and tubers......... 90 75 60 
RN es Om. 676 ary etd ain hie aN eee ee, os SP a1 418°R wa 22 18 15 
LOLLTU se.0 th i NSB te BB ie 180 90 60 
BIPMMPEBEANS ANG PAS. . 2... ess wie ee eee ewe tees 120 90 60 
EEC Ee) 60 45 35 


*Five pounds pressure. 
CoLp PAcK METHOD. 


The three distinct steps to be observed in the cold pack method should 
be kept clearly in mind: (1) blanching; (2) cold dipping; and (38) final 
cooking or sterilizing. 

Blanching is the preliminary heating to reduce its bulk or shrink it. 

Cold dipping means that after the product is blanched it should be 
dipped into cold water.This hardens the tissue, loosens the skin, helps to 
prevent the loss of coloring matter in the final heating, aids in killing any 
bacteria which may be on the product and makes the material easier to 
handle in filling the jars or cans. 

Sterilizing, or final heating, of the product in the jar or can must be 
sufficient to kill all forms of bacteria. The time required depends on the 
vegetable to be preserved. 


RECIPES* 


GREENS—SWISS CHARD, SPINACH, BEET AND ‘TURNIP TOPS AND 
ASPARAGUS.—Can the day gathered. Sort and clean, blanch from 15 to 
20 minutes in a vessel with a little water under the false bottom. Remove 
and plunge at once into cold water. Cut into convenient lengths and pack 
tight in jars. Add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart, and add boil- 
ing water, if necessary, to fill the jar. Put on rubber and cover. Partially 
tighten cover. Sterilize 90 minutes in open kettle, 60 minutes in water seal. 
or 50 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove 
from canner, tighten covers, invert to cool and to test joints, and store in 
cool, dark place. | 

CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER, KOHL-RABI AND BRUSSELS SPROUTS.—Wash 
thoroughly and cut into small pieces. Blanch from three to ten minutes. 
(Cauliflower is very tender, so need not be blanched more than three or four 
minutes.) . Put into cold brine 12 hours. Pack in glass jars or enameled 
tin cans, add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart. Fill jars with 
boiling water. Put rubber and cap in place but do not tighten. Sterilize 
the same as greens. Remove jars, tighten covers, and invert to cool and 
to test joints. 

CARROTS, BEETS, TURNIPS AND OTHER ROOTS AND TUBERS.—Can the day 
gathered. Grade by size and color. Wash thoroughly. Scald in boiling 
water long enough to loosen skin. Plunge at once into cold water. Remove 
skin. Put into jars, either whole or cut. Add one level teaspoonful of salt 


*Adapted from Circular NR-24, U. S. Dept. of Agr., “Home Canning 
Club Instructions to Save Fruit and Vegetable Waste.” 


260 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


to each quart and fill the jar with boiling water. Put on rubber and cover. 
Partially tighten cover. Sterilize 90 minutes in open kettle, 75 minutes in 
water seal, or 60 minutes under five pounds pressure in steam pressure 
outfit. Remove from canner, tighten cover, invert to cool and to test joints, 
and store in a cool, dark place. 

RHUBARB.—Wash stalks clean and cut into pieces three-fourths of an 
inch in length. (Do not remove skin.) Blanch two minutes, dip in cold 
water, and pack in glass jars. Pour on thick syrup, boiling. Put rubber 
and cap in position, but do not tighten. Sterilize 20 minutes in open kettle, 
or 15 minutes in water seal or steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, tighten 
cover and invert to cool and to test joints. Wrap jars with paper to 
prevent bleaching. 

STRING AND LIMA BEANS, PEAS AND SIMILAR VEGETABLES.—Can same 
day as gathered to prevent souring. Clean and grade. Blanch in hot 
water from two to five minutes. Remove and plunge at once into cold 
water. Pack in jars. Add one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart and 
water to fill jar. Put rubber and cover in place. Partially tighten cover. 
Sterilize 120 minutes in open kettle, 90 minutes in water seal and 60 minutes 
under five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, invert to 
cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. 

TOMATOES.—Grade for size, ripeness and color. Scald in hot water to 
loosen skin. Pack whole. Add one level teaspovnful of salt to each quart. 
Put rubber and cover in place. Partly tighten cover. Sterilize 22 minutes 
in open kettle, 18 minutes in water seal, or 15 minutes under five pounds 
pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, tighten covers, invert to 
cool and to test joints, and store in dark, cool place. 

CorRN.—Can same day as picked. Remove husks and silk. Blanch on 
cob in boiling water from 5 to 15 minutes. Plunge at once into cold water. 
Cut the corn from the cob with a sharp knife. Pack tightly in jars. Add 
one level teaspoonful of salt to each quart and fill with boiling water. Put 
rubber and cover in place. Partly tighten cover. Sterilize 180 minutes in 
open kettle, 90 minutes in water bath, or 60 minutes under five pounds 


pressure in a steam pressure outfit. Remove jars, tighten covers, invert to 
cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. 

PUMPKIN AND SQuASH.—Cut into convenient sized pieces, remove seeds 
and skin. Cook 30 minutes to reduce to pulp. Pack in jar, add one level 
teaspoonful of salt to each quart of pulp. For pies add one cup of sugar to 
each quart. Put rubber and cover in position. Partly tighten cover. Ster- 
ilize 60 minutes in open kettle, 45 minutes in water seal or 35 minutes under 
five pounds pressure in steam pressure outfit. Remove, tighten cover, invert 
to cool and to test joints, and store in a cool, dark place. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


Recipe 1.—-Can fresh, sound berries the same day they are picked. Hull 
(twist berries off hull) and place in a strainer. Pour water over the berries 
to cleanse. Pack them in a jar without crushing. Pour hot syrup (two 
pounds of sugar to one quart of water) over the berries to the top of the 
jar. Put the rubber and cap in position, not tight. 

Sterilize the length of time given below for the particular type of 


outfit used. 

Minutes. 
Water bath, homemade or commercial ...3 00.2 00 55:5 056. see eee 8 
Water, seal at. 214. degrees: iy)... ras (diye apetate e ceteticnsie ecole, ota aie anna 6 
Steam pressure 5 pounds... 0). 0.'. sin cee eae rss: a0 = sels nine 6 
Steam pressure 15 pounds)... 000. 2. oan Seca ae ole eee oes salen le 4 


CANNING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 261 


Remove the jars. Tighten the covers. Invert the jars to cool and test 
the joint. Wrap the jars with paper to prevent bleaching. 

Recipe 2.—Berries canned by this recipe will not rise to the top of the 
syrup. Use only fresh, ripe, firm and sound berries. Prepare the berries. 
Add eight ounces of sugar and two tablespoonfuls of water to each quart of 
berries. Boil slowly for 15 minutes in an enameled or acid proof kettle. 
Allow the berries to cool and remain over night in the covered kettle. Pack 
the cold berries in sterilized glass jars. Put the rubber and cap in position, 
not tight. 

'  $terilize the length of time given below for the particular type of 
outfit used: 


Minutes 
Water path, homemade or commercial. ..... 2.0.2... cece cee 
EE TGP POR 8 SOG A cites Yai dys vie cithatieee ws» peg Soe eee, wales Suter 5 
ERS 5 FOUTS 5) co's Gyeie «ie seie- eynceon $0 epee aide tein nie st 2s clove ee 4 
Beemmerecccure Lb POUNGS.....4 61... 22 ee cent eee on Deatachere rsa Cann oases 4 


Remove the jars. Tighten the covers. Invert the jars to cool and test 
the joint. Wrap the jars with paper to prevent bleaching. . 


PINEAPPLE. 


Use sound, ripe fruit. Prepare, peel and core it. Remove all eyes. 
Cut the fruit into convenient cross sections and blanch it three minutes. 
Cold dip the fruit. Pack it in glass jars or enameled tin cans. Pour on 
thin or medium syrup (six pounds of sugar to nine quarts of water). Put 
the rubber and cap in position, not tight. 

Sterilize the length of time given below for the particular type of 
outfit used. 


Minutes. 
ewer nomemade,or commercial... 4... 60% 0 dd dene ab a et 20 
et Ce PRCES Mi. oe as ee UE a ea 15 
eT SR ASOID LCS 9S 0! 5 0 dsisye)'c ten hate feo i alee ss woe veim Syare wba Ss pees aa 10 
MEEBO TT POUIIS S, \.° 65.5 6 so ts wie abled a vies eve wie eie dk ewe eewhia alee 8 


Remove the jars. Tighten the covers. Invert the jars to cool and 
test the joint. Wrap the jars with paper to prevent bleaching. 


COMMON CANNING DIFFICULTIES* 


Canned corn, peas, beans and asparagus may show no signs of spoilage 
and still have a sour taste and disagreeable odor. This is known to the canner 
as “flat-sour,”’ and can be avoided if the product to be canned has not been 
gathered more than five or six hours before canning. Blanch, dip in cold 
water, and pack one jar at a time. Place each jar in the canner as it is 
packed. A little extra cooking will not affect the product. When the steam 
pressure outfit is used the jars or cans may be placed in the retort and the 
cover put in position but not clamped down until the retort is filled. Rapid 
cooling prevents overcooking, clarifies the liquid, and preserves the shape 
and texture. 

Corn gives the canner most trouble, but with a little care and study it 
may be canned as easily as any other vegetable. The corn should be just 
between the milk and dough stage. Blanch not longer than five minutes, 
then plunge into cold water. Cut the corn from the cob with a sharp knife 
and pack at once in sterilized jars. Best results can be secured when two 
persons cut and one fills. If it is necessary for one person to work alone, 
cut off sufficient corn to fill one jar, pour on boiling water, add salt, place 
rubber and cap in position and put the jar at once in the canner. Corn 
should not be tightly packed in the jar as it expands a little in processing. 


*Adapted from Circular NR-29, U. S. Dept. of Agr., “Common Home 
Canning Difficulties.” 


262 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Corn should never be allowed to remain in the cold dip, and large quantities 
should not be dipped at one time unless sufficient help is available to handle 
the product quickly. 

FADED BEETS.—When preparing the beets leave on four inches of stem 
and all of the tail while blanching. Blanch not more than five minutes and 
dip in cold water. The skin should be scraped from the beet, not peeled. 
The beets should be packed whole if possible. 


MoLD ON CANNED Goops. 


Mold may develop on canned goods 

1. If the seal is defective. 

2.. If, after sterilizing, tops are removed from jars to replace rubber 
ring. If this must be done, the jars should be returned to the canner for at 
least five minutes. 

3. If jars are kept in a damp place where the rubbers may decompose. 

OPERATION OF Hot WATER BATH OUTFIT. 
rae rules will help in the operation of the hot water bath canning 
outfit: 

1. Support the jars on a perforated platform high enough to allow 
the water to circulate under, among and around the jars. 

2. Have the water cover the tops of the jars by at least one inch. 

3. Count time as soon as the water begins to jwmp over the entire 

surface. 
} 4, Remove the jars from the water and tighten covers as soon as time 
is up. 
When a hot water bath outfit is used loss of liquid during the sterilizing 
period will result: , 

1. If the water in the canner does not cover the tops of the jars. 

2. If the platform in the bottom of the canner does not permit the 
water to circulate underneath. Towels, excelsior, newspapers, hay and the 
like are unsatisfactory. 

3. If the covers to the jars are adjusted too loosely. 


RUBBERS. 


A good rubber will stand considerable pulling and will return to its 
original shape. A good rubber will also stand several hours of boiling in 
a hot water bath outfit without being affected. 

BREAKAGE OF JARS. 

When jars break it is usually owing to such causes as: 

1. Overpacking. Corn, pumpkin, peas, lima beans and sweet potatoes 
expand in processing, so the jars should not be quite full. 

2. Putting cold jars in hot water or vica versa. 

3. Having the wire bail of glass top jars too tight. 

4. In steam canner having too much water in the canner. Water 
should not come above the platform. 

5. Allowing a cold draft to strike the jars when they are removed 


from the canner. 
TESTS FOR JARS. 


The following are valuable tests: 


For screw top jars ' 
1. Put top on jar without the rubber. Turn down tight. If the 


thumb nail cdn be inserted between top and glass, the top is usually 
defective. 

2. Put rubber and cap in position and screw down lightly. Pull rub- 
ber from position. Release. If the rubber returns to position between 
top and jar, the top is defective. 


For glass top jars ‘ 
1. Put top on jar without rubber. Tap with finger around the outer 


edge of the top. If the top rocks it is defective. : ; 

2. The wire bail placed over the top of the cover should go in with a 
snap even when tightening lever or clamp spring is up. If it does not, 
remove bail from tightening lever and bend to make tight. 


la i 


N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. 
W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary. 


3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. 


Our 1917 peony and iris show will be held in conjunction with the 
Minnesota State Horticultural Society and the Garden Society flower show. 
Full particulars as to date and directions for reaching the exhibit will be 
found in this issue of the Horticulturist. 

Don’t fail to read Mr. Bonnewitz’s very able paper which appears in 
full in this issue. Mr. Bonnewitz has 288 varieties of peonies in his garden. 
We want you to meet him at the June meeting. 

Your Secretary has the assurance of several members located outside 
of the state who expect to be with us at our June meeting. We will gladly 
welcome them and hope to be able to have a good exhibition on display. 

Don’t fail to disbud in order to get the best bloom for exhibition pur- 
poses. Thoroughly cultivate, exercising care not to work too close to the 
plant and cause injury to the roots. 

A committee on the peony and also one on the iris is preparing a list of 
100 varieties of each sort that the society can unqualifiedly recommend as 
being desirable. It is the purpose to include only those varieties that have 
proven their worth from year to year in the various localities under adverse 
as well as favorable conditions. We are in hopes to have these lists com- 
piled in time so the matter may be brought before our June meeting. 

Some time ago I sent out the following questions to a number of our 
members: 


(1) Have you experienced any difficulty with the growing of peonies 
or iris? 

(2) If so, does it relate to disease or diseases of the plant or of the 
flower? 

(8) Describe the disease and state when it starts, its progress and 
effects. 

(4) What remedies have you applied and with what success? 

The following reply was received from Mr. James Boyd of Philadelphia, 
Pa., one of our members. Mr. Boyd has a splendid collection and his experi- 
ence will doubtless be valuable to our readers. I quote his answers below. 

(1) “Yes, I have experienced difficulties in growing peonies, particu- 
larly during the last two or three years. Before that time I thought the 
peony one of the easiest plants in the world to grow successfully. 

(2) “My plants have suffered mostly from what I call ‘root disease,’ 
or ‘black rot.’ The buds do not develop but become hard and brown and 
sometimes shrivel up. Here and there a stem will wilt completely and has 
to be cut off. The wilting of the stem generally takes place after blooming 
time and is almost a sure indication of root disease. 

(8) “When the plant is dug up, I find the part of the root from 
whence the withered branch was cut to have a black decay that extends 
down into the root. This seems to always start from the point where the 
wilted stem grew and sometimes will extend throughout a root that on first 
inspection appeared to be perfectly healthy. 

(263) 


264 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ 


(4) “I dig out, cut and scrape cleanly, all the diseased parts. I then 
wash the root thoroughly and dip it into a pail of Bordeaux mixture. The 
plants which I treated this way in 1915 look very well this year. I dug up 
several in order to examine them, and with the exception of one, possibly 
two, the disease seemed to have been stopped and the plants were making 
healthy growth. 

“A friend recommended using a 5% solution of formaldehyde. I tried 
this on several points which I was treating early in the season, giving them 
a dip in a bucket containing this 5% solution, after all of the black rot 
had been removed with a knife. I dug these plants up recently and looked 
at them and found a sort of bluish, fuzzy mould on them, which I did not 
like the appearance of. Perhaps it was harmless and would not interfere 
with the growth of the plants, but I decided to return to the Bordeaux mix- 
ture, which seemed to be giving good results. 

“Last spring I had a number of plants throw up crooked and deformed 
stalks. In some cases, some of the stalks would be extremely large, crooked 
and irregular, while others from the same plant would be thin and of irregu- 
lar size. Some plants affected in this way bore two or three enormous 
flowers on short stems, while the rest of the bloom from the same plant was 
small or deformed. I had never had this trouble before and attributed it to 
too much bone meal and ashes, or the use of these two fertilizers in con- 
junction. I withheld all further fertilizers from them during the season, 
cultivating the ground thoroughly, and applied a little lime. Most of the 
plants seemed to recover and became normal before the end of the season. 
In some instances, I dug up the roots and found them perfectly healthy. 

“The root disease which I have mentioned above, I have found very 
prevalent in plants which I have imported from England and France, par- 
ticularly in those from England: In some sections of this country it seems 
to be little known, while in other sections it has proven to be a great 
nuisance. The actual losses or deaths of plants from this disease have 
been very few with me, possibly because I have learned to look for it on 
appearance of first symptoms.”—Jas. Boyd. 

I consider the information contained in Mr. Boyd’s letter very valuable 
indeed and would be pleased to hear from other members who may have 
experienced trouble with their peonies or iris. Even though your plants are 
perfectly healthy, we want to be prepared for any contingency that might 
arise, and by-the exchange of experiences we will broaden our knowledge and 
increase our efficiency, thereby enabling us to handle intelligently and prop- 
erly any diseased condition of our plants. 


BEE- KEEPER'S COLUMN. 


Condreted by Francis JaGEer, Professor of Apiculture, ie 


University Farm, St. Paul. 


PL PD lO ON AA 


AN OPEN LETTER TO MINNESOTA BEEKEEPERS. 


To meet the extreme situation facing the country of the high prices 
and shortage of foods the United States Government has issued a call for 
increased production and better distribution of all food materials. The 
present 10% shortage in the sugar supply is conservatively estimated to be 
30% or more by July 1, 1917. It is therefore urged that honey production 
-be raised to its greatest capacity and efficiency. Not only will this in- 
creased supply of honey materially help to meet the sugar shortage, but it 
will bring honey into actual general use among the public with beneficially 
healthful results. Incidentally of course the beekeepers themselves will 
profit from increased honey production in this and following years, as the 
wholesale price of honey, formerly 8% and 9 cents per pound, is now 11 and 
12 cents, and there seems to be none obtainable anywhere in the United 
States at the present time. The nation’s need, an open market and good 
prices, present an opportunity for the beekeepers. 

To meet the call of the Government and bring honey production to a 
greater capacity and efficiency, organization and cooperation among the 
beekeepers is very desirable. With this in mind it is strongly urged that 
wherever possible for four or five or more beekeepers to get together, a 
local or county club or association be formed conveniently located in the 
county, to become a branch of the Minnesota Bee Keepers’ Association and 
hold local meetings every two weeks or so in May and June at least, where 
papers on present best methods of swarm control, honey production, mar- 
keting, etc., may be discussed with field meetings and demonstrations in bee- 
yards the same day whenever possible. 

It is planned to somewhat decrease for the immediate present the 
amount of beekeeping work at University Farm and help Minnesota bee- 
keepers in this work of organization, meetings, papers, discussions, field 
meetings and demonstrations, bringing as much as possible to the bee- 
keepers the present best methods of swarm control, honey production, mar- 
keting, ete. 

Every beekeeper is requested to get in touch with all possible local and 
county beekeepers immediately, the day this number of the Horticulturist is 
received if possible, choose a chairman and secretary and decide when and 
where in your county the first meeting of the organization will be held, adver- 
tise it well with notices, etc., in all the local papers, write to us for sample 
organization plans, papers, etc., and if possible someone from University 
Farm will be present, and probably also a representative from the State 
Beekeepers’ Association. 

As the winter losses the past winter for Minnesota are very heavy our 
best efforts are needed to meet the present situation. 

May we hear from you as soon.as convenient? 


(265) 


GINSENG COLUMN. 
Conducied by F. C. Erker. Rockford, Minn.. Secretary 


Minnesota Ginseng Growers’ Association. 


At the tenth annual meeting of the Minnesota Ginseng Growers Asso- 
ciation, held at West Hotel at same time of the Horticulturists’ annual meet- 
ing, it was decided to become affiliated with that Society. 

The attendance was about normal but an unusual amount of enthusiasm 
was manifested on account of the importance of the principal topic to be 
discussed, that is, the-marketing problem. 


There has been an unlimited and steady demand for all the ginseng: 


ever produced in the United States to supply the Chinese market, in which 
country ginseng has been in use for centuries and is considered a panacea 
for all the diseases the four hundred million or more Chinese fall heir to. 

By reports from China and from statistics furnished by the U. 5S. 
Revenue Department we learn there has been a steady increase in the 
value of ginseng roots. The average price per pound in 1858 as declared at 
the U. S. Revenue office was 52 cents per pound, while the average for the 
fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, as given by the same authority, was $8.91 
per pound. 

Regardless of this steady increase in value the growers have for the 
past few years been compelled to accept less than half the amount that buy- 
ers paid them for the same quality roots three or four years ago. 

It is a well known fact that the cultivation as well as the sale of gin- 
seng in Manchuria is a government monopoly and that a trust handles the 
entire product for the government. It is quite evident this Oriental trust 
is having something to do about dictating the price to be paid growers 
of American ginseng. 

On November 1st a meeting was held in Chicago, with delegates from 
practically all the ginseng growing districts in the United States, for the 
purpose of organizing an American Ginseng Growers’ Association to look 
after marketing the million dollars worth of ginseng produced annually in 
this country. 

A co-operative selling organization was formed, and it is proposed to 
establish headquarters in New York and give the buyers every opportunity 
to do the square thing, and if they refuse to do this it is proposed to estab- 
lish a permanent selling depot in Hong Kong. 

Practically every member of the Minnesota Ginseng Growers’ Associa- 
tion present who has any roots to market at the present time or expects to 
have within five years took stock in this National Selling Association, and 
if the same enthusiasm is manifested throughout the United States among 
ginseng growers it will be an easy matter for the growers to control the 
sale of their million dollar crop through this co-operative selling association. 


(266) 


— 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gouxp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


ROCK GARDENS. 


England probably has the most wonderful rock gardens, for the people 
have utilized their naturally stony ground to the fullest extent and have 
some gorgeous effects as a result. Our own New England, with its boulders 
and rocks of all kinds, has for years been trying, at great expense, to blast 
and break and dig them out and to make in their place formal lawns, when 
the natural beauty of the surroundings could so easily have been main- 
tained by the informal planting of their rocky ground. They too have found 
this out and are producing some beautiful rock gardens. Most of us have 
some spot that simply will not conform to our idea of beauty, and perhaps 
a rock garden there might solve the vexing problem. 

Of course the most desirable rock gardens are the natural ones. I have 
in mind two spots in neighboring places where I long to make such a garden. 
One is a little cove with huge rocks deeply imbedded in a tiny spring, with 
a group of three immense trees at the head, a most ideal place for a rock 
garden. The other is a fascinating little stream flowing in a winding man- 
ner through a broad expanse of meadow land. An uneven rocky border 
would wonderfully transform the spot. 

Beautiful artificial rock gardens can be made with very little trouble 
or expense by selecting rough field stones, the flatter the better, and sinking 
one-third of the rock in the ground to insure a firm foundation. The spot 
should be slightly sloping, not too shady and without hollows, as Alpines 
cannot stand stagnant moisture. Leave the cracks and crevices for the 
Alpines to grow deep in and for the moss to creep in. 

Do not let your garden begin nor end too abruptly; lead up gradually 
to it by the use of odd shaped rocks, as an approach to the garden proper. 
The simplest rule is to follow nature as much as possible. 

There are many styles of rock gardens to follow, but the conditions on 
your place must guide your selection. A pleasing form is the wall garden, 
used wherever a bank or retaining wall is needed. No mortar is used as 
that hinders the very effect desired, that of the flowers growing in and out 
of the fissures and cracks. In laying each stone keep a backward, downward 
slope for drainage. -A hollow tile may be inserted to form a little waterfall. 

. Another style of rock garden is the border garden. This is the fore- 
ground for a formal or informal border and should be one-sixth the width 
of the border itself. Thus if you have a twelve-foot border planned, use 
two feet of it for a rock border. Lay the stones very irregularly and plant 
with flowers of varying heights, to keep the irregularity. A charming 
effect can be made where one has a terrace, by making uneven steps, wide 
enough for use as such, and planted with low growing Alpines, vines 
and moss. 

Rock gardens may also surround water gardens and bog gardens, by the 
use of flat rocks as an irregular. outline, rather than the straight cement 
edges more often used. 

Pathways may be made into rock gardens by using broken pieces of 
cement sidewalks or very flat rocks sunk in the ground in a very hit or 
miss pattern and planted with low growing Alpines. 

There are two kinds of rock garden plants, Alpines and rock plants. 
Alpines, as the name implies, grow in the Alps, while rock plants include 
Alpines and also plants from all parts of the temperate zones which are 
suitable for rock gardens. The literature on this subject groups all rock 
loving plants as Alpines, since many of the real Alpines grow in our own 
woods and on the mountains of our own country. 

Perennials and self-sowing annuals are used in planting rock gardens. 
Avoid anything that gives the effect of excessive work or expense. 

Small evergreen trees, shrubs and vines, as. well as moss, give the effect 
of age, which is so desirable in rock gardens. Pitch pine trees, daphne 

(267) 


268 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


; 


cneorum, or garland flower, Virginia creeper, bittersweet, wild clematis, 
Kenilworth ivy and wall pepper are most suitable for this purpose. 

For rocky woodland use dog tooth violets and all other varieties of 
violets, hypatica, maiden hair ferns, spring beauty, bloodroots, bluebells 
and wild crane’s bill. 

For rocks exposed to full sunshine use dwarf irises, columbines, allys- 
sum, sexifraga and sedums. For tall Alpines use columbines, St. Bernard’s 
lily, bush clematis, bee larkspur, foxglove and saxifraga. 

The dwarf Alpines offer the following varieties: hypatica, wood ane- 
mone, snowdrop, windflower, gentian, harebells, Alpine asters, forgetme- 
nots, Iceland poppies and lily of the valley. 

Hardy perennials usually classed as Alpines but suitable for rock gar- 
dens offer the following choice: phloxes, especially the creeping phlox, 
Shasta daisy, spireas of all kinds, primroses, stone crop, or sedums, portu- 
laca and rock cress. Alyssums are very popular, as are the dainty gypso- 
phila and the little scilla bifolia, which often peeps through the snow to 
remind us of the approach of the longed for spring. 

There are many more, but time will not permit mentioning them. With 
such a wide range to choose from one can have a charming garden with as 
little or as much expense as desired, and, having once planted it, just keep 
it free from weeds, and it will be a “thing of beauty and a joy forever.” 

There is a delightful zest in trying new things, or, since there is no new 
thing under the sun, in trying new ways of doing old things, so I prophesy 
a run on rock gardens this year. Here’s success to them! 


WY YY 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


A SPECIAL GARDEN BULLETIN.—A garden bulletin has been prepared by 
the Extension Division of the Minnesota State University especially to meet 
the extraordinary needs developing in connection with the campaign to 
increase the garden products of the country during the war. This bulletin 
very fully describes the operations in the vegetable garden, but it occupies 
too much room, however, to find place in this number of the monthly. Those 


who are particularly interested to receive this instruction are requested to . 


send for a copy of the bulletin to R. S. Mackintosh, Extension Division, 
University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. 


To Mm MBERS OF JUNIOR HORTICULTURAL CLUB.—Owing to the unusual 
demand for space in this magazine, claimed by the special needs of the 
country in preparation for meeting the exigencies brought about by the 
war, the articles which would otherwise have been printed in the Horti- 
culturist for the special benefit of members of the Junior Horticultural 
Club will be omitted part of the time during this year. Instead, however, 
a circular letter will be sent out to all of these members, and it is sug- 
gested that any questions pertaining to garden operations or to the society 
itself that any member may wish to ask should be addressed to R. S 
Mackintosh, Extension Division, University Farm, St. Paul, and to such 
questions prompt replies will be made. 


New Lire MremBers.—Many names have been added to the life mem- 
bership roll since the lest annual meeting, as follows: Rudolph C. 
Schneider, St. Paul; H. L. Wallace, Grasston; A. G. Ruggles, University 
Farm, St. Paul; Henry Husser, Minneiska; Sil Matzke, So. St. Paul; 
John C. Wister, Philadelphia, Pa.; Harlow Rockhill, Conrad, Ia.; Dr. O. H. 
Wolner, Gilbert; Hjalmar Haakenson, Boyd; John J. Score, Bucyrus, 
N. D.; Rev. A. Wermerskirchen, Hokah; S. J. Jones, Minneapolis; Joe 
Baumgartner, Robbinsdale; Knute Bjorka, Belgrade; Dr. G. A. Hisen- 
graeber, Granite Falls; F. W. Manz, Paynesville; B. M. Benson, Minne- 
apolis, and John Krueger, Stillwater; Edwin O. Tollberg, Winner; C. C. 
Heath, Beltrami; F. K. Willson, Minneapolis; B. E. Bothun, Thief River 
Falls. In all twenty-two new life members since December 4, 1916. 

(Continued on page 272.) 


ee Le a 


NOTICE OF SUMMER MEETING, 1917 


A JOINT SESSION OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 
AND ITS AUXILIARIES, THE MINNESOTA STATE GARDEN FLOWER 
SOCIETY, THE MINNESOTA STATE BEE KEEPERS SOCIETY 
AND THE NORTHWESTERN PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. 


Will be held WEDNESDAY, JUNE 27th, 1917, in the Gymnasium 
at University Farm, St. Paul. 


THE. GYMNASIUM BUILDING, in which this meeting is to be again held, 
was found last year to be espeically well adapted to our purposes. A very 
large room, excellently well lighted on three sides, with no posts in the 
center to interfere with the view gives an opportunity for a comprehensive 
view of the whole display at one time, which adds greatly to its attractive- 
ness. The grounds about this building and on the wooded slopes around the © 
football field, lying just south of the building, are now in a comparatively 
finished condition and fairly well sodded. The gymnasium will be open to 
exhibitors early in the morning, but visitors who are not exhibitors will be 
barred until noon, at which time the exhibition will be complete and judging 
done. It is almost impossible to do this work with the crowd of visitors 
who attend this annual display of flowers, making it absolutely necessary 
that it should be completed before visitors are admitted. 

THE EXHIBITION will remain in place undisturbed until 9 o’clock in the 
evening. All the flowers and fruits exhibited become the property of the 
association and will be distributed later to the various hospitals in the 
Twin Cities. 

THE PREMIUM ListT following this notice is practically the same as pub- 
lished in the May number of our monthly, and with a very few changes the 
same that was used last year. The winter of 1916-17 with a large fall of 
snow in this part of the state and plenty of moisture in the ground, create 
conditions especially favorable to perennial flowers, and with fairly favor- 
able conditions since then we have every reason to anticipate an extraordi- 
nary display, probably the finest the society has ever made. The North- 
western Peony and Iris Society, a new organization, for the first time par- 
ticipating in the summer exhibition, will add interest to the gathering, and 
especially so as it is understood that a number of peony experts from a 
distance will visit us. 

DEMONSTRATIONS. There will be usual demonstrations at the Farm, 
one by Professor Francis Jager, apiculturist, at 11:30 at the Apiary Build- 
ing. No special subject has been announced for this, but it will certainly 
prove to be a profitable occasion to those attending. Professor A. G. 
Ruggles, of the Entomological Department, announces a display of spraying 
machines, of which there are a number of kinds at the Farm. It will be 
made just north of the Spraying Laboratory. 

GUIDES TO THE GROUNDS.—Guides will be in attendance to escort vis- 
itors about the grounds to various points of interest. These guides will 
be prepared to answer questions pertaining to the various branches of edu- 
cational work at the farm. Those who wish to take advantage of the service 
will meet the guides at the gymnasium at 10:30’a. m. and 3:30 p.m. The 
guides will wear suitable badges. 

Picnic DINNER.—In regard to the picnic dinner, which will occupy the 
time between noon and 2:00 o’clock, we are not quite sure as to where it 
will be held, but probably near the dining hall. Should the weather be 
unfavorable of course there is plenty of rogm inside the gymnasium build- 
ing. Coffee will be provided, but the picnickers must furnish their own cups 
out of which to drink it. 

AFTERNOON MEETING.—At 2 p. m. the afternoon session of the meeting 
will be held in the same room in which the display of flowers is made, at 
least that is the present plan unless the display should attain unexpected 
dimensions, in which case some suitable place, probably in the grove near 
the gymnasium building, will be used for that purpose. There will be 

(269) 


270 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


arranged the usual program of short talks, a number of which will be given 
on some of the prize winning perennials by exhibitors and visitors at the 
meeting. The session will be limited as near as possible to one hour, and it 
is especially requested that during the progress of the meeting all in attend- 
ance in the hall be seated, as any movement amongst the flowers on the part 
of those who desire to see them is sure to interfere with the success of the 
program. 

REACHING THE GROUNDS.—Take the Como-Harriet car in either St. Paul 
or Minneapolis, get off at Doswell Avenue, and a walk of approximately one- 
half mile will bring you to University Farm grounds. To reach the gym- 
nasium go north on Cleveland Avenue, which is the avenue running along 
the west side of University Farm, past the University Farm buildings until 
you come to the last building, which you will recognize as the gymnasium 
by its size. If you prefer to ride all the way to the grounds get off at 
Eustis Street, which the conductor will point out to you. From that place 
cars run every fifteen minutes into University Farm grounds, an extra fare 
of five cents being charged. Ask the conductor to let you off at the gym- 
nasium building, which you will reach from the street car line. Getting 
off at that point saves a long walk from the terminal station. If in doubt 
as to the way, follow the sign of the arrow. 

VISIT TO STATE FRUIT-BREEDING FARM.—This farm is located at Zum- 
bra Heights, twenty-two miles west of Minneapolis on the Minneapolis and 
St. Louis railroad. The train leaves depot at 8:35 a. m. Return can be 
made by way of Zumbra Heights landing on Lake Minnetonka and the lake 
steamers via trolley line to Minneapolis, or by waiting until mid-afternoon 
a train can be secured returning to the city on the railroad. One or more 
of the professors will go out Thursday morning, June 28th, to accompany 
any who may desire to take advantage of this opportunity to visit the 
Fruit-Breeding Farm. 

ENTRIES._—_All entries must be received by the secretary not later than 
Saturday, June 23d. No entries whatever will be received at the meeting. 
The exhibitors are urged to send in their entries at as early a date as pos- 
sible, under no circumstances later than the date noted above. Entry blanks 
will be furnished by the secretary on application. 

EXxHIBITS.—The judges will begin work on the exhibit promptly at 
11:30, and any exhibit incomplete at that time will be judged on the basis 
of its condition at that time and not as to what it would be when the 
exhibit is completed. 

Fruits and flowers shown become the property of the association. 

RED Cross FLOWER SALE.—There will be a sale of flowers at this 
meeting for the benefit of the Red Cross Fund, and an opportunity is offered 
to members to bring in flowers for this purpose. Bring loose flowers or 
bouquets of greenhouse flowers, garden flowers or wild flowers. All will be 
salable. Do not overlook this patriotic feature of our annual summer gath- 
ering. Be liberal! 


Premium List, Summer “Meeting. 1917, 


No Duplicating of Varieties Permitted. 
OUT-DOOR ROSES. 
1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. 

Collection—three blooms of each named 

variety, to be shown in separate vases $5.00 $3.00 $1.00 $0.50 
Collection of named varieties—three 

blooms of each, in separate vases, am- 

ALGUWUS: (ONLY * <.cvaueleteeasretene feuduonst evaveNalstenei =) clans 5.00 3.00 1.00 .50 
Three named varieties, white—each va- 

riety in a separate vase, three blooms 

of each, each bloom on a separate stem 2.00 1.00 .50 
Three named varieties, pink—each variety 

in a separate vase, three blooms of each, 

each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.09 50 
Three named varieties, red—each variety 

in a separate vase, three blooms of each, 

each bloom on a separate stem........ 2.00 1.00 .50 
Collection of Rugosa and Rugosa Hy- 

brids—each variety (consisting of one 

cluster of blooms on a single stem) in a 

SEPATALC, WASE. silels laxcreilel a si0i 6 ofa e ells slo ciate el sieha 2.00 
Most beautiful rose in vaSe.............6. 1.00 
Largest rose in VAS€.0....-- see eecnscces 1.00 


1.00 -50 


PREMIUM LIST, SUMMER MEETING, 1917. \ 271 


Seedling rose to be shown by the origi- 
nator. (Not previously exhibited in 
competition.) Bronze medal donated by 
the American Rose Society. F 

The following named varieties of roses to be entered separately and 
shown in separate vases, three to fve blooms in each vase. 

Prince Camile deRohan, General Jacqueminot, Margaret Dickson, M. P. 
Wilder, Jules Margottin, Magna Charta, Paul Neyron, Madam Gabriel Luizet, 
Baroness Rothschild, Anna de Diesbach, Ulrich Brunner, John Hopper, Rosa 
Rugosa (pink and white), Baron deBonstetten, Karl Druski, Madam Plantier, 
Grus an Teplitz. 

Fach, 1st prem., 75 cents; 2nd prem., 50 cents; 3rd prem., 25 cents. 


PEONIES. “ 
Ist prem. 2d prem. 8d prem. 4th prem. 
Vase of Festiva Maxima, 6 blooms.. $2.00 $1.00 $0.50 
* “ flesh or light pink es i ts Ss - 
os “medium or dark pink “ » a ¢ fe 
oe “e white oe 
a ae aa 
Collection—three blooms of each named 
Wanlety in Separate VASES: ...6....5.00. $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00 
In addition to the cash prizes offered the American Peony Society offers a 
silver medal for the best exhibit of the next above collection. 
Collection—three btooms of each named 


“se “e a “cc 


“ec “ oe “ oe 


variety in separate vases, amateurs only 6.00 4.00 2.00 1.00 
Seedling peony, three blooms......:..... 3.00 2.00 1.00 50 
Collection—one bloom of each variety, 

shown each in a separate vase; for ama- 

teurs owning no more than ten varities 2.00 1.00 -50 
ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS. 

1st prem. 2d prem. 3d prem, 4th prem. 
MaTemOtmGanterpury BellS ....0000+ oe ee'e $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 

4 BMPMCPCMCAUTCA, cic ee ec eenecew ness s * s 

‘ PEOOIUMDING “cee tees cece ewe sf ‘cs Oy 

A, PCE NRE TEA | alah 0206 a,c, c:0 a vete syste ele! sie ove. '0 ee . fe 

us MIRC TONUIGDTULIND «cle. w5 nicie eve) o 0100 enela ol ale : se $$ 

by “Evening primrose (Oenothera).. i Ks a 

Me MMO SeL-IMe-NOC si... )5 6. tase ne eee te fe be 

e SE CPSMO ME aeeless 0% a aw leveya dle side a ere 4 * ee 

y SRM HEMMAT GUNES: icles lel= cls ef aleviejele siwle eae ES 4 

% CCS SSOP STUTNIOS) eyo e oix/ciiepaile, o's erie. oie @ eye “ i Ly 

My PUGET POPPIES scr. ches sale ccc cers e's fe “ ss 

? “TORTS al a nr oa sf “ “ 

$ BUPPPP IPN Code tere a esate es ayele, atlelal.s fo, 49 sve "eyays # “s $6 

“ BRS COT NYSE Oreo oes ye be, Isso slip (oie ve alin’ teyeseie oye. re 2 is 

% SAMA POPPIES +. scr 2 oc dees es ‘ ss og 

< SPOULeNMIt Al —DOPPLES % 65 cc. cee ee este ‘ a ss 

EUR MMMEEREUIISIGS “55 5.5 055s Rey SRT altel: « ‘ a s 

fo see reniniial —CONECOPSIS: 22)... 0/6 as es a © 

. EGE EDIUINIR sveihs 0 chore ce bye iss sje 5 2, 0° 0 aS ‘ a 

Ae MSTA CeaiSICS: here were cle cislevsio ous ; es be 

4 MESAVCeT AWILLTAIY 0.) .)e ots coe ote sieves «lee se fe ae 
Collection—named perennials, in separate 

“GLEBE 4) 2.0 SN eerie rere $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $1.00 


Collection of annuals and perennials in 
separate vases (not to exceed 12) by 
amateurs who have never taken pre- 


MMMM MOM LEOW ELS nyse 5 so sce es octalsis eels ole 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 
Collection—named iris, in separate vases, 

5 blooms each....... BaD ne ete ae leroleus tel ct ete 3.00 2.00 1.00 
Collection of wild flowers, in separate 
US Cte T etc ae catia oc'sr 3:ip.te \e'-aifpl aday dies sh.0i gt @ tints! bie Veeco 4:00 3.00 2.00 
Collection of flowers by children......... 2.00 1.00 .50 


Vase of any kind of flowers not named 
in this list. (An exhibitor may make 
any number of entries desired under 


SANIT EUL DB chai Poy.55:sc 2h ock jeusve sim is leo je; ails.) eliehe) eles te 2.00 1.00 .50 
Vase of flowers arranged for artistic effect 1.50 1.00 50 
Basket of outdoor-grown flowers, ar- 

Beams GND Vis EMMIDITOT:. o.. 2 )6 seo 0 sels atm 3.00 2.00 1.00 

STRAWBERRIES, 


One quart of each variety to be shown on plate, not in box. 
1lst prem. 2d prem. 8d prem. 4th prem. 
Collection (not less than six varieties).... $5.00 $4.00 $3.00 $2.00 
Collection of three named varieties...... 3.00 2.00 1.00 .50 
The following varieties of strawberries to be entered separately: 
ist prem. 2d prem. 3d prem. 4th prem. 
Bederwood, Dunlap, Crescent, Splendid, 
Clyde, Warfield, Lovett, Enhance, Glen 
Mary, Haverland, Minn. No. 3, Progres- 


sive; Superb, Americus, each............ $1.00 $0.75 $0.50 $0.25 
Best named variety not included in the 

SUE. AE ieee TE ae een aries eri 2 00 1.00 .50 
Seedlings, originated by exhibitor........ 3.00 2.00 1.00 


SECRETARY'S CORNER. 


(Continued from page 268.) 


NEW FRUITS FOR THE TRIAL STATIONS.—There have been sent out re- 
cently from the State Fruit-Breeding Farm to the Trial Stations operated 
in connection with the society, as Supt. Haralson writes me, a sufficient 
quantity of plants of No. 935 strawberry to give it a good test throughout 
the state, and vines of twenty-seven varieties of grapes, originated, of 
course, at the Fruit-Breeding Farm, from one to four vines of each sort. 
Some of these grapes, Mr. Haralson says, are much better than the Beta 
grape, both as to size and quality, and all are hardy without winter protec- 
tion there at the station. 

Among other new fruits from abroad received this season at the Fruit- 
Breeding Farm for testing and experimental work is a quantity of Prof. 
N. E. Hansen’s seedling pears, what are considered hardy crosses and blight- 
resisting, which is equally as important in the growing of pears as to have 
them fully hardy. These trees, we understand, are seedlings that have not 
yet fruited. They constitute a very interesting experiment as to hardiness and 
blight resistance. Quality can be worked in later if proved to be right in 
those respects. 


RESIN BORDEAUX MIXTURE, OR RESIN-LYE BORDEAUX MIXxTURE.—As it 


is sometimes called, is simply the ordinary Bordeaux mixture with the resin- — 


lye mixture added. This resin-lye mixture is what we call a “sticker.” Its 
purpose is to cause the spray material to spread evenly and to adhere better 
to the somewhat waxy young raspberry canes. Its preparation is as follows: 


Pilverized « PESU cs. eh sewn eop0aha10 whee, woke lovee here oie ee eee 5 Ibs. 
Gontentrated ly eso. .2., ewe peed ote de cso elie Soh ee 1 Ib. 
Hish or othervanimal oils w. <a. wcia acc eee eleie tee opt 
WV LEO ries ois cece e shane yiela gh. gone cel doeel Steate RRSR Rens ce Ce i ian 5 gals. 


Put the oil, the resin and one gallon of water into an iron kettle or 
other metal container and heat until the resin softens, that is, until it is 
pretty thoroughly dissolved. Then add the lye. Stir thoroughly. Add to 
this four gallons of hot water and boil until a little of the boiled material 
mixed with cold water gives a clear, amber colored liquid. Add water 
pgen to make the total, after boiling, five gallons. This is the stock 
solution. 

In spraying with Bordeaux, or any other fungicide or insecticide with 
which this sticker is used, add two gallons of this stock solution to eight 
gallons of water and add to forty gallons of the spray mixture. The spray 
mixture to which this is added should be made with ten gallons less water 
than the formula indicates, because this will be added with the resin-lye. 


THE WISCONSIN SECRETARY CALLS.—We were fortunate in having a 
very pleasant visit of a couple hours with Frederick Cranefield, Secretary 
of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, who happened to be passing 
through the city, returning to his home from a visit with his brother in 
South Dakota. The writer had the pleasure of spending several days with 
Mr. Cranefield in Washington in November, where he was in attendance for 
the same purpose that took me there, the organization of a national horticul- 
tural society. Mr. Cranefield is chairman of the committee appointed to 
draft a constitution to be submitted at the next meeting of this new organ- 
ization, which we understand is to take place at the next annual meeting of 
the American Pomological Society; probably in September next, although the 
notice of this meeting is not yet out. Mr. E. R. Lake, Secretary of the 
American Pomological Society, was elected secretary of this new society, but 
on account of ill health and absence from Washington, he has been obliged 
to resign this office, which is now filled by the appointment of Mr. W. M. 
Seott, of Bureau of Markets, Department of Agriculture. The proposed 
constitution has called this new organization the ‘National Council of Horti- 
culture.” Copies of this proposed constitution are to be submitted to the 
charter members for suggestions as to revision for final presentation as 
above. 

(272) 


p 
: 
. 


\\ 


IN HIS TOP-WORKED ORCHARD. 


SprH H. KENNEY 


While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


IK 
lea\, 


Tee 


Vol. 45 JULY, 1917 No. 7 


Tee 


IN MEMORIAM—SETH H. KENNEY 


SETH H. KENNEY PASSED MAY 24, 1917, AGED 81 YEARS. 


This veteran of Minnesota horticulture ended his days on 
the farm in Morristown which he took up as a claim about the 
year 1866. Mr. J. O. Weld, now living at Mound, Minn., a close 
personal friend of Mr. Kenney from boyhood days, came to this 
state the same year and has maintained intimate relations with 
Mr. Kenney since that time, and the facts herein given are in 
part the personal recollections of Mr. Weld. 

The place of birth of Mr. Kenney was Colrain, Mass., and 
the date February 22, 1836. The writer had a personal acquain- 
tance with Mr. Kenney going back to a time prior to 1880. The 
records of the society show that his first service to the association 
was at the winter meeting of 1873, where he presented a report, 
reciting his experience in growing an orchard and fruit garden 
on his claim at Morristown. In 1876 he contributed to the pro- 
gram a paper on “Strawberry Culture,’ and the following year 
one on “Cranberry Culture.”’ These contributions can be found 
in our published reports in the years stated. 

During the earlier years of Mr. Kenney’s connection with 
this society he was better known as the grower and producer of 
an improved variety of sorghum, called amber cane. He estab- 
lished this industry in our state and promoted it to a very large 
extent somewhere about the year 1877. He succeeded in organ- 


izing an Amber Cane Association which, as I recall, held annual 
(273) 


274 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


meetings for many years, although it has now been long extinct. 
In connection with the report of this society for 1889, a report 
of the Amber Cane Association was published and will be found 
interesting reading to any who care for this subject. The 
United States Department of Agriculture recognized the valu- 
able service which Mr. Kenney rendered to the country in this 
connection, and it was a source of pride to Mr. Kenney in his later 
years that his efforts in this industry had been given such promi- 
nence by the Department. 

The last twenty years of Mr. Kenney’s life he took a larger 
and increasing interest in fruit growing, and the recorded re- 
sults of his original work appear from time to time in the 
publications of the society. Recognizing the special value of his 
service in this direction, he was appointed superintendent of a 
society trial station, his first report as such appearing in the 
records of the society in 1909. Thereafter annually, and usually 
semi-annually, his records of valuable experiments were published 
regularly in our monthly. His contributions to the experience 
of our members in topworking were of a special value. 

In recognition of the value of Mr. Kenney’s services in the 
fields above referred to, the Minnesota State University in Janu- 
ary last awarded a ‘“‘certificate of award for special meritorious 
services in the advancement of agriculture.” This certificate 
would have been given to Mr. Kenney in person at Farm Week, 
University Farm, but on account of the shock which he had then 
already experienced, he was unable to be present. His life and 
work, however, were referred to from the platform and the cer- 
tificate awarded sent to him at his home. His host of friends 
rejoiced that this well earned commendation should come to him 
when he was still in possession of his faculties and able to appre- 
ciate it. 

Mr. Kenney’s name appears as an annual member of the 
society on our roll in 1877, although it is probable that he was a 
member before that date, as he attended the meetings and took 
part in the program as early as 1873. In 1899 in recognition of 
Mr. Kenney’s valuable services to the society he was unanimously 
made an honorary life member. Few members have contributed 
more to the welfare of the society than Mr. Kenney, and it is safe 
to say that no member surpassed him in loyalty to this associa- 
tion. For many years and until the last year or two, when his 
bodily infirmities kept him away, he was a regular attendant and 
participant at our annual gatherings. It was only until January 


4 


IN MEMORIAM—SETH H. KENNEY. PRS 


last when he practically gave up working in his beloved art. At 
that time he had his first shock, but even after that with his 
feeble hand he wrote inspiring letters up to the very time of his 
second attack, which occurred four weeks before his death. 

Mr. Kenney’s home life remained intact almost up to the 
time of his passing, his wife having died only on January 29 
last, and the granddaughter, who made up the third member of 
his family, dying two weeks later. Of the four children which 
made up his family, three are still alive, one, Elias Kenney, living 
on a farm adjoining his father’s place; the other two, Fred and 
Maurice, now residents of the Pacific Coast. 

The picture of the “Veterans of Horticulture,” which ap- 
peared as frontispiece of the 1898 volume of the annual report of 
the society, will be of special interest to the older members of the 
society. The photograph from which this picture was made was 
taken at an annual meeting of the society on December 7, 1897, 
just twenty years ago. Of these twelve veterans not one is now 
with us, the last one passing being the subject of this sketch. 
Grand old men, all of whom sacrificed much for this society and 
the art which it stands for! None of them excelled in these 
respects our dear brother who has just gone home. 

Mr. Kenney was for many years a member of the Baptist 
Church, his membership going back to his early manhood. His 
life fully exemplified not only by what he said but more by what 
he did, the sincerity of this relationship—an earnest, honest, 
Christian gentleman, strictly reliable in all of his dealings with 
his fellows, a shining light in the religious world. We know he 
gave very liberally of his means to support this organization with 
which he was connected, and especially for the prosecution of its 
work in foreign lands. 

The writer felt very near to Mr. Kenney during the later 
years of his life, and no one has seemed to carry out in a sturdy, 
effective way the principles of the Christian religion which he 
professed more so than did our friend who has just left us. These 
are few words with which to close reference to so good a life as 
_ Mr. Kenney lived. We may well take him for an example and 
aspire to live upon so high a plane.—Secy. 


MIDSUMMER REPORTS, 1917. 


Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm. 


CHAS. HARALSON, SUPT., EXCELSIOR, MINN. 


June 13, 1917.—Owing to the late spring and a great deal of 
cold weather the small fruits are later than usual. However, the 
outlook for a good crop is promising. 

The strawberries came through the winter in very good con- 
dition; No. 935, No. 3 and No. 1075 promise a very good crop. 
The same is true with a number of other selected varieties. 

The No. 4 raspberry is in good shape for a heavy crop of 
berries. It came through the winter in perfect condition ; the 
canes are healthy and making a good growth. 

Gooseberries and currants promise a full crop, and the same 
is true of a number of the seedlings. 

The hybrid plums blossomed very full this spring. A num- 
ber of varieties have set a satisfactory crop of plums, many new 
varieties are fruiting this year for the first time, and we hope to 
have some valuable varieties out of this lot. 

The seedling apples are in good growing condition, but there 
will not be very much fruit this year. The standard varieties, 
such as Wealthy, Patten’s Greening and many other varieties, are 
setting a full crop, and the same is true of crab apples. 

The Beta grape seedlings came through the winter in good 
shape; they are in full bloom at this writing. 

Some tender varieties of apples, topworked on Hibernal, 
Patten’s Greening, Duchess and Gould crab, were hurt more or 
less from winter killing. However, a number of varieties are 
setting a light crop. 

Approximately 10,000 raspberry seedlings, grown from seed 
this spring, have been transplanted to flats and into cold frames. 
Some of these will probably be planted out in the field later on. 

Several bushels of plum pits were planted this spring, and 
we have a good stand of seedlings at this time. 

The plant-breeding work has been carried on as usual during 
the spring, and some interesting crosses in both plums and apples 
have been made. 

A great deal of spraying, with lime-sulphur and arsenate of 
lead, has been done this spring on plums, apples, gooseberries and 


currants to check insects and fungous diseases. 
(276) 


JEFFERS TRIAL STATION. 5207 


Jeffers Trial Station. 


DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. 


June 12, 1917.—New varieties of fruits planted on our trial 
grounds the spring of 1917 were seventeen varieties of grapes, 
No. 1 to No. 17, sent here by Mr. Charles Haralson, also straw- 
berry No. 935 from the same source. In plums we received 
scions from Mr. A. B. Dennis, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, which are 
now growing nicely, viz., Wilson, Mammoth and two other un- 
named varieties all full blooded Japanese and said to be the 
largest varieties of plum grown. We also received from Prof. 
N. E. Hansen two trees each of his new sand plums, the Kiowa 
and the Cree. These two varieties are said to ripen their fruit 
after all of our standard varieties. In this part of Minnesota we 
need some varieties that ripen later than those usually grown.. 

The past winter was one of unusual severity. Snow came in 
December and stayed on all winter. Drifts ten to fifteen feet 
high in our orchards was not uncommon. Many nursery trees 
and low headed plum trees were broken down by the settling 
snow and thus destroyed. 

The season up to date has been cold and backward, with a 
great amount of rain and cold east winds. There was little sun- 
shine during the blooming period of the plum and still less sun- 
shine during the apple blooming period. 

As to the prospect of fruit, strawberries Minn. No. 3 and 
Minn. No. 1017 are looking very fine and promise a big crop. 
Varieties of grapes from our State Farm have proven somewhat 
disappointing. They were all pruned last fall and laid on the 
ground but not covered, except they were covered by snowdrifts 
several feet deep nearly all winter. Yet No. 1 killed badly, Nos. 
2 and 3 are nearly dead, No. 4 fair, Nos. 5 and 7 good, No. 6 
killed some, No. 8 pretty good. 

As for the prospect for plums, the Japanese hybrids may 
save the day, my one tree of Rockford plum may bear a crop, but 
otherwise I have not noticed any variety of native American 
varieties that promises to bear more than a few specimens to the 
tree, but the Japanese hybrid plums as a class give promise of a 
good crop. Stella, B. A. Q., Emerald, Omaha and most of the 
varieties originating at our Minnesota Fruit-Breeding Farm look 
specially promising for a fine crop of plums, thus again demon- 
strating the ability of this class of plums to set a crop of fruit 
under adverse conditions. 

We cannot as yet know what to expect from the sand cherry 
hybrid plums, but do not expect very much from them this season. 
The blossoms have not dropped yet. The Compass cherry bloom 
has been destroyed by the brown rot, and the other sand cherry 
hybrid varieties seem to some extent to be doing the same thing. 

The Wealthy apple, also the N. W. Greening, Malinda and 
some others, in spite of the big crop of 1916, blossomed very 
full, and we have hopes of getting a crop of apples of these vari- 
eties, but we can tell better a little later on. 


278 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Collegeville Trial Station. 
REV. JOHN B. KATZNER, SUPT. 


That the winter was cold need not to be mentioned, everyone 
knows that, but we desire to call attention to a few points which 
are of some interest to horticulture. It may not be known gen- 
erally that we had 200 degrees more subzero weather than the 
previous winter, footing up a total of 700 degrees below zero for 
the winter of 1916-17. This material increase of cold is respon- 
sible for the greater injury to trees than that of normal years. 
We shall mention a few. 

The apples King David, Senator and Delicious topgrafted on 
Hibernals are ruined, two-year-old Wealthy trees in the nursery 
are frozen badly, some down to the ground, others have brown 
wood; scarcely one escaped injury. Even Wealthy trees of bear- 
ing age are seriously damaged. Plums Nos. 3, 20 and 15 froze 
back two to eight inches and No. 27 lost some of the lower 
branches entirely. Our sweet cherry tree, ten feet’ high, and the 
Chinese pear No. 21923, which was considered entirely hardy, 
are dead and gone. The old Wealthy trees and others of equal 
hardiness suffered some from the long continued cold, but not 
seriously. In regard to hardiness of trees one may get an object 
lesson now in the orchard. Some apple trees make a healthy 
growth, others only a feeble attempt. There are Chinese and 
Pattens seedling pears growing vigorously, and among them 


stand German pears frozen dead to the ground. Other plum and © 


pear trees were heeled in over winter, and nothing can be said 
about their hardiness. Even bull pines up to eight feet were 
seared as if by fire, but our variety is not of the hardy kind. We 
had a fine ampelopsis engelmani, running up about twenty-five 
feet on the south brick-wall of the library building; today it is a 
beauty of the past and dead to the ground. ‘ 
Having mentioned some of the trees which have been injured 
by cold, it is no more than right to call attention to some varieties 
on trial that were not injured last winter. Among these are all 
the apple trees from the Minnesota Fruit-Breeding Farm, as Nos. 
90, 271, 269, 16, 1, 7045, Gilbert, Winesap, Russet Seedling in the 
nursery and the larger Malinda seedlings in the orchard. We 
were agreeably surprised to find their wood perfectly healthy. 
To these should be added the apple varieties listed of first degree 
of hardiness and many kinds of the old and new plums in good 
condition. Then mention should be made of the Chinese pears 


q 
a a. 


COLLEGEVILLE TRIAL STATION. 279 


Nos. 21880, 21982 and Pattens seedling pear, which did not suf- 
fer. Prof. N. E. Hansen’s hybrid pears had been heeled in and 
nothing can be said about them. The strawberries Nos. 3 and 
1017 and the raspberries, having been covered in fall, came 
through winter in fine shape. The tame grapes, but not the 
Alpha, had been covered and passed the winter safely. 


We had unusually much snow and, while this certainly was 
helpful to somewhat tender trees, it also did a little damage. The 
snow drifted badly, on some places it piled up seven to ten feet 
high. These drifts were dangerous to small trees. Thus two 
of our plum trees, Nos. 3 and 8, were split and broken down by 
the snow. The nursery was completely filled up with snow about 
five to six feet high, bending down or covering all young trees. 
As a consequence many trees were broken and had the buds 
rubbed off by the settling snow. 

Mice and rabbits were unusually active. The deep snow 
helped the rabbits to reach up on some trees six to seven feet 
high, where they bit off all the buds they could get a hold of. 
And below the snow the mice got in their work on young trees 
where not protected. Some eight pear trees were either girdled 
entirely or the bark badly injured. Of course the trees are not 
lost, as they grow again from the scion, but it will set them back 
a year or two. The best protection that can be given to young 
trees is undoubtedly a good wire netting put around the stem 
at least two feet high. Although we meet many difficulties in 
horticulture we must not give up, but rather try to overcome 
them. 


As soon as the frost was out of the ground the work was 
started at the station. A section of our orchard was replanted, 
mostly to Wealthys. The old trees had blighted so badly that it 
was thought best to remove them entirely. This was done last 
fall, and their place is now occupied by young trees which were . 
set twenty by twenty-four feet apart. This distance apart will 
be adhered to in all our future planting of apple trees. The trees 
of the original orchard were planted only sixteen by sixteen feet, 
and while this distance is quite satisfactory as long as the trees 
are small it is entirely too close when the trees grow large and 
spread. Then the trouble begins; the branches interlock, the 
lower branches die, the circulation of air is insufficient, the fruit 
does not color up, the quality is inferior, insects are harbored 
and multiply, and the menace of all apples trees, blight, finds a 


280 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


quiet place to do its deadly work. By setting the trees farther 
apart these difficulties are more or less obviated. 

The plum trees we obtained last year from the Minnesota 
Fruit-Breeding Farm had been heeled in and were transplanted 
in the trial orchard. We also ventured to set out a small pear 
orchard of thirty-two trees. The trees of this orchard consist 
of Prof. N. E. Hansen’s hybrid pears Nos. 3, 10, 12, 13, 24 and 
38; of Chas. Patten’s seedling, and of two Chinese varieties from 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. These pears are all very 
hardy and so far free from blight. 

In the nursery were lined out several nner apple and 
plum grafts, mostly of Wealthy and plum No. 8. We obtained 
quite a lot of new material for trial, which was also planted in 
the nursery. We received eight varieties of hybrid pears from 
Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, 8S. D., and from the U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture fourteen varieties of Chinese and hybrid 
pears, four varieties of Russian hybrid plums, one- each of a 
prune, apricot and peach. Prof. Hansen’s hybrids are one year 
old budded trees of Chinese and American parentage considered 
hardy and immune to blight. Those from the Department of 
Agriculture are either pure Chinese pears or hybrids of Chinese 
and American varieties, also thought free from blight, but their 
hardiness may be deficient. The four kinds of plums are hybrids 
between the sloe—a small, wild, spiny plum, and the green Reine 
Claude. These plums ought to be hardy here as they come from 
central Russia. The peach is only a wild shrub from Siberia, and 
the prune and apricot are not supposed to stand our climate. 
Besides this there are on trial a green plum (seedling) and three 
fine hardy apple seedlings. So we have enough new material on 
hand for trial, and we expect to find at least a few varieties 
adapted to our conditions. 

But we have some more new things. From the Fruit-Breed- 
ing Farm we obtained twenty-seven new varieties of grape vines. 
We are very glad to have them. They were given the best loca- 
tion at our disposal by cutting out some old Concords and giving 
their place to these new arrivals. They will get good care, but 
will not be protected over winter to test their hardiness, and if 
the fruit is found superior to that of the Beta they will be re- 
tained. We also received three dozen strawberry plants of No. 
935 and ten raspberries of No. 4. All these plants were carefully 
planted and are growing nicely. Last year’s raspberry plants 
are now transplanted on a better location and are expected to do 


better this year. 


—— 


—— 


a a a 


COLLEGEVILLE TRIAL STATION. 281 


Our spring was abnormally cool and much later than last 
year ; in fact, it was too cold for anything to grow till the middle 
of May. The first tree to open its flowers was the Patten’s pear 
seedling on the 17th of May, which was followed by some plums 
the next day, and by the 25th they were in full flower. At that 
time a few apple blossoms were seen, too, but the trees only came 
in full bloom by the first of June. This makes the season for the 
growth, development and ripening of fruits rather short. 

We have to mention one other enemy to horticulture, the 
Bohemian waxwings. It seems these birds had just been wait- 
ing for the first leaves and flowers to appear on trees to get in 
their work, for as soon as the Chinese and Patten’s seedling pears 
started to grow these birds were right there and picked off the 
tender leaves and flowers entirely. Some trees are still without 
leaves. To protect some of the blossoms on a Patten’s pear we 
covered them with cheese cloth. We don’t know what these birds 
are good for anyway. They only live on buds, leaves, blossoms 
and small fruits all the year around and seem to keep shy of 
insects. We also had a light frost on May 22d, but it did not do 
much harm. We noticed, however, a few early blossoms in 
strawberry No. 3 and a few buds on the grapevines near the 
ground to have been frozen. 

With the advent of warmer weather and a good rain all 
plants and trees started to grow vigorously, and the prospects for 
a good crop of fruits are now not so gloomy as three weeks ago. 
In fact, if nothing unforeseen should happen, we may get a very 
good crop of apples and plums, strawberries and currants. The 
tame grapes will bear well and the Alpha is out for a full crop. 
We have changed our opinion in regard to the Alpha being a pure 
native variety, for its whitish down, reddish buds and thicker 
hairy leaves indicate it to be rather a hybrid than a native vine, 
though it was found growing wild in the woods. 


Do BirDS RETURN YEAR AFTER YEAR TO THE SAME NESTING PLACES?— 
This question is probably hard to answer except in a general way; but occa- 
sionally birds with peculiar markings are found and these can be identified. 
For example, in West Chester there is a robin with a snow-white tail that 
for four or five years has regularly appeared and spent the summer there. 

In the same place there is a maple tree, with a dead, dry, hard limb, on 
the tip of which, for several years, a male downy wood-pecker has come, 
with each spring, to rap, rap, rap, in the early morning, loud enough to be 
heard by all the neighbors. The limb is so small, hard and dry that it can 
contain little or no food. It is probably a freak of a single bird, that, for 
some reason, comes from mere “force of habit,” to his “old stamping 
ground.’”—“Forest Leaves.” 


282 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


Mandan, N. D. Trial Station. 


W. A. PETERSON AND MAX PFAENDER. 


The past winter has again been a very severe one from a 
horticultural standpoint. A detailed report on the varieties sent 
to us from the Minnesota Fruit-Breeding Farm cannot be pre- 
pared at present, but a few general statements can be made. 

Apples, plums and cherries have all suffered severely. A 
few varieties of crabs are more promising. All named varieties 
of grapes, including the Minnesota numbered ones, died, even 
though they had been protected with soil. 

Some currants are excellent, and there is a great difference 
in hardiness even between the common varieties. Gooseberries 
were all.injured severely, except those covered with soil. Straw- 
berries were all killed or injured, except the South Dakota 
variety. 

Native fruits under cultivation here all came through per- 
fectly. Juneberries, plums, buffalo berries, choke cherries and 
currants, all started their new growth from the terminal buds. 

The Norway and Carolina poplar have proven worthless. 
The Northwest poplar has been the best one tested here and the 
Canadian poplar is a close second. The laurel-leaf willow is 
hardier than the Russian golden. 

The best ornamentals are Tartarian honeysuckle, golden cur- 
rant, spireas arguta, salicifolia and sorbifolia, Persian lilac, na- 
tive rose, Siberian dogwood, buckthorn, josekea and Villosa lilaes 
and the common lilac. 

Everything seems to point to the fact that the horticulture 
of the future in this region, known as the Northern Great 
Plains, will need to be revised from its very foundation. 

Such a revision must be based on: 

First—Testing of the most promising varieties and saving 
only the very hardiest. 

Second—A study involving the basic fundamentals of effects 
of stock on scion and vice versa. 

Third—An entirely new method of culture of those fruits 
which are usually grown in orchards. 

Fourth—A thorough study of best methods of winter pro- 
tection. 


- se 


NEW AUBURN TRIAL STATION. 283 


New Auburn Trial Station. 


R. F. HALL, SUPT. 

June 12.—In making my first report it might be of interest 
tc the members of the society to know where the new trial station 
is located. New Auburn 
is an inland town located 
in the northern portion 
of Sibley County, nine 
miles southwest of Glen- 
coe, where a trial station 
was conducted for many 
years by the late Captain 
A. H. Reed. 


New Auburn is situ- 
ated on the shores of a 
beautiful wooded lake of 
the same name, which is 
five miles long and one 
and a half miles wide, in 
the center of which is 
High Island, containing 
eleven acres of heavy 
timber. Its banks are 
thirty feet above the wa- 
ter. One can hardly im- 
agine a more picturesque 
spot. R. F. Hall. 

In approaching the town tourists are impressed with the 
beautiful scenery and exceptionally well kept streets which are 
lined for a mile with fine large shade trees. The entire village 
has the appearance of a park. There are many small orchards 
of the most desirable varieties of apples and plums. There is 
every prospect for a very heavy crop of fruit this year. 

As the writer is recovering from a severe illness, he is 
unable to make a more extended report at this time. 


ANTS IN THE HousEe.—Sometimes ants are troublesome in the house, 
especially in the kitchen. Professor Waldron, of the North Dakota Agricul- 
tural College, recommends wetting a sponge with sweetened water, leaving it 
where the ants are for a few minutes. They will crawl into it. Then drop 
it into boiling water to kill the ants and repeat. Another method is to 
grease a plate with lard. The ants will crawl onto it and get stuck. Kill 
them by dipping the plate into hot water. 


284 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


La Crescent Trial Station. 
D. C. WEBSTER, SUPT. 


June 13, 1917.—There seems to be nothing of particular note 
to report from this station at this time. 

Trees and fruit of all kinds came through the winter in ex- 
cellent condition, and especially strawberries are perhaps in bet- 
ter condition than ever before. Owing to deep snow they were 
well protected from cold, and conditions since spring have been 
ideal. The Minnesota No. 3 certainly has all indications of 
being the business berry. Everbearing No. 1017 blossomed full, 
but the blossoms were picked off to encourage bloom later in 
summer. The Carrie gooseberry is not set as heavy as last year. 

The plums for trial, set in 1914, all bloomed full, but for some 
reason there is a very light setting of fruit. 

The apples for trial set last year are about all growing well. 

Of the grapes received this year some are not starting well 
—will probably lose a few. 

Strawberry No. 935 received this spring doing fine. 

Apples indicate a fair crop. Wealthys a good crop on trees 
which did not bear last year. Wealthy seems to fall into bearing 
alternate years after reaching about ten years of age. 

My N. W. Greenings, however, seem to bear more regularly 
each year. Last year they bore a good crop. This spring 
bloomed heavier than ever, but are setting a light crop of fruit. 

The weather has been very catchy, and it is hard to get 
work done. 

Strawberries will be rather late, none before June 20. 


Nevis Trial Station. 


JAS. ARROWOOD, SUPT. 


June 16, 1917.—Last winter was one of the worst winters 
that we have had for many years. The ground froze very deep, 
and no snow fell until late in the season. We had some top-kill- 
ing and some root-killing in apple trees, mostly confined to Hiber- 
als, Duchess and Wealthy; in plums mostly confined to the Sur- 
prise and hybrids that were crossed with the Burbank. In re- 
gard to strawberries, they suffered quite badly. Raspberries 
stood well except some hybrids. Sunbeam stood best of all. 
Gooseberries and currants stood well and will be a good crop. 

Plums point to a good fair crop. Apples will not be a large 
crop this year, I think. The spring has been cold and unfavor- 
able. Most all the hybrid trees from Central Station have killed 
back quite badly and will have no fruit on them this year. The 
Hansen stock has suffered some. My Silver Skin prune came 
through in the best of shape and will have a good crop. It did 
not kill back a bud. Grapes are looking good and if weather is 
good from now on will have a good crop. Arrowood’s Pride and 
the Beauty are in line together, both doing finely. The gar- 
den is away back on account of cold, frost and no rain. Shade 
trees are mostly doing well. 


PAYNESVILLE TRIAL STATION. 285 


Paynesville Trial Station. 


FRANK BROWN, SUPT. 


June 16.—The past winter has again demonstrated to us 
that we are not in the banana belt, as some of our traveling sales- 
men seem to think. 

One of the worst losses has occurred in Opata and Sapa 
plums, seemingly as hardy as an oak; still many trees have failed 
to answer nature’s call to life this spring. 

The trees, plants, etc., sent out from the Fruit-Breeding 
Farm have mostly gone through the past winter in good shape. 
The plum trees are all alive and growing finely; No. 12 is again 
full of fruit, but a frost last night (June 15th) may make a dif- 
ference with results. 

The two raspberry varieties sent out the spring of 1916 are 
still alive. No. 30 froze back quite badly, but is recovering nicely 
and will be fairly well loaded with fruit; the new canes of this 
spring’s growth are also budding and bid fair to fruit. No. 31 
did not grow as well last season, froze back about the same.as 
No. 30, and is making about the same recovery. 

The apple varieties sent at the same time all are alive and 
are doing fairly well. 

Minnesota No. 4 raspberry is coming to the front with a 
speed that bids fair to put it in the class that is now occupied 
entirely by Minnesota No. 3 strawberry. This raspberry came 
through the past winter in perfect condition. It is a good plant 
maker, seems to be healthy in all ways, and so far is just what 
we have been looking for in a raspberry. 

The grapes sent to this station this spring are all alive and 
doing well, but for several years the late frosts have damaged 
the new growth on grapes to such an extent that results are very 
discouraging. 

The strawberries received this spring are looking very fine, 
the foliage is an intense dark green, and the plants are certainly 
pushers. I hope the berries are as good as the plants. 


To ImpROvVE AN OLD LAWN that has become run down is often more 
difficult than to make a new one, but if reasonably good turf exists, it can 
be bettered materially by reseeding and fertilizing. If the lawn is patchy, 
the small areas should be scratched with a steel rake, dressed With loam or 
compost and the seed sown on this. If large areas of the lawn have a thin 
covering of turf it will be advantageous to use a disc seeder. After seeding 
a second dressing of loam or compost should be applied and the areas rolled 
lightly. 


286 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Sauk Rapids Trial Station. 


MRS. JENNIE STAGER, SUPT. 


We had a very cold and backward spring and even now 
(June 13th) the ground here (clay) is cold and vegetation comes 
along slowly. Luckily for us, however, fruit blossoms coming 
so slowly were not struck by the usual jack frost, who generally 
waits until everything is blooming and then strikes, not one night, 
but several in succession, until all our hopes of a generous har- 
vest are blighted. At this time the plum trees are loaded with 


Mrs, Stager’s grandson among the tulips—against a background of No. 4 raspberries, 
apples, plums and evergreens, planted five years ago. 


the promise of fruit, also currants, gooseberries and strawberries. 
The strawberries, No. 935, sent me by Mr. Charles Haralson 
from the University Farm, are extra strong, hardy looking plants 
and are doing nicely. 

We had a very large apple crop last fall, so of course do not 
expect to have as many this year; still the trees look good for a 
smaller crop. 

Flower plants are also loaded with buds, and the white and 
red rosa rugosas, sent by Prof. Cady last.year, have each a beau- 
tiful double rose on them and look as proud of them as I am. 

Potatoes and all vegetables are backward, but still they 
‘are coming. 


WEST CONCORD TRIAL STATION. 287 


West Concord Trial Station. 


FRED COWLES, SUPT. 


June 16, 1917.—After a cold and severe winter we see no 
signs of winter-killing. The deep snow perhaps protected some 
things. Small apple trees were broken down badly by the heavy 
snow. A few trees had branches broken also. 

Trees of all kinds blossomed very full this spring and late 
enough so that the frost did no damage, and there is promise 
of a full fruit crop. A few of the plum trees from the Fruit- 
Breeding Farm have set a little fruit, and the grapes received 
two years ago are blossoming this year. All the plants received 
this year are doing well. 

The everbearing raspberry from the Fruit-Breeding Farm 
lived through the winter well and seems very hardy. No. 4 is 
also a hardy variety and a valuable berry. 

The everbearing strawberry No. 1017 is not proving profit- 
able on our soil, but Progressive and Superb are fine. Those set 
in the spring of 1916 produced a good deal of fruit the same 
season, and this spring are full: of fruit, two or three weeks 
earlier than the June-bearing kind. We shall encourage their 
culture on account of the long season. The Minnesota No. 3 still 
holds out well. It is a strong plant maker and a good fruit 
producer. 

Currants and gooseberries are full of fruit, and the worm 
has not showed up yet. 

All flowering shrubs and plants are doing well, snowballs 
are better than for a number of years. Spirea arguta is one to 
be prized on account of its early blooming, coming two weeks 
earlier than Van Houttii. The iris are full of bloom at this time. 
Lilacs are about gone, except a few late kinds. Peonies and 
roses are late this year. 


CAREFUL ATTENTION Is NECESSARY if an established lawn is to be kept 
in good condition. Most lawns need an occasional application of some good 
fertilizer regardless of the kind of soil on which they exist. Thoroughly 
rotted stable manure is excellent for this purpose. Another good dressing is 
a mixture of manure well composted with sod and leaf mold and sifted before 
using. It is desirable that the material be applied in such condition that 
there is nothing to rake off. Coarse humus or humus dressing should never 
be used, as the grass is almost invariably killed in small patches beneath the 
lumps. The humus dressings should be applied in the autumn or winter 
and again in the spring. Bone meal is one of the best commercial fertilizers 
for the lawn. When used it should be applied in the late winter or early 
spring at a rate of ten to fifteen pounds to the thousand square feet. 


288 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


Top-Working with Tender Varieties. 
(Abstract of paper, with lantern slides, delivered at the 1917 winter meeting. ) 
F. L. WASHBURN, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST, UNIVERSITY FARM. 

Receiving a year ago from Harold Simmons, of Howard 
Lake, a box of large sized specimens of Delicious, Grimes’ Golden, 
King David and Jonathan, all grown in Minnesota on top-worked 
trees, induced me to carry out some of this work in a small 
orchard I have at Lake Minnetonka. Hibernal and Patten’s 


_ - : 4. Italian prune grafted on 
1. Jonathan top-worked on Hibernal. seedling plum. 
Greenings were the varieties used for stock. Scions were ob- 
tained from Missouri. Top-working was done in the latter part 
of April, and all scions made a wonderful. growth as evidenced 
by these slides. 

As an experiment a seedling plum was top-worked with an 
Italian plum scion obtained from the Pacific Coast. It made a 
growth of over six feet, as shown by lantern slides. It was 
hardly expected that this would survive the winter. 

We also show slides illustrating the vigorous growth of a 
silver prune grafted upon a hardy plum stock by Mr. Arrowood 
of Nevis, Minn., who kindly gave us two trees for experimental 
use on our own ground. One of these trees had some bloom upon 
it this season, but the flowers were evidently sterile, at least they 


| a 


TOP-WORKING WITH TENDER VARIETIES. 289 


set no fruit. These trees are very vigorous and apparently 
hardy. Mr. Arrowood has exhibited fruit obtained from his 
own trees of this variety at Nevis. 

Incidentally the slides show the wood veneer protection 
around the trunks, an excellent safeguard against the work of 
field mice and also against rabbits if the snow does not become 
too high. Please note that in the case of the apple scions they 
made a growth of all the way from four to five feet during the 


ee Se 


2. Grimes’ Golden apple grafted on 3. Silver spruce grafted on hardy plum stock. 
Hibernal—a cleft graft follow- 
ing rabbit injury. 


summer. One slide shows a Hibernal girdled the previous year 
by rabbits, and therefore used for two cleft grafts of Grimes’ 
Golden. These scions made a wonderful growth. 

We are so encouraged with the outlook that we purpose to 
put more scions of the same varieties in these trees next spring 
and top-work other trees with similar varieties. 


Foot Note.—April 24, 1917. Every one of the above apple scions came 
through last winter’s severe test in splendid condition. As was expected. the 
Italian prune scion and a peach plum scion killed down to the stock.—F. L. W 


290 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Horticulture in Western Canada. 
PROF. F. W. BRODRICK, AGRI. COLLEGE, WINNIPEG, MAN. 


We in Manitoba appreciate fully the excellent work that your 
society is doing in the advancement of horticulture in your state. 
We know that the various lines of horticulture, including pomol- 
ogy, vegetable gardening, floriculture, plant breeding and land- 
scape gardening, are all receiving recognition and support from 
you. ; 

We rather jealously recognize, too, the excellent financial 
support which your society is receiving from your state legis- 
lature. We are not so fortunate—in this connection—in Mani- 
toba, although the cause of horticulture is receiving fairly liberal 
support. No institution can do effective and permanent work 
without substantial and well-directed financial aid. A society 
such as this, to succeed, must have financial support from the 
state and must have the moral and intellectual support of its 
members. 

I am pleased to note the splendid co-operation that exists 
between this society and your State Agricultural College. The 
work in the college will not succeed without the practical support 
of the society, and the society in turn is benefited by the scien- 
tific and technical work of the college—a happy arrangement 
which is of benefit to both. 

We in Manitoba are looking to Minnesota for suggestions in 
the solution of our horticultural problems. Your problems are 
largely ours, and we are profiting by your experience. Our 
problems, due to the more trying climatic conditions, are probably 
more difficult of solution than yours. We are doing what we can 
to solve them. The Agricultural College and the Horticultural 
Association are working hand in hand to solve the problems con- 
fronting us. Horticulture and the related sciences are now being 
taught as regular subjects in our college courses. We, in this 
way, are impressing upon our young men the importance of 
horticulture as a specialized industry. 

We are also endeavoring to develop specialized men in hor- 
ticulture to meet a need that seems to have arisen in connection 
with our experimental farms, our forestry branch, our railroads 
and in the civic improvement of our towns and cities. This need 
will grow as the country develops and becomes more thickly set- 
tled, and as our civic institutions become more permanently 
established. Our short term men are being instructed in this 


HORTICULTURE IN WESTERN CANADA, 291 


subject with the hope that horticulture will find a more perma- 
nent place on the farms of Western Canada. In the endeavor to 
make a home and acquire wealth quickly, many of our people in 
Western Canada have overlooked many of the things that give to 
farm life that true home-like touch. We find that an interest 
aroused in our boys and girls, and young men, is more quickly 
taken up as a part of the life on the farm. 

With the object of de- 
veloping a more wide- 
spread interest inthe sub- 
ject of gardening, we are 
encouraging our Boys’ 
and Girls’ Clubs, in con- 
nection with the College 
Extension Work, to each 
develop and maintain a 
garden as their own farm 
during the coming sum- 
mer. To supplement this 
work in gardening, the 
boys and girls are en- 
couraged to put. the 
products of their gardens 
in cans and thereby ac- 
quaint them with some of 
the end products of hor- 
ticulture. 

Our Horticultural As- 
Sociation, constituted 
somewhat similarly to 
this society in your state, is doing valuable practical work in 
the devolopment of horticulture in Western Canada. Attached 
to the association are practical men and women from all parts 
of the West. These men and women are working through the 
Provincial organization, or through their local societies, in pro- 
moting a greater interest in horticulture in general. We find 
that local societies stimulate local interest, which finally works 
out to a wider field and thereby increases the value of the work 
from a Provincial standpoint. 

One of the most valuable lines of work of the local societies 
is the holding of horticultural exhibitions in their own localities. 
It has been the means of stimulating a healthy competitive spirit, 


Prof. F. W. Brodrick. 


292 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY... 


which has reacted to the benefit of the work in general. The 
benefit of this class of work does not lie so much in the benefit 
that will be derived in the mere winning of a small amount of 
cash as a prize, but in the horticultural lessons that will be learned 
in the production of an article worthy of a prize. 

Fruit growing has not as yet been developed on a very exten- 
sive scale. The cold winters have militated against it and have 
limited our scope to the bush, bramble, and the hardiest of tree 
fruits. Some few pioneers and our Experimental Farms, 
through the late Director, Dr. Saunders, who was an ardent horti- 
culturist, have done much to arouse an interest in the growing of 
hardy fruits in Western Canada. Dr. Saunders introduced to 
the Experimental Farms a number of hardy apples and hardy 
tree fruits, together with the Pyrus baccata, which has become 
a valuable stock for grafting purposes and also a good foundation 
stock for crosses with the hardy standard apples. These hardy 
crosses, together with other hardy stock introduced from Siberia 
and countries having similar climatic conditions, have been dis- 
tributed quite generally for experimental trial. 

Some few pioneers, among the best known of whom are Mr. 
A. P. Stevenson, Morden, Manitoba, and Mr. D. W. Buchanan, 
late of St. Charles, Manitoba, have been responsible for the intro- 
duction and distribution of considerable hardy material. We 
have also been able to make use of some of the valuable Siberian 
introductions of our friend, Professor Hansen. 

The growing of small fruits is carried on to quite an extent 
in some favored localities. Raspberries, currants and straw- 
berries do very fairly well when given proper care and some pro- 
tection. Many of the better standard varieties are being tried, 
and added to these are varieties of more recent introduction pro- 
duced from local sources or imported from distant points. The 
growing of fruits in a limited way gives promise in Western 
Canada. 

One of the lines which has been of greatest profit to our 
people is the policy of free distribution of trees to our farmers, 
carried on by our Dominion Forestry Branch. This has now 
been carried on for a number of years, and millions of trees have 
been distributed in this way, free of charge, for windbreaks and 
shelter-belts. Two Forestry Farms, one situated at Indian Head, 
Sask., and one at Sutherland, near Saskatoon, Sask., have sup- 
plied this material, which has been distributed for general plant- 
ing. The system of distribution is followed up by a rigid system 


HORTICULTURE IN WESTERN CANADA. 293 


of inspection. Specially trained men are sent out to visit the 
farms of applicants for trees and an inspection made of the land 
intended for the purpose, certain requirements in regard to prep- 
aration being made before the trees asked for will be sent. This 
is also followed up by systematic inspection for three years after 
the trees are planted. 

Of deciduous trees sent out, those which have given best re- 
sults are the cottonwood, Russian and laurel leaved willow, box 
elder, green ash, white elm, basswood and canoe birch. 


AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS-SI YOTAL MAN. 


Manitoba Agricultural College Horticultural building at the right, with 
greenhouses in front of it. 


Of coniferous trees, the white spruce; Scotch and lodgepole 
pines, balsam fir and western tamarack, or larch, have been the 
best. Small stock is invariably sent out, and full instructions as 
to handling and planting the stock are also sent to the growers. 

The demand for this stock has so increased with each suc- 
ceeding year that the quantity sent to each individual applicant 
has been reduced each year. The principal object of the work 
is not governmentel patrimony but a means of stimulating more 
extensive tree-planting on our western prairies. 

Vegetable Growing.—Manitoba offers good opportunities in 
this line. As we have a rich soil, a quick season and a growing 
market, despite the fact that we have every year been importing 
large quantities of vegetables into the Province, the industry has 
not developed as one would expect. This, to some extent, has 
been due to the fact that comparatively little effort has as yet 


294 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ 


been expended to create specialized markets for our growers, and 
our scope of markets is less than yours. Facilities for canning 
and storing will also have to be developed in conjunction with the 
industry of truck farming to place it upon a sound and perma- 
nent basis. 

Landscape gardening and floriculture are receiving attention 
and support throughout our Canadian West. Our towns and 
cities have borrowed that spirit of civic beautification that has 
permeated your towns and cities, and an honest effort is being 
made to make them more attractive horticulturally. The develop- 
ment of splendid civic parks and boulevards has been one of the 
most valuable lines of work undertaken. The movement has then 
spread to the homes, and we find a growing interest in the subject 
of backyard gardening. With this growing interest comes a 
demand for more information regarding horticultural matters. 
Everyone wants to know about varieties, systems of culture, and 
the information gained by our pioneers from long years of ex- 
perience becomes invaluable. 

The interest in home beautification is also being carried to 
our farms with the result that gradually our farm homes are 
being made more attractive. The need for work of this kind is 
just as great in the country as it is in the towns and cities. 

On the purely scientific side of horticulture we have not 
made the progress you have in Minnesota. Your excellent fruit- 
breeding farm at Excelsior will undoubtedly be the means of 
developing and encouraging the production of hardy fruits well 
suited to your local conditions. We in Manitoba have gained 
much valuable information regarding varieties, but as yet have 
done comparatively little in the production of new varieties. Dr. 
Saunder’s work in the crossing of apples has done something to 
stimulate the production of this hardy fruit. The crossing of 
hardy types and the ‘selection of valuable native stocks will un- 
doubtedly be the means of encouraging the production of fruit 
throughout Manitoba and the Canadian West. 

From a Gardening Standpoint.—I think the selection of more 
valuable seed stocks in our garden vegetables will also do much 
to encourage the production of a valuable line of horticultural 
crops. 

The work of the entomologist and plant pathologist has be- 
come invaluable to the horticulturist in the production of his 
crop. Weare finding every year that insects and fungous disease 
are becoming more troublesome, not only to our field crops, but 


HORTICULTURE IN WESTERN CANADA. 295 


to those of the garden and orchard. We find that a thorough 
knowledge of these pests, their life histories and the most suc- 
cessful methods of control are essential to success in practically 
every line of horticultural practice. 

We also realize the importance of the development of a purely 
western horticultural literature. This should embody the best 
experience of our practical and experienced men. Together with 
that should be the experience of our trained scientific men on 
problems of direct interest to the practical grower. The experi- 
ence of one is invaluable to the others. | 

Summing up, I would say that the problems confronting us 
as horticulturists in Western Canada today are: 

1.. The development of hardy trees, shrubs, flowering plants 
and vegetables suitable for western conditions. 

2. The development of an exhaustive and reliable western 
horticultural literature. 

3. The development of a greater interest in home and civic 
beautification. 

4. Encouraging the teaching of horticulture, not only in our 
agricultural colleges but in our high and public schools. 

5. A greater degree of experimentation for the DUD OES of 
TS better varieties and better methods. 


A CORRECTION.—The very practical article on Rock Gardens, published 
on the “Garden Flower” page, in the June number of our monthly, was 
written by Mrs. J.‘S. Crooks of St. Paul. Through some mistake of the 
printers—at any rate I am going to lay it on the printers—the name was 
omitted in connection with the printing of the article, which is much to be 
regretted. 


A VEGETABLE DRYING OUTFIT.—B. F. Sturtevant & Co., of Boston, are 
sending out a pamphlet describing a plant for drying fruits and vegetables 
which they manufacture, accompanied by a letter in which they state that 
this pamphlet was prepared as a result of a request from the United States 
Department of Agriculture for “information on the possibilities of building 
a dryer that could be installed in communities,” etc. The pamphlet not only 
describes the dryer and its uses, and is well illustrated, but also gives full 
details of its cost. As its installation includes all necessary features it 
exceeds $4,000 and it would of course ‘not be available except for community 
uses. In these days of urgent appeal to conserve all foods possible, it may 
be that some of our members would be interested to secure the information 
referred to in this note. Upon the value of this information of course the 
writer does not pass, leaving this to the judgment of those who may 


secure it. A 
(Continued on page 304) 


SUMMER MEETING, 1917. 


Minnesota State Horticultural Society. 


A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


Another beautiful day greeted the first summer meeting of 
the society following the semi-centennial anniversary of its or- 
ganization. A record of approximately twenty-five years, every 
summer gathering of the society during that period being on a 
pleasant day, is certainly worth special notice. 

The attendance at the meeting was all that could be expected. 
No attempt was made to keep any record of it; from two to three 
hundred were in and about the building approximately all the 
time, a constant stream coming and going from the time the 
exhibition was opened at noon until 8:30 P. M., when the few 
flowers that were left which had not been sold for the benefit of 
the Red Cross fund were turned over to representatives of two 
city hospitals, who were there to receive them. 

Considering the character of the season the exhibition was a 
most excellent one. The principal feature of these summer 
gatherings for many years has been the peony exhibit. This 
year the season being so late many varieties of peonies were not 
yet in flower, but there were enough there, including roses, peren- 
nial flowers, etc., to well fill all of the six tables which had been 
arranged in the center of the hall and the tables running around 
the outside walls and also three round tables standing in front of 
the long center tables. The arrangement of the hall was made 
by Prof. Cady, of University Farm, who had general charge of 
matters connected with the meeting, and Mrs. E. W. Gould, the 
president of the Garden Flower Society, who gave special atten- 
tion to the arrangement and management of the exhibits. The 
large number of volunteer assistants, mainly connected with the 
Garden Flower Society, who had much to do with the installation 
and care of the various exhibits, and their presence and their 
readiness to give information, added greatly to the value of the 
exhibition. If the meeting had been held a few days later the 
display of peonies would undoubtedly have been larger, but could 
hardly have been finer. 

The very large gymnasium room in which the exhibition was 
held is especially well adapted for this purpose, being well lighted 


(296) 


SUMMER MEETING, 1917. 297 


from above and affording wide aisle spaces, not too wide, how- 
ever, for the size of the attendance. 

At the noon hour the members of the society and their friends 
in attendance gathered on the hillside adjoining the gymnasium 
building, a natural grove which in the past year has been seeded 
down and has become a nice lawn. Here seated upon benches or 
grouped on the slope were a host of picnic parties and for an 
hour and a half this scene was a continuous one. The manage- 
ment supplied plenty of coffee, and those who had come from a 
distance and were not themselves supplied found plenty of hos- 
pitality to take care of their needs. 

The regular summer session of the society was convened on 
this same hillside, benches having been grouped together con- 
veniently for this purpose, at 2 o’clock, with Pres. Cashman in 
the chair. There were a number of short talks, and one paper on 
primroses, by Mrs. D. W. C. Ruff. Our old office stenographer, 
Mrs. Seyferth, was present and took down in shorthand most of 
what was said, and some of this may be revised and used later in 
our monthly. Those who spoke were C. S. Harrison, of York, 
Neb., in his picturesque way presenting the beauties of the flower ; 
Mr. Ernest Meyers, the rose grower of Minneapolis Parks, who 
talked about roses, varieties and care; Mr. Lee R. Bonnewitz, of 
Ohio, whose article on peonies in the June number of our monthly 
attracted so much attention, came from his home on purpose to 
attend the meeting, and he gave us an inspiring talk of a few 
moments. His presence with us was greatly appreciated. Others 
who spoke briefly were: Geo. J. Kellogg, Mr. N. E. Chapman, of 
the Extension Division; Mr. Clarence Wedge, of the executive 
board. On account of the age and long years of service of Mr. 
Harrison and Mr. Kellogg we find a place here for what notes 
were taken of their talks, in which we feel sure our readers will 
be interested. 

Mr. Kellogg: “Ladies and gentlemen and members of the 
biggest society in the world, and I am glad to be a member of it; 
Iam glad to be here. For the last year I have been carrying this 
cane, I am trying to get used to it so that if I ever get old enough 
to use it I will know how to handle it. I got it in Nevada, Cal., 
sixty years ago. After your meeting last December I took a 
straight shoot for Texas, and I stayed in Texas until the twenty- 
eighth day of May, and I hoed strawberries for two or three 
months. My boy set out 10,000 strawberries in February. I 
hoed that three and one-half times, and I hoed a patch of canta- 
loupe, an acre, twice. So Iam not entirely off the hooks yet. 


“Perhaps you may want to know something about that Texas 
climate. It is the finest climate in the world, except that it is 


298 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


too wet, too dry, too hot, too cold, too windy. Those that live 
there think it is pretty good, but I have hoed strawberries there 
when I couldn’t hardly stand up for the wind. When the ther- 
mometer goes up to 95° I go to the house. I hoed one day until 
it was up to 93°, the wind blew so hard I had to look at the ther- 
mometer. I think if I was going to stay there I would carry a 
thermometer in my pocket. Folks that live down there think it is 
all right, and I would if I lived there. I like Wisconsin winters, 
and I like Wisconsin summers. I have spent three winters in 
Texas; Texas climate has not improved a bit. I was there five 
years ago last December when the whole country was wild on 
the orange question, the Satsuma orange. In January we had a 
freeze there that killed everything, contracts and even the men 
interested in them. Last year they had a good crop of oranges, 
but there came a frost in November that spoiled half of the crop 
that was on the trees,’and they mixed the bum ones with the good 
ones and didn’t get enough to pay for picking. The fig business 
is also done up, that is, winter-killed. 

“They make a great fuss about raising garden products. My 
boy is quite heavy in the chicken business, his wife hatches about 
4,000 chicks a year, and that is where they get their money. 
You can’t grow alfalfa in that part of the country, you can’t 
grow timothy or clover. The whole country is just level or flat, 
only nine inches of fall in eight miles from there to the gulf, and 
a rain of six inches would flood the whole country. I might get 
back there to see some more rainfall, but I like Wisconsin winters 
the best. A year ago last winter I spent in Minreapolis, the 
finest winter I ever spent. I thank you.” 

Rev. C.S. Harrison: ‘Friends, the time is coming and now 
is when people will realize that it is just as necessary to raise a 
peony as a potato. The vegetable garden feeds the body, the 
flower garden feeds the soul. Which is the more important? I 
leave it with you. Many a poor woman on the frontier who has 
had plenty of potatoes has had her soul almost starved for the 
beautiful. She wanted flowers, and she couldn’t have them, 
slowly she pined away—her heart starved. Now so long as the 
immortal in us is worth more than the mortal, which we must lay 
aside, we have got to minister to the best part of us and do the 
best we possibly can for ourselves. We are only just beginning 
to comprehend the mission of flowers, the tremendous influence 
which they have on the human heart and human soul adjusted to 
this great hunger for something beautiful, and it hasn’t always 
been satisfied. 


“Mrs. Alexander, the great missionary’s wife, saw a woman © 


looking very stubborn and indifferent to religious matters, and 
she wanted to speak to her. So she went out and bought a beau- 
tiful bouquet of pansies and came back and said to her: ‘Perhaps 
you would enjoy this bouquet of flowers.’ Her heart melted and 
then they could talk together. 

“Jacob Reis, a companion of Roosevelt, did a great deal of 
work in building up the slums of the cities. He told one of the 
leading citizens that he could do more with an armful of flowers 


a i 


i Ei 


SUMMER MEETING, 1917. 299 


than he could do with the policemen. There was a great love for 
the beautiful which needed cultivation. I had a friend who 
wanted to beautify the railroads all the way into Boston. People 
told him when he got that far the hoodlums there would tear up 
everything. When he got into the city he commenced planting 
flowers and the children would come out and look on, and he said, 
“We are working for you. The rich people have their gardens 
and everything they want. These flowers are yours, they are 
for you, you mustn’t touch them nor let any one else touch them.’ 
It was a great revelation. Let anybody touch one of those flowers 
and they would have a hard time of it. They would have a troop 
of wild cats after them. I mention this to let you know the abso- 
lute necessity of cultivating the beautiful. 

“There is a mission indeed in the beauty which God has 
created, these gardens of precious jewels, the diamond for the 
stars, the sparkling emerald for the greenness, the sapphire, 
gathering in all the blueness of the heavens, and all of these other 
gems of priceless value. Did you ever realize that He who planted 
this earth and covered it with beauty also landscaped the heavens. 
Just think what has been done. Here is a piece of earth. You 
plant a few peonies and a few iris, and the invisible artist takes 


the dull brown earth for his study, and out of this barrenness. 


and blackness such tints are evolved. It’s God working with 


_you, and these things so beautiful are symbolical of what lies 


beyond us. They are revealing to us the glory of what will be. 
I think of the arch over which is written, ‘Well done, good and 
faithful servant, all-these are yours.’ The gardens of God are 
beautified and glorified for you and for me.” 

There were a number of other visitors from abroad and those 
whose names come to the writer were Mrs. Crawford, of Indiana, 
and Mr. Good of Good & Reese, Springfield, Ohio. All of these 
visitors whose names are mentioned were there for the purpose of 
seeing the peony exhibit. Their presence will undoubtedly be a 
stimulant to increase the scope and value of peony exhibits to be 
made by the society in coming years. 

Many ladies in attendance gave their time from early fore- 
noon till the closing hour in sale of flowers for the Red Cross 
fund. These were not primarily flowers on exhibition, but were 
contributed by the exhibitors for this purpose—and there were 
loads of them. We have no record of the amount, but they occu- 
pied a room adjoining that where the regular display was made 
and constituted a large exhibition by themselves. One contributor 
brought in, we understand, 1,000 peonies, and many others a 
considerable amount. The total sales for this fund amounted to 
pL17.62. 

Pleasant weather, and a pleasant day, and a kindly word, 
and a greeting of smiles and joy filled the day, which passed ever 
so pleasantly, and which we expect will be repeated year after 
year as the society shall get together for its annual summer 
picnic. 


300 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Award of Premiums, Summer Meeting, 1917. 


ROSES. 
Collection, amateurs, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first premium, $5.00. 
Three named varieties, white, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, second 
premium, $1.00. 
Three named varieties, red, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first 
premium, $2.00. 
Three named varieties, white, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first 
premium, $2.00. 
Collection, amateurs, Mrs. G. T. Brown, St. Paul, second premium, $3.00. 
Three named varieties, pink, J. A. Weber, Excelsior, first premium, $2.00. 
Three named varieties, red, J. A. Weber, Excelsior, first premium, $2.00. 
Collection, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, third premium, $1.00. 
Most beautiful, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.00. 
Largest rose in vase, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.00. 
General Jacqueminot, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, first premium, 75c. 
Madam Plantier, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, first premium, 75c. 
Grus an Teplitz, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, first premium, 75c. 
AUG. S. SWANSON, 
J. M. UNDERWOOD, 
Judges. 
PEONIES. 
Flesh or light pink, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Medium or dark pink, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Red, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Medium or dark pink, D. W. C. Ruff, St. Paul, first premium, $2.00. 
Light pink, Clarence L. Empy, Eureka, third premium, 50c. 
Dark pink, C. L. Empy, third premium, $2.00. 
Festiva Maxima, D. W. C. Ruff, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Flesh or light pink, D. W. C. Ruff, St. Paul, first premium, $2.00. 
White, D. W. C. Ruff, St. Paul, first premium, $2.00. 
Red, D. W. C. Ruff, St. Paul, first premium, $2.00. 
Festiva Maxima, Mrs. J. M. Haas, St. Paul, third premium, 50c. 
JOHN E. STRYKER, 
LEE R. BONNEWITZ, 
Judges. 
Collection, three blooms, amateur, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second 
premium, $4.00. : , 
Collection, three blooms, amateur, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first 


premium, $6.00. 
A. M. BRAND, 
D. W. Co RUBE 
H. F. BAKER. 


Judges. 
ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS. 

Dielytra, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Delphinium, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Forget-me-nots, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Gaillardias, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, second,premium, $1.00. 
Grass Pinks, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Canterbury Bells, J. A. Weber, Excelsior, first premium, $1.50. 
Columbine, J. A. Weber, Excelsior, first premium, $1.50. 3 
Columbine, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Delphinium, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Forget-me-nots, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Gaillardias, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Grass Pinks, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Canterbury Bells, Mrs. S. A. Gile, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Foxgloves, Mrs. J. F. Fairfax, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Dielytra, Mrs. F. Tereau, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. , 
Evening Primrose, Mrs. G. C. Hawkins, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Centaurea, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Forget-me-nots, Vera P. L. Stebbins, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Gaillardias, Vera P. L. Stebbins, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Centaurea, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, first premium, $1.50. 
Columbine, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, third premium, 50c. 
Dielytra, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, first premium, $1.50. 
Delphinium, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, first premium, $1.50. 
Grass Pinks, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. — 
Canterbury Bells, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Foxgloves, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Sweet William, J. A. Weber, Excelsior, third premium, 50c. 
Teeland Poppies, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Annual Poppies, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Pansies, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. ? 
Perennial Coreopsis, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Shasta Daisies, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Oriental Poppies, Mrs. E. W. Gould, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Perennial Coreopsis, Mrs. G. C. Hawkins, Minneapolis, second premium, 


Mae Mrs. G. C. Hawkins, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Sweet William, Mrs. G. C. Hawkins, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Iceland Poppies, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, first premium, -$1.50. 
Pyrethrum, Harry Franklin Baker, third premium, 50e. 


— 


AWARD OF PREMIUMS, SUMMER MEETING, 1917. 301 


; ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS—Continued. 

Lupine, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Oriental Poppies, Harry Franklin Baker, third premium, 50c. 
Sweet William, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Lilies, Mrs. S. A. Gile, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Iceland Poppies, Mrs. J. F. Fairfax, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Lilies, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, third premium, 50c. 
Annual Poppies, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Oriental Poppies, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, first premium, $1.50. 
Pansies, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Pyrethrum, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, second premium, $1.00. 
Shasta Daisies, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, first premium, $1.50. 
Lilies, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Annual Poppies, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, third premium, 50c. 
Perennial Coreopsis, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
Shasta Daisies, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 

Con AC AR Ye 

J. A. JANSEN, 

Judges. 
IRIS. 8 
Collection, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, first premium, $3.00. 
Collection, Rainbow Gardens, St. Paul, second premium, $2.00. 
Collection, Harry Franklin Baker, Minneapolis, third premium, $1.00. 
= aE MR ADRS 
EK. MEYER, 


COLLECTIONS OF ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS. 
Collection, perennials, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, fourth premium, $1.00. 
Collection, annuals and perennials, Mrs. F. Tereau, St. Paul, first premium, 
4.00. 
: Collection, perennials, Harry Franklin Baker, St. Paul, third premium, $2.00. 
Collection, perennials, J. A. Weber, Excelsior, first premium, $6.00. 
Collection, perennials, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, second premium, $4.00. 
VERS Wik © eEuluiapE 
MRS. H. A. BOARDMAN, 


Judges. 
WILD FLOWERS. 
Wild Flowers, Mrs. F. Tereau, St. Paul, third premium, $2.00. 
Wild Flowers, Illa Koerner, St. Paul, first premium, $4.00. 
Wild Flowers, Miss Flora Moeser, St. Louis Park, second premium, $3.00. 
MARY G. FANNING, 
CLARA K. LEAVITT. 


Judges. 
GARDEN FLOWERS. 
Basket of flowers, Mrs. J. F. Fairfax, Minneapolis, second premium, $2.00. 
Basket of flowers, Mrs. E. W. Gould, Minneapolis, third premium, $1.00. 
Basket of flowers, Illa Koerner, St. Paul, first premium, $3.00. 
Vase, artistic effect, F. H. Ellison, Minneapolis, second premium, $1.00. 
Vase, artistic effect, Mrs. H. A. Boardman, St. Paul, third premium, 50c. 
Vase, artistic effect, Vera P. L. Stebbins, Minneapolis, first premium, $1.50. 
M. EK. ROBERTS, 
FLORENCE D. WILLETS, 
Judges. 
Vase, any kind of flowers, Mrs. Frank Moris, St. Paul, third premium, 50e. 
Vase, any kind of flowers, Miss Marjorie Knowles, St. Paul, second pre- 
mium, $1.00. ; ! ; 
Vase, any kind of flowers, Miss Flora Moeser, St. Louis Park, first premium, 


$2.00 TAG WAINISIDING 
Cm, CAREW. 
Judges. 


Judges. 


; STRAWBERRIES. 
Progressive, H. G. Groat, Anoka, first premium, $1.00. } : 
Best named variety (Advance), Wm. Ritchell, Minneapolis, first premium, 
Be weiinésota No. 3, P. Clausen, Albert Lea, third premium, 50c. 
Superb, P. Clausen, Albert Lea, third premium, 50c. 
Americus, P. Clausen, Albert Lea, first premium, $1.00. 
Dunlap, Illa Koerner, St. Paul, second premium, 75c. _ 
Minnesota No. 3, J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, second premium, 75c. 
Dunlap, J. F. Bartlett, Excelsior, first premium, $1.00. f 
Collection, three named varieties, Clarence L. Empy, Eureka, first premium, 
3.00. d 
me PeLderwood, Clarence L. Empy, Eureka, first premium, $1.00. 
Seedling, Clarence L. Empy, first premium, $3.00. 
Collection (not less than six varieties), Clarence L. Empy, Eureka, first 
premium, $5.00. . i 
Progressive, A. Brackett, Excelsior, second premium, 75c. 
No. 3, A. Brackett, Excelsior, first premium, $1.00. 
Seedling, A. Brackett, Excelsior, second premium, $2.00. 
Minnesota No. 3, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, fourth premium, 25c. 
Progressive, Thos. Redpath, Wayzata, third premium, 50c. y 
Best named variety (Onward), P. Clausen, Albert Lea, second premium, 
$1.00. , : 
ing Albert Lea, third premium, $1.00. 
ee ee ee GEO. J. KELLOGG, Judge. 


Bearded 
Irises 


“Germanicas”’ 


Sunny or shady 
loeation 
(Like lime.) 


Beardless 
Irises 
(Do not like lime 


except where 
noted.) 


Bulbous 
Irises 
(Like lime.) 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Goup, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


Irises for Minnesota. 


Dwarf 
Crimean Irises. 
50 varieties. 


Intermediate. 
30 varieties. 


Tall. 
Over 400 varieties. 


For dry locations. 
10 varieties. 


Siberian Irises. 
20 varieties. 


For borders and water- 
side. 
15 varieties. Like lime. 


Water Flags. 
10 varieties. 


Japanese Irises. 
Over 75 varieties. 


Dutch. 
Spanish. 
English. 


ens eos OOOO 


6-15 inches. 

March-April-May. 

Edgings and rock gar- 
dens. 


12-18 inches. 
Late April-May. 


15-36 inches. 
May 20-July 5. 


3-12 inches. 

May-June-July. 

Edgings and rock gar- 
dens. 


2-5 feet. 
June-July. 


Spurias. 
1-5 feet. 
June-July. 


2-3 feet. 
Watersides or in water. 


1-4 feet. 
Late June-July-August. 


May. 
Late May and June. 
June and July. 


In my opinion, perennials should form the foundation of every garden, 
and in particular three perennials should predominate—lIrises, peonies and 


phloxes. 


Of these three perennials the Irises have certain advantages over 


the other two, of which I will tell you more fully later. 
The Iris is called the “outdoor orchid,” but the flower of the Iris is more 


delicate and is easier to grow. 


In certain respects, however, it is like the 


orchid, in that the different varieties have been gathered from practically 
every part of the world. The native place of a large part of the Iris 
family, however, is southern Europe and central Asia. 

It is unusual, you may believe, that a flower should have a history, but 


this is true of the Iris. 


and as such was used to decorate their graves. 


of power and was carved on the brow of the Sphinx. 


The Iris was the symbol of hope in early Greece 
In Egypt it was the symbol 


In France it has 


always been the flower of royalty and from early times was engraved into 
In Japan the Iris is reverenced, and the month of June 
is known as the month of the Iris, when it is used to decorate their houses 
and public conveyances.—J. S. Crooks. 
(Continued in August number) 


the arms of France. 


(302) 


N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. 
@ W. F. CurisrmMan, Secretary. 


3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minn. 


Our first annual exhibit of peonies and iris, held in conjunction with 
the State Horticultural Society and the Minnesota Garden Society, proved 
a success, but the writer must confess that he was considerably disappointed 
with the display of peonies. Not that there were no peonies shown, but 
we would like to have seen more exhibits displayed. Many beautiful peonies 
were shown that attracted the attention of hundreds of peony lovers from 
the ae the show was opened to the public until the doors were closed 
at night. 

Some very beautiful iris were displayed by Mr. A. C. Arny, of St. Paul, 
that inspired many to a fuller appreciation of this beautiful flower. Mr. 
Willis E. Fryer, of Mantorville, also displayed many varieties that were 
new. Owing to the advanced season the iris had passed its best season of 
bloom, or at least many varieties had. Mr. John S. Crooks also exhibited 
several varieties. The Park Board also showed a number of varieties, 
together with a collection of peonies. Many of our members possess fine 
peonies who did not display due to the fact that they had given their entire 
lot of blooms to the Red Cross. 

Mr. Ruff carried off the honors in the professional class, winning first 
prize on LeCygne, the best white; Therese, the best flesh or light pink; 
Ruy Blas, the best dark pink; and Karl Rosenfield, the best red. 

Mrs. Tillotson carried off first prize in the amateur class for the best 
display of varieties. Due to a misunderstanding there were no entries in 
competition for the silver medal offered by the National Peony Society, 
which is to be regretted, and if this offer holds good next year, as we are 
hoping it will, your secretary can give assurance that there will be a lively 
contest for this medal. We have learned many thing's that will assist us in 
our next year’s exhibition and trust that each of our members will resolve 
at this time to exhibit next year, as this will create more interest and 
enthusiasm in the work we are endeavoring to accomplish. 

Mr. A. M. Brand, of Faribault, exhibited many fine seedlings of great 
merit. Some of them have recently been named. Among them the writer 
noticed Faribault, a splendid flower, as well as many others. We are in- 
debted greatly to the Brands for their efforts and painstaking care in pro- 
ducing new varieties, for what lover of rare peonies is not familiar with 
Martha Bulloch, Mary Brand, Judge Berry and a score of other splendid 
sorts. Mr. Brand’s exhibit was devoted exclusively to seedling varieties of 
his own origination that had never before been exhibited. 

There was no one flower on exhibition that called for more favorable 
comment than the variety exhibited as Laverne by the writer. This variety 
was not entered in competition but simply was on display, as was a splendid 
table supplied with flowers by A. B. Franklin, of Minneapolis. Mr. Franklin 
also supplied several hundred splendid blooms to the Red Cross Society, 
which were readily sold. Mr. C. J. Traxler, of Minneapolis, displayed sev- 
eral fine varieties, among them “Jubilee.” He also exhibited a seedling 
which attracted considerable attention on account of its brilliant red color, 
its fragrance and crinkled petals, a very unusual feature in a red peony. 

We were delighted to meet several of our out of town members. Mr. 
Bonnewitz gave a very inspiring talk that was greatly enjoyed by all those 
who had the pleasure of hearing him. To show that peonies could travel 
long distances without injury, he brought four vases of splendid bloom 
from Van Wert, Ohio, his home, that looked as fresh as though they had 
just been plucked from his garden that morning. They were carried over 
600 miles, however, and this should be an incentive to those of our members 
who are located a considerable distance away, and should inspire them to 
try and do as well and make a display next year. 

Mr. and Mrs. John M. Good, of Springfield, Ohio; Mrs. Crawford, of 
La Porte, Ind., and Dr. and Mrs. Knapp of Evansville, Ind., were also with 
us, and many others whom your secretary did not have the pleasure of 
meeting. Naar 

303 


SECRETARY'S CORNER. 


(Continued from page 295) 


SECRETARY’S OFFICE Hours.—During the months of July and August 
the secretary’s regular office days will be Mondays, Wednesdays and Fri- 
days, although he is likely to be in the office on other days as well. Except 
for a period of two weeks, beginning July 4th, the office will be open every 
day, both forenoon and afternoon, except Saturday afternoon. Although 
you may not find the secretary in, you will always find the assistant there, 
and matters connected with the work of the society will receive the usual 
attention. 


HORTICULTURAL PERIODICALS FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.—A considerable 
number of periodicals representing the various branches of horticulture in 
this country are received in this office. Most of them are of a size and 
character that it does not seem worth while to bind them up for permanent 
preservation, but we hate to throw them in the waste basket as we would 
have to do if our friends do not take them away. When in the city and 
needing good reading on fruit-growing, vegetable gardening, flower. culture, 
etc., please call at this office and take away an assortment of these period- 
st a You will find something to interest you in every branch of horti- 
culture. 


MINNESOTA APPLE CROP.—Reports that have come into this office from 
various localities in the state, and especially from the southern one-third of 
the state, where most of the profitable apple growing is being done, indicate 
that there will be a fair crop of apples, though not quite as many as we 
anticipated considering that so many of the trees were not productive last 
year. An effort to predict the apple crop now is largely in the nature of a 
guess, but we venture to put it somewhere between sixty and seventy per 
cent of a full yield. There has been some winter-killing of trees, even 
Wealthys about Lake Minnetonka and in some other localities have suffered 
somewhat, but the extent of the injury is after all comparatively unimport- 
ant. : 

ARE YouR HYBRID PLUM TREES FRUITING?—A number of varieties of 
hybrid plum trees originated at the State Fruit-Breeding Farm have 
now been in the hands of our members for two or three years, and under 
favorable conditions many of them are likely to be fruiting this year. We 
should be very glad if members who have such trees bearing this season 
would report on the hardiness and success of the trees and the quality of the 
fruit. Occasionally perhaps some member may wish to send by parcel post 
a few specimens. 1n all cases, please give the number of the tree by 
which it is designated by the Fruit-Breeding Farm, which number accom- 
panied the tree when delivered to you. 


LORING’S PLUM PRrRIZE.—Several years ago Charles M. Loring, of Min- 
neapolis, placed in the hands of the society $100 to be awarded to the 
originator of a plum worthy of such a prize. At intervals since then, plums 
have been sent in to this office by contestants for this prize, but none seem 
to be sufficiently valuable to receive it. We call your special attention to 
this that it may not be overlooked, as any season such a plum may appear: 
amongst the thousands of plum seedlings that are being grown by members 
of this society and others. Application for this prize should be accom- 
panied by a description of the tree, and specimens of the plum should be sent 
to this office. Plums must be gathered before they are fully ripe as to 
insure their transportation in a condition to be passed upon. 

THE SocirETy LIBRARY.—This is a very valuable element of the prop- 
erties of the society which are open to its membership. It not only includes 
hundreds of books of practical value in all branches of horticulture, to say 
nothing of the much greater number of reports of similar societies, of which 
we have a very complete file—but besides this we have a large proportion of 
' the bulletins issued by the experiment stations of the country, covering all 
subjects directly and indirectly relating to any branch of horticulture. 
These bulletins are filed in cases, and as we have a card index of them, 
classified by subjects, they are readily accessible, so that any subject that 
one desires to study, whatever there is bearing upon it in our file can be 
found at once. The society library and its accessories are not used as much 
as they should be. 

(34) 


‘QUAL OY} 9V “ploy SBM VONIGIYXS of} ooYM ‘WUIMISVULAH oY JO esduNTyH “KX oY} 10A0—SZuryvods uostaaepy *§ “oO “Ady 


“ONILAG TY, YANWWOS LT6T AHL LY HAOUD AHL NT 


Hid 


tae 


While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


JHU eee 


Vol. 45 AUGUST, 1917 No. 8 


CUCU EUELUEOPEU POU EY URDU CUETO eee eee eee 


Primrose Auricula, Polyanthus. 
READ AT SUMMER MEETING BY MRS. D. W. C. RUFF, BALD EAGLE LAKE. 


For five or six years I have grown the primrose, the hardy 
varieties, and most of them from seed, until my plants number 
hundreds, making my border gay with their blossoms in late April 
and May, a new variety blooming as late as June 27. 

Frances Edge McIlvaine, of Pennsylvania, in ‘‘Women’s 
National Farm and Garden Magazine,” asks this question: ‘Are 
there not other gardeners who have heard the call of the prim- 
roses? If they live in China or California, will they not make 
the beginning of a Primrose Path, from east to west, so that our 
spring may soon be gay with these new and wonderful varieties?” 
Mys. Mellvaine’s article on the primrose is so interesting! 

- Another article is “The Charming Hardy Primroses,” by 
H. S. Adams, of Connecticut, in which he says, “Few realize 
how easy it is to grow the hardy garden primroses, fewer still 
have any idea of the variety and beauty that this race of plants 
lend to the border in springtime.” 

Our eastern friends agree on the charms of these plants but 
do not know that we can be successful in growing them here in 
Minnesota. They find them “delightfully interesting to cultivate, 
and one could not wish for a longer lived plant for the middle 
Atlantic States. Plant colonies have lived in a certain New Jer- 
sey garden for over a hundred years, and in southern Pennsy]l- 
vania they flourish quite luxuriantly,” still quoting from these 
articles. ; 

These words apply to our plants. Perhaps the more tender 
varieties may be difficult to raise, but not the varieties elatior, 


polyanthus, veris, cowslip, vulgaris, the English primroses and 
(305) 


306 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the hybrid from choice seed, the beautiful new Munstead, loved 
by Mrs. Francis King, of Michigan. 
I have been asked to speak this afternoon of a perennial 
plant and have taken this race of plants because they are so little 
known here in the Northwest. I pro- 
claim that they are hardy, raise my 
voice for them—and for other perenni- 
als which are considered of doubtful 
hardiness. I can answer the call of the 
primrose, having made a beginning of 
the Primrose Path in Minnesota, of 
which I hope others will join with me in 
the making, and extend this path to- 
wards the path already started. 


Primroses are beautiful in front and 
among tulips as in pictures one and two, 
and the blue of the Scilla, No. 3, blends 
with their colors of orange, pale yellow, 
maroon, laced with gold. 

Primrose auricula, and the other 
name, polyanthus, is described as 
’ et “nlants with pale green foliage in a 

et rosette, or tuft, flowers in dense clus- 
ters on stout, leafless stems, which rise high—some low—above 
this tuft of leaves. The foliage is beautiful. Some appear as 
dusted with powder, which gives them a silvery appearance. 

The flowers come in clusters, or umbels, often globe shaped 
clusters, carried high above the plants in shades of yellow, 
brown, red, pink and white. I am not speaking of the half hardy 
(white) varieties which require the experienced care of a col- 
lector, but let us start with those easy to grow, then later enlarge 
the collection to include those from China and India. 


Le 


PRIMROSE AURICULA, POLYANTHUS. 307 


I find the greatest pleasure in growing them from seed 
planted in June. Be patient as they are slow of germination, 
often taking twelve months to come up. So plant the seeds where 
they may remain, uutil the following spring. Over these seed- 
ling plants place a covering of leaves (do not use manure) not 
too heavy a covering, as they need air—tuck the leaves around 
and among the plants. 

Some of my plants are grown in full sun, but the plants 
which attained perfection were in partial shade, the north side of 
the border. If grown in a situation too warm for them to remain 
all summer they may be lifted after blooming and planted else- 
where to be brought back in the fall for the gay spring border. 
They may even be taken up when in full bud or bloom and used 
in window box or for the house. 

“They do best where they have a rise of ground to insure 
good drainage, and are kept from drying out in summer, also they 
enjoy a rich, light soil,’’ not planted deep enough to cover the 
crown. They may be divided by pulling the plants (little tufts, or 
crowns) apart, in August or early September if not too hot. 
Where at first you had one plant, now you will have two or three. 
So come with me and plant these new little plants in that Prim- 
rose Path in Minnesota. 


‘TREES PLANTED By MACHINE.—A machine which plants from ten to 
fifteen thousand forest tree seedlings a day is now being used at the Letch- 
worth Park Forest and Arboretum, in Wyoming County, N. Y., according 
to officials of the Forest Service who are acting as advisers in the work. 
Previously the planting had been done by hand at the rate of 1,200 to 1,500 
trees each day per man. ; 

The machine was designed to set out cabbage and tomato plants, but 
works equally well with trees. It is about the size of an ordinary mowing 
machine and is operated by three men and two horses. One man drives the 
team while the other two handle the seedlings. The machine makes a fur- 
row in which the trees are set at any desired distance, and an automatic 
device indicates where they should be dropped. Two metal-tired wheels push 
and roll the dirt firmly around the roots. This is a very desirable feature, 
it is said, because the trees are apt to die if this is not well done. Two 
attachments make it possible to place water and fertilizer at the roots of 
each seedling. Another attachment marks the line on which the next row 
of trees is to be planted. 

No cost figures are available yet, but officials say that the cost will be 
much less than when the planting is done by hand. It is stated that the 
machine can be used on any land which has been cleared and is not too rough 
to plow and harrow.—U. S. Dept. Agri. 


308 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


Home Canning. 
MRS. L. M. GLENZKA, HOPKINS. 


Taking care of the waste crop. God has a great work for us 
in His field; we are His stewards. Every year, I am sure, one-half 
of each crop is wasted, not wilfully, just being unable to market 
it because there is not enough to pay for the time of hauling, and 
it is left to waste. Then the average farmer, say nothing of the 
city gardener, buys canned goods the rest of the year. There is 
a great demand for every fruit and vegetable. If you do not 
believe it let me instruct you how to can this waste crop, and I 
will sell as many thousand cans as you can can. This is the only 
way in which to keep carrots, beets, spinach, beet greens, chard, 
peas, beans and all other vegetables and fruit in a fresh state and 
ready to serve in a few moments. Carrots, no matter how well 
they are packed, have not the flavor in the winter that is to be 
had in the early part of the season, also beets. Canning is very 
successfully and easily done. One day will care for the crop each 
week on the average farm. Mr. Glenzke and I have canned as 
high as twenty bushels of tomatoes in a day. An ordinary bushel 
will fill from twenty to twenty-five quarts, a very poor bushel 
might not fill more than fifteen cans. When you have to peel off 
the out-side, and then dig out a black core, as we did two seasons 
back, it does not leave much for the cans. Any fruit well peeled 
and all bad parts removed is just as good as the best fruit when 
it is in the cans. Anyone can sell a good bushel of tomatoes for 
$1.50, the culls at 10c per can, and twenty-three cans will make 
$2.30. Three cents per can is 69c, leaving you $1.61 for your 
culls. 

It takes one day to get the load ready for market, and an- 
other to take it to market, and the next day everyone knows you 
are all tired out. If that much time had been taken in canning, 
the chores would not have been neglected, at least one day’s hay- 
ing could have been done, the only difference would be your money 
would all come in at one time when the can goods would be sold. 
You would have to invest in cans, but your returns would be much 
greater than the fresh products. And another fact is, the best 
fruit peels easier than the culls; I feel this is sufficient argument. 
I would have been glad had some one told me how many cans I 
could get out of a bushel and how much the cans were to weigh. 
This I had to find out by experience—also I bought a canner, 
which is not necessary. It is much more important to have fruit 


HOME CANNING. 309 


and vegetables to can than a canning outfit, and to this day I do 
not own a capping steel, and our cans are soldered very well. 
Raise fruits of all kinds and vegetables also, and live off the fat of 
the land. ; 

I will now tell you how long to cook different fruits and 


vegetables: 
HOME CANNING. 


In home canning we need a soldering copper, which is used 
for soldering the caps on cans, tipping, or in other words, solder- 
ing the vent hole. To use heat the soldering copper in the firepot, 
wipe cans clean; put on the caps, and use flux brush; wet all 
around the edge of caps (in the groove) with the soldering flux. 
When the soldering coppers are hot enough, then solder on the 


aps. 

Should it be a fruit or vegetable that is to be processed, 
instead of exhausted and processed, then solder the vent hole at 
the same time. 

If the soldering copper becomes too hot, it will burn off the 
tin, or in time wear off. When this occurs, heat the copper red 
hot; clean off the surface with a coarse file, dip in the bowl of 
soldering fluid to clean it, and then rub over the filed surface with 
solder. This willturn it bright andclean. If the copper gets out 
of shape, from use and dressing, it can be hammered into shape 
while red hot. 

In ordering cans, you should specify that you want solder 
hemmed caps, as the solder is already applied on the caps, and is 
very easily soldered by using the soldering flux, and running cop- 
per around the caps, and your cans are then soldered. 

EXHAUSTING.—When fruit and vegetables are to be ex- 
hausted before processing, the water should be one inch from the 
top of cans. 

PROCESSING.—Boiling the cans of fruit or vegetables is called 
processing. Always have the water tank at a boiling tempera- 
ture. The fruits or vegetables that are not to be exhausted will 
stop the water from boiling on account of their being cold. If 
air bubbles arise from any of the cans it denotes a leak, and the 
cans must be taken out and mended by using the tongs for that 
purpose, and when the cans are mended put them back in the 
water. 

Different varieties of fruit and vegetables require different 
times for the processing or boiling. ALWAYS COUNT THE 
TIME FROM THE MOMENT THE WATER BEGINS TO 
BOIL AFTER CANS ARE IN THE TANK. 

CANS Too FULL.—Do not fill the cans so full that the fruit 
or water will touch the top of can where it is to be soldered. If 
you do you will have trouble to solder the cap on, as the hot iron 
eee the water to boil and keep the solder from adhering to 

e tin. 


310 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


To MEND A LEAK.—The bubbles in the water will locate a 
leak in the can. Mark this place by scratching it with a sharp 
piece of steel. Place the can on the table, punch a small hole in 
the can near the leak, then put some flux on the leaking place and 
Haas with solder copper, then solder the hole made with the 
steel. 

Sometimes the leak is so small that it will not show bubbles 
in the water until the time of taking the cans out, or after they 
are done. This we calla HOT LEAK. Let the can cool for five 
or ten minutes, then mend as described above. Put the can back 
and boil five minutes. 


RECIPES FOR CANNING. 


TOMATOES.—Use nothing but sound, ripe stock. First put in the 
scalder—that is, the screen tray, which has a false bottom, that it can be 
used for processing when scalder is not in use. Let the tomatoes remain 
in the boiling water about a minute, or until the skin loosens, then remove 
the skin, which comes off easily. Cut out any hard core, fill cans full, 
putting tomatoes in by hand. Use care so as not to break them. As each 
can is filled, place it in the tray, and when tray is full wipe the cans clean 
with a damp sponge. Then cap as directed under head of capping. Place 
tray full of cans in tank and process for forty minutes, counting the time 
from the time the water in the tank commences to boil. The weight of cans, 
No. 2, 28 oz.; No. 3, 37 oz., and No. 10, 118 oz. 


CorN.—Cut the corn while in a milky state. Husk clean. Now, do 
not cut too close to the cob, but scrape off cob with back of knife. Put tea- 
spoonful of salt in can, then put in the corn until nearly full and pack it 
down. Fill up with clean, cold water, then cap the can, exhaust for seven 
or eight minutes, then solder the vent hole, place back in the water and 
process five hours. The quicker it cools the better. No. 2 can should 
weigh 23 oz. 


PEAS.—Use tender stock. Hull and place them in the screen tray, dip 
into boiling water for four minutes. This shrinks the peas and turns the 
old and tough ones yellow; the latter must be picked out. After shrinking 
put into cans, fill them about three-fourths full, fill up with hot water and 
exhaust seven or eight minutes, and process three hours. Put a teaspoon 
of salt in can before filling with peas. It is advisable to dip peas in cold 
water after blanching in a small percentage of alum water to harden the 
peas and set the green color. 


LimMA BEANS.—Same as corn except that hot water may be used 
instead of cold. 


STRING BEANS.—Use tender stock, blanch or shrink same as peas, also 
process same as peas. 


PUMPKINS AND SQUASH.—Cut the pumpkin and squash (after peeling) 
into small blocks, put them into the tomato scalder and boil until soft. 
Mash up fine, filling the cans quite full. Exhaust ten minutes and process 
five hours. 


BEETS.—Gather them while young and tender, boil until peeling comes 
off easily, pare and slice in quarters and pack in cans, using cold water to 
fillin. Process fifty minutes. The tin cans take the color out of the beet— 
would recommend glass jars. 


SAUER KrAutT.—Make your kraut and let it stand from six to ten days 
until it is as sour as you like, then pack in cans until the cans are full and 
the water rises so as to cover it. Exhaust ten minutes and process twenty 
minutes. 


a 


HOME CANNING. Sha 


PEACHES.—-To remove skin from peaches, to each gallon of water, add 
one tablespoonful of washing soda (sal soda). This is not potash and will 
not injure the peaches in the least. Place peaches in wire basket, dip in the 
above solution for thirty seconds—not to exceed forty-five seconds. After 
taking peaches from this solution use rough rag, and the peach skin will be 
removed; then place peaches in cold water. Use firm, solid fruit, not too 
ripe. Cut in halves, remove the seeds, put in cans as soon as possible, first 
putting granulated sugar in the bottom of cans; fill with clean hot water; 
cap and process for fifteen minutes. 


PEARS.—Ripe fruit, not soft. Cut in halves, peel and take out cores, 
cans full, and fill with hot water. Process same as peaches and cool quickly. 
Sweeten to taste. 


APPLES.—Sour apples are best. Peel and slice or quarter. Sugar to 
taste and fill can with hot water. This fruit is so light that the cans will 
float in processing unless weight is om top to hold them down. Process 
fifteen minutes. 


CHERRIES.—May be canned whole or seeded. Cans full, add sugar and 
hot water. Process twelve minutes in No. 2 cans. 


STRAWBERRIES.—Pick over the fruit, fill cans, add sugar and cold water, 
tip and solder; process twelve minutes in No. 2 cans. 


RASPBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES, GRAPES AND PLUMS the same as CHERRIES 
and STRAWBERRIES. 


ASPARAGUS TIPS.—Cut tips from stocks, wash thoroughly in cold water, 
blanch about two minutes, fill cans and pour on very mild salt water. Cap, 
tip and process forty minutes. 


SAUSAGE.—Sausage can be kept in two oz. cans until midsummer if 
exhausted ten minutes and processed one hour. 


PouULTRY.—Boil poultry until you can take it off bones, season to taste, 
pack cans, put on gravy, exhaust eight minutes and boil three hours. 


MoTHER’s PICKLES.—One peck of green tomatoes, one dozen onions, 
one-half dozen green peppers. Slice all, sprinkle with one cup of salt and 
let stand over night. In the morning drain, put in the kettle with vinegar 
to cover, add about two cups of sugar, whole spices and cook until tender. 
Seal hot in jars or put in tin cans and process fifteen minutes. 


CoRN RELISH.—This makes four quarts. Eighteen large ears of corn, 
one cabbage, four large onions, three red peppers, chop all together; 1% 
pounds light brown sugar, one-fourth cup salt, three teaspoonfuls mustard, 
three pints vinegar. Boil forty minutes. Can as MOTHER’S PICKLES. 


CARROT CONSERVE.—Three pounds carrots chopped fine and cooked, four 
pounds sugar, one-third pound ground almonds or walnuts, juice and rind 
of six lemons. Boil altogether for forty minutes. Can as MOoTHER’S 
PICKLES. 


GREEN TOMATO MINCE MEAT.—One peck green tomatoes, five pounds 
brown sugar, two pounds raisins, one tablespoonful each salt, cloves, cin- 
namon, allspice, nutmeg, one cup vinegar, generous lump butter. Chop to- 
matoes fine and drain, add as much water as was drained away and boil 
until tender. Add other ingredients and boil until thick, then add vinegar 
and boil a little longer. This will keep the same as any mince meat and 
taste as well. 


3812 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


Seed Selection. 
Pp. E. CLEMENT, MOORHEAD. 


Any discussion concerning the need of better seed of al! 
kinds is unnecessary before this convention. The facts are so 
obvious to you that they need no explanation. The problem 
before us today is that of placing these facts before the farmer 
in such a forceful manner that he must heed them. These ques- 
tions have been discussed in conferences, for lo! these many 
years. Volumes have been written on the subject and these same 
volumes now lie on the shelf, covered with dust, or have been used 
to kindle the morning fire. The past methods have failed to reach 
but a very few of the most aggressive farmers, because a large 
majority do not have time to read this voluminous matter. 

The impression that reaches the mind through the eye is 
much more lasting than that which reaches it through the ear, 
and that which reaches it through the pocketbook is most effective 
of all. This being the case, it seems to me that the method of 
procedure is clear. We must in some way show the farmer that 
there is money in selecting good seed, that he can make bigger 
wages per day at this work than at any other one operation on the 
farm and that at a time when the farm work is not rushing. 

One of the wheat demonstrations carried on in Clay County, 
Minn., furnishes a good example. The demonstrator went to 
this man’s place when he was seeding and found that the wheat 
he was sowing was foul of weed seeds and contained much shriv- 
eled grain. The farmer readily consented to clean enough for a 
six acre plot. The time required to clean a place in the granary, 
move the fanning mill from another building (he had not had 
time to use it that season) and running the wheat through twice 
—taking out about one-fourth—was one and one half hours for 
the two of us, or three hours for one man. 

All through the growing season the line between the plot and 
the field was easily distinguished by the more vigorous growth 
and darker green color of the wheat on the plot. One and a half 
bushels per acre more was threshed from the plot than from the 
field, or nine bushels more from the whole plot. This nine bush- 
els at eighty cents per bushel would bring $7.20. What does this 
$7.20 represent? Only three hours time. At this rate, in a ten 
hour day, this farmer could have earned $24.00. 

But why reduce it to dollars and cents? Isn’t one and one 
half bushels per acre sufficient evidence? No, I think not, be- 


SEED SELECTION. 313 


cause there is nothing to show how much time it represents. It 
is not so easy to see that one and one half bushels per acre may 
represent the difference between profit and loss in farming. It 
requires about thirteen bushels of wheat per acre to pay the cost 
of production. This one and one-half bushels more would repre- 
sent a profit of $1.20 per acre. It is the matter of taking care of 
the little things in farm- 
ing that gives a profit in 
it. This is where so 
many farmers fail. 

The potato demonstra- 
tions carried on in Clay 
County show even great- 
er results in seed selec- 
tion and disease control. 
I think we are not so 
much concerned with the 
scientific accuracy of 
these results as we are 
with the question, “Will 
they work out in actual 
farm practices?” These 
demonstrations were 
carried on with that one 
thing in view. Can the 
farmer himself put them 
into practice? P. E. Clement. 

For these demonstrations, seed was selected for type from 
the bins; about one half inch of the stem-end was clipped to elim- 
inate the diseases often found there; they were then treated in 
a standard solution of bichloride of mercury for one and one- 
half hours. This seed was then planted in the same field adjoin- 
ing the bin run seed. For the three years that the demonstra- 
tions have been conducted, the average difference in yield was 
about fifty bushels per acre in favor of the plots. But this is not 
all. The potatoes were a better type, comparatively free from 
disease, and sold for from fifteen cents to fifty cents above the 
‘regular market price. 

A few short letters from some of the co-operators will best 
give an idea of the value to the farmers: . 

One writes: “I raised at least eight hundred bushels more 
of potatoes from my acreage than I would have done had I 
planted my own poor seed.” 


314 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Another writes, “I am convinced that it pays to treat seed 
potatoes for diseases. I have grown potatoes all my life, but it 
was not until two years ago that I began to give special attention 
to the seed I planted. At that time I selected seed of good type 
and quality, clipped the ends, and treated for disease. The results 
were satisfactory, and the seed was planted the following year. 
This year I have two bushels where I used to have one.” 

But this plot work is only a drop in the bucket of the actual 
results. One man bought one hundred bushels of the plot seed of 
the year before at fifteen cents above the market price. These he 
planted in the same field alongside of his own seed. From the 


Ideal seed potatoes 


ten acres planted with this good seed, he dug 165 bushels per 
acre, and sold all he cared to, at fifteen cents above the market, 
from the field. From the field in which he planted his own seed, 
he dug forty-five bushels per acre, only about half of which were 
marketable. 

Another man writes as follows: “Growing potatoes of good 
quality and true to type is entirely different from just growing 
potatoes. This year I planted the potatoes that I got from my seed 
plot last year, and the results were very satisfactory. The yield 
was better, and the quality was much better, the potatoes being 
more uniform and better type. 

“T sold two ears of these to Mr. Krook, at Clinton, Minn. 
Mr. O’Neil, of Minneapolis, happened to be in Clinton at the time, 
and saw the potatoes as they were unloaded. He called me up 
by telephone, asking if I could load him three cars of the same 
quality. He said: ‘I will give you a good price for potatoes like 
those.’ I had to tell him I had no more to spare. 

“The potatoes that I planted from my last year’s seed plot 
yielded twenty-five bushels more per acre than the other potatoes 


SEED SELECTION. 315 


did from unselected seed, in the same field, planted at the same 
time, given the same care, and dug at the same time.” 

These are only a few of the specific instances showing the 
results of seed selection. The fact that about 400 farmers in Clay 
County selected and treated seed for a seed plot the past year, 
shows how far-reaching the results may be. 

A Member: I would like to know in what proportion he 
used that bichloride of mercury. 

Mr. Clement: Four ounces to thirty gallons of water. 

A Member: Some time ago I was reading in the National 
Geographic magazine, down in Peru, where all our potatoes come 
from originally, they recognized some twenty species in one field. 
They didn’t plant them separately, they planted them altogether. 
It was suggested to send down there and get seed from the orig- 
inal source, as our potatoes first went to Spain and afterwards 
to northern Europe. Has this suggestion been followed up, and 
are we now getting potatoes from the original sources or do we 
still use those from northern Europe? 

Mr. Clement: I cannot answer that; one of the college pro- 
fessors could probably tell us. 

Prof. Mackintosh: Of course, the potato first went around 
that way, but at the time of the big potato rot in New York 
someone got the idea that we ought to go to the south and get 
potatoes direct. That was the beginning of our present potato 
work, and there are experts who are getting those potatoes all 
the time, so that that is being looked after pretty well. 

Prof. Brodrick: Did you find bichloride of mercury more 
satisfactory than formalin? 

Mr. Clement: Yes, sir. There is one potato disease, that 
of rhizotonia, which is not affected by formalin. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Are you doing any hill selection? 

Mr. Clement: We have made a small start on that. We are 
trying to give the farmer something that he can put into practice 
without seeing too much work ahead of him. Hill selection is 
good, but the average farmer will not do it. We want to give him 
something that he will do. 

A Member: After soaking these an hour and a half, do you 
cut them up after that? 

Mr. Clement: They are usually cut after they are taken 
out of the solution. There are different ways used. I am not 
sure but that I prefer the method of treating after the cutting 
rather than before. It is easier to handle them that way. I think 
one eye is enough to plant, but the pieces that I cut run from one 
to two eyes. I plant the pieces about twelve inches apart. 

A Member: What has been the yield the last three or four 
years? 

Mr. Clement: About 100 bushels per acre for Early Ohios. 
We have raised 363 bushels to the acre on our plots. If we aver- 
age 150 we are very well satisfied. 


316 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - 


| West Concord Trial Station in 1916. 


FRED COWLES, SUPT. 


The past season was one of extremes. The spring was wet 
and cold; later it was dry and hot; but where the cultivator was 
kept busy things did well. While drouth is trying to vegetation 
in many localities, our soil will produce well when it is very dry. 
Our apple crop was light. Some of our top-grafts bore this sea- 
son. Northern Spy was full of fruit which hung to the tree well; 
Delicious had one apple on; also Jonathan bore some. 


Field of everbearing strawberries at West Concord Station. 


The apple trees that we received from the station all did 
well. The two varieties of everbearing raspberry both bore a 
little. We like the appearance and the flavor very much. Nos. 
1, 2, 3 and 4 bore this year. All are very good, but we like No. 4 
the best of all. They did not winter-kill. 

Our strawberry crop was good. The Progressive and Superb 
bore a splendid crop in the spring, also a heavy crop in the fall. 
As soon as they were through bearing in July we mowed them 
off and burned the bed over, and we were surprised to see how 
they bore in September and October. One should be careful in 
burning to have a strong wind so the fire will go over the bed 
very fast. Although the season was dry our spring set plants 
bore well. From nine rows ten rods long we picked about 500 
quarts. After August lst they were luscious berries and went 
quick on the market. They also set a nice lot of plants. No. 1017 
showed up very good this fall, but so far it does not come up to 
Progressive and Superb. 


WEST CONCORD TRIAL STATION. 317 


As a Junebearing berry we are greatly taken up with Minn. 
No. 3. It is such a thrifty plant and a good bearer. We believe 
in time it will take the place of Sen. Dunlap. 

Plums did not bear any fruit except a few thickets of wild 
plums. 

Grapes bore a light crop, and the hot season matured them. 
Worden, Moore’s Early are our best kinds—Concord so many 
years does not ripen. 

The fall blooming ornamentals did not do very well on ac- 
count of the dry weather. Phlox was a short season, dahlias did 
not do much; gladioli were good this year; we enjoyed Mrs. F. 
King and Baron Hulot, also America. 


In Memoriam - J. M. Doudna. 


On February 16th, 1917, J. M. Doudna, the veteran bee- 
keeper, passed away. 

This name is one well known to the bee-keepers of the North- 
west, as he was one of the pioneers of that industry, having been 
engaged in the business for more than forty years, and keeping 
always in close touch with the most advanced methods. 

Years ago his display of wax and honey was one of the most 
interesting of the exhibits at the Minnesota state fair. 

He was a member of the Bee-Keepers Society and of the 
Horticultural Society since 1892, in all twenty-five years. 

Mr. Doudna was born in Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837. The first 
school he attended was held in his father’s kitchen, and he learned 
to write on shingles with pieces of charcoal. 

Very interesting indeed were the stories he used to tell of 
those days, of his hunting and trapping when a mere child, of the 
little log school house, of the apple trees on his father’s place 
which were planted by “Apple Seed Johnnie,” of the great beaver 
dams, and the quantities of wild turkeys and pigeons. 

_ He was married at twenty-two, but his wife died during the 
year and he never remarried. 

He enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War, and served 
four years as postal clerk in the Mississippi Marine Brigade. 

At the close of the war he went to Alexandria, Minn., and 
soon after went into the bee industry. He remained there until 
thirteen years ago, when he came to Minneapolis, and settled 
south of Lake Harriet, where he kept a small apiary until com- 
pelled by ill health to give up his beloved bees. 


318 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Cider and Vinegar a By-Product of the Minnesota Orchard. 
W.G.BRIERLEY, ASSISTANT PROF. OF HORTICULTURE, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 


This discussion will be a continuation of the subject pre- 
sented at the winter meeting of last year. Our study of the 
cider and vinegar making possibilities of Minnesota apple vari- 
eties has gone forward another year with results which may be 
of interest at this time. 

Apples of as many varieties as could be secured were used, 
some coming from University Farm, some from Excelsior and 
others from La Crescent. In no case was there any marked 
variation in the cider yield of a given variety from any of the 
three sources. Chemical analyses showed that the sugar con- 
tent for a given variety varied somewhat, but not very widely 
as a general rule. Some of the variations were doubtless due to 
the varying stages of maturity of the apples or the unavoidable 
delays in transit. 

Our hand operated presses have shown for the third suc- 
cessive year that cloth containers, or “press cloths,” for the 
pomace, together with press boards to provide drainage, give the 
highest yield of cider. If the pomace is ground reasonably fine 
and well pressed, the ‘“‘press cloth” machine will almost always 
nearly double the cider yield obtainable in the “barrel” or “drum”’ 
machine. Noone would advocate the throwing away of a “drum” 
type of machine, but for anyone about to purchase a press, the 
press cloth machine would appear to be the most satisfactory in 
regard to the amount of cider extracted and the generally neater 
sort of work done. This type of machine can be found in the 
“Orchard Queen’ press made by the Puffer-Hubbard Company, 
of Minneapolis. : 

No tests have been made with power machines, as these are 
usually too expensive for the individual grower. Power ma- 
chines are usually efficient and commonly have the press cloth 
equipment. Such machines are used by the Excelsior Fruit 
Growers’ Association and by Mr. William Pfaender, of New Ulm, 
with generally satisfactory results. 

If we consider cider making a rainy day job and the apples 
as of no value, being culls, it will be seen that the work is not at 
all expensive. With the hand presses used at University Farm, 
with labor at twenty-five cents per hour, and with the average 
production per man per hour nearly ten gallons, the average cost 
of production of cider has been very close to two and one-half 


CIDER AND VINEGAR A BY-PRODUCT OF THE MINN. ORCHARD. 319 


cents per gallon. The Growers’ Association at Excelsior made 
sweet cider from culls this fall at a cost estimated as not over 
three cents per gallon. Good quality sweet cider will sell above 
twenty cents per gallon, and a bushel of apples will yield on the 
average two and a half gallons or better. This would secure a 


Orchard Queen cider mill—a very efficient press cloth type, made in Minneapolis by 
. Puffer-Hubbard Co. 


price of better than fifty cents a bushel for cull apples with a 
net return of better than forty-seven cents per bushel. 

If the three-cent per gallon charge be doubled to cover prob- 
able costs in the making of vinegar from the sweet cider, it is 
still an inexpensive process. There should be no difficulty in 
securing a price of thirty-five or forty cents a gallon for good 
vinegar. Granting that there will be some loss in the vinegar 
making, this price would still insure a good profit from cull 


320 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


apples. A bushel of Wealthy culls should yield at least two and 
one-half gallons of cider. If two gallons of vinegar are secured 
from this, and we have done this at University Farm, selling at 
thirty-five cents a gallon, it would give a gross return of seventy 
cents and a net return of sixty cents or better for the bushel of 
culls, which is a pretty good profit on a bushel of cull apples. 
With a good vinegar, the price secured ought to be higher, as 
the supply of good apple cider vinegar is not great, and profits 
would be increased in proportion. 

The figures secured by chemical analyses at the various 
stages of maturity show clearly that the best time to grind for 
cider and vinegar is when the apples are “hard ripe,” or fully 
matured, without being at all mellow or soft. At various cther 
stages of maturity, as green ripe, or soft ripe from storage, there 
is a lessening of the sugar content of the ciders. With less sugar 
in the cider, it is not as good for sweet cider and there is less 
chance to secure a vinegar of state standard. This fact should 
be kept in mind when anyone wishes to make cider or vinegar. 

A comparison of the determined total sugar content of 
Wealthy, Hibernal, Patten and Duchess, for the past three years, 
bears out fully the statement made a year ago that the sugars are 
not high in our Minnesota apples. They taste good enough, but 
the analyses show that for vinegar making there is not enough 
sugar to permit the securing of a good vinegar with careless 
work. The low sugar content is due perhaps in part to our 
shorter season, and in part also to the fact that most of our vari- 
eties are summer or fall apples rather than winter apples. The 
three-year average of our analyses shows that the Wealthy leads 
in sugar content with 8.30%, Hibernal is a close second with 
8.27%, Patten is third with 7.86% and Duchess last of the four 
with only 7.33%. Occasionally, varieties test higher in sugars, 
as Charlamoff last year with 9.25% and Whitney last year with 
9.08%. This year our highest sugar content has been found in 
Talman Sweet with 10.43%, Hibernal and Wolf River with 9.06%, 
Swaar with 8.91% and Anisim with 8.90%. These figures are 
of interest in view of the usually accepted belief that at least eight 
per cent of sugars are necessary to permit the development of a 
vinegar of four per cent acetic acid content, which is the per- 
centage required in this state. 

In actual fermentation trials this ratio of eight per cent 
sugars producing four per cent of acid has not been borne out. 
Our best vinegars of last year were made from Wealthy, testing 


CIDER AND VINEGAR A BY-PRODUCT OF THE MINN. ORCHARD. 3821 


at pressing 7.25% sugars. This cider made a vinegar of 4.63% 
acetic acid on March 4th, 1916; 5.73% acid on May 25th, 1916, 
and 6.18% acid on September 19th, 1916. This certainly did not 
follow the ratio of eight to four, but gives a ratio of 714, to 6 1-6 
approximately. From Hibernal, testing at pressing 7.85% 
sugars, a vinegar was secured which tested on September 19th, 
1916, 4.67% acetic acid. One cask of Patten followed the ratio 
of eight to four, giving from a cider, testing at pressing 8.21% 
sugars, a vinegar of 4.12% acetic acid on March 4th, 1916. This 
might have bezome stronger in acid if it had been allowed to 
stand longer, as not all of the alcohol had been converted into 
acetic acid. Other varieties did not come up to our expectations. 
Charlamoff, with 9.25% sugars, made a vinegar of only 3.18% 
acid on September 19th, 1916. Whitney, with 9.08% sugars, did 
not at any time make more than 2.26% acetic acid. Duchess, 
with 7.86% of sugars did not at any time make as high as two 
per cent of acid. Longfield, always low in sugars, at no time 
produced a desirable vinegar, not only testing low in acid content, 
but having a decidedly repugnant flavor. 

From these trials it would appear that it will not pay to try 
to utilize Whitney, Duchess, or Longfield in vinegar manufacture. 
The Whitney makes a good sweet cider and should sell readily as 
such, but the Duchess and Longfield will not appeal to anyone as 
sweet cider from the fact that they do not live up to the name. 


Wealthy, Hibernal and Patten should give good sweet ciders, or 
good vinegars when properly fermented. Good vinegars can be 
secured from a mixture of these varieties as well as by keeping 
them separate. The Wealthy makes a sweet cider that ranks 
with the best, and there seems to be no question in regard to the 
vinegar making qualities of this variety. Windfalls and culls 
should be disposed of easily in either of these ways. 

Mention should be made again of the need for careful work 
in vinegar fermentation. Wash dirty apples, keep all machinery 
and barrels clean, do not put more than thirty-five gallons in a 
fifty-gallon cask, add compressed yeast at the rate of one cake to 
five gallons of cider, and keep the cider in warm quarters, with 
the bung covered with cheesecloth or plugged with cotton. Draw 
off once or twice in the season to get a clear liquid without sedi- 
ment if a filter press is too expensive. If the vinegar does not 
“make” in due time, add some good vinegar at the rate of one 
quart to thirty or thirty-five gallons. Such work should produce 
a vinegar above the state standard of four per cent acetic acid. 

At University Farm this year we have over a thousand gal- 
lons of vinegar in the process of fermentation, the intention 
being to check and enlarge upon our previous work and to report 
later. 


322 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Native Plums, Their Hybrids and Their Improvement. 
DEWAIN COOK, JEFFERS, MINN. 
Native Plums. 


Of these little need be said at this time. Growing wild in our 
woods and thickets, and cultivated in our gardens, most of us 
know about all there is to know about this, the most popular of 
native fruits. 

Owing mostly to numerous insects and diseases that prey 
upon the trees and fruit they cannot be depended.upon as a class ~ 
to bear crops of fruit with regularity. This fruit is excellent 
to grow for home use, but owing to its perishable nature, even 
when placed in cold storage, it is not a fruit to be depended upon 
for market purposes. Whatever disappointments we may have 
experienced in growing this fine native fruit have been mostly 
because we have been led to expect altogether too much from it. 
It is a fruit to make plum jell from, also for eating out of hand, 
and is sometimes used for canning purposes, plum butter, ete. 
The improvement of the native plum through native plum seed- 
lings is a slow process at best. To the best of my knowledge 
there has been no improvement in the Americana plum through 
cultivation and seedling selection up to the present time. This 
brings us to the subject of hybrid plums. Judging from experi- 
ence in growing hybrid and other plums on our farm here in 
southern Minnesota, I size the situation up something like this 
—tle short road to a better plum than any we now haye of 
the native varieties, a plum that will be suitable for co ercial 
purposes, must come as a hybrid of our native plum with one 
of foreign origin. If this method fails us, and we are left to 
depend upon the slow process of seedling selection of native 
varieties, then very little improvement can be expected dur- 
ing the lifetime of any one person—but we have hopes, and these 
hopes lie in the hybrid plum class. 

We hope to get firmness of fruit through the hybrids of 
native and European plums. Two varieties fruited on my farm 
the past season indicate it. 

“We hope to get added size of fruit, better quality and greater 
productiveness through the native and Japanese hybrids. These 
hopes are based upon our experience with the Emerald, the Stella 
and the Waneta, and others, all of which are Japanese hybrid 
varieties. 


NATIVE PLUMS, THEIR HYBRIDS AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 325 


There is another class of hybrid plums I consider worthy 
of notice and that is the sand cherry hybrids, crosses of the 
sand cherry and native plum, also of the sand cherry and Japan- 
ese plums. These hybrids have added one week to the season 
we can have ripe plums, by giving us a variety that is one week 
earlier than any variety we heretofore had. 

The fruit of these sand cherry hybrids as a class, especially 
those crossed with the Japanese plums, is to my notion extra 
fine for eating out of hand, having a peculiar, pleasant half sand 
cherry flavor. The fruit of all of these sand cherry hybrids are 
ideal breeding places for the plum curculio. Sometimes every 
one of the sand cherry plums on the tree will have a worm in it. 
Another thing about the fruit of this class of plums is its suscepti- 
bility to the disease known as the brown rot, which often takes 
the whole crop, leaving only mummified plums on the trees. The 
plum curculio destroys the plums, the brown rot destroys both 
the fruit and the worm, thus holding the curculio in check. Then 
perhaps we may have a favorable year. Along comes a season 
that is dry and hot all through, but little rain, no dews, abun- 
dance of hot sunshine—the brown rot cannot exist under these 
conditions—then the sand cherry hybrids are at their best. 
The curculio having in previous years been kept in check by the 
brown rot, we get a fine crop of this elegant fruit that is a 
delight to the grower. 

There will be less disapointment in growing this class of 
fruit if only an occasional crop is expected. I have now given 
you the best I know regarding the way to get better plums. I 
may be wrong in my conclusions, and I want up-to-date opinion 
on this subject, therefore will read to you a letter from A. B. 
Dennis, the Iowa plum expert. The letter speaks for itself, and 
here it is: 


Cedar Rapids, Iowa, November 12, 1916. 
A. W. LATHAM, 


Minneapolis, Minn. 


Dear Sir: I write you to get a list of the best pure native 
plums in your state or Wisconsin. 

It seems our plum breeders have gone crazy in using our 
natives to get Japan hybrids. I have tested over 40 varieties of 
Japanese and Chinese plums, and many of the so-called cross 
bred seedlings, and find very few of them equal to our first 
natives, for they always manifest some weak points somewhere. 
So I think it is time to call a halt, and give our hardy natives a 


324 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


chance in development by crossing our six native species, and 
then planting these native hybrids alongside of the Japanese hy- 
brids, and I feel sure the native crosses will soon demonstrate 
their superiority over all those with foreign blood in them. 

We must take the natives for our trying climate, the same 
as we had to do in the American grape industry. So far as I 
known no vinifera grape hybrid is a pronounced success in the 
prairie states. 

And when the pomologists will use common sense they will 
find out that some day our plum industry will have sprung from 
the six native species. 

These foreign blooded hybrids are all right for California— 
but so far as I have watched them here, very few of them are 
much, more than novelties. 

I am in my seventy-fourth year, and it is hardly possible I 
shall see the end of the craze for hybrids that sooner or later 
must manifest weak points. I have tested more Japanese 
and Chinese plums in Iowa than most of plum culturists, and I 
have not found anything to excel, or even to equal, our improved 
natives, much less to exclusively use them for a permanent 
foundation, or for a successful foundation for our prairie horti- 
culture in plum culture. 


If I were a young man I should heed the two or three hun- 
dred years wasted in trying to build the American grape indus- 
try upon the vinifera, or European grapes, and stick to and rely 
principally upon the native plum, that even without any scien- 
tific breeding even now rivals the Oriental and Domestic species 
that have had human culture thousands of years, while the 
native is scarcely rescued from the woods and the plum thickets 
of our prairie states. 

Thanking you for any information you can give me on 
plums. 

Yours truly, 
A. B. DENNIS. 

Mr. Gardner: Don’t you think that these Japanese hy- 
brids you have been speaking of, if they were planted on dry 
ground and planted a good distance apart where they would have 
good air drainage all seasons, that a great many of them would 
probably be successful? 

Mr. Cook: Why, I think a great many of them are suc- 
cesses. That is why I recommended planting some of them. I 
couldn’t tell that in the paper because I had too short a time. 

Mr. Gardner: Don’t you think that is one difficulty, we 
don’t plant them on the right soil? 

Mr. Cook: I don’t know. I think any soil that is dry 
enough is all right for the plum. They will stand as low as the 


NATIVE PLUMS, THEIR HYBRIDS AND THEIR IMPROVEMENT. 325 


apple will, but in good soil it don’t make any difference whether 
it is high or low, whether on creek bottom or on the hills, it will 
be all right for plums, and I think the hybrids are the same way. 

Mr. Gardner: I think they require a dry soil, and in our 
country you don’t want to plant them unless you can give them a 
good dry place, give them plenty of room and give them good sun- 
nme. 

Mr. Cook: Yes. 

Mr. Gardner: I would like to ask Professor Hansen whether 
I am right or wrong on that idea? 

Prof. Hansen: You are right on that. 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Eighth Congressional 
District. . 


J. KIMBALL, DULUTH. 


Horticulture in the Eighth Cong. District is largely in the 
experimental stage. A few persons in different localities have 
been anxiously testing the soil and climate in order to learn 
what varieties could best be grown, and after a few years trial 
have met with varied success. These persons have “blazed the 
way” for others to follow with doubtless better success. 

The reports received from different parts of the district for 
the past year show a light crop of apples of different varieties 
and especially of the crabs. Plums were below medium. The 
Compass cherry produced a medium crop. The few grapes tried 
made a good growth and a little fruit in a few localities. Black- 
berries that had winter protection did fairly well. Raspberries 
bore well, and the canes are reported to be in good condition. 
Strawberries bore a large crop, and the plants are looking well. 
Currants and gooseberries have both done well and are in fine 
condition. 

In some localities new stock has been planted with ques- 
tionable results. 

Blight in a few cases is reported, and cutting away the dis- 
eased wood has been the remedy applied. 

Spraying is not generally practiced. No wormy fruit is 
found as yet. 

The extremely long and cold winter did considerable dam- 
age to young apple trees. The Hibernal is mentioned by two 
persons in their reports. 

Conditions for the coming winter are quite favorable with 
a medium amount of water in the soil. 

The fruits doing best in this locality are strawberries, rasp- 
berries, currants, gooSeberries, plums, Compass cherry, crab 
apples, Duchess, Okabena and Hibernal apples. 

Perennial flowers reported are peonies, foxglove, larkspur, 
gladiolus. 

Ornamental shrubs—barberry, high bush cranberry, dog- 
wood, elder and sumac. 


326 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — 


Windbreaks by the Mile. 


T. A. HOVERSTAD, AGRI. COMM’R. “SOO” RY. CO., MINNEAPOLIS. 


Shortly after I was appointed agricultural commissioner on 
the “Soo” Road I was asked to take charge of the work of plant- 
ing trees along the right of way to take the place of the snow 
fences. Our company has about 4,000 miles of road in the North- 
west, where the snowfall is apt to be large. It is a great big prob- 
lem to know how to protect the cuts so as to keep the trains mov- 
ing regularly. The patrons of the road are not satisfied unless 
they have regular train service, and it is no simple problem. The 
price of material for snow fences is almost prohibitive. This 
year alone we paid out about $16,000, and after a snow fence is 
built it is only a little while before it is destroyed. Then we 
have the expense of taking it down and putting it up again. If 
we put it outside of the right of way we have to pay a big rental 
for the use of land 

A thousand dollars or ten thousand dollars does not go very 
far, and when we have a winter like last year we have to throw 
away all thoughts cf expense. When the train is blocked we 
have to open up the track, no matter what it costs. So this matter 
of tree planting is not anything we care particularly to do, but 
we do it because we have to do it. 

A great deal of our line is in the Dakotas, and we are also 
in Montana, and where we are planting trees is where it is the 
more difficult for us to make them grow. We plant mainly along 
the cuts, and those are more often gravelly, and it is on the high- 
est points and the dryest points. It is close to the edge of the cut, 
where it is the very dryest place we can find. 

We first start out with the preparation of the land. We 
found it to be a very hard, dry soil, and last year we plowed 
and subsoiled. This year we abandoned subsoiling. We plow the 
land twice and disk it thoroughly for two years. The reason we 
abandoned subsoiling was this. We didn’t feel as though it was 
necessary to subsoil except just in the row when the trees are be- 
ing planted, and we have made a machine that subsoils and plants 
at the same time. 

We are doing our work in various ways. Sometimes we 
hire men and do the work by contract. We have to board the 
men and teams and hire tents, etc. We move them on the 
track, of course. We have also the farmers along the road to do 
the work, and that is very much cheaper. They do the work just 


WINDBREAKS BY THE MILE. 327 


as well, but we can not always depend upon them to do it at the 
exact time we want it done. 

The third way we are working is in devising a machine 
that will prepare the land and also cultivate the soil. I think 
in a year or two we will have such a machine. It is simply a 
dream yet, but I hope in the future to tell you something about 
the results of our efforts. 

We first planted the trees by hand. We planted 35,000 trees 
in 1915. Each man plants about a hundred a day. The best record 
we made was 2,000 trees a day by twelve men. We found hand 
planting too expensive, and anticipating difficulties later we be- 
gan to hunt for a tree planting machine. I did not find anything 


A machine for planting trees for windbreaks along the ‘“‘Soo’’ line in the Northwest, 
under the superintendence of Mr. Hoverstad. 


in the length and breadth of the country. We designed one of 
our own, and last spring we did all our planting with it.. 

We have made only one machine, and that planted between 
75,000 and 100,000 trees. Most of them are alive today, so the 
first trial is a success. Of course, the first machine was not in 
all respects satisfactory—there are some defects we shall correct 
—hbut it was very much better than we had anticipated. The 
machine is not patented and will not be patented. We think we 
can plant 10,000 trees a day with it, and when it is perfected we 
may be able to plant 20,000 to 25,000 trees a day. I am not sure 
whether such a machine is a practical thing for planting trees 
except under our conditions. What we are interested in is not the 
trees. What we want is to stop the snow before it gets to the 
track. We do not care very much about a tall stem to the trees, 
because that doesn’t hold the snow any more than a fork handle. 
We want a tree with the greatest amount of branches that we can 
possibly get to grow close to the ground. 


328 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


We have prepared the land this year, along 325 miles on our 
lines, and we have on hand about 400,000 trees we are planning 
to plant out next spring. After the trees are planted we shall 
spend about three years in cultivating them. It is a very different 
proposition to do this work along the right of way than it is in 
the open field, and this work is yet in the experiment stage. We 
do not yet know how to prepare the land most economically, we 
don’t know much about planting it economically, we don’t know 
much about cultivating the land afterwards to do the most work 
at the least expense—it is expensive the best we can do. 

A year ago we uSed a one-horse cultivator, and then we 
hoed the trees. That is the most perfect way, but it is too expen- 
sive. This year we abandoned the hoe altogether, we felt that 
it wasn’t absolutely necessary. If there were weeds growing 
along the rows, while it would look bad we didn’t think it was 
enough injury to the trees to go to the expense of hoeing them. 

We uSed a two-horse cultivator that would cultivate about 
six feet wide. We used the shovel cultivator and disk harrow. 
When we have 100 miles or more to cultivate, by the time that 
we go through and get back again the weeds have made a good 
start. The machinery for cultivation was not altogether satis- 
factory. I think we will have to use a rotary tiller that runs 
by gasoline. 

We planted at first four rows of trees on the north side of the 
track and three rows on the south side, but we found in exam- 
ining the trees that had been planted along the right of way 
that we hadn’t planted enough and so this year we planted eight 
rows on the north side and four rows on the south side, and I 
think next year we will plant eight rows on each side. It will 
take about 20,000 trees to the mile, but I think it is much cheaper 
to plant a large number of trees as long as we feel assured that 
by their use we can stop the snow. 

I went over the Northern Pacific Railroad a year ago. They 
have done a great deal of work, and the Great Northern Rail- 
road has done very much more. What I saw at Larimore, N. 
Dak., thoroughly convinced me of the effectiveness of tree plant- 
ing for snow protection along the right of way. 

Last winter was an exceptional winter, but in examining the 
planting which was done eleven years ago we found that the 
snow didn’t get through the eight rows. 

I believe we can say absolutely that the trees are away ahead 
of snow fences, that there is no snow fence we can use that will 


WINDBREAKS BY THE MILE. B29 


be so effective as the trees when properly taken care of. We are 
planting willows on the outside. We put in the cottonwood, al- 


. though it doesn’t stop the snow very much, but it grows tall and 


rapidly. The green ash doesn’t stop the snow very much, but it is 
a valuable tree, and it serves our purpose to a certain extent. We 
like to have a variety of trees, as we may have insect pests which 
may attack one variety and not another. The box elder is a 
very desirable tree because it is a shade enduring tree, and its 
branches grow right down to the ground, and it is able to live in 
the shade of the other trees. Then the rest of the trees are wil- 
lows. The willow is head and shoulders above everything else, 
and we usually put in four rows of willows near the track. They 
are used extensively along the Great Northern tracks. 

One of the things we have to do, and one of the reasons we 
have so many rows of willows, is that we will periodically cut the 
trees down. In that way they will branch out so we will have a 
dense branch growth down near the ground. In the course of a 
few years we will probably cut the second row and afterwards 
take the next row, and So on. 

We now have 125 feet right of way on the north side and 
seventy-five on the south side. We shall probably buy up to 125 
feet on each side of the track. 

We have our own nursery of eighty acres near Drake, North 
Dakota. We selected this particular location because it was in 
that locality where most of our trees will be planted. We selected 
as sandy a tract as we could find. It would be more satisfac- 
tory to me if we could have had some nice river bottom land, but 
that would not be practicable, as these trees must be planted on 
the grades where it is gravelly and dry. I raised about 80,000 
trees last year and about 200,000 this year,.and we have been 
buying a lot of seed and cuttings so that we expect to be able to 
produce our own trees from now on at the very lowest cost 

I think I am up against a difficult proposition in tree plant- 
ing as I have such dry land in which to plant them, but in case 
I succeed under those conditions there is no reason why the 
farmers should not succeed fully as well with their tree planting 
at their homes where the conditions are favorable. One of the 
things we hope to do is to encourage farmers to plant large groves 
around their homes, and in that way they will help us to delay 
the snow before it comes to the track. 

There is quite a little discussion in North Dakota about 
planting long rows of trees along the right of way. President 
Worst, of the N. D. Agricultural College, has been advocating that 


330 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


for a number of years. - If it is done it will help us, but it will 
also be a great benefit to the farmers as it will help to lessen 
the destructive effect of the hot, dry summer winds. 

A Member: How many of your trees died last year? 

Mr. Hoverstad: We haven’t made any count, but I believe 
we saved about 90 per cent, and we saved just as large a per 
cent of those planted by machine as of those planted by hand. 

Mr. Black: It came into my mind that it would be a great 
place for a fire caused by trains going by with weeds grown 
among the trees. What precautionary measures will you adopt 
to save the trees later on? 

Mr. Hoverstad: We haven’t taken any particular precau- 
tion. During the time we are cultivating the trees, which will 
be three years, there isn’t very much of any danger of fire. Af- 
ter those three years I don’t know what we shall do. I antici- 
pate that the leaves that drop will keep the weeds down along the 
shade of the trees because we are planting them very close to- 


gether. I am inclined to think the weeds wouldn’t grow very © 


much, and I don’t think there is really very much danger of fire. 
We are planning to put in some evergreens, white spruce es- 
pecially. : , 

Mr. Black: Have you tried the red cedar? 

Mr. Hoverstad: We have planted red cedar, and we have 
the ponderosa pine in our nursery for trial, but we expect to put 
them out among the other trees and give them better protec- 
tion. I don’t think it would be a wise plan to get them out on 
the right of way at the same time we are planting the other 
trees. : 

Mr. Black: I spoke of the red cedar because it does very 
well on sandy land. 

Mr. Hoverstad: Yes, it does very well in the Dakotas. 

Mr. Cook: I wanted to say something about the evergreen 
when it was on the program. The Norway spruce, I believe was 
recommended to some extent, and I believe that Mr. Moyer 
claimed when they got old they didn’t do so well. I live in a 
prairie country, and I will say this for the Norway spruce, that 
on our moist land, in a sheltered location, they do very well. 
My largest Norway spruce got to be fifty feet high and was 
finally struck by lightning. I have Norway spruce that are 
twenty-five feet high. However, if you plant Norway spruce on 
the open prairie unprotected they will prove a complete failure. 
They have not the hardiness; they can’t stand the sandy soil, but 
they can stand the wind and frost. 

I believe the black spruce was brought up. I sent for some 
white spruce one year, and they came black ‘spruce. They got 
full of little cones and were a nuisance. I kept picking them 
off. Along came a dry season, and they all died. I used to think 
they were pretty good. The society did not recommend them, 
and I thought the society was wrong, but now I think they were 
right about it, they will not stand the dry weather. 


eee a ee ‘ 


WINDBREAKS BY THE MILE. 3381 


I think our old friend, Mr. Smith, mentioned white pine. 
And I put out a lot of white pine and they grew all right, but 
they didn’t spread out and made a failure. I think on the prairie 
they are absolutely worthless. 

Mr. Smith: What I spoke about was the white spruce. 
That fails when it gets to be twenty-five or thirty years old. 
The Norway pine is just as hardy as the white spruce. 

Mr. Underwood: It all resolves itself into one fact, that it 
depends on moisture. They die because they do not get enough 
moisture; they want a drink. The black spruce grows out in 
the swamp, it doesn’t grow naturally on high ground. It is lack 
of moisture. 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Ninth Congressional 
District. 


A. L. HANSON, (RED RIVER VALLEY) ADA. 


Sent twenty-eight requests for report to members in the 
District, and received seventeen replies. These indicated the 
following conditions in the district. 

Apples almost a failure for the year. 

Plums a very light crop—a failure in parts of the district. 

Cherries only a few report any-~—_the Compass only kind re- 
ported as yielding a fair crop. 

Grapes—none. 

Blackberries—none. 

Raspberries—reported an abundant crop by some, others not 
any. 

Strawberries reported a good crop. Sen. Dunlap, Progres- 
sive everbearing, Seedling No. 3, being the varieties named. 

Other fruits reported were currants, gooseberries and wild 
cherries. 

Blight is reported as doing considerable damage and noth- 
ing being done to combat it. 

Spraying reported only by three and by them as being only 
an experiment. 

Some damage is reported from the cold of last winter, es- 
pecially the late freezing in the spring. 

Fruits are reported as going into winter in good condition, 
with plenty of moisture. 

The varieties reported as doing best are: apples, Duchess, 
Wealthy, Whitney and University; plums, DeSoto, Forest Gar- 
den; cherry, Compass; raspberries, Sunbeam, King, Minnetonka. 

Hardy perennial flowers: peonies, phlox and iris. 

Hardy ornamental shrubs: lilac, hydrangea and snowball. 

An abundance of fruit for the Ninth District is only depen- 
dent on proper application and care. 


332 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Fruits for Minnesota Planting. 


List adopted by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society at the last 
annual meeting. For the Guidance of Planters. 


APPLES. 


Of the first degree of hardiness: Oldenburg (Duchess), Hibernal, Pat- 
ten’s Greening, Okabena. 

Of the second degree of hardiness: Wealthy, Malinda, Anisim, Iowa 
Beauty, Lowland Raspberry, Jewell’s Winter, Milwaukee. : 

Valuable in some locations: Wolf River, Yellow Transparent, Long- 
field, Northwestern Greening, Tetofsky, Peerless, Salome. 

Most profitable varieties for commercial planting in Minnesota: 
Wealthy, Duchess, Okabena, Anisim. 

Recommended for top-working on hardy stocks: Wealthy, Malinda, 
Northwestern Greening, Stayman’s Winesap, Grimes Golden, Milwaukee, 
McIntosh, Salome. 

Varieties for trial: Eastman, Evelyn, Windsor Chief, Gilbert, Superb. 


CRABS AND HYBRIDS. 


For general cultivation: Florence, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Sweet 
Russet, Transcendent. 
Varieties for trial: Faribault, Dartt, Success. 


PLUMS AND HYBRID PLUMS. 


For general cultivation: De Soto, Forest Garden, Wolf (freestone), 
Wyant, Stoddard, Terry, Surprise. 
Most promising for trial: Compass Cherry, Hanska, Opata, Sapa, 
Stella, Waneta, Omaha. 
GRAPES. 


First degree of hardiness: Beta, Janesville, Hungarian. 
Second degree of hardiness: Moore’s Early, Campbell’s Early, Brigh- 
ton, Delaware, Worden, Concord, Moore’s Diamond, Wyoming Red. 


RASPBERRIES. 


Red varieties: King, Sunbeam, Miller, Loudon, Minnetonka Ironclad. 
Black and purple varieties: Palmer, Gregg, Older, Columbian, Cum- 


berland. 
BLACKBERRIES. 
Ancient Briton, Snyder, Eldorado. D 
CURRANTS. 


White Grape, Victoria, Long Bunch Holland, Pomona, Red Cross, Per- 
fection, London Market. 
GOOSEBERRIES. 


Houghton, Downing, Champion, Pearl, Carrie. 
STRAWBERRIES. 


Perfect varieties: Bederwood, Enhance, Lovett, Splendid, Glen-Mary, 
Clyde, Senator Dunlap, Minn. No. 8. 

Imperfect varieties: Crescent, Warfield, Haverland, Marie. 

Everbearing varieties: Progressive, Superb. 


ORNAMENTAL FRUITING SHRUBS. 


Valuable for trial: Dwarf Juneberry, Sand Cherry, Buffalo Berry, 
High Bush Cranberry. 
NUT FRUITS. 


Shellbark Hickory, Black Walnut, Butternut. 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Goutp, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


(Concluded from July Number.) 


The varieties of the Iris that can be easily grown in this latitude are 
those described on the chart here given. First, there are the bearded Irises, 
comprised'of the Dwarf, Intermediate’ and Tall Germanicas. The Dwarf 
Irises flower from late in April until late in May. They grow from six 
inches to a foot in height and are adaptable for edgings and rock gardens. 
The Intermediate Irises flower next during the month of May and grow 
from one foot to twenty inches in height. They are very beautiful, and just. 
as handsome as some of the beautiful tall Germanicas. The next in flower 
are the tall Germanicas, which grow from eighteen inches to four feet in 
height, and which in this locality flower from May 20th to July 5th. 

The word “Germanica” is derived from the word germane, meaning 
root, and the name “German Iris” is incorrect, as practically none of this 
variety are natives of Germany. ‘ 

The Germanicas form a large part of the Iris family. As ahoeed on 
the chart, there are over 400 varieties which are of practically every color 
from white to black, through purples, lavenders, yellows, pinks, reds and 
copper colors, most of which are very beautiful. 

The next branch of the Iris family, and which are.the next to flower, 
are the Beardless Irises. The Sibericas are the most delicate and elegant of 
all the small flowering Irises and are of shades of blue, violet, purple and 
white, growing from two to four feet in height. There are about fifteen 
varieties of this Iris. They flower during June. Then during June and 
July certain other varieties of Irises, which we call Beardless Border Irises, 
come out in flower, growing from one to four feet high, which in foliage and 
shape of flower are somewhat like the common water Irises, but which 
should be planted above the water line, and which are beautiful in colors 
and suitable for borders and by the waterside. 

During this same period the Water Irises come in flower, the Psuedo- 
acorus, common yellow Iris, of Europe and the Versicolor, or common purple, 
Iris of America. Certain other colors have been developed from these vari- 
eties, making about ten in all. These few Water Irises and the Japanese 
Irises are the only ones that will grow in water, so that, contrary to the 
general belief, of all of the great family of Irises only about 15% can grow 
in water. All of the rest require dry soil the same as other hardy peren- 
nials. 

The Japanese Irises commence to flower here the latter part of June 
and continue through July and a part of August. They are the most 
gorgeous in colorings, growing from two feet to four feet high, with flowers 
of three to six petals, some measuring ten to twelve inches in width. The 
flowers are marvelously beautiful. They can be grown in water or in dry 
soil. They flower at their best in this vicinity between July 1st and July 
15th. In addition to those which I have mentioned there are certain bulbous 
Irises which can be purchased in the fall and planted then the same as 

(333) 


304 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Tulips. These are the Dutch, Spanish and English Irises. They have 
practically no foliage and can therefore be planted between other perennials 
to cause continued blooms, the different varieties flowering during June 
and July. These Irises have a wax-like appearance of various beautiful 
colors and make magnificent cut flowers. They will last for several years, 
but every third or fourth year should be replanted and the dead parts re- 
moved, for, unlike the Gladioli, the new bulbs form at the bottom of the 
bulb instead of at the top, and the old growth must be removed from the 
top to enable new growth. 

With the possession of a few of each of these different varieties of Iris 
you will have beautiful flowers from April until August, a much longer 
period of bloom than with any other hardy perennial. Further, although 
they are usually transplanted in the spring and fall, they can be trans- 
planted practically at any time, and such transplanting will not hinder their 
blooming. I have received shipments from Europe the first of June after 
having been on the way for six weeks, and had them flower before the end of 
June. Irises require no watering whatever. They will stand the severest 
drought. Last year ours went through the entire dry, hot summer without 
any water whatsoever. They are adaptable to any kind of soil, to any loca- 
tion, for beds, borders, driveways or water gardens, and in addition, the 
delicacy, fragrance and magnificence of the large varieties especially give 
them a most prominent and, in my opinion, the first place amongst outdoor 
flowers.—J. S. Crooks. 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


Our Back COVER PAGE.—The Extension Division of University Farm 
is making use of the back-cover: page of our monthly to stimulate the pro- 
duction and conservation of such foods as are grown by the horticulturist. 
Prof. R. S. Mackintosh, of that Division, has charge of this page, as he has 
had for two months previously, and will probably continue to have during 
the year. We commend his suggestions to your careful consideration. The 
urgency to improve the food situation of the world is undoubtedly greater 
than it is generally believed to be by the people of this country, who have 
never known what it was to want for enough to eat. 


HORTICULTURAL PERIODICALS FOR DISTRIBUTION.—In the last number of 
our monthly attention was called to the fact that a considerable number of 
horticultural periodicals of various kinds are coming into this office regu- 
larly, and an opportunity is offered to our members to secure them without 
expense by calling at the office. In response to this there have been some 
calls for them, but not enough to use them up as fast as they come in. Some 
of these periodicals are devoted entirely to fruit-growing, others to flowers, 
some to vegetables, and some of a general character. Some have to do 
especially with forestry. This material is available for any of our members 
without any expense to them. 


SECRETARY’S CORNER. 335 


ROLLA STUBBS’ WEALTHY SEEDLING.—‘Mr. Peter M. Gideon died October 
27, 1899. He left several thousand Wealthy seedling apple trees one year old; 
the State Horticultural Society got them. I received two trees of them as 
a premium—you sent them—one lived and this is the tree. I consider my 
wife and I are pretty good judges of good fruit, and we think this equal to 
any we ever ate. They have the real apple flavor that is lacking in so many 
varieties. They taste like grafted fruit, not like a seedling—just taste 
enough to be good; they were crisp and firm. The following points are in 
favor of the tree and its fruit. Tree has never blighted or killed back any. 
The fruit hangs on till late in October and has to be pinched off—a good 
keeper. They are a pale red apple—not bright like the Wealthy. The tree 
is a very prolific bearer.’”—Quotation from a letter from Rolla Stubbs, Beder- 
wood, Lake Minnetonka. 


IMPROVING THE PLUM.—In this number of our monthly is to be found 
an article by Mr. Dewain Cook dealing with the plum situation in this state. 
Mr. Cook is in the first rank of those who have interested themselves intel- 
ligently in the growing and development of plums in Minnesota. You will 
note in this article, on page 322, that he anticipates an improvement in the 
character of plums adapted to Minnesota by crosses between our native 
plums and those of foreign origin. Mr. Cook, in connection with his article, 
publishes a letter from A. B. Dennis, of Cedar Rapids, Ia., one of the most 
noted plum specialists in this country. Mr. Dennis takes a very different 
view of this subject, expressing the opinion that it is not by hybrids that 
we are to secure improved hardy varieties, but by the crossing of our 
several native species. This is an important subject, and these two views 
represent the two opposite standpoints as to the future of plum growing 
in the Northwest. 


How J MaprE Apples PAy.—Six years ago an orchard came into my 
hands along with a good spraying outfit. Five hundred apple trees were 
bearing well, but middlemen got the fruit, or had been getting it, at a very 
small price and the spraying outfit had not as yet been used. 

I was a poor man and needed a fair price for my produce. But the 
produce must be made to equal the prices wanted. ‘To this end the spray 
was applied thoroughly, and the results the first year were very satisfactory. 
My entire crop of 700 bushels was sold direct to consumer either by peddling 
or shipment. The next year I found the apples to be almost absolutely free 
from worms. So to get more and better customers and a little better prices 
the buyers were offered two cents a piece for every worm found in a bushel. 
Well, the idea worked splendidly and many people learned to know the value 
of good, clean, worm-free fruit. Surely the way to make an orchard pay big 
is first, of course, to make it produce good fruit and second, to place this 
product before the people that appreciate it—H. P. Anderson, “Wis. Horti- 
culture.” 


STRAWBERRIES Nos. 3 AND 1017.—I got three plants of Nos. 1017 two 
years ago. I got 280 plants from those three plants, which I transplanted 
last spring. I did not keep flowers picked. The first crop was fine, nice, 
big berries. The second crop was burned by the heat, but kept on growing. 
The third blooming was late with fine berries, but frost killed them. There 
was some blight. All plants set out runners, so I have thousands of plants. 


336 ; MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — 


I counted up to fifty berries on one plant, but they were small. My experi- 
ence with them is to have them in hills, keep runners off, fertilize good and 
you will have all kinds of berries the same year. 

I got three plants of No. 3 June-bearing. From these three plants I 
got 584 plants, which I set out last spring, three foot one way and a foot 
a part in row. Last fall the whole bed was covered with plants so thick you 
could not see the ground and besides I got a full crop of berries, the biggest 
strawberries I ever saw. Not a plant missed to bear fruit, not a sign of 
rust or blight on them. My soil is a heavy clay loam.—Frank W. Johnson, 
Braham. 


APPROPRIATION FOR THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.—The late State Legis- 
lature made an appropriation of $6,500 per annum for this society for the 


two years beginning August 1, 1917. As heretofore, $3,000 of this appro- 


priation is to be used for the needs of the society, and $3,500 to pay for the 
printing of its magazine and reports. This appropriation is the same in 
amount as that made two years ago, which at that time was sufficient for 
the needs of the society. The cost of printing, however, has advanced mate- 
rially, and especially in the price of paper, so that by August 1 of this year 
there will be a considerable deficiency in the printing account, something 
over $1,000. As the cost of printing is not likely to decline at present, the 
expense of printing our reports will continue to increase the deficiency. 
Just how this will be met has not yet been decided, but the Executive Board 
of the society has the subject under consideration. Meantime the work of 
the society will not be in any way crippled, but will go on the same way as 
usual during the next biennial period. 


PROGRAM, 1917 ANNUAL MEETING.—The year rolls around, already are 
we nearer to the 1917 annual meeting than to that of 1916. In a general 
way, the program for the coming meeting has been laid out and some mate- 
rial secured. As a member of this society interested in what takes place 
at the meeting if you can not attend, at least in what is published in our 
monthly—and you know that all of the papers and discussions appearing at 
the annual meeting are published in the monthly at some time during the 
year—would you not like to have something to say about the program of 
the meeting? Are there not some subjects that you would like to have pre- 


sented at that time? Perhaps you have in mind some one whom you con- ' 


sider especially fitted to present a subject that you would like to have con- 
sidered. It may be that there is some subject pertaining to some branch 
of horticulture that you have had under consideration and would like to 
present yourself on that occasion. The secretary is very open-minded and 
desirous of doing the things that please the society as far as possible, and 
would be especially glad to receive suggestions from the membership. It 
is not, of course, always practicable to make use of all the suggestions 
presented, though they would never be thrown aside carelessly but given 
full consideration. If there is no subject you care to discuss, perhaps there 
are questions that you would like presented at the meeting for reply. The 
secretary would be glad to receive such questions also. 


sh thls 


THE PROGRESSIVE EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY AT OSAGE, IA., AND 
Cuas. F. GARDNER’S PROGRESSIVE GRANDSON. 


(See page 351.) 


While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


Hoe 


Vol. 45 SEPTEMBER, 1917 No. 9 


Hoe 


Orcharding in Minnesota, 
(REPORT NO. 2.) 
PROF. RICHARD WELLINGTON, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 

At the last winter meeting of this society a report was made 
on orchard sites and protective agencies, as windbreaks and 
bodies of water. In order to make that report as specific as 
possible, the state was divided into six sections, namely, the 
southeast, central-east, northeast, northwest, central-west and 
southwest. Arbitrary lines were drawn between the sections 
and the included counties named. For the treatment of the 
above subject, this division was very suitable, owing to the wide 
variation in the topography and climate of the state. 

In the consideration of the management or treatment of 
orchards, which will be taken up at this meeting, the same 
division of the state is adhered to, but it is not as applicable to 
this report as to the former, owing to the uniform methods prac- 
ticed throughout the state. 

The treatment and management of orchards considers 
whether an orchard is in sod or under cultivation, intercropped 
or cover cropped, pastured and manured or fertilized. If the 
orchard is in sod, questions arise as to what grasses are grown, 
what is done with the grass and, finally, what effect does the 
grass have on the health, vigor, growth and productiveness of 
the tree. In like manner questions arise as to the value of culti- 
vation, inter crops, cover crops, pasturing and manuring. 

Before taking up the details of this report, I wish to impress 
upon you the source and reliability of the facts that are to be 
given. All statements are based on answers to questions enu- 
merated on orchard survey blanks sent out to those orchardists 
whose names and addresses could be obtained. Most of the ques- 


tions were simple and could be readily answered, but others were 
(337) 


338 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


very complicated, as for example, the respective value of culti- 
vation versus sod, beneficial effects derived from the use of 
manures and injurious effects produced by animals. Such ques- 
tions can only be answered accurately by carefully controlled 
experiments covering a period of many years. If, however, one 
person could have visited all of the orchardists and orchards and 
many more in the same sections, his judgment of the respective 
merits of the different treatments should be of greater value 
than the summation of numerous opinions. This method was, 
of course, impossible without funds, and therefore the data is 
simply given as received. In consequence of their having been 
obtained from 154 reports, they undoubtedly furnish a reliable 
index to the methods practiced in Minnesota orchards. 

From a total of thirty-seven replies in the southeastern 
section in regard to the use of tillage and sod, thirty-two or- 
chardists reported that they had practiced cultivation, but only 
seven of these had not seeded down their orchards. In other 
words, there were only seven truly tillage orchards, five truly 
sod and twenty-five both tillage and sod. It can be stated that 
as a general rule the orchards are cultivated until they come 
into bearing and then they are seeded down to grass. Twenty- 
five of the orchardists reported the using of small fruits and 
vegetables as an intercrop, and only one of them noted any 
injury to his trees. The injury noted was caused by raspberries 
and blackberries grown for a period of eight years. Of the 
small fruits, strawberries and raspberries were the most com- 
monly used, but gooseberries, currants, blackberries and even 
grapes were mentioned. 

Most of growers agreed that the growth and vigor of their 
trees were increased by cultivation, but a few were skeptical as 
to its beneficial influence on health and productiveness. Some 
of the growers thought that the rank growth produced by culti- 
vation was conducive to blight, while others reported that no 
blight injury had been noted in their cultivated orchards. An- 
other point of interest is that no winter injury was caused by 
tillage. 

Cover crops, that is, crops grown between the trees with 
the object of ultimately plowing them under in order to enrich 
the soil, to ripen the wood in the fall, to prevent soil from wash- 
ing, and to protect the roots from winter injury, are little used. 
At least only one grower stated that he used such a crop, and his 
results were satisfactory. 


ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. 339 


For seeding down the orchards red clover was the most 
popular legume, as it was used nineteen times, white sweet clover 
was used three times and alsike twice. Timothy was used nine 
times, blue grass six times and red top once. Junegrass ap- 
peared late in nine additional orchards, and so it was the most 
prevalent grass. Timothy and quack grasses also gained en- 
trance into one orchard each. Of the common mixtures, red 
clover and timothy took the lead. 

Fifteen, or one-half of the sod orchards, were used as pas- 
tures for calves, cows, hogs, sheep and horses. Injury was noted 
in two cases from sheep, in one case by calves chewing off 
branches and in one case by “hungry hogs.” Probably minor 
injuries were caused by the packing of the soil by the heavy 
animals, as cattle and horses, but if they occurred they were 
too small to be noted. In four cases the grass was removed and 
in four cases it was left for a mulch. 

Twenty-nine of the thirty-seven orchards were manured or 
mulched. The amount of manure applied varied from a light 
dressing to a dressing six inches in thickness. Thus it is evi- 
dent that sod, with a dressing of manure, is the most common 
method of managing orchards in the southeastern part of the 
state, that is, after they come into bearing. 

The central-east section of the state, which includes the well 
known Minnetonka Lake fruit district, led all the other districts 
by a margin of eighteen reports. Of the fifty-five growers, forty 
have cultivated their orchards at one time or another, although 
only five have practiced tillage alone. Of these five, probably 
two or three will soon put their orchards into sod, and probably 
at least one will continue tillage, as his orchard has already been 
cultivated forty years. Forty-eight growers have used sod in 
their orchards and fourteen of them do not admit of having ever 
cultivated their orchards. Probably some of them have, how- 
ever, aS some of them state that cultivation increases vigor, 
growth, etc. As in the southeastern section, cover crops are 
little used. Five growers stated that they had planted cover 
crops, but sufficient data were not given to form an estimate of 
their value. One grower, however, reported that he used millet 
to reduce the growth of his trees, and another that he obtained 
no benefits, as his soil was sufficiently fertile. 

Intercrops are very popular, as twenty-seven, or nearly one- 
half of the growers, have grown small fruits, vegetables, or 
both, in their orchards. As in the previous section, strawberries 


340 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


and raspberries were the most commonly used of the small fruits. 
Injury to trees by raspberries and currants was reported by one 
orchardist. 

The effects of cultivation were generally beneficial, for as a 
general rule the vigor, growth, health and productiveness of the 
trees were increased. Some of the growers thought that tillage 
was conducive to blight, while others were unable to detect any 
such correlation. 

In seeding down, clover or red clover was again the most 
popular legume, as it was used thirty-three times, while alfalfa 
was used six times, alsike twice and white clover once. Of the 
grasses, timothy was sown in eighteen cases, Junegrass in six 
and self-seeded in eight, and red top in three. Again red clover 
and timothy took the lead as being the most popular combination. 

Twenty-two, or forty per cent, of the orchards were used 
as pastures, although chickens were the only offenders in three 
cases. Hogs, calves, cows, sheep and horses were reported, the 
hogs being the most prevalent. Some injury was reported by 
both hogs and calves and also benefits from the former on ac- 
count of their tearing up the sod. : 

Twenty-one of the orchardists reported that they removed 
the grass, six that they removed a part of it, and seven that they 
left the grass for a mulch. Forty-seven out of the fifty-five 
applied either manure or a mulch, and only three growers 
removed their grass without adding manure. The amount of 
manure added, of course, varied with each grower, but in nearly 
every case some benefit was obtained. A few of the benefits 
noted were as follows: It retained moisture and increased the 
size and number of perfect fruits, prevented deep freezing, 
reduced the amount of sod, increased the growth, vigor and 
health of the trees, kept down weeds, prevented washing of the 
soil and provided a good crop of grass. 

It is readily seen that the orchard practices in this section 
are similar to those in the southeastern section. Young or- 
chards are cultivated and intercropped, and later when they com- 
mence to bear they are seeded down. Manure is also applied to 
most of the orchards. 

The third, or northeastern, section sent in six reports, and 
this small number is probably closely correlated with the impor- 
tance of the fruit industry of this region. All of these orchards 
have been cultivated, but now two are in sod. The remainder 
are intercropped with small fruits and vegetables. Small fruits, 


ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. 341 


especially the raspberry, have caused injury in two of the or- 
chards. Vegetables have apparently done no harm. Four 
growers stated that cultivation has increased the vigor, growth 
and productiveness of the trees, while one grower asserted that 
“tillage is a sure method of killing.” 

One of the sod orchards was in wild grass and the other 
in Junegrass. Grass was left in both of them for a mulch, with 
the exception that in one the grass was removed in the fall by 
cattle. 


Cultivated orchard, mulched with straw manure, at University Farm, Minnesota 
: State Agricultural College. 


Manure was reported as being used in five of the orchards 
and with one exception its effects were considered beneficial. 
One grower applied in the fall, in addition to the manure, two 
bushels of sawdust per tree. The sawdust was removed in the 
spring, and he reported that it protected the roots and did not 
harbor mice. : 

Neither cover crops nor blight were mentioned, but, accord- 
ing to Dr. E. C. Stakman, no significance can be attached to the 
absence of blight, as it occurs in the northern part of the state. 

The northwestern section also contributed six reports and, 
like the northeastern section, two orchards were reported as 
being in sod. Four of the orchards have been cultivated from 
two to ten years and no complaint of injury has been noted, and 
in fact an increase in health, vigor, growth and productiveness 


342 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


was reported in three of them. Vegetables and small fruits 
were used as intercrops in three cases and no injury was noted. 

Timothy, clover and alfalfa were used in the sod orchards, 
and the grass was left in one and the first cutting removed in 
the other. Five of the six growers used manures and two added 
fertilizers in addition. The fertilizer in one case consisted of 
lime and potash, arid in the other of nitrates and potash. Whether 
the fertilizer was of any value or not is difficult to state, as prob- 
ably no trees were left untreated for comparison. 

Going south to the central-west section, the reports jump to 
thirty, and’ if this number is a criterion then this section ranks 
third in importance as a fruit section. Three of the thirty grow- 
ers have used only tillage, twenty both tillage and sod, and seven 
only sod. Two of the three tillage men have been growing their 
trees two and five respectively, and perhaps they will seed 
their orchards down before very long. The third tillage man 
has cultivated his orchard fifteen years, but he thinks tillage is 
best when trees are young. One man has had his trees in sod 
for twenty years, and, like his compatriots, has noted no injury. 

Five orchardists thought cultivation induced blight, eight 
that it increased the health of the trees, thirteen that it increased 
vigor and growth, and four that it increased productiveness. 

As a general rule most of the orchards were seeded down 
when five to six years old, that is, when they commenced to 
bear. In fifteen, or one-half of the orchards, intercrops of vege- 
tables and small fruit have been grown. The only reported 
injury was from the use of currants and gooseberries. No 
cover crops were mentioned. Red clover and clover were sown 
in eleven cases, alfalfa in three, alsike and white clover in two, 
timothy in ten, and Junegrass in seven. Timothy appeared by 
self-seeding in two more, Junegrass in three, and weeds in four. 
As in previous cases, the combination of red clover and timothy 
proved to be the most popular mixture. 

Five, or one-sixth of the orchards, were pastured with hogs, 
cattle and calves, the first two kinds of animals being the most 
common. 

Manure and mulches were applied in twenty-seven out of 
the thirty orchards and various benefits were noted, as an in- 
crease in size of apples, color of foliage and productiveness, and 
a decrease in the amount of sod. The amount applied, as in the 
other sections of Minnesota, is very variable and difficult to state 
in exact weights. 


ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. 343 


Twenty reports were received from the southwestern part 
of the state, and if this number has any relation to the size of 
the fruit industry, then this region holds a rank of fourth place. 
As in the other large fruit regions, cultivation is favored the 
first few years and then sod. Only three growers have practiced 
only tillage, fourteen both sod and tillage, and three only sod. 
Tillage was thought by eight growers to increase the health of 
their trees, by four to induce blight, by eleven to increase growth, 
by ten to increase vigor, and by four to improve productiveness. 
No mention was made of injury caused by sod. 

Intercropping with vegetables and small fruits was noted in 
eleven out of the twenty orchards, and no injury was reported. 
Cover crops, one combination consisting of rye, rape and corn, 
and the other of weeds, were reported. The former was used 
_ for a hog pasture, and the latter was preferred to sod. 

For seeding down, clover and red clover were used in six 
cases, white clover in two, alsike in one, timothy in three, and 
Junegrass in seven. Junegrass appeared in three additional or- 
chards, orchard grass in one, and weeds in six. It is of interest 
that the Junegrass in this section was more prevalent than 
timothy. 

Six, or over twenty per cent, of the orchards, were pastured 
with cattle, sheep, horses and hogs, the last named being most 
common. 

Grass was left for a mulch in four orchards, part removed 
in four, and all removed in three. Eighteen of the twenty or- 
chards were manured, and only beneficial effects were noted. 

In summarizing the orchard practices in Minnesota, it is 
evident that most of the young orchards are cultivated and about 
one-half of them are intercropped with vegetables and small 
fruits. Later, when they commence to produce fruit, they are 
seeded down, usually with red clover and timothy. Throughout 
their life manure is applied freely, probably at first to feed not 
only the trees but also the intercrops and later to replace plant 
food removed by the grass and fruit. In other words, most of 
the Minnesota orchards are in sod, and their fertility is main- 
tained by artificial feeding. 

It is interesting to note that cover crops, which are so gen- 
erally used in fruit regions in other parts of the country, are 
practically unknown in Minnesota, especially as two of their 
values are to mature wood and to prevent winter-killing of roots. 
Another point of interest is that only one grower out of 154 men- 


344 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


tioned winter injury as due to tillage, and he was located in the 
northern part of the state. As was anticipated, negative and 
positive opinions were expressed as to the relation of cultivation 
to blight. In some localities, the injury from this disease is of 
minor importance, and probably by methods now advocated for 
its eradication it can be controlled in most every orchard. The 
consensus of opinion is that cultivation is of benefit to young 
orchards. If so, why shouldn’t it be of benefit to bearing or- 
chards, that is, where the soil does not wash and the moisture 
is not excessive? It has been definitely proven that toxic sub- 
stances are derived from grass which are injurious to the growth 
of trees. Such being the case, perhaps the young trees, before 
their roots have penetrated deeply, are more subject to injury 
than those of older trees. However, many of the feeding roots 
of the old trees intermingle with the grass roots and undoubtedly 
suffer considerable injury. You may ask, does not the grass as- 
sist in maturing the wood? But if the wood of the young trees 
which are commonly cultivated is not injured, is that not suffi- 
cient proof that old trees will not suffer by the same treatment? 
Granting that there is danger of winter-killing, we can resort 
to cover crops to mature the wood and protect the roots. Thus 
considering ‘“‘the pros and cons’ for tillage and sod, it seems as 
if many orchards now in sod might be materially benefited by 
either an alternation of cultivation and sod or tillage, combined 
with the use of cover crops. 


WHERE SHALL I Buy?—Beginners are very apt to ask this question. 
They have suspicion of nurserymen in general and ask the opinion of 
others as to some in particular. 

“Ts Black & Co. a reliable firm?” one asked the other day. 

We like to believe all nurserymen are reliable, and that they aim to do 
as they agree and satisfy the buyer. 

We are aware that mistakes are made, and dissatisfaction follows. 

The prospective buyer should read up on the business, for the more 
familiar he becomes with the literature, the wiser will be his decision as 
to whom he will patronize. 

Study and compare the catalogues. You can read much between the 
lines. 

You can see where enthusiasm leads to extravagant claims, and which 
are moderate and sensible. 

It is not the province of the Fruitman to point out this or that man as 
specially worthy of your confidence. There are scores of good men who will 
treat you fairly—‘“The Fruitman & Gardener.” 


THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. 3845 


The Vegetable Garden. 


AN EXERCISE AT LAST ANNUAL MEETING LED BY ALFRED PERKINS, MARKET 
GARDENER, ST. PAUL. 


A Member: I want to ask about raising Brussels sprouts. 

Mr. Perkins: That is a vegetable I have had quite a little 
experience with, but I find as a general thing the season here is 
pretty dry for it. We can get plenty of water, yet atmospheric 
conditions do not seem to be satisfactory as far as I can find out. 
Down on Long Island they raise very good Brussels sprouts, but 
they are surrounded by water, and I believe the atmosphere being 
charged with moisture in the fall of the year and not having the 
severe frosts we have, develops good Brussels sprouts. I have 
tried to grow them several years; I have had fairly good crops, 
but I must say in the majority of cases the crop was not Satisfac- 
tory. 

A Member: Mine seem to have little heads come on them, 
but the aphis ruin them. 

Mr. Perkins: The best thing you can do is to spray with 
tobacco, nicofume or tobacco dust. A good plan is to put tobacco 
dust on the ground around the plants—or tobacco stems are good. 
I have grown them not so much as a money benefit, but just for 
an experiment and for exhibition purposes. 

Mr. McBroom: I would like to know if there is anything 
being done in the way of storing celery by the St. Paul growers 
to bring it along to, say, Christmas time? 

Mr. Perkins: Yes, it is practiced to a certain extent. There 
are a few growers I know that have tried to hold the crop for the 
holidays, but as a general thing I think most of the growers pre- 
fer to get rid of it. We are likely to have very severe weather, 
and then it lets up, and it entails lots of labor to take care of it. 
If you have it too much covered it is liable to rot, and if you don’t 
have it covered enough it is liable to get frosted. 

Mr. Baldwin: I had quite a little experience a number of 
years ago. I used to keep it until the latter part of February or 
March, but in late years that which comes so freely from Cali- 
fornia ‘looks more attractive than the home grown, and it does not 
pay as well as it used to. I noticed along Lake Michigan, above 
Chicago, a very common way with them is to trench the depth of 
the plants and then put a layer about two plants thick, and then 
put a layer of dirt, six inches thick, and so on, and finally cover 
it all over with dirt. Let the dirt freeze until it will bear a man’s 
weight. After you have a crust of frozen dirt over it then cover 
it with some material to keep it from freezing, using a space ten 
feet wide and as long as you like. In that way you can keep the 
tops in fairly good condition until March. 

Mr. Perkins: Through Michigan that is practiced? 

Mr. Baldwin: That was out from Chicago. 

Mr. Perkins: Yes, the winter is not as severe as here. We 
get a cold spell, and we can’t always get it out, and unless you 


346 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, _ 


have a regular house for it it is quite difficult to handle it. I don’t 
think we could handle it here the same as they do down there. 

Mr. McBroom: ‘The rise in price in the winter would make 
it profitable to handle if it could be done. 

Mr. Perkins: I kept some one winter, and it kept in good 
condition, but I only did it once. Most of my attempts have been 
failures—I get it either too hot or too cold. Did you have a par- 
ticular house constructed for it? 

Mr. Baldwin: I have built them before now in pit form. 
There is a great deal of information can be secured very readily 
as to the construction of cheap houses. Make it with a board 
roof and make the roof come to the surface of the ground like a 
“VY” and have it as long as you like. I have seen it in Massachu- 
setts. But it doesn’t seem to pay, as they ship in more attractive 
looking celery from California and other places. 

Mr. Perkins: Do you think you could raise celery and sell 
it at the price of Michigan and California celery? Do you think 
you could compete with them? Do you think it would be com- 
mercially profitable today? 

Mr. Baldwin: It depends entirely upon your market. If you 
have private customers who really like good-flavored celery it 
would be far superior to the California. 

Mr. Perkins: Yes, Iam certain of that. However, they ship 
the foreign stuff in in such large quantities, and they can hold it 
almost indefinitely in those large storage houses. I never saw any 
celery grown about the Twin Cities that can compete with the 
California celery in looks. It is such large stuff; it seems the 
conditions there are much more favorable to the development of 
celery. 

Mr. McBroom: I would like to know if around St. Paul you 
use commercial fertilizer for celery? 

Mr. Perkins: No, sir; I don’t think so. There is very little 
commercial fertilizer used, plenty of stable manure to be had, 
although it is getting scarcer every year. However, there is 
still very little commercial fertilizer used. Once in a while you 
meet a man—Mr. Gibbs, I think experimented somewhat with it, 
not with celery but with other things. 

Mr. Gibbs: The experience I had with it, it was about all I 
could do to get the commercial fertilizer to pay for itself. The 
price of commercial fertilizer is advancing, like everything else. 

My. Perikns: You prefer to use ordinary stable manure? 

Mr. Gibbs: Yes, sir. If we can’t get that we might as well 
quit business. 

Mr. Perkins: What is the highest price you can pay for 
stable manure for fertilizer, delivered on the ground? Do you 
think there is any limit to the price of it? 

Mr. Gibbs: Yes; I don’t believe it will pay if it costs more 
than $2.00 a ton, delivered on the ground. 

Mr. Perkins: They are paying a good deal more in the East 
for it. 


THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. 347 


Mr. Gibbs: Yes, but they must get better prices than we do 
for the products. The prices we get for the products in a normal 
year wouldn’t justify paying more than $2.00 a ton, delivered. 

Mr. Reeves: I think $2.00 a ton would be the most we could 
pay at the prices we get in a normal year. 

Mr. Perkins: I don’t think you could get much at $2.00 a 
ton delivered. I think you have better market conditions up here 
than they have down East. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I think we get more for our vegetables 
than they do in the East. I visited several of the eastern gardens 
last week or week before, and they don’t get the prices we do. 
They use lots of fertilizer and still make ends meet. I think we 
make a mistake. They have their soil analyzed and see what it 
lacks; if we are going to use it we must do the same thing. We 
can’t use commercial fertilizer with too much nitrogen in it if 
we need nothing put potash, and vice versa. I am going to have 
the University analyze the soil to see what items we are weak in 
and what strong, then I think we can afford to use commercial 
fertilizer. 

Mr. Baldwin: We know very well that some crops require 
a great deal more than others of the different ingredients and you 
have to know for yourself if your crop needs a special amount of 
nitrogen. You have to study the crop you are going to raise. [ 
have used a good many tons of commercial fertilizer in Connecti- 
cut and Massachusetts and have seen it sold for $40.00 a ton, and 
they got their money back in profits. 

Mr. Perkins: What Mr. Baldwin says is true. We have to 
study the crop we are growing and furnish it with the necessary 
food. A lady was telling me that she was growing Chinese vege- 
tables, and she is selling all her products directly to the consumer. 
cessful was as follows: She read up everything she could find on 
the subject of these Chinese vegetables and then studied each 
individual vegetable until she arrived at a place where she could 
grow them to almost perfection. I never saw such beautiful vege- 
tables, and she is selling all her products directly to the consumer. 
As she says, she makes a study of the individual requirements. 
That is where we are lacking. We treat everything on the same 
broad principle, use the same fertilizer for everything, and if the 
crops do not turn out right we think it has something to do with 
the seed and blame the seedsmen. 

Mr. Gibbs: Isn’t it a fact that the use of a commercial fer- 
tilizer in a dry season usually results in failure, that it requires a 
good deal of moisture where you use a commercial fertilizer? 

Mr. Perkins: Yes, sir. 

Mr. Gibbs: I had that experience in 1910 in an onion patch. 
The rows were sixteen rods long and Professor Haglund, who 
was at the State Farm, tried seven different plots with commer- 
cial fertilizer. The cost was from $10 an acre to $30 an acre, and 
he took a plot a rod wide and sixteen rods long, a tenth of an acre. 
The season was very dry, and the result was on that seven-tenths 


348 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


of an acre I didn’t have a bushel of onions. They were all fail- 
ures, all burned up, while Professor Haglund said that on the 
ground adjoining, manured with stable manure, there was a very 
fair crop. He said you couldn’t use commercial fertilizer to 
advantage in a dry season, but the next season with the normal 
amount of moisture we had good success. The first year you 
could see bare places in the patch a way off, and it was four years 
after that before the plot showed up very good. 

Mr. Perkins: You think then that the use of commercial 
fertilizer was detrimental? 

Mr. Gibbs: It was detrimental, and it was four years before 
that was overcome. 

Mr. Perkins: That is strange, but I believe that the com- 
mercial fertilizer is not very thoroughly understood even by the 
most experienced experiment station. I think they have a good 
deal of doubt and misgiving as far as I can make out. 

Mr. Black: In my experience I find that we cannot tell 
just immediately, that is, the year we use the commercial fer- 
tilizer and the stable manure, we cannot form our conclusions 
which is the most profitable, because when we use stable manure 
we are giving humus to the soil, and when we are using commer- 
cial fertilizer the humus that is in the soil is steadily wasting 
away, and ground that does not contain a lot of humus re- 
quires moisture. We must give credit to the stable manure for 
the humus. 

Mr. Perkins: I think it is generally said that to get good 
results from commercial fertilizer it is necessary that the land 
should be rich in humus. 

Mr. McBroom: I would like to ask if there is any market 
for the new Chinese vegetables, especially Chinese celery and 
Chinese cabbages ? 

Mr. Perkins: I believe the market is going to be enlarged 
every year. The people like them, but the great drawback is the 
high price. Retailers charge a good price. 

Mr. McBroom: Does the grower get a fair division of the 
profit? 

Mr. Perkins: I don’t know, it is still somewhat in the 
experimental stage. There isn’t enough raised, and it takes a 
long time to educate people to the use of a new article; the 
retailers are afraid they won’t sell. Swiss chard, for instance, 
you don’t see on the market at all. I raised some here, but I 
couldn’t sell enough to pay for the Seed. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I think the price runs about like that of 
head lettuce. 

Mr. Perkins: Head lettuce retails pretty high just now 
because there is no home grown product, but in the summer time 
head lettuce retails around five cents a head, good head lettuce. 
I don’t know what they charge for the Chinese cabbage, but, as I 
say, people are not used to it. I don’t think there is any fixed 
standard. 

Mr. Underwood: Is it practicable and easy to grow head 
lettuce? 


THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. 349 


Mr. Perkins: Yes, it is easy to grow head lettuce. 

Mr. McBroom: In the heat of summer, in August? 

Mr. Perkins: No, sir; that is not the time of year to grow 
it, unless you have the right soil and climate. 

Mr. McBroom: But there is a demand for it. 

Mr. Perkins: Yes, sir; there is a demand for it. Up at 
Duluth, where the weather is cool, they can raise excellent head 
lettuce. Around St. Paul and Minneapolis during the latter part 
of August and September there are only a few men I know who 
have success with it, and that is on account of the land mostly. 
Lettuce wants a cool atmosphere, it won’t stand much heat. 

Mr. McBroom: Does the Chinese cabbage do well in hot 
weather? 

Mr. Perkins: No, sir; I don’t think so. Mr. Rasmussen, 
have you had any experience with Chinese vegetables? 

Mr. Rasmussen, Wis.: Yes, we grow a little; as the demand 
grows we will grow more. 

Mr. Perkins: Your climatic conditions are different than 
ours? 

Mr. Rasmussen: There isn’t much difference. It is hard to 
grow in the warm months, it will go to seed. The time to have it 
come on is after the cool weather comes on. We grow some head 
lettuce in the summer. If you had a Skinner system to water it, 
it would be all right. 

Mr. McBroom: Can you raise it under the Skinner system 
in hot weather? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir; not always, sometimes circum- 
stances are against it. Asa rule we expect to get it through with 
the water system. 

Mr. Perkins: Whereabouts are you located? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We are about in central Wisconsin. We 
are on the banks of Lake Winnebago, so of course we have a little 
more water. 


RustT-RESISTANT ASPARAGUS.—According to the Weekly News Letter of 
the United States Department of Agriculture, under date of April 7, it is 
announced that small quantities of the stock of a type of asparagus that is 
so resistant to rust that it is practically free from injury even when exposed 
to severe infection are now available for distribution by the United States 
Department of Agriculture to growers for trial only. This type has been 
developed by the department in co-operation with the Massachusetts experi- 
ment station. Growers who desire to avail themselves of the opportunity to 
try it are asked to take the matter up with their county agent or state agri- 
cultural college, with whom the department desires to co-operate to secure a 
fair test between it and some standard variety, such as Reading Giant, 
Argentile, or Palmetto. 

In the present distribution preference will be given to those sections in 
which rust is a serious problem, but the new strains have been tested for 
other qualities than rust resistance, and it is believed that in yield, type, and 
quality they are superior to stocks now in common use in regions where 
rust is of minor importance. The seed now available for distribution is from 
carefully selected, pedigreed plants from the best rust-resistant parent 
plants found in the course of the breeding experiments which have been car- 
ried on since 1906. 


350 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Destroying Mice and Rabbits. 
C. E. SNYDER, PRESTON. 

In this country mice and rabbits destroy more apple trees 
than all other causes combined. We have tried every method that 
we ever heard about or read of to protect the orchard from these 
pests. Wrapped with paper, wood veneer, screen wire, hilling 
with dirt, tramping the snow, etc., but in spite of all this every 
now and then a tree would be girdled worth anywhere from 
$10.00 to $50.00. So we concluded the only way to do was to kill 
off the pest. We tried poison of all kinds in different ways, 
strychnine and arsenic in all kinds of meal put in tin cans and 
laid on their side in corn shocks, under hay or piles of rubbish. 
Of course this gets some of them but not all by any means. 

We find the best way to get all the mice is to get a half bushel 
of those little wood mouse traps. Can get them at any hardware 
store for about a penny apiece. Put ten or so of them in corn 
shocks in and about the orchards and have them baited with 
strong cheese. Get a careful boy or man to look at them twice a 
day, and he will find them full of mice for the first few days. 
Then they begin to get scarcer, but they will keep coming until 
you get every single one on the premises. The same bait will last 
for a good many days as they hardly get their teeth in it before 
they are caught. We have caught the traps full when there were 
cans of poison in the same shocks. Keep the traps set even after 
you think they are all gone, as some may run in from the groves 
or other fields. 

The way to get all the rabbits is to go after them with a fer- 
ret. It takes three or four to do it right, as you must catch them 
as they come out of their holes or shoot them as they run, and we 
frequently find five or six rabbits in one set of holes. Go in the 
fall after it freezes up and then again after the first snow. Go 
over the ground thoroughly. After that you will find only few 
that run in from the neighboring groves or hills. Go after them 
again. It is great sport, and ih a couple or three times you will 
have all the cottontails. 


No VINE Crops IN SMALL PLOTS.—It does not pay to grow the vine 
crops in very small gardens unless they can be trained on trellises at the 
side of the garden or planted on the area which has matured an early crop 
like lettuce, early peas, spinach, or radishes. 

The vine crops are all warm season crops and cannot be planted in the 
field usually before June 1st. The growing season is so short that only the 
earlier varieties of muskmelons and watermelons can be matured from seed 
started outdoors. Cucumbers and squash usually mature if started the first 
week in June, but even they should be started in the hot-bed if an early 
product and a large yield are desired“ Wis. Horticulture.” 


or 


EVERBEARING STRAWBERRIES AT OSAGE, IA., IN 1916. 351 


Everbearing Strawberries at Osage, Iowa, in 1916. 
CHAS. F. GARDNER, OSAGE, IOWA. 


At this time I must tell you what the result has been on our 
greunds in cultivating and handling the fall-bearing strawberry 
during the season just closed. Last January (1916) the whole 
country was covered over with a thick layer of ice, so heavy and 
dense as to shut out the air, so that the plants would suffocate. 
To prevent this we rolled all our strawberry patches with a heavy 
east iron roller, well weighed down with stone. This broke up 
the ice in good shape and saved the plants. During early spring 
we had plenty of moisture, and some to spare, and vines got fairly 
well rooted before the long, dry spell commenced. As the aridity 
increased we intensified our work by cultivating twice a week 
and keeping a large hoeing gang steadily at work for a long time. 
In this way we brought our plants out in a green, healthy condi- 
tion in spite of the intense heat, and picked and marketed over 
thirty thousand quarts of berries during August, September and 
October. The most of them were shipped in pint boxes. There 
were no extra large berries, as we had last season, when they 
run all sizes up to 584, inches in circumference. This year they 
just ran a fair size for market, but extra fine in quality. I never 
knew them to taste better. 

It was too dry for the Peerless, and they made a poor show- 
ing as compared with last year. One more good rain at the right 
time would have pulled them through up to their former record 
with a bound, but the required moisture did not come, and the 
result shows they cannot stand extremely dry weather as well as 
a good many other kinds. I shall watch them the coming season 
with great interest. This year we have gathered about forty 
pounds of fine clean strawberry seed from the best fall-bearing 
plants, which we shall keep for those who wish to experiment in 
growing seedlings and help us in our search for a plant that will 
take the place of those we are now growing. There is no end to 
this work, as there is always room for something better. 

In July we were favored with a visit by Prof. Darrow, of 
Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. He also visited us 
again in September. He tells us he wants to be with us a week or 
two next season (1917). 

We did a little business the latter part of the season by start- 
ing a “preserving plant” and we put up 3,000.1014-ounce screw 
top preserve jars. Retail at twenty-five cents. We have com- 


352 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


pared our product with “Heinz,” “Beech Nut” and other brands, 
and we are willing to leave the verdict as to comparative quality 
to the consumer. 

The two worst enemies that the strawberry grower has to 


contend with is_ the 
strawberry a phis 
(louse) and the white 
grub. It pays to dip all 
plants before setting in 
a solution of nicotine 
and water, mixing it ac- 
cording to directions on 
the can. This will kill 
all lice or lice eggs that 
may be on the plant. 
Ants plant the lice eggs 
on the roots just below 
the crown of the plant, 
where they hatch out, 
and the young louse 
proceeds to suck the sap 
out of the roots. Just 
a few lice on a plant 
will lower its vitality so 
it cannot do good busi- 
ness in making run- 
ners or bearing fruit, 
and in a few weeks the 


in September. 


An everbearing strawberry field at Osage, Ia., 


die. The ants person- 
ally do no damage to 
the plants, but they 
tend the lice after 
hatching as faithfully 
as we tend a herd of 
cows and for practical- 
ly the same purpose. A weak solution of lime and sulphur can 
be used instead of-nicotine. We used it in the spring of 1915; 
this year we uSed nicotine. 

Plant strawberries on clean, new land that has been well 
fertilized and under good cultivation for at least two or three 
years, being fall plowed every year. The reason of this, as every 


plant will dwindle and - 


ee 


EVERBEARING STRAWBERRIES AT OSAGE, IA., IN 1916. 353 


good strawberry grower knows, is to remove all chances of the 
dreaded white grub. Read the history of these creatures, they 
are among the insects which undergo a complete transformation, 
and of which the pupa is inactive. They belong to the coleoptera 
order or species. The winged insect is our Junebug, which every- 
body knows as a winged beetle. They lay eggs in the ground and 
in rubbish, which hatch out, and the larva is about one-sixteenth 
of an inch long. At the end of that season it goes into the ground 
again, and the next spring it grows rapidly and becomes full sized 
larva (white grub). In the autumn these go into the ground and 
change to the pupa state. There is Junebug, egg, larva, full sized 
larva, then pupa and so on without end—taking three years to 
make the rounds. This is the kind that does so much damage in 
timothy grass land. There are more than a thousand varieties of 
these insects now on exhibition in our museums. Now, Mr. Presi- 
dent, I want it distinctly understood that I do not claim to have 
the honor of first discovery in the facts related, because it was all 
known to Aristotle, who died 324 B. C. 

There is no strawberry vine that is hardy enough to with- 
stand the attack of the white grub or the aphis I have mentioned. 
They both mean disaster and death. You must prepare your 
ground in advance as I have stated. Remember, plenty of good 
fertilizer, and fall plowing is a good way to commence. 

We use several tons of tobacco dust evéry season on our 
plants. We make first application just after setting. You need 
not be afraid to give several applications during the season. 
There is no insect that will fall in love with it. If it gets on the 
fruit it is easily washed off after the fruit is gathered. We wash 
nearly all the strawberries we put on the market. We use cold 
well water. We dry them in a cool cellar with an electric fan. 
They are all sorted and after being treated this way they will 
stand shipping much better. 


Mr. Gardner: A year or so ago [I read an article on straw- 
berries, and I made the statement that I didn’t know of any place 
in the United States where a single solitary plant could be found 
of the old Wilson Albany. When Mr. Darrow was at my place I 
spoke about that, of my idea that the Wilson had disappeared, 
and he told me there is a place in the United States where they 
still have the old Wilson, and that is in the Connecticut river val- 
ley. He says some parties there are still growing the Wilson 
strawberry. 

A Member: What variety do you find to be the best shipper? 

Mr. Gardner: I think the Progressive is as good a shipper 
as any of them. 


354 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


A Member: I would like to know at what rate that tobacco 
dust is put on and how you put it on. 

Mr. Gardner: I just take a small handful and put it on the 
plant; let it kind of spread as it goes down, get a little on the foli- 
age and be sure to get some on the ground. 

Mr. Kellogg: I have visited Mr. Gardner, and I am willing 
to believe all he says and swear to it. He has so many kinds, I 
want to ask him how many varieties he has that are better than 
the Progressive? 

Mr. Gardner: I don’t claim the variety has been found that 
is better. That is what we are working for. We may have plants 
that we think will beat it, but I don’t know yet whether they will 
because it takes time to test them. I presume we have over a 
thousand different varieties. 

Mr. Kellogg: You have got over two thousand different 
varieties. 

A Member: Will it do any good to place tobacco stems upon 
strawberry plants? 

Mr. Gardner: I don’t think it does. 

Mr. Thompson: Don’t you think it would be easier and bet- 
ter to spray your strawberries than it would be to treat them 
with tobacco dust? 

Mr. Gardner: Oh, I would do both. I think with the tobacco 
dust, if you can see the insects disperse and all those that have 
means of flying sailing through the air and see them dig out, you 
will have a kind of an idea of the consternation among the tribes 
that live down under the leaves. It shows, as I said before, there 
is no insect that falls in love with tobacco dust. I think it is all 
right. I think enough of it to use quite a number of tons every 
year. 

A Member: How long does the effect last, one application? 

Mr. Gardner: Until after a heavy rain. 

A Member: Is it advisable to mix the everbearing straw- 
berries for cross-pollenization with spring strawberries? 

Mr. Gardner: No, sir; I would not. 


LILY OF THE VALLEY IN COLD STORAGE.—Pips not used up to this time, 
or only temporarily stored in frames for the winter, must go into cold storage 
proper. Repacking for cold storage is not absolutely necessary in the case 
of valley wintered over until now in cold frames, but to be on the safe side 
with that which is to be held back until late in the season the bundles if in 
any way dry should be dipped up to the crowns in water, and then be stood 
upright and close together in boxes, and instead of sand or soil dampened 
moss should be used in repacking. After the middle of March frames cease 
to be a safe place for Lily of the Valley. The stock to be forced soon will be 
all right in from twenty-six to twenty-eight degrees, while that to be held 
longer keeps best in from twenty-three to twenty-five degrees. Of more 
importance than degree is steadiness and while the temperature should never 
be more than twenty-eight degrees or lower than twenty-three degrees, the 
mark most easily maintained between these two extreme points should be 
held to right along with unwavering regularity so the pips will retain their 
strength.—Horticulture. 


ate a tc ppt ile 


LIBERTY GARDENS. 355 


Liberty Gardens. 
R. S. MACKINTOSH, AGRICULTURAL DIVISION, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 


Everywhere we go we find small and large plots of land 
pianted for the first time in vegetables. In the past these emer- 
gency gardens have been called ‘War gardens.”” We now propose 
the name LIBERTY GARDENS. We have entered this war to pro- 
tect our own liberty and to assist all others to enjoy the same 
privilege. If the vegetables produced in these gardens are prop- 
erly used and conserved it means that the food supply of America 
and the world has been increased. The plea is going out in every 
way possible for the use of vegetables in place of wheat and meat. 
These two products are needed for war purposes. It is stated 
that Americans do not use as large a percentage of fruits and 
vegetables as they should. The proportion of vegetables is only 
about fourteen per cent. of the food used. The food administra- 
tion authorities urge that the amount be increased to thirty per 
cent. 

As horticulturists—the largest horticultural society in 
America—we are deeply interested in all that pertains to fruit, 
vegetables and flowers. If the people are to use more vegetables 
we should do everything that lies within our power to stimulate 
and support this change. How can we do it? We can set the 
example by doing it ourselves. Can and dry more vegetables. 
Use more vegetables every day of the year. As we are “setting 
the pace” then we can urge others to do the same thing. As Mr. 
Latham wrote earlier in the year, we are interested and the ones 
who know how to grow the vegetables and fruits, therefore we 
should assist all others who need help. Secretary Cranefield, of 
the Wisconsin Society, has urged that every member be a com- 
mittee of one to look after the work in his own community. Do 
this by growing, eating, and talking about how to grow, how to 
cultivate, how to use, how to can, how to store, and the other 
hows that come up. 

How many quarts of canned vegetables and fruits can you 
use? Do you not believe that every family should have at least 
twenty-five quarts of canned vegetables for every person in the 
family? This has been suggested as the minimum amount. The 
more used the better. If each person saves a little wheat and 
meat it means a big saving when it is multiplied by 125,000,000— 
the number of persons in America. 


356 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


My Prize Orchard. 


HENRY DUNSMORE, OLIVIA. 


In April, 1914, when I planted my prize orchard the land was 
in a high state of cultivation. The rows were laid out north and 
south, and east and west, and the trees planted twenty-five and 
thirty feet apart. The land was staked off, using a stake for 
every tree. After the outside rows were measured and straight- 
ened the inside stakes were sighted both ways and driven into the 
ground. 

The holes were dug three feet in diameter by two feet deep. 
The hole was then filled with surface soil, making it sixteen inches 
deep, ready to receive the tree. The trees were planted by sifting 
fine earth among the roots and packing with the hand so that no 
air spaces were left. After the roots were covered the earth 
above the roots was stamped down with the foot as solid as it was 
possible to make it. The hole was filled up and the stamping proc- 
ess continued, leaving the top soil loose and slightly below the 
level of the ground. 

During the summer the trees were cultivated once a week 
until the middle of July, when cultivation ceased. The trees have 
made a very good growth, and all are alive. No blight has ap- 
peared among them. With two exceptions the trees are in per- 
fect health. Canker spots appeared on the trunks of two trees, 
but the diseased parts have been cut out and the wounds sealed 
over with grafting wax. A light mulch of coarse litter spread 
about the roots and kept four inches clear from the trunk has 
been applied each winter since planting. In 1914 vegetables of 
different kinds were grown between the rows; in 1915, potatoes; 
in 1916, navy beans, which proved to be the most profitable acre 
on the farm, yielding a net profit of $60.00. 


THE HONEY.DEW MUSKMELON.—The Honey Dew muskmelon attracted 
considerable attention on our markets last season, and a few growers have 
been contemplating planting in quantity. The Honey Dew is of the semi- 
Casaba type; in fact, it is said to be a cross between the Casaba and the 
Colorado Netted Gem. The Casaba requires too long a season to be grown 
successfully in our climate. The few tests which were made of the Honey 
Dew last year indicate that this variety also requires a long season. If the 
plants are started in dirt bands, a longer season can be provided than normal 
and by this means there is a possibility that the Honey Dew can be grown 
successfully here. In view of the doubts in the matter, growers are advised 
not to plant this melon in quantity, but to devote their time and land to crops 
of certain success and of high food value.—C. E. Durst, “Market Growers’ 
Journal.” 


Dt ent 


357 


MY PRIZE ORCHARD. 


‘pI6I Ul J98G “VIAITO ‘e1oWsuNnqg AIUSH JO prvyoio oztid 


358 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Liberty Breads to Save Wheat and Meat. 


In the propaganda to save wheat in this country many sug- 
gestions have been made by various persons. One is to have 
wheatless days. Probably the most important is to use other 
cereals as corn, rye, oats and barley in place of, or in conjunction 
with, wheat. 

Miss Josephine E. Berry and her associates of the Home 
Economics Division of the Agricultural College, have spent weeks 
studying these problems, and they have prepared a number of 
excellent recipes, which should be available to all bread makers. 

Note: In all the following proportions a half pint measuring 
cup is used, and all measurements are level. The flour is meas- 
ured after sifting. 

Yeast Cornmeal Bread. 


One and one-fourth cups liquid (milk and water), two table- 
spoons sugar, one tablespoon fat, two teaspoons salt, one-half 
cake compressed yeast softened in one-fourth cup liquid, two- 
thirds cup cornmeal, two and one-third cups flour. 

The above proportion makes one loaf of bread. 

Directions for Making Yeast Cornmeal Bread. Add sugar, 
fat, and salt to liquid and bring to boiling point. Add the 
cornmeal slowly, stirring constantly until all is added. Bring to 
the boiling point. Remove from the fire and cool. These propor- 
tions of cornmeal and water result in so thick a mixture that to 
add the given amounts of flour looks impossible. It can be done, 
however. Add compressed yeast softened in one cup water. Add 
flour and knead. Let rise until about double its bulk, knead again, 
and put in pans. When light, bake in a moderate oven for at least 
an hour. 

If dried yeast is used, a sponge should be made from about 
one-half cup liquid taken from the amount given in the propor- 
tions and some of the flour. This is allowed to rise before adding 
the cornmeal mixture and the remainder of the flour. 


Yeast Oatmeal Bread 


One cup liquid (milk and water), two tablespoons sugar, one 
tablespoon fat, one teaspoon salt, one-half cake compressed yeast, 
softened in one-fourth cup liquid, one cup rolled oats, two and 
one-half cups wheat flour. 

This proportion makes one loaf of bread. 

Scald liquid and pour over rolled oats, sugar, salt, and fat. 
Let stand until lukewarm. Add yeast softened in warm water. 
Add flour and knead. Let rise until double its bulk. Knead again 
and place in pans. When light bake forty-five minutes to one 
hour in a moderate oven. 


OT 


LIBERTY BREADS TO SAVE WHEAT AND MEAT. 359 


Steamed Brown Bread 


One cup cornmeal, one cup bread crumbs, one-half teaspoon 
salt, three-fourths teaspoon soda, one cup sour milk, one-half cup 
molasses. 

Mix cornmeal, crumbs, salt, and soda. Add to sour milk 
and molasses. Steam three to four hours. Bread may be dried 
off in the oven for about fifteen minutes. 


Oatmeal Cookies (Rocks) 


One cup sugar, one-fourth teaspoon salt, one cup fat, two 
eggs, two-thirds cup sour milk, two cups raw rolled oats, one-half 
cup cut raisins, two cups flour, one-half teaspoon soda, one-half 
teaspoon cinnamon, one-half teaspoon cloves. 

Mix sugar, salt, melted fat, and eggs. Add sour milk, rolled 
oats, and raisins. Add flour, soda,’salt, and spice sifted together. 
Drop from a teaspoon onto oiled pans, leaving an inch space 
between cookies. Bake ina hot oven. 


Oatmeal Muffins - 


One and one-half cups milk, two eggs, two tablespoons fat, 
two tablespoons sugar, one teaspoon salt, two cups rolled oats, 
one cup flour, four teaspoons baking powder. Pour milk over 
oats and let soak one-half hour. Add eggs and melted fat. Add 
to dry ingredients which have been sifted together. Bake 25 to 


30 minutes. 
To Use Sour Milk 


All of the muffins and griddle cakes may be made with sour 
milk in place of sweet milk. To do this, use one-half teaspoon 
soda to each cup of sour milk, omitting two teaspoons of the 
baking powder called for. 


Rye Yeast Bread 


One cup liquid (milk and water), two tablespoons sugar, 
one tablespoon fat, one teaspoon salt, one-half cake compressed 
yeast softened in two tablespoons water, two and one-quarter 
cups rye flour, two and one-quarter cups wheat flour. Combine 
ingredients. Mix into dough and knead. Let rise until double 
original bulk. Knead again. When again double in bulk, bake 
about forty-five minutes. | 


Potato Yeast Bread 


Note: The following amounts make three loaves of bread: 
One-half cup liquid (milk and water), four tablespoons sugar, 
four tablespoons fat, one and one-half teaspoons salt, one-half 
cake compressed yeast softened in one-quarter cup water, four 
cups boiled potatoes, eight cups flour. Combine ingredients. 
Mix into dough with about six cups of the flour, and knead. Let 
rise until double original bulk. Knead and add remainder of 
the flour. When again double in bulk, bake about one hour. 


360 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


War-Time Recipes. 

MRS. E. W. GOULD, PRES. MINN. STATE GARDEN FLOWER SOCIETY, MINNEAPOLIS. 

We are asked, in order that we may share enough food to 
feed our allies, to save wheat, fats, meats and sugar, the last 
to be saved by doing without frosting on our cakes, candy and 
soft drinks, which will not be a hardship to any of us. 

The wheat saving recipes have most of them appeared in 
our daily papers, so most of those given below are those conserv- 
ing meats, fats and eggs. These are recipes collected from 


various sources, and so changed through years of use that they 
are nearly new. They are given with the hope they may be of 
help to us in our ‘“‘Hooverizing,” as I call this act of patriotism, 
—helping our country to make the food “‘go around.” Doing this 
is part of our “bit,” just as much as rolling bandages and knit- 
ting. It is even more urgent. 

Delicious Vegetable Soup (without meat.) Two quarts boil- 
ing water, one small carrot, one turnip, one parsnip, two onions, 
chopped rather fine; one heaping teaspoon butter, one heaping 
teaspoon sugar, pinch of soda. Boil one hour. Add four potatoes 
chopped, one-half cup rice (uncooked). Boil forty minutes. 
Then add two cups scalded milk, salt and pepper. 

Stuffed Egg Plant (meat substitute.) Boil an egg plant 
until tender. Scrape the inside all out, mash and add one level 
tablespoon butter, one-half to three-quarters cup bread crumbs, 
salt and pepper to taste. Then put back in the shell and bake 
at least one-half hour. Serve in the shell. Onion juice may be 
added to the egg plant if liked. ; 

Butterless and Eggless Cake. Will keep well. Two cups 
sugar, two cups water, one package seeded raisins. Boil five 
minutes after it begins to boil. Let cool. Add two tablespoons 
shortening, one teaspoon salt, one teaspoon cinnamon, one tea- 
spoon soda, one-half teaspoon cloves, two teaspoons baking 
powder and three cups of flour. This is called ‘““War-Cake,” these 
amounts making one large or two medium loaves. 

Cocoanut Indian Pudding. One quart milk, one tablespoon 
cocoanut, two tablespoons corn meal, one tablespoon minute 
tapioca, one-half cup sugar, one-half teaspoon salt, one table- 
spoon butter. (This can be omitted if the pudding is served 
with cream.) Bake slowly one hour. 

Small Bread Pudding. One cup bread crumbs, one pint 
milk, one egg, two tablespoons sugar, one-quarter teaspoon 
salt, one teaspoon butter, flavoring. Bake slowly one-half hour. 
Serve with any preferred sauce or jelly. One tablespoon of 
grated chocolate makes this a chocolate pudding. 

Gingerbread (without butter or eggs.) One cup molasses, 
one-half cup sugar, one tablespoon (large) bacon fat or other 
shortening, one teaspoon ginger, one-half teaspoon salt, two 
and one-half cups flour. Stir together and add one cup boiling 
water in which has been dissolved one teaspoon soda. 


WAR-TIME RECIPES. 361 


Steamed Pudding. One cup molasses, one cup sweet milk, 
two cups graham flour, one teaspoon soda, one-half teaspoon 
salt, one-half teaspoon cloves, one-half teaspoon cinnamon, one- 
half cup seeded raisins. Steam three hours. Serve with any 
preferred sauce. 

Potato Puff. One cup mashed potato, one-half cup milk, 
one tablespoon melted butter, one egg beaten separately, one- 
quarter teaspoon salt. Add last the stiffly beaten white of egg. 
Bake fifteen or twenty minutes and serve hot. 

Corn Omelet (meat substitute.) Four egg yolks beaten, 
four tablespoons milk, two cups green corn, one teaspoon salt, 
one tablespoon sugar, four egg whites beaten stiff. Mix first 
five ingredients, fold'in the egg whites. Turn into a greased 
omelette pan and cook slowly until brown underneath. Then 
brown in the oven. 

Corn Chowder (meat substitute.) One pint boiling water, 
one cup macaroni, one and one-half cups corn (fresh or canned), 
four potatoes cubed, one sliced onion, one quart milk, one table- 
spoon (large) salt pork fat or bacon fat, two tablespoons flour, 
one-half teaspoon salt, one-eighth teaspoon pepper, six large 
crackers. 

_Cook macaroni in boiling water twenty minutes. Add corn, 
potatoes and onion. Boil until potatoes are soft. Add fat. Thicken 
milk with the flour, and add to corn mixture. Add seasonings 
ae pour into a tureen containing crackers. Serve hot in soup 
plates. 

Cheese and Nut Loaf (meat substitute.) One cup grated 

cheese, one cup bread crumbs, one cup chopped nuts (any kind), 
two tablespoons melted fat, two tablespoons lemon juice, one 
teaspoon salt, one-eighth teaspoon pepper, two tablespoons 
chopped onion, one beaten egg (can be omitted), one tablespoon 
flour, one-quarter cup water. Make into loaf and bake fifteen 
to thirty minutes.—Girls’ Vocational School Cooking Class. 

Boston Loaf (meat substitute.) Two cups cold cooked 
beans, one-quarter pound grated cheese, one-half cup bread 
crumbs, one teaspoon salt, one-eighth teaspoon pepper, one table- 
spoon chopped onion, one-half cup chopped celery, one egg (may 
be omitted), water enough to mix into a loaf. Bake fifteen to 
thirty minutes.—Girls’ Vocational School Cooking Class. 

Mock Peach Pickles. Take smooth green tomatoes. Boil 
them in equal parts of vinegar and water until the skin can be 
removed. Stick four or five whole cloves in each after removing 
skins. Make a syrup of five pounds of sugar to a quart of vine- 
gar. Boil the tomatoes in this gently so as not to cook to pieces. 
When they look clear and are tender put them in crock or jars. 
They will not be at their best for three months, but are delicious 
after that time. 

Spider Corn Bread. One and two-thirds cups corn meal, 
one-third cup flour, two cups sweet milk, one cup sour milk, 
three-quarters cup sugar, two eggs, one small teaspoon soda, 
one-half teaspoon salt, butter, or substitute, size of an egg. Dis- 


362 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


solve soda in one cup sweet milk. Beat eggs light, add milk in 
which soda was dissolved, sour milk and dry ingredients. Have 
a spider very hot on stove. Melt butter in it, greasing the sides 
well. Pour in mixture. Then add on top of this the other cup 
of sweet milk, but do not stir it. Place spider in hot oven and 
bake from'twenty to thirty minutes. 


Orchard Observations. 
P. H. O’CONNOR, MINNEAPOLIS. 


In the past ten years I have been on some of the finest and 
best fruit farms in New England and have watched the processes 
of spraying, trimming, cultivating, and planting, and let me say 
right here that in Minnesota the trees are planted too close. If 
the trees were planted thirty to thirty-five feet apart they could 
be sprayed from the ground and the fruit picked from an eight 
foot step ladder instead of an extension ladder. The trees should 
be pruned with a pruning knife or a saw to let the sunshine 
properly color the apples. I am a thorough believer in the vase 
shaped fruit tree. The limbs should start about two feet from 
the ground, and if there is danger of the tree splitting it should 
be wired. 

The apple was one of the earliest settlers in New England 
although it might not have been indigenous to the soil. I¢ fol- 
lowed the settlers into the back woods and up the mountain sides, 
and grew beside the cabin door, extending its pleasant branches 
for the children to play under, and dropped its fruit almost into 
the laps of the people. The fruit was hard and bitter compared 
with the apples of today, and would not keep through the winter, 
yet it added immensely to the simple diet of our ancestors. 
Nature, ever ready to be bountiful, unexpectedly dropped into 
the laps of those people some very great gifts. Wherever chil- 
dren threw away apple cores, or wherever pomace from the cider 
mills was thrown, apple trees sprung up, and many of these were 
marvelous trees. The Rhode Island Greening, the Yellow Bell- 
flower, the Baldwin, and a number of other good varieties came 
forth spontaneously. They were nature’s gift. We can truth- 
fully say that the apple is the king of fruits. Out West, in 
Oregon and Washington, this king of fruits is crowned. The 
people almost fall down and worship it. If there is anything 
under the sun that the apple needs the people bring it to it. 
When they put the apple up on exhibition, they put garlands of 
flowers around the boxes, and trim them up with flags and bunt- 
ing, for they believe the apple is the king of fruits. What do we 
do? We treat it like a beggar. We do not give it scraps from 
the table. If we have a little time we do not know what to do 
with we go and trim the apple trees. Some people use an ax and 
trim the lower part of the trees and neglect the top. The apple 
tree gets just what it can. It lies at our door like Lazarus in 
the Bible story, full of sores, and we do not seem to care any- 
thing about it. Let me give you a motto: “Boost the apple and 
it will boost your state.” 


PREMIUM LIST, ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 363 


Premium List, Annual Meeting, 1917. 
THOS. REDPATH, GENERAL SUPT. 


All entries must be made with the Secretary at least one week before 
the date of the annual meeting, and blanks may be secured of the Secretary 
for this purpose. 

All exhibits must be in place by 10:00 o’clock a. m. of the first day of 


- the meeting to be entitled to compete for premiums, except as noted. 


Exhibitors competing must be members of this society and growers of 
the articles exhibited. 

All bulky articles must be brought in through the rear entrance to the 
hotel and by elevator to the second floor, where the exhibition is to be held. 


FLORAL DISPLAY. 
W. H. Bofferding, 710 No. 2nd St., Minneapolis, Supt. 


PLANTS. 
To be staged Monday p. m., December 3, 1917. 
1st. 2nd. 3rd. 
@ollection of 12 specimen Palms .............. $20.00 $15.00 $10.00 
Holection of 12 specimen Ferns ............:. 10.00 7.00 4.00 
Collection of 12 specimen Blooming Plants .... 15.00 10.00 6.00 
(Covering 25 square feet.) 
VEGETABLES. 


Exhibits to be set up Monday p. m., December 38, 1917. 
N. H. Reeves, Minneapolis, Supt. 


Ist. 2nd. 3rd. Ath. 
RUMEN aaa soa ale iere « Go c/tieie vie wes $2.50. $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 
BS MCAGS sh. isc cere ee oes e 2 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
DI TICC I es ce see eee eee bw 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
SEER GOZ. “SUAS (2. sic s icc e cae es we 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
EEL OT. TOOUS ii... ec ee baltic 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
eee doz, Heads .......6 neces ecw 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Pee tepeck Red) .). 6. cee ee ens 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Mamenmer peck. White .......cc0c scence 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Sri peck YCHOW ......s'0cccn ee eee 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Onions, 1 peck White Pickling........... 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Sete! COZ, DUNGCHES 2... 8 cece e ees 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
femme 2s buUSMel oe ce ees e ne 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
fees, Marly Ohio, 1 bu. ........606- 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Potoes, ural type, 1 bu............... 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Pees. ariumph, 1 bu........0.06..... 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Peramies turhank, | bu.........00..000 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Pie Pumpkins, three specimens ........ 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
edison, tresh, 1 doz. bunches...........% 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Bement COZ, DUNCKES 20... 601526 ste cs ules 2.50 1.50 1.50 50 
Hubbard Squash, three specimens ....... 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 
Remmerenrnings | peck 66.665 os eee ee ne 2.50 150: \. | 2:00 50 
Futabaras, % bushel ........cccncccess 2.50 1.50 1.00 50 


SEEDLING APPLES. 

Four specimens (not less than 2% inches in diameter) must be furnished 
of each variety exhibited. 

Entries of seedling apples can be made only by owner of the original tree 
or his sole authorized agent. Competition is open to all except on such 
varieties as are being propagated for sale by some person other than the 
originator. ‘ 

Competition in seedling apples is open also to the western half of Wiscon- 
sin, the northern third of Iowa, and all of North Dakota, South Dakota and 
Manitoba. 


364 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ereens will be divided pro rata among the entries scoring 60 or up- 
wards. 

Before payment of premiums awarded on seedling apples, a history and 
description of the tree and its fruit may be required. Blanks with suitable 
questions will be furnished for this purpose. 

N. B.—The judges will, at their discretion, change entries of seedling 
apples from either class to the other. 

EARLY WINTER SEEDLING.—tThe fruit shown must not have been 
kept in cold storage. Premium $40.00, to be divided pro rata. 

LATE WINTER SEEDLING.—Same conditions as for early winter 
seedling except that if found necessary the fruit shown may be retained and 
final decision reserved until later in the winter. Premium $60.00 to be 
divided pro rata. 

In each of the above two classes the varieties receiving the three highest 
awards will be designated as having received first, second and third pre- 
mium, respectively. 

APPLES (not including crabs.) 
No inferior fruit can be shown. 


1st. 2nd. 3rd. 
Each variety (may or may not have been in cold 
storage) included in the 1917 fruit list of the 
society, or in the 1917 premium list of the 
Minnesota: State Mair > cetecien citer treme $0.75 $0.50 $0.25 
Collection, not to exceed ten nor less than six 
WATIOUIGS: "ste: d-c ats Lr swhate ete Seo inte eat toner aa $20.00 to be divided pro rata 


TOP-WORKED APPLES. 

Collection of named varieties grown on scions top-grafted on other trees. 
Accompanying the name of each variety, shown on the same label (to be 
furnished by the management), must be noted the name of the variety on 
which it is top-worked. $40.00 to be divided pro rata. 


PECKS OF APPLES. 

Peck of any variety of apples, the fruit exhibited to be at the disposal 
of the society. An exhibitor may enter a peck each of as many different 
kinds as he pleases. $40.00 to be divided pro rata. 

BOXES AND BARRELS OF APPLES. 

Must have been packed by the exhibitor. 

Only one variety (not less than 2% in. in diameter) can be shown in a 
box. Bushel boxes of the standard size must be used. Awards will be 
based on the quality of the fruit, packing, etc. _ ; 

Box of any variety of apples, including seedlings. An exhibitor may en- 
ter a box each of as many different varieties as he pleases. $50.00 to be 
divided pro rata. Also 1st $10.00, 2nd $5.00. 

1st. 2nd. 3rd. 


Barrel of apples, any variety, $40.00 to be divided 

pro" Taba: wAISO oo. sh.te is ene aero e sae a eee te escape $15.00 $10.00 $5.00 

$100 SEEDLING APPLE PRIZE. 

The sixth prize of $100.00 will be awarded this season “for the best late 
winter seedling apple keeping till March 1st under ordinary cellar condi- 
tions” under the offer made first in 1905, restricted, of course, to the con- 
testants who have duly registered. 

NUTS 
liste 2nd. 3rd. Ath. 
Each variety of edible nuts, one quart. .$1.00 $0.75 $0.50 $0.25 


CANNED AND DRIED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. 


Collection of canned fruits and vegetables (either or both) in quart 
glass jars. $40.00 to be divided pro rata. 
Ist... 52a 3rd. 


Collection of dried fruits .........-.0s.ceeeevee $3.00 $2.00 $1.00 . 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gov p, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


The September meeting of the Garden Flower Society will be held Sep- 
terber 14th, 2:30 p. m., at the Wilder Building, St. Paul. 

Program—“Bulbs and Their Artistic Planting,” “Succession of Bloom 
in the Bulb Garden,” “Fall Planting.” 

Early this spring a premium was offered to the member who secured the 
greatest number of new memberships in our society, the contest to close the 
day of the June flower show. Mrs. F. L. Moffet was the winner in this con- 
test, sending in nine new members. 

We wish it was possible to give the premium—a year’s subscription to 
the Garden Magazine—to all who worked so hard to increase our member- 
ship, as several made a very good 
showing. As that is impossible, we 
are going to hold another compe- 
tition for new members, giving as 
a premium for the greatest number 
of new members, from September 
first until March first, a beautiful 
garden basket, that any one of us 
would be glad to own. So get busy, 
remembering that all memberships 
after August first will hold until 
December, 1918. 

Visit our Garden Booth, in the 
Woman’s Welfare Building, at the 
State Fair this year. 

Throughout the summer we have 
been sending an auto load of flow- 
ers each Saturday morning to the 
sick soldiers in the hospital at Fort 
Snelling. This will be continued 
as long as we have any flowers in 
our gardens this fall. Flowers can 
be left at the home of your presi- 
dent, either Friday night or Satur- 
day morning before 9:30. Mrs. 
James Jennison kindly gives her 
auto and her services each week 
fre and takes them down for us. We 
The Midget Rose. wish to thank her for this gracious 

act. 

It will be more difficult than ever to get good seeds next spring, so save 
any of fine flowers or vegetables you may have, being sure to store them in 
a dry place and label them clearly. 

Last March, at our meeting in St. Paul, we gave out the seeds of the 
Midget Rose, or Rosa multiflora. The little rose in bloom, of which a picture 
is given, was exhibited at our spring non-competitive flower show early in 
June by Mrs. M. S. Countryman, who also sends us the picture taken at that 
time. 

This proves that the seedsman did not exaggerate when he said it would 
bloom “three months from seed.” Mr. E. Meyer, who has grown this variety, 
gives us the following: 

The Midget rose is the only rose that will bloom the first year from 
seed. It is hardy out of doors if protected the same way as a Hybrid- 
Remontant or a Hybrid Tea Rose. It makes a good pot plant and with 
proper care will bloom indoors all winter. The plants should be selected 
after they have bloomed for this pot culture, to avoid spending time on an 
inferior plant. 


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(365) 


N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. 


W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary. 
3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. 


The N. E. Minn. Horticultural Society gave an exhibition of peonies in 
Duluth, Minn., July 17th and 18th, that was a pronounced success in every 
way. Many fine flowers were shown and deep interest manifested. A beau- 
tiful silver cup, donated by the Duluth Commercial Club, for the best exhi- 
bition of peonies, was awarded to Judge F. H. Cutting. A great deal of the 
success of the show was due to the untiring efforts of their president, Oliver 
S. Andresen, and the secretary, V. D. Vincent, who were ably assisted by 


Mrs. H. Nesbitt and Mrs. E. L. Kimball. The interest and enthusiasm. 


manifested seemed to be shared by all. They are planning a still better exhi- 
bition next year. 

Make frequent examinations of your peony clumps and should you 
detect any stalks wilting or dead, examine carefully for the cause. Remove 
any dead stalks that you may find, together with the soil directly surround- 
ing the affected stalk, as this is one of the best means of preventing further 
contamination of the balance of plant. The stalk may have been eaten off 
by a grub, broken off by the wind or by some careless person passing through 
the field, in which case there is no need to bother, but if Botrytis, or Root 
Rot, is the cause the future health of your plant depends upon the entire 
removal of the affected parts. Recently upon examining some plants the 
writer discovered where a worm had entered well up on the stalk and eaten 
its way down to the crown of the plant. This, of course, caused the stalk 
to wilt and die. No damage had been done to the crown of the plant. 

One of our Philadelphia members reports considerable damage in that 


section to their iris, due to an iris worm. I quote from his letter as follows: 

“The young worm makes its way into the leaf near the top and works 
its way downward. If a sharp lookout is kept at flowering time and for 
some weeks afterwards and the worm is prevalent the punctures can be 
seen on the leaves, and these should be cut off low enough and then burned. 
In this way the insect is kept in check, but if this is neglected for several 
years all your plants may be ruined by a sudden onslaught. It is also well to 
clean up all rubbish around the plants at the end of the season, thus destroy- 
ing a harboring place for the insects. I use no mulch whatsoever on my 
bearded iris for this reason, but whether that would be safe in your severe 
climate I, of course, do not know.” 

Have any of our members discovered this pest in this section? 

As we are about to publish another bulletin, I would greatly appreciate 
suggestions and items of interest from our members. 

Don’t fail to include one or more of the high class varieties of both 
peonies and iris in your fall planting. Let’s better the standard of both 
peony and iris plantings and awake to the greater possibilities that lie before 
use in the realm of beauty. It will well repay you for the additional cost. 

If you have not already ordered your peonies and iris for fall planting 
you should make up your order at once and send it in to the dealer. In the 
Northwest the last two weeks in September and early October is a very 
desirable time to plant peonies. They may, of course, be planted consider- 
ably later and still give a good account of themselves. 

I would be pleased to receive some good pictures of your garden or of 
specimen plants of either the peony or iris. I want to have some cuts made 
and printed to show our members what others are doing along the line of 
growing peonies and iris. 

(366) 


ee 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


Lick CAN’tT STAND WATER.—Mr. Shane, at West Salem, Wis., had failed 
to clean a Rambler rose of lice with tobaeco water or soap suds. Then he 
tried hot water, a little hotter than he could hold his hand in, dipping the 
shoots twice, and it cleaned all the lice and red spider off, and his rose was 
a beauty.—G. J. Kellogg. 

STATE AGRICULTURIST GOES TO BALKANS.—Prof. Francis Jager goes 
Monday, August 20, to Washington, D. C., from where he will go with a 
Commission as Major in U. S.-service, for a Red Cross Survey of the Balkan 
States, especially Servia, returning about December 20th. He expects to 
bring back with him a number of the exceptionally fine pure bred queen 
bees of the Italian and Carniolan races from the Balkans and northern 
Italy, but especially from the government queen mating station in Switzer- 
land. 


ATTENTION, BEEKEEPERS.—AIl Minnesota beekeepers should make a 
special effort to attend the 1917 State Fair, observe carefully the first year’s 
results of a new management and classification of exhibits, spend consider- 
able time at the exhibits of the University Division of Bee Culture and Min- 
nesota Beekeepers’ Association, and be sure to watch for a notice and attend 
a special meeting of exhibitors, Minnesota Beekeepers’ Association members 
all in the Bee and Honey Building. Use the Univer- 
sity Division of Bee Culture and the Minnesota Beekeepers’ Association as 
sources of all bee information.—L. V. France, Secy. Minn. Beekeepers’ Assn. 


HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY AT THE STATE FAIR.—It is expected that the 
State Horticultural Society will maintain an office in the Horticultural 
Building at the State Fair during the entire period of the fair. In that 
case the secretary—and at times probably other officers of the society— 
will plan to be in attendance and will be very glad to meet members of the 
society, not only those with whom we have a personal acquaintance, but 
especially members whom we have not personally met. The location of the 
office is likely to be adjoining the north door of the Horticultural Building, 
although this point has not vet been definitely decided. Don’t fail to look 
up the headquarters of the society when in attendance at the State Fair. 


-ARE You Doinc Your Part?—Every effort has been made and is still 
being made to secure preservation by canning and drying of as large a 
quantity of fruits and vegetables as is in any way possible. Are you doing 
your part in this? There is no doubt that the world is threatened with a 
shortage of food, and it is the part of wisdom that every effort should be 
made to increase the supply while there is yet time and opportunity. Con- 
siderable space to this subject has been given in this magazine the past 
months, and some is used in this number. We wish to emphasize the su- 
preme importance of this appeal, which should find full response with every 
loyal member of this society. 


BIENNIAL MEETING, AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.—Notice is out for 
the regular meeting of this organization, which occurs every two years. This 
meeting will be held in Boston, October 31 to November 4. The notice does 


not say in what building the meeting will be held, but as the meeting is to 

be a regular meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, it will, 

without doubt, be held in the splendid building of that society. The New 

England fruit show will be held also in connection with it, and it is up to 

Minnesota again to capture the Wilder Medal, which has already been done. 
(367) 


368 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

For full information address E. R. Lake, Secy., 2033 Park Road, Washing- 
ton, D. C. If any of our members are contemplating attending this meeting, 
we should be glad to hear from them in good season to secure for them an 
official standing with the Pomological Society. 


SCORE CARD TO BE USED IN JUDGING VEGETABLE GARDENS. 


1. Arrangement, systems of companion and succession cropping........ 15 
2. Straight, even, well-filled rows, proper spacing of plants........... 10 
3. Cultivation and. care of plants..........220:.:25s.00s 006 een 15 
4. Freedom from weeds, insects and diseases............eeceeeceeees 15 
5. Varieties; importance of and proportion of most valuable crops..... 15 
6. Yield (approximate or actual). ..2:.....022c0%00.00.e 00 5 seen 30 

100 


Prepared by R. S. Mackintosh for the Minn. Extension Division in judg- 
ing garden contests. 


NATIONAL VEGETABLE SHOW.—The Vegetable Growers’ Association of 
America is to hold this year at Springfield, Mass., a first national vegetable 
show, and a premium list for this show has been prepared and can be 
secured by addressing Eastern States Exposition, Springfield, Mass. As the 
regulations require that all entries must be made by September 1, this notice 
will reach you too late to take any part in this show this year. We under- 
stand, however, that this is to be an annual affair, and another year Minne- 
sota, either through individuals or through some of its strong vegetable asso- 
ciations, should certainly make a show of Minnesota vegetables—none better 
in the world—at the National Vegetable Show. Secure premium lists and 
become acquainted with the situation. 

Since writing the above, it has come to our knowledge that the new 
State Vegetable Growers’ Association, organized here last spring, has 
already made arrangements to make an exhibit at this show. We expect to 
hear good things of what they accomplish there. 


PREMIUM LIST FOR ANNUAL MEETING.—In this number is to be found 
a list of premiums to be offered by this society at the next annual meeting, 
to be held, probably in Minneapolis, the first week in December. There 
will be noted some radical changes in this list from that of previous years, 
namely, the increase in the apple department, and the addition of a special 
forty-dollar premium for collections of canned fruits and vegetables. This 
collection may consist of either fruits alone or vegetables alone or both, and 
this year especially when there is such a effort being made to secure an 
unusual amount of canned and dried fruits, this ought to bring out a con- 
siderable display. There has been a radical increase in the premium offered 
on top-worked apples, emphasizing the special value of this class of apple 
trees, this following the rather severe winter of 1916 and 1917. A consider- 
able increase will also be noticed in pecks, boxes and barrels. These pre- 
miums, with the interest which our membership has in this annual display, 
ought to insure a large exhibition. 


STORE FRUIT FOR THE WINTER MEETING.—Arrangements have been made 
with Booth Packing Co., as for a number of years now, to receive and care 
for fruit to be exhibited later at the annual meeting of the society. Tags 
for this purpose have been prepared and can be had at this office upon 
application for any quantity. Specimens gathered for this purpose should be 
free from blemish, not green or over-ripe, but well ripened up to the point 
where they are however still firm. Do not send to cold storage fruit that is al- 
ready mellow; it will disappoint you in its keeping qualities. It will probably 
be more convenient for you to send to cold storage all the fruit you plan to 
exhibit at the winter meeting, except seedling apples, which must be kept out 
of cold storage. All fruit so stored will be held at the expense of the society, 
and delivered without further charge to the exhibitor at the place of meeting 
the day preceding the opening of the meeting. Of course you will want to 
have some part in this splendid exhibition which the society will put up this 
year. 


(Cased a}1soddo 998) 


‘dOHSMUOM S,HOVaG ‘AOUd 
— VI ‘SaNy ‘ADA TION TVAALINOIMYDY ALVLG VMOT LY AYALTNOMAOH OL CALOAMA SONIGTING JO MAIA TVILAVd 


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er 
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4 
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While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


Pee eee eee 


Vol. 45 OCTOBER, 1917 No. 10 


SUVUUUU EEA EEA LALA Eee eee 


The Unfruitful Tree and How to Correct It. 


PROF. S. A. BEACH, HORTICULTURIST, AMES, IA. 


We grow orchard trees primarily for fruit. Some people 
seem to forget that and grow them for wood, but as horticul- 
turists we do not recognize that standard. The orchard tree is 
grown, or should be grown, for fruit. What is the condition, 
then, that we wish to secure in the tree? 

PLANT Foop: In the first place, we must recognize that 
the tree cannot make fruit out of nothing. It has no such magic 
ability. It must work; it must do its appointed work in order 
to produce fruit for the reproduction of its species, of its kind. 
What is that work? 

Well, in the first place, it must establish itself in the world. 
Take the apple, for instance—it is easy for me to talk about the 
apple; I have thought about it so much my mind naturally runs 
in that channel. What is the natural home of the apple? It 
is indicated by the present botanical name. The botanists keep 
changing the name every few years, and it is hard to keep track 
of it, but they call it Malus sylvestis, that is to say, “‘the apple tree 
of the woods.” It is found, I am told, in its native state in for- 
ests. Any tree that naturally grows in forests, the first thing it 
must do in life is to make a place for itself. If it started at once 
to fruiting it would be crowded and shaded out of existence by 
the taller trees which overtopped it. So the very first thing that 
the young tree must do—and that is evidently bred in the bone 
and sinew (so to speak) of the apple tree—the first thing it 
must do is to send its roots deeply into the ground and send up. 
its trunk as rapidly as it can into the sunlight, where it can 
fight for life. So we find the first condition in the early life of 


the tree is a condition of rapid vegetative growth. 
(369) 


370 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


After it has established itself the next thing for it to do is 
to make out of the materials at hand that with which it can re- 
produce its kind, that is to say, fruit and seed. It then begins 
to think about producing fruit buds, speaking figuratively, and 
about bearing fruit. We then have in the period of slower 
growth a mature condition which is favorable to the repro- 
duction of its kind. We must understand the philosophy of these 
different conditions of growth to handle our trees most intelli- 
gently: First, the period of vegetative growth which is not con- 
ducive to productiveness; and, second, the period of more mature 
but of slower growth which favors fruit production. 

In growing an orchard our first desire then is not to bring 
it at once into bearing. Many young trees have been injured by 
allowing them to bear heavily when they are young and before 
they have gotten themselves well established. The first thing 
we ought to do with a young tree is to give it a good, thrifty, 
vigorous growth and make a framework fit to carry heavy loads 
of fruit. 

There are various things, as we know, that must be con- 
sidered in getting that kind of growth. In the first place, we 
must see that the soil conditions are favorable. If there are 
periods of a week at a time in which the soil is full of water, and 
the water stands there stagnant, it has just the same effect upon 
the tree as it has on the corn field. The cornstalks will begin to 
turn yellow under such conditions of stagnant water. They are 
asphyxiated; they are suffocated. The little fine feeding roots 
are choked out of existence because they cannot get the air which 
it is necessary for them to have in order to do their work, in 
order to carry on the vital processes of taking in plant food and 
of living and growing. 

One of the things which we horticulturists do not sufficient- 
ly recognize is the fact that the roots must have air to carry on 
the vital processes of root growth and activity. Down in 
the cypress swamps of Louisiana you will find cypress trees 
sending up great “‘knees,” as they are called, three or four feet 
tall or more. These are great growths of porous wood coming 
up from the roots, and sticking up above the water. What are 
they for? They are hollow inside; they are simply contrivances 
of the plant for getting air to the roots. 

We, as orchard men, as fruit growers and as agriculturists, 
must recognize this principle, that roots need air. How far 


ee 


THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. BiG! 


would the florist get in growing his crops on the greenhouse 
bench or in pots if he didn’t recognize the necessity of drainage 
underneath to give an opportunity for the air to get to the roots? 
He wouldn’t get very far. And the man who wishes to bring 
his orchard up to the highest degree of production also must 
provide for the aeration of the tree roots. 

That may mean tile drainage. It may mean the intro- 
duction of more vegetable matter in the soil to make it more 
porous. It may mean a certain amount of surface drainage. 
But we shouldn’t make the mistake of thinking because we have 
good surface drainage we necessarily have good under-drainage; 
the contour of the layers of subsoil or clay underlying the surface 
doesn’t always follow that of the surface. Just before coming 
here I went into a field where we are digging a trench. There 
is excellent surface drainage and no standing surface water 
where we are. Only three feet below the surface we struck 
water in this year, which has been so dry that good cisterns 
have failed. We have found that although it has a sufficient slope 
to carry off the surface water, this land must be tiled to get 
best results in growing orchard trees. I don’t know your soil, 
but I can tell you this one principle of soil management. and 
that is, to get the most out of your tree it must have air for the 
roots. 

SECONDLY: Orchard soils should have a constant supply 
of moisture because the trees take all of their food in the form 
of soup. The Lord hasn’t provided them with jaws and teeth 
with which to masticate their food, and they must simply suck 
it in. If you put the end of a towel in a wash basin and let the 
edge hang over you know what it will do, draw all the water 
out of the wash basin. In the same way the little fine roots will 
draw up the soil water and pass it on to the trunk and branches. 

That material as it comes from the soil is not in such form 
that the tree can immediately transform it into wood and into 
leaves and fruit buds. It is crude material. It is, as you might 
say, comparing the tree with a furniture factory, the lumber - 
that goes into the factory and not the finished furniture; or, 
comparing it to a foundry, it would be the raw iron and coal that 
you take into the foundry rather than the finished foundry 
products. So the soil solutions are simply the crude materials 
out of which plants are made. Where are these crude materials 
changed into the forms that the plant can use? It is in the 
green foliage by the help of the energy of the sun that the 


372 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


oxygen of the air and the earthly materials brought out of the 
soil in the sap undergo chemical changes and are built up into 
elaborated plant food that nourishes the tree. It is such material 
only that the plant can digest and assimilate and make over 
into plant tissue. 

We must then remember this principle, that if we are to get 
the most out of the tree we must protect its foliage. Keep that 
in good working order. How else can the plant make its food? 
It needs abundant and vigorous foliage. Whenever as horticul- 
turists we allow insects or diseases or anything else to injure 
or destroy the foliage, in that way destroy the working power 
of the plant, it is like taking the money out of our pockets, money 
which we fail to get, because we do not have as much fruit to 
sell or to use in the family, which practically amounts to the 
same thing. 

It isn’t necessary for me here to dwell upon the methods 
of spraying for the protection of the foliage. That is a matter 
which has been discussed frequently. Plenty of information 
about it can be had from your experiment stations. The thing 
I wish to do now is to emphasize again the importance of keep- 
ing the foliage in good condition if you are going to expect re- 
sults out of the tree. 

PRUNING. We prune for two purposes. First, to give the 
tree a framework upon which to load the fruit—try to grow 
the tree in such shape that it can withstand the heavy storms 
and winds and loads of ice and snow, as well as loads of fruit. 
That isn’t a matter of pruning for fruitfulness; it is a mat- 
ter of pruning for a good mechanical framework. Then, having 
pruned to shape the tree from the standpoint of giving it ability 
to hold heavy crops of fruit, we have another important thing 
to consider, namely, pruning the tree so as to make easy the 
operations of spraying and of gathering fruit. Take this as a 
general rule: When a man has in mind the opening up of the 
tree-in such a way that he can spray all parts of it easily and 
thoroughly, he has a pretty good rule for pruning, because, in 
making the tree sufficiently open so he can reach it easily with 
the spray he makes it sufficiently open so that the sunlight can 
reach all parts of it. He accomplishes two things: Opening 
the tree so he can spray it for protection against diseases and 
insects and opening it so that the sunlight can get to all the leaves 
and the tree can make the food it needs to grow fruit and fruit 
buds. 


THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. 373 


When the tree is in a condition of rapid, vigorous growth 
it is possible to check it, as the last speaker has indicated. I am 
in hearty accord with the position he takes that it is better to 


| do more pruning in the dormant season (if you are pruning for 


productiveness) than it is to prune during the growing season 
in June. Why? Because the leaves which are put out in the 
early part of the season are made, not out of the plant food that 
the plant makes that same season, but they are made out of the 
plant food that was made the previous season and was stored 
away in the roots and all through the body, trunk and branches. 
When it is dissolved in the sap in the spring then it comes out 
into those fruit buds and leaf buds and furnishes them the ma- 
terial out of which the tree could expand its leaves very rapidly. 

Those of you that have lived in a country where they make 
maple sugar know that sometimes they get a run of sap in 
February or March. What happens there is the changing over 
of the food materials, which have been stored away in solid 
forms, back into liquid forms, so that it can flow all through the 
tree to any part where it may be needed for the development of 
the leaf buds or fruit buds. If you prune after the tree has 
drawn upon all that reserve material to make its first leaves in 
spring, then by cutting off those new leaves you cut off propor- 
tionately more from the food factory of the tree than you do by 
pruning in the dormant season. Why? Because if we prune in 
the dormant seaSon we are taking away a part of the top. Its 
portion of the solid food which has been stored away in the roots 
waiting for the spring demand remains so that the branches 
which are left have that much extra supply of food material with 
which to stimulate their growth. We know as a rule if we wish 
to stimulate the growth of a branch we should prune it rather 
short in the dormant season. 

But we shouldn’t stimulate it into such rapid growth as to 
overcome its tendency to bear fruit. We do not want to put it 
in the condition of a very young tree by forcing an excessive 
growth of vegetation. What is better is to stimulate slightly 
the growth of the tree by pruning lightly in the dormant season. 

Pruning in summer, or rather the pruning in early summer, 
just after the first leaves have come out, has a tendency, aS we 
know, to check the growth. In case you have a tree that is too 
exuberant in its growth it is desirable, perhaps, to adopt that 
method. There is no one rule you can use alike for all trees, for 


374 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the young tree, the old tree, the exceedingly vigorous tree and 
the slow growing tree; we must simply get at the principles 
underlying those things and then adapt them to the variety and 
its condition of growth. 

FERTILIZERS. In our experience one of the most important 
things in bringing the tree into profitable productiveness is to 
give the ground a good application of manure occasionally, say 
every three or four years put on eight to ten tons to the acre. 
You get out of that more than the beneficial effect of the fer- 
tilizer, you put more humus into the soil, and it increases its 
capacity to hold moisture and so gives the tree a continuous 
supply of moisture for carrying on its work. 

We have an orchard which we took hold of in 1910 for ex- 
periment purposes. It was then an orchard in full bearing. 
As I recall it, the trees were about eighteen years old. The or- 
chard was not in good condition. The land had been farmed 
until it was pretty badly run out before the orchard was planted. 
When we got hold of it the ground was all covered with rose 
briers and other things that go with that kind of cultivation or 
lack of cultivation. We took hold of it in June. The season of 
1910 was characterized by a very late freeze, which took the 
fruit off the trees in all that region, so we had no fruit that year. 
The following year, 1911, we had our first crop of fruit from 
that orchard, which was 1,700 bushels. The next year we got 
3,500 bushels. We began to prune and spray all of it, and por- 
tions of it were cultivated so that we were putting it into better 
condition for productiveness. The first year was 1,700, the 
next year 3,500, the next 2,000 and the next year 4,300. In 
1915 we got 6,000, and this year, 1916, we will have at least 
4,000, and probably more than that. 

This is an orchard which two years ago we fertilized by a 
good dressing of stable manure. We have had crops, as you see, 
every year during all this period since 1910. What have we done 
besides manuring it once to make productive that orchard which 
formerly was unproductive? We have pruned as needed but not 
heavily. We have pruned sufficiently so that we can spray read- 
ily. We have sprayed for the protection of the foliage against 
the attacks of insects and diseases. Since we are carrying on 
an experiment in cultivation and cover crops, some of the plots 
have been cultivated, some have been put in clover sod and some — 
in blue grass for the purpose of comparing these different kinds 


THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. 375 


of soil treatment. One point I wish to call attention to here, is 
this, that as a result of applying stable manure on the part of the 
orchard under experiment, as compared with the part not 
manured, it is evident that we have made money by using ma- 
nure. That simply confirms general experience and observation, 
namely, that it is a good thing to give an occasional dressing of 
manure to the bearing orchard in order to keep the ground 
fertile and also to keep it full of humus, so as to increase its ca- 
pacity to hold moisture. 

Summarizing this discussion as to treatment of the un- 
productive tree to make it more productive, I would say: 

1. Recognize the fundamental principles of growth, dis- 
tinguishing between the condition of rapid vegetative growth 
and the condition of slower mature growth favorable to the 
formation of fruit buds. 

2. Make the condition of the soil such that the roots will 
be comfortable the year through—they can’t run away when 
it is too cold, and they can’t get in out of the wet when it is too 
wet—they must stay there. Make the soil conditions such that 
it will be comfortable for the roots all the year round. 

3. Prune according to the needs of the tree. If the need is 
to promote the vegetative growth, direct your pruning in that 
way; if the need is to check the vegetative growth, direct your 
pruning that way. Above all, prune so that the sunlight can get 
to all the foliage in the tree and so that you can ADEBY, all parts of 
the tree thoroughly. 


Mr. Kellogg: How long does it take a fruit bud to mature? 

Prof. Beach: Ordinarily, in the case of the apple, the first 
indications that we can distinguish under the microscope of the 
development or the beginning of the development of the fruit 
bud are about the last of June. It has not been seen earlier than 
that. The progress of development is more or less rapid, ac- 
cording to the varieties and conditions, until fall. In the case 
of the plum the different parts of the fruit bud will be pretty 
well developed by fall; in the case of the apple the different parts 
are not so distinctly developed before spring. One of ‘the 
troubles with the apricot is, it carries fruit bud development 
so far that it is caught almost always by the spring frosts or 
freezes. 

Mr. Kellogg: How about a twig or a scion that will pro- 
duce a fruit blossom that season, at the closing up of the season? 

Prof. Beach: That might occur, but it would be out of the 
ordinary, it would be abnormal. 

Mr. Kellogg: Some trees do that every time. 


376 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Prof. Beach: There are differences among varieties that 
way, just as we find among strawberries. Ordinarily the straw- 
berry forms its fruit bud so as to have strawberries in June, 
but we have so-called everbearing variations that will give us 
fruit in August, September and October. Then, too, the same 
variety acts differently in different seasons. After a prolonged 
period of summer drought some kinds of fruit trees will blossom 
after fall rains come. 

Mr. Hawkins: Is it injurious to cut apple limbs as large 
as one to two inches in diameter late in the fall, or this time of 
the year, and does it pay at all to trim old orchards? 

Prof Beach: Perhaps I ought not to try to answer that 
question because there are Minnesota men who know Minnesota 
conditions that can answer it better. I should say that I would 
prefer not to do heavy pruning of that kind until after the 
severities of winter are past, because there is danger of climatic 
injury to the exposed tissues. As to whether or not it is better 
to. prune the old orchard trees, I would either prune them or 
blow them out, I wouldn’t leave them as they are. 

Mr. Kellogg: How do you account for the heavy fruit in 
that experiment orchard year after year? Orchards generally 
bear themselves to death in one year. 

Prof. Beach: I might say the trees haven’t been overloaded 
generally. We have given the tree an opportunity to make fruit 
buds every year; that is to say, we have kept the foliage healthy, 
and we have tried to make the soil conditions satisfactory, main- 
tain fertility and keep a good, constant supply of moisture for the 
roots. In other words, we have given the tree a chance to make 
fruit buds every year and at the same time to carry a crop of 
fruit every year. 

Mr. Drew: In regard to tiling, I had a notion to remove 
some tiling that passed by some cottonwoods, and when we took 
the tile up we found that it was filled full of roots. 

Prof. Beach: Roots of cottonwoods, elms and willows will 
go a good ways to get a drink. Apple roots don’t go so far. I 
think there is little danger of apple roots filling the tile unless 
there is a constant flow of water. Where you have tile taking 
off the surface water only, that is, only the ordinary run-ofl, 
probably there will be no difficulty of that kind. 

Mrs. Franklin: I would like to ask a question. <A neigh- 
bor’s apple tree just came into bearing last summer, and when 
that intense hot weather came on the leaves all dried and fell 
off, as did also the fruit. Do you think there is any danger of 
that injuring that tree for future fruitage? There were quite 
a number of trees that were affected similarly. These were 
affected the worst, and the leaves just shriveled right up; the 
trees looked like they do in the middle of winter, without a sign 
of life. 

Prof. Beach: How old was the tree? 


ern 


THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. 377 


Mrs. Franklin: That I don’t know, I know it just came 
into bearing, just a small tree. 

Prof. Beach: Does it stand in sod or cultivated ground? 

Mrs. Franklin: In sod and it is in heavy clay soil, that is, 
most of his soil is heavy soil, and I fancy there is some where 
the tree stands. It was on the lawn where it was all sod. 

Prof. Beach: Trees will do that. They will drop their 
leaves in the extreme hot weather in order to protect themselves. 
They cannot keep up the supply of water necessary for the leaves, 
and they simply drop the leaves. In severe cases they will also 
drop the fruit. The question at once comes up, has the tree 
stored enough material in it to properly ripen the wood and 
carry it through the winter successfully? That is a question 
it would be hard to answer. I have known instances where such 
trees would come through all right and grow a crop next year. 
But the conditions you have described show that the tree is 
suffering from lack of water during the dry season, and it needs 
attention to the soil to make it fuller of humus so that it can 
hold water better in order to carry the tree through. 

Mrs. Franklin: Wouldn’t it be a good plan in a case like 
that to take up the sod around the tree and remove it, fertilize 
it thoroughly and not have the sod up close to the tree? 

Prof. Beach: Yes. My advice would be to cover that soil 
deeply with manure this fall, so as to give the roots that are 
there a chance to get as much moisture as possible during the 
winter and to help supply what will be taken from the branches, 
because the branches will evaporate moisture during the winter. 
Then in the spring I would spade around the tree a space as 
wide as the spread of the branches and mix with that some well 
rotted manure. You cannot do that in orchard conditions, but 
in special cases you can. 

Mr. Clausen: What difference do you find, if any, in the 
cultivated and uncultivated plots where the trees are in bearing? 

Prof. Beach: We have had some difficulty in getting the 
different orchard plots into condition so we could make reliable 
comparisons. The clover seeding was burned out at different 
times on account of the hot, dry weather. However, we have 
finally established the condition of blue grass sod in one plot, and 
I can say this of the plot we have now established in sod, the 
yield is going down all the while as compared with that where 
We are giving cover crops and tillage. That simply supports the 
results that were obtained in New York state in the work I 
started there, which was afterwards reported on by Professor 
Hedrick in the New York Station bulletins on tillage and cover 
crops in orchards. That work was through a period of ten years. 
It showed much better yields with tillage and cover crops than 
in sod. Those of you who recall the experiment will remember 
that the ten acre orchard was divided lengthwise through the 
orchard, one-half in sod and the other in tillage. After several 


378 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


years it was divided again crosswise, so that one-quarter which 
had been in sod was put in tillage, and one-quarter that had been 
in tillage was again put in sod. Immediately the results began 
to work in the same general way as before, that is to say, the 
trees that went into sod began to lose their productiveness and 
those that were changed from sod to tillage came up again in 
yield. 

Mr. Husser: I would like to have the professor tell us in 
what good spraying consists and what power is necessary for 
doing the most efficient spraying. 

Mr. Philips: I want to make a short statement I think 
has a bearing on this question. A neighbor of mine last summer, 
who has an outlet into the sewer, put down either three or four 
inch pipes for tiling, but it clogged up and stopped at the house, 
and he hired a man to find out about it. There was a rose bush 
some distance from the house, and they found the tile entirely 
clogged with roots, from that bush, that had come through the 
_ joints. So be careful when you put in tile or any pipes under- 
ground not to do it near where there are roots. The roots will 
fill them up so the water can’t pass through. 

Prof. Beach: The question is what constitutes good spray- 
ing and what power to use. I referred yesterday to the Under- 
wood orchard, which was sprayed in the season of 1915 and again 
in the season of 1916 by a farmer who had just taken up spray- 
ing. He had only about 314 acres of orchard. He wasn’t in posi- 
tion, or thought he wasn’t, to buy a good power sprayer. What he 
did do was to get a common barrel pump. With a barrel pump 
ne couldn’t keep up a very strong pressure. 

However, they did good enough spraying with comparative- 
ly low pressure so that that orchard, which before had been un- 
productive, I understand, brought in in 1915 something over 
$600 gross receipts, and in 1916 over $800 gross receipts. I 
wouldn’t want to say that was the most effective spraying, and 
yet it was done with a barrel pump, in which I doubt whether 
they maintained a pressure of more than fifty or sixty pounds. 
However, I would prefer to have spraying done by an engine 
and a pressure of from 100 to 150 pounds. 

There is this feature where you drive the spray onto the 
foliage or onto the fruit with a pressure of 150 pounds, you wet 
the fruit as you don’t do with a spray that goes on at a pressure 
of fifty or sixty pounds. You throw that spray against the fruit 
with such an impact that it wets the surface of the fruit. A 
gentle spray or mist collects in fine particles on the fruit, but 
it will not thoroughly wet the fruit. There’s a difference be- 
tween having the surface thoroughly wet and having a mist 
lying on the surface. You are, I believe, more apt to get spray 
injury from spraying with a. heavy pressure than with a light 
pressure. The important thing about spraying right is to do 
the work thoroughly. You can’t kill a codling moth unless you 


THE UNFRUITFUL TREE AND HOW TO CORRECT IT. 379 


put the poison where he feeds, and if you leave a third of the 
fruit surface of the tree untouched you have exposed 33 1-3% 
of the fruit to the attacks of the codling moth as compared with 
where you have covered everything thoroughly. 

Many men who have sprayed say it does no good. Why? 
First, because they don’t do a thorough job; second, because 
they ‘don’t do it at the right time. The statement as to when 
to do it is put down in the bulletins and in the spray catalogs 
of one kind and another. If I should tell you now you would 
forget it. Send to your experiment station or extension depart- 
ment and get their printed statement, or to your spray manu- 
facturer and get a statement from him. Get instructions and 
then carefully follow them, and you will find it will make a lot 
of difference in the results. Spraying must be done timely, must 
be done thoroughly and done with the right material. (Ap- 
plause.) 


A Winter Garden in the Cellar. 


N. A. RASMUSSEN, MARKET GARDENER, OSHKOSH, WIS. 


I am going to speak of one crop we do not spray, so we won’t 
get into much difficulty. I will direct my remarks more to the 
ladies, the young folks and the city people. There are, no doubt, 
some city people here, and I think they too should have gardens 
as well as the farmers, and have them almost all the year round. 
It matters not how small a piece of land you have, you will have 
room enough for a garden anyway. 

There is a place in Milwaukee where I visited, and during 
my conversation with the hostess she said she was sorry she did 
not have a garden, but she did not have any place for it. I told 
her I thought she had. I walked around the house and found 
all the space she had was a piece of ground between the house 
and the sidewalk two feet wide and six feet long. I told her it 
was plenty to raise a great many of her vegetables, and I am 
going to tell you in a few words what she raised that season. 

In the first part of March, the season being a trifle earlier 
there, she started with radishes, having first mixed the soil with 
thoroughly rich manure. She wanted some tomatoes, and I in- 
formed her how to transplant them and train them to stakes. 
She had Hubbard squash that she trained on the side of the house. 
The vine grew thirty odd feet long and in the fall she had nine 
squash on it that went over twelve pounds apiece. She also had 
pole beans, lettuce and chives, and the whole thing made as pretty 
a picture aS you ever saw. 


380 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


In North Milwaukee, which is a suburb of the city, where 
there are mostly wealthy people, everyone has to have a garden. 
They arrange with some gardener to visit their gardens from 
time to time and direct the work, and it is surprising to know the 
results they obtain. 

Now about the garden in the cellar.—Rhubarb is the easiest 
vegetable to grow in the cellar. This is more for the home gar- 
den, the commercial gardeners know how to go about it. It is 
not too late (Dec. 1) if you have a hill of rhubarb in the backyard 
to dig it up, and you will have some fun with it if you don’t have 
profit. The roots should be three years old or more. To get 
plenty of rhubarb from one hill dig it up now and set it on top 


This helps to solve the berry picking problem at Mr. Rasmussen’s. 


of the ground where it will freeze. Let it freeze for a couple of 
weeks before you take it in. At the end of this time take it in, 
put it in a barrel and cover it with soil, ashes or sawdust. I pre- 
fer the latter because it is clean. After you put three inches at 
the bottom of the barrel set the clump of rhubarb in and pack it 
thoroughly around the outside with the same material, dirt, saw- 
dust or ashes. You must arrange it so the water won’t run out 
on the floor when you water it. 

Then set it in the cellar and cover it with carpet or burlap 
so that it is perfectly dark. If it is light you will grow large 
leaves at the expense of the stalk but if you keep it thoroughly 
covered the leaves will not be more than three inches across. 

Water it occasionally, keeping the packing damp all the time, 
and you will grow more rhubarb than if that hill had been left 
out in the field the next summer. The rhubarb takes no nourish- 
ment from the soil, it stores it while it is growing a top, and by 


A WINTER GARDEN IN THE CELLAR. 381 


not growing a leaf you get twice as much stalk. It is very fine 
to have in winter, and it sells for around twenty cents a pound. 

A Member: If you are talking about twenty cents a pound 
you are not selling on this market. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I am talking about the retail price. Re- 
member the dealer must have nearly half in order to live; it de- 
preciates in weight very fast. There is not much sale at that 
time of the year, and he must have a big margin. If the dealer 
18 ving eight cents and getting fifteen he is not making too 
much. 

Mr. Smith: How long does it take to grow that? 

Mr. Rasmussen: It depends on the heat in your cellar. I 
should judge about five weeks. 

Mr. Richardson: How would it do without a furnace? 

Mr. Rasmussen: It doesn’t make any difference, it will 
grow as long as it isn’t freezing, in other words, over forty de- 
grees. I have grown some at thirty-five, but it should be from 
forty to sixty degrees. 

Mr. Brown: How about the water? 

Mr. Rasmussen: It wants to be kept moist. 

Mr. Richardson: Will they do well at seventy? 

Mr. Rasmussen: That is a little warm. I don’t think any 
basement will be that warm. If you get near a door even in a 
furnace-heated cellar I don’t think it will get above sixty. I 
think it would be too warm, and it would dry out too fast. Aspar- 
agus can be grown in the same way. Green onions packed in a 
shallow box as close as you can get them, covered with sawdust, 
if they have light will have a finer flavor than if grown outside. 
You can also grow beet greens. Onions and beets must have light, 
and rhubarb and asparagus must be kept dark. 

A Member: They must have more heat? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Not necessarily; you can hurry them along 
if itis very warm. You know an onion on a cold cellar fioor will 
sprout and grow. 

A Member: Will the asparagus store its food in the field? 

Mr. Rasmussen: It stores up all its food the year before. 
The asparagus never stores any food until one stalk is grown up, 
a branch opens up a little bit of a leaf, then it starts to store food. 
This is why we should never cut it too young in order to have it 
store up food for the next year. 

A Member: Does the rhubarb have to freeze? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We always let it freeze. 

A Member: Do you wet the mulch first and then pack it? 

Mr. Rasmussen: We never do; we pack it first and wet it 
afterwards, but we keep it damp all the time. 

Mr. Roberts: What kind of onions would you use? Would 
you use the little sets? 

Mr. Rasmussen: You may, but I prefer a good sized onion 
for that purpose, I think it does better. 

A Member: Small onions? 


382 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Rasmussen: Not necessarily small. When onions are 
not worth over a dollar a bushel we grow them in sawdust 
commercially, and we think we double our money. You can 
take your winter onions at this time of the year and pack them 
in the cellar, just like the rhubarb, with good results. We dig a 
good many of the onions at this time, let them freeze and put 
them in hotbeds along the middle of February and start them 
growing. 

A Member: Can that rhubarb plant be put back in the 
garden in the spring? 

Mr. Rasmussen: It can, but it would take two years for it 
to overcome that severe checking. 

Mr. Baldwin: You take a sharp pointed shovel and take 
only part of the hill, cut the hill right in two, and it will come 
right along, will do all the better for reducing the size of the 
clump. I find it works very well in the cellar not to take up the 
whole root. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, it will, but I prefer taking the 
whole clump, and then in the spring cutting it to the right size, 
although the other way is also practiced. 

Mr. Baldwin: Don’t the plant lose a lot of nourishment 
through the fresh cuts? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Idon’t think so. People that are not used 
to handling them might not have good success in trying to divide 
them, therefor I prefer taking the whole clump. 

A Member: What time would you take them up? Now? 

Mr. Rasmussen: It is just time to take them up now. 

Mr. Black: With a foot of frost? 

Mr. Rasmussen. We haven’t any frost in Wisconsin. We 
were plowing when I left home. Maybe it is too late here. 

A Member: How many kinds of rhubarb are there? 

Mr. Rasmussen: There are several kinds on the market. 
We have a fine variety; I cannot say just what it is as it was on 
the place when I bought it. I have been saving the seeds and 
raise my own plants. It is one of the wine plants. 

A Member: Does the seed come true? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Almost always. Occasionally we see a 
light colored plant and throw it out. 

A Member: You save your own seed? 

Mr. Rasmussen: Yes, sir, it costs practically nothing to 
strip off a few handfuls. 

A Member: I always had a failure that way; where one 
plant out of three or four hundred would be of commercial value 
the rest would be green. 

Mr. Rasmussen: Did you save your seed or buy it? 

A Member: Bought it. 

Mr. Rasmussen: If you save the seed from the right kind 
of plant it will generally come true to kind. 


a hae ad 


BOYS AND GIRLS CANNING CLUB IN MINNESOTA IN 1916. 383 


Boys and Girls Garden and Canning Clubs in Minnesota 
in 1916. 


T. A. ERICKSON, BXTENSION DIVISION, UNIVERSITY FARM. 


Three thousand boys and girls took part in a garden and 
canning project of the Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs in Minnesota in 
1916. By the rules of the contest, each club member competing 
must grow a garden not less than one square rod in size, while 
one-tenth of an acre is urged. Each member must also learn to 
take care of waste and surplus products by learning to can them 
by using the cold pack method of canning. Each boy and girl 
taking up the work keeps a note book in which is recorded the 


daily garden operations. Cost of supplies, seeds and work is care- 


fully recorded. At the close of the season’s work each member 
sends in a report of his or her work, as well as a story on “How I 
Grew My Garden, and How I Learned to Can.” 

It has been found that the most effective way of doing the 
work is by organizing the contestants into groups, called clubs, 
with a regular set of officers, meetings and plan of work. A large 
number of these garden and canning clubs have been organized 
this year. Play is mixed with work. The “Club Day” is some- 
times made up of field meetings in the gardens, lunch together, a 
program with games and sports. 

The canning work is made a Special feature because we need 
to teach our boys and girls: 

(1) How to save products going to waste. 

(2) More canned fruits, greens, and vegetables will save 
many a doctor bill, and it is 

(3) One of the best ways of teaching thrift and economy. 

Winners.—The winner of first place in the South Central 
Section is Mary Ramey, of Maple Lake, who is also a member of 
the prize winning club. Mary has grown a fine garden and has 
canned 197 quarts of vegetables in both glass and tin. Edna 
Burch, of Kanabec County, who wins first place in the North 
Central Section, comes from a club of thirty-five gardeners, at 
Mora. Each has grown a garden 50x150 feet. Edna has a record 
of 100 quarts canned. 

Phoebe Darling represents the Northern Section of the state 
as winner with a record of a prize winning garden and nearly 100 
quarts canned. 

The Maple Lake Club, which stands highest of any club in 


384 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the state, is composed of nineteen girls who have grown their 
gardens and have canned some 1,500 quarts of their products. 
They have been encouraged by a mothers’ club pecs has canned 
several thousand quarts. 

The ten young gar- 
deners who stand high- 
est in the work next to 
the five named, and who 
are on this account en- 
titled to membership in 
the Minnesota State Hor- 
ticultural Society, have 
all made splendid rec- 
ords and are as follows: 

1. George Anderson, 
of St. Peter. George is 
a member of a Boys’ 
Garden and Canning 
Club of eighteen mem- 
bers. This club of boys 
grew splendid gardens, 
held an exhibit where 
was shown more than 
200 lots of vegetables, 
fresh and green. The 
boys arranged for a can- 
ning contest in spite of 
the fact that a circus 
was in town the same 


Helen Rich, of Maple Lake. champion canning 
girl of the State. day. 


2. Leona Buss, Spring Valley. Leona is a member of a 
club of Spring Valley, from which the state champion comes. 
Each member grew one-tenth acre of tomatoes. Leona has 
canned 100 quarts and made a profit of more than $50.00. 

3. Olaf Anderson, Fergus Falls. Olaf comes from a com- 
munity which is making garden work a very important part of 
their schools. Seventy-five young folks have grown gardens and 
learned how to can their products for winter use. 

4. Freda Maurer, Mora. Freda is a member of Kanabec 
County Boys’ and Girls’ Club, which in 1916 had 200 hustling 
members. Club members here grew large gardens, 50x150 feet. 


BOYS AND GIRLS CANNING CLUB IN MINNESOTA IN 1916. 385 


5. Homer Kelly, Gladstone. Homer should be classed as 
one of the most useful citizens of Ramsey County. This fourteen- 
year-old boy has made nearly $200 by his own efforts, this year, 
by his garden work. 

6. Harold Darr, Minneapolis. Two hundred and sixty 
Minneapolis boys and girls were this year organized into clubs 
for growing home gardens in connection with school. Harold 
was one of the record makers, growing and selling $130 worth 
of garden products. 

7. Elsie McNall, Sleepy Eye. Elsie represents a club at 


Pet 


Boys’ Garden Club at St. Peter, Minn., winner first place, 1916, in southern district. 


Sleepy Eye which has grown and canned 600 quarts of vegetables 
in both glass andtin. Prof. Fudge in his report of her work, says 
that Elsie is just as expert in canning in tin cans as he is. 

8. Milton Johnson, Cokato. Milton Johnson represents the 
garden club at Cokato, where they have been growing some splen- 
did gardens, and learning how to can their products as a market 
proposition. 

9. Elsie Haines, Rush City. Elsie has been a county win- 
ner in Chisago County for two years and has made a splendid 
record in her garden. 

10. Martha Palubicki, Perham. Martha comes from the 
Garden and Canning Club of Perham, Ottertail County, which 
has made one of the best records of the state this year. 

I believe that in these young folks the Minnesota Horticul- 
tural Society is getting a group of members of which it may well 


386 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


be proud. They represent clubs with a membership of nearly 700 
boys and girls, and will bring some of the splendid things this 
society is doing to their communities. 

| The Potato Contest. 


Another project which I believe this society is especially 
interested in is the potato contest. Nearly 1,200 boys and girls 
were enrolled in this contest the past year, representing 200 clubs. 
Each member of the potato 
club must grow at least one- 
eighth of an acre of one of 
the three standard types of 
potatoes, Rural New Yorker, 
Green Mountain, and Early 
Ohio. Records must be kept 
‘| of all operations and a story, 
“How I Grew My Crop of 
Potatoes,” must be sent in at 
the close of the contest. Each 
member must also exhibit a 
peck of his or her best pota- 
toes at a general meeting of 
some kind. This week, at 
Bemidji, I believe we have the 
largest potato exhibit ever 
held in the state, when 300 
boys and girls are showing 
their best peck of potatoes. 
Elsie McNall, Sleepy Eye, one of the girls receiv- In 1915, Oscar Larson, who 
ing membership in this society for good work. grew 605 2-3 bushels on his 
acre, made a national record. The splendid results in standard- 
izing leading varieties, in demonstrating better methods of culti- 
vation, seed selection and increased production can hardly be 
comprehended. 

The main object, however, of the boys’ and girls’ work is to 
interest the boys and girls themselves in farm life, and to show 
them the wonderful possibilities and opportunities which are open 
to the worker of the soil. 

Lessons in leadership, in co-operative effort, in thrift and 
economy and in better methods of cultivation are all important, 
but the boys and girls themselves are the most important. Let us 
make them our partners by giving them a share of their own, 
whether it be an acre of corn, a calf, a pig, a potato plat, a garden 


BOYS AND GIRLS CANNING CLUB IN MINNESOTA IN 1916. 387 


or a strawberry patch. Let us work with them instead of for 
them, and we shall find a lot of “Back to the Farm Movement” 


unnecessary. 

The encouragement of this work by this association has done 
much to make it a success this year, and I hope you feel that you 
can help interest the young folks again for the coming year. 

Mr. Baldwin: This matter has been emphasized a good deal 
in many places and in our town as well. Being a ‘market gar- 
dener, and being very much interested in the boys and girls every- 
where, I feel that the older men have a work to do to prepare the 
way. I have had boys come to me, wanting to put in vegetables, 
onions and other things, asking my advice relative to these things. 
Some of the extension men and the school teachers have come to 
me and wanted to know how about putting the boys to work. 
You know the average vacant lot in our towns and villages is cov- 
ered with quack grass and things have run wild and they have al- 
lowed all manner of weeds to grow up, and it is the most discour- 
aging business in the world to get boys to work on such pieces of 
ground. I said to them, if you want to encourage the boys to do 
work don’t give them the worst kind of ground to start with. If 
we get busy and get these lots ready the year before, or get the 
boys to raise potatoes or something coarse so we will next year 
have the ground in shape'to raise onions and beets, something like 
that, they will work them with some degree of pleasure. Let us 
give the boys and girls a chance, a reasonable chance, and they 
will love the work. If you don’t give them a half a chance they 
will despise it as long as they live. (Applause.) 

Mr. Philips: I was asked a question today, and I think I will 
correct the answer I gave. A newspaper reporter asked me (I 
was coming into the hall here) what was the greatest thing of the 
greatest benefit to the state of Minnesota that the Horticultural 
Society has ever done. I studied a little while, and I told her I 
believed the reinstatement of Mr. Gideon, after a division arose 
between Mr. Gideon and the society, taking him back into the 
society with opens arms and getting him to throw his whole work . 
into propagating the Wealthy, was the greatest thing the society 
ever did. I don’t know but what I ought to change it now and 
say that it is the encouraging of these boys and girls. (Ap- 
plause.) There isn’t a man or woman in this city or in the world 
but would rather see that young man wearing that badge for 
doing something than to see a dozen of those smart Alecs around 
town smoking cirgarettes. (Applause.) 

It has been a part of my life work to encourage the boys to 
do something useful. A young man asked me: ‘You recommend 
every boy to go to an agricultural school after he graduates?” I 
said: “Yes.” He said: “I will have to teach and earn some 
money, and would you advise me to take the money and spend it 
in an agricultural school?” I said: “I don’t care whether you 
are going to be a doctor or lawyer or even a nurseryman (laugh- 


388 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ter), it is worth your while to get these lessons in agriculture.” 
That young man taught and went to school, and when they needed 
a man at Washington to judge grain he was sent down for that 
purpose as the best student at the agricultural school. Next year 
they sent for a man to go to Nebraska to take charge of the hor- 
ticultural department, and they sent him to Nebraska. They dis- 
covered at Wisconsin later on that they needed him there, and 
they brought him back at $2,000 a year, and now he is professor 
of agriculture, and superintendent of agriculture in the state of 
Wisconsin. That is what one boy gained by being encores 
Give the boys and girls a chance. (Applause. ) 

Mr. Claussen: I had intended to go away this morning, but 
I was persuaded to stay, and I might say I would not have missed 
this for anything. I have often thought of how we could take 
care of our boys and girls—I have some of my own. Sometimes 
my voice fails me when I think of the boys and girls in this coun- 
try, how they get ruined. I have four boys myself. Even if I am 
old—I am not so very old—I tried to form a club for these four 
boys for the last two or three years, went in company with them. 
They have been growing some vegetables. JI was very much 
interested in the everbearing strawberries, and we have divided 
that up, and I turned the horses and plows and so forth over to 
them. I don’t want to take up the time, but my heart was touched 
when I saw these young people up here and heard them so much 
interested to stay away from the circus and the moving pictures 
and more taken up with what is of more use for the future. (Ap- 
plause.) 

Mr. C. L. Smith: I have been interested in this club work 
quite a number of years. I am employed by a railroad company, 
and my instructions were to do anything I could to improve the 
condition of the farmers, and I soon found out that the best way 
to reach the average farmer was through the boys and the girls 
in the public schools. I have to make a report every year in 
regard to what results I have gotten with the money that I have 
expended, and during the last five years a summary of those 
reports shows that we have got from twenty-five to fifty per cent. 
larger results from the money expended in the boys’ and girls’ 
club work than we have with the old fellows. (Applause.) Last 
vear, 1915,—I haven’t had time yet to make my report for 1916— 
but for 1915 we distributed seed corn to four thousand different 
people, twenty-two hundred of them were boys and girls in the 
corn clubs, and in every single instance the reports from the boys 
showed that they had raised twice as much corn per acre as dad 
had. (Applause.) 

I was amused in reading a report in the Minneapolis Tribune 
that someone raised 135 bushels of corn to the acre. Why, we had 
a little boy at Walla Walla, Washington, that raised 14914 bushels 
of corn to the acre. (Applause.) Among our twenty-two hun- 
dred boys we had over five hundred that raised over a 100 bushels 
of corn to the acre. I say that from the summary of the reports 


389 


BOYS AND GIRLS CANNING CLUB IN MINNESOTA IN 1916. 


The Pipestone Garden and Canning Club. 


390 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


it shows we have twenty-five to fifty per cent. better returns for 
each dollar in money spent from the boys and girls than of the 
older people; we have the reports that they bring in like Mr. 
Erickson showed here. Those boys and girls by those reports 
show that they have followed the instructions better than the 
older people have. They make better reports. More than that, 
those boys and girls, a larger percentage of those receiving the 
seed make reports. Therefore I am here to say that you members 
of the Horticultural Society in working for the betterment of the 
world in which you live, you will find you get larger returns for 
time and money spent on boys and girls than you will on the old 
ones. That is true of boys and girls as well as of dogs, that is, 
it is hard to teach an old dog new tricks. (Applause.) 

Mr. Erickson: I want to call your attention to these reports 
of the boys and girls. You notice that they are taught to give 
credit to everything they do in the garden work. I want to 
emphasize one point, and I am sorry to have to make this state- 
ment. We have about 1,200 boys and girls in these clubs, and I 
have only referred to one phase of their work. It is true that the 
fathers and mothers, the parents, who ought to be the most inter- 
ested in the boys and girls, are really the biggest problem. The 
boys who are the quitters are the ones whose fathers say: “You 
better not compete for that prize, you better give up.’ These 
fathers and mothers look at it from the standpoint of the prizes; 
the boys do not do that; they get into the game. 

I could tell different stories of such happenings. One little 
fellow complains that he wants to finish up, but his father wants 
to cut his acre of corn and put it in the silo. This father did not 
realize what it meant to the little boy. Another father lets his 
binder go through the acre, doesn’t want his boy to fool with it 
any longer. That is why boys and girls lose interest in their 
homes. Give the boys and girls a chance! 

This shows how the boys and girls get interested. Laura has 
brought you a sample of her soil along to show you on what kind 
of soil she grew her tomatoes. If you would read her story, and 
the story of many others of the girls in print, you would think it 
the most interesting story you ever got hold of. I want to say 
that we appreciate what the association has done to encourage 
this work. (Applause.) 

Mr. Kellogg: I sent.a dollar today to a girl twelve years old 
at Oakwood for the second prize of ten ears of corn. She took 
the first prize at the county fair, which was worth about $12.00. 
I told her I would give her a dollar a year for the next ten years. 
We have heard a great deal of what the boys do; I want to hear 
about the girls. I am sorry that Philips and I haven’t got more 
youngsters about the size that you want to put into the corn field. 
Philips may have some grandchildren that he can put into the 
corn field, and perhaps I have, but I am sorry we haven’t got 
more of them. 


BOYS AND GIRLS CANNING CLUB IN MINNESOTA IN 1916. 391 


Mr. C. L. Smith: I have got eighteen. How will that do? 
(Applause. ) 

Mr. Philips: I am the oldest of sixteen; but I didn’t have 
the chances these boys and girls have had. 

Mr. Harrison: There has been a vegetable overlooked. A 
few years ago a lady took her puny, sickly daughter to a doctor 
and asked him about her. The mother didn’t exactly understand 
the prescription, but she thought he said: “Feed her carrots.” 
When she went home she fed her daughter carrots, she boiled 
them and she baked them and fed them to her daughter. Ina 
month she took her back to the doctor, and she was rosy and 
plump and full of strength. The mother said: “Your prescrip- 
tion worked first rate.”’ He was rather dumbfounded, but quietly 
led her out and found out about it. He had given her some Latin 
term, and she had understood carrots; and that was the result. 

This is a vegetable that has been overlooked. It is nutritious 
and can be raised in immense quantities, and the girls can raise 
them. You can raise a thousand bushels to the acre. They are 
very palatable and they bring good prices. Don’t overlook it and 
add it to the assets of the girl. (Applause.) 

The President: We have a splendid example of the wonder- 
ful work accomplished by the Minnesota Extension College, that 
is a division of the University Farm. These young people who 
have given addresses have demonstrated not only their ability, but 
that they have been educated to say things. Did you notice the 
ease with which these young people stood before this large audi- 
ence and told their little stories? Did you notice the splendid 
language they used, far better than some of us older people that 
have not had their opportunity. Credit is due their parents to 
start with, and then it has been the work of our splendid Exten- 
sion Division. There are thousands of young people throughout 
the state that are waiting for this opportunity ; some of them have 
been given it. I presume the young people that have been before 
us today are only a fair sample of the hundreds of young people 
that are working along this line. 

I had rather my boy or girl might be possessed of the fine 
spirit and the knowledge they have displayed along those lines 
than that they should own a quarter section of land free of charge 
oe Ey be possessed of that spirit or of that knowledge. (Ap- 
plause. 


VINE Crops SELDOM CRoss.—Many gardeners are afraid to plant musk- 
melons and cucumbers together for fear of their crossing. These two crops 
never cross, and if poor quality melons are-obtained, this condition must be 
ascribed to improper cultural conditions, poor seed, or the attacks of disease 
or insects. Varieties of cucumbers or of muskmelons cross readily among 
themselves, but never with each other. Neither do either of these crops 
cross with watermelons, squash or pumpkins. Winter squash and pumpkins 
ee not cross, but summer squash and pumpkins may cross.—‘Wis. Horti- 
culture.’ 


392 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


How I Grew My Garden. 


LAURA HINTZE, SPRING VALLEY, FILLMORE COUNTY. 

(Prize Winner in Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Club Contest.) 

The vegetables I chose to raise this year were tomatoes. 
The plat on which they were raised contained one-tenth of an 
acre, of which the subsoil is sandy and the top is black soil. 
The very first thing I © 
did was to have the 
plat fenced, then plowed, 
disked twice and har- 
rowed twice. 

On May 19th I re- 
ceived my plants. I plant- 
ed them the next day. 
The plants were set four 
feet apart each way. 
When planting, they 
were set a little deeper 
than in previous bed. 
Shortly afterward it 
rained. Out of two hun- 
dred plants, only nine 
did not grow. 

They were only hoed 
twice and cultivated 
twice. I did not prune 

Miss Laura Hintze, State champion Minnesota the plants at all, as the 

Garden and Canning Clubs in 1916. tomatoes seemed to ripen 
evenly and not all at once. I «fale. only a few, as the season 
was dry. If the season were wet, it would be better to stake 
them to keep them off the ground; for if left it causes them 
to rot. 

I picked the first ripe tomatoes July 28th. There was a 
ready sale for all I had in our own town. I sold them at ten down 
to one cent per pound. To prepare them for market, I wiped 
them with a dry cloth and packed them with the bottom end up. 
When it rained, the ripest tomatoes cracked; these were kept 
for home use. 

I had fresh vegetables eight weeks. The total number of 
pounds I raised was 2,679, bringing me a net profit of $58.24. 
I am satisfied with this year’s work, and intend to try it again 
next year. 


HOW I GREW MY GARDEN. 393 


‘How I Grew My Garden. 


CARL POTTHOFF, JORDAN, SCOTT COUNTY. 

(Prize Winner in Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Club Contest.) 

My garden was a little less than one-tenth of an acre in size. 
I had it plowed with my father’s garden; then I prepared the 
seed-bed with a hoe and rake. I planted tomatoes, popcorn, 
carrots, radishes, beets, cucumbers and cabbage. The reason 
for this variety was that we needed them for home use. 

I had a little trouble 
with striped insects eating 
my young cucumber plants, 
so I bought some insect 
powder and practically ex- 
terminated them. I had my 
garden clean for the greater 
part of the year, but later 
some weeds grew in vari- 
ous parts of it, although I 
managed to keep them 
away fairly well. 

The thing I most dis- 
liked was getting custom- 
ers who would buy my 
vegetables. I sold some, 
however, the receipts 
amounted to $3.50 from my 
garden and about $10 from 
my father’s garden. I re- 
ceived good commission Carl Potthoff, Jordan, champion Minnesota 
on what I sold for my garden and canning boy in 1916. 
father. There are two gardeners here who sell vegetables daily 
every summer, so I found it hard to get rid of some things. I 
found that radishes, sweet corn, peas and carrots sold best. 
Tomatoes, of which I had a lot, sold badly, 50 cents a bushel 
for a while, but later I could not sell them at all, so I canned 
them. 

The meetings of the Canning. Club were held every week, 
and we canned outside. At first we canned in a home-made can- 
ner, but later in a new “hot-water bath” canner. I canned 83 
quarts, both in tins and in glass jars. Tomatoes, apples, carrots 
and beets were the vegetables canned most, though many other 


394 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


things were canned. Fifty quarts of things I canned were from 
my garden. At the County Fair there was a boys’ and girls’ 
division. I entered my vegetables there and took $3.50 in prizes. 

This year I was often ready to give up my work, but I stuck 
and am in it for another year. The club members are intending 
to make it a bigger success next year; we will try to get 
vegetables to the state fair. This year I did not become a million- 
aire from my garden. I did not break any records. But I did 
make more money than if I had not entered the contest, and I did 
gain a lot of experience in growing and marketing vegetables. 
I am going to make a bigger success next year. 


Field Mice. 


BY 0. W. MOORE, SPRING VALLEY (SOUTHERN MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETY). 


In the spring of 1915 Prof. Hendricks, of the Agricultural 
Department of the Spring Valley School, came to me and asked 
me to go into the country with him to inspect an apple orchard. 
On arriving at the orchard I found one of the worst cases of 
girdling that I have ever met in all of my horticultural experi- 
ence. The orchard stood on a stony ridge, the north end of the 
ridge sloping down to nearly level land of a few acres. This part 
of the orchard being rich land had put up a heavy growth of blue 
grass during the summer of 1914 which had not been mowed. 
This made an ideal home for mice during the winter. The trees 
were from two to three inches in diameter and were girdled from 
two to twelve inches in length—and the mice did not skip a tree. 
I did not count them, but I should judge that there were some 
three or four hundred of those trees. Mr. Hendricks asked me if 
I could suggest a remedy to save those trees. I said to him that 
if I had known of the trouble two or three weeks sooner that they 
could have been bridged, but it is too late now as you can see that 
the trees are showing green leaves and blossom buds and there 
were no dormant scions to work with. I then said to him that 
there is one remedy left. It is a remedy that has worked for me 
and I do not know why it will not work here. If the owner of 
these trees will go and buy six inch and eight inch lumber and saw 
it into lengths that will cover the wounds of these trees and nail 
them together and put these boxes on the trees so that the trees 
will stand in the center of these boxes and then fill these boxes 
with fine dirt and wet the dirt good, a large portion of these trees 
can be saved. The owner of the trees followed my advice and 
Mr. Hendricks reported to me last fall that ninety per cent. of 
these trees were doing well. Those boxes are not only a present 
help, but they are a preventive against mice in and for the future. 


HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 1917. 395 


Horticulture at the Minnesota State Fair, 1917. 


A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


The Horticultural Building was again entirely occupied, as 
it has been for a number of years now, with the horticultural 
exhibit, including under this title fruits, vegetables and: flowers. 
This is a very large building, approximately 200 feet long by 
125 feet wide. In the center of this building is an ornamental 
fountain some twenty-five feet in diameter. South of this foun- 
tain is located the flower exhibit, consisting of displays of foliage 
plants by professional florists, occupying strips running length- 
wise of this space. These groups of ornamental plants are 
placed upon the floor with an area of earth around them, neatly 
bordered by a low edging, separating them from the walks used 
by visitors. The spaces left around the outside of the building are 
used largely for cut flower exhibits, and these are maintained in 
large part by amateurs. In the center of this space is a con- 
siderable area used for decorative designs and decorated dining- 
room tables. All the departments of this flower exhibit were 
well filled at this fair. There was, I judge, an unusual display 
of cut flowers grown in the gardens of the exhibitors. Every 
variety in season at that time was certainly on exhibition, and 
if this were the only display at the State Fair it would well 
repay the visitor for the time and expense to have the oppor- 
tunity of studying this infinite variety of flowers. Prof. LeRoy 
Cady, of University Farm, was in charge of this flower depart- 
ment. 

The fruit department occupied the northwest quarter of 
the building. In general appearance it was very much as for 
two or three years past. The west wall gave a space for a long 
sloping exhibit of single layer boxes of apples, some 600, I should 
judge, making an almost startling display of the possibilities 
of apple growing in Minnesota. The north wall, on a similar 
slope, was occupied by full boxes of apples, and judging by 
what the writer heard and knows of this display it was pretty 
nearly on a par with similar displays in the best apple growing 
regions of the country. The floor space was occupied by six long 
fruit tables with graduated shelves on each side, furnishing ac- 
commodations for nine rows of fruit for each table. These were 
all well filled with the various exhibits of collections and single 
plates, in fact there were no vacancies or thin spaces on any of 


396 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


these tables. The apples shown were hardly up to the normal 
size or coloring on account of the lateness of the season; never- 
theless the display was on the whole a most satisfactory and 
creditable one. The State Fruit-breeding Farm occupied two 
of these tables with the various new fruits, consisting largely of 
grapes and plums, originated at the Farm. Of these the most 
interesting were the new varieties of plums, No. 21 easily hold- 
ing the center of attention. The writer was handed a detail 
statement of these various exhibits, but by some mysterious pro- 
cess it has disappeared so that the reader will be spared the 
statistical portion of this description. 

The northeast quarter of the building was occupied by the 
vegetable exhibitors, excepting a space some forty feet square 
which was used by University Farm for demonstrations of the 
various practical arts which are being carried on and taught 
there. The sorting and packing of apples, spraying, pruning, 
etc., occupied this space. These demonstrations drew the atten- 
tion of many of the visitors, and its usefulness was fully shown 
by the time given to it by those interested in these arts. 
The rest of this space was occupied by probably the best vege- 
table exhibit ever made at the State Fair, judging by what was 
said in regard to it by those who spoke to the writer about it. 
Two long rows of graduated shelves occupied the central space, 
from. the north door of the building to the fountain, showing 
every conceivable variety of vegetables adapted to Minnesota’s 
climate. The Market Growers’ associations of Minneapolis and 
St. Paul put up the usual association displays in friendly rivalry. 
One of these displays is shown on the opposite page, that made 
by the Minneapolis Association. The first premium this year 
went to the St. Paul Association, of which exhibit we did not suc- 
ceed in getting a picture. Minneapolis display looks good enough 
to have been worthy of first, and I judge there was not any large 
difference between them. Mr. P. B. Marien, of St. Paul, was in 
charge of this department. 

Liberal premiums are being offered now-a-days for displays 
in the Horticultural Building. The division of fruits gives 
$1,800, the division of flowers $1,939.50, and vegetables $1,- 
321.00,—in all $5,060.50. The writer has only one criticism 
on this building and that is not by any means against the man- 
agement of the building, which in the hands of J. V. Bailey, 
assisted by Thos. Redpath, Supt., was most excellently planned 


397 


S97. 


HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 


Exhibit of vegetables by 


Minneapolis Market Gardeners’ Association, 


i? 


ST a 


thats 


at Minnesota State Fair, 1917. 


398 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and operated. Of late years certain concessions have crept into 
this building, selling perfumery, fancy glass, pens, tops and some 
other things that on account of the way they are operated always 
draw a crowd. The excuse is that the concessions, as they are 
called, increase the revenue for the maintenance of the fair. 
This year we understand the amount received from this source 
was approximately $500.00. After setting up such a splendid 
building and spending over $5,000.00 in doing it, and this, by no 
means, covers the whole expense of this department, which in- 


S 
So. AY 
oat 


, S 
ae “MAL 
= moe 


View across fruit tables at State Fair. 


cluding interest on investment, depreciation, repairs, overhead 
expenses, etc., would easily increase this amount one-half—it 
seems poor policy to introduce so discordant an element to save 
one-fifteenth of the cost of the department. It would even have 
been better to have cut down the premiums offered in this depart- 
ment $500.00 and had a clean building. Don’t do it again! 

The Horticultural Society maintained an office near the 
north door during the fair, at which the secretary was in at- 
tendance a considerable portion of the time. A large number of 
members were met in this way, and the fraternal spirit of the 
society had opportunity for full manifestation. A considerable 
number of memberships were secured, and we trust the presence 
of the society in this semi-official way added somewhat to the 
interest of this splendid building. Nearly all of those we met 
there were from our own state. We had the pleasure, however, 
of spending two or three days during the week with Professors 


or 


HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 1917. 399 


Hansen of Brookings, South Dakota, and Waldron, of Fargo, 
North Dakota, both of whom are well known to our members. 
Other visitors from Iowa, Nebraska, Wisconsin and Manitoba 
spoke with us, but their names are not recalled. 

In recalling the personnel of this exhibit, I am impressed 
with the great changes that have taken place in the list of names 
of those who put up the fruit exhibit at our state fairs. Of all 
the exhibitors who participated in the present fair only three had 
anything to do with the horticultural exhibit ten years ago, 
the names of these three being F. I. Harris, J. A. Howard and 
P. H. Perry. Going back to the exhibition of twenty years ago 


_ only one of the present exhibitors was making an exhibit at that 


time, Mr. J. A. Howard. The majority of those who have 
dropped out as exhibitors are no longer with us, but a few, 
some even of an earlier period, still remain, and while they are 
not exhibiting at the state fair serve with us at our meetings and 
in other ways. 


CoLp SToRAGE NEEDED.—The high cost of living, which we all feel, could 


- be lessened materially by the erection of municipal cold storage plants in all 


cities and towns of sufficient size. 

The high cost of most articles is the result of speculation. Fruit 
that costs a dollar a barrel will be held and four or five dollars asked. Eggs 
that cost from twenty cents up will be held for fifty cents at the season 
when eggs are not plentiful. The price in neither case is regulated by sup- 
ply and demand, except the supply and demand of a few months of the year. 

With a cold storage plant in every city and town it would be possible 
for many householders and many merchants to store their own fruit, their 
own eggs, their own potatoes, even their own butter and cream, for cream 
can be kept by cold storage. This would be a good thing for the producer, 
and it would be a good thing for the consumer. It would serve to stabilize 
the market, making fruit not the short season perishable product it now is, 
but something that could be kept over a term of months. The added time 
would increase the value of the fruit, and this would be to the advantage of 
the producer. On the other hand it would allow the consumer to buy at a 
time when the price was not prohibitive, with the result that he would buy 
more, would live better, and would spend no more money than now. 

The great difference would be that a much larger percentage of the 
money spent by the consumer would go to the producer and a much smaller 
per cent. to the speculator than is now the case.—‘The Fruitman & Gard- 
ener.” 


400 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Crookston Trial Station in 1916. 


T. M. MCCALL, SUPT. 

The season of 1916 was a normal growing season. Tree 
and bush fruits for the most part wintered well during the winter 
of 1915-1916, due quite largely to the heavy fall of snow. The 
small fruit and the fruit plots were flooded and remained wet 
quite late in the spring, owing to the great flow of water through 
the drainage ditches. 

The raspberry seedlings and one strawberry are the only 
fruits received from the State Fruit-Breeding Farm that are in 
bearing at the present time. The new plums and grapes have 
all been planted during the past three years and have borne only 
a few scattering fruits. 

The following chart shows the results to date of the Minne- 
sota seedling raspberries: 


Ferg #8 
Be OF Ses 
oq S55 BS 
Minn. No. 1—1913 50 25 Winter kills badly. 
Minn. No. 2—1913 100 20 Y%pt. Kills badly with winter 
protection. 
Minn. No. 3—1913 50 90 5qts. Good grower, hardy. 
Minn. No. 4—1913 100 98 5Bats. Very hardy. 
Minn. No. 5—1913 30 94 4ats. ‘« vigorous grower. 
Minn. No. 6—1913 100 30 l1qt. Unprotected plants winter 
kill quite badly. 
Minn. No. 7—1913 25 95 2qts. Vigorous grower. 
Minn. No. 8—1914 28 8&5 Good growth. 
Minn. No. 30—1916 5 30 Fair growth. 
Minn. No. 31—1916 4 60 Fair growth. 


The varieties that fruited ripened their fruit in the follow- 
ing order: No. 3, No. 5, No. 6, No. 7and No. 4. The first pick- 
ing was made from Minnesota No. 3 on July 20th. The first 
from No. 4 was on July 26th. Minnesota No. 5 gave the largest 
yield, followed by No. 3, each yielding twice as much as Minne- 
sota No. 4. The Minnesota No. 4 produces the better market 
berry, the No. 3 is inclined to shell but is of good size and color. 
The Minnesota No. 5 is apparently a hybrid verging toward a 
purple cap and is only fair in quality. The Minnesota No. 7 and 
Minnesota No. 5 are both prolific plant makers. 

Sixteen varieties of Minnesota seedling plums have been 
planted to date. These trees, the same as the standard varieties 
in the plum orchard, have not made satisfactory growth. The 
growth of the plums has been retarded each year by excessive 


CROOKSTON TRIAL STATION IN 1916. 401 


amounts of soil alkali. However, this plot was tile drained dur- 
ing the past fall, and it is hoped that the alkali factor will be 
removed. 

The seedling grapes planted in 1913 have not fruited yet; 
of the eight varieties planted only four have survived. All of the 
varieties were severely injured, and some entirely killed by the 
early fall freeze of 1913 from injury from which some are just 
recovering. Vines of Minnesota No. 6, No. 7 and No. 8 have 
made good growth during the past season, while a specimen of 
No. 3 has made only fair growth. The grapes are given winter 
protection each year. The Campbell’s Early, of the standard 
varieties, has made the best growth of vine, excelling the Beta in 
this respect, but to date neither variety has borne sufficient fruit 
for comparison of varieties. ; 

Twelve different lots of Malinda apple seedlings were re- 
ceived the past season from the Fruit-Breeding Farm and planted 
with good results. Fifteen other lots of numbered apple seed- 
lings were also planted. During the past six years eleven standard 
varieties of apples and nine varieties of crabs have been planted 
on the experimental farm, and from this planting the following 
results have been noted to date: Hibernal, Charlamoff and 
Duchess have made the best growth of the apples; Virginia, 
Transcendent, Florence and Whitney have made the best growth 
of the crab varieties. Virginia crab and Hibernal apple produce 
dependable trees for the upper Red River Valley. Young or- 
chards need windbreak protection from the southwest, west and 
north. The hard storms of the past summer did considerable 
damage to many of the fruit trees. 

In addition to the fruits on trial from the Fruit-Breeding 
Farm, standard hardy varieties of all small, bush, vine and tree 
fruits are being tested. 

The outlook for the home fruit garden in the Red River 
Valley is bright. There are enough hardy sorts of fruits on the 
market to make a good variety to supply home demands if the 
fruits but receive intelligent care. 


WHEN TO PLANT CoRN.—Corn should be planted early; just as soon 
as the soil is warm enough to induce germination and the danger of frosts 
is past, according to Farmers Guide. Where the land is plowed in the fall 
or during the winter it can be planted much earlier than if plowing is 
delayed until spring. It is not wise, however, to sow seed on a poorly pre- 
pared seed bed in order to secure early planting. Later planting preceded 
by good seed bed preparation is better. By having a good seed bed and 
by using tested seed, the corn planted late will stand a good chance of 
maturing before early frosts as well as that planted early on a poorly pre- 
pared seed bed. 


402 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The House Mother’s Vegetable Garden. 


MRS. E. W. D. HOLWAY, EXCELSIOR, MINN. 


In these days we hear much of efficiency—we are taught 
that it is not enough just to live, but that we must make our lives 
count in the welfare of the world. Another word we are becom- 
ing used to is “conservation.”” We must not waste that which be- 
longs to the future. These two words are suggestive in relation 
to gardening. 

As in the progress of civilization we find, more and more, 
that forethought is necessary, that we cannot live only for this 
day, or even for this year, so in the details of gardening the work 
should be done with reference to coming needs as well as for 
present requirements. ; 

I have had special charge of the vegetable and fruit gardens 
for the house for several years. As house-mother I consider the 
garden in connection with the serving of vegetables for my fami- 
ly. It has taken me a long time to get the needed amount of each 
thing, but now I feel that I have approximate measures for the 
needs of a family of five. We are only three for all the year, but 
the children come home, or others visit us; so I plan to be sup- 
plied, and find I can give away the portion not required at any 
time. 

Instead of providing every fruit and vegetable for all times 
of the year, I plan for certain things in their season. I count by 
months, though the time of production varies from three weeks 
to six weeks. 

Potatoes, beans, tomatoes and onions I must have for the 
whole year. 

Then for main vegetables for the months, I have: first, 
salsify, which should be available in March. Next year I will 
have my bed shaped so that a cold frame nearly ten feet long, 
. with half sash, can be placed over to thaw out the earth in time. 
For April I have parsnips—about the same amount as of salsify. 
Both beds must have a light covering in fall after first freezing, 
to prevent thawing in winter. The seed must be planted in April 
for these two things, so a place must be chosen which can be 
spaded two full spades deep in fall, with barnyard manure not 
too new in the lower portion. These beds should be left rough 
and uncovered. - ( 

When asparagus begins to push up its big green fingers about 
the first of May there is feasting in this house. This is the main 


THE HOUSE MOTHER’S VEGETABLE GARDEN. 408 


vegetable for about six weeks—until Peas are ready. Four 
varieties of peas take us well on into July. 

If Champion of England peas and Early Bantam corn do 
not meet, I have a row of extra, or reserve, vegetables, beets 
and carrots in any case and, perhaps, a few turnips and kohl rabi., 
These are to be used if a change is desired, or if there are enough 
people at table to use an extra vegetable. 

After corn, in September, I plan for summer squash. That 
is often used as a reserve too, earlier. October is to have cauli- 
flower and November winter squash. There is still a reserve 
row, either the early one or the winter row of root vegetables. 
In December there are to be beets with butter or creamed, and if 
there are still good squashes, they run into the month. 

January should have rutabagas and February celeriac and 
carrots. These we will not tire of if they are carried into March. 

Then I plan pot herbs in the same way. There should be 
enough cabbages stored for March, and April should find Siberian 
kale starting to grow. That should be planted so a cold frame 
can be put over to thaw out early. About the iast of June I 
think is the best time to plant Siberian kale for this latitude (45 
degrees north). Before May 1, dandelion is ready. Dandelions 
are troublesome weeds, but I do not depend upon the volunteers, 
but plant seed of the broad leaved kind in April. I try to have 
spinach for all of June. The thinnings of beets are not wasted, 
and I plant some at intervals just for pot herbs. In July Sum- 
mer cabbage begins and runs into August. It is well to have a 
reserve row of mustard—perhaps two plantings of a few feet— 
but Swiss chard planted last of June will give repeated cuttings, 
and if wished New Zealand Spinach gives cuttings after hard 
frost. These two will cover September and October easily. In 
November I use celery stewed or scalloped or in soup—and in 
December and January cabbages. I like to have sauerkraut for 
February for change and to avoid opening the vegetable cellar 
in severe weather. 

For salads we have in March delicious celery, which was 
stored in the root cellar after it was cold enough—packed close 
on concrete floor with earth or sand to shut off air from front 
of roots. I sometimes need something before April is gone, and 
beet pickle or celerac sliced raw helps out. Perhaps a little 
‘blanched dandelion also. 

About May 5 radishes may be expected from the cold frame 
planted the first week of April. This bed should be prepared in 


404 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


fall like the pasnip and salsify bed. Lettuce comes soon after 
from cold frame—then from outside planting. I expect head let- 
tuce for June and July. There are always reserve plantings of 
leaf lettuce and radishes into July, also curled cress, sorrel, chives 
and horesradish. Cucumbers and sweet peppers are ready for 
August. I plant lettuce for September the last of June and for 
October early in July. I thin these plantings instead of trans- 
planting, as the weather is usually very trying. The October 
lettuce must be covered with a frame when frost comes—and 
kept aired—perhaps frame removed for a few days when weather 
becomes warmer. Hndive for November needs a frame also. 
This is taken up and placed—roots on root cellar floor—or on 
flats with protection of earth or sand where needed. It should 
blanch well here. 

For December there is Celery, and I plan to have Witloof 
chicory in January, (taken from outside in Oetober or early 
November and trimmed and planted close in boxes,) or perhaps 
celery cabbage would be better. 

For February, beets—probably best put up in sealed jars— 
but good uncooked ones are all right. 

I plan to use tomatoes and onions each one day a week for 
extra vegetable, pot herb once or twice and beans once in place 
of meat. 

My vegetable garden is 100x65 feet, including walks. Sweet 
herbs border one walk, and asparagus frames garden on three 
sides. 


POISONING OF TREES By ILLUMINATING GAS.—Illuminating gas is very 
poisonous to plants of all kinds. Trees in lawn and on the street parking 
are the principal sufferers. The gas from leaky pipes, in the ground, fre- 
quently causes the death of shade trees. The ground becomes more or less 
saturated with the gas. The symptoms of gas poisoning are not always 
easily distinguished from those of other troubles.. Usually the first symptom 
of gas poisoning in the summer is that of the leaves turning yellow and 
dropping, the upper part of the tree showing the effects first. Dead limbs 
appear here and there and the roots and sapwood at the lower part of the 
tree to assume a bluish color, and have a peculiar, disagreeable. odor. 

As a rule, the odor of gas from a leaky pipe can be detected by making ~ 
a hole several feet deep in the soil near the tree. If the leak is detected soon 
enough, the tree possibly may be saved by immediate repair of the leak and 
a thorough stirring up and airing of the soil. As a rule, however, poisoning 
has proceeded too far before the effects are noticeable, and as the injury 
occurs below the ground surface, no satisfactory remedies can be applied.— 
W. W. Robbins, Colo. Agri. College. 


—- 


GARDEN HELPS 


Conducted by Minnesota Garden Flower Society 
Edited by Mrs. E. W. Gou.p, 2644 Humboldt Avenue So. 


Minneapolis. 


October Meeting of Garden Flower Society. 
Minneapolis Public Library, October 12th, 2:30 P. M. Program: 
“Fall Covering,” “Heeling In,” “New Varieties Especially Successful,” 
“Reports on Seeds.” 
Come and bring your friends. 


General Directions for Bulb Planting. 


The best soil for the bulb bed is that in which bulbs have never been 
grown. A light loam is the very best, to which rotted sods may be added 
to advantage. If the soil is heavy, it can be improved by adding sand. 

The bed should be deeply spaded, at least a foot, at the same time dig- 
ging in a fertilizer composed of three parts bone meal, one part wood ashes 
and one part Scotch soot—which you may not be able to procure now. Stable 
manure cannot be used unless it is very old and well rotted, and then it 
should be placed well below the bulbs, so it cannot come in contact with them. 
If possible, prepare the bed several weeks before planting so it may have 
time to settle. 

When planting the bulbs it is well, if possible, to remove the earth to 
the depth at which the bulbs are to be planted, so that they will all be at 
a uniform depth and so bloom at the same time. Spread a half inch of 
fine sand over the surface before planting the bulbs, then carefully replace 
the soil so as not to knock any of them over. If this method of planting 
is not possible, the bulbs may be set in with a trowel or dibble, being care- 
ful that all bulbs of a kind are set at a uniform depth, and that a little sand 
is placed under each bulb to insure good drainage. One grower advises 
scattering pieces of moth balls in the soil of beds that are liable to attacks 
from mice or moles. After the ground is frozen two or three inches a light 
cover of leaves or litter may be put over the bed, the same to be removed 
before growth appears in the spring. 

Hyacinths will do better in a sandy soil than in heavier soil, as they 
are grown in Holland in a soil that is nearly pure sand. They should 
be lifted each spring when the foliage has ripened, and the bulbs stored 
over summer in a dry, cool place. Planting should be done before heavy 
frosts, the bulbs being set not less than six inches apart and six inches 
deep, me: ing to the bottom of the bulb where the largest bulbs are 
used. For second sized bulbs five inches will be right. Hyacinths should 
have a little heavier winter cover than other bulbs. 

Tulips are subject to a disease if planted too often in the same soil; 
so as far as possible use virgin soil or renew the soil in old plantings. 
Planting should be finished in two or three weeks after the first hard 
frost. Never plant when the soil is sticky after rains. The early kinds 
should be planted five inches apart and five inches deep; late tulips require 
six inches each way, and as many in depth. It is always best to place 
sand under them, and if any manure is used have it at least six inches 
below them. The bone meal will always be found safer to use in the bulb 


beds. 
(405) 


406 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The covering should be light, applied after the ground is frozen, and 
removed as soon as an inch of growth has appeared in the spring, but keep 
a little ready to use in case of late frosts following rain or snow, as water 
often collects in the unfolding leaves, and freezing will destroy the flower 
bud just as it appears at the surface of the soil. Early tulips need to be 
lifted after the foliage has been ripened and stored for the summer in a 
dry, airy place, but the later tulips may be left where planted to bloom 
the second and third time, and will increase if they like the environment. 
If the blooms decrease in number and size, they are calling for another 
location and should be lifted and stored until autumn and then planted in a 
different place. When cutting tulips at least two inches of the lower leaves 


should be left on the stem to nourish the bulb. 

The blooms of daffodils or narcissi last much longer if grown in a little 
partial shade, but they can be grown in almost any soil or situation. No 
stable manure should be used but keep to the bone meal mixture as for 
hyacinths. 

Planting should be done as soon as possible after the bulbs are re- 
ceived for, as a family, all daffodils dislike being out of the ground any 
length of time. The Poeticus, especially, must be planted early. These 
bulbs vary greatly in size. Plant the larger ones six to eight inches 
apart, the smaller four to five and cover them one and one-half times their 
own depth. In very light soils an extra inch of covering should be given. 
Daffodils should be lifted and divided every three years. If some kinds do 
not bloom well, lift the second year and change the situation and soil. In 
dividing, be careful not to break the base of the bulb, and separate only 
those offsets that are loosely attached to the mother bulb. 

Plant all bulbous irises early in the fall. Crocuses should also be 
planted early, and should be covered to the depth of two inches, measur- 
ing to the bottom of the bulb. Do not try planting them in the lawn in 
our climate. They will do as well in the borders and about shrubbery. 

Scillas will do well in shade and are planted deep in comparison with 
the size of the bulb. Plant them five inches deep in rich soil. They will 
increase faster if let go to seed. 

Snowdrops, Chionodoxas, Camassias, and Grape Hyacinths should be 
covered three to four times their depth, and, if covered at all in winter, 
given a very light protection. 

Try and work out a plan for continuous bloom in the bulb gardens 
this fall. It is entirely practicable to raise a succession of flowers over 
the bulbs if the right things are selected. Here is a plan followed by one 
of our members. The bed is first planted to Darwin tulips. Late in 
the fall tall poppy seeds are sown broadcast in this bed. After the 
tulips have finished blooming, an equally charming effect is maintained 
by the gorgeous poppies. Later, bachelor buttons, asters and scabiosas 
are transplanted into the bed to replace poppies, which are pulled up when 
through blooming. These prolong the bloom until time to sow the poppy 
seed again, when they, in turn, are removed, the bed given a top dress- 
ing of bone meal and wood ashes, well raked in, and the poppies sowed 
again. Your Darwin tulips are six inches beneath the surface. Select, 
then, plants whose roots will not penetrate to them. : . 

Charming effects can be produced by planting low growing perennials 
in the bed after the bulbs have been put in. Meadow rue will give a 
lacey background for your tulips and will make that particular part of 
the garden beautiful throughout the season. Our beautiful native blue 
phlox, divaricata, blooms at the same time as the later tulips, and most 
wonderful garden pictures can be produced by planting it among your pale 
pink or yellow tulips. Arabis Alpina, or albida, will provide a lovely 
carpet of white under your early tulips, grape hyacinths or daffodils. 
Phlox sublata, forget-me-nots, alyssum, saxatile and perennial candytuft 
are all fine to use in the same way. This double planting will double the 


joy of your spring garden. 


N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. 


W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary. 


© 


At this season of the year when peony planting time has arrived, the 
question of what varieties to plant with the assurance of satisfactory results 
being obtained arises. a 

We are giving below a list of something over one hundred varieties 
that embrace the cream of all those now in cultivation. True there are new 
ones being constantly added which we intend to supplement to our list 
when their value becomes better known. Many of the old favorites have 
been retained in the list as they are indispensable. Others have been given 
a place on account of the extreme earliness or lateness of the variety. We 
want comments from any of our members on any of the varieties listed as it 
is our intention to later publish a list of 100 or more varieties, giving a 
brief description of each variety that will be a guide to our members and 
give them a list of the very best peonies in cultivation. A similar list of 
possibly 50 or more iris will be printed in the same manner. Be free to 
make comments, as we desire to have a list that will meet the requirements 


3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minn. 


of our members in various localities. 


Adolphe Rosseau 
Albert Crousse 
Alsace Lorraine 
Asa Gray 
Aurora 
Augustin d’ Hour 
Avalanche 
Baroness Schroeder 
Belisaire 
Berloiz 
Beranger 
Boule de Neige 
Chestine Gowdy 
Claire Dubois 
Couronne d’Or 
Constant Devred 
De Candolle 
Delache 
Dorchester 
Duchess de Nemours 
Edmond About 
Edulis Superba 
EK. G. Hill 
Elizabeth Barrett 
Browning 
Elwood Please 
Enchantresse 
Eugenie Verdier 
Eugene Verdier 
Felix Crousse 
Festiva 
Festiva Maxima 
Floral Treasure 
Francis Shaylor 
Francis Willard 
Germain Bigot 
Gigantea (Syn 
Lamartine) 
Gismonda 
Gloire de Charles 
Gombault 


Gloire de Touraine 

Georgiana Shaylor 

Grandiflora (Richard- 
sons) 

Grandiflora Nivea 
Plena 

Grover Cleveland 

Humei Carnea 

Jas. Kelway 

Jeane d’Are 

Judge Berry 

Juliette Dessert 

Jubilee 

Karl Rosenfield 

Kelway’s Queen 

Kelway’s Glorious 

Lady Alexander Duff 

Laverne 

La France 

Laure. Dessert 

La Perle 

Le Cygne 

La Lorraine 

Livingstone 

La Tendresse 

La Rosiere 

La Tulipe 

La Fiancee 

La Fayette 

La Fee 

Longfellow 

Loveliness 

Madame Auguste 
Dessert 

Madam Bucquet 

Madame Calot 

Martha Bulloch 

Madame de Verneville 

Madame Emile Galle 

Madame Jules Dessert 

Madame inl Lemoine 

407) 


Marie Lemoine 
Madame Forel 
Marguerite Gaudichau 
Madame Geissler 
Madame Lemonier 
Mary Woodbury 
Shaylor 
Marcelle Dessert 
Mary Brand 
Marguerite Gerard 
Mathilda de Rosenack 
Milton Hill 
Miss Salway 
Marie Crousse 
Mons Jules Elie 
Mont Blane 
Mons Martin Cahuzac 
Model de Perfection 
Mons. Dupont 
Mignon 
Neptune 
Octave Demay 
Opal 
President Roosevelt 
Primavere 
Phoebe Carey 
Raoul Dessert 
Reine Hortense 
Rosa Bonheur 
Richard Carvel 
Sarah Bernhardt 
(Lemoine) 
Solange 
Solfatare 
Standard Bearer 
Therese 
Tourangelle 
Umbellata Rosea 
Walter Faxon 


SECRETARY’S CORNER 


FAMOUS FRUITAGE.—‘My Transcendent apple tree, 44 feet across the 
top, 6% feet around the body, 47 years old, will have 20 bushels of apples 
or more and net me more than $40.00 in cash. Some of my Wealthy trees, 
47 years old, will have fifteen bushels or more and net me nearly $25.00 
each. These Wealthy trees are grown from scions of the original Wealthy 
tree and among the first ever grafted.”—Rolla Stubbs, Bederwood, Lake 
Minnetonka. 


THE 1917 APPLE Crop.—The monthly crop report of the U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture gives the apple crop in the United States for this 
year at 51.5 per cent of a normal crop which is two per cent less than the 
average of the ten preceding. years. The estimated crop ff» ‘!innesota, 
as it appears in this report, is 1,386,000 bushels for this year. We have 
no method, not even an approximate one, of verifying these figures, which I 
suppose is the average of reports from a number of individual observers 
in this state. It looks large to us. 


REPLANTING THE ORCHARDS OF FRANCE.—The Horticultural Society 
of New York is calling attention in a circular just at hand to the great 
destruction of fruit trees in France, caused by the devastations of the war. 
In the devastated region, now being re-occupied, it is found necessary to 
entirely replant the orchards. The society referred to has undertaken the 
establishment of a fund to be devoted to that purpose, and is requesting 
other American horticultural societies to co-operate in this commendable 
purpose. Members of this society who desire to contribute to this fund can 
do so through this office or by communicating directly with the Secretary 
of the New York Society, addressing him at New York Botanical Gardens, 
Bronx Park, New York City. The name is George V. Nash. 


ARE YOu STORING FRUIT FOR THE WINTER MEETING?—Perhaps your 
attention was not called to the premium list for the coming annual meeting, 
which was published in the September number of our monthly. Looking 
this over you will note a considerable increase in premiums offered for a 
number of articles, especially pecks, boxes and barrels of apples. A new 
prize is offered for collections of cans of fruits and vegetables, intending to 
stimulate work in this line, which is of such special importance this year. 
We anticipate a large display, but to secure it, of course, will need your 
co-operation as well as that of your friend and neighbor. It will be noted 
that the fifth one-hundred dollar prize for a seedling grown under a previous 
offer is to be awarded at this meeting. The usual prizes for seedling apples 
are being offered, although there isa slight change in the way of an increase 
for late keeping varieties and a corresponding decrease for early winter 
varieties. What are you doing to help on this exhibition, in which the 
society takes so large an interest? 


PROGRAM OF THE ANNUAL MEETING.—Some work has been done already, 
and progress made, in preparing the program for the coming meeting. We 
are already assured of the attendance of four leading professors of horti- 
culture in the West besides those of our own state, namely: Prof. J. C. 
Whitten, of Missouri; Prof. N. E. Hansen, of South Dakota; Prof. C. B. 
Waldron, of North Dakota; and Prof. R. W. Brodrick, of Manitoba. Most 
of, these have been with us with much regularity for some years. Prof. 
Whitten will attend our meeting for the first time, and on this account 
special work has been prepared for him on the program. Conservation, top- 
working, spraying, vegetable gardening, flower culture—the latter to be 
represented by three societies—will receive special attention at this meeting. 
In fact almost every phase of every branch of horticulture will find some 
place on this comprehensive program. Of course you are planning to be in 
attendance. Members will be accommodated at special prices at the West. 
Hotel, and every facility offered for making the gathering a convenient, 
comfortable and a most enjoyable occasion. Plan your winter vacation in 
Minneapolis the first week in ')ocember. 

(408) 


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a7 Portraits of most of those whose names appear in the addresses published 
herewith are to be found in some one or more of the accompanying en- 
gravings. 


LLL LLL LL LLL LLM 


Vol. 45 NOVEMBER, 1917 No. 11 


LLL LL LLL LOL LL ECM 


Tn COC COC To TUE VOC EOC CO eee = 


SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY 


OF MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 


HELD AT MINNEAPOLIS, DECEMBER 7, 1916 


win Taurine ni nanucenna ceca cncrcesncicncracagcucccccccetec cetacean cece eee EEE eden entero 


PU 


Invocation by Rev. C. S. Harrison. 


DELIVERED AT THE OPENING SESSION OF THE FIFTIETH ANNUAL MEETING OF 
THIS SOCIETY. 


O God, out of the great Unknown, out of the vastness and 
the mystery of Eternity, out of the glory and splendor of the 
Universe, Thou dost come to us in the person of Father, saying, 
ye are gods and all of you are children of the Most High. Thou 
hast given us the shield of Thy salvation, Thy right hand hath 
holden us, Thy gentleness hath made us great. Thou hast graven 
us on the palms of Thy hands; Thou dost hold us dear as the apple 
of Thine eye; Thou hast shut us in with the walls of salvation and 
enclosed us with the gates of praise. Thou dost rejoice over 
us with singing, and under our burdens and in our weariness 
Thou dost often lull us to sweet repose with the lullabies of love. 
And so as Thou hast revealed Thyself in these tender and in- 
timate relations, we have confidence to come to Thee and bold- 
ness to approach Thy throne of grace. 

And now, Oh God, we thank Thee for this half century 
with which Thou hast blessed this gathering, this Society, and 
when from the present we look back upon the past and see the 
great strides which have been made we rejoice with thanks- 
giving and with delight. Oh God, what noble men Thou hast 
given us, and how Thou hast enabled them to conquer all the 
adverse forces and brought them down to the splendid achieve- 
ments of today! And from this vantage-ground we look confi- 
dently into the future and think of greater things to be accom- 
plished, and with the assistance which Thou hast given us thus 
far we are assured that in the future we can lean upon the ever- 
lasting arms, and that Thou wilt take us into the very holy of 

(409) 


410 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


holies of nature and reveal further those secrets which have 
been such a blessing and benediction to this great commonwealth. 

We thank Thee, Our Father, that Thou hast enabled many 
of us to realize Thy presence and Thy guidance, for the secret of 
the Lord is with them that fear Him, and He will show them 
his covenant. And now, wilt Thou enlarge the scope of our 
efforts, may we not be content to linger earthward, but may we 
mount up sometimes on wings as of eagles and enter the high 
altitudes of God where we lock down upon the littleness of mere 
material things and rejoice that in places where feet of angels 
do not go Thou dost go with us, that we may be co-workers with 
Thee to make this a more beautiful and fruitful earth. Some 
of us, Oh God, are growing old and soon the places which now 
know us will know us no more forever, and when we shall lie 
with hands folded and eyes closed in death and our friends look 
upon us, may they not view the countenance of those who have 
been worsted in life’s great battle, those who have wasted pro- 
bation, but may they look upon the faces of those who have 
fought the good fight and kept the faith and finished the course. 
. We ask all these favors through Christ, our Redeemer. 

men. 


Remarks of J. M. Underwood. 


PRESIDING AT THE SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY SESSION OF THE SOCIETY, 
HELD AT WEST HOTEL IN MINNEAPOLIS, DECEMBER 7, 1916. 

In accepting the chairmanship of this meeting, I understand 
it to be in recognition of my early membership in this society. 
I assure you that I deem it an honor and pleasure to look in the 
faces of this large and splendid audience. 

Fifty years ago in the city of Rochester this society was 
born. There were twelve godfathers, or charter members, and 
we have the honor today to have with us the only living charter 
member, Mr. C. L. Smith, who will appear on this program. 

Very dear to our hearts are the memories of those who or- 
ganized this society, such men as Elliot, Stevens, Harris, Grimes, 
Jewell, and other charter members. They were characters 
whom we should study and from them learn the value of high 
ideals and steadfastness of purpose. 

When we first came to Minnesota all the apple trees had 
been killed except the crab and a few of Talman Sweets and 
Russetts. Dr. Jewell undertook to solve the question of how to 
grow apples in Minnesota. He enlisted me in the work more 
than fifty years ago, and I have been everlastingly at it ever 
since. 

I say to you that the Minnesota State Horticultural Society 
has been the greatest factor in helping me to succeed. Every one 
in the Northwest that has an interest in horticulture must recog- 
nize the value of this society. We are just on the crest of the 
wave of success. Let us go on and enlarge our scope of useful- 
ness, get a home to live in and live forever. 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MINN. STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 411 


Historical Sketch of Minnesota State Horticultural Society 
A. W. LATHAM, SECY. 


What I am to say at this time is somewhat in the nature of 
a historical sketch of the society, avoiding as far as possible all 
those subjects that will be taken up later by other members. 

This society was organized at Rochester, in this state, Octo- 
ber 4, 1866. Of the charter members as then recorded none 
are now living, the last one to pass being Wyman Elliot, with 
whose name and personality of course you are all familiar. There 
are two others, yet alive, who claim to have been present at that 
first meeting, whose names, however, are not in the list of charter 
members, Mr. O. F. Brand, now residing in California, and Mr. 
C. L. Smith, a resident of Oregon. 

Col. D. A. Robertson, a prominent citizen of St. Paul, was 
the first president of the society. While his name appears later 
in the reports of some of the meetings, he was not long actively 
connected with the association. 

The second meeting was held also in Rochester, October 4, 
1867, one year later. The records show only ten names as present 
at that meeting. Mr. A. W. McKinstry, a newspaper editor of 
Faribault, appears as president for that one year. Mr. 
McKinstry died a year or two since, at an advanced age, having 
retained his connection with The Faribault Republican almost 
up to the day of his death. He was always a loyal supporter of 
the society, though only for a short time prominent in its 
counsels. 

There is a measure of uncertainty about the history of the 
first few years of the society as it was not until several years 
after its organization that arrangements were made to gather 
the fragmentary records and put them in shape for preservation, 
which was done very carefully by John S. Harris, of LaCrescent, 
who will be spoken of later by others. I think that this was a 
labor of love on Mr. Harris’ part, who was always an ardent 
worker in the society and continually serving in some practical 
way up to the very time of his death. 

In 1868, September of that year, the third meeting was 
held, in Minneapolis, the membership roll showing forty-two 
names. The name of Peter M. Gideon appears here for the first 
time, with such other names as C. M. Loring, P. A. Jewell, J. T. 
Grimes, John H. Stevens, O. M. Lord, and many other names 
familiar in Minnesota horticulture. Indeed the roll for that year 


412 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


included almost all of those who are termed the “veterans of the 
Horticultural Society.” Mr. Chas. Hoag, of Minneapolis, was 
chosen president. I remember him as a very genial man, with 
liberal ideas, full of humor and altogether a wholesome person 
to be with. 

The fourth meeting was held at St. Paul in January, 1869, 
occupying rooms in the basement of the Old Capitol. It was the 
first meeting which I attended, and all of the setting of that 
meeting, and the people who were there, appear to me as a clearly 
painted picture. I can hear the voices of those earnest men and 
see their faces as they sit, few in number, about the room. The 
records show forty-two names for that year, though no such 
number were present at the meeting. I had the honor of serving 
this meeting as secretary pro tem, my first official service for the 
society. I remember Mr. Wyman Elliot as present, and I recall 
that he moved to recommend the Soulard crab for general culti- 
vation. Those who know this fruit these later days will appre- 
ciate the significance of such a recommendation. At Mr. Elliot’s 
suggestion a first list of apples for planting in the state was pre- 
pared. I recall also that Amasa Stewart, a prominent early 
member of the society and nurseryman, residing then at St. 
Peter, introduced to the notice of the meeting the Stewart seed- 
ling crab, which afterwards was considerably planted though 
now not well known amongst the fruit growers. 

The next meeting was held October 2d, the same year, at 
Rochester. John S. Harris, spoken of previously, was at that 
time first elected president. He served the society as president 
three years in succession, and then later in 1891 for two years 
more, making five years in which he occupied the presidency. 
There were no prepared programs in these earlier meetings, and 
nearly everything was by impromptu discussion. This, however, 
did not detract from the interest of the meetings, which were 
always of an intense character. 

The next meeting was held in 1870 again at St. Paul. 

The next meeting, that of 1871, was held at Faribault the 
third week in January, and from then on for a great many years 
the meetings were held at that mid-winter season. I recall at 
this meeting especially Mr. A. W. Sias, living at Rochester, very 
prominent in our counsels from that time on, and until he left 
the state many years later. He passed away a few years ago at 
his home in Florida. 

In 1872 the meeting was held again in Minneapolis, R. J. 
Mendenhall in the chair. At this meeting Mr. John S. Harris 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MINN. STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 419. 


was elected secretary, holding this office also in 1873. The min- 
utes note that I spoke in favor of the Red Astrachan and Sops 
of Wine apples, and that some one referred to the Golden Russett 
as never having killed down. We have certainly made some 
progress in pomology since those days. 

In 1873 the meeting was held in St. Paul, I don’t recall 
where, although I am quite sure that I attended nearly all of 
the meeting's from the time I became a member in ’69—but there 
were a good many of them, and my memory is somewhat at fault. 
Mr. Elliot was chairman of a committee that prepared a consti- 
tution which was adopted at this meeting. This constitution 
remained in force with slight modifications until at a meeting 
was held at Lake City in 1895, the constitution now in force was 
adopted with practical unanimity. This change in the constitu- 
tion was considered necessary on account of an effort made the 
two previous years to capture the organization in the interest of 
some person or policy by bringing in a large number of member- 
ships at $1.00 each, each such member having a vote just the 
same as those who had belonged to the association for years. 
The change in the constitution was a radical one, requiring three 
consecutive annual memberships to be entitled to vote, and placed 
the business of the society with the executive board. It made a 
great difference in the working of the organization, especially at 
its annual meetings, which were no longer occupied discussing 
the business of the society, but given up entirely to the considera- 
tion of horticultural topics. 

In 1874 the meeting was held again in Minneapolis. A few 
new names appear on the list of members for that year. Reports 
from two local horticultural societies appear first in the report of 
this meeting. We had with us in those days Col. John H. 
Stevens, a very liberal minded person, full of geniality and cour- 
tesy, who often lead the way in offering votes of thanks to every- 
body who did anything for the society, often making them hon- 
orary life members, not taking it for granted as we do now, but 
putting it down in black and white. This is a very pleasing 
practice, which we have rather fallen away from these later busy 
days. At that meeting articles of incorporation for the society 
were adopted. The records of this meeting are especially inter- 
esting from the fact that mention of the Wealthy appears in 
them for the first time. 

Truman M. Smith, of St. Paul, one of the charter members, 
was president of the society in 1874, as also the previous year. 


414 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


He will surely be spoken of by others. I wish to note here that 
he held the office of presidency longer than any other person, in 
all eight years. Later he went to San Diego, California, and as 
a market gardener he labored zealously with his own hands, 
past the age of eighty being on the market every morning. At 
this advanced age he returned to visit his old friends in the Twin 
Cities, and I had the pleasure of meeting him at the State Fair 
in the fall of 1909. Coming on him unexpectedly I knew him and 
called him by name at a glance, though we had not met for 
twenty years. Within a few weeks after this he unexpectedly 
passed away. He was a grand and a noble worker in our society 
who in its pioneer days labored zealously for its advantage. 

In 1875, Chas. Y. Lacy, then the Professor of Agriculture 
in the State University, embodying in himself, I recall, all the 
faculty of the Agricultural College, was elected secretary of the 
society, a position which he held the five years in which he con- 
tinued with the University. He now at the age of 66 years 
resides at Long Beach, Cal. The first printing appropriation, as 
noted in our records, became available this year, $500. The 
membership roll shows sixty-one members. 

In 1876 the society, now ten years of age, met at Winona. 
In the records of this year first mention is made of the library, 
although there was almost nothing in the library in 1881 when 
I became secretary. 

In 1877 the meeting was held in Owatonna, and in 1878 in 
Rochester. I remember very well being at the Owatonna meeting 
with Mr. Elliot, though details of the meeting have passed 
from me. 

In 1879 the meeting was held in Minneapolis, also in 1880 
and 1881, occupying the City Hall, a building located in what 
is now Gateway Park. In 1880 U. S. Hollister, a seedsman, as 
I recall, in St. Paul, was elected secretary, holding the office two 
and one-half years, when he resigned and went west. I met 
him a good many years after at the St. Louis Exposition, a suc- 
cessful business man; we know nothing now as to his where- 
abouts. During these two years, 1879 and 1880, Mr. Jas T. 
Grimes, an honored citizen of Minneapolis, now gone home, 
occupied the chair as president. 

In 1882 the meeting in Minneapolis was held in the Board 
of Trade rooms. I do not seem to recall any circumstances in 
regard to this. Upon the retirement of Mr. Hollister as ‘secre- 
tary, in the middle of 1882, Mr. Oliver Gibbs, then residing at 


rea =. es Uh 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MINN. STATE. HORT. SOCIETY. 415 


Lake City, was appointed secretary, which place he held two 
and one-half years until his duties as superintendent of the 
exhibit of the state at the New Orleans Exposition made it 
impossible for him to continue longer in that office. During 
most of this period Mr. John S. Harris was president, and the 
meetings were held in Minneapolis at the College of Agriculture. 
I think this must mean the State University, as I do not recall 
attending at so early a day any meeting at what we now call 
the Farm School. 

*Mr. Gibbs still survives in his Florida home, hopelessly 
blind, above eighty-four years of age. On his retirement, S. D. 
Hillman, who had been reporting for the society a number vf 
years, was elected secretary and continued to hold that office for 
five years. During most of this period Mr. Wyman Elliot was 
president, having taken the office in 1886, the society being then 
twenty years old. In that year the meeting was held in Har- 
risons Hall, the third story of a building still standing on the 
corner of Washington and Nicollet, in this city. I must have 
been south that winter, as I have no recollection at all of the 
meeting. 

The two succeeding years the meeting was held in Market 
Hall, Minneapolis, a building long since demolished, on the 
corner of First Street and Hennepin Avenue. The meetings these 
two years, as also the preceding year, were joint sessions with 
the Amber Cane Society, of which organization our Seth H. 
Kenney, one of the few veterans of our society still alive*, was 
the leading spirit. I recall one of these meetings at Market 
Hall where Peter M. Gideon reading an essay entitled, 
“Horticulture and the Fast Horse,” was stopped in his reading 
by Mr. Grimes. As what transpired then does not appear in 
the records of the meeting I will speak as to my recollection of 
it. Mr. Gideon having read something which offended the reli- 
gious sentiments of some of the members, Mr. James T. Grimes 
arose, saying, “I move you, Mr. President, that the further 
reading of this paper be dispensed with, that it be turned over 
to the secretary and boiled down ten parts to one and in that 
form published.” In the meantime Mr. Gideon was slowly fold- 
ing up his manuscript, and as he did so remarked, “No one will 
ever boil down any of my papers,” and without further words 
on his part or on the part of others present he put his manu- 
script in his satchel, gathered up his coat and hat and left the 


*Mr. Gibbs passed away since the above was written. Mr. Kenney has 
since passed away at the age of 81 years. 


416 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


hall. This incident was the cause of a long estrangement 
between Mr. Gideon and the society. Mr. Gideon was in a sense 
for many years the storm center of the society. He was a man 
of very strong convictions, great determination of character and 
without regard to any personal sacrifice on his own part insisted 
on what he believed to be right, even though he might disagree 
radically and to his injury with his best friends. He will be 
spoken of by others and due credit be given him for his self- 
sacrificing labors in the development of Minnesota horticulture. 

In 1890 the annual meeting was held in the Town Hall of 
Excelsior, Prof. Samuel B. Green being secretary ‘that one 
year. The following year the meeting was held in Minneapolis 
in what is called now the Metropolitan Life Building, and at 
this meeting, it being Professor Green’s earnest desire, I was 
made secretary. There was some exhibit of fruit made at 
this meeting and also had been in some previous years; not, 
however, in any such large way as has been done in the later 
years of the society. There were 118 paying members on the 
roll that year. 

As this date brings us to the last twenty-five years of the 
life of the society, with which you are more familiar, I pass 
more rapidly over this period, during which I have served the 
society as its working officer. Mr. J. M. Underwood, one of 
our oldest members, as he first joined the society in 1870, occu- 
pied the position of president for seven years, from 1892 to 
1898. Of these years 92 found us at Owatonna, 793 and ’94 in 
the Lumber Exchange, in Minneapolis. 

In 1894 the society adopted a radical change in the method 
of publishing its reports, issuing them thereafter as a monthly 
magazine, to be bound up at the close of the year for distribu- 
tion in that form to the membership. This change undoubtedly 
had much to do with the rapid growth thereafter of the society, 
which for many years now has undoubtedly had the largest 
membership roll of any horticultural society in this country. 

In 1895 we met at Lake City, and here we held our first 
society banquet. It was not till six years later we had another, 
since when it has been a regular feature of our annual gathering. 
The four years following we met in the County Commissioners’ 
rooms at the Courthouse. At the last of these four meetings Mr. 
Gideon was with us for a short time on one occasion, a venerable 
figure with his long white hair. We saw him no more, as he soon 
after passed away. 


- 


HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MINN. STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 417 


The next three years, during which Prof. Pendergast was 
president, our sessions were held in the Plymouth Church, 
Minneapolis. The last of these years, 1903, Mr. Wedge was 
elected president, continuing in that office four years. 

Commencing in 1904 our society held its sessions in the 
delightful auditorium of the Unitarian Church, in Minneapolis, 
making a fruit exhibit, of which we were always proud, in the 


basement. For eight years we continued our annual meetings 


under these most favorable auspices at the Unitarian Church. 
The last one of these years was saddened by the sudden passing 
of our beloved president, Prof. Samuel B. Green. We had lost 
previously our endeared ex-president, W. W. Pendergast, who 
passed away in 1903. His passing was anticipated, as he was 
a man of advanced years, but Professor Green was in the very 
prime of his life, and it seemed a cruel thing that one whose 
presence meant so much to us, one so helpful in a thousand 
ways, should have been thus suddenly snatched from us. 

Mr. Thomas E. Cashman, our present president, was 
appointed to fill Professor Green’s unexpired term, and was 
afterwards reelected, and has held the office until now, during 
Six (now seven) consecutive years. 

The list of names of those who have occupied the presi- 
dential chair in our association is one of which we may well be 
proud, representing as it does ability and virtue and the high 
standing of so many noble men. The Horticultural Society 
has certainly been most highly favored in its leadership. 

The society has held summer meetings with almost unvary- 
ing regularity since the year 1883. Prior to that date the rec- 


ords show two or three summer meetings at irregular periods. 
With one or two exceptions these meetings were held at the 
University Farm. In 1884 and ’85 the summer meeting was 
held in the Market Hall at Minneapolis, in ’92 it was held at 
Lake City, in ’94 as the guest of Mrs. Dorillus S. Morrison at 
her home, Villa Rosa, the place now occupied by the splendid 
Minneapolis Art Gallery. From then on all the summer meet- 
ings have been held at University Farm, a remarkable series 
of meetings, not only from the gatherings and exhibits with 
which in later years you are familiar, but notably from the 
phenomenally pleasant weather with which we have been uni- 
formly favored, at least I am unable to recall any really stormy 
day for any of ‘these meetings. 

Many things of great importance have transpired during 
all these years. Our association has always been an optimistic 
one, and while there have been some dark days despondency has 
never been the prevailing note at any of its meetings. 


418 - SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


Perhaps the most important feature of our work in recent 
years is the securing of the State Fruit-Breeding Farm from 
the State Legislature, which was brought about in 1908 during 
the presidency of Professor Green and largely by his efforts. 

As a matter of history this was not the first fruit-breeding 
farm established by the state at the request of this society, as 
in 1878 the legislature purchased a tract of land adjoining Mr. 
Gideon’s farm for fruit-breeding purposes and made him super- 
intendent of it at a salary of $1,000, which position it was hoped 
he might retain through life. This, however, was lost later to 
the society and Mr. Gideon. Others will undoubtedly speak of 
this. 

This very imperfect review has permitted mention of only 
a very few of the veteran workers of the society. Others will 
speak at greater length of these, and of many others whose 
names I have not mentioned. We cannot give too much praise 
to these veterans the fruits of whose labors we are now enjoying. 


PETER M,. GIpEON—originator of the Wealthy apple. 


HEROES OF MINNESOTA HORTICULTURE. 419 


Heroes of Minnesota Horticulture. 
CLARENCE WEDGE, ALBERT LEA, 


The real hero is the child of adversity, the man of faith and 
patience, with a vision of great things beyond the sight of mortal 
eyes. Our heroes are our most precious inheritance—the jewels, 
the talismans, that have been passed down to us from generation 
to generation, that we might wear them next to our hearts to 
ward off the base insinuations of a vulgar world. God knows 
we have need of them, for he has filled his book with the finest 
examples, and the songs and stories of every race worthy the 
name echo their achievements: David fleeing from Saul and 
scorning to end his troubles by taking the life of the anointed 
of God; Elijah unafraid going to meet a hostile king and his 
four-hundred false prophets in the might of truth alone; 
Washington holding his ragged, starving troops together that he 
might wear out the forces of the invader—have peopled the 
imagination of thousands, giving them strength to meet the 
emergencies of life with courage, and keeping them true and 
faithful through long years of struggle and heart-wringing en- 
deavor. And so the race of heroes never dies, and yesterday and 
today they live with us and may be found wherever there is 
a great task to do, a call to some high achievement. 

The life of the pioneer has much in it to bring out the 
heroic in man. The single-handed struggle with the elements 
in the open prairies and trackless forests, the never-ceasing 
watch against a savage foe, the quest for plants and trees that 
will fit his soil and bring food and comfort to his family, are 
activities that bring into play the highest qualities of brain and 
heart. There is no eight-hour day for him, no regular routine 
with an assured pay day, no beaten path to success, but rather a 
great adventure with many keen disappointments, many hopes 
deferred. Grizzled, weather-beaten, custom-defying veterans 
were they. Never one of them too proud to fight but rather 
glorying in their unending conflicts with nature or men or mea- 
sures that seemed to stand across their way. 

It has been my good fortune to know many of the men 
of the heroic age of Minnesota horticulture. To know them in 
a comprehending way was to love them. Their spirits seemed 
always freshened by the prairie winds, their hearts warmed with 
the glow of a perpetual sacrifice. They were as a rule remarkably 
free from the degrading habits and the conventional vices of 


420 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


the times. I have nowhere seen men who came nearer exempli- 
fying the virtues of the ‘pure in heart.”’ They were true prophets 
and forerunners of the better time, not so distant, let us hope, 
when a man may not with impunity assume vices that he denies 
to woman. As a people, we are beginning to throw off the bur- 
den of alcohol. Our early heroes were almost to a man as 
earnest in advocating this reform as they were in their work of 
spreading the gospel of fruits and flowers. I suppose that it is 
not too much to hope that in some distant happy day the average 
man may think it altogether beneath him to befog his mind and 
defile his person and the air about him with a filthy, ill smelling 
narcotic. These men of whom I write were as clean and whole- 
some in their habits as athletes contending for a prize. I re- 
member that in one important meeting we took a census in this 
matter, and not a single bad habit was to be found among those 
present. 

Almost none of these men were blessed with large resources 
to draw upon in carrying on their experimental work for the 
benefit of the public. What they accomplished was done with 
their own hands with the assistance of the members of their own 
household, and it is astonishing how much some of them ac- 
complished out of their slender means. I have in special mind 
Father Harris, of La Crescent. I doubt if any governor of our — 
state has done as much to elevate the home life of our people as 
he accomplished in his long and faithful service among us. He 
was simply indefatigable in teaching our people how they might 
surround their homes with the cheer and comfort of flowers and 
fruits. In horticultural meetings, at state and county fairs, and 
in editorial work, he seemed never to lose an opportunity to say 
or do something for the advancement of the home life of his be- 
loved state. And he lived the life that he taught in his own little 
Eden among the bluffs of the Mississippi. His house, shaded by 
a fine old pine of his own planting, the orchard full of rare varie- 
ties gathered from every corner of the state, with the vineyard 
upon the hillside, formed as sweet a picture of a rural home as 
I ever remember of seeing. I sometimes hear people complain 
of their opportunities. Let this man shame them. With meager 
schooling, no capital, no genius but the love of his work, he left to 
his state a fortune, bequeathed to it day by day as he spent him- 
self in untiring effort to establish a horticulture in the new 
north. We cannot all be Carnegies, but we can all be Harrises 
if we will. 


ee eae Te ee 


THE HEROES OF MINNESOTA HORTICULTURE. 421 


One of the fine heroic figures that I wish I might have known 
better was Colonel Stevens, of this city. His spirit seemed fairly 
aglow with the fires of patriotism. Nothing was too good for 
Minnesota, and he was ever watching that nothing good slipped 
by unnoticed. He was not so far as I know, an experimenter, but 
rather a patron of the men who were doing such work, giving 
to them all the cheer and encouragement they so much needed. 
About a year before he died it was my pleasant duty to be one of 
a committee appointed by the society to visit him in his declining 
days, and I was proud of him. Not a word about ill health, but 
the light of an eternal life beaming from his cheerful eyes, as 
he eagerly questioned about the success of the meeting and the 
prospects of some of the new fruits that were then being dis- 
tributed in the state. You cannot think of such a man as dead. 
There is a spiritual quality there that defies the arch enemy, an 
impregnable citadel behind the outward man that none but God 
may enter. 

With all the patient, earnest endeavor of men in and out of 
our society, how incomplete would have been their efforts without 
the organizing work of Professor Green. Here was indeed a 
genius magnificently endowed and equipped for giving horti- 
culture the standing in the state to which it was entitled. When 
I read that passage in the scriptures, ‘“‘Rejoiceth as a strong man 
to run a race,” I am reminded of the exuberance of life and 
spirits that seemed always to animate his person. His strong, 
resourceful grasp after the things necessary for carrying out 
his purposes for good have a remarkable likeness in the states- 
manship of that great American who was so largely instrumental 
in lifting our country to a higher- plane of political living. I 
think of them often as two of a kind. A natural executive, bold, 
aggressive, determined, and withal of as gentle a spirit as a 
child. That he should have been taken away from us in the 


_ prime of life and usefulness, with every avenue of opportunity 


opening to him, is one of the mysteries hid from mortal eyes. We 
will be thankful for the few years that he was given to us, and 
those of us whose privilege it was to live near him will treasure 
in memory every hour that we spent by his side. 

To no one of those who have left us are we more indebted 
for the prosperity that our society now enjoys than to our former 
president, Wyman Elliot. In every enterprise, business or so- 
cial, there must be some few who are in a special way responsib!e 


422 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


for its success. For many years Mr. Elliot might properly be 
counted among the most useful of those who carried such a re- 
sponsibility for this society. I remember that in one of the 
stressful times of its history, one of our prominent members in 
a passion of disapproval called him the czar of the horticultural 
society, but in the same breath he characterized his rule as a 
benevolent despotism. In no one that I have known was the 
horticultural instinct or passion more clearly developed, and in 
no one was it more purely a labor of love. How appropriate that 
he should have breathed his last earthly air out in the early 
morning dew of his cherished garden. A more lovable character 
filled with good works and kindly offices has not been counted 
among us. I do not commonly approve of funeral orations. 
They are but seldom appropriate or even truthful, but the tender 
appreciative words spoken when we gathered to pay our parting 
tribute to this good and true man are among the choicest things 
that I have heard or read. 

No record of the heroic in Minnesota history would be com- 
plete without a mention of the originator of the Wealthy apple. 
The life of Peter Gideon in our state was one long struggle to 
establish apple growing in a new and inhospitable climate. 
Those who have not lived through the early days of this industry 
in Minnesota can hardly appreciate the courage that it took to 
continue experiments of this kind in the face of the universal 
doubt and disfavor of the public. I imagine that it may be easier 
for an inventor to carry on his work in the midst of discouraging 
surroundings. He may at least keep his troubles to himself, and 
he may commonly have a greater certainty of a successful out- 
come. But an orchardist has to wait so long for results, and his 
failures are always fully exposed to the derision of his neighbors. 
In an old scrap book of mine I find a clipping from one of his 
contributions to the St. Paul Press made in July, 1872, in which 
he says “I am happy to again announce to the public that the 
prospect is brightening, especially in the profusion of varieties 
of the apple that bid fair to succeed here.” He then gives a 
“List of old esteemed varieties that stand here in succession of 
ripening.” Among them I note many such kinds as the Northern 
Spy, Newton Pippin, Seek-no-further, and but two among them 
all that any one would now think of planting. Those having 
some knowledge of the varieties of apples in the north can easily 
guess the state of things in such an orchard within a few years. 


a a eee eee 


THE HEROES OF MINNESOTA HORTICULTURE. 423 


And yet twenty-three years later, in 1895, when Professor Green 
and I visited him, he seemed as hopeful as ever, and when he died 
four years later, at the age of eighty-one years, he left a large 
number of seedlings that were distributed by our society. What 
a lesson we have here of courage and patient persistence. 

I can see him now as with fine, erect figure, his snowy locks 
forming a kind of halo.about his serene face, he came before the 
society for the last time. I think that it was altogether fitting 
that one who had forced the very elements to bow to him should 
after a period of alienation have received the capitulations of the 
society and graciously taken us back again into his favor. 

As a near neighbor I had an interesting acquaintance with 
Mr. Dartt, of Owatonna. He was a much older man than I, and 
I think took no small pleasure in steering me safely along the 
path to success, in our chosen vocation. I remember his going 
over with me the first crude little catalogue that I sent out and 
saying encouraging things about it that were very creditable to 
his kind heart. Like a large share of the early experimenters he 
was an uncompromising prohibitionist, standing among the few 
in his city who began the good fight against the saloon that in 
these days is winning such signal victories. 

It was my privilege to meet Mr. Sias, of Rochester, but once 
and that was for but a few moments on his house grounds, just 
after.a tornado had swept over the city, demolishing his orchard 
and almost everything about the place. The wreckage had 
scarcely been cleared away, but I found him in his natural quaint 
and happy humor at work with his hoe out among the plants that 
the vicious storm had left him. I was glad that he was able to 
spend the closing years of his life in the sunny south, where a 
kinder climate seemed to harmonize better with the serene and 
happy spirit that always animated his person. 

I would be glad to go on and speak of others into whose 
labors we have entered, and whose characters are as fragrant as 
the fruits and flowers that they have bequeathed to us. Some of 
them are with us yet, rounding out full years of blessed usefulness 
and enjoying the fruition of many of their cherished hopes. We 
would today ‘do honor to them all, not only by these words of 
scanty appreciation, but by taking up anew the good work that 
they have begun and carrying it on with the same noble spirit of 
devotion and self sacrifice. 


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PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS. A425 


Personal Recollections. 
*A, J. PHILIPS, WEST SALEM, WIS. 

I once heard a speaker say that every man should be well! 
born. That is my case, Ladies and Gentlemen. My parents were 
intelligent, God-fearing, Christian people of Welsh descent and 
of the Baptist persuasion, like our good old friend, Seth H. Ken- 
ney. From my good mother I inherited a good memory and a 
good constitution and from my father a love for fruits and 
flowers. This fortified me against bad habits and took me into 
the company of the best people on earth, the horticulturists. 

An unforgetable scene was a visit from that grand Quaker 
gentleman, P. A. Jewell, at my home for two days. His good 
wife was with him. It was in the early seventies. He was the 
founder of the great nursery at Lake City, which still bears his 
name. I received from him the first real inspiration I had in 
apple growing. I recollect two visits I made to his grave at Lake 
City, where he rests in their beautiful cemetery. 

In my further pursuit of knowledge in fruit raising I visited 
that good, honest old nurseryman, Uncle Wilcox, of Trempeau- 
leau. I recollect his advice yet. He said, “You go with me next 
winter to Winona; the Minnesota State Horticultural Society 
meets there. Its members are well posted in apple growing, and 
you can learn much to your advantage.” I went with him and 
became acquainted with a grand body of men. Truman M. 
Smith was president and C. Y. Lacy was their secretary. I also 
met E. B. Jordan, O. F. Brand, the veteran John S. Harris and 
many others, and to the best of my recollection I have attended 
thirty-four other of its meetings since that time. I recollect 
that I took much of the knowledge that I gained there to my 
own state, where I served for five years as their secretary. 

The meeting that next fixed itself in my mind was at the 
old Market Building in the city of Minneapolis, when Peter M. 
Gideon was reinstated into the society, in 1883—-Truman Smith 
was president and Oliver Gibbs was secretary. Gideon ac- 
cepted their terms. He and his good wife were in an adjoining 
room. Good old Peter Peffer and myself, being from a sister 
state, were appointed to present them to the society. Peffer not 
being well used to English ordered me to introduce them. I 
knew the society wanted him back, and I introduced them the 
best I could. They were received by the members standing with 


open arms, and such another scene of hand shaking I never saw. 
*Since deceased. 


426 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


Among other things I said that Gideon had originated a great 
apple that had been planted from the shores of New England 
to the setting sun. Your society did a grand thing when you 
arranged for your students to perpetuate his memory in com- 
peting for prizes from his memorial fund. Our beloved departed 
Brother Wyman Elliot said a nice thing of Gideon when his 
picture was unveiled. He said he had his own religious belief, 
and if it was true—and none of us know to the contrary—his 
spirit may be in this room taking cognizance of our deliberations. 
After his death his son gave me a red peony which grew near 
his door at his old home. It now blooms in my yard, reminding 
me of the old man in his work every summer day. 

In my recollections I cannot forget Edson Gaylord, and I 
hope he now is where fire blight don’t disturb him. I slept 
with him five nights. He was so full of horticulture, it was hard 
to stop him. One morning at two o’clock I said: “For the Lord’s 
sake, Gaylord, stop and let me go to sleep, as I want to take 
a 6:30 train.” He said: ‘Don’t be in a hurry, I want to tell you 
something about Mr. Patten.” 

I wish I could tell you what I recollect about Brother Dartt, 
but my time is going. Some years ago I did not see him at the 
meeting. They said he was sick, so I went home that way to see 
him. He could not speak aloud Saturday night, but Sunday 
morning his daughter said he was better and could talk. So I 
went into his room and he said: “Philips, I will not live long, 
and I want to ask you a question. You know I do not like 
preachers nor dogs, and I have picked you and Elliot to talk at 
my funeral, and I want to know if you can talk twenty minutes 
beside my coffin without saying anything mean about me.” 
I said, “I will be glad to try.” He said, “All right, my son will 
telegraph for you.” I always enjoyed his company. ef 

About twenty years ago your society sent him as a delegate 
to Cresco, Iowa. I was sent from Wisconsin. The audience the 
first forenoon was small, about twenty all told. In the after- 
noon he was to read a paper on his hobby, “girdling.” On the 
way to dinner he said to me, “Philips, let us wake these people 
up and get some life into the meeting. When I read my paper 
this afternoon, you get up, act mad and pitch into me the best 
you can,” and I did. I said a man that would talk such unmiti- 
gated nonsense ought to be arrested and sent home. I said if he 
came to Wisconsin and talked such stuff we would ride him on 


PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS. 427 


arail. It had the desired effect. The house was full after that. 
A stranger asked the secretary at the close who that fellow was 
who pitched into Dartt so. The secretary told him. “Well,” he 
said, “I know Dartt was mad, and if I was in his place I would 
have that man arrested for abuse.” The next morning he went 
again to the secretary, and said, “I was fooled, for I declare to 
goodness that Dartt and Philips went to the hotel arm in arm 
and slept together last night. That beats me.” 

I must speak of O. M. Lord. We all love to recollect him. 
Once I invited Prof. Bailey, of New York, to attend our Wisconsin 
meeting. He consented on condition that I invite Lord to come 
too, and at my request your society sent him. Lord consented 
to come if he could sleep with me, so he would not be left alone. 
We slept together five nights. When I met Bailey at the depot 
the first question he asked me was “Is Lord here?” I said, “Yes.” 
He said, “I’m glad, for I want to see him so much.” And it was 
a pleasure to me to hear those two men visit together. 

I cannot stop without speaking of that staunch old Christian, 
Uncle Yahnke. We were together so much. I wore his shoes 
all one day in Iowa, and told the audience that it gave me an 
inspiration. I visited him two weeks before his death in the 
_ hospital. His parting words were, “Oh, Feeleps, I wish you 
could stay and talk to me. It would make me get well’’—but it 
was not to be. 

Next I must recollect Kellogg, of our state. He has visited 
me twenty or thirty times. You people always like to hear and 
see him. He is full of information and is always glad to tell it. 
I could talk of him for an hour. He once talked of his life to our 
students. I got up and said, “Boys, remember his advice, but 
do not try to imitate him. You can not do it. He courted his 
first wife with a tallow candle, his second with a kerosene lamp 
and his third with an electric light.” I think he has done more to 
encourage strawberry growing than any man living or dead. 
I have slept with and talked fruit growing with him twenty 
nights. He still visits us about twice a year. I will recollect 
him as long as I do any one. 

I can not stop without recalling the pleasant face and kind 
greeting of Hon. S. M. Owen. He was one of God’s noblemen. 
We all loved him. Some years ago it was announced that he 
was sick and could not be with us. Your president appointed 


*Judge Moyer and myself to visit him and convey our sympathy, 
*Since passed on. 


428 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


and we did so. I felt it the greatest honor ever conferred on 
me to be asked to come to this city and speak at his memorial 
services of him as a friend of the farmers and of your society. 
I really felt inadequate for the task but responded to the best of 
my ability. This incident to me is one of my most cherished 
recollections. 

I must speak of our dear Brother Harrison. I recollect say- 
ing that I intended to attend your meetings as long as he did, he 
being one year older than I am, but I begin to think he will tire 
me out. In talking to the students last year I recollect that he 
said that while I came they did not need any circus or vaudeville 
show. We like to see and hear him. When in language that 
none of us can imitate he appeals to the throne of Grace for help 
and blessings on this society, it makes one feel that he or she 
is near to the Portals of the Heavenly Kingdom. May God bless 
his efforts. 

Now I must close without speaking in detail of a number 
of your members that I enjoyed associating with in days gone 
by. There was John Cummings, who was born the same year 
I was and only twenty miles from where I first saw the light. 
Pleasant visits with him, C. G. Patten and with Professor Wal- 
dron, Professor Hansen, John H. Stevens, Robertson, Mackin- 
_ tosh, McGuire, Washburn, Porter, Cady, Haecker, Mayne, Wood 
and Green are still fresh in my menory. The last named was the 
first to buy ten copies of the book I wrote to give to his friends. 

I must in closing mention A. W. Sias and J. T. Grimes. As 
I recollect, they were the pioneers who first called my attention 
to the Virginia crab as a stock for successful top grafting, owing 
to its vigorous growth. 

I will now close by giving you a thrilling incident in the 
life of my friend Peter Peffer. He came with his wife from 
Germany some sixty years ago and settled near Waukesha, Wis. 
He was large and strong and a great horticulturist. At first he 
dug and cleaned wells. While cleaning, one twenty feet deep, 
walled up with large, round, hard-head stones, he felt the bot- 
tom stone giving away. He straightened up, and over his shoul- 
ders they crowded together and formed an arch, settling so 
much that those at the top thought he was crushed by the tons 
of stone. They at once sent a boy six miles for his wife. She 
came and saw the crowd standing around doing nothing. She 
said: “Where is Peter?” A man said, “He is dead in the bottom 
of this well.’”’ She said, “You must dig him out, he can’t stay 
there.’ Then they got tools and went at it. They changed 
crews and went down fast. All at once they heard his voice. It 
scared them, and they ran from the job, but she called on new 
ones and set them at work. When near him he called to be care- 
ful, he was bracing up. Soon they had his head and shoulders un- 


PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS. 429 


covered and a rope tied under his arms and they kept on taking 
out stones and dirt until they could draw him out. He told me 
that before he could see any light that his breathing began to 
grow shorter owing to a lack of fresh air. That evening before 
he went home they held a big party to celebrate his rescue and 
called it Peffer’s timely and wonderful resurrection. The next 
year on the same date they held it again at his home, and they 
followed it up while he lived. In his later years his friends in 
Milwaukee would come out forty or fifty strong in a special 
car and keep it up all night. Out of curiosity and at his invita- 
tion, I attended once. It was certainly a miraculous escape from 
death, and he afterwards lived to help introduce Peter Gideon 
to your society in this city. Members, I thank you. 


TRuMAN M. SmitH—eight years president. 


430 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


Greeting by a Charter Member. 
C. L. SMITH, PORTLAND, OREGON. 


I hardly know what to say; there is so much I would like to 
say and I know that the time is short. I was thinking as I sat 
here this afternoon, what an inspiration the next annual report 
of the Minnesota Horticultural Society will be to all the young 
men and women who read the report of this afternoon program. 

Another thing. The work of these men which have been 
eulogized was always done through a love of their work. They 
loved their work, they loved their fellowmen, their work was un- 
selfish. I don’t believe anyone ever gave time and effort to the 
work of the Minnesota Horticultural Society with the idea that 
they were going to be materially benefited individually by that 
work. They attended the meetings and paid their own expenses. 

What better can a man leave, what better record for his 
children, for his neighbors, than that his best efforts in life have 
been unselfish. As one of the poets says: 

All hearts grow warmer in the presence 
Of one who, seeking not his own, 
Gives freely for the sake of giving, 
Nor seeks for self the harvest sown. 

The harvest has certainly been greater than the sowers 
ever expected. 

I was an enthusiastic horticulturist fifty years ago, and I re- 
ally did believe that in the course of fifty years the men and 
women living in Minnesota, the boys and girls on Minnesota 
farms, would be able to have perhaps some Duchess apples and 
Siberian crabs and Transcendent and Hyslop. I think the 
first work I ever did in Minnesota was to sell some farmer half 
a dozen Hyslop crab trees. They were pretty good, they were 
much better than nothing, and they were as good as we thought 
we would ever get. 

Just a word reminiscent. At the time that the society was 
organized I was canvassing for the sale of nursery stock for 
Samuel Morrison, of the old Rochester Nurseries. I don’t claim 
to have been a very bright boy. I never had any schooling, 
and education. I lived down in southern Indiana among the 
hoosiers, three years before the outbreak of the war, and I learned 
to bud and graft. I had a chance to read some old files of the 
American Horticulturist, edited by Downing, and I had become 


GREETING BY A CHARTER MEMBER. 431 


very much interested in them, but that was as far as any idea of 
horticulture went with me. When I was offered a position to 
canvass for the sale of nursery stock, it seemed to be the best 
thing I could do, and I started out. 

I talked with the farmers from farmhouse to farmhouse, 
and before the season was out I concluded that Rochester, New 
York, was not the place to grow trees and vines to plant on the 
Minnesota prairies. So you see I reached the right conclusion. 
When I came to make delivery that fall at Wabasha, one of the 
men who had ordered some Hyslop crab trees,—and by the way, 
those had been grafted on some old cull trees in the nursery and 
they were two, three or four years old roots with a one year’s 
growth, and had thrown out a lot of side limbs—the man asked 
me how to trim those trees. I took out my knife and showed him 
how to trim them, and he thought that while I was about it I 
might as well finish trimming and I did. 

When I got through I had a nice bunch of sprouts lying on 
the ground. I gathered them up and tied a string around them. 
There was something like ten or twelve hundred trees I deliv- 
ered, and I offered to trim every one of them, and I got those 
scions. I knew a woman, Mrs. Barton, at Zumbro Falls, who had 
shipped to her from New York three barrels of apples. She in- 
sisted that the children save every apple seed, and she planted 
all of those seeds in the garden. She had raised some fine apple 
Seedlings. I traded for some of her seedlings and planted them 
in Mrs. McDonald’s garden, at Wabasha. I am proud of this 
fact, that of the four thousand odd Hyslop crabs I grew from 
those trees, a large per cent., are still alive and growing in the 
state of Minnesota. 

Like a great many others, the next year I got married, and 
I went out on the prairie in southern Minnesota and was going 
into the nursery business on a big scale. I invested every dollar 
of money I had in apple seedling roots and scions of Hyslop, 
Transcendent and Duchess of Oldenburg. That was in the year 
1868. I worked all winter grafting in a small room with a hot 
fire. It was a very cold, hard winter—I wasn’t strong or healthy 
anyway—with the result that when I had my winter’s work 
packed away in a dirt cellar under the house, I was taken sick, 
and I didn’t get off the bed for two months. When I finally 
did get up—my wife wasn’t looking—I staggered across the 
floor and opened the door that went under the stairway to the 
cellar, and I was confronted with a box of my root grafts floating 


432 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


on the water in the dirt cellar and the sprouts growing out of 
the cracks in the box. 

That particular winter finished me in the nursery business. 
I lost it all. I struggled along for three or four years, when a 
man persuaded me to leave the nursery business and take up 
something that wouldn’t spoil. So I began to sell sewing ma- 
chines. But I never lost my love for horticulture, and I used to 
talk horticulture to the farmers when I went about the country. 
I bought a little piece of land at Faribault and planted trees. Be- 
cause of those trees I came to Minneapolis, and was hired to settle 
up some business here, and I got a chance to sell a lot of shade 
trees. I attended the meeting over at the University in 1883 and 
immediately began to take an active part in the work of the 
society. 

That is why, if you look over the reports you will see that 
between the years 1867 and 1883 C. L. Smith wasn’t there. It 
was not because I was not interested in horticulture. I lived 
neighbor to one of the oldest pioneer horticulturists of Minne- 
sota, a man who did a good deal for the work of horticulture, 
D. W. Humphrey, of Faribault. His place stands there now in 
sight of the Milwaukee track as a monument to his interest in 
tree planting and tree growing. 

During all this time, as I say, I was interested in horti- 
cultude; I talked horticulture wherever I went. Why? Because. 
I wanted to see people get more out of life than the man was 
getting who simply worked for the money he could make. I 
learned in those early years that the man who worked just for 
money was a failure no matter how much money he got, while the 
man who worked for love of humanity or for love of his work was 
happy if he didn’t get anything—and he got more out of life, even 
if he didn’t get any money benefit, he really got more out of 
life, more value out of life, than the man who accumulated a for- 
tune but got it through treachery, not through love of the work 
he was doing. 

I want to say a few words about some of those men that have 
been mentioned here. Fortunately during that period I became 
acquainted with such men as D. W. Humphrey, Col. John H. 
Stevens and Wyman Elliot—and I want to say right here I have 
accomplished what few men in life have, reached the very height 
of my ambition, and that is due more to John H. Stevens and 
Wyman Elliot than it was to anything inherent in myself, be- 
cause they were the ones who inspired me and started me on 
the right road. 


GREETING BY A CHARTER MEMBER. 433 


The first article that I ever wrote for publication was sug- 
gested and edited by Col. John H. Stevens, and I received for 
it $22.00, and they were the biggest dollars that I ever received 
in my life. I needed them and needed them badly. I had a wife 
and five babies, and we hadn’t any wood or coal or flour, and we 
needed that $22.00 and we needed it mighty bad. It was Col. John 
H. Stevens that encouraged me to write that article and then 
edited it. 

Just ten days after that time I got a request from the “Mas- 
sachusetts Plowman,” at Boston, Massachusetts, to furnish a 
history of the Wealthy apple, which I wrote from such informa- 
tion as I could get and sent it down to him, and he sent me 
a check for $25.00. That was the second money I got, and I be- 
gan to think that was a pretty good way to make money. 

Then came the farmers’ institutes. Col. Stevens was booked 
at the opening session at Glencoe and was taken sick and couldn’t 
go, and insisted that I should go in his place. It was to be a talk 
on diversified farming as compared to a Single crop system. I 
had stage fright but the colonel said: ‘““Now, Smith, just shut 
your eyes and imagine you are talking to me and tell your pig 
stories just the same as you are telling them to me.” He was 
lying on the bed sick with acute indigestion. 

I went to Glencoe and made a talk there. Just made a talk, 
it couldn’t in any sense be called a speech; I simply told stories 
about the men and women I had met on the farms in Minnesota, 
the things they were doing and the results that they got and 
contrasted them with other people who were doing differently. 
Well, I didn’t think very much of it then, I was too badly scared 
to understand much about it, but do you know I was surprised 
the next morning to find that some newspaper reporters had 
given a column to my stories and an inch to a very able lecture 
by a professor. You know I thought I had struck yellow, yes, sir, 
I did. 

I got another lesson that same winter. I attended a farm- 
ers’ institute and quite a number of the people from the Uni- 
versity were there and different ones. They had a nice meeting, 
and they gave up one whole evening to the discussion of the 
farm boy, largely theoretical, because there were two bachelors 
and one old maid among the speakers, and it didn’t exactly suit 
me. SoI wrote an article on the subject, theoretical—I didn’t re- 
alize it then, but I do now. I was very careful about it. I sent it 
to the editor with the idea that I would get a good check for it, 


434 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


and I got the best lesson of my life. I had the manuscript re- 
turned to me two days later and the editor had written with blue 
pencil: “Plenty of money to pay for anything you know, not 
a blank cent for what you think about anything.” (Laughter.) 

I thought I would have to know more, and I promised myself 
then that if anybody asked a question, and I could not give an 
intelligent answer to it, whether they asked it of me or somebody 
else in my hearing, I was going to learn the answer to that ques- 
tion, and I have practiced this ever since. I don’t want to boast, 
but I will say that I found a man who appreciated what I knew 
and what I could do well enough so that he is paying me more 
money than I want. Not many of you are getting that, are 
you? Paying all my expenses, even to attend this horticultural 
meeting down here and have a pretty good time, and it is 
largely due to the instruction that I got from the Minnesota 
Horticultural Society and the grand men that made this society. 
(Applause.) 

Mr. Underwood: I think Mr. Smith told me he had twenty- 
one grandchildren. I think that must have had something to do 
with his success. 

Mr. Smith: Mr. Underwood, I haven’t twenty-one, but I 
have eighteen, and they all think so much of their grandpa that 
I have to spend about one-half of my salary or more on them 
every month, and I never spent any money for anything in my 
life that gave me so much satisfaction as that. 


Recollections. 
GEO. W. KELLOGG, JANESVILLE, WIS. 


My first attendance at Minnesota State Horticultural Society 
meetings dates back thirty-five or thirty-six years, at the time 
when you had no money to pay the board of your delegates and 
you boarded them round as we school teachers used to do. I was 
boarded by a Mr. Johnson, a lumberman on the East Side. One 
morning he brought me to the meeting in his cutter and I froze 
my cheek. At another time Edson Gaylord, of lowa, requested 
that he be assigned to the same house and room with me. Well, 
we did no sleeping till after midnight; he had “sun-scald” on the 
brain. At one of my June visits your society furnished carriages 
and took the delegates twenty-five or thirty miles through acres 
and acres of strawberry fields. 

At one of the winter meetings, A. W. Sias made a report of 
a trial orchard, giving the names of about twenty kinds of ap- 
ples. “They all made a good growth but were all dead’”’—he read 
the results after each kind. He said, “it was rather monotonous, 
but it was true.” Twice I exhibited strawberries at your June 
meetings, and I always thought I received more premiums than 
I was entitled to. With the exception of the winter I was in 
California and the two in Texas, I think I have not missed a 
meeting, and they are better and better every year. 


LADIES OF THE SOCIETY. 435 


Ladies of the Society. 


MRS. JENNIE STAGER, SAUK RAPIDS. 


It was in 1886 that I came to Minnesota, and as green as 
a New York City woman could be about making a garden or 
raising fruit. I had a piece of ground broken up which had 
never been cultivated before, and set out on it a thousand straw- 
berry plants I had sent for. Of course I had no idea how many 
were needed to furnish fruit for a small family. Well the next 
spring I began to taste them in anticipation. On uncovering the 
plants I noticed they looked sick, and I found the grub worms had 
eaten the roots. My feast was in the discard. At that time very 
little of any fruit could be bought here, and the strawberries of- 
fered for sale were about as large as a gooseberry, and having 
been used to fruit the year around I inquired around to see if 
I could get the modus operandi of how to raise fruit. Someone 
told me of a horticultural society which would meet in Min- 
neapolis somewhere and at some time in the winter. Finding the 
time and place I was on hand. The meeting was held in a room 
over old City Market opposite the depot. At the farther end of 
the room was a long table, behind which sat a number of very 
intelligent looking men, and in the middle, looking a veritable 
king amidst his adherents, was the president, Wyman Elliot. 
Then I noticed at the left a very beautiful old lady, whom later 
I found to be a Mrs. Van Cleve. Also I met at that time, Mrs. 
F. G. Gould and Mrs. J. M. Underwood. In some mysterious 
way I felt I had gone into a family meeting and was not among 
strangers. 

The annual membership for that year I think was ninety- 
nine and mostly men. I am supposed to talk of the ladies, 
but how can I help speaking of those noble men, Elliot, Sias, 
Harris, Dart, Underwood, Gould, Porter, Sargeant, Green, 
Gideon, Grimes, Patten, Smith, Latham, and many others, as 
Col. Stevens and Mr. Owen, who were doing so much, without 
thought of money or reward to make Minnesota one of the fore- 
most fruit growing states in the Union, and thereby blessing its 
inhabitants against hard climatic conditions. I think you will 
allow they have accomplished it. Witness our exhibits and 
premiums at New Orleans, and we are still progressing. 

Many of those old members have crossed the Great Divide, 
but we keep them in our memory and our hearts, and the feeling 
of kinship and brotherhood that emanated from that meeting to 


436 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


the stranger within their gates has grown, until this society has 
become the largest of its kind in the world. Fruit also is grown 
so plentifully in all parts of the state, where only a few wild 
berries or puckery plums were found, that the poorest children 
can have their fill. As for our members, they come from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific, Canada also giving us its quota. 

The next year Mrs. Cross came with me and was with us 
until last year when she went to sleep. The year after Mrs. 
Thayer, Mrs. Sartell, and several other ladies from our part of 
the state, came down to help with the good work. We found Miss 
Sarah Manning, Miss White and quite a number of other ladies, 
including Mrs. Green, Mrs. Bonniwell, and last but not least 
Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, of Hutchinson, a minister’s wife with 
illimitable humor, which we all enjoyed. There were three of us 
at the same hotel with her. She told us it was the first genuine 
outing she had ever had the chance to enjoy, so we three set out 
to give her the time of her life. Needless to say, we did it, and 
she started home to rejuvenate her Reverend. 

Then there was Mrs. Tillotson, Dr. Mary Whetstone, Mrs. 
Ruff, Mrs. Alderman, Miss Emma VY. White (we are always lost 
until we see her) Mrs. Tillotson, Mrs. Barton, Mrs. Cuzner, 
Mrs. Gibbs, Mrs. Sawyer, Mrs. Boardman, Mrs. Kingsbury, Mrs. 
Wedge, Mrs. Countryman, Miss Gertrude Cairns—then Mrs. 
Knowles with her seedling apple and sweetmeats. These and 
many others pass before our vision shedding the blessing of their 
presence on the society, and we certainly do miss Mrs. Under- 
wood with her gentle ways, when for any reason she fails to 
appear, and I am sure we would all miss Miss Esther (the secre- 
tary’s assistant for ten years) were she not here. But there, I 
could go on indefinitely and then not tell you the names and good 
qualities of half of the ladies who have honored us by joining and 
working for the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. 


UPPER ROW—W. E. Fryer, Mantorville; Chas. M. Loring, Minneapolis; Rev.C. S. Harrison, York, Neb.; Wyman Elliot, 
deceased; A. J Philips, deceased; F. H. Nutter, Minneapolis. 
LOWER ROW—Geo, J. Kellogg. Jaynesville. Wis.; Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D.; A. D. Barnes, Waupaca, Wis. ; 
R. H. Pendergast, deceased; Lycurgus R. Moyer, deceased; C. H. Older. Luverne; Dewain Cook, Jeffers. 
From photo taken at Annual Meeting, 1903. 


438 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


Greeting from the Department of Agriculture and Forestry, 
University of Minnesota. 
A. F. WOODS, DEAN. 


It is with mingled feelings of love, loyalty and pride that 
I bring you greetings, dear Mother of Minnesota Horticulture, on 
this your fiftieth birthday. Each year has added to your beauty 
and strength and to your power to foster the great ends for which 
you came into being. The great Northwest owes to you a debt of 
gratitude that it can pay only by helping you to promote the arts 
and sciences of horticulture. The names on your roll of fame 
are many. They are remembered not only for what they have 
done in horticulture but for their helpful, neighborly, brotherly, 
cooperative spirit. The progress of horticulture in the Univer- 
sity, from Gideon to Green, is due to your interest and fostering 
care. These famous names are as dear to you as to us. On the 
foundations so well laid, we hope to build a great superstructure. 
We know that your guiding and sustaining hands will always be 
near. Our horticultural department is your oldest child, and 
though you are still young and able to take care of yourself, 
we want you to come and live with us. Your motherly presence 
and influence will be a great joy to us and a great inspiration and 
help to the boys and girls. We hope that you will not long delay 
your coming and that with us you may celebrate many happy 
returns of this semi-centennial anniversary. 

The glory of horticulture is embodied in the glory of the 
garden. Rudyard Kipling has left us a poem on this theme. 


Our England is a garden that is full of stately views, 

Of borders, beds and shrubbery, and lawns and avenues, 

With statues on the terrace and peacocks strutting by; 

But the glory of the garden lies in more than meets the eye. 


For where the old thick laurels grow along the thin red wall, 

You’ll find the tool and potting sheds, which are the heart of all, 

The cold frames and the hothouses, the dung pits and the tanks, 

The rollers, carts and drain pipes, with the barrows and the 
planks. 


And there you’ll see the gardeners, the men and ’prentice boys 

Told off to do as they are bid and do it without noise; 

For, except when seeds are planted, and we shout to scare the 
birds, 

The glory of the garden occupieth all who come with words. 


GREETING FROM DEPT. OF. AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY, U. OF M. 439 


Our England is a garden, and such gardens are not made 

By singing, “Oh, how beautiful,” and sitting in the shade, 
While better men than we go out and start their working lives 
At grubbing weeds from gravel paths with broken dinner knives. 


There’s not a pair of legs so thin, there’s not a head so thick, 
There’s not a hand so weak and white, nor yet a heart so sick, 
But it can find some needful job that’s crying to be done, 
For the Glory of the Garden glorifieth every one. 


Then seek your job with thankfulness and work till further 
orders, 

If it’s only netting strawberries or killing slugs on borders; 

And when your back stops aching and your hands begin to 
harden, 

You will find yourself a partner in the Glory of the Garden. 


Oh, Adam was a gardener, and God, who made him, sees 
That a half a proper gardener’s work is done upon his knees, 
So when your work is finished, you can wash your hands and 


pray 
For the Glory of the Garden that it may not pass away. 
And the Glory of the Garden, it shall never pass away. 


PRoFr. SAMUEL B. GREEN, Mrs. A. A. KENNEDY. 
From a photo taken about 1900. 


440 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


The Minnesota Society and the Northwest. 


PROF. C. B. WALDRON, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, N. D. 


When the three goddesses of our plant world were choosing 
their several dominions, Flora and Pomona sought out the soft 
and gentle climes where mild winds were and copious showers 
that brought forth flower and fruit in generous abundance. To 
the Goddess Ceres, she of sturdier, hardier mold, was left the 
regions where Boreas comes with white storm wings, sweeping 
before him in his ruthless flight the fair, frail flowers and all 
the gardens hung with fruits. And the men of the north wor- 
shipped and served Ceres, and the great plains became vast 
fields of grain where summer after summer the harvester went 
forth to gather the myriads of golden bushels that were to fill 
the granaries and feed the multitudes of men in all the earth. 

But there were those among the men who were not content 
merely with fields that were green, then gold and last but bar- 
ren stubble. They served Ceres well with honest toil, but in 
their hearts they paid homage to Pomona and her fair sister 
Flora. Could they by their zeal and faithfulness induce those 
divinities to bestow their gracious gifts, ever so sparingly, in 
a harsh and rigorous clime? 

There was hope, for even before man came there were sum- 
mer flowers that lived their brief season through, passing the 
winter in dormant root or bulb or seed, nestled close to the pro- 
tecting bosom of mother earth, while here and there at the edge 
of the forest or along the coulees and sheltering slopes a hardy 
plum tree reared its defiant head, and brave, wild strawberries 
made friends with the chirping cricket and the brooding spar- 
row among the protecting grasses. 

And because of the promise implied in the presence of a few 
wild fruits here and there, and because of the hope that prompted 
men to try and try again after many failures and discourage- 
ments, in first this garden and then that, a few apple and plum 
trees were found growing, tended by loving, faithful hands, while 
lilies and iris and peonies gave their touch of warmth and color 
to many a Settler’s home. 

In most cases the apple trees were short lived, and almost 
before they bore their first fruits they had yielded to the winter’s 
rigors. But some of these bore fruit, and the seed was carefully 
planted in the hope that out of the succeeding generations might 


THE MINNESOTA SOCIETY AND THE NORTHWEST. 441 


come a few trees so hardy and enduring as to thrive in their un- 
congenial home. 

The men and women who carefully planted and faithfully 
tended, a half century and more ago, were brave and persistent 
to the last degree, but none so confident and determined but to 
feel the need of the advice and encouragement of others—and so 
the society, whose jubilee year we now celebrate, came into ex- 
istence. 

It is not an easy thing to tell what the influence of one single 
man has been who through fifty years of storm and sunshine has 
kept to his course, performing his own tasks faithfully and well 
and helping others to a higher and fuller achievement. Who 
then has discernment so clear and accurate, and knowledge so ex- 
tensive, as to know and tell what the influence of a great organi- 
zation has been through the half century that has seen the North- 
west develop from a straggling, struggling frontier to a sub- 
stantial and thrifty region having but few counterparts on the 
face of the earth? 

In the first place, while you expect and receive many benefits 
because of your membership in this society yet none of you 
joined because of any fancied pecuniary gain. The motives that 
bring you together year after year are not those of selfishness 
but rather of helpfulness and encouragement and devotion to 
a worthy cause. 

Your primary motive is to make for yourselves and others— 
always the others—more beautiful surroundings and to give to 
people more pleasures, a healthier and more appetizing diet and 
a taste and love for the higher and more satisfying forms of en- 
- joyment. In your modesty you will refuse to accept such en- 
comiums, but what one of you if you found growing in your gar- 
den the perfect apple tree with ideal fruit could sleep nights till 
all your brother horticulturists were furnished scions that they 
might share its blessings with you. And, if any brother should 
prove skeptical and refuse the offer, by some cunning subterfuge 
you would contrive to engraft his Hibernals and Virginias with 
your own choice fruit—so far does your altruism go. 

For fifty years you have lived the principle that society is 
just beginning to learn—that the ideal citizen must be something 
more than merely just and law abiding—he must concern him- 
self with the welfare of others and give himself in a measure 
for the good of all. What your influence has been in this regard 


442 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


is worth all your efforts, though never a tree should yield to you 
its toothsome offering nor a flower bloom to reward you. 

It is impossible to place before your eyes a picture of the 
Northwest as it now is, with its hundreds of promising gardens 
and orchards, and point out the items and features that owe their 
existence to the influence of this society. Perhaps it is not too 
much to say that no other one organization or factor, public or 
private, has done so much to bring about the conditions that we 
now find. 

The Wealthy has recently been pronounced by a high author- 
ity, not a resident of the Northwest, our country’s one most valu- 
able variety of apple. This opinion is based on the consideration 
that if a man could have but one apple tree the Wealthy would 
serve him better throughout the year than any other kind. 

This is your own daughter, born and christened in this so- 
ciety, now grown by the thousands of barrels, and yet until a few 
years ago none of us ever heard the Wealthy mentioned except 
by members of this society. You have spoken the name so long 
and persistently that not only the Northwest but the whole 
country has heard and become convinced. 

You can all readily bring to mind a number of other apples 
like the Excelsior, Dartt, Lyman, Okabena, Florence, Minnesota 
and Patten that originated with members of this society and 
have been brought to public attention through your efforts. 
The same is also true of different worthy varieties of other fruits, 
like the Aitkin, Harrison, New Ulm, Odegard, Rollingstone and 
Surprise plums and of many vegetables and flowers. 

It took your experience, as related at these annual meetings 
and published in your Horticulturist, to bring to our minds the 
fact that much we had learned in our books wasn’t true. Partly 
as a result of this there has grown up within the last few years 
a literature of horticulture so practical and dependable that 
there is no one so new and unskilled in the divine art of growing 
things that he need become the object of his neighbor’s mirth. 

It is impossible to suggest any topic in horticultural prac- 
tice, from cover crops to top grafting, or from bug killing to 
marketing, that has not had its pros and cons presented here by 
members rich in experience. That you haven’t always subscribed 
to the same horticultural doctrines has not lessened the value of 
the discussions, though it has certainly added ginger and some- 
times a little pepper to the occasion. If your opponent hasn’t 


THE MINNESOTA SOCIETY AND THE NORTHWEST. 443 


always convinced you that he was much of a horticulturist, he 
has frequently given you cause to respect his ability as a debater. 

The first missionary service by a member of this society that 
came under my own observation was twenty-six years ago this 
winter, when your honored member, Mr. J. S. Harris, gave a 
' series of practical talks on fruit growing to the first body of 
students ever assembled at the North Dakota Agricultural Col- 
lege. Those talks must have had their effect, for some of those 
boys, to my own knowledge, are still growing fruit. Their own 
sons are following their example, and who can say when the 
influence of that one single month’s work will ever end? 

There is scarcely any one to be found in my own state who 
attempts to grow fruit who is not more or less familiar with the 
aetivities of this society and the things it has accomplished. 
Through the fruit exhibits at your state fair they have come 
to know you, and how can you be better judged than by your 
fruits? 

You have a fruit breeding station, because of the campaign 
carried on by this society in which the results already obtained 
are attracting the attention not of the Northwest merely but of 
the whole country. 

But the best that can be said of you is that you are not 
resting upon your laurels. Your influence is being felt far be- 
yond your own borders, not wholly because of what you have 
done but because of what you are doing and will do. 

We know that your thousand dollar offer for a better apple 
is not a bluff. You have made the promise in good faith fully 
expecting that in the years to come somebody -will claim the 
reward. You have high hopes, but they are well grounded; vi- 
sions bright and lively, but not chimerical; a purpose fixed and 
determined, but as kindly and gracious as the. flower you grow. 

Your ways are modest and you walk humbly, but your light 
has gone forth to guide the steps of hundreds that gladly pay 
their homage and repay you with what they have—their best 
efforts and their gratitude. 


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FORECASTING THE FUTURE OF THE MINN. STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 445 


Forecasting the Future of the Society. 
REV. C. S. HARRISON, YORK, NEB. 


In looking ahead we are to take into account the growth of 
the esthetic spirit—or the growing love for the beautiful. Fifty 
years ago there was a struggle for the necessaries of life. 

There are three steps in the development of a new country: 

First, the demands of the stomach must be regarded, for we 
must be strong for labor, and so food is one of the prime essen- 
tials. 

In the next stage regard is also paid to the demands of the 
palate, and so we minister to our tastes, and pleasant things, like 
fruits, must be grown. We recognize also the fact that fruits are 
of prime importance for health and are much cheaper than 
doctors. 

Then comes the development of the love of the beautiful. 
When God finished the world and ripened it for man, He planted 
it to flowers. These are the smiles of God. And the great fami- 
lies of them with which He planted the world, from the tropics to 
the great tundras of the North, attest His kindness, forethought 
and marvelous skill. So we should keep step with Him. We are 
to recognize the necessity of human aid in developing the Divine 
plans. 

There is the daily prayer offered by prattling children and 
decrepit age: “Give us this day our daily bread.” But the 
prayer is answered through human aid. God furnishes the capi- 
tal and we the labor. He spreads fertility on these vast plains, 
He loads the mighty squadrons of the sky from his viewless 
pumps out on the oceans, and the fleets of the air wing their way 
in His viewless aeroplanes and pour their treasures on the earth. 
He puts vital forces in those lances of light which come pushing 
from the sun, and energizes the unseen forces of nature, and 
there He stops. Man must come in with his plows, harrows, 
drills, reapers, threshing machines and bakeries. In answer to 
prayer, He does not rain down loaves of bread from the heavens, 
but depends on His earthly partners to do the work after He has 
furnished the capital. 

So in the floral world He furnishes the species, and man the 
varieties. He gave the single dahlia, and in thousands of experi- 
ments men have divided that primitive flower into so many 
families that their old mother would not know them. The primi- 


446 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


tive phlox, which was like a wild, hardy Indian maiden, has been 
transformed into hundreds of forms of imperial beauty fit to 
adorn the palaces of kings. The great peony family sprung 
mostly from the alba flora of China. Skilled propagators have 
given us over 2,000 named varieties. The canna, growing wild 
on the banks of rivers in tropic and semi-tropic regions, had fine 
foliage, and was first grown as a foliage plant. Then enterpris- 
ing florists conceived the idea of improving the flowers, one man 
making 40,000 crosses, till now it is one of the crowning glories 
of our summers. 

So in forecasting our future we step in and possess the fruits 
of most patient toil. 

The vegetable garden feeds the body, the flower garden feeds 
the soul. 

The Arnold Arboretum is the culmination of this third de- 
gree of development. I have wandered with the superintendent 
among 150 kinds of lilacs in full bloom, most of them hardy in the 
North. I once rode with him on the cars when he had six kinds of 
hybrid roses of his own creation. He once put a trailing juniper 
on a red cedar and had an evergreen umbrella, and sold it for 
$50.00. Prof. Jack, of the Arboretum Institute, who used my 
peony manual as a text book, sent me one of Wilson’s collection of 
the iris. It proved one of the most remarkable plants I ever saw. 
It had a little blue flower, but the foliage surpassed anything ever 
known. It was a mound of vivid green, fresh till midsummer. A 
border of this wonderful plant would excel in beauty anything 
else. 

Wilson, sent out by the Arboretum, went through no end of 
difficulties and dangers in the mountains of north China, having 
his leg broken by a mud avalanche. Yet he secured a large col- 
lection of the seeds, choice evergreens and deciduous trees, be- 
sides a vast collection of flowering shrubs and flowers. These 
will soon be disseminated, and you will have your pick of the best 
the world affords. 

As to fruits, look back fifty years and see what you have done 
and then look forward and see what you can do.and will do. With 
hundreds at work producing new seedlings you are sure of splen- 
did success. 

Among your number you have the world’s greatest pomolo- 
gist, Chas. G. Patten. He andI are of the same age. Both spared 
by a kind Providence for some good reason. He will pass on, but 


FORECASTING THE FUTURE OF THE MINN. STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 447 


his work will remain.. Great successes are yet to fall from the 
deft fingers of Hansen and Haralson. Perhaps the latter can 
secure a strawberry which will excel his No. 3. If so he will be 
nature’s miracle worker. 

Among flowers you have the Brands who stand among the 
world’s greatest propagators of the peony. And they, with their 
careful work, saving but one out of a thousand, are sure to give 
in the future, as they have in the past, astonishing forms of loveli- 
ness. 

Among the iris your Wm. Fryer, of Mantorville, now takes 
the lead, and he has only begun his work. Others will fall into 
line, for there is no flower that blooms more susceptible of im- 
provement than the iris. Some of our recent importations from 
Holland and England, in their dazzling beauty, ‘defy description. 

There are three species of the wild olive which have a future. 
Our buffalo berry, the Siberian sand thorn and a kindred fruit 
from Japan. This last is an enormous bearer. I have picked a 
gallon from a single bush in Massachusetts, where they are much 
prized for jellies. Hansen will find some way to blend them so 
we will have a fine winter currant. What improvements have 
been made in your native plums, and you may yet surpass the 
Wealthy and Patten’s Greening. The apple needs a cool climate. 
You cannot raise them in the low grounds of California or in the 
Gulf states. The farther north you go or the higher up in the 
mountains, the finer they are. Your newly developed system of 
top-grafting adds prolificness and hardiness so you can move the 
apple belt hundreds of miles north. 

You succeed well with evergreens, and soon you will have 
adequate protection for your homes. 

There is no land or clime better adapted to fruits and flowers 
than yours. There must have been a strain of poetry in the 
Indian who called it Minnesota, land of the sky-tinted waters. 
Yours is by far the most beautiful state in the Union. The moun- 
tain states surpass you in sublimity, but yours is peerless in 
beauty. 

The glory of her June, embellished by nature and art, her 
rich soil and congenial climate place her at the front. Where are 
mornings ushered in with such beauty? Was ever land adorned 
with such resplendent sunsets? When the weary day departs for 
her repose what escorts she has! The curtains of the evening are 
painted with molten gems. The mantles of the sun are hung 
there. She parts the folds and passes on escorted by a pageantry 
no earthly monarch ever dreamed of. 

And what peaceful nights when heaven’s arch is kalsomined 
with blue and sprinkled with stars, and the sweet silence is elo- 
quent with unuttered praise! 

Look over your land where the lakes are sown broadcast, and 
they flash and sparkle like diamonds on the bosom of mother 


448 SEMI-CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY. 


earth. Joyfully the streams murmur their soothing songs as they 
hurry on to be embraced by the father of waters. 

I peer into the future where my faltering steps cannot go 
and these eyes will be ever closed, and there will arise a vision of 
loveliness, when the labor of art will combine with that of nature, 
and human skill will match the beauty of land and sky, and 
Minnesota will shine as the fairest star in the galaxy of our be- 
loved land. 


Cou. JoHn H. StEvens—first settier of Minneapolis. 


‘VHNOLENNIW AMV] YAddN NO MIA ‘“AHNTA AMVT FO dOL NO WaAaduOd NMV'T ONILNVId 


While it is not the intention to publish anything in this magazine that 

is misleadng or unreliable, yet it must be remembered that the articles 
published herein recite the experience and opinions of their writers, and this 
fact must always be noted in estimating their practical value. 


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Vol. 45 DECEMBER, 1917 No. 12 


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Ornamentation of Home Grounds. 


AN ADDRESS AT THE 1916 ANNUAL MEETING BY CHARLES H. RAMSDELL, 
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT, MINNEAPOLIS. 

I intend in this address to cover some phases of home deco- 
ration and ornamentation of grounds, which includes grad- 
ing, the planting of appropriate trees, shrubs and vines, the 
designing of gardens, the laying out of walks and drives, the 
views towards the house and from the house, which are of 
primary importance in the lay-out of any home grounds. 

The importance of grading is something which is very sel- 
dom properly attended to. The slopes are made straight and 
angular and run level without any attention being given to the 
need of it, and when the work is done it is artificial and looks 
artificial. If proper attention is given to the slopes so that we 
have the round O G slopes or curves that you find on the natural 
hills and knolls, when the grading is completed you find that it 
looks so natural that oftentimes it will be mistaken for a piece 
of natural surface instead of newly graded ground. 

Then too in these days, after forty or fifty years of horticul- 
tural work, we find in every city large numbers of poor trees or 
trees that should be removed, those which are undersized and 
which are badly scarred by sun-scalds and by the wind and the 
weather. On many places, especially those that have been estab- 
lished thirty years, we oftentimes find half the trees superfluous 
because if the extra trees are not removed then the ones which 
are left are made to grow out of shape and to under-develop, 
and therefore we lose a chance to make a fine permanent tree. 
In every city you find lines of elm trees planted fifteen or twenty 
feet apart, specimens which are without any side branches and 


with very little of the attractiveness which the elm should have: 
(449) 


450 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. | 


If fifteen or twenty years ago every other tree had been removed, 
the trees which were left would have been twice as good in 
their proportions and character. 

If the house is established, and we have fine trees which are 
of good size, the importance of tree and shrub planting is not 
so vital, but there are so many places, especially in the newer 
regions of our city, where the house site and the school site are 
without a single tree or shrub. Of course the permanent im- 
provement is the tree. Shrub planting is a good material to use 
at first but should not be relied on altogether for permanent 
results, because certain shrubs are overgrown in five years or 
more and then have to be trimmed back or replanted. For that 
reason I always like to secure good permanent trees, Such as 
mountain ash, elms, hackberries, basswoods and all the orna- 
mentals which you know so well. These give the permanent 
effect we need. 

If you have a group of trees which is overgrown and the 
center ones are spindling, if every other tree is taken out the 
other ones will have a better chance to develop. Then too you 
can correct the shape of the tree by careful trimming in the 
matter of taking out certain limbs, the large limbs which cross 
each other, the limbs which interfere with another tree or the 
limbs which hang down and spoil the shape of the tree. Then in 
a few years the tree will fill out and a better permanent tree 
will result. 

I want to urge the desirability of using the native shrubbery 
we find growing so plentifully all about us. It is hardy and 
desirable and has the added advantage of being very inexpensive. 
One of my superintendents recently did some collecting in Wis- 
consin, near Eau Claire. He collected nine thousand native 
shrubs at a cost of three cents apiece, which is going to help 
materially to keep down the expense of a piece of work. Among 
these shrubs which he collected are many varieties which are 
grown in the nurseries, although of course nursery stoek is the 
best and easiest to transplant. 

Among the plants which we found there were the high bush 
cranberry, which has the fine red berries in the fall, and the red- 
berried elder, which has a beautiful white bloom in July and 
then a heavy yield of bright red berries in August. Then the 
sumach of course we all know; it is hard to find any foliage 
which is more tropical and more attractive in its effect. Then 


ie a 


ORNAMENTATION OF HOME GROUNDS. 451 


we found the wild black currant and the wild gooseberry, which 
have fairly palatable fruit, and many others which you would 
find very useful in carrying out a large piece of planting. The 
native material can be picked up nearby, especially along the 
rivers and ravines. Using these on the outside of the property, 
it is very easy to screen views of the barnyard and make an at- 
tractive planting along fences and borders to the lawn. Then 
as you approach the house, the varieties which we see grown so 
widely in the nurseries, lilacs, honeysuckles, snowberries, syrin- 
gas and hydrangeas, all have their place and should be used 
as widely as possible. 

In such planting work it is always wise to plan before you 
put in the beds what the uses are of the planting. For instance, 
if you wish to make a high bank of shrubs in front of the yard 
you would perhaps use such high plants as sumach, red-berried 
elder, honeysuckle and other plants of that character. If you 
want to frame in a view from the house, perhaps looking over 
the valley of a river or down a creek, then use lower material 
which grows well, such as Indian currant, snowberry, thun- 
bergia, barberry and hydrangea. In planting around the gardens, 
of course, the use of native material is not exactly in good taste 
for the reason that in your garden you wish to have as many 
flowers in as little space as possible. This you don’t get from 
the native material to such a degree as you do from the other 
horticultural material which you find listed in the nursery 
catalogs. 

Then, of course, the use of appropriate trees is also im- 
portant. For instance, if you wish to secure a little color around 
the house, use a mountain ash or a wild thorn or a low catalpa 
instead of planting a tall elm or the hackberry or the ash or 
basswood, which comes to perfection when it is fifty or seventy- 
five feet high. The importance of studying this planting before 
it is done almost determines the success of it. We see much 
planting done which is out of place, being poorly selected and 
improperly spaced and unsatisfactory because of the fact that 
certain kinds do not grow well together. 

Around every city it is easy to find a lot of planting done 
which is improperly spaced. The theory of spacing in landscape 
planting is this: The shrubbery should be studied before it is 
used as to its permanent height, its permanent spread and the 
character of the stem as it comes from the ground. Then when 


452 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the plantation is made the shrub should be spaced so that when 
it is fully grown the foliage of each shrub will just touch the 
one next to it and no more. The idea is to shade the ground 
thoroughly and completely so that the grass will be shaded out 
and the weeds thus prevented from growing. Planting is often 
done which is spaced so closely that in three or four years the 
shrubs are spindling. Thus you lose both the effect of flower 
and foliage, but if they are properly spaced the shrub will arch 


A terrace lawn with planting. 


over, maintain its characteristic space and then the next one 
to it will merge with it. Then you will obtain mass effects of 
flowers or foliage, and instead of having one or two lilacs in 
bloom, then a space of lawn sixteen or eighteen or twenty feet 
and then two or three more lilacs, you will have four lilacs in 
bloom together. In that way, one secures mass effect instead of 
the scattered effects which one so often sees where the shrub is 
planted in sod. 

Then another phase of the question—in which nurserymen 
will bear me out—is that no shrubs ever do so well if planted 
in grass as when planted in a properly prepared bed. One often 
sees shrubs well planted at the start, but in two or three years 
the grass rapidly grows towards the shrub and the shrub gets 


ae 


ORNAMENTATION OF HOME GROUNDS. 453 


sod-bound. Then we will find a lilac which stands still for six 
or eight years and never blooms, and the leaves will fall off, and 
the drouth will catch it, and that is because the grass is taking 
all the benefit of the soil and the shrub has to fight for what it 
does get underneath the roots of the grass. 

But, on the other hand, when a bed is properly prepared 
the sod is well cut by a spade and the ground is thoroughly 
spaded over with-the addition of good barnyard fertilizer. This 
prepares a bed in which the shrub will grow to the very best 
advantage. Ifa shrub bed of that kind is well planted and fairly 
well trimmed when young, it will succeed in nearly every season 
without much watering or even attention. 

In the care and maintenance of public grounds I have found 
that in the care of a lawn the watering takes three times as long 
as in the case of properly prepared shrub beds. This is worth 
knowing, because many believe that a shrub bed is an expensive 
thing to maintain. If planted in well prepared ground they grow 
for many years without very much attention except possibly 
the removal of the older wood and the removal of the blossom 
heads and now and then a little trimming in the spring to correct 
the shape or to encourage the new growth of wood. 

Mr. Scott: Will you mention a few of the shrubs that are 
quite generally used in our landscape work which need special 
winter protection? 

Mr. Ramsdell: Of course, in our work we try to use nothing 
that requires winter protection, because the average man doesn’t 
have the time to cover every plant as he should, but I can name 
a few which do better for the winter covering. The tamarisk 
is one plant with a feathery foliage and attractive pink blossom 
which should be covered. It kills back considerably each year, 
but it is a good thing to use. Of course the forsythias, or golden 
bells, are not often hardy, and here these should be protected. 
They are a fine shrub, but under ordinary conditions they winter- 
kill so much that they are not generally used. I presume likely 
some day some nurseryman will find a strain of hardy Japanese 
quince. In the southern section of this state this is fairly hardy, 
but in our section it kills back. The privet is also a tender shrub, 
but it is so desirable that it ought to be added to our list if pos- 
sible. The California privet is the most valuable low-headed 
shrub which can be found in the warmer sections of the country, 
but it is not hardy with us. The Amur river privet ought to be 
hardy, and it may be that stock raised in a more northern lati- 
tude would be better, but up to this time it is not hardy. Then, 
of course, the sweet scented syringa, Philadelphus coronarius, 
is tender in some winters. It is not always in need of protection, 


454 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


but sometimes it is killed back. These are a few of the shrubs 
which are tender with us. 

A Member: What is your experience with the weigela 
rosea? 

Mr. Ramsdell: It is fairly dependable but is benefited by 
some protection. It grows better in some locations than in 
others. I think it does better with protection, but on the other 
hand in sheltered locations near lakes or rivers where there is 
more humidity the weigela seems to be fairly hardy, and of 
course it is a very fine shrub to use. I use them a great deal in 
my work with good success, but I wouldn’t say it is as depend- 
ably hardy as the lilac, the bridal wreath or the honeysuckle. 

Mr. Horton: You speak about a proper spacing of shrubs. 
What would you consider the distance apart for spirea Van 
Houttii and hydrangea? 

Mr. Ramsdell: The spirea Van Houttii I plant about three 
feet apart, never less than three feet, and occasionally where 
immediate effects are not desired as far apart as four feet, but 
more than four feet apart allows grass and weeds to grow be- 
tween. The hydrangea I should say from two and one-half to 
three feet; if they have a wet location three feet is all right. 

A Member: What has been your experience with flowering 
almond? 

Mr. Ramsdell: That is a shrub I never found fully hardy. 
I put it into the class with the weigela, well worth planting and 
protecting but not wholly hardy. It is a beautiful shrub of its - 
kind. It has type, it is different from every other shrub, and 
I like to use it, but I am careful with it. 

A Member: What makes the best hedge? 

Mr. Ramsdell: It depends a great deal on what you wish 
the hedge to serve. If you wanted to divide fields to turn stock, 
the buckthorn after it gets to be twelve or fifteen years old is so 
stiff and heavy that the average cow will leave it alone. That 
is a good field hedge. You can screen a fence with it. Around 
the garden I like to use the tartarian honeysuckle, which grows 
straight and takes trimming very naturally; it has a fine flower 
and good foliage. The lilac, of course, makes a good informal 
hedge; it can not be trimmed to very good advantage. Some of 
the spireas are fairly good if you wish an informal hedge. 
Thunberg’s barberry makes the best low hedge we have. That 
can be trimmed twelve to twenty inches high and makes almost 
as good a hedge in its effect as the box, which we find in the 
east. 

A Member: Which grows the fastest? 

Mr. Ramsdell: I think the buckthorn grows as fast as any- 
thing I know of if in good soil. 

A Member: What variety of lilac do you recommend? 

Mr. Ramsdell: There are so many varieties of lilacs one 
can easily make a collection and not overdo it. You will find that 


." - — 


ORNAMENTATION OF HOME GROUNDS. : 455 


the season of bloom in lilacs lasts for six weeks if you combine 
varieties. Of course, the standard purple lilac has many good 
forms now, such as the Charles X, generally raised by the 
French; the white lilac, the old-fashioned white lilac, is fine and 
kas many good varieties, some of them double and very fine. 
Then the Persian lilac is favored by many people. That comes 
in white forms and double forms as well as the standard pink 
form. I have used the Hungarian lilac. It isn’t often seen, but 
I consider it one of the best. It has a glossy dark green leaf, 
a good deal like a bay tree, and has pink blossoms somewhat 


t 
t 


ib 
tf 
it 
ry 
fi 
My 


A good mass effect of flowers. 


later fees the others. The family, as I said, is one of our 
most valuable horticultural families. 

Prof. Hansen: How about the caragana? 

Mr. Ramsdell: It makes a fine hedge, it stands trimming 
well and is as hardy as anything you can find. I didn’t mean 
to miss that-in my list of hedge plants. 

Prof. Hansen: How far apart are they planted? 

Mr. Ramsdell: It depends on how quickly you want the 
hedge. If you want it quickly, one to two feet. One foot may 
be a little close, but two feet, I should say, would be about the 
right distance to give a heavy hedge. 

: aor. Hansen: How does caragana pygmaea do down 
ere? 

Mr. Ramsdell: I haven’t tried that. 


456 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Prof. Hansen: It does very nicely on the prairie. It came 
from central Asia and is well adapted to these conditions. 

Mr. Ramsdell: It ought to be a great addition to our list. 

Prof. Hansen: It does finely in the southern part of the 
state. 

The President: Any further questions? 

A Member: What do you think of the Russian olives? 

Mr. Ramsdell: The Russian olive is very good where it is 
necessary to use it. Of course, it is one of the hardiest plants, 
is very thorny and stiff and makes an extremely heavy hedge 
that will turn stock if it is closely planted. It is, however, apt 
to overgrow, just like the buckthorn, and if it isn’t well cared 
for it will result in a very rough and scraggly hedge. While it 
is young it is practically as good as the buckthorn. (Applause.) 


Some Phases of Onion Culture. 


W. T. TAPLEY, INSTRUCTOR IN VEGETABLE GARDENING, DEPARTMENT OF 
AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA. 

Among the vegetable crops of the United States the onion 
takes its rank in third place, being below both the tomato and 
cabbage. In Minnesota the onion has its place with the leading 
vegetable crops, the money value averaging over $200,000 per 
year. Not only in recent years has the onion been an important 
crop, but for hundreds of years it has been one of the stable 
vegetable foods in many parts of the world. The exact place of 
its origin is not known, but in its early period it occupied a vast 
area in Western Asia, extending perhaps from Palestine to 
India. Among the early Egyptians it was also a very popular 
food. At present Vilmorin describes sixty varieties, varying 
in form from flat, disc, spherical, pear-shaped to long, the last 
form in Japan often growing a foot or more in length. Chaucer 
named the onion in England about 1340. In Mexico it was men- 
tioned before 1557, in Peru before 1604, in New England, 
1629, in Virginia, 1648, and it was among the Indian foods 
destroyed by General Sullivan in Western New York in 1779. 
The onion is recognized in the languages of twenty-seven coun- 
tries. 

In the olden times the growing of the crop was confined 
chiefly to the alluvial river valleys, but by improvement of 
varieties and careful cultural methods the onion is now grown 
under a diversified range of soils and climatic conditions. It 
is only during the last quarter of a century that a rapid growth 
and development of the industry has taken place in the Northern 


SOME PHASES OF ONION CULTURE. 457 


and New England states. The past decade has witnessed the 
development of the Bermuda onion industry in Texas, until now 
we have onions on our markets supplied during the whole 
year, with successive crops from our own country. Nevertheless, 
during the past five years we have imported on an average 
1,130,000 bushels per year, chiefly from Spain, Bermuda and 
England. England in 1915, instead of sending over the usual 
amount, from 200,000 to 400,000 bushels, took from us 114,990 
bushels, a condition probably due to the war. The onion in- 
dustry has developed most rapidly, and the demand has con- 
stantly increased. The old adage, “Keep onions in the house, 
and you will keep the doctor away,” seems to have borne fruit, 
as onions are increasingly regarded as a healthful article of food. 
The chief states on an acre production basis are: Ohio, 6,132; 
New York, 5,558; Texas, 5,170; California, 4,391; Indiana, 
4,048 ; Illinois, 3,315; Massachusetts, 2,498, and Minnesota, with 
1,099, ranking about tenth. 

As far as market demands go the onion is an all the year 
round crop, and its acreage, because of this and its wide adap- 
tation to conditions, must increase. 

The United States Department of Agriculture and the state 
experiment stations have done considerable research work with 
the onion. Over a hundred bulletins or circulars have been pub- 
lished on various phases of onion culture, and nearly every state 
in the Union is doing, or has done, some kind of investigation 
on the onion. Much good work has been done in testing varieties, 
in bringing out the importance of good seed, on the effects of 
irrigation, culture on muck land, intercropping, insects and dis- 
eases of the onion, etc.. From the earliest times the one great 
foundation idea in producing onions has been to grow the crop 
on an extremely well prepared seed bed and to give the crop the 
most thorough cultivation possible. The investigational insti- 
tutions and the growers themselves have not been able to change 
that basic direction, to prepare the soil well and keep it clean 
throughout the growing season. 

The onion grower, or more especially the market gardener, 
has improved methods of growing in so far as land utilization is 
concerned. Among crops grown with onions as an intercrop we 
find celery, beans, beets, spinach and lettuce. In the New York 
and New England market garden center sets, or transplants, 
_ may be planted in the field from April 5th to 25th. They may 


458 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


be planted the regular twelve-inch distance or two twelve-inch 
and then an eighteen-inch row. This gives three rows of onions 
and then an eighteen-inch space. In this space spinach or lettuce 
may be planted and harvested without injuring the onions, or 
this empty row is often used to grow celery plants. After the 
spinach or lettuce comes out, the empty row is cultivated clean 
until the onion leaves first begin to fall, usually from June 20th 
to July 10th. Beans may then be planted there, or celery plants 
set out. By the time the onions are pulled the beans or celery 
are well started in rows about three and one-half feet apart. 
Under a very favorable season the beans may be through yield- 
ing in time to get in a crop of fall spinach. Some growers have 
tried planting late beets between the rows of onions, planting 
two rows of beets and then leaving a row to cure the onions in. 
Under the most intensive systems very heavy applications of 
manure must be made annually. Under field conditions, where 
a large acreage is grown, intercropping methods are not practical, 
but with the market gardener intercropping methods show profit- 
able results. 

The seed is one of the most important factors in the grow- 
ing of onions. The grower is indeed fortunate who (regardless 
of price) has purchased really first class seed. Where to obtain 
the best seed is a question which puzzles every grower. Nearly 
every seed catalog will claim that the seed it advertises is the 
best, or at least as good as any, but every year many growers 
suffer considerable loss because of poor quality seed. There are 
many seed houses that have every good intention of putting 
out first class seed, but they have nearly as much trouble finding 
good seed to sell to the growers as the growers have in finding 
a seed house that has good seed. There are two ways that 
losses may occur because of poor seed: First, the seed may be 
too old; second, the seed may have come from poorly selected 
bulbs. Onion seed does not retain its vitality. The Connecticut 
station has done much experimenting along this line and the re- 
sults are tabulated as follows: 


California Grown Seed. No. Germination 
Samples. per cent 
average. 
Seed stated to be less than one year old...... 400 88.18 


Seed stated to be between 1 and 2 years old.. 220 77.46 
Seed stated to be between 2 and 3 years old. .2,023 57.34 
Seed stated to be between 3 and 4 years old. . f 10.00 


SOME PHASES OF ONION CULTURE. 459 


The loss in production from the best of old seed will be 
greater than the higher cost of good seed, no matter how thickly 
the poor seed may be sown, for not only will the germination 
percentage be below, but many of the germinating seeds will 
never get up vitality enough to produce a plant. 

Again the seed may be from poorly selected bulbs. In al- 
most any onion field all the various types or shapes may be 
found. Seed of a globe variety may produce globular, flattened, 
bottle-shaped scullions or doubles, and off colored specimens. 


Field of crossed onions at University Farm. 


This decreases yield and also lowers the quality of the crop. 
The matter of scullions (other than the fact that they are not an 
A No. 1 market onion) is not of considerable importance, since 
they usually run under 10% and because of poor quality do not 
perpetuate themselves to any great degree. Under Professor 
Wellington, at the Experiment Station, selection experiments are 
under way that are giving very interesting results. Probably 
after another season they will be ready for publication. 

Because of the risk taken in purchasing seed at large, many 
growers prefer raising their own seed. When selecting bulbs 
to save for seed, choose for color, shape and size. From one 
bushel of bulbs three or more pounds of seed should be gathered. 
There are certain characteristics of onions that apply in gen- 
eral: for instance, large onions are usually poor keepers; the 
thicker the outside skin the better the shipping quality; flat 


460 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


onions are earlier than globe-shaped onions of the same strain; 
late maturity may mean a larger crop, but a poorer keeping 
quality. Always avoid thick necks in saving for seed, for they 
represent a reversion toward the ancestral, or primitive, onion. 

Onions selected for seed growing are stored over winter 
and planted out in the early spring in rows wide enough for 
horse cultivation. From 125 to 150 bushels are needed for an 
acre. An upland soil or a fertile loam soil should be selected 
rather than muck soil. The heads are gathered just before the 
earliest maturing seed pods shatter when handled. About three 
inches of stem is usually left with the head. Curing on a tight 
floor of a dry, airy room should be thorough. After threshing 
out, the light seed and waste particles should be taken out with ~ 
a fanning mill or by washing in a tub, saving only the seed that . 
sink to the bottom. A yield of 400 to 500 pounds per acre is a . 
good crop of seed. Good seed from a selected strain has every 
chance to produce a crop above the average. Five pounds of seed, 
testing eighty per cent, or better, is enough to sow an acre. 

With all the cultivated crops, the onion has its insects and 
diseases that may reduce the yield to a point where it ceases to 
be profitable. The onion maggot, thrips and the blight are the 
three chief pests of the onion crop. The onion maggot belongs 
to the order diptera, or flies, and is known wherever the onion 
has been grown for any length of time. The true onion maggot 
is the larvae of a fly and when full grown is one-fourth inch long. 
The adult may pass the winter in sheltered places or pupate in 
the ground. The adult emerges in the spring and lays her eggs, 
two to six, on the young plant near the surface of the ground. In 
about ten days the eggs hatch, and the larvae begin eating im- 
mediately, feeding within the epidermal tissue of the plant. In 
two weeks from hatching the maggots are ready to pupate, and 
the adult fly will appear in another two weeks. Two or three 
broods often appear during a season. The black onion fly, and 
the barred winged onion fly, also often attack the onion. The 
life histories of these is nearly the same as for the onion maggot, 
except that the maggots appear in storage. Fumigation with 
bisulphide of carbon, one pound to each 200 cubic feet of storage 
will check these insects. 

Control measures for the onion maggot must of necessity 
be largely preventative measures. Practice clean culture, clean 
up all crop remnants and do not grow onions on land infested the 


SOME PHASES OF ONION CULTURE. 461 


previous year. Sometimes the crop may be planted a little late, 
after the fly has emerged and laid its eggs, or a trap may be used. 
In some cases a generous application of fertilizer may add vigor 
to the plants. Repellants, such as sand and kerosene, one cup 
of kerosene to one bucket of sand; carbolized lime, white helle- 
bore, powdered tobacco, etc., are often used, simply by scattering 
in the rows. 

A poison bait spray for controlling the onion maggot has 
been used with considerable success in some localities. It should 
be applied from the time the onions are up until about May 20th. 
This spray can be made by mixing one-fifth ounce of sodium 
arsenite, one-half pint molasses and one gallon of water. 

Even more important than the maggot is the onion thrip, 
also known as onion louse, and causing damage known as 
white blast, “silver top,” or “white blight.” The female by 
means of a tiny saw-like organ, cuts a slit in the leave or stem 
and deposits her eggs there. In a few days the young thrip 
has hatched and begins feeding. Growth is rapid. In one or two 
weeks they cease feeding and transform to the nymphal and then 
to the adult stage. Under favorable conditions in three weeks the 
entire life cycle will be completed. The injury is soon seen in a 
whitened appearance of the leaves, due to rasping and sucking 
the juices. Natural enemies of the thrips are the lady bird 
beetles and a parasite. Heavy and driving rain storms destroy 
great numbers of this insect. Clean methods of field culture 
cannot be too stringly advised, as the thrips feed on many weeds 
and on nearly all vegetables. A spray of nicotine sulphate may 
be used if the thrips have gained headway. 

Cutworms, onion smut and blight are also often troublesome 
but can be controlled by the proper methods. 

Irrigation in many sections is not generally used, although 
the overhead pipe systems are being used more every year. Such 
a system costs about $125 per acre, exclusive of a pumping plant. 
The cost of operation is small. An average of $15 per acre, 
which includes cost of water used, is a fair allowance. Results 
from one-fourth to twice the yield have been reported by the use 
of the overhead system. 

There are many small details that are of considerable im- 
portance in securing an increase in crop yield, and the grower 
should consider all methods of improvement in planning his 
investment of capital. Good seed, good drainage, proper use 


462 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


of fertilizers, manure and lime, supply and cost of labor, rotation 
of crops, proper tools, storage, and irrigation—all have their 
place in the list of important factors for a successful onion crop, 
and the growers’ problem is how to properly use and combine 
these factors. 

In Minnesota the onion will always be a leading vegetable 
crop. In the vicinity of the Twin Cities, which must continue 
to be one of the leading market garden centers of the country, 
an increased acreage for onions must be used to supply an in- 
creased demand. Minnesota has favorable climatic conditions 
for onions, a cool planting and growing season, followed by a 
dry, moderately warm and fairly late summer. Scattered over 
the state there is an abundance of muck land, such as is found 
in Michigan, New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, and other onion pro- 
ducing states. Surely this state has great opportunities in its 
future agriculture, and the onion has its place as a crop possi- 
bility. 

Mr. Miller: In setting out onions for seed, does it make any 
difference if you set two kinds together? Will they cross? 

Mr. Tapley: Onions generally will not cross. 

Mr. Baldwin: I wish to differ with the professor in that 
respect. JI put out white globes and red globes, both of them, 
and I carefully watched the seed and seeded next year, and on 
the red globes I had just about one-fifth white with a tinge of 
red on the outside of every one, and I am sure there was no seed 
mixed with it. 

Mr. Tapley: Yes, sir, where any great quantities of 
varieties are planted and grown for seed, of course, that results. 
I thought you meant simply adjacent plots. 

Mr. Miller: No, I meant for seed; would the pollen mix? 

Mr. Tapley: If you had a large number mixed in the row 
you would be liable to get a cross. 

Mr. McBroom: What about the larger onions? What is the 
prospect for growing the Bermudas or Spanish? 

Mr. Tapley: The prospect isn’t very good for growing 
either the Spanish or Bermuda onions in this part of the coun- 
try. The south will always probably be the place where these are 
grown, or Texas. 

Mr. McBroom: What variety gives best results in this 
state? 

Mr. Tapley: In this state, of course, the market requires—or 
almost demands—a red variety, so either the Southport Red 
Globe or the Minnesota Red Globe or the standard red varieties 
generally give best results. The yield, of course, is largely not 
due to variety but to soil and cultural conditions, the yield of the 
individual variety. 


SOME PHASES OF ONION CULTURE. 463 


Mr. Olson: What is the best remedy for the maggot? 

Mr. Tapley: The onion maggot when once in the field is 
very hard to control. Growers have tried using sand, one bucket 
of sand to six fluid ounces of kerosene, simply soaking the sand 
in kerosene and then scattering it in the row alongside of the 
onion plants. Also the use of lime scattered along in the row 
or some nitrate of soda will sort of make the plants grow quicker 
and be repellant to the insect. It is a pretty difficult thing to 
control the onion maggot after it once gets into a field. It is 
very similar to the maggot which will be found in radish beds. 

A Member: Can you trap the fly that lays the eggs? 

Mr. Tapley: By sowing an early crop such as radishes and 
holding the onion crop a little late, sometimes good results can 
be obtained; that is, by holding the onions a little bit late and 
planting your radishes or cabbage, so that the fly will lay its 
eggs on those crops and then destroy them. 

A Member: Isn’t that a different maggot? 

Mr. Tapley: The true cabbage maggot and the true radish 
maggot are different maggots from the onion maggot. But if 
there are no onions in the field the onion maggot must have some- 
thing to feed on, and if the radish crop is planted they will 
usually attack that. 

A Member: What I mean is, can’t you poison the fly? 

Mr. Tapley: It is pretty difficult to poison a fly, it is prac- 
tically impossible. You mean by a spray, or something like 
that? 

A Member: Yes. 

Mr. Tapley: There is no spray that really can be applied 
to the onion plant, but that sand and kerosene scattered along 
the row is a sort of a poison. 


FALL PLANTING.—The question has been asked several times whether 
it is advisable and profitable to do fall planting. Shrubs and some of the 
small bush fruits, such as currants and gooseberries, do very well when 
planted in the fall, but they should be planted as soon as it is possible to 
move them, which is usually soon after a good killing frost. This gives them 
time enough to send out little rootlets which gather enough moisture to sup- 
ply the evaporation from the tops. Great care should be taken to firm the 
dirt well around the roots and then mulch with well rotted stable manure, 
using enough to cover the ground to a depth of two or three inches. 

The one great trouble in planting shade or fruit trees in the fall is that 
they do not send out enough rootlets to gather the amount of moisture neces- 
sary to balance the evaporation, and consequently the drain is so heavy on 
the tree that it does not often start in the spring and if it does may die soon 
after starting. 

Peonies and a great many other perennials may be planted in the fall 
but should be well protected through the winter. 

Strawberries can be planted with success but the question arises as to 
whether it pays, as the nurserymen charge twice as much for plants set in 
the fall. Strawberry beds must be planted one year before bearing, and beds 
planted in the spring and given good care will make a good solid bed of 
plants before the next fall, therefore nothing is gained by planting the year 
before.—C. J. Telfer, Wis. Horticulture. 


464 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


New Creations in Fruits. 


PROF. N. E. HANSEN, STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND MECHANIC ARTS, 
BROOKINGS, SOUTH DAKOTA. 

PEARS: The topic which interests me the most at present 
is the pear. Mr. Patten has given you a report of his splendid 
work in that line, and I wish him success in his efforts. The pear 
that I am working with happens to be another species, also from 
North China and eastern Siberia. Since our last meeting Dr. 
Alfred Rehder, of the Arnold Arboretum, has published a mono- 
graph of the oriental pears. The tree called Pyrus Sinensis, or 
Pyrus Simoni, in my bulletin 159, has since been separated by Dr. 
Rehder from the other Chinese and eastern Siberia pears into a 
new species, Pyrus ovoidea. This fruit tapers toward the blos- 
som end, whereas the ordinary Chinese pear tapers toward the 
stem. This tree, Pyrus ovoidea, is a large, spreading tree with 
fine foliage. Its growth is strong enough for a street tree, and 
it is sufficiently immune to blight to form a safe foundation for 
our future pears. The past three seasons have been marked by 
the most severe invasion of blight in the history of this station. 
No attempt was made to cut out the affected pear, apple and crab 
apple trees, so these resistant pear seedlings have had every 
opportunity to blight, standing as they do in the same row with 
the blighted trees. 

None of these new seedlings have borne fruit, but I deemed 
it best to send out some one year trees under restrictions since 
it is highly important to determine as soon as possible their re- 
sistance to blight under all conditions. The original trees of 
Pyrus betulifolia suffered severely from blight the past season, 
so that the series of hybrids with this species, N. E. H. 1-13, in- 
clusive, will be discarded. Most of the Pyrus ovoidea hybrids, 
N. E. H. 14-39 inclusive, are still very promising, as they have 
proven resistant against blight the past three years. The trees 
are one year old buds on Japan pear and seedlings of Japan pear, 
Kieffer pear or French pear. My opinion at present is that the 
Japan pear will be the best commercial stock. This agrees with 
experience on the Pacific coast, where the Japan pear, which is 
also a form of the Chinese sand pear, Pyrus Sinensis, is found 
to be blight-resistant. My present impression is that the Japan 
pear stocks are not fully hardy, so the young trees will need to be 
carefully mulched over winter to guard against root-killing. The 
varying hardiness of the Japan pear seedlings as grown from im- 


NEW CREATION IN FRUITS. 465 


ported seed is no doubt due to the large area over which seed 
was gathered, the northern type being hardier than the southern 
type. The present indications are that the Pyrus Ussuriensis, 
from the Pacific coast section of Siberia, will be the coming pear 
stock, as the tree is absolutely hardy and very strongly resistant 
to blight. My experience with the Japan pear seedlings is that _ 
they make a fine growth 
in nursery and take buds 
easily. But the winter 
of 1915-16 was one of 
deep snow, so we could 
not give it the fair test 
as to whether mulching 
or not mulching made 
much difference. In my 
opinion, extensive  or- 
chards of Pyrus Ussur- 
iensis should be estab- 
lished as quickly as pos- 
sible, so as to raise an 
abundance of seed from 
which to grow nursery 
stocks. 

It is interesting to 
note that the apple or 
pear blight, caused by 
the same bacteria, is not 
found in Europe or Asia. 
It is purely an Ameri- Prof. N, E. Hansen. 
can disease, native of the From a recent photograph. 
northeastern United States, and is a serious menace to the apple 
and pear industry of the whole world. It is more destructive 
on the pear than on the apple. They quarantine against us in 
Europe so the disease will probably not get over there. 

APPLES: After raising 10,000 apple seedlings I still have 
nothing great to offer you, but a large lot of new seedlings are 
coming on along new lines of pedigree. The originating of the 
future winter apple will probably be a step-by-step process rather 
than a single stride. I was much interested in the past season in 
a lot of new hybrid crab apples. One of the best was a union of 
the Cherry crab type with the Duchess apple, which bore a very 
heavy crop. Many hybrid crabs that have appeared in the past 


466 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


are not sufficiently productive. I do not yet know what is the 
best combination. ™ 

PLUMS: The largest of my 10,000 plum seedlings is my 
Waneta, a 2 inch, 2 ounce plum, which set the fifth successive 
crop this year, although the trees have been cut back very severely 
for scions and bud sticks. The Waneta is very strong in nursery, 
Mr. D. B. Gurney, Yankton, South Dakota, had one grow ten 
feet from bud in nursery. 

Some years ago I obtained some wild plums (Prunus nigra) 
collected by Thomas Frankland near Stonewali, Manitoba, and 
out of many seedlings two were selected and propagated under 
the names Winnipeg and Assiniboine, as noted in my Bulletin 130. 
These have been tested at various places at the North, especially 
in their native region, and have won favor. Here at Brookings 
the Manitoba plums are characterized by small size of tree, but 
extremely early season of fruit. In fact, they are the earliest 
of all the native plums, but are not needed for the main market 
here, since at Brookings we can raise larger and better plums 
owing to our later season. 

In the endeavor to improve the fruit in size and quality I 
have made a number of hybrids of the Manitoba wild plum with 
choice plums. from California. None of these hybrids are as 
large as Waneta, so it will probably be planted mainly at the 
North. The trees are productive, and the large red fruit is of 
excellent quality. The names are all of Indian tribes of the far 
North, especially Manitoba. 

OJIBWA PLUM: Pedigree: Shiro x Manitoba wild plum 
pollen. Since the Shiro, one of Luther Burbank’s plums, is a 
complex hybrid of four species, the Ojibwa will be a mixture of 
five different species of Prunus: Nigra, Angustifolia, Cerasifera, 
Triflora, Simoni. 

CREE PLUM: Pedigree: Manitoba wild plum x Combina- 
tion plum pollen. When introduced in 1901 by Luther Burbank 
the Combination was considered the best in quality of 25,000 
seedlings. 

PEMBINA PLUM: Pedigrees: Manitoba wild plum x Red 
June plum pollen. The Red June is one of the earliest and best 
plums, imported many years ago from Japan. 

The Ojibwa, Cree and Pembina were introduced in spring 
of 1917. 

LATE PLUMS FOR THE SOUTH: We have raised many seed- 
lings of the Sand plum of Kansas, Prunus Watsoni. They are 


NEW CREATION IN FRUITS. 467 


interesting trees of dwarf habit bearing profusely of good fruit 
which varies greatly in size and quality. Two of my hybrids 
with the Wolf plum are now offered as being worthy of trial in 
the south, since they ripen after all other plums are gone but yet 
early enough to escape frost year after year. I judge these new 
plums should not go much north of Brookings, as they may not 
ripen. But for the southern part of the state they are worthy 
of trial as a distinct new departure in plums. The names are 
given in honor of old Indian tribes in the Sand plum region. 
Kiowa PLuM: Offered for the first time. Pedigree: Prunus 


Watsoni x Wolf plum pollen. The color is a pleasing bright dark 


—— aS 


Kaw plum. 


red with firm skin with fine white dots and white bloom and 
peculiar crisp texture of yellow flesh. The quality is pleasing to 
all who have tried it. 

KAw PLUM: Offered for the first time. Pedigree: Prunus 
Watsoni x Wolf plum pollen. 

The Kaw and Kiowa were introduced in spring of 1917. 

THE Moscow CHERRY: The prairie Northwest greatly needs . 
a hardy cherry. In the course of my five tours to Russia I be- 
came greatly interested in the cherry grown in the Vladimir 
region of Russia just east of Moscow. The fruit comes to the 
markets of Moscow in immense quantities. Near Moscow, on the 
Sparrow Hills, where Napoleon stood in 1812, there are some in- 
teresting orchards of these cherries which I visited in 1894 and 
1897. These cherries are grown mostly from root sprouts and 
seeds. The type, however, is not as constant as was thought at 
first but varies considerably. Out of a lot of my imported seed- 
lings I have selected one and named it Moscow, which were sent 


468 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


out. in spring of 1917 for the first time as budded trees, as it 
would take too many years to work up a stock of the cherry on 
its own roots. The trees are one year buds on Mahaleb roots. 
This means that at the North they must be mulched carefully 
to prevent root-killing. As soon as possible, the Northern native 
Pin cherry should be tested as a budding stock. Out of a large 
number of cherries tested at this Station, Moscow is the only one 
that has borne fruit in satisfactory quantities. The tree is pro- 
ductive and perfectly hardy. The fruit is of medium size, bright 
red with light colored juice of good quality. 

I came through St. Paul this fall and went to the fruit mar- 
ket and got some big, black-juiced California cherries, at 30 cents 


Ojibwa plum. 


a pound. They were certainly very fine. I took them home and 
compared them with a lot of my sand cherry hybrids spread over — 
two tables in the laboratory. During several days they were 
tested by many people, and the consensus of opinion was that my 
black juiced sand cherry hybrids of ‘the Sapa type were just as 
good. So we have a black-juiced fruit now that will compare 
favorably with the black-fleshed cherries from California. 
GOOSEBERRIES: I began work with the native gooseberry 
of South Dakota when I first came to South Dakota in Septem- 
ber, 1895. Since then I have carried the wild gooseberry of the 
Sioux Valley through six generations by selection. The past sea- 
son afforded an excellent chance for selecting the best forms for 
use in raising the seventh generation. The best ones were con- 
siderable larger than the Houghton. In addition, I have made 
a number of hybrids of the large European with this South Da- 
kota gooseberry. Some of these bore the past season and are 
very promising. They certainly have size, but I do not know 
whether the white pine rust will spoil all our work with the goose- 
berries and currants or not. But I do not believe this will be 


NEW CREATION IN FRUITS. 469 


the case for South Dakota, since the white pine is not adapted 
to the open prairie. 

IN GENERAL: Some claim that we must stick to native 
plants only. I have no national feeling about these things at all. 
I take a good plant wherever I can find it, whether it is Russia or 
India or China or Japan, or out here in our own woods.or in the 
sand hills of the Bad Lands of the far West. . The main thing is 
to get it and then bring this material together and apply the 
laws of plant-breeding. It is up to you to do that and then watch 
for the result. The idea that we must use only native plants is 
-a mistaken notion. It is not a political question, it is a plant. 
question. Get the plant material of the whole world together 
and from that material evolve the fruit we want. I want to say 
that Siberian material, in many respects, is the most promising 
material we can get. The absolute hardiness is there, and if it is 
from the right part of Siberia the climatic conditions are very 
much the same as ours. , 

I call your attention to the fact that most of this fruit-breed- 
ing is done by my orchard house method, which I have been 
developing during the past twenty years and which has since 
been followed by others. The orchard house method for raising 
the fruit under glass is really a movable orchard. The trees are 
grown in tubs and pails-and may be stored in cellar over winter 
and later out doors. During the blossoming period the trees are 
in the greenhouse. 

In conclusion, some of the minor fruits I have passed over 
at the present time. In all our work we need now to strike out 
on new lines. Every amateur who has a little land and a love 
for the work can aid greatly. Some of the best varieties we have 
in fruits, vegetables and flowers have come through the efforts 
of amateurs. By the law of chance the only hope for advance 
along many lines comes from immense numbers of seedlings. 
We must all help in this work. (Applause.) 


CUCUMBER BEETLES.—The cucumber beetle causes serious damage to 
cucumbers, melons, squashes and other cucurbits. The most of the injury is 
accomplished just as the plants are breaking through the ground and, unless 
remedies are applied, entire plantings may be destroyed in a few hours. The 
beetle winters over in rubbish and all such should be gathered and burned 
on fields known to be infected, so as to destroy the insect in its hibernating 
quarters. Prevention is easier than a cure; hence, early plantings, starting 
plants under glass, covering hills with wire cloth or like devices, until plants 
are large enough to be beyond the danger point. Spraying with Bordeaux 
mixture is a valuable repellent and adding arsenate of lead will destroy 
many beetles. Lime, sulphur and tobacco dust also act as repellents. 
Severe injury. may be outgrown by forcing the growth by liberal use of 
manure and fertilizers——S. N. Green, “Market Growers’ Journal.” 


470 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Notes from an Entomologist’s Garden. 
PROF. F. L. WASHBURN, UNIVERSITY FARM, ST. PAUL. 

The following notes may be of interest to readers of our 
Horticultural Magazine: 

1. Top Worked Apples. Scions of Delicious, Jonathan, 
King David and Grimes’ Golden, top-worked on Hibernal and 
Patten’s Greening in our garden came through the severe winter 
of 1916-17 in excellent shape, which is quite encouraging to 
those who would raise the less hardy varieties of apples here, 
but have hesitated. because of predictions that a severe winter 
would be fatal. 

2. Plums. Nearly all trees, including Hansen Hybrids, 
were full of bloom, but owing to cold rain or severe weather 
when ready for pollenization our trees set but little fruit. Two 
trees, said to be Silver Prunes on hardy roots, received from Mr. 
Arrowood, of Nevis, have made a fine, vigorous growth, exhibit- 
ing a little bloom last spring but setting no fruit. Haralson’s 
plums from the University Fruit Farm, Nos. 9, 21, and 12 
have made fine, luxuriant growth, but set no fruit, although No. 9 
did for a time have fruit, all of which dropped very early in 
the season. Both Nos. 9 and 21 were full of bloom. The ex- 
tremely stocky top growth of No. 21 was particularly noticeable. 
A nurseryman who secured fruit from No. 12 this year is most 
enthusiastic in its praise. 

38. Melons. Of melons, Kelloge’s Heart of Gold and Yel- 
low Meated Japan did fairly well. We raised a few Siberian 
melons from seed obtained from Professor Hansen, but the few 
maturing did not impress us favorably as to quality. This may 
have been due to our soil, or some other conditions in connection 
with cultivation or with this particular season. 

We again, as in two previous years, kept the larvae of the 
striped cucumber beetle “at bay’’ by the use of a weak solution 
of Black Leaf 40, poured about the roots. This also acted as a 
strong stimulant to the vines, and the adults, as we all know, 
are not at all partial to air-slaked lime dusted on and about the 


young plants. 

. 4, Loganberries. We have succeeded for two successive 
years in raising a few Loganberries to ripe stage. The birds, 
we regret to say, took advantage of us in this connection. Vines 
are buried each fall about ten inches. It would appear perfectly 
possible to raise a little of this fruit here for family use. 

5. Grapes. It has apparently been a strikingly good year 
for grapes and currants. Moore’s Diamond ripened well with us, 


NOTES FROM AN ENTOMOLOGIST’S GARDEN. 471 


and we were, therefore, encouraged to purchase more vines of 
this delicious variety. 

6. Potatoes. The soil in our garden at Minnetonka, like in 
many other localities in that region, is a medium heavy clay 
loam, and this year we were desirous to see what varieties of 
potatoes would do the best under these conditions. We planted 
Irish Cobbler, Early 
Ohio, Burbank, Rural 
New Yorker, Green 
Mountain and Burbank 
Russet. All seed was 
treated with formalde- 
hyde before planting. A 
fairly good yield, both as 
regards number in a hill 
and size of tubers, was 
obtained from the first 
five varieties. The Green 
Mountain potatoes, how- 
ever, tho large, were 
badly cracked. The Bur- 
bank Russet gave most 
gratifying results, each 
hill averaging from six 
to eight and a surpris- 
ingly large number of 
big tubers. The particu- 
larly noticeable feature 
in connection with the 
Russets was the fact that 
there was no blemish of 
any kind on the tubers. 
They were perfect shape 
and absolutely free from 
any disease. It would 
appear that this is the 
potato “par excellence” for the clay loam at Lake Minnetonka. 
The Irish Cobbler did not appreciably lead in early ripening over 
the Early Ohio. A party at Excelsior has been raising a variety 
locally known as Six Weeks potatoes (possibly a sport from 
Karly Ohio) which anticipates in ripening the latter variety by 
three weeks. 

All potatoes in our garden were absolutely free from potato 
beetle injury. Two, or at the most, four beetles, which were 
observed by the writer early in the season, were immediately 
destroyed. The unusual freedom from this pest may have been 
due to the presence of a number of rose-breasted grosbeaks, 
which eat this insect, but in this instance, as in other years, took 
their pay later by attacking the green peas. The potato flea 
beetle was kept well in check by occasional dusting of the plants 
with air-slaked lime mixed with paris green. 


Hansen’s Siberian melon. 


472 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


My Prize Orchard and How I Manage It. ‘ 


E. W. MAYMAN, SAUK RAPIDS, 

The management of a “Prize Orchard” is not materially dif- 
ferent perhaps from the management of any other orchard, ex- 
cept we naturally try to take better care of it in the hope that we 
may grow better trees, raise better fruit and capture the highest 
prize we can. 

The land in my vicinity is somewhat rolling upland and the 
surface soil a clay loam underlaid with a compact strata of 
hardpan, which if not loosened up has a tendency to retard and 
check the root system by locking up the circulation and holding 
back the fertility. 

In a dry spring digging holes with a spade or long handled 
shovel is laborious work, hence I use the dynamite system. We 
make a hole where the tree is to be planted with a crowbar, put- 
ting it down about three feet. Then we take a half pound stick 
of forty per cent. red eross dynamite and cut it in two, using 
one-fourth pound to each hole, and with a fuse about three feet 
long attach it with a cap to the dynamite and place it in the hole, 
leaving the fuse about two inches above the surface in order to 
light the same. 

All the holes are charged before setting off, after which the 
work of cleaning out and preparing to plant the trees is easy. 
Care should be taken ‘to see that all the pockets and cavities are 
closed, and this is done by tamping with a long handled shovel. 

This dynamiting shatters and blows the hardpan apart, and 
the ground can be seen to heave for several feet around. 

The hole is then filled ‘with enough good black surface soil 
so the tree can be planted the required depth. I plant about two 
inches deeper than it formerly stood if a three years old tree, and 
about the same depth it stood in the nursery if a two years old 
tree. 

Shading should be done as soon as planted to prevent blis- 
tering and sunscalding, as the bark on the trunk is tender after 
being shaded by other trees in the nursery row. I use the wooden 
veneer protector and buy them by the thousand. They are put 
on at planting time and remain on until they decay, and if 
removed otherwise they are replaced. They are also a protection 
against mice and rabbits. 

As to pruning, the roots are pruned if necessary, also a few 
side shoots removed and about one-half of the previous season’s 
growth. The balance, and main, pruning is done later in the 
season after the tree has begun to establish itself. I have found 
that in pruning the branches along the trunk at planting time 
when the trees are in a dormant state, that the wound does not 
heal as well as when done later when the tree shows signs of life. 

Cropping the orchard is not detrimental to its success. A 
liberal use of manure or other fertilizer and cropping with straw- 
berries, followed by potatoes, is what I practice. For a mulch 
in the line or-row of trees, I use rape seed and leave it there. , It 
makes a good mulch and also prevents the snow from blowing 
away. | 


473 


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MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


474 


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W. F. CHRISTMAN, Secretary. 
3804 Fifth Avenue South, Minneapolis. Minn. 


N. W. PEONY AND IRIS SOCIETY. 


In the last issue of the Horticulturist we gave our readers a list of 
something over one hundred desirable peonies. We take pleasure in present- 
ing this month a list of fifty standard irises that have been selected and 
named by a majority of the iris growers of very fine irises, and this list will 
doubtless be enlarged to embrace varieties of merit. The list given below 
will be found to cover a broad field, and it has been grouped in classes to 
make it easy for the amateur to choose readily the class to meet his require- 
ments. The Japanese irises, while very beautiful, have not been listed for 
the reason that they have not proven entirely satisfactory in all sections of 
the country. After it has been fully determined the varieties best suited to 
meet all requirements, descriptions will be printed in bulletin form and dis- 
tributed to our members, both of the peony and iris. These descriptions 
will be brief and as authentic as possible to make them. A splendid variety 
named Zua the writer has found very desirable. 

I would appreciate receiving a list of peonies or irises, or both, from 
any of our amateur members who are growing a number of varieties. Would 
also appreciate receiving photos of your garden, or of indivdual or collective 
groups of peonies or irises. Send in these photos, and we will have them 
printed and show others what you are accomplishing. 


IRISES. 


Dwarf.—Cyanea, Formosa, Stewart. 

Intermediate.—Dorothea, Halfdan, Helge, Ingeborg, Walhalla. 

Germanica, Tall Bearded.—Aleazar, Albert Victor, Archeveque, Aurea, 
Black Knight, Caterina, Crimson King, Crusader, Darius, Dr. Bernice, Eldo- 
rado, Fairy, Her Majesty, Iris King, Isoline, Juniata, Jacquesima, Kharput, 
Kochii, Leonicas, Lohengrin, Lorelei, Madam Chereau, Mithras, Monsignor, 
Mrs. Allan Grey, Mrs. H. Darwin, Mrs. Neubronner, Miss Eardley, Nuee 
d’Orage, Oriflamme, Ossian, Pallida Dalmatica, Perfection, Princess Vic- 
toria Louise, Prosper Langier, Rhein Nixe, Trautlieb, Trojana Superba, 
Windham. 

Beardless Irises—Monniere, Orientalis. 


Our mid-winter meeting will be held at the West Hotel, Minneapolis, 
evening of December 5th, in conjunction with the Horticultural Meeting. 
We anticipate an interesting and instructive gathering and will be glad to 
meet all our members who can attend. Let’s make this a real, live, hustling 
meeting, that will be the means of accomplishing good results. 

‘Election of officers will be held for coming year at our evening meeting 
Wednesday, December 5th. If you can not be present vote by proxy, sending 
same to me as early as possible before the meeting. 


(477) 


BEE-KEEPER’S COLUMN. 


Conducted by Francis JAGER, Professor of Apiculture, 


University Farm, St. Paul. 


WINTERING BEES IN THE CELLAR. 


A. W. RANKIN, 916 S. E. 5TH ST., MINNEAPOLIS, PRESIDENT MINNESOTA 
BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 


An expert may winter bees in the open in Minnesota. This method is 
attended with greater risk, greater expense for packing, and greater con- 
sumption of stores by the bees. If successful it probably brings the bees 
through the spring season with greater vigor on the part of the bees in 
building up for the summer honey flow. Outdoor wintering is not recom- 
mended for general practice in Minnesota. The essentials of cellar winter- 
ing are: (1) a good condition of swarm when it is carried into winter 
quarters. This involves plenty of bees, and stores. If bees are to be left in 
an eight or a ten-frame hive there should be at least five frames of bees for 
the eight-frame hive and six for the ten-frame hive. Three or four frames 
of bees may be wintered, but the space in the hive should be contracted to 
about a four frame size. Stores may be either honey or sugar syrup, but 
there is a growing opinion that good ripened honey is the best food for 
wintering. If sugar, then twenty per cent. more is needed. Perhaps three 
and one-half pounds of honey for each frame of bees is a fair average, but 
a small number of bees takes more honey proportionately. (2) Good results 
are obtained by leaving the hive just as it is on the summer stands. If the 
cellar is damp, probably there should be a thin stick under the cover. One 
must modify conditions of the hive somewhat according to the temperature 
and moisture of the cellar, but the first statement under (2) holds good in 
the majority of cases. (3) Temperature may vary four degrees up or down 
from forty-two, but should remain fairly stable at about forty-two. If bees 
are quiet they may be supposed to be comfortable. Thermometers vary as 
much as seven or eight degrees. Try out the bees and see at what tempera- 
ture they are most quiet. (4) Ventilation is to be considered in connection 
with heat, but some plan should be provided for ventilation. The intake 
opening of the flue or pipe should be near the floor. It is especially needed 
toward spring. (5) Keep the hives at least four inches from the floor. 
Have four or five inches of chaff, shavings, or some such material under the 
hives and on the vacant spaces. This material should be dry when put in. 
Better to pile up the hives one on top of another and thus to leave vacant | 
space in the middle of the cellar than to set them all over the floor. Keep 
dead bees swept up as much as possible. Absolute darkness is desirable. 
Take out when maples blossom. Don’t delay putting in too long. 


MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 
1917 ANNUAL MEETING, WEST HOTEL, MINNEAPOLIS, DECEMBER 4 AND 5. 


Presence at this meeting is necessary from the very beginning, 9:00 
a. m., Tuesday, December 4, as it is necessary to rearrange our entire pro- 
gram to suit the schedules of our visiting bee-keepers from without the 
state, such as representatives from the bee journals and men from Wash- 
ington, D. C., as well as some of our long trip northern Minnesota friends. 
We must hear from these men while here. : : ; 

You are requested to bring with you some labor saving device or piece 
of equipment that has proven of value to you. Exhibit space will be pro- 
vided. Also please send in to the University Division of Bee Culture, Uni- 
versity Farm, St. Paul, before December 1st, a copy of a scale record of a 
colony of bees if you kept one this year. Typewritten copies of all sent in 
will be on exhibit.—L. V. France, Secretary, University Farm, St. Paul. 


(478) 


SECRETARY'S CORNER 


; “EAT LESS CANDY. The Allies need the sugar,” says the Food Admin- 
istration. “All right,’ our patriotic farm boys and girls are saying, “Nuts 
and popcorn are better anyway.” 


Firty THOUSAND QUARTS OF EVERBEARERS.—In a communication from 
Chas. F. Gardner, Osage, Iowa, under date of October 2, he says, “Vines are 
loaded now with fine berries, no damage from frost yet. We are troubled 
to get pickers. We have already marketed since August 15 fifty thousand 
quarts.”—Some strawberry patch. 


MINNESOTA INSECT LIFE.—The Entomological Department of University 
Farm are publishing a quarterly, an interesting and valuable bulletin, en- 
titled Minnesota Insect Life, which we commend to our membership. This 
can undoubtedly be secured regularly by application to Prof. F. L. Wash- 
burn, University Farm, St. Paul. We note that the July 1, 1917, issue con- 
tains the new nursery and orchard inspection law, which everyone purpos- 
ing to offer trees and plants for sale should certainly read. 


No. 1017 EVERBEARING STRAWBERRY WINS A PrizE.—Mr. Jay F. Lyon, 
of Elkhorn, Wisconsin, writes me that the new everbearing seedling straw- 
berry, No. 1017, which has been sent out now for two or more years to our 
membership for trial, was entered by him at the last Wisconsin state fair, 
and it won the first prize. Mr. Lyon also speaks in the highest terms of 
Minnesota’s strawberry No. 3, which he says he finds a week earlier than 
the Dunlap and a better berry. We are glad to have the value of these 
Minnesota seedlings confirmed in a neighboring state. 


DELEGATES TO AND FROM THE WISCONSIN MEETING.—We shall have the 
pleasure of having with us at our annual meeting as representative of the 
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Wm. Toole, the well-known florist 
and seed grower of Baraboo, Wis. He is to fill an important place on the 
program, and we are fortunate in having him here. The delegate whom 
our society will send to the Wisconsin meeting is Prof. T. A. Erickson, who 
has charge of the Boys’ and Girls’ Club work in this state, and he will take 
this opportunity of telling the Wisconsin people how it is done in Minne- 
sota. 


PLANT PREMIUMS FOR 1918.—The list of varieties of new fruits, also 
of flowering plants, etc., to be offered to our membership as premiums for 
the year 1918 is not yet complete, but will be prepared soon, and will be 
published in the new society folder for 1918, and also in the January, 1918, 
issue of the society monthly. A number of very promising varieties of new 
fruits are to be sent out from the fruit-breeding farm, and every member 
desiring to participate in this valuable testing of new fruits will have an 
opportunity of doing so. Please look for the list in the January number, 
and do not make any selection of plant premiums until it comes to hand. 
Members have sometimes made selection from the list of the previous year. 
This is a mistake, as the list for 1918 will be an entirely different one. 


PRIZES OFFERED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.—Some important changes 
have been made in the premium list of the annual meeting. It will be 
noticed that the sum offered to be divided pro rata amongst exhibitors of 
top-worked apples has been increased from $25.00 to $40.00; on boxes of 
apples the amount to be divided pro rata has been increased also from 
$25.00 to $50.00. Changes have been made in the prizes offered for seedling 
apples, $40.00 only to be divided pro rata amongst early winter seedlings, 
and $60.00 amongst late winter seedlings. We hope the ladies will note 
particularly the prize offered for the first time for collections of canned 
fruits and vegetables. Aside from cutting out certain classes of premiums 
offered for cut flowers and reducing the first premiums on vegetables from 
$3.50 to $2.50, there are no other special changes in the list. 

(479) 


480 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


LEGAL SIZES OF CONTAINERS FOR FRUITS AND VEGETABLES.—Under the 
authority of the Federal law known as the standard container act, the Sec- 
retary of Agriculture has just issued the regulations fixing the tolerances 
which will govern in the administration of that act. The act goes into effect 
on November 1, 1917. 

_It prescribes three standard sizes of baskets for grapes and other 
fruits and vegetables—two quarts, four quarts, and twelve quarts—and 
fixes the dimensions for each; it establishes the dry half pint, dry pint, dry 
quart, and multiples of the dry quart as standards for containers for small 
fruits, berries, and vegetables, and fixes their capacity in cubic inches. On 
and after November 1, 1917, it is unlawful to manufacture or sell for ship- 
ment or to ship in interstate commerce, either empty or filled, baskets or 
containers that do not conform to the requirements set forth in the law. 


HAVE You RECEIVED THE 1916 RePorT?—As a member of the society 
for 1917 you are entitled to a bound volume of the 1916 report, containing 
the magazines and other matter issued that year, provided you have dis- 
tributed the magazines for the year 1916. The state can not afford to give 
a member for his personal use and keeping both the magazine and the 
annual volume. If you have not received this volume and wish to have it, 
please address the secretary as above, and if you are willing to send ten 
cents to pay the cost of mailing, it will be appreciated, as the expense of get- 
ting out this volume these high-priced years exceeds the state appropriation 
for that purpose. Members of auxiliary socieities must in every case send 
postage to secure the volume. 


“Do BIRDS RETURN YEAR AFTER YEAR TO THE SAME NESTING PLACES?” 
—TI can corroborate your statement by personal observation. We had a big 
martin box inhabited by a dozen families. One of the birds had a defective 
wing. He was noticed for several years flying around the box. Also, next to 
the martin hox was a bluebird box, and when the latter got defective a new 
one was put on the same pole during the winter. When the bluebirds came 
back it was noticed that the male who came first lighted on the martin box, 
but was afraid of the new bluebird box. It took several hours before he 
dared to enter. It was interesting to watch how he made numerous ap- 
proaches to the new box, while the old martin hox was known to him and 
he alighted on that as an old acquantance. 

Years ago I listened to a lecture by a well-known German ornithologist. 
He also claimed that migratory birds return to the same nesting places. 
He cited as an illustration that while living in the country as a child, they 
noticed a songbird with an impediment in his voice. The children nicknamed 
him the “bungler” and heard him around their home for years. Besides it 
seems only natural that they should do so,—don’t we all feel most at home 
there where we are acquainted, and return where we find a welcome. All 
creation acts on similar lines.—Otto Kueffner, St. Paul. 


THE LORING SEEDLING PLUM PrRIzE.—At last the one hundred dollar 
prize Mr. Chas. M. Loring placed in our hands nearly ten years ago has 
been awarded. A seedling plum has been found that the judges have de- 
cided is worthy to receive this prize. This plum tree is growing at Lons- 
dale, Minnesota, in Rice County. Mr. John P. Vikla, to whom the prize has 
been awarded, does not own the place upon which the original tree is grow- 
ing, but is the authorized representative of the owner, the place where the 
original tree is standing being within two or three miles of Lonsdale. The 
fruit is of extraordinary size, well colored, firm-fleshed, and of excellent 
flavor, although not a free-stone, which is to be regretted, but in other 
respects it came up well towards the ideal of the awarding committee, which 
in this case consisted of J. M. Underwood, Chas. Haralson, and Prof. LeRoy 
Cady. Prof. Cady alone examined the tree and other top-worked and 
nursery grown trees propagated from it, and his report as to the hardiness 
and productiveness of the variety was satisfactory to the committee, and 
upon this the awarding of one hundred dollars was made. This fund has 
been in the hands of the Executive Board so long that there has accumu- 
lated considerable interest, which we understand Mr. Loring wishes to have 
applied on some other prizes to be offered later. 


Minnesota State Horticultural Society 


Held in “Colonial Room” of the West Hotel, Minneapolis, 
December 5, 6, 7 and 8, 1916. 


JOURNAL OF ANNUAL MEETING, 1916 


Tuesday Morning Session, 10 o’clock. 

The fiftieth annual meeting of the Minnesota State Horticul- 
tural Society-was called to order in the ‘“‘Colonial Room” of the 
West Hotel, Minneapolis, at 10 o’clock, December 5, 1916, by the 
president, Hon. Thomas E. Cashman, of Owatonna. 

Rev. C. S. Harrison, of York, Neb., offered the following 
invocation: (See index.) 

After the invocation the audience was delightfully enter- 
tained by a vocal selection rendered by Mr. Trafford N. Jayne, of 
Minneapolis. 

Pres. Thomas E. Cashman then delivered “The President’s 
Annual Greeting.” 

The President: Friends, I am delighted to see so many pres- 
ent here this morning, and I am pleased to see so many of the 
veteran horticulturists of the Northwest with us, the men and 
women that have made it possible to raise good fruit in the cen- 
tral Northwest. I am happy to see you apparently in good health, 
still in the harness and striving for greater achievements. I am 
also pleased to see at least a few of the younger people, the future 
horticulturists of Minnesota, preparing yourselves to take up the 
burden and assist in furthering the work to greater perfection. 

Now, I am not going to deliver a lengthy talk this morning. 
I find the program filled with good things, subjects that are of the 
greatest importance to the people of the Northwest, to be dis- 
cussed by men and women of wide experience and ability. This 
rare treat has been provided for us by our able secretary, Mr. 
Latham, and with your permission we will now proceed to enjoy 
this treat. Before calling upon the first number I wish to an- 
nounce that each one reading a paper or speaking will be given 
fifteen minutes unless otherwise specified on the program and 
the presiding officer will drop the gavel when the fifteen minutes 
are up. If, however, the audience wishes the person to continue 
further he will be given additional time. 

I wish to announce further, or request. that those who rise 
to speak give their names to the reporter. He is not familiar 
with the names of many of you and in order that he may report 
correctly I will ask that when rising to your feet you give your 


name. 
(481) 


482 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


I will now call upon the first speaker, the first gentleman 
named on the program, Mr. E. G. Lee, of St. Paul, who is going 
to tell us how to top-work the young apple tree. 

“Top-Working Young Apple Trees” was the subject of a 
paper read by Mr. E. G. Lee, of St. Paul. (See index.) 

Discussion. 

The President: We will now proceed to the next subject. 
Our veteran co-worker, Mr. Harrison, of York, Nebraska, will 
tell us about evergreens in this country. 

Mr. C. S. Harrison then read a paper on “Evergreens.” 
(See index.) 

Discussion. 

The President: We will ask our good friend, Mr. E. A. 
Smith, of Lake City, to tell us how to prepare and handle the 
aut ¢ pron 

EK. A. Smith then read his paper on “Preparing and 
cama the Apple Crop.” (See Index.) 

The President: Mr. Smith finished right on the minute. 
Any questions? , 

Discussion. 

The President: We will now call upon Mr. Henry Duns- 
more, of Olivia, and Mr. E. W. Mayman, of Sauk Rapids, to tell 
us about their prize orchards. Are they present? I am very 
sorry, we expected some very interesting reports from these gen- 
tlemen, perhaps they will be with us later. 

The President: JI understand there are a number of dele- 
gates present from our sister societies, Iowa, Wisconsin and the 
Dakotas. I wish to say to those gentlemen, and if there are any 
ladies—I haven’t learned there were—we are glad to have you 
with us and pleased to have you take part in the deliberations of 
our meetings. We want you to meet all our members, and we 
want to get acquainted with you and know who you are. Mr. D. 
E. Bingham, delegate from Wisconsin, we will be glad to have 
you come forward. Ladies and gentlemen, this‘is Mr. D. E. Bing- 
ham, of Wisconsin, representing the Wisconsin Horticultural 
Soicety. (Applause.) 

Mr. Bingham: Ladies and gentlemen, at this time I haven’t 
anything particular to say. I bring you greetings from Wis- 
consin. I have had the pleasure of being with you once before, 
and I took home at that time the report of a very interesting 
meeting. You people seem to have more enthusiasm up here in 
Minnesota along horticultural lines than we have in Wisconsin. 
We are doing things in Wisconsin along many lines, but you 
seem to have a larger attendance. I bring you greetings from 
our society and extend to you an invitation to meet with us. We 
have our meetings next week, and as many of you as can come, 
we will be pleased to see you. I thank you. (Applause.) 

The President: I notice Prof. Hansen, of Brookings, sec- 
retary of the South Dakota Horticultural Society, here, repre- 
senting that society, I presume. Just a word, Professor Hansen. 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. A83 


You all know who the professor is, he has been with us the last 
twenty years. (Applause.) 

Prof. Hansen: I am not a delegate; I think we have a del- 
egate here. The main thing I can report is, we are building up 
a horticulture out our way, putting in shelter belts and ever- 
greens. We have a good future; we are on the frontier, and we 
expect that horticulture will be one of the great industries of 
the state. (Applause.) 

The President: I find that Mr. F. A. Hassold, president 
of the South Dakota Horticultural Society, is here or supposed 
to be here. If he is we will be pleased to have him come for- 
ward. He will probably arrive later. I find that Mr. N. A. Ras- 
mussen, President of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society is 
here, and we will ask him to say a word. (Applause.) 

Mr. Rasmussen: I was with you here last year, and I don’t 
know what would have kept me away this time unless it was 
that I visited so much with your secretary last week in Wash- 
ington, but when I thought that over I was more anxious to 
come than ever. I wanted to tell you at least one thing, and 
that was to tell you how well your secretary behaved there and 
looked after us younger boys. 

Mr. Latham: It was a hard job. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I thought he wouldn’t say anything, but I 
assure you that I am pleased to be with you and as president of 
the Wisconsin society I will lay stress on what Mr. Bingham 
has said. I would be pleased to have as many of you as can 
be with us in Wisconsin, and we will try to take as good care 
of you as your secretary took of us in Washington. You know 
how well it was. (Applause.) 

The President: Mr. G. D. Black, delegate of the North- 
east Iowa Horticultural Society. Ladies and gentlemen, this is 
Mr. Black, of Independence, Iowa. (Applause.) 

Mr. Black: I am very glad to meet with you. I have been 
here a few times to attend the Minnesota meetings, but in our 
state, in Iowa, I haven’t missed a state meeting or northeastern 
Iowa meeting since I became a horticulturist, since I joined the 
society, which is a good many years ago. I have also been a 
member of this society and the Wisconsin society for a good 
many years in order to get the reports. I assure you that I 
anticipate great pleasure during the few days I will be here 
with you. I may say now that since I was appointed a delegate 
from the Northeastern Iowa Horticultural Society, I have be- 
come a resident of Albert Lea, so you can claim me, if you 
wish, as your very own. I don’t wish to sever my connection with 
Iowa, because Iowa and Minnesota are very close together, and 
in our meetings in Iowa we have a great many from Minnesota. 
I am very thankful to be with you. (Applause.) 

The President: Very glad indeed that Mr. Black has 
chosen our splendid state as his abiding place. Iowa is a great 
state and has a great future, but we find that the best of them 


484 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


are coming to Minnesota. We expect Mr. Gardner to move up 
very soon. I will ask Mr. P. F. Kinne, delegate from the lowa 
Horticultural Society, to come forward. This is Mr. P. F. 
Kinne, representing the Iowa state society. (Applause.) 

Mr. Kinne: I must confess to being very glad to be with 
you. This is the first occasion I have had of meeting with the 
Minnesota horticulturists, and I am more than pleased to bring 
greetings from the Iowa Horticultural Society. I feel some- 
thing like a sponge that your druggist gets from the press, 
dried out, and I hope that I may imbibe enough of your Minne- 
sota pep and ginger to be in the condition of the sponge when 
it leaves the apothecary’s hands. I want to extend to all of you 
a very cordial greeting from the Iowa society, and hope many 
of you will be able to meet with us. (Applause.) 

The President: Our meetings couldn’t possibly be a suc- 
cess without the presence, aid and assistance of our good friends 
Gardner from Iowa, Kellogg from Wisconsin and Harrison 
from Nebraska. I am pleased to know they are all with us, and 
I am going to ask them to say a word to us at this time. Mr. 
Charles F. Gardner, of Osage, Iowa. (Applause.) 

Mr. Gardner: Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen: To 
say that I am pleased to be here wouldn’t be telling half of the 
story. I have attended your meetings so long, ever since you 
met at Lake City, that when I come here I don’t feel like 
going away to see somebody; I fell as if I were coming home. 
I have almost had charges of desertion lodged against me and 
being a regular run-away from our state society. You will find 
in our reports a remark by our president at one time that he 
got tired of hearing of the other society, that it was so much 
better, and for his part he believed if he thought so much of 
this society he would attend those meetings, and—he pretty 
near said stay away from our society. But I didn’t take that. 
This society is a society that stands in the foremost ranks of 
horticulture in the United States, and if there is anything I am 
proud of it is that I am a member of it. When we come here 
we know we are going to learn something. I never attended a 
meeting of this society in my life but that I went home rejoicing 
that the facts I found out I could go right onto my place and 
carry them out. I want to say also that if there is a better re- 
port in the United States than your report from year to year I 
never saw it. I can say that. (Applause.) You take the last 
report, for 1915, and bring out any other report of any other 
state in the Union and you will find it is as good or better than 
any of them. You see you have men here that stand way up and 
know how to manage these things. You have a faculty of taking 
a poor lone man like myself—especially your secretary—telling 
him that if he don’t come to this meeting everything will go 
to rack and ruin. You make people feel that the meeting won’t 
be a success unless they get out to it, consequently you have a 
good attendance. Don’t think it is an easy job. I was presi- 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 485 


dent of the Iowa society two years, and I tell you it is a hard 
thing to manage them. We never could get up the enthusiasm 
that you have up here. I think you are lucky in your secretary. 
He is the man that gets up and arranges your report. You 
look all through that and read the information in it and the 
index, making it easy to turn to any subject quickly. I think 
you can be proud of it. I have hardly commenced, but I know 
that time is precious, so I will quit. (Applause.) 

The President: I want to hear a word from the youngest 
member of our society, but who lives in Wisconsin. Mr. George 
Kellogg, of Wisconsin. (Applause.) 

Mr. Kellogg: Mr. President,— 

The President: You all know him. 

Mr. Kellogg: I am not sorry to be here. When I was 
sick in Chicago two weeks ago your secretary wrote me that he 
was glad I was sick. That was mighty poor consolation, but 
I am back here to get a lot of Minnesota pep and the vigorous 
climate. Maybe I shall go to Texas yet. 

Mr. Gardner: Come down to Iowa. 

Mr. Kellogg: Too much can not be said for the glory of 
this society. Your president and I think your secretary should 
have the largest possible commendation. (Applause.) I think 
he is the finest secretary of any society in the United States 
(applause), and I think your society is the finest society in the 
United States—or the world. There is no question about your 
getting there. You are going right along every year. I am 
pleased to be with you although I am sad about it. I am glad— 
well, I am glad because I have two girls living right here and I 
make my home with them, and I have another home in Janes- 
ville, and I have a home in Texas. I am a sort of a wanderer. 
I quit the berry business, but I am just as much interested in 
strawberries as ever. I won’t take your time any longer. I 
thank you for your attention and I am glad to be with you. 
(Applause.) 

List of judges was then read by the president, after which 
the meeting was declared adjourned until 1:30 P. M. 


LIST OF JUDGES. 


APPLES. 


Single Varieties—R. S. Mackintosh. 

Pecks of Apples—G. W. Strand. 

Top-Worked Apples—F. I. Harris. 

Boxes and Barrels of Apples—Prof. Richard Wellington 
and Prof. E. G. Brierley. 


GRAPES. 
NUTS. 


A. Brackett. 
Thos. Redpath. 


486 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


FLOWERS. 
Wm. Desmond. 
VEGETABLES. 
J: V. Bailey. 
APPLE SEEDLINGS. 


Clarence Wedge, Chas. Haralson and G. W. Strand. 
COLLECTION OF APPLES. 


Le Roy Cady. 
(Recess until 1:30 P. M., December 5, 1916.) 


Tuesday Afternoon Session. 


The preliminary question and answer exercise was begun 
at 1:30 o’clock and was conducted by Mr. J. Kimball, of Duluth, 
on the subject of “Bees in the Garden and Orchard.” (See — 
Index.) 

The President: I am now going to take a little time and 
depart from the regular order for a few moments to call upon 
a man that has meant wonders to this society. You know we 
all honor and revere men that do things in this world. We 
honor the old soldier for the part he took in driving slavery 
out of this country and for unifying this great nation of ours, 
and when we see that little brass button on the lapel of his 
coat worn by the old soldier we can not help but honor him. 
At least I do; I want to shake his hand. We honor men who 
by their efforts bring about better things. We have a man in 
our midst today—I didn’t know he was here until the noon 
hour—who was one of that little band of twelve who gathered 
at Rochester fifty years ago for the purpose of organizing this 
society. He is the only living member of that little party that 
gathered there fifty years ago for the purpose of organizing 
this society and made up their minds they were going to try 
to give to the people of the Northwest something that did not 
then exist, trying to make it possible to raise fruit successfully in 
this northwestern region. The gentleman whom I refer to, 
and whom you will all be glad to meet, is Mr. C. L. Smith, of 
Portland, Oregon. He has been a busy man during all these 
years. At the present time he is agriculturist of the Oregon- 
Washington Railway Company, a part of the Union Pacific. 
While he is old in years, he appears to be young in spirit. We 
haven’t time to give him an opportunity to speak to us at 
length at this time, but I want him to come forward; I want 
to have an opportunity of introducing him to you, and I take 
great pleasure in calling Mr. C. L. Smith, of Oregon, to the 
platform. (Applause.) (See Index.) 

The President: I am sure I voice the sentiment of all 
present by saying we are pleased to have you with us and will 
be happy indeed to have you take part in the discussions and 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 487 


particularly on Thursday afternoon, when the semi-centennial 
session will be held. 

I am now going to call on the president of the Wisconsin 
Horticultural Society to tell us how he raises strawberries by 
means of irrigation. : 

Mr. N. A. Rasmussen then gave an address on the subject 
of “Strawberry Culture with Irrigation.” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: We will now have an address on rasp- 
berry culture by a very successful raspberry man, Albert O. 
Hawkins, of Wayzata. (Applause.) 

Whereupon Mr. Albert O. Hawkins, of Wayzata, read a 
paper on “‘Raspberry Culture.” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: We are fortunate in having with us Pro- 
fessor G. R. Hoerner, Assistant Plant Pathologist at the Uni- 
versity Farm. 

The gathering was then informed on “Raspberry Diseases 
In Minnesota,” by Mr. G. B. Hoerner. (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: We will now call on our hustling Farmers’ 
Institute lecturer, Mr. Brackett, who is going to tell us about 
his everbearing strawberries. 

Mr. A. Brackett then read a paper on the subject of “Ever- 
bearing Strawberry Field.” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: We have another gentleman who has had 
large experience in growing everbearing strawberries, Mr. 
Charles Gardner, of Osage, Iowa. (Applause.) 

Mr. Charles Gardner, of Osage, Iowa, then read his paper 
on “Everbearing Strawberries at Osage, lowa, in 1916.” (See 
Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: Mr. D. EK. Bingham, delegate from Wis- 
consin, will tell us about the opening up of the fruit farm. 

The meeting was then addressed by Mr. D. E. Bingham 
with a paper on “Opening Up the Fruit Farm.” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: ‘The Native Plum, Its Hybrids and Their 
Improvement,” by our plum specialist, Mr. Dewain Cook, of 
Jeffers. (See Index.) 

Mr. Cook then read a paper bearing that title. 

Discussion : 

The President: We will proceed to the next subject of win- 
ter injury to plums in 1915-16, by Professor J. Dorsey, Section 
of Fruit Breeding at the University Farm. 

Prof. Dorsey then addressed the audience upon the subject 
ey Injury to Plums in 1915-16,” as follows: (See 
ndex. 


488 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The audience was then instructed and entertained by two 
lantern talks, the first one, entitled “Snapshots on the Road. 
Nurseries; Top-working; Blister Rust,” given by Prof. F. L. 
Washburn, State Entomologist, University Farm; the second 
one, entitled “Nature of Plant Diseases,” given by Mr. G. R. 
Bisby, Assistant Plant Pathologist, University Farm. 

The meeting was then declared adjourned until the evening 
session. 


Tuesday Evening Session. 
Minnesota State Florists’ Society. 


Prof. LeRoy Cady, president, in the chair. Meeting was 
called to order at 8:00 o’clock, and the program proceeded 
with, as follows: 

“Storing and Handling Gladiolus Bulbs,” by Mr. G. D. 
Black, delegate Northeastern Iowa State Horticultural Society, 
Independence, Iowa. (See Index.) 

“Resources of Present-Day Florists,’ by W. E. Tricker, 
St. Paul. 

“Greenhouse Management,” by Prof. Wm. Moore, Univer- 
sity Farm. 

“Some Native Shrubs and Their Uses,” by Mr. E. Meyer, 
Minneapolis. (See Index.) 


_ Wednesday Morning Session. 


A half hour question and answer exercise was led by Alfred 
Perkins, Market Gardener, St. Paul, on the general subject of 
“The Vegetable Garden.” (See Index.) 


Vegetable Gardeners’ Program. 


The meeting was called to order by Mr. N. H. Reeves, 
Minneapolis, President Minneapolis Market Gardeners’ Associa- 
tion at 9:30 o’clock. ; 

The President: We will continue the garden discussion 
with a paper by E. C. Willard, of Mankato. Mr. Willard does 
not seem to be present just now so we will pass to the next 
number on the program, ‘“Hotbeds and Cold Frames Nine 
Months in the Year,” by N. A. Rasmussen, president Wiscon- 
sin State Horticultural Society. (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: We will now have an address by Prof. 
Richard Wellington on the improvement of vegetable varieties 
by selection. 

“Improvement of Vegetable Varieties by Selection,’ was 
then discussed by Mr. Richard Wellington, Horticulturist, Uni- 
versity Farm. (See Index.) 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 489 


This address was followed by “Some Phases of Onion 
Growing,” by Mr. W. T. Tapley, Assistant in Horticulture, Uni- 
versity Farm. (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: I wish to announce that the Garden Flower 
Society business meeting is about to commence. All those who 
wish to attend may do so. Our next subject will be: “Irriga- 
tion in the Market Garden,” by Mr. C. E. Warner, Osseo. (See 
Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: Mr. Nic Lebens, who was to have the 
next number, is not present, and we will now listen to a talk 
on growing radishes, by Mr. Charles Hoffman. 

Thereupon Mr. Charles Hoffman, of White Bear, read a 
paper on “Growing Radishes.” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: ‘A Winter Garden In the Cellar,” will 
be the next subject, an address by Mr. N. A. Rasmussen, 
president of the Wisconsin Horticultural Society. (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: “Home Canning,” by Mrs. Louis M. 
Glenzke, Hopkins. (See Index.) 

Mrs. Glenzke then read a paper on the subject of home 
canning, after which the meeting was declared adjourned 
until 1:30 o’clock. 


Wednesday Afternoon Session. 


The session was opened with an exercise on “The Flower 
Garden,” which was led by Mrs. H. A. Boardman, St. Paul. 
(See Index.) . 

The regular afternoon session was called to order by Presi- 
dent Cashman at two o’clock. 

The President: We have a very interesting session this 
afternoon, and I hope all will remain who can. To start with, 
I wish to say this, that it has never been my good fortune to 
preside over a meeting where people were more enthusiastic 
or where they better understood the subjects they were dis- 
cussing. I have only this criticism to make, that the speakers 
do not talk loud enough. (Applause.) Unfortunately those 
sitting in the back seats can not hear those talking up in front. 
We have subjects to be discussed this afternoon of great import- 
ance and value to all of us, and I hope that not only the speakers, 
those who are discussing the subject, but also those who are 
taking part in the discussion will speak up—use those splendid 
voices you have. 

The subject of spraying will be considered this afternoon, 
and it will be discussed by men of wide experience, Mr. Harold 
Simmons, of Howard Lake; Mr. E. Yanish, of St. Paul; Mr. 
A. H. Reed, Glencoe; and Mr. J. J. Dobbin, of Excelsior. 


490 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


I will first call on Mr. Harold Simmons, of Howard Lake, 
the veteran orchardist, who has had a large experience in this 
line. 

Mr. Harold Simmons thereupon read a paper on the sub- 
ject of “My Spraying ES eePeicee: ” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: The ian subject is “Orchard Pests in 
Minnesota during 1916,” the first subdivision being “‘Diseases,” 
which will be discussed by Professor E. C. Stakman, head of 
Section Plant Pathology, University Farm. 

Professor E. C. Stakman thereupon gave an address upon 
this subject. (See Index.) 

The President: Now the subject of “Insects” will be dis- 
cussed by Professor A. G. Ruggles, assistant entomologist, Uni- 
versity Farm. (See Index.) 

Professor Ruggles thereupon read a paper on that subject. 

Discussion : 

The President: I will ask the president of the Minnesota 
Garden Flower Society, Mrs. E. W. Gould, to come and take 
the chair. 

The meeting conducted by the Minnesota Garden Flower 
Society was called to order by the president, Mrs. EK. W. Gould, 
at 3:15 o’clock. 

The President: It is my privilege to welcome this large 
audience, your attention proving that each year more and more 
attention is being given to the cultivation of flowers. The 
gardener wants to try new varieties. Our first speaker has 
devoted years to work of producing these plants, having made 
journeys to Siberia in search of hardy varieties to use in his 
work. Not only has he given us hardier varieties of flowers 
and fruits but he has also brought back other specimens en- 
tirely new. We are greatly honored in having him talk to us of 
them. 

Ladies and gentlemen, I have great pleasure in introducing 
at this time the Burbank of South Dakota, Professor N. E. Han- 
sen. (Applause.) 

Professor N. E. Hansen, of Brookings, South Dakota, then 
spoke on the subject of “Some New Plants at Home and Abroad.” 
(See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: The architect has come to feel that the home 
without a proper setting of flowers is not successful. Our next 
speaker, one of our leading and best-known architects, will 
discuss ‘The Home Setting as the Architect Sees It,” and I 
am very happy to introduce at this time Mr. Harry W. Jones, 
of Minneapolis. 

Mr. Harry W. Jones then gave an address upon the sub- 
ject of “The Home Setting as the Architect Sees It,’’ illustrating 
the same with many lantern slides. 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 491 


The President: Thank you very much; you have given 
us a great deal. (Applause.) Our next speaker is called 
sometimes the “bird lady’ and sometimes the “conservation 
lady,” but always the “flower lady.” With so many appropriate 
titles to choose from, I will simplify matters by embracing 
them all, and I will introduce our able lady, Mrs. Phelps Wyman. 

Mrs. Phelps Wyman, of Minneapolis, thereupon gave an 
address upon “A Composite of Composites—Useful Plants for 
Fall Bloom,” accompanied by lantern slides. 

The President: If there are no questions you wish to ask 
Mrs. Wyman we will pass to the next subject on the program, 
but before I go I want to thank you for your attention this 
afternoon and to assure you that you will always receive a very 
warm welcome at any of our meetings. We have monthly meet- 
ings, and we will welcome you as visitors or as members at any 
time. Thank you. (Applause.) 

The afternoon session was concluded with a lantern talk 
by Mr. EK. G. Cheyney, professor of forestry, State University, 
after which the session was declared adjourned until 9 o’clock 
Thursday morning. 


Thursday Morning Session. 


A thirty-minute question and answer exercise on ‘“‘Success 
in Orcharding” was led by Mr. J. F. Harrison, Orchardist, of 
Excelsior. (See Index.) 

The regular session was then announced by President Cash- 
man. 
The President: The first number on the program after 
the question and answer exercise is to be discussed by Mr. 
M. Soholt, of Madison. 

An address on “Evergreens for Prairie Homes,” was read 
by Mr. Soholt. (See Index.) 

The President: I will ask our good friend, J. M. Under- 
wood, to take the chair while I am out of the room. It is neces- 
sary for me to leave the room for a few minutes. 

Mr. Underwood thereupon took the chair and after Mr. 
Soholt finished the reading of his paper he announced that 
there was some little time for discussion. 

Discussion : 

Mr. Underwood: The next subject. is a talk by T. A. 
Hoverstad. 

Thereupon Mr. T. A. Hoverstad, of Minneapolis, gave an 
address on the subject of “‘Windbreaks by the Mile.” (See 
Index.) 

Discussion : 

Chairman Underwood: Now, the next on the program is 
an address by Mr. E. M. Reeves, of Waverly, Iowa, on the ar- 
rangement of farm buildings and grounds. 


492 . MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. E. M. Reeves thereupon read a paper on the subject 
of “Arrangement of Farm Buildings and Grounds for Con- 
venience and Artistic Effect.”’ (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

Mr. Underwood: The next on the program are reports of 
committees, but we can pass those in view of other interesting 
subjects that are to be taken up, and I will call on Professor S. 
A. Beach, who will speak to us on the subject of “A Successful 
Orchard.” (See Index.) 

Professor Beach then spoke on that subject, as follows: 
(See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: We would like to be able to take time 
to discuss this address and call for questions and answers, but 
our program is so full I think we will have to pass on to the 
next number on the program. We have an interesting feature 
here, an address by Prof. Brodrick on ‘‘Development of Horti- 
culture in Western Canada.” (See Index.) 

Professor Brodrick: With your permission I will read 
my address and afterwards I will give you an opportunity of 
asking any questions you wish to ask in regard to the work 
we are doing in Western Canada. It affords me great pleasure 
indeed to be with you again. I had the opportunity of being 
here last year, and I felt wonderfully repaid in coming here 
and listening to the splendid discussions that were held. We 
in Manitoba are looking to you a great deal in our work there, 
and of course we are taking a great deal of interest in the 
problems which you are having to meet. 

Professor F. W. Brodrick, horticulturist of the Manitoba 
Agricultural College, then read an address on “Development 
of Horticulture in Western Canada.” (See Index.) 

Professor Brodrick: In Manitoba Professor Hansen is 
those whom are discussing the subject, but also those who are 
regarded as a personal friend. The fruit growers there are in 
correspondence with him a great deal and getting, as far as we 
can, his introductions and making a trial of them under our 
conditions. (Applause.) 

At this time President Cashman resumed the chair. 

Mr. Underwood: I will resign my position, but before 
doing so I want to say a word about the Gideon Memorial Fund. 
The next on the program will be essays given by four of the 
students of the University Farm School in contest for prizes, 
the prizes given as the result of the Gideon Memorial Fund, 
which is in the hands of the board of regents of the State 
University. You may not all know that we raised $500 and 
placed it with the board of regents and the interest on that is 
given each year as prizes to contestants in giving essays here 
before our society on horticultural subjects. 

That is to be the next on the program. In growing 
Wealthy apples and marketing them and eating them every 
day three times a day and then between meals I get such an 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 493 


enthusiasm for the Wealthy apple that I don’t know how to ex- 
press it. I met a man in Miami, Florida, last winter ; he has 
large fruit interests near Philadelphia and he says that the 
apple that brings him the most money is the Wealthy. George 
T. Powell, whom you perhaps remember—he was with us— 
the foremost horticulturist of the eastern states, lives in New 
York and has a large orchard near Albany that I have visited, 
and he says the apple that he makes the most money off is 
the Wealthy. I don’t know how to express myself and have 
taken one way which is a little different. Instead of talking I 
shipped a barrel of Wealthy apples up here for you to eat. 
When these students get through their essays if you care and 
will remain I would like to give you, each of you, a Wealthy 
apple, and as it is pretty near dinner time perhaps you will 
relish it. (Applause.) 

The President: I will now announce the judges of this 
contest: Professor Brodrick, Professor Hansen and Professor 
T. M. McCall. The names of the young men who are to take 
part in the Gideon Memorial contest are Robert McKeown on 
the Codling Moth, (see Index); Henry Kaldahl on Rust, (see 
Index) ; R. C. Shaw, Windbreaks, (see Index), and K. O’Bara 
on Udo. (See Index.) 

The four contestants then proceeded to give their essays, 
vee which the meeting was adjourned until the afternoon at 


Thursday Afternoon Session. 


The preliminary half-hour session was conducted by Mr. 
C. H. Ramsdell, landscape architect, Minneapolis, on the sub- 
ject of “Ornamentation of Home Grounds.” (See Index.) 

The President: The next subject under discussion will be 
horticultural work with the Boys’ and Girls’ clubs. in Minne- 
sota, by T. A. Erickson, State Club Leader, University Farm. 
Is Mr. Erickson present? While we are waiting I will ask 
the judges to state their awards in the matter of the Gideon 
Memorial contest. I find the report lying here on the table. 
The judges’ decision is as follows: Robert McKeown, first; 
Henry Kaldahl, second; R. C. Shaw, third, and Mr. K. O’Bara, 
fourth. Signed, F. W. Brodrick, N. E. Hansen and T. M. Mc- 
Call, judges. Is Mr. Erickson present? 

Mr. T. A. Erickson then read a paper on the subject of 
“Boys’ and Girls’ Clubs in Minnesota,” which was followed by a 
talk by Carl Pathoff and one by Laura Hintze. (Prolonged ap- 
plause.) (See Index.) 

Mr. Erickson: Just a minute; Mr. Latham wanted me to 
present this boy and girl with these two ribbons. At the same 
time I want to present the little gold medal which is given 
by the Government to boys and girls who make a special rec- 
ord of this kind. They have this plan all over the country, 


494 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and I want to take this occasion to present them, if you do not 
object. It is called the all-star method. 

(Miss Laura Hintze is presented with the badge and medal 
amidst applause.) . 

Mr. Erickson: This makes her an all-star member and 
will go on the records at Washington this way. I think this is 
the kind of achievement we ought to encourage. The next will 
be to Carl. He is also entitled to the medal, but for some reason 
or other we haven’t got it today, but we will get it. 

(Master Carl Pathotf is presented with the ribbon. Ap- 
plause.) 

Mr. Baldwin: Is there any time to discuss this matter? 

The President: This is a very important matter and we 
will be glad to hear from you. 

Discussion: 

The President: We have a number of delegates and 
friends from without the state who have not been heard from. 
We had a reception of delegates here the first day, all that were 
present at that time, and I am going to ask those not present 
at that time to come forward so we may get acquainted with 
them, and I will ask them to participate in this meeting from 
now on. 

I just learned that the president of the South Dakota Horti- 
cultural Society, Mr. F. A. Hassold, is present. Mr. Hassold, 
will you please come forward? We would like a word from you. 
Ladies and gentlemen, this is Mr. F. A. Hassold, president of the 
South Dakota Horticultural Society. (Applause.) 

Mr. Hassold: Mr. President and members of the Minne- 
sota Horticultural Society: It is a pleasure to be here and 
have the opportunity of having been honored to represent our 
South Dakota Horticultural Society at this, your fiftieth an- 
niversary. I am neither a practical horticulturist nor a scien- 
tific horticulturist, but only a back country minister who was 
honored with the office that I hold. I come, having been sent 
for the purpose of learning not imparting wisdom, and, coming 
from the West, come to the sources of light, the East, in order 
that I might learn. You have wisdom in our Professor Han- 
sen, you have the practical side in other members of our society, 
Mr. Whiting and Mrs. Whiting. I come simply as one who 
comes to learn and thank you for the opportunity of learning 
as I come meeting with your society. I shall go back with the 
expectation of making use of some of the wisdom gathered that 
I may manifest my appreciation at its best in attempting to 
create in our society something of the spirit that characterizes 
yours. Thank you. (Applause.) 

The President: I hope the reverend gentleman will be 
with us at the coming meetings. One of the gentlemen who con- 
‘tribute perhaps as much or more than any other member of this 
society is Rev. Mr. Harrison, of York, Nebraska. He has been a 
wonderful help to us and I have just been informed that he is a 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 495 


delegate from the Nebraska society this year. We have heard 
from Rev. Harrison several times this meeting. Have you any- 
thing further to say? (Laughter.) 

Mr. Harrison: I can simply bring you the greetings of the 
Nebraska society to your own society, and this society is some- 
thing they can look up—and look up quite a ways, too. 

A Voice: Amen. 

Mr. Harrison: Your membership is large compared to ours. 
I don’t know how many there are of us. I don’t pay much atten- 
tion to that. My chief interest is up here. Something would go 
out of my life if I couldn’t be here and spend a few days with 
you. You are the best fellows on earth, I love you and can’t 
get along without you. The memory of this lasts through the 
year, and I look forward to these visits every year. I don’t 
know for how long the Lord will need my life for His work. I 
have been studying the mission of beauty and it is a great sub- 
ject. I am getting ready to prepare a book on this subject, the 
“Mission of Beauty.” I want to leave horticulture and filori- 
culture and go out into the open where I can sometimes ponder 
upon the mighty God’s high places. 

A Voice: Halleluiah. 

Mr. Harrison: What is the use of groveling and crawling 
when you can rise on the wings of eagles? When I get this 
book out I want you to get it. I have tried to do some good for 
you and when you get this book it is not simply on my own 
account, I want to do you some good. (Applause.) 

The President: Professor Brodrick of the Manitoba Agri- 
cultural College favored us with a very fine address this fore- 
noon. I don’t know whether you knew who the gentleman was, 
and I am going to ask him to come forward. I know there are a 
great many here at the present time who haven’t met him. Pro- 
fessor Brodrick, we would like a word from you. (Professor 
Brodrick is not present.) I have just learned that Mr. Wesley 
Greene, secretary of the Iowa Horticultural Society has been 
with us. If he is in the audience room we will ask him to 
please come forward. (Applause.) 

Mr. Greene: Mr. Chairman and ladies and gentlemen: 
It is certainly a great pleasure to meet with you. I have heard 
considerable of your society. It is said that those who live near 
the North Pole have more pep in them than those who live near 
. the tropics, because it is necessary that they put forth greater 
energy to accomplish the object of their hopes than it is farther 
south. Perhaps that is the reason why you are more energetic 
up here. You work harder to accomplish the objects you want. 
I come from a little farther south. 

We are interested in one thing, and that is, we want a little 
legislation. The thing is in the air not only in Iowa but in Illi- 
nois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska and Virginia. They are all 
making an effort to establish a standard grade of fruits. I want 
to impress it upon you people here in the north, if you haven’t 


496 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


already thought of it, to have it passed at your next legisla- 
ture if possible, a grading act by which we can grade and 
pack our fruit, and when we put it on the market we will know 
that we have fruit that is A No. 1. If we have a bushel of 
Jonathan or Grimes or Wealthy with a standard mark on it, 
we will know what it is, and that the standard bushel is worth 
the money. The trouble with us is we can’t tell beforehand 
what kind of fruit we get in a package, and we buy it and 
then we are not satisfied. 

I have been interested in what we have heard about the 
children. We can teach our children in school to put up a 
carton containing six or twelve apples just as good as any- 
body else can. It should be so that when you go to the gro- 
cery, or order from the grocery, a carton of six good apples 
to place upon your table and you get them, they are fit to eat. 
After they are in cold storage a while they are not fit to eat. 
The storage of apples is a commercial proposition, and the 
apples are not fit to eat. We pick them too early, they never 
get into good condition, the storage men insist on having them 
so they will keep. 

I have been talking altogether too long but I simply came 
up here so you could see what I looked like. 

The President: We have but two minutes left and I am 
going to give Professor Waldron one-half of those two minutes. 

Prof. Waldron: That is more time than I want. What I 
have to say to this audience will be said some time during the 
remaining part of the afternoon, and I think everything I have 
to say will be incorporated in the few remarks I have to make. 
It affords me great pleasure indeed to come down here and meet 
with you people. You have passed the half century mark, and 
I have passed the quarter century mark as an honorary mem- 
ber of this society. Twenty-five years ago this December, at the 
motion of Professor Green, I was made a life honorary mem- 
ber of the society. I considered it then one of the greatest | 
things that had come to me, but I didn’t realize then how much 
it would mean in my life, and I will try and express it later on. 

The President: I understand Mr. E. M. Reeves, of Wav- 
erley, Iowa, is here. (Not present.) Is Mr. Whiting, of Yank- 
ton, South Dakota, here? Just a word from you, Mr. Whiting. 

Mr. Whiting: For the little I have to say it is hardly 
necessary for me to come forward. As one of the other speakers 
said, I will give you a chance to look at me, but you won’t 
see very much. I will say, however, that it has been a great 
pleasure to me to meet with you here in Minnesota. I came to 
Minnesota when I was a little boy twelve years old, and at that 
time it was not considered a fruit country. They did grow a 
few Siberian crabs, but it was said that apples could not be 
grown in Minnesota. So you can see it is really a great pleas- 
ure to me to meet men here who have made fruit growing a 
success in Minnesota. It is really an honor to be associated with 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 497 


that kind of people. I want to thank you for your attention. 
(Applause. ) 

The President: We will have a half a minute for our 
friend Philips. There are three or four people people here who 
have not met our best friend. Stand up, Mr. Philips, and say: 
‘How do you do?’ 

Mr. Philips: They have seen enough of me, my goodness. 
I don’t want to make a show of myself all the time. 

The President: I believe Professor Cady has an announce- 
ment to make. 

Professor Cady: From time to time the executive com- 
mittee of the Horticultural society has recommended for honor- 
ary life membership the names of individuals who have been 
for a long time members of the society or who have done some 
special work for the society. Following out that custom, at their 
last meeting the committee recommended the following people 
for your action today as honorary life members: 

Mr. Martin Penning, of New Ulm, the originator of the 
Surprise plum and of several other fruits; Mr. H. J. Ludlow, 
of Worthington; Mr. Peter Clausen, of Albert Lea; Mr. John 
Penney, of Wisconsin. These are old members and they have 
done, the first two especially, a great deal of work in southern 
Minnesota in furthering horticultural interests and work. Also 
Mr. John Murray, of Excelsior, who has been a member a great 
many years, and who for a good many years was interested in 
grape growing and in other horticultural pursuits in that section. 

I believe this is the first time that they have recommended 
some of the ladies. We recommend the following. In some in- 
stances they have been members of this society and interested in 
the Woman’s Auxiliary and other work of the society for twenty 
years. I believe in one case over forty years: Miss Emma V. 
White, Minneapolis; Mrs. J. M. Underwood, Lake City, and Mrs. 
Jennie Stager of Sauk Rapids. 

I move the adoption of the report and election of these 
members as honorary life members. 

Mr. Harrison: I second the motion. 

The President: All those in favor of the motion make it 
manifest by saying aye. Contrary no. The ayes have it; it is 
so ordered. We will now proceed to the annual election of offi- 
cers. Remember those entitled to a vote in the election of offi- 
cers are those who have been members for three years or who 
are life members. I will appoint as tellers Mr. LeRoy Cady and 
Mr. M. J. Dorsey. The first officer to be elected will be a presi- 
dent for the coming year. 

Professor Mackintosh: Mr. President. 

The President: Professor Mackintosh. 

Professor Mackintosh: This is the time when we are called 
upon to elect_our officers for the coming year. Mr. Cashman, 
the present president, who has been president for a few years, 
has been an efficient officer both in the affairs of the society and 


498 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


in the affairs of state. Therefore, I think it fitting that we 
should continue Mr. Cashman in this office, and I nominate Mr. 
Cashman for this position. Furthermore, I move that the secre- 
tary cast the vote of the society for Mr. ‘Cashman for president 
for the coming year. 

(There are many seconds.) 

Professor Mackintosh: All those in favor of this motion, 
please make it manifest by saying aye. Contrary-minded no. 
The motion prevails. Mr. Cashman is duly elected. (Applause.) 

The President: Ladies and gentlemen: This is no time 
_for speechmaking, but I assure you I appreciate more than 
words can express your kindness towards me at this time. Now, 
while I am only too glad to serve you in any capacity that may 
be in my power, I realize full well that the office of president 
should be passed around. It is for the good of the society that 
it should be passed around, and I want to say at this time that 
when a year rolls around that you be prepared to pick out the 
very best man you have to serve as president of this society. 
I remember the courtesy and kindness shown me in the past, 
and I am only too glad to serve you, but I am mindful of the 
best interests of this society, and I know it is not a good thing 
to have one man in office too long as president. The other of- 
ficers are different. I thank you, and we will continue to the 
further election of officers. (Applause.) 

Thereupon, upon nomination and unanimous vote, Mr. A. J. 
Baldwin, of Northfield, was elected to succeed Mr. John P. And- 
rews and, Mr. E. Yanish, of St. Paul, was elected to succeed 
Mr. Langford W. Smith, as members of the executive board for 
three years. Mr. George W. Strand was unanimously reelected 
treasurer. The following gentlemen were unanimously elected 
vice presidents for the coming year: 


Wm. French, First Congressional District, Austin. 

W. T. Warren, Second Congressional District, Slayton. 
John E. Sten, Fourth Congressional District, St. Paul. 

J. E. Miner, Fifth Congressional District, Minneapolis. 

A. F. Bugbee, Sixth Congressional District, Paynesville. 
M. Soholt, Seventh Congressional District, Madison. 

EK. L. Kimball, Eighth Congressional District, Duluth. 

L. Johannessohn, Ninth Congressional District, Beltrami. 
N. N. Oslund, Tenth Congressional District, Cambridge. 


Semi-Centennial Anniversary Session. 


The President: We have now arrived at the Semi-Cen- 
tennial Anniversary Session. I will ask our good friend, J. M. 
Underwood, of Lake City, to preside at this session. 

Mr. Underwood assumes the chair amidst applause. (See 
Index.) 

The first number will be a song by Trafford N. Jayne, whom 

you all love to hear. 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 499 


Mr. Jayne favored the audience with a song and was re- 
called and responded with an encore. 

Mr. Underwood: We will next hear from Mr. A. W. 
Latham, secretary, on “Some History.” (See Index.) 

Mr. Latham: I don’t know whether I shall succeed in 
making myself heard. If I don’t speak loud enough you must 
tell me so in the back end of the room. I am not very much used 
to public speaking or reading in public. I had quite a little dif- 
ficulty in preparing the paper I am about to read to you. It has 
been part of my mission as secretary to tell people to make their 
papers short, boil them down, and when I came to write one my- 
self I found that wasn’t such an easy matter. I read this over, 
and it took me half an hour. Then I boiled it down some and read 
it over again and then I boiled it down some more and read it 
again. This is the dregs that are left after boiling it down 
twice. (Laughter.) 

Mr. Latham then read his paper, interpolating that he 
didn’t remember about Mr. C. L. Smith at the time the paper was 
written; that Mr. Smith was still living and was with the mem- 
bers today. Mr. Latham’s paper was received with applause. 

Mr. Underwood: I don’t know whether that splendid paper 
is of as much interest to you as it is to me, but it certainly is a 
very pleasant thing for me to listen to the mention of the 
names that formed the working force of this society in the past 
fifty years. We will next hear of the heroes of Minnesota horti- 
culture, by Mr. Clarence Wedge. 

Mr. Clarence Wedge then read his address on ‘Heroes of 
Minnesota Horticulture.” (Applause.) (See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: We listened this forenoon to the four 
splendid addresses by the students of the University Farm and 
now we have the pleasure of having with us Dean Woods, who 
will bring to us the greetings from the University Farm. 

Professor A. F. Woods thereupon gave an address under 
the title of “Greeting From University Farm.’ (Applause.) 
(See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: I am glad that Mrs. Philips isn’t here, be- 
cause we want to hear from Mr. A. J. Philips now on ‘‘Personal 
Recollections.” You know he says that Mrs. Philips won’t let 
him talk, but we don’t believe that. Mr. Philips, we will be 
glad to hear from you. 

Mr. A. J. Philips read his paper on “Personal Recollections,” 
eliciting laughter and applause from the audience. (See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: We will now listen to Mrs. Jennie Stager, 
of Sauk Rapids, on ‘‘The Ladies of the Society.” 

The subject of “The Ladies of the Society” was interest- 
ingly dealt with by Mrs. Jennie Stager. (Applause.) 

Mr. Underwood: I will next call on Professor C. B. Wal- 
dron, of the Agricultural College of North Dakota, to deliver 
his address. 


500 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Professor C. B. Waldron read a paper on “The Minnesota 
Society and the Northwest.” (Applause.) (See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: I think you will be pleased to hear from 
Mr. C. L. Smith, who is not on the program, but we are very 
glad to put him on the program because he is one of the char- © 
ter members of this society and the only one living, and I would 
like to have Mr. Smith speak to you for a short time now. 
(Applause.) | (See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: It gives me great pleasure and I know 
it does you to have me call on Mr. C. S. Harrison, of York, 
Nebraska, who will speak to us on ‘Looking Ahead.” 

Mr. C. S. Harrison then read a paper on the subject of 
“Looking Ahead.” (Applause.) (See Index.) 

Mr. Underwood: Our concluding number on this pro- 
gram will be a lantern slide talk, “Veterans of Minnesota Horti- 
culture,” slides prepared by Professor LeRoy Cady. 

A running talk was made by Secretary Latham, inter- 
spersed with remarks by the members as the faces of the 
veterans of the society were thrown upon the screen. 


Friday Morning Session. 


The “Question and Answer” half hour was devoted to the 
general subject of “Birds a Factor in Horticulture,” and was 
led by Mr. R. E. Olmstead, of Excelsior. (See Index.) 

The President: We will discuss a very important ques- 
tion at this time. We are going to take up a staple food which 
some people are keeping in their vaults, and are so high in price 
that the average-man can scarcely taste them, and that is the 
potato. Potato selection by a man that knows, P. E. Clement, 
of Moorhead. 

Mr. P. E. Clement then read a paper on the subject of 
“Potato Selection.” (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

The President: The next number will be an address by 
Mr. Brierly on ‘‘Vinegar.”’ He doesn’t seem to be present just 
now. 

Mr. Underwood: While we are waiting I want to empha- 
size the importance of good preparation of seed. The last 
speaker spoke about cleaning wheat. We are very particular 
about cleaning our wheat, we do not grow very much wheat, 
but this year our wheat yielded a little over twenty-six bushels 
to the acre, and I didn’t hear of anybody around in the country 
on the farms that had over five or six or ten bushels to the 
acre, at most. We are very particular to clean our seed the 
very best we can and only sow the best of seed. The same 
with corn. So it pays to do your work well. 

Mr. Clement: In regard to the cleaning; the result de- 
pends upon what has been done before up there in potatoes. 
We didn’t get as good an average yield this past year. In 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 501 


some of our sections up there, I am ashamed to say, they are 
hauling better than fifty per cent of wild oats to market in 
their wheat. There is an opportunity there. 

The President: While waiting for Mr. Brierley, I am go- 
ing to ask Mr. Crosby, secretary of the legislative committee, 
to make a report on our proposed horticultural building, our 
home, which we hope to obtain at the coming session of the 
legislature. 

Mr. Crosby: Mr. President and friends: It will be re- 
membered that a year ago the committee made its report in 
regard to the proposed bill, but we did not succeed in the last 
legislature owing to opposition that came from a particular 
source which it is perhaps not necessary to mention at this 
time. But the committee proposes to go to the legislature at 
the coming session with the expectation of getting the bill 
passed. 

The bill provides, as you may remember, for an appro- 
priation of $40,000, and the building.is to be located upon the 
land of the farm school. Plans have already been drawn, and 
it is to be located about two blocks from the street car, something 
like that, from the Como-Harriet line. 

Now, it wants to be distinctly understood, if we are going 
to have this bill passed this winter, every member of this 
society must do his best and see his senator and representa- 
tive and get his vote, not only his vote but his influence to 
pass that bill. You ought to see, gentlemen, how impossible 
it is for the committee to do that work. We cannot do it, 
but this society has members in every county in the state, there- 
fore it is up to you to see your senator and representative and 
talk the matter over with them and not only get his vote or pledge 
his vote but get his influence to do anything that he possibly can 
towards accomplishing the passage of the bill. 

One other thing the committee wants to know. Is there any 
opposition to our having a new hall? If there is, the commit- 
tee wants to know it. I don’t think there is, but we have heard 
it said: “Oh, it is convenient to meet around in places like 
this; it is handier here, etc.” 

Gentlemen, it seems to me that such an organization as the 
State Horticultural Society, and what it stands for, and what 
it has accomplished in this state—isn’t it a kind of an apology, 
going around the way we do, for such an organization as this? 
I certainly think so. Look at the exhibits of fruits out here 
in these several rooms here. Isn’t that an apology, almost? We 
had a much better exhibit some years ago, of course, in the 
basement of the Unitarian Church, but even that wasn’t what 
we desired. What we desire is a good auditorium, something 
larger than this, at least twice as large as this. Yesterday and 
the day before, there was hardly sitting room in this place, and 
it is objectionable in other ways. We want a hall that is suit- 


502 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


able for our needs, where we can have a good auditorium; we 
also want a good exhibit room for our fruit. 

Don’t be afraid of calling upon the state legislature for an 
appropriation. As I have said before, and you know it, when the 
legislature assembles, the cry goes up of retrenchment and de- 
creasing taxes, etc. That is always the case when the legisla- 
ture assembles. Bear in mind, gentlemen, that Minnesota is a 
rich state, there is no getting around that. It is a very rich 
state, and it is capable of building a hall for the State Horti- 
cultural Society and never know it. It is capable of doing a 
great many things. It is a wonderful state and I am proud to 
be a citizen of it, and I am proud to be a member of the State 
Horticultural Society. 

If you want a hall will you take a little pains to do a 
little work in the different counties and towns where you live 
to help us get a hall? The only way to do this is by seeing your 
representative and talking the matter over with him. Our peo- 
ple made the proposition two years ago. They liked it, as a 
general thing. Several of them asked me why I didn’t bring 
the bill right on the floor of the house. The bill was killed in 
the committee. If it doesn’t get out of committee at the proper 
time this year, I would like to see a minority report come in 
and placed before the senate and the house, and I think the 
bill will pass with the proper amount of work, and the commit- 
tee is willing to do all it can. I am willing to do all I possibly 
can up to the first of February, when I expect to go away for a 
month or six weeks, but up to that time I am more than willing 
to do any work I can in connection with my own business. In 
that way, by co-operating and working together, I think it is 
very probable indeed that we may get an appropriation. When 
we have a new hall we will be able to do our work much better 
than we do now, and I certainly think we are entitled to it fair 
and square. I thank you. (Applause.) 

The President: Mr. Underwood is also a member of the 
committee. Have you a word for us? 

Mr. Underwood: It hardly seems necessary for me to say ~ 
anything. I think Mr. Crosby has put the matter in the very 
best way for us, but I have been actively interested in this so- 
ciety so long that perhaps I see our needs more than you do 
who have not had the actual working of the society to be re- 
sponsible for. I see more clearly what we need and how we can 
improve our condition. 

I have visions of a larger society. We are fifty years old 
now, and look at the progress we have made in that fifty years. 
We only had a handful of people in attendance fifty years ago 
and now look at the splendid audience we have out here this 
past week. We should have an audience room built on scien- 
tific principles, with comfortable seats and with such good 
acoustic properties that every one could hear the speakers who 
have not good carrying voices in the farther part of the room. 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 508 


That is very important. This room is very pleasantly 
situated in the matter of not being disturbed by people coming 
in, better than most places where we have met, but it is not large 
- enough, and then, as Mr. Crosby says, we haven’t any adequate 
place to make an exhibit. I have visions of an exhibit room that 
is so scientifically arranged that we can have the whole exhibit 
to look at and not have it divided up into fruits, flowers and 
vegetables. 

There is so much that can be done more than we are doing 
now. We have never had a good exhibit room. If you say it 
was a good exhibit room in the basement of the Unitarian 
Church I beg to differ with you. I didn’t call it a good exhibit 
room with the people running up and down the stairs and con- 
tinually disturbing the audience room, the audience jamming 
at the entrances and the doors slamming and the people talk- 
ing out in the anteroom. It as very disagreeable to me. I 
believe you can have things right, and there isn’t another society 
that I can think of anywhere in the state, however small it is, 
but what has got a home. Why shouldn’t this State Horticul- 
tural Society have a home? | 

I claim that our State Horticultural Society has done more 
for the advancement of the interests of the state than any other 
one thing that I can think of. What would this state do if it 
didn’t have the horticulture it has now? So if we are of a mind 
to think alike and the prospects are good, we will have a home 
over near the Agricultural School where we can have the co- 
operation of several hundred students. I want to get in touch 
with those students. I heard the four young gentlemen who 
gave us those splendid essays on horticulture. We can just as 
well have the co-operation of that school in various ways, and 
they need it. They need to come in contact with us, for the 
good we can do them and the good they can do us. 

I was in hopes we would have a home to celebrate our 
fiftieth anniversary in, but we haven’t got it, we didn’t get it, 
and now let’s put our whole force to work and get that home 
within the next two years. (Applause.) 

The President: Our time is up now. I will turn this meet- 
ing over to the plant breeders’ auxiliary and request the presi- 
dent, Mr. Clarence Wedge, to take the chair. Before that is 
done, however, I will make an announcement. Some two years 
ago we appointed a legislative committee to take this matter of 
a horticultural home before the legislature. This committee 
has made its report. There is still work to do and necessary, of 
course, to have either this committee continued or another ap- 
pointed. What is your pleasure? 

(It is moved and seconded that the present committee be 
continued.) f 

The President. The present committee is composed of 
Judge Crosby, Mr. Underwood and Mr. Yanish— 

Mr. Underwood: And Mr. Cashman. 


504 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Latham: I think the committee was appointed by the 
executive board. Of course, it in entirely in order for this 
meeting to endorse the continuation of that committee and ex- 
press its sentiments. 

The President: It has been moved and Mee that the 
committee be continued, or rather, the recommendation of the 
executive board be endorsed. All those in favor say aye. Con- 
trary no. The ayes have it, and it is so ordered. 


Plant Breeders’ Auxiliary. 


The meeting of the Plant Breeders’ Auxiliary was called 
to order by Mr. Clarence Wedge, president. 

The President: Ladies and gentlemen, we now have one 
of the most important sessions of the meeting, one that gives 
as much hope as anything of improvement in our work and, in- 
asmuch as the program is a very long one, I think the best 
thing for us to do is to get at it without delay. First on the 
program is the annual report for 1916 of the Minnesota Fruit- 
Breeding Farm, by Charles Haralson, superintendent. 

Mr. Charles Haralson then read his report of work done 
during 1916 on the Fruit-Breeding Farm. 

Discussion : 

The President: We will now have to pass to our next sub- 
ject, the report of the committee on the Fruit-Breeding Farm. 
The committee is composed of S. A. Stockwell, of Minneapolis, 
and C. S. Harrison, of Excelsior. We will call on Mr. Stock- 
well for the report. 

Mr. S. A. Stockwell, of Minneapolis, then read the “Report 
of Committee on Fruit-Breeding Farm.” 

There follows Professor Beach’s talk on “Fruit Breed- 
ing.” (See Index.) 

The President: We will next have the pleasure of listen- 
ing to Professor C. B. Waldron of the Agricultural College of 
North Dakota, on “‘Pedigree in Plants.” (See Index.) 

The President: It seems necessary that we pass now to 
our next subject as we only have about half an hour and we 
all want.to hear from Mr. Patten, of Charles City, on his work 
in the origin and development of hardy, blight-resisting pears. 
Mr. Patten. (Applause.) 

Mr. Patten: I wish to say, Mr. President, and members, 
that had it not been for the action taken by this society last year 
in extending me the honor that it did, I should not have at- 
tempted to write a paper for this meeting. My nerves are not 
steady enough, and on reading my paper over since I came here 
I think my brain is not steady enough. It doesn’t just suit me. 

The President: It is all right, Mr. Patten. 

Mr. Patten then read his paper on the subject of “Origin 
aud Development of Hardy, Blight Resisting Pears.” (See In- 

ex.) 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 505 


The President: I see we have very little time to discuss this 
very interesting paper. We will now listen to Professor Hansen, 
of Brookings, South Dakota, who will tell us of new creations in 
horticulture for 1916. 

Professor N. E. Hansen, of Brookings, South Dakota, then 
addressed the society upon “New Creations in Horticulture for 
1916.” (See Index.) 

Mr. Wedge: It is now nearly quarter after twelve. While 
we are very glad to hear from Mr. Reeves I presume we better 
let that go until after dinner. The meeting will now stand 
adjourned. 


Friday Afternoon Session. 


The “Question and Answer” half hour was devoted to the 
discussion of the subject of “The Home Orchard,” and was led 
by Mr. Henry Husser, of Minneapolis. (See Index.) 

The regular program was then resumed with President Cash- 
man in the chair. 

The President: We will now continue with the regular pro- 
gram and will have a talk on the Minnesota orchard by Mr. J. 
F. Bartlett. 

Professor R. S. Mackintosh is called to preside during Presi- 
dent Cashman’s absence. 

Thereupon Mr. J. F. Bartlett, of Excelsior, read an address 
on “The Minnesota Orchard.” (Applause.) (See Index.) 

Discussion : 

Professor Mackintosh: Mr. Barlett is one of the younger 
men that have gone to Excelsior, and we hope to hear more from 
him. The next number is an address on “The New Farmers’ 
Fruit,” by Mr. Freeman Thorp, of Hubert. He doesn’t seem to be 
here, so we will call on Professor S. A. Beach, of Ames, Iowa, 
on “The Unfruitful Tree and How to Correct It.” (Applause.) 

“The Unfruitful Tree and How to Correct It,” Professor S. 
A. Beach. (See Index.) : 

Discussion: 

President Cashman now resumed the chair and announced 
the next number on the program. 

Professor Richard Wellington, horticulturist, University 
Farm, thereupon read his paper upon “Orcharding in Minnesota.” 
(Applause.) (See Index.) 

The President: Does anyone want to ask Mr. Wellington 
any questions? If not we will proceed to the next subject, which 
by the way is about the last one on the program except some 
reports that are to be made. The next address will be given by 
Professor Mackintosh of the University Farm on “The Minnesota 
Apple Crop in 1916.” (Applause.) 

“The Minnesota Apple Crop in 1916,” by R. S. Mackintosh, 
A lla Extension Division, University Farm. (See In- 

ex. 


506 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The President: There is just one thing we were unable to 
take care of during this entire session because of the lack of time 
and that is listening to the report of a fruit list committee. Mr. 
John P. Andrews is absent but Mr. Strand is here. He is a mem- 
ber of that committee, and I will ask him to come forward and 
make his report. 

Mr. Strand: The fruit list for 1917 will remain practically 
the same as heretofore with the exception of a few changes which 
will be noted as I proceed. (See Index.) 

We have stricken the Patten’s Greening from the list of 
“Most Profitable Varieties,” because the commercial planters of 
the state do not regard it as commercially profitable for several 
reasons. We have added the Superb and Salome to the varieties 
“For Trial’ as they seem worthy to be tried. The Hungarian is a 
grape very much of the Janesville type but seems to be an earlier 
grape by about two weeks. It’s a little better quality than the 
Janesville, but not quite as vigorous a grower as Beta. On the 
Americus everbearer it is suggested we take a vote of the so- 
ciety ; there seems to be an inclination among a good many propa- 
gators to discard it and throw it out. I move the adoption of the 
report. 

The President: You have heard the report of the fruit list 
committee and the motion that it be adopted. 

Mr. Moyer: Some four or five years ago J suggested that the 
name “Duchess” be stricken out of the list and the word “Olden- 
berg” inserted, that being the official name given by the American 
Pomological Society, the name that is used in all the publications 
of the Department of Agriculture. It is the name that the tree is 
known by in Canada; it is the name that the tree is known by in 
the East, and just now there is coming from the press of the Mc- 
Millan Company the great encyclopedia of horticulture by Pro- 
fessor Bailey, and it is spoken of there in that way. Although it is 
proper for us to have pet names for children I think we ought 
to use the technical official name in our publication, and so I 
would suggest to the committee that they drop the word 
“Duchess” and use the word “‘Oldenberg.”’ 

A Member: Do you make that as a motion? 

Mr. Moyer: Yes, sir. 

A Member: I second the motion. 
Mr. Gardner: I move that we call it the “Duchess of Olden- 


The President: Do you accept the amendment? 
Mr. Moyer: I don’t like to because it is one of the rules of 
the American Pomological Society that fruits be given only one 
name. It is known as one of the most important apples in the 
East and they call it the “Oldenberg.” 

Mr. Latham: There are two sides to this. Even if we change 
this name on our fruit list, people who have that apple to sell can 
still call it the “Duchess” and the people who want to buy it can 


JOURNAL OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 1916. 507 


call it the “Duchess.” It does seem that in our publications we 
ought to conform to official names, but there is noting to prevent 
us putting in the word “Duchess” in parenthesis. The new name 
will gradually come into use; I suppose there is no question about 
that. 

Mr. Kellogg: That is what I intended to suggest. 

Mr. Rasmussen: I don’t want to make any suggestion but 
to say something that occurred to me. During the fall the pre- 
mium lists in our state and some of the neighboring states, which 
always used to call it the “Duchess,” have changed to “Olden- 
berg.” Once in a while they add the “Duchess” but I find it is 
generally changed to ‘“‘Oldenberg.”’ 

Secretary Latham: I will put in the word “Duchess” in 
parenthesis, in the printed fruit list, whether you make the mo- 
tion or not. (Applause.) 

The President: Motion as it stands is that the word 
“Duchess” be changed to “Oldenberg.” All those in favor say 
aye. Contrary no. The ayes have it and it is so ordered. Now, 
what will you do with the report, as amended? 

Mr. Latham: I move its adoption. 

(Motion is seconded.) 

The President: It is moved and seconded that the report be 
adopted as amended. 

Mr. Latham: I move that the variety of everbearing straw- 
berry called the Americus be stricken from the list. 

(Motion is seconded.) 

The President: This motion is in order because the same 
gentleman who moved the adoption of the report moved its 
amendment. It is moved that the word Americus be stricken from 
the list of everbearing strawberries. All those in favor say aye. 
Contrary no. The ayes have it and it is so ordered. 

(The motion to adopt the report is voted on and carried.) 

The President: Is Mr. Reeves, of Waverly, present? Please 
come forward, Mr. Reeves, we have called on you Several times, 
and you are the only gentleman from outside of the state we 
haven’t had an opportunity to meet and get acquainted with. Mr. 
E. M. Reeves, of Waverly, Iowa. 

Mr. Reeves: I am glad to be with you once more; I have 
been in attendance at the Minnesota meetings many times. The 
first time I was just a lad, and I remember the good time your 
members gave me. I recognize the pictures on the wall as the 
faces of those who were prominent then and-others who came 
into prominence later. Mr. Harris and Mr. Elliot, especially, 
and Professor Green. They: were three of those I especially re- 
member when we held a meeting down near the river, in the old 
market building, I believe. 

In the meetings since then I have felt the warmth of your 
friendship in many ways. At this time I met some that I hadn’t 
seen for quite a number of years, and Mrs. Stager I want to 
mention especially, who has been with us this time. I formed 


508 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


an acquaintance with her which I have valued because a cousin 
of my father’s came here at a previous meeting to meet her, and 
we had a good visit while in attendance at the meeting, and 
while this cousin has grown old and unable to be here I was glad 
to hear of her again. There are lots of things, friends, that we 
can cherish. We can be glad of the friendship we form in our 
meetings above the actual knowledge that we gain. I am glad 
to have been with you and enjoyed one more meeting of the 
Minnesota Horiticultural Society, and especially on your fiftieth 
anniversary. 

The President: I understand you have some inside infor- 
mation in regard to the Wealthy apple which I am sure would 
be interesting at this time. 

The True Story of the Origin of the Wealthy Apple. By E. M. 
Reeves, Waverly, Iowa. (See Index.) It being after 4 o’clock 
a number of the members were called upon for short talks, and 
at 4:30 o’clock the meeting was closed by the president and de- 
clared adjourned sine die. 


RECORDS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD FOR 1917. 509 


Records of Executive Board for 1917. 


‘ Record of meeting held in the Secretary’s office, Dec. 4, 
1916, 8 P. M. 

All the members of the board were present except John P. 
Andrews. Secretary’s accounts from June 15, 1916, to November 
29, 1916, amounting to $1,623.48, were audited, and an order was 
drawn on the treasury for that amount. 

Hon. Henry C. Oldenberg was recommended to the governor 
as a member of the state forestry board to succeed himself on that 
board as representative of this society. On motion of Mr. 
Clarence Wedge, it was declared to be the sense of the board that 
another effort should be made to secure from the legislature this 
winter an appropriation for a horticultural building. 

The executive board decided to recommend to the society 
the following named persons for honorary life memberships: 
Martin Penning, H. J. Ludlow, Peter Clauson, John Penney, 
J. W. Murray, Miss Emma V. White, Mrs. Anna B. Underwood, 
Mrs. Jennie Stager. 

Adjourned sine die. 

J. M. Underwood, Chairman Executive Board. 
A. W. Latham, Secretary. 


Record of meeting held at West Hotel, Minneapolis, 12:30 
P. M., December 8, 1916. 

There were present at this meeting J. M. Underwood, 
Clarence Wedge, Thos. E. Cashman, LeRoy Cady, R. A. Wright, 
and A. W. Latham. : 

J. M. Underwood was elected chairman for the year 1917, 
and A. W. Latham was elected secretary at a salary of $1,800.00 
per annum. 

The salary of the treasurer was fixed at $25.00 per annum. 

The subject of interesting the boys and girls of the state 
in the formation of a Junior Horticultural Society being under 
consideration, it was finally decided to leave the matter, with 
authority to act, with the so-called local committee, consisting of 
R. A. Wright, LeRoy Cady, Ed Yanish and A. W. Latham. 

Adjourned sine die. 

J. M. Underwood, Chairman Executive Board. 
A. W. Latham, Secretary. 


510 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Record of meeting held in the secretary’s office at 8:00 
P. M., June 26, 1917. 

There were present at this meeting Thos. E. Cashman, Prof. 
LeRoy Cady, Clarence Wedge, Edward Yanish and Secretary 
Latham. 

The accounts of the secretary from December 1, 1916, to 
June 15, 1917, were examined and found correct, and an order - 
was drawn on the treasurer in his favor for the amount, 
$3,955.34. 

The secretary was instructed to secure a framed photo of 
the late L. R. Moyer to hang on the walls of his office. 

An appropriation of $95.75 was made for the Minnesota 
Forestry Association to cover the amount due from that society 
for membership fees in 1917. 

Adjourned sine die. 

Thos. E. Cashman, Chairman ex-tempore. 
A. W. Latham, Secretary. 


The Executive Board in 1916. 


J. M. UNDERWOOD, LAKE CITY, CHAIRMAN. 


The Executive Board has held four meetings during the year. 
Reports of three of these meetings will be found in the bound 
volumes of our report for the year 1916. The last meeting of 
the Board was held on Monday evening (December 3, 1916) of 
this week. Your attention is called to the action of the Board in 
the appointment of a committee on the grading and packing of 
apples for market, consisting of Messrs. Wedge, Andrews and 
Wright, report of which will appear later in our monthly. 

The Executive Board at its meeting Monday evening, passed 
a resolution commending the work that was done by the commit- 
tee on securing a home for the society two years ago, and recom- 
mended that the committee be continued and submit to the legis- 
lature a bill for an appropriation, similar to the one of two 
years ago. 

The splendid way in which our secretary has administered 
his office as usual leaves but little for the Executive Board to do, 
and we are glad to commend him for his faithful services. 


ANNUAL REPORT, 1916, VICE-PRESIDENT, SIXTH CONG. DIST. 511 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, Sixth Congressional 
District. 


MATH. TSCHIDA, ST. CLOUD. 


I sent out twenty-four letters to different fruit growers in 
my district, and received thirteen letters in reply. From these 
replies I compiled the following report: 

Apples were, in general, not up to a full crop. Some of the 
growers report a good to very good crop, especially of Wealthy, 
Duchess, Hibernal and Malinda. Other varieties did not do so 
well. Other growers report only half a crop down to ten per 
cent. Some expected a good crop, but the flowers dropped from 
the trees on account of the frequent cold rains. Crab apples 
were almost a failure. 

The plums have done much better than the apples. Quite 
a few reported a good to very good crop of plums. Some, how- 
ever, stated that the blossoms were injured, and as a result they 
picked only half a crop. One or two only reported a complete 
failure. 

It seems there are very few cherries grown in this district; 
and those that did report on them stated that the crop was a 
failure. Only two parties reported that they got a few cherries 
from their trees. 

On grapes five parties reported that the crop was good to 
very good, but only the early varieties ripened their fruit. One 
stated that the Delaware and Niagara were the best. Another 
reported a great crop from the Alpha, while tame varieties were 
generally pretty good, but that the Concord was the poorest. 
Eight parties reported “None.” 

Only three parties reported on blackberries, stating that 
they got a good yield from their bushes. The other ten did not 
report any. Raspberries have done very well in general. Most 
of the reports speak of good to very good crops. Only two par- 
ties stated “‘very few to one-third of a crop.” I have no raspberry 
plants myself. 

Strawberries are grown almost throughout the entire dis- 
trict, and indications are that most all growers picked a good 
to very good crop. One stated his strawberries gave him an ex- 
cellent yield this year. It seems there was no complete failure 
in strawberries this year. All got plenty of fruit. Only two 
parties reported on everbearing strawberries. One had a fine 
crop, the other a poor one. I am of the opinion that the ever- 


512 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


bearers are good, but they ought to be planted every spring anew, 
and as early as possible. 

It seems other fruits are not much grown in the district, 
as only one party reported a good crop of currants and goose- 
berries, while on the other hand another party had a poor crop. 
One stated that huckleberries and wonderberries did well at his 
place. I recommend the high-bush cranberries as a good bearer 
and it should be planted more generally. 

Quite a quantity of nursery stock, namely apples, plums, 
raspberries, strawberries and other fruit, was planted this year 
with satisfactory results. In general blight was not reported as 
having been very prevalent. Some, indeed, reported a little 
blight, which they overcame by cutting out the affected branches. 
Two, however, reported much blight in their orchards, which has 
done a great deal of injury to their trees. 

Very little spraying is done in our district. Three parties 
reported that they have sprayed their orchards seemingly with 
good results. The lime sulphur, copper sulphate and Bordeaux 
mixture were used. 

The majority of the reports indicate the trees and shrubs did 
not suffer from last winter’s cold, while a few indicated some 
injury to fruit trees, and one said that the trees were killed by 
frost. The conditions for wintering the trees safely are, in gen- 
eral, very good, and no injury is expected. 

Varieties of fruits recommended by growers are as follows: 
Apples: Duchess, Hibernal, Okabena, Peerless, Charlamoff, Pat- 
ten’s Greening, Wealthy. Plums: Cherry, Wolf, Stoddard, Forest 
Garden, De Soto, Surprise. Grapes: Beta, Janesville, Salters, 
Niagara, Moore’s Diamond, and Alpha. 

For shrubs and flowers the following are mentioned: Phlox, 
petunia, peony, lilies, oriental poppies, pinks and many others. 
Then also, hydrangeas, lilacs, syringas, spireas, snowballs, car- 
agana and golden leaved elderberries. Generally speaking, 
orcharding was not very profitable this year. 


ANNUAL REPORT, 1916, VICE-PRESIDENT, SEVENTH CONG. DIST. 513 


Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President, a Congressional 
District. 


G. A. ANDERSON, RENVILLE. 


Of the twenty-five circulars sent out to different parts of my 
district, some being sent into every county, seventeen replies were 
received, which is considered good. On an average there has 
been about one-half crop of apples, some reporting less and others 
more. Considering that last year we had in some counties of the 
district a very large crop, this year was our off year for apples. 
The writer harvested last year over 1,200 bushels and this year 
about 500 bushels. ' 

I believe that the upper Minnesota Valley is demonstrating 
that it is just as sure of a good crop of apples if not more so than 
parts of the state that are considered fruit centers. From infor- 
mation received I understand some of those soc-alled favored 
_ localities had a light crop, both last year and this year. 

Apple trees are going into winter in good condition, with 
plenty of moisture in most places in the district, and an abun- 
dance of fruit buds for next year. The varieties recommended 
by the society are all doing well, the majority placing Wealthy 
and Duchess at the head of list. Prices for apples were very | 
good during the season with a few exceptions. 

The plum crop was light and some rot reported. Out of a 
dozen varieties grown by the writer, the Terry was the only one 
producing a full crop. The Opata and Sapa set a full crop, but 
at least one-half rotted before ripe. These varieties are excellent 
for canning purposes, not being so acid as most of our American 
varieties. Compass Cherry as usual rotted badly. Very few 
cherries, grapes and blackberries are grown in this district. The 
writer had some very nice Concord, Worden and Delaware grapes 
that ripened nicely. 

Raspberries and strawberries were fair to good, the south- 
western part of the district reporting drought reducing crops. 
My part of the district had an excess of moisture during the 
entire Summer season. 

A small amount of nursery stock was planted, but with good 
' results, as the season was favorable for starting growth. With 
a few exceptions there has been no blight to speak of. Very little 
spraying has been done, but it is evident that more will have to 
be done if we are to raise marketable fruit, as scab especially 
was very bad this season, also some blotch. The writer sprayed 


514 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


twice this season with soluble sulphur and arsenate of lead, but 
did not get good results, due perhaps to excessive rainfall during 
the time of spraying. There is danger of burning foliage where 
the soluble sulphur is used in connection with arsenate of lead. 
I had far better results last year with two sprayings of Bordeaux - 
and arsenate of lead. 

No injury resulted to trees or shrubs last winter, although we 
had some low temperatures, but there was an abundance of snow, 
and wood was well ripened, which accounts for no injury. Trees 
and plants are going into winter in good condition with plenty of 
moisture, except a few reporting ground rather dry. 

List of fruits and ornamentals recommended by society are 
generally favored by all reporting, but few report growing any 
shrubs or flowers. This is a mistake as we have an abundance 
of hardy varieties to select from, and with a little extra care in 
covering choice roses can be grown. Of perennials we have the 
peonies, iris, phlox, lily of the valley and others that are very 
easy to grow. The writer has on his lawn an abundance of differ- 
ent shrubs, also peonies, iris, phlox, tulips, cannas, gladiolus and 
several varieties of choice roses. There is nothing that adds more 
to beautify a home than flowers. So when doing our planting let 
us not forget to plant some flowers even though they return noth- 
ing financially. 


AMENDMENTS TO ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. 515 


Amendments to Articles of Incorporation of the Minnesota 
State Horticultural Society. 


The Articles of Incorporation of the Minnesota State Horti- 
cultural Society are amended to read as follows: 


Any person may become an annual member of this society 
by paying to its secretary the annual fee of $1.00, or a life mem- 
ber by paying $10.00; except that members of local horticultural 
societies whose annual fee is $1.00 or more may unite in a body 
by the payment of twenty-five cents per capita, where the mem- 
bership is from ten to twenty-five, or fifty cents where the mem- 
bership is twenty-five or more. 


_ The officers of this society shall be as follows: a president, 
one vice president from each congressional district, a secretary, 
a treasurer, a librarian and an executive board of six, all of 
whom shall be elected at the annual meeting of the society, ex- 
cept the librarian and the secretary, who shall be elected annually 
by the executive board. The president and secretary shall be, 
ex officio, members of the executive board. The secretary shall 
be, ex officio, librarian. All the above officers shall hold their 
office for one year, except the members of the executive board, 
who shall hold their office for three years, two members to be 
elected at each annual meeting. 


The annual meeting of the society shall be held on the first 
Tuesday in December. 


Anything in the said articles of incorporation inconsistent 
with the above amendments is hereby repealed. 


J. M. UNDERWOOD, Pres. 
Attest, A. W. LATHAM, Secy. 


State of Minnesota, County of Ramsey, ss. 


On this 15th day of February, A. D. 1895, before me, a 
notary public within and for said county, personally appeared 
J. M. Underwood, president of the Minnesota State Horticultural 
Society, who being duly sworn deposes and says that on the 12th 
day of January, A. D. 1895, the Minnesota State Horticultural 
Society, being in annual session, adopted by a two-thirds major- 
ity a resolution to amend the articles of incorporation of said 
society, in conformity with a new consttiution that day adopted, 
which amendments are hereto annexed. 

J. J. LOMEN, 


Notary Public Ramsey County, Minn. 
J. M. UNDERWOOD. ; 
President Minnesota State Horticultural Society. 


A. W. LATHAM, 
Secretary. 


516 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Additions to Society Library in 1917. 


Case. 
*Twelve Volumes—Methods and Discoveries. Luther Burbank 49 
Game and Fish Commissioner of Minn., Bien. Rep. 1916...... 48 
Apple ip Canada, The: W.:T. Maeoun .3i000..0 5 os eos tebe 48 
The Story of the Soil. Cyril G. Hopkiis, .. 2.0... 2S cae 48 
Wyoming State Board of Horticulture, Bien. Rep. 1915-16.... 48 
N. H. Horticultural Society, An. Rep:; 1900)... 05. cee aoe 48 
N. H. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1910.................. 48 
N. H. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1912.................. 48 
N. H. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1918................2% 48 
N: H.. Horticultural Society,An: Rep., 1914..024:0... 2. ote 48 
N: H. Horticultural: Society,;An. Rep., 1915. ...0.. 0.4. uoseeeee 48 
Ont;Eruit Growers’ Association 1915 4.42% sess ae ene 48 
N. '¥. Botanical Garden : 7... Gace: sie ee mee 3 hath a eee 48 
Va, Horticultural Society, Ans-Rep.)-39160... 34), Jk ioe eee 48 
Northern Nut Growers’ Association, An. Meeting, 1916...... 48 
Ont. Vegetable Growers’ Association, 1916.................. 48 
Ni J... Horticultural. Society; An. Rep., 1916...:.../.0.. 222. cee 48 
Nebraska Horticulture; VOLT is adck ae oh Wes, Wop eink. ren ee 48 
Nova Scotia Fruit Growers’ Association, An. Rep., 1917...... 48 
Wiseonsin Horticulture, 1912-1983). ovo. occ). s eae - ee 1 
Wisconsin Horticulture, 1913-1916.............. Cavey al ae 1 
Ill. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1916.................-.- 48 
Man. Horticultural and Forestry Association, 1916........... 48 
Ont. Horticultural. Society, An. ‘Rep:, 1916.0... s..02 5.0 oe Mae 48 
Mass. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., Pt. 2, 1916............ 48 
Mont. State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1915............ 48 
Mont. State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1916............ 48 
Minn. State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1916............ 44 
Oregon State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1916.......... 48 
Md. Agricultural Society, Vol. 1, An. Rep., 1916............. 48 
S. D. State Horticultural Society, An. Repy, Lote: to. aceee 48 
Mich. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1915................. 48 
Quebec Pomological and Fruit Growing Society, An. Rep., 1916 48 
Mass. Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1917, Pt. 1............ 48 
Ohio State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1917............. 48 
Minn. State Entomologist, Rep. 1915, 1916. .2....5 0.0. .eodas 48 
Pa. State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1917.............. 48 
American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists, An. Rep., 
PONG. .25 BR as Bee DO eR. Lek ed 5 oe 48 
Putnam’s Garden Handbook. Mae Savell Croy.............. 48 
Modern Propagation of Tree Fruits. B.S. Brown........... 48 
Nebr. State Horticultural Society, An. Rep., 1916............ 48 
Putnam’s Household Handbook. Mae Savell Croy............ 48 


U;.S, Dept..of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1916). : sine cia 48 


MEMBERSHIP, 1917. 


List of Annual Members Who are Voters in the Society. 


The following list contains the names of those who are annual members for 1917 and have 


also been members for one or more immediately preceding consecutive years. 
requires three years’ consecutive membership to entitle to vote. 


Our constitution 
Members whose names are in 


this list may vote at the 1917 annual meeting after payment of the annual fee for 1918. 


SNORE MRMCRESE Fe (ooo 5: c\zeis\n\ai 0 sso .0.0 mraoisineia.aia Newport 
AUsbObiar ees AL wc. 487 Ashland, St., St. Paul 
Pe Fs. io. cls ois r0 a0 6 pis\e Sio'e' oi Newpert 
AOR S Gets. .0s0s. 3310 Winonah Pl, Mpls. 
Abbott, Mrs. A. W...221 Clifton Ave., Mpls. 
PM EEASOT yy EG. Ola. oi ea ciss vc eeens Lafayette 
RE MRC IRAE UAV Y) SOT) 2 05 5 0.» voile ss:'0\0)'\clieyele sin wi eiale 

{2 SESS ees 680 White Bear Ave., St. Paul 
AOS ne | New Prague 
Adams, Chas. W....... 3212 Minnehaha, Mpls. 
ese CAIDELL. 2.5). 0/00e vi eciewieisees Hutchinson 
REMMEIMMERL GUN Wx. c.'9 (aia. 515 <\a\e's oreieg 8 el yeicieis’ela « Morris 
MEUESEEREC ODS | LES 5 ot2.0;0,0,0,6 =.n:e ois vines aiele Grand Rapids 
MMPMMURIN CSE MOG CANS). x5 o.c:u wi sinis, so: ecelciels o's eielcis'e of Capas 
RENT oN. 5.2) c's in a te\a'e sivinle-n 9, e1ginialeielevaje ste Ulen 
ot). BRET eee eee New Auburn 
Allison, Prof. J. H....Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
PUMPMAN | ER are'a ay e.c ae ate es s1a.ea'eits Paynesville 
Aiden, Fi. M.......... Missable Ave., Virginia 
Albrecht, O. E...... 6th & Minn. Sts., St. Paul 
Aldrich, C. D...... 701 Kenwood Pkwy., Mpls. 
POLAR VALDES IES x cies Sieceia lo wreis i coole utminicleie.s 0.0 Wells 
Os 3 Sd oe 1912 3rd Ave. So., Mpls. 
MoBeS es WE TANK. ||. sce c 06 ode one Sta. F, Mpls. 
Ammand, Ernest........ 2812 Polk St., Mpls. 
Anderson, Louis ............... R. 1, Gladstone 


Anderson., J. C. B., 
1285 Portland Ave., St. Paul 


Anderson, Alex. P....Tower View, Red Wing 


Andrew, Harry........ 5827 Lyndale So., Mpls. 
Anderson, Richard............ R. 4, . Northfield 
Anderson, J. E.......... R. 5, Box 35, Hector 
Anderson, Andy..935 Cherokee Ave., St. Paul 
JS GEG oS") Mitchell, S. Dak. 
RPRCIMPE EE UORTO Ear) \coc.c. clainle's s.0,0ic<oln\e s.aivie he Blackduck 
Anderson, Axel...... Hotel Leamington, Mpls. 
Amdnrews, Gen. C. C.....:.:5. Capitol, St. Paul 
Anderson, Miss Deborah. .627 17th St. E., Mpls. 
Amaerson, JObn< W....... 00.850) eR. 3, Cokato 
Maen REN UERET Veter oc Foc {a's injrein)sieiein e/e\ersie\s abe ovele Faribault 
Anderson, S. A....... 3801 Dupont No., Mpls. 
RMNEMMEE RIES EES TIS LE 5 (2 sasahers s,s isa aisiacsieieyeielere Lake City 
Anderson, Frank H...2905 Fremont So., Mpls. 
LISS a TS A Se ee ge Bemidji 
DARNTAPEOOTIMEPNCRE |. 1 55) a1, do o:0:0'0'n 10/0 <|ais aialaie oleisie's Dunnell 
Amderson, Henry . ......5...0ceees Lake Wilson 
EET EMM TSR SO). 5-20, >, join, csescls)sivleyele, exe etovea'e Xs iNvaya 
esti taieee 522 York St. So., Wheeling, W. Va. 
Anderson, Wm. ...1540 Kirwin Ave., St. Paul 
IMNNRNEABESEYTARDNEN SS Ea io's Gicle s:a,0icistn.e/s\eis,6\e1e-cr8 Elbow Lake 
AN RRI TEES Se Oye AV od a vei pse.'ela cle\ e's 0 (els veidie.eie.e(ers anby 
NMTRERRISENEL STV EN SES S21 sh 2!0,0, 01s) s:s:0:0,0 90 siesa afeishelolere.a0'e Nevis 
AIRMEN 6 AG 21 5 Y0/9,0/e oc: a ossa, Si a.e e/e:disi0)0'0 b niles Benson 
PMPICaT RTS) PEN 3 'a) n'a ata ele) disie @velo\sye «/«\ «ls aleeie Savage 
emer VETS. | ITSTION.... 0. - ciciecicjescisiececiee Savage 
PITTI OT? SUNIL | a e's 0.0m viejo.n 0 0.5 010.6 nine. siéielnje 
ANGE ae 324 New York Life Bldg., Mpls. 
L200. OU NC Dl Oe SECC R. 1, Milaca 
PARTE CHASE. ohi:c.ch.s:06ls elie ects 5 0% R. 1, Hopkins 
LN As 00 Oe 15 Carlyle Ave., Duluth 


Atwood, H. J....1941 Waverly Ave., Duluth 
TNMEC TIO PDAS S, © ocelos « Muvaictels wosyale aie @i salara,ele Mapleton 
Abnerton, Mrs. Isabella cece eccis soe Newport 


Ante I SOMOL GG ia\aciett eles sale miwietatotistared orote Underwood 
Amrstin, Miss), Miary. clic sscro:e//sreiste ata .aicie’si=! aoteisraele 
ih eda stale nie 6 ave.e ie enve 503 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth 
ANIStimy iO} eA. "Saeieism ctenctersisterstevanets MeVille, N. D- 
VAgITIe D! ADE ay gic iescte sais s\elaveictal dele wala qoisine Glenwood 
ASversy.s > Minss\GEbe) Bia ciciiessoetsaisie's See waete’s Excelsior 
Aryerss\ HAL Be wae sek tiem oe veces > gtttee Kimberly 
Batleys...do, eVINCent H.'s J: ssaaieintoiete oie classe cine 
Mudeiwteadclontas cee Dayton Bluff Sta., St. Paul 
ATER ie ac tees tise wes os Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. 
Baalsorts EUs MBN a hts cltis o/o sce sists wthsoistanjamtane’s Brooten 
Baelien sean © Hee. cictheicactan sec niles Rothsay 
Baillite,} Cs Heese ciweces wes Sta. F, R. 1, Mpls. 
Bagley, Mrs. Horace............ Towner, N. D. 
PS He AMEN Ge pwelaaarercisterraeere etree More tretiae Hastings 
Babeock, wMrse cde Bsacesiisis slenes ont ocke Belgrade 
Baldwin, > Ee tisedoanetisewaceteese tes Northfield 
Baker, H. F...4629 Lake Harriet Blvd., Mpls. 
IBameys Gales) Wien ai cise sole slmleisiecinia sot oslemiers Blackduck 
Bakers diehr OWriss «aici cic saa R. 3, Maynard 
amen sher, play Clactemie oc lersia eteuste ele iodeirs Stillwater 
jepapeh eyes YY Lae [Snel ON SRR SM nrrtocrining rac boo Mora 
Bakery Berti Stade elieicters vrs Hoosick Falls, N. Y. 


Bamford, Geo. J..1703 Sheridan Ave., St. Paul 
Baker Miss tdat tA. tz sachs asieres ee alee hemi tales 


Gee atrelrenaeia 4629 Lake Harriet Blvd., Mpls. 
pales reales Vist lremils ele cles oe'eleleleies=' Hyannis, Neb. 
IS IGTER PS tosh IL ee ROAM roccuotde Montrose 
Bartram, Mrs: ©. iS... 2.60. R. 1, White Bear 
Barnes, <d2) Uise.js-.< 2 705 Oneida Bldk., Mpls. 
ERTL ES duel bet Es oe telas ec ctaeisisioteie'sis. cna sen are Tamarack 
Barier:) WErS. 0S.) Bisccsceces snc R. 3, Excelsior 
RARE ele Bla be ale inielels erace/cieiarereialareteitcale Excelsior 
Bartholomew, O. A., Jr...120 5th St. So., Mpls. 
Bartlett, Miss E. A.........+80: R. 2, Hopkins 
Bartholomew, RB. Va. ..c.cscccnenccevcecesemaie 

a Gaieeee ae Sta. F, R. 1, Nicollet Ave., Mpls. 
Barrett, Miss Alice...........0.seeseereeseese 

Sarsieinieeers ets Humbolt Ave. & 28th St., Mpls. 
Bardwell Hired! Wises -eicje sims cismielens:s » Excelsior 


Barrows, Walter A., Jr....Hokendauqua, Pa. 
Bartholomey, E. A...705 Germain St., St. Paul 


eauhes Wa hWWiky caste deistaveteto,aielayattiorsfetelaeiebereralers Stockton 
Batho,, Geos eaten o ss cleicailanje sajosisie™ snp ste peays 
AGS etoer 406 Maryland St. Winnipeg, Man. 
Baxter, Hector........ 4200 Park Blvd., Mpls. 
Bazille, Es W......-.- 605 Carroll St., St. Paul 
Bawman, F. J..802 Edmund Ave. So., St. Paul 
Bawman, Mrs. J. N........--2-s00e08: Bricelyn 
Bawmans Wiad adit cess sic seis wel «ole letere Hayfield 
Bathke, Fred........ 496 Aurora Ave., St. Paul 
Bass, Mrs. G. Willis....1811 Bryant No., Mpls. 
Payee decd ceiaieis deleleresaies sie) tars ietstale Grand Marais 
RGR Tey IW creole ic olersiet«.ns1= «\s\nirsnlsipistaislsiaisiealo ie Hopkins 
Becker, BH. W.....cccccceccdetesecusere Excelsior 
BCCKET, allan (Ora « sislet sfaton slele oit\e 6isjtivieieicias sh aie Adrian 
ES UR Be ad orctcterain asssbys leis ojo shi stale sleidyp e'slelaval<inis Winona 
Beatty tlie piE aslo ose’ s.r /e'e oso, pisinim aieis arapalelsisiepesei Orr 
PROMS! PV inp Dia ele ereitieselsje, elelajels'ssinelaisseis Inkster, N. D. 
Beise, Geo. W.....scccerescceeensceeceens Morris 
Beekman, J. F...... 310 Webster Ave., St. Paul 


(517) 


518 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Behrens; PW oi Ls ct oes een New Richmond, Wis. Brewer, oly GCs: .mie.tsschanineun nace St. Charles 
Bee nal eV eee le ogissioca cis eae eeran conn nee Wayzata Breide;” Fired sac. . dewas ava eee Deer River 
Bechtel, Esler R........ 125 Cedar St., Hibbing Brown, “Prank "ty... euch. eee Paynesville 
Belzer) s Biv Lis sjncitcceu es cisisishicns Glasgow, Mont. Brown, Mrs. G. T...646 Hague Ave., St. Paul 
Berthelsons “Christ “sass Albert Lea “Brobere, Peter s.a.dc-.sen.eave sae New London 
Berglund; Robt. sas deseaseenore sche Kensington Broman,. “Avg: os 3: «vettea se ee Atwater 
Bend Ce Mss. ss cic sic erovee tae te atenia’s «sole os blarlns Brunkow, . "Chas,, YA\s,5, en see Delano 
Sat oe Merchants’ Nat. Bk. Bldg., St. Paul Brown, AUg. (oi .0 21s ese oes» ofa taehesen ee ET 
Beran: (Otol. as.4 ede oboe ree Grand Rapids Broden; Gust. Aj i5...4, cps eee Murdock 
Benner; “TW. ci cecsdee ones «. North St. Paul Brown, H;As.n../52 55+ besa eee Brownsdale 
Bergstrand, H....915 Lawson St. E., St. Paul Bruns,, Henry. ...d:2s.4 see ene ee Excelsior 
Benson. ANGre we dhs tee ecto seen Jackson Brooks; W/.. Wis tcitscs occ onto terete Long Prairie 
Bergreen; sWeslien) secs. ss. oaceace cee. Clarkfield Brosen; | Olo£ .5\jc}..s02 «e141. oe 2 eee Willmar 
Bender; JLowis. Sete tien vane seen came ns Wheaton Brodalen,, He WA.. cose eccmneee Pelican Rapids 
iBerdabily Are SAG Ae tek ccleaner Gemmell Brown, .Clarence. Z./2.c).). 0-1 ce see peer 
Benjamin, MMi. We 00 so). vec wero wee cave Eigtchinson™ | ver cees wee eat 610 N. Y. Life Bldg., Minneapolis 
Bethke. WA Les crapiacis «spate cae noone Franklin Brown, Mrs. (Gs (Wide. eee St. Louis Park 
Betchwards wr ranks !s . .\c'ccicevesutek tena Jordan Broman,, -Axel * .4 0. « css ¥ > aiken Milaca 
IBESSEEEGS TE vWf ine cithetre cd wiv eietn dg See Rana eto Orr Brodalen,, ‘Gs, (Awe ssc: oso seeeeee Ottosen, Ia. 
estes WG ee alarriya crhe wis stats aoa bee Faribault Brumpton, Wm., 22% .s2. see od eee Shevlin 
AS ACCS ele PEM oon oe om oe ial cee tes oe eee Brown, Rev.:Geo: Wi... i.sj.- 2s seem Wilson, Wis. 
ieteeulers 710° Somerset Blk., Winnipeg, Man. Brown, Clarence, J. |. <j:..<0: samo seein 
Bauer. Pidward) | «4.25.05: sateen ae oft Onamiacal Leste > were 629 Sec. Bk. Bldg., Minneapolis 
Bayly, Mrs. J. W., 2419 E. 2nd St. Duluth Brown,, Mrs. ds 0Binnssun. 2412 Garfield, Mpls. 
Biermann. Henry Vsutteeose cee capes ae Glencoe Bugbie,.2 Av iB... css4 Seu een Paynesville 
IBiekerts We cdlndenes sh sowie Washburn, N. D. Buehler, John G..434 Main St. N. E., Mpls. 
Biggs, S. Elizabeth T........ Fairmont,. N. D. Bucholg",Augist. orc ese senent R. A., Anoka 
IBIXDy; p Elen ry, NS ss eacy.c siiedeneiesisnere Richville Bull, Geo. N...4116 8th St. W., Calgary, Can. 
Bill, Ambrose. .984 Gorman Ave. W., St. Paul Buol;: Peter) «oi. .'i sie 6-0 slerdaie ie eee Wabasha 
RIOUN DELO. Grd Mas sae ciclo ee ea ni aad eke Willmar Buckeye, di) 3s oes sie son os eean eee Lakefield 
BOSHNALGY SELGPMAt: = Ssmiite chotae eee Moorhead Burow;, -Wer, Pues. icici visors lccorlelete reams La Crescent 
BoardmanweMrs; His wAti.. Jae «iesats tebt sites deniae Burns, « Marks sc: « oe» vista ee Cass Lake 
4852 Soh anatoo EEE 589 Lineoln Ave., St. Paul Burns, Chris ....c00.0.05.+eeerese se seees BEMMGTE 
Bollmann «Paral, tvs varyaaeteyatte tee Balaton Burquist;. A. Bit ccc.e tee deate sees Lindstrom 
Bolines palin, FAY sean doce tae Be ee Clarissa Burnetinc OhiMs. 502 ie te Torrey Bldg., Duluth 
Boe ns Herd vp sos-c sete: sce or Tea Soe Lansing Burch, Edward. P...... 1729 James So., Mpls. 
BOCK DONT 4.5 </araccpate sroats onsite co oe Wabasso Burch, Frank E., 754 Linwood Pl., St. Paul 
Bongie, Louis ........ Bradley St. Sta., St. Paul Bussey, Dye 1814 Hamlin Ave. S. E., Mpls. 
Boer gine eo Weue JEL... cere steseicis:<te)sioe cision eee Busch, Benard. w+. sess'ivesie. eee 
eben tels Mak aeeie eg eee 1423 Emerson No., Mpls. ...s.+.-Lyndale Ave. So. & 50th St., Mpls. 
Bondeson WIM ew acnind cones Walnut Grove Buth & Co., W. F...298 Univ. Ave. St. Paul 
Bodreen, Chas. J.............+:- R. 1, Stillwater Butterfield, Hid a. ste - a. nee cise Long Lake 
Bottenmiller,) Diy, SH. seashore oee-Gcsee eee Bertha Bates: Chas: Mes. tako. ieee emcee R. 4, Jackson 
latorats enrich 7d sot nis anton dacaaneomcuanAcns Storden Byrnes, Dr. W. J..... Masonic Temple, Mpls. 
Borresech, Rev. Father........:..2.... Caledonia Boyer Mie wot ote ncclatoniers cia nte mieyeeeta ene New Brighton 
IB Yoh dabhol eel seid Mean ean cine Gea neat R. 2, Echo Bye, 5 cnclved «ie hia tors ote hee ete New Brighton 
Bonan, A.......2018 Superior St. W., Duluth Byrne; Mrs.) M... E.. 2 chen pme  2 vemieetentraaia ae 
BOOTIE tree Mae coe cists sia aso eebe cea er RS ose | a ORE mete 4 6544 Lafayette Ave., Chicago 
..Care Chase Bros. Co.,Rochester, N. Y. 
Boothe Vai wrest s bv sees ctoin cates Eagle Bend 
BornsTO lorGiine.6cceanis scetene a nents So. St. Paul Cairns, Miss Gertrude M...... Ellsworth, Wis. 
Bowman, Dr. F. C., 119 6th Ave. W.,. Duluth Gant: i WiwAcicetens sinensis 1231 3rd St. ES Duluth 
Boyington, Mrs). Re) Peon ote Nemadji Campbell, BMIRS 22.4. Reon iene Excelsior 
Bowen, Walter S..... 347 Wabasha St., St. Paul Canniff, Mrs. Laura J......-....+++ssseeees 
Boysense Pi. MB iackze tens cess een Steanw ll; tkteatnss 185 Brompton St. W., W. St. Paul 
Bozjay evs) Warleent.ate.toone fo eee Morgan Canning, - Richard....Orchard Gardens, Mpls. 
Boyd) sMontellesMessa.e: ene eeeee Stephen | Cadoo, H. T...988 Corman Ave. W., St. Paul 
Boygim liver GA trcatctee ee ete Northfield Cadwell, B. D:......:.2.1..- Box 295, Hastings 
Bourduas, Albert....1059 Crowell St., St. Paul Cady, BE. M...... se eee ee eee ence reese Lewiston 
BGVSen SDP OP esto taeacetee Pelican Rapids Campbell, Mrs. H. A.....55 4th St. E., St. Paul 
Boyd SBVION! | os ihe nce oenecatuce Long Prairie Carlson, C.. He... eee ce eee eee e ese eeeees Fertile 
BAI Ge OA ets ticealcanatoheters oom toes ee Erskine Garnien, “Ge. .Acuica. ose an vs Hankinson, N. D. 
Brand, QA Mi sancedcehios chatatetece ob ari ball Carlson, AmGs (i. 5 5.-\<:.:0 cre osreeaine Grandy 
Bradrud ss “Albert.:.3:02--seenseeees Spring Valley Carlson 2G.) AW a iadicsijote sive teil woeeeee Mound 
Braden,. Mrs. Chas. 'E...)....s0csecse0s Excelsior | Carpenter, F. H....... 121 Franklin W., Mpls. 
Bradley, > Geos, Wdicatiiesc ce cows sercemtedee ok Norwood Garnahan,. sEio) denice sce s eeciclolaictcteltens Longville 
iBradleys, Wis 24.0. pentheee Millarton, N. D. Carlson, Mrs. Wm., 6005 London Rd., Duluth 
Bradbury, W. W..... 1724 E. 8rd St., Duluth Carpenter, M. B..... Hotel Aberdeen, St. Paul 
Brabenzt vW.en Besse eet 915 8rd Ave. So., Mpls. Garison, Peters. scone erieeriaseheaee Mohall, N. D. 
IBFevie; ACI. aes tiotcr sede cravat nT ae Starbuck Carlson, J. A....... 3410 18th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Brives, es We oi'sanees% snes? ac eet ee Sanborn Carlson, Axel..Manhattan Bldg., Fergus Falls 
IBrigsen Gears Asc. sa ese taoteee eee St. Peter Carvertidnccnee ccke 2412 17th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Bretven: Wonnt: iss sscaar occu soo eae Lake City Carlson, G. GC. os .e sects eee e eens reer eeerees Tower 
PEW Os Litas sare Voter else cateieanivela dare Starbuck Catlin, T. J., M.D...-...-..++++2+ss -.-Palisade 
Breyer, Ps: P sncnssere ds 3318 4th St. No., Mpls. GaSe W reece Editeyapeichevoloteieloieiniers New Lisbon, ies 
Brierley, Prof. W. G..... Univ. Farm, St. Paul Cases is Stace Mer. Nat. Bk. Bldg., St. Pau 
Bren Wariiel ysis dsc cs oo etaw' a Vedas a eeads Hopkins Gecil Pan VEE saree Gen. Del., McKeesport, Pa. 
Brens, REV 1 Wl OS¢-s\asiss ais sviclanretelel mers cuinears Hopkins Charlson,) (Go irecibisaies at tom nels som oot Dennison 
Breening > ELS C.toeiccreriabcetweleie:s Sctetae iste Balaton Chapman, HH. H.......eeee see ee esse e ens tecees 
Bremer: -WGesliess 25. ds eects sont Cannon Walls.) lhe, i lenteste ns 860 Prospect St., New Haven, Conn. 


LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 519 


Ghamberlain,. V. M.........s.00- Spring Valley Crookes viens. John aSitaes tence. eaccs seven 
Pi KON NT OHASS oi oe. eats bs bie vide loc ches erheve biota) 1 Orly EL) ARE ee a ae 1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul 
MURIEL PI aN otters ae eiscessa'a 0.0 e aie pero ere me Dent Crooks, John S..1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul 
Col yal Ga Ge OP Ce eee ae Mound Gazer a ise AS s <2 pets Seta tal Meats tas: scala weerele 
DIRE PLAII ce Wa Gio bie iiss s + oiaeciee bins Alberie Aue, i” —ayesc cae Univ. Ave. & 13th St. S. E., Mpls. 
OUT OVT Try en Of OR ee Redwood Falls GIRS a actretareie eee ne st cleaner Carnegie, Man. 
Reali, LOUIS IM... 2... aecc0c ncgie se ansleee GUtler Ae LOW ohh s o2%s « cunie'sin inte ofelbro mateo wee whe Glencoe 
a MER Rite’ 0' aces jure 54th St. & Pillsbury, Mpls Curran, Dro Bl .:.... 2612 13th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Chamber of Commerce................. Brainerd Cushing, Luther S................ Osceola, Wis. 
Giharstonherson, K.' Ou... 0. eee eiele s Zumbrota 
ee erson, Christ ane! Camden, PIl., Mpls. 
erney, J. W...Winsilow & Arion Sts., Mpls. 1 (Dh T has Dake en et I es Pa Atwate 
Chrudinsky, Mrs. Robt. J............. Lakewood Danten, 0 E. RR i Oo inate Ee Albert oe 
(Unik: VN 2 Lette nsec eens Gilbert DA US Aer nce IRE cesi c35 ts IM Chisago City 
Cheyney, Prof. E. G....... Univ. Farm, St. Paul Wales Oh Gee et She eric. Sega on soo Madison 
Chute, L. P........ 7 Univ. Ave. N. E., Mpls. Dahtheimers Mrank 5.695. «es Geese aes Anoka 
Christman, W. F...... 3804 5th Ave. So., Mpls. | Dadant, H. C........0....ceeeeees Hamilton, Ill. 
Christenson, Christ............ R. 3, Albert Lea Teer. WY eee Sak ue een coe R. 1, Wayzata 
Chermack, W. R.............++++00s005: Hopkins TMG ist Gln AS, eee ce tae ae ae, each ete Popple 
Cherveny, John J......-.......0++. Wimmera, |< Tah! Wiis: AQ, Oss cvaihs seeds ts agomtsoien ee 
Chelmen, PUM aveiaicet sciv.ce eee es Géeorsevillens.: “tie Fe sa Ne 490 4th St. W., Superior, Wis. 
WlrrrcrensOnty ©.) Gite vi viesccs cee esate vate Deerwood Day Stephens Es tarccsonc ies od naaee Northfield 
Chemak, Otto..........--.....++. R. 1, Hopkins Davison eA ET oe Maps inches be ee 
Chirstensen, M...951 Goff Ave., W. St. Paul | agen 1324 9th St. E., Des Moines, Ia. 
Christensen, Aug. .....:.......+.... Little Falls Darlingr. Drs (Cs nklssony snccrsnets tosses 
Christy Color Printing & Eng. Co......--.-. | ee. 697 Endicott Areade, St. Paul 
2205p OOO 179 St. Paul St., Rochester, N. Y. Darrow. Geos os thce wt wore taceleetaane 
(Crenisy @ 0M 0h Blooming Prairie Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. 
UT atl PA Br Storm Lake, Ia. ID aVeEMMO nt. = AV cect vieretayslclerstty sb ietavdisye ietepes at Dennison 
Cleator, Frederic W............ Republic, Wash. Ipyeihtae,  \ifeg ieee we A Base ne oapece cee Cannon Falls 
Cleveland, Henry.............. City Hall, Duluth 1 DYstel ian PSS Or Seca o ie Sree DoE eOme aE ore Austin 
Miscenaeiirs: Peter... :.1... 600.0005 Maple Plain De Mons, MR dteccas ss oue tem etaliidaye) INES 
Cleator, W. P....1400 Wash. Ave. N., Mpls. De WWorestare Gee pt se siecheertccscl telomerase Owatonna 
Orinicies.s AL Y......: Box 237, White Bear Deighton, C. H., 902 Wolvin Bidg., Duluth 
(CUPS Spy Oita 0 Lena Redwood Falls Deatherace) Mrs, -Robt.;. 2.25.21 octe es ceceeiel 
MEAIEL MEISEL We cteicicicirisss Sees teu dee fave Ge SPaITIE® |e astaiice siete sien eels s 2428 Portland Ave., Mpls. 
Clark, Geo. 'S. oo... 27 5th Ave. So., St. Cloud Deebach, Herman....138 4th St. E., St. Paul 
Rlementie Gs (Co. v. se uccen ce cases Mosier, Oregon Deebach, E. A..... ‘Dayton Bluff Sta., St. Paul 
Reet teem T MBE pieces tele c bisrrie ce sicee.e'v sme cis oe Pine Island De Lameter, Mrs. J.....0. 6352.0 Maple Plain 
LOU Ro WGA] ee 2110 Bryant So. Mpls. Derieckson, G. P..238 Franklin Ave. W., Mpls. 
Cig lin ee AACR 5 Cae Inkster, N. D. IDE REE ee Ed CRS Oaeringtcae nice cope 0 Bemidji 
NUTINASE ATCC MANY INST rs, 5s0vcle cases. eiole.cisiess o'sia o's's Hopkins Wester) mvs Wide easy opaerstaler spate ciara ebetstepetele Mound 
(Graleuiminy CC ih] a eee Excelsior Devore, F. J..... 972 Robert St. So., St. Paul 
Congdon, John S...... R. 5, Fort Collins, Colo. AD Wei datslieaae OU eRe aeb oot ameerts cooon bea Victoria 
Coffin, E. C.........:2449 Garfield Ave., Mpls. Ditibenner, wks, Crore asectas setae st Sleepy Eye 
CSyaV Eis, | VIN AITLIN Coe il 2 Ie Rn ea Dickenson tye Oyen wee eas Slee nares aite ersiane Anoka 
Berra yn ausrdles 1505 Shady Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. DixouwJas Ken. ste eda. bseNO vst haul 
Momrag ee iMande [WA ce ois ceies ss eis Sass Montevideo Dil S ae ebere. On aeeere sto calves seehel svels: est srs Dassel 
Manscdon wd. Wi... 20.0. 0s. 2620 Blaisdell, Mpls. Dikexstlentry Be). Mela... Hotel Berkeley, Mpls. 
Mi MEST TIAN Gr ES. co eieve tisiale s.c ove olv.e.o's R. 6, St. Cloud Digi en GUS eee etic seileaicases/= Augusta, Wis. 
GOA GLOVED fae. eo doce cee Eufaula, Ala. Wyrlneuries (Asse Ge ciara ctaier ere wirereres= ats Newell, S. D. 
Gila. 2 UA eee Enfield, N. H. Diekey,. Mrs.. G. H.........---+- Esmond, N. D. 
(So La tuiia.., (10)) 7. ae eee R. 2, Aitkin Dist. Inspector of Forest Reserve.......-.-- 
Constance, Geo. I.......... @iimaenkamds ye WAS |e eee oteveielcs ste 2 ete tasater cco lo/ wish eaepaieleles= arate Winnipeg, Man. 
Copme Bet Re se... 175 Winona St. E., Duluth IO mil J Nileieno gna GbabecopobeoadlfS St. Bonifacius 
(O16 20) A 0 Bee eee 225 Kasota Blk., Mpls. Dolley Nisetosscsasie acts 2303 Bryant No., Mpls. 
Cornmeal. Clicks che cence es Minnesota City Dodge, (Glekntenet Ahyanduecoacecencoocbr Moose Lake 
Cornell Lr. HH... ... 815 Fidelity Bldg., Duluth Doerhen dD aSupicerte me staeenesreceretals Laurel, Mont. 
‘Gigi: (Ce SS SRR esenne eee ears Menahga Dobble, Mrs. Edwin.........--ssesccesesseces 
State Gollere of Agri, Cornell Univ.=library, ~ | — ...s-cccossers 1385 Raymond Ave., St. Paul 
Ua cd oie tle! <) bios oivieje.v'nre aris, wee Ithaca, N. Y. Dobbss eDavideskc wee ce ove sacs oo ee Suan US 
(Cres IEE 05 fe re West Concord Dawlers mye Acct heii hts Fort William, Ont. 
(Spree, U1" 0) Worthington DOT Wie Grtescsetevers cre stesetcssre 1132 Lbr. Ex., Mols. 
Cond. IL. SASS SiC ieee eee eee Grasston Dorland; “Wa Ely Hwee ce care aiste <teleletaters.« perme olele 
Sopetouc rin, EE Sg Oe a cierto Me Pann, eS Dayton Bluff Sta., R. 4, St. Paul 
BRA ets bbe as 1793 Ashland Ave., St. Paul iDloneaaigates “AV AUC ede santas 56 Scere cl a 2, Ronneby 
Coumengmaanes Mrs. Me Li. cccs see cine oes ciiceters Dowminesilalo yet arinceiintete = laje-aictet St. Charles 
ASS een osha eisievec 213 Avon St. So., St. Paul Dowd, J. J..............803 Medical Blk., Mpls 
(Sti. {Slashes} nel UE a real Cloquet Drake, Mrs. H. T...435 Portland Ave., St. Paul 
Coxs wWimn, TT... 61 St. Albans St. So., St. Paul Drisko, Mrs. E. M........- 3913 Garfield, Mpls. 
Come ley Aes ood caren 436 Syndicate Blk., Mpls. TWesse liven Mis atellisleia: cts cele a{eiqit/o aie Secele [eistniniala/e;ore Gatzke 
Ma PeAMIMET CHI TVIRVE eel clelnsc's = s.0i0 <jesis. se. c'geiene Warroad IDgehoslhe Wola iuaoodo coo. abo ee oo san Waseca 
MG erPRRI CE EPET CG toircietajat', Yin uiescicis:o'eicisieis,0 ns sleei Mapleton Dunn, John W. G..1033 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul 
(CLSEIPES 13sc] 0) 005 | ae eee ee eR Mound Dunne ewes ans 8'. 397 Bates Ave., St. Paul 
REIN PMENG  citislsti/e'sinicie vjahe cia ere-cauaiee Esmond, N. D DiWPPeEllSeewTOes asin iso lcteicle ates e dlaels vivinleranmcs Lincoln 
ROAR MMR VEN 2/90 oho (otnjorsciwisinisic. ie « <-alereia.e elajeceeje ela ete Duanmine Mra oak. eee wie ose ere mie siete a= Anoka 
Mieewenk 810 Burch St., Richmond Hill, N. Y. Dunsmore, Henry, ar elas rsa Mite otaro-ais aie pe ALS 
Gre WEE ETC YS Sic tiene vic csieie apiece os Mohall, NLD: Dunsmore, Dr. F. A...100 Andrus Bldg., Mpls. 
Growell, | Dre Gia ccc nics ceee Shell Lake, Wis. Duncan, Alvan... d'sis aye sietareie wlere Redwood Falls 
Crumer, Dr. Geo. P..636 Syndicate Bldg., Mpls. Dubbelss (Chass lt W «.- 2 -.00 see auinjelasee as vinnie Viola 


520 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
DUEE, Oise GE wiecraocanuie deem Lake City Fesenbeck, 2 Js ‘Avs s224.0500 80 «eee ae Cloquet 
Durham Gsayin i, edocs uaasenlecwebineeee Roseau Fitzer, Chas... sic je aoe acne Robbinsdale 
Dubpyis) Nurserys es vce ce nncneeee Colton, S. D. Fink, Christian R. 1, Waconia 
Fisher, GeO! Al alse 22%. 1st. Ste No., Mpls. 
Finkle, Miss Kate....2760 River Rd. W., Mpls. 
LOE TES Coo Ee ei el Ay deh Park Rapids Paseher,/\We'G, «00's Brookside Terrace, Mpls, 
Balers pile: WO); o.5, <.veietinee aineelerae é.« eleetnve Marshall Witzer,. “Hl. :,+.0/:,0/.%sa's sx 5-5 eae ee Luverne 
Hiberherrtid "A: 117. bene teetenetere a's are ieters Austin 1 Do swan Og) Open Sere eT R. 2, Wayzata 
Ebersperger, Mrs........ 2008 Girard No., Mpls. Fisher, Walter F....... 2432 Girard So., Mpls. 
Bekenpeck,; 4S: (C.Jctic amen oe socieonr Appleton Finnegan, Pat... 00.2 +.deneneeeee Thorp, Wis. 
Beckers. AZ.) casi nin kien cihicn eee Winthrop Pusher, ‘Thos; As: g)0eres Waverly Hotel, Mpls. 
BONY Cee tts couttewe retails h heres R. 4, Willmar Wap etad sod «/ssiotd actor ctaeieee eee Sacred Heart 
Badwares. wh rails eens sic once ake carne Gilbert Flint, Henry W........ R. 4, Tacoma, Wash. 
Edgerton, Mrs. E. A...2720 Bryant So., Mpls. Blqod eis is takite nos oot Newman Grove, Nebr. 
ETA SELCLOD Pats orotic isd claisicg aolueieers Norwood Floreen, Swan) :s02%).siceas eek son ee Constance 
SOUT A ita ate ede eas ee ieee Howard Lake Flygare;: Hans’ EH. }.2nc..d0ss seve eee Atwater 
Hinenachs walter i evidacs ee Swen eben Aitkin Fiathers, (Jig) OW ke. iba s on tee Rochester 
PGT heey eA. ars cd eae eka Willmar Hond: (ii; Bs. Ja paca serene R. 3, Maple Plain 
Ellison, F.°H....... 55th & Franee Ave., Mpls. Horde disc seas tied craes New Rockford, N. D. 
PTO GT INV les ove. Sa1caglhle cas Moe tne Albertville Foss, Elizabeth H....501 River Rd. E., Mpls. 
eM sOTis NS) ed stetcasstsoiacretens Sta: i Re 4,* Mpls: Fosner, .Clarence: ....\.,,).. vas sehen eee Watson 
ISGP OM yO! f5c/c ceca s aaah cee eels Atwater Forest Supervisor. ..:.cis.«e es cee eee Ely 
PANG wb eee Saat cates eae eee Grand Rapids Horest: ‘Supervisor *;...2. ¢ses sce eee Cass Lake 
EVLOVelS wei. ce ase cpaes 945 14th S. E., Mpls. Foley, T:) Hac. :...2.3.: ceed eee Manchester 
Mikison;. MaisswSabra, Mss <iy\8 Gams ace cap teatta Folske, Otto H...132 Lucy St. W., W. St. Paul 
We slabe twee Sta. F, R. 2, Linden Hills, Mpls. Foster, Mrs.-Mary D........2)2).25-sses ee Oley 
BNOLSONs f ta Lgscaee late dente ck acm ecn aan Hasty Iriteher,” «Ci Ei... oe aiede eee Hancock 
Misempeter, SHA oe sce esis ta ae ein ee Buffalo Ves Po OES. ali vetciceaa en eer Bee Oe Willmar 
Emmans, N. H...1736 James Ave. So., Mpls. Preeman, Gust. Bo) .s..20.ss5eeeeeee Red Wing 
Emberland, John....1989 Selby Ave., St. Paul Freeman, )\C. JH... 05. an ee Zumbrota 
Brmapy. Clarence cli: 'e0 dasactn. eon Eureka Fridholm,, “Martin: . 7. s5.. see Albert Lea 
Emerson, Byron T..4314 Grimes Ave., Mpls. Fredrickson,-"Wm. . ....2..... s«neee eee Perley 
Hr Hesleyense. SIM esis Soe be A en ea ...Deceased Frank, Albert (D)) 0: .ceo case eee Wood Lake 
Engel, A. W..... 1456 Leland Ave., Chicago, Ill. | Frederickson, C. A............. R. 3, Elk River 
mee! Rev./ Peterite ost cchtasciaceniene Collegeville Freese, FF’. Ma... ...,.dencbaea ae eee Bemidji 
PIN a yAter Ee cigs sales Ne cee citans R. 1, Hallock France, Prof. L. V., 2304 Priscilla, St., St. Paul 
bnelshe Vines? ul MM. aad ee. ccd cee tcene es Pryer,  Willis--E, . Jos. tenet oneiee Mantorville 
A Roce iat 2691 Lake of Isles Blvd., Mpls. Franklin, Mrs. Anna J..........R. 1, Fridley 
Engen, Gilbert A.......... R. 1, Finley, N. D: Fry, Math... fics. s.s-% «assis ae ieee Taunton 
FIMETSGM CA) (EAA sth. sacle tens he Grand Portage Bry, Frames” is eie.e, oje.crcia cetera 2 oe Taunton 
PEL Ae) Wiesner Leia enttoe cere Esmond, N. D. Fratke; Jultus...2;.'..20. -2eeeee eee Pemberton 
JEFF0iri(071 ERO NONI Oa A ce RR a SR UN eR TG | a Orr |e stench TW aglaaes seinen niece eee Manhattan, Kan. 
Bir AC wey noe se CAs TA ae ar Waseca | Freeman; Nels) 2... ¢.ci1. ss meneeeieme Scanlon 
BipiceliMb Occ. be ete ete oerenn Rockford | Praling,” Rev. J... ....c.ssss~sape eee Stephen 
Mmeksone sOlver *sfie sas cs os eee eke ae Atwater Freeman, Edmund..:...0.6.4.0s206 Park Rapids 
[iri Vsa] ee): a 887 Cof Ave., St. Paul Freund, Mrs. S..73 Western Ave. N., St. Paul 
Brikeon’, woh Wrote aniclcrate ade ceoeede Aitkin Buller, i Desc. 3 3521 Longfellow So., Mpls. 
LOTg i eters bk Cn OG ear aoe Box 182, Watson Mulerdt, (S. (Gr.ce.. 55-55 - eer eee R. 5, Goodhue 
LD TWN ON Chr gee Ee VS RED CN ng Th Red Wing Fyfe, H. L..1316 12th Ave W., Calgary, Can. 
Up tbe; ay BIE ei 41) ewe ir a ay {aR TPR ER, aE oye 
Be cba tts, Savant 37 Belvidere St. W., W. St. Paul . 
Erickson, A. B..114 Mill St. No.. Fereus Falls Galloway; 'di (Bi: 23.005 ec. ba eee Austin 
* : Gammell) Dr.: 1H.) W.......\-)....--4 eee Madison 
Erickson, Wm. M...... Court House, Red Wing CnllahatiGhne 
Erickson, L. W..... 4541 35th Ave. So., Mpls. : 887 Gorman ’ Ave: cane 
Erickson, May....... Zo22 LOth “Aves So.,, Mi pdses ill peeuseear | uA inet Fare a 
Essi aN Sn born Gastfield, A. Fei33. 2. Sein ee R. 1, Victor, Mont. 
Fedec, uM. + AGRA ak Aaa RIE eras Garlick, - Eva Bid. jc. caja)... Janesville 
BeEE ee HA AP Cr e850 JO 2SSC A SOSNET Gaspard, J.P.) ...Jcidenseseeen eee Caledonia 
Morel sae sie wees a 3421 Longfel’ow Ave., Mpls. * 
Gates, TE. oDs icc es eee ee Winnebago 
Eshelby, E. C::..: 400 Shubert Bldg., St. Paul Gayl rd Th aD 981. Pacific Ave. iBanl 
Evans, John L........ 424 2nd Ave. E., Duluth Beet eos See i ee 
ee aps Pa i Ganzer, Mrs. John...... Como Phelan, St. Paul 
Hirwinetve rote Act law. so ove head River Falls, Wis. Gates, Stephen R. No. 3, Hopkins 
BIWinie A Pits ASS 2.) hseeee see wales Northfield ® Ge Or Sc has Z rao ts 
¢ Gantzer! ‘Danielicc wnceaes R. 1, Merriam Park 
Gesner, Frank........ 397 Brimhall St., St. Paul 
Pairtax;,, eMirs!)10it pei aacce ethic cans Gerdsen, Henry, ...5:..-.:...00 see Deceased 
SEC ee ile fs RE, 4859 So. Aldrich Ave., Mpls. Gearty,. T. Gio. ececseccecetes crs oeee dO DEISOARE 
Ba meriie, le Bs (eee aca ee ee ee Clarkfield | Gessner, Oscar........--..-- R. 2, Forest Lake 
Fabian, Edwin....1914 Jefferson Ave., St. Paul George, E. S.................-.Graetlinger, Ia. 
Fairchild, D. L...500 Lonsdale Bldg., Duluth | Germond, Miss M....3805 Elysian Ave., Duluth 
Fairfield, Chas. R....1313 4th Ave. So., Mpls. Gerten> Prank. Dis... <«cnuce eee So. St. Paul 
Barra: Ab eet, > tte. cin eaten s: White Bear Gerlach, Mrs. A. F....1265 Dayton, St. Paul 
Warner. O:VRy. he accsathscctcln cee Ada | Gerber, A. H....1594 Portland Ave., St. Paul 
Fanning, Miss Mary G., Gerhard, Ray C........ 2722 Bryant So., Mpls. 
756 E. 6th St., St. Paul George, R.: Boos... oe. 3615 Stevens Ave., Mpls. 
TARTIOCT NS DAY « siictavele'alvisievehne Sta. F, R. 2, Mopls. Gertsmann, Frank ;...... <0. stemas Morgan 
Farnham, Jas. M..114 1st St. S. E., St. Cloud Getty, D. CG... sce. ee eeeee eee e cece ees Mapleton 
Nestherstone,, |Site Lean cis« veaeenereree Red Wing Gibbs, Miss Ida W............ oo anin a wie sertesee 
Bella) wkrot a OliGuctes visi caphaleke Worthiielll:| \ | Gecucepeustereemaee R. 1,.Box 107, Merriam Park 
Hereesouyn Wile Ou tity. a teneod vite Acetic Litchfield Gibbs, A. B. ........seee cece eeeseseee eens ROWER 
Fees], Vinz...cor. Wins'ow & Arion, St. Paul Gubson; {Murdo sss.” <a 239 Victoria, Duluth 
Pel.) Een tye was sisi seins pire aetein’ R. 6, Janesville Gibbs,” UM Gai iseae cities ection tees R. No. 2, Echo 


LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 521 


peecn, he RF ok 1907 Waverly Ave., Duluth en Geo. . oH adretarcTOa alin ete a, See R. 2, Aitkin 
TT ees UN Ceo @ ee ne a Aa Belview SON MEN Ga athe p teen veers stares oe Barnum 
pees Mice pedise Ldeatt aa Here a ee shi bab coq vensex 0 aie bwie antes Capitol, St. Paul 
ile, LTS agi ee 3186 Irving So., Mpls. BUSCH RGA? < dh etude Oremltebtcs oF siete Clarissa 
Gilby, Jas.......... 3204 16th Ave. So., Mpls. Hanford, Arthur..2027 Woodland Ave., Duluth 
TESTE SERDIL «olor ko-0:0:e-n eine’ tseistore e sie ie Howard Lake Hanson, Ne IPS «2.0%. ceeeee eres Hutchinson 
eas ‘<7 Anna..2528 38th Ave. So., mele ee oe Go. sccdais se okeeo eeeebe dees Clarkfield 
DEERME Te ET tox 2 dco) giato ino vcloiotale-ajsisveria dee. Faribault anover, BS cadvcvotehs ciate he ietetastatatote stesie Winona 
GO OL re Forest Lake Hamat se Adolph. 15:6:0 «'e © sere. aivtels R. 2, Hopkins 
PRP RMOe MEDS. VM PATI. 5: sis acs wisine nants selec Hanna, M. M........... D. & I. R. Ry., Duluth 
eects hatere ese 3840 Sheridan Ave. So., Mpls. Barrison, Fy Me... ese ee ese ene obs cen Wood 
Beare. on i eee Glen Lake via Hopkins ees <- Wis titeinisle ses wes arrctneerarcens Rochester 
RSET RISD Erick csx)0. 8). ous ore wid sieieviele Seine Faribault artman, SIEUENNG Scie nis “aie vin: dig ain hb) 0S ieee Iona 
Gooch, t. F...... 3808 Woodland Ave., Duluth 13 Foie) G Wb ey ld 0 Sy OBB poop oee Maiden Rock, Wis. 
Goetz, Edgar A....2186 Doswell Ave., St. Paul PAY POL, Wiel Le. teicee sec scie Lock Box 1006, Mpls. 
Gould, Mrs. E. W.....2644 Humbolt So., Mpls. PEARSE, a tWaesin pice wee odes. selec 2 Box 24, Glencoe 
Gormley, J..,.1.2727 Taylor St. N. E., Mpls. Sale “a We eras 2449 Pillsbury Ave., Mpls. 
ordon, (Se 627 2nd Ave. So., Mpls. tetrsrard ettn yo) yet Pll ctasaye tajaisyo/oyalovalesnyeielsveysi ate, shavete Fairmont 
RePRRESII TED. DET o 5 Gyo xia, we. on0u 4 /ointe (dian ele lel Warroad Hardwick, Mrs. B. G..4419 Fremont So., Mpls. 
oe, a Eee ete wits cstartiave-«lalnjeraratole eee Bein, S - dake Aaa nari oien Hates cinco 
RUMI rao) shatrn a: aS. a:'<.<ce.si aie se 2 aid clei slave svert,e alaton art, VIM IT AW ay cece ravel sletal sie) eis lbtecaa srefutele:sis aporte 
Gowdy, Miss Chestine................ Faribault Ehsirrash ard. \oiisies s-< cave. orcas ccporeveieinaeie Litchfield 
Gray, Elmer W...... 3443 Pleasant Ave., Mpls. Haseltine; Mrs. Ee | Rewci cece. acmiaes oe Excelsior 
DREN  IN  aheicicinic vente vce sedeces Faribault Harper, Stanley J.............. Box 1625, Mpls. 
Grasselli Chemical Co...............4. St. Paul Efaenriss Want Vis ss6!sjcete oorcyarais ibleteielaleoiayare eer Ely 
DTM E) EL cic sc cases e ssse eed oe vedios Correll Hawkins, Mrs. Alice. M........0..coccectcceses 
aaa, eed Geaaenss i Se gets Baicheje ahsrauns is’ sfefetsislo ove 1523 Fremont No., Mpls. 
FAMAaAM, bn Gi... - seers eens ta. F, R. 1, Mpls. Hathawaya. Cs, We secsage seacarins eae Northfield 
ae wae Fae sacle ninieieieticinm tee cele ae dear Hawkins, J. S....... 1523 Fremont No., Mpls. 
fen, eal Eo eins Wecrem St., St. Paul 15 is An oS Ole s COB DEEPER DOG AODBOr © dann on Waseca 
w Bettebery Mra kor 'c5-0 oa ajanincls calsw ss wera Wayzata 
Green, John C....... 4730 London Rd., Duluth Fatledal“Ole) (OM scN.occ wie cen ates bee tes Benson 
Fad ee oeneh 5S 5 bP OREIOIC 112 Lbr. se ees Hawkins, G. C....... 2913 Fremont So., Mpls. 
RR erga ie 1S nn o's foam Sais: 6) veils oi sieis Playas. Es debiwis cists ste sin sinc: atapala crete crates Excelsior 
eae secseacees 2418 E. 4th ph ae Hattenberger, Tony .........-..-eeee: Shakopee 
» Pee et ieee Sib seiessrslisrare are efetels La Getioy HoMAB sie ss rctat tole evelellasislele a)a\aiete aia Blackduck 
ie leo CSTE ee nae ei ra Glyndon Hawkins, John ............ R. 3, Merriam Park 
aOR fe a= ara 00) fates oi alaaia a’ ote aietoicyaie bis Cloquet Hawkins, Mrs. G. C..2913 mramantsor ., Mpls. 
Grinder, Oscar..............+- R. 4, Elbow Lake | Hauenstein, Mrs. Regina........ R. 1, Excelsior 
Griese, E. T.......-. 110s sees eee seen eees Eibbine "| Haves. “Chass Fle. djesvcsercsetedesanaues Clarissa 
Griffith, Edith........ 1307 4th Ave. So., Mpls. | Pazelton, D. C....0....sscceurceceeeentsens Cutler 
Gronna, A. T........--.seeee sees Waterville, Ia. | Heineman, R. Eu.......ccceeeeeeeaes Montevideo 
Peers 0 Meee eee eee a ee ecg 
Gustafson, Alf....... a ee Long Prairie | Hegland, ‘A.........2018 W. Superior St. Duluth 
Gundlach, Miss Carrie M........... White Bear EPPS So Tha CURL Dane ean Albert Lea 
(Seon 01 Ae ee Grand Rapids | Hellyar "A. B.......1718 Chicago Ave., Mpls. 
Guptatsomy Prank AL. occ. cdc s coe Warman Heckle, Jos..... 976 Bellows St., W. St. Paul 
Gustner, B..........--. ++ sees eee R. 3, Hopkins \| Peller Bros.........-sseeeseeneesees Albee, S. D. 
Guthnecht, B....879 Oakdale Ave., W. St. Paul | Headman, P. W......--.seseeceeeeeeees Henning 
Gullette, Albert..2522 Fillmore St. N. E., Mpls. | Hector, Chas. J..... 1209 2nd St. E., Duluth 
ee ae 127, Webster, S. D. Heagy, Ralph.ice steer on en pase ciel she oueee 
_Guthunz, Mrs. py AML s\nYosat) sin =Io)m\n.s)ois sialeiaiviate 2) | bats eat) 1687 Minnehaha St. W., St. Paul 
BP eisisieereraleis = 2,0: = 1637 Hague Ave., St. Paul Healy, Mrs. R. J.......2105 Irving ‘So., Mpls. 
Hekkila, ‘Oscar... c\. oon cise cle nc cis = sid Ely 
ioral AGN a Silver Lake Heinze, REE: Soccc pete oeniecdele geen Lewiston 
Mea RAS DY Ge esa co 5 ca nin die oles oie ajereicie wiaye Mound | Henjum, Nels ........esssseeusreesssenees Frost 
a Lake City | Henderson, H. G............. Lime Springs, Ia. 
REMEDIES ors Colas cigs vioieys'e se sccianteir ee Hanska | Hendrickson, M. P...........-+++++- Montevideo 
Geer Prof. UE. Lecce. ccasws Brenkes Gusts sacle nee ing eter ecsies inne sine Buffalo Lake 
eset : o 7 1.-)..St. Anthony Panik, ‘St. Paul Henkel, Peter J.........-+.+..+++++++,Watkins 
Eien, apie 5115 9th St., St. Paul Hempbill? selenmy? ons. lcecs vice aielsisre/s\eleusstocere Pillager 
Haeg, Mrs. E. H......... R. 1, Sta. F, Mpls. entry, WMrs. IMs discieteierc cies cis oslo © oieioiel= minim =injninicie 
PATE OS EIN 02 s,5 cic b/c os, ce vole oes Eastwood | oo srrtsesetetees 1895 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul 
MRE EET Gc. s ala olais'e «)t w/e aleyo’o\ieyelavele sale Waseca Besselpenaives Bic jo V stercisietersets are sje oe Winnebago 
a ee PMUETOG <6. via/c.cia bas evelne cies Spring Grove 12 Cygsy sev teal CTs GRAS ORO RIO 3 ais ten 
Ee nica sin stisicie' serie es ieee New Auburn Herr-n, A. C.....1613 Van Buren St., St. Pau 
Lolli ke, ARRAS Ga eer sete Deerwood Herscher, Lawrence Sepp otuc eer opaone Renville 
FESTA EO PPE ARH? 2h n/a, ciitee ie cle sie s vn 010 6 0 0/0 tisle'eje ele Mound Herman, Jos...Sunfish Lake Rd., W. St. Paul 
PMR RETESET 0 hc. Ag: asaya) cin) a9: <\g slal¥ 0 ajslersin oiaya Shevlin Vena: MOLD)» Wisreicicisie.s ais.sicton d\ee ee» aietmera Lonsdale 
Halverson, JDUC Dt RSPR Sea oecaoene EE uiborais) Bite. CaS css. cie tel. ccsse wi Valley City, N. D. 
IMMER COMA 9a cicic sos onic o'e)e alee ne AGG, Hrecmite cites clgtn sacs! siniecisislncie arsine Herman 
Halverson, Martin J 5 Enliger, > Reva AUG iat. accent ens Rosemount 
RS RINMSEEMVION: Fafa ony v8 i0is vis iaye.s oie ose viee'eiye ee le Grygla ANS WA. OW oto.n We'ejs'eteisseys oie 146 48th St. We eels. 
PIETER TRENT acct cess cic iciaie's 1,0 o/s + sicju eye Granada ETI SBE ps Otis tat oe, ale siotatela.a Sts afoulergreie Albert Lea 
APRA ARAN Wel 2897 PE Siae Vso soso ale sis.s's ajeein'e piesa Fertile lob yay dane ose ddcceck tein eeetata se otehee tate Albert lea 
SBME ESERIES Ue ng csi Seve aie ioe) 0 0.sialoje «= viajeiaia’ Fertile Hillman, Wm. O...... 396 Dewey Ave., St. Paul 
PlosereINeT oe VE Es salsfeleinjcta ts aleve vec e ccsiees Heiberg ier: CTC. ame. eare F. B. Snyder, Excelsior 
Mbarara Ts Oe iiecalsyaials ea i's cies R. 3, Red Wing Hibbard, Mrs. Gi -J3.. 0% 412 Nicollet Ave., Mpls. 


UPTEISCREI PEN RONG, Fo. yale vie ccrdt icles ats of op oceleie elpne Ada Maicley, On M6 ot: onto. 1808 Girard No., Mpls. 


. 


Epps 
Backs Wrediv Gir 0% no saveansetse nee ae eee | 
s afeleeicls «mee 1022 Court Merrill, Mitchell, S. D. | 
Hidershide, Dr. Geo. N.......... Areadia, Wis. 
Hintermister, J. H...583 Wabasha St., St. Paul 
Hanesty Hid= se. .r. 2431 Lineoln St. So., Chicago 
Hitcheock, F. E..... 768 Osceola Ave., St. Paul 
as icy (PE oe Os See aE SAA ne is Little Falls 
Hants donn He. . = sa. 4430 34th Ave. So., Mpls. 
iermatads, C. Bosca: ose eee ae eee Red Wing 
Eigenmstad: © H.W. actress cnaiecee ete Red Wing 
iHofmariny ich, UL, sdies ee ta 3 Seco Janesville 
Hofmany-Rev., Cisse dadtee feane Bruno, Sask. 
Efotinians Els PRE Oe retake scioe os aeanetnetad niche tio 
Teale was sie atele 526 5th Ave. So., Wausau, Wis. 
Hotmaa, AGeon ted.c cates es in oa cane Long Lake 
Hobbs, Arnold....610 N. Y. Life Bldg., Mpls. 
ELOlie DORN) Prasanna ae TDs te Sob dois te tee o Carver 
Foto ren bt isos aces ok cic ce Hoffman 
BOWEN | eel OUI «sites oo bs Foie 1s ais halos seiene ala Fertile 
Holmberg, J. A..... 1241 Edgerton St., St. Paul 
HolmessMirs: dase TPisnceossst R. 1, Northfield 
VOM Ae OWN, 5 Ss csitisarerearcinien clattsrenin nate Wolverton 
Hollingsworth, -Ralph. iss choc teen cncece ater 
Binicis tsloatele nar sicts 1107 18th Ave. S. E., Mpls. 
Hotland;” Ozrat, Sitjicdsaiewans. asses 1, Winona 
Holimeier; Jobny Foret gags eeektes Excelsior 
Holaselks a Winslow 2% iiee sc ckis oe wetsie cele Hopkins 
Homola, rane Jies cuts «altace R. 3, Hopkins 
Holstad, Hans....920 St. Olaf Ave., Northfield 
ELOLLOU AW ac edie chise siemte sam tardies G Alexandria 
LOTR DY Seeley Coser in Macca Steines a idecenpeet os Cloquet 
Hostetter, A. B.....1810 E. 4th St. So., Duluth 
ELOVErsta Gis A Sel. = acne panies cd cantaelew acre Maynard 
Mowland,. Clintonr< J s.2:.swee so daseale Northfield 
Howland, Mrs. Eleanor..5802 Pleasant, Mpls. 
Eoseys Mrs: Niek? yc ccc. des cece ne cate New Ulm 
TOV Es ol ODN iat oy elapue archaea oe Northwood, Ia. 
Howard, Geo. F..1281 Raymond Ave., St. Paul 
EVO Vier BNW UE itase ate aie eisai c4 siaie So%e Scotch Grove, Ia. 
Houghton, Jas. G..... 3129 Clinton Ave., Mpls. 
Howlett, Mrs. D. D....... R. 5, Oshkosh, Wis. 
Hosmer, Ralph S..Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 
RO TUOTIS Gr. oo Nada ss tate te hue Salcic oenNe ae Litchfield 
Eromacher,: He Soi si siesitele chasse Tappen, N. D. 
Hoppert, Walter O..R. 1, Box 198, W. St. Paul 
FEOOVEE sgl se Uae cis) ace phoia aoe R. 2, Kensal, N. D. 
POUT CHASES a jecice tiewye,o oe 244 Lewis St., Duluth 
ERO ib silts TEMS vera, ove ain cls) cgeeicselt cincavsraces pesos Fridley 
ELOY Ger cpa eieisias a lacitls beiatloceauails y ote Lake ' City 
Huestis, Dr. O. M..... 400 Central Ave., Mpls. 
Platt, .2heo. Ais Sosisccier tach ec aes Fergus Falls 
Fiuper, ) Branson 2 fe cathe cateecate sto Shakopee 
13530) OR! al sR ee eS S SS CaCIAD Brook Park 
Fipppells Gi His sc%  « 917 Marquette Ave., Mpls. 
Huffman, Mins’ Bish diss. detecc.cleits i Maree Nemadji 
Huber, Rey. vA. Te. «2... New Plymouth, Ohio 
grees hE. irelicen'c.s ayes ein sain ares ats Sele ollelcistctareteaketa 
eh otadeh nein 5.9 care Farm, Stock & Home, Mpls. 
TAM DGTE a AG GIN s. <;c1sietate sare rte ties tclteerar ote Elk River 
De (7 Cage SOT CS a ie Ss Wyndmere, N. D. 
raltqmist; Bsther, (Mc cos ..-c'sjs2 v creietit isle 'ole o ojzaletaie 
idliae tive wales The Knudsen Fruit Co., Duluth 
Eupbard) BWA sis oct scree wtels.creptele's ee Lake City 
ER GEN as ole Neate (osclhoPd.cie oc etlsiore-« R. 1, Wilton 
ls hbischse¥s) OW 2s cor nr e/a ee AeeC ao cee an Bidar 
pate ele rahe ws ceataiee 2143 Commonwealth, St. Paul 
12K ge NY, ho Ree Nee Oa Ie eect IEE Hoople, N. D 
IEW Ys Ee (Ch Ui eS ee a opmmas Aran adas sc Tintah 
inp hrey, Di. Ac.%. ses 3624 Blaisdell, Mpls. 
EISHICH, (GLOSCOW es sede coca eseaiirneeaieit Felton 
Hurd, Burton....652 So. Smith Ave., St. Paul 
ECT Lum oye asistacslels clelasiei bin ease nte ele sete ane Hamel 
ISARCROT SATION S Telsieie satis ciatelel erect coleielalaiarevale Barrett 
invebricteen,: AVerld ..ccn scenic rine cs calle Fertile 
PMSMOUNASON; UE. | eas c.ccwisareccisip ure clvesiacieciaime/o® 
Saige tetee 121 2nd Ave. So., Jamestown, N. D. 
Innis) ‘GEO. Ss: «cise: Hamline Univ., St. Paul 
Ihfe, Fred..301 Brompton St. W., W. St. Paul 


Ivan vNOUT Neat. cee vs. So. Park, St. Paul 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Jackson, P. T.....1722 Summit Ave., St. Paul 


Janzen;. jAbr. 355 cfro ga vse Sept eee .-Mt. Lake 
Jackson, « Peter, | ...)./...dieiss/0-vcle obsess Cloquet 
JaCODSOD; Sis LE +57. Ha yaats lee et eae Madison 
Jager; Rev. strancis;..@.cs-eenee St. Bonifacius 
Jackson, AMES» «,.,:105.<000 csmeae peat Woodstock 
Jacobs, Dr. Ji. (Css. » mesic ae Willmar 
Jasmer; Paul As... ..q ss »sine does Winona. 
James rer ASC: adam cere Springfield, Il. 
Jacobson, Norman Gi. ccclnciscctelsneannel 
SEs 3 acs ata nyse Beck Bldg., Portland, Ore. 
James, J. Willis..1863 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul 
Jackson! sGeo: ois\te.c.ae eee Manchester, N. H. 
Jamison; Robteiics 0th «tebe eee Excelsior 
Jackson). lis) Byac saison eee 216 Lbr. Ex., Mpls. 
Jensen, Al" Piven anidteb awe oe tele Box 84, Askov 
Jerabek; Mrs. Mary...:4.4/c05 «ase nines Excelsior 
Jensen, Jens. AW, o.com see cele eee Rose Creek 
Jensen, Adolph....3315 17th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Jensen, (Is. “Pio. ncgis.s o:bcorern asset alo eee Morgan 
Jenseny ©, Mis is «+ sesen vies donee Albert Lea 
Jedhiekay Henry: c<) vec eae R. 3, Eagle Bend 
Jensen, ,AntOn 92% s/¢cliseive ee ile Ae McIntosh 
Jenson, Jens H. ........ Box 314, Hudson, Wis. 
Jennison, Mrs. Jas...4224 Fremont So., Mpls. 
genson, No, A. oases aos.cscclten Gteaaene Willmar 
JONSON; Tae. | i:s.Ssce ees visto oe Sober Clearbrook 
Jepson, sie Ds Ee sates 1600 Girard No., Mpls. 
Johnson, Gecaes 3390 Elliot Ave., Mpls. 
Johnson, Dr. Aw B, . iae:s plc tehiee eee Cloquet 
Johnson,’ Be) As: js se! seis cheie'o ere Maple Plain 
Johngon,, Pred \ 2s.5)0.:04 de tise eee Plainview 
Johnson, an. 28 22. ec eee Spring Grove 
Johnson; (©; 5 Bi Js) Yee ntn ease New Richland 
Johnson, PR: Hit ...22.qs-bieton eee North Branch 
JOONRONS 2AENb, occ palc- sea R. 2, Viroqua, Wis. 
Johnson, Henry V., i 
614 E. Lawson St., St. Paul 
Johnson, Je Hi. 4...'. sek s see eee Doon, Ia. 
Johnson; (C3 lA* socks R. 1, Box 48, Ogilvie 
Johnsons: "Clyde sh iiss 5 heve'+,0 clepeisete ea Bergville 
JODNSON, Wee wis \..0.-\«1,.cneae Box 238, Albert Lea 
Johnson, cA. IN es «tess oa 4512 Drew Ave., Mpls. 
Johnson,* Bot Wo pases eccheremaae Breckenridge 
Johnson, L. F. ....1014 Bemidji Ave., Bemidji 
Johnson,!O2 JH... .< icasccsiesenee . 5, Willmar 
Johnson, Bs). J... ne0sseu ce ool sls dpi eit 
OA Meee 3931 Van Buren St. N. E., Mpls. 
Johnson: Jai Cio vecne ee 3343 Fillmore St., Mpls. 
Johnson; 7s. (Is waeiecst seredetal- lee Box 37, Cushing 
Johnson, T.. (Hi. vielen ee eee Maynard 
Johnson, Selmer.812 Zumbro St. W., Rochester 
Johnson, PW oe ae ction ae eee R. 2, Braham 
Johnson, Miss ‘Carolyn (Jv.5>-- «ce seca 
Sore aisiercsiaeio ae bis erecs 760 Linwood Place, St. Paul 
Johnson, Henry) Wu. ice.sci 8 R. 7, Fergus Falls 
Johnson, Alphonse E...........- R. 2, Stephens 
TOMNSOMs JROVil rctersiele sled telat attra R. 1, Brandon 
Johnsons Geo. lic 5c Fo oem): 4s pees ee Grygla 
Johnson, NZ © 'C.6 sii sce cps 0.0 = <lsse ola Nn anne 
Passe cine South Side Farm, White Bear Lake 
Jones, “A. "Oo ees e veg cn cle cece cteinete nae ann Duluth 
Jones, Thos: ©. 0eis<) tkictk s 02 eae Russell 
ONO, CAMS: cre-crete so stele Ceisteiea ce eaten New London 
SOLAAI, Dir Dd ecie cece nislt se cvcrewslste otetanaeneme Shakopee 
JonessG: BP. HPs desis oo «eels we eiseteate Bagley 
JOrgvenson BOS! % i; sieves cise = « «Pelee Clarkfield 


Jungbauer, Frank.1000 Winslow Ave., St. Paul- 


Katzner;-- Rey: des Bisnts ete scutes Collegeville 
Kalbakken,: 2neG0ss% ets pects cease St. Joseph, Wis. 
Kaplers* Geol us sci ois se os an cle eee Perham 
Kasper, oblast «ss ac eee alcleaes Grand Marias 
Kanges, “Henry (%. oss: - asec) sane Floodwood 
Kalmbach, W. A..... 800 Wolvin Bldg., Duluth 
Kaminsicys: “JOS: -i5 75 «<0 sce a Box 445, Hopkins 
Kallock;.. Hs [E0s: .n%<). 25.22 ees. epics eae Oslo 
Kessling stra di cits: cbs) c\elacctelols aoa Zimmerman 
Kerth ‘Johny Arne: «  o'ctiac' cents + =e eae Bemidji 
Keene’ Pe Bite tent a\cs oss laste aietecentaeene Albert Lea 


LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 523 


MEN MEA IUA LS 8s VA es Garis orenn oe Sta. F, R. 4, Mpls. Bade, Halstein seater eee feteens feoa sus Fosston 
este Mo Diels lees IIS Conwayse Str bauk bake! Shores: 3.2 cscs baie eanisa Sactecs Hubbard 
RSPEI (Cis crnle!aic' + ainsi do acct sie Middlefield, Ohio Tereroux: CW iHls li .3d5,c nase tee Deer River 
PREMERA VAG Sie PE ol, 4 asy2s wg avcinarere dee Excelsior | Larson, Peter ............ Box 208, Albert Lea 
Kenney Dr. D. J..... 5153 Penn Ave. So., Mpls. THAI UW crated hc Ad aden ooo ae Lk ee Anoka 
Meer TC. Rois sessyes's ss Rae cuth ven thaten Mancset he CO Cay. hi eacs saseamees Worthington 
ct os 3s 402 N. Central Ave., W. Duluth | Larson, John..........R. 1, Box 25, Lafayette 
Kenning, T. A..... Hb Z2othy Ave: No vipis:.| Dianrords. HS As... cts cesses eta Blackduck 
“29 Gi5 WR Be nee ee meee Gloquet> |s-Warson, OWia vHic e005. cvs te ates Madison, Wis. 
Tice oy) V1) ae | R. No. 1, Duluth SU oa thal 20 3 ere APC I tet Sissi Little Falls 
antkcade, OW. So... .cecccee sss Sioux Falls, S. D. DiaRGeene, WOW) (Biswas «« Poses cence Elbow Lake 
Heaney Si (Cae ee Coe Faribault | Langmaid, Abbie B..1019 University St., Mpls. 
Kirk, Loren:O.......... 716 4th Ave. So., Mpls. arson, ye Alireads c1 as <..osie nee ncuets Madison 
Bek, B, Bi... ..... 445 Laurel Ave., St. Paul | Landeen, A. F.....................4. Eagle Bend 
Kittson, Norman..1017 Dayton Ave., St. Paul | Lange, Marie R...................0. Deer River 
OD ETS) S Austin | Larsen, Raymond M..............c..cssceeen 
femers Northern sNurseries...%..c.ocssvecke ) |) ~) catewslecte ca awiecs 214 Providence Bldg., Duluth 
° OA O IOS oe 1511 Raymond Ave., St. Paul MGANISUANI  GUINTISY eo cidiescteicsare wiclettom ttetalere Cedar Bend 
POMMOMICM MIEN S BIS oo 5 ie icdlee sla veviacice ce’ Pine City Wet Keon suteyets olaclamati-iate 2216 Doswell, St. Paul 
mumroalls “By Ts... 2..6.... 119 Anoka St., Duluth WawSoniy Bs Biss» stat acral Nia ee ele ati Goodhue 
Kidd, Mrs. F. E..... 1800 2nd Ave. No., Mpls. Eatsehy Sohne Ares. <a s7s.ates + weiss oe canes Winona 
ameter KK. ALS. .)..sc cece eesdcees Wayzata Lawson Mee Basa. dsstanep tana eee Ellendale 
Lopaeruinua. | (C3 Den a a Austin Ir hvito ol WI) IEE S Sacososeedodcosceecood jac r Welch 
Merrbys) Mrs: C.-A..2. 02... ccc cece ous Heron Lake Lawrence, Alfred ....Box 115, Eldridge, N. D. 
Kimball, Miss Grace E................ Waltham Lawton, Chas...... 2162 Dayton Ave., St. Paul 
_ TE SSS nee ee creas Wheaton Lawrence, Mrs. W. W...2108 Woodland Duluth 
Kirkwood, W. P...1376 Grantham St., St. Paul Latourelle, - Joi cck sip acesens R. 1, Centuria, Wis. 
Je,, Gls. CiNS eae ie i a ae en Bertha | Lawrie, Jas. A...... 401 Wolvin Bldg., Duluth 
[lslos,, 12 rr Eagle Bend Berers*. Daniel oss awous ol Srakeres eee Morris 
MPRMAITERMMP TMU os co's lacie clctec aide Sle seety no atac THES Fe GeO eR ie cfe 87 slae cues coetitele opleit aan Hanska 
Peele ps)e's 1202 6th St. No., Estherville, Ia. Leathy. Hired?) he 0. vies se tote eine cleveland 
Henowless Mrs.” Mo An... .cscccsdeeesses Excelsior Leavitt, Miss Clara...... 2015 James So., Mpls. 
Lehi Gk, Sie er er Albert Lea | Leary, D, J...... .......-..4... Brown Valley 
Knowles, Miss: Marjorie..............0sceeeeue Lee, Ey G2... «c3/- 1787 Dayton Ave., St. Paul 
mere eK: 2, fiboe Mincolim Ave! estas Paul | leer OlONi. cence: Ines) amesoe avila 
TAT IST eG aL rr Albert Lea MCG I VOrE SAS Si iecectatctc etiam are Sticlaahajefolstere Neilsville 
ATCHISON oo ot 2) 52 wks Siacis sche codesaae Mound luegke Masih, Wis criss oa anaene No. St. Paul 
TSamnsoce VAS a er rrr Pelican Rapids LeDuc, A. C..... 10 No. 12th Ave E., Duluth 
Marmatsons) VATIGVEW (ove. c cece es cncsecet Brandon Gemienkse Mrs) icy VAG WED iret. 70 etnies sete 
MEER ETH 2. ices je ccles been eeeth eee: Rothsay | _ -ceceersreseeeees Nebr. & Adams St., St. Paul 
Lanai. 1 VW 1712) er Owatonna | Leasman, Geo. W...........-....sssseeee Hector 
INGRECTIC MIRO VS MAYS CoSo cic Svs alec steigeeece etc St. Leo Bi@Gs dlc CARKAMY aioe Moile alee sna iene pa eeataeeh Benson 
inane, (CY NS Howard Lake | Ledvina, Joseph ..................-.+- Pine City 
AUT So oe side ca deenn Rothsay Le Fevre, A..290 Emerson Ave., W. St. Paul 
feochendonter) Ko Kos... cee cesses ens So. Park | Leonard, Dr. L. D....515 Syndicate Blk., Mpls. 
GERM HM OLTRS ESCs cide c ie ci eialSieceels sb vv ashe the Winona Teenz; RUC ol ne crew acto > elo = trasole ote etel re 2 Adrian 
Koza, JOS)... .. 917 Bellows St., W. St. Paul Eerols. Johny tans. caveats satuclelea tee Whalen 
Koester, John V...:...:.... Kasota Bldg., Mpls. IL is YANG So eo Seandno ane ooncioun BACH IbEdS LeRoy 
Kozial, Miss Justine M....... R. 3, Little Falls Mews MOnasH TS Sawer sececiats Beaver Brook 
Koutek, Jos...Butler & Stryker, W. St. Paul Tesliey VAG \ Whi < seer are 2124 Fremont So., Mpls. 
Lene. < LLNS DR ge ea Sleepy Eye WME WAS; PBOLts (occa slain distaste» Seiclare Siete wale Caledonia 
Koerner, Illa...... 1377 Grantham St., St. Paul Leonard, Dr. W. E..408 Donaldson Bldg, Mpls. 
IN023,17, <font n Wayzata Wind saiygy tells oe MU cet cy. lere wiat-.ctatolej-leletetolotsiejnietets Austin 
Tecmo rina, © CRY ie ak @ ieee ae Wadena Eimdstam Ohm Ary din. cactiesasiee sie Lindstrom 
Hodis 20 ee Niagara, N. D. | Linton, Robt....1045 Everett Court, St. Paul 
Tell, Gitlin he re Lake Benton Lindsey, Geo. F. 1413 Mer. Nat. Bk., St. Paul 
SEE EIEN ATIC. (5 cca e.g) 0 Siccc 6.d%ese snake ediaeeccice Bindery “Her Asin, orcad sige cere metiche toes Warroad 
Sieleleivis en's’ -'s 0,8 904 Cady St., Watertown, Wis. Eteberges (C5 (Be aisle. a dee oev ne sees Glarkheld 
SREP TOMONVITILCT Soci osadcchée es ce ces Paynesville Linperich, Henry J., 
ered TIB MO INAS | 6 cis cis vcce.ccce vcs eclos Merriam Park 503 6th Ave. No., St. Cloud 
Usie0)ia ty 12 bee 2 1502 Hythe St., St. Paul Eirndahl, \diy Aes iGin Sstchis aden eeetscin oe Harris 
US Ra EA CX) al Or Grand Rapids Ibi ANNs soon booboqesobanoooscasoocr Beaudette 
WEIL I So's occas 5/2 Side ware t bere tiem we Houston Litehscheidl, John ....627 Univ. Ave., St. Paul 
[STETE, CHa EE eee McGrath TAnduervEL (ie oh wecoete hae Deer River 
EIRENE ADT ell © oajo cree i's cvate ahs alctetaels Kimball TIM GStaM ES Hs-leisieis'e eee ree St. Louis Park, R. 1 
Rem ere He OF. oie ccs cases ences Kensington Enbby,= Merton. eenecssicctis sete Hopkins, R. 2 
RMI 5a. sivas vias vapeoe cca seemsrtecs Tandereny JOscaren a. cscs. os Prineeton, R. 4 
meer ares, 3814 New York Life Bldg., St. Paul Tietze; Ye Wis ta kint foes sa. eke oe ound 
TEV ILS! D I CNG & eA ae a Winthrop FETETDIN GO Ferien eer retrcte er trl ola sven ae Willmar 
Towed, Msg. (BS aiis.s phates dvips ee eke Buffalo 
Weoecerings “Aue oh. ote ce ite se Long Prairie 
La tio). Cha SiR nr a Baker LiOVOlGs Bet die leces css 4125 31st Ave. So., Mpls. 
WI REEEISISES OID LG. ane. Sess facccis,s-0c 6 calew'e a di Warren Boop; eueeman 9.0 he0t% coe hiss oasis ota iens Dent 
MAORI GEO: «2. wo cieicie'caauis Se cat eee esc Rogers Botiman, OSGaAn sscsetenees settee busine wale Fertile 
farmers: elenry PL, -IT. ssn. ts ccc ees chebes TiOnaIsS: (OA Ree chica saoc areas te.8s daeeeaaals St. Peter 
050+ ct Sg SHR Ea Hee 839 Lafond St., St. Paul Logstrom, Reinhold ....................Atwater 
Weacenennisty tlouM - Mos jcc eke ae cs as Cushing POC erin erwAR Jk vwioar rakesn seliccadente e St. Peter 
PreamsOn. | WEL... S. seeded ce ek Capitol, St. Paul Longfellow, Levi ........ 208 No. 6th St., Mpls. 
EO PAV a GPE scree he taille ald oa ive, ete Homer Ove! CHGs eye sacs es. 3537 19th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Lambert, Edward V.............. Buffalo Lake TOSSES Io ie tater e ale Sela tiis oy ah ae earners Lake City 


iiamphere, ‘Wirsi«- Chas...:0c00s5600..000% Frazee Londeback, F. M............ East Grand Forks 


524 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


cE OS ISA cs.. cee bivine dials etective ate Savaeioaier Buffalo 
Biota, Was wca. oars s 100 E. 8th St., St. Paul 
IND ZR MEL, fy Foro’ wic,c.s'slaictelec tee ae Howard Lake 
Long, Miss Avie........ 627 Penn Ave., Mpls 
Lonsdale; Miss P. G.....ccsccseass Sauk Rapids 
Lobsinger, Anton..1007 Bayless Ave., St. Paul 
Moslebeny HEV. - As Dini Fe oun ctedeenistaca wysinin’s Norwood 
OLSON AMAL EL «\o''s'o ot dt clae cena males sieple Tower 
Logan, Frank...... 701 Kenwood Pkway, Mpls. 
BOGErine VENOS. ssc Jans asic ent eaaemek ee Campbell 
IEGUCKE AAS, | VEL SY. sels cteisnev tens dele eee Mankato 
Wipe bran ET ST oa asa c Satie He's piers eerie e ole Fertile 
undborne\ Theo, (Ans Fi.c. <6. Saat d soreness Nisswa 
IS UISZEMS, WANA cat ckeistas opis a eaeadatece Clara City 
Eaihrehs Mea sels orn aia'e salstina'e River Falls, Wis. 
Bucas; ‘Geos Aw so. 3. 2620 Harriet Ave., Mpls. 
DAWA DET SS Os acts dic <)0)05)eielets Red Wing, R. 1 


Ludwig, Mrs. Frank, 
1922 St. Anthony Ave., St. Paul 


SIP se ERCTINIAT (ie'e\o.s o'e)o clavaetetatalelaenieiers Cologne 
Weiner ites: Oe eis 25 0 oe ree dors sedotapere MRT Slayton 
PTS OVE IIE clic sirisiscsiscae's 1453 Hythe St., St. Paul 
PeUMOESS WCAG!) (Maint Qevere eee wits ts ere New Richland 
WMiaomusorct (SVG io.).1cciestevarejolo's «las R. 2, Harris 
Malmsten, F. W..... 2117 Western Ave., Mpls. 
Raber er CB Weis ha iatsiea sas wens Soe Lafayette 
MIA) Aicem yy Hits s syed ois'eyaiase ora aon stars uideretote Waseca 
RVPAC IS Es Gry - ses, 3 teas Wpiad viel o's Sie prstapataraiele Wayzata 
Mathers SP. Be hicdis«hecesnss Thief River Falls 
OV cabs Monee cere, To ative. deare;swimetetey ete Fairmont, N. D. 
Wea orrSOn, Sis Bre wese/stiatiec win ele the iranlotesen Willmar 
Macnab, J. C....Lombard St., Winnipeg, Can: 
Mabnbere}) Chass sAls cc ola fate ws jayee sha Lindstrom 
Manleys) Ti. 1B, 6c. 505% 4760 London Rd., Duluth 
Maine; Mi. H........ 522 Met. Life Bldg., Mpls. 
1 ETL Tas OC CSS So ae ee eee aii sour 7S * Newport 
Magnuson, J. E....107 1st St. S. E., St. Cloud 
Mace, Florence I...... 1631 E. 8rd St., Duluth 
Mace, Clarissa E........ 1631 E. 3rd St., Duluth 
LARA AV ViTAL YEA fs’ 2) ore.a leto.s Gos bsctaicte. ord eens Waconia 
Msp tilaiary ELS We oe vikeldeas See cht to deeeetmese Plato 
Miaristield’s MISS) 1G. 0.5.25. e:e,ciee aieiee cteiesals Mankato 
MACE PRE hacemave 1631 E. 3rd St., Duluth 
WARK A EELES | chiro cieie'a, « fialaaicts tonal Surdlare S/laye oe Grygla 
Mareck, Titus...... 420 Ridgewood Ave., Mpls. 


Marshall, Mrs. Emogene L., 
3032 Irving Ave. So., Mpls. 


Marthivaler: \EDry.« s.6'. 5 os... sore South St. Paul 
Martenson, Alfred................ R. 2, Maynard 
WMrigg een A. PW) Soci tu :ioe «alate ciate Ais oats Albert Lea 
Mayo) “FD nc ccocaore 2808 So. Fremont, Mpls. 
5 ET aS eae 2 Ey OP SE res 34 Actctin sce Canton 
Wicssrmosra SB. WY). = ivclnteie.cialelsictny Sisters Sauk Rapids 
Maawisind sy ASW 319 ds scieawSnarieccmae Albert Lea 
Mathison, Thoger. ..o./)05.0cecee.s St. Paul Park 
Mathison, Dr. C. W...... Box 20, Svea City, Ia. 
WSrE ee) Or A OT Gn act a) dsfole, aiaie o kislaalsc pod ate ete Exeelsior 
Mayman, Hattie A................ Sauk Rapids 
WON, OCs. cele aaa Ses Slee ’e fae aoe Long Lake 
Mather, O: Tus. i. First National Bank, Duluth 
Nii bewsr Oscar Sy ii. nce setae Newell, S. D. 


Matthews, Miss Harriet, 
807 W. College St., Rochester 
Mattocks, Brewer, Jr., 
911 Woodland Ave., Duluth 
Meeker, Mary K......2548 Clinton Ave., Mpls. 
NICROR AN) = andce'se 2424 Harriet Ave., Mpls. 
Meowress. Hired! iio... adhons oman clcleltteists Winona 
Meisinger, Engelb., 
1062 Stryker Ave., W. St. Paul 


INTC BMZO PES OMe & fialce cave os nina nse b/as,o;ereyerotale ere Raymond 
Mendenhall, W. G., 1212 27th Ave. N. E., Mpls. 
5 PET a Ce 2 ae Se a ares White Bear Lake 
Merritt, C. H......519 Woodland Ave., Duluth 
Wirt tt IN Gab VER ois ie,5:0 «vies eitlere sei woes: Hinckley 
WMICGEE WM TACTILY ate sc pisicinicve.r\nie/n1e ep taletolavdtoy Blue Earth 
Whit tees. Dae GEL ac? a vierueitsvs te ote insa leselsloire eieaieis Austin 
Mever;.C. Hi. set 774 West Ave., Red Wing 
Meyer Faw anile.:5,.:,61sica bias «iste siae R. 1, Excelsior 


Mesenbring, (Otte os. occ %iecw cee sies Clayton, Wis. 


Mevyenburgs. 0H. (Citic 77a taewarer eee Montevideo 
Mevers) sRev id .ticsevddache tes tiene St. James 
Metealfi,) Dry Wie Wik .:eje.c,<.ceccnie creel Winton 
Mewerss i). Bis iis on on ci 515 W. 27th St., Mpls. 
Mikes; Bey. Ago. 552 2 atekonc eee St. Michael 
Maller: "BL RBS. cacotovinsemuts Sta. F, R. 1, Mpls. 
16, i & De, Nt re R. 2, Elmerado, N. D. 
Mighton, S. R...... Bx. 1393, Winnipeg, Man. 
Miller, Bie. 35. ic. dcson de ve eek eee Cologne 
Miner tidy Biss ies ic olaye'e ape 3022 Dupont So., Mpls. 
Bu Dae 3 Pe RA crise Pe: Lidgerwood, N. D. 
Millen; "Warren... 6010 eccclee «2 .h0 geen erdi 
Matchell, “WD. Manian Fiche i teste te ee eee Owatonna 
Mitchell, W. B., 508 Ist Ave. So., St. Cloud 
Minder, "Fiamma 0.4): sis'.3.1. os eee Ortonville 
Miller, Elbert. W. .¢..c02-7seeeuwe R. 1, Anoka 
Mills;. Ta Ds 3. deed eee Garden City 
Miller, Hans F. P..501 No. Greeley, Stillwater 
Miller; Hans P.... cicc0ssie sie eee Eagle Bend 
Miller, Wi Ti. wiccpacmne 152 E. 5th St., St. Paul 
Miller; So) id. ene tie Briarcombe Farm, Winona 
Miller; Joseph... sc cect eevee Hopkins 
Me, FN) oe cles oe leans etl one ae Amery, Wis. 
Milley; Mrs, Sarah’ (A... 0) oc..en ae Sauk Rapids 
Ma. Dy Ts! o6.<) ws on epee ee Lake City 
Minneapolis Public Library................ Mpls. 


Minneapolis Real Estate Board, 
633 Andrus Bldg., Mpls. 
Minneapolis Architectural Club, 
920 Nicollet Ave, Mpls. 
Moore, W. M., Forest Service, 
Hot Springs, Colo. 


Woeser; Pid. fae. cic mera sae St. Louis Park 
Moore, Mrs. /C. 3!.). s's\eseisteto see Worthington 
Moehring; . OF60~ .c:n/eacts -teb iene Montevideo 
Moberg, ATOn" >. 02.5. awas eon cape Lowry 
Monson, IN io Litysis.: ss sonnei stedet Buffalo Lake 


Mondeng, Chas. 
160 Newton Ave. No., Mpls. 
Montgomery, Katherine A., 
Bradley St. ‘Sta., R. 4, St.. Paul 


Montgomery, W. C..... 00. .e0c08 R. 3, Excelsior 
Moore,’ John <E.......0cc0s eee aes Lewisville 
Moody, _Geo.- "Ws ..0% 0 <00 <u oe cree gee Amery, Wis. 
Moeser, Miss “Blora.<. 3.:.c epee St. Louis Park 
Molander, (A. Lice’. soi ois's:1a 010 ye Bemidji 
Mole;  ‘Geo,,, o.3 chssn7 scree nee eee Woodstock 
Melenar,, John... 0.2. .esssdsem R. 2, Raymond 
Montgomery, R.. J. 2.2 5. donna Weaver 
Monk) aBo Bhs cacns ate 6 se'acteeiteeiee Minot, N. D. 
Moen, {A fA vsca sccssssiae ste oman R. 2, Bemidji 
Mojha; Josephi.....css0n-<-52>en ore R. 1, Lonsdale 
Moberge, Oscar. ....0 5 6« sso om ae Lowry 
Moey. Po iC wes bei dic dics wicidia.c cls be ep Mentor 


Moffit, Mrs. F. L., 508 Univ. Ave. S. E., Mpls. 
Morrison, Rev. J. "Ds 
2131 E. Superior St., Duluth 


Moran,., (Co | Bio ~~ cass eae eee ee Newport 
Moris, Mrs. F.......... 180 Rondo St., St. Paul 
Mornis; . John!) Ria... .< 0 s0% 0 «rosie Beaudette 
Morland, Ogden ‘Cs... ci...) ose Owatonna 
Moritz, ISAa! oi'iic ois avee:a1s's arate sist oe eee Hector 
Moses) W.! Site bce.cse cc sear cate Onamia 
Monsel;. Henry 3. ; +... 6.00 «0 <00< «aj Canby 
TWhoss;. WW a1 Bioigs ate scdesere daicte see leet Worthington 
Mosbjerg, Chr........... 210 7th St. No., Mpls. 
Moultony Hie Rios. viesic-n0 aid as voce Windom 
Mott? “Bs Risicnleccieste = oe cete > oer Hibbing 
MiallenyiA.-; Sais dae acct cae Custom House, Mpls. 
Mudd; Mrs: Neyaie.. ....0...saneeeeee Sandstone 
Mulqueeney, Mrs; Jassie. ccicnce eee Buffalo 
Munn, Mrs. M. D..... 614 Grand Ave., St. Paul 
Murray, De LA aes acsiwteeten nee Blooming Prairie 
Murray: Chas: Ms... 55665 cc come Princeton 
Musser) Bee Doo. nte i024 :0 0-554 Little Falls 
Mrsser, 1G, its {teen «s\-been eeu Museatine, Ia. 
Murphy, Frederick P...........- Central Lakes 
Murdock, H. E...... 1961 Queen Ave. So., Mpls. 


Murray, ‘Mrs. H. J., 812 Osceola Ave., St. Paul 
Murdock, E. C., 405 Scheffman Bldg., St. Paul 
Myrah,” BiG « 0is\0'y0 008s see Spring Grove 


/ 


LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 


MEERETOOIN | Nien Kee nhaace tat Ante ceohenie Excelsior 


McAllister, Southwell, 


° 


McAllister College, St. Paul 
McAllister, Geo. E...2637 Emerson No., Mpls. 


Metabe: Mrs: Mi... .cs.evesecewes Sta. F, Mpls. 
MeGallimn, John..ii.....csd. ccc. ds R. 1, Clinton 
McCoy, Dr. Mary...... 2127 E. 5th St. Duluth 
Me“Zabe, W. J., 2125 Abbotsford Ave., Duluth 
MMEMSEMIPO IC ER Gr ye) Paictesa'eieievaciciste cos ceee’s Willmar 
McCall, Geo. W............. Fort William, Ont. 


McCormick, Miss....2302 Blaisdell Ave., Mpls. 
MeDuffee, Herbert S., 2540 8rd Ave. So., Mpls. 


Menwnonen, Dr. C..A......2.... Macroth, Duluth 
oe hr ay Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
IEEE SN ET To ois o oe giaie.tse's'e v sed odie cewek Annandale 
McGonagle, Mrs. W. A..Hunters Park, Duluth 
McGolerick, Bishop Jas...............¢..: Duluth 
MeMillan, F. G...... No. 2 5th St. S. E., Mpls. 
McLeod, Neil A...... 523 8rd Ave. S. E., Mpls. 
McLean, Robt. C....... 735 Palace Bldg., Mpls: 
Wo LOST (Ss ea Cloquet 
MMII, ANCK . os 5 ails s ccc ceeetes Dayton 
RPMS MP EIS SE 5 cin sicieic osiucie cies eenhecess Pipestone 
(OETA Gl re Walker 
URED OTA | COs coe o-0/4)0<\voicie Cueshe oh vielen Duluth 
MONS OIIS voc cs yc ccs ccceccecacdescs Cass Lake 
PREP DOT MO DASE 5.5... ois6 c\eve ane watecds Round Lake 
Weald. A. P........ 25 E. Mankato St., Duluth 
Vora 2S CLs Ee eee Storden 
MNEIBGREVOSCAT, Wis. ccs seciccececeee ee R. 2, Aitkin 
Nelson, Chas. F., 

1449 Hythe St., St. Anthony Park 
MRE TEMIL EE AGrY ate c stale wie oi, 00tcle w'eia's wieiv Lindstrom 
ESERIES TIS occ areas coe ese viele ewck Fergus Falls 
PS eMESTTN PMOL ATI | V2 |<) o/0\ 0% as0:cie ws ais.e,c 0c he Twin Valley 
phase) (Cis 7. ea er Park Rapids 
i 01a, 12tE 1) a) Montevideo 
WRU EMUPANIATON ie Said cic cccialc odes odie nutes ov Grasston 
Nelson, Mrs. V. D., 2829 9th St. So., Mpls. 
RUSE TS iS Sa ee Willmar 
is ities TENT O yy CO a ie ae Hibbing 
Nelson, Mrs. Wm............. Box 153, Spooner 
isi gHEGies QS oe a ee re Owatonna 
Nelson, E., 880 So. Robert St., W. St. Paul 
Nelson, Henry Set Re a (abclsista ny ayardis'e'biarn Sale aves slots Oslo 
Nelson, PUTS BIE, cis 5 ole are dia8ic als aacie cio wate ars Hector 
Nelson, A. M....... 5114 Elliot Ave. So., Mpls. 
mivelsons Geo. H.:.5 0.55.65. Hope via Owatonna 
Nelsen, Leslie...... 953 Goff Ave., W. St. Paul 
PERM TEIUM ALL 15), sic oe ps accu dc eed cid sles Cokato 
ING spy ls A: 1900 Washington No., Mpls. 
Wewlands Fy... /...... 68% Custom House, Mpls. 
Weey. state Col. of For........ Syracuse, N. Y. 


Nesbitt, Mrs. Victoria K., 

Sellwood Bldg., Duluth 
ho Ta lS 202) SRS a ra Clements 
Newhall, Mrs. H. F., 2702 Humboldt So., Mpls. 
N. Y. State Ranger School..Wanakena, N. Y. 


Nesbitt, Mrs. W. L., 4715 Fremont So., Mpls. 
Nichols, Sen SS SSagapee 707 Cham. of Com., Mpls. 
Nichols, Mrs. C. H..1920 Palace St., St. Paul 
Tad 20 1) TAA Mankato 
Nicol, Henry (Onan 1199 Reany St., St. Paul 
Nicholson, Mrs. Saml1.5303 Nicollet Ave, ., Mpls. 
APE SNORE osc ie's ac cicic code te Oe pase heaton Dent 
eeu nese etl Pi ee oi. cie s wicn cee Murdock 
PREP EIEIO org csc e oic cave a:difiacea vidice ershore c Renville 
MEME UII oc cle oic de vein 0s cles ccleeeweieie Duluth 
TEMP AOMMIVV LIM. Cinra/ole cies 1s ets ocd vee ole vise Elk River 
Inf. tlt «Dat lire i ll 0 eT Roseau 


Nousse, John, 1346 Western No., W. St. Paul 


NowlenB. E., 2370 Chileombe Ave., St. Paul 
emo reartict Wo. aos sacccicck see ene Lonsdale 
PGruiet Mathias -..o2...-oececs cle c'eccecse Lonsdale 
T3556 | Ag J Cn 715 21st Ave. So., Mpls. 
Nygaard, Thos...... 953 40th Ave. N. E., Mpls. 
MMC Ce Mes cn cree iiclaeeesec wie Pelican Rapids 


525 


GiBriens»s Paty NAV eesace wena ake ake Renville 
O'Connor, | Fas.; Tri dessctielcen ce: Granite Falls 
Odell, Mrs. R. R., 2836 Irving Ave. So., Mpls. 


Oehring, [ OPER © Ar Ames Ue ae Fe BR Elkader, Ia. 
Vogl s Chbehal DT 0) cone tain Welty aoe oa at ae Waverly 
GIRTON IRE Rie ios: nisi a cistowke sebremee are Verndale 
COTE AP OY al diols elas d cicic'ssa s'ere Maw Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. 
Oerande Arthur iJiashs. Secs oc Hettinger, N. D. 
Werosisie! Pata. circ toate Deer River 
Gilson LE WAS: aac wntesie, ccc dekweire Kalispell, Mont. 
Odenbure) Henry! Ce. 68. ..0cchhee oe Carlton 
GS Cris EERE oss wrcttie icieee ice R. 1, St. Louis Park 
Olson SPAMS PP oy Nes de hoes voter ee Kennedy 
CHRON shy ES: py oahencie cmsis caos gd tele pean Willmar 
Olesen Michaels cos) n..8 se das cates Montevideo 
GlSenheNirse! Dy Wr es ctko scsi White Bear 
OlsanyePeteny Ms ses viecccceeer ec R. 4, Zumbrota 
Olyigtend ah, pH. cok eenn a: cae Excelsior 
DISGNE FOL MGS pe asiclsictetshociae gecmat eee Braham 
Omon VO Me civics cack eee eee Beltrami 
L015 | lh] DE a oR as oe a eo POSER yk AB OM Pequot 
OMB Se Jew HB sae sels pas cate oe eae eles Hopkins 
Oldenher sy JOS Teccescieis.vace dese R. 1, Belle Plaine 
Glsony Wim! Ga. Saks. daa haeeic ste nae Dunnell 
Olson Mrs. (‘Otto WW ecco casein Eagle Bend 
Olson MOSCAT, Hii sas eciesi wake we pad ee ee Orr 
Old, Mrs. W. A., ; 

5218 Washburn Ave. So., Mpls. 
Olson, A. H., 912 So. Robert, W. St. Paul 
Olson, Martin PSCC EE Lia ioe One. Lake City 
IOVS S ais sis acter cicing uote. cchtare Grand Meadow 
ISON WI OSCATIAAS , icravic isis sityscurateniaelelaereen Truman 
Olsenre Cesta Waicals;e omialsherae moon ik ee Central 
Olson; Paul... ........ 2538 Taylor St. N. E., Mpls. 


Olin, Miss Signe J., 
328 No. 60th Ave. W., Duluth 


OIsony TT. odin sacs ceciwetttacas ccc Central Lakes 
Orddalens, ‘Ole cocaine aaa eee Kenyon 
O'Neill, O. H, 2170 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul 
Onsatas cCM as ovens bodice wk ooo Eee Bemidji 
Omlands ) Birtles oan., Pea evs yom eee McIntosh 
Orr, Grier 1 eta arcete 1040 Laurel Ave., St. Paul 
OeWeil> GWinnl:;.ocintetates eos cole co ronment Cass Lake 
OtNenlls Jaghe Miss eieced hawk eedees Woodstock 
Oram, ‘Martin Woeeuchatess 3240 16th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Onperaand:, BivOlen tienes. eee Sacred Heart 
Oregon Agri. Col. Library..... Corvallis, Ore. 
OSre ra AONE Nersisstnsrene ar soate etl aets Montevideo 
Osborne, E. W...... 323 N. P. Bldg., St. Paul 
Omer teranleed! 5.5 sscsee oes 867 Forest, St. Paul 
Oshormy a Mes yosciace 3900 Sheridan So., Mpls. 
Osborn! Fis Bice sist as. 2900 38rd Ave. So., Mpls. 
@ssood! HEE .cscacsas 757 E. 6th St., St. Paul 
Otte, E. W., 821 So. Wabasha St., W. St. Paul 
Ostercren,. A. Fs So hae ee seule No. St. Paul 
Ostrom, “Mirss Cs. (Toe isesiddasenyeeaee Winthrop 
Osborn; HiraniooH so. n0cjtaeete as R. 4, Albert Lea 
OverniAS Wiewictets Signe s he esauescte cede oe ee Alden 
Pabody, Mrs: FE. F...... 123 So. 11th St., Mpls. 
PaIzer;, sOISper wis neaceee aceioew eae Mazeppa 
Paine SW Wi aaterere or 706 Sellwood Bldg., Duluth 
Balke wn Stepaniss te vc. sciceiose was ence Bryant, Wis. 
Parinidee, ECs ciaeswise es nee aa Owatonna 
Parker, Gi Wit steces cet cee ae Valley River, Man. 
Parker), UVa iditae siscocienne Waverly Hotel, Mpls. 
RAtLON gle WW ccete atsiofejetnrevoht olen ci cbye ties Maple Plain 
Bain. wits OF Gis caer ose eee as Sherburn 
Paterson; devbieccs ccc South Shore, White Bear 
IPALBETSON: sO Oca the dew iuyne sovieee eer Ellendale 
Peer eds Alyce sieve swiss 5. oiate nae Eden Valley 
Redersone vbs pAb ta haa ste Asttretiterek hice tae Beardsley 
OT OTILG | Ge ASE ee ia tcsais Sieve. ceietolaplota eters R. 1, Osseo 
ER ESTar pee Ese Mic eeorex eis: aip ooo eid cts anaveleaiaretove a ate ‘Excelsior 
EB QTE SCG Vtas je taveicinicinietere ovalore clevsiaaterctevela,otein ele Eureka 
PISA ETSOR: sIAG 1 Wittsicicies ots: Sas else's tisuicemuioes Comfrey 
Bearson. iy El yalamat...c ss aicecusdaisiaaease R. 1, Welch 


Perkins, Alfred..1780 Wakefield Ave., St. Paul 
IPeekcmvirsy © BMWs s'secs vase Yo Mes vy Mpls. 


526 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

Pennington, E.......... 317 2nd Ave. So., Mpls. Public” Libratyy:.jced.0 3. soe keene ee Stes 11 
Peake, CRRW Bis echo Seva edees Univ. Farm, St. Paul Pardy,( Caste eck 840 Met. Life Bldg., Mpls. 
FACES, Mais iis a Rhea tein kee ae ie Red Wing Purdham,) "(Gi W... 27 ps Sean: aeieael eee Anoka 


Perkins, Mrs. W. F., 
2426 Crystal Lake Ave., Mpls. 


Leqdeelix OS 4 65 ee ee gett A Munsing, Mich. 
BEDENE Me EL sitesi, oben daes ah eae ne ee Manitou 
Peabody, Lloyd...... 300 Globe Bldg., St. Paul 
J2Pord |All s fr | Sea 1029 Igiehart St., St. Paul 
RPECKa SERS TONG aac foie cain Sawtele sae tee Deer River 
Perkins, Paul H...... 250 20th Ave. No., Mpls. 
Peterson; wAlyin. 33. ok. c4scuneeenks Astoria, S. D. 
IPGLELSON,~ FOSs, sos toys ors he to wee sane Lake Crystal 
(Peterson; Pes testers dates stertreracteettotas Atwater 
Peterson, AO. OL sos. tke celsk ks acte SO ae Willmar 
Petersony Garky He ies tasted te c.0. othe pee Storden 
Peterson. «We lig Ye c's cciele a de sacs Sante ete Waconia 
PEEL SOROS VIG Cia ee ales 6 eo Meee tele Albert Lea 
PeeWee SMOG, WG. tajee:s.ciovs slersiste epee R. 5, Mankato 


Peterson, Hans P., 
3901 Van Buren St. N. E., Mpls. 
Peter, Justus..Smith & Annapolis St. St. Paul 


PGEEGY SOT, Wel ASe re we -jeccicithaterersiaxetete Blooming Prairie 
Peterson, Aug....916 W. Maple St., Stillwater 
iReterson;dohn Pe tis cs css. c beth cictviclets Aldrich 
StErSOM | CLASS, vel ain, s\eforsrerafersccye s¥er eid R. 2, Burtrum 
IPSEETSON, AK Oli Sy actinic sais Ae/tiatelarmad neta te Excelsior 
IREVEY Big biptihe sta a tec eidcletale naraktioctets 3 Clearbrook 
Petry sArthur $s soca. oe 930 Hudson, St. Paul 
Peterson, Mrs. Martin, R. 2, Kintyre, N. D. 
Peterson; Sls he ecec% cnr 887 Corham Ave., St. Paul 
IBEPOTSOMeyp cls’ Mia ccicselorn siete ayate- crafters ere Fort Ripley 
Peterson AS DULTLCON | vavcisie ays eotersehers stele laters Hayfield 
Rerersomey dle OSs Ss. caters, arate mereatecnetteraterd Sleepy Eye 
Peterson; PE eter! 5. os ccc sipaereto tae sven Deer River 
Peters, Hee Pre. sic: i Abche Reeeeeis a apres Glenwood 
PAISLEY SE, ie ich PMU ciavaisiats:oiocs/ Says) s eesrersi ersten eters Marietta 
PPO GCE WV Wiley, te) Lissyrsss fore ar cverareyarchere eaetels New Ulm 
Pe fertherey Com Aten decent ise cree ace R. 1, Winona 
Pfaender, Walter C...... Univ Farm, St. Paul 
era SED feo svevsss lots Fort Williams, West Ont. 
Pineo, Dr. W. B....507 Pillsbury Bldg., Mpls. 
rm leyayyAS Bye icctsie: stcskecton rahe access apeterete Park Rapids 
Pinkerton, S. W....1430 Capitol Ave., St. Paul 
Pisehner, August ss ssh oeke eck R 8, Mankato 
PrekattareyVeArpiTl:« ocktes acleteieve tctisieeyevenitets Stewart 
Pierce: Mrs Baxter. titwcc ene Ashland, Mont. 


Platten, Will J., 


Plank. Sirs: > Josephine ssa... csi oss ee stele Hopkins 
OT icy Eeaiclors eiacis oie icte sissies attons ocstee R 3, Mpls 
Poppler TOU ioc. ore sihatere © eeveeterolattelans Frazee 
OT APD Ne oi foeels acre che vaso ae Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. 
Porters da N.. 3.8 2947 Girard Ave. No., Mpls 
MODE ICA so lele a ies + scons te .aars cee erate wien Ogilvie 
ROLTET A CAINOS § celleretesishindleinnie estate Lake Benton 
POOLOTHV oe As oh ain ess orelale ayers Forest River, N. D. 
POIICL, Clu pO csece cen hort 240 Lewis St, Duluth 
Pollack, Mrs. Robt..5321 Avondale St., Duluth 
Pomijes Rev.) Heo Di cows: cscs sara seojencds Olivia 
POhter, (AS Els, 6%, of ave 2849 Irving Ave. So., Mpls. 
POUSSI Ets Ce CVV, salrin sles oere ah aces re casereererans Onigum 
Powers, Frank W....2816 Garfield Ave., Mpls. 
POM CED Hs WW crereroreis: o.Liensie's wisjemicelas cremewre aus Willmar 
sz ilace ONG reed dice co onie aickatie emcee. Winona 
POW. ecm Lie coc trese tate ek ark arose Pillager 
POSCIEY A Plats Biiia.c vie site cieine Cle ne aretaere Onamia 
Potter, BaF. S.0..:. 4400 Nokomis Ave., Mpls. 
{EMI er ital Vee as oreh ret Rare cige Raymond 
Potts, (Chas. W oem ebay. come cries inacikoe Deerwood 
Tega fefe(ore ol OS 0) eae ecm oma nT be LeRoy 
PPentiCe a Ore Linc melt aint ae eee eee Winona 
Pratt, Dr. C. C....307 So. Front St., Mankato 
Mes LOMs Mn OAc took sole lide eps anete cream bene Hastings 
PPImeb tes aTON SWisinchels arene cect tialelssta mer inieremelelate Ely 
PAIS) pO UI we: itceratee Aelee sirie Ue rae dacs Melrose 
Lei NUCL by RA Se Acree peIaic noe Iron River, Wis. 
eda 55 bate Dens ONS minke MO OOT ete roO WAI Rushford 


Prest, Miss Marion, 1713 Summit Ave., St. Paul 
Probett, Miss Ida..Care J. J. Dobbin, Excelsior 
Piupuard, (Ab ene te cient sires: clatter Battle Lake 


Putnam; Ris Wet) she eke eee Red Wing 
Pugh, Mrs. Dana V., 
General Delivery, Tryon, N. C. 


Quinn, Mrs. J. J., 
4042 Wentworth Ave. So., Mpls. 


QUIBE,y Willd irrte ole a -lercit ote’ siele eee R. 6, Red Wing 
Quinn 57d. Hier ieee saci 5 eee Delano 
Quinny Ji AN ee a teases alee See eee Tower 
Rains,’ Dr. J2 Mie cndes heen eee ee Willmar 


Rankin, Prof. A. W., 
916 5th St. S. E., U, of M., Mpls. 
Ramsdell, Chas. H..812 N. Y Life Bldg., Mpls. 


Rafelson,. Anton ~.... sii: +. mene Montevideo 
Ramey it "Es Wik 0c cclso tite eee Redwood Falls 
Ray abs W's .seeisiobis « 959 40th Ave. N. E., Mpls. 
Ralston, sOrsads i Pana eenie Cavalier, N. D. 
Rand) BeOR2% . h.02.s 3-20 een ee eee Frazee 


Rauscher, John....673 Bidwell St., W. St. Paul 
Rarig, Prof. F. M..63 Barton Ave. S. E., Mpls. 


Rauen,\Mrs. P.0 dnc. o cee White Bear 
Raddatz, “Arthur... .sccc eee eee Pine Island 
Ranney, H: Fi. ...:<%s;/s0:5. eee Benson 
Raftery, W, Es. so icts olor ace Garrison, N. D. 
Reed, John A........ 707 Cham. of Com., Mpls. 
Reed; Disc A. nace cots hese Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. 
Reeves, N. H.......... 3410 2nd St. No., Mpls. 
Reeves, Mrs. John. .......20<%.).ssceaeeene Nemadji 
Reed; (Calvin... .<.c.c-66 resection eee Killdeer, N. D. 
Redpath;\.Geo)) "Aso s.c2 cece Big Sandy, Mont. 
Reenter: Messe ovshs ose 1640 Montreal, St. Paul~ 
Reeves;, Mrs. H.< Gow. 22 1c. eels Nemadji 
Reamer, J. Ui...... 1921 Greysolon Rd., Duluth 
Reed; M:4 Hii... sic ooitee pees ae Hastings 
Rehbeth, Ed oes cee cjeieic-0 baie eee R. 3, Duluth 
Reinking; Wm... 5 «).):.....<3.0 + aac « ceil eaneees Osseo 
Rekedal, S2 Bini). 22... cies eee Lucan 
Reichert, John....... 215 E. 7th St., Red Wing 
Reno, Nils). 0.64 0. c5  oiiee Reeeere Excelsior 
Revord; "Te; Alls fcc. ele wcte.crets oie cine ae Austin 
Renner,. Wax. oS sees oon eee St. Louis Park 
Reme), Caspers, wa; ks oeheoeee Menomonie, Wis. 
Reynolds;) Min INiu.cet bos tee eee Turtle River- 
Remsker,: Rev:.; Peters. 2.2.5... cee Canby 
Reiland,, Wm........ R. 1, Bx: 20;-WeiSieweae 
Rempel, Henry D............ Wolf Point, Mont. 
Reniny.ass2 0B). acne 2636 Pillsbury Ave., Mpls. 
Reiten, HarsoiSi.,- as:iicnrias acters Hastings, N. D. 
Reithner; (C. W* 3...6-.c0 ea eae eee Deer River 
Richardson; ‘Tray Bree. seis ete New Brighton 
Richardson, Wii) Pi 5.202%)... sees Comfrey 
Riehl. Brame)... < dow ccletie< one ee Belle Plaine 
Rieke, Adolphy i. 3.\..2. snails shee Fairfax 
Rices Fics Oo ccivstect «ats oes en eee Northfield 
ices lan IE wissen ee Goe ae Park Rapids 
Rice, Millard). wiscacto aster Box 66, Berg, N. D. 
Rice; Mrs: Be Viieo. sisen-s oe aes ....-Dayton 
Ride Wiig 5 CBee ade cases eat a sceees 2 ae Shevlin 
Richardson, A. O;. .c.s.ceho. Sees Menahga 
Richardson, H. C........ 729 BE. 6th St., Duluth 
Richardson, W. D..Care Swift & Co., Chicago 
Rink, Mrs. M...... 894 Hastings Ave., St. Paul 


Rittle, Miss Anna E., 584 Selby Ave., St. Paul 
Rittmaster, Harry. .934 Allen St., W. St. Paul 


Ritehell, Wimisccrsruc oe lciatetdererces Sta. A, Mpls. 
Rising, Marion S....787 Laurel Ave., St. Paul 
Risch: John Sietescwes sec ch Chie oe wore Elkton, S. D. 
Rimstad,; Ladvilke™ oa: « «3c 80s Meee Dawson 
Rindahl; \C.) Ta, dene. ss. 22:22. baer Oklee 
Rittp A. os bccn ors 401 Sinnen St., St. Paul 
Robertson, John...........- Hot Springs, S. D. 
Roberts, ‘C. M...-....... 139 W. 40th St., Mpls. 


Roberts, Miss Emma M....14 E. 51st St., Mpls. 


LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 


Rogers, C. R....St. Anthony Falls Sta., Mpls. 


Rodgers, Dr. .Eimma. ............00% White Bear 
BrOneCcer ATP Vissewewtics deel saslee os oak Gladstone 
Rohan, Mrs. M. A....1004 Nicollet Ave., Mpls. 
MARE TER se oni a dr tlastcveieinale.cvese Esmond, N. D. 
HOCH Wie. BS) 0. < sai 17 E. Mankato St., Duluth 
FIO RCOV ET Wek Hie cicieis.ccsicttie uneladiecivieeiee Verndale 
modenberg, Henry... .....e.eeees Mindora, Wis. 
BP ESESEMMEBET CUMING cou /o.eiala on aloo «ce 'cye,en'e ate Farmington 
Rojina, Frank.......... Box 72, St. Bonifacius 
ERERTEREMME UV 2X0 ots: sia'c wie idles loigve escreveve wieloie Inkster, N. D. 
RMON ET ELS <n. s 2 sce S scree sls ces Lewis, Idaho 
Ross, Norman M........... Indian Head, Sask. 
IMEI PE LIV loins o.0:s-sjassieicieierele sv serelaae Wayzata 
Rosacker, Hans...... 1856 Stinson Blvd., Mpls. 
8 los a) dn Ta ee Verndale 
Rosenquist, Mrs. J. O....3210 Blaisdell, Mpls. 
Lay) 2825S I) Blooming Prairie 
sta, (6.136. 5a eee on Woodstock 


Rosenberger, Peter, 

1008 Stryker Ave., W. St. Paul 

ino. Ane Ce eee eee ee Simpson 

RR RUPIREE MRR IN al Sicfaye arcicreleie icles ditreicie'd we dieie'e « Dalton 
Rosholt, Mrs. Julius, 

1925 Penn Ave. So., Mpls. 

Ruff, Mrs. D. W. C 


"530 Globe Bldg., St. Paul 


pmiev, Ged... .i...e... 0 Lyceum Bldg., Duluth 
2 in, “Ge U1 (5 SO eee ieee Albert Lea 
MTU RSE ER os arai0ia/o/eie)sfecicieis 'e b-isleicjaeSrere Rochester 
Ruedlinger, C. N..2929 Colfax Ave. So., Mpls. 
POT ICMVY oiola a ciuls oes osighe eee na ides ectceed Aitkin 
UBSSE Mem DP aE DOSS ier. osc sss vc cee Grand Rapids 
MNETTONGS PGEOsi wi. oie ss esc e eee et Clara City 
PEURBCUGMET ANS! scccadaccceeeseteoeceuaes Warroad 
Ruttger, BUY Susie eve fe rey. racic s,dinterefestreretard Nota ae Deerwood 
lnekeial GeO) SS ih a ane er ae Kelliher 
EPO SEMI SEI e Valsvo'a)osclele te covets ete ov cline on Deer River 
RS, Gs Beis... 1517 E. Superior St., Duluth 
ERPU RPM EIDE. ol ac'sjacales icye's eo decls gees 40ers Hopkins 
Rysgaard, Jens....1679 Tayior Ave., St. Paul 
Deayaitle, UCR e 2G 9 oe ge No. St. Paul 
Salzer, Geo.......... 606 Plymouth Bldg., Mpls. 
PURE RATES PO MBEE TUNES che tafejaie: ects iiiee:a & sie o0/0 lee eee Waseca 
SHAM MONG... cscs e eo. 835 E. 6th St., St. Paul 
Salverson, Rev. es Pretelsione Toronto, S. D. 
Sabin, Bert Bre tetee a SAVERS boa c c/n Gp Naetoseraterckel ald Mission 
STE O15 18 (001 R. 1, Lafayette 
IACI ON Cs vinlelicwie css Ssh e nee Elbow Lake 
SHED AEESE 9 1 RS Excelsior 
ACURINAANO ER VVETINS, Syergs0 isin als ciesase'eis s svererviws ove Houston 
Sayre, R..... 108 E. 51st St. Sta., Chicago, Ill. 
Sell USSG ICOSIS SA a a ae Sartel 
SH liiare: 1 re ee Weegdahl 
PRIBEPMECECD UP occas. cise vee whe « R. 1, Montevideo 
(SE LELD be e  C AON oe Lake City 
PIPRPUAESTUMREEN CMT olay cate tr ayo c .a'ain, Seal slate lao, ew bie eros Excelsior 
BUG HHHMOUIS, 60.6006. see Agri. School, St. Paul 
Sanporn,; WOuis...... 0068. 409 Lbr. Exch., Mpls. 
eerSOn  OSECAT. eos. kee ees teds Albert Lea 
Sayusnl 1) Sa eee ae as Waterville, Ia. 
Saunders, Mrs. Wm................. Robbinsdale 
Pea RTECMN CS LEG = cro: 5! o05: 03 cys v0: cicre!s\olovele Bisislone Worthington 
TRIE OS A ONATD 7) EM seg sic iat siera ave" sheroce wie) sveis Pequot 
SHO Vie el 6 [eo Winnipeg, Man., R. 4 
PRPRNETRIINICHOIWAC tice cae cea aie vaarete see Chisago City 
SUL ie ee 2 re Be Springfield 
SUT ZiT, 18 I Waa Ue ee Echo 
Powe EMITTERS oy eed oP cbs xe) sates och os mree a ae Geicel aes Rogers 
Schreiner, Francis X. ...... R22) We st.. Paul 
MIA, SMO WATO. fe-Fe50.. cece es R. 3, Mankato 
RENCE MMSE VI SUL. Veils s bia/sewleove sveretocw? Madison 
SCRE Ae VL COPA a israck.s ole aic's arcie sais dieses Shakopee 
RRO LET GT Me MeTA iTS <remion’e secs ens eve Fairmont 
S017 e/a 0 Sere Seott-Groff Lbr. C., Duluth 
RITR AEP CLONE arc e a haveivie aseiele 6 jb eo obs siecle Wells 
Schlemmer, C. H..... 1602 Hague Ave., St. Paul 
MICHIE UNOPSE OWING «tacts ave cls ccc see's e ces ees Frazee 
reRaEPL UMM HENS Feta) ajale Hees iae RiGee) vie osie's e's Excelsior 


527 


Schriber,. FredtHy 47. 25.<: - White Bear Lake 
Scone, Mrac ISAs. 2. fe. 2015 Girard N., Mpls. 
Nehiolin Pred vaca vcctor wares ohee rs St. Cloud 
mehroedeliy Jobni ith. comhaceineweset Sherburn 
Schumacher,, Albert: :Gics Acai: suieoeds Fairfax 
SOOUIEZ EWN Gs, weiacra's cetiteye ee cee coe Elgin 
Schafer, Arthur | .ccuSsotescesne R. 5, Windom 
Sehlesel ieee. cine cleku soiera terete slave oik Chokio 
Schmitt, Adrian ....629 2nd St. N. E., Mpls. 
ScCOwiesy MTA, 4 5ieG cs acide cca semantes Sleepy Eye 
Debert, Mere. 3.6 se Mota cn anor ee aE ne Osseo 
SCOtt. JOHN P lemasicelecrs 1486 Hythe St., St. Paul 
SchrocderssGay Ate sos Sled ae eee Mankato 
Sehuneman,, Cans. sini. bas chankteemee aire 

Ra inae de Care Schuneman & Evans, St. Paul 
SCOtbyw ll plsens wth/olerncss OER siccoteaciot sree ae Laporte 
SCOpHAy Gai ace cste wictejels erslatets hocks Deaton oe 


-Care Gowan Lenning Brown, Co., Duluth 


Scheffold, Rev. GEOL. sacisinuinecte nae pelea Wayzata 
Sell, Chas. FAT SO IOC neta e ooh OtF, Delano 
Selva e C2 CL repeeagiele cule araeware tetas aera Willmar 
Selersnidng Meg cine cid So he ooo aa oan Excelsior 
Secorse Husenessisdissite tesa -oeae as Forest City, Ia. 
Sear Rob te jeteckisviasen oaths sis Hammond, Wis. 
Seifert Hranky Doo iccpgcts olen ea avon New Ulm 
Seprintyiiranks 4s pacman sacle Sauk Center 
MOISES HOF Hc iate, «areal toetatb icv etalicterous chee ott Windom 
Seidl, John N. ....1063 Goff Ave., W. St. Paul 
Sell bys coh oe tcisisieseie s slows nee ieee La Crescent 
Severa, Emil............ 1677 Vineent N., Mpls. 
Seymore, Mrs. M. T...109 W. 3rd St., Duluth 
Dewars MRC sete clots raitrasstnecticcext Central Lakes 
Shepley, Mrs. E. L...12 Summit Court, St. Paul 
MhavemeAlired(tSey 5 :ciaiss;ccteraccdorek eet eee Hawley 
Shattuck Gey Wie Weare lak cere cle eevee ost Whalan 
Shaw; sRobents).2.25 cere tle oes leas Funkley 
Shelley jE SM Vn rdsictsietee ike clei Hanska 
Sherwood) (Geos Bi. 5 fae siejs ow easvajels) oie smeale Kimball 
Shelland). (Miss “‘Anmnie..)....... sic cietete ccloletaeve 
ess Dept. of Education, Capitol, St. Paul 
Sherwood, W. C. ....... Woodland Ave., Duluth 
SHATDIESS REV es ay We ale oss uel taceitte ciate Fergus Falls 
Shenandoah Nurseries ........ Shenandoah, Ia. 
Shane, t Daniel i260 ss sito West Salem, Wis. 
Shrawey, Dincs At, . IW ireia sieve serieie am to aerate eee Buhl 
Sheppard, F. J....... 3143 Stevens Ave., Mpls. 
Shaw Botanical Gardens........ St. Louis, Mo. 
Shelare wer aeons Vals an shuts oheree se aretoners. orate Grygla 
Pais DAMS) i, aici e sists ore aiesr lets Thief River Falls 
Shimel ype ceca Mts -avcvavciel fer siggeteloa Slevereieyel Breckenridge 
Short: Mirs:) AFOnnMS s.05f;, ess tie hae sere Wayzata 
Sleloven tiny ol ide 8 Ea aoc aac Earn toe Grand Rapids 
Shireliye loys,» sleretate ecepl teel aelaes Tower 
Simmmon's) pel arol deve ciecetec sis save Howard Lake 
Simpson; ‘Hon’. /Davidi 2.2 ck. dsieesnewieetetacre 
cee 630 First Nat. Soo Line Bldg., Mpls. 
Sipher Mrs. 2As xd6 ois icjevepe% ets sens ahs eee Aitkin 
Simmons; Wie ‘Assess asin e <cmietteisiaye site olabe siete oh 
..1620 So. Spring Ave., Sioux Falls, S. D. 
Simmons) Win win) ofan as ccejewiselaltemiatetetels Glenwood 
Siniss. (‘S6 eAly ast assake tenon ater see ae Excelsior 
Simison?) Dri ©. Wrasse stccterrercetterctae mien Hawley 
Sikes, S. R....915 Washington Ave. So., Mpls 
Salliaia PA es sists cxath crabevsvcias cseheAaoceleyeipiatete Hibbing 
Signs; Mrs:'C. By....... 873 Ottawa St., St. Paul 
Sinclair: (Ca Piwelaesisiene 225 Kasota Bldg., Mpls. 
Sted ye (Ghat leh ain cits caloric oadoG Hopp, Mont. 
Sinclair, Mrs. E. L..425 So. Prospect, Rochester 
STMIMOMS he AUe Wace: cvele wale cavers Wlaltreyaccre Forest Lake 
SUAMAGIG tyr lersie, Wrsicts clercvecie.s axiciarse e's Grand Marais 
SIMEPH Ge) CLOME Hite apes eicer sistant? -satemeers Spring Park 
Skytte, C. J....Fisher & Autumn Sts., St. Paul 
SRNR dee VV is otters Cpatevein io fo/e ciao arereretoyeralere nets Saum 
Sporn, (Cle Meaapeince cidioa comic Wendell 
SKOOL aps iss ee ae clalciohevn « nleveroleiehelwresiectaleiat Carver 
SKOTDEN eS hi. sci © ersusieieleisis Valley City, N. D. 
Skogland, Clarence....1069 E. Ave., Red Wing 
Scurry trate) oh ld a execs s.sicteysiavsi one cttealsrave eve bie aislaps Austin 
Sloane He Giscrertahe ou rslatesaverel usta abeyecelatelemialera Ellendale 
Slack, H. W.....1736 Princeton Ave., St. Paul 


STE H u Ge, sel syahayccieis, che'aisyarsvacaieie« efeka mover Faribault 


528 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Smith, Mrs. W. S...486 Portland Ave., St. Paul 


Smith, TS leet es tira 310 Phoenix Bldg., Mpls. 
RRPMINEI RS PSS Rees 26 ts a ola iaciols saree RG oe Stanton 
Smaitiins (OS Tes ssa 2018 Hawthorn Ave., Mpls. 
Sarma eT Goes 3 Ss de todos e Soe eas Lakeville 
DPM REG ied roto cine ate co disks ates ante Mankato 
BU GEOR NLD! « s.e'g/aio-sio ve eeicie setae aie! ere Faribault 
Smiley, RoW... ssc. 713 E. 2nd St., Duluth 
Smith, Be Wis o's ekiscle de 132 E. Lake St., Mpls. 
SMMC RE We ES inc sae ceajaro ee tracfone « North Branch 
PPE  ENCOS. sale) siclm ede aed eds deicle ard eeys Richville 
SHIMNGIT APA: oe. Ulm a nae cz ck Vek. Sere cee ihe id 

NPE Lalas oo 2095 Commonwealth Ave., St. Paul 
Smith, Geo. O......... 2721 Minn. Ave., Duluth 
EGS. Cee etin cet a hae amie Aes deloe Foals Preston 
Sorenson, Soo viesjsc% 0. 8s CHC are tied ae Anoka 
POLED IER Ol tAC RMP MRS ihe crccled.s Riciave caw Halstad 
Solsebth, “hide Anwar coheed ls Box 182, Watson 
Sarencon. (Otto) Alc A.s ccm setae eee Albert Lea 
Soderlund, Nels............... Box 54, Alvarado 
Rm eT eld, eB. Wis'sn cise aovaie aiscerq eee cbiniera Echo 
Soderholm, Ellis...... Care J. Trait, Kandiyohi 
Sommers, Benj...628 Fairmount Ave., St. Paul 
SHGEL BONN iG Jolie shes sao eociha os mala eee eet Reading 
Seathally! Fob «3.51 ele wrssets wee Berlin, N. D. 
Salherc Ae Deer as oterioa dace ee eos Winger 
SOT aE ela eects os) tus at oyeve, siete opto al eta Montevideo 
Sorenson; Jens Alb. .livcecscscceds Armstrong 
Symestey Weds hoes. s ciess ats inte stare bedeis eve a wreveinne Donnelly 
SRPINTIETD AOC wh Gree ss iron noel «saves e Sieve tvimroteckeoma are Hayfield 
Sprague, (Clifford) (dec lcgclswce aioe gale see Madelia 
Sperl, John B........ R.. 2;,) Bx. ‘71, We St.Paul 
Sprague, Mrs. Jas. W...3120 Irving So., Mpls. 
Specbeck, Prank’ oo: ojsc.sie aries ieroe.s R. 2, Winona 
StaitiChassi Re. 2.25. 607 Torrey Bldg., Duluth 
Starr, Miss Elizabeth..2713 Colfax So., Mpls. 
State HReformatory = jo). bse/eetseaeete emit eo St. Cloud 
SSCL TABS & (ka any ar ae La RES eA Minot, N. D. 
Stakman, Prot. Hy Ci... Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
SARIS) te) OUI wa tciciaac teas ndens aa bes Grasston 
Staley Ly Weds iste fudackonaenen Beaudette 


Stassen, Wm. A., 


Stevenson, A. P:........... ide 1B “Morden, Man. 
Siermer aol vs: coer Mlccitey cate nanan Iona 
SRE TMA ALR io: s)sre 5.0 dipeind.c cisicieo elatenreee Rosemount 
Stebbins,: Vera...... 320 Oak Grove St., Mpls. 
SIPEMEIET IC ALLIEN clei nreluie Qclacsezicie hme wataials St. Peter 
SMO Hobs Hl iia distciess ete wa s cayusardbtiomaeicn Cloquet 
SPER rel OMEN tay ahe sees eres scecsralerecatnieerovsveveraters aiane Red Wing 
RMOTITIES ND ilsastue ec ene sce R. 6, Montevideo 
BETES NEOGEO 566 ib Susttasirs qasieariecterale Lancaster 
Sheeler WY 7B sia sccte s veces es teehee emcees Bigfork 
Stockwell, S. A........ 304 Andrus Bldg., Mpls. 
Stork, W. E...363 So. Cleveland Ave., St. Paul 
Strader, RS Lee ee So. Bellingham, Wash. 
bist LAMERIN © 0's lcistaici tiers o\t}el=, Sietatamievaere ries Albert Lea 
eroOmMseds,, .Os. IN oc. hisses aternfelste sre tise a Willmar 
Stryker, Veoh DD: 63 Js asick Wateecscd oacees 
..Woodland Ave., Hunter’s Park, Duluth 
PL eM H OND WAS .0.« wrestles ejs:ave me etege ine ates Arago 
SOT CAIDELE (Soe aidct diets beciietectelnine Ortonville 
PSUS 4 (ARGUE. fase ici crorbyerdstel dlnetela ein sie Bederwood 
Strahile, Ch...c..so6c 3038 Blaisdell Ave., Mpls. 
Streleney se Mls. LA seiiee Si hie's ecw wibien Minnesota City 
Seranideny: Ole Gis). eis cs cisnafaue meioqarel tee Swift 
HOMES Wot UM eres vistsiareis fis ae R. 38, Annandale 
Stoleson,, Theos ....,.:j6-%:. R. 1, Viroqua, Wis. 
POEUN AT ls A  cjelsidrare le niotek ee oases eee Rollag 
ROBES a rts iae oes ola) w wreYee tv svolbereiaiamaeveoiers Raymond 
Strachaners, Clarence Ai. sive eels s aereie 
OHA siodion Ayah ole 412 Syndieate Bldg., Mpls. 
EMIGGA), ED chip Bie, ft myers leiose eo alegre a hee Fergus Falls 
PHEOWE. CAS DWV aizse-dsfatars coe aieraxea deems Laurel, Mont. 
Strauss, Mrs. Minnie....624 Ohio St., St. Paul 
PiKatherays b iM ass ccccsd.aadleucsene vtec Rich Valley 
Sirew,, hs nano eacws el aoite vas Seed age Delano 
SSBTHIIEEE, «sed ale lb ote sles ala oerchensyorgyeracloisislaie a esnyenehs Excelsior 
Stryker, John E..... 816 Globe Bldg., St. Paul 
Sundberg, (Chas) Asi os en cie wie sicie wie Worthington 
Sueker); “Adolp by 2545 56:) 2a cae centers Lewisville 


susiiaie AME ee 3205 Park Ave., Mpls. Fat 
Sundt, Ole! M.....:..5:.) ee . Willmar 
Summerfield, Isaac.921 Goodrich Ave., St. Paul — 
Sullwold, H. A..... 1773 Summit Ave., St. Paul 
Sullivan, John.......... 361 Iglehart, St. Paul © 
Swaboda, Frank: |. ))..:0% slp hebeo ee emOene Canby 
Swanson, Albert....R. 1, St. Croix is Wis. 
Swany ide! sRaes views ncicces ap eee Madison 
Swanson, Chas........-..01e. R. - No. St. Paul 
Swedberg, J.-E... ccc. cece R. Battle Lake 
Swanson, C2 W.. ncn eee Bx. er Lafayette 
Swanson, Alfred..584 Boxrud Ave., Red Wing 
Swanson, Henry A.............. Cushing, Wis. 
Swansgn) (A: 22. 2..cc eee R. 1, Vietor, Mont. 
Swedberg, P.Wasios i aga ee Moose Lake 
Sweet, W. H........... 1731 Chicago Ave., Mpls. 
Swensson, John.......... R. 2, Bx. 5, Maynard 
Swenson, Gunder........... Be New London 
Swedberg, J. 1......63. 4s deen Madison 
Swanson, John W..:..2.sseue eee Stephen 
Swanson, Mrs. J. M.......... R. 1, Eagle Bend 
Swanson,. Chas. S. Wo. sasseseeneee Litchfield 
Swanson, Mrs. Marie E.......)-50ee eee 

oa pretniale sivis Catena R. 1, St. Croix Falls, Wis. 
Syrdal,, BR. Riv... ac )facle nue cetera ae Shelly 
St.. John, A. M... 5... 5.6 Ga Lakefield 
Ste Jolin, Ro-kesace 3121 Humboldt So., Mpls. 
Taleott,).Mrs. A.’ Juss eee Westbrook 
Taylor, John W.2..-2.4 206 Globe Bldg., St. Paul 
Tallant, FF. Esl... . + suseen eee Mound 
Tallafson, H S... .cc.c6's 2 pe pee R. 5, Willmar 
Taylor; Thos.’ W.:.i:i.acnnee eee Eagle Bend 
Tavener,. Mark. ...:js5.0eneeee Esmond, N. D. 
Tavis, Pred .sc'sic ste ante eee Albert Lea 
Taylor, J. B....s one soe eee Ipswich, S. D. 
Tappe;)\Chasi: i ...b.se eeeees R. 1, Bx. 6, Sebeka 
Tapban, W.. M033. eee pee Hibbing 
Taylor, Ei EB... ce sss. scsareeeceeneen Merrifield 
Terry, /L:. Wir...cagh) stan Howard Lake 
Tewes,, Fred) \.\. ..« «cs 0sai0 sles pineal Mazeppa 
Teeple, DavidB. ccc. sae eeten eee R. 3, Wells 
Tereau, Mrs. F..... 430 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul 
Temple, byle: ..is:skcccca eee eee eee Morristown 
Tellin, Mattie <...0 0.5 jcsesdada seen Deer River 
Thunstedt,. John ...\;,.. cesses aeehe diene Willmar 
Thompson, Torkel ..-iitecenmineenee Louisburg 
Thomas, Chas. dit. Jct /sccutnisie ieee Frazee 


Throolin, P. J., 
4018 Van Buren St. N. E., Mpls. 


Thomas, H.. Dies. sist cee. dee ere Vergas 
Thornton, N. J-%.....a2 ascent Deer River 
Thorpe, Ralph....2837 Central N. E., Mpls. | 
Thornton, EY Cees oie e oniecieleieee eee Benson 
Thornton, M.. P:....:jjccseee eee Worthington 
Thompson, Robt. .....:.«.ueeeeen R. 5, Willmar 
Thompson, Fred, \M.-... oases seen Bricelyn 
Thompson, W.. Ji. <\sccicseeaee meee Pitt 
Thor, Herman: «<<... sees eee St. Louis Park 
Thompson, My 'di.0. sfc 2 v0 = «lee 

N. E. Minn. Demonstration Farm, Duluth 
Thompson, Harold .).... 20510 d=0 lhe eee 

Care Lake Shore Greenhouses, Albert Lea 
Thompson, « Albert: 6.1... net eeeneeeeeeee Murdock 
Thompson, .Thorvald’ <..04..se-ehss see Oslo 
Tingley; W dics sz emcee eee Forest Lake 
Tillotson, Mrs. H. B...1320 5th St. S. E., Mpls. 
Tillisch,. J...F.' Foc. .a:2s eee ae Renville 
Titus, iy PR 140 Endicott Areade, St. Paul 
Tillisch, Mary A..2.5s<0esautelan oan 

pb Sere AE Ca Wells Memorial School, “Mpls. 
Tiedt; (Mrs.. Fred: «:.. 12s: ene ‘Argyle 
Tjosvold, L...\Av\...2. aoe eee eee _ Willmar 
‘Torgerson;. Hs) P)<.\.s\cssee eee Astoria, Ss. D 
Tomalin’ W (ELA S22 cee Bx. 304, Regina, Sask. 
Totusek, Frank J ale 
Torfin,, *Iver. 0.25 wiles «asatae nee 
Tollefson, Hogen®..;...0e sesame 
Tomlinson, W. H 
Tome, G.. His iei.s.sa'nee se eee 


LIST OF ANNUAL MEMBERS. 


RETHGR Te Abee i cine ccc eet ec Bx. 108, Duluth 
SROSECNGOMS A Ele cites soc ecses eee cee eeeees Jackson 
Mowe usonee Ge Cu. cc. 6s 1H oth onoreck Glenwood 
MPeOEPIGE ETS Woev ccc ccc se ccs c ccc cesece Sherburn 
MMPI AS. Lins... ecec ccc cceeccusesetvne 

....s-.-711 Syndicate Bldg., Oakland, Cal. 
door (0) 7A eee R. 8, St. Cloud 
opoo, oi J RRR ROS ene raeSencrcirn ~. Chisholm 
SpeeEER eGR Dert EL... ccc teen cscs Mankato 
Trautz, Geo....... 2108 Carroll Ave., St. Paul 
PDIP AMMAth. sc sc ce scescccuceescee St. Cloud 
MUTED MOE SUED on cua y vic viegc sce esiceectce Northfield 
PERM Ose Once scan sc ecees Davenport, N. D. 
MIETMRID DT ioc cs'e oc: cesses yee ccsence Shakopee 
Lie Meh SUM Northwood, N. D. 
DIE NPIOE Feliclclels o'caic cic eevee te wscssecases Austin 
MOPTIMERE PEON irae wiciniy s s)cs hs ve ojce es cance Alexandria 
PREM EEEL INES oi )s Soria sie. cclsve cee bee cwesiecs Shelby 
TE IOE PWV ASD. ou. cceccsy ences Seattle, Wash. 
MmwenholZnS. Wess ccwe scene Mandan, N. D. 
CUT 15 00 Se Ssnecn rar icici Alexandria 
Mmopstaetter, Mrs............ce0e0c. Shields, Pa. 
Mme OPP IGIDLALY. «sce. 2 cece ee’ Urbana, Ill 
Ween, 12 ay 0 R. 1, Climax 
Werm@erroneeD. Dy... oc dace cecees Maple Lake 
Waaeeerborart, W. S. ...0..cesseee Zumbrota 
Wirin, O\V/s0 A 0) «eee Spiritwood, N. D. 
Wandermarck, Mrs. Cy. W........cccccceces 

| LOSS S00 SERS Bee 818 Albert St., Crookston 
Memsprom,  JONN  A.......ccceciesnenes Clarkfield 
Satie Weer GEO.-E. sw. ces se ties Center City 
Van Duzee, H.-M............- White Bear Lake 
Van Loon, John........ R. 2, LaCrosse, Wis. 
WVEPOGH PANT ONIC cian cece cesses cevecccus Wayzata 
WES) ot ES 3322 Park Ave., Mpls. 
Wee ele NACIAV «00 c0cccecceed R. 1, Pine City 
UREMEITECL GS revel stuierrie cis t's1s.c.siee > oe cies « Fergus Falls 
Wenplanics Bs Beis... 0.0.66 R. 1, New Richland 
Velie, Chas. D 225 Clifton Ave., Mpls. 
SUMED EURMMBEC SUI ese cia «t's 5 oisievais er aiove see's Spring Valley 
Vedi as 110) | | Shakopee 
Stee POMCN co 2 lech e'cie a csv a Gve\ oops salve aeieiese Canby 
Vareanas Rainy Dake. Co.....0....0..6 Virginia 
Vierling, M. A......... 824 Hall Ave., St. Paul 
OEMS Lites ss clare oic.o sidie'sis oo ac ccees Ostrander 
DOMINGO LIE alc craiciece vis c sieiesie cc eeceeae cee Cloquet 
Wineent,.V. D:........ Commercial Club, Duluth 
MEMINLOW. Pins. ccc cccecccseuessceuss Lonsdale 
WiakdaeeeWWencel Js..c.sccccceees yi eee Lonsdale 
Vollenweider, Henry .............. La Crescent 
Von Herff, B...... 4759 Ingleside Ave., Chicago 
WORE, Sia. 9) ie err ree Vergas 
VIGNE ETAT, oc. ccs cece cseces R. 2, Hopkins 
Werle. | a Faribault 
MielRorclths yf al CS 0 ea ee Lake Benton 
\itcu. [2 13 Se Renee re Se Dresbach 
Mone. (Ceo. Sa SSSR eee Moorhead 
NW VS N. Crystal Lake, Ill. 
VUTEC OUT Eolas cia. ca vnc ccticcadecdsveves Eureka 
WRT OSD on, cccce ste W. Winona St., Duluth 
Walgren, Swan J..... 3048 10th Ave. So., Mpls. 
RUVTIRTEEI GMT RIVES co ole sce. vsald.cle cle ce b's e's c's Northfield 
Waliner, Berthold, Jr..200 Dodd Rd., St. Paul 
Wallblom, Chas........ 1087 Jesse St., St. Paul 
\Weauic, lo 1A RA ae re Murdock 
\WEUG Deo | Egeland, N. D. 
IE ICO ale wcccocicc cs esccdscevseans Watkins 
Walkup; J. Bee... ..: 2416 Sheridan So., Mpls. 
SUPINE MEVETIUIS 5 05s accivacccecseace Plummer 
VSL ii Grand Portage 
DMCUNG ENERO, <0 cise. cesses eveece cece Sauk Rapids 
NPIS ON Te Gr, ok cbc cee ce eaecec savas Solway 
MATEO NT celine scdcseccc cease cae Leonard, N. D. 
AU pir ere 220M nr White Bear 


Washburn, W. O...1082 Summit Ave., St. Paul 


529 
Wiattner rare "Acc sesont sh tee ces tee easicte Canby 
Washburn: Profs) tins... + St. Anthony Park 
Wanbuss, Miramlcydhomscck oc sie tere poe Ola scxue Glencoe 
RW SUP TC TeNe MPEG Pai hie ra ajo ase biniers enlace nate Snowball 
Watts, Arthur...... 2833 17th Ave. So., Mpls. 
WBC Man tarts sop nea tind aie oacnuaieieine ocicinvermies Swift 
Warner, A. L......2391 Woodland Ave., Duluth 
Washburn, "Gar Oo wie cles eset Edgely, N. D. 
Water iG.*: Hick sc ekinnee ces cele tale te R. 1, Osseo 
Warner, Its. CO. He ode 2 R. 1, Bx. 85, Osseo 
VEIT etre CV ETO'.: .acerstetaroins Nisie sharntetefelesteferetercleie Frazee 
Watson, D. H....... Bx. 212, White Bear Lake 
Warners Mrs: Bhs (Orr. 2505 ccclee cnet pana oan 
meee a oti cevletets 8030 W. Calhoun Blvd., Mpls. 
Warwick, And........ 2525 18th Ave. S., Mpls. 


Watson, Mrs. J. L., 
1173 Ashland Ave., St. Paul 


Warley er WUAt Se etic cate cie seineiscee ccs Holdingford 
Wang; Albert: «:....:..; 118 Park Ave., Duluth 
WANES RODE. WW spice «Sit sie os wreyeiele ctee Little Falls 
Welds? Jz- Qian oo cis:. 2% 1601 Fremont No., Mpls. 
Welker Satter vcccmahutvics seme Fall Creek, Wis. 
Wieder, ao tai cen clo tered vetoed osceisiets Albert Lea 
Weinhagen, Chas. ..... 361 Bates Ave., St. Paul 
Wiebster. i Beta a tric sins sle'sials viele sttauters St. James 
WedSer ArnG a rdiieic. so tucsce e aralsiele a ties Bemidji 
Wredbeelina be tk rardec cceas tc access Albert Lea 
INVENT ar CHAS Warcs bc cele canes 2 tie che alee Bete Hector 
\Visrete 1 87 = eal | ROR B eg U GRE ROC aa IOSD DSOOC CaCO 
eee Care Weed, Parker & Co., St. Paul 
Wegmann: Theos ls dice civ ct ool Lake Itasca 
Webber, sMrsseC. Conissg ste viece cee Crystal Bay 
NV EDeTs wits Ate teninote oes srettaes sicterrereeyte Excelsior 
WrelpveReyes Nrancis eae ac slssy osleioe cor Alexandria 
Wieb bers Ge = Citta cic ats avai ciouioie ions Crystal Bay 
Welkerts sElentyids a snreteeuceis samieetelsie setae St. Paul 
Wendelschafer, G:. Ti... .. ive ck sec ecee Cleveland 
Weir Reve. Gis Jick cciccces cincises aaa Caledonia 
Weld Floral Co., Frank......... Sarcoxie, Mo. 
Weestercaard,, Geese cic sci selves Buffalo, N. D. 
WieStermaer die PEt hevictsicias tisjes waiteela a share, Belgrade 
Weyer hattserg His E vei ccetsie « siclemlsneies, sarpale tole 
SC ASE ae re 1413 Mer. Bk. Bldg., St. Paul 
West Central School of Agri............ Morris 
Wetzel, Aug......... R. 1, St. Ignatius, Mont. 
Wiererharisers «Coc cNs vscis ocyere'eiee feraitians Little Falls 
Wietherbees Mii CHG ccoisieis exes: 0 ote Charles City, Ia. 
Wiest deere steno telsis 1898 Selby Ave., St. Paul 
SWVIGS Tapeh VW ups lise te et bia'olat caarsya caste No ols mhocaters. breie ere Hibbing 
West, Wm. L..... 43 So. St. Albans St. St. Paul 
Werner Hey Os nsieacics cars Agri. College, N. D. 
Wietzelen Mirsin Patil Koiccstecicis'stcae sidzielsicte Deerwood 
Westcott, Geo. E., 
1173 So. Robert St., W. St. Paul 
Westerfield, E. O........... Fort Atkinson, Wis. 
West Dn all Gar DS siereressrvecstare <letebs/o ie neler R. 2, Romely 


Whetstone, Dr. Mary S..738 E. 16th St., Mpls. 
Wheeler, Olin, D..N. P. R. R. Office, St. Paul 


Mihitine=(Geow Henne. eetineece Yankton, S. D. 
Whitney, Geo. G...1731 Summit Ave., St. Paul 
WETS DDO Dictorcesereletele tore ioteiete (ein ot elerare Northfield 
Whyte; PAs 66.6.1 662 Central Ave., St. Paul 
MPenisy, elie UE St ae-deebr onc mod seaencesone Brainerd 
Wihittens “Loss eaclysneidarercrsetlais acsearle Winton 
Wihepples (Gass tetctsinieisa stelsraieiciatni- St. Louis Park 
Whiter 2H. Vain Raymond & Univ., St. Paul 
Whitehill) N-:...s+.--=. 1208 E. 26th St., Mpls. 
Witte se el thie Ga metre tenes siigiete ci fe lerer sare laters Brainerd 
Wacklandsadobmir tice csisk  cmisic cre e's Atwater 
WAGTIOV ECT TONY ete satel etaretaternwe s/o'e iaineleselere Dresbach 
Wichman, Frank.First Nat. Bk. Bldg., St. Paul 
IWHEKSErO mA eltacmicsciateie a «!c/enirie’s R. 1, Anoka 
Width, Aw iB... ass): 2018 W. Supr. St., Duluth 
Wicklund, Lawrence..........-- R. 6, Atwater 
\imeratety (GH 113 Rs ca deeeto, gobcaanseooacr) aoe Cloquet 
UV Ti era eel Gti etine siereics/ore sie tia sieis oie cisiaca R. 3, Argyle 
SWitISONSOSCATIE s ccnclsccemsisieeseiciorere 6 Underwood 
DWalliss) Rey. HLANCIS.. 0000. ce ee oc mele Excelsior 
SUVA EXE Inset Dem ctciste cyope c, crs clclelnielaia aie niet ersivis Floyd, Ia. 
Wille, F. W..... 1046 Wakefield Ave., St. Paul 


SUV isarrasee VTS aielcte'ciuseic,cieis sinisreiojeislcle/s)aie wislelers Staples 


530 


MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


WV SOs ee i ee Bema oewions Bismarck, N. D. Winter, - Douglas) <5 sss seed apes vent Long Lake 
Wilder, CREB ok Fait acloianlosiy cata Floodwood Wise, Re Beene anne sede usles ea enaeeee Brainerd 
MA rier) pba tos. ac ontovace iota BR: 1, Kasota |- Winslow, JH. Hi. . @637c.20.n eee ae Blackduck 
Wilwerding, Nick............... R. 5, St. Cloud Wringim, = Gi 2K oo 05.4-050,s070s he ee Albert Lea 
Wetlarih “Dis i. 5 cose si. cere Ni. Sipe tess storie atl Windmiller, Miss Pauline.............. Mankato 
Wiatll, Wilts ..0 0. <0. cc sechwetiart: cop's Beltrami Wolfram, “Aw Cer 03 5 ssicamcen eee Belle Plaine 
Wile ee His ..- sta < cpachaiteeeee tee tolesae Cloquet. | Woodway; Fass oss:0:s's.0i's o.o,<tare 339 4th St., Cloquet 
Willacd Pine Ga. « 3c ties see nenie pies a/orstare Mankato Wolfinger; JOS: 5... ode.s ost-mcemlcae So. St. Paul 
Williams, Niles L...Dayton Bluff Sta., St. Paul Woestebott; J. Gi. . 0s cv.cus due ok Blakeley 
Waldunta0 VW. 3. EL... c.2.0 eas cee COs Howard Lake Woodward, Philip M.............. R. 1, Onamia 
Wilbur, Chas. H....4140 32nd Ave. So., Mpls. Woorra,, We» NZ, 5. ics s\ss00enpeteaeeeeeeeeee lan 
Wilcox, Mrs. Estelle..1122 Raymond, St. Paul Wright, Edward..2544 Woodland Ave., Duluth 
Witlwerding, “A 3d secon. bananas Freeport Wunderlich, Miss Susie............ Bruno, Sask. 
NT LET Peay ar! ee tee Sy CS I Raa a alk OS | Woalfsbarc. Minars; 2.2. -desceses ae Elbow Lake 
Hydrographie Office, Navy Dept., Wash. | Wyman, Mrs. A. Phelps............+..0++ 
Wala, Revie welce site cie'e o » aietsicisice’ Wosthficld:. |: coer...) eee aor ae 5017 8rd Ave. So., Mpls. 
AUERISTOy Me & Beet Peek Si Sa Pa yim oo | “Wyse; - Oliver 9.200255 tect eas ate eee Onamia 
sienineiate 1116 Harrison St., Superior, Wis. | 
Wis Hes raglist ck cme. 956 Grand Ave., St. Paul | 
Wilkus, A. J........ 909 Winslow Ave., St. Paul | 
Willems, sol WA sce «deinen Pelican Rapids | Yegge, C. M......2.....0eeees ey -Alpena, S. D. 
RAT coe 0 aril Doe 110 Bates Ave., St. Paul | Yale Forest School.......... New Haven, Conn. 
Walson. sbi. oie 1815 Emerson No., Mpls. | Voungstrom, -O: J 2... s+.) sas eee Litchfield 
Willams, B.D. os 1709 W. 2nd St., Duluth |. Yort, A. S...........5.-.-02008 Bx. 35, Hopkins 
Williams, Dr. Js P...3..: $722 EB. Lake St.,. Mpls. |° Young, A F..........22.5-«sssnsencas Lake City 
Walkinson;- Mrs. GR. Je... 7 ceccceige estas Stillwater | Young, Max M....1777 Marshall Ave., St. Paul 
IES, SEC EON «a cree sisi = wie ola uags ata oboe Deer River | 
Warthy Theo. 30... s.2.!..... 3956 Bryant So.,. Mpls. 
Witte SE As, “Fix. .o5) caedesv R. 38, Hopkins Zaercher,: 28 35) .2cdetcestae ote Excelsior 
NTS NS RS Apo occ oec none Wr Oot dpe Appleton Zrust,)- Amthony;....<. 2 scse sas Silver Lake 
Wintersteen, C. B..... 4049 12th Ave. So., Mpls. Fisch, .Chas.éoccc. «i os0s els «ase Dresbach 
Honorary Life Members. 
Bisbee; P UGUN + oa: s se or oe Oe Ce Madelia Loring, Chas. M........ 100 Clifton Ave., Mpls. 
Bowen. Mrs. Jas......... 327 Beacon St., Mpls. - 
Brac eet: Astor ist ae el elo ciate Excelsior 
Brand, O. F., 559 No. Gordon St., Pomona, Cal. Moore: Os" Wo. eee Spring Valley 
IBTGHMIA« Kadecnecsscs 1014 S. E. 7th St., Mpls. Murray, Joby: W.. .i% 5 0 .0sleneceioemee Excelsior 
Clausen, P.- ... 2... se ceeeeece ese nnee Albert ea 7}: Patten, Chas. G....-.:---css: Charles City, Ia. 
Cook, Dewain .......-..+seeeee sees ee Jeffers | Penney, John.........s0e--++ee00s Cushing, Wis. 
Corp, Sidney .....---.--...eeseeet ‘Hammond Penning, Martin... -.. as--=<sa0-oseeae New Ulm 
Cummins, J. R...... 3386 let Ave. 50.,MDIs-"| Ponting, «To Miw oci</neas ase ee Red Wing 
DTI, AS Pele pastas olor eieterotelete Gass ae west we Owatonna Redpath, Thos:.2.:...s5-22e oe Wayzata 
Riechardson,—S- De 7 oc\etmes ieee Winnebago 
Gardner, Chas. Bink coca sasteee a trestere Osage,Ia. 
Schutz, R. A ad. Tineclae 
i i n, Portlan re. 
Hansen; “Prof. No oH. 22 Si.2.cc. Brookings, S. D. ges es Pik ey i Sauk Rapids 
Haralson, Chas... 2.0 oe <5. nckcte caste Excelsior | 2 3 
enry Su Onesh ? .5<.. cis..ct eon er/osminnee = emt Dover | 
| Tilson, Mrs. Ida E........+.-- West Salem, Wis. 
Kellogg, Geo. J. ...... 4325 Grimes Ave., Mpls. | : 
era POW rein ixiayaiatn msn etcalns sla Smelcrrelecne Waltham | Underwood. Mrs: Auna-B.... ae Lake City 


Lacey, Chas. Y., 

547 W. Ocean Ave., Long Beach, Cal. 
Latham, A. W...3000 Dupont Ave. So., Mpls. 
Tape Prentbee als cea ole esate siele oe nieces Worthington 
Long, A. G., 

4304 "Scott Terrace, Morningside, Mpls. 


Underwood, J. M..Point Loma, Roseville, Cal. 


Wedge, Clarence...........+.+--s0:- Albert Lea 
Wheaton; D., Bis 0s c.ctse neces eee Morris 
White, Miss Emma V., 

3010 “Aldrich Ave. S., Mpls. 


LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS. 531 


Life Members. 


Adams, Mrs. Louisa J., 
1827 Irving Ave. N., Mpls. 


O00 0 ge ees ner in Mazeppa | 
Jovi 0. CS neat Fullerton, N. D. 
PCT Gr A. aiegis cove cwicee cece cecees Renville 
Anderson, Rev. J. W...........- Sidney, Mont. 
Uhl univ i gy (CTL: SING Ape ar GRO nee Faribault 
Purrrmeersra se AG IN|. 5 so o000 8 Faas oinieeelans'sias Weedahl 
PIG Ge hi.) Bh. an ccnsia ses « 24 Butte Ave., Duluth 
URETON EES ETS crorigic cic sss cep sicccmeleetce Excelsior 
mbes DORM OK... cee cee cers ecee Faribault 
Wiaderson, Mrs. E............ R. 2, Lake Park 
Andresen, A. S........ 2607 E. 5th St., Duluth 
PUSURIOE TSS is Woo es vasa Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
2h) A eee Minneiska 
PUMPER TEME Gao cai Sw a-'clur 075% 0 Lieve: ovorele aia Northome 
CPA are aie: o's 2's 0:05 4,e.0u0 8% wisiele Janesville 
eREMTRSEIE SE Aco cu o.0'« « <ivininicis ofs'ge'e a's ese Zumbrota 
Oo ieutig, ANE cS hr Baraboo, Wis. | 
PRC MMEL TOMI aicrcis «feiss vlniac + eal e's ele e'e cis Lake City | 
enna Fe Al... ww ce 215 Pa'ace Bldg., Mpls 
Le ETE ML bg Cylinder, Ia. 
Berrisford, E. F...... 386 Robert St., St. Paul 
RONEN ean, soln wie  slnie sa. win'a ale Maple Plain 
Boler, Jno....... eare Eli Larson, Sawyer, Wis. 
Bopenen, W. J....:.<.2..-- Valley River, Man. 
O21 2 FREES 0121 a Rn Biscay 
MUMEMEEE UVES «ciclo ais'sic's cleiels «civ sieve alee waters Gaylord 
Briggs, 2 (SE ee G. N. Ry., St. Paul 
Brinks GC. Cie. .ccaes.s tS oars b West Union, Ia. 
[igo ee) WS Sk 2) a Deephaven 
Coa TUNE eco M NES DAS ee ea Seney, Mich. 
PRP IETOY IOAN: 5 ons cv vines onje was cavtve Renville 
[Sunt ib, Gas o lone © a ce eS Owatonna 
[SCG in 017 € Maple Plain 
Boueher, C. -P........ 201 EB. 4th St., St. Paul 
(EUG TIS IS TP 010) ei 5 ae Se Albert Lea 
Burlingame, ISTOTENCE. cae s oc nes Grand Rapids 
Bratnober, -©, P...... 1419 Harmon PI., Mpls. 
PRI OATEDeT AOC 2. 5sssscicsseceees Robbinsdale 
oS 0 VES ASS re Belgrade 
Benson, B. M........ 3017 10th Ave. So., Mpls. 
IREETERDS US. PDL e ois cielo o'0 re 0, acs vine. Thief River Falls 
Cady, Prof. LeRoy........ Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
PIPE ROA, core arn ee a. os Biv svete siees eee eases Stacy 
(Spiraled Sr Owatonna 
DePN TITER Ey sow ers «kale da.sicierere pie saree Owatonna 
(COTES DEN ey 2a a De Pe Jackson 
OCTET I ie Morton 
SUID Tih eal C1 on Or Ortonville 
NESTE ng AC o oleae ciehe are cS), v\s) excite Fairmont 
MUERTE ED a so vias oe a0 0:0 o vivie nisi die sieje s/s Avoca 
SAE HAP asc eicsnjwiciaiviediere oieiece ase ssieis dais ans Bertha 
Cooper, Madison .............. Calcium, N. Y. 
REORSISUEMENSS, UE ves. /cis.0's.» 502 Globe Bldg., St. Paul 
Sar SMI MAE goss) c.s1c ie e 10 o0if' s als\eie:o.es(ss0 seine ais Byron 
(CMTC UCE DT (0S 7 a SER Hinckley 
Woanuraduertenty Si fF... cctecscsces Grinnell, Ia. 
COO Liye cael Dern 2 City Hall, Duluth 
(CPT yy CoG Ee Excelsior 


Carlson, John A., Bx. 963, Thief River Falls 
Carlson, Gust ........ eare E. C. Gale, Wayzata 
Guristianson, A. M.....5...... Bismarck, N. D. 
MA NMNMIRRIEET PAUL. UN 8 ora. 3 vcavea,6.0 c's een. eserelajabere’ ela Glencoe 


(DEST Fe Rb cr i Randolph, Minn. 
NSM EMRE eae LSE ooo ca 5-s/aya, ave, glcha’ «:« Sieiere veciehin Cini acco 
Davey, Dr. Flora M....375 E. Grant St., Mpls. 
PPIGEOPSON, “Ws oso s.scis cece dees Elk Point, S. D. 
Doerfier, Rev. Bruno .......... Muenster, Sask. 
LEYS 50 Se A 015) CS a en Lake City 
MOORES ONCLO Were’. «cis = aca leefeus's/ois ejenee Bruce, Wis.” 
Prete OE TOL: lie ME. oe5: <0 Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
PISMO FE 8 ELOTIUEY: so 2%..5 cescitys eevee 00 eeieiee ers Olivia 


MInGr Vey su ML ay A tes Seb Siw vid dais vies vip elsteieerees Sleepy Eye 
Daniels, Frane P. ..2089 Carter, Ave., St. Paul 
DeGraff, Miss Marie Meas ceectnre-<c piace © pase Anoka 
Dybdahl, Tosten E. ........ Elbow Lake, Minn. 
Dorsey, Prof. M. J........ Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
Iti tea ees 8 (MBAS ONISC PADRECC SRE ioe Howard Lake 
TREIOLES MMOD. piciein cinpie ohhocie «sic oefsteiet ofele'sinies Cokato 
EPSON, ON aA a eictele ee ce caliaedts R. 2, Appleton 
Engman, Nels ........ 4510 52nd St. E., Mpls. 
PCTS. eAOLU OI Gila. viele. cc 910 on 'esteonieta LaCrescent 
TU Z pee TIB bs ac clcigtste mics nis s'0:0 osbaistatejn = Norwood 
Eisengraeber, Dr. G. A.......... Granite Falls 
Flannery, Geo. P........ 2416 Blaisdell, Mpls. 
Hietcher, FPP... ccs: 2816 W. 44th St., Mpls. 
BGR StITEIeS  Grvie sic cic oi etbisrel setae syaivie wie timers ete Cottonwood 


Foster, Wesley S., 


80 Seymour Ave. S. E., Mpls. 
Fournelle, Peter............ White Bear Lake 
iveiaalcluras eA Eb el,)ateinie)sse's elers R. 1, Sta. F, Mpls. 
Fi eee ektrs oe ee ocorntoversiahereisitoien Madison, S./D: 
UO! os ie Kant CARPE CEB Onco pt arc White Bear Lake 
int ee. 95 Eg De Pea peananeoonaceresnscc Wabasha 
BYTCAUTIC Spel aa Os mass ie inin <inie oleiw.e's's.01e lense Wie Winthrop 


Fiebring, J. H., 
e-o Fiebring Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis. 
Ferguson, Walker, 
1184 Woodland Ave., Mankato 


Gales Wid. (CxS ccsiigeks omic Security Bldg., Mpls. 
GRLES HUAI Ee eabi crviclere viaiprelelers erarassele\ecd ai orety = Rice 


Geiger, Wm. C., 
520 W. Van Buren St., Chicago, Ill. 


(GaSe vhe tdi Bee! Ween aie cic ae Rhinelander, Wis. 
Grentse, ordies tek score mene ...Cannon Falls 
Glaeser, Mrs. Imelda...............2-- Owatonna 
(Ctl bel erg ieohe eh Cah Coy hero oe oD cnn ASObacio~ = Ruthton 
Galbraith, Raymond H., c-o Butler Bros., Mpls. 
Guerney apn here 2s i peted Yankton, S. D. 
Gippse Hopeless acces St: Anthony Park 
Giny 0} oS lisa gall 3 IAPeae AR CAND oe St. Anthony Park 


Gunderson, Lawrence A., 


6131 E. Superior St., Duluth 
Goebel Erermanm | ime nieccters 10)\olater eisfe Stenchfield 
(Grati aw s\e Us (pg oesuidrSnacaanccnnapen aac Deadwood 
Graeve, Rev. Mathias ............ R. 1, Adams 
Hadtwedts Ase Ass sas. «scr s eerie R. 1, Hoffman 
ea ROR Ae, Raa aocundenousastoscne Sleepy Eye 
Halbert, Geo. Be ips ..648 Security Bldg., Mopls. 
Halls Dr. Seo iasincc te siacresie ice deicte (mint ecient Olivia 
Halvorson, Halvor ss. csc Valley Springs, S. D. 
Panmalsy, sit Opts saa cietate tere cieis ete iste te Fergus Falls 
eferrarsos GeO. Wiel ie eiace ohare stale s's:0:0felets laine > McHugh 
Harris, E. = eR Aas See aoe Onalaska, Wis. 
CE Teaa res pov Bee ete Mcecara peo terste = iol a8 « eteinie oho"s,< LaCrescent 
Harrison, C. ne ..829 York Ave., York, Nebr. 
[Etiatteine) fea) eo ancbobomedtnosos Excelsior 
(EIS w/e 8 oe babocens obceeagHda bec Owatonna 
Hartman, M. B., 
1020 Chestnut St., Glendale, Cal. 
BietovansSOns edo has. sisters ste iiaceiginie wince = Excelsior 
Hawley, Ts Git... -.- 504 E. Elm St., Lodi, Cal. 
Hermanson,  Perman © 6. .<.ccc.aetewcisinm ne Hopkins 


Herrick, U. G., 
Main Office, Register Division, Mpls. 


aa ths OAS Vis, 3 0 o1| sieves 1412 W. 36th St., Mpls. 
Hoverstad, Ly = as a ee c-o Soo Ry., Mpls. 
PIG WALGS dis (Als voce cele coe opauae vsieisisie sie ole Hammond 
Bmnter wig iC. a... ¢ 5700 Nicollet Ave. Mpls. 
UIC PICK SONS IN © creioiels acs e/ejteie gantaiam ols Audubon 
Holway.,, Es. (We, Din, ne wince centr Excelsior 


Hjeltnes, K. Frimann, 
Ulvik, Hardanger, erway, 


5382 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Eleing SAC 55 CANT ek noicoree nae sea ae Olivia | Mazey, E. H...2nd Ave. So. and 8th St., Mpls 
Haralson, Fred....1055 24th Ave. S. E., Mpls. | Matzke, Sil .........e.sceccceueeeee So. St. Paul 
Husser, Henry Sie’ bieiazavdiala's 1s" shoves ie oeemeee Minneiska Maniz5 I. Woiice sncte sic bo aniteine eee Paynesville 
Haakenson, Hjalmar...... Bx. -16,7R: 2, Boyd | McComb, Richard ................ Antler, Sask 
Breathe Crt Crne «coccinea enliecmthaee eee Beltrami McCulley, Preston ........c0cce0ees- Maple Plain 
MeKibben,; 0 Ac Ti cao... sas). agate ...Ramey 
Irish, Prof. HC es a a ae «00.0 190, Siete vee a hie ee 
, - 1. C., cKusiek, John Ci iss.s0,ans coe 
7139 Lanham Ave., St. Louis, Mo. MeTeague;\. Reve: P\..s.s02 «ds seenaneee Sten as 
vi pe trate se Ra oe Vato 05) atta iene pea Lake 
eGlelland, Ti.7 Biss. eee tao eee R. 3, Hopkins 
ee oa sence 5241 Upton Ave. So., Mpls. | McKesson, J. H...5106 Lyndale Ave. So., Mpls. 
ate pape akg pene Bx. aOR euree re Metall zpot Thos: M. ...a0 sac Crookston 
' ig Ub uote Sialereitiers ee cio ee oe all, se |, MeGonnell. “Roy E....<.:.:25. 0 eee ; 
WOUATNESSOUN, Pluctereaer tc iceten coerce Beltrami REpapst.. er Stone 
RONMSOMATADMAT Rocco eh: ect one Winnebago 
Johnson, Gust ........ 2620 E. 22nd St., Mpls. Nehring, Edward: 2.2.1... «.asnsaeeeee Stillwater 
Johnson, Rey. Same accteste sacs Princeton Nelson, A. A., Jr....3222 16th Ave. So., Mpls. 
Johnson, Miss Anna M.. Be hehe: ees elect : Bees ao chee 1125 5th St. moe woe 
ox 68, R. 1, Lafayette be OWN 7 JA we sale ware cree Say 
Jounson, Hans M.. .cisijscevditcee ee Pipestone Mocant des, Mead meg ee pee Wr 
JONES isi gece 6 cess 3736 Oakland Ave., Mpls. Norwood, Fi. + Bis ecic cies oc et ee eee :Balaton 
POHANSON; Vs Ps ts as chectcereen ae ee Excelsior Nussbaumer, Fred) .....\.+s..cspe eaten St. Paul 
Nelson, “Ivers. ; 0%: << feces sie,a/ets el See Cohen 
Newman, G. A..... 410 W. Olive St., Stillwater 
ee a ee Bheyentey Nee) Waritve (A... : ssa ee “Elbow Lake 
Klingel, Rev. Clement,....... St. Anthony, Ind. Negstad, A. L........... R. 5, Arlington, S. D. 
Knight, Se Gils caactencak.s serene : LeRoy 
2A is SER Seca BE Box 172, Hopkins | O'Connor, Patrick H..827 12th Ave. No., Mpls. 
Rucher/Wur... 4... beste Faribault | Qesune” Fuuk A 
aos on ae PRG a0 Gti R. 9, Rochester Ortmann, Rev. Anselm...... Richmond, Minn. 
Pleasant Grove Farm, Lake Benton Gna, Ce 
Kuglers< By Sian ae Woe een eee Grand Marias 0 Tk Oe be ae 
: s VON HOF! iss v e's 26 cix'siz gue oie elaiere (ele een Watson 
IIT g NE CO ee Staten ots Siocs tele honey Neshkoro, Wis. Older, F. E., 
Pee Ge ene eee State Normal School, Los Angeles, Cal. 
Bien mena: 017, Cedar Ave... Mpls. | “Oslund, N,N: ..s-s-+-<0cs eee Cambridge 
Katever: JOHN sent tcteetees R. 6, Stillwater : 
BATSON 5) 5 Cxenas > volt ain ateelde ye ohare Winthrop Pattridges (Ci An < cietets oes cleecatelag eae Comfrey 
arson) ious: Meso cs. siuis aig Bees eek Hopkins Paulson, Johannes....Richfield, Sta. F., Mpls. 
Oe Aa ty miele ein atalaye Pais cmtntetcietcha in aie Faribault Pederson dis: sspveckiacaine pire =, Seer 
ien, OE. fulce) ia olgs asalerele’n) chai heya ioaehereistay ftetate Delavan PECt AV ROn russe sett eis/ai- alate etaiete oston : pls. 
PAHS AC AL 2. rons aihule vets wibiancahiornene Starbuck Peterson; Geo? (A. 35.1..100s eleto nee eee ‘ -Canby 
Kofinesss tAtGissiceevacsee se « Thief River Falls Peterson; i. (Grdcsc6 o'njs'eeeya viele ea Kensington 
NONE VECAT OM id icleidie.c cassictts sovcke waters ares Excelsior Peterson, 6" Ks ois cs ene ate pele ere Rothsay 
TOMES ABS Frac ce vice e tapas loo sielacetace Gaerne Luverne Peterson, R. M., Office of Markets, 
Loring; ArtG) ccccssnes 202 Clifton Ave., Mpls. Dept. of Agri., Washington, D. C. 
Loune, Mee. COMME eens 100 Clifton Ave., Mpls. Peterson, MG oe +. nis shea Mandan, N. D. 
CONC a A SARA SAN aoGo noone aac hea de Hae Fairmont Peterson, Wm. A., i 
eridescher silos lic cmeas ee pert eee Frazee 30 No. La Salle st Chiese ill. 
CATE ty Paty! a OB a ee Seay Sores Hear ee Ae Hopkins PTAENAESH. AaViANalins siete fale le eerie andan, N. D. 
Lundgren, Mrs. E. E..... 591 Olive St., St. Paul Leto ito DOS leo 3 A anamaert ai Sta. F, R. 3, Mpls. 
Meyrin, A TS sor. ajeisrsreis sisieta wre! ovteistomiote Excelsior Pondsy le We osscteinice ceeeeeeeeess+-Madelia 
Lyndgaard, Jorgen................ Lake Benton Poore, Hamlin V Bird Island 
Tver, ee ‘ eNatofeteshetetete ces é Ath 3 Elkhorn, Wis. Pracne, essere Knox Blk., San Toe Uae 
eding, SVELECL Niefe ete eieseis (ers . 1, Box 64, Gary rosser, SIMI os Sie ale ave’ chouailnta riot stale ully 
Lape iS eee re ad eer Wabasha Perry, A. ig acne seeah Care putes Ags =a 
UGS TOL Mey eW cele. o's aclopstew'ia vou rictile : Lakefield Prusbeks (Bimily sac oe «ole eter . M. C. A., Mpls. 
Mien, (Chas: Hes iiwaesat asm ae © R. 3, St. Cloud 
1 Cpa Fa gal Bits be (ee ey ire ei a Montevideo 
Macauley ses (Bin cic c<s0e tac eae Montreal, Can. | Quammen, Ole S.............:.- Lemmon, S. D. 
Mackintosh, Prof. R. S., Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
Maher = ONT W vet crasicle scene Devils Lake, N. D. } 
Manda "Wit Avni ce Caelelsmn ohn Short Hills, N. J. Regge E. Rye Commerce Bldg., san 
IVE EUTIMY PWV og HE ais aye eens einiece tices Mole Dodge Center ennacker, go J cians sane en e 
Wiarinian, | (Cite ictais oleae cistelniacrersssic a's Jerome, Idaho Regimbal,, Ti. Q.50:.0 2 cso eecwies ou e em aislefaensiiaieets 
Manning, Warren H....... No. Billerica, Mes Roberts, Dr. T. S....2303 Please eee 
Marsnall oui Eccles valicis R. 1, Grove City ‘ : 
Misrso aT. Re eats cites seas heen e ote Canby R. 3, Excelsior 
Mav; Dr iC H ois ecie acct e eee ee Rochester aa D. we — ..732 Globe Bldg., Ss 
Melonard,~ / Fis ., ici ncieseretawiectsnte cicsiatned ele oe Argyle ydeen, AYtNur Wr..-...seeeeeeeeseneens : 
Metinat,) Rev. Max Mati sists > teoueiet sedis Odessa Rice de Aare ecitre Seveid chet. trarele ete Renville 
Miller, Albert...... RK. “1,) Box 24; vaenen ree Har eM es 1 ERE RIOR IST 5.5 co ae 
Oe Gry dis ens 1c 010 bie eet ete celles ehicie sala apidan Rel), Sob Er oie c)5 510% sain aiviels' ome 
NYS DRTATION srattis ciataicicisi.c sea ain eeiateciniome Sleepy Eye Raymond, BE. A... .222.-2cscccesecceune Wayzata 
MOOTHEAG, Wie Wy ses >. dacleintecnae™ Bethany, Mo. Robinson, S. Roe..2217 Colfax Ave. So., Mpls. 
Mosbaeles: Eatdwitit s.c0.<.007 ctucesia sweets tere’ Askov Ruggles, Prof. A. G....Univ. Farm, St. Paul 


Mueller, Paul L....4845 Bryant Ave. So., Mpls. 


© “gk “es 


LIST OF LIFE MEMBERS. 


ETI OY AUN IN. cia c cic, cloisisinc's o.c'a olgselsis Robbinsdale 
SIUR, DREW, DMAGNIOS: 0.025 ct ecteosheweet Shakopee 
EC Vi ocic o's dibin wy slices ees riences sjareens Hills 
BEI NAG, | Eos. cect scsi cc neener sie Rushford 


Schenck, A. A., 
12083 Farnham St., Omaha, Nebr. 


SPORE MORTILED Spr, ci pin isic oe uic.s 0.6.08 pias oe e'oe New Ulm 
ee EDI WY cc c'c'c ca tig alls alessio v\0.0 pine Crookston 
PPI ELSES DG so so .0 vs ctoie vie stewie oeieiviee’e Lake City 
sant kev. W. 'T...... Black River Falls, Wis. 
RMEEOM EUS WOLtN \. cc. ese ceccd acess Montrose 
Sebenius, John Uno...... Wolvin Bldg., Duluth 
DUSPRPEIIOMP OT UL cicle oth pins ccc ct suiccccecteens Hanska 
SS DS Charles City, Ia. 
REE PMMIBENEAE ETC, olcis oc cys,c'0 « ots 0 6. eres sis:s eas ace Canby 
EOI EERO) os, o's sc. syo eccicisss.e.e\vie.ajole » woe Zumbrota 
RSE TIETAF eS nla xlase'e we. 0.0,0,0 0 .c\a\e's 0°00" Kasson 
lower), (75 Se a Excelsior 
Smiley, Daniel............ Mohonk Lake, N. Y. 
PREETI SOCAN wis cine eldiap eas. oe bi ate s: ctaleiieree Lake City 
Snyder, Harry........ 1800 Summit Ave., Mpls. 
Pee RE er INV Ie) ao 1p) a ofera)cic:clv.e 0) ein evs Center Point, Ia. 


Soholt, Martin 
Speechly, Dr. H M..Fleet Hampshire, England 


MEPET EE PMI ICI DV c) a o's oie c'cle'sieie visieieiaiee,s Park Rapids 
PUES REIN sra.sislelojs naeinees es 315 S. E. 4th, Mpls. 
RSPR MERCI sce ccterccacceterncre Watson 
PI ES Pt sain occ cruicicie vows eee etiac:s Bruce, Wis. 
METERING OW ccspc acc cciccccnclvnsiees Taylors Falls 
REIRIRISTRS CATION” \Sicye cin ss clae'u nie g/eietae.e.a.sieiais Wayzata 
SERINGST DS WET. nase» cainisiacioses <aciseicies ¢ St. James 
UNEMIEITOS SR USTMTICGS cc's clare e.c's.s\ain o'c0.c.¢ sie 88 Minneota 
POTEET UCN occ sae tea 8, ciao oe os se aes es Dawson 
URESITES TL PVE 8 (ica o.0. s.cieo'e te as,e.bieine o's Morris, Man. 
DIOLS hoy Alcc cle cisiaec st c-o Butler Bros., Mpls. 
Sicha Ve (Courthouse) Red Wing 
Swanson, Law........205 Maria Ave., St. Paul 
ReR EERO EC Ie (o/s c'aie.oiuje'e ce vise s'e%s, 010 ais aia Elk River 
RMT OHIO MPECEU, PV slg Wit cisisialeie s on siciebione'se Popple 


Schneider, Rudolph C., 
708 Osceola Ave., St. Paul 


BSE OMI il alste sisicccsispisielee sla ccn Bucyrus, N. D. 
SETITI CRYIN oc a's s cic coc 04,00 s10.0:0'0;0 Cannon Falls 
EMRE SEC COS® Sia ae's cre ciarcsint sieclaas Dooley, Mont. 
PESPESUEUINEL MAN Onc stale ale cfovairiowe\c voje.ce.ecens’ Minneota 
PROMEUAMAUEECC “cvccsgesccceconececiicsecee Slayton 
SUEOSRIAR MEAS TIN: os waisa sccesveescesis cus Sleepy Eye 


Thompson, Mrs. Ida, 
1305 Hewitt Ave., St. Paul 
Todd, Fred G., 10 Phillips Pl., Montreal, P. Q. 


533 


FRGTIGET MMAIO aaels vice aim gisielaipinase «sie. R. 2, Wabasha 
Torgeson, T., 


e-o, Prairie Nurseries, Estevan, Sask. 


Tollberg, O. Edwin.......-...sseeeseeees Winner 
Underwood, "Roy D.)... 6c. cccsanee ds. Lake City 
Van Antwerp, Edward, .......... Geddes, S. D 
MEU PINGBES: PEt A cieiitlc ciatere > ete\sre/e bse etaIe aie Windom 
EVENT Maes | El. «Sic classi atstete olsic a are\e-ssesharale, stake Hastings 
Volstads HomeAc diciermccccias outst Granite Falls 
Warners Els, ici ese’ Bx. 18, California, Mo. 
SW sae ONIN Maer eycve, cle e(evtane Agri. College, N. D. 
Warren, Geo. H.......... 3443 Irving So., Mpls. 
SVVIgEIMETNS SNY eich Lustete nv s/ovs aya\eie = stsleralgerdlelslsiorsrerae Slayton 
Webster, Mrs. W. F..1025 S. E. 5th St., Mpls. 
Wendlandt, Wm..:.......... ».-R. 5, Owatonna 
Wentzel, Crookston 
Wentzel, Crookston 
Wentzel, Wm. F Crookston 
WWiCHCOM VV ey isa cscleteicye cn le'accclelu ove reta atatetals(ete Faribault 
WHS) Cio im ersicts airalersclausyeia's etoaase Excelsior 
WTC Elie ca ore wcom wicle-aialejs'e/ajesnicisteinnte aime ae nee Mabel 
Williams, J. G........ 931 Endicott St., Duluth 
Williams Mais js nrsis plants satan elatae Little Falls 
Wilson, Harold S........ Bx. 71, Monroe, N. Y. 
WV TSE GEO ss EAM ew clectiase's Ciclere ojniole:sinvele/elsicinisieiss4iatetaiewlerate 
Wirisht yon. OAs crcctocees ate ssis atiecte snare Excelsior 
Webstercs Di Chane Sat ces ecm oleatscna La Crescent 
Wiehe, C. F........ 1520 Jackson Blvd., Chicago 
WATS VVTINIS e Mio ster ater oe aioe ciec Park Rapids 
WOO dSre Ace dier screens. cos shevtieis alee College Park, Md. 
Wellincton, Ri. vs... Univ. Farm, St. Paul 
Wales, C. E..601 N. W. Nat. Bk. Bldg., Mpls. 
Wiatkle et Ae sconce 119 4th Ave. So., St. Cloud 
SVU MV Vu cicceiis ata rural alerts rere eioelaaiees Wyoming 
Weiss, Freeman...... 1602 No. Fremont, Mpls. 
Wieitretr iO) iE 5, eta sits, no mcleeimeiniar ete ater Hibbing 
AWE TOUN Gs AL a tetete crete creche vrorerave’s Mine Center, Ont. 
Walla centseEh a, Liar syagelsistacoleressle,s/aiets ne, sieies Grasston 


Wister, John C., 

Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 
Wilner Dre sO r, bliscnraciaajssettelslele oieinisiacietee Gilbert 
Wermerkirehen, Rey. Father A.......... Hokah 
Wheeler, Gerda 
Willson, F. K..Linden Hills Sta., R. 2, Mpls. 


Wanishs, (MOWAT s cee oleicesiseietas Bx. 262, St. Paul 
DVOSG, LOUIS Pty ahaa s\efatain wrslafetasb)stvisieleealereinia Murdock 
ZELMELZ + cL NOSE EL sc sien) ava dle arsfeisialaracaae c mate Wabasha 
Fabel, Hiei Gre creel ctasniate siete saitebateiontie « avaraia Deer Creek 


Life Members Deceased in 1917. 


Mrefethren, FS G.......scies Stony Butte, Mont. 
METRO E eco kale dos es wncewelaee Miller, Mont. 
BRR MINOR VV cle o.c:2'« yi oie 6 oe'elclgie seine slotscioins.s Glenville 
ee Ted: Ooo nics see acs os'e R. 1, Good Thunder 
SIMBAISHRP TIO M ON UE 5 9: c)cieis c vintele «o's velelele.ciels.s Montrose 
Pisa WIOVEY. cies v0.0 RMareneait elahe eters Montevideo 
Oliver Gibbs 


2 BROT a Melbourne Beach, Fla. 


RPEIPECIRETINGY.. ci esis cee cceceecceas Waterville 


PSC CIGAR Ine ie Aen West Salem, Wis. 
ATT REGUS oivic crsrecctusts oteethate eis Gare Ome Glencoe 


534 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


List of Members, 1917, Minnesota Garden Flower Society. 


Abbott, Mrs. A. W., 
221 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis 
Anderson, Axel, 

Hotel Leamington, Minneapolis 
Anderson, J. C. B., 

1285 Portland Ave., St. Paul 
Anderson, Wm....... 1540 Kerwin St., St. Paul 


Baker, Miss Ida A., 
4629 Lake Harriet Bvld., Minneapolis 
Baker, Harry Franklin, 
4629 Lake Harriet Bvld., Minneapolis 
Bailey, Mrs. W. C., 
1023 17th Ave. S. E., Minneapolis 
Barrett, Miss Alice, 
2735 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Bartram, Mrs. C. S., 
R. F. D. No. 1, White Bear 
Bass, Mrs. G. Willis, 


1811 Bryant Ave. N., Minneapolis | 


Beckman, Mrs. A., 


3922 Tyler St. N. E., Minneapolis | 


Beeman, Mrs. W. L., 

2364 Buford Ave., St. Anthony Park 
Bet. Wir She Wises ae ea R. R. Hopkins, Minn. 
Bird, Miss Beatrice A..R. R. 2 Hopkins, Minn. 
Blodgett, Mrs. F. S..330 W. 3rd St., St. Paul 
Blodgett, Mrs. H. A., 


856 Fairmont Ave., St. Paul | 


Boardman, Mrs. H. A., 
598 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul 

Bofferding, Mr. W. H., 
4423 Emerson Ave. N., Minneapolis 


Boyington, Mrs. R. P.........- Nemadji, Minn. 
Braden, Mrs. C. E............- Excelsior, Minn. 
Briggs, Mrs. D. H., 


1646 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis 
Brown, Mrs. C. A., 


251 Chamber of Com. Annex, Minneapolis | 
Brown, Mrs. G. T....646 Hague Ave., St. Paul | 


Brown, Mrs. G. W...... St. Louis Park, Minn. 
Brown, Mrs. J. F., 
2412 Garfield Ave. S., Minneapolis 


Cady, Prof. LeRoy, 
2121 Doswell Ave., St. Anthony Park 
Campbell, Mrs. Violet, 
1650 Hennepin Ave., Minneapolis 
Carroll, Mrs. Walter M., 
2501 Pillsbury Ave., Minneapolis 
Chadbourn, Mrs. R. W., 
1912 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Chamberlin, Mrs. A. B., 
3951 Portland Ave., Minneapolis 
Chapman, Miss Evangeline, 
3352 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Chatfield, Mrs. E. G.............- Mound, Minn. 
Clarke, Mrs. A. Y., Box 237 White Bear, Minn. 
Clausen, Mr. Andrew, 
1700 Burns Ave., St. Paul 
Cotter, Mrs. Catherine, 
3517 5th Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Countryman, Mrs. M. L., 
213 S. Avon St., St. Paul 
Craig, Mrs. Hardin, 
2725 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Crooks, Mrs. John S&., 
1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul 
Crooks, Mr. John S., 
1980 Montreal Ave., St. Paul 


Dahl, Mrs. A. O., 
490 W. 4th St., East End, Superior, Wis. 


Darling, Mrs. W. L., 
2100 Iglehart Ave., St. Paul 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


Dew, Mrs. H. A., 
128 W. Elmwood Place, Minneapolis 
Dillery, Mrs. J. J., 
402 St. Michael Apts., St. Paul 
Doyle, W. S., 701-3-5 3rd St. N., Minneapolis 
Drake, Mrs. H. T., 435 Portland Ave., St. Paul 
Drisko, Mrs. Ellis M., 
3913 Garfield Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Dunn, Mrs. C. A., 2215 Como Ave., St. Paul 


Ebersperger, Mrs. S., 
2008 Girard. Ave. N., Minneapolis 
Ellison, Miss Sabra M., 
Okipee Farm, Linden Hills Sta., Minneapolis 
English, Mrs. C. E., 
2691 Lake of the Isles Blvd., Minneapolis 
Essene, Mrs. Anna, 
3421 Longfellow Ave., Minneapolis 


Fairfax, Mrs. J. F., 
4859 Aldrich Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Farmer, E. A. 


R. R. 2, Linden Hills Sta., Minneapolis _ 


Harrar, Ws Baw acniae = tastes 

Finkle, Miss Kate, : 

2760 W. River Blvd., Minneapolis 

Forsaith;), Mrs. E:........... Robbinsdale, Minn. 
Franklin, Mrs. Anna J., $ 

R. 1, Box 47, Fridley, Minn. 


White Bear, Minn. 


Freeman, Marguerite........... Chatfield, Minn. 
Freund, Mrs. S., 73 Western Ave. N., St. Paul 
Fryer, Mr. Willis............ Mantorville, Minn. 


Fuhrman, Mrs. C. H., 976 Pacific St., St. Paul 


Gantzer, Mrs. John, 
963 Como-Phalen Aves., St. Paul 
Gerhard, Ray C., 
2720 Bryant Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Gerlich, Mrs. A. F., 1265 Dayton Ave., St. Paul 
Gerould, Mrs. J. T., 
2022 2nd Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Gibbs, Mrs. F. H., St. Anthony Park, Minn. 
Gibbs, Miss Ida...... St. Anthony Park, Minn. 
Gile, Mrs. S. A., 
3136 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Glessner, Mrs. Frank, 
3840 Sheridan Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Gould, Mrs. E. W., 
2644 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Gradin, Mrs. A., 
3918 Polk St. N. E., Minneapolis 
Grant, Mrs. I. A., 731 Ashland Ave., St. Paul 
Griffith, Edith, 1307 4th Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Gundlach, Miss Caroline M., White Bear, Minn. 
Guthunz, Mrs. W de 
1637 Hague Ave., St. Paul 


Haas, Mrs. J. M., 1725 Grand Ave., St. Paul 
Haeg, Mrs. Edward H., 
R. R. 1, Box 35, Station F, Minneapolis 
Hagen, Mr. H., 
4116 Jackson St. N. E., Minneapolis 
Harper, Mrs. J. L., 
Lock Box 1625, Minneapolis 
Haseltine, Mrs. E. R.........- Excelsior, Minn. 
Hawkins, Mrs. G. C., 
2913 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Hawkins, G. C., 
2913 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Hawkins, John....R. 3, Merriam Park, Minn. 
Healy, Mrs. Reginald J., 


2105 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis _ 


Hellquist, Mr. C. E., 
811 Duluth Ave. N., Thief River Falls, Minn. 


LIST OF MEMBERS, 1917, MINNESOTA GARDEN FLOWER SOCIETY. 


Hickerson, Mrs. J. L., 
1937 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Hinners, Mrs. John L., 
1850 Summit Ave., St. Paul 
Hirt, John H., 4430 34th Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Holtzermann, L 


608 17th Ave S., Minneapolis 
Xiowe, Mrs. A., 3827 Central Ave., Minneapolis 
Hubbard, Miss’ Alice E., 

4826 Lyndale Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Huffman, Mrs. E. J.........--+- Nemadii, Minn. 
Hulme, Mrs. M. M., 267 Baker St., St. Paul 
Hunter, C. C., 5700 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis 


Imhoff, Mrs. M. G., 


167 W. Isabelle St., St. Paul 


Jennison, Mrs. James, 
4224 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Jepson, Mrs. J. H., 
1600 Girard Ave. N., Minneapolis 
Jerabek, Mrs. Mary, R. R. 3, Excelsior, Minn. 
Johnson, Miss Carolyn, 
760 Linwood Ave., St. Paul 


Kenning, T. A., 1815 26th Ave. N., Minneapolis 
Kidd, Mrs. F. E, 1800 2nd Ave. N., Minneapolis 
Kirk, Mr. Everett B..445 Laurel Ave. St saul 
Kjos, Mrs. Cornelius..651 Otsego St., St. Paul 
Kjos, Miss Thurine....R. R. 4, Kenyon, Minn. 
Klein, Frank..2421 24th Ave. So., Minneapolis 
Knowles, Miss Marjorie, 

752 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul 


Koerner, Illa....1377 Grantham Ave., St. Paul 


Latham, Mr A. W., 
207 *Kasota Bldg., Minneapolis 
Lawrence, Mr. James G...... Wabasha, Minn. 
Lawrence, Mrs. W. W., 
2108 Woodland Ave., Duluth 
Leavitt, Miss Clara K., 
2015 James Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Lightner, Mrs. W. H., 
318 Summit Ave., St. Paul 
Linton, Mr. Robert, 
1045 Everett Court, St. Anthony Park 
Little, Mrs. J. Warren, 
3208 Lyndale Ave. 
Ludwig, Mrs. Frank, 
1922 St. Anthony Ave., St. Paul 
Luther, Dr. C. M., 
523 Forest Ave., 


S., Minneapolis 


Minneapolis 


Mackintosh, Mrs. R. S., 
2153 Doswell Ave., 
Marshall, Mrs. L. Emogene, 
3032 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Mrs. Jesse A., 
2215 Doswell Ave., St. Anthony Park 
Meader, Mrs. W. C., 
4740 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis 
MitlerssT i... 47 Western Ave., Minneapolis 
Moeser, Miss Flora....... St. Louis Park, Minn. 
Moffett, Mrs. F. L., 
508 University Ave. S. E., Minneapolis 
Moris, Mrs. Frank....180 Rondo St., St. Paul 
Morton, Mrs. George R., 
Bellaire, White Bear, Minn. 
Mepste Sey oieiccaat heigl ots Nemadji, Minn. 
Munn, Mrs. M. D....614 Grand Ave., St. Paul 
Murray, Mrs. H. J. “812 Osceola Ave., St. Paul 
MCT TOOM els ees tos cceaiciec ess Excelsior, Minn. 
McCormick, Miss, 
2302 Blaisdell Ave., Minneapolis 
McIntire, Mrs. Marshall, 
4945 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis 
McKibbin, Miss Anne, 
83 Virginia Ave., St. Paul 


St. Anthony Park 


Maxwell, 


535 


McLaughlin, Mrs. A. S., 
2417 Aldrich Ave. S., Minneapolis 


Nash, Miss Louise..866 Ashland Ave., St. Paul 
DF Eo 10 i OAS Oe om Barnum, Minn. 
Nesbitt, Mrs. W. L., 

4715 Fremont Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Newhall, Mrs. H. F., 

2702 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis 


Nichols, Mrs. C. H., 1920 Palace St., St. Paul 
Nicholson, Mrs. Samuel J., 
5303 Nicollet Ave., Minneapolis 
Odell, Mrs. R. R., 
2836 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Old; Mrs. W. A., 


5218 Washburn Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Olmstead, Mrs. L. L., 

3538 Architect Ave., Minneapolis 

Olson, Mrs. D. W., Box 413, White Bear, Minn. 
Orde, Mrs. George F., 

1915 Humboldt Ave. S., Minneapolis 


Patten, Miss J., Paul 
Perkins, Mrs. W. ine 
2426 Crystal Lake Ave., Minneapolis 
Prest, Miss Marion, 
: 1713 Summit Ave., St. Paul 
Prins, Mrs. tAledcene« 694 Holly Ave., St. Paul 


385 Ashland Ave., St. 


Quinn, Mrs. J. J., 
4042 Wentworth Ave. S., Minneapolis 


Ramsdell, Mr. C. H., 

812 N. Y. Life Bldg., Minneapolis 
Reeves se Wirsi tin Goon. letiets sjemeras Nemadji, Minn. 
Reevess Mars. connie dea. cere cess Nemadji, Minn. 
Richardson, Mrs. I. E....New Brighton, Minn. 
Rietzke, Miss.......... 246 Selby Ave., St. Paul 
Rink, Mrs. Marie, 894 Hastings Ave., St. Paul 


Rittle, Miss Anna E., 584 Selby Ave., St. Paul 
Roberts, Miss M. Emma, 
14 BE. 51st St., Minneapolis 


Rosholt, Mrs. J., 
1925 Penn Ave. S., Minneapelis 
Ruff, Mrs. D. W. C., 530 Globe Bidg., St 1 


St. Clair, Mrs. George H., 
1107 University Ave. S. E, Minneapolis 
Sauer, Mrs. E. A., 904 Hastings ‘Ave., St. Paul 
Saunders, Mrs. Wm sy aietepyatada Robbinsdale, Minn. 
Sawyer, Mrs. N. S...........- Excelsior, Minn. 
Scone, Mrs. J. A., 
2015 ’ Girard Ave. N., Minneapolis 
Seath, Mrs. Eleanor, 
Okipee Farm, Linden Hills, Minneapolis 
Sell, Mr. era Dt rathelatsietet iscetsieiers Delano, Minn. 
Sexton, Mrs. C. 
ek "Blaisdell Ave., Minneapolis 
Seymore, Mrs. M. T., 
109 W. 8rd St., Duluth, Minn. 


Signs, Mrs. C. E...... 873 Ottawa St., St. Paul 
Sime letons Merson le alitateis sro laiole sleirs Nemadji, Minn. 
Smit, Mrs. W. Siwart, 

486 Portland Ave., St. Paul 
Smith, Wis c@a sercciel- = 48 EB. 4th St., St. Paul 
SrarbhaseeMies syle ed -fereretare 15 Nourse St., St. Paul 


Sprague, Mrs. James W., 
3120 Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 
Stager, Mrs. Jennie........ Sauk Rapids, Minn. 
Starr, Miss Elizabeth.......... Excelsior, Minn. 
Stebbins, Miss Vera P. J., 
320 Oak Grove St., Minneapolis 
Stranger, Mrs. J. M. E., 
611 Donaldson Bldg., Minneapolis 


Strauss, Mrs. Minnie, 624 Ohio ‘St., St. Paul 


. = ofl ; ae At sh a 
oo ; re Ita pa" = oe 
p.3 ~~. wen 
53606 v= _MINNESOTA STATE ‘HORTICULTURAL peer ree 


t 


Tereau, Mrs. F., 430 Iglehart Aves | St. Paul 
Terry, Mrs. hes wae Pee meee layton, Minn. 
Thomas, Mrs. A. P., 

416 6th St. S. E., Minneapolis 
Tillotson, Mrs. H. B., ’ : ye 

1320 5th St. S. E., Minneapolis 
Titus, Mr. Charles, 

416 14th Ave. S. E., Minneapolis 

Townsend, Mrs. Emma §S. W., 

2015 Stevens Ave., Minneapolis 
Tuller, Mrs. C. A., R. R. 1, Hopkins, Minn. 


Warner, Mrs. C. see 
R. R, 1, Box 85, Osseo, Minn. 
Miperen: Mrs. George me 
gras Irving Ave. S., Minneapolis 


Washburn, Mr. W. - ; 
1082 Summit 
Watson, Mrs. J. Vie 


Whipple, (aie 1 IRC a ae Louis - 
White, Miss Emma V., ; 
aoae ‘Aldrich Ave. S., 

White, Mrs. J. S., 1471 Ashland A 
Wilcox, Mrs. E. W . 
Wyman, Mrs. Phelps, 
bORE: 8rd Ave. ‘s, : 


Zerwas, Mr. S., : 
4054 Wentworth Ave, an ‘2 


se Yr 


: 


INDEX 


A number of papers spoken of in the Journal of the last annual meeting (see page 481) 
accompanied by the words ‘‘See index’’ will not be found in this volume, having been left out 
on account of a surplus of material for the year 1917. They will appear in the volume for 
1918. 


A 


Annual Meeting, Minnesota State Horticultural Society, 1916, A. W. Latham, Secretary 1 
Andrews, John K., Vice-President Third Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916.... 249 


Preteen bers, 1917, Who. Are: Voters sicc<.ciaijciniccc'scjc 0 e\e.0(0 0 sleet a niece sia viens eieeieees sce 517 
2 SRE RS LORE Osu EE Be Penne ABCA COOMEEIE CRdeo soto oGd Tern OC SDE aera Cmmece metrkh 61 
SPA TIOMOD LC TAT, | Pica cAS J SSEILGN. sists, tase «/epaceie Fitgal Since vibes # Bro o:2)2181 55) 0/ 6p kiero srain'e\t ian os Sie A lpvaseaie ails. 6 33 
Serer Bets: eN EWAS © Lt al oS UALGIOI 2. yer) t nreyarsiateieie arse a pl ev abo ale. « sess So 6(o sis lets es sinlele @/0/zin's- w.abeve en ats ausiare 284 
Perea ish NCVIS CLIial: StatiOn AN 19UG oo). ccs: ate oo 31cyc5 wrateie sinieis vwisis sye.e ose eiaieiera aslwern mars tig.6ie 103 
PrUPlesvOre INCOLpOration,. AMeNAMENtS: LO... caiciec tess cise ea be tae ee clots vane eale cals wisi eis selec 515 
Amanneoneereminms, Summer Meeting, UOT cccin.ci ceca coves ¢ ones gelebreiclen © sales ele viaiee cis slatees 300 
B 
Be eremirots S.A. Need (of PH rilit-Breedinge. ch. <5< hecie sci cs dsr os 0s 8:0 80 00's barge as alsin opel I ereTI 
Braenebsir sc A., The Successful “Orchard. dri. sks teces dese valence sc sapieescacgenseute pene 196 
Beaeoeeoron s. A.. Uniriittul Tree and. How. to: Correct Ti. ii. oe sine wes aieie cles onl icc ce 369 
PecsmnpnenGelliars WINterins, A. Wie ERATICID or. cre sole’ vis crore, since Wate elm wags 6 o.eheielciie capied ciew one's ons 478 
eRe STUETILET 7.2 Vin, EC TATICE 2 a oie, cores; os ale ou ssaie-qietelsravaaeiclaiei Pic as, xiesern’s/0\9 8; s/iaace o's, 0 leie «este aoe 140 
a ENTS COITITITT 8 ies Vit ET ATIC CL et ccyaelcicesujaicieie Fisincs dite ooMaratlvze\aintnls je a aitle Wo'wip aye aists-ais pip ayecelstoi's 265 
Eee REES MOON! E TOL, \MOTATICIS) PAREL sais = s. uje civ ciereisie ls asa aides « & 0)0'b oe clvrwfeleg SYP se ewsicie’o@ mele 189 
Pee BEES Oe Oli: GeTOr. MTA CIS. ACCT Ha cs clercs ah leicc< oc ola viclajeleisyeis woieis’» ois orFinie nya c7e e(ofelaiee selsies 478 
PoreemOonto i. Grand. Rapids: Trial Station ini 1916 irises cre 0010 os: 2 0npaens olnee nails esse sinecs 175, 
PRO TODOSCO) MOrticultural Bt 1dins.. <<, o oi0.0.0'» apie nia/o sins sees ors\e ere jn ie .e, e1n'0,0 0 (0.8 rates athe este 9 
Pipe@vomen Ds Opening, up the Maruit, Mari. in/. cisje.0is 6.01.0 010 seinen. v1eie\a)pl'w 0 Beis an Oe o/nie s0.0 5) 121 
mae. andine and Storing, Gladiolus, Bilbs'c2iv 0. :0:00.s.sls\e.0,s1s's 10.9016 01/:ar0j0 sieiew.s'e ae me 83 
Bonnewitz, Lee R., A Business Man’s Pleasure in Peonies..........0:.2ceeeeeeeeeeteeeeees 251 
Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Cluks in Minnesota in 1916, T. A. Erickson........ 383 
Peele A VEL DCATINne StULAWDCINY VIEL. o0 c's ccioisss «'»\s\0r4 nfuje ole» in wists ola’ sle ole ale ssielticieiciolsinaicihie 62 
Bridge Grafting Fruit Trees......... ra aE Ae Blake cite Ta RST aVGEE eres Fn. a sony obs iste (oleic visi Metalnin sie sioiatemipaeares 126 
Brierley, Prof. W. G., Cider and Vinegar a By-Product of the Minnesota Orchard....... 318 
Broarick, Prof. &.-W., Horticulture-in Western Canada..... ic. ..cccceeccecccccscccevnscers 290 
Brownian. Paynesville: Trial Station im) L9LG ccc. sctsics oscoc cers 0c tociscler 06 0i0lec.0\00 te nelejeinre 178 
Preortnren Pay Nes Valle ch rial SLACION « </s,5 cia’s « «\oisiryeislsis ole .ols'e|s/s ecelele\e.e1s e.e(4[a)efe's e alatajaweiciee,siciasie'ele 285 
Building Proposed for Horticultural Society, A. W. Latham, Secretary.................005 6 
Cc 
Bangaeerhield: At Successtul, ol. Co SWIATds 600s cl cists je cisiectscsclclcectcGencestoes Mae te ele vik 59 
andes Herticulture in Western, Prof. EF. W.- Brodrick. ......22..ccciescceveviecesewecceres 290 
Ganninge Fruits and Vegetables, R. S. Mackintosh.........:cssnccnsccccecseccccccetcoscsens 258 
Perma tomes Mrs5 lay IM Gleni Zia. wae cjoterelclslele rete noc e'vielc ce ccuctiseeeusienceccesnaccalvectise 308 
Cashman, M. R., South Dakota State Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916...... 119 


(537) 


538 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
Cashman, Thos. E., Owatonna Trial Station, Annual Report, 1916.............ceeeceeeeee 233 
Christman, W. F., N. W. Peony and Iris Society............eceeeeceeees 230, 268, 303, 407, 477 © 
Cider and Vinegar a By-Product of the Minnesota Orchard, Prof. W. G. Brierley......... 318 
Clement, PB. H,,Seed (Selections. = icc cvs seve cies, cote teen aa eel 3812 
Collegeville Trial Station in 1916, Rev. John B. Katzner.:.........:0¢)s.e0-20ee.s onsenenee 28 
Collegeville ‘Trial (Station,Rev. J. Bs Katzner: sc. ...\a6. 02 case acc ae de ecne ne oe ee 278 
Cook, Dewain, Jeffers: DrialStation, in. “L916! Jos. 0.5 f.oees cet +. vcs ne odieedatccee eee 105 
Cook, Dewain, Jeffers: Trial! Stations oo. ic.ckh.c dcaisce ened sceve dae’ saben tees da nate 277 
Cook, Dewain,. Native Plums; “Their® Hybrids; ete: . ..... a cot ends conc s«ces once see 322 
Cooper, Samuel, Founder, Everbearing Strawberries, Charles F. Gardner.................. 184 
Gowles;- Fred, “‘WestConcord Trial)Station: % o..scchees oo cet nee sane tee 287 
Cowles, Fred, West Concord Trial Station in 1916.............ccccceccccccecctvcccsctecceve 316 
Crookston, Trial Station: in_1916,_'T.: M.- McCall, Supt. 24. .2...22.00e co een Jo epee tee ee 400 
D 
DeLamater, Mrs. J. A., Two Thousand Pounds of Honey in 1916.................cc0eeeeees 202 
Doudna, J. M., In Memotidt.....s2 nace seats saan REG ee 317 
Duluth Trial Station in 1916, W:.S: Thompson: + «cc: ssccesc cts ees ons neces ee eee eee 155 
Dunsmore;, Henry, My: Prize. Orchard). (ick; e.ns aee eo eis one Slaece eictelniate-, cu teeny: Sree re . B56 
E 
Eighth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President’s, Jd. Kimballtoseen. oan 
Erkel, F.. C:,- Ginseng . Column’ éoii.c. coves ce-cisls © slo 0» vue ole 010 tk tre leraseTa ernie aleoteloyepinrolne eee 
Erickson, T. A., Boys’ and Girls’ Garden and Canning Clubs in Minnesota in 1916...... 383 
Hverrreens,. Rev: C.°S.; Harrison: «232. cic-o deo oe o0e1 aleve cievitie cine(olsis eele.eis.2/a-die Sale ae eee 68 
Everbearing Strawberries in Osage, Ia., in 1916, Chas. F. Gardner...............eseeeeeee 851 
Eiverbearing Strawberry Wield; A. Brackett. <.oc2c00 6 0.0ccu ces «ele ctl thalcles « o15\t wlsln'sleieeie ena 62 
Pxecutive Board in 1916, "Report of ‘Chalwman es. oo. < caiceies sce 0 clas ove. vis clchele ole\eleleimin’aleleieletee ena 510 
Bxecutive Board, forslOii7. RCCORGS crsieeiser wlctoie eter alorsie<< s ieee eel rete pot nas 2s one 509 
F 
Flowers about the Home, The Magic of, Mrs. W. C. Lenderman.................eeeeeeeees 204 
Flowers for Everybody’s Garden, A. S. Swanson.............eeeeeeeees Siege Aahiars? ove aio ee 86 
Forecasting the: Future; Rev., C.°S.. Harrison... . 25s site<jeiscs cs aco ccnle s/s 5]e'0 Oa\ee1s ice eee 445 
France, 1, (V5 Bee-Keepers’ “Column yici io iceveieia' «ole eleic ncovstsiols alntere stagymteiote aigietons jaf letainte <uiatatteiatae 140, 265 
Fruit-Breeding Farm in 1916, Minnesota State, Charles Haralson..................2+-+2+: 49 
Fruit-Breeding Farm, Minnesota State, Chas. Haralson.............sceceet cece cece eeceeee 276 
Fruit-Breeding Farm for 1916, Annual Examination of Minnesota State, J. F. Harrison, 

So Alt Stock wells. co voce s.c.cn cater thcieeies be ote a roieiesavaketaiosvele: a) tie?s/cja ove ctate etere bateyere]=\sLaie latelitiet=t aca 56 
Fruit-Breeding, Need of, Prof: S. At Beau. ce oc oi o's son cicieistula'clain aie wisleinieininlaisiy wielnislaietetaiat stalemate 167 
Fruit Farm, Opening up the,~D: Bo- Bimchant, oo. seca ences «vie eee oics one ele iceanteisietale tinea 121 
Brusts for Minnesota PU mtirici. scale ccc cjo,0 civlelere cle. gatere wiale alerep/ein/a,sva/s evel es eyelavate] stella (ete eeg teen 332 
Bruit Las “LO “TOL cre aoc ate scjersteieisse 010:0 18 everelese ale oja,c%ee,e7}s ie ststetahasa rot ckaaye areal biti =/<)eLete tats ategee= tama a 44 
Fruit, New Creations in, Prof. N. E. Hamsen...............0-sscceeee cece cess erscncssees 464 

G 
Gardens Helps, Mrs. E. W. Gould............0e..eeeeee 45, 93, 139, 188, 228, 263, 302, 333, 405 
Garden, Notes from an Entomologist’s, Prof. F. L. Washburn..........:.esseeeeeeeeseeees 470 
Gardner, Chas. F., Everbearing Strawberries in Osage, Ia., in 1916............+++.s+-05 351 
Gardner, C. F., Samuel Cooper, Founder, Everbearing Strawberries...........-.+++++++++ 184 


Peri n A Se Ol nee NGOD er ELOUDIE uke ccc tncts eM iaials Ocidis bold. Sane ens oleic GN ee o Saha ecels's oie ip clea eceet 210 
PMC TEM eas Co EIPICEL cna ohva deca hint ewees sine ce ees date ceciemese A OS AE IE 266 
re eEmME PETES. AS Ole" CLIDELUSOIES sor aia daied Pa oe abate each ee olcinde oC ogbeceaciesboeebecveses 210 
Bemmiinceist ps, Handguns and, Storing, G.. Do Bisel sie. (Pod. Fee cece cccecoccwectscevete 83 
EN cree Perel -e SE OUIC) CATINIIE cle Sens wate acct e Ueldelc ec cicle we ccccs cancweehecesens 308 
Gan. Mrs. ©.-W., Garden Helps..... ccc ccusecccs cee 45, 98, 139, 188, 228, 263, 302, 333, 405 
Gould, Mrs. E. W., Iowa Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916.................... 11 
SASS A BAAS VES SAUCES tt fe fa SM a a a 360 
Penrige taps. Crial station. ini LUG, ;Otto EL Bere (oie. ci. oe eee clk cece ecccccuseuuecns 175 
Pennies Chartier, vember, OC. To. Smith oss 5 cb. cc earl mbes ccencccceccccclccwees 430 
Greeting from Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, A. F. Woods........ 438 
H 
eR INC WAU OUTTY 1 CIAL SO CALIOM casi a » ac iclaco ole Ste ararela,cie o Sfoip br0:c\oisre.eleaelevsle w-aibis sitis,o.e.cie sie ave 283 
ener Ot IN. Fe. ING Ww CredblOns: 1 EYWIG. oi. cc ec eiiemae ee 60s oisis,c 5 6i6:0 o,plainlaja ee walla nie ayayeresai 464 
Hanson, A. L., Ninth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President’s.... 331 
Haralson, Chas., Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm in 1916...........-ceceeeceeeeeeees 49 
Haralson, Chas., Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm.................ceceeeeceeeeeeeeees 276 
Harrison, J. F., Annual Examination of Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm for 1916. 56 
een ee SUCCESS IN SOTCHATOLUE « soya ste oiv.0'e oe ale sasha’ isala.c. di alote| etaieleacaielg nie cte distalayeaind areiiterevaca 215 
Harrison, J. F., Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916........... 13 
RT RETOMEL OVER Crs) ty hE VCLIEE CENIS rcs e atelernt claicie: Nertlaccleis ets siete arorspe este raralacclale Big views aieis sia edeislarsicte ds 68 
RIPE es Cems, OrECAStING. Lhe WERICUTEs ¢ vies ols daie Nac cle wmeleje stave eysls oat oialains aleaae we niece 445 
Ee BECK atS 2.1 LTLVOCAPDION (DY vac case cn cine vce ols Saale Fates ae einvaisis aie piasta wens Gable e Meas 409 
Sete a ee ROD EC AS 1 CHL Vk OUI EULE sca jate ie t'a) o(ore wre tine <1 601s leyase wie aia a )ae\a niece oie thie e/vie 00d ecole aya oles Seales 153 
ieroes.of Minnesota Horticulture, Clarence Wedge... 2.0.25. 20ic ccc c cece sccleneccctevessevves 419 
ernest CLOW: 1b) Grew, Wy. GArdenin. ee Suse. os hecales a0 coals slat sateen W snt's Somiteres e/e dune ewes 392 
Historical Sketch, Minnesota State Horticultural Society, A. W. Latham.................. 411 
Hoerner, Prof. G.-R., Raspberry Diseases in Minnesota.............ccecceceeecececsecceece 236 
eee OM ES AS 2 ECS Ho GePO WATE, « c:0.se dre-oisi« o ele ove, v'S diare eleteleie dole vialale eisve'cis claws emai Sleis aceite d weed 73 
Holway, Mrs. E. W. D., House Mother’s Vegetable Garden.............0cceeceeceeceuseuees 402 
meamcrGrounds. beautityine the, J.oM. Lindsay. ....cccascccetecs sons teereessucevccrecscwecns 80 
Honey in 1916, Two Thousand Pounds of, Mrs. J. A. DeLamater..............c0ecceeeeees 202 
Horticultural Building, Uses for the Proposed, A. W. Latham................ 2c cece eee ees 81 
Hotbed and Cold Frames Nine Months in the Year, N. A. Rasmussen...............0.0.005 162 
Peers TA. Vinidbreaks: by: the Miles: si. .ncc0. oc beet ere eics ced sbaeccacsceceescstsees 326 
I 
te RetaTOSNePSR ITY MIG CU EO TISE Terr LVLOVET aves s,ovsieo's tls eveie 19 aisvots\ayeraleyshaio'e10 0) he 5)e/.6 iste ein eietae evsielelelelesayelsia,«:aiavee 193 
imeecieecsts of the Orchard, Some, Prof. A. G. Rueeles... 62. sci ccs cece nscmefeiaee + ome cw 145 
MEME TIIES METER ECC Vs, (Cros, SELATTUSOWE Ty slorsys ls a\s 61s:0\eyeioya ate as Silnvana/aiste’eyatnge abate dts iabeiays| (ale erepaye,syayaye; os0ac 7 409 
Iowa Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916, Mrs. E. W. Gould...................005 11 


eaoreeroc: Erancis,, Bee-Keepers” Column. nocd sec 0% ceiesis disiela ciel © eloicre:t.alee « acsitin es mnels alare 189, 479 
Pere ete ll Stations tet OG.) De walTie COOK. <cle-cin's siciaceles evajorsta. vere +s aya’ nce vcle breleaje elaveyecete seleisidis sier 105 
emer SEtbIOn Se WallTil COOK: ocoies 1Lio5. 014 ave, 1s oio%e ais he.) atuvalele ehalale’eiote(o\eyeralecs:ojpta8)e wla(e\ein:Siese.scvee 277 
PURRPIIEIRCEUMD SEEN YN TA CASED VEC ITI Oo ce cay scarce wi vi ohn svatei a (alele valoiclalord oie lovsucravebsichav nies iafckaielpycie,sfece'si bio, o.ee/ale rem» wlnvalale 481 
amore Horticultural Club, Prof.) R.<S.. Maekimtosbin. «6. 5 cic.ccicicin sc cle mele oisiee visrais aieaisleieleas oa 142 
temioe torticultural-Club, Prof... R. Sav Maekintosh. «af <2. acicsaels sare ais sincigic ois stalorete cide eis ecaeais 189 
K 
Reeser site... e:.. Collereville Trial Stations oo. «os o-c\a:ic,00 cic cie.0' voces oan on de ee elecie's eisisieiais 278 
Katzner, Rey. John B:, Collegeville! Trial Station: in 1916.20... 5... cc cc eect acs emcerreeness 28 
ae PONaENY pee RUC OLE CTIONS «yates dalaie ctererraeanelet aire salei ss’ i asoie state’aia)o MMs, a/e's ©\e:ayasnsolele sverm, ojeiecaseveterers 434 
Kirkpatrick, K. A., Compulsory Spraying for Fruit Insects and Diseases..............+.. 77 


Kimball, J., Eighth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President’s....... 825 


540 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


L 
La/ Crescent: ‘Trial ‘Station; Di @: Webster: eccsc ..2icie% oaiclorantelso@ tie e clas wire plete one oe 284 
Ladies: of the Society, Mrs: Jennie: Stager 3/2005 ode oe och osc en hes coda ne ee “485 
Latham, A. W., Annual Meeting, Minnesota State Horticultural Societty, 1916.......... 1 
Latham, A. W., Building Proposed for Horticultural Society............cecceeeeeceeeeeres 6 
Latham, A. W., Historical Sketch of Minnesota State Horticultural Society.............. 411 
Latham, A.-W., Horticulture at the Minnesota State Fair. i.:.0.10.¢..0ccces ests scewuneaeee 395 
Latham, A.. W.,-Secretary’s Annual: Report, V91G) 27. sts .lcle otiec sles dle: ovine oid aje'e, stellt alten 74 
Latham, A. W., Secretary’s Corner.......... 46, 95, 143, 192, 231, 268, 295, 334, 367, 408, 479 
Latham, <A: W., Secretary’s <Financial= Report, (L916 .2y os. iiatc tas atte ch lnee lee e ene eaee eee 256 
Latham,~-A., W., Seth Hl. Kenney, ‘Ins Memoriams i 2 ojo o.cletediorccen «5s 3 na aleiels oer aera 273 
Liatham;-A..“"W.,- Summer’ Meeting, 1917 sean bes ow wines aiemaletice cieleccis uneale sie sty sate alte sateen 296 
Latham, A. W., Uses for the Proposed Horticultural Building...............0.e.eeeeeesees 81 
Lee, EsiG., A Young, Top=Worked® Orchard «02... . Fs ais'eieie sate. 16. He csele/oe ole ave «alanine ee 14 
Lendermann, Mrs. W. C., The Magic of Flowers about the Home... .:..:.:.. 00d ale eae 
Liberty Breads to Save Wheat, and: Meat. 2. «joc. cis cic os 00 tie oiaas aie 010/10, viece «cielo sinles > shoei 358 
Laberty ‘Gardens, Prof. Ru(S. “Mackin tos btn cio rc ote eis otheteis'o mzele:e,o 6:5 ote «,ai« disiass\s/olaleicleleipheleiaie en 353 
Life Members, Honorary ............. Mafayatn fuser sini Sigre'e v( eters iol fate: aias= ais cioatopdoai6:o)s eas ee 530 
TPAfE! Members "Pad 5s oo.0,car stavaacyeiciocs'x vis ov aietete olovecalotale steele usseejea tatort card. oi efaovexaio Tai DvRe crete ae 531 
Tafe Members,. Deceased’ in). 19172 0/02: «gE sialere's.0' ¥ sles oieis oleleasin tassel ele o's elcier spits [ole sete eee 533 
Library in +1917; Additions ito Society < 7 oc solar ates od ccihnn lense Gis als olel ejaiale alsin eee een 516 
Lindsay, J..M., Beautifyine the Home Grounds:5 2. on <i <i cine ceo ane =\seie'o\ pin einen 80 

& ; 
M 
s 

Mackintosh, Prof. R. S., Canning Fruits and Vegetables..............+....- re aie thie een 258 
Mackintosh, Prof. R. R., Economy in Seed Potatoes..........-:ccccccccccecccsccecccousrecs 221 
Mackintosh, Prof. R. S., Junior Horticultural Club........... V.cie% od.ne ardield ole ctets/o ieee aaa 142 
Mackintosh, Prof. R. S.; Junior Horticultural Club... . 2.2.0. .cce ts csc cece cescencecnceewels 192 
Mackintosh, Prof. R. S., Liberty Gardens ........... cee cnnteeecnbnnecccsesionesseessessens 353 
Mackintosh, Prof. R. S., Vegetable Garden for Every Home....... Seleie.s 0 bos bie eshne nana Eee 
Mandan, N. D., Trial Station in.1916, W. A. Peterson. 02.50.0000 cecicencecteccsassetaeasen 132 
Mandan, N. D., Trial Station, W. A. Peterson, Max Pfaender............ 3 Seles. 282 
Mayman, E. W., My Prize Orchard and How I Manage It...........:.ceceeeenceneeeeeceees 472 
McCall, T. M., Crookston Trial Station in 1916....00.. 0.0... sec cceseeescctecnccuccecetcessans 400 
Meyer, Ernest, Some Native Shrubs and Their Uses..........---.+seee sues dh iy ee 156 
Mice and Rabbits, Destroying, C. EB. Smyder........... ccc ccc eee cece eee cect ceeeetenrsececes 350 
Mice, -Field, O. W. Moore....5...0..0cccecsvessnneecentsciscadences sincwlens since ccccnsnnsnumivewle 394 
Minnesota Society and the Northwest, Prof. C. B. Waldron..............seceeeeneeeeeeeees 440 
Minnesota State Fair, Horticulture at the, A. W. Latham, Secretary..............+s+++++ 395 
Montevideo Trial Station in 1916, L. R. Moyer...........ccecceceeeceeccescccengensssecscsee 150 
Moore, O. W., Field Mice...........ccccccececte cece ere ee cen encsceeeesteereeseecreeestcaseecess 394 
Moyer, L. R., Montevideo Trial Station im 1916.............. cece cere eee eet e eect ne nee ene cees 150 

N 
Nevis Trial Station in 1916, James Arrow00d...........ee eee e cece eee e cece eet e ene cence enees 103 
Nevis Trial Station, Jas. AYrrow00d........eec cece cece cece eee eee renee teeeeeeneeeeeseessens 284 
New Auburn Trial Station, R. F. Hall.......... 2. cece ee eee eect cece eee e eres 4:6 Woteresa Peete 283 
Ninth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, Vice-President’s, A. L. Hanson...... 331 
Northeast Iowa Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916, R. E. Olmstead.......... ee lyf 
Nursery Legislation in 1917, Prof. F. L. Washburn.....+...seeeeeeeeeeeereeer eee seessences 250 
Northwestern Peony and Iris Society, W. F. Christman.........+..++++++0+5 230, 308, 407, 477 


F 
: 


INDEX. 54] 


Oo 
Mconnor, PL. H., Orchard Observations... 0.22.06. cs coce snes srecncacnsnves 85 CRS PaO Ae 362 
Olmstead, R. E., Northeast Iowa Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916............ 117 
PSHE TU TOUG 0 Er eke, CO) OONTMOI ss wae b visiene cats op crise wivisleel slats at wie v.o.e slcls.oia oe%sicesles cea 362 
Ets Frazer LCN ry TP CNRIMOTE ve sis cleave bie oss sioleini= seine Ne slolele « a\b:cie-e dp ole On vip asia laine ale 356 
Sener Oh | Suecessftlle (erore Ss, CA PBCACU cece nieve chet ce seu e nie Vs ee cee asnesie deine oats 196 
Orcharding, Success in, J. F. Harrison...............e.0ece eee Tarsine aioletelessinie’s olsen Pntaele SIO EINES PAS 
Orcharding in Minnesota (Report No. 2), Prof. Richard Wellington..................500 387 
PrN ICere SC” ENASCSLOL, We Le LA DICH. ws ciece cole se cc's sib slaes sidivialnisiee sie esos csiencies-s oleae 456 
Orchard and How I Manage It, My Prize, E. W. Mavman...............eeeeeeeeeeeeeees 472 
Ornamentation of Home Grounds, Chas. H. Ramsdell...........0cccec cece ce eene ee eeeteeees 449 
Owatonna Trial Station, Annual Report, 1916, Thos. E. Cashman..................0ee eee 233 

Pp 
Patten, Chas. G., Origin and Development of Hardy, Blight Resisting Pears............. 97 
Peememnem Deiat Station 1 L916, Wramk BrO WI sje 6 ésccoce’ ofs lsiais o1ajchovese av lole-o 0:00) o)e)2'ele als|e ols\ere.eiels eos 178 
Perec erial Staton, Pranks Brows ,<\- si<i-crc's cies = e10ieteleleiaje le njs/s 0 © ie \m 0 bistole,0\0\ere elvis’ este ie aaae 285 
Pears, Origin and Development of Hardy, Blight Resisting, Charles G. Patten........... 97 
Pedigree Plants, Comparative Value of, Prof. C. B. Waldron.................-2eeeeeseeeees 135 
Peonies, A Business Man’s Pleasure in, Lee R. BonnewitzZ..............cceeecccccesecnecees 251 
Peony and Iris’ Society Column, W., FP. Christman os .6 i. cones cori vere rccescricvenaes 263, 366 
Perennials for Busy People, Mrs. H. B. Tillotson............ Tassie Badvore-atepnat tae aire aonyes suas 128 
memrneeAtiredss ne: Veretable Garden. sc <c.cia<n'erne (ails 2iej4 «1 a,a5¢' ole osese\esa win/e]alecara’e) e)als: platalaia\arelece 345 
Personal Recollections, A. J. Philips........ SHR anc hie te ORDO ET ea. BA Shee 425 
BeremoeneNy aA... Mandan,«N. D.)(Trial Station: im LOLGL: a 025 ac yelses « ok's sieloveteiepls cin aicls elvinets 132 
ten GAS Trial Station, (Mandar, IN aD) iyscccatectis’« stovaystase wus! siojevaiwiaiase aivmjeipha/s else alah se evais cares: ale 282 
eee Vi kee Trio | StAviON. VAT AL WIN Livin wiaisls ore’ sinless sreieis 1s » lelepels\oicie.s.a't)s eveieiaie,e cosas dese 282 
pees! din, HeecOllections,~ PersOnall. .)jaiecscpieepecwds especie ctensioncdsnesics Za Me staialg teanaele Rin ere 425 
Plums, Native, Their Hybrids, etc., Dewain Cook............6..0..00eee sure binky wae ole aerNe S tig 322 
Potatoes, Economy in Seed, A. D. Wilson and R. S. Mackintosh............0- cs eeee eee eee PPA 
eer How. 1 Grew, My Gardens is. sn%,. ce asec oe dic tise wien ieieo p's 0 ceitiv aeitin. slo ea siea;e elles esas 393 
Same EMpETE MTT I INT AlY MRCCLLINS ROT 0, viavarted cig aiald cists crise teqc/eu aie tela eine tiape eo lerme) fiscsinys e/elp oie. er 363 
PeomimimMeiict summer, Mecting, “19 1isec.cese tac cb te tacececon cod ortesnvciaewessiniecevlncael 226 
Manno warded. Annual Meeting TONG 2i0.)5 si. rears cnc cernces tees «cele th ees ecraceggscesiec 23 
ee uNiculaseNirs: DoW et Gs, Rutter ntiee cso Comet lo aes fade vec ne cae og Mears ipaak sabe ee 305 
eat CRIMP NRT TINT 1 CCE UIs LOL oye ers intakes nig ie ptare) tiv cl cieta\ataitie avermserels sovets «| ajavaiese’ ain ovale lois’ arale sisrae Valois w/vie' 473 

R 
Seeeeee PCr Ceres nO aT les) EL OLEAN 5 cafare'o' a's s'siele.vtorc,2 eins.» beis\nlero o © eleiecele ¥in\e\s)e\einuelo« hp ooeeetee 73 
Femmsdell, Chas. -H., Ornamentation of Home Grounds... 0.0.52. ce ccc dere ecc er esedsns ese 449 
aan. vWinterine Bees ain the Cevlar. 2. cscs crs vissciesc viva cicle 8s vine esac ilnisioneesipiels 478 
Rasmussen, N. A., Hotbeds and Cold Frames Nine Months in the Year................-- 162 
Remmensen Ne Ac, SUrawherries, <wWiAbh EPIIGATIOMN «ifejc.syer< oie clniele initieielssnlare dele oye/ercle Seleiein'ayeir™ + eres 244 
manaiissen. oN. A... Winter Garden qin the (Cellariicsc.0i 5c) oi cress le leisre eislele ovis Wists  cieie ejeinttjele lates 379 
Serer RAC ET CUTTS eA CO) ELA WIKCIID Sie aielate: oles ibreynicls o|eleilete oisvatotn sale) ietal ictal te) eiafel aratsiolele ct=\nlaleters'ete/eYareinis.« 153 
Raspberry Diseases in Minnesota, G. R. Hoerner..........cc0ceteccccccetacccnceccccccoscers 236 
SR aeremea es ome et ee LITE Fy PIVIY Sem) Hit cVVie CR OTL ar aia ayciece’afavaim Cistets ots stele talo\s\ ove 18\u oXbinle¥alalelolelalele ipl oreie’ete. 0) «(die lote= Heeob0 
Rea MPEST ES ETS OGL OS VV on TK © LE cans ayarclot ch aisyascleis) sto axe, 0! alate aiviejeralerobal wha als varalois @ a cle ele, a jeialale' sta chile alateteiele evs 434 
Beever EV Story O1eOriein’ of Wealthy: Apple iepetsiate rite o\ate 01010) cyoissa ce sietisiole ole o.e\ale/elSieceia\s ets 185 
SEE SESSeMTCAC MG Y Some D VTS LY) CLESTSVVO OCLs oss alosbyciane, «Vararete Ta) atohate atala ofo\etthe e (nie aiciolpislejale nmeselala «pve onelelwte cd myoverecclelnyelsrs 410 
Richardson, S. D., Vice-President Second Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916... 138 
Retiree VE nG-- AP TINTOSE ATTIC UA. < » cis)aieiale ='ole! fo/k cloiele! a alate a!ele orale ciaiey qiese:t'e = eK s:e\¥iem ¢ stele vte 305 
masricssbrof. A. G-, Some. Insect, Pests of, the Orchard)... 2.2%. oc. cecevies sae ctwacss vlewsctee ess 145 
Peet Ne Go, SPP AyAnN = OBEN Ma Tarai deidie ns csaia disjets sio\e)vicleisye,s’s,«1nly #1 evele cie/erete e)ercielale,alwicieteie's 222 


542 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 


s 


Sauk Rapids: Trial Station in 1916, Mrs. Jennie Stager 
Sauk Rapids. Trial: Station, Mrs. Jennie, Stager..2;.cswm<70s «eek cis. «eee es ae 
Secretary’s Annual Report, 1916, A. W. Latham 


i ii eee a 


ec i aad 


Secretary ’s «Corner. carte tavern amie ee) danas 46, 95, 148, 192, 231, 268, 295, 334, 367, 408, 
Secretary’s Financial Report;. 1916, <A. W. Watham.....2.. 2 -«sckcens. s+ soe pace ne ee 
seed Selection, “P.-E. Glementarst oes vaca «Soe nals Seren neac nae var inne ate hae Pia vide cogs 
Semi-Centennial Anniversary meecc «cos 4 ais heirlelcicthe Welan a ete ns sislsince sso Shiais Me ie ee 409, 


Shrubs and Their Uses, Some Native, Ernest Meyer 
Simmons, Harold, Orchard’ Spraying tn 0916. 2). aos de lome ae cla oie case ocho heisicte bees 
Smith, C. L., Greeting by a Charter Member 
Smith, E..A.;. Apples’ and ‘Orchards 22.2.2 ve is evn, 4 oa o wieraintomiaincle sseeleleioe acess ela ae ae 
Snyder, C._E:, Destroying: Mice-and. Rabbitsiee os c5..<.ciec cleclews ote ae clcslneis ciesle san avast eas 
Snyder, C. E., Vice-President First Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916......... 
South Dakota State Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916, M. R. Cashman........ 
Spraying for Fruit Insects and Diseases, Compulsory, K. A. Kirkpatrick................. 
Spraying Calendar, Profs. A. G. Ruggles and E. C. Stakman...................eeeeeeeeees 
Spraying in 1916; Orchard; Harold> Simmons’... csenec/ceae cee co clerayaiee otesreclaret insists =o ee 
Stager, Mrs.-Jennie, Sauk Rapids) Trial -Station:: im U9UG6.--.752...0-. 00. «-s> oe acters 
Stager;-Mrs. Jennie, Sauk Rapids - Trial (Station sn a. . sews taceiec’s cl eaeite cele cine ole eine eran 
Stager, Mrs. Jennie, Ladies ‘of the “Society 2% <<< 0.0 s:cie Dhaciee = rele sete nieve o selst tie) eleie Biee oiets etnies 
Stakman, Prof. B.C: Spraying Calendart. ....5 0... vsncecatiscs carwelveiaihst= sti ate eee 
Stockwell, S. A., Annual Examination of Minnesota State Fruit-Breeding Farm for 1916 
Strand, Geo. W., Treasurer’s Annual Report, 1916... .0 00.5.2 acc cee ccc + oie ne oo selene 
Strawberries with Irrigation, .N. A. Rasmussemi. oo. cate ces aslo de ol cre ec's cle ole clcieiasiviain xis sae ete 
Summer Meeting, 1927, Aw W., Geathiamnns oh 50% «. cislesoo 0 0cntevercia'e siella ove «late ste ala ae teitiens er eet 
Summer Meeting; 1917;, Notice (Ob: 22 acids ve sisted e ae slot cleve.a’s © ete gic ojetvla cts == ane aan soe 
Swanson; A. S:, Flowers*for Hverybody’s Garden. 2 a. 5 Pie oicjecsies cog crsleleisieleie «\01"0 naia sys tetareiaaiaars 


a 


Tapley, W. T., Some Phases of Onion Culture... oo...) icc ccc ne cae ouaee ce vee ses sie sninesiaginin 
Thompson, W..S., Duluth Trial Station im LOG i. oo series so nnnjeleye erates mien ae 
Tillotson, Mrs. H. B., Perennials for Busy People. .....< 20... 00. cecesscueseenstesccrint scenes 
Top-Worked Orchard, A. Young. Ex..*Ge Lice cris oie sintuisls -<cciepniale(niota’s lace.» n/aieiel« = cyelaiais cite) hella 
Top-Working with Tender Varieties, Prof. F. L. Washburn..............:sseeeeeeeeeeeeees 
Treasurer's Annual Report, 1916, Geo. W. Strand. ..5 2... de onic = na cicce now nceelaee rele 


Underwood."J. IM.) Remarks! 10fccewe vice .atie cise e ole creintatarcia%e ia «| npomntp oie olele/]etal-imn > fathi>) oat 
Unfruitful Tree and How to Correct It, Prof. S. A. Beach...............eseeeeeeseeeeeeree 


Vv 


Vegetable Garden for Every Home, Prof. R. S. Mackintosh..............0-.0eseeeereeeeees 
Vegetable Garden, House Mother’s, Mrs. E. W. D. Holway..............-see eee eeeeeeeees 


Vegetable Garden, The, Alfred Perkins.............+.+.0+-+- Tae Stetid a heze dala lel etete see , 


Vegetable Varieties by Selection, The Improvement of, Prof. Richard Wellington......... 
Vice-President First Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, C. E. Snyder......... 
Vice-President Second Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, S. D. Richardson.... 
Vice-President Third Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, John K. Andrews.... 
Vice-President Fourth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, B. Wallner, Jr...... 
Vice-President Sixth Congressional Distriet, Annual Report, 1916, Math. Tschida........ 
Vice-President Seventh Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916, G. A. Anderson.... 


456 
155 
128 

14 
288 


257— 


410 
369 


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INDEX. 543 


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4 
Wallner, B.. Jr., Vice-President Fourth Congressional District, Annual Report, 1916.... 179 


Waldron, Prof. C. B., Comparative Value of Pedigree Plants..............:eceeeeeeeeeeees 135 
Waldron, Prof. C. B., Minnesota Society and the Northwest...............ceseeeee ences 440 
Washburn; Prof. F. L., Notes from an Entomologist’s Garden..............cceeeeeeeeeees 470 
Washburn, Prot. F. L., Nursery Legislation im 19172... 00.05... cee c cece eee w center ec cecal 250 
Washburn, Prof. F. L., Top-Working with Tender Varieties..................e cece ee ener 288 
Wealthy Apple, Story of the Origin of, E. M. Reeves............cc ccc cece cece eee e eect tenes 185 
SRG TAO TCSCEMG “ETIAl. StAblOM se ss .ccce > cceicicseecsscsctes sleseaecbccceesceencese sale 284 
Wedge, Clarence, Heroes of Minnesota Horticulture.............ccccceceee eset eee eeeeeceees 419 
Wellington, Prof. Richard, Orcharding in Minnesota (Report No. 2)............0..e0eeee 387 
Wellington, Prof. Richard, The Improvement of Varieties by Selection................... 212 
RE MeRNCOTGe Crit Station,» PVG “COWES se «cies ce on.cie clei e cre soc cciee sb me0ieisbsivic ces ace aciesiacs 287 
WntG@ercard Trial Station’ im, 1916, Pred Cowles... 0. scccces.scicccccsccecewecestecedcee 316 
atrdee), (Ge. Au saccesstul Cabbare Wield ic. 6c ecm cnc velec rence ncccaseeetencsicnes 59 
eerInreR ren Tye PG Via. ole Nee ELEN Vell otaystayofcls s/s o(01+/=ic'e:0.n'e c{sTo/ejele ale Sein oie ein civ assieye ie ele cleo +/ oinvedve 326 
PeePeiripreirniaine. Gellar ON, Aj. RASMUSSEN ..2). 010.4 .c/ce/eiecciee neietvigle ce cioc nepeise ca seein caus 379 
Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Annual Meeting, 1916, J. F. Harrison............. 13 


Woods, A. F., Greeting from Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota........ 438 


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